STATIC ELECTRICS

[ELECTROSTATICS]


Standard Competency:
Applies the concept of electricity and magnetism in some
problem solvings and technology products


Base Competency:
Formulates the electric force, electric field strength, flux,
electric potential, electrical potential energy and their
applications on parallel plate


Learning Objectives:
After completing this chapter, students should be able to
1 Describes electrostatic force (Coulombs law) on point
charge
2 Applies the Coulombs and Gausss laws to find electric
filed for continuum charge distribution
3 Formulates electrical potential energy and its connection
to electric force/field and elelctric potential
4 Formulates the principle work of parallel plate capacitor


References:
Textbooks
[1] John D Cutnell and Kenneth W. Johnson (2002). Physics 5
th
Ed
with Compliments. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. pp 586-615
[2] Sunardi dan Etsa Indra Irawan (2007). Fisika Bilingual SMA/MA
untuk SMA/MA Kelas X. CV Yrama Widya pp 405-468

Internet
http://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/CliffsReviewTopic/Electrostat
ics.topicArticleId-10453,articleId-10431.html

http://www.physics.sjsu.edu/becker/physics51/introduction.htm
ELECTROSTATICS

Electrostatics is the physics term for static charge. Electro
means charge, and of course static means stationary or not
moving.

Charge is a property of
matter. Two opposite types
of charge exists, named
positive and negative. It is
proposed by Benjamin
Franklin





Franklin tries to prove his founding by set an experiment
below





It was found that



Like charges repel one another
Unlike charges attract each another
ELECTRIC CHARGE

Charge is conserved. A neutral object has no net charge. If
the plastic rod and fur are initially neutral, when the rod
becomes charged by the fur, a negative charge is
transferred from the fur to the rod.

The net negative charge on the rod is equal to the net
positive charge on the fur.

A conductor is a material through which electric charges
can easily flow. An insulator is a material through which
electric charges do not move easily, if at all.



An electroscope is a
simple device used to
indicate the existence
of charge.









CHARGING METAL SPHERE BY INDUCTION
Charges are free to move in a conductor but are tightly bound in an insulator.
The earth (ground) is a large conductor having many free charges.
An
electroscope
reports the
presence of
charge
Charging an
electroscope
by induction
ATOMIC THEORY SUPPORTS FRANKLINS
FOUNDING

What was purposed by Benjamin
Franklin, is now supported by the
establisment of Atomic Theories.
Firmly state by Neils-Bohr, it reveals
that all matter consist of charged
particles, namely proton (positive),
electron (negative) and neutron
(neutral charge particle).



Atoms within molecule show electric
charge properties.

PROTONS are massive and are held
inside the nucleus. They do not
move from place to place in an
object.

ELECTRONS are not as massive and generally can move from
one object to another. This is the way electric charge is
transferred from one object to another: one object loses
electrons and the other gains electrons


LITHIUM (Li) ELEMENT
Atom: electrically neutral
3 protons and 3 electrons.
Positive ion: missing one
electron so net charge is
positive
Negative ion: has added
electron so net charge is
negative
Protons carry a +e charge
Electrons carry a e charge

The fundamental unit of electric charge is

e = 1,6 . 10
19
coulomb
CONDUCTORS: materials that have freely moving electrons
that respond to an electric field.

INSULATORS: materials that have fixed, immobile electrons
that are not easy to move.

Metal ball is charged negatively as shown in A




Copper is a good conductor of electricity; Glass and nylon are
good insulators



COULOMB'S LAW

Force between two charges is given by Coulomb's law. It
gives the magnitude of the electrostatic force (F) between
two charges:








where
q
1
and q
2
are the charges,
r is the distance between them, and
k is the proportionality constant; k = 9.0 10
9
N m
2
/C
2

The SI unit for charge is the coulomb

The Purpose of Coulombs Law in Force Calculation

Coulombs Law lets us calculate the FORCE between TWO
ELECTRIC CHARGES.








Examples of Electrostatic Force Problems


Coulombs Law lets us calculate the force between MANY
CHARGES. We calculate the forces one at a time and ADD
them as vectors. This is called superposition.






The force on q
3
caused by q
1
and q
2
.








Whats make two or more charges repel or attract (being
interaction) each other though they separate apart of
distance r?
Compare with type of interaction where all objects
would attract down to earth!

