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= Velocity / distance
= ?
Rheologycal Models
Models used to predict flow characteristics/viscosity at various
shear rates.
Plots are invariably shear stress () vs. shear rate ().
Models used include:
Newtonian.
Bingham Plastic.
Power Law.
Modified Power Law.
Power Law with stress.
Casson Model.
Ellis Model.
Rheological Models
The Newtonian Model
The ratio of the SHEAR STRESS to SHEAR RATE is
constant. ( / / = = ) )
We call this constant the VISCOSITY.
All gasses (at ambient temperature and pressure) and most
simple fluids exhibit NEWTONIAN behavior.
Water is a NEWTONIAN fluid.
Any fluid that does not have this constant ratio is called a
NON-NEWTONIAN fluid.
Non Non- -Newtonian Fluids Newtonian Fluids
A Non A Non- -Newtonian fluid is basically any fluid that does not Newtonian fluid is basically any fluid that does not
behave in a manner similar to a Newtonian fluid. behave in a manner similar to a Newtonian fluid.
Examples: Examples:
paint paint
cream cream
printing ink printing ink
Virtually all Drilling Fluids Virtually all Drilling Fluids. .
They contain solid particles of various sizes that form a They contain solid particles of various sizes that form a
structure resistant to flow. structure resistant to flow.
When sufficient force is applied the structure When sufficient force is applied the structure yields yields and and
begins to move. begins to move.
Bingham Plastic Model
Used extensively to describe mud rheology.
Model has moderate accuracy but simple to use.
Bingham model is dependant upon drilled solids concentration
and size as well as particle interactions.
= YP + PV()
Requires two measurements of at two , commonly 600
and 300 rpm.
2
The n Value indicate the flux behavior
and describe the fluids thinner
tendency and coul control the flux
distribution in the excentricity drill pipe
case
Which model? Which model?
API uses Power Law. API uses Power Law.
Most operators are familiar with the Power Law model. Most operators are familiar with the Power Law model.
Baker Hughes Drilling Fluids hydraulics analysis Baker Hughes Drilling Fluids hydraulics analysis
programs enable calculations to be made with programs enable calculations to be made with
Power Law Power Law
Robertson Robertson- -Stiff Stiff
Herschel Herschel- -Bulkley Bulkley models. models.
The ADVANTAGE software determines the best fit and The ADVANTAGE software determines the best fit and
allows you to choose. allows you to choose.
Fluid Fluid Rheology Rheology
Common Rheological Values Common Rheological Values
Funnel Viscosity Funnel Viscosity
Plastic Viscosity Plastic Viscosity
Yield Point Yield Point
Gel Strength Gel Strength
Bob
Plastic Viscosity Plastic Viscosity
PLASTIC VISCOSITY = 600 Reading PLASTIC VISCOSITY = 600 Reading - - 300 Reading 300 Reading
Plastic Viscosity is a measurement of the size, shape and Plastic Viscosity is a measurement of the size, shape and
concentration of the solids in the mud and the viscosity of the concentration of the solids in the mud and the viscosity of the
fluid phase. fluid phase.
Effected by Solids: Effected by Solids:
Size Distribution Size Distribution
Shape Shape
Concentration Concentration
Effected by Fluid Phase Viscosity. Effected by Fluid Phase Viscosity.
Yield Point - Definitions
YP = 300 RPM Rdg - Plastic Viscosity.
Yield Point is a measurement of the Yield Point is a measurement of the
chemical and electro chemical and electro- -chemical charge chemical charge
attractions of the solids and explain us the attractions of the solids and explain us the
force /area required to start the flux. force /area required to start the flux.
A Measure of Flocculation.
Gives some indication of the hole cleaning
ability of the fluid, when the fluid is in
motion.
Gel Strength Gel Strength - - Definition Definition
Attraction between solids under static conditions Attraction between solids under static conditions. .
Closely related to Yield Point. Closely related to Yield Point.
An Indication of Low Shear Rate Rheologic Properties.
Too low may cause:
Settling Barite and/or Cuttings
Cutting Beds Buildup
Too high may cause:
Pressure Surges
Swabbing
Types: Types:
Fragile or Flat Fragile or Flat
Progressive or Elevated Progressive or Elevated
What is Hole Cleaning
The effective The effective transport and removal transport and removal of drilled cuttings of drilled cuttings
from the from the wellbore wellbore. .
Velocity
Density
Pipe Rotation
Hole Angle
The Result of Poor Hole Cleaning? The Result of Poor Hole Cleaning?
Hole Problems! Hole Problems!
Stuck Pipe. Stuck Pipe.
High Torque. High Torque.
Drag. Drag.
