Professional Documents
Culture Documents
U
I
24
Ta thy vi ti cm khi I tng tc dng kh t ca phn ng
phn ng cng tng lm cho U b gim. gi cho U khng
i phi tng dng in kch thch i
t
.ngc li ti dung khi tng I, mun gi cho U khng
i phi gim dng in kch thch i
t
. Thng thng cos = 0.8( thun cm), nn t khng
ti (U = U
m
;I = 0) n ti nh mc ( U = U
m
; I = I
m
) phi tng dng in kch thch i
t
khong 1,7 n 2,2 ln.
Cu 16: Hy trnh by c tnh cng sut ca MF? Khi tng p lc kh lm mt th c
tnh cng sut thay i ntn?
c tnh cng sut
c tnh cng sut tc dng :
o sin .
.
d
q
x
U E
P =
(3.4a)
c tnh cng sut phn khng :
d d
q
x
U
x
U E
Q
2
cos . = o (3.4b)
c tnh cng sut MF cc li
c tnh cng sut tc dng :
o o 2 sin .
2
sin
2
q d
q d
d
q
x x
x x
U
x
U E
P
+ = (3.5a)
c tnh cng sut phn khng :
q d
q d
q d
q d
d
q
x x
x x
U
x x
x x
U
x
U E
Q
+
+ = .
2
2 cos .
2
cos
2 2
o o (3.5b)
cos = 0.8( in cm)
cos = 1
cos = 0.8( in dung)
i
t
i
t0
I
I
m
25
Khi tng p lc kh lm mt :
- Vic lm mt b mt bng kh Hidro:
Bng cch tng p lc kh trn ng ng s gim c nhit trn cun dy v nng cao
c cng sut cho my pht trong khi kch thc ca my pht vn gi nguyn.
- Vic lm mt trc tip bng kh hidro:
Nu m bo c ch tiu qu nhit tng t nh lm mt b mt th cho php tng cng
sut gii hn n 2,4 ln. Nu tng p lc kh trong ng ng dn kh H
2
lm mt th hiu
qu lm mt cng tng ln tc nng cao c cng sut cho my pht.
Cu 17: Khi thc hin b cspk nng cao h s os c cho ht th chng ta nn t thit
b b u? Gii thch ti sao?
- Nng cao h s cng sut bng phng php b l t cc thit b b gn h dng
in ( thanh ci h p trm bin p phn xng, t pp ng lc hoc tng thit b dng in)
cung cp cspk Q cho chng, gim c Q phi truyn ti trn ng dy, lm gc lch
pha gia S v P gim
b
bu
Q Q
arctg
P
= do nng cao c h s os c ca mng.
Nguyn tc B cng su cng tt
+ Ti thanh ca h p trm bin p phn xng: gim tn tht in nng trm bin p
+ Ti t pp ng lc: gim tn tht in p trn ng dy t t n trm pp v trong trm
+ t t b cho tt c cc ng c: c li nht gim tn tht in nng trn ng dy t
ngun (t pp) n ng c, nhng gi thnh cao
C th lm thm cng c, k th b: Thc t phn b b ti u cn phc thuc vo quy
m kt cu x nghip: x nghip nh nn b ti thanh ci h p ca trm x nghip; nu x
nghip va c trm bin p v mt s phn xng cch xa trm bin p th nn t b ti t
pp v u cc ng c cs ln. ; x nghip ln gm tram bin p chnh v nhiu trm pp ca
phn xng th t t b ti tt c cc thanh ci h p
Cu 18. Trong mba cch in c t.hin nhg bphn no?Nu nhg th nghim cn
thit nh gi tnh trng cch in ca mba? Trnh by th nghim o in tr cch
in ca cun dy mba ?
Trong my bin p cch in c thc hin :
+Gia cun dy cao p v h p.
+ Gia cc cun dy cao p v cao p
+ Gia cc cun dy cao, h p v v
+ Gia cun dy h p v h p.
Nhng th nghim cn thit nh gi tnh trng cch in ca MBA:
+ o in tr cch in gia cc pha vi nhau v vi v.
Mc ch l kim tra s b tnh trng cch in ca cc phn cch in gia cc cun dy
vi nhau v gia cc cun dy vi v my.
+o in tr mt chiu gia cc cun dy
Mc ch l: kim tra tnh trng cc mi ni tnh trng tip xc gia cc im ca b iu
chnh in p, ngn mch gia cc vng dy trong cun dy MBA.
26
+ Th nghim khng ti in p nh mc:
Mc ch l: Kim tra cht lng ca li thp, s chm chp gia cc vng dy trong cc
cun dy.
Trnh by th nghim o in tr cch in ca cun dy my bin p ?
o in tr cch in gia cc cun dy MBA ngi ta dung mt ng h Megommet
loi 2500V.
Tr s Rcd c xc nh sau cc khong thi gian 15s v 60s.Khi o tt c cc u dy ra
ca cun dy kim tra c ni li vi nhau, cc cun dy khc v v phi c ni t
Lu : Trc khi o cn phi kim tra s hon ho ca MG(pin c tt hay ko bng cch ni
tt hai cc ca MG ri quay tay, kim ch 0. Ni tt hai cun dy 2-3 phut phng ht in
tch d)
K
ht
=
60
15
nu K
ht
1,3 th cch in tt.
K
ht
<1 cch in m ta cn phi sy my.
Cu 19 :T b c vai tr g trog li in?Vic t t b pha trug p v pha h p c g
khc nhau ?
Vai tr ca t b trong li in:
T b c vai tr qtrng v tch cc trog vic lm gim tn tht in nng trn li
in .Trog thc t cc pti in thng l cc ng c c h s cs cos rt thp,ngoi ra cc
my bin th phn xg, my bin th hn. Tiu th rt nhiu cspk v c h s cos
cng rt thp.ng nhin khi ng dy truyn ti them 1 lg cspk Q ln s lm hn ch
nhiu n kh nng dn in ca dy dn, lm cho dy dn b pht nng v lm cho tn tht
in nng tng ln.
Nu ta t t b ngay ti h dng in t b s a vo mng in mt dng in
mang tnh cht in dung I
C
v pht ra cspk l Q
bu
. Khi cspk truyn trn ng dy s
gim xung 1 lng l Q-Q
bu
. Nh vy t b c tc dng hn ch cs v cng trn li ci
thin c cos v lm gim tn that in ng.
Vic t t b pha trung p v h p c s khc nhau l:
Nu t pha trung p:
+ Gi thnh tnh theo n v kVAr/ ng s r hn pha h th v khi b pha trug s thg t
dg thit b iu chnh dug lng b
+B c c dung lng Q
pt
ca ph ti h th v Q
0
trog ni b mba.
+ T b t pha cao s yu cu lp t phc tp hn,do chim nhiu din tch v khog
kgian ln.
+ Do dug lg t b k cao ln ch dng cc tb ng ct v bo v n gin nh cu ch, cu
dao.
Nu t pha h p:
+Qun l vh v sa cha rt n gin v in p thp rt d lp t, chim t din tch v
khng gian.
+ Thng c t cc tb ng ct bo v. D dng iu chnh c dung lng t b
theo ch cs, in p, cos.
27
+ gi thnh u t theo kVAr/ ng t hn so vi cao p v phi c them cc thit b iu
chnh dung lng t b.
+ Ch b c trong pvi cs ph ti h th ca mt MBA.
Cu 20. Du bin th lm nhim v g trongmba? Nu cc tiu chun quan trng nht
ca du my trong vn hnh? Phng php qun l du mba trong vn hnh?
- nhim v ca du bin p (.) mba :
- cch in : /p chc thg ca du hin nay c th t ti 65kV/ 2,5cm
- lm mt : kh nng l/mt of du c th t ti 28 ln (.) 0 kh .
- dp h/quang : khi c phg in nh (.) MBA du c tc dng dp tt h/quang hn ch c
s MBA .
- Cc tiu chun cht lg of du mba trong v/hnh :
- nht ca du: dng h gi tnh cht lih ng of du . nht cg thp th du cg d
lu thng ,kh nng lm mt cng tt . khi du b gi ha th nht tg ln lm gim
k/nng lm mt ca du .
- Engler : nht tng i la t/gian chy ca 200ml du nhit nht h vi t/gian
chy ca 200ml nc nhit 20 C. T/gian chy ca 200ml nc 20 C bng 51
(+- 1s) (.) thc t ngi ta k/tra nht ca du = nht k , nht tuyt i c /v l ccm(
cexi tc )
- im chp nhy : khi b gia nhit n 1 nhit no y th du b bc hi to thnh 1 hn
hp du v 0 kh .Nu a 1 ngn la n gn du s b bc chy,gi l nhit chp
chy or ' chp chy:nhit chp chy k c < 135 C .
- hm lng axit &kim ha tan : cho bit sch of du .nu c axit v kim ha tan th
du s b gi ha nhanh chng .cc v/liu ngm (.) du s b n mn .
Du mi k c c axt & kim ha tan .Du ag vh k c qu 0,025 mg KOH.
- tp cht c gii : cho bit (.) du c cn bn tp cht or c tro mui than sinh ra khi du b
h/quang t chy .cc tp cht ny lm gim k/nng tn nhit of cc c/dy & lm cu ni
gy phg in .
- (.) du 0 c c tp cht c gii
- cng cch in or cn goi /p chc thng : cho bit k/nng chu /p th nghim
chc thng 1 lp du c k/cch 2,5cm : if (.) v/hnh cng cch in gim i 15% ,phi
x l du bng p
2
lc ,if gim 30 % th phi sy mba.
- Hm lng nc (.) du :khi tip xc vi 0 kh m du s b hi xm nhp ./p chc
thng ca du s b suy gim nu nh du c nc .
- T/chun hm lng nc (.) du : du mi hm lg nc k qu 0,001%khi lg du.
- Du ang vh nc k qu 0,0025% klg du.
- mu sc ca du : thng thng du b/p (.) sut c mu xah da tri nht or mu vg
nht.sau mt t/gian vh du s b oxy ha& bin i mu sc .Nhn mu du c th on c
th trg bn (.) mba.
- Mu trg xm chg t giy cctng bn (.) my b chy .
- Mu vg sm chg t g bn(.) my b chy.
- Mu en chg t du bn(.)my b chy.
Phng php qun l du mba (.) v/hnh:
28
- Cho vo du mi c cht khg oxy.
- Dg thg du f hon ton kn : ngn cch vi m/trng 0 kh = ti kh lm = cht do
chu du.
- Dg bh bnh lc du ti ch:du(.) qtrnh vh s c lu thg qua bh ny v c lc lien tc .
-Np kh nit vo thg du: dg b np kh nit np vo thg du to 1 lp ngn cch gia
du vi 0 kh, chg oxy ha tt nht cho du mba.np kh nit vo thg du s 0 cn dg bh
lc du.
Cu21: My bin in p lm nhim v g trong HT? Ti sao ni MBDA thng lm
vic trong ch khng ti? Quy nh v cch u MBDA trong li in?
* MBDA dg bin i /p t tr s ln xug tr s thch hp cug cp cho cc dg c
o lng, rle, t g ha
* Cc dg c o v rle c mc // vi c/dy th cp, c/s tiu th nh v tng tr cc c/dy of
chng rt ln. Do vy tng tr ngoi ca mch th cp rt ln, dg in th cp ca BU rt
nh (thg 0 qu 1A). V th, khi l/vic ngi ta coi MBDA l/vic ch 0 ti.
* Quy nh v cch u dyMBDA (.) li in:
- C/dy s cp W1 gm rt nhiu vng dy, tit din ca dy qun b, c mc // vi mch
cn o c /p U1.
- C/ dy th cp W2 gm t vng dy, tit din ca dy qun ln, c mc //vi cc dg c
o, rle / p
Cu 22: Th no l sy v ph sy cho mba ?Trnh by cc phng php sy mba, So
snh u nhc im v phm vi ng dg ca cc pp trn ?
Trog qtrnh vh,do hin tg nhim m nn MBA cn fi c sy li. Tu theo mc m
MBA c th ch cn ph sy hoc sy chnh thc.
Mba cn phi sy trong cc trhp sau:
- C htg nhim m ln(c nc trog rut my).
- Sau i tu,phc hi.
- Tgian rt rut vt qu 2 ln gii hn cho fp.
- My trg thi bo qun qu 1 nm.
- Sau khi tin hh ph sy nhg k t kqu.
Mba cn phi ph sy trog cc trg hp sau:
- V my c htg b h.
- Tgian my trg thi k lv vt qu quy h of nh sx,nhg k qu 1 nm.
- Tgian rt rut ktra vt qu mc cho fp nhg k qu 2 ln.
- Cc tham s cch in k bo yu cu cn thit.
