College Physics

College Physics
OpenStax College
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ISBN-10 1938168003

ISBN-13

978-1-938168-00-0

Revision

CP-1-004-DW

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4?@JC MD #MLRCLRQ
)H;<79; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1 "DJHE:K9J?ED: ->; '7JKH; E< ,9?;D9; 7D: )>OI?9I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
0FWQGAQ: !L )LRPMBSARGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
0FWQGA?J 1S?LRGRGCQ ?LB 5LGRQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
!AASP?AW, 0PCAGQGML, ?LB 3GELGDGA?LR &GESPCQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
!NNPMVGK?RGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2 $?D;C7J?9I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
$GQNJ?ACKCLR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6CARMPQ, 3A?J?PQ, ?LB #MMPBGL?RC 3WQRCKQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4GKC, 6CJMAGRW, ?LB 3NCCB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
!AACJCP?RGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
-MRGML %OS?RGMLQ DMP #MLQR?LR !AACJCP?RGML GL /LC $GKCLQGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE "?QGAQ DMP /LC-$GKCLQGML?J +GLCK?RGAQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
&?JJGLE /@HCARQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
'P?NFGA?J !L?JWQGQ MD /LC-$GKCLQGML?J -MRGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3 -ME-D?C;DI?ED7B $?D;C7J?9I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
+GLCK?RGAQ GL 4UM $GKCLQGMLQ: !L )LRPMBSARGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
6CARMP !BBGRGML ?LB 3S@RP?ARGML: 'P?NFGA?J -CRFMBQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
6CARMP !BBGRGML ?LB 3S@RP?ARGML: !L?JWRGA?J -CRFMBQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
0PMHCARGJC -MRGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
!BBGRGML MD 6CJMAGRGCQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4 DOD7C?9I: FEH9; 7D: ';MJED'I %7MI E< &EJ?ED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
$CTCJMNKCLR MD &MPAC #MLACNR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
.CURMLtQ &GPQR ,?U MD -MRGML: )LCPRG? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
.CURMLtQ 3CAMLB ,?U MD -MRGML: #MLACNR MD ? 3WQRCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
.CURMLtQ 4FGPB ,?U MD -MRGML: 3WKKCRPW GL &MPACQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
.MPK?J, 4CLQGML, ?LB /RFCP %V?KNJCQ MD &MPACQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE 3RP?RCEGCQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
&SPRFCP !NNJGA?RGMLQ MD .CURMLtQ ,?UQ MD -MRGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
%VRCLBCB 4MNGA: 4FC &MSP "?QGA &MPACQr!L )LRPMBSARGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
5 FKHJ>;H AFFB?97J?EDI E< ';MJED'I %7MI: FH?9J?ED, DH7=, 7D: EB7IJ?9?JO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
&PGARGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
$P?E &MPACQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
%J?QRGAGRW: 3RPCQQ ?LB 3RP?GL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
6 .D?<EHC C?H9KB7H &EJ?ED 7D: H7L?J7J?ED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
2MR?RGML !LEJC ?LB !LESJ?P 6CJMAGRW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
#CLRPGNCR?J !AACJCP?RGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
#CLRPGNCR?J &MPAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
&GARGRGMSQ &MPACQ ?LB .ML-GLCPRG?J &P?KCQ: 4FC #MPGMJGQ &MPAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
.CURMLtQ 5LGTCPQ?J ,?U MD 'P?TGR?RGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
3?RCJJGRCQ ?LB +CNJCPtQ ,?UQ: !L !PESKCLR DMP 3GKNJGAGRW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
7 0EHA, ED;H=O, 7D: ED;H=O +;IEKH9;I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
7MPI: 4FC 3AGCLRGDGA $CDGLGRGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
+GLCRGA %LCPEW ?LB RFC 7MPI-%LCPEW 4FCMPCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
'P?TGR?RGML?J 0MRCLRG?J %LCPEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
#MLQCPT?RGTC &MPACQ ?LB 0MRCLRG?J %LCPEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
.MLAMLQCPT?RGTC &MPACQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
#MLQCPT?RGML MD %LCPEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
0MUCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
7MPI, %LCPEW, ?LB 0MUCP GL (SK?LQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
7MPJB %LCPEW 5QC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
8 %?D;7H &EC;DJKC 7D: CEBB?I?EDI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
,GLC?P -MKCLRSK ?LB &MPAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
)KNSJQC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
#MLQCPT?RGML MD -MKCLRSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
%J?QRGA #MJJGQGMLQ GL /LC $GKCLQGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
)LCJ?QRGA #MJJGQGMLQ GL /LC $GKCLQGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
#MJJGQGMLQ MD 0MGLR -?QQCQ GL 4UM $GKCLQGMLQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
)LRPMBSARGML RM 2MAICR 0PMNSJQGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
9 ,J7J?9I 7D: -EHGK; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
4FC &GPQR #MLBGRGML DMP %OSGJG@PGSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
4FC 3CAMLB #MLBGRGML DMP %OSGJG@PGSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
3R?@GJGRW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
!NNJGA?RGMLQ MD 3R?RGAQ, )LAJSBGLE 0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE 3RP?RCEGCQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
3GKNJC -?AFGLCQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
&MPACQ ?LB 4MPOSCQ GL -SQAJCQ ?LB *MGLRQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
10 +EJ7J?ED7B &EJ?ED 7D: AD=KB7H &EC;DJKC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
!LESJ?P !AACJCP?RGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
+GLCK?RGAQ MD 2MR?RGML?J -MRGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
$WL?KGAQ MD 2MR?RGML?J -MRGML: 2MR?RGML?J )LCPRG? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
2MR?RGML?J +GLCRGA %LCPEW: 7MPI ?LB %LCPEW 2CTGQGRCB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
3
!LESJ?P -MKCLRSK ?LB )RQ #MLQCPT?RGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
#MJJGQGMLQ MD %VRCLBCB "MBGCQ GL 4UM $GKCLQGMLQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
'WPMQAMNGA %DDCARQ: 6CARMP !QNCARQ MD !LESJ?P -MKCLRSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
11 FBK?: ,J7J?9I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
7F?R )Q ? &JSGB? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
$CLQGRW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
0PCQQSPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
6?PG?RGML MD 0PCQQSPC UGRF $CNRF GL ? &JSGB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
0?QA?JtQ 0PGLAGNJC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
'?SEC 0PCQQSPC, !@QMJSRC 0PCQQSPC, ?LB 0PCQQSPC -C?QSPCKCLR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
!PAFGKCBCQt 0PGLAGNJC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
#MFCQGML ?LB !BFCQGML GL ,GOSGBQ: 3SPD?AC 4CLQGML ?LB #?NGJJ?PW !ARGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
0PCQQSPCQ GL RFC "MBW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
12 FBK?: DOD7C?9I 7D: "JI B?EBE=?97B 7D: &;:?97B AFFB?97J?EDI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
&JMU 2?RC ?LB )RQ 2CJ?RGML RM 6CJMAGRW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
"CPLMSJJGtQ %OS?RGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
4FC -MQR 'CLCP?J !NNJGA?RGMLQ MD "CPLMSJJGtQ %OS?RGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
6GQAMQGRW ?LB ,?KGL?P &JMU; 0MGQCSGJJCtQ ,?U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
4FC /LQCR MD 4SP@SJCLAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
-MRGML MD ?L /@HCAR GL ? 6GQAMSQ &JSGB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
-MJCASJ?P 4P?LQNMPR 0FCLMKCL?: $GDDSQGML, /QKMQGQ, ?LB 2CJ?RCB 0PMACQQCQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
13 -;CF;H7JKH;, $?D;J?9 ->;EHO, 7D: J>; 7I %7MI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
4CKNCP?RSPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
4FCPK?J %VN?LQGML MD 3MJGBQ ?LB ,GOSGBQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
4FC )BC?J '?Q ,?U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
+GLCRGA 4FCMPW: !RMKGA ?LB -MJCASJ?P %VNJ?L?RGML MD 0PCQQSPC ?LB 4CKNCP?RSPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
0F?QC #F?LECQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
(SKGBGRW, %T?NMP?RGML, ?LB "MGJGLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
14 !;7J 7D: !;7J -H7DI<;H &;J>E:I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
(C?R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
4CKNCP?RSPC #F?LEC ?LB (C?R #?N?AGRW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
0F?QC #F?LEC ?LB ,?RCLR (C?R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
(C?R 4P?LQDCP -CRFMBQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
#MLBSARGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
#MLTCARGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
2?BG?RGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
15 ->;HCE:OD7C?9I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
4FC &GPQR ,?U MD 4FCPKMBWL?KGAQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
4FC &GPQR ,?U MD 4FCPKMBWL?KGAQ ?LB 3MKC 3GKNJC 0PMACQQCQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
)LRPMBSARGML RM RFC 3CAMLB ,?U MD 4FCPKMBWL?KGAQ: (C?R %LEGLCQ ?LB 4FCGP %DDGAGCLAW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
#?PLMRtQ 0CPDCAR (C?R %LEGLC: 4FC 3CAMLB ,?U MD 4FCPKMBWL?KGAQ 2CQR?RCB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
!NNJGA?RGMLQ MD 4FCPKMBWL?KGAQ: (C?R 0SKNQ ?LB 2CDPGECP?RMPQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
%LRPMNW ?LB RFC 3CAMLB ,?U MD 4FCPKMBWL?KGAQ: $GQMPBCP ?LB RFC 5L?T?GJ?@GJGRW MD %LCPEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
3R?RGQRGA?J )LRCPNPCR?RGML MD %LRPMNW ?LB RFC 3CAMLB ,?U MD 4FCPKMBWL?KGAQ: 4FC 5LBCPJWGLE %VNJ?L?RGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
16 (I9?BB7JEHO &EJ?ED 7D: 07L;I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
(MMICtQ ,?U: 3RPCQQ ?LB 3RP?GL 2CTGQGRCB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
0CPGMB ?LB &PCOSCLAW GL /QAGJJ?RGMLQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
3GKNJC (?PKMLGA -MRGML: ! 3NCAG?J 0CPGMBGA -MRGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
4FC 3GKNJC 0CLBSJSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
%LCPEW ?LB RFC 3GKNJC (?PKMLGA /QAGJJ?RMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
5LGDMPK #GPASJ?P -MRGML ?LB 3GKNJC (?PKMLGA -MRGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
$?KNCB (?PKMLGA -MRGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
&MPACB /QAGJJ?RGMLQ ?LB 2CQML?LAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
7?TCQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
3SNCPNMQGRGML ?LB )LRCPDCPCLAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
%LCPEW GL 7?TCQ: )LRCLQGRW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
17 )>OI?9I E< !;7H?D= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
3MSLB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
3NCCB MD 3MSLB, &PCOSCLAW, ?LB 7?TCJCLERF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
3MSLB )LRCLQGRW ?LB 3MSLB ,CTCJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
$MNNJCP %DDCAR ?LB 3MLGA "MMKQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
3MSLB )LRCPDCPCLAC ?LB 2CQML?LAC: 3R?LBGLE 7?TCQ GL !GP #MJSKLQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
(C?PGLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
5JRP?QMSLB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
18 EB;9JH?9 C>7H=; 7D: EB;9JH?9 F?;B: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
3R?RGA %JCARPGAGRW ?LB #F?PEC: #MLQCPT?RGML MD #F?PEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628
#MLBSARMPQ ?LB )LQSJ?RMPQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632
#MSJMK@tQ ,?U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636
%JCARPGA &GCJB: #MLACNR MD ? &GCJB 2CTGQGRCB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
%JCARPGA &GCJB ,GLCQ: -SJRGNJC #F?PECQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
%JCARPGA &MPACQ GL "GMJMEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642
#MLBSARMPQ ?LB %JCARPGA &GCJBQ GL 3R?RGA %OSGJG@PGSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
!NNJGA?RGMLQ MD %JCARPMQR?RGAQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
4
4FGQ AMLRCLR GQ ?T?GJ?@JC DMP DPCC ?R FRRN://ALV.MPE/AMLRCLR/AMJ11406/1.7
19 EB;9JH?9 )EJ;DJ?7B 7D: EB;9JH?9 F?;B: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
%JCARPGA 0MRCLRG?J %LCPEW: 0MRCLRG?J $GDDCPCLAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
%JCARPGA 0MRCLRG?J GL ? 5LGDMPK %JCARPGA &GCJB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
%JCARPGA?J 0MRCLRG?J $SC RM ? 0MGLR #F?PEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
%OSGNMRCLRG?J ,GLCQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
#?N?AGRMPQ ?LB $GCJCARPGAQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
#?N?AGRMPQ GL 3CPGCQ ?LB 0?P?JJCJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
%LCPEW 3RMPCB GL #?N?AGRMPQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684
20 EB;9JH?9 CKHH;DJ, +;I?IJ7D9;, 7D: (>C'I %7M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695
#SPPCLR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696
/FKtQ ,?U: 2CQGQR?LAC ?LB 3GKNJC #GPASGRQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
2CQGQR?LAC ?LB 2CQGQRGTGRW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702
%JCARPGA 0MUCP ?LB %LCPEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
!JRCPL?RGLE #SPPCLR TCPQSQ $GPCAR #SPPCLR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710
%JCARPGA (?X?PBQ ?LB RFC (SK?L "MBW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714
.CPTC #MLBSARGMLq%JCARPMA?PBGMEP?KQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
21 C?H9K?JI, B?E;B;9JH?9?JO, 7D: DC "DIJHKC;DJI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733
2CQGQRMPQ GL 3CPGCQ ?LB 0?P?JJCJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733
%JCARPMKMRGTC &MPAC: 4CPKGL?J 6MJR?EC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741
+GPAFFMDDtQ 2SJCQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748
$# 6MJRKCRCPQ ?LB !KKCRCPQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752
.SJJ -C?QSPCKCLRQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756
$# #GPASGRQ #MLR?GLGLE 2CQGQRMPQ ?LB #?N?AGRMPQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759
22 &7=D;J?IC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773
-?ELCRQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774
&CPPMK?ELCRQ ?LB %JCARPMK?ELCRQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775
-?ELCRGA &GCJBQ ?LB -?ELCRGA &GCJB ,GLCQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779
-?ELCRGA &GCJB 3RPCLERF: &MPAC ML ? -MTGLE #F?PEC GL ? -?ELCRGA &GCJB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780
&MPAC ML ? -MTGLE #F?PEC GL ? -?ELCRGA &GCJB: %V?KNJCQ ?LB !NNJGA?RGMLQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781
4FC (?JJ %DDCAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785
-?ELCRGA &MPAC ML ? #SPPCLR-#?PPWGLE #MLBSARMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788
4MPOSC ML ? #SPPCLR ,MMN: -MRMPQ ?LB -CRCPQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790
-?ELCRGA &GCJBQ 0PMBSACB @W #SPPCLRQ: !KNCPCtQ ,?U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792
-?ELCRGA &MPAC @CRUCCL 4UM 0?P?JJCJ #MLBSARMPQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796
-MPC !NNJGA?RGMLQ MD -?ELCRGQK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797
23 EB;9JHEC7=D;J?9 "D:K9J?ED, AC C?H9K?JI, 7D: EB;9JH?97B -;9>DEBE=?;I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811
)LBSACB %KD ?LB -?ELCRGA &JSV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812
&?P?B?WtQ ,?U MD )LBSARGML: ,CLXtQ ,?U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814
-MRGML?J %KD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816
%BBW #SPPCLRQ ?LB -?ELCRGA $?KNGLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819
%JCARPGA 'CLCP?RMPQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822
"?AI %KD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825
4P?LQDMPKCPQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825
%JCARPGA?J 3?DCRW: 3WQRCKQ ?LB $CTGACQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829
)LBSAR?LAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833
2, #GPASGRQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836
2C?AR?LAC, )LBSARGTC ?LB #?N?AGRGTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838
2,# 3CPGCQ !# #GPASGRQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841
24 EB;9JHEC7=D;J?9 07L;I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859
-?VUCJJtQ %OS?RGMLQ: %JCARPMK?ELCRGA 7?TCQ 0PCBGARCB ?LB /@QCPTCB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860
0PMBSARGML MD %JCARPMK?ELCRGA 7?TCQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862
4FC %JCARPMK?ELCRGA 3NCARPSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864
%LCPEW GL %JCARPMK?ELCRGA 7?TCQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875
25 ;EC;JH?9 (FJ?9I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885
4FC 2?W !QNCAR MD ,GEFR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886
4FC ,?U MD 2CDJCARGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887
4FC ,?U MD 2CDP?ARGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889
4MR?J )LRCPL?J 2CDJCARGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893
$GQNCPQGML: 4FC 2?GL@MU ?LB 0PGQKQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898
)K?EC &MPK?RGML @W ,CLQCQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902
)K?EC &MPK?RGML @W -GPPMPQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913
26 /?I?ED 7D: (FJ?97B "DIJHKC;DJI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927
0FWQGAQ MD RFC %WC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 928
6GQGML #MPPCARGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931
#MJMP ?LB #MJMP 6GQGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 934
-GAPMQAMNCQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937
4CJCQAMNCQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 942
!@CPP?RGMLQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945
27 07L; (FJ?9I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953
4FC 7?TC !QNCAR MD ,GEFR: )LRCPDCPCLAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954
(SWECLQ'Q 0PGLAGNJC: $GDDP?ARGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955
9MSLEtQ $MS@JC 3JGR %VNCPGKCLR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957
-SJRGNJC 3JGR $GDDP?ARGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961
5
3GLEJC 3JGR $GDDP?ARGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964
,GKGRQ MD 2CQMJSRGML: 4FC 2?WJCGEF #PGRCPGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967
4FGL &GJK )LRCPDCPCLAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971
0MJ?PGX?RGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975
*%VRCLBCB 4MNGA* -GAPMQAMNW %LF?LACB @W RFC 7?TC #F?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD ,GEFR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982
28 ,F;9?7B +;B7J?L?JO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993
%GLQRCGLtQ 0MQRSJ?RCQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994
3GKSJR?LCGRW !LB 4GKC $GJ?RGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 996
,CLERF #MLRP?ARGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1001
2CJ?RGTGQRGA !BBGRGML MD 6CJMAGRGCQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005
2CJ?RGTGQRGA -MKCLRSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1009
2CJ?RGTGQRGA %LCPEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011
29 "DJHE:K9J?ED JE *K7DJKC )>OI?9I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025
1S?LRGX?RGML MD %LCPEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1026
4FC 0FMRMCJCARPGA %DDCAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1028
0FMRML %LCPEGCQ ?LB RFC %JCARPMK?ELCRGA 3NCARPSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031
0FMRML -MKCLRSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1036
4FC 0?PRGAJC-7?TC $S?JGRW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1040
4FC 7?TC .?RSPC MD -?RRCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1041
0PM@?@GJGRW: 4FC (CGQCL@CPE 5LACPR?GLRW 0PGLAGNJC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1044
4FC 0?PRGAJC-7?TC $S?JGRW 2CTGCUCB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1048
30 AJEC?9 )>OI?9I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1057
$GQAMTCPW MD RFC !RMK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1057
$GQAMTCPW MD RFC 0?PRQ MD RFC !RMK: %JCARPMLQ ?LB .SAJCG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1059
"MFPtQ 4FCMPW MD RFC (WBPMECL !RMK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064
8 2?WQ: !RMKGA /PGEGLQ ?LB !NNJGA?RGMLQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1070
!NNJGA?RGMLQ MD !RMKGA %VAGR?RGMLQ ?LB $C-%VAGR?RGMLQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1075
4FC 7?TC .?RSPC MD -?RRCP #?SQCQ 1S?LRGX?RGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1082
0?RRCPLQ GL 3NCARP? 2CTC?J -MPC 1S?LRGX?RGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1084
1S?LRSK .SK@CPQ ?LB 2SJCQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1086
4FC 0?SJG %VAJSQGML 0PGLAGNJC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1090
31 +7:?E79J?L?JO 7D: 'K9B;7H )>OI?9I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1107
.SAJC?P 2?BGM?ARGTGRW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1107
2?BG?RGML $CRCARGML ?LB $CRCARMPQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111
3S@QRPSARSPC MD RFC .SAJCSQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1113
.SAJC?P $CA?W ?LB #MLQCPT?RGML ,?UQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1117
(?JD-,GDC ?LB !ARGTGRW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1123
"GLBGLE %LCPEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1128
4SLLCJGLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1132
32 &;:?97B AFFB?97J?EDI E< 'K9B;7H )>OI?9I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1143
-CBGA?J )K?EGLE ?LB $G?ELMQRGAQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1144
"GMJMEGA?J %DDCARQ MD )MLGXGLE 2?BG?RGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1147
4FCP?NCSRGA 5QCQ MD )MLGXGLE 2?BG?RGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1152
&MMB )PP?BG?RGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1154
&SQGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1155
&GQQGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1160
.SAJC?P 7C?NMLQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1164
33 )7HJ?9B; )>OI?9I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1177
4FC 9SI?U? 0?PRGAJC ?LB RFC (CGQCL@CPE 5LACPR?GLRW 0PGLAGNJC 2CTGQGRCB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1178
4FC &MSP "?QGA &MPACQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1179
!AACJCP?RMPQ #PC?RC -?RRCP DPMK %LCPEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1181
0?PRGAJCQ, 0?RRCPLQ, ?LB #MLQCPT?RGML ,?UQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1184
1S?PIQ: )Q 4F?R !JJ 4FCPC )Q? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1188
'54Q: 4FC 5LGDGA?RGML MD &MPACQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1195
34 FHEDJ?;HI E< )>OI?9I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1205
#MQKMJMEW ?LB 0?PRGAJC 0FWQGAQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1205
'CLCP?J 2CJ?RGTGRW ?LB 1S?LRSK 'P?TGRW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1212
3SNCPQRPGLEQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1217
$?PI -?RRCP ?LB #JMQSPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1217
#MKNJCVGRW ?LB #F?MQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1220
(GEF-RCKNCP?RSPC 3SNCPAMLBSARMPQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1221
3MKC 1SCQRGMLQ 7C +LMU RM !QI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1223
A AJEC?9 &7II;I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1231
B ,;B;9J;: +7:?E79J?L; "IEJEF;I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1237
C .I;<KB "D<EHC7J?ED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1241
D BEII7HO E< $;O ,OC8EBI 7D: 'EJ7J?ED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1247
"D:;N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1258
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CLE?ECKCLRr?JJ UFGJC CLAMSP?EGLE JC?PLCPQ RMU?PB FGEF JCTCJQ MD JC?PLGLE. )LQRPSARMPQ ?LB QRSBCLRQ ?JGIC UGJJ DGLB RF?R RFGQ RCVR@MMI MDDCPQ ? QRPMLE
DMSLB?RGML GL GLRPMBSARMPW NFWQGAQ, UGRF ?JEC@P? ?Q ? NPCPCOSGQGRC. )R GQ ?T?GJ?@JC DMP DPCC MLJGLC ?LB GL JMU-AMQR NPGLR ?LB C-@MMI CBGRGMLQ.
4M @PM?BCL ?AACQQ ?LB CLAMSP?EC AMKKSLGRW ASP?RGML, #MJJCEC 0FWQGAQ GQ uMNCL QMSPACv JGACLQCB SLBCP ? #PC?RGTC #MKKMLQ !RRPG@SRGML (##-"9)
JGACLQC. %TCPWMLC GQ GLTGRCB RM QS@KGR CV?KNJCQ, CKCPEGLE PCQC?PAF, ?LB MRFCP DCCB@?AI RM CLF?LAC ?LB QRPCLERFCL RFC K?RCPG?J ?LB ICCN GR ASPPCLR
?LB PCJCT?LR DMP RMB?WtQ QRSBCLRQ. 9MS A?L K?IC QSEECQRGMLQ @W AMLR?ARGLE SQ ?R GLDMMNCLQR?VAMJJCEC.MPE. 9MS A?L DGLB RFC QR?RSQ MD RFC NPMHCAR, ?Q
UCJJ ?Q ?JRCPL?RC TCPQGMLQ, AMPPCARGMLQ, CRA., ML RFC 3R?V$?QF ?R >JJF://EF;DIJ7N9EBB;=;.EH= (>JJF://EF;DIJ7N9EBB;=;.EH=) .
4M RFC 3RSBCLR
4FGQ @MMI GQ UPGRRCL DMP WMS. )R GQ @?QCB ML RFC RC?AFGLE ?LB PCQC?PAF CVNCPGCLAC MD LSKCPMSQ NFWQGAGQRQ ?LB GLDJSCLACB @W ? QRPMLE PCAMJJCARGML MD
RFCGP MUL QRPSEEJCQ ?Q QRSBCLRQ. !DRCP PC?BGLE RFGQ @MMI, UC FMNC WMS QCC RF?R NFWQGAQ GQ TGQG@JC CTCPWUFCPC. !NNJGA?RGMLQ P?LEC DPMK BPGTGLE ? A?P RM
J?SLAFGLE ? PMAICR, DPMK ? QI?RCP UFGPJGLE ML GAC RM ? LCSRPML QR?P QNGLLGLE GL QN?AC, ?LB DPMK R?IGLE WMSP RCKNCP?RSPC RM R?IGLE ? AFCQR 8-P?W.
4M RFC )LQRPSARMP
4FGQ RCVR GQ GLRCLBCB DMP MLC-WC?P GLRPMBSARMPW AMSPQCQ PCOSGPGLE ?JEC@P? ?LB QMKC RPGEMLMKCRPW, @SR LM A?JASJSQ. /NCL3R?V #MJJCEC NPMTGBCQ RFC
CQQCLRG?J QSNNJCKCLR?J PCQMSPACQ ?R FRRN://MNCLQR?VAMJJCEC.MPE ; FMUCTCP, UC F?TC N?PCB BMUL RFC LSK@CP MD QSNNJCKCLRQ RM ICCN AMQRQ JMU.
