Fluid & Hydraulic laboratory

Experiment No.6
Coefficient of Discharge Test.


Introduction
In real flow situations there is a difference between actual
flow rate and theoretical flow rate due various reasons. An
orifice is installed at the base of this tank and flow rate and
coefficient of discharge is measured by both theoretical and
experimental means.
Objective
To find the experimental and actual coefficient of discharge [Cd] for
small orifice.
Apparatus
1. Hydraulic Bench
2. Orifice and jet apparatus
3. Stop watch

Procedure
1- Set up the apparatus such that the orifice is facing the sink. Place
the water drainer under the apparatus. Connect the hose from the
inlet pipe to the water facet. Make sure that the exit hose from the
adjustable overflow pipe is positioned so that it will drain into the
sink. Through visual inspection, level the apparatus using the
adjustable feet. Measure the diameter of the orifice in both orifice
plates.
2- Raise all of the needles to their highest position where they are
out of the way. We will call this starting position. Make sure that
one of the orifice plates is in position on the cylindrical tank.
3- turn on the water supply . Record the water level or head (h1).
then turn off the water supply and record the time that is required
to reach h2 .
4- Repeat step 3 for 6 more varying heads (6 total).
5- Change the orifice plate and repeat the experiment again,
steps 2 4.
6- Calculate Cd from equation and from slope of graph T as y axis
and h2^0.5 as x axis.

Theory
1-Constant head

V =
Q = V.A
Q
act
=

Q
theo =
(A
orifice

Q
act
< Q
theo
Q
act
= Q
theo
C
d
For Ideal Flow : there is no head loss C
d
= 1
For Real Flow : there is head losses C
d
< 1

= C
d
(A1 V
theo
)

= C
d
(A
1


1- To calculate Cd
theo.:

Cd
theo.
=

2- To calculate Cd
exp
:
Q
act
= C
d
(A
Q
act

Slope = C
d
A



Cd
exp.
=

2- varying head
Volume = h A
T
A
T
: Area of Tank
Qact= Volume/Time =

Q
theo =
(A
Q
act
= cd .Q
theo.
Cd
theo.
=

1- Cd
theo.
=

2- Cd
exp:

= cd.A

= cd.A
Time =


( - )
Time
Slope=

Cd
exp.
=

h
Data sheet
Constant head
H (mm) H (m) V (ml) V (m3)
Time in
sec.
Q act.
( m3/s)
Q theo.
(m3/s)
Cd (theo)
320 0.32 690 0.00069
15
0.000046 7.08463E-05 0.649
340 0.34 740 0.00074 0.000049 7.30266E-05 0.676
360 0.36 770 0.00077 0.000051 7.51438E-05 0.683




Varying head


H1 (m) H2 m h m Time in sec. Q act.( m3/s) Q theo.(m3/s) Cd (theo)
0.4
0.25 0.15 20 0.000115454 0.0000485 2.380
0.11 0.29 40 0.000111605 0.0000674 1.655
0.04 0.36 60 0.000092363 0.0000751 1.229



y = -132.67x + 85.624
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Series1
Linear (Series1)
h
Time
Sample calculation
Constant head
Row #1
Q
act.
=

=0.000046 m
3
/s
Q
theo.
= A
1
=

=7.0846310
-5
m
3
/s
Cd
theo.
=

.
=

= 0.649
Cd
theo (avg.)
=

= 0.669
Cd
exp.
=

= 0.639

Varying head
Row #1
A
T
= ( 0.14
2
)/4 = 0.0154m
2
A
1
=

= 2.83 10
-5
m
2

Qact=


=

=0.000115454 =1.15510
-4
m
3
/s
Q
theo.
= A
1
=2.83 10
-5

= 0.0000485= 4.85 10
-5
m
3
/s

Cd
theo.
=

= 2.38
Cd
avg.
= (2.380+1.655+1.229)/3 = 1.75

Cd
exp.
=


=

= 1.85


Discussion & conclusion
Error sources were in timing & head readings.

Reference
*Fluid & Hydraulics laboratory Manual