Cc pp sy mba
1. Sy bng l
c thc hin ti xg ch to MBA,nhit sy khi xut xg vo khog 105
0
-110
0
C.Rut my c t trog l,cc u dy c a ra ngoi nh cc s xuyn tg.in tr cch
in c o = mgmt .p 1000 2500V. Trog qtrnh sy, u tin in tr cch in
of cc cun dy gim mh,sau tg ln t t. Qtrnh sy c coi l kt thc, nu trog khog
tgian 4 6h in tr cch in k ti 1nhit x. tg nhah qtrnh sy,thg p dng
29
bphp khuyech tn nhit = cc lun phin tg gim nhit . Sau 1khog tgian nht h
nhit c gim xug n 50
0
60
0
C ri li ng ln 105
0
C.
Pp n i hi nhiu tgian v tn nhiu ng lg,nn ch p dng vi cc MBA cs thp.
2.Sy = gi nng
c t.hin theo ngl thi gi ng nhit chg 70
0
80
0
C vo rut MBA.
-> hqu thp,li c nguy c gy n,nn k p dg nhiu trog t/t.
3. Sy = by hi nc nhit siu lnh
L pp hin i i hi chi ph tn km v vt t t tin nh nit lg du cch inc
p dg nhiu cc nc cg ngip tin tin sy cc loi MBA cs ln.
4. Pp cm ng
c t.hin theo ngl ft ng of din cm g m c sinh ra khi cho din xc vo cc vg dy
qun quah v MBA.
C th tin hnh sy my c hoc k c chn k.Trc khi sy, my cn fi c lm v sih sch
s.Khi sy,du trog thg c x ht, tt c cc l c bt kn, nu l sy chn k; cn nu sy k
c chn k th cn b tr cc g thot kh trn mt my thg gi. Trog qtrnh sy cn gia
nhit y my = gi ng hoc l in tr.
5. Sy = din th t k
Ngl da trn s pht nhit ca din xoy trog li thp v v my.g sc ca t trg
to thh mch khp kn t li thp qua k kh qua v my ri v li thp, do pp n ch c
th p dng cho cc MBA kiu li.
u im: n gin, chi ph in ng
nhc: l ch c th p dng cho 1s loi mba, i hi ngun .p fi tiu chun, c th gy
qu nhit cc b.Thg c p dg sy cc MBA loi va v nh.
Cu 23. c im,yu cu v phn loi BU.BI? So snh s ging v khc nhau v c
im cu to v phm vi ng dng ca BI,BU
*c im , yu cu v phn loai BU,BI
a. BU
c ch to vi in p th cp l 100V hoc 100/3 V
my bin in p lm vic ch gn khng ti
bo v my bin in p khi ngn mch cn t cu chy hoc aptomat vi mc
ch an ton, mt u cun th cp lun lun ni t
cng vic vn hnh ca my bin in p gm: kim tra, gim st nh k, bo dng
v sa cha nh k. cng vic kim tra thng c tin hnh cng vi cc thit b phn phi
khc. Khi kim tra cn ch n tnh trng nguyn vn ca thit b, ko c s r r ca du,
s cch in sch s.. qu trnh th nghim BU gm
o o in tr ch in bng megom met, in tr cch ien cun th cp ko c nh hn
1 M m
o o tg bng cu xoay chiu
o th ngim in p cao
*Phn loi:
theo nguyn l lm vic:
- my bin in p kiu in t
30
- my bin in p kiu t in
phn loi theo cch in: c my bin in p du v my bin in p kh
theo s pha :my bin in p mt pha, hai pha, ba pha
b. BI
my bin dng c to vi dng th cp 5 A hoc 1A. chng lm vic gn vi ch
ngn mch
ch bo ha t hao tn trong li st tng lm nng thit b v gy hng cch
in, nn mch th cp lun c kp kn, mt u ca n phi ni t
my bin dng c kim tra nh k, cng vic kim tra gm: s ni nht th, nh
th, mc du, mu du qu b ch thtnh trng ca cch in v h thng ni dt
*Phn loi
Theo cp in p
- my bin dng110kV
- my bin dng trung th 6,10,22,35 kV
- my bin dng h th 0,4kV
Theo cu to
- my bin dng kiu chn s
- my bin dng kiu c 2 cun dy th cp
- my bin dng c nhu cun dy th cp
- my bin dng c nhu nc t s bin
- my bin dng kiu ca s
- my bin dng kiu dy qun
* So snh s ging, khc nhau v c im cu to v phm vi ng dng ca BI, BU ?
Ging nhau
c ch to da trn nguyn l cm ng in t v u l thit b ph tr cho mch o
lng, bo v
Khc nhau
My bin in p BU
My bin dng in BI
thng bin i in p cao xung
in p thp phc v cho mch o
lng, bo v
c ch to c cp in p th
cp nh mc 100 V..
cun dy s cp ni song song vi
mch o( c in p cao th), cun th
cp ni song song vi cc dng c o
in p
ch dng trong mch in cao th
(U>380)
ca 2 cun dy u c qun bng
dy c tit din nh , s vng dy t l
thun vi in p nh mc
dng bin i cc dng in ln xung
dng in nh phc v cho mch o lng, bo
v
thng ch to c cp dng in th cp
nh mc l 5A( hoc1A)
cun s cp ni ni tip vi mch o c
dng in i qua ln, cun th cp ni ni tip vi
cc dng c o dng in
dng c cho mch in cao v h th
. cun dy s cp c tit din to , cun th
cp c tit din nh , s vng dy nhu hn v t l
nghch vi dng in nh mc
ph ti ca BI l cc cun dy dng in c
tr khng rt b nn BI lm vic nh MBA ph
31
ph ti ca BU l cc cun dy
in p c tr khng rt ln nn BU lm
vic nh MBA ph thng trng thi
khng ti, ko c php ngn mch pha
th cp
thng trng thi ngn mch, ko c php h
mch pha th cp
Cu 24. Trong mba cch in c th hin nhg b phn no?Nu nhg th nghim
cn thit nh gi tnh trng cch in ca mba? Trnh by th nghim o in tr
cch in ca cun dy mba ?
Trong my bin p cch in c thc hin :
+Gia cun dy cao p v h p.
+ Gia cc cun dy cao p v cao p
+ Gia cc cun dy cao, h p v v
+ Gia cun dy h p v h p.
Nhng th nghim cn thit nh gi tnh trng cch in ca MBA:
+ o in tr cch in gia cc pha vi nhau v vi v.
Mc ch l kim tra s b tnh trng cch in ca cc phn cch in gia cc cun dy
vi nhau v gia cc cun dy vi v my.
+o in tr mt chiu gia cc cun dy
Mc ch l: kim tra tnh trng cc mi ni tnh trng tip xc gia cc im ca b iu
chnh in p, ngn mch gia cc vng dy trong cun dy MBA.
+ Th nghim khng ti in p nh mc:
Mc ch l: Kim tra cht lng ca li thp, s chm chp gia cc vng dy trong cc
cun dy.
Trnh by th nghim o in tr cch in ca cun dy my bin p ?
o in tr cch in gia cc cun dy MBA ngi ta dung mt ng h Megommet
loi 2500V.
Tr s Rcd c xc nh sau cc khong thi gian 15s v 60s.Khi o tt c cc u dy ra
ca cun dy kim tra c ni li vi nhau, cc cun dy khc v v phi c ni t
Lu : Trc khi o cn phi kim tra s hon ho ca MG(pin c tt hay ko bng cch ni
tt hai cc ca MG ri quay tay, kim ch 0. Ni tt hai cun dy 2-3 phut phng ht in
tch d)
K
ht
=
60
15
nu K
ht
1,3 th cch in tt.
K
ht
<1 cch in m ta cn phi sy my.
Cu 25: Trnh by phng php chuyn my pht sang cc ch lm vic b ng b
My b ng b, thc cht l ng c in ng b lm vic khng ti (trc ng c
khng ni vi ti) b h s cng sut (cos ) v iu chnh in p mng in. Ch
lm vic bnh thng ca MBB l qu kch t, pht ra cng sut phn khng cho li in
nng cao cos tng in p n tr s cn thit. Lc ny, my b c vai tr nh mt b t
32
in. Khi ti xung thp, in p ca li tng cao, MBB s lm vic ch thiu kch
t, tiu th cng sut phn khng ca li, tng in p ri trn ng dy, gim in p
n tr s yu cu. MBB thng c rto cc li, cng sut t n hng trm
mgavn.ampe. Ngy nay, MBB c thay th bng cc my b tnh (SVC - Static VAR
Compensator) c tnh nng tt hn.
Cc my pht in u c th lm vic 2 ch :
ch my pht v ch ng c ng b.
- ch my pht
- ch ng c, hay cn gi l ch chy b th my s nhn cng sut P t li
cn cng sut Q c th pht hay nhn bng cch iu chnh kch t (ph thuc vo in o
li in khi ), qu kch thch th pht Q, km kch thch th ht Q.
vi cc t my phat - tuabin vn cn chc nng chy ch my pht th tuabin lun c
gn vi my pht khi cn c th chuyn sang chy ch my pht, tr cc trng hp
my lun lun chy ch ng c (hay ch b) th mi tho tuabin ra khi my pht
gim ti cho my (gim tiu th P)
vi cc my c thit k ch chy b th s khng cn tuabin
- i vi Tuabin nc th cho php lm vic ch b.
Khi lm vic ch b th cnh hng nc c ng kn v nc c ui ra khi
bung xon ( bung bnh xe cng tc), y nc c ui ra nh h thng kh nn cao
p ty theo tng nh my m p lc kh nn l bao nhiu.
2 ch khi lm vic vi ch b:
+ ch b thiu
+ ch b tha
trong c 2 ch ny th bnh xe cng tc u quay khng trong khng kh cn ty theo
lm vic ch b no m t my nhn cng sut v cng (Q) t li v hay pht cng
sut v cng (Q) ln li. Cn lng cng sut hu cng (P) tiu th ca mt t my khi
chy b th ty vo tng t my.
- Nu mng in ni mch vng th gim cng sut v cng truyn ti trn ng dy th
ti cc nt ngi ta tin hnh b mc ch gim tn tht trn ng dy.
- Nu mng hnh tia th b ti cc nt ph ti cng vi mc ch .
- Mt iu quan trng na l trong h thng in nu in p thp th ti cc nh my pht
in hay cc trm b ngi ta pht cng sut v cng nng cao in p h thng ln. V
ngc li nu in p h thng cao th ti nh my pht in hay trm b s tiu th cng
sut v cng.
Ti nh my in ngi ta gi l chy b ng b: nhn cng sut hu cng t li v
quay my pht (nh mt ng c), cn cng sut v cng th c th pht hoc nhn.
Cu 26: BI(TI) lm nhim v g trog HT? Ti sao trong vn hnh khng c php
h mch cun th cp?
Trog HT my bin din TI lm nv bin i din s cp t tr s ln I
1~
thh
din th cp c tr s nh I
2~
, din I
2m~
c quy chun l 5 ampe (1A).TI dg cp in
cho cun dy din ca Watt mt,Cng t in, Ampe mt.Cc g h o m in ni trn
cn fi c din mc l 5A hoc 1A.
Th d:
33
- Nu din i qua cun dy s cp of TI l 500A,din mc ca cun dy th cp of TI l
5A th TI c t s bin i l: k
I
= 500A/5A = 100.
Nu din i qua cun dy s cp of TI l 500A din mc of cun dy th cp ca TI
l 1A th TI c t s bin i l: k
I
= 500A/1A = 500.
Trog cc TBA trug gian mi TI c ch to 2cun dy th cp, 1cun dg cho o lg &
1cun dg cho r le bo v. Trog cc TBAPP h th 220/380V thg dg 2 b TI, 1b dg
cho g h ampe 1b dg cho cg t in, k c dg chug nhau 1TI bo cho cg t in
lv c cxc.
Trog vh nu h mch th cp TI s gy ra chy hg v 2ngnhn:
- Ngnhn 1: Gy t ha li thp lm ng mch t dn n cch in MBD chng b gi ci.
Bthg trog cun dy s cp v th cp ca TI u c din chy qua
i
1
~ sih ra lc t ha F
1
= i
1
w
1
; i
2
~
sih ra lc t ha F
2
= i
2
w
2
Ta c: F
= F
1
- F
2
=
i
1
w
1
- i
2
w
2
~ 0
Khi h mch th cp i
2
~ = 0
F
2
= i
2
w
2
= 0 ; F
= F
1
- F
2
= F
1
; F
= i
1
w
1
.
F
1
gy t ha li thp nn TI thg xuyn b nug ng lm cho cch in ca cun dy TI
b ha gi.
- Ngnhn 2: Lm xhin .p nh nhn E
2
trog cun dy, chc thng cch in ca TI. Khi
c ti cun dy s cp & th cp ca TI u c din chy qua. Din pti I
1
~ s c c
tuyn hh sin,din I1~ sih ra t thg u
1
~ c dg hh sin,t thg ny cm g trog cun dy
th cp 1din I
2
~ cg c dg hh sin. Khi cun dy th cp of TI b h mch trog li thp
xhin t thg u
1~
tn s 50Hz. g c tuyn c dg hh thag. Ti im i chiu ' 0
tc bi ca t thg du/dt l max s sih ra sc in g e
2
c dg h nhn trn cun dy
th cp of T
Cu 27.Nu cc yu cu c bn v vn hnh MBA?
Cc yc cbn v vh mba
- Vh mba bao gm cc cng vic ktra h k, sa cha bo dg,th ngim thao tc g ct
duy tr ch lv bt vi hiu qu kih t cao nht .cg vic ktra h k do nhn vin vh c trh
an ton k di bc 3 tin hh. mba lun trg thi lv bt cn fi t n di s gim
st cht ch
Vic jm st ny gm :
- g/st nhit , mc /p v ph ti .
- gst cc ch tiu k thut of du&cch in
- g/st th trg ca cc tb lm mt .v thit b iu chh in p
- i vi cc TBA c ngi trc,vic gim st thg s vh c cn c va cc ch s ca cc
g h o. Cc ch s ca ng h o c ghi li mi ting 1 ln . i vi cc TBA k c
ngi trc th cc ch s ca cc dng h o c ghi li mi ln i ktra, cn c bit ch
n cn = pha trog time cao im .
-cc MBA phi c ktra nh k v ktra bt thg .vic ktra nh k mba c ktra t nht mi ca
1 ln vi TBA c ngi trc &15 ngy 1 ln vi TBA 0 c ngi trc.
-Khi k/tra TBA cn ch n th trg cc tip im , mc du (.) MBA & m/ct , tig ku
ca my ,trg thi cc s c/in , cu chy .... nu (.) qu trh k/tra pht hin ra nhg hin
tg l nh ting ku r ca mba , t/xc im b nng , du b chy ... th cn bo ngay
34
cho trc ban kp thi x l . trg hp khn cp nh e da n tnh mng ngi , s/c
NM .v..v th cn tin hh ct loi ngay cc phn t b s/c ra khi mg in sau bo cho
trc ban v nhg din bin . Tt c cc kt qu kho st , k/ tra c ghi vo s nht k lu tr
. K/tra bt thg c tin hh khi c hin tg sau :
- nhit du thay i t ngt .
- my b ct bi role hi or role so lch.
- Nhg cng vic thc hin trong tba nh sa cha , chh h , thay i u phn p
v.v.v.ch c thc hin theo phiu thao tc .
35
II. CC THAO TC
1. Thao tc my ct
1. My ct cho php ng, ct ph ti v ngn mch trong phm vi kh nng cho
php ca my ct.
2. Kim tra my ct tiu chun ng ct trc khi thao tc.
3. My ct cn phi c a ra kim tra, bo dng (theo quy trnh vn hnh my
ct hoc hng dn ca nh ch to) trong cc trng hp sau:
a) ct tng dng ngn mch n mc quy nh;
b) S ln ct ngn mch n mc quy nh;
c) S ln thao tc ng ct n mc quy nh;
d) Thi gian vn hnh n mc quy nh.
4. Trc khi a my ct ang ch d phng vo vn hnh, phi kim tra li
my ct v cc b phn lin quan, m bo my ct vn hnh bnh thng.
5. Vic tin hnh thao tc my ct ch cho php khi mch iu khin trng thi tt
v khng chm t. Vic tin hnh thao tc trong trng hp c chm t trong mch iu
khin ch cho php trong x l s c.
6. Sau khi thao tc my ct, phi kim tra ch th ti ch trng thi ca my ct, kho
iu khin ca my ct nu sau c thao tc ti ch dao cch ly hai pha ca my ct.
7. Phi kim tra trng thi m ca my ct hp b trc khi thao tc di chuyn t
trng thi vn hnh sang th nghim hoc ngc li.
8. Vic ng ct th my ct c thc hin khi m bo c mt trong cc yu
cu sau:
a) Cc dao cch ly hai pha ca my ct c ct hon ton v ch ng dao tip
a hoc tip a di ng mt pha ca my ct ny.
b) Nu ng dao cch ly mt pha ca my ct, phi ct tt c cc tip a ca
ngn my ct ny.
9. Cho php kim tra trng thi my ct theo ch th ca tn hiu v o lng m
khng cn kim tra ch th trng thi ti ch trong cc trng hp sau:
a) Sau khi thao tc my ct, khng thao tc dao cch ly hai pha ca my ct ny;
b) Sau khi thao tc my ct, vic thao tc dao cch ly hai pha my ct c thc
hin bng iu khin t xa (ti phng iu khin trung tm);
c) Thc hin thao tc xa hoc thao tc trong iu kin thi tit xu.
10. i vi cc my ct c tng dng ct ngn mch hoc c s ln ct ngn mch
n mc quy nh, nhng khi cn thit, sau khi kim tra my ct tiu chun vn hnh
v c s ng ca gim c hoc ph gim c k thut n v qun l vn hnh thit
b th cho php c ct s c thm.
2.Thao tc dao cch ly
1. Dao cch ly c php thao tc khng in hoc thao tc c in khi dng in thao tc
nh hn dng in cho php theo quy trnh vn hnh ca dao cch ly do n v qun l
vn hnh ban hnh. Cho php dng dao cch ly tin hnh cc thao tc c in trong cc
trng hp sau:
a) ng v ct im trung tnh ca cc my bin p, khng in;
36
b) ng v ct cc cun dp h quang khi trong li in khng c hin tng chm t;
c) ng v ct chuyn i thanh ci khi my ct hoc dao cch ly lin lc thanh ci
ng;
d) ng v ct khng ti thanh ci hoc on thanh dn;
e) ng v ct dao cch ly ni tt thit b;
f) ng v ct khng ti my bin in p, my bin dng in;
g) Cc trng hp ng v ct khng ti cc my bin p lc, cc ng dy trn khng,
cc ng cp phi c n v qun l vn hnh thit b cho php ty theo tng loi dao
cch ly.
h) Cc b truyn ng c kh hoc t ng ca cc dao cch ly dng ng ct dng
in t ha, dng in np, dng in ph ti, dng in cn bng cn phi m bo hnh
trnh nhanh chng v thao tc dt khot.
2. Trc khi thc hin thao tc ti ch dao cch ly th phi kim tra cc iu kin m
bo khng xut hin h quang trc khi thao tc.
3. Trnh t thao tc dao cch ly hai pha my ct ( phng trng hp my ct ng ct
khng ton pha, khi thao tc dao cch ly c th xut hin h quang gy s c):
a) Trng hp mt pha my ct c in p, mt pha khng c in p: Thao tc m dao
cch ly pha khng c in p trc; Thao tc ng dao cch ly pha c in p trc.
b) Trng hp hai pha my ct u c in p hoc khng c in p: Thao tc m dao
cch ly pha nu c s c xy ra t nh hng n ch vn ca h thng in trc; Thao
tc ng dao cch ly pha nu c s c xy ra t nh hng n ch vn ca h thng
in sau.
4. Thao tc ti ch dao cch ly phi thc hin nhanh chng v dt khot, nhng khng c
gy h hng dao cch ly. Trong qu trnh ng (hoc ct) dao cch ly nghim cm ct (hoc
ng) li dao tr li khi thy xut hin h quang.
5. Sau khi kt thc thao tc dao cch ly, cn kim tra v tr cc li dao phng trnh trng
hp cha ng ct ht hnh trnh hoc li dao trt ra ngoi hm tnh.
3.Thao tc dao tip a
1. Trc khi thao tc ng dao tip a, phi kim tra ng dy hoc thit b in khng
cn in p v trng thi ti ch my ct, dao cch ly lin quan m hon ton.
2. Phi kim trng thi ti ch cc dao tip a c m ht trc khi thao tc dao cch
ly a ng dy hoc thit b in vo vn hnh.
6.Thao tc ct in ng dy
Thao tc ct in ng dy theo trnh t sau:
1. Kim tra tro lu cng sut, in p ca h thng trc khi thao tc. iu chnh cng
sut, in p, chuyn ph ti cc trm in nhn in t ng dy ny;
2. Ln lt ct tt c cc my ct cc u ng dy hoc nhnh r theo trnh t pha xa
ngun trc, pha gn ngun sau;
3. Ln lt ct cc dao cch ly cc u ng dy, nhnh r;
4. ng dao tip a cc u ng dy, nhnh r;
5. Ct p t mt cc my bin in p ca ng dy (nu c);
37
6. Giao ng dy cho cc n v qun l vn hnh cng tc, lu t lm cc bin php an
ton, treo bin bo theo Quy trnh an ton in hin hnh.
7.Thao tc ng in ng dy
Thao tc ng in ng dy theo trnh t sau:
1.Cc n v qun l vn hnh giao tr ng dy: ngi v phng tin rt ht, tho
ht tip a di ng, ng dy tiu chun vn hnh v sn sng ng in;
2.ng p t mt cc my bin in p ca ng dy (nu c);
3.Ct tt c cc dao tip a cc u ng dy, nhnh r;
4.Ln lt ng cc dao cch ly cc u ng dy, nhnh r;
5.Ln lt ng cc my ct cc u ng dy, nhnh r theo trnh t sau:
a) i vi ng dy hnh tia ch c in mt u: ng in u c in trc.
b) i vi ng dy mch vng cc u u c in: ng in u xa nh my in
trc, khp vng hoc ha ng b u gn nh my in sau. Nu c kh nng xy ra qu
in p cui ng dy, ng in u c in p thp hn trc, khp vng hoc ha ng
b u kia sau.
6.iu chnh li cng sut, in p, chuyn ph ti ph hp sau khi a ng dy vo vn
hnh.
Cc bin php an ton i vi ng dy
ng dy trn khng vn hnh ch ng in khng ti t mt ngun hoc
ch d phng, phi m dao cch ly pha ng dy ca cc my ct ang trng thi
m.
ng dy ct in v lm bin php an ton xong mi c giao cho n v
ng k lm vic. Khi giao ng dy cho n v sa cha, ni dung bn giao phi c dng
sau:
ng dy (ch r tn v mch) c ct in, ti cc im (ch r tn trm,
nh my) ng cc tip a v tr no. Cho php lm cc bin php an ton n v
cng tc bt u lm vic;
Cn phi kt thc cng vic vo thi im no;
Nu ng dy hai mch th phi ni r mch kia ang c in hay khng v
lm bin php cn thit chng in cm ng;
Cc lu khc lin quan n cng tc.
Nghim cm nhn vin vn hnh ct cc tip a ng, tho g bin bo khi
cha c lnh ca ngi ra lnh thao tc.
Nu do iu kin cng vic m cn phi ct cc tip a c nh ng dy m
vn c ngi cng tc trn ng dy th phi ng tip a khc hoc t tip a lu ng
thay th trc khi ct cc tip a ny. Sau khi hon thnh cng vic th phi ng li cc
tip a c nh trc ri mi g b cc tip a di ng.
Tr trng hp c trang b mn hnh iu khin, nhn vin vn hnh sau khi thc
hin thao tc ct in ng dy v thit b lin quan n ng dy ti trm in hoc nh
my in ra sa cha phi thao tc trn s ni cc bc thao tc nh trong phiu v treo
bin bo, k hiu tip a y . Ghi vo s nht k vn hnh thi gian thao tc, lnh cho
38
php lm vic. Trong phiu cng tc v s nht k vn hnh ghi r s lng tip a
ng, s n v tham gia cng vic sa cha v cc c im cn lu khc.
Sau khi kt thc cng vic sa cha ng dy v thit b lin quan n ng
dy ti trm in hoc nh my in, n v qun l vn hnh phi khng nh ngi v
phng tin rt ht, tho ht tip a di ng v tr ng dy, thit b ngn ng
dy ca trm in hoc nh my in cho cp iu c quyn iu khin ra lnh ng
in. Ni dung bo co tr ng dy c dng nh sau: "Cng vic trn ng dy (tn
ng dy v mch), trn thit b (tn thit b ca ngn xut tuyn ti trm in hoc nh
my in) theo phiu (s my) thc hin xong, tt c cc tip a di ng ti hin trng
g ht, ngi ca cc n v cng tc rt ht; ng dy, thit b tiu chun vn
hnh v sn sng nhn in; xin tr ng dy, thit b ng in".
Nu trong khi ct in ng dy thc hin cc bin php nh thay i kt dy
nht th, thay i nh th ... (theo s nht k vn hnh) th khi ng in li ng dy ny,
nhn vin vn hnh ca cp iu c quyn iu khin phi tin hnh thay i li kt dy
nht th, thay i nh th cho ph hp vi s mi v phi ghi vo s nht k vn hnh.
8.Thao tc thanh ci
Thao tc a thanh ci d phng vo vn hnh phi lu :
1.Kim tra thanh ci d phng khng c tip a di ng, ct ht cc tip a c nh.
2.Phi dng my ct lin lc thanh ci c r le bo v phng th thanh ci d phng. Nu
khng c my ct lin lc thanh ci, phi la chn my ct ca im u thch hp phng
in vo thanh ci d phng.
Trc khi thao tc chuyn i thanh ci phi lu :
a) Kim tra bo v so lch thanh ci, c lp bo v so lch thanh ci (nu cn thit)
theo quy nh ca n v qun l vn hnh.
b) Kim tra my ct hoc dao cch ly lin lc hai thanh ci ang ng. Ct in mch
iu khin ca my ct lin lc nu thao tc dao cch ly c thc hin ti ch trong thi
gian thao tc dao cch ly chuyn im u.
c) Theo di s thay i tro lu cng sut, dng in qua my ct lin lc. La chn
bc thao tc chuyn im u t thanh ci ny sang thanh ci khc hp l trnh qu ti
my ct lin lc.
3.n v qun l vn hnh phi lp phiu thao tc mu p dng cho thao tc chuyn i
thanh ci. Phiu thao tc mu ny ghi r trnh t cc bc thao tc nht th v nh th ph
hp vi s mch nht th v nh th ca trm in.
9.Thao tc my ct vng
1.Ti cc trm in c trang b my ct vng, n v qun l vn hnh phi lp phiu thao
tc mu p dng cho thao tc dng my ct vng thay cho mt my ct khc v ngc li.
2.Phiu thao tc mu dng my ct vng thay cho mt my ct khc v ngc li phi ghi r
trnh t cc bc thao tc nht th v nh th ph hp vi s mch nht th v nh th
ca trm in hoc nh my in.
39
Thao tc ho in
Thao tc ha in phi c thc hin ti my ct c trang b thit b ha ng b theo iu
kin sau:
iu kin ho in trn h thng in c cp in p 500 kV:
a) Gc lch pha ca in p gia hai pha im ho: o s 15
0
;
b) Chnh lch tn s gia hai pha im ho: Af s 0,05 Hz;
c) Chnh lch in p gia hai pha im ho: AU s 5%.
iu kin ho in trn h thng in c cp in p s 220 kV:
a) Gc lch pha ca in p gia hai pha im ho: o s 30
0
;
b) Chnh lch tn s gia hai pha im ho: Af s 0,25 Hz;
c) Chnh lch in p gia hai pha im ho: AU s 10%.
Thao tc khp mch vng
Ch c php khp kn mt mch vng trong h thng in khi ti im khp mch vng
chc chn ng v pha v cng th t pha. cc cp iu cn c danh sch cc im
c th khp mch vng v c lnh o cp iu duyt.
iu kin khp mch vng trn h thng in:
a) Gc lch pha ca in p gia hai pha im khp vng: o < 30
0
;
b) Chnh lch in p gia hai pha im khp vng: AU < 10%.
Thao tc khp mch vng ln phi kim tra iu kin gc lch pha v chnh lch in p
theo quy nh ti khon 2 iu ny. Trng hp khng kim tra c gc lch pha th phi
c tnh ton trc kim tra gc lch pha.
Lu n hot ng ca bo v r le v t ng, thay i tro lu cng sut v in p
trong h thng in khi khp mch vng.
Thao tc m mch vng
Trc khi thao tc m mch vng, phi iu chnh gim cng sut hoc dng in qua my
ct l nh nht. i vi mch vng ln, phi tnh ton kim tra khng b qu in p phc
hi ca my ct trc khi thc hin thao tc m mch vng ny.
Khi thao tc tch cc h thng in ra vn hnh c lp, cc cp iu phi cng phi hp
iu chnh cng sut gia cc nh my hoc cn bng cng sut cc h thng in sao
cho duy tr c tnh trng vn hnh bnh thng ca cc h thng in sau khi m vng
mt lin kt h thng.
Thao tc thit b in (my pht, thit b iu chnh in p)
Thao tc tch hoc ho li my pht, my b; thao tc ng ct khng in, t in; thao
tc chuyn nc my bin p v cc thao tc c lin quan khc phi thc hin theo quy trnh
vn hnh ca tng nh my in hoc trm in.
i vi cc cp iu , trc v sau khi thao tc tch hoc ho li my pht t my, thao
tc ng ct khng in hoc t in, thao tc chuyn nc my bin p phi kim tra li ch
vn hnh h thng in.
40
1. Ha ng b cc my pht in trong trng hp no:
l hnh thc mc song song cc my pht in. Nhu cu khi no phi s dng gii php
my pht in song song hoc my pht in song song vi li in:
- Khi cng sut yu cu ln hn cng sut ca mt my
- tit kim nhin liu khi ph ti thay i nhiu
- Khi h thng lm vic lin tc 24 gi trong ngy v 7 ngy trong tun khng mun
gin on khi chuyn ti t my ny sang my khc
- Khi ph ti ln quan trng v thi gian cho php mt in rt b hoc tuyt i
khng c mt in (nh cc nh my cng sut ln, bnh vin, cc trung tm hi ngh
tm c quc gia trong khi c hi ngh ang din ra,).
2. Th no l mt h thng my pht in song song?
Mt h thng my pht in lm vic song song khi c nhiu my cng cp cho mt ti
hoc mt h thng ti chung.
H thng ny c s dng tng kh nng cung cp in cho h thng (nh my in,
li in quc gia,), do cng sut ca mt t my pht in nh hn cng sut ph ti i
hi.
41
Mc lc
Cu 1: Ti sao phi lm mt cho MP, trnh by cc phng php lm mt cho
MP ? So snh s ging,khc nhau & phm vi s dng ca vic lm mt bng
khng kh & kh hidro cho MF ? ............................................................................ 1
Cu 2: Mc ch, ngha ca vic b cng sut phn khng trong HT?Trnh
by cc phng php iu chnh in p trn h thng in? ............................... 2
Cu 1: c im, yu cu v phn loi my pht in ? So snh s ging v khc
nhau c bn ca MF tuabin hi v tuabin nc ? ................................................ 4
Cu 2: c im, yu cu v phn loi ng dy trn khng v dy cp ? Nu
nguyn tc chung v qun l vn hnh ng dy trn khng v dng h hng
thng gp i vi ng dy trn khng ? ............................................................ 6
Cu 1: c im, yu cu v phn loi my ct in ? So snh s ging, khc
nhau v c im cu to, u nhc im v phm vi ng dng ca my ct kh
SF6 v my ct chn khng? ...................................................................................... 9
Cu 2: Ti sao phi lm mt cho my bin p? Trnh by cc phng php lm
mt cho my bin p, so sanh s ging,khc nhau u nhc v phm vi ng
dng ? ......................................................................................................................... 12
Cu 1: c im v thao tc h thng iu chnh in p my bin p ? Trnh
by thao tc b iu p di ti? Ti sao b iu p ca MBA li t cun dy
in p cao v trong mt thng du ring ? ........................................................... 14
Cu 2: Nu nguyn tc chung sy my in? Trnh by cc phng php sy
my in,? So snh s ging, khc nhau, u nhc im v phm vi ng dng
ca cc phng php trn? ...................................................................................... 15
I.CC CU HI V HA NG B MY BIN P ....................................... 19
Cu1: iu kin vn hnh song song cc my bin p? Gii thch tng iu
kin? ............................................................................................................................. 19
Cu 2: T b trn li in phn phi c cng dng g? Ti sao khi lp t b vi dung
lng ph hp th gim c TTN? T b trn li phn phi thuc loi b no? Nu
phn theo cchiu khin gm my loi? ....................................................................... 19
Cu 3: Hy cho bit nh hng ca vic my bin p lm vic khng i xng khi ti phn
b khng u? ............................................................................................................... 19
Cu 4: iu kin cn thit thc hin ng kt vng h 2 pht tuyn trung th? iu kin
cn thit thc hin kt vng kn 2 pht tuyn trung th? .............................................. 19
Cu 5: My bin th 3 pha c t u dy Dyn11 ni t s trung tnh h th c tc dng g?
..................................................................................................................................... 20
Cu 6: Cng dng ca bin dng in (TI)? Trong bin dng cun dy c cp chnh xc 0.5
s dngcho mc ch g, cun dy c cp chnh xc 5P20 s dng cho mc ch g? ......... 20
Cu 7: Cng dng ca bin in p TU? ........................................................................ 20
Cu 8: u im ca vic vn hnh song song hai my bin p? ....................................... 20
Cu 9. Ha ng b l g? iu kin ha ng b? ............................................... 20
Cu 10: Khi MBA ang vn hnh bn cn phi theo di nm bt c nhng
thng s no? .............................................................................................................. 20
Cu 11: Ti sao khi vn hnh MBA b nng ln? Cc ngun nhit no tc ng
lm nng MBA? Mc ch ca vic lm mt cho mba lm g? Ti sao? ........ 21
Cu 12: Nu tnh trng s c my bin p lc v nhng nguyn nhn gy ra s
c? ............................................................................................................................... 21
42
Cu 13 : Nu trnh t thao tc a my bin p lc vo vn hnh v loi my
bin p ra khi li khi s c? ................................................................................. 21
Cu 14: BU lm nhim v g trong TBA?S gig v khc nhau gia Mba lc v
my bin in p?S ging v khc nhau gia BU v BI? ................................... 22
Cu 15: Hy trnh by c tnh ngoi v c tnh iu khin ca MF ............ 23
Cu 16: Hy trnh by c tnh cng sut ca MF? Khi tng p lc kh lm
mt th c tnh cng sut thay i ntn? ................................................................. 24
Cu 17: Khi thc hin b cspk nng cao h s os c cho ht th chng ta nn
t thit b b u? Gii thch ti sao? ................................................................ 25
Cu 18. Trong mba cch in c t.hin nhg bphn no?Nu nhg th nghim
cn thit nh gi tnh trng cch in ca mba? Trnh by th nghim o
in tr cch in ca cun dy mba ? ................................................................... 25
Cu 19 :T b c vai tr g trog li in?Vic t t b pha trug p v pha h
p c g khc nhau ? ................................................................................................. 26
Cu 20. Du bin th lm nhim v g trongmba? Nu cc tiu chun quan trng
nht ca du my trong vn hnh? Phng php qun l du mba trong vn
hnh?........................................................................................................................... 27
Cu21: My bin in p lm nhim v g trong HT? Ti sao ni MBDA
thng lm vic trong ch khng ti? Quy nh v cch u MBDA trong
li in? .................................................................................................................... 28
Cu 22: Th no l sy v ph sy cho mba ?Trnh by cc phng php sy
mba, So snh u nhc im v phm vi ng dg ca cc pp trn ? .................. 28
Cu 23. c im,yu cu v phn loi BU.BI? So snh s ging v khc nhau
v c im cu to v phm vi ng dng ca BI,BU ........................................... 29
Cu 24. Trong mba cch in c th hin nhg b phn no?Nu nhg th
nghim cn thit nh gi tnh trng cch in ca mba? Trnh by th
nghim o in tr cch in ca cun dy mba ? ................................................ 31
Cu 25: Trnh by phng php chuyn my pht sang cc ch lm vic b
ng b ....................................................................................................................... 31
Cu 26: BI(TI) lm nhim v g trog HT? Ti sao trong vn hnh khng c
php h mch cun th cp?............................................................................... 32
Cu 27.Nu cc yu cu c bn v vn hnh MBA? .............................................. 33
II. CC THAO TC .................................................................................................... 35
1. Thao tc my ct ............................................................................................ 35
2.Thao tc dao cch ly ....................................................................................... 35
3.Thao tc dao tip a ...................................................................................... 36
6.Thao tc ct in ng dy ......................................................................... 36
7.Thao tc ng in ng dy ...................................................................... 37
Cc bin php an ton i vi ng dy ...................................................... 37
8.Thao tc thanh ci .......................................................................................... 38
9.Thao tc my ct vng ................................................................................... 38
Thao tc ho in .............................................................................................. 39
Thao tc khp mch vng ................................................................................. 39
Thao tc m mch vng .................................................................................... 39
Thao tc thit b in (my pht, thit b iu chnh in p) ...................... 39
1. Ha ng b cc my pht in trong trng hp no: ................................... 40
2. Th no l mt h thng my pht in song song? .......................................... 40