#MJJCEC 0FWQGAQ A?L @C C?QGJW ASQRMKGXCB DMP WMSP AMSPQC SQGLE #MLLCVGMLQ (FRRN://ALV.MPE/AMLRCLR/AMJ11406). 3GKNJW QCJCAR RFC AMLRCLR KMQR
PCJCT?LR RM WMSP ASPPGASJSK ?LB APC?RC ? RCVR@MMI RF?R QNC?IQ BGPCARJW RM RFC LCCBQ MD WMSP AJ?QQ.
'CLCP?J !NNPM?AF
#MJJCEC 0FWQGAQ GQ MPE?LGXCB QSAF RF?R RMNGAQ ?PC GLRPMBSACB AMLACNRS?JJW UGRF ? QRC?BW NPMEPCQQGML RM NPCAGQC BCDGLGRGMLQ ?LB ?L?JWRGA?J ?NNJGA?RGMLQ.
4FC ?L?JWRGA?J ?QNCAR (NPM@JCK QMJTGLE) GQ RGCB @?AI RM RFC AMLACNRS?J @CDMPC KMTGLE ML RM ?LMRFCP RMNGA. %?AF GLRPMBSARMPW AF?NRCP, DMP CV?KNJC,
MNCLQ UGRF ?L CLE?EGLE NFMRMEP?NF PCJCT?LR RM RFC QS@HCAR MD RFC AF?NRCP ?LB GLRCPCQRGLE ?NNJGA?RGMLQ RF?R ?PC C?QW DMP KMQR QRSBCLRQ RM TGQS?JGXC.
/PE?LGX?RGML, ,CTCJ, ?LB #MLRCLR
4FCPC GQ AMLQGBCP?@JC J?RGRSBC ML RFC N?PR MD RFC GLQRPSARMP PCE?PBGLE RFC SQC, MPE?LGX?RGML, JCTCJ, ?LB AMLRCLR MD RFGQ @MMI. "W AFMMQGLE RFC RWNCQ MD
NPM@JCKQ ?QQGELCB, RFC GLQRPSARMP A?L BCRCPKGLC RFC JCTCJ MD QMNFGQRGA?RGML PCOSGPCB MD RFC QRSBCLR.
#MLACNRQ ?LB #?JASJ?RGMLQ
4FC ?@GJGRW RM A?JASJ?RC BMCQ LMR ES?P?LRCC AMLACNRS?J SLBCPQR?LBGLE. )L MPBCP RM SLGDW AMLACNRS?J, ?L?JWRGA?J, ?LB A?JASJ?RGML QIGJJQ UGRFGL RFC JC?PLGLE
NPMACQQ, UC F?TC GLRCEP?RCB 3RP?RCEGCQ ?LB $GQASQQGMLQ RFPMSEFMSR RFC RCVR.
-MBCPL 0CPQNCARGTC
4FC AF?NRCPQ ML KMBCPL NFWQGAQ ?PC KMPC AMKNJCRC RF?L K?LW MRFCP RCVRQ ML RFC K?PICR, UGRF ?L CLRGPC AF?NRCP BCTMRCB RM KCBGA?J ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD
LSAJC?P NFWQGAQ ?LB ?LMRFCP RM N?PRGAJC NFWQGAQ. 4FC DGL?J AF?NRCP MD RFC RCVR, u&PMLRGCPQ MD 0FWQGAQ,v GQ BCTMRCB RM RFC KMQR CVAGRGLE CLBC?TMPQ GL
NFWQGAQ. )R CLBQ UGRF ? KMBSJC RGRJCB u3MKC 1SCQRGMLQ 7C +LMU RM !QI.v
3SNNJCKCLRQ
!AAMKN?LWGLE RFC K?GL RCVR ?PC ? ,JK:;DJ ,EBKJ?EDI &7DK7B 7D: 7D "DIJHK9JEH ,EBKJ?EDI &7DK7B (>JJF://EF;DIJ7N9EBB;=;.EH=/J;NJ8EEAI/
9EBB;=;-F>OI?9I) . 4FC 3RSBCLR 3MJSRGMLQ -?LS?J NPMTGBCQ UMPICB-MSR QMJSRGMLQ RM QCJCAR CLB-MD-KMBSJC 0PM@JCKQ ?LB %VCPAGQCQ. 4FC )LQRPSARMP
3MJSRGMLQ -?LS?J NPMTGBCQ UMPICB-MSR QMJSRGMLQ RM ?JJ %VCPAGQCQ.
&C?RSPCQ MD /NCL3R?V CB??8:8 ';LF<6F
4FC DMJJMUGLE @PGCDJW BCQAPG@CQ RFC QNCAG?J DC?RSPCQ MD RFGQ RCVR.
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4FGQ RCVR@MMI GQ MPE?LGXCB ML #MLLCVGMLQ (FRRN://ALV.MPE) ?Q ? AMJJCARGML MD KMBSJCQ RF?R A?L @C PC?PP?LECB ?LB KMBGDGCB RM QSGR RFC LCCBQ MD ?
N?PRGASJ?P NPMDCQQMP MP AJ?QQ. 4F?R @CGLE Q?GB, KMBSJCQ MDRCL AMLR?GL PCDCPCLACQ RM AMLRCLR GL MRFCP KMBSJCQ, ?Q KMQR RMNGAQ GL NFWQGAQ A?LLMR @C
BGQASQQCB GL GQMJ?RGML.
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%TCPW KMBSJC @CEGLQ UGRF ? QCR MD JC?PLGLE M@HCARGTCQ. 4FCQC M@HCARGTCQ ?PC BCQGELCB RM ESGBC RFC GLQRPSARMP GL BCAGBGLE UF?R AMLRCLR RM GLAJSBC MP
?QQGEL, ?LB RM ESGBC RFC QRSBCLR UGRF PCQNCAR RM UF?R FC MP QFC A?L CVNCAR RM JC?PL. !DRCP AMKNJCRGLE RFC KMBSJC ?LB CLB-MD-KMBSJC CVCPAGQCQ,
QRSBCLRQ QFMSJB @C ?@JC RM BCKMLQRP?RC K?QRCPW MD RFC JC?PLGLE M@HCARGTCQ.
C7BB-(KJI
+CW BCDGLGRGMLQ, AMLACNRQ, ?LB COS?RGMLQ ?PC A?JJCB MSR UGRF ? QNCAG?J BCQGEL RPC?RKCLR. #?JJ-MSRQ ?PC BCQGELCB RM A?RAF PC?BCPQt ?RRCLRGML, RM K?IC GR
AJC?P RF?R ? QNCAGDGA RCPK, AMLACNR, MP COS?RGML GQ N?PRGASJ?PJW GKNMPR?LR, ?LB RM NPMTGBC C?QW PCDCPCLAC DMP ? QRSBCLR PCTGCUGLE AMLRCLR.
$;O -;HCI
+CW RCPKQ ?PC GL @MJB ?LB ?PC DMJJMUCB @W ? BCDGLGRGML GL AMLRCVR. $CDGLGRGMLQ MD ICW RCPKQ ?PC ?JQM JGQRCB GL RFC 'JMQQ?PW, UFGAF ?NNC?PQ ?R RFC CLB MD
RFC KMBSJC.
0EHA;: EN7CFB;I
7MPICB CV?KNJCQ F?TC DMSP BGQRGLAR N?PRQ RM NPMKMRC @MRF ?L?JWRGA?J ?LB AMLACNRS?J QIGJJQ. 7MPICB CV?KNJCQ ?PC GLRPMBSACB GL UMPBQ, ?JU?WQ SQGLE
QMKC ?NNJGA?RGML RF?R QFMSJB @C MD GLRCPCQR. 4FGQ GQ DMJJMUCB @W ? 3RP?RCEW QCARGML RF?R CKNF?QGXCQ RFC AMLACNRQ GLTMJTCB ?LB FMU QMJTGLE RFC
NPM@JCK PCJ?RCQ RM RFMQC AMLACNRQ. 4FGQ GQ DMJJMUCB @W RFC K?RFCK?RGA?J 3MJSRGML ?LB $GQASQQGML.
-?LW UMPICB CV?KNJCQ AMLR?GL KSJRGNJC-N?PR NPM@JCKQ RM FCJN RFC QRSBCLRQ JC?PL FMU RM ?NNPM?AF LMPK?J QGRS?RGMLQ, GL UFGAF NPM@JCKQ RCLB RM F?TC
KSJRGNJC N?PRQ. &GL?JJW, UMPICB CV?KNJCQ CKNJMW RFC RCAFLGOSCQ MD RFC NPM@JCK-QMJTGLE QRP?RCEGCQ QM RF?R QRSBCLRQ A?L QCC FMU RFMQC QRP?RCEGCQ
QSAACCB GL NP?ARGAC ?Q UCJJ ?Q GL RFCMPW.
)HE8B;C-,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=?;I
0PM@JCK-QMJTGLE QRP?RCEGCQ ?PC DGPQR NPCQCLRCB GL ? QNCAG?J QCARGML ?LB QS@QCOSCLRJW ?NNC?P ?R APSAG?J NMGLRQ GL RFC RCVR UFCPC QRSBCLRQ A?L @CLCDGR
KMQR DPMK RFCK. 0PM@JCK-QMJTGLE QRP?RCEGCQ F?TC ? JMEGA?J QRPSARSPC RF?R GQ PCGLDMPACB GL RFC UMPICB CV?KNJCQ ?LB QSNNMPRCB GL ACPR?GL NJ?ACQ @W JGLC
BP?UGLEQ RF?R GJJSQRP?RC T?PGMSQ QRCNQ.
&?I9ED9;FJ?ED AB;HJI
3RSBCLRQ AMKC RM NFWQGAQ UGRF NPCAMLACNRGMLQ DPMK CTCPWB?W CVNCPGCLACQ ?LB DPMK NPCTGMSQ AMSPQCQ. 3MKC MD RFCQC NPCAMLACNRGMLQ ?PC
KGQAMLACNRGMLQ, ?LB K?LW ?PC TCPW AMKKML ?KMLE QRSBCLRQ ?LB RFC ECLCP?J NS@JGA. 3MKC ?PC GL?BTCPRCLRJW NGAICB SN RFPMSEF KGQSLBCPQR?LBGLEQ
MD JCARSPCQ ?LB RCVRQ. 4FC -GQAMLACNRGML !JCPRQ DC?RSPC GQ BCQGELCB RM NMGLR RFCQC MSR ?LB AMPPCAR RFCK CVNJGAGRJW.
-7A;-!EC; "DL;IJ?=7J?EDI
4?IC (MKC )LTCQRGE?RGMLQ NPMTGBC RFC MNNMPRSLGRW DMP QRSBCLRQ RM ?NNJW MP CVNJMPC UF?R RFCW F?TC JC?PLCB UGRF ? F?LBQ-ML ?ARGTGRW.
->?D=I H;7J 7D: ,C7BB
)L RFCQC QNCAG?J RMNGA CQQ?WQ, K?APMQAMNGA NFCLMKCL? (QSAF ?Q ?GP NPCQQSPC) ?PC CVNJ?GLCB UGRF QS@KGAPMQAMNGA NFCLMKCL? (QSAF ?Q ?RMKQ
@MSLAGLE MDD U?JJQ). 4FCQC CQQ?WQ QSNNMPR RFC KMBCPL NCPQNCARGTC @W BCQAPG@GLE ?QNCARQ MD KMBCPL NFWQGAQ @CDMPC RFCW ?PC DMPK?JJW RPC?RCB GL J?RCP
AF?NRCPQ. #MLLCARGMLQ ?PC ?JQM K?BC @CRUCCL ?NN?PCLRJW BGQN?P?RC NFCLMKCL?.
,?CKB7J?EDI
7FCPC ?NNJGA?@JC, QRSBCLRQ ?PC BGPCARCB RM RFC GLRCP?ARGTC 0(C4 NFWQGAQ QGKSJ?RGMLQ BCTCJMNCB @W RFC 5LGTCPQGRW MD #MJMP?BM
(>JJF://F>;J.9EBEH7:E.;:K (>JJF://F>;J.9EBEH7:E.;:K) ). 4FCPC RFCW A?L DSPRFCP CVNJMPC RFC NFWQGAQ AMLACNRQ RFCW F?TC JC?PLCB ?@MSR GL RFC KMBSJC.
,KCC7HO
-MBSJC QSKK?PGCQ ?PC RFMPMSEF ?LB DSLARGML?J ?LB NPCQCLR ?JJ GKNMPR?LR BCDGLGRGMLQ ?LB COS?RGMLQ. 3RSBCLRQ ?PC ?@JC RM DGLB RFC BCDGLGRGMLQ MD ?JJ
RCPKQ ?LB QWK@MJQ ?Q UCJJ ?Q RFCGP NFWQGA?J PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ. 4FC QRPSARSPC MD RFC QSKK?PW K?ICQ NJ?GL RFC DSLB?KCLR?J NPGLAGNJCQ MD RFC KMBSJC MP
AMJJCARGML ?LB QCPTCQ ?Q ? SQCDSJ QRSBW ESGBC.
BEII7HO
!R RFC CLB MD CTCPW KMBSJC MP AF?NRCP GQ ? EJMQQ?PW AMLR?GLGLE BCDGLGRGMLQ MD ?JJ MD RFC ICW RCPKQ GL RFC KMBSJC MP AF?NRCP.
ED:-E<-&E:KB; )HE8B;CI
!R RFC CLB MD CTCPW AF?NRCP GQ ? QCR MD #MLACNRS?J 1SCQRGMLQ ?LB/MP QIGJJQ-@?QCB 0PM@JCKQ & %VCPAGQCQ. #MLACNRS?J 1SCQRGMLQ AF?JJCLEC QRSBCLRQt
?@GJGRW RM CVNJ?GL UF?R RFCW F?TC JC?PLCB AMLACNRS?JJW, GLBCNCLBCLR MD RFC K?RFCK?RGA?J BCR?GJQ. 0PM@JCKQ & %VCPAGQCQ AF?JJCLEC QRSBCLRQ RM ?NNJW
@MRF AMLACNRQ ?LB QIGJJQ RM QMJTC K?RFCK?RGA?J NFWQGAQ NPM@JCKQ. /LJGLC, CTCPW MRFCP NPM@JCK GLAJSBCQ ?L ?LQUCP RF?R QRSBCLRQ A?L PCTC?J
GKKCBG?RCJW @W AJGAIGLE ML ? u3FMU 3MJSRGMLv @SRRML. &SJJW UMPICB QMJSRGMLQ RM QCJCAR NPM@JCKQ ?PC ?T?GJ?@JC GL RFC 3RSBCLR 3MJSRGMLQ -?LS?J ?LB RFC
4C?AFCP 3MJSRGMLQ -?LS?J.
)L ?BBGRGML RM RP?BGRGML?J QIGJJQ-@?QCB NPM@JCKQ, RFCPC ?PC RFPCC QNCAG?J RWNCQ MD CLB-MD-KMBSJC NPM@JCKQ: )LRCEP?RCB #MLACNR 0PM@JCKQ, 5LPC?QML?@JC
2CQSJRQ 0PM@JCKQ, ?LB #MLQRPSAR 9MSP /UL 0PM@JCKQ. !JJ MD RFCQC NPM@JCKQ ?PC GLBGA?RCB UGRF ? QS@RGRJC NPCACBGLE RFC NPM@JCK.
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UGRF PCQNCAR RM FMU JGICJW MP PC?JGQRGA GR PC?JJW GQ. 4FCQC NPM@JCKQ AMLR?GL ? NPCKGQC RF?R NPMBSACQ ?L SLPC?QML?@JC ?LQUCP ?LB ?PC BCQGELCB RM DSPRFCP
CKNF?QGXC RF?R NPMNCPJW ?NNJGCB NFWQGAQ KSQR BCQAPG@C L?RSPC ?AASP?RCJW ?LB GQ LMR QGKNJW RFC NPMACQQ MD QMJTGLE COS?RGMLQ.
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CKNF?QGXC RF?R NPMNCPJW ?NNJGCB NFWQGAQ KSQR BCQAPG@C L?RSPC ?AASP?RCJW ?LB GQ LMR QGKNJW RFC NPMACQQ MD QMJTGLE COS?RGMLQ.
CEDIJHK9J 2EKH (MD )HE8B;C
4FCQC NPM@JCKQ PCOSGPC QRSBCLRQ RM AMLQRPSAR RFC BCR?GJQ MD ? NPM@JCK, HSQRGDW RFCGP QR?PRGLE ?QQSKNRGMLQ, QFMU QNCAGDGA QRCNQ GL RFC NPM@JCKtQ QMJSRGML,
?LB DGL?JJW BGQASQQ RFC KC?LGLE MD RFC PCQSJR. 4FCQC RWNCQ MD NPM@JCKQ PCJ?RC UCJJ RM @MRF AMLACNRS?J ?LB ?L?JWRGA?J ?QNCARQ MD NFWQGAQ, CKNF?QGXGLE
RF?R NFWQGAQ KSQR BCQAPG@C L?RSPC. /DRCL RFCW GLTMJTC ?L GLRCEP?RGML MD RMNGAQ DPMK KMPC RF?L MLC AF?NRCP. 5LJGIC MRFCP NPM@JCKQ, QMJSRGMLQ ?PC LMR
NPMTGBCB QGLAC RFCPC GQ LM QGLEJC AMPPCAR ?LQUCP. )LQRPSARMPQ QFMSJB DCCJ DPCC RM BGPCAR QRSBCLRQ PCE?PBGLE RFC JCTCJ ?LB QAMNC MD RFCGP AMLQGBCP?RGMLQ.
7FCRFCP RFC NPM@JCK GQ QMJTCB ?LB BCQAPG@CB AMPPCARJW UGJJ BCNCLB ML GLGRG?J ?QQSKNRGMLQ.
AFF;D:?9;I
!NNCLBGV !: !RMKGA -?QQCQ
!NNCLBGV ": 3CJCARCB 2?BGM?ARGTC )QMRMNCQ
!NNCLBGV #: 5QCDSJ )LDMPK?RGML
!NNCLBGV $: 'JMQQ?PW MD +CW 3WK@MJQ ?LB .MR?RGML
!AILMUJCBECKCLRQ
4FGQ RCVR GQ @?QCB ML RFC UMPI AMKNJCRCB @W $P. 0?SJ 0CRCP 5PMLC GL AMJJ?@MP?RGML UGRF 2MECP (GLPGAFQ, +GK $GPIQ, ?LB -?LHSJ? 3F?PK?. 7C UMSJB
JGIC RM RF?LI RFC ?SRFMPQ ?Q UCJJ ?Q RFC LSKCPMSQ NPMDCQQMPQ (? N?PRG?J JGQR DMJJMUQ) UFM F?TC AMLRPG@SRCB RFCGP RGKC ?LB CLCPEW RM PCTGCU ?LB NPMTGBC
DCCB@?AI ML RFC K?LSQAPGNR. 4FCGP GLNSR F?Q @CCL APGRGA?J GL K?GLR?GLGLE RFC NCB?EMEGA?J GLRCEPGRW ?LB ?AASP?AW MD RFC RCVR.
3CLGMP #MLRPG@SRGLE !SRFMPQ
$P. 0?SJ 0CRCP 5PMLC
$P. 2MECP (GLPGAFQ, 3R?RC 5LGTCPQGRW MD .CU 9MPI, #MJJCEC ?R /QUCEM
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@CESL RM QSNNMPR RFC /NCL %BSA?RGML 2CQMSPAC AMKKSLGRW @W APC?RGLE ? FGEF OS?JGRW MLJGLC FMKCUMPI QMJSRGML DMP QCJCARCB MNCL-QMSPAC RCVR@MMIQ,
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MNCL-QMSPAC RCVR@MMI, ?LB ? T?PGCRW MD RCVR-QNCAGDGA PCQMSPACQ ?LB RMMJQ; ?Q UCJJ ?Q RFC Q?KC JCTCJ MD PGEMPMSQ AMBGLE ?LB ?AASP?AW-AFCAIGLE ?Q ?LW
AMKKCPAG?JJW ?T?GJ?@JC MLJGLC FMKCUMPI QMJSRGML QSNNMPRGLE RP?BGRGML?JJW ?T?GJ?@JC RCVR@MMIQ.
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3?NJGLE ,C?PLGLE NPMTGBCQ RFC KMQR CDDCARGTC GLRCP?ARGTC FMKCUMPI ?LB GLQRPSARGML RF?R GKNPMTC QRSBCLR JC?PLGLE MSRAMKCQ DMP RFC NPM@JCK-QMJTGLE
BGQAGNJGLCQ. 4FCW MDDCP ?L CLHMW?@JC RC?AFGLE ?LB CDDCARGTC JC?PLGLE CVNCPGCLAC RF?R GQ BGQRGLARGTC GL RFPCC GKNMPR?LR U?WQ:
w %?QC MD 5QC: 3?NJGLE ,C?PLGLEtQ C?QW RM SQC GLRCPD?AC ICCNQ QRSBCLRQ CLE?ECB GL NPM@JCK-QMJTGLE, LMR QRPSEEJGLE UGRF RFC QMDRU?PC.
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R?PECRCB GLQRPSARGML?J AMLRCLR.
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SLGTCPQC. 4FC J?UQ MD NFWQGAQ ?PC QSPNPGQGLEJW DCU GL LSK@CP, GKNJWGLE ?L SLBCPJWGLE QGKNJGAGRW RM L?RSPCtQ ?NN?PCLR AMKNJCVGRW. (APCBGR: .!3!, *0,-#?JRCAF, 0. "?PK@W,
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"DJHE:K9J?ED JE ,9?;D9; 7D: J>; +;7BC E< )>OI?9I, )>OI?97B *K7DJ?J?;I, 7D: .D?JI
7F?R GQ WMSP DGPQR PC?ARGML UFCL WMS FC?P RFC UMPB uNFWQGAQv? $GB WMS GK?EGLC UMPIGLE RFPMSEF BGDDGASJR COS?RGMLQ MP KCKMPGXGLE DMPKSJ?Q RF?R QCCK
RM F?TC LM PC?J SQC GL JGDC MSRQGBC RFC NFWQGAQ AJ?QQPMMK? -?LW NCMNJC AMKC RM RFC QS@HCAR MD NFWQGAQ UGRF ? @GR MD DC?P. "SR ?Q WMS @CEGL WMSP
CVNJMP?RGML MD RFGQ @PM?B-P?LEGLE QS@HCAR, WMS K?W QMML AMKC RM PC?JGXC RF?R NFWQGAQ NJ?WQ ? KSAF J?PECP PMJC GL WMSP JGDC RF?L WMS DGPQR RFMSEFR, LM
K?RRCP WMSP JGDC EM?JQ MP A?PCCP AFMGAC.
&MP CV?KNJC, R?IC ? JMMI ?R RFC GK?EC ?@MTC. 4FGQ GK?EC GQ MD RFC !LBPMKCB? '?J?VW, UFGAF AMLR?GLQ @GJJGMLQ MD GLBGTGBS?J QR?PQ, FSEC AJMSBQ MD E?Q,
?LB BSQR. 4UM QK?JJCP E?J?VGCQ ?PC ?JQM TGQG@JC ?Q @PGEFR @JSC QNMRQ GL RFC @?AIEPMSLB. !R ? QR?EECPGLE 2.5 KGJJGML JGEFR WC?PQ DPMK RFC %?PRF, RFGQ
E?J?VW GQ RFC LC?PCQR MLC RM MSP MUL E?J?VW (UFGAF GQ A?JJCB RFC -GJIW 7?W). 4FC QR?PQ ?LB NJ?LCRQ RF?R K?IC SN !LBPMKCB? KGEFR QCCK RM @C RFC
DSPRFCQR RFGLE DPMK KMQR NCMNJCtQ PCESJ?P, CTCPWB?W JGTCQ. "SR !LBPMKCB? GQ ? EPC?R QR?PRGLE NMGLR RM RFGLI ?@MSR RFC DMPACQ RF?R FMJB RMECRFCP RFC
SLGTCPQC. 4FC DMPACQ RF?R A?SQC !LBPMKCB? RM ?AR ?Q GR BMCQ ?PC RFC Q?KC DMPACQ UC AMLRCLB UGRF FCPC ML %?PRF, UFCRFCP UC ?PC NJ?LLGLE RM QCLB ?
PMAICR GLRM QN?AC MP QGKNJW P?GQC RFC U?JJQ DMP ? LCU FMKC. 4FC Q?KC EP?TGRW RF?R A?SQCQ RFC QR?PQ MD !LBPMKCB? RM PMR?RC ?LB PCTMJTC ?JQM A?SQCQ
U?RCP RM DJMU MTCP FWBPMCJCARPGA B?KQ FCPC ML %?PRF. 4MLGEFR, R?IC ? KMKCLR RM JMMI SN ?R RFC QR?PQ. 4FC DMPACQ MSR RFCPC ?PC RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC MLCQ
FCPC ML %?PRF. 4FPMSEF ? QRSBW MD NFWQGAQ, WMS K?W E?GL ? EPC?RCP SLBCPQR?LBGLE MD RFC GLRCPAMLLCARCBLCQQ MD CTCPWRFGLE UC A?L QCC ?LB ILMU GL
RFGQ SLGTCPQC.
4FGLI LMU ?@MSR ?JJ MD RFC RCAFLMJMEGA?J BCTGACQ RF?R WMS SQC ML ? PCESJ?P @?QGQ. #MKNSRCPQ, QK?PR NFMLCQ, '03 QWQRCKQ, -03 NJ?WCPQ, ?LB Q?RCJJGRC
P?BGM KGEFR AMKC RM KGLB. .CVR, RFGLI ?@MSR RFC KMQR CVAGRGLE KMBCPL RCAFLMJMEGCQ RF?R WMS F?TC FC?PB ?@MSR GL RFC LCUQ, QSAF ?Q RP?GLQ RF?R JCTGR?RC
?@MTC RP?AIQ, uGLTGQG@GJGRW AJM?IQv RF?R @CLB JGEFR ?PMSLB RFCK, ?LB KGAPMQAMNGA PM@MRQ RF?R DGEFR A?LACP ACJJQ GL MSP @MBGCQ. !JJ MD RFCQC EPMSLB@PC?IGLE
?BT?LACKCLRQ, AMKKMLNJ?AC MP SL@CJGCT?@JC, PCJW ML RFC NPGLAGNJCQ MD NFWQGAQ. !QGBC DPMK NJ?WGLE ? QGELGDGA?LR PMJC GL RCAFLMJMEW, NPMDCQQGML?JQ QSAF
?Q CLEGLCCPQ, NGJMRQ, NFWQGAG?LQ, NFWQGA?J RFCP?NGQRQ, CJCARPGAG?LQ, ?LB AMKNSRCP NPMEP?KKCPQ ?NNJW NFWQGAQ AMLACNRQ GL RFCGP B?GJW UMPI. &MP CV?KNJC,
? NGJMR KSQR SLBCPQR?LB FMU UGLB DMPACQ ?DDCAR ? DJGEFR N?RF ?LB ? NFWQGA?J RFCP?NGQR KSQR SLBCPQR?LB FMU RFC KSQAJCQ GL RFC @MBW CVNCPGCLAC DMPACQ
?Q RFCW KMTC ?LB @CLB. !Q WMS UGJJ JC?PL GL RFGQ RCVR, NFWQGAQ NPGLAGNJCQ ?PC NPMNCJJGLE LCU, CVAGRGLE RCAFLMJMEGCQ, ?LB RFCQC NPGLAGNJCQ ?PC ?NNJGCB GL
? UGBC P?LEC MD A?PCCPQ.
)L RFGQ RCVR, WMS UGJJ @CEGL RM CVNJMPC RFC FGQRMPW MD RFC DMPK?J QRSBW MD NFWQGAQ, @CEGLLGLE UGRF L?RSP?J NFGJMQMNFW ?LB RFC ?LAGCLR 'PCCIQ, ?LB JC?BGLE
SN RFPMSEF ? PCTGCU MD 3GP )Q??A .CURML ?LB RFC J?UQ MD NFWQGAQ RF?R @C?P FGQ L?KC. 9MS UGJJ ?JQM @C GLRPMBSACB RM RFC QR?LB?PBQ QAGCLRGQRQ SQC UFCL
RFCW QRSBW NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ ?LB RFC GLRCPPCJ?RCB QWQRCK MD KC?QSPCKCLRQ KMQR MD RFC QAGCLRGDGA AMKKSLGRW SQCQ RM AMKKSLGA?RC GL ? QGLEJC
K?RFCK?RGA?J J?LES?EC. &GL?JJW, WMS UGJJ QRSBW RFC JGKGRQ MD MSP ?@GJGRW RM @C ?AASP?RC ?LB NPCAGQC, ?LB RFC PC?QMLQ QAGCLRGQRQ EM RM N?GLQR?IGLE JCLERFQ
RM @C ?Q AJC?P ?Q NMQQG@JC PCE?PBGLE RFCGP MUL JGKGR?RGMLQ.
1.1 )>OI?9I: AD "DJHE:K9J?ED
#(!04%2 1 Y ).42/$5#4)/.: 4(% .!452% /& 3#)%.#% !.$ 0(93)#3 11
F?=KH; 1.2 4FC DJGEFR DMPK?RGMLQ MD KGEP?RMPW @GPBQ QSAF ?Q #?L?B? ECCQC ?PC EMTCPLCB @W RFC J?UQ MD NFWQGAQ. (APCBGR: $?TGB -CPPCRR)
4FC NFWQGA?J SLGTCPQC GQ CLMPKMSQJW AMKNJCV GL GRQ BCR?GJ. %TCPW B?W, C?AF MD SQ M@QCPTCQ ? EPC?R T?PGCRW MD M@HCARQ ?LB NFCLMKCL?. /TCP RFC
ACLRSPGCQ, RFC ASPGMQGRW MD RFC FSK?L P?AC F?Q JCB SQ AMJJCARGTCJW RM CVNJMPC ?LB A?R?JME ? RPCKCLBMSQ UC?JRF MD GLDMPK?RGML. &PMK RFC DJGEFR MD @GPBQ RM
RFC AMJMPQ MD DJMUCPQ, DPMK JGEFRLGLE RM EP?TGRW, DPMK OS?PIQ RM AJSQRCPQ MD E?J?VGCQ, DPMK RFC DJMU MD RGKC RM RFC KWQRCPW MD RFC APC?RGML MD RFC SLGTCPQC,
UC F?TC ?QICB OSCQRGMLQ ?LB ?QQCK@JCB FSEC ?PP?WQ MD D?ARQ. )L RFC D?AC MD ?JJ RFCQC BCR?GJQ, UC F?TC BGQAMTCPCB RF?R ? QSPNPGQGLEJW QK?JJ ?LB
SLGDGCB QCR MD NFWQGA?J J?UQ A?L CVNJ?GL UF?R UC M@QCPTC. !Q FSK?LQ, UC K?IC ECLCP?JGX?RGMLQ ?LB QCCI MPBCP. 7C F?TC DMSLB RF?R L?RSPC GQ
PCK?PI?@JW AMMNCP?RGTCrGR CVFG@GRQ RFC HA78E?L<A: BE78E 4A7 F<@C?<6<GL UC QM T?JSC.
)R GQ RFC SLBCPJWGLE MPBCP MD L?RSPC RF?R K?ICQ QAGCLAC GL ECLCP?J, ?LB NFWQGAQ GL N?PRGASJ?P, QM CLHMW?@JC RM QRSBW. &MP CV?KNJC, UF?R BM ? @?E MD
AFGNQ ?LB ? A?P @?RRCPW F?TC GL AMKKML? "MRF AMLR?GL CLCPEW RF?R A?L @C AMLTCPRCB RM MRFCP DMPKQ. 4FC J?U MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW (UFGAF Q?WQ
RF?R CLCPEW A?L AF?LEC DMPK @SR GQ LCTCP JMQR) RGCQ RMECRFCP QSAF RMNGAQ ?Q DMMB A?JMPGCQ, @?RRCPGCQ, FC?R, JGEFR, ?LB U?RAF QNPGLEQ. 5LBCPQR?LBGLE RFGQ
J?U K?ICQ GR C?QGCP RM JC?PL ?@MSR RFC T?PGMSQ DMPKQ CLCPEW R?ICQ ?LB FMU RFCW PCJ?RC RM MLC ?LMRFCP. !NN?PCLRJW SLPCJ?RCB RMNGAQ ?PC AMLLCARCB
RFPMSEF @PM?BJW ?NNJGA?@JC NFWQGA?J J?UQ, NCPKGRRGLE ?L SLBCPQR?LBGLE @CWMLB HSQR RFC KCKMPGX?RGML MD JGQRQ MD D?ARQ.
4FC SLGDWGLE ?QNCAR MD NFWQGA?J J?UQ ?LB RFC @?QGA QGKNJGAGRW MD L?RSPC DMPK RFC SLBCPJWGLE RFCKCQ MD RFGQ RCVR. )L JC?PLGLE RM ?NNJW RFCQC J?UQ, WMS UGJJ,
MD AMSPQC, QRSBW RFC KMQR GKNMPR?LR RMNGAQ GL NFWQGAQ. -MPC GKNMPR?LRJW, WMS UGJJ E?GL ?L?JWRGA?J ?@GJGRGCQ RF?R UGJJ CL?@JC WMS RM ?NNJW RFCQC J?UQ D?P
@CWMLB RFC QAMNC MD UF?R A?L @C GLAJSBCB GL ? QGLEJC @MMI. 4FCQC ?L?JWRGA?J QIGJJQ UGJJ FCJN WMS RM CVACJ ?A?BCKGA?JJW, ?LB RFCW UGJJ ?JQM FCJN WMS RM
RFGLI APGRGA?JJW GL ?LW NPMDCQQGML?J A?PCCP WMS AFMMQC RM NSPQSC. 4FGQ KMBSJC BGQASQQCQ RFC PC?JK MD NFWQGAQ (RM BCDGLC UF?R NFWQGAQ GQ), QMKC
?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD NFWQGAQ (RM GJJSQRP?RC GRQ PCJCT?LAC RM MRFCP BGQAGNJGLCQ), ?LB KMPC NPCAGQCJW UF?R AMLQRGRSRCQ ? NFWQGA?J J?U (RM GJJSKGL?RC RFC GKNMPR?LAC
MD CVNCPGKCLR?RGML RM RFCMPW).
3AGCLAC ?LB RFC 2C?JK MD 0FWQGAQ
3AGCLAC AMLQGQRQ MD RFC RFCMPGCQ ?LB J?UQ RF?R ?PC RFC ECLCP?J RPSRFQ MD L?RSPC ?Q UCJJ ?Q RFC @MBW MD ILMUJCBEC RFCW CLAMKN?QQ. 3AGCLRGQRQ ?PC
AMLRGLS?JJW RPWGLE RM CVN?LB RFGQ @MBW MD ILMUJCBEC ?LB RM NCPDCAR RFC CVNPCQQGML MD RFC J?UQ RF?R BCQAPG@C GR. )>OI?9I GQ AMLACPLCB UGRF BCQAPG@GLE
RFC GLRCP?ARGMLQ MD CLCPEW, K?RRCP, QN?AC, ?LB RGKC, ?LB GR GQ CQNCAG?JJW GLRCPCQRCB GL UF?R DSLB?KCLR?J KCAF?LGQKQ SLBCPJGC CTCPW NFCLMKCLML. 4FC
AMLACPL DMP BCQAPG@GLE RFC @?QGA NFCLMKCL? GL L?RSPC CQQCLRG?JJW BCDGLCQ RFC E84?@ B9 C;LF<6F.
0FWQGAQ ?GKQ RM BCQAPG@C RFC DSLARGML MD CTCPWRFGLE ?PMSLB SQ, DPMK RFC KMTCKCLR MD RGLW AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ RM RFC KMRGML MD NCMNJC, A?PQ, ?LB
QN?ACQFGNQ. )L D?AR, ?JKMQR CTCPWRFGLE ?PMSLB WMS A?L @C BCQAPG@CB OSGRC ?AASP?RCJW @W RFC J?UQ MD NFWQGAQ. #MLQGBCP ? QK?PR NFMLC (F?=KH; 1.3).
0FWQGAQ BCQAPG@CQ FMU CJCARPGAGRW GLRCP?ARQ UGRF RFC T?PGMSQ AGPASGRQ GLQGBC RFC BCTGAC. 4FGQ ILMUJCBEC FCJNQ CLEGLCCPQ QCJCAR RFC ?NNPMNPG?RC K?RCPG?JQ
?LB AGPASGR J?WMSR UFCL @SGJBGLE RFC QK?PR NFMLC. .CVR, AMLQGBCP ? '03 QWQRCK. 0FWQGAQ BCQAPG@CQ RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL RFC QNCCB MD ?L M@HCAR,
RFC BGQR?LAC MTCP UFGAF GR RP?TCJQ, ?LB RFC RGKC GR R?ICQ RM RP?TCJ RF?R BGQR?LAC. 7FCL WMS SQC ? '03 BCTGAC GL ? TCFGAJC, GR SRGJGXCQ RFCQC NFWQGAQ
COS?RGMLQ RM BCRCPKGLC RFC RP?TCJ RGKC DPMK MLC JMA?RGML RM ?LMRFCP.
F?=KH; 1.3 4FC !NNJC uG0FMLCv GQ ? AMKKML QK?PR NFMLC UGRF ? '03 DSLARGML. 0FWQGAQ BCQAPG@CQ RFC U?W RF?R CJCARPGAGRW DJMUQ RFPMSEF RFC AGPASGRQ MD RFGQ BCTGAC. %LEGLCCPQ
SQC RFCGP ILMUJCBEC MD NFWQGAQ RM AMLQRPSAR ?L G0FMLC UGRF DC?RSPCQ RF?R AMLQSKCPQ UGJJ CLHMW. /LC QNCAGDGA DC?RSPC MD ?L G0FMLC GQ RFC '03 DSLARGML. '03 SQCQ NFWQGAQ
COS?RGMLQ RM BCRCPKGLC RFC BPGTGLE RGKC @CRUCCL RUM JMA?RGMLQ ML ? K?N. (APCBGR: EJCRF?K ')3, 3MAG?J, -M@GJC 4CAF )K?ECQ)
12 #(!04%2 1 Y ).42/$5#4)/.: 4(% .!452% /& 3#)%.#% !.$ 0(93)#3
!NNJGA?RGMLQ MD 0FWQGAQ
9MS LCCB LMR @C ? QAGCLRGQR RM SQC NFWQGAQ. /L RFC AMLRP?PW, ILMUJCBEC MD NFWQGAQ GQ SQCDSJ GL CTCPWB?W QGRS?RGMLQ ?Q UCJJ ?Q GL LMLQAGCLRGDGA
NPMDCQQGMLQ. )R A?L FCJN WMS SLBCPQR?LB FMU KGAPMU?TC MTCLQ UMPI, UFW KCR?JQ QFMSJB LMR @C NSR GLRM RFCK, ?LB UFW RFCW KGEFR ?DDCAR N?ACK?ICPQ.
(3CC F?=KH; 1.4 ?LB F?=KH; 1.5.) 0FWQGAQ ?JJMUQ WMS RM SLBCPQR?LB RFC F?X?PBQ MD P?BG?RGML ?LB P?RGML?JJW CT?JS?RC RFCQC F?X?PBQ KMPC C?QGJW.
0FWQGAQ ?JQM CVNJ?GLQ RFC PC?QML UFW ? @J?AI A?P P?BG?RMP FCJNQ PCKMTC FC?R GL ? A?P CLEGLC, ?LB GR CVNJ?GLQ UFW ? UFGRC PMMD FCJNQ ICCN RFC GLQGBC MD
? FMSQC AMMJ. 3GKGJ?PJW, RFC MNCP?RGML MD ? A?PtQ GELGRGML QWQRCK ?Q UCJJ ?Q RFC RP?LQKGQQGML MD CJCARPGA?J QGEL?JQ RFPMSEF MSP @MBWtQ LCPTMSQ QWQRCK ?PC
KSAF C?QGCP RM SLBCPQR?LB UFCL WMS RFGLI ?@MSR RFCK GL RCPKQ MD @?QGA NFWQGAQ.
0FWQGAQ GQ RFC DMSLB?RGML MD K?LW GKNMPR?LR BGQAGNJGLCQ ?LB AMLRPG@SRCQ BGPCARJW RM MRFCPQ. #FCKGQRPW, DMP CV?KNJCrQGLAC GR BC?JQ UGRF RFC GLRCP?ARGMLQ
MD ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQrGQ PMMRCB GL ?RMKGA ?LB KMJCASJ?P NFWQGAQ. -MQR @P?LAFCQ MD CLEGLCCPGLE ?PC ?NNJGCB NFWQGAQ. )L ?PAFGRCARSPC, NFWQGAQ GQ ?R
RFC FC?PR MD QRPSARSP?J QR?@GJGRW, ?LB GQ GLTMJTCB GL RFC ?AMSQRGAQ, FC?RGLE, JGEFRGLE, ?LB AMMJGLE MD @SGJBGLEQ. 0?PRQ MD ECMJMEW PCJW FC?TGJW ML NFWQGAQ,
QSAF ?Q P?BGM?ARGTC B?RGLE MD PMAIQ, C?PRFOS?IC ?L?JWQGQ, ?LB FC?R RP?LQDCP GL RFC %?PRF. 3MKC BGQAGNJGLCQ, QSAF ?Q @GMNFWQGAQ ?LB ECMNFWQGAQ, ?PC
FW@PGBQ MD NFWQGAQ ?LB MRFCP BGQAGNJGLCQ.
0FWQGAQ F?Q K?LW ?NNJGA?RGMLQ GL RFC @GMJMEGA?J QAGCLACQ. /L RFC KGAPMQAMNGA JCTCJ, GR FCJNQ BCQAPG@C RFC NPMNCPRGCQ MD ACJJ U?JJQ ?LB ACJJ KCK@P?LCQ
(F?=KH; 1.6 ?LB F?=KH; 1.7). /L RFC K?APMQAMNGA JCTCJ, GR A?L CVNJ?GL RFC FC?R, UMPI, ?LB NMUCP ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF RFC FSK?L @MBW. 0FWQGAQ GQ GLTMJTCB
GL KCBGA?J BG?ELMQRGAQ, QSAF ?Q V-P?WQ, K?ELCRGA PCQML?LAC GK?EGLE (-2)), ?LB SJRP?QMLGA @JMMB DJMU KC?QSPCKCLRQ. -CBGA?J RFCP?NW QMKCRGKCQ
BGPCARJW GLTMJTCQ NFWQGAQ; DMP CV?KNJC, A?LACP P?BGMRFCP?NW SQCQ GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML. 0FWQGAQ A?L ?JQM CVNJ?GL QCLQMPW NFCLMKCL?, QSAF ?Q FMU
KSQGA?J GLQRPSKCLRQ K?IC QMSLB, FMU RFC CWC BCRCARQ AMJMP, ?LB FMU J?QCPQ A?L RP?LQKGR GLDMPK?RGML.
)R GQ LMR LCACQQ?PW RM DMPK?JJW QRSBW ?JJ ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD NFWQGAQ. 7F?R GQ KMQR SQCDSJ GQ ILMUJCBEC MD RFC @?QGA J?UQ MD NFWQGAQ ?LB ? QIGJJ GL RFC
?L?JWRGA?J KCRFMBQ DMP ?NNJWGLE RFCK. 4FC QRSBW MD NFWQGAQ ?JQM A?L GKNPMTC WMSP NPM@JCK-QMJTGLE QIGJJQ. &SPRFCPKMPC, NFWQGAQ F?Q PCR?GLCB RFC KMQR
@?QGA ?QNCARQ MD QAGCLAC, QM GR GQ SQCB @W ?JJ MD RFC QAGCLACQ, ?LB RFC QRSBW MD NFWQGAQ K?ICQ MRFCP QAGCLACQ C?QGCP RM SLBCPQR?LB.
F?=KH; 1.4 4FC J?UQ MD NFWQGAQ FCJN SQ SLBCPQR?LB FMU AMKKML ?NNJG?LACQ UMPI. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC J?UQ MD NFWQGAQ A?L FCJN CVNJ?GL FMU KGAPMU?TC MTCLQ FC?R SN DMMB, ?LB
RFCW ?JQM FCJN SQ SLBCPQR?LB UFW GR GQ B?LECPMSQ RM NJ?AC KCR?J M@HCARQ GL ? KGAPMU?TC MTCL. (APCBGR: -MLCW"JME.CUX)
F?=KH; 1.5 4FCQC RUM ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD NFWQGAQ F?TC KMPC GL AMKKML RF?L KCCRQ RFC CWC. -GAPMU?TC MTCLQ SQC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ RM FC?R DMMB. -?ELCRGA PCQML?LAC
GK?EGLE (-2)) ?JQM SQCQ CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ RM WGCJB ?L GK?EC MD RFC @P?GL, DPMK UFGAF RFC CV?AR JMA?RGML MD RSKMPQ A?L @C BCRCPKGLCB. (APCBGR: 2?QFKG #F?UJ?, $?LGCJ
3KGRF, ?LB 0?SJ %. -?PGI)
F?=KH; 1.6 0FWQGAQ, AFCKGQRPW, ?LB @GMJMEW FCJN BCQAPG@C RFC NPMNCPRGCQ MD ACJJ U?JJQ GL NJ?LR ACJJQ, QSAF ?Q RFC MLGML ACJJQ QCCL FCPC. (APCBGR: 5K@CPRM 3?JT?ELGL)
#(!04%2 1 Y ).42/$5#4)/.: 4(% .!452% /& 3#)%.#% !.$ 0(93)#3 13
F?=KH; 1.7 !L ?PRGQRtQ PCLBGRGML MD RFC RFC QRPSARSPC MD ? ACJJ KCK@P?LC. -CK@P?LCQ DMPK RFC @MSLB?PGCQ MD ?LGK?J ACJJQ ?LB ?PC AMKNJCV GL QRPSARSPC ?LB DSLARGML. -?LW MD RFC
KMQR DSLB?KCLR?J NPMNCPRGCQ MD JGDC, QSAF ?Q RFC DGPGLE MD LCPTC ACJJQ, ?PC PCJ?RCB RM KCK@P?LCQ. 4FC BGQAGNJGLCQ MD @GMJMEW, AFCKGQRPW, ?LB NFWQGAQ ?JJ FCJN SQ SLBCPQR?LB RFC
KCK@P?LCQ MD ?LGK?J ACJJQ. (APCBGR: -?PG?L? 2SGX)
-MBCJQ, 4FCMPGCQ, ?LB ,?UQ; 4FC 2MJC MD %VNCPGKCLR?RGML
4FC J?UQ MD L?RSPC ?PC AMLAGQC BCQAPGNRGMLQ MD RFC SLGTCPQC ?PMSLB SQ; RFCW ?PC FSK?L QR?RCKCLRQ MD RFC SLBCPJWGLE J?UQ MP PSJCQ RF?R ?JJ L?RSP?J
NPMACQQCQ DMJJMU. 3SAF J?UQ ?PC GLRPGLQGA RM RFC SLGTCPQC; FSK?LQ BGB LMR APC?RC RFCK ?LB QM A?LLMR AF?LEC RFCK. 7C A?L MLJW BGQAMTCP ?LB
SLBCPQR?LB RFCK. 4FCGP BGQAMTCPW GQ ? TCPW FSK?L CLBC?TMP, UGRF ?JJ RFC CJCKCLRQ MD KWQRCPW, GK?EGL?RGML, QRPSEEJC, RPGSKNF, ?LB BGQ?NNMGLRKCLR
GLFCPCLR GL ?LW APC?RGTC CDDMPR. (3CC F?=KH; 1.8 ?LB F?=KH; 1.9.) 4FC AMPLCPQRMLC MD BGQAMTCPGLE L?RSP?J J?UQ GQ M@QCPT?RGML; QAGCLAC KSQR BCQAPG@C
RFC SLGTCPQC ?Q GR GQ, LMR ?Q UC K?W GK?EGLC GR RM @C.
F?=KH; 1.8 "I779 ';MJED (1642q1727) U?Q TCPW PCJSAR?LR RM NS@JGQF FGQ PCTMJSRGML?PW UMPI ?LB F?B RM @C AMLTGLACB RM BM QM. )L FGQ J?RCP WC?PQ, FC QRCNNCB BMUL DPMK FGQ
?A?BCKGA NMQR ?LB @CA?KC CVAFCOSCP MD RFC 2MW?J -GLR. (C RMMI RFGQ NMQR QCPGMSQJW, GLTCLRGLE PCCBGLE (MP APC?RGLE PGBECQ) ML RFC CBEC MD AMGLQ RM NPCTCLR SLQAPSNSJMSQ
NCMNJC DPMK RPGKKGLE RFC QGJTCP MDD MD RFCK @CDMPC SQGLE RFCK ?Q ASPPCLAW. (APCBGR: !PRFSP 3FSQRCP ?LB !PRFSP %. 3FGNJCW: BE<G4<AVF H8E<G4:8 B9 *6<8A68. ,MLBML, 1917.)
F?=KH; 1.9 &7H?; CKH?; (1867q1934) Q?APGDGACB KMLCR?PW ?QQCRQ RM FCJN DGL?LAC FCP C?PJW PCQC?PAF ?LB B?K?ECB FCP NFWQGA?J UCJJ-@CGLE UGRF P?BG?RGML CVNMQSPC. 3FC GQ RFC
MLJW NCPQML RM UGL .M@CJ NPGXCQ GL @MRF NFWQGAQ ?LB AFCKGQRPW. /LC MD FCP B?SEFRCPQ ?JQM UML ? .M@CJ 0PGXC. (APCBGR: 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
14 #(!04%2 1 Y ).42/$5#4)/.: 4(% .!452% /& 3#)%.#% !.$ 0(93)#3
7C ?JJ ?PC ASPGMSQ RM QMKC CVRCLR. 7C JMMI ?PMSLB, K?IC ECLCP?JGX?RGMLQ, ?LB RPW RM SLBCPQR?LB UF?R UC QCCrDMP CV?KNJC, UC JMMI SN ?LB UMLBCP
UFCRFCP MLC RWNC MD AJMSB QGEL?JQ ?L MLAMKGLE QRMPK. !Q UC @CAMKC QCPGMSQ ?@MSR CVNJMPGLE L?RSPC, UC @CAMKC KMPC MPE?LGXCB ?LB DMPK?J GL
AMJJCARGLE ?LB ?L?JWXGLE B?R?. 7C ?RRCKNR EPC?RCP NPCAGQGML, NCPDMPK AMLRPMJJCB CVNCPGKCLRQ (GD UC A?L), ?LB UPGRC BMUL GBC?Q ?@MSR FMU RFC B?R?
K?W @C MPE?LGXCB ?LB SLGDGCB. 7C RFCL DMPKSJ?RC KMBCJQ, RFCMPGCQ, ?LB J?UQ @?QCB ML RFC B?R? UC F?TC AMJJCARCB ?LB ?L?JWXCB RM ECLCP?JGXC ?LB
AMKKSLGA?RC RFC PCQSJRQ MD RFCQC CVNCPGKCLRQ.
! CE:;B GQ ? PCNPCQCLR?RGML MD QMKCRFGLE RF?R GQ MDRCL RMM BGDDGASJR (MP GKNMQQG@JC) RM BGQNJ?W BGPCARJW. 7FGJC ? KMBCJ GQ HSQRGDGCB UGRF CVNCPGKCLR?J NPMMD,
GR GQ MLJW ?AASP?RC SLBCP JGKGRCB QGRS?RGMLQ. !L CV?KNJC GQ RFC NJ?LCR?PW KMBCJ MD RFC ?RMK GL UFGAF CJCARPMLQ ?PC NGARSPCB ?Q MP@GRGLE RFC LSAJCSQ,
?L?JMEMSQ RM RFC U?W NJ?LCRQ MP@GR RFC 3SL. (3CC F?=KH; 1.10.) 7C A?LLMR M@QCPTC CJCARPML MP@GRQ BGPCARJW, @SR RFC KCLR?J GK?EC FCJNQ CVNJ?GL RFC
M@QCPT?RGMLQ UC A?L K?IC, QSAF ?Q RFC CKGQQGML MD JGEFR DPMK FMR E?QCQ (?RMKGA QNCARP?). 0FWQGAGQRQ SQC KMBCJQ DMP ? T?PGCRW MD NSPNMQCQ. &MP
CV?KNJC, KMBCJQ A?L FCJN NFWQGAGQRQ ?L?JWXC ? QACL?PGM ?LB NCPDMPK ? A?JASJ?RGML, MP RFCW A?L @C SQCB RM PCNPCQCLR ? QGRS?RGML GL RFC DMPK MD ?
AMKNSRCP QGKSJ?RGML. ! J>;EHO GQ ?L CVNJ?L?RGML DMP N?RRCPLQ GL L?RSPC RF?R GQ QSNNMPRCB @W QAGCLRGDGA CTGBCLAC ?LB TCPGDGCB KSJRGNJC RGKCQ @W T?PGMSQ
EPMSNQ MD PCQC?PAFCPQ. 3MKC RFCMPGCQ GLAJSBC KMBCJQ RM FCJN TGQS?JGXC NFCLMKCL?, UFCPC?Q MRFCPQ BM LMR. .CURMLtQ RFCMPW MD EP?TGRW, DMP CV?KNJC,
BMCQ LMR PCOSGPC ? KMBCJ MP KCLR?J GK?EC, @CA?SQC UC A?L M@QCPTC RFC M@HCARQ BGPCARJW UGRF MSP MUL QCLQCQ. 4FC IGLCRGA RFCMPW MD E?QCQ, ML RFC
MRFCP F?LB, GQ ? KMBCJ GL UFGAF ? E?Q GQ TGCUCB ?Q @CGLE AMKNMQCB MD ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ. !RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ ?PC RMM QK?JJ RM @C M@QCPTCB
BGPCARJW UGRF MSP QCLQCQrRFSQ, UC NGARSPC RFCK KCLR?JJW RM SLBCPQR?LB UF?R MSP GLQRPSKCLRQ RCJJ SQ ?@MSR RFC @CF?TGMP MD E?QCQ.
! B7M SQCQ AMLAGQC J?LES?EC RM BCQAPG@C ? ECLCP?JGXCB N?RRCPL GL L?RSPC RF?R GQ QSNNMPRCB @W QAGCLRGDGA CTGBCLAC ?LB PCNC?RCB CVNCPGKCLRQ. /DRCL, ?
J?U A?L @C CVNPCQQCB GL RFC DMPK MD ? QGLEJC K?RFCK?RGA?J COS?RGML. ,?UQ ?LB RFCMPGCQ ?PC QGKGJ?P GL RF?R RFCW ?PC @MRF QAGCLRGDGA QR?RCKCLRQ RF?R
