Plastic Bending of Steel

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Title of Experiment: Plastic Bending of Steel
Aim of Experiment: To compare plastic bending moment from theoretical and experiment of
steel sections under load for three different support arrangements.
Parameters:
Yield stress of Steel: 275N/mm
2
(Structural AST!A"#$
Young%s odulus& 2'' x ('
"
N/mm
2
(Structural AST!A"#$

Support Arrangement 1: Simply Supported Steel Beam with Point load mid-span
Beam geometric properties: )ength * +#'mm, b * 2-.+#mm, d * 5..-mm
/istance bet0een supports * 5.'mm
Second oment of Area (1$ *
bd
3
12
=
24.865.94
3
12
= 4S4.19mm
4

285 285
?
?
Mp Mp
?
A B
C
A B
C
D
D

Fig.1: showing plastic bending moment and plastic moment mechanism.
Plastic Bending of Steel

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2inges are formed at 3 0hich is the position 0here the load acts directl4 on, moments
formed at that position is the plastic moment. The deformation from point load mid!span
is5
o =
PL
3
48LI
, P =
486LI
L
3
66. (A$ (Icct & uong, 2uu2)
Sol7ing to get p from the plastic mechanism diagram abo7e5
AADC * ABC (Similar triangles$
Assuming the )ength of the steel bar as ),
A8 * ), A/ * )/2, 3/ * o
9rom :irtual ;or< Theorem5
;or< done outside b4 force and displacement * ;or< done inside b4 plastic hinge
9orce x distance * oment x rotation
P o = Hp0 +Hp0666666666666 (($
;here o =
L
2
ton0 666666666666. (2$
;here the 7alue of 0 is 7er4 small thus tan0 = 0
=>uation (($ then becomes5
P
L0
2
= Hp0 + Hp06666666666666666 ("$
PL0
2
= 2Hp0 666666666666666666666. (-$
PI0 = 4Hp066666666666666666666 (5$
/i7ide both sides of the e>uation b4 0
PI = 4Hp666666666666666666666... (#$
PL
4
= Hp 66666666666666666666666 (7$
Sol7ing theoreticall4 for p
oment * Yield stress ? Section odulus
H = op Zp
;here op = 2SuNmm
2
and Zp =
bd
2
4
=
24.86 5.94
2
4
= 219.Summ
3

Hp =
2SuN
mm
2
219.Smm
S
= S482SNmm
@utting 7alue of p into e>uation # to get @
Plastic Bending of Steel

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P S9u = 4 S482S
P = S71.7N
@utting 7alue of @ into e>uation A to get the displacement at that theoretical load
o =
S71.7 S9u
3
48 2uu 1u
3
4S4.19
= 18.SSmm
Sol7ing for p from aximum )oad from experiment (ax. )oad * "#-N and o = 24.4SSmm$
Hp =
PI
4
=
S64 S9u
4
= SS69uNmm
p using experimental 7alue * 5"#.'Nmm, p (theoreticall4$ * 5-+25Nmm
@ercentage difference bet0een the t0o 7alues is sho0n belo05
% Jicrcncc =
S482S -SS69u
SS69u
1uu = 2.12%



Fig. 2: showing load-displacement graphs from experimental and theoretical methods


Experimental
theoretical
Plastic Bending of Steel

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Support Arrangement 2: Propped antile!er Steel Beam
Beam geometric properties: )ength * +#'mm, b * 2-.+'mm, d * 5..-mm
/istance bet0een supports * 5.'mm
Second oment of Area (1$ *
bd
3
12
=
24.805.94
3
12
= 4SS.14mm
4

285 285

Mp Mp

A B
C
A B
C
D
D
d
P

Mp
Fig.3; showing plastic bending moment and plastic moment mechanism diagrams for a propped cantilever steel
beam
2inges are formed at point A (0here there is a fixed support$ and @oint 3 0here the load
acts directl4 on
/eflection at mid!span due to )oad (o) =
7PL
3
768LI
66666666(A$ ()eet A Bang, 2''2$.
;hile the @oint )oad, P =
7686LI
7L
3
666666666666666.....(8$
)et%s assume that the steel beam length e>uals )
Plastic Bending of Steel