Tight Connections Tight Connections. .
Other Problems! Other Problems!
Increasing solids in the drilling Increasing solids in the drilling
fluid.( fluid.( Difficulties to control the Difficulties to control the
rheology rheology) )
Increased Costs. Increased Costs.
Solids Solids Control Control Equipment Equipment Sequence Sequence
1/2 inch x 1/2 inch x 1/2 inch 1/2 inch x 1/2 inch x 1/2 inch
1/4 inch x 1/4 inch x 1/4 inch 1/4 inch x 1/4 inch x 1/4 inch
1 inch x 1 inch x 1 inch 1 inch x 1 inch x 1 inch
Poor Hole Cleaning and fines dispersion
Typical Surface Adsorption Problems
Bit Balling Bit Balling
Mud Rings/ Gumbo Attacks Mud Rings/ Gumbo Attacks
Hole Washout Hole Washout
Elliptical Elliptical Wellbores Wellbores
Increased Solids Content Increased Solids Content
Tight Hole Tight Hole
Stuck Pipe Stuck Pipe
Tricks To Improve Hole Cleaning
Theoretically, turbulent flow is best for hole cleaning Theoretically, turbulent flow is best for hole cleaning
Low viscosity Sweeps, followed by high viscosity sweeps Low viscosity Sweeps, followed by high viscosity sweeps
Low viscosity induces turbulence and erosion of bed Low viscosity induces turbulence and erosion of bed
High viscosity High viscosity- -laminar removal of dispersed cuttings laminar removal of dispersed cuttings
Periodic short trips Periodic short trips
Recommend every 1000 feet of new hole drilled Recommend every 1000 feet of new hole drilled
Control rate of penetration Control rate of penetration
Keep annular cuttings concentration < 5 % by volume Keep annular cuttings concentration < 5 % by volume
Rotate Pipe Rotate Pipe
Velocity
Gradient
No
Rotation
Rotating
Torque
Effect
Centrifugal
Effect
Drill String Rotation & Cuttings Transport Drill String Rotation & Cuttings Transport
Factors Affecting HOLE CLEANING Factors Affecting HOLE CLEANING
Controllable Variables Controllable Variables
Flow rate Flow rate
Rate of Penetration Rate of Penetration
Fluid Fluid Rheology Rheology
Flow Regime Flow Regime
Fluid Density Fluid Density
Hole Angle Hole Angle
Hole Size Hole Size
String Rotation String Rotation
Uncontrollable Variables Uncontrollable Variables
Drill String Eccentricity Drill String Eccentricity
Cuttings Density Cuttings Density
Cuttings Size Cuttings Size
Drill String
FLOW RATE FLOW RATE - - Volume Unit/ Time Unit Volume Unit/ Time Unit
The drilling fluid must be circulated at a Flow Rate sufficient The drilling fluid must be circulated at a Flow Rate sufficient
to lift, suspend and remove drilled cuttings from the well to lift, suspend and remove drilled cuttings from the well
bore. bore.
Limiting Factors: Limiting Factors:
Rheology Rheology
Pump Pressure Pump Pressure
Flow Regime Flow Regime
RATE OF PENETRATION RATE OF PENETRATION
The The Rate of Penetration Rate of Penetration, , in combination with the Flow Rate, in combination with the Flow Rate,
directly affects the directly affects the Annular Cuttings Concentration. Annular Cuttings Concentration.
Limiting Factors: Limiting Factors:
The The Annular Cuttings Concentration Annular Cuttings Concentration cannot be allowed cannot be allowed
to exceed the ability of the to exceed the ability of the Flow Rate Flow Rate to clean the hole. to clean the hole.
A generally accepted maximum Annular Cuttings A generally accepted maximum Annular Cuttings
Concentration is around 4%. Concentration is around 4%.
Advantage Hole Cleaning Software Advantage Hole Cleaning Software
Wellbore Wellbore Stability (ALPLEX) Stability (ALPLEX)
Aluminum Aluminum Chemistry Chemistry
Shales Shales Inhibition (CLAY Inhibition (CLAY- -TROL) TROL)
Clays Clays Encapsulation Encapsulation
Semipermeable Semipermeable Membrane Membrane
Preventing swelling Preventing swelling cutttings cutttings
Metal Wettings ( Metal Wettings (Penetrex Penetrex L) L)
Bit balling Bit balling Preventor Preventor
Decrease the Decrease the torq torq and raise the Lubricity and raise the Lubricity
Friendly with the Friendly with the Enviroment Enviroment
BAKER HUGHES DRILLING FLUIDS
Polymer / Alplex / Clay - Trol
Aluminum Complex for a greater shale stabilization
ALPLEX
Argillaceous Formation
Argillaceous Formation
Hollow Protected with Al(OH)3
Covering with
Al(OH)3
produced by the
precipitated one
in the porales
throats.