PCQSJR DPMK ? RCQRCB FWNMRFCQGQ ?LB ?PC QSNNMPRCB @W QAGCLRGDGA CTGBCLAC. (MUCTCP, RFC BCQGEL?RGML ?4J GQ PCQCPTCB DMP ? AMLAGQC ?LB TCPW ECLCP?J
QR?RCKCLR RF?R BCQAPG@CQ NFCLMKCL? GL L?RSPC, QSAF ?Q RFC J?U RF?R CLCPEW GQ AMLQCPTCB BSPGLE ?LW NPMACQQ, MP .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U MD KMRGML,
UFGAF PCJ?RCQ DMPAC, K?QQ, ?LB ?AACJCP?RGML @W RFC QGKNJC COS?RGML F = ma . ! RFCMPW, GL AMLRP?QR, GQ ? JCQQ AMLAGQC QR?RCKCLR MD M@QCPTCB
NFCLMKCL?. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC 4FCMPW MD %TMJSRGML ?LB RFC 4FCMPW MD 2CJ?RGTGRW A?LLMR @C CVNPCQQCB AMLAGQCJW CLMSEF RM @C AMLQGBCPCB ? J?U. 4FC
@GEECQR BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL ? J?U ?LB ? RFCMPW GQ RF?R ? RFCMPW GQ KSAF KMPC AMKNJCV ?LB BWL?KGA. ! J?U BCQAPG@CQ ? QGLEJC ?ARGML, UFCPC?Q ? RFCMPW
CVNJ?GLQ ?L CLRGPC EPMSN MD PCJ?RCB NFCLMKCL?. !LB, UFCPC?Q ? J?U GQ ? NMQRSJ?RC RF?R DMPKQ RFC DMSLB?RGML MD RFC QAGCLRGDGA KCRFMB, ? RFCMPW GQ RFC
CLB PCQSJR MD RF?R NPMACQQ.
,CQQ @PM?BJW ?NNJGA?@JC QR?RCKCLRQ ?PC SQS?JJW A?JJCB NPGLAGNJCQ (QSAF ?Q 0?QA?JtQ NPGLAGNJC, UFGAF GQ ?NNJGA?@JC MLJW GL DJSGBQ), @SR RFC BGQRGLARGML
@CRUCCL J?UQ ?LB NPGLAGNJCQ MDRCL GQ LMR A?PCDSJJW K?BC.
F?=KH; 1.10 7F?R GQ ? KMBCJ? 4FGQ NJ?LCR?PW KMBCJ MD RFC ?RMK QFMUQ CJCARPMLQ MP@GRGLE RFC LSAJCSQ. )R GQ ? BP?UGLE RF?R UC SQC RM DMPK ? KCLR?J GK?EC MD RFC ?RMK RF?R UC
A?LLMR QCC BGPCARJW UGRF MSP CWCQ @CA?SQC GR GQ RMM QK?JJ.
-MBCJQ, 4FCMPGCQ, ?LB ,?UQ
-MBCJQ, RFCMPGCQ, ?LB J?UQ ?PC SQCB RM FCJN QAGCLRGQRQ ?L?JWXC RFC B?R? RFCW F?TC ?JPC?BW AMJJCARCB. (MUCTCP, MDRCL ?DRCP ? KMBCJ, RFCMPW, MP J?U
F?Q @CCL BCTCJMNCB, GR NMGLRQ QAGCLRGQRQ RMU?PB LCU BGQAMTCPGCQ RFCW UMSJB LMR MRFCPUGQC F?TC K?BC.
4FC KMBCJQ, RFCMPGCQ, ?LB J?UQ UC BCTGQC QMKCRGKCQ <@C?L G;8 8K<FG8A68 B9 B5=86GF BE C;8AB@8A4 4F L8G HAB5F8EI87. 4FCQC NPCBGARGMLQ ?PC
PCK?PI?@JC RPGSKNFQ ?LB RPG@SRCQ RM RFC NMUCP MD QAGCLAC. )R GQ RFC SLBCPJWGLE MPBCP GL RFC SLGTCPQC RF?R CL?@JCQ QAGCLRGQRQ RM K?IC QSAF QNCAR?ASJ?P
NPCBGARGMLQ. (MUCTCP, GD 8KC8E<@8AG BMCQ LMR TCPGDW MSP NPCBGARGMLQ, RFCL RFC RFCMPW MP J?U GQ UPMLE, LM K?RRCP FMU CJCE?LR MP AMLTCLGCLR GR GQ. ,?UQ
A?L LCTCP @C ILMUL UGRF ?@QMJSRC ACPR?GLRW @CA?SQC GR GQ GKNMQQG@JC RM NCPDMPK CTCPW GK?EGL?@JC CVNCPGKCLR GL MPBCP RM AMLDGPK ? J?U GL CTCPW
NMQQG@JC QACL?PGM. 0FWQGAGQRQ MNCP?RC SLBCP RFC ?QQSKNRGML RF?R ?JJ QAGCLRGDGA J?UQ ?LB RFCMPGCQ ?PC T?JGB SLRGJ ? AMSLRCPCV?KNJC GQ M@QCPTCB. )D ?
EMMB-OS?JGRW, TCPGDG?@JC CVNCPGKCLR AMLRP?BGARQ ? UCJJ-CQR?@JGQFCB J?U, RFCL RFC J?U KSQR @C KMBGDGCB MP MTCPRFPMUL AMKNJCRCJW.
4FC QRSBW MD QAGCLAC GL ECLCP?J ?LB NFWQGAQ GL N?PRGASJ?P GQ ?L ?BTCLRSPC KSAF JGIC RFC CVNJMP?RGML MD SLAF?PRCB MAC?L. $GQAMTCPGCQ ?PC K?BC;
KMBCJQ, RFCMPGCQ, ?LB J?UQ ?PC DMPKSJ?RCB; ?LB RFC @C?SRW MD RFC NFWQGA?J SLGTCPQC GQ K?BC KMPC QS@JGKC DMP RFC GLQGEFRQ E?GLCB.
4FC 3AGCLRGDGA -CRFMB
!Q QAGCLRGQRQ GLOSGPC ?LB E?RFCP GLDMPK?RGML ?@MSR RFC UMPJB, RFCW DMJJMU ? NPMACQQ A?JJCB RFC I9?;DJ?<?9 C;J>E:. 4FGQ NPMACQQ RWNGA?JJW @CEGLQ
UGRF ?L M@QCPT?RGML ?LB OSCQRGML RF?R RFC QAGCLRGQR UGJJ PCQC?PAF. .CVR, RFC QAGCLRGQR RWNGA?JJW NCPDMPKQ QMKC PCQC?PAF ?@MSR RFC RMNGA ?LB RFCL
BCTGQCQ ? FWNMRFCQGQ. 4FCL, RFC QAGCLRGQR UGJJ RCQR RFC FWNMRFCQGQ @W NCPDMPKGLE ?L CVNCPGKCLR. &GL?JJW, RFC QAGCLRGQR ?L?JWXCQ RFC PCQSJRQ MD RFC
CVNCPGKCLR ?LB BP?UQ ? AMLAJSQGML. .MRC RF?R RFC QAGCLRGDGA KCRFMB A?L @C ?NNJGCB RM K?LW QGRS?RGMLQ RF?R ?PC LMR JGKGRCB RM QAGCLAC, ?LB RFGQ
KCRFMB A?L @C KMBGDGCB RM QSGR RFC QGRS?RGML.
#MLQGBCP ?L CV?KNJC. ,CR SQ Q?W RF?R WMS RPW RM RSPL ML WMSP A?P, @SR GR UGJJ LMR QR?PR. 9MS SLBMS@RCBJW UMLBCP: 7FW UGJJ RFC A?P LMR QR?PR? 9MS A?L
DMJJMU ? QAGCLRGDGA KCRFMB RM ?LQUCP RFGQ OSCQRGML. &GPQR MDD, WMS K?W NCPDMPK QMKC PCQC?PAF RM BCRCPKGLC ? T?PGCRW MD PC?QMLQ UFW RFC A?P UGJJ LMR
QR?PR. .CVR, WMS UGJJ QR?RC ? FWNMRFCQGQ. &MP CV?KNJC, WMS K?W @CJGCTC RF?R RFC A?P GQ LMR QR?PRGLE @CA?SQC GR F?Q LM CLEGLC MGJ. 4M RCQR RFGQ, WMS
MNCL RFC FMMB MD RFC A?P ?LB CV?KGLC RFC MGJ JCTCJ. 9MS M@QCPTC RF?R RFC MGJ GQ ?R ?L ?AACNR?@JC JCTCJ, ?LB WMS RFSQ AMLAJSBC RF?R RFC MGJ JCTCJ GQ
LMR AMLRPG@SRGLE RM WMSP A?P GQQSC. 4M RPMS@JCQFMMR RFC GQQSC DSPRFCP, WMS K?W BCTGQC ? LCU FWNMRFCQGQ RM RCQR ?LB RFCL PCNC?R RFC NPMACQQ ?E?GL.
#(!04%2 1 Y ).42/$5#4)/.: 4(% .!452% /& 3#)%.#% !.$ 0(93)#3 15
4FC %TMJSRGML MD .?RSP?J 0FGJMQMNFW GLRM -MBCPL 0FWQGAQ
0FWQGAQ U?Q LMR ?JU?WQ ? QCN?P?RC ?LB BGQRGLAR BGQAGNJGLC. )R PCK?GLQ AMLLCARCB RM MRFCP QAGCLACQ RM RFGQ B?W. 4FC UMPB C;LF<6F AMKCQ DPMK 'PCCI,
KC?LGLE L?RSPC. 4FC QRSBW MD L?RSPC A?KC RM @C A?JJCB uL?RSP?J NFGJMQMNFW.v &PMK ?LAGCLR RGKCQ RFPMSEF RFC 2CL?GQQ?LAC, L?RSP?J NFGJMQMNFW
CLAMKN?QQCB K?LW DGCJBQ, GLAJSBGLE ?QRPMLMKW, @GMJMEW, AFCKGQRPW, NFWQGAQ, K?RFCK?RGAQ, ?LB KCBGAGLC. /TCP RFC J?QR DCU ACLRSPGCQ, RFC EPMURF MD
ILMUJCBEC F?Q PCQSJRCB GL CTCP-GLAPC?QGLE QNCAG?JGX?RGML ?LB @P?LAFGLE MD L?RSP?J NFGJMQMNFW GLRM QCN?P?RC DGCJBQ, UGRF NFWQGAQ PCR?GLGLE RFC KMQR
@?QGA D?ACRQ. (3CC F?=KH; 1.11, F?=KH; 1.12, ?LB F?=KH; 1.13.) 0FWQGAQ ?Q GR BCTCJMNCB DPMK RFC 2CL?GQQ?LAC RM RFC CLB MD RFC 19RF ACLRSPW GQ A?JJCB
9B7II?97B F>OI?9I. )R U?Q RP?LQDMPKCB GLRM KMBCPL NFWQGAQ @W PCTMJSRGML?PW BGQAMTCPGCQ K?BC QR?PRGLE ?R RFC @CEGLLGLE MD RFC 20RF ACLRSPW.
F?=KH; 1.11 /TCP RFC ACLRSPGCQ, L?RSP?J NFGJMQMNFW F?Q CTMJTCB GLRM KMPC QNCAG?JGXCB BGQAGNJGLCQ, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB @W RFC AMLRPG@SRGMLQ MD QMKC MD RFC EPC?RCQR KGLBQ GL FGQRMPW.
4FC 'PCCI NFGJMQMNFCP AH?IJEJB; (384q322 ".#.) UPMRC ML ? @PM?B P?LEC MD RMNGAQ GLAJSBGLE NFWQGAQ, ?LGK?JQ, RFC QMSJ, NMJGRGAQ, ?LB NMCRPW. (APCBGR: *?QRPMU (2006)/,SBMTGQG
#MJJCARGML)
F?=KH; 1.12 7B?B;E 7B?B;? (1564q1642) J?GB RFC DMSLB?RGML MD KMBCPL CVNCPGKCLR?RGML ?LB K?BC AMLRPG@SRGMLQ GL K?RFCK?RGAQ, NFWQGAQ, ?LB ?QRPMLMKW. (APCBGR: $MKCLGAM
4GLRMPCRRM)
F?=KH; 1.13 '?;BI BE>H (1885q1962) K?BC DSLB?KCLR?J AMLRPG@SRGMLQ RM RFC BCTCJMNKCLR MD OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ, MLC N?PR MD KMBCPL NFWQGAQ. (APCBGR: 5LGRCB 3R?RCQ ,G@P?PW MD
#MLEPCQQ 0PGLRQ ?LB 0FMRMEP?NFQ $GTGQGML)
#J?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ GQ LMR ?L CV?AR BCQAPGNRGML MD RFC SLGTCPQC, @SR GR GQ ?L CVACJJCLR ?NNPMVGK?RGML SLBCP RFC DMJJMUGLE AMLBGRGMLQ: -?RRCP KSQR @C
KMTGLE ?R QNCCBQ JCQQ RF?L ?@MSR 1% MD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR, RFC M@HCARQ BC?JR UGRF KSQR @C J?PEC CLMSEF RM @C QCCL UGRF ? KGAPMQAMNC, ?LB MLJW UC?I
EP?TGR?RGML?J DGCJBQ, QSAF ?Q RFC DGCJB ECLCP?RCB @W RFC %?PRF, A?L @C GLTMJTCB. "CA?SQC FSK?LQ JGTC SLBCP QSAF AGPASKQR?LACQ, AJ?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ
QCCKQ GLRSGRGTCJW PC?QML?@JC, UFGJC K?LW ?QNCARQ MD KMBCPL NFWQGAQ QCCK @GX?PPC. 4FGQ GQ UFW KMBCJQ ?PC QM SQCDSJ GL KMBCPL NFWQGAQrRFCW JCR SQ
AMLACNRS?JGXC NFCLMKCL? UC BM LMR MPBGL?PGJW CVNCPGCLAC. 7C A?L PCJ?RC RM KMBCJQ GL FSK?L RCPKQ ?LB TGQS?JGXC UF?R F?NNCLQ UFCL M@HCARQ KMTC
16 #(!04%2 1 Y ).42/$5#4)/.: 4(% .!452% /& 3#)%.#% !.$ 0(93)#3
?R FGEF QNCCBQ MP GK?EGLC UF?R M@HCARQ RMM QK?JJ RM M@QCPTC UGRF MSP QCLQCQ KGEFR @C JGIC. &MP CV?KNJC, UC A?L SLBCPQR?LB ?L ?RMKtQ NPMNCPRGCQ
@CA?SQC UC A?L NGARSPC GR GL MSP KGLBQ, ?JRFMSEF UC F?TC LCTCP QCCL ?L ?RMK UGRF MSP CWCQ. .CU RMMJQ, MD AMSPQC, ?JJMU SQ RM @CRRCP NGARSPC
NFCLMKCL? UC A?LLMR QCC. )L D?AR, LCU GLQRPSKCLR?RGML F?Q ?JJMUCB SQ GL PCACLR WC?PQ RM ?ARS?JJW uNGARSPCv RFC ?RMK.
,GKGRQ ML RFC ,?UQ MD #J?QQGA?J 0FWQGAQ
&MP RFC J?UQ MD AJ?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ RM ?NNJW, RFC DMJJMUGLE APGRCPG? KSQR @C KCR: -?RRCP KSQR @C KMTGLE ?R QNCCBQ JCQQ RF?L ?@MSR 1% MD RFC QNCCB
MD JGEFR, RFC M@HCARQ BC?JR UGRF KSQR @C J?PEC CLMSEF RM @C QCCL UGRF ? KGAPMQAMNC, ?LB MLJW UC?I EP?TGR?RGML?J DGCJBQ (QSAF ?Q RFC DGCJB ECLCP?RCB
@W RFC %?PRF) A?L @C GLTMJTCB.
F?=KH; 1.14 5QGLE ? QA?LLGLE RSLLCJGLE KGAPMQAMNC (34-), QAGCLRGQRQ A?L QCC RFC GLBGTGBS?J ?RMKQ RF?R AMKNMQC RFGQ QFCCR MD EMJB. (APCBGR: %PUGLPMQQCL)
3MKC MD RFC KMQR QNCAR?ASJ?P ?BT?LACQ GL QAGCLAC F?TC @CCL K?BC GL KMBCPL NFWQGAQ. -?LW MD RFC J?UQ MD AJ?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ F?TC @CCL KMBGDGCB MP
PCHCARCB, ?LB PCTMJSRGML?PW AF?LECQ GL RCAFLMJMEW, QMAGCRW, ?LB MSP TGCU MD RFC SLGTCPQC F?TC PCQSJRCB. ,GIC QAGCLAC DGARGML, KMBCPL NFWQGAQ GQ DGJJCB
UGRF D?QAGL?RGLE M@HCARQ @CWMLB MSP LMPK?J CVNCPGCLACQ, @SR GR F?Q RFC ?BT?LR?EC MTCP QAGCLAC DGARGML MD @CGLE TCPW PC?J. 7FW, RFCL, GQ RFC K?HMPGRW MD
RFGQ RCVR BCTMRCB RM RMNGAQ MD AJ?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ? 4FCPC ?PC RUM K?GL PC?QMLQ: #J?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ EGTCQ ?L CVRPCKCJW ?AASP?RC BCQAPGNRGML MD RFC
SLGTCPQC SLBCP ? UGBC P?LEC MD CTCPWB?W AGPASKQR?LACQ, ?LB ILMUJCBEC MD AJ?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ GQ LCACQQ?PW RM SLBCPQR?LB KMBCPL NFWQGAQ.
&E:;HD F>OI?9I GRQCJD AMLQGQRQ MD RFC RUM PCTMJSRGML?PW RFCMPGCQ, PCJ?RGTGRW ?LB OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ. 4FCQC RFCMPGCQ BC?J UGRF RFC TCPW D?QR ?LB RFC
TCPW QK?JJ, PCQNCARGTCJW. +;B7J?L?JO KSQR @C SQCB UFCLCTCP ?L M@HCAR GQ RP?TCJGLE ?R EPC?RCP RF?L ?@MSR 1% MD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR MP CVNCPGCLACQ ?
QRPMLE EP?TGR?RGML?J DGCJB QSAF ?Q RF?R LC?P RFC 3SL. *K7DJKC C;9>7D?9I KSQR @C SQCB DMP M@HCARQ QK?JJCP RF?L A?L @C QCCL UGRF ? KGAPMQAMNC. 4FC
AMK@GL?RGML MD RFCQC RUM RFCMPGCQ GQ E8?4G<I<FG<6 DH4AGH@ @86;4A<6F, ?LB GR BCQAPG@CQ RFC @CF?TGMP MD QK?JJ M@HCARQ RP?TCJGLE ?R FGEF QNCCBQ MP
CVNCPGCLAGLE ? QRPMLE EP?TGR?RGML?J DGCJB. 2CJ?RGTGQRGA OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ GQ RFC @CQR SLGTCPQ?JJW ?NNJGA?@JC RFCMPW UC F?TC. "CA?SQC MD GRQ
K?RFCK?RGA?J AMKNJCVGRW, GR GQ SQCB MLJW UFCL LCACQQ?PW, ?LB RFC MRFCP RFCMPGCQ ?PC SQCB UFCLCTCP RFCW UGJJ NPMBSAC QSDDGAGCLRJW ?AASP?RC PCQSJRQ. 7C
UGJJ DGLB, FMUCTCP, RF?R UC A?L BM ? EPC?R BC?J MD KMBCPL NFWQGAQ UGRF RFC ?JEC@P? ?LB RPGEMLMKCRPW SQCB GL RFGQ RCVR.
C>;9A 2EKH .D:;HIJ7D:?D=
! DPGCLB RCJJQ WMS FC F?Q JC?PLCB ?@MSR ? LCU J?U MD L?RSPC. 7F?R A?L WMS ILMU ?@MSR RFC GLDMPK?RGML CTCL @CDMPC WMSP DPGCLB BCQAPG@CQ RFC J?U?
(MU UMSJB RFC GLDMPK?RGML @C BGDDCPCLR GD WMSP DPGCLB RMJB WMS FC F?B JC?PLCB ?@MSR ? QAGCLRGDGA RFCMPW P?RFCP RF?L ? J?U?
,EBKJ?ED
7GRFMSR ILMUGLE RFC BCR?GJQ MD RFC J?U, WMS A?L QRGJJ GLDCP RF?R RFC GLDMPK?RGML WMSP DPGCLB F?Q JC?PLCB AMLDMPKQ RM RFC PCOSGPCKCLRQ MD ?JJ J?UQ MD
L?RSPC: GR UGJJ @C ? AMLAGQC BCQAPGNRGML MD RFC SLGTCPQC ?PMSLB SQ; ? QR?RCKCLR MD RFC SLBCPJWGLE PSJCQ RF?R ?JJ L?RSP?J NPMACQQCQ DMJJMU. )D RFC
GLDMPK?RGML F?B @CCL ? RFCMPW, WMS UMSJB @C ?@JC RM GLDCP RF?R RFC GLDMPK?RGML UGJJ @C ? J?PEC-QA?JC, @PM?BJW ?NNJGA?@JC ECLCP?JGX?RGML.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: %OS?RGML 'P?NFCP
,C?PL ?@MSR EP?NFGLE NMJWLMKG?JQ. 4FC QF?NC MD RFC ASPTC AF?LECQ ?Q RFC AMLQR?LRQ ?PC ?BHSQRCB. 6GCU RFC ASPTCQ DMP RFC GLBGTGBS?J RCPKQ (C.E.
y = bx ) RM QCC FMU RFCW ?BB RM ECLCP?RC RFC NMJWLMKG?J ASPTC.
F?=KH; 1.15 EGK7J?ED H7F>;H (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42092/1.4/;GK7J?ED-=H7F>;H6;D.@7H)
#(!04%2 1 Y ).42/$5#4)/.: 4(% .!452% /& 3#)%.#% !.$ 0(93)#3 17
1.2 )>OI?97B *K7DJ?J?;I 7D: .D?JI
F?=KH; 1.16 4FC BGQR?LAC DPMK %?PRF RM RFC -MML K?W QCCK GKKCLQC, @SR GR GQ HSQR ? RGLW DP?ARGML MD RFC BGQR?LACQ DPMK %?PRF RM MRFCP ACJCQRG?J @MBGCQ. (APCBGR: .!3!)
4FC P?LEC MD M@HCARQ ?LB NFCLMKCL? QRSBGCB GL NFWQGAQ GQ GKKCLQC. &PMK RFC GLAPCBG@JW QFMPR JGDCRGKC MD ? LSAJCSQ RM RFC ?EC MD RFC %?PRF, DPMK RFC
RGLW QGXCQ MD QS@-LSAJC?P N?PRGAJCQ RM RFC T?QR BGQR?LAC RM RFC CBECQ MD RFC ILMUL SLGTCPQC, DPMK RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB @W ? HSKNGLE DJC? RM RFC DMPAC
@CRUCCL %?PRF ?LB RFC 3SL, RFCPC ?PC CLMSEF D?ARMPQ MD 10 RM AF?JJCLEC RFC GK?EGL?RGML MD CTCL RFC KMQR CVNCPGCLACB QAGCLRGQR. 'GTGLE LSKCPGA?J
T?JSCQ DMP NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ ?LB COS?RGMLQ DMP NFWQGA?J NPGLAGNJCQ ?JJMUQ SQ RM SLBCPQR?LB L?RSPC KSAF KMPC BCCNJW RF?L BMCQ OS?JGR?RGTC
BCQAPGNRGML ?JMLC. 4M AMKNPCFCLB RFCQC T?QR P?LECQ, UC KSQR ?JQM F?TC ?AACNRCB SLGRQ GL UFGAF RM CVNPCQQ RFCK. !LB UC QF?JJ DGLB RF?R (CTCL GL RFC
NMRCLRG?JJW KSLB?LC BGQASQQGML MD KCRCPQ, IGJMEP?KQ, ?LB QCAMLBQ) ? NPMDMSLB QGKNJGAGRW MD L?RSPC ?NNC?PQr?JJ NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ A?L @C CVNPCQQCB
?Q AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD MLJW DMSP DSLB?KCLR?J NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ: JCLERF, K?QQ, RGKC, ?LB CJCARPGA ASPPCLR.
7C BCDGLC ? F>OI?97B GK7DJ?JO CGRFCP @W FC86<9L<A: ;BJ <G <F @84FHE87 MP @W FG4G<A: ;BJ <G <F 64?6H?4G87 DPMK MRFCP KC?QSPCKCLRQ. &MP CV?KNJC, UC
BCDGLC BGQR?LAC ?LB RGKC @W QNCAGDWGLE KCRFMBQ DMP KC?QSPGLE RFCK, UFCPC?Q UC BCDGLC 4I8E4:8 FC887 @W QR?RGLE RF?R GR GQ A?JASJ?RCB ?Q BGQR?LAC
RP?TCJCB BGTGBCB @W RGKC MD RP?TCJ.
-C?QSPCKCLRQ MD NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ ?PC CVNPCQQCB GL RCPKQ MD KD?JI, UFGAF ?PC QR?LB?PBGXCB T?JSCQ. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC JCLERF MD ? P?AC, UFGAF GQ ?
NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRW, A?L @C CVNPCQQCB GL SLGRQ MD KCRCPQ (DMP QNPGLRCPQ) MP IGJMKCRCPQ (DMP BGQR?LAC PSLLCPQ). 7GRFMSR QR?LB?PBGXCB SLGRQ, GR UMSJB @C
CVRPCKCJW BGDDGASJR DMP QAGCLRGQRQ RM CVNPCQQ ?LB AMKN?PC KC?QSPCB T?JSCQ GL ? KC?LGLEDSJ U?W. (3CC F?=KH; 1.17.)
F?=KH; 1.17 $GQR?LACQ EGTCL GL SLILMUL SLGRQ ?PC K?BBCLGLEJW SQCJCQQ.
4FCPC ?PC RUM K?HMP QWQRCKQ MD SLGRQ SQCB GL RFC UMPJB: ," KD?JI (?JQM ILMUL ?Q RFC KCRPGA QWQRCK) ?LB ED=B?I> KD?JI (?JQM ILMUL ?Q RFC ASQRMK?PW
MP GKNCPG?J QWQRCK). ED=B?I> KD?JI UCPC FGQRMPGA?JJW SQCB GL L?RGMLQ MLAC PSJCB @W RFC "PGRGQF %KNGPC ?LB ?PC QRGJJ UGBCJW SQCB GL RFC 5LGRCB 3R?RCQ.
6GPRS?JJW CTCPW MRFCP AMSLRPW GL RFC UMPJB LMU SQCQ 3) SLGRQ ?Q RFC QR?LB?PB; RFC KCRPGA QWQRCK GQ ?JQM RFC QR?LB?PB QWQRCK ?EPCCB SNML @W QAGCLRGQRQ
?LB K?RFCK?RGAG?LQ. 4FC ?APMLWK u3)v GQ BCPGTCB DPMK RFC &PCLAF *LFGN@8 AG8EA4G<BA4?.
3) 5LGRQ: &SLB?KCLR?J ?LB $CPGTCB 5LGRQ
-78B; 1.1 EGTCQ RFC DSLB?KCLR?J 3) SLGRQ RF?R ?PC SQCB RFPMSEFMSR RFGQ RCVR@MMI. 4FGQ RCVR SQCQ LML-3) SLGRQ GL ? DCU ?NNJGA?RGMLQ UFCPC RFCW ?PC GL
TCPW AMKKML SQC, QSAF ?Q RFC KC?QSPCKCLR MD @JMMB NPCQQSPC GL KGJJGKCRCPQ MD KCPASPW (KK (E). 7FCLCTCP LML-3) SLGRQ ?PC BGQASQQCB, RFCW UGJJ @C
RGCB RM 3) SLGRQ RFPMSEF AMLTCPQGMLQ.
4?@JC 1.1 &SLB?KCLR?J 3) 5LGRQ
%;D=J> &7II -?C; EB;9JH?9 CKHH;DJ
KCRCP (K) IGJMEP?K (IE) QCAMLB (Q) ?KNCPC (!)
)R GQ ?L GLRPGESGLE D?AR RF?R QMKC NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ ?PC KMPC DSLB?KCLR?J RF?L MRFCPQ ?LB RF?R RFC KMQR DSLB?KCLR?J NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ A?L @C
BCDGLCB BA?L GL RCPKQ MD RFC NPMACBSPC SQCB RM KC?QSPC RFCK. 4FC SLGRQ GL UFGAF RFCW ?PC KC?QSPCB ?PC RFSQ A?JJCB <KD:7C;DJ7B KD?JI. )L RFGQ
RCVR@MMI, RFC DSLB?KCLR?J NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ ?PC R?ICL RM @C JCLERF, K?QQ, RGKC, ?LB CJCARPGA ASPPCLR. (.MRC RF?R CJCARPGA ASPPCLR UGJJ LMR @C GLRPMBSACB
SLRGJ KSAF J?RCP GL RFGQ RCVR.) !JJ MRFCP NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ, QSAF ?Q DMPAC ?LB CJCARPGA AF?PEC, A?L @C CVNPCQQCB ?Q ?JEC@P?GA AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD JCLERF,
K?QQ, RGKC, ?LB ASPPCLR (DMP CV?KNJC, QNCCB GQ JCLERF BGTGBCB @W RGKC); RFCQC SLGRQ ?PC A?JJCB :;H?L;: KD?JI.
18 #(!04%2 1 Y ).42/$5#4)/.: 4(% .!452% /& 3#)%.#% !.$ 0(93)#3
5LGRQ MD 4GKC, ,CLERF, ?LB -?QQ: 4FC 3CAMLB, -CRCP, ?LB +GJMEP?K
->; ,;9ED:
4FC 3) SLGR DMP RGKC, RFC I;9ED:(?@@PCTG?RCB Q), F?Q ? JMLE FGQRMPW. &MP K?LW WC?PQ GR U?Q BCDGLCB ?Q 1/86,400 MD ? KC?L QMJ?P B?W. -MPC PCACLRJW, ?
LCU QR?LB?PB U?Q ?BMNRCB RM E?GL EPC?RCP ?AASP?AW ?LB RM BCDGLC RFC QCAMLB GL RCPKQ MD ? LML-T?PWGLE, MP AMLQR?LR, NFWQGA?J NFCLMKCLML (@CA?SQC
RFC QMJ?P B?W GQ ECRRGLE JMLECP BSC RM TCPW EP?BS?J QJMUGLE MD RFC %?PRFtQ PMR?RGML). #CQGSK ?RMKQ A?L @C K?BC RM TG@P?RC GL ? TCPW QRC?BW U?W, ?LB
RFCQC TG@P?RGMLQ A?L @C PC?BGJW M@QCPTCB ?LB AMSLRCB. )L 1967 RFC QCAMLB U?Q PCBCDGLCB ?Q RFC RGKC PCOSGPCB DMP 9,192,631,770 MD RFCQC TG@P?RGMLQ.
(3CC F?=KH; 1.18.) !AASP?AW GL RFC DSLB?KCLR?J SLGRQ GQ CQQCLRG?J, @CA?SQC ?JJ KC?QSPCKCLRQ ?PC SJRGK?RCJW CVNPCQQCB GL RCPKQ MD DSLB?KCLR?J SLGRQ
?LB A?L @C LM KMPC ?AASP?RC RF?L ?PC RFC DSLB?KCLR?J SLGRQ RFCKQCJTCQ.
F?=KH; 1.18 !L ?RMKGA AJMAI QSAF ?Q RFGQ MLC SQCQ RFC TG@P?RGMLQ MD ACQGSK ?RMKQ RM ICCN RGKC RM ? NPCAGQGML MD @CRRCP RF?L ? KGAPMQCAMLB NCP WC?P. 4FC DSLB?KCLR?J SLGR MD
RGKC, RFC QCAMLB, GQ @?QCB ML QSAF AJMAIQ. 4FGQ GK?EC GQ JMMIGLE BMUL DPMK RFC RMN MD ?L ?RMKGA DMSLR?GL LC?PJW 30 DCCR R?JJ! (APCBGR: 3RCTC *SPTCRQML/&JGAIP)
->; &;J;H
4FC 3) SLGR DMP JCLERF GQ RFC C;J;H (?@@PCTG?RCB K); GRQ BCDGLGRGML F?Q ?JQM AF?LECB MTCP RGKC RM @CAMKC KMPC ?AASP?RC ?LB NPCAGQC. 4FC KCRCP U?Q
DGPQR BCDGLCB GL 1791 ?Q 1/10,000,000 MD RFC BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC COS?RMP RM RFC .MPRF 0MJC. 4FGQ KC?QSPCKCLR U?Q GKNPMTCB GL 1889 @W PCBCDGLGLE RFC
KCRCP RM @C RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RUM CLEP?TCB JGLCQ ML ? NJ?RGLSK-GPGBGSK @?P LMU ICNR LC?P 0?PGQ. "W 1960, GR F?B @CAMKC NMQQG@JC RM BCDGLC RFC
KCRCP CTCL KMPC ?AASP?RCJW GL RCPKQ MD RFC U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR, QM GR U?Q ?E?GL PCBCDGLCB ?Q 1,650,763.73 U?TCJCLERFQ MD MP?LEC JGEFR CKGRRCB @W
IPWNRML ?RMKQ. )L 1983, RFC KCRCP U?Q EGTCL GRQ NPCQCLR BCDGLGRGML (N?PRJW DMP EPC?RCP ?AASP?AW) ?Q RFC BGQR?LAC JGEFR RP?TCJQ GL ? T?ASSK GL 1/
299,792,458 MD ? QCAMLB. (3CC F?=KH; 1.19.) 4FGQ AF?LEC BCDGLCQ RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR RM @C CV?ARJW 299,792,458 KCRCPQ NCP QCAMLB. 4FC JCLERF MD RFC
KCRCP UGJJ AF?LEC GD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR GQ QMKCB?W KC?QSPCB UGRF EPC?RCP ?AASP?AW.
->; $?BE=H7C
4FC 3) SLGR DMP K?QQ GQ RFC A?BE=H7C (?@@PCTG?RCB IE); GR GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC K?QQ MD ? NJ?RGLSK-GPGBGSK AWJGLBCP ICNR UGRF RFC MJB KCRCP QR?LB?PB ?R
RFC )LRCPL?RGML?J "SPC?S MD 7CGEFRQ ?LB -C?QSPCQ LC?P 0?PGQ. %V?AR PCNJGA?Q MD RFC QR?LB?PB IGJMEP?K ?PC ?JQM ICNR ?R RFC 5LGRCB 3R?RCQt .?RGML?J
)LQRGRSRC MD 3R?LB?PBQ ?LB 4CAFLMJMEW, MP .)34, JMA?RCB GL '?GRFCPQ@SPE, -?PWJ?LB MSRQGBC MD 7?QFGLERML $.#., ?LB ?R MRFCP JMA?RGMLQ ?PMSLB RFC
UMPJB. 4FC BCRCPKGL?RGML MD ?JJ MRFCP K?QQCQ A?L @C SJRGK?RCJW RP?ACB RM ? AMKN?PGQML UGRF RFC QR?LB?PB K?QQ.
F?=KH; 1.19 4FC KCRCP GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC BGQR?LAC JGEFR RP?TCJQ GL 1/299,792,458 MD ? QCAMLB GL ? T?ASSK. $GQR?LAC RP?TCJCB GQ QNCCB KSJRGNJGCB @W RGKC.
%JCARPGA ASPPCLR ?LB GRQ ?AAMKN?LWGLE SLGR, RFC ?KNCPC, UGJJ @C GLRPMBSACB GL "DJHE:K9J?ED JE EB;9JH?9 CKHH;DJ, +;I?IJ7D9;, 7D: (>C'I %7M UFCL
CJCARPGAGRW ?LB K?ELCRGQK ?PC AMTCPCB. 4FC GLGRG?J KMBSJCQ GL RFGQ RCVR@MMI ?PC AMLACPLCB UGRF KCAF?LGAQ, DJSGBQ, FC?R, ?LB U?TCQ. )L RFCQC QS@HCARQ
?JJ NCPRGLCLR NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ A?L @C CVNPCQQCB GL RCPKQ MD RFC DSLB?KCLR?J SLGRQ MD JCLERF, K?QQ, ?LB RGKC.
-CRPGA 0PCDGVCQ
3) SLGRQ ?PC N?PR MD RFC C;JH?9 IOIJ;C. 4FC KCRPGA QWQRCK GQ AMLTCLGCLR DMP QAGCLRGDGA ?LB CLEGLCCPGLE A?JASJ?RGMLQ @CA?SQC RFC SLGRQ ?PC A?RCEMPGXCB
@W D?ARMPQ MD 10. -78B; 1.2 EGTCQ KCRPGA NPCDGVCQ ?LB QWK@MJQ SQCB RM BCLMRC T?PGMSQ D?ARMPQ MD 10.
-CRPGA QWQRCKQ F?TC RFC ?BT?LR?EC RF?R AMLTCPQGMLQ MD SLGRQ GLTMJTC MLJW NMUCPQ MD 10. 4FCPC ?PC 100 ACLRGKCRCPQ GL ? KCRCP, 1000 KCRCPQ GL ?
IGJMKCRCP, ?LB QM ML. )L LMLKCRPGA QWQRCKQ, QSAF ?Q RFC QWQRCK MD 5.3. ASQRMK?PW SLGRQ, RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ ?PC LMR ?Q QGKNJCrRFCPC ?PC 12 GLAFCQ GL ?
DMMR, 5280 DCCR GL ? KGJC, ?LB QM ML. !LMRFCP ?BT?LR?EC MD RFC KCRPGA QWQRCK GQ RF?R RFC Q?KC SLGR A?L @C SQCB MTCP CVRPCKCJW J?PEC P?LECQ MD T?JSCQ
QGKNJW @W SQGLE ?L ?NNPMNPG?RC KCRPGA NPCDGV. &MP CV?KNJC, BGQR?LACQ GL KCRCPQ ?PC QSGR?@JC GL AMLQRPSARGML, UFGJC BGQR?LACQ GL IGJMKCRCPQ ?PC
?NNPMNPG?RC DMP ?GP RP?TCJ, ?LB RFC RGLW KC?QSPC MD L?LMKCRCPQ ?PC AMLTCLGCLR GL MNRGA?J BCQGEL. 7GRF RFC KCRPGA QWQRCK RFCPC GQ LM LCCB RM GLTCLR LCU
SLGRQ DMP N?PRGASJ?P ?NNJGA?RGMLQ.
4FC RCPK EH:;H E< C7=D?JK:; PCDCPQ RM RFC QA?JC MD ? T?JSC CVNPCQQCB GL RFC KCRPGA QWQRCK. %?AF NMUCP MD 10 GL RFC KCRPGA QWQRCK PCNPCQCLRQ ?
BGDDCPCLR MPBCP MD K?ELGRSBC. &MP CV?KNJC, 10
1
, 10
2
, 10
3
, ?LB QM DMPRF ?PC ?JJ BGDDCPCLR MPBCPQ MD K?ELGRSBC. !JJ OS?LRGRGCQ RF?R A?L @C CVNPCQQCB ?Q
? NPMBSAR MD ? QNCAGDGA NMUCP MD 10 ?PC Q?GB RM @C MD RFC F4@8 MPBCP MD K?ELGRSBC. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC LSK@CP 800 A?L @C UPGRRCL ?Q 810
2
, ?LB
#(!04%2 1 Y ).42/$5#4)/.: 4(% .!452% /& 3#)%.#% !.$ 0(93)#3 19
RFC LSK@CP 450 A?L @C UPGRRCL ?Q 4.510
2
. 4FSQ, RFC LSK@CPQ 800 ?LB 450 ?PC MD RFC Q?KC MPBCP MD K?ELGRSBC: 10
2
. /PBCP MD K?ELGRSBC
A?L @C RFMSEFR MD ?Q ? @?JJN?PI CQRGK?RC DMP RFC QA?JC MD ? T?JSC. 4FC BG?KCRCP MD ?L ?RMK GQ ML RFC MPBCP MD 10
9
m, UFGJC RFC BG?KCRCP MD RFC 3SL
GQ ML RFC MPBCP MD 10
9
m.
4FC 1SCQR DMP -GAPMQAMNGA 3R?LB?PBQ DMP "?QGA 5LGRQ
4FC DSLB?KCLR?J SLGRQ BCQAPG@CB GL RFGQ AF?NRCP ?PC RFMQC RF?R NPMBSAC RFC EPC?RCQR ?AASP?AW ?LB NPCAGQGML GL KC?QSPCKCLR. 4FCPC GQ ? QCLQC
?KMLE NFWQGAGQRQ RF?R, @CA?SQC RFCPC GQ ?L SLBCPJWGLE KGAPMQAMNGA QS@QRPSARSPC RM K?RRCP, GR UMSJB @C KMQR Q?RGQDWGLE RM @?QC MSP QR?LB?PBQ MD
KC?QSPCKCLR ML KGAPMQAMNGA M@HCARQ ?LB DSLB?KCLR?J NFWQGA?J NFCLMKCL? QSAF ?Q RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. ! KGAPMQAMNGA QR?LB?PB F?Q @CCL
?AAMKNJGQFCB DMP RFC QR?LB?PB MD RGKC, UFGAF GQ @?QCB ML RFC MQAGJJ?RGMLQ MD RFC ACQGSK ?RMK.
4FC QR?LB?PB DMP JCLERF U?Q MLAC @?QCB ML RFC U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR (? QK?JJ-QA?JC JCLERF) CKGRRCB @W ? ACPR?GL RWNC MD ?RMK, @SR GR F?Q @CCL
QSNNJ?LRCB @W RFC KMPC NPCAGQC KC?QSPCKCLR MD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. )D GR @CAMKCQ NMQQG@JC RM KC?QSPC RFC K?QQ MD ?RMKQ MP ? N?PRGASJ?P
?PP?LECKCLR MD ?RMKQ QSAF ?Q ? QGJGAML QNFCPC RM EPC?RCP NPCAGQGML RF?L RFC IGJMEP?K QR?LB?PB, GR K?W @CAMKC NMQQG@JC RM @?QC K?QQ
KC?QSPCKCLRQ ML RFC QK?JJ QA?JC. 4FCPC ?PC ?JQM NMQQG@GJGRGCQ RF?R CJCARPGA?J NFCLMKCL? ML RFC QK?JJ QA?JC K?W QMKCB?W ?JJMU SQ RM @?QC ? SLGR
MD AF?PEC ML RFC AF?PEC MD CJCARPMLQ ?LB NPMRMLQ, @SR ?R NPCQCLR ASPPCLR ?LB AF?PEC ?PC PCJ?RCB RM J?PEC-QA?JC ASPPCLRQ ?LB DMPACQ @CRUCCL UGPCQ.
4?@JC 1.2 -CRPGA 0PCDGVCQ DMP 0MUCPQ MD 10 ?LB RFCGP 3WK@MJQ
)H;<?N ,OC8EB /7BK;
415
EN7CFB; (IEC; 7H; 7FFHEN?C7J;)
CV? % 10
18
CV?KCRCP %K 10
18
m BGQR?LAC JGEFR RP?TCJQ GL ? ACLRSPW
NCR? 0 10
15
NCR?QCAMLB 0Q 10
15
s 30 KGJJGML WC?PQ
RCP? 4 10
12
RCP?U?RR 47 10
12
W NMUCPDSJ J?QCP MSRNSR
EGE? ' 10
9
EGE?FCPRX '(X 10
9
Hz ? KGAPMU?TC DPCOSCLAW
KCE? - 10
6
KCE?ASPGC -#G 10
6
Ci FGEF P?BGM?ARGTGRW
IGJM I 10
3
IGJMKCRCP IK 10
3
m ?@MSR 6/10 KGJC
FCARM F 10
2
FCARMJGRCP F, 10
2
L 26 E?JJMLQ
BCI? B? 10
1
BCI?EP?K B?E 10
1
g RC?QNMML MD @SRRCP
r r 10
0
(=1)
BCAG B 10
1
BCAGJGRCP B, 10
1
L JCQQ RF?L F?JD ? QMB?
ACLRG A 10
2
ACLRGKCRCP AK 10
2
m DGLECPRGN RFGAILCQQ
KGJJG K 10
3
KGJJGKCRCP KK 10
3
m DJC? ?R GRQ QFMSJBCPQ
KGAPM ^ 10
6
KGAPMKCRCP ^K 10
6
m BCR?GJ GL KGAPMQAMNC
L?LM L 10
9
L?LMEP?K LE 10
9
g QK?JJ QNCAI MD BSQR
NGAM N 10
12
NGAMD?P?B N& 10
12
F QK?JJ A?N?AGRMP GL P?BGM
DCKRM D 10
15
DCKRMKCRCP DK 10
15
m QGXC MD ? NPMRML
?RRM ? 10
18
?RRMQCAMLB ?Q 10
18
s RGKC JGEFR APMQQCQ ?L ?RMK
+LMUL 2?LECQ MD ,CLERF, -?QQ, ?LB 4GKC
4FC T?QRLCQQ MD RFC SLGTCPQC ?LB RFC @PC?BRF MTCP UFGAF NFWQGAQ ?NNJGCQ ?PC GJJSQRP?RCB @W RFC UGBC P?LEC MD CV?KNJCQ MD ILMUL JCLERFQ, K?QQCQ,
?LB RGKCQ GL -78B; 1.3. %V?KGL?RGML MD RFGQ R?@JC UGJJ EGTC WMS QMKC DCCJGLE DMP RFC P?LEC MD NMQQG@JC RMNGAQ ?LB LSKCPGA?J T?JSCQ. (3CC F?=KH; 1.20
?LB F?=KH; 1.21.)
1. ,;; !NNCLBGV ! <EH 7 :?I9KII?ED E< FEM;HI E< 10.
20 #(!04%2 1 Y ).42/$5#4)/.: 4(% .!452% /& 3#)%.#% !.$ 0(93)#3
F?=KH; 1.20 4GLW NFWRMNJ?LIRML QUGKQ ?KMLE APWQR?JQ MD GAC GL RFC !LR?PARGA 3C?. 4FCW P?LEC DPMK ? DCU KGAPMKCRCPQ RM ?Q KSAF ?Q 2 KGJJGKCRCPQ GL JCLERF. (APCBGR: 0PMD.
'MPBML 4. 4?WJMP, 3RMLW "PMMI 5LGTCPQGRW; ./!! #MPNQ #MJJCARGMLQ)
F?=KH; 1.21 '?J?VGCQ AMJJGBC 2.4 @GJJGML JGEFR WC?PQ ?U?W DPMK %?PRF. 4FC RPCKCLBMSQ P?LEC MD M@QCPT?@JC NFCLMKCL? GL L?RSPC AF?JJCLECQ RFC GK?EGL?RGML. (APCBGR: .!3!/
#8#/56GA./!. -?FB?TG CR ?J. /NRGA?J/JCLQGLE: #&(4/56GA./(. (MCIQRP? CR ?J.)
5LGR #MLTCPQGML ?LB $GKCLQGML?J !L?JWQGQ
)R GQ MDRCL LCACQQ?PW RM AMLTCPR DPMK MLC RWNC MD SLGR RM ?LMRFCP. &MP CV?KNJC, GD WMS ?PC PC?BGLE ? %SPMNC?L AMMI@MMI, QMKC OS?LRGRGCQ K?W @C
CVNPCQQCB GL SLGRQ MD JGRCPQ ?LB WMS LCCB RM AMLTCPR RFCK RM ASNQ. /P, NCPF?NQ WMS ?PC PC?BGLE U?JIGLE BGPCARGMLQ DPMK MLC JMA?RGML RM ?LMRFCP ?LB
WMS ?PC GLRCPCQRCB GL FMU K?LW KGJCQ WMS UGJJ @C U?JIGLE. )L RFGQ A?QC, WMS UGJJ LCCB RM AMLTCPR SLGRQ MD DCCR RM KGJCQ.
,CR SQ AMLQGBCP ? QGKNJC CV?KNJC MD FMU RM AMLTCPR SLGRQ. ,CR SQ Q?W RF?R UC U?LR RM AMLTCPR 80 KCRCPQ (K) RM IGJMKCRCPQ (IK).
4FC DGPQR RFGLE RM BM GQ RM JGQR RFC SLGRQ RF?R WMS F?TC ?LB RFC SLGRQ RF?R WMS U?LR RM AMLTCPR RM. )L RFGQ A?QC, UC F?TC SLGRQ GL @8G8EF ?LB UC U?LR RM
AMLTCPR RM ><?B@8G8EF.
.CVR, UC LCCB RM BCRCPKGLC ? 9EDL;HI?ED <79JEH PCJ?RGLE KCRCPQ RM IGJMKCRCPQ. ! AMLTCPQGML D?ARMP GQ ? P?RGM CVNPCQQGLE FMU K?LW MD MLC SLGR ?PC
COS?J RM ?LMRFCP SLGR. &MP CV?KNJC, RFCPC ?PC 12 GLAFCQ GL 1 DMMR, 100 ACLRGKCRCPQ GL 1 KCRCP, 60 QCAMLBQ GL 1 KGLSRC, ?LB QM ML. )L RFGQ A?QC, UC
ILMU RF?R RFCPC ?PC 1,000 KCRCPQ GL 1 IGJMKCRCP.
.MU UC A?L QCR SN MSP SLGR AMLTCPQGML. 7C UGJJ UPGRC RFC SLGRQ RF?R UC F?TC ?LB RFCL KSJRGNJW RFCK @W RFC AMLTCPQGML D?ARMP QM RF?R RFC SLGRQ A?LACJ
MSR, ?Q QFMUL:
(1.1)
80m
1 km
1000m
= 0.080 km.
.MRC RF?R RFC SLU?LRCB K SLGR A?LACJQ, JC?TGLE MLJW RFC BCQGPCB IK SLGR. 9MS A?L SQC RFGQ KCRFMB RM AMLTCPR @CRUCCL ?LW RWNCQ MD SLGR.
#JGAI AFF;D:?N C DMP ? KMPC AMKNJCRC JGQR MD AMLTCPQGML D?ARMPQ.
#(!04%2 1 Y ).42/$5#4)/.: 4(% .!452% /& 3#)%.#% !.$ 0(93)#3 21
4?@JC 1.3 !NNPMVGK?RC 6?JSCQ MD ,CLERF, -?QQ, ?LB 4GKC
%;D=J>I ?D C;J;HI
&7II;I ?D A?BE=H7CI (CEH; FH;9?I;
L7BK;I ?D F7H;DJ>;I;I)
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L7BK;I ?D F7H;DJ>;I;I)
10
18
0PCQCLR CVNCPGKCLR?J JGKGR RM QK?JJCQR
M@QCPT?@JC BCR?GJ
10
30
-?QQ MD ?L CJCARPML
9.1110
31
kg
10
23
4GKC DMP JGEFR RM APMQQ ? NPMRML
10
15
$G?KCRCP MD ? NPMRML 10
27
-?QQ MD ? FWBPMECL ?RMK
1.6710
27
kg
10
22
-C?L JGDC MD ?L CVRPCKCJW SLQR?@JC
LSAJCSQ
10
14
$G?KCRCP MD ? SP?LGSK LSAJCSQ 10
15
-?QQ MD ? @?ARCPGSK 10
15
4GKC DMP MLC MQAGJJ?RGML MD TGQG@JC
JGEFR
10
10
$G?KCRCP MD ? FWBPMECL ?RMK 10
5
-?QQ MD ? KMQOSGRM 10
13
4GKC DMP MLC TG@P?RGML MD ?L ?RMK
GL ? QMJGB
10
8
4FGAILCQQ MD KCK@P?LCQ GL ACJJQ MD JGTGLE
MPE?LGQKQ
10
2
-?QQ MD ? FSKKGLE@GPB 10
8
4GKC DMP MLC MQAGJJ?RGML MD ?L &-
P?BGM U?TC
10
6
7?TCJCLERF MD TGQG@JC JGEFR 1
-?QQ MD ? JGRCP MD U?RCP (?@MSR ?
OS?PR)
10
3
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3
3GXC MD ? EP?GL MD Q?LB 10
2
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1 (CGEFR MD ? 4-WC?P-MJB AFGJB 10
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5
/LC B?W