A charged body creates an electric field. Coulomb force of
repulsion between two charged bodies at A and B, (having
charges Q and q
o
respectively) has magnitude:


2
r
q Q
k F
o
=

where we have factored out the small charge q
o
.

We can write the force in terms of an electric field E:

2
r
Q
k E =


























Coulombs Law:

2
r
q Q
k F
o
=


Rearranged:

=
2
r
Q
k q F
o

Gives us:
E q F
o
r r
=

where the electric
field E is:
2
r
Q
k E =

Coulombs Law vector problem













Net force on charge Q is the vector sum of the forces by the
other two charges.















Electric field at point a and
c set up by charges q
1
and q
2


Calculate E
1
, E
2
, and E
TOTAL

at points a & c:

Point (a)
E
1
= 3.0 (10)
4
N/C
E
2
= 6.8 (10)
4
N/C
E
a
= 9.8 (10)
4
N/C

Point (c)
E
1
= 6.4 (10)
3
N/C
E
2
= 6.4 (10)
3
N/C
E
c
= 4.9 (10)
3
N/C
(in the +x direction)
Electric Charge on a Continous Charge Distribution

Electric field at P caused by a line of charge along the y-axis.
(Consider symmetry! Ey = 0)























Electric Dipole Moment (p)








= r x F
= p x E

Net force on an
ELECTRIC DIPOLE is
zero, but torque () is
into the page.

ELECTRIC FIELDS AND LINES OF FORCE

The electric field is defined as the force per unit charge
exerted on a small positive test charge (q
o
) placed at that
point.

ELECTRIC FIELD LINES START AND END AT ELECTRIC
CHARGES





GAUSS'S LAW

Gauss's law provides a method to calculate any electric field;
however, its only practical use is for fields of highly symmetric
distributions of fixed charges.

The law states that the net electric flux through any real or
imaginary closed surface is equal to the net electric charge
enclosed within that surface divided by . As a result, if no
charge exists with a given closed surface, then there are as
many flux lines entering the surface as there are leaving it.

The imaginary surface necessary to apply Gauss's law is called
the gaussian surface. Algebraically,


or in integral form,


where is the angle between the direction of E and the
outward direction of normal to the surface and is the
permittivity constant.

If the electric field is perpendicular to the gaussian surface
and directed outward, is 90 degrees, and cos = 1.
Gauss's law is


Substitute in the area of a sphere, and the left side reduces to

or


which is the same expression obtained from Coulomb's law
and the definition of electric field in terms of force.











DYNAMIC ELECTRICS
[ELECTRODINAMICS]


Standard Competency:
Applies the concept of electricity and magnetism in some
problem solvings and technology products


Base Competency:
- Using electrical measuring device
- Formulate any electrical quantities in simple closed-circuit
(single loop)
- Identify the application of AC and DC electric in daily life


Learning Objectives:
After completing this chapter, students should be able to
1 Using voltmeter, ammeter and ohmmeter in electric
circuit
2 To formulate quantities of current and resistance in
simple circuit using Ohms law
3 To formulate quantity of voltage using Kirchoffs law
4 To identify the application of AC and DC electric in daily
life


References:
Textbooks
[1] John D Cutnell and Kenneth W. Johnson (2002). Physics 5
th
Ed with
Compliments. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. pp 586-615
[2] Sunardi dan Etsa Indra Irawan (2007). Fisika Bilingual SMA/MA untuk
SMA/MA Kelas X. CV Yrama Widya pp 405-468
[3] Douglas C. Giancolli (1985). Physics: Principles with Applications, 2nd
Edition. Prentice Hall, Inc. pp 395-396, 403, 412-416, 424-426

Internet
http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/index.htm
http://www.physics.sjsu.edu/becker/physics51/overview.htm#Slides
http://hyperphyiscs.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/ecircon.html
ELECTRO-DYNAMIC
Study of electrical physical properties notably when
electric charges are in flow


[1] Electrical Measuring Device
A device used to measure electrical physical
properties, i.e., current, voltage and resistance
Familiar such device is known as multimeter or avo-
meter which are available in digital as well as analog.

