Precipitated of
Al(OH)3 in
Microfracturas
Al(OH)4- ; pH > 10.3
Al(OH)3 ; pH < 10.3
P
1
P
2
Fluids Fluids
Entrance Entrance
P
1
> P
2
Conventional Conventional
Polymer Fluid Polymer Fluid
P
2
P
1
P
1
P
2
P
1
> P
2
Aluminum Aluminum
Complex Complex
P
2
P
1
Fracture Fracture
Propagation Propagation
Precipitates Precipitates
Fluids Fluids
Entrance Entrance
The aluminum complexes are in
solution to greater values of pH of 10
and minors of 3
They form precipitated of Aluminum to
intermediate values of pH
The precipitations happen in pores of
clays and micro fractures to the contact
with the innate water
Stabilization of the walls of the well
when sealing micro fractures within the
Shales, originating an organic layer in
the wall of the well
Sealing mechanism of the Aluminum Complex Sealing mechanism of the Aluminum Complex
Shale
sample
Fluid
in
Fluid out
Fluid flow as a
result of
pressure
transmission
P
w
P
F
t
0
t
P
w
> P
F
P
w
> P
F
P
w
= P
F
good fluid
bad fluid
Pore Pressure Transmission Tester
Measures the rate which pore pressure is transmitted from the
drilling fluid through the shale.
Wellbore Formation
Pore Transmition
Hours
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
(
p
s
i
)
0
50
100
150
200
300
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2 2 - - 3% Salt Water 3% Salt Water
20% Solucin NaCl
80/20 Sintetic / 20% CaCl2
20% NaCl - Polymer
Aluminum Complex + Amphoteric Amine
pf -pw
Negative, GF
Positive, BF
Mixture of Primary, secondary and cyclical Primary, secondary and cyclical anphoteric anphoteric amines amines
It contains both basic groups ("+") and (" It contains both basic groups ("+") and ("- -") ")
Suppressor of Suppressor of hidratability hidratability and soluble water dispersion. and soluble water dispersion.
It can be used in fresh or salty water It can be used in fresh or salty water muds muds and is environmentally safe. and is environmentally safe.
R - N - CH CH C - OH
2 2
H O
H
R - N - CH CH C - O
2 2
O
H
Cationic: Floculants
Anionic: No adsorbents
R - N - CH CH C - O
2 2
H O
H
CLAYTROL : CLAYTROL : Anphoteric Anphoteric Amines Amines
It incorporates a unique mixture of organic ingredients, with
superficial activity, that increase the rate of penetration without
affecting negatively the environmental acceptance of the water
base mud
Aluminum Complex / Surfactant Conventional Polymer Mud
PENETREX L: PENETREX L: Surfactant Surfactant
Prevent infiltration water between the cuttings Prevent infiltration water between the cuttings
Minimize adding of fines at the cutter Minimize adding of fines at the cutter
Moisturize the Bit, BHA, Drill String and Cuttings, Moisturize the Bit, BHA, Drill String and Cuttings,
that reduce torque and drag that reduce torque and drag
Optimize polished cutter bit performance in non Optimize polished cutter bit performance in non- -
dispersed, polymer fluids dispersed, polymer fluids
Incorporates a unique blend of organic, surface Incorporates a unique blend of organic, surface- -active active
ingredients to increase ROP without impacting a ingredients to increase ROP without impacting a
water water- -base fluid base fluid s environmental acceptability s environmental acceptability
Penetrex L Film between
the cuttings
Coating with surfactant,
prevents the water
absorption
Prevention of cuttings accretion Prevention of cuttings accretion
It avoids the agglomeration of cuttings
Prevents the overload with cuttings in annulus
Drilling Cuttings Drilling Cuttings
What is a Drill What is a Drill- -In Fluid? In Fluid?
Basic design criteria combine:
Drilling mud properties.
Completion fluid properties.
Desired results:
Trouble-free drilling in production sands.
Simplified clean-up & completion.
Maximize reservoir production.
Formaci Formaci n n Revoque Revoque
Pore Plugging (Particle Invasion)
Pore Bridging with Sized CaCO
3
Good Bridge -
Pore
Invasion -
Pore
Simple formulation
Carbonato de calcio dolomtico
metamorfizado de amplio espectro
Thin and dispersal Cake
Applicable in different permeability ranks
Acid soluble components
Design in accordance to needs
No formation damage
Back Flow
Applicable in over balance and balance
conditions
Simple formulation Simple formulation
Carbonato de calcio dolom Carbonato de calcio dolom tico tico
metamorfizado de amplio espectro metamorfizado de amplio espectro
Thin and dispersal Cake Thin and dispersal Cake
Applicable in different permeability ranks Applicable in different permeability ranks
Acid soluble components Acid soluble components
Design in accordance to needs Design in accordance to needs
No formation damage No formation damage
Back Flow Back Flow
Applicable in over balance and balance Applicable in over balance and balance
conditions conditions
Characteristics Characteristics
CaCO
3
Dolomtico - Series
Producto d50, m Rango m
CaCO
3
Dol. 13 -17 0 - 200
CaCO
3
Dol - 5 5 - 7 0 - 50
CaCO
3
Dol - 25 20 - 30 0 - 150
CaCO
3
Dol - 50 40 - 55 0 - 400
CaCO
3
Dol - 150 150 - 200 0 - 600
CaCO
3
Dol - 450 450 - 500 0 - 1,200
0
20
40
60
80
100
Particle Size,
Percent Less Than Percent Less Than
1 1.5 2 3 4 6 8 12 16 24 32 48 64 96 1 28 192
0
20
40
60
80
100
Particle Size,
Percent Less Than Percent Less Than
1 1.5 2 3 4 6 8 12 16 24 32 48 64 96 1 28 192
Design the drill-in fluid in accordance
to the field conditions
.- Select the right seal particles size
.- Select enough of them
(concentration)
.- Form an internal thin plaster
Adequate displace process
.- Remove complete the Drill-In fluid
out of the hole
.- Remove the external plaster (static)
.- Replace with clean brine (filtrated)
Design Design the drill the drill- -in fluid in accordance in fluid in accordance
to the field conditions to the field conditions
. .- - Select the right seal particles size Select the right seal particles size
. .- - Select enough of them Select enough of them
(concentration) (concentration)
. .- - Form an internal thin plaster Form an internal thin plaster
Adequate displace process Adequate displace process
. .- - Remove complete the Drill Remove complete the Drill- -In fluid In fluid
out of the hole out of the hole
. .- - Remove the external plaster (static) Remove the external plaster (static)
. .- - Replace with clean brine (filtrated) Replace with clean brine (filtrated)
Keys to Increment Productivity
Keys to Increment Productivity
Select bridging rule:
Select Pore Size:
Pore SizeD-90 89 microns
Mean Pore Size 35 micons
Pore Size D-10 2 micons
Bridging material concentration: 50 ppb
Select PSD Data to be used:
Calculation method:
Select products below to be used Need to add 0.0
Try these ppb Product % ppb ppb
MILCARB 25 50 MILCARB 100% 50
NA 0% 0
Select a 3rd product if desired NA 0% 0 0.0
Total 50.0
D- 90 75 50 25 10
Target Particle size 89.0 23.3 11.6 5.0 2.0
Result of product mix 104.3 61.5 13.7 4.8 1.9
Variance 15 38 2 (0) (0)
Sum of Variance 56
Pore Size or Fracture Width
Vickers Method: ABZ Lab
MILCARB
Required and Resultant PSD
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 50 100 150 200
Particle Size [microns]
C
u
m
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e
V
o
l
u
m
e
[
%
]
Target
Product mix
MILCARB Series
Input Graphics
Targets & Results
Loss Circulation
Bridging
User defined PSD's Help Start
Calculator to determine concentration mix
Optimal Bridging Particle Optimal Bridging Particle
Formation
Internal Thin
Cake
300 f/min 300 f/min
External External
Cake Cake
Drilling Fluids and Drilling Fluids and
Solids Solids
Displace by brine with high
circulation rates causes
excessive lost? True or False
Displace by brine with high Displace by brine with high
circulation rates causes circulation rates causes
excessive lost? True or False excessive lost? True or False
False the primary cake
(internal) stays in its
place if it maintain 500
psi of over balance in
the well face at every
moment
False False the primary cake the primary cake
(internal) stays in its (internal) stays in its
place if it maintain 500 place if it maintain 500
psi psi of over balance in of over balance in
the well face the well face at every at every
moment moment
Running liner eram and
remove the cake? True or
False
Running liner Running liner eram eram and and
remove the cake? True or remove the cake? True or
False False
False No, if it is design
correctly, the seal
material (CaCO
3
) form a
thin internal cake
False False No, if it is design No, if it is design
correctly, the seal correctly, the seal
material (CaCO material (CaCO
3 3
) form a ) form a
thin internal cake thin internal cake
Wrong Common Concepts
Wrong Common Concepts Wrong Common Concepts