8.6410
4
s
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2
,CLERF MD ? DMMR@?JJ DGCJB 10
8
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3.1610
7
s
10
4
'PC?RCQR MAC?L BCNRF 10
12
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9
!@MSR F?JD RFC JGDC CVNCAR?LAW MD ?
FSK?L
10
7
$G?KCRCP MD RFC %?PRF 10
15
-?QQ MD RFC LSAJCSQ MD ? AMKCR 10
11
2CAMPBCB FGQRMPW
10
11
$GQR?LAC DPMK RFC %?PRF RM RFC 3SL 10
23
-?QQ MD RFC -MML

7.3510
22
kg
10
17
!EC MD RFC %?PRF
10
16
$GQR?LAC RP?TCJCB @W JGEFR GL 1 WC?P (? JGEFR
WC?P)
10
25
-?QQ MD RFC %?PRF

5.9710
24
kg
10
18
!EC MD RFC SLGTCPQC
10
21
$G?KCRCP MD RFC -GJIW 7?W E?J?VW 10
30
-?QQ MD RFC 3SL

1.9910
30
kg
10
22
$GQR?LAC DPMK RFC %?PRF RM RFC LC?PCQR J?PEC
E?J?VW (!LBPMKCB?)
10
42
-?QQ MD RFC -GJIW 7?W E?J?VW
(ASPPCLR SNNCP JGKGR)
10
26
$GQR?LAC DPMK RFC %?PRF RM RFC CBECQ MD RFC
ILMUL SLGTCPQC
10
53
-?QQ MD RFC ILMUL SLGTCPQC (ASPPCLR
SNNCP JGKGR)
EN7CFB; 1.1 .D?J CEDL;HI?EDI: A ,>EHJ DH?L; !EC;
3SNNMQC RF?R WMS BPGTC RFC 10.0 IK DPMK WMSP SLGTCPQGRW RM FMKC GL 20.0 KGL. #?JASJ?RC WMSP ?TCP?EC QNCCB (?) GL IGJMKCRCPQ NCP FMSP (IK/F) ?LB
(@) GL KCRCPQ NCP QCAMLB (K/Q). (.MRC: !TCP?EC QNCCB GQ BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB BGTGBCB @W RGKC MD RP?TCJ.)
,JH7J;=O
&GPQR UC A?JASJ?RC RFC ?TCP?EC QNCCB SQGLE RFC EGTCL SLGRQ. 4FCL UC A?L ECR RFC ?TCP?EC QNCCB GLRM RFC BCQGPCB SLGRQ @W NGAIGLE RFC AMPPCAR
AMLTCPQGML D?ARMP ?LB KSJRGNJWGLE @W GR. 4FC AMPPCAR AMLTCPQGML D?ARMP GQ RFC MLC RF?R A?LACJQ RFC SLU?LRCB SLGR ?LB JC?TCQ RFC BCQGPCB SLGR GL GRQ
NJ?AC.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
(1) #?JASJ?RC ?TCP?EC QNCCB. !TCP?EC QNCCB GQ BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB BGTGBCB @W RGKC MD RP?TCJ. (4?IC RFGQ BCDGLGRGML ?Q ? EGTCL DMP LMUr?TCP?EC
QNCCB ?LB MRFCP KMRGML AMLACNRQ UGJJ @C AMTCPCB GL ? J?RCP KMBSJC.) )L COS?RGML DMPK,
(1.2)
average speed =
distance
time
.
(2) 3S@QRGRSRC RFC EGTCL T?JSCQ DMP BGQR?LAC ?LB RGKC.
(1.3)
average speed =
10.0 km
20.0 min
= 0.500
km
min
.
(3) #MLTCPR IK/KGL RM IK/F: KSJRGNJW @W RFC AMLTCPQGML D?ARMP RF?R UGJJ A?LACJ KGLSRCQ ?LB JC?TC FMSPQ. 4F?R AMLTCPQGML D?ARMP GQ 60 min/hr .
4FSQ,
(1.4)
average speed =0.500
km
min
60 min
1 h
= 30.0
km
h
.
22 #(!04%2 1 Y ).42/$5#4)/.: 4(% .!452% /& 3#)%.#% !.$ 0(93)#3
D?I9KII?ED <EH (7)
4M AFCAI WMSP ?LQUCP, AMLQGBCP RFC DMJJMUGLE:
(1) "C QSPC RF?R WMS F?TC NPMNCPJW A?LACJJCB RFC SLGRQ GL RFC SLGR AMLTCPQGML. )D WMS F?TC UPGRRCL RFC SLGR AMLTCPQGML D?ARMP SNQGBC BMUL, RFC SLGRQ
UGJJ LMR A?LACJ NPMNCPJW GL RFC COS?RGML. )D WMS ?AAGBCLR?JJW ECR RFC P?RGM SNQGBC BMUL, RFCL RFC SLGRQ UGJJ LMR A?LACJ; P?RFCP, RFCW UGJJ EGTC WMS RFC
UPMLE SLGRQ ?Q DMJJMUQ:
(1.5)
km
min
1 hr
60 min
=
1
60
km hr
min
2
,
UFGAF ?PC M@TGMSQJW LMR RFC BCQGPCB SLGRQ MD IK/F.
(2) #FCAI RF?R RFC SLGRQ MD RFC DGL?J ?LQUCP ?PC RFC BCQGPCB SLGRQ. 4FC NPM@JCK ?QICB SQ RM QMJTC DMP ?TCP?EC QNCCB GL SLGRQ MD IK/F ?LB UC F?TC
GLBCCB M@R?GLCB RFCQC SLGRQ.
(3) #FCAI RFC QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ. "CA?SQC C?AF MD RFC T?JSCQ EGTCL GL RFC NPM@JCK F?Q RFPCC QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ, RFC ?LQUCP QFMSJB ?JQM F?TC
RFPCC QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ. 4FC ?LQUCP 30.0 IK/FP BMCQ GLBCCB F?TC RFPCC QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ, QM RFGQ GQ ?NNPMNPG?RC. .MRC RF?R RFC QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ
GL RFC AMLTCPQGML D?ARMP ?PC LMR PCJCT?LR @CA?SQC ?L FMSP GQ 789<A87 RM @C 60 KGLSRCQ, QM RFC NPCAGQGML MD RFC AMLTCPQGML D?ARMP GQ NCPDCAR.
(4) .CVR, AFCAI UFCRFCP RFC ?LQUCP GQ PC?QML?@JC. ,CR SQ AMLQGBCP QMKC GLDMPK?RGML DPMK RFC NPM@JCKrGD WMS RP?TCJ 10 IK GL ? RFGPB MD ?L FMSP
(20 KGL), WMS UMSJB RP?TCJ RFPCC RGKCQ RF?R D?P GL ?L FMSP. 4FC ?LQUCP BMCQ QCCK PC?QML?@JC.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
4FCPC ?PC QCTCP?J U?WQ RM AMLTCPR RFC ?TCP?EC QNCCB GLRM KCRCPQ NCP QCAMLB.
(1) 3R?PR UGRF RFC ?LQUCP RM (?) ?LB AMLTCPR IK/F RM K/Q. 4UM AMLTCPQGML D?ARMPQ ?PC LCCBCBrMLC RM AMLTCPR FMSPQ RM QCAMLBQ, ?LB ?LMRFCP RM
AMLTCPR IGJMKCRCPQ RM KCRCPQ.
(2) -SJRGNJWGLE @W RFCQC WGCJBQ
(1.6)
Average speed = 30.0
km
h

1 h
3,600 s
1,000 m
1 km
,
(1.7)
Average speed = 8.33
m
s
.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (8)
)D UC F?B QR?PRCB UGRF 0.500 IK/KGL, UC UMSJB F?TC LCCBCB BGDDCPCLR AMLTCPQGML D?ARMPQ, @SR RFC ?LQUCP UMSJB F?TC @CCL RFC Q?KC: 8.33 K/Q.
9MS K?W F?TC LMRCB RF?R RFC ?LQUCPQ GL RFC UMPICB CV?KNJC HSQR AMTCPCB UCPC EGTCL RM RFPCC BGEGRQ. 7FW? 7FCL BM WMS LCCB RM @C AMLACPLCB
?@MSR RFC LSK@CP MD BGEGRQ GL QMKCRFGLE WMS A?JASJ?RC? 7FW LMR UPGRC BMUL ?JJ RFC BGEGRQ WMSP A?JASJ?RMP NPMBSACQ? 4FC KMBSJC A99KH79O,
)H;9?I?ED, 7D: ,?=D?<?97DJ F?=KH;I UGJJ FCJN WMS ?LQUCP RFCQC OSCQRGMLQ.
.MLQR?LB?PB 5LGRQ
7FGJC RFCPC ?PC LSKCPMSQ RWNCQ MD SLGRQ RF?R UC ?PC ?JJ D?KGJG?P UGRF, RFCPC ?PC MRFCPQ RF?R ?PC KSAF KMPC M@QASPC. &MP CV?KNJC, ? <?HA?D GQ ? SLGR
MD TMJSKC RF?R U?Q MLAC SQCB RM KC?QSPC @CCP. /LC DGPIGL COS?JQ ?@MSR 34 JGRCPQ. 4M JC?PL KMPC ?@MSR LMLQR?LB?PB SLGRQ, SQC ? BGARGML?PW MP
CLAWAJMNCBG? RM PCQC?PAF BGDDCPCLR uUCGEFRQ ?LB KC?QSPCQ.v 4?IC LMRC MD ?LW SLSQS?J SLGRQ, QSAF ?Q ? @?PJCWAMPL, RF?R ?PC LMR JGQRCB GL RFC RCVR.
4FGLI ?@MSR FMU RFC SLGR GQ BCDGLCB ?LB QR?RC GRQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN RM 3) SLGRQ.
3MKC FSKKGLE@GPBQ @C?R RFCGP UGLEQ KMPC RF?L 50 RGKCQ NCP QCAMLB. ! QAGCLRGQR GQ KC?QSPGLE RFC RGKC GR R?ICQ DMP ? FSKKGLE@GPB RM @C?R GRQ
UGLEQ MLAC. 7FGAF DSLB?KCLR?J SLGR QFMSJB RFC QAGCLRGQR SQC RM BCQAPG@C RFC KC?QSPCKCLR? 7FGAF D?ARMP MD 10 GQ RFC QAGCLRGQR JGICJW RM SQC RM
BCQAPG@C RFC KMRGML NPCAGQCJW? )BCLRGDW RFC KCRPGA NPCDGV RF?R AMPPCQNMLBQ RM RFGQ D?ARMP MD 10.
,EBKJ?ED
4FC QAGCLRGQR UGJJ KC?QSPC RFC RGKC @CRUCCL C?AF KMTCKCLR SQGLE RFC DSLB?KCLR?J SLGR MD QCAMLBQ. "CA?SQC RFC UGLEQ @C?R QM D?QR, RFC QAGCLRGQR
UGJJ NPM@?@JW LCCB RM KC?QSPC GL KGJJGQCAMLBQ, MP 10
3
QCAMLBQ. (50 @C?RQ NCP QCAMLB AMPPCQNMLBQ RM 20 KGJJGQCAMLBQ NCP @C?R.)
/LC AS@GA ACLRGKCRCP GQ COS?J RM MLC KGJJGJGRCP. 7F?R BMCQ RFGQ RCJJ WMS ?@MSR RFC BGDDCPCLR SLGRQ GL RFC 3) KCRPGA QWQRCK?
,EBKJ?ED
4FC DSLB?KCLR?J SLGR MD JCLERF (KCRCP) GQ NPM@?@JW SQCB RM APC?RC RFC BCPGTCB SLGR MD TMJSKC (JGRCP). 4FC KC?QSPC MD ? KGJJGJGRCP GQ BCNCLBCLR ML RFC
KC?QSPC MD ? ACLRGKCRCP.
#(!04%2 1 Y ).42/$5#4)/.: 4(% .!452% /& 3#)%.#% !.$ 0(93)#3 23
1.3 A99KH79O, )H;9?I?ED, 7D: ,?=D?<?97DJ F?=KH;I
F?=KH; 1.22 ! BMS@JC-N?L KCAF?LGA?J @?J?LAC GQ SQCB RM AMKN?PC BGDDCPCLR K?QQCQ. 5QS?JJW ?L M@HCAR UGRF SLILMUL K?QQ GQ NJ?ACB GL MLC N?L ?LB M@HCARQ MD ILMUL K?QQ ?PC
NJ?ACB GL RFC MRFCP N?L. 7FCL RFC @?P RF?R AMLLCARQ RFC RUM N?LQ GQ FMPGXMLR?J, RFCL RFC K?QQCQ GL @MRF N?LQ ?PC COS?J. 4FC uILMUL K?QQCQv ?PC RWNGA?JJW KCR?J AWJGLBCPQ MD
QR?LB?PB K?QQ QSAF ?Q 1 EP?K, 10 EP?KQ, ?LB 100 EP?KQ. (APCBGR: 3CPEC -CJIG)
F?=KH; 1.23 -?LW KCAF?LGA?J @?J?LACQ, QSAF ?Q BMS@JC-N?L @?J?LACQ, F?TC @CCL PCNJ?ACB @W BGEGR?J QA?JCQ, UFGAF A?L RWNGA?JJW KC?QSPC RFC K?QQ MD ?L M@HCAR KMPC
NPCAGQCJW. 7FCPC?Q ? KCAF?LGA?J @?J?LAC K?W MLJW PC?B RFC K?QQ MD ?L M@HCAR RM RFC LC?PCQR RCLRF MD ? EP?K, K?LW BGEGR?J QA?JCQ A?L KC?QSPC RFC K?QQ MD ?L M@HCAR SN RM RFC
LC?PCQR RFMSQ?LBRF MD ? EP?K. (APCBGR: +?PCJ *?IS@CA)
!AASP?AW ?LB 0PCAGQGML MD ? -C?QSPCKCLR
3AGCLAC GQ @?QCB ML M@QCPT?RGML ?LB CVNCPGKCLRrRF?R GQ, ML KC?QSPCKCLRQ. A99KH79O GQ FMU AJMQC ? KC?QSPCKCLR GQ RM RFC AMPPCAR T?JSC DMP RF?R
KC?QSPCKCLR. &MP CV?KNJC, JCR SQ Q?W RF?R WMS ?PC KC?QSPGLE RFC JCLERF MD QR?LB?PB AMKNSRCP N?NCP. 4FC N?AI?EGLE GL UFGAF WMS NSPAF?QCB RFC
N?NCP QR?RCQ RF?R GR GQ 11.0 GLAFCQ JMLE. 9MS KC?QSPC RFC JCLERF MD RFC N?NCP RFPCC RGKCQ ?LB M@R?GL RFC DMJJMUGLE KC?QSPCKCLRQ: 11.1 GL., 11.2 GL., ?LB
10.9 GL. 4FCQC KC?QSPCKCLRQ ?PC OSGRC ?AASP?RC @CA?SQC RFCW ?PC TCPW AJMQC RM RFC AMPPCAR T?JSC MD 11.0 GLAFCQ. )L AMLRP?QR, GD WMS F?B M@R?GLCB ?
KC?QSPCKCLR MD 12 GLAFCQ, WMSP KC?QSPCKCLR UMSJB LMR @C TCPW ?AASP?RC.
4FC FH;9?I?ED MD ? KC?QSPCKCLR QWQRCK GQ PCDCPQ RM FMU AJMQC RFC ?EPCCKCLR GQ @CRUCCL PCNC?RCB KC?QSPCKCLRQ (UFGAF ?PC PCNC?RCB SLBCP RFC
Q?KC AMLBGRGMLQ). #MLQGBCP RFC CV?KNJC MD RFC N?NCP KC?QSPCKCLRQ. 4FC NPCAGQGML MD RFC KC?QSPCKCLRQ PCDCPQ RM RFC QNPC?B MD RFC KC?QSPCB
T?JSCQ. /LC U?W RM ?L?JWXC RFC NPCAGQGML MD RFC KC?QSPCKCLRQ UMSJB @C RM BCRCPKGLC RFC P?LEC, MP BGDDCPCLAC, @CRUCCL RFC JMUCQR ?LB RFC FGEFCQR
KC?QSPCB T?JSCQ. )L RF?R A?QC, RFC JMUCQR T?JSC U?Q 10.9 GL. ?LB RFC FGEFCQR T?JSC U?Q 11.2 GL. 4FSQ, RFC KC?QSPCB T?JSCQ BCTG?RCB DPMK C?AF MRFCP
@W ?R KMQR 0.3 GL. 4FCQC KC?QSPCKCLRQ UCPC PCJ?RGTCJW NPCAGQC @CA?SQC RFCW BGB LMR T?PW RMM KSAF GL T?JSC. (MUCTCP, GD RFC KC?QSPCB T?JSCQ F?B
@CCL 10.9, 11.1, ?LB 11.9, RFCL RFC KC?QSPCKCLRQ UMSJB LMR @C TCPW NPCAGQC @CA?SQC RFCPC UMSJB @C QGELGDGA?LR T?PG?RGML DPMK MLC KC?QSPCKCLR RM
?LMRFCP.
4FC KC?QSPCKCLRQ GL RFC N?NCP CV?KNJC ?PC @MRF ?AASP?RC ?LB NPCAGQC, @SR GL QMKC A?QCQ, KC?QSPCKCLRQ ?PC ?AASP?RC @SR LMR NPCAGQC, MP RFCW ?PC
NPCAGQC @SR LMR ?AASP?RC. ,CR SQ AMLQGBCP ?L CV?KNJC MD ? '03 QWQRCK RF?R GQ ?RRCKNRGLE RM JMA?RC RFC NMQGRGML MD ? PCQR?SP?LR GL ? AGRW. 4FGLI MD RFC
PCQR?SP?LR JMA?RGML ?Q CVGQRGLE ?R RFC ACLRCP MD ? @SJJtQ-CWC R?PECR, ?LB RFGLI MD C?AF '03 ?RRCKNR RM JMA?RC RFC PCQR?SP?LR ?Q ? @J?AI BMR. )L F?=KH;
1.24, WMS A?L QCC RF?R RFC '03 KC?QSPCKCLRQ ?PC QNPC?B MSR D?P ?N?PR DPMK C?AF MRFCP, @SR RFCW ?PC ?JJ PCJ?RGTCJW AJMQC RM RFC ?ARS?J JMA?RGML MD RFC
PCQR?SP?LR ?R RFC ACLRCP MD RFC R?PECR. 4FGQ GLBGA?RCQ ? JMU NPCAGQGML, FGEF ?AASP?AW KC?QSPGLE QWQRCK. (MUCTCP, GL F?=KH; 1.25, RFC '03
KC?QSPCKCLRQ ?PC AMLACLRP?RCB OSGRC AJMQCJW RM MLC ?LMRFCP, @SR RFCW ?PC D?P ?U?W DPMK RFC R?PECR JMA?RGML. 4FGQ GLBGA?RCQ ? FGEF NPCAGQGML, JMU
?AASP?AW KC?QSPGLE QWQRCK.
24 #(!04%2 1 Y ).42/$5#4)/.: 4(% .!452% /& 3#)%.#% !.$ 0(93)#3
F?=KH; 1.24 ! '03 QWQRCK ?RRCKNRQ RM JMA?RC ? PCQR?SP?LR ?R RFC ACLRCP MD RFC @SJJtQ-CWC. 4FC @J?AI BMRQ PCNPCQCLR C?AF ?RRCKNR RM NGLNMGLR RFC JMA?RGML MD RFC PCQR?SP?LR. 4FC
BMRQ ?PC QNPC?B MSR OSGRC D?P ?N?PR DPMK MLC ?LMRFCP, GLBGA?RGLE JMU NPCAGQGML, @SR RFCW ?PC C?AF P?RFCP AJMQC RM RFC ?ARS?J JMA?RGML MD RFC PCQR?SP?LR, GLBGA?RGLE FGEF ?AASP?AW.
(APCBGR: $?PI %TGJ)
F?=KH; 1.25 )L RFGQ DGESPC, RFC BMRQ ?PC AMLACLRP?RCB P?RFCP AJMQCJW RM MLC ?LMRFCP, GLBGA?RGLE FGEF NPCAGQGML, @SR RFCW ?PC P?RFCP D?P ?U?W DPMK RFC ?ARS?J JMA?RGML MD RFC
PCQR?SP?LR, GLBGA?RGLE JMU ?AASP?AW. (APCBGR: $?PI %TGJ)
!AASP?AW, 0PCAGQGML, ?LB 5LACPR?GLRW
4FC BCEPCC MD ?AASP?AW ?LB NPCAGQGML MD ? KC?QSPGLE QWQRCK ?PC PCJ?RCB RM RFC KD9;HJ7?DJO GL RFC KC?QSPCKCLRQ. 5LACPR?GLRW GQ ? OS?LRGR?RGTC
KC?QSPC MD FMU KSAF WMSP KC?QSPCB T?JSCQ BCTG?RC DPMK ? QR?LB?PB MP CVNCARCB T?JSC. )D WMSP KC?QSPCKCLRQ ?PC LMR TCPW ?AASP?RC MP NPCAGQC, RFCL
RFC SLACPR?GLRW MD WMSP T?JSCQ UGJJ @C TCPW FGEF. )L KMPC ECLCP?J RCPKQ, SLACPR?GLRW A?L @C RFMSEFR MD ?Q ? BGQAJ?GKCP DMP WMSP KC?QSPCB T?JSCQ. &MP
CV?KNJC, GD QMKCMLC ?QICB WMS RM NPMTGBC RFC KGJC?EC ML WMSP A?P, WMS KGEFR Q?W RF?R GR GQ 45,000 KGJCQ, NJSQ MP KGLSQ 500 KGJCQ. 4FC NJSQ MP KGLSQ
?KMSLR GQ RFC SLACPR?GLRW GL WMSP T?JSC. 4F?R GQ, WMS ?PC GLBGA?RGLE RF?R RFC ?ARS?J KGJC?EC MD WMSP A?P KGEFR @C ?Q JMU ?Q 44,500 KGJCQ MP ?Q FGEF ?Q
45,500 KGJCQ, MP ?LWUFCPC GL @CRUCCL. !JJ KC?QSPCKCLRQ AMLR?GL QMKC ?KMSLR MD SLACPR?GLRW. )L MSP CV?KNJC MD KC?QSPGLE RFC JCLERF MD RFC N?NCP,
UC KGEFR Q?W RF?R RFC JCLERF MD RFC N?NCP GQ 11 GL., NJSQ MP KGLSQ 0.2 GL. 4FC SLACPR?GLRW GL ? KC?QSPCKCLR, A , GQ MDRCL BCLMRCB ?Q A (uBCJR? A v),
QM RFC KC?QSPCKCLR PCQSJR UMSJB @C PCAMPBCB ?Q A A . )L MSP N?NCP CV?KNJC, RFC JCLERF MD RFC N?NCP AMSJB @C CVNPCQQCB ?Q 11 in. 0.2.
4FC D?ARMPQ AMLRPG@SRGLE RM SLACPR?GLRW GL ? KC?QSPCKCLR GLAJSBC:
1. ,GKGR?RGMLQ MD RFC KC?QSPGLE BCTGAC,
2. 4FC QIGJJ MD RFC NCPQML K?IGLE RFC KC?QSPCKCLR,
3. )PPCESJ?PGRGCQ GL RFC M@HCAR @CGLE KC?QSPCB,
4. !LW MRFCP D?ARMPQ RF?R ?DDCAR RFC MSRAMKC (FGEFJW BCNCLBCLR ML RFC QGRS?RGML).
)L MSP CV?KNJC, QSAF D?ARMPQ AMLRPG@SRGLE RM RFC SLACPR?GLRW AMSJB @C RFC DMJJMUGLE: RFC QK?JJCQR BGTGQGML ML RFC PSJCP GQ 0.1 GL., RFC NCPQML SQGLE RFC
PSJCP F?Q @?B CWCQGEFR, MP MLC QGBC MD RFC N?NCP GQ QJGEFRJW JMLECP RF?L RFC MRFCP. !R ?LW P?RC, RFC SLACPR?GLRW GL ? KC?QSPCKCLR KSQR @C @?QCB ML ?
A?PCDSJ AMLQGBCP?RGML MD ?JJ RFC D?ARMPQ RF?R KGEFR AMLRPG@SRC ?LB RFCGP NMQQG@JC CDDCARQ.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 2C?J-7MPJB #MLLCARGMLQ q &CTCPQ MP #FGJJQ?
5LACPR?GLRW GQ ? APGRGA?J NGCAC MD GLDMPK?RGML, @MRF GL NFWQGAQ ?LB GL K?LW MRFCP PC?J-UMPJB ?NNJGA?RGMLQ. )K?EGLC WMS ?PC A?PGLE DMP ? QGAI AFGJB.
9MS QSQNCAR RFC AFGJB F?Q ? DCTCP, QM WMS AFCAI FGQ MP FCP RCKNCP?RSPC UGRF ? RFCPKMKCRCP. 7F?R GD RFC SLACPR?GLRW MD RFC RFCPKMKCRCP UCPC
3.0C? )D RFC AFGJBtQ RCKNCP?RSPC PC?BGLE U?Q 37.0C (UFGAF GQ LMPK?J @MBW RCKNCP?RSPC), RFC uRPSCv RCKNCP?RSPC AMSJB @C ?LWUFCPC DPMK ?
FWNMRFCPKGA 34.0C RM ? B?LECPMSQJW FGEF 40.0C. ! RFCPKMKCRCP UGRF ?L SLACPR?GLRW MD 3.0C UMSJB @C SQCJCQQ.
);H9;DJ .D9;HJ7?DJO
/LC KCRFMB MD CVNPCQQGLE SLACPR?GLRW GQ ?Q ? NCPACLR MD RFC KC?QSPCB T?JSC. )D ? KC?QSPCKCLR A GQ CVNPCQQCB UGRF SLACPR?GLRW, A , RFC F;H9;DJ
KD9;HJ7?DJO (%SLA) GQ BCDGLCB RM @C
(1.8)
% unc =
A
A
100%.
#(!04%2 1 Y ).42/$5#4)/.: 4(% .!452% /& 3#)%.#% !.$ 0(93)#3 25
EN7CFB; 1.2 C7B9KB7J?D= );H9;DJ .D9;HJ7?DJO: A B7= E< AFFB;I
! EPMACPW QRMPC QCJJQ 5-lb @?EQ MD ?NNJCQ. 9MS NSPAF?QC DMSP @?EQ MTCP RFC AMSPQC MD ? KMLRF ?LB UCGEF RFC ?NNJCQ C?AF RGKC. 9MS M@R?GL RFC
DMJJMUGLE KC?QSPCKCLRQ:
w 7CCI 1 UCGEFR: 4.8 lb
9MS BCRCPKGLC RF?R RFC UCGEFR MD RFC 5-lb @?E F?Q ?L SLACPR?GLRW MD 0.4 lb . 7F?R GQ RFC NCPACLR SLACPR?GLRW MD RFC @?EtQ UCGEFR?
,JH7J;=O
&GPQR, M@QCPTC RF?R RFC CVNCARCB T?JSC MD RFC @?EtQ UCGEFR, A , GQ 5 J@. 4FC SLACPR?GLRW GL RFGQ T?JSC, A , GQ 0.4 J@. 7C A?L SQC RFC DMJJMUGLE
COS?RGML RM BCRCPKGLC RFC NCPACLR SLACPR?GLRW MD RFC UCGEFR:
(1.9)
% unc =
A
A
100%.
,EBKJ?ED
0JSE RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC COS?RGML:
(1.10)
% unc =
0.4 lb
5 lb
100% = 8%.
D?I9KII?ED
7C A?L AMLAJSBC RF?R RFC UCGEFR MD RFC ?NNJC @?E GQ 5 lb 8%. #MLQGBCP FMU RFGQ NCPACLR SLACPR?GLRW UMSJB AF?LEC GD RFC @?E MD ?NNJCQ UCPC
F?JD ?Q FC?TW, @SR RFC SLACPR?GLRW GL RFC UCGEFR PCK?GLCB RFC Q?KC. (GLR DMP DSRSPC A?JASJ?RGMLQ: UFCL A?JASJ?RGLE NCPACLR SLACPR?GLRW, ?JU?WQ
PCKCK@CP RF?R WMS KSQR KSJRGNJW RFC DP?ARGML @W 100%. )D WMS BM LMR BM RFGQ, WMS UGJJ F?TC ? BCAGK?J OS?LRGRW, LMR ? NCPACLR T?JSC.
.D9;HJ7?DJ?;I ?D C7B9KB7J?EDI
4FCPC GQ ?L SLACPR?GLRW GL ?LWRFGLE A?JASJ?RCB DPMK KC?QSPCB OS?LRGRGCQ. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC ?PC? MD ? DJMMP A?JASJ?RCB DPMK KC?QSPCKCLRQ MD GRQ JCLERF
?LB UGBRF F?Q ?L SLACPR?GLRW @CA?SQC RFC JCLERF ?LB UGBRF F?TC SLACPR?GLRGCQ. (MU @GE GQ RFC SLACPR?GLRW GL QMKCRFGLE WMS A?JASJ?RC @W KSJRGNJGA?RGML
MP BGTGQGML? )D RFC KC?QSPCKCLRQ EMGLE GLRM RFC A?JASJ?RGML F?TC QK?JJ SLACPR?GLRGCQ (? DCU NCPACLR MP JCQQ), RFCL RFC C;J>E: E< 7::?D= F;H9;DJI A?L
@C SQCB DMP KSJRGNJGA?RGML MP BGTGQGML. 4FGQ KCRFMB Q?WQ RF?R G;8 C8E68AG HA68EG4<AGL <A 4 DH4AG<GL 64?6H?4G87 5L @H?G<C?<64G<BA BE 7<I<F<BA <F G;8 FH@ B9
G;8 C8E68AG HA68EG4<AG<8F <A G;8 <G8@F HF87 GB @4>8 G;8 64?6H?4G<BA. &MP CV?KNJC, GD ? DJMMP F?Q ? JCLERF MD 4.00 m ?LB ? UGBRF MD 3.00 m, UGRF
SLACPR?GLRGCQ MD 2% ?LB 1%, PCQNCARGTCJW, RFCL RFC ?PC? MD RFC DJMMP GQ 12.0 m
2
?LB F?Q ?L SLACPR?GLRW MD 3%. (%VNPCQQCB ?Q ?L ?PC? RFGQ GQ
0.36 m
2
, UFGAF UC PMSLB RM 0.4 m
2
QGLAC RFC ?PC? MD RFC DJMMP GQ EGTCL RM ? RCLRF MD ? QOS?PC KCRCP.)
! FGEF QAFMMJ RP?AI AM?AF F?Q HSQR NSPAF?QCB ? LCU QRMNU?RAF. 4FC QRMNU?RAF K?LS?J QR?RCQ RF?R RFC QRMNU?RAF F?Q ?L SLACPR?GLRW MD 0.05 s
. 2SLLCPQ ML RFC RP?AI AM?AFtQ RC?K PCESJ?PJW AJMAI 100-K QNPGLRQ MD 11.49 s RM 15.01 s . !R RFC QAFMMJtQ J?QR RP?AI KCCR, RFC DGPQR-NJ?AC QNPGLRCP
A?KC GL ?R 12.04 s ?LB RFC QCAMLB-NJ?AC QNPGLRCP A?KC GL ?R 12.07 s . 7GJJ RFC AM?AFtQ LCU QRMNU?RAF @C FCJNDSJ GL RGKGLE RFC QNPGLR RC?K?
7FW MP UFW LMR?
,EBKJ?ED
.M, RFC SLACPR?GLRW GL RFC QRMNU?RAF GQ RMM EPC?R RM CDDCARGTCJW BGDDCPCLRG?RC @CRUCCL RFC QNPGLR RGKCQ.
0PCAGQGML MD -C?QSPGLE 4MMJQ ?LB 3GELGDGA?LR &GESPCQ
!L GKNMPR?LR D?ARMP GL RFC ?AASP?AW ?LB NPCAGQGML MD KC?QSPCKCLRQ GLTMJTCQ RFC NPCAGQGML MD RFC KC?QSPGLE RMMJ. )L ECLCP?J, ? NPCAGQC KC?QSPGLE RMMJ
GQ MLC RF?R A?L KC?QSPC T?JSCQ GL TCPW QK?JJ GLAPCKCLRQ. &MP CV?KNJC, ? QR?LB?PB PSJCP A?L KC?QSPC JCLERF RM RFC LC?PCQR KGJJGKCRCP, UFGJC ? A?JGNCP
A?L KC?QSPC JCLERF RM RFC LC?PCQR 0.01 KGJJGKCRCP. 4FC A?JGNCP GQ ? KMPC NPCAGQC KC?QSPGLE RMMJ @CA?SQC GR A?L KC?QSPC CVRPCKCJW QK?JJ BGDDCPCLACQ
GL JCLERF. 4FC KMPC NPCAGQC RFC KC?QSPGLE RMMJ, RFC KMPC NPCAGQC ?LB ?AASP?RC RFC KC?QSPCKCLRQ A?L @C.
7FCL UC CVNPCQQ KC?QSPCB T?JSCQ, UC A?L MLJW JGQR ?Q K?LW BGEGRQ ?Q UC GLGRG?JJW KC?QSPCB UGRF MSP KC?QSPGLE RMMJ. &MP CV?KNJC, GD WMS SQC ?
QR?LB?PB PSJCP RM KC?QSPC RFC JCLERF MD ? QRGAI, WMS K?W KC?QSPC GR RM @C 36.7 cm. 9MS AMSJB LMR CVNPCQQ RFGQ T?JSC ?Q 36.71 cm @CA?SQC WMSP
KC?QSPGLE RMMJ U?Q LMR NPCAGQC CLMSEF RM KC?QSPC ? FSLBPCBRF MD ? ACLRGKCRCP. )R QFMSJB @C LMRCB RF?R RFC J?QR BGEGR GL ? KC?QSPCB T?JSC F?Q @CCL
CQRGK?RCB GL QMKC U?W @W RFC NCPQML NCPDMPKGLE RFC KC?QSPCKCLR. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC NCPQML KC?QSPGLE RFC JCLERF MD ? QRGAI UGRF ? PSJCP LMRGACQ RF?R
RFC QRGAI JCLERF QCCKQ RM @C QMKCUFCPC GL @CRUCCL 36.6 cm ?LB 36.7 cm, ?LB FC MP QFC KSQR CQRGK?RC RFC T?JSC MD RFC J?QR BGEGR. 5QGLE RFC
KCRFMB MD I?=D?<?97DJ <?=KH;I, RFC PSJC GQ RF?R G;8 ?4FG 7<:<G JE<GG8A 7BJA <A 4 @84FHE8@8AG <F G;8 9<EFG 7<:<G J<G; FB@8 HA68EG4<AGL. )L MPBCP RM
BCRCPKGLC RFC LSK@CP MD QGELGDGA?LR BGEGRQ GL ? T?JSC, QR?PR UGRF RFC DGPQR KC?QSPCB T?JSC ?R RFC JCDR ?LB AMSLR RFC LSK@CP MD BGEGRQ RFPMSEF RFC J?QR BGEGR
UPGRRCL ML RFC PGEFR. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC KC?QSPCB T?JSC 36.7 cm F?Q RFPCC BGEGRQ, MP QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ. 3GELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ GLBGA?RC RFC NPCAGQGML MD ?
KC?QSPGLE RMMJ RF?R U?Q SQCB RM KC?QSPC ? T?JSC.
26 #(!04%2 1 Y ).42/$5#4)/.: 4(% .!452% /& 3#)%.#% !.$ 0(93)#3
3;HEI
3NCAG?J AMLQGBCP?RGML GQ EGTCL RM XCPMQ UFCL AMSLRGLE QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ. 4FC XCPMQ GL 0.053 ?PC LMR QGELGDGA?LR, @CA?SQC RFCW ?PC MLJW NJ?ACICCNCPQ
RF?R JMA?RC RFC BCAGK?J NMGLR. 4FCPC ?PC RUM QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ GL 0.053. 4FC XCPMQ GL 10.053 ?PC LMR NJ?ACICCNCPQ @SR ?PC QGELGDGA?LRrRFGQ LSK@CP
F?Q DGTC QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ. 4FC XCPMQ GL 1300 K?W MP K?W LMR @C QGELGDGA?LR BCNCLBGLE ML RFC QRWJC MD UPGRGLE LSK@CPQ. 4FCW AMSJB KC?L RFC LSK@CP
GQ ILMUL RM RFC J?QR BGEGR, MP RFCW AMSJB @C NJ?ACICCNCPQ. 3M 1300 AMSJB F?TC RUM, RFPCC, MP DMSP QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ. (4M ?TMGB RFGQ ?K@GESGRW, UPGRC
1300 GL QAGCLRGDGA LMR?RGML.) 18EBF 4E8 F<:A<9<64AG 8K68CG J;8A G;8L F8EI8 BA?L 4F C?468>88C8EF.
$CRCPKGLC RFC LSK@CP MD QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ GL RFC DMJJMUGLE KC?QSPCKCLRQ:
?. 0.0009
@. 15,450.0
A. 610
3
B. 87.990
C. 30.42
,EBKJ?ED
(?) 1; RFC XCPMQ GL RFGQ LSK@CP ?PC NJ?ACICCNCPQ RF?R GLBGA?RC RFC BCAGK?J NMGLR
(@) 6; FCPC, RFC XCPMQ GLBGA?RC RF?R ? KC?QSPCKCLR U?Q K?BC RM RFC 0.1 BCAGK?J NMGLR, QM RFC XCPMQ ?PC QGELGDGA?LR
(A) 1; RFC T?JSC 10
3
QGELGDGCQ RFC BCAGK?J NJ?AC, LMR RFC LSK@CP MD KC?QSPCB T?JSCQ
(B) 5; RFC DGL?J XCPM GLBGA?RCQ RF?R ? KC?QSPCKCLR U?Q K?BC RM RFC 0.001 BCAGK?J NMGLR, QM GR GQ QGELGDGA?LR
(C) 4; ?LW XCPMQ JMA?RCB GL @CRUCCL QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ GL ? LSK@CP ?PC ?JQM QGELGDGA?LR
,?=D?<?97DJ F?=KH;I ?D C7B9KB7J?EDI
7FCL AMK@GLGLE KC?QSPCKCLRQ UGRF BGDDCPCLR BCEPCCQ MD ?AASP?AW ?LB NPCAGQGML, G;8 AH@58E B9 F<:A<9<64AG 7<:<GF <A G;8 9<A4? 4AFJ8E 64A 58 AB
:E84G8E G;4A G;8 AH@58E B9 F<:A<9<64AG 7<:<GF <A G;8 ?84FG CE86<F8 @84FHE87 I4?H8. 4FCPC ?PC RUM BGDDCPCLR PSJCQ, MLC DMP KSJRGNJGA?RGML ?LB BGTGQGML ?LB
RFC MRFCP DMP ?BBGRGML ?LB QS@RP?ARGML, ?Q BGQASQQCB @CJMU.
1. FEH CKBJ?FB?97J?ED 7D: :?L?I?ED: +;8 E8FH?G F;BH?7 ;4I8 G;8 F4@8 AH@58E B9 F<:A<9<64AG 9<:HE8F 4F G;8 DH4AG<GL ;4I<A: G;8 ?84FG F<:A<9<64AG 9<:HE8F
8AG8E<A: <AGB G;8 64?6H?4G<BA. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC ?PC? MD ? AGPAJC A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB DPMK GRQ P?BGSQ SQGLE A = r
2
. ,CR SQ QCC FMU K?LW QGELGDGA?LR
DGESPCQ RFC ?PC? F?Q GD RFC P?BGSQ F?Q MLJW RUMrQ?W, r = 1.2 m. 4FCL,
(1.11)
A = r
2
= (3.1415927...)(1.2 m)
2
= 4.5238934 m
2
GQ UF?R WMS UMSJB ECR SQGLE ? A?JASJ?RMP RF?R F?Q ?L CGEFR-BGEGR MSRNSR. "SR @CA?SQC RFC P?BGSQ F?Q MLJW RUM QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ, GR JGKGRQ RFC A?JASJ?RCB
OS?LRGRW RM RUM QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ MP
(1.12)
A=4.5 m
2
,
CTCL RFMSEF GQ EMMB RM ?R JC?QR CGEFR BGEGRQ.
2. FEH 7::?J?ED 7D: IK8JH79J?ED: +;8 4AFJ8E 64A 6BAG4<A AB @BE8 786<@4? C?468F G;4A G;8 ?84FG CE86<F8 @84FHE8@8AG. 3SNNMQC RF?R WMS @SW
7.56-IE MD NMR?RMCQ GL ? EPMACPW QRMPC ?Q KC?QSPCB UGRF ? QA?JC UGRF NPCAGQGML 0.01 IE. 4FCL WMS BPMN MDD 6.052-IE MD NMR?RMCQ ?R WMSP J?@MP?RMPW ?Q
KC?QSPCB @W ? QA?JC UGRF NPCAGQGML 0.001 IE. &GL?JJW, WMS EM FMKC ?LB ?BB 13.7 IE MD NMR?RMCQ ?Q KC?QSPCB @W ? @?RFPMMK QA?JC UGRF NPCAGQGML 0.1
IE. (MU K?LW IGJMEP?KQ MD NMR?RMCQ BM WMS LMU F?TC, ?LB FMU K?LW QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ ?PC ?NNPMNPG?RC GL RFC ?LQUCP? 4FC K?QQ GQ DMSLB @W QGKNJC
?BBGRGML ?LB QS@RP?ARGML:
(1.13)
7.56 kg
- 6.052 kg
+13.7 kg
15.208 kg
= 15.2 kg.
.CVR, UC GBCLRGDW RFC JC?QR NPCAGQC KC?QSPCKCLR: 13.7 IE. 4FGQ KC?QSPCKCLR GQ CVNPCQQCB RM RFC 0.1 BCAGK?J NJ?AC, QM MSP DGL?J ?LQUCP KSQR ?JQM @C
CVNPCQQCB RM RFC 0.1 BCAGK?J NJ?AC. 4FSQ, RFC ?LQUCP GQ PMSLBCB RM RFC RCLRFQ NJ?AC, EGTGLE SQ 15.2 IE.
,?=D?<?97DJ F?=KH;I ?D J>?I -;NJ
)L RFGQ RCVR, KMQR LSK@CPQ ?PC ?QQSKCB RM F?TC RFPCC QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ. &SPRFCPKMPC, AMLQGQRCLR LSK@CPQ MD QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ ?PC SQCB GL ?JJ UMPICB
CV?KNJCQ. 9MS UGJJ LMRC RF?R ?L ?LQUCP EGTCL RM RFPCC BGEGRQ GQ @?QCB ML GLNSR EMMB RM ?R JC?QR RFPCC BGEGRQ, DMP CV?KNJC. )D RFC GLNSR F?Q DCUCP
QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ, RFC ?LQUCP UGJJ ?JQM F?TC DCUCP QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ. #?PC GQ ?JQM R?ICL RF?R RFC LSK@CP MD QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ GQ PC?QML?@JC DMP RFC
QGRS?RGML NMQCB. )L QMKC RMNGAQ, N?PRGASJ?PJW GL MNRGAQ, KMPC ?AASP?RC LSK@CPQ ?PC LCCBCB ?LB KMPC RF?L RFPCC QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ UGJJ @C SQCB. &GL?JJW,
GD ? LSK@CP GQ 8K46G, QSAF ?Q RFC RUM GL RFC DMPKSJ? DMP RFC AGPASKDCPCLAC MD ? AGPAJC, c = 2r , GR BMCQ LMR ?DDCAR RFC LSK@CP MD QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ GL ?
A?JASJ?RGML.
0CPDMPK RFC DMJJMUGLE A?JASJ?RGMLQ ?LB CVNPCQQ WMSP ?LQUCP SQGLE RFC AMPPCAR LSK@CP MD QGELGDGA?LR BGEGRQ.
#(!04%2 1 Y ).42/$5#4)/.: 4(% .!452% /& 3#)%.#% !.$ 0(93)#3 27
(?) ! UMK?L F?Q RUM @?EQ UCGEFGLE 13.5 NMSLBQ ?LB MLC @?E UGRF ? UCGEFR MD 10.2 NMSLBQ. 7F?R GQ RFC RMR?J UCGEFR MD RFC @?EQ?
(@) 4FC DMPAC F ML ?L M@HCAR GQ COS?J RM GRQ K?QQ m KSJRGNJGCB @W GRQ ?AACJCP?RGML a . )D ? U?EML UGRF K?QQ 55 IE ?AACJCP?RCQ ?R ? P?RC MD
0.0255 m/s
2
, UF?R GQ RFC DMPAC ML RFC U?EML? (4FC SLGR MD DMPAC GQ A?JJCB RFC LCURML, ?LB GR GQ CVNPCQQCB UGRF RFC QWK@MJ ..)
,EBKJ?ED
(?) 37.2 NMSLBQ; "CA?SQC RFC LSK@CP MD @?EQ GQ ?L CV?AR T?JSC, GR GQ LMR AMLQGBCPCB GL RFC QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ.
(@) 1.4 .; "CA?SQC RFC T?JSC 55 IE F?Q MLJW RUM QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ, RFC DGL?J T?JSC KSQR ?JQM AMLR?GL RUM QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: %QRGK?RGML
%VNJMPC QGXC CQRGK?RGML GL MLC, RUM, ?LB RFPCC BGKCLQGMLQ! -SJRGNJC JCTCJQ MD BGDDGASJRW ?JJMU DMP NPMEPCQQGTC QIGJJ GKNPMTCKCLR.
F?=KH; 1.26 EIJ?C7J?ED (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42120/1.7/;IJ?C7J?ED6;D.@7H)
1.4 AFFHEN?C7J?ED
/L K?LW MAA?QGMLQ, NFWQGAGQRQ, MRFCP QAGCLRGQRQ, ?LB CLEGLCCPQ LCCB RM K?IC 7FFHEN?C7J?EDI MP uESCQQRGK?RCQv DMP ? N?PRGASJ?P OS?LRGRW. 7F?R GQ RFC
BGQR?LAC RM ? ACPR?GL BCQRGL?RGML? 7F?R GQ RFC ?NNPMVGK?RC BCLQGRW MD ? EGTCL GRCK? !@MSR FMU J?PEC ? ASPPCLR UGJJ RFCPC @C GL ? AGPASGR? -?LW
?NNPMVGK?RC LSK@CPQ ?PC @?QCB ML DMPKSJ?C GL UFGAF RFC GLNSR OS?LRGRGCQ ?PC ILMUL MLJW RM ? JGKGRCB ?AASP?AW. !Q WMS BCTCJMN NPM@JCK-QMJTGLE QIGJJQ
(RF?R A?L @C ?NNJGCB RM ? T?PGCRW MD DGCJBQ RFPMSEF ? QRSBW MD NFWQGAQ), WMS UGJJ ?JQM BCTCJMN QIGJJQ ?R ?NNPMVGK?RGLE. 9MS UGJJ BCTCJMN RFCQC QIGJJQ
RFPMSEF RFGLIGLE KMPC OS?LRGR?RGTCJW, ?LB @W @CGLE UGJJGLE RM R?IC PGQIQ. !Q UGRF ?LW CLBC?TMP, CVNCPGCLAC FCJNQ, ?Q UCJJ ?Q D?KGJG?PGRW UGRF SLGRQ. 4FCQC
?NNPMVGK?RGMLQ ?JJMU SQ RM PSJC MSR ACPR?GL QACL?PGMQ MP SLPC?JGQRGA LSK@CPQ. !NNPMVGK?RGMLQ ?JQM ?JJMU SQ RM AF?JJCLEC MRFCPQ ?LB ESGBC SQ GL MSP
?NNPM?AFCQ RM MSP QAGCLRGDGA UMPJB. ,CR SQ BM RUM CV?KNJCQ RM GJJSQRP?RC RFGQ AMLACNR.
EN7CFB; 1.3 AFFHEN?C7J; J>; !;?=>J E< 7 BK?B:?D=
#?L WMS ?NNPMVGK?RC RFC FCGEFR MD MLC MD RFC @SGJBGLEQ ML WMSP A?KNSQ, MP GL WMSP LCGEF@MPFMMB? ,CR SQ K?IC ?L ?NNPMVGK?RGML @?QCB SNML
RFC FCGEFR MD ? NCPQML. )L RFGQ CV?KNJC, UC UGJJ A?JASJ?RC RFC FCGEFR MD ? 39-QRMPW @SGJBGLE.
,JH7J;=O
4FGLI ?@MSR RFC ?TCP?EC FCGEFR MD ?L ?BSJR K?JC. 7C A?L ?NNPMVGK?RC RFC FCGEFR MD RFC @SGJBGLE @W QA?JGLE SN DPMK RFC FCGEFR MD ? NCPQML.
,EBKJ?ED
"?QCB ML GLDMPK?RGML GL RFC CV?KNJC, UC ILMU RFCPC ?PC 39 QRMPGCQ GL RFC @SGJBGLE. )D UC SQC RFC D?AR RF?R RFC FCGEFR MD MLC QRMPW GQ ?NNPMVGK?RCJW
COS?J RM ?@MSR RFC JCLERF MD RUM ?BSJR FSK?LQ (C?AF FSK?L GQ ?@MSR 2-K R?JJ), RFCL UC A?L CQRGK?RC RFC RMR?J FCGEFR MD RFC @SGJBGLE RM @C
(1.14)
2 m
1 person
2 person
1 story
39 stories = 156 m.
D?I9KII?ED
9MS A?L SQC ILMUL OS?LRGRGCQ RM BCRCPKGLC ?L ?NNPMVGK?RC KC?QSPCKCLR MD SLILMUL OS?LRGRGCQ. )D WMSP F?LB KC?QSPCQ 10 AK ?APMQQ, FMU
K?LW F?LB JCLERFQ COS?J RFC UGBRF MD WMSP BCQI? 7F?R MRFCP KC?QSPCKCLRQ A?L WMS ?NNPMVGK?RC @CQGBCQ JCLERF?
28 #(!04%2 1 Y ).42/$5#4)/.: 4(% .!452% /& 3#)%.#% !.$ 0(93)#3
EN7CFB; 1.4 AFFHEN?C7J?D= /7IJ 'KC8;HI: 7 -H?BB?ED DEBB7HI
F?=KH; 1.27 ! @?LI QR?AI AMLR?GLQ MLC-FSLBPCB $100 @GJJQ, ?LB GQ UMPRF $10,000. (MU K?LW @?LI QR?AIQ K?IC SN ? RPGJJGML BMJJ?PQ? (APCBGR: !LBPCU -?EGJJ)
4FC 5.3. DCBCP?J BCDGAGR GL RFC 2008 DGQA?J WC?P U?Q ? JGRRJC EPC?RCP RF?L $10 RPGJJGML. -MQR MD SQ BM LMR F?TC ?LW AMLACNR MD FMU KSAF CTCL MLC
RPGJJGML ?ARS?JJW GQ. 3SNNMQC RF?R WMS UCPC EGTCL ? RPGJJGML BMJJ?PQ GL $100 @GJJQ. )D WMS K?BC 100-@GJJ QR?AIQ ?LB SQCB RFCK RM CTCLJW AMTCP ? DMMR@?JJ
DGCJB (@CRUCCL RFC CLB XMLCQ), K?IC ?L ?NNPMVGK?RGML MD FMU FGEF RFC KMLCW NGJC UMSJB @CAMKC. (7C UGJJ SQC DCCR/GLAFCQ P?RFCP RF?L KCRCPQ
FCPC @CA?SQC DMMR@?JJ DGCJBQ ?PC KC?QSPCB GL W?PBQ.) /LC MD WMSP DPGCLBQ Q?WQ 3 GL., UFGJC ?LMRFCP Q?WQ 10 DR. 7F?R BM WMS RFGLI?
,JH7J;=O
7FCL WMS GK?EGLC RFC QGRS?RGML, WMS NPM@?@JW CLTGQGML RFMSQ?LBQ MD QK?JJ QR?AIQ MD 100 UP?NNCB $100 @GJJQ, QSAF ?Q WMS KGEFR QCC GL KMTGCQ MP
?R ? @?LI. 3GLAC RFGQ GQ ?L C?QW-RM-?NNPMVGK?RC OS?LRGRW, JCR SQ QR?PR RFCPC. 7C A?L DGLB RFC TMJSKC MD ? QR?AI MD 100 @GJJQ, DGLB MSR FMU K?LW
QR?AIQ K?IC SN MLC RPGJJGML BMJJ?PQ, ?LB RFCL QCR RFGQ TMJSKC COS?J RM RFC ?PC? MD RFC DMMR@?JJ DGCJB KSJRGNJGCB @W RFC SLILMUL FCGEFR.
,EBKJ?ED
(1) #?JASJ?RC RFC TMJSKC MD ? QR?AI MD 100 @GJJQ. 4FC BGKCLQGMLQ MD ? QGLEJC @GJJ ?PC ?NNPMVGK?RCJW 3 GL. @W 6 GL. ! QR?AI MD 100 MD RFCQC GQ ?@MSR
0.5 GL. RFGAI. 3M RFC RMR?J TMJSKC MD ? QR?AI MD 100 @GJJQ GQ:
(1.15)
volume of stack = lengthwidthheight,
volume of stack = 6 in.3 in.0.5 in.,
volume of stack = 9 in.
3
.
(2) #?JASJ?RC RFC LSK@CP MD QR?AIQ. .MRC RF?R ? RPGJJGML BMJJ?PQ GQ COS?J RM $110
12
, ?LB ? QR?AI MD MLC-FSLBPCB $100 @GJJQ GQ COS?J RM
$10,000, MP $110
4
. 4FC LSK@CP MD QR?AIQ WMS UGJJ F?TC GQ:
(1.16)
$110
12
(a trillion dollars)/ $110
4
per stack = 110
8
stacks.
(3) #?JASJ?RC RFC ?PC? MD ? DMMR@?JJ DGCJB GL QOS?PC GLAFCQ. 4FC ?PC? MD ? DMMR@?JJ DGCJB GQ 100 yd50 yd, UFGAF EGTCQ 5,000 yd
2
. "CA?SQC UC
?PC UMPIGLE GL GLAFCQ, UC LCCB RM AMLTCPR QOS?PC W?PBQ RM QOS?PC GLAFCQ:
(1.17)
Area = 5,000 yd
2
3 ft
1 yd
3 ft
1 yd
12 in.
1 ft