Digital Multimeter and its reading
scale

Analog multimeter and its
reading scale, less readable




Connecting meters
It is important to connect meters the correct way round:
The positive terminal of the meter, marked + or
coloured red should be connected nearest to + on the
battery or power supply.
The negative terminal of the meter, marked - or
coloured black should be connected nearest to - on the
battery or power supply.



Analogue display
Analogue displays have a
pointer which moves over a
graduated scale.

For example the scale in the
picture has 10 small divisions
between 0 and 1 so each small division represents 0.1. The
reading is therefore either 1.2 V or 1.3 V
The maximum reading of an analogue meter is called full-
scale deflection or FSD


Taking accurate readings of analog display

Correct
reflection hidden
Wrong
reflection visible



Digital display
Values can be read directly from digital
displays so they are easy to read
accurately.


It is normal for the least significant digit (on the right) to
continually change between two or three values, this is a
feature of the way digital meters work, not an error! Digits
after point show precision of a measurment



[2] Physical Description of Electro-dynamic

Also known as electric quantities, i.e., electric current (I),
voltage (v) and resistance (R)


ELECTRIC CURRENT
Electric current defined as
flow of electric charges
within a conductor per unit
time from higher to lower
electric potential


t
q
I =


I, electric current (ampere)
q, electric charge (coulomb)
t, time (second)

CONDUCTOR WITH CURRENT MOVING FROM HIGH ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL
(VOLTS) TO LOW POTENTIAL


12 Volts
0 Volts
Analogy of electron motion in a conductor, which is why a
current could flows. The bars represent resistance of flows

In microscopive view, electric
current is describe as the flow of
positive charges particles within
closed-circuit passes through an
area






The current through a
cross-section area A is the
net rate (dQ/dt) at which
charge passes through the
area. If the moving
charges are positive the
drift velocity is in the
same direction as the
field, as shown.









[Potential Different; v (volt) ]



example
V
1
= -4 Volts
V
2
= +3 Volts

E = e (V
1
V
2
)
= -1.6 10
-19
(-7)
= 1.1 10
-18
Joules




Potential Diff Potential Difference Description
70mV the voltage across the inside and outside of a human nerve
1.5v the voltage of a walkman battery
6v the voltage of a moped battery
12v the voltage of a car or motorcycle battery
24v the voltage of a 50 seater coach battery
110v mains voltage in the USA & some continental countries
240v nominal mains voltage in the UK
1000 of volts voltages in amateurs' antennas whilst transmitting
10000 of volts voltages in overhead power cables



VOLTAGE
Defined as quantity to describe electric potential energy as
the work required of an external force to move charge
againts electrical field


q
PE
V

=

PE, change in electric potential energy (joule)
q, electric charge (coulomb)
V, voltage (joule/coulomb or volt)
Potential difference: difference electric potential energy value
between higher and lower terminal


q
W
V V V
ba
a b ba
= =


"Electromotive force" or emf () is an external force that drive
electric charges to flow within a closed-circuit. It represents
energy per unit charge (voltage) which has been made
available by the generating mechanism and is not a "force".


Voltage is the Cause, Current is the Effect
Voltage attempts to make a current flow, and current will flow
if the circuit is complete. Voltage is sometimes described as
the 'push' or 'force' of the electricity, it isn't really a force but
this may help you to imagine what is happening.




Voltage and Current
The switch is closed making a
complete circuit so current can
flow.
Voltage but No Current
The switch is open so the circuit
is broken and current cannot
flow.
No Voltage and No Current
Without the cell there is no
source of voltage so current
cannot flow.



CURRENT-VOLTAGE RELATION














(a) a resistor obeys Ohms Law. Constant slope = 1/R
(b) a vacuum tube diode
(c) A semiconductor diode
RESISTANCE
Or electric
resistance is an
internal properties
of a conductor
which opposite the
flow of electric
current. This
internal properties
known as resistivity
().

A conductor of L length and cross sectional surface area A will
have a proportional value so-called resistance R


A
L
R
A
L
R =


In some cases, the value of resistance is depend on
temperature change according to


) 1 ( T R R
o t
+ =


R
t
, resistance after being heated or cooled
R
o
, resistance in standard temperature ()
, temperature coeficient of resistance (C
o
)
1

T, temperature change (
o
C)



Why bird do not experience
an electric shock whilst stay
on a very high voltage wire?
(such wire has a current of 1500
A and has a resistance of 1,8 . 105 /m.
Birds feet separate in 3 cm away)
[3] OHMS LAW

*) It is not a law, but rather is the definition of resistance.
Ohms law would be a statement that current through a conductor is
proportional to the applied voltage, I V.

