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Acoustics lesson 3

Steve Vanlanduit Steve Vanlanduit


8-10-2012 1 Herhaling titel van presentatie
Course overview
Course content: Course content:
Physics of sound
Hearing
Measurement of sound
Acoustics in enclosed spaces
Transmission of sound, sound insulation ,
Practical noise control principles
European legislation European legislation
Transmission of sound
Transmission loss Transmission loss
Sound reduction index
The mass-frequency law
The mass-frequency law
Exentions: Exentions:
1. Oblique incidence:
2. Diffuse incidence:
The mass-frequency law
The mass-frequency law
The mass-frequency law
Generalization: with wall stiffness

The mass-frequency law


with
The mass-frequency law
The mass-frequency law
The concidence effect
Concidence
di i condition:
The concidence effect
Concidence frequency?
2
/(1 ) B EI
4 2
c c
2
/(1 ) B EI v =
3
/12 I d l =
4
2
s
B
c f
m
t =
'
4 2
4 2
v v
B m
x t
c c
'
=
c c
2
'
Critical frequency
2
2
crit
c m
f
B t
'
=
64000
crit
L
f
d c
=

2
(1 )
L
E
c
v
| |
=
|
|

\ . L \ .
64000
Density E modulus cL f critical (1 cm)
Aluminum 2,7 70 5367,1766 1192,433287
Lead 11 1 16 1265 544 5057 113801
64000
crit
L
f
d c
=

Lead 11,1 16 1265,544 5057,113801


Concrete 2,5 48 4618,8022 1385,640646
CFRP 1,5 1,5 1054,0926 6071,573108
Coarc 0,18 0,032 444,44444 14400
L
, , ,
Glass 2,5 65 5374,8385 1190,733452
Steel 7,8 210 5469,4177 1170,142848
PU 1,2 0,025 152,14515 42065,09242
The mass-frequency law
Extesion to complex walls:
The mass-frequency law
SRI:
Thus:
since
The mass-frequency law
Open surface
Original SRI
o
n
i
n
d
e
x
u
n
d

r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
S
o
u
Open surface, in m2
The mass-frequency law
Double walls: Double walls:
1. Extra transmission loss due to air
gap
2. Extra resonance frequencies :
1.Wall on air-spring 1.Wall on air spring
2.Acoustic resonance in gap
3.Concidence frequencies 3.Concidence frequencies
Sound transmission loss measurement
ISO 140 (1-10): Measurement of sound insulation
ISO 140-1:1990: lab requirements
ISO 140-2:1991: repeatability
ISO 140 3 1995 i b d i l ti i l b ISO 140-3:1995: airborne sound insulation in a lab
ISO 140-4:1978: airborne sound insulation in-situ
ISO 140 6:1978: contact noise of floors (lab) ISO 140-6:1978: contact noise of floors (lab)
ISO 140-7:1978: contact noise of floors (in-situ)
ISO 717 : Rating of sound insulation
ISO 717-1:1982: airborne sound insulation ISO 717 1:1982: airborne sound insulation
ISO 717-2:1982: contact noise
Sound transmission loss measurement
Airborne sound insulation in a lab (ISO-3 140: 1995)
Sound transmission loss measurement
Airborne sound insulation in a lab (ISO-3 140: 1995)
Sound transmission loss measurement
Airborne sound insulation in-situ (ISO-4 140: 1978)
1 2 10
0
10log ( )
n
T
D L L
T
= +
0
0.5 T =
0
T
10log ( )
S
R L L
'
= +
r
o
n
d