12 in.
1 ft
= 6,480,000 in.
2
,
Area 610
6
in.
2
.
4FGQ AMLTCPQGML EGTCQ SQ 610
6
in.
2
DMP RFC ?PC? MD RFC DGCJB. (.MRC RF?R UC ?PC SQGLE MLJW MLC QGELGDGA?LR DGESPC GL RFCQC A?JASJ?RGMLQ.)
(4) #?JASJ?RC RFC RMR?J TMJSKC MD RFC @GJJQ. 4FC TMJSKC MD ?JJ RFC $100 -@GJJ QR?AIQ GQ 9 in.
3
/ stack10
8
stacks = 910
8
in.
3
.
(5) #?JASJ?RC RFC FCGEFR. 4M BCRCPKGLC RFC FCGEFR MD RFC @GJJQ, SQC RFC COS?RGML:
(1.18)
volume of bills = area of feldheight of money:
Height of money =
volume of bills
area of feld
,
Height of money =
910
8
in.
3
610
6
in.
2
= 1.3310
2
in.,
Height of money 110
2
in. = 100 in.
4FC FCGEFR MD RFC KMLCW UGJJ @C ?@MSR 100 GL. FGEF. #MLTCPRGLE RFGQ T?JSC RM DCCR EGTCQ
(1.19)
100 in.
1 ft
12 in.
= 8.33 ft 8 ft.
D?I9KII?ED
#(!04%2 1 Y ).42/$5#4)/.: 4(% .!452% /& 3#)%.#% !.$ 0(93)#3 29
799KH79O:
7FFHEN?C7J?ED:
9B7II?97B F>OI?9I:
9EDL;HI?ED <79JEH:
:;H?L;: KD?JI:
ED=B?I> KD?JI:
<KD:7C;DJ7B KD?JI:
A?BE=H7C:
B7M:
C;J;H:
C;J>E: E< 7::?D= F;H9;DJI:
C;JH?9 IOIJ;C:
CE:;B:
CE:;HD F>OI?9I:
EH:;H E< C7=D?JK:;:
F;H9;DJ KD9;HJ7?DJO:
F>OI?97B GK7DJ?JO :
F>OI?9I:
FH;9?I?ED:
GK7DJKC C;9>7D?9I:
H;B7J?L?JO:
," KD?JI :
I9?;DJ?<?9 C;J>E::
I;9ED::
I?=D?<?97DJ <?=KH;I:
J>;EHO:
KD9;HJ7?DJO:
4FC DGL?J ?NNPMVGK?RC T?JSC GQ KSAF FGEFCP RF?L RFC C?PJW CQRGK?RC MD 3 GL., @SR RFC MRFCP C?PJW CQRGK?RC MD 10 DR (120 GL.) U?Q PMSEFJW AMPPCAR.
(MU BGB RFC ?NNPMVGK?RGML KC?QSPC SN RM WMSP DGPQR ESCQQ? 7F?R A?L RFGQ CVCPAGQC RCJJ WMS GL RCPKQ MD PMSEF uESCQQRGK?RCQv TCPQSQ A?PCDSJJW
A?JASJ?RCB ?NNPMVGK?RGMLQ?
5QGLE KCLR?J K?RF ?LB WMSP SLBCPQR?LBGLE MD DSLB?KCLR?J SLGRQ, ?NNPMVGK?RC RFC ?PC? MD ? PCESJ?RGML @?QICR@?JJ AMSPR. $CQAPG@C RFC NPMACQQ
WMS SQCB RM ?PPGTC ?R WMSP DGL?J ?NNPMVGK?RGML.
,EBKJ?ED
!L ?TCP?EC K?JC GQ ?@MSR RUM KCRCPQ R?JJ. )R UMSJB R?IC ?NNPMVGK?RCJW 15 KCL J?GB MSR CLB RM CLB RM AMTCP RFC JCLERF, ?LB ?@MSR 7 RM AMTCP RFC
UGBRF. 4F?R EGTCQ ?L ?NNPMVGK?RC ?PC? MD 420 m
2
.
BEII7HO
RFC BCEPCC RM UFGAF ? KC?QSPCB T?JSC ?EPCCQ UGRF AMPPCAR T?JSC DMP RF?R KC?QSPCKCLR
?L CQRGK?RCB T?JSC @?QCB ML NPGMP CVNCPGCLAC ?LB PC?QMLGLE
NFWQGAQ RF?R U?Q BCTCJMNCB DPMK RFC 2CL?GQQ?LAC RM RFC CLB MD RFC 19RF ACLRSPW
? P?RGM CVNPCQQGLE FMU K?LW MD MLC SLGR ?PC COS?J RM ?LMRFCP SLGR
SLGRQ RF?R A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB SQGLE ?JEC@P?GA AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD RFC DSLB?KCLR?J SLGRQ
QWQRCK MD KC?QSPCKCLR SQCB GL RFC 5LGRCB 3R?RCQ; GLAJSBCQ SLGRQ MD KC?QSPCKCLR QSAF ?Q DCCR, E?JJMLQ, ?LB NMSLBQ
SLGRQ RF?R A?L MLJW @C CVNPCQQCB PCJ?RGTC RM RFC NPMACBSPC SQCB RM KC?QSPC RFCK
RFC 3) SLGR DMP K?QQ, ?@@PCTG?RCB (IE)
? BCQAPGNRGML, SQGLE AMLAGQC J?LES?EC MP ? K?RFCK?RGA?J DMPKSJ?, ? ECLCP?JGXCB N?RRCPL GL L?RSPC RF?R GQ QSNNMPRCB @W QAGCLRGDGA CTGBCLAC ?LB
PCNC?RCB CVNCPGKCLRQ
RFC 3) SLGR DMP JCLERF, ?@@PCTG?RCB (K)
RFC NCPACLR SLACPR?GLRW GL ? OS?LRGRW A?JASJ?RCB @W KSJRGNJGA?RGML MP BGTGQGML GQ RFC QSK MD RFC NCPACLR SLACPR?GLRGCQ GL
RFC GRCKQ SQCB RM K?IC RFC A?JASJ?RGML
? QWQRCK GL UFGAF T?JSCQ A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB GL D?ARMPQ MD 10
PCNPCQCLR?RGML MD QMKCRFGLE RF?R GQ MDRCL RMM BGDDGASJR (MP GKNMQQG@JC) RM BGQNJ?W BGPCARJW
RFC QRSBW MD PCJ?RGTGRW, OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ, MP @MRF
PCDCPQ RM RFC QGXC MD ? OS?LRGRW ?Q GR PCJ?RCQ RM ? NMUCP MD 10
RFC P?RGM MD RFC SLACPR?GLRW MD ? KC?QSPCKCLR RM RFC KC?QSPCB T?JSC, CVNPCQQCB ?Q ? NCPACLR?EC
? AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MP NPMNCPRW MD ?L M@HCAR RF?R A?L @C KC?QSPCB MP A?JASJ?RCB DPMK MRFCP KC?QSPCKCLRQ
RFC QAGCLAC AMLACPLCB UGRF BCQAPG@GLE RFC GLRCP?ARGMLQ MD CLCPEW, K?RRCP, QN?AC, ?LB RGKC; GR GQ CQNCAG?JJW GLRCPCQRCB GL UF?R DSLB?KCLR?J
KCAF?LGQKQ SLBCPJGC CTCPW NFCLMKCLML
RFC BCEPCC RM UFGAF PCNC?RCB KC?QSPCKCLRQ ?EPCC UGRF C?AF MRFCP
RFC QRSBW MD M@HCARQ QK?JJCP RF?L A?L @C QCCL UGRF ? KGAPMQAMNC
RFC QRSBW MD M@HCARQ KMTGLE ?R QNCCBQ EPC?RCP RF?L ?@MSR 1% MD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR, MP MD M@HCARQ @CGLE ?DDCARCB @W ? QRPMLE EP?TGR?RGML?J
DGCJB
RFC GLRCPL?RGML?J QWQRCK MD SLGRQ RF?R QAGCLRGQRQ GL KMQR AMSLRPGCQ F?TC ?EPCCB RM SQC; GLAJSBCQ SLGRQ QSAF ?Q KCRCPQ, JGRCPQ, ?LB EP?KQ
? KCRFMB RF?R RWNGA?JJW @CEGLQ UGRF ?L M@QCPT?RGML ?LB OSCQRGML RF?R RFC QAGCLRGQR UGJJ PCQC?PAF; LCVR, RFC QAGCLRGQR RWNGA?JJW
NCPDMPKQ QMKC PCQC?PAF ?@MSR RFC RMNGA ?LB RFCL BCTGQCQ ? FWNMRFCQGQ; RFCL, RFC QAGCLRGQR UGJJ RCQR RFC FWNMRFCQGQ @W NCPDMPKGLE ?L
CVNCPGKCLR; DGL?JJW, RFC QAGCLRGQR ?L?JWXCQ RFC PCQSJRQ MD RFC CVNCPGKCLR ?LB BP?UQ ? AMLAJSQGML
RFC 3) SLGR DMP RGKC, ?@@PCTG?RCB (Q)
CVNPCQQ RFC NPCAGQGML MD ? KC?QSPGLE RMMJ SQCB RM KC?QSPC ? T?JSC
?L CVNJ?L?RGML DMP N?RRCPLQ GL L?RSPC RF?R GQ QSNNMPRCB @W QAGCLRGDGA CTGBCLAC ?LB TCPGDGCB KSJRGNJC RGKCQ @W T?PGMSQ EPMSNQ MD PCQC?PAFCPQ
? OS?LRGR?RGTC KC?QSPC MD FMU KSAF WMSP KC?QSPCB T?JSCQ BCTG?RC DPMK ? QR?LB?PB MP CVNCARCB T?JSC
30 #(!04%2 1 Y ).42/$5#4)/.: 4(% .!452% /& 3#)%.#% !.$ 0(93)#3
KD?JI : ? QR?LB?PB SQCB DMP CVNPCQQGLE ?LB AMKN?PGLE KC?QSPCKCLRQ
,;9J?ED ,KCC7HO
w 3AGCLAC QCCIQ RM BGQAMTCP ?LB BCQAPG@C RFC SLBCPJWGLE MPBCP ?LB QGKNJGAGRW GL L?RSPC.
w 0FWQGAQ GQ RFC KMQR @?QGA MD RFC QAGCLACQ, AMLACPLGLE GRQCJD UGRF CLCPEW, K?RRCP, QN?AC ?LB RGKC, ?LB RFCGP GLRCP?ARGMLQ.
w 3AGCLRGDGA J?UQ ?LB RFCMPGCQ CVNPCQQ RFC ECLCP?J RPSRFQ MD L?RSPC ?LB RFC @MBW MD ILMUJCBEC RFCW CLAMKN?QQ. 4FCQC J?UQ MD L?RSPC ?PC PSJCQ
RF?R ?JJ L?RSP?J NPMACQQCQ ?NNC?P RM DMJJMU.
1.2 )>OI?97B *K7DJ?J?;I 7D: .D?JI
w 0FWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ ?PC ? AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MP NPMNCPRW MD ?L M@HCAR RF?R A?L @C KC?QSPCB MP A?JASJ?RCB DPMK MRFCP KC?QSPCKCLRQ.
w 5LGRQ ?PC QR?LB?PBQ DMP CVNPCQQGLE ?LB AMKN?PGLE RFC KC?QSPCKCLR MD NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ. !JJ SLGRQ A?L @C CVNPCQQCB ?Q AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD DMSP
DSLB?KCLR?J SLGRQ.
w 4FC DMSP DSLB?KCLR?J SLGRQ UC UGJJ SQC GL RFGQ RCVR ?PC RFC KCRCP (DMP JCLERF), RFC IGJMEP?K (DMP K?QQ), RFC QCAMLB (DMP RGKC), ?LB RFC ?KNCPC (DMP
CJCARPGA ASPPCLR). 4FCQC SLGRQ ?PC N?PR MD RFC KCRPGA QWQRCK, UFGAF SQCQ NMUCPQ MD 10 RM PCJ?RC OS?LRGRGCQ MTCP RFC T?QR P?LECQ CLAMSLRCPCB GL
L?RSPC.
w 4FC DMSP DSLB?KCLR?J SLGRQ ?PC ?@@PCTG?RCB ?Q DMJJMUQ: KCRCP, K; IGJMEP?K, IE; QCAMLB, Q; ?LB ?KNCPC, !. 4FC KCRPGA QWQRCK ?JQM SQCQ ?
QR?LB?PB QCR MD NPCDGVCQ RM BCLMRC C?AF MPBCP MD K?ELGRSBC EPC?RCP RF?L MP JCQQCP RF?L RFC DSLB?KCLR?J SLGR GRQCJD.
w 5LGR AMLTCPQGMLQ GLTMJTC AF?LEGLE ? T?JSC CVNPCQQCB GL MLC RWNC MD SLGR RM ?LMRFCP RWNC MD SLGR. 4FGQ GQ BMLC @W SQGLE AMLTCPQGML D?ARMPQ, UFGAF
?PC P?RGMQ PCJ?RGLE COS?J OS?LRGRGCQ MD BGDDCPCLR SLGRQ.
w !AASP?AW MD ? KC?QSPCB T?JSC PCDCPQ RM FMU AJMQC ? KC?QSPCKCLR GQ RM RFC AMPPCAR T?JSC. 4FC SLACPR?GLRW GL ? KC?QSPCKCLR GQ ?L CQRGK?RC MD
RFC ?KMSLR @W UFGAF RFC KC?QSPCKCLR PCQSJR K?W BGDDCP DPMK RFGQ T?JSC.
w 0PCAGQGML MD KC?QSPCB T?JSCQ PCDCPQ RM FMU AJMQC RFC ?EPCCKCLR GQ @CRUCCL PCNC?RCB KC?QSPCKCLRQ.
w 4FC NPCAGQGML MD ? @84FHE<A: GBB? GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC QGXC MD GRQ KC?QSPCKCLR GLAPCKCLRQ. 4FC QK?JJCP RFC KC?QSPCKCLR GLAPCKCLR, RFC KMPC
NPCAGQC RFC RMMJ.
w 3GELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ CVNPCQQ RFC NPCAGQGML MD ? KC?QSPGLE RMMJ.
w 7FCL KSJRGNJWGLE MP BGTGBGLE KC?QSPCB T?JSCQ, RFC DGL?J ?LQUCP A?L AMLR?GL MLJW ?Q K?LW QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ ?Q RFC JC?QR NPCAGQC T?JSC.
w 7FCL ?BBGLE MP QS@RP?ARGLE KC?QSPCB T?JSCQ, RFC DGL?J ?LQUCP A?LLMR AMLR?GL KMPC BCAGK?J NJ?ACQ RF?L RFC JC?QR NPCAGQC T?JSC.
1.4 AFFHEN?C7J?ED
3AGCLRGQRQ MDRCL ?NNPMVGK?RC RFC T?JSCQ MD OS?LRGRGCQ RM NCPDMPK A?JASJ?RGMLQ ?LB ?L?JWXC QWQRCKQ.
CED9;FJK7B *K;IJ?EDI
1. -MBCJQ ?PC N?PRGASJ?PJW SQCDSJ GL PCJ?RGTGRW ?LB OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ, UFCPC AMLBGRGMLQ ?PC MSRQGBC RFMQC LMPK?JJW CLAMSLRCPCB @W FSK?LQ. 7F?R GQ ?
KMBCJ?
2. (MU BMCQ ? KMBCJ BGDDCP DPMK ? RFCMPW?
3. )D RUM BGDDCPCLR RFCMPGCQ BCQAPG@C CVNCPGKCLR?J M@QCPT?RGMLQ COS?JJW UCJJ, A?L MLC @C Q?GB RM @C KMPC T?JGB RF?L RFC MRFCP (?QQSKGLE @MRF SQC
?AACNRCB PSJCQ MD JMEGA)?
4. 7F?R BCRCPKGLCQ RFC T?JGBGRW MD ? RFCMPW?
5. #CPR?GL APGRCPG? KSQR @C Q?RGQDGCB GD ? KC?QSPCKCLR MP M@QCPT?RGML GQ RM @C @CJGCTCB. 7GJJ RFC APGRCPG? LCACQQ?PGJW @C ?Q QRPGAR DMP ?L CVNCARCB PCQSJR
?Q DMP ?L SLCVNCARCB PCQSJR?
6. #?L RFC T?JGBGRW MD ? KMBCJ @C JGKGRCB, MP KSQR GR @C SLGTCPQ?JJW T?JGB? (MU BMCQ RFGQ AMKN?PC RM RFC PCOSGPCB T?JGBGRW MD ? RFCMPW MP ? J?U?
7. #J?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ GQ ? EMMB ?NNPMVGK?RGML RM KMBCPL NFWQGAQ SLBCP ACPR?GL AGPASKQR?LACQ. 7F?R ?PC RFCW?
8. 7FCL GQ GR A868FF4EL RM SQC PCJ?RGTGQRGA OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ?
9. #?L AJ?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ @C SQCB RM ?AASP?RCJW BCQAPG@C ? Q?RCJJGRC KMTGLE ?R ? QNCCB MD 7500 K/Q? %VNJ?GL UFW MP UFW LMR.
1.2 )>OI?97B *K7DJ?J?;I 7D: .D?JI
10. )BCLRGDW QMKC ?BT?LR?ECQ MD KCRPGA SLGRQ.
11. 7F?R GQ RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL RFC ?AASP?AW ?LB SLACPR?GLRW MD ? KC?QSPCKCLR?
12. 0PCQAPGNRGMLQ DMP TGQGML AMPPCARGML ?PC EGTCL GL SLGRQ A?JJCB 7<BCG8EF ($). $CRCPKGLC RFC KC?LGLE MD RF?R SLGR. /@R?GL GLDMPK?RGML (NCPF?NQ @W A?JJGLE
?L MNRMKCRPGQR MP NCPDMPKGLE ?L GLRCPLCR QC?PAF) ML RFC KGLGKSK SLACPR?GLRW UGRF UFGAF AMPPCARGMLQ GL BGMNRCPQ ?PC BCRCPKGLCB ?LB RFC ?AASP?AW UGRF
UFGAF AMPPCARGTC JCLQCQ A?L @C NPMBSACB. $GQASQQ RFC QMSPACQ MD SLACPR?GLRGCQ GL @MRF RFC NPCQAPGNRGML ?LB ?AASP?AW GL RFC K?LSD?ARSPC MD JCLQCQ.
#(!04%2 1 Y ).42/$5#4)/.: 4(% .!452% /& 3#)%.#% !.$ 0(93)#3 31
)HE8B;CI & EN;H9?I;I
1.2 )>OI?97B *K7DJ?J?;I 7D: .D?JI
13. 4FC QNCCB JGKGR ML QMKC GLRCPQR?RC FGEFU?WQ GQ PMSEFJW 100 IK/F. (?)
7F?R GQ RFGQ GL KCRCPQ NCP QCAMLB? (@) (MU K?LW KGJCQ NCP FMSP GQ RFGQ?
14. ! A?P GQ RP?TCJGLE ?R ? QNCCB MD 33 m/s . (?) 7F?R GQ GRQ QNCCB GL
IGJMKCRCPQ NCP FMSP? (@) )Q GR CVACCBGLE RFC 90 km/h QNCCB JGKGR?
15. 3FMU RF?R 1.0 m/s = 3.6 km/h . (GLR: 3FMU RFC CVNJGAGR QRCNQ
GLTMJTCB GL AMLTCPRGLE 1.0 m/s = 3.6 km/h.
16. !KCPGA?L DMMR@?JJ GQ NJ?WCB ML ? 100-WB-JMLE DGCJB, CVAJSBGLE RFC CLB
XMLCQ. (MU JMLE GQ RFC DGCJB GL KCRCPQ? (!QQSKC RF?R 1 KCRCP COS?JQ
3.281 DCCR.)
17. 3MAACP DGCJBQ T?PW GL QGXC. ! J?PEC QMAACP DGCJB GQ 115 K JMLE ?LB 85 K
UGBC. 7F?R ?PC GRQ BGKCLQGMLQ GL DCCR ?LB GLAFCQ? (!QQSKC RF?R 1 KCRCP
COS?JQ 3.281 DCCR.)
18. 7F?R GQ RFC FCGEFR GL KCRCPQ MD ? NCPQML UFM GQ 6 DR 1.0 GL. R?JJ?
(!QQSKC RF?R 1 KCRCP COS?JQ 39.37 GL.)
19. -MSLR %TCPCQR, ?R 29,028 DCCR, GQ RFC R?JJCQR KMSLR?GL ML RFC %?PRF.
7F?R GQ GRQ FCGEFR GL IGJMKCRCPQ? (!QQSKC RF?R 1 IGJMKCRCP COS?JQ 3,281
DCCR.)
20. 4FC QNCCB MD QMSLB GQ KC?QSPCB RM @C 342 m/s ML ? ACPR?GL B?W.
7F?R GQ RFGQ GL IK/F?
21. 4CARMLGA NJ?RCQ ?PC J?PEC QCEKCLRQ MD RFC %?PRFtQ APSQR RF?R KMTC
QJMUJW. 3SNNMQC RF?R MLC QSAF NJ?RC F?Q ?L ?TCP?EC QNCCB MD 4.0 AK/
WC?P. (?) 7F?R BGQR?LAC BMCQ GR KMTC GL 1 Q ?R RFGQ QNCCB? (@) 7F?R GQ GRQ
QNCCB GL IGJMKCRCPQ NCP KGJJGML WC?PQ?
22. (?) 2CDCP RM -78B; 1.3 RM BCRCPKGLC RFC ?TCP?EC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC
%?PRF ?LB RFC 3SL. 4FCL A?JASJ?RC RFC ?TCP?EC QNCCB MD RFC %?PRF GL GRQ
MP@GR GL IGJMKCRCPQ NCP QCAMLB. (@) 7F?R GQ RFGQ GL KCRCPQ NCP QCAMLB?
ENFH;II OEKH 7DIM;HI JE FHE8B;CI ?D J>?I I;9J?ED JE J>; 9EHH;9J
DKC8;H E< I?=D?<?97DJ <?=KH;I 7D: FHEF;H KD?JI.
23. 3SNNMQC RF?R WMSP @?RFPMMK QA?JC PC?BQ WMSP K?QQ ?Q 65 IE UGRF ?
3% SLACPR?GLRW. 7F?R GQ RFC SLACPR?GLRW GL WMSP K?QQ (GL IGJMEP?KQ)?
24. ! EMMB-OS?JGRW KC?QSPGLE R?NC A?L @C MDD @W 0.50 AK MTCP ? BGQR?LAC
MD 20 K. 7F?R GQ GRQ NCPACLR SLACPR?GLRW?
25. (?) ! A?P QNCCBMKCRCP F?Q ? 5.0% SLACPR?GLRW. 7F?R GQ RFC P?LEC MD
NMQQG@JC QNCCBQ UFCL GR PC?BQ 90 km/h ? (@) #MLTCPR RFGQ P?LEC RM KGJCQ
NCP FMSP. (1 km = 0.6214 mi)
26. !L GLD?LRtQ NSJQC P?RC GQ KC?QSPCB RM @C 130 5 @C?RQ/KGL. 7F?R GQ
RFC NCPACLR SLACPR?GLRW GL RFGQ KC?QSPCKCLR?
27. (?) 3SNNMQC RF?R ? NCPQML F?Q ?L ?TCP?EC FC?PR P?RC MD 72.0 @C?RQ/
KGL. (MU K?LW @C?RQ BMCQ FC MP QFC F?TC GL 2.0 W? (@) )L 2.00 W? (A) )L
2.000 W?
28. ! A?L AMLR?GLQ 375 K, MD QMB?. (MU KSAF GQ JCDR ?DRCP 308 K, GQ
PCKMTCB?
29. 3R?RC FMU K?LW QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ ?PC NPMNCP GL RFC PCQSJRQ MD RFC
DMJJMUGLE A?JASJ?RGMLQ: (?) (106.7)(98.2) / (46.210)(1.01) (@) (18.7)
2
(A)