Potential difference (voltage) across an ideal conductor has
proportional value of electric current accros within.

To make a current flow through a
resistance there must be a voltage
across that resistance.








Ohm's Law shows the relationship between
the voltage (V), current (I) and resistance
(R).














Resistance that obey Ohms law has a characteristic as a linier
line








RESISTOR IN SERIES AND PARALLEL

The combination rules for any number of resistors in series or
parallel can be derived with the use three way of Ohm's Law


ELECTRIC POWER
For a resistor in a D C Circuit, the electric power is given by
the product of applied voltage and the electric current:

P = VI

The details of the units are as follows:






POWER DISSIPATED IN RESISTOR

Convenient expressions for the power dissipated in a resistor
can be obtained by the use of Ohm's Law. These relationships
are valid for AC applications also if the voltages and currents
are rms or effective values.










ELECTRIC (POTENTIAL) ENERGY
Suppose there is a potential difference V across this element,
and in a time t a charge Q passes by.

The work W done by the electric field in moving this charge
is given by, W = V Q . Thus, the work done per unit time,
or the power P, is

VI
t
Q
V
t
W
P =

=

the units of power are J/s, or Watts (W).

Electrical utilities normally bill on the basis of kilowatt-hours
(kWh), which is the amount of energy the consumer has used
in a given time period.

One can convert kWh to J by the following formula:

1 kWh = 1000 Wh
= 1000 J.h/s
= 1000 J.h/s x 3600
= 3.6 x 10
6
J



CIRCUIT ENERGY AND POWER

P = V
ab
I = I
2
R = V
ab
2
/ R














I = rate of conversion of non-electrical (chemical) energy to
electrical energy within the source

I
2
r = rate of electrical energy dissipation in the internal
resistance of the source (battery)

I - I
2
r = the rate at which the source delivers electrical
energy to the load (lamp)






Method of simplifying the circuit in (a) below to get the
equivalent resistance.

We can then calculate the power P = I
2
R dissipated in each
resistor.



















Four equivalent light bulbs R
1
= R
2
= R
3
= R
4
= 4.50 W, emf
= 9.00 Volts.
(a) Find current and power in
each light bulb.
(b) Which bulb is brightest?
(c) Later, if bulb R
4
is removed
which bulbs get brighter?
Dimmer?




Kirchhoffs Laws

If complex circuits cannot be reduced to series parallel
combinations.

So use Kirchhoffs Rules:

1. I
j
= 0 (junction rule, valid at any junction);
conservation of charge

2. (V
j
) = 0 (loop rule, valid for any closed loop);
conservation of energy















Use Kirchhoffs junction rule at point a to reduce the number
of unknown BRANCH currents from three to two.




Exercises

[Electric Current]
A steady current of 2.5 A flows in a wire connected to a
battery. After 4 minutes, the current suddenly ceased
because the wire is disconnected. How much charges
passed through the circuit? q = I t = (2.5 C/s )(240 s)
= 600 C

A service station charges a battery using a current of 5.5
A for 6 hours. How much charge passes through the
battery? q = I t = (6 C/s ) (5.5 3600 s) = 118800 C


[Voltage]
An electron in the picture tube of a TV set is accelerated
from rest through a potential difference V
ba
= 5000 volts.
What is the change in potential energy of the electron?
PE = q V = (1.6 x 10
19
)(5000) = 8.0 x 10
16
J
minus sign, show that PE decreases


[Resistance]
Suppose you want to connect your stereo set to a remote
speaker. If each wire must be 10 m long, what diameter
copper wire ( = 1.7 x 10
8
) should you use to keep the
resistance less than 0.10 per wire?

At 27
o
C a wire has resistance of 5.00 and when heated
to 107
o
C its resistance become 5.08 . Determine its
resistance when the temperature is on 67
o
C.


[Ohms Law]
What is the resistance of a 14 inch monitor if 220 volts
produces a current of 1.2 A.

A bird stands on an electric transmission line carrying
1200 A. The line has 1.0 x 10
5
resistance per meter
and the birds feet are 3.0 cm apart. What voltage does
the bird feel?