1 2 10
10log ( ) R L L
A
= +
e
r
s
c
h
i
l

L
p
,
a
c
h
t
e
r
g
r
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
e

Correction of background noise:
V
e
L
p
,
b
r
o
n

C
o
3dB 3
4 tot 5 dB 2
6 tot 9 dB 1
Sound transmission loss measurement
Rating of airborne sound insulation (ISO 717-1: 1982)
Frequency Ref. val ue
100 33
125 36
160 39
200 42
250 45
315 48
400 51 400 51
500 52
630 53
800 54
1000 55 1000 55
1250 56
1600 56
2000 56
2500 56
3150 56
In report:
Ref value at 500Hz after correction
Anomalies of more than 8dB
Measurements (corrected and not corrected) Measurements (corrected and not corrected)
Sound transmission loss measurement
Contact noise in lab (ISO-6 140: 1978)
Impact apparatus: Impact apparatus:
5 hammers of 0.5kg in-line (0.4m)
Free fall of 40mm
Steel cylinder 3cm dia, 50cm radius
Test procedure:
100ms hammer impacts, hammer impact at 4 locations
SPL in receiving room
Measurement of A
Normalized impact SPL: Normalized impact SPL:
Course overview
Course content:
Physics of sound y
Hearing
Measurement of sound Measurement of sound
Acoustics in enclosed spaces
Transmission of sound Transmission of sound
General noise control principles
E l i l ti European legislation
Noise control principles
Noise control principles
Machine noise control procedure:
1. Determine active and passive components
2. Airborne, liquid-borne or structural borne
sources?
3. Identify transmission path
4. Identify radiating surfaces y g
5. Identify primary contributions (of 2. to 4.)
6 Use design rules 6. Use design rules
Noise control principles
Source localization
techniques: techniques:
1. Using an intensity
meter meter
2. Using an acoustic
camera camera
Noise control principles
Source localization techniques:
1. Using an intensity meter
2. Using an acoustic camera (microphone g ( p
array)
3. Using lead-foil g
Noise control principles
Airborne sound control:
1. Reduce pressure drop or
outlet flow rate
2. Avoid obstacles in the flow
3. Improve geometry (nozzle, 3. Improve geometry (nozzle,
bends, constrictions)
4. Do not point the flow outlet 4. Do not point the flow outlet
at panels
Noise control principles
Airborne sound control:
1. Reduce pressure drop or
outlet flow rate
2. Avoid obstacles in the flow
Noise control principles
Airborne sound control:
1 Reduce pressure drop or outlet 1. Reduce pressure drop or outlet
flow rate
2. Avoid obstacles in the flow
3. Improve geometry (nozzle,
bends, constrictions)
Noise control principles
Liquid-borne sound control:
1. See airborne sound control
2. Prevent cavitation
Noise control principles
Structure-borne noise control: Structure borne noise control:
1. Increase impact time
2 Decrease impact speed 2. Decrease impact speed
3. Minimize impact mass, increase
mass of impacted body
4. Use appropriate gears and
bearings
5 B l t d/ i i i 5. Balance rotors and/or minimize
rotating mass
6 Use suitable lubrication in case 6. Use suitable lubrication in case
of friction
Noise control principles
Transmission reduction:
1 A ti l 1. Acoustic enclosure
2. Use flexible connections
3 Acoustic screen 3. Acoustic screen
4. Use an absorption or reflection
muffler u
5. Use discontinuities in the
vibration transmission
Noise control principles
Transmission reduction:
1 A ti l 1. Acoustic enclosure
2. Use flexible connections
Noise control principles
Transmission reduction:
1 Acoustic enclosure 1. Acoustic enclosure
2. Use flexible connections
3. Acoustic screen 3. Acoustic screen
Noise control principles
Reflection muffler
Transmission reduction:
1 A ti l 1. Acoustic enclosure
2. Use flexible connections
3 Acoustic screen 3. Acoustic screen
4. Use an absorption or reflection
muffler
Absorption muffler
muffler
Noise control principles
Transmission reduction:
1 A ti l 1. Acoustic enclosure
2. Use flexible connections
3 Acoustic screen 3. Acoustic screen
4. Use an absorption or
reflection muffler o u
5. Use discontinuities in the
vibration transmission
Noise control principles
Radiation reduction:
1 R d th di ti f 1. Reduce the radiation surface
Noise control principles
Radiation reduction:
2 U thi f t d l t ith 2. Use thin perforated plates with
damping material
Example exam questions
Sketch the sound insulation of a wall in function
of the frequency and explain the different parts in
the curve.
Describe how you can measure the transmission
l b loss between two rooms.
Give an overview of practical noise control
i i l principles.

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