1.6010
19
(3712) .
30. (?) (MU K?LW QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ ?PC GL RFC LSK@CPQ 99 ?LB 100? (@)
)D RFC SLACPR?GLRW GL C?AF LSK@CP GQ 1, UF?R GQ RFC NCPACLR SLACPR?GLRW GL
C?AF? (A) 7FGAF GQ ? KMPC KC?LGLEDSJ U?W RM CVNPCQQ RFC ?AASP?AW MD
RFCQC RUM LSK@CPQ, QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ MP NCPACLR SLACPR?GLRGCQ?
31. (?) )D WMSP QNCCBMKCRCP F?Q ?L SLACPR?GLRW MD 2.0 km/h ?R ? QNCCB
MD 90 km/h , UF?R GQ RFC NCPACLR SLACPR?GLRW? (@) )D GR F?Q RFC Q?KC
NCPACLR SLACPR?GLRW UFCL GR PC?BQ 60 km/h , UF?R GQ RFC P?LEC MD QNCCBQ
WMS AMSJB @C EMGLE?
32. (?) ! NCPQMLtQ @JMMB NPCQQSPC GQ KC?QSPCB RM @C 120 2 mm Hg .
7F?R GQ GRQ NCPACLR SLACPR?GLRW? (@) !QQSKGLE RFC Q?KC NCPACLR
SLACPR?GLRW, UF?R GQ RFC SLACPR?GLRW GL ? @JMMB NPCQQSPC KC?QSPCKCLR MD
80 mm Hg ?
33. ! NCPQML KC?QSPCQ FGQ MP FCP FC?PR P?RC @W AMSLRGLE RFC LSK@CP MD
@C?RQ GL 30 s . )D 40 1 @C?RQ ?PC AMSLRCB GL 30.0 0.5 s , UF?R GQ
RFC FC?PR P?RC ?LB GRQ SLACPR?GLRW GL @C?RQ NCP KGLSRC?
34. 7F?R GQ RFC ?PC? MD ? AGPAJC 3.102 cm GL BG?KCRCP?
35. )D ? K?P?RFML PSLLCP ?TCP?ECQ 9.5 KG/F, FMU JMLE BMCQ GR R?IC FGK MP
FCP RM PSL ? 26.22-KG K?P?RFML?
36. ! K?P?RFML PSLLCP AMKNJCRCQ ? 42.188-km AMSPQC GL 2 h , 30 KGL,
?LB 12 s . 4FCPC GQ ?L SLACPR?GLRW MD 25 m GL RFC BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB ?LB
?L SLACPR?GLRW MD 1 Q GL RFC CJ?NQCB RGKC. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC NCPACLR
SLACPR?GLRW GL RFC BGQR?LAC. (@) #?JASJ?RC RFC SLACPR?GLRW GL RFC CJ?NQCB
RGKC. (A) 7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC QNCCB GL KCRCPQ NCP QCAMLB? (B) 7F?R GQ
RFC SLACPR?GLRW GL RFC ?TCP?EC QNCCB?
37. 4FC QGBCQ MD ? QK?JJ PCAR?LESJ?P @MV ?PC KC?QSPCB RM @C
1.80 0.01 cm, 2.05 0.02 cm, and 3.1 0.1 cm JMLE.
#?JASJ?RC GRQ TMJSKC ?LB SLACPR?GLRW GL AS@GA ACLRGKCRCPQ.
38. 7FCL LML-KCRPGA SLGRQ UCPC SQCB GL RFC 5LGRCB +GLEBMK, ? SLGR MD
K?QQ A?JJCB RFC CBHA7-@4FF (J@K) U?Q CKNJMWCB, UFCPC
1 lbm = 0.4539 kg . (?) )D RFCPC GQ ?L SLACPR?GLRW MD 0.0001 kg GL RFC
NMSLB-K?QQ SLGR, UF?R GQ GRQ NCPACLR SLACPR?GLRW? (@) "?QCB ML RF?R
NCPACLR SLACPR?GLRW, UF?R K?QQ GL NMSLB-K?QQ F?Q ?L SLACPR?GLRW MD 1 IE
UFCL AMLTCPRCB RM IGJMEP?KQ?
39. 4FC JCLERF ?LB UGBRF MD ? PCAR?LESJ?P PMMK ?PC KC?QSPCB RM @C
3.955 0.005 m ?LB 3.050 0.005 m. #?JASJ?RC RFC ?PC? MD RFC
PMMK ?LB GRQ SLACPR?GLRW GL QOS?PC KCRCPQ.
40. ! A?P CLEGLC KMTCQ ? NGQRML UGRF ? AGPASJ?P APMQQ QCARGML MD
7.500 0.002 cm BG?KCRCP ? BGQR?LAC MD 3.250 0.001 cm RM
AMKNPCQQ RFC E?Q GL RFC AWJGLBCP. (?) "W UF?R ?KMSLR GQ RFC E?Q
BCAPC?QCB GL TMJSKC GL AS@GA ACLRGKCRCPQ? (@) &GLB RFC SLACPR?GLRW GL RFGQ
TMJSKC.
1.4 AFFHEN?C7J?ED
41. (MU K?LW FC?PR@C?RQ ?PC RFCPC GL ? JGDCRGKC?
42. ! ECLCP?RGML GQ ?@MSR MLC-RFGPB MD ? JGDCRGKC. !NNPMVGK?RCJW FMU K?LW
ECLCP?RGMLQ F?TC N?QQCB QGLAC RFC WC?P 0 !$?
43. (MU K?LW RGKCQ JMLECP RF?L RFC KC?L JGDC MD ?L CVRPCKCJW SLQR?@JC
?RMKGA LSAJCSQ GQ RFC JGDCRGKC MD ? FSK?L? ((GLR: 4FC JGDCRGKC MD ?L
SLQR?@JC ?RMKGA LSAJCSQ GQ ML RFC MPBCP MD 10
22
s .)
44. #?JASJ?RC RFC ?NNPMVGK?RC LSK@CP MD ?RMKQ GL ? @?ARCPGSK. !QQSKC
RF?R RFC ?TCP?EC K?QQ MD ?L ?RMK GL RFC @?ARCPGSK GQ RCL RGKCQ RFC K?QQ
MD ? FWBPMECL ?RMK. ((GLR: 4FC K?QQ MD ? FWBPMECL ?RMK GQ ML RFC MPBCP
MD 10
27
kg ?LB RFC K?QQ MD ? @?ARCPGSK GQ ML RFC MPBCP MD
10
15
kg. )
32 #(!04%2 1 Y ).42/$5#4)/.: 4(% .!452% /& 3#)%.#% !.$ 0(93)#3
F?=KH; 1.28 4FGQ AMJMP-CLF?LACB NFMRM QFMUQ *4?@BA8??4 GLC;<@HE<H@ (PCB)
?RR?AIGLE FSK?L ACJJQ. 4FCQC @?ARCPG? ?PC AMKKMLJW ILMUL DMP A?SQGLE DMMB@MPLC
GJJLCQQ. #?L WMS CQRGK?RC RFC LSK@CP MD ?RMKQ GL C?AF @?ARCPGSK? (APCBGR: 2MAIW
-MSLR?GL ,?@MP?RMPGCQ, .)!)$, .)()
45. !NNPMVGK?RCJW FMU K?LW ?RMKQ RFGAI GQ ? ACJJ KCK@P?LC, ?QQSKGLE
?JJ ?RMKQ RFCPC ?TCP?EC ?@MSR RUGAC RFC QGXC MD ? FWBPMECL ?RMK?
46. (?) 7F?R DP?ARGML MD %?PRFtQ BG?KCRCP GQ RFC EPC?RCQR MAC?L BCNRF? (@)
4FC EPC?RCQR KMSLR?GL FCGEFR?
47. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC LSK@CP MD ACJJQ GL ? FSKKGLE@GPB ?QQSKGLE RFC
K?QQ MD ?L ?TCP?EC ACJJ GQ RCL RGKCQ RFC K?QQ MD ? @?ARCPGSK. (@) -?IGLE
RFC Q?KC ?QQSKNRGML, FMU K?LW ACJJQ ?PC RFCPC GL ? FSK?L?
48. !QQSKGLE MLC LCPTC GKNSJQC KSQR CLB @CDMPC ?LMRFCP A?L @CEGL,
UF?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK DGPGLE P?RC MD ? LCPTC GL GKNSJQCQ NCP QCAMLB?
#(!04%2 1 Y ).42/$5#4)/.: 4(% .!452% /& 3#)%.#% !.$ 0(93)#3 33
34 #(!04%2 1 Y ).42/$5#4)/.: 4(% .!452% /& 3#)%.#% !.$ 0(93)#3
2 +).%-!4)#3
F?=KH; 2.1 4FC KMRGML MD ?L !KCPGA?L ICQRPCJ RFPMSEF RFC ?GP A?L @C BCQAPG@CB @W RFC @GPBtQ BGQNJ?ACKCLR, QNCCB, TCJMAGRW, ?LB ?AACJCP?RGML. 7FCL GR DJGCQ GL ? QRP?GEFR JGLC
UGRFMSR ?LW AF?LEC GL BGPCARGML, GRQ KMRGML GQ Q?GB RM @C MLC BGKCLQGML?J. (APCBGR: 6GLAC -?GBCLQ, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
,C?PLGLE /@HCARGTCQ
2.1. D?IFB79;C;DJ
2.2. /;9JEHI, ,97B7HI, 7D: CEEH:?D7J; ,OIJ;CI
2.3. -?C;, /;BE9?JO, 7D: ,F;;:
2.4. A99;B;H7J?ED
2.5. &EJ?ED EGK7J?EDI <EH CEDIJ7DJ A99;B;H7J?ED ?D (D; D?C;DI?ED
2.6. )HE8B;C-,EBL?D= B7I?9I <EH (D;-D?C;DI?ED7B $?D;C7J?9I
2.7. F7BB?D= (8@;9JI
2.8. H7F>?97B AD7BOI?I E< (D;-D?C;DI?ED7B &EJ?ED
"DJHE:K9J?ED JE (D;-D?C;DI?ED7B $?D;C7J?9I
/@HCARQ ?PC GL KMRGML CTCPWUFCPC UC JMMI. %TCPWRFGLE DPMK ? RCLLGQ E?KC RM ? QN?AC-NPM@C DJW@W MD RFC NJ?LCR .CNRSLC GLTMJTCQ KMRGML. 7FCL WMS
?PC PCQRGLE, WMSP FC?PR KMTCQ @JMMB RFPMSEF WMSP TCGLQ. !LB CTCL GL GL?LGK?RC M@HCARQ, RFCPC GQ AMLRGLSMSQ KMRGML GL RFC TG@P?RGMLQ MD ?RMKQ ?LB
KMJCASJCQ. 1SCQRGMLQ ?@MSR KMRGML ?PC GLRCPCQRGLE GL ?LB MD RFCKQCJTCQ: HBJ ?BA: J<?? <G G4>8 9BE 4 FC468 CEB58 GB :8G GB $4EF? .;8E8 J<?? 4 9BBG54??
?4A7 <9 <G <F G;EBJA 4G 4 68EG4<A 4A:?8? "SR ?L SLBCPQR?LBGLE MD KMRGML GQ ?JQM ICW RM SLBCPQR?LBGLE MRFCP AMLACNRQ GL NFWQGAQ. !L SLBCPQR?LBGLE MD
?AACJCP?RGML, DMP CV?KNJC, GQ APSAG?J RM RFC QRSBW MD DMPAC.
/SP DMPK?J QRSBW MD NFWQGAQ @CEGLQ UGRF A?D;C7J?9I UFGAF GQ BCDGLCB ?Q RFC FGH7L B9 @BG<BA J<G;BHG 6BAF<78E<A: <GF 64HF8F. 4FC UMPB uIGLCK?RGAQv
AMKCQ DPMK ? 'PCCI RCPK KC?LGLE KMRGML ?LB GQ PCJ?RCB RM MRFCP %LEJGQF UMPBQ QSAF ?Q uAGLCK?v (KMTGCQ) ?LB uIGLCQGMJMEWv (RFC QRSBW MD FSK?L
KMRGML). )L MLC-BGKCLQGML?J IGLCK?RGAQ ?LB -ME-D?C;DI?ED7B $?D;C7J?9I UC UGJJ QRSBW MLJW RFC @BG<BA MD ? DMMR@?JJ, DMP CV?KNJC, UGRFMSR UMPPWGLE
?@MSR UF?R DMPACQ A?SQC MP AF?LEC GRQ KMRGML. 3SAF AMLQGBCP?RGMLQ AMKC GL MRFCP AF?NRCPQ. )L RFGQ AF?NRCP, UC CV?KGLC RFC QGKNJCQR RWNC MD
KMRGMLrL?KCJW, KMRGML ?JMLE ? QRP?GEFR JGLC, MP MLC-BGKCLQGML?J KMRGML. )L -ME-D?C;DI?ED7B $?D;C7J?9I, UC ?NNJW AMLACNRQ BCTCJMNCB FCPC RM
QRSBW KMRGML ?JMLE ASPTCB N?RFQ (RUM- ?LB RFPCC-BGKCLQGML?J KMRGML); DMP CV?KNJC, RF?R MD ? A?P PMSLBGLE ? ASPTC.
#(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3 35
2.1 D?IFB79;C;DJ
F?=KH; 2.2 4FCQC AWAJGQRQ GL 6GCRL?K A?L @C BCQAPG@CB @W RFCGP NMQGRGML PCJ?RGTC RM @SGJBGLEQ ?LB ? A?L?J. 4FCGP KMRGML A?L @C BCQAPG@CB @W RFCGP AF?LEC GL NMQGRGML, MP
BGQNJ?ACKCLR, GL RFC DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC. (APCBGR: 3SX?L "J?AI, &MRMNCBG?)
0MQGRGML
)L MPBCP RM BCQAPG@C RFC KMRGML MD ?L M@HCAR, WMS KSQR DGPQR @C ?@JC RM BCQAPG@C GRQ FEI?J?EDrUFCPC GR GQ ?R ?LW N?PRGASJ?P RGKC. -MPC NPCAGQCJW, WMS
LCCB RM QNCAGDW GRQ NMQGRGML PCJ?RGTC RM ? AMLTCLGCLR PCDCPCLAC DP?KC. %?PRF GQ MDRCL SQCB ?Q ? PCDCPCLAC DP?KC, ?LB UC MDRCL BCQAPG@C RFC NMQGRGML MD
?L M@HCAR ?Q GR PCJ?RCQ RM QR?RGML?PW M@HCARQ GL RF?R PCDCPCLAC DP?KC. &MP CV?KNJC, ? PMAICR J?SLAF UMSJB @C BCQAPG@CB GL RCPKQ MD RFC NMQGRGML MD RFC
PMAICR UGRF PCQNCAR RM RFC %?PRF ?Q ? UFMJC, UFGJC ? NPMDCQQMPtQ NMQGRGML AMSJB @C BCQAPG@CB GL RCPKQ MD UFCPC QFC GQ GL PCJ?RGML RM RFC LC?P@W UFGRC
@M?PB. (3CC F?=KH; 2.3.) )L MRFCP A?QCQ, UC SQC PCDCPCLAC DP?KCQ RF?R ?PC LMR QR?RGML?PW @SR ?PC GL KMRGML PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF. 4M BCQAPG@C RFC
NMQGRGML MD ? NCPQML GL ?L ?GPNJ?LC, DMP CV?KNJC, UC SQC RFC ?GPNJ?LC, LMR RFC %?PRF, ?Q RFC PCDCPCLAC DP?KC. (3CC F?=KH; 2.4.)
$GQNJ?ACKCLR
)D ?L M@HCAR KMTCQ PCJ?RGTC RM ? PCDCPCLAC DP?KC (DMP CV?KNJC, GD ? NPMDCQQMP KMTCQ RM RFC PGEFR PCJ?RGTC RM ? UFGRC @M?PB MP ? N?QQCLECP KMTCQ RMU?PB
RFC PC?P MD ?L ?GPNJ?LC), RFCL RFC M@HCARtQ NMQGRGML AF?LECQ. 4FGQ AF?LEC GL NMQGRGML GQ ILMUL ?Q :?IFB79;C;DJ. 4FC UMPB uBGQNJ?ACKCLRv GKNJGCQ RF?R
?L M@HCAR F?Q KMTCB, MP F?Q @CCL BGQNJ?ACB.
$GQNJ?ACKCLR
$GQNJ?ACKCLR GQ RFC 6;4A:8 <A CBF<G<BA MD ?L M@HCAR:
(2.1) x = x
f
x
0
,
UFCPC x GQ BGQNJ?ACKCLR, x
f
GQ RFC DGL?J NMQGRGML, ?LB x
0
GQ RFC GLGRG?J NMQGRGML.
)L RFGQ RCVR RFC SNNCP A?QC 'PCCI JCRRCP (BCJR?) ?JU?WQ KC?LQ uAF?LEC GLv UF?RCTCP OS?LRGRW DMJJMUQ GR; RFSQ, x KC?LQ 6;4A:8 <A CBF<G<BA.
!JU?WQ QMJTC DMP BGQNJ?ACKCLR @W QS@RP?ARGLE GLGRG?J NMQGRGML x
0
DPMK DGL?J NMQGRGML x
f
.
.MRC RF?R RFC 3) SLGR DMP BGQNJ?ACKCLR GQ RFC KCRCP (K) (QCC )>OI?97B *K7DJ?J?;I 7D: .D?JI), @SR QMKCRGKCQ IGJMKCRCPQ, KGJCQ, DCCR, ?LB MRFCP SLGRQ MD
JCLERF ?PC SQCB. +CCN GL KGLB RF?R UFCL SLGRQ MRFCP RF?L RFC KCRCP ?PC SQCB GL ? NPM@JCK, WMS K?W LCCB RM AMLTCPR RFCK GLRM KCRCPQ RM AMKNJCRC RFC
A?JASJ?RGML.
F?=KH; 2.3 ! NPMDCQQMP N?ACQ JCDR ?LB PGEFR UFGJC JCARSPGLE. (CP NMQGRGML PCJ?RGTC RM %?PRF GQ EGTCL @W x . 4FC +2.0 m BGQNJ?ACKCLR MD RFC NPMDCQQMP PCJ?RGTC RM %?PRF GQ
PCNPCQCLRCB @W ?L ?PPMU NMGLRGLE RM RFC PGEFR.
36 #(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3
F?=KH; 2.4 ! N?QQCLECP KMTCQ DPMK FGQ QC?R RM RFC @?AI MD RFC NJ?LC. (GQ JMA?RGML PCJ?RGTC RM RFC ?GPNJ?LC GQ EGTCL @W x . 4FC 4.0-m BGQNJ?ACKCLR MD RFC N?QQCLECP
PCJ?RGTC RM RFC NJ?LC GQ PCNPCQCLRCB @W ?L ?PPMU RMU?PB RFC PC?P MD RFC NJ?LC. .MRGAC RF?R RFC ?PPMU PCNPCQCLRGLE FGQ BGQNJ?ACKCLR GQ RUGAC ?Q JMLE ?Q RFC ?PPMU PCNPCQCLRGLE RFC
BGQNJ?ACKCLR MD RFC NPMDCQQMP (FC KMTCQ RUGAC ?Q D?P) GL F?=KH; 2.3.
.MRC RF?R BGQNJ?ACKCLR F?Q ? BGPCARGML ?Q UCJJ ?Q ? K?ELGRSBC. 4FC NPMDCQQMPtQ BGQNJ?ACKCLR GQ 2.0 K RM RFC PGEFR, ?LB RFC ?GPJGLC N?QQCLECPtQ
BGQNJ?ACKCLR GQ 4.0 K RMU?PB RFC PC?P. )L MLC-BGKCLQGML?J KMRGML, BGPCARGML A?L @C QNCAGDGCB UGRF ? NJSQ MP KGLSQ QGEL. 7FCL WMS @CEGL ? NPM@JCK,
WMS QFMSJB QCJCAR UFGAF BGPCARGML GQ NMQGRGTC (SQS?JJW RF?R UGJJ @C RM RFC PGEFR MP SN, @SR WMS ?PC DPCC RM QCJCAR NMQGRGTC ?Q @CGLE ?LW BGPCARGML). 4FC
NPMDCQQMPtQ GLGRG?J NMQGRGML GQ x
0
= 1.5 m ?LB FCP DGL?J NMQGRGML GQ x
f
= 3.5 m. 4FSQ FCP BGQNJ?ACKCLR GQ
(2.2)
x = x
f
x
0
= 3.5 m 1.5 m = + 2.0 m.
)L RFGQ AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK, KMRGML RM RFC PGEFR GQ NMQGRGTC, UFCPC?Q KMRGML RM RFC JCDR GQ LCE?RGTC. 3GKGJ?PJW, RFC ?GPNJ?LC N?QQCLECPtQ GLGRG?J NMQGRGML GQ
x
0
= 6.0 m ?LB FGQ DGL?J NMQGRGML GQ x
f
= 2.0 m, QM FGQ BGQNJ?ACKCLR GQ
(2.3)
x = x
f
x
0
= 2.0 m 6.0 m = 4.0 m.
(GQ BGQNJ?ACKCLR GQ LCE?RGTC @CA?SQC FGQ KMRGML GQ RMU?PB RFC PC?P MD RFC NJ?LC, MP GL RFC LCE?RGTC x BGPCARGML GL MSP AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK.
$GQR?LAC
!JRFMSEF BGQNJ?ACKCLR GQ BCQAPG@CB GL RCPKQ MD BGPCARGML, BGQR?LAC GQ LMR. D?IJ7D9; GQ BCDGLCB RM @C G;8 @4:A<GH78 BE F<M8 B9 7<FC?468@8AG 58GJ88A
GJB CBF<G<BAF. .MRC RF?R RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RUM NMQGRGMLQ GQ LMR RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB @CRUCCL RFCK. D?IJ7D9; JH7L;B;: GQ G;8 GBG4?
?8A:G; B9 G;8 C4G; GE4I8?87 58GJ88A GJB CBF<G<BAF. $GQR?LAC F?Q LM BGPCARGML ?LB, RFSQ, LM QGEL. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC BGQR?LAC RFC NPMDCQQMP U?JIQ GQ 2.0
K. 4FC BGQR?LAC RFC ?GPNJ?LC N?QQCLECP U?JIQ GQ 4.0 K.
-GQAMLACNRGML !JCPR: $GQR?LAC 4P?TCJCB TQ. -?ELGRSBC MD $GQNJ?ACKCLR
)R GQ GKNMPR?LR RM LMRC RF?R RFC 7<FG4A68 GE4I8?87, FMUCTCP, A?L @C EPC?RCP RF?L RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR (@W K?ELGRSBC, UC KC?L HSQR
RFC QGXC MD RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR UGRFMSR PCE?PB RM GRQ BGPCARGML; RF?R GQ, HSQR ? LSK@CP UGRF ? SLGR). &MP CV?KNJC, RFC NPMDCQQMP AMSJB N?AC @?AI ?LB
DMPRF K?LW RGKCQ, NCPF?NQ U?JIGLE ? BGQR?LAC MD 150 K BSPGLE ? JCARSPC, WCR QRGJJ CLB SN MLJW 2.0 K RM RFC PGEFR MD FCP QR?PRGLE NMGLR. )L RFGQ A?QC
FCP BGQNJ?ACKCLR UMSJB @C +2.0 K, RFC K?ELGRSBC MD FCP BGQNJ?ACKCLR UMSJB @C 2.0 K, @SR RFC BGQR?LAC QFC RP?TCJCB UMSJB @C 150 K. )L
IGLCK?RGAQ UC LC?PJW ?JU?WQ BC?J UGRF BGQNJ?ACKCLR ?LB K?ELGRSBC MD BGQNJ?ACKCLR, ?LB ?JKMQR LCTCP UGRF BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB. /LC U?W RM RFGLI
?@MSR RFGQ GQ RM ?QQSKC WMS K?PICB RFC QR?PR MD RFC KMRGML ?LB RFC CLB MD RFC KMRGML. 4FC BGQNJ?ACKCLR GQ QGKNJW RFC BGDDCPCLAC GL RFC NMQGRGML MD
RFC RUM K?PIQ ?LB GQ GLBCNCLBCLR MD RFC N?RF R?ICL GL RP?TCJGLE @CRUCCL RFC RUM K?PIQ. 4FC BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB, FMUCTCP, GQ RFC RMR?J JCLERF MD RFC
N?RF R?ICL @CRUCCL RFC RUM K?PIQ.
! AWAJGQR PGBCQ 3 IK UCQR ?LB RFCL RSPLQ ?PMSLB ?LB PGBCQ 2 IK C?QR. (?) 7F?R GQ FCP BGQNJ?ACKCLR? (@) 7F?R BGQR?LAC BMCQ QFC PGBC? (A) 7F?R GQ
RFC K?ELGRSBC MD FCP BGQNJ?ACKCLR?
,EBKJ?ED
#(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3 37
F?=KH; 2.5
(?) 4FC PGBCPtQ BGQNJ?ACKCLR GQ x = x
f
x
0
= 1 km. (4FC BGQNJ?ACKCLR GQ LCE?RGTC @CA?SQC UC R?IC C?QR RM @C NMQGRGTC ?LB UCQR RM @C
LCE?RGTC.)
(@) 4FC BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB GQ 3 km + 2 km = 5 km.
(A) 4FC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR GQ 1 km.
2.2 /;9JEHI, ,97B7HI, 7D: CEEH:?D7J; ,OIJ;CI
F?=KH; 2.6 4FC KMRGML MD RFGQ %AJGNQC #MLACNR HCR A?L @C BCQAPG@CB GL RCPKQ MD RFC BGQR?LAC GR F?Q RP?TCJCB (? QA?J?P OS?LRGRW) MP GRQ BGQNJ?ACKCLR GL ? QNCAGDGA BGPCARGML (? TCARMP
OS?LRGRW). )L MPBCP RM QNCAGDW RFC BGPCARGML MD KMRGML, GRQ BGQNJ?ACKCLR KSQR @C BCQAPG@CB @?QCB ML ? AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK. )L RFGQ A?QC, GR K?W @C AMLTCLGCLR RM AFMMQC KMRGML
RMU?PB RFC JCDR ?Q NMQGRGTC KMRGML (GR GQ RFC DMPU?PB BGPCARGML DMP RFC NJ?LC), ?JRFMSEF GL K?LW A?QCQ, RFC x -AMMPBGL?RC PSLQ DPMK JCDR RM PGEFR, UGRF KMRGML RM RFC PGEFR ?Q NMQGRGTC
?LB KMRGML RM RFC JCDR ?Q LCE?RGTC. (APCBGR: !PKAF?GP !TG?RMP, &JGAIP)
7F?R GQ RFC BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL BGQR?LAC ?LB BGQNJ?ACKCLR? 7FCPC?Q BGQNJ?ACKCLR GQ BCDGLCB @W @MRF BGPCARGML ?LB K?ELGRSBC, BGQR?LAC GQ BCDGLCB
MLJW @W K?ELGRSBC. $GQNJ?ACKCLR GQ ?L CV?KNJC MD ? TCARMP OS?LRGRW. $GQR?LAC GQ ?L CV?KNJC MD ? QA?J?P OS?LRGRW. ! L;9JEH GQ ?LW OS?LRGRW UGRF @MRF
@4:A<GH78 4A7 7<E86G<BA. /RFCP CV?KNJCQ MD TCARMPQ GLAJSBC ? TCJMAGRW MD 90 IK/F C?QR ?LB ? DMPAC MD 500 LCURMLQ QRP?GEFR BMUL.
4FC BGPCARGML MD ? TCARMP GL MLC-BGKCLQGML?J KMRGML GQ EGTCL QGKNJW @W ? NJSQ ( + ) MP KGLSQ ( ) QGEL. 6CARMPQ ?PC PCNPCQCLRCB EP?NFGA?JJW @W
?PPMUQ. !L ?PPMU SQCB RM PCNPCQCLR ? TCARMP F?Q ? JCLERF NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC TCARMPtQ K?ELGRSBC (C.E., RFC J?PECP RFC K?ELGRSBC, RFC JMLECP RFC JCLERF
MD RFC TCARMP) ?LB NMGLRQ GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q RFC TCARMP.
3MKC NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ, JGIC BGQR?LAC, CGRFCP F?TC LM BGPCARGML MP LMLC GQ QNCAGDGCB. ! I97B7H GQ ?LW OS?LRGRW RF?R F?Q ? K?ELGRSBC, @SR LM BGPCARGML.
&MP CV?KNJC, ? 20C RCKNCP?RSPC, RFC 250 IGJMA?JMPGCQ (250 #?JMPGCQ) MD CLCPEW GL ? A?LBW @?P, ? 90 IK/F QNCCB JGKGR, ? NCPQMLtQ 1.8 K FCGEFR, ?LB
? BGQR?LAC MD 2.0 K ?PC ?JJ QA?J?PQrOS?LRGRGCQ UGRF LM QNCAGDGCB BGPCARGML. .MRC, FMUCTCP, RF?R ? QA?J?P A?L @C LCE?RGTC, QSAF ?Q ? 20C
RCKNCP?RSPC. )L RFGQ A?QC, RFC KGLSQ QGEL GLBGA?RCQ ? NMGLR ML ? QA?JC P?RFCP RF?L ? BGPCARGML. 3A?J?PQ ?PC LCTCP PCNPCQCLRCB @W ?PPMUQ.
#MMPBGL?RC 3WQRCKQ DMP /LC-$GKCLQGML?J -MRGML
)L MPBCP RM BCQAPG@C RFC BGPCARGML MD ? TCARMP OS?LRGRW, WMS KSQR BCQGEL?RC ? AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK UGRFGL RFC PCDCPCLAC DP?KC. &MP MLC-BGKCLQGML?J
KMRGML, RFGQ GQ ? QGKNJC AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK AMLQGQRGLE MD ? MLC-BGKCLQGML?J AMMPBGL?RC JGLC. )L ECLCP?J, UFCL BCQAPG@GLE FMPGXMLR?J KMRGML, KMRGML RM
RFC PGEFR GQ SQS?JJW AMLQGBCPCB NMQGRGTC, ?LB KMRGML RM RFC JCDR GQ AMLQGBCPCB LCE?RGTC. 7GRF TCPRGA?J KMRGML, KMRGML SN GQ SQS?JJW NMQGRGTC ?LB KMRGML
BMUL GQ LCE?RGTC. )L QMKC A?QCQ, FMUCTCP, ?Q UGRF RFC HCR GL F?=KH; 2.6, GR A?L @C KMPC AMLTCLGCLR RM QUGRAF RFC NMQGRGTC ?LB LCE?RGTC BGPCARGMLQ. &MP
CV?KNJC, GD WMS ?PC ?L?JWXGLE RFC KMRGML MD D?JJGLE M@HCARQ, GR A?L @C SQCDSJ RM BCDGLC BMULU?PBQ ?Q RFC NMQGRGTC BGPCARGML. )D NCMNJC GL ? P?AC ?PC
PSLLGLE RM RFC JCDR, GR GQ SQCDSJ RM BCDGLC JCDR ?Q RFC NMQGRGTC BGPCARGML. )R BMCQ LMR K?RRCP ?Q JMLE ?Q RFC QWQRCK GQ AJC?P ?LB AMLQGQRCLR. /LAC WMS ?QQGEL
? NMQGRGTC BGPCARGML ?LB QR?PR QMJTGLE ? NPM@JCK, WMS A?LLMR AF?LEC GR.
38 #(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3
F?=KH; 2.7 )R GQ SQS?JJW AMLTCLGCLR RM AMLQGBCP KMRGML SNU?PB MP RM RFC PGEFR ?Q NMQGRGTC ( + ) ?LB KMRGML BMULU?PB MP RM RFC JCDR ?Q LCE?RGTC ( ) .
! NCPQMLtQ QNCCB A?L QR?W RFC Q?KC ?Q FC MP QFC PMSLBQ ? AMPLCP ?LB AF?LECQ BGPCARGML. 'GTCL RFGQ GLDMPK?RGML, GQ QNCCB ? QA?J?P MP ? TCARMP
OS?LRGRW? %VNJ?GL.
,EBKJ?ED
3NCCB GQ ? QA?J?P OS?LRGRW. )R BMCQ LMR AF?LEC ?R ?JJ UGRF BGPCARGML AF?LECQ; RFCPCDMPC, GR F?Q K?ELGRSBC MLJW. )D GR UCPC ? TCARMP OS?LRGRW, GR UMSJB
AF?LEC ?Q BGPCARGML AF?LECQ (CTCL GD GRQ K?ELGRSBC PCK?GLCB AMLQR?LR).
2.3 -?C;, /;BE9?JO, 7D: ,F;;:
F?=KH; 2.8 4FC KMRGML MD RFCQC P?AGLE QL?GJQ A?L @C BCQAPG@CB @W RFCGP QNCCBQ ?LB RFCGP TCJMAGRGCQ. (APCBGR: RM@GR?QDJGAIP, &JGAIP)
4FCPC GQ KMPC RM KMRGML RF?L BGQR?LAC ?LB BGQNJ?ACKCLR. 1SCQRGMLQ QSAF ?Q, u(MU JMLE BMCQ ? DMMR P?AC R?IC?v ?LB u7F?R U?Q RFC PSLLCPtQ QNCCB?v
A?LLMR @C ?LQUCPCB UGRFMSR ?L SLBCPQR?LBGLE MD MRFCP AMLACNRQ. )L RFGQ QCARGML UC ?BB BCDGLGRGMLQ MD RGKC, TCJMAGRW, ?LB QNCCB RM CVN?LB MSP
BCQAPGNRGML MD KMRGML.
4GKC
!Q BGQASQQCB GL )>OI?97B *K7DJ?J?;I 7D: .D?JI, RFC KMQR DSLB?KCLR?J NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ ?PC BCDGLCB @W FMU RFCW ?PC KC?QSPCB. 4FGQ GQ RFC A?QC
UGRF RGKC. %TCPW KC?QSPCKCLR MD RGKC GLTMJTCQ KC?QSPGLE ? AF?LEC GL QMKC NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRW. )R K?W @C ? LSK@CP ML ? BGEGR?J AJMAI, ? FC?PR@C?R, MP
RFC NMQGRGML MD RFC 3SL GL RFC QIW. )L NFWQGAQ, RFC BCDGLGRGML MD RGKC GQ QGKNJCrJ?C; GQ 6;4A:8, MP RFC GLRCPT?J MTCP UFGAF AF?LEC MAASPQ. )R GQ
GKNMQQG@JC RM ILMU RF?R RGKC F?Q N?QQCB SLJCQQ QMKCRFGLE AF?LECQ.
4FC ?KMSLR MD RGKC MP AF?LEC GQ A?JG@P?RCB @W AMKN?PGQML UGRF ? QR?LB?PB. 4FC 3) SLGR DMP RGKC GQ RFC QCAMLB, ?@@PCTG?RCB Q. 7C KGEFR, DMP CV?KNJC,
M@QCPTC RF?R ? ACPR?GL NCLBSJSK K?ICQ MLC DSJJ QUGLE CTCPW 0.75 Q. 7C AMSJB RFCL SQC RFC NCLBSJSK RM KC?QSPC RGKC @W AMSLRGLE GRQ QUGLEQ MP, MD
AMSPQC, @W AMLLCARGLE RFC NCLBSJSK RM ? AJMAI KCAF?LGQK RF?R PCEGQRCPQ RGKC ML ? BG?J. 4FGQ ?JJMUQ SQ RM LMR MLJW KC?QSPC RFC ?KMSLR MD RGKC, @SR
?JQM RM BCRCPKGLC ? QCOSCLAC MD CTCLRQ.
(MU BMCQ RGKC PCJ?RC RM KMRGML? 7C ?PC SQS?JJW GLRCPCQRCB GL CJ?NQCB RGKC DMP ? N?PRGASJ?P KMRGML, QSAF ?Q FMU JMLE GR R?ICQ ?L ?GPNJ?LC N?QQCLECP RM
ECR DPMK FGQ QC?R RM RFC @?AI MD RFC NJ?LC. 4M DGLB CJ?NQCB RGKC, UC LMRC RFC RGKC ?R RFC @CEGLLGLE ?LB CLB MD RFC KMRGML ?LB QS@RP?AR RFC RUM. &MP
CV?KNJC, ? JCARSPC K?W QR?PR ?R 11:00 !.-. ?LB CLB ?R 11:50 !.-., QM RF?R RFC CJ?NQCB RGKC UMSJB @C 50 KGL. EB7FI;: J?C; t GQ RFC BGDDCPCLAC
@CRUCCL RFC CLBGLE RGKC ?LB @CEGLLGLE RGKC,
(2.4) t = t
f
t
0
,
UFCPC t GQ RFC AF?LEC GL RGKC MP CJ?NQCB RGKC, t
f
GQ RFC RGKC ?R RFC CLB MD RFC KMRGML, ?LB t
0
GQ RFC RGKC ?R RFC @CEGLLGLE MD RFC KMRGML. (!Q SQS?J,
RFC BCJR? QWK@MJ, , KC?LQ RFC AF?LEC GL RFC OS?LRGRW RF?R DMJJMUQ GR.)
#(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3 39
,GDC GQ QGKNJCP GD RFC @CEGLLGLE RGKC t
0
GQ R?ICL RM @C XCPM, ?Q UFCL UC SQC ? QRMNU?RAF. )D UC UCPC SQGLE ? QRMNU?RAF, GR UMSJB QGKNJW PC?B XCPM ?R
RFC QR?PR MD RFC JCARSPC ?LB 50 KGL ?R RFC CLB. )D t
0
= 0 , RFCL t = t
f
t .
)L RFGQ RCVR, DMP QGKNJGAGRWtQ Q?IC,
w KMRGML QR?PRQ ?R RGKC COS?J RM XCPM (t
0
= 0)
w RFC QWK@MJ t GQ SQCB DMP CJ?NQCB RGKC SLJCQQ MRFCPUGQC QNCAGDGCB (t = t
f
t)
6CJMAGRW
9MSP LMRGML MD TCJMAGRW GQ NPM@?@JW RFC Q?KC ?Q GRQ QAGCLRGDGA BCDGLGRGML. 9MS ILMU RF?R GD WMS F?TC ? J?PEC BGQNJ?ACKCLR GL ? QK?JJ ?KMSLR MD RGKC WMS
F?TC ? J?PEC TCJMAGRW, ?LB RF?R TCJMAGRW F?Q SLGRQ MD BGQR?LAC BGTGBCB @W RGKC, QSAF ?Q KGJCQ NCP FMSP MP IGJMKCRCPQ NCP FMSP.
!TCP?EC 6CJMAGRW
AL;H7=; L;BE9?JO GQ 7<FC?468@8AG (6;4A:8 <A CBF<G<BA) 7<I<787 5L G;8 G<@8 B9 GE4I8?,
(2.5)
v
-
=
x
t
=
x
f
x
0
t
f
t
0
,
UFCPC v
-
GQ RFC 4I8E4:8 (GLBGA?RCB @W RFC @?P MTCP RFC v ) TCJMAGRW, x GQ RFC AF?LEC GL NMQGRGML (MP BGQNJ?ACKCLR), ?LB x
f
?LB x
0
?PC RFC
DGL?J ?LB @CEGLLGLE NMQGRGMLQ ?R RGKCQ t
f
?LB t
0
, PCQNCARGTCJW. )D RFC QR?PRGLE RGKC t
0
GQ R?ICL RM @C XCPM, RFCL RFC ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW GQ QGKNJW
(2.6)
v
-
=
x
t
.
.MRGAC RF?R RFGQ BCDGLGRGML GLBGA?RCQ RF?R I8?B6<GL <F 4 I86GBE 5864HF8 7<FC?468@8AG <F 4 I86GBE. )R F?Q @MRF K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML. 4FC 3) SLGR DMP
TCJMAGRW GQ KCRCPQ NCP QCAMLB MP K/Q, @SR K?LW MRFCP SLGRQ, QSAF ?Q IK/F, KG/F (?JQM UPGRRCL ?Q KNF), ?LB AK/Q, ?PC GL AMKKML SQC. 3SNNMQC, DMP
CV?KNJC, ?L ?GPNJ?LC N?QQCLECP RMMI 5 QCAMLBQ RM KMTC {4 K (RFC LCE?RGTC QGEL GLBGA?RCQ RF?R BGQNJ?ACKCLR GQ RMU?PB RFC @?AI MD RFC NJ?LC). (GQ
?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW UMSJB @C
(2.7)
v
-
=
x
t
=
4 m
5 s
= 0.8 m/s.
4FC KGLSQ QGEL GLBGA?RCQ RFC ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW GQ ?JQM RMU?PB RFC PC?P MD RFC NJ?LC.
4FC ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW MD ?L M@HCAR BMCQ LMR RCJJ SQ ?LWRFGLE ?@MSR UF?R F?NNCLQ RM GR @CRUCCL RFC QR?PRGLE NMGLR ?LB CLBGLE NMGLR, FMUCTCP. &MP
CV?KNJC, UC A?LLMR RCJJ DPMK ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW UFCRFCP RFC ?GPNJ?LC N?QQCLECP QRMNQ KMKCLR?PGJW MP @?AIQ SN @CDMPC FC EMCQ RM RFC @?AI MD RFC
NJ?LC. 4M ECR KMPC BCR?GJQ, UC KSQR AMLQGBCP QK?JJCP QCEKCLRQ MD RFC RPGN MTCP QK?JJCP RGKC GLRCPT?JQ.
F?=KH; 2.9 ! KMPC BCR?GJCB PCAMPB MD ?L ?GPNJ?LC N?QQCLECP FC?BGLE RMU?PB RFC @?AI MD RFC NJ?LC, QFMUGLE QK?JJCP QCEKCLRQ MD FGQ RPGN.
4FC QK?JJCP RFC RGKC GLRCPT?JQ AMLQGBCPCB GL ? KMRGML, RFC KMPC BCR?GJCB RFC GLDMPK?RGML. 7FCL UC A?PPW RFGQ NPMACQQ RM GRQ JMEGA?J AMLAJSQGML, UC ?PC
JCDR UGRF ?L GLDGLGRCQGK?JJW QK?JJ GLRCPT?J. /TCP QSAF ?L GLRCPT?J, RFC ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW @CAMKCQ RFC <AFG4AG4A8BHF I8?B6<GL MP RFC I8?B6<GL 4G 4 FC86<9<6
<AFG4AG. ! A?PtQ QNCCBMKCRCP, DMP CV?KNJC, QFMUQ RFC K?ELGRSBC (@SR LMR RFC BGPCARGML) MD RFC GLQR?LR?LCMSQ TCJMAGRW MD RFC A?P. (0MJGAC EGTC RGAICRQ
@?QCB ML GLQR?LR?LCMSQ TCJMAGRW, @SR UFCL A?JASJ?RGLE FMU JMLE GR UGJJ R?IC RM ECR DPMK MLC NJ?AC RM ?LMRFCP ML ? PM?B RPGN, WMS LCCB RM SQC ?TCP?EC
TCJMAGRW.) "DIJ7DJ7D;EKI L;BE9?JO v GQ RFC ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW ?R ? QNCAGDGA GLQR?LR GL RGKC (MP MTCP ?L GLDGLGRCQGK?JJW QK?JJ RGKC GLRCPT?J).
-?RFCK?RGA?JJW, DGLBGLE GLQR?LR?LCMSQ TCJMAGRW, v , ?R ? NPCAGQC GLQR?LR t A?L GLTMJTC R?IGLE ? JGKGR, ? A?JASJSQ MNCP?RGML @CWMLB RFC QAMNC MD RFGQ RCVR.
(MUCTCP, SLBCP K?LW AGPASKQR?LACQ, UC A?L DGLB NPCAGQC T?JSCQ DMP GLQR?LR?LCMSQ TCJMAGRW UGRFMSR A?JASJSQ.
3NCCB
)L CTCPWB?W J?LES?EC, KMQR NCMNJC SQC RFC RCPKQ uQNCCBv ?LB uTCJMAGRWv GLRCPAF?LEC?@JW. )L NFWQGAQ, FMUCTCP, RFCW BM LMR F?TC RFC Q?KC KC?LGLE
?LB RFCW ?PC BGQRGLAR AMLACNRQ. /LC K?HMP BGDDCPCLAC GQ RF?R QNCCB F?Q LM BGPCARGML. 4FSQ FC887 <F 4 F64?4E. *SQR ?Q UC LCCB RM BGQRGLESGQF @CRUCCL
GLQR?LR?LCMSQ TCJMAGRW ?LB ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW, UC ?JQM LCCB RM BGQRGLESGQF @CRUCCL GLQR?LR?LCMSQ QNCCB ?LB ?TCP?EC QNCCB.
"DIJ7DJ7D;EKI IF;;: GQ RFC K?ELGRSBC MD GLQR?LR?LCMSQ TCJMAGRW. &MP CV?KNJC, QSNNMQC RFC ?GPNJ?LC N?QQCLECP ?R MLC GLQR?LR F?B ?L GLQR?LR?LCMSQ
TCJMAGRW MD {3.0 K/Q (RFC KGLSQ KC?LGLE RMU?PB RFC PC?P MD RFC NJ?LC). !R RF?R Q?KC RGKC FGQ GLQR?LR?LCMSQ QNCCB U?Q 3.0 K/Q. /P QSNNMQC RF?R ?R
40 #(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3
MLC RGKC BSPGLE ? QFMNNGLE RPGN WMSP GLQR?LR?LCMSQ TCJMAGRW GQ 40 IK/F BSC LMPRF. 9MSP GLQR?LR?LCMSQ QNCCB ?R RF?R GLQR?LR UMSJB @C 40 IK/FrRFC
Q?KC K?ELGRSBC @SR UGRFMSR ? BGPCARGML. !TCP?EC QNCCB, FMUCTCP, GQ TCPW BGDDCPCLR DPMK ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW. AL;H7=; IF;;: GQ RFC BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB
BGTGBCB @W CJ?NQCB RGKC.
7C F?TC LMRCB RF?R BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB A?L @C EPC?RCP RF?L BGQNJ?ACKCLR. 3M ?TCP?EC QNCCB A?L @C EPC?RCP RF?L ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW, UFGAF GQ
BGQNJ?ACKCLR BGTGBCB @W RGKC. &MP CV?KNJC, GD WMS BPGTC RM ? QRMPC ?LB PCRSPL FMKC GL F?JD ?L FMSP, ?LB WMSP A?PtQ MBMKCRCP QFMUQ RFC RMR?J BGQR?LAC
RP?TCJCB U?Q 6 IK, RFCL WMSP ?TCP?EC QNCCB U?Q 12 IK/F. 9MSP ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW, FMUCTCP, U?Q XCPM, @CA?SQC WMSP BGQNJ?ACKCLR DMP RFC PMSLB RPGN GQ
XCPM. ($GQNJ?ACKCLR GQ AF?LEC GL NMQGRGML ?LB, RFSQ, GQ XCPM DMP ? PMSLB RPGN.) 4FSQ ?TCP?EC QNCCB GQ ABG QGKNJW RFC K?ELGRSBC MD ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW.
F?=KH; 2.10 $SPGLE ? 30-KGLSRC PMSLB RPGN RM RFC QRMPC, RFC RMR?J BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB GQ 6 IK. 4FC ?TCP?EC QNCCB GQ 12 IK/F. 4FC BGQNJ?ACKCLR DMP RFC PMSLB RPGN GQ XCPM, QGLAC
RFCPC U?Q LM LCR AF?LEC GL NMQGRGML. 4FSQ RFC ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW GQ XCPM.
!LMRFCP U?W MD TGQS?JGXGLE RFC KMRGML MD ?L M@HCAR GQ RM SQC ? EP?NF. ! NJMR MD NMQGRGML MP MD TCJMAGRW ?Q ? DSLARGML MD RGKC A?L @C TCPW SQCDSJ. &MP
CV?KNJC, DMP RFGQ RPGN RM RFC QRMPC, RFC NMQGRGML, TCJMAGRW, ?LB QNCCB-TQ.-RGKC EP?NFQ ?PC BGQNJ?WCB GL F?=KH; 2.11. (.MRC RF?R RFCQC EP?NFQ BCNGAR ? TCPW
QGKNJGDGCB CE:;B MD RFC RPGN. 7C ?PC ?QQSKGLE RF?R QNCCB GQ AMLQR?LR BSPGLE RFC RPGN, UFGAF GQ SLPC?JGQRGA EGTCL RF?R UCtJJ NPM@?@JW QRMN ?R RFC QRMPC. "SR
DMP QGKNJGAGRWtQ Q?IC, UC UGJJ KMBCJ GR UGRF LM QRMNQ MP AF?LECQ GL QNCCB. 7C ?PC ?JQM ?QQSKGLE RF?R RFC PMSRC @CRUCCL RFC QRMPC ?LB RFC FMSQC GQ ?
NCPDCARJW QRP?GEFR JGLC.)
#(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3 41
F?=KH; 2.11 0MQGRGML TQ. RGKC, TCJMAGRW TQ. RGKC, ?LB QNCCB TQ. RGKC ML ? RPGN. .MRC RF?R RFC TCJMAGRW DMP RFC PCRSPL RPGN GQ LCE?RGTC.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 4?IC-(MKC )LTCQRGE?RGMLr'CRRGLE ? 3CLQC MD 3NCCB
)D WMS F?TC QNCLR KSAF RGKC BPGTGLE, WMS NPM@?@JW F?TC ? EMMB QCLQC MD QNCCBQ @CRUCCL ?@MSR 10 ?LB 70 KGJCQ NCP FMSP. "SR UF?R ?PC RFCQC GL
KCRCPQ NCP QCAMLB? 7F?R BM UC KC?L UFCL UC Q?W RF?R QMKCRFGLE GQ KMTGLE ?R 10 K/Q? 4M ECR ? @CRRCP QCLQC MD UF?R RFCQC T?JSCQ PC?JJW
KC?L, BM QMKC M@QCPT?RGMLQ ?LB A?JASJ?RGMLQ ML WMSP MUL:
w A?JASJ?RC RWNGA?J A?P QNCCBQ GL KCRCPQ NCP QCAMLB
w CQRGK?RC HMEEGLE ?LB U?JIGLE QNCCB @W RGKGLE WMSPQCJD; AMLTCPR RFC KC?QSPCKCLRQ GLRM @MRF K/Q ?LB KG/F
w BCRCPKGLC RFC QNCCB MD ?L ?LR, QL?GJ, MP D?JJGLE JC?D
! AMKKSRCP RP?GL RP?TCJQ DPMK "?JRGKMPC RM 7?QFGLERML, $#, ?LB @?AI GL 1 FMSP ?LB 45 KGLSRCQ. 4FC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC RUM QR?RGMLQ GQ
?NNPMVGK?RCJW 40 KGJCQ. 7F?R GQ (?) RFC ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW MD RFC RP?GL, ?LB (@) RFC ?TCP?EC QNCCB MD RFC RP?GL GL K/Q?
,EBKJ?ED
42 #(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3
(?) 4FC ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW MD RFC RP?GL GQ XCPM @CA?SQC x
f
= x
0
; RFC RP?GL CLBQ SN ?R RFC Q?KC NJ?AC GR QR?PRQ.
(@) 4FC ?TCP?EC QNCCB MD RFC RP?GL GQ A?JASJ?RCB @CJMU. .MRC RF?R RFC RP?GL RP?TCJQ 40 KGJCQ MLC U?W ?LB 40 KGJCQ @?AI, DMP ? RMR?J BGQR?LAC MD 80
KGJCQ.
(2.8)
distance
time
=
80 miles
105 minutes
(2.9)
80 miles
105 minutes
5280 feet
1 mile

1 meter
3.28 feet
1 minute
60 seconds
= 20 m/s
2.4 A99;B;H7J?ED
F?=KH; 2.12 ! NJ?LC BCACJCP?RCQ, MP QJMUQ BMUL, ?Q GR AMKCQ GL DMP J?LBGLE GL 3R. -??PRCL. )RQ ?AACJCP?RGML GQ MNNMQGRC GL BGPCARGML RM GRQ TCJMAGRW. (APCBGR: 3RCTC #MLPW, &JGAIP)
)L CTCPWB?W AMLTCPQ?RGML, RM ?AACJCP?RC KC?LQ RM QNCCB SN. 4FC ?AACJCP?RMP GL ? A?P A?L GL D?AR A?SQC GR RM QNCCB SN. 4FC EPC?RCP RFC 799;B;H7J?ED,
RFC EPC?RCP RFC AF?LEC GL TCJMAGRW MTCP ? EGTCL RGKC. 4FC DMPK?J BCDGLGRGML MD ?AACJCP?RGML GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFCQC LMRGMLQ, @SR KMPC GLAJSQGTC.
!TCP?EC !AACJCP?RGML
AL;H7=; A99;B;H7J?ED GQ G;8 E4G8 4G J;<6; I8?B6<GL 6;4A:8F,
(2.10)
a
-
=
v
t
=
v
f
v
0
t
f
t
0
,
UFCPC a
-
GQ ?TCP?EC ?AACJCP?RGML, v GQ TCJMAGRW, ?LB t GQ RGKC. (4FC @?P MTCP RFC a KC?LQ 4I8E4:8 ?AACJCP?RGML.)
"CA?SQC ?AACJCP?RGML GQ TCJMAGRW GL K/Q BGTGBCB @W RGKC GL Q, RFC 3) SLGRQ DMP ?AACJCP?RGML ?PC m/s
2
, KCRCPQ NCP QCAMLB QOS?PCB MP KCRCPQ NCP QCAMLB
NCP QCAMLB, UFGAF JGRCP?JJW KC?LQ @W FMU K?LW KCRCPQ NCP QCAMLB RFC TCJMAGRW AF?LECQ CTCPW QCAMLB.
2CA?JJ RF?R TCJMAGRW GQ ? TCARMPrGR F?Q @MRF K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML. 4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R ? AF?LEC GL TCJMAGRW A?L @C ? AF?LEC GL K?ELGRSBC (MP QNCCB),
@SR GR A?L ?JQM @C ? AF?LEC GL 7<E86G<BA. &MP CV?KNJC, GD ? A?P RSPLQ ? AMPLCP ?R AMLQR?LR QNCCB, GR GQ ?AACJCP?RGLE @CA?SQC GRQ BGPCARGML GQ AF?LEGLE. 4FC
OSGAICP WMS RSPL, RFC EPC?RCP RFC ?AACJCP?RGML. 3M RFCPC GQ ?L ?AACJCP?RGML UFCL TCJMAGRW AF?LECQ CGRFCP GL K?ELGRSBC (?L GLAPC?QC MP BCAPC?QC GL
QNCCB) MP GL BGPCARGML, MP @MRF.
!AACJCP?RGML ?Q ? 6CARMP
!AACJCP?RGML GQ ? TCARMP GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q RFC 6;4A:8 GL TCJMAGRW, v . 3GLAC TCJMAGRW GQ ? TCARMP, GR A?L AF?LEC CGRFCP GL K?ELGRSBC MP GL
BGPCARGML. !AACJCP?RGML GQ RFCPCDMPC ? AF?LEC GL CGRFCP QNCCB MP BGPCARGML, MP @MRF.
+CCN GL KGLB RF?R ?JRFMSEF ?AACJCP?RGML GQ GL RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC 6;4A:8 GL TCJMAGRW, GR GQ LMR ?JU?WQ GL RFC BGPCARGML MD @BG<BA. 7FCL ?L M@HCAR QJMUQ
BMUL, GRQ ?AACJCP?RGML GQ MNNMQGRC RM RFC BGPCARGML MD GRQ KMRGML. 4FGQ GQ ILMUL ?Q :;9;B;H7J?ED.
#(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3 43
F?=KH; 2.13 ! QS@U?W RP?GL GL 3?M 0?SJM, "P?XGJ, BCACJCP?RCQ ?Q GR AMKCQ GLRM ? QR?RGML. )R GQ ?AACJCP?RGLE GL ? BGPCARGML MNNMQGRC RM GRQ BGPCARGML MD KMRGML. (APCBGR: 9SQSIC
+?U?Q?IG, &JGAIP)
-GQAMLACNRGML !JCPR: $CACJCP?RGML TQ. .CE?RGTC !AACJCP?RGML
$CACJCP?RGML ?JU?WQ PCDCPQ RM ?AACJCP?RGML GL RFC BGPCARGML MNNMQGRC RM RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC TCJMAGRW. $CACJCP?RGML ?JU?WQ PCBSACQ QNCCB. .CE?RGTC
?AACJCP?RGML, FMUCTCP, GQ ?AACJCP?RGML <A G;8 A8:4G<I8 7<E86G<BA <A G;8 6;BF8A 6BBE7<A4G8 FLFG8@. .CE?RGTC ?AACJCP?RGML K?W MP K?W LMR @C
BCACJCP?RGML, ?LB BCACJCP?RGML K?W MP K?W LMR @C AMLQGBCPCB LCE?RGTC ?AACJCP?RGML. &MP CV?KNJC, AMLQGBCP F?=KH; 2.14.
F?=KH; 2.14 (?) 4FGQ A?P GQ QNCCBGLE SN ?Q GR KMTCQ RMU?PB RFC PGEFR. )R RFCPCDMPC F?Q NMQGRGTC ?AACJCP?RGML GL MSP AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK. (@) 4FGQ A?P GQ QJMUGLE BMUL ?Q GR
KMTCQ RMU?PB RFC PGEFR. 4FCPCDMPC, GR F?Q LCE?RGTC ?AACJCP?RGML GL MSP AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK, @CA?SQC GRQ ?AACJCP?RGML GQ RMU?PB RFC JCDR. 4FC A?P GQ ?JQM BCACJCP?RGLE: RFC
BGPCARGML MD GRQ ?AACJCP?RGML GQ MNNMQGRC RM GRQ BGPCARGML MD KMRGML. (A) 4FGQ A?P GQ KMTGLE RMU?PB RFC JCDR, @SR QJMUGLE BMUL MTCP RGKC. 4FCPCDMPC, GRQ ?AACJCP?RGML GQ NMQGRGTC GL
MSP AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK @CA?SQC GR GQ RMU?PB RFC PGEFR. (MUCTCP, RFC A?P GQ BCACJCP?RGLE @CA?SQC GRQ ?AACJCP?RGML GQ MNNMQGRC RM GRQ KMRGML. (B) 4FGQ A?P GQ QNCCBGLE SN ?Q GR
KMTCQ RMU?PB RFC JCDR. )R F?Q LCE?RGTC ?AACJCP?RGML @CA?SQC GR GQ ?AACJCP?RGLE RMU?PB RFC JCDR. (MUCTCP, @CA?SQC GRQ ?AACJCP?RGML GQ GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q GRQ KMRGML, GR GQ
QNCCBGLE SN (ABG BCACJCP?RGLE).
44 #(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3
EN7CFB; 2.1 C7B9KB7J?D= A99;B;H7J?ED: A +79;>EHI; %;7L;I J>; 7J;
! P?ACFMPQC AMKGLE MSR MD RFC E?RC ?AACJCP?RCQ DPMK PCQR RM ? TCJMAGRW MD 15.0 K/Q BSC UCQR GL 1.80 Q. 7F?R GQ GRQ ?TCP?EC ?AACJCP?RGML?
F?=KH; 2.15 (APCBGR: *ML 3SJJGT?L, 0$ 0FMRM.MPE)
,JH7J;=O
&GPQR UC BP?U ? QICRAF ?LB ?QQGEL ? AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK RM RFC NPM@JCK. 4FGQ GQ ? QGKNJC NPM@JCK, @SR GR ?JU?WQ FCJNQ RM TGQS?JGXC GR. .MRGAC RF?R UC
?QQGEL C?QR ?Q NMQGRGTC ?LB UCQR ?Q LCE?RGTC. 4FSQ, GL RFGQ A?QC, UC F?TC LCE?RGTC TCJMAGRW.
F?=KH; 2.16
7C A?L QMJTC RFGQ NPM@JCK @W GBCLRGDWGLE v ?LB t DPMK RFC EGTCL GLDMPK?RGML ?LB RFCL A?JASJ?RGLE RFC ?TCP?EC ?AACJCP?RGML BGPCARJW DPMK RFC
COS?RGML a
-
=
v
t
=
v
f
v
0
t
f
t
0
.
,EBKJ?ED
1. )BCLRGDW RFC ILMULQ. v
0
= 0 , v
f
= 15.0 m/s (RFC LCE?RGTC QGEL GLBGA?RCQ BGPCARGML RMU?PB RFC UCQR), t = 1.80 s .
2. &GLB RFC AF?LEC GL TCJMAGRW. 3GLAC RFC FMPQC GQ EMGLE DPMK XCPM RM 15.0 m/s , GRQ AF?LEC GL TCJMAGRW COS?JQ GRQ DGL?J TCJMAGRW:
v = v
f
= 15.0 m/s .
3. 0JSE GL RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ ( v ?LB t ) ?LB QMJTC DMP RFC SLILMUL a
-
.
(2.11)
a
-
=
v
t
=
15.0 m/s
1.80 s
= 8.33 m/s
2
.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC LCE?RGTC QGEL DMP ?AACJCP?RGML GLBGA?RCQ RF?R ?AACJCP?RGML GQ RMU?PB RFC UCQR. !L ?AACJCP?RGML MD 8.33 m/s
2
BSC UCQR KC?LQ RF?R RFC FMPQC
GLAPC?QCQ GRQ TCJMAGRW @W 8.33 K/Q BSC UCQR C?AF QCAMLB, RF?R GQ, 8.33 KCRCPQ NCP QCAMLB NCP QCAMLB, UFGAF UC UPGRC ?Q 8.33 m/s
2
. 4FGQ GQ RPSJW
?L ?TCP?EC ?AACJCP?RGML, @CA?SQC RFC PGBC GQ LMR QKMMRF. 7C QF?JJ QCC J?RCP RF?R ?L ?AACJCP?RGML MD RFGQ K?ELGRSBC UMSJB PCOSGPC RFC PGBCP RM F?LE
ML UGRF ? DMPAC LC?PJW COS?J RM FGQ UCGEFR.
)LQR?LR?LCMSQ !AACJCP?RGML
"DIJ7DJ7D;EKI 799;B;H7J?ED a , MP RFC 4668?8E4G<BA 4G 4 FC86<9<6 <AFG4AG <A G<@8, GQ M@R?GLCB @W RFC Q?KC NPMACQQ ?Q BGQASQQCB DMP GLQR?LR?LCMSQ
TCJMAGRW GL -?C;, /;BE9?JO, 7D: ,F;;:rRF?R GQ, @W AMLQGBCPGLE ?L GLDGLGRCQGK?JJW QK?JJ GLRCPT?J MD RGKC. (MU BM UC DGLB GLQR?LR?LCMSQ ?AACJCP?RGML
SQGLE MLJW ?JEC@P?? 4FC ?LQUCP GQ RF?R UC AFMMQC ?L ?TCP?EC ?AACJCP?RGML RF?R GQ PCNPCQCLR?RGTC MD RFC KMRGML. F?=KH; 2.17 QFMUQ EP?NFQ MD
GLQR?LR?LCMSQ ?AACJCP?RGML TCPQSQ RGKC DMP RUM TCPW BGDDCPCLR KMRGMLQ. )L F?=KH; 2.17(?), RFC ?AACJCP?RGML T?PGCQ QJGEFRJW ?LB RFC ?TCP?EC MTCP RFC
CLRGPC GLRCPT?J GQ LC?PJW RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC GLQR?LR?LCMSQ ?AACJCP?RGML ?R ?LW RGKC. )L RFGQ A?QC, UC QFMSJB RPC?R RFGQ KMRGML ?Q GD GR F?B ? AMLQR?LR
?AACJCP?RGML COS?J RM RFC ?TCP?EC (GL RFGQ A?QC ?@MSR 1.8 m/s
2
). )L F?=KH; 2.17(@), RFC ?AACJCP?RGML T?PGCQ BP?QRGA?JJW MTCP RGKC. )L QSAF QGRS?RGMLQ GR
#(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3 45
GQ @CQR RM AMLQGBCP QK?JJCP RGKC GLRCPT?JQ ?LB AFMMQC ?L ?TCP?EC ?AACJCP?RGML DMP C?AF. &MP CV?KNJC, UC AMSJB AMLQGBCP KMRGML MTCP RFC RGKC GLRCPT?JQ
DPMK 0 RM 1.0 Q ?LB DPMK 1.0 RM 3.0 Q ?Q QCN?P?RC KMRGMLQ UGRF ?AACJCP?RGMLQ MD +3.0 m/s
2
?LB 2.0 m/s
2
, PCQNCARGTCJW.
F?=KH; 2.17 'P?NFQ MD GLQR?LR?LCMSQ ?AACJCP?RGML TCPQSQ RGKC DMP RUM BGDDCPCLR MLC-BGKCLQGML?J KMRGMLQ. (?) (CPC ?AACJCP?RGML T?PGCQ MLJW QJGEFRJW ?LB GQ ?JU?WQ GL RFC Q?KC
BGPCARGML, QGLAC GR GQ NMQGRGTC. 4FC ?TCP?EC MTCP RFC GLRCPT?J GQ LC?PJW RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC ?AACJCP?RGML ?R ?LW EGTCL RGKC. (@) (CPC RFC ?AACJCP?RGML T?PGCQ EPC?RJW, NCPF?NQ
PCNPCQCLRGLE ? N?AI?EC ML ? NMQR MDDGAC AMLTCWMP @CJR RF?R GQ ?AACJCP?RCB DMPU?PB ?LB @?AIU?PB ?Q GR @SKNQ ?JMLE. )R GQ LCACQQ?PW RM AMLQGBCP QK?JJ RGKC GLRCPT?JQ (QSAF ?Q
DPMK 0 RM 1.0 Q) UGRF AMLQR?LR MP LC?PJW AMLQR?LR ?AACJCP?RGML GL QSAF ? QGRS?RGML.
4FC LCVR QCTCP?J CV?KNJCQ AMLQGBCP RFC KMRGML MD RFC QS@U?W RP?GL QFMUL GL F?=KH; 2.18. )L (?) RFC QFSRRJC KMTCQ RM RFC PGEFR, ?LB GL (@) GR KMTCQ RM
RFC JCDR. 4FC CV?KNJCQ ?PC BCQGELCB RM DSPRFCP GJJSQRP?RC ?QNCARQ MD KMRGML ?LB RM GJJSQRP?RC QMKC MD RFC PC?QMLGLE RF?R EMCQ GLRM QMJTGLE NPM@JCKQ.
F?=KH; 2.18 /LC-BGKCLQGML?J KMRGML MD ? QS@U?W RP?GL AMLQGBCPCB GL EN7CFB; 2.2, EN7CFB; 2.3, EN7CFB; 2.4, EN7CFB; 2.5, EN7CFB; 2.6, ?LB EN7CFB; 2.7. (CPC UC F?TC
AFMQCL RFC x -?VGQ QM RF?R + KC?LQ RM RFC PGEFR ?LB KC?LQ RM RFC JCDR DMP BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ, TCJMAGRGCQ, ?LB ?AACJCP?RGMLQ. (?) 4FC QS@U?W RP?GL KMTCQ RM RFC PGEFR DPMK x
0
RM
x
f
. )RQ BGQNJ?ACKCLR x GQ +2.0 IK. (@) 4FC RP?GL KMTCQ RM RFC JCDR DPMK x
0
RM x
f
. )RQ BGQNJ?ACKCLR x GQ 1.5 km. (.MRC RF?R RFC NPGKC QWK@MJ (y) GQ SQCB QGKNJW
RM BGQRGLESGQF @CRUCCL BGQNJ?ACKCLR GL RFC RUM BGDDCPCLR QGRS?RGMLQ. 4FC BGQR?LACQ MD RP?TCJ ?LB RFC QGXC MD RFC A?PQ ?PC ML BGDDCPCLR QA?JCQ RM DGR CTCPWRFGLE GLRM RFC BG?EP?K.)
EN7CFB; 2.2 C7B9KB7J?D= D?IFB79;C;DJ: A ,K8M7O -H7?D
7F?R ?PC RFC K?ELGRSBC ?LB QGEL MD BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ DMP RFC KMRGMLQ MD RFC QS@U?W RP?GL QFMUL GL N?PRQ (?) ?LB (@) MD F?=KH; 2.18?
,JH7J;=O
! BP?UGLE UGRF ? AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK GQ ?JPC?BW NPMTGBCB, QM UC BMLtR LCCB RM K?IC ? QICRAF, @SR UC QFMSJB ?L?JWXC GR RM K?IC QSPC UC
SLBCPQR?LB UF?R GR GQ QFMUGLE. 0?W N?PRGASJ?P ?RRCLRGML RM RFC AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK. 4M DGLB BGQNJ?ACKCLR, UC SQC RFC COS?RGML x = x
f
x
0
. 4FGQ
GQ QRP?GEFRDMPU?PB QGLAC RFC GLGRG?J ?LB DGL?J NMQGRGMLQ ?PC EGTCL.
,EBKJ?ED
46 #(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3
1. )BCLRGDW RFC ILMULQ. )L RFC DGESPC UC QCC RF?R x
f
= 6.70 km ?LB x
0
= 4.70 km DMP N?PR (?), ?LB x
f
= 3.75 km ?LB x
0
= 5.25 km DMP
N?PR (@).
2. 3MJTC DMP BGQNJ?ACKCLR GL N?PR (?).
(2.12)
x = x
f
x
0
= 6.70 km 4.70 km=+2.00 km
3. 3MJTC DMP BGQNJ?ACKCLR GL N?PR (@).
(2.13)
x = x
f
x
0
= 3.75 km 5.25 km = 1.50 km
D?I9KII?ED
4FC BGPCARGML MD RFC KMRGML GL (?) GQ RM RFC PGEFR ?LB RFCPCDMPC GRQ BGQNJ?ACKCLR F?Q ? NMQGRGTC QGEL, UFCPC?Q KMRGML GL (@) GQ RM RFC JCDR ?LB RFSQ
F?Q ? LCE?RGTC QGEL.
EN7CFB; 2.3 CECF7H?D= D?IJ7D9; -H7L;B;: M?J> D?IFB79;C;DJ: A ,K8M7O -H7?D
7F?R ?PC RFC BGQR?LACQ RP?TCJCB DMP RFC KMRGMLQ QFMUL GL N?PRQ (?) ?LB (@) MD RFC QS@U?W RP?GL GL F?=KH; 2.18?
,JH7J;=O
4M ?LQUCP RFGQ OSCQRGML, RFGLI ?@MSR RFC BCDGLGRGMLQ MD BGQR?LAC ?LB BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB, ?LB FMU RFCW ?PC PCJ?RCB RM BGQNJ?ACKCLR. $GQR?LAC
@CRUCCL RUM NMQGRGMLQ GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC K?ELGRSBC MD BGQNJ?ACKCLR, UFGAF U?Q DMSLB GL EN7CFB; 2.2. $GQR?LAC RP?TCJCB GQ RFC RMR?J JCLERF MD
RFC N?RF RP?TCJCB @CRUCCL RFC RUM NMQGRGMLQ. (3CC D?IFB79;C;DJ.) )L RFC A?QC MD RFC QS@U?W RP?GL QFMUL GL F?=KH; 2.18, RFC BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB GQ
RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC GLGRG?J ?LB DGL?J NMQGRGMLQ MD RFC RP?GL.
,EBKJ?ED
1. 4FC BGQNJ?ACKCLR DMP N?PR (?) U?Q +2.00 IK. 4FCPCDMPC, RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC GLGRG?J ?LB DGL?J NMQGRGMLQ U?Q 2.00 IK, ?LB RFC BGQR?LAC
RP?TCJCB U?Q 2.00 IK.
2. 4FC BGQNJ?ACKCLR DMP N?PR (@) U?Q 1.5 km. 4FCPCDMPC, RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC GLGRG?J ?LB DGL?J NMQGRGMLQ U?Q 1.50 IK, ?LB RFC BGQR?LAC
RP?TCJCB U?Q 1.50 IK.
D?I9KII?ED
$GQR?LAC GQ ? QA?J?P. )R F?Q K?ELGRSBC @SR LM QGEL RM GLBGA?RC BGPCARGML.
EN7CFB; 2.4 C7B9KB7J?D= A99;B;H7J?ED: A ,K8M7O -H7?D ,F;;:?D= .F
3SNNMQC RFC RP?GL GL F?=KH; 2.18(?) ?AACJCP?RCQ DPMK PCQR RM 30.0 IK/F GL RFC DGPQR 20.0 Q MD GRQ KMRGML. 7F?R GQ GRQ ?TCP?EC ?AACJCP?RGML BSPGLE RF?R
RGKC GLRCPT?J?
,JH7J;=O
)R GQ UMPRF GR ?R RFGQ NMGLR RM K?IC ? QGKNJC QICRAF:
F?=KH; 2.19
4FGQ NPM@JCK GLTMJTCQ RFPCC QRCNQ. &GPQR UC KSQR BCRCPKGLC RFC AF?LEC GL TCJMAGRW, RFCL UC KSQR BCRCPKGLC RFC AF?LEC GL RGKC, ?LB DGL?JJW UC
SQC RFCQC T?JSCQ RM A?JASJ?RC RFC ?AACJCP?RGML.
,EBKJ?ED
0
= 0 (RFC RP?GLQ QR?PRQ ?R PCQR), v
f
= 30.0 km/h , ?LB t = 20.0 s .
2. #?JASJ?RC v . 3GLAC RFC RP?GL QR?PRQ DPMK PCQR, GRQ AF?LEC GL TCJMAGRW GQ v=+30.0 km/h , UFCPC RFC NJSQ QGEL KC?LQ TCJMAGRW RM RFC PGEFR.
3. 0JSE GL ILMUL T?JSCQ ?LB QMJTC DMP RFC SLILMUL, a
-
.
(2.14)
a
-
=
v
t
=
+30.0 km/h
20.0 s
4. 3GLAC RFC SLGRQ ?PC KGVCB (UC F?TC @MRF FMSPQ ?LB QCAMLBQ DMP RGKC), UC LCCB RM AMLTCPR CTCPWRFGLE GLRM 3) SLGRQ MD KCRCPQ ?LB QCAMLBQ. (3CC
)>OI?97B *K7DJ?J?;I 7D: .D?JI DMP KMPC ESGB?LAC.)
#(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3 47
(2.15)
a
-
=

+30 km/h
20.0 s
10
3
m
1 km
1 h
3600 s
= 0.417 m/s
2
D?I9KII?ED
4FC NJSQ QGEL KC?LQ RF?R ?AACJCP?RGML GQ RM RFC PGEFR. 4FGQ GQ PC?QML?@JC @CA?SQC RFC RP?GL QR?PRQ DPMK PCQR ?LB CLBQ SN UGRF ? TCJMAGRW RM RFC PGEFR
(?JQM NMQGRGTC). 3M ?AACJCP?RGML GQ GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q RFC 6;4A:8 GL TCJMAGRW, ?Q GQ ?JU?WQ RFC A?QC.
EN7CFB; 2.5 C7B9KB7J; A99;B;H7J?ED: A ,K8M7O -H7?D ,BEM?D= DEMD
.MU QSNNMQC RF?R ?R RFC CLB MD GRQ RPGN, RFC RP?GL GL F?=KH; 2.18(?) QJMUQ RM ? QRMN DPMK ? QNCCB MD 30.0 IK/F GL 8.00 Q. 7F?R GQ GRQ ?TCP?EC
?AACJCP?RGML UFGJC QRMNNGLE?
,JH7J;=O
F?=KH; 2.20
)L RFGQ A?QC, RFC RP?GL GQ BCACJCP?RGLE ?LB GRQ ?AACJCP?RGML GQ LCE?RGTC @CA?SQC GR GQ RMU?PB RFC JCDR. !Q GL RFC NPCTGMSQ CV?KNJC, UC KSQR DGLB RFC
AF?LEC GL TCJMAGRW ?LB RFC AF?LEC GL RGKC ?LB RFCL QMJTC DMP ?AACJCP?RGML.
,EBKJ?ED
0
= 30.0 km/h , v
f
= 0 km/h (RFC RP?GL GQ QRMNNCB, QM GRQ TCJMAGRW GQ 0), ?LB t = 8.00 s .
2. 3MJTC DMP RFC AF?LEC GL TCJMAGRW, v .
(2.16)
v = v
f
v
0
= 0 30.0 km/h = 30.0 km/h
3. 0JSE GL RFC ILMULQ, v ?LB t , ?LB QMJTC DMP a
-
.
(2.17)
a
-
=
v
t
=
30.0 km/h
8.00 s
4. #MLTCPR RFC SLGRQ RM KCRCPQ ?LB QCAMLBQ.
(2.18)
a
-
=
v
t
=

30.0 km/h
8.00 s
10
3
m
1 km
1 h
3600 s
= 1.04 m/s
2
.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC KGLSQ QGEL GLBGA?RCQ RF?R ?AACJCP?RGML GQ RM RFC JCDR. 4FGQ QGEL GQ PC?QML?@JC @CA?SQC RFC RP?GL GLGRG?JJW F?Q ? NMQGRGTC TCJMAGRW GL RFGQ NPM@JCK,
?LB ? LCE?RGTC ?AACJCP?RGML UMSJB MNNMQC RFC KMRGML. !E?GL, ?AACJCP?RGML GQ GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q RFC 6;4A:8 GL TCJMAGRW, UFGAF GQ LCE?RGTC
FCPC. 4FGQ ?AACJCP?RGML A?L @C A?JJCB ? BCACJCP?RGML @CA?SQC GR F?Q ? BGPCARGML MNNMQGRC RM RFC TCJMAGRW.
4FC EP?NFQ MD NMQGRGML, TCJMAGRW, ?LB ?AACJCP?RGML TQ. RGKC DMP RFC RP?GLQ GL EN7CFB; 2.4 ?LB EN7CFB; 2.5 ?PC BGQNJ?WCB GL F?=KH; 2.21. (7C F?TC
R?ICL RFC TCJMAGRW RM PCK?GL AMLQR?LR DPMK 20 RM 40 Q, ?DRCP UFGAF RFC RP?GL BCACJCP?RCQ.)
48 #(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3
F?=KH; 2.21 (?) 0MQGRGML MD RFC RP?GL MTCP RGKC. .MRGAC RF?R RFC RP?GLtQ NMQGRGML AF?LECQ QJMUJW ?R RFC @CEGLLGLE MD RFC HMSPLCW, RFCL KMPC ?LB KMPC OSGAIJW ?Q GR NGAIQ SN QNCCB.
)RQ NMQGRGML RFCL AF?LECQ KMPC QJMUJW ?Q GR QJMUQ BMUL ?R RFC CLB MD RFC HMSPLCW. )L RFC KGBBJC MD RFC HMSPLCW, UFGJC RFC TCJMAGRW PCK?GLQ AMLQR?LR, RFC NMQGRGML AF?LECQ ?R ?
AMLQR?LR P?RC. (@) 6CJMAGRW MD RFC RP?GL MTCP RGKC. 4FC RP?GLtQ TCJMAGRW GLAPC?QCQ ?Q GR ?AACJCP?RCQ ?R RFC @CEGLLGLE MD RFC HMSPLCW. )R PCK?GLQ RFC Q?KC GL RFC KGBBJC MD RFC HMSPLCW
(UFCPC RFCPC GQ LM ?AACJCP?RGML). )R BCAPC?QCQ ?Q RFC RP?GL BCACJCP?RCQ ?R RFC CLB MD RFC HMSPLCW. (A) 4FC ?AACJCP?RGML MD RFC RP?GL MTCP RGKC. 4FC RP?GL F?Q NMQGRGTC ?AACJCP?RGML
?Q GR QNCCBQ SN ?R RFC @CEGLLGLE MD RFC HMSPLCW. )R F?Q LM ?AACJCP?RGML ?Q GR RP?TCJQ ?R AMLQR?LR TCJMAGRW GL RFC KGBBJC MD RFC HMSPLCW. )RQ ?AACJCP?RGML GQ LCE?RGTC ?Q GR QJMUQ BMUL
?R RFC CLB MD RFC HMSPLCW.
EN7CFB; 2.6 C7B9KB7J?D= AL;H7=; /;BE9?JO: ->; ,K8M7O -H7?D
7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW MD RFC RP?GL GL N?PR @ MD EN7CFB; 2.2, ?LB QFMUL ?E?GL @CJMU, GD GR R?ICQ 5.00 KGL RM K?IC GRQ RPGN?
#(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3 49
F?=KH; 2.22
,JH7J;=O
!TCP?EC TCJMAGRW GQ BGQNJ?ACKCLR BGTGBCB @W RGKC. )R UGJJ @C LCE?RGTC FCPC, QGLAC RFC RP?GL KMTCQ RM RFC JCDR ?LB F?Q ? LCE?RGTC BGQNJ?ACKCLR.
,EBKJ?ED
1. )BCLRGDW RFC ILMULQ. x
f
= 3.75 km, x
0
= 5.25 km, t = 5.00 min .
2. $CRCPKGLC BGQNJ?ACKCLR, x . 7C DMSLB x RM @C 1.5 km GL EN7CFB; 2.2.
3. 3MJTC DMP ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW.
(2.19)
v
-
=
x
t
=
1.50 km
5.00 min
4. #MLTCPR SLGRQ.
(2.20)
v
-
=
x
t
=

1.50 km
5.00 min
60 min
1 h
= 18.0 km/h
D?I9KII?ED
4FC LCE?RGTC TCJMAGRW GLBGA?RCQ KMRGML RM RFC JCDR.
EN7CFB; 2.7 C7B9KB7J?D= D;9;B;H7J?ED: ->; ,K8M7O -H7?D
&GL?JJW, QSNNMQC RFC RP?GL GL F?=KH; 2.22 QJMUQ RM ? QRMN DPMK ? TCJMAGRW MD 20.0 IK/F GL 10.0 Q. 7F?R GQ GRQ ?TCP?EC ?AACJCP?RGML?
,JH7J;=O
/LAC ?E?GL, JCRtQ BP?U ? QICRAF:
F?=KH; 2.23
!Q @CDMPC, UC KSQR DGLB RFC AF?LEC GL TCJMAGRW ?LB RFC AF?LEC GL RGKC RM A?JASJ?RC ?TCP?EC ?AACJCP?RGML.
,EBKJ?ED
0
= 20 km/h , v
f
= 0 km/h , t = 10.0 s .
2. #?JASJ?RC v . 4FC AF?LEC GL TCJMAGRW FCPC GQ ?ARS?JJW NMQGRGTC, QGLAC
(2.21)
v = v
f
v
0
= 0 (20 km/h)=+20 km/h.
3. 3MJTC DMP a
-
.
(2.22)
a
-
=
v
t
=
+20.0 km/h
10.0 s
4. #MLTCPR SLGRQ.
(2.23)
a
-
=

+20.0 km/h
10.0 s
10
3
m
1 km
1 h
3600 s
= +0.556 m/s
2
D?I9KII?ED
4FC NJSQ QGEL KC?LQ RF?R ?AACJCP?RGML GQ RM RFC PGEFR. 4FGQ GQ PC?QML?@JC @CA?SQC RFC RP?GL GLGRG?JJW F?Q ? LCE?RGTC TCJMAGRW (RM RFC JCDR) GL RFGQ
NPM@JCK ?LB ? NMQGRGTC ?AACJCP?RGML MNNMQCQ RFC KMRGML (?LB QM GR GQ RM RFC PGEFR). !E?GL, ?AACJCP?RGML GQ GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q RFC 6;4A:8 GL
50 #(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3
TCJMAGRW, UFGAF GQ NMQGRGTC FCPC. !Q GL EN7CFB; 2.5, RFGQ ?AACJCP?RGML A?L @C A?JJCB ? BCACJCP?RGML QGLAC GR GQ GL RFC BGPCARGML MNNMQGRC RM RFC
TCJMAGRW.
3GEL ?LB $GPCARGML
0CPF?NQ RFC KMQR GKNMPR?LR RFGLE RM LMRC ?@MSR RFCQC CV?KNJCQ GQ RFC QGELQ MD RFC ?LQUCPQ. )L MSP AFMQCL AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK, NJSQ KC?LQ RFC
OS?LRGRW GQ RM RFC PGEFR ?LB KGLSQ KC?LQ GR GQ RM RFC JCDR. 4FGQ GQ C?QW RM GK?EGLC DMP BGQNJ?ACKCLR ?LB TCJMAGRW. "SR GR GQ ? JGRRJC JCQQ M@TGMSQ DMP
?AACJCP?RGML. -MQR NCMNJC GLRCPNPCR LCE?RGTC ?AACJCP?RGML ?Q RFC QJMUGLE MD ?L M@HCAR. 4FGQ U?Q LMR RFC A?QC GL EN7CFB; 2.7, UFCPC ? NMQGRGTC
?AACJCP?RGML QJMUCB ? LCE?RGTC TCJMAGRW. 4FC APSAG?J BGQRGLARGML U?Q RF?R RFC ?AACJCP?RGML U?Q GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML DPMK RFC TCJMAGRW. )L D?AR, ?
LCE?RGTC ?AACJCP?RGML UGJJ <A6E84F8 ? LCE?RGTC TCJMAGRW. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC RP?GL KMTGLE RM RFC JCDR GL F?=KH; 2.22 GQ QNCB SN @W ?L ?AACJCP?RGML RM RFC
JCDR. )L RF?R A?QC, @MRF v ?LB a ?PC LCE?RGTC. 4FC NJSQ ?LB KGLSQ QGELQ EGTC RFC BGPCARGMLQ MD RFC ?AACJCP?RGMLQ. )D ?AACJCP?RGML F?Q RFC Q?KC QGEL ?Q
RFC AF?LEC GL TCJMAGRW, RFC M@HCAR GQ QNCCBGLE SN. )D ?AACJCP?RGML F?Q RFC MNNMQGRC QGEL MD RFC AF?LEC GL TCJMAGRW, RFC M@HCAR GQ QJMUGLE BMUL.
!L ?GPNJ?LC J?LBQ ML ? PSLU?W RP?TCJGLE C?QR. $CQAPG@C GRQ ?AACJCP?RGML.
,EBKJ?ED
)D UC R?IC C?QR RM @C NMQGRGTC, RFCL RFC ?GPNJ?LC F?Q LCE?RGTC ?AACJCP?RGML, ?Q GR GQ ?AACJCP?RGLE RMU?PB RFC UCQR. )R GQ ?JQM BCACJCP?RGLE: GRQ
?AACJCP?RGML GQ MNNMQGRC GL BGPCARGML RM GRQ TCJMAGRW.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: -MTGLE -?L 3GKSJ?RGML
,C?PL ?@MSR NMQGRGML, TCJMAGRW, ?LB ?AACJCP?RGML EP?NFQ. -MTC RFC JGRRJC K?L @?AI ?LB DMPRF UGRF RFC KMSQC ?LB NJMR FGQ KMRGML. 3CR RFC NMQGRGML,
TCJMAGRW, MP ?AACJCP?RGML ?LB JCR RFC QGKSJ?RGML KMTC RFC K?L DMP WMS.
F?=KH; 2.24 &EL?D= &7D (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42100/1.3/CEL?D=-C7D6;D.@7H)
2.5 &EJ?ED EGK7J?EDI <EH CEDIJ7DJ A99;B;H7J?ED ?D (D; D?C;DI?ED
F?=KH; 2.25 +GLCK?RGA COS?RGMLQ A?L FCJN SQ BCQAPG@C ?LB NPCBGAR RFC KMRGML MD KMTGLE M@HCARQ QSAF ?Q RFCQC I?W?IQ P?AGLE GL .CU@SPW, %LEJ?LB. (APCBGR: "?PPW 3IC?RCQ,
&JGAIP)
7C KGEFR ILMU RF?R RFC EPC?RCP RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD, Q?W, ? A?P KMTGLE ?U?W DPMK ? QRMN QGEL, RFC EPC?RCP RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR GL ? EGTCL RGKC. "SR UC
F?TC LMR BCTCJMNCB ? QNCAGDGA COS?RGML RF?R PCJ?RCQ ?AACJCP?RGML ?LB BGQNJ?ACKCLR. )L RFGQ QCARGML, UC BCTCJMN QMKC AMLTCLGCLR COS?RGMLQ DMP
IGLCK?RGA PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ, QR?PRGLE DPMK RFC BCDGLGRGMLQ MD BGQNJ?ACKCLR, TCJMAGRW, ?LB ?AACJCP?RGML ?JPC?BW AMTCPCB.
.MR?RGML: G, K, I, 4
&GPQR, JCR SQ K?IC QMKC QGKNJGDGA?RGMLQ GL LMR?RGML. 4?IGLE RFC GLGRG?J RGKC RM @C XCPM, ?Q GD RGKC GQ KC?QSPCB UGRF ? QRMNU?RAF, GQ ? EPC?R QGKNJGDGA?RGML.
3GLAC CJ?NQCB RGKC GQ t = t
f
t
0
, R?IGLE t
0
= 0 KC?LQ RF?R t = t
f
, RFC DGL?J RGKC ML RFC QRMNU?RAF. 7FCL GLGRG?J RGKC GQ R?ICL RM @C XCPM, UC
SQC RFC QS@QAPGNR 0 RM BCLMRC GLGRG?J T?JSCQ MD NMQGRGML ?LB TCJMAGRW. 4F?R GQ, x
0
<F G;8 <A<G<4? CBF<G<BA ?LB v
0
<F G;8 <A<G<4? I8?B6<GL. 7C NSR LM
QS@QAPGNRQ ML RFC DGL?J T?JSCQ. 4F?R GQ, t <F G;8 9<A4? G<@8, x <F G;8 9<A4? CBF<G<BA, ?LB v <F G;8 9<A4? I8?B6<GL. 4FGQ EGTCQ ? QGKNJCP CVNPCQQGML DMP
CJ?NQCB RGKCrLMU, t = t . )R ?JQM QGKNJGDGCQ RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP BGQNJ?ACKCLR, UFGAF GQ LMU x = x x
0
. !JQM, GR QGKNJGDGCQ RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP
AF?LEC GL TCJMAGRW, UFGAF GQ LMU v = v v
0
. 4M QSKK?PGXC, SQGLE RFC QGKNJGDGCB LMR?RGML, UGRF RFC GLGRG?J RGKC R?ICL RM @C XCPM,
#(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3 51
(2.24) t = t
x = x x
0
v = v v
0
UFCPC G;8 FH5F6E<CG 0 78ABG8F 4A <A<G<4? I4?H8 4A7 G;8 45F8A68 B9 4 FH5F6E<CG 78ABG8F 4 9<A4? I4?H8 GL UF?RCTCP KMRGML GQ SLBCP AMLQGBCP?RGML.
7C LMU K?IC RFC GKNMPR?LR ?QQSKNRGML RF?R 4668?8E4G<BA <F 6BAFG4AG. 4FGQ ?QQSKNRGML ?JJMUQ SQ RM ?TMGB SQGLE A?JASJSQ RM DGLB GLQR?LR?LCMSQ
?AACJCP?RGML. 3GLAC ?AACJCP?RGML GQ AMLQR?LR, RFC ?TCP?EC ?LB GLQR?LR?LCMSQ ?AACJCP?RGMLQ ?PC COS?J. 4F?R GQ,
(2.25)
a
-
= a = constant,
QM UC SQC RFC QWK@MJ a DMP ?AACJCP?RGML ?R ?JJ RGKCQ. !QQSKGLE ?AACJCP?RGML RM @C AMLQR?LR BMCQ LMR QCPGMSQJW JGKGR RFC QGRS?RGMLQ UC A?L QRSBW LMP
BCEP?BC RFC ?AASP?AW MD MSP RPC?RKCLR. &MP MLC RFGLE, ?AACJCP?RGML <F AMLQR?LR GL ? EPC?R LSK@CP MD QGRS?RGMLQ. &SPRFCPKMPC, GL K?LW MRFCP QGRS?RGMLQ
UC A?L ?AASP?RCJW BCQAPG@C KMRGML @W ?QQSKGLE ? AMLQR?LR ?AACJCP?RGML COS?J RM RFC ?TCP?EC ?AACJCP?RGML DMP RF?R KMRGML. &GL?JJW, GL KMRGMLQ UFCPC
?AACJCP?RGML AF?LECQ BP?QRGA?JJW, QSAF ?Q ? A?P ?AACJCP?RGLE RM RMN QNCCB ?LB RFCL @P?IGLE RM ? QRMN, RFC KMRGML A?L @C AMLQGBCPCB GL QCN?P?RC N?PRQ,
C?AF MD UFGAF F?Q GRQ MUL AMLQR?LR ?AACJCP?RGML.
3MJTGLE DMP $GQNJ?ACKCLR ( x ) ?LB &GL?J 0MQGRGML ( x ) DPMK !TCP?EC 6CJMAGRW UFCL !AACJCP?RGML ( a ) GQ #MLQR?LR
4M ECR MSP DGPQR RUM LCU COS?RGMLQ, UC QR?PR UGRF RFC BCDGLGRGML MD ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW:
(2.26)
v
-
=
x
t
.
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFC QGKNJGDGCB LMR?RGML DMP x ?LB t WGCJBQ
(2.27)
v
-
=
x x
0
t
.
3MJTGLE DMP x WGCJBQ
(2.28)
x = x
0
+ v
-
t,
UFCPC RFC ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW GQ
(2.29)
v
-
=
v
0
+ v
2
(constant a).
4FC COS?RGML v
-
=
v
0
+ v
2
PCDJCARQ RFC D?AR RF?R, UFCL ?AACJCP?RGML GQ AMLQR?LR, v GQ HSQR RFC QGKNJC ?TCP?EC MD RFC GLGRG?J ?LB DGL?J TCJMAGRGCQ. &MP
CV?KNJC, GD WMS QRC?BGJW GLAPC?QC WMSP TCJMAGRW (RF?R GQ, UGRF AMLQR?LR ?AACJCP?RGML) DPMK 30 RM 60 IK/F, RFCL WMSP ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW BSPGLE RFGQ QRC?BW
GLAPC?QC GQ 45 IK/F. 5QGLE RFC COS?RGML v
-
=
v
0
+ v
2
RM AFCAI RFGQ, UC QCC RF?R
(2.30)
v
-
=
v
0
+ v
2
=
30 km/h + 60 km/h
2
= 45 km/h,
UFGAF QCCKQ JMEGA?J.
EN7CFB; 2.8 C7B9KB7J?D= D?IFB79;C;DJ: !EM F7H :E;I J>; #E==;H +KD?
! HMEECP PSLQ BMUL ? QRP?GEFR QRPCRAF MD PM?B UGRF ?L ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW MD 4.00 K/Q DMP 2.00 KGL. 7F?R GQ FGQ DGL?J NMQGRGML, R?IGLE FGQ GLGRG?J NMQGRGML
RM @C XCPM?
,JH7J;=O
$P?U ? QICRAF.
F?=KH; 2.26
4FC DGL?J NMQGRGML x GQ EGTCL @W RFC COS?RGML
(2.31)
x = x
0
+ v
-
t.
4M DGLB x , UC GBCLRGDW RFC T?JSCQ MD x
0
, v
-
, ?LB t DPMK RFC QR?RCKCLR MD RFC NPM@JCK ?LB QS@QRGRSRC RFCK GLRM RFC COS?RGML.
52 #(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3
,EBKJ?ED
-
= 4.00 m/s , t = 2.00 min , ?LB x
0
= 0 m.
2. %LRCP RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC COS?RGML.
(2.32)
x = x
0
+ v
-
t = 0 + (4.00 m/s)(120 s) = 480 m
D?I9KII?ED
6CJMAGRW ?LB DGL?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR ?PC @MRF NMQGRGTC, UFGAF KC?LQ RFCW ?PC GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML.
4FC COS?RGML x = x
0
+ v
-
t EGTCQ GLQGEFR GLRM RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL BGQNJ?ACKCLR, ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW, ?LB RGKC. )R QFMUQ, DMP CV?KNJC, RF?R
BGQNJ?ACKCLR GQ ? JGLC?P DSLARGML MD ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW. ("W JGLC?P DSLARGML, UC KC?L RF?R BGQNJ?ACKCLR BCNCLBQ ML v
-
P?RFCP RF?L ML v
-
P?GQCB RM
QMKC MRFCP NMUCP, QSAF ?Q v
- 2
. 7FCL EP?NFCB, JGLC?P DSLARGMLQ JMMI JGIC QRP?GEFR JGLCQ UGRF ? AMLQR?LR QJMNC.) /L ? A?P RPGN, DMP CV?KNJC, UC UGJJ ECR
RUGAC ?Q D?P GL ? EGTCL RGKC GD UC ?TCP?EC 90 IK/F RF?L GD UC ?TCP?EC 45 IK/F.
F?=KH; 2.27 4FCPC GQ ? JGLC?P PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL BGQNJ?ACKCLR ?LB ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW. &MP ? EGTCL RGKC t , ?L M@HCAR KMTGLE RUGAC ?Q D?QR ?Q ?LMRFCP M@HCAR UGJJ KMTC RUGAC ?Q
D?P ?Q RFC MRFCP M@HCAR.
3MJTGLE DMP &GL?J 6CJMAGRW
7C A?L BCPGTC ?LMRFCP SQCDSJ COS?RGML @W K?LGNSJ?RGLE RFC BCDGLGRGML MD ?AACJCP?RGML.
(2.33)
a =
v
t
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFC QGKNJGDGCB LMR?RGML DMP v ?LB t EGTCQ SQ
(2.34)
a =
v v
0
t
(constant a).
3MJTGLE DMP v WGCJBQ
(2.35) v = v
0
+ at (constant a).
EN7CFB; 2.9 C7B9KB7J?D= F?D7B /;BE9?JO: AD A?HFB7D; ,BEM?D= DEMD 7<J;H %7D:?D=
!L ?GPNJ?LC J?LBQ UGRF ?L GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW MD 70.0 K/Q ?LB RFCL BCACJCP?RCQ ?R 1.50 m/s
2
DMP 40.0 Q. 7F?R GQ GRQ DGL?J TCJMAGRW?
,JH7J;=O
$P?U ? QICRAF. 7C BP?U RFC ?AACJCP?RGML TCARMP GL RFC BGPCARGML MNNMQGRC RFC TCJMAGRW TCARMP @CA?SQC RFC NJ?LC GQ BCACJCP?RGLE.
#(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3 53
F?=KH; 2.28
,EBKJ?ED
1. )BCLRGDW RFC ILMULQ. v = 70.0 m/s , a = 1.50 m/s
2
, t = 40.0 s .
2. )BCLRGDW RFC SLILMUL. )L RFGQ A?QC, GR GQ DGL?J TCJMAGRW, v
f
.
3. $CRCPKGLC UFGAF COS?RGML RM SQC. 7C A?L A?JASJ?RC RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW SQGLE RFC COS?RGML v = v
0
+ at .
4. 0JSE GL RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ ?LB QMJTC.
(2.36)
v = v
0
+ at = 70.0 m/s +

1.50 m/s
2
(40.0 s) = 10.0 m/s

D?I9KII?ED
4FC DGL?J TCJMAGRW GQ KSAF JCQQ RF?L RFC GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW, ?Q BCQGPCB UFCL QJMUGLE BMUL, @SR QRGJJ NMQGRGTC. 7GRF HCR CLEGLCQ, PCTCPQC RFPSQR AMSJB @C
K?GLR?GLCB JMLE CLMSEF RM QRMN RFC NJ?LC ?LB QR?PR KMTGLE GR @?AIU?PB. 4F?R UMSJB @C GLBGA?RCB @W ? LCE?RGTC DGL?J TCJMAGRW, UFGAF GQ LMR RFC
A?QC FCPC.
F?=KH; 2.29 4FC ?GPNJ?LC J?LBQ UGRF ?L GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW MD 70.0 K/Q ?LB QJMUQ RM ? DGL?J TCJMAGRW MD 10.0 K/Q @CDMPC FC?BGLE DMP RFC RCPKGL?J. .MRC RF?R RFC ?AACJCP?RGML GQ
LCE?RGTC @CA?SQC GRQ BGPCARGML GQ MNNMQGRC RM GRQ TCJMAGRW, UFGAF GQ NMQGRGTC.
)L ?BBGRGML RM @CGLE SQCDSJ GL NPM@JCK QMJTGLE, RFC COS?RGML v = v
0
+ at EGTCQ SQ GLQGEFR GLRM RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ ?KMLE TCJMAGRW, ?AACJCP?RGML, ?LB
RGKC. &PMK GR UC A?L QCC, DMP CV?KNJC, RF?R
w DGL?J TCJMAGRW BCNCLBQ ML FMU J?PEC RFC ?AACJCP?RGML GQ ?LB FMU JMLE GR J?QRQ
w GD RFC ?AACJCP?RGML GQ XCPM, RFCL RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW COS?JQ RFC GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW (v = v
0
) , ?Q CVNCARCB (G.C., TCJMAGRW GQ AMLQR?LR)
w GD a GQ LCE?RGTC, RFCL RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW GQ JCQQ RF?L RFC GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW
(!JJ MD RFCQC M@QCPT?RGMLQ DGR MSP GLRSGRGML, ?LB GR GQ ?JU?WQ SQCDSJ RM CV?KGLC @?QGA COS?RGMLQ GL JGEFR MD MSP GLRSGRGML ?LB CVNCPGCLACQ RM AFCAI RF?R RFCW
BM GLBCCB BCQAPG@C L?RSPC ?AASP?RCJW.)
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 2C?J-7MPJB #MLLCARGML
F?=KH; 2.30 4FC 3N?AC 3FSRRJC EA784IBE @J?QRQ MDD DPMK RFC +CLLCBW 3N?AC #CLRCP GL &C@PS?PW 2010. (APCBGR: -?RRFCU 3GK?LRMT, &JGAIP)
!L GLRCPAMLRGLCLR?J @?JJGQRGA KGQQGJC ()#"-) F?Q ? J?PECP ?TCP?EC ?AACJCP?RGML RF?L RFC 3N?AC 3FSRRJC ?LB ?AFGCTCQ ? EPC?RCP TCJMAGRW GL RFC DGPQR
KGLSRC MP RUM MD DJGEFR (?ARS?J )#"- @SPL RGKCQ ?PC AJ?QQGDGCBrQFMPR-@SPL-RGKC KGQQGJCQ ?PC KMPC BGDDGASJR DMP ?L CLCKW RM BCQRPMW). "SR RFC 3N?AC
54 #(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3
3FSRRJC M@R?GLQ ? EPC?RCP DGL?J TCJMAGRW, QM RF?R GR A?L MP@GR RFC C?PRF P?RFCP RF?L AMKC BGPCARJW @?AI BMUL ?Q ?L )#"- BMCQ. 4FC 3N?AC 3FSRRJC
BMCQ RFGQ @W ?AACJCP?RGLE DMP ? JMLECP RGKC.
3MJTGLE DMP &GL?J 0MQGRGML 7FCL 6CJMAGRW GQ .MR #MLQR?LR ( a 0 )
7C A?L AMK@GLC RFC COS?RGMLQ ?@MTC RM DGLB ? RFGPB COS?RGML RF?R ?JJMUQ SQ RM A?JASJ?RC RFC DGL?J NMQGRGML MD ?L M@HCAR CVNCPGCLAGLE AMLQR?LR
?AACJCP?RGML. 7C QR?PR UGRF
(2.37) v = v
0
+ at.
!BBGLE v
0
RM C?AF QGBC MD RFGQ COS?RGML ?LB BGTGBGLE @W 2 EGTCQ
(2.38) v
0
+ v
2
= v
0
+
1
2
at.
3GLAC
v
0
+ v
2
= v
-
DMP AMLQR?LR ?AACJCP?RGML, RFCL
(2.39)
v
-
= v
0
+
1
2
at.
.MU UC QS@QRGRSRC RFGQ CVNPCQQGML DMP v
-
GLRM RFC COS?RGML DMP BGQNJ?ACKCLR, x = x
0
+ v
-
t , WGCJBGLE
(2.40)
x = x
0
+ v
0
t +
1
2
at
2
(constant a).
EN7CFB; 2.10 C7B9KB7J?D= D?IFB79;C;DJ E< 7D A99;B;H7J?D= (8@;9J: DH7=IJ;HI
$P?EQRCPQ A?L ?AFGCTC ?TCP?EC ?AACJCP?RGMLQ MD 26.0 m/s
2
. 3SNNMQC QSAF ? BP?EQRCP ?AACJCP?RCQ DPMK PCQR ?R RFGQ P?RC DMP 5.56 Q. (MU D?P BMCQ
GR RP?TCJ GL RFGQ RGKC?
F?=KH; 2.31 5.3. !PKW 4MN &SCJ NGJMR 4MLW u4FC 3?PECv 3AFSK?AFCP @CEGLQ ? P?AC UGRF ? AMLRPMJJCB @SPLMSR. (APCBGR: ,R. #MJ. 7GJJG?K 4FSPKMLB. 0FMRM #MSPRCQW MD 5.3.
!PKW.)
,JH7J;=O
$P?U ? QICRAF.
F?=KH; 2.32
7C ?PC ?QICB RM DGLB BGQNJ?ACKCLR, UFGAF GQ x GD UC R?IC x
0
RM @C XCPM. (4FGLI ?@MSR GR JGIC RFC QR?PRGLE JGLC MD ? P?AC. )R A?L @C ?LWUFCPC, @SR
UC A?JJ GR 0 ?LB KC?QSPC ?JJ MRFCP NMQGRGMLQ PCJ?RGTC RM GR.) 7C A?L SQC RFC COS?RGML x = x
0
+ v
0
t +
1
2
at
2
MLAC UC GBCLRGDW v
0
, a , ?LB t DPMK
RFC QR?RCKCLR MD RFC NPM@JCK.
,EBKJ?ED
1. )BCLRGDW RFC ILMULQ. 3R?PRGLE DPMK PCQR KC?LQ RF?R v
0
= 0 , a GQ EGTCL ?Q 26.0 m/s
2
?LB t GQ EGTCL ?Q 5.56 Q.
#(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3 55
2. 0JSE RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC COS?RGML RM QMJTC DMP RFC SLILMUL x :
(2.41)
x = x
0
+ v
0
t +
1
2
at
2
.
3GLAC RFC GLGRG?J NMQGRGML ?LB TCJMAGRW ?PC @MRF XCPM, RFGQ QGKNJGDGCQ RM
(2.42)
x =
1
2
at
2
.
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFC GBCLRGDGCB T?JSCQ MD a ?LB t EGTCQ
(2.43)
x =
1
2
26.0 m/s
2
(5.56 s)
2
,
WGCJBGLE
(2.44) x = 402 m.
D?I9KII?ED
)D UC AMLTCPR 402 K RM KGJCQ, UC DGLB RF?R RFC BGQR?LAC AMTCPCB GQ TCPW AJMQC RM MLC OS?PRCP MD ? KGJC, RFC QR?LB?PB BGQR?LAC DMP BP?E P?AGLE. 3M
RFC ?LQUCP GQ PC?QML?@JC. 4FGQ GQ ?L GKNPCQQGTC BGQNJ?ACKCLR GL MLJW 5.56 Q, @SR RMN-LMRAF BP?EQRCPQ A?L BM ? OS?PRCP KGJC GL CTCL JCQQ RGKC RF?L
RFGQ.
7F?R CJQC A?L UC JC?PL @W CV?KGLGLE RFC COS?RGML x = x
0
+ v
0
t +
1
2
at
2
? 7C QCC RF?R:
w BGQNJ?ACKCLR BCNCLBQ ML RFC QOS?PC MD RFC CJ?NQCB RGKC UFCL ?AACJCP?RGML GQ LMR XCPM. )L EN7CFB; 2.10, RFC BP?EQRCP AMTCPQ MLJW MLC DMSPRF MD
RFC RMR?J BGQR?LAC GL RFC DGPQR F?JD MD RFC CJ?NQCB RGKC
w GD ?AACJCP?RGML GQ XCPM, RFCL RFC GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW COS?JQ ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW ( v
0
= v
-
) ?LB x = x
0
+ v
0
t +
1
2
at
2
@CAMKCQ x = x
0
+ v
0
t
3MJTGLE DMP &GL?J 6CJMAGRW UFCL 6CJMAGRW )Q .MR #MLQR?LR ( a 0 )
! DMSPRF SQCDSJ COS?RGML A?L @C M@R?GLCB DPMK ?LMRFCP ?JEC@P?GA K?LGNSJ?RGML MD NPCTGMSQ COS?RGMLQ.
)D UC QMJTC v = v
0
+ at DMP t , UC ECR
(2.45)
t =
v v
0
a
.
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFGQ ?LB v
-
=
v
0
+ v
2
GLRM x = x
0
+ v
-
t , UC ECR
(2.46)
v
2
= v
0
2
+ 2a(x x
0
) (constanta).
EN7CFB; 2.11 C7B9KB7J?D= F?D7B /;BE9?JO: DH7=IJ;HI
#?JASJ?RC RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW MD RFC BP?EQRCP GL EN7CFB; 2.10 UGRFMSR SQGLE GLDMPK?RGML ?@MSR RGKC.
,JH7J;=O
$P?U ? QICRAF.
F?=KH; 2.33
4FC COS?RGML v
2
= v
0
2
+ 2a(x x
0
) GQ GBC?JJW QSGRCB RM RFGQ R?QI @CA?SQC GR PCJ?RCQ TCJMAGRGCQ, ?AACJCP?RGML, ?LB BGQNJ?ACKCLR, ?LB LM RGKC
GLDMPK?RGML GQ PCOSGPCB.
,EBKJ?ED
1. )BCLRGDW RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ. 7C ILMU RF?R v
0
= 0 , QGLAC RFC BP?EQRCP QR?PRQ DPMK PCQR. 4FCL UC LMRC RF?R x x
0
= 402 m (RFGQ U?Q RFC
?LQUCP GL EN7CFB; 2.10). &GL?JJW, RFC ?TCP?EC ?AACJCP?RGML U?Q EGTCL RM @C a = 26.0 m/s
2
.
2. 0JSE RFC ILMULQ GLRM RFC COS?RGML v
2
= v
0
2
+ 2a(x x
0
) ?LB QMJTC DMP v.
56 #(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3
(2.47)
v
2
= 0 + 2
26.0 m/s
2
(402 m).
4FSQ
(2.48)
v
2
= 2.0910
4
m
2
/s
2
.
4M ECR v , UC R?IC RFC QOS?PC PMMR:
(2.49)
v = 2.0910
4
m
2
/s
2
= 145 m/s.
D?I9KII?ED
145 K/Q GQ ?@MSR 522 IK/F MP ?@MSR 324 KG/F, @SR CTCL RFGQ @PC?ILCAI QNCCB GQ QFMPR MD RFC PCAMPB DMP RFC OS?PRCP KGJC. !JQM, LMRC RF?R ? QOS?PC
PMMR F?Q RUM T?JSCQ; UC RMMI RFC NMQGRGTC T?JSC RM GLBGA?RC ? TCJMAGRW GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q RFC ?AACJCP?RGML.
!L CV?KGL?RGML MD RFC COS?RGML v
2
= v
0
2
+ 2a(x x
0
) A?L NPMBSAC DSPRFCP GLQGEFRQ GLRM RFC ECLCP?J PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ ?KMLE NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ:
w 4FC DGL?J TCJMAGRW BCNCLBQ ML FMU J?PEC RFC ?AACJCP?RGML GQ ?LB RFC BGQR?LAC MTCP UFGAF GR ?ARQ
w &MP ? DGVCB BCACJCP?RGML, ? A?P RF?R GQ EMGLE RUGAC ?Q D?QR BMCQLtR QGKNJW QRMN GL RUGAC RFC BGQR?LACrGR R?ICQ KSAF DSPRFCP RM QRMN. (4FGQ GQ UFW UC
F?TC PCBSACB QNCCB XMLCQ LC?P QAFMMJQ.)
0SRRGLE %OS?RGMLQ 4MECRFCP
)L RFC DMJJMUGLE CV?KNJCQ, UC DSPRFCP CVNJMPC MLC-BGKCLQGML?J KMRGML, @SR GL QGRS?RGMLQ PCOSGPGLE QJGEFRJW KMPC ?JEC@P?GA K?LGNSJ?RGML. 4FC CV?KNJCQ
?JQM EGTC GLQGEFR GLRM NPM@JCK-QMJTGLE RCAFLGOSCQ. 4FC @MV @CJMU NPMTGBCQ C?QW PCDCPCLAC RM RFC COS?RGMLQ LCCBCB.
3SKK?PW MD +GLCK?RGA %OS?RGMLQ (AMLQR?LR a )
(2.50)
x = x
0
+ v
-
t
(2.51)
v
-
=
v
0
+ v
2
(2.52) v = v
0
+ at
(2.53)
x = x
0
+ v
0
t +
1
2
at
2
(2.54)
v
2
= v
0
2
+ 2a(x x
0
)
EN7CFB; 2.12 C7B9KB7J?D= D?IFB79;C;DJ: !EM F7H DE;I 7 C7H E 0>;D CEC?D= JE 7 !7BJ?
/L BPW AMLAPCRC, ? A?P A?L BCACJCP?RC ?R ? P?RC MD 7.00 m/s
2
, UFCPC?Q ML UCR AMLAPCRC GR A?L BCACJCP?RC ?R MLJW 5.00 m/s
2
. &GLB RFC BGQR?LACQ
LCACQQ?PW RM QRMN ? A?P KMTGLE ?R 30.0 K/Q (?@MSR 110 IK/F) (?) ML BPW AMLAPCRC ?LB (@) ML UCR AMLAPCRC. (A) 2CNC?R @MRF A?JASJ?RGMLQ, DGLBGLE
RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR DPMK RFC NMGLR UFCPC RFC BPGTCP QCCQ ? RP?DDGA JGEFR RSPL PCB, R?IGLE GLRM ?AAMSLR FGQ PC?ARGML RGKC MD 0.500 Q RM ECR FGQ DMMR ML RFC
@P?IC.
,JH7J;=O
$P?U ? QICRAF.
F?=KH; 2.34
)L MPBCP RM BCRCPKGLC UFGAF COS?RGMLQ ?PC @CQR RM SQC, UC LCCB RM JGQR ?JJ MD RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ ?LB GBCLRGDW CV?ARJW UF?R UC LCCB RM QMJTC DMP. 7C
QF?JJ BM RFGQ CVNJGAGRJW GL RFC LCVR QCTCP?J CV?KNJCQ, SQGLE R?@JCQ RM QCR RFCK MDD.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
#(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3 57
1. )BCLRGDW RFC ILMULQ ?LB UF?R UC U?LR RM QMJTC DMP. 7C ILMU RF?R v
0
= 30.0 m/s ; v = 0 ; a = 7.00 m/s
2
( a GQ LCE?RGTC @CA?SQC GR GQ GL
? BGPCARGML MNNMQGRC RM TCJMAGRW). 7C R?IC x
0
RM @C 0. 7C ?PC JMMIGLE DMP BGQNJ?ACKCLR x , MP x x
0
.
2. )BCLRGDW RFC COS?RGML RF?R UGJJ FCJN SN QMJTC RFC NPM@JCK. 4FC @CQR COS?RGML RM SQC GQ
(2.55)
v
2
= v
0
2
+ 2a(x x
0
).
4FGQ COS?RGML GQ @CQR @CA?SQC GR GLAJSBCQ MLJW MLC SLILMUL, x . 7C ILMU RFC T?JSCQ MD ?JJ RFC MRFCP T?PG?@JCQ GL RFGQ COS?RGML. (4FCPC ?PC MRFCP
COS?RGMLQ RF?R UMSJB ?JJMU SQ RM QMJTC DMP x , @SR RFCW PCOSGPC SQ RM ILMU RFC QRMNNGLE RGKC, t , UFGAF UC BM LMR ILMU. 7C AMSJB SQC RFCK @SR GR
UMSJB CLR?GJ ?BBGRGML?J A?JASJ?RGMLQ.)
3. 2C?PP?LEC RFC COS?RGML RM QMJTC DMP x .
(2.56)
x x
0
=
v
2
v
0
2
2a
4. %LRCP ILMUL T?JSCQ.
(2.57)
x 0 =
0
2
(30.0 m/s)
2
2
7.00 m/s
2
4FSQ,
(2.58)
x = 64.3 m on dry concrete.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
4FGQ N?PR A?L @C QMJTCB GL CV?ARJW RFC Q?KC K?LLCP ?Q 0?PR !. 4FC MLJW BGDDCPCLAC GQ RF?R RFC BCACJCP?RGML GQ 5.00 m/s
2
. 4FC PCQSJR GQ
(2.59) x
wet
= 90.0 m on wet concrete.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (9)
/LAC RFC BPGTCP PC?ARQ, RFC QRMNNGLE BGQR?LAC GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q GR GQ GL 0?PRQ ! ?LB " DMP BPW ?LB UCR AMLAPCRC. 3M RM ?LQUCP RFGQ OSCQRGML, UC LCCB
RM A?JASJ?RC FMU D?P RFC A?P RP?TCJQ BSPGLE RFC PC?ARGML RGKC, ?LB RFCL ?BB RF?R RM RFC QRMNNGLE RGKC. )R GQ PC?QML?@JC RM ?QQSKC RF?R RFC TCJMAGRW
PCK?GLQ AMLQR?LR BSPGLE RFC BPGTCPtQ PC?ARGML RGKC.
-
= 30.0 m/s ; t
reaction
= 0.500s ; a
reaction
= 0 . 7C R?IC x
0 reaction
RM @C 0. 7C ?PC JMMIGLE DMP x
reaction
.
2. )BCLRGDW RFC @CQR COS?RGML RM SQC.
x = x
0
+ v
-
t UMPIQ UCJJ @CA?SQC RFC MLJW SLILMUL T?JSC GQ x , UFGAF GQ UF?R UC U?LR RM QMJTC DMP.
3. 0JSE GL RFC ILMULQ RM QMJTC RFC COS?RGML.
(2.60)
x = 0 + (30.0 m/s)(0.500 s) = 15.0 m.
4FGQ KC?LQ RFC A?P RP?TCJQ 15.0 K UFGJC RFC BPGTCP PC?ARQ, K?IGLE RFC RMR?J BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ GL RFC RUM A?QCQ MD BPW ?LB UCR AMLAPCRC 15.0 K
EPC?RCP RF?L GD FC PC?ARCB GLQR?LRJW.
4. !BB RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR BSPGLE RFC PC?ARGML RGKC RM RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR UFCL @P?IGLE.
(2.61) x
braking
+ x
reaction
= x
total
?. 64.3 K + 15.0 K = 79.3 K UFCL BPW
@. 90.0 K + 15.0 K = 105 K UFCL UCR
F?=KH; 2.35 4FC BGQR?LAC LCACQQ?PW RM QRMN ? A?P T?PGCQ EPC?RJW, BCNCLBGLE ML PM?B AMLBGRGMLQ ?LB BPGTCP PC?ARGML RGKC. 3FMUL FCPC ?PC RFC @P?IGLE BGQR?LACQ DMP BPW ?LB
UCR N?TCKCLR, ?Q A?JASJ?RCB GL RFGQ CV?KNJC, DMP ? A?P GLGRG?JJW RP?TCJGLE ?R 30.0 K/Q. !JQM QFMUL ?PC RFC RMR?J BGQR?LACQ RP?TCJCB DPMK RFC NMGLR UFCPC RFC BPGTCP DGPQR QCCQ ?
JGEFR RSPL PCB, ?QQSKGLE ? 0.500 Q PC?ARGML RGKC.
58 #(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3
D?I9KII?ED
4FC BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ DMSLB GL RFGQ CV?KNJC QCCK PC?QML?@JC DMP QRMNNGLE ? D?QR-KMTGLE A?P. )R QFMSJB R?IC JMLECP RM QRMN ? A?P ML UCR P?RFCP RF?L
BPW N?TCKCLR. )R GQ GLRCPCQRGLE RF?R PC?ARGML RGKC ?BBQ QGELGDGA?LRJW RM RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ. "SR KMPC GKNMPR?LR GQ RFC ECLCP?J ?NNPM?AF RM QMJTGLE
NPM@JCKQ. 7C GBCLRGDW RFC ILMULQ ?LB RFC OS?LRGRGCQ RM @C BCRCPKGLCB ?LB RFCL DGLB ?L ?NNPMNPG?RC COS?RGML. 4FCPC GQ MDRCL KMPC RF?L MLC U?W
RM QMJTC ? NPM@JCK. 4FC T?PGMSQ N?PRQ MD RFGQ CV?KNJC A?L GL D?AR @C QMJTCB @W MRFCP KCRFMBQ, @SR RFC QMJSRGMLQ NPCQCLRCB ?@MTC ?PC RFC QFMPRCQR.
EN7CFB; 2.13 C7B9KB7J?D= -?C;: A C7H &;H=;I ?DJE -H7<<?9
3SNNMQC ? A?P KCPECQ GLRM DPCCU?W RP?DDGA ML ? 200-K-JMLE P?KN. )D GRQ GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW GQ 10.0 K/Q ?LB GR ?AACJCP?RCQ ?R 2.00 m/s
2
, FMU JMLE BMCQ
GR R?IC RM RP?TCJ RFC 200 K SN RFC P?KN? (3SAF GLDMPK?RGML KGEFR @C SQCDSJ RM ? RP?DDGA CLEGLCCP.)
,JH7J;=O
$P?U ? QICRAF.
F?=KH; 2.36
7C ?PC ?QICB RM QMJTC DMP RFC RGKC t . !Q @CDMPC, UC GBCLRGDW RFC ILMUL OS?LRGRGCQ GL MPBCP RM AFMMQC ? AMLTCLGCLR NFWQGA?J PCJ?RGMLQFGN (RF?R GQ,
?L COS?RGML UGRF MLC SLILMUL, t ).
,EBKJ?ED
0
= 10 m/s ; a = 2.00 m/s
2
; ?LB x = 200 m.
2. 7C LCCB RM QMJTC DMP t . #FMMQC RFC @CQR COS?RGML. x = x
0
+ v
0
t +
1
2
at
2
UMPIQ @CQR @CA?SQC RFC MLJW SLILMUL GL RFC COS?RGML GQ RFC
T?PG?@JC t DMP UFGAF UC LCCB RM QMJTC.
3. 7C UGJJ LCCB RM PC?PP?LEC RFC COS?RGML RM QMJTC DMP t . )L RFGQ A?QC, GR UGJJ @C C?QGCP RM NJSE GL RFC ILMULQ DGPQR.
(2.62)
200 m = 0 m + (10.0 m/s)t +
1
2
2.00 m/s
2
t
2
4. 3GKNJGDW RFC COS?RGML. 4FC SLGRQ MD KCRCPQ (K) A?LACJ @CA?SQC RFCW ?PC GL C?AF RCPK. 7C A?L ECR RFC SLGRQ MD QCAMLBQ (Q) RM A?LACJ @W R?IGLE
t = t s , UFCPC t GQ RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RGKC ?LB Q GQ RFC SLGR. $MGLE QM JC?TCQ
(2.63)
200 = 10t + t
2
.
5. 5QC RFC OS?BP?RGA DMPKSJ? RM QMJTC DMP t .
(?) 2C?PP?LEC RFC COS?RGML RM ECR 0 ML MLC QGBC MD RFC COS?RGML.
(2.64)
t
2
+ 10t 200 = 0
4FGQ GQ ? OS?BP?RGA COS?RGML MD RFC DMPK
(2.65)
at
2
+ bt + c = 0,
UFCPC RFC AMLQR?LRQ ?PC a = 1.00, b = 10.0, and c = 200 .
(@) )RQ QMJSRGMLQ ?PC EGTCL @W RFC OS?BP?RGA DMPKSJ?:
(2.66)
t =
b b
2
4ac
2a
.
4FGQ WGCJBQ RUM QMJSRGMLQ DMP t , UFGAF ?PC
(2.67)
t = 10.0 and20.0.
)L RFGQ A?QC, RFCL, RFC RGKC GQ t = t GL QCAMLBQ, MP
(2.68)
t = 10.0 s and 20.0 s.
#(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3 59
! LCE?RGTC T?JSC DMP RGKC GQ SLPC?QML?@JC, QGLAC GR UMSJB KC?L RF?R RFC CTCLR F?NNCLCB 20 Q @CDMPC RFC KMRGML @CE?L. 7C A?L BGQA?PB RF?R
QMJSRGML. 4FSQ,
(2.69) t = 10.0 s.
D?I9KII?ED
7FCLCTCP ?L COS?RGML AMLR?GLQ ?L SLILMUL QOS?PCB, RFCPC UGJJ @C RUM QMJSRGMLQ. )L QMKC NPM@JCKQ @MRF QMJSRGMLQ ?PC KC?LGLEDSJ, @SR GL MRFCPQ,
QSAF ?Q RFC ?@MTC, MLJW MLC QMJSRGML GQ PC?QML?@JC. 4FC 10.0 Q ?LQUCP QCCKQ PC?QML?@JC DMP ? RWNGA?J DPCCU?W ML-P?KN.
7GRF RFC @?QGAQ MD IGLCK?RGAQ CQR?@JGQFCB, UC A?L EM ML RM K?LW MRFCP GLRCPCQRGLE CV?KNJCQ ?LB ?NNJGA?RGMLQ. )L RFC NPMACQQ MD BCTCJMNGLE
IGLCK?RGAQ, UC F?TC ?JQM EJGKNQCB ? ECLCP?J ?NNPM?AF RM NPM@JCK QMJTGLE RF?R NPMBSACQ @MRF AMPPCAR ?LQUCPQ ?LB GLQGEFRQ GLRM NFWQGA?J
PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ. )HE8B;C-,EBL?D= B7I?9I BGQASQQCQ NPM@JCK-QMJTGLE @?QGAQ ?LB MSRJGLCQ ?L ?NNPM?AF RF?R UGJJ FCJN WMS QSAACCB GL RFGQ GLT?JS?@JC R?QI.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLRr"PC?IGLE .CUQ
7C F?TC @CCL SQGLE 3) SLGRQ MD KCRCPQ NCP QCAMLB QOS?PCB RM BCQAPG@C QMKC CV?KNJCQ MD ?AACJCP?RGML MP BCACJCP?RGML MD A?PQ, PSLLCPQ, ?LB
RP?GLQ. 4M ?AFGCTC ? @CRRCP DCCJ DMP RFCQC LSK@CPQ, MLC A?L KC?QSPC RFC @P?IGLE BCACJCP?RGML MD ? A?P BMGLE ? QJMU (?LB Q?DC) QRMN. 2CA?JJ RF?R,
DMP ?TCP?EC ?AACJCP?RGML, a
-
= v / t . 7FGJC RP?TCJGLE GL ? A?P, QJMUJW ?NNJW RFC @P?ICQ ?Q WMS AMKC SN RM ? QRMN QGEL. (?TC ? N?QQCLECP LMRC
RFC GLGRG?J QNCCB GL KGJCQ NCP FMSP ?LB RFC RGKC R?ICL (GL QCAMLBQ) RM QRMN. &PMK RFGQ, A?JASJ?RC RFC BCACJCP?RGML GL KGJCQ NCP FMSP NCP QCAMLB.
#MLTCPR RFGQ RM KCRCPQ NCP QCAMLB QOS?PCB ?LB AMKN?PC UGRF MRFCP BCACJCP?RGMLQ KCLRGMLCB GL RFGQ AF?NRCP. #?JASJ?RC RFC BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB GL
@P?IGLE.
! K?LLCB PMAICR ?AACJCP?RCQ ?R ? P?RC MD 20 m/s
2
BSPGLE J?SLAF. (MU JMLE BMCQ GR R?IC RFC PMAICR PC?AF ? TCJMAGRW MD 400 K/Q?
,EBKJ?ED
4M ?LQUCP RFGQ, AFMMQC ?L COS?RGML RF?R ?JJMUQ WMS RM QMJTC DMP RGKC t , EGTCL MLJW a , v
0
, ?LB v .
(2.70) v = v
0
+ at
2C?PP?LEC RM QMJTC DMP t .
(2.71)
t =
v v
a
=
400 m/s 0 m/s
20 m/s
2
= 20 s
2.6 )HE8B;C-,EBL?D= B7I?9I <EH (D;-D?C;DI?ED7B $?D;C7J?9I
F?=KH; 2.37 0PM@JCK-QMJTGLE QIGJJQ ?PC CQQCLRG?J RM WMSP QSAACQQ GL 0FWQGAQ. (APCBGR: QASG3?QRCTCM, &JGAIP)
0PM@JCK-QMJTGLE QIGJJQ ?PC M@TGMSQJW CQQCLRG?J RM QSAACQQ GL ? OS?LRGR?RGTC AMSPQC GL NFWQGAQ. -MPC GKNMPR?LRJW, RFC ?@GJGRW RM ?NNJW @PM?B NFWQGA?J
NPGLAGNJCQ, SQS?JJW PCNPCQCLRCB @W COS?RGMLQ, RM QNCAGDGA QGRS?RGMLQ GQ ? TCPW NMUCPDSJ DMPK MD ILMUJCBEC. )R GQ KSAF KMPC NMUCPDSJ RF?L KCKMPGXGLE ?
JGQR MD D?ARQ. !L?JWRGA?J QIGJJQ ?LB NPM@JCK-QMJTGLE ?@GJGRGCQ A?L @C ?NNJGCB RM LCU QGRS?RGMLQ, UFCPC?Q ? JGQR MD D?ARQ A?LLMR @C K?BC JMLE CLMSEF RM
AMLR?GL CTCPW NMQQG@JC AGPASKQR?LAC. 3SAF ?L?JWRGA?J QIGJJQ ?PC SQCDSJ @MRF DMP QMJTGLE NPM@JCKQ GL RFGQ RCVR ?LB DMP ?NNJWGLE NFWQGAQ GL CTCPWB?W ?LB
NPMDCQQGML?J JGDC.
0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE 3RCNQ
7FGJC RFCPC GQ LM QGKNJC QRCN-@W-QRCN KCRFMB RF?R UMPIQ DMP CTCPW NPM@JCK, RFC DMJJMUGLE ECLCP?J NPMACBSPCQ D?AGJGR?RC NPM@JCK QMJTGLE ?LB K?IC GR
KMPC KC?LGLEDSJ. ! ACPR?GL ?KMSLR MD APC?RGTGRW ?LB GLQGEFR GQ PCOSGPCB ?Q UCJJ.
,J;F 1
EK4@<A8 G;8 F<GH4G<BA GB 78G8E@<A8 J;<6; C;LF<64? CE<A6<C?8F 4E8 <AIB?I87. )R MDRCL FCJNQ RM 7E4J 4 F<@C?8 F>8G6; ?R RFC MSRQCR. 9MS UGJJ ?JQM LCCB RM
BCAGBC UFGAF BGPCARGML GQ NMQGRGTC ?LB LMRC RF?R ML WMSP QICRAF. /LAC WMS F?TC GBCLRGDGCB RFC NFWQGA?J NPGLAGNJCQ, GR GQ KSAF C?QGCP RM DGLB ?LB ?NNJW RFC
60 #(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3
COS?RGMLQ PCNPCQCLRGLE RFMQC NPGLAGNJCQ. !JRFMSEF DGLBGLE RFC AMPPCAR COS?RGML GQ CQQCLRG?J, ICCN GL KGLB RF?R COS?RGMLQ PCNPCQCLR NFWQGA?J NPGLAGNJCQ,
J?UQ MD L?RSPC, ?LB PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ ?KMLE NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ. 7GRFMSR ? AMLACNRS?J SLBCPQR?LBGLE MD ? NPM@JCK, ? LSKCPGA?J QMJSRGML GQ KC?LGLEJCQQ.
,J;F 2
$4>8 4 ?<FG B9 J;4G <F :<I8A BE 64A 58 <A98EE87 9EB@ G;8 CEB5?8@ 4F FG4G87 (<78AG<9L G;8 >ABJAF). -?LW NPM@JCKQ ?PC QR?RCB TCPW QSAAGLARJW ?LB PCOSGPC
QMKC GLQNCARGML RM BCRCPKGLC UF?R GQ ILMUL. ! QICRAF A?L ?JQM @C TCPW SQCDSJ ?R RFGQ NMGLR. &MPK?JJW GBCLRGDWGLE RFC ILMULQ GQ MD N?PRGASJ?P
GKNMPR?LAC GL ?NNJWGLE NFWQGAQ RM PC?J-UMPJB QGRS?RGMLQ. 2CKCK@CP, uQRMNNCBv KC?LQ TCJMAGRW GQ XCPM, ?LB UC MDRCL A?L R?IC GLGRG?J RGKC ?LB NMQGRGML
?Q XCPM.
,J;F 3
78AG<9L 8K46G?L J;4G A887F GB 58 78G8E@<A87 <A G;8 CEB5?8@ (<78AG<9L G;8 HA>ABJAF). )L AMKNJCV NPM@JCKQ, CQNCAG?JJW, GR GQ LMR ?JU?WQ M@TGMSQ UF?R
LCCBQ RM @C DMSLB MP GL UF?R QCOSCLAC. -?IGLE ? JGQR A?L FCJN.
,J;F 4
F<A7 4A 8DH4G<BA BE F8G B9 8DH4G<BAF G;4G 64A ;8?C LBH FB?I8 G;8 CEB5?8@. 9MSP JGQR MD ILMULQ ?LB SLILMULQ A?L FCJN FCPC. )R GQ C?QGCQR GD WMS A?L DGLB
COS?RGMLQ RF?R AMLR?GL MLJW MLC SLILMULrRF?R GQ, ?JJ MD RFC MRFCP T?PG?@JCQ ?PC ILMUL, QM WMS A?L C?QGJW QMJTC DMP RFC SLILMUL. )D RFC COS?RGML
AMLR?GLQ KMPC RF?L MLC SLILMUL, RFCL ?L ?BBGRGML?J COS?RGML GQ LCCBCB RM QMJTC RFC NPM@JCK. )L QMKC NPM@JCKQ, QCTCP?J SLILMULQ KSQR @C
BCRCPKGLCB RM ECR ?R RFC MLC LCCBCB KMQR. )L QSAF NPM@JCKQ GR GQ CQNCAG?JJW GKNMPR?LR RM ICCN NFWQGA?J NPGLAGNJCQ GL KGLB RM ?TMGB EMGLE ?QRP?W GL ?
QC? MD COS?RGMLQ. 9MS K?W F?TC RM SQC RUM (MP KMPC) BGDDCPCLR COS?RGMLQ RM ECR RFC DGL?J ?LQUCP.
,J;F 5
*H5FG<GHG8 G;8 >ABJAF 4?BA: J<G; G;8<E HA<GF <AGB G;8 4CCEBCE<4G8 8DH4G<BA, 4A7 B5G4<A AH@8E<64? FB?HG<BAF 6B@C?8G8 J<G; HA<GF. 4FGQ QRCN NPMBSACQ RFC
LSKCPGA?J ?LQUCP; GR ?JQM NPMTGBCQ ? AFCAI ML SLGRQ RF?R A?L FCJN WMS DGLB CPPMPQ. )D RFC SLGRQ MD RFC ?LQUCP ?PC GLAMPPCAR, RFCL ?L CPPMP F?Q @CCL
K?BC. (MUCTCP, @C U?PLCB RF?R AMPPCAR SLGRQ BM LMR ES?P?LRCC RF?R RFC LSKCPGA?J N?PR MD RFC ?LQUCP GQ ?JQM AMPPCAR.
,J;F 6
C;86> G;8 4AFJ8E GB F88 <9 <G <F E84FBA45?8: DB8F <G @4>8 F8AF8? 4FGQ DGL?J QRCN GQ CVRPCKCJW GKNMPR?LRrRFC EM?J MD NFWQGAQ GQ RM ?AASP?RCJW BCQAPG@C
L?RSPC. 4M QCC GD RFC ?LQUCP GQ PC?QML?@JC, AFCAI @MRF GRQ K?ELGRSBC ?LB GRQ QGEL, GL ?BBGRGML RM GRQ SLGRQ. 9MSP HSBEKCLR UGJJ GKNPMTC ?Q WMS QMJTC
KMPC ?LB KMPC NFWQGAQ NPM@JCKQ, ?LB GR UGJJ @CAMKC NMQQG@JC DMP WMS RM K?IC DGLCP ?LB DGLCP HSBEKCLRQ PCE?PBGLE UFCRFCP L?RSPC GQ ?BCOS?RCJW
BCQAPG@CB @W RFC ?LQUCP RM ? NPM@JCK. 4FGQ QRCN @PGLEQ RFC NPM@JCK @?AI RM GRQ AMLACNRS?J KC?LGLE. )D WMS A?L HSBEC UFCRFCP RFC ?LQUCP GQ
PC?QML?@JC, WMS F?TC ? BCCNCP SLBCPQR?LBGLE MD NFWQGAQ RF?L HSQR @CGLE ?@JC RM KCAF?LGA?JJW QMJTC ? NPM@JCK.
7FCL QMJTGLE NPM@JCKQ, UC MDRCL NCPDMPK RFCQC QRCNQ GL BGDDCPCLR MPBCP, ?LB UC ?JQM RCLB RM BM QCTCP?J QRCNQ QGKSJR?LCMSQJW. 4FCPC GQ LM PGEGB
NPMACBSPC RF?R UGJJ UMPI CTCPW RGKC. #PC?RGTGRW ?LB GLQGEFR EPMU UGRF CVNCPGCLAC, ?LB RFC @?QGAQ MD NPM@JCK QMJTGLE @CAMKC ?JKMQR ?SRMK?RGA. /LC
U?W RM ECR NP?ARGAC GQ RM UMPI MSR RFC RCVRtQ CV?KNJCQ DMP WMSPQCJD ?Q WMS PC?B. !LMRFCP GQ RM UMPI ?Q K?LW CLB-MD-QCARGML NPM@JCKQ ?Q NMQQG@JC,
QR?PRGLE UGRF RFC C?QGCQR RM @SGJB AMLDGBCLAC ?LB NPMEPCQQGLE RM RFC KMPC BGDDGASJR. /LAC WMS @CAMKC GLTMJTCB GL NFWQGAQ, WMS UGJJ QCC GR ?JJ ?PMSLB WMS,
?LB WMS A?L @CEGL RM ?NNJW GR RM QGRS?RGMLQ WMS CLAMSLRCP MSRQGBC RFC AJ?QQPMMK, HSQR ?Q GQ BMLC GL K?LW MD RFC ?NNJGA?RGMLQ GL RFGQ RCVR.
5LPC?QML?@JC 2CQSJRQ
0FWQGAQ KSQR BCQAPG@C L?RSPC ?AASP?RCJW. 3MKC NPM@JCKQ F?TC PCQSJRQ RF?R ