for Foundation Year

medical students
Gener al Physi cs 10 4
Umm Al Umm Al--Qura QuraUniversity University
Faculty of Foundation Year Faculty of Foundation Year
General Physics 104 (For medical students)
Academic year: 1432/1433 :
Lecturer : Natheer ALqadri
The Office number : F047
106 ( Q 1)
The Office hour :
The day The hour
Saturday
Sunday 2:00 - 4:00 pm
Monday
Tuesday 10:00 - 12:00 pm
Thursday
Email : nasg_2009@yahoo.com
nagadri@uqu.edu.sa
Grading policy:
10 % quizzes +homework
5 % lab reports
15 % lab final exam
30 % midterm exam
40 % final exam
Quizzes:
Students are supposed to have a quiz subsequent to the end of each chapter.
Notethat theall common exams areMultiple Chose Questions (MCQ) andthefinal examwill cover all the
material inthecourse.
Attendance polity:
Attendance is required. If absence reaches 25 % of the total number of lectures during the term, this
will cause
dismissal from the course.
Textbook:
"Physics" edited by J oseph W. KANE and Morton M. STERNHEIM.
Third Edition. J OHN WILEY & SONS, Inc. ISBN: 0-471-63845-5
Course:
General Physics 104 for Foundation Year, medical students.
Chapter 1
(on the book chap.1 p.3)
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE
Umm Al Umm Al--Qura QuraUniversity University
Faculty of Foundation Year Faculty of Foundation Year
General Physics 104 (For medical students)
Academic year: 1432/1433 :
1.1- Measurements, standards, units and errors
1.2- Displacements, average velocity
1.3- Instantaneous velocity
1.4- Acceleration
1.5- Finding the motion of an object
1.6- The Acceleration of Gravity and Falling Objects
Examples to be explained and solved:
1.2; 1.4; 1.9; 1.14; 1.16 and 1.20
Homework Problems:
1.3; 1.16 and 1.50
Chapter 1
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE
What ismechanics?
Mechanicsisthestudyof themotionsof objectsandtheforcesthat affect
their motions.
Its concepts and principles enter into many areas of the physical and
biological sciences. Thelawsof mechanics, allowsus, to makepredictions
about such diverse phenomena as the motion of satellite, the flight of
animal or theflowof blood.
Most of our understandingof nature is derived fromour observations of
motionsandour effort torelatethemtotheir causes.
In this chapter, we will develop the ideas needed for a quantitative
discussion of motion starting by the simple case: an object moving in
straight line.
A quantitative discussion of motion requires measurements of
length,timesanddistances. So wemust first consider thestandards, units
anderrors.
11..11MEASUREMENTS, STANDARDS, UNITSAND ERRORS MEASUREMENTS, STANDARDS, UNITSAND ERRORS
Quantitative physical measurements must expressed by
numerical comparison to some agreed-upon set of standards.
All such measuring devices are calibrated directly or indirectly
in terms of primary standardsof length, timeand mass
established by the international scientific community.
All mechanical quantities can be expressed in terms of some
combination of these three fundamental dimensions LENGTH,
TIME, and MASS denoted as L, T and M, respectively.
Example: a velocity is a distance divided by a time, then its
dimensions are L/T.
SYSTEMS OF UNIT SYSTEMS OF UNIT
In scientific work, metric units are used worldwide:
Accordingly, here we will only use internationally accepted set of metric
units called the Systeme Internationale unit (SI).
SI: Meter (m), kilogram (kg), second(s), kelvin(K), mol(mol), candela(cand)
The old system called CGS units is built on:
MKSA: Meter (m), kilogram (kg), second(s)
CGS: centimeter (cm), gram (g), second(s)
An english system built on:
feet (ft), pound (pnd), second(s)
Here two tables for representative lengths and times of various
magnitudes respectively
Dimensionof physical parametersin
MKSA (SI) system
| |
| |
| |

=
=
=
M
T
L
m
t
X
Mass
Time
Length
MKSA system
M
K
S
A
eter
Ilogram
econd
mper
Dimensionof physical parametersin
MKSA (SI) system
t
X
V
A
A
=
t
V
a
A
A
=
| |
| |
| | t
X
A
A
= V
1
.

= T L
| |
| |
| | t
V
A
A
= a
2
1 1
.

=
=
LT
T LT
ma F =
| | | || | a . m F =
2
.

= LT M
a F X . =
| | | || | a . F X =
2 2
.

= LT MLT
4 2
= T ML
| |
| |
| |

=
=
=
M
T
L
m
t
X
Mass
Time
Length
Conversion of Units Conversion of Units
Although we mainly use S.I units, we occasionally need to
convert quantities from one set of units to another.
Example: convert 100 feet (100 ft) into the equivalent number
of metres (m) using : 1 ft = 0.3048 m
Now we divide both sides by 1 ft, just as if the unit (feet) were
an algebraic quantity:
The feet cancel on the left, leaving us a way of writing the
quantity 1:
conversion factor
If we multiply 100 ft by 1, nothing is changed, so we find:
ft 1
m 3048 . 0
ft 1
ft 1
=
ft 1
m 3048 . 0
1=
m 30.48
ft 1
m 3048 . 0
ft) 100 (
(1) ft) (100 ft 100
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
Exemple 1.1:
A small swimming pool is 20 ft long, 10 ft wide and 5 ft deep. What
is the volume in cubic feet (1 ft)
3
and in cubic meters (m
3
)?
Solution 1.1
The volume is: V=(20 ft)(10 ft)(5 ft)= 1000 ft
3
Here we must convert to meters three times, corresponding to
Changing the units for length, width and depth. Using 1 ft= 0.3408 m
Exemple 1.2:
Convert a velocity of 60mi.h
-1
to meter per second (ms
-1
)
1mi=1.609km
Solution 1.2
To carry out this conversion, we need a factor of one to convert
hours to seconds and another to convert miles to meter.
Since 1h= 3600s, dividing by 1h gives:
Also, 1mi= 1609m, so:
Multiplying 60mi/h by (1)/(1) gives:
1=3600s/1h
1=1609m/mi
Measurementsandpredictionsarebothsubject toerrors.
Measurementserrorsareof twotypes, randomandsystematic.
Example: The time required for a weight on a string to swing back and
forthoncewhenreleasedfromagivenpoint. If someoneusesastopwatch
tomeasureTandrepeatstheexperiment several times, eachresult will be
slightly different from the others. The variation in results about the
average of all measurements arises fromthe inability of the observer to
start and stop the watch exactly the same way each time. This error is
calledrandomerror.
Evenwhenmanymeasurementsaremade, theaverageresult for T
will be too small if the watch runs slow. This systematicerror can
bereducedbyusingabetter watch.
Theoretical predictions usually have errors arising from various
sources. A theoretical formula often contains measured quantities
such as themass of an electron or the speed of light, andthere is
someerror associatedwiththesemeasurements.
Types of errors Types of errors
Significant figures Significant figures
Inall careful scientificworkthenumerical accuracymust be
stated with precision. However, it is a customary in
textbooks to ovoid difficulties of a complete error analysis
in doing numerical examples by using the rules for
significant figures.
This means that in the statement The length of a rod is
2.43 metres the last digit (3) is somewhat uncertain. The
exact lengthmight turnout tobecloser to2.42or 2.44m.
In the examples, exercises, and problems all numbers
shouldbetreatedasknownto thethreesignificant figures.
For example2.5and3shouldbeinterpretedincalculations
as 2.50 and 3.00, respectively. Significant figures are
reviewedinAppendixB.3.
Displacement
We consider only translational motion, in which every part of an
object moves in the same direction (no rotation)
Displacement have a direction as well as a magnitude.
Quantitative discussion of motion are based on measurements and
calculations of positions, displacements, velocities and accelerations.
Exp.: suppose you walk 10m north and then turn around and
walk 10m south.
north
south
10m
10m
You have walked a total distance 20m. However, your displacement
is the net change in your position or zero in this case.
Suppose that at time t
1
, the car is observed to be at position X
1
The displacement is the difference in positions:
The elapsed time between these observations is :
In this notation, the average velocity is defined as the displacement
divided by the elapsed time:
t
1
t
2
X
1
X
2
and that at a later time t
2
it is located at X
2
.
Average velocity
A car is moving north along a straight highway with marker posts
every 100m, and that it is observed to pass one of these posts every 5s.
Exemple:
proportional to the
displacement
has the same direction
The average velocity is:
During any one of these 5s intervals, the displacement is 100m
In 10s is 200m.
Exemple 1.3: average velocity
What is the average velocity of the car in Fig.1a during the interval
that the clock reading changes from 10 to 25s.
Solution 1.3:
Average velocity :
-
Fig.1a
The car in this exemple moves equal distances in equal times, the
average velocity will be the same no matter what time interval is
chosen.
In this situation: the motion is said to be:
uniform
displacement =500 200 =300
elapsed time =25-10=15
300
20
15
m s = =
Exemple 1.4: average velocity
Solution 1.4:
t
1
= 10s and t
2
= 25s
Fig.1a
Using the equation find the average velocity of the
car in fig 1.2 during the period from t=10 to t=25s.
x
1
= 200m
x
2
= 500m
Thus:
Example 1.9: the motion of the car shown in fig. 1.3 corresponds to
the algebraic formula .
Find its average velocity from 3 to 3.1s, 3 to 3.01s and 3 to 3.001s.
where
Solution 1.9:
When t=3s, the position is:
At t=3.01s, the position is:
When t=3.1s, the position is: x=9.61m
Thus the average velocity from 3 to 3.1s is:
So average velocity from 3 to 3.01s is:
At t=3.001s, the position is:
So average velocity from 3 to 3.01s is:
The instantaneous velocity (that means the velocity at a
particular time) is determined by computing the average velocity
for an extremely small time interval.
Instantaneous velocity
t
1
t
2
X
1
X
2
t
1
t
2
Positive values of instantaneous velocity correspond to
motion toward increasing X or in the (+X) direction. If V is
negative, the object is moving in the (X) direction.
Mathematically, the instanteneous V is said to be limit of the
average velocity as t approaches zero. The process of
evaluating this limit is called differentiation: V is called
derivative of X with respect to t and is writting as:
Example 1.9: the motion of the car shown in fig.1.3 corresponds to
the algebraic formula :
Find its average velocity from 3 to 3.1s, 3 to 3.01s and 3 to 3.001s.
where
What is the instantaneous velocity at 3s
Solution 1.9:
When t=3s, the position is:
At t=3.01s, the position is:
When t=3.1s, the position is: x=9.61m
Thus the average velocity from 3 to 3.1s is:
So average velocity from 3 to 3.01s is:
At t=3.001s, the position is:
So average velocity from 3 to 3.01s is:
Instantaneous velocity is:
At t=3s
Like the position, the velocity V can change with time, the average
acceleration a from time t1 to t2, if the velocity changes by:
,
Average acceleration
is defined by:
t
1
t
2
V
1
V
2
Solution 1.12
The average acceleration is:
Exemple 1.12: average acceleration
A car accelerates from rest to 30ms
-1
in 10s. What is its average
Acceleration?
Example Example 11..14 14::
The velocity of a slowing car is given by the equation:
v = (20 m s
-1
) (3 m s
-2
) t
Find the average acceleration from t = 1s to t = 3s.
The average acceleration is
2 -
-1 -1
s m 3 -
s 1 - s 3
s m 17 - s m 11

t
v
a = =
A
A
=
1
20 3(1) 17 v m s = =
2
20 3(3) 11 v m s = =
At t = 1 s, the velocity is
At t = 3 s, the velocity is
Solution Solution 11..14 14::
The instantaneous acceleration a
i
is found in much the same way
as the instantaneous velocity.
Instantaneous acceleration
We compute the average acceleration for progressively shorter
time intervals. Then, the instantaneous acceleration is the limit
obtained as t approaches zero:
Equations of motion with a constant velocity
(1.1)
(1.2)
V= V
0
Uniform motion
Analytically
Graphically
AX(t)
At
V
0
Slope: V
0
Finding the motion of an object
(1.6)
(1.7)
(1.9)
(1.8)
Equations of motion with a constant acceleration
(1.5)
a= a
0
=constant
Uniformely varied motion
Analytically
t
1
t
2
v
1
v
2
V(t)
t
a
Graphically
Slope: a
V(t)
t
a
t
Exemple 1.16
A car initially at rest at a trafic light accelerates at 2 ms
-2
when
the light turns green. After 4s what are its velocity and position?
Solution 1.16
Since, we know the acceleration a, the elapsed time t and the
initial V
0
= 0, we can use eqs. 1.5 and 1.8 to find the velocity and
displacement. Thus:
After 4s the car has reached a velocity of 8ms
-1
and is 16 m from
the light.
Note that we could also have found x from eq. 1.7 using our result
for v.
11..66--Theacceleration of gravity and Theacceleration of gravity and failling faillingobjects objects
Until now only definition and their consequences of motions are
discussed. Now, we studied the causes of these motions:
Speed at the impact often
Increases if the distance
dropped increases
g=a= 9.81 ms
-2
falling objects.
falling objects undergo
an acceleration:
(+) direction: downward (choosen)
Gravitational attraction of the earth
Under certain conditions: Gravitational acceleration is the same for all falling
objects (composition, size)
Gravitational acceleration is constant
(when object falls)
x
g
(1.6)
(1.7)
(1.9)
(1.8)
(1.5)
Uniformely varied motion:
g=a= 9.81 ms
-2
(near earth)
Exemple 1.20: A ball is dropped from a window 84 m above the ground.
(a) When does the ball strike the ground? (b) What is the velocity of
the ball when it strikes the ground?
Solution 1.16
Positive direction: upward (choosen)
Initial velocity: V
0
= 0
Gravitational acceleration Cste:
The ball strikes the ground when x= 84m
a = g= 9.8 ms
-2
-
- -
(a)
(b)
Using eq.1.5 with t= 4.14s and V
0
= 0:
x
END