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Sol7ing for p for the propped cantile7er beam abo7e using the 7irtual 0or< method as
done pre7iousl45
P o = Hp0 +Hp0 +Hp0666666666666 (($
;here o =
L
2
ton 666666666666. (2$
;here the 7alue of 0 is 7er4 small thus tan0 = 0
=>uation (($ then becomes5
P
L0
2
= Hp0 + Hp0 + Hp066666666666.. ("$
PL0
2
= SHp0 666666666666666666666. (-$
PI0 = 6Hp066666666666666666666 (5$
/i7ide both sides of the e>uation b4 0
PI = 6Hp666666666666666666666... (#$
PL
6
= Hp 66666666666666666666666 (7$
Sol7ing theoreticall4 for p
oment * Yield stress ? Section odulus
H = op Zp
;here op = 2SuNmm
2
and Zp =
bd
2
4
=
24.80 5.94
2
4
= 218.76mm
3

Hp =
2SuN
mm
2
218.76mm
S
= S469uNmm
@utting 7alue of p into e>uation # to get @
P S9u = 6 S469u
P = SS6.17N
@utting 7alue of @ into e>uation A to get the displacement at that theoretical load
o =
7 SS6.17 S9u
3
768 2uu 1u
3
4SS.14
= 12.u2mm
Sol7ing for p from aximum )oad from experiment (ax. )oad * 5.'N at o = S8.712mm$
Hp =
PI
6
=
S9u S9u
6
= S8u16Nmm
p using experimental 7alue * 5+'(#Nmm, p (theoreticall4$ * 5-#.'Nmm
@ercentage difference bet0een the t0o 7alues is sho0n belo05
Plastic Bending of Steel

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% Jicrcncc =
S8u17 -S469u
S469u
1uu = 6.u8%


Fig 3: showing graph of experimental and theoretical vales for load vs. displacement for a propped cantilever
steel beam.










Experiment
theoretical
Plastic Bending of Steel

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Support Arrangement ": Steel #eam with point load at mid-span with ends fully
fixed
Beam geometric properties: )ength * +#'mm, b * 25.('mm, d * #.'+mm
/istance bet0een supports * 5.'mm
Second oment of Area (1$ *
bd
3
12
=
25.106.08
3
12
= 47u.11mm
4


285 285
?
?
Mp Mp
?
A B
C
D
Mp Mp
?
d
Fig.5: showing plastic moment bending diagram and mechanism for a fully fixed Steel beam

)et%s assume that the steel beam length e>uals )
/eflection of the full4 fixed beam
2inges are formed at point A, 8 (0here there are fixed supports$ and @oint 3 0here the
load acts directl4 on
Plastic Bending of Steel

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/eflection at mid!span due to )oad (o) =
PL
3
192LI
666666 (A$ ()eet A Bang, 2''2$
;hile the @oint )oad, P =
1926LI
L
3
66666666666666 (8$
)et%s assume that the steel beam length e>uals )
Sol7ing for p for the propped cantile7er beam abo7e using the 7irtual 0or< method as
done pre7iousl45
P o = Hp0 +Hp0 +Hp0 +Hp0666666666666 (($
;here o =
L
2
ton0 666666666666. (2$
;here the 7alue of 0 is 7er4 small thus tan0 = 0
=>uation (($ then becomes5
P
L0
2
= Hp0 + Hp0 + Hp0 + Hp066666666666.. ("$
PL0
2
= 4Hp0 666666666666666666666. (-$
PI0 = 8Hp066666666666666666666 (5$
/i7ide both sides of the e>uation b4 0
PI = 8Hp666666666666666666666... (#$
PL
8
= Hp 66666666666666666666666 (7$
Sol7ing theoreticall4 for p
oment * Yield stress ? Section odulus
H = op Zp
;here op = 2SuNmm
2
and Zp =
bd
2
4
=
25.10 6.08
2
4
= 2S1.96mm
3

Hp =
2SuN
mm
2
2S1.96mm
S
= S799uNmm
@utting 7alue of p into e>uation # to get @
P S9u = 8 S469u
P = 741.S6N
@utting 7alue of @ into e>uation A to get the displacement at that theoretical load
o =
741.S6 S9u
3
192 2uu 1u
3
47u.11
= 8.44mm
Plastic Bending of Steel

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Sol7ing for p from aximum )oad from experiment (ax. )oad * ('2+N at o = 69.4S1mm$
Hp =
PI
8
=
1u28 S9u
8
= 78S1SNmm
p using experimental 7alue * 7+5(5Nmm, p (theoreticall4$ * 57..'Nmm
@ercentage difference bet0een the t0o 7alues is sho0n belo05
% Jicrcncc =
78S1S -S799u
S799u
1uu = SS.4u%

Fig !: "raph showing plastic moments for fll# fixed steel beam from experimental and theoretical methods




0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0.000 10.000 20.000 30.000 40.000 50.000 60.000 70.000 80.000 90.000
Experimental
theoretical
Plastic Bending of Steel

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$iscussion
@lastic design A anal4sis is premised on the assumption that an ultimate load is reached
before secondar4 effects such as member instabilit4 causes member failure( 3lar<e A
3o7erman, (.+7$, maximiCing the ductilit4 of steel in its abilit4 to stretch and 4et still able
to carr4 load(elasto!plastic propert4$. 9or a member to experience full plasticit4, the
re>uired number of plastic hinges that are needed to transform the structure into a
mechanism(geometricall4 unstable$ must be in place and further load at this point 0ill
cause collapse.
1t is expected that 7alues from experiments should corroborate 7alues from theor4
because experiments are used to 7alidate h4pothesis to become theories. 8ased on this
0e can relate it to our test, for the (
st
condition, 0hich is a simpl4 supported 0hich is a
staticall4 determinate beam, re>uires the formation of Dust one plastic hinge (0hich in
this case is formed at the point of loading$ 0hich should occur 0hen the moment at mid!
span reaches the plastic moment. The oment of plasticit4 gotten from experimental is
less than theoretical 7alues b4 2E, this could ha7e been as a result of the ):/T not being
at the centre bet0een supports thus not ta<ing deformations at mid!span but a position
close to the mid!span 0hich resulted in the lo0 percentage difference. 9or the 2
nd

condition, 0hich is a staticall4 determinate member re>uiring more than one plastic
hinge to form a mechanism, the plastic moment from theoretical is #.'+E but test cannot
be relied upon because the ):/T mo7ed out of the steel beam 0hile force 0as still loaded
on the steel member ma<ing the results from test not reliable. 9or the "
rd
condition, the
oment of plasticit4 from theor4 is "5.-E less than 7alue from testing, this might be due
to the )oad cell assembl4 and ):/T not being 7ertical enough and not at mid!span of the
steel beam thus measuring for longer deformations than recorded thus re>uiring larger
load.
%ndustry Applications of Plastic $esign & Analysis
1t is used in the anal4sis and design of staticall4 determinate framed structures
1t is used in the design of steel structures
1t brings cost!sa7ings due to lighter members from anal4sis and design compared
to the elastic method
Plastic Bending of Steel

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/esigning a member b4 plastic anal4sis gi7es the member a reser7e moment
capacit4 0hen the member reaches 4ield capacit4 as signified b4 the shape factor
of the member
;ith plastic anal4sis a structure can be designed to form a predetermined 4ield
mechanism at ultimate load le7el to create possible scenarios 0here the response
of the member to such situations are <no0, this is best used in seismic designs.

Sources of Errors
)oad assembl4 s4stem and ):/T 0ere not positioned accuratel4 at mid!span
bet0een supports
)oad assembl4 s4stem and ):/T 0ere not positioned 7erticall4
The rate of loading 0as not consistent due to manual application of load through
pump.
9ixing of clamps for supports 0ere not positioned and fastened accuratel4 thus
not gi7ing true situation of support.

'eferences & Bi#liography
3lar<e A.8 A 3o7erman S.2. ((.+7$ Structural Steel0or<5 )imit state design
)eet F.. A Bang 3. (2''2$ 9undamentals of Structural anal4sis
Saidani .(2'("$ 3o7entr4 Bni7ersit4, Ad7anced Structural Anal4sis 3oncepts
)ecture Notes
Satish Fumar S.G. A Santha Fumar A.G. (2''#$ 1ndian 1nstitute of technolog4,
/esign of Steel Structures )ecture Notes





Plastic Bending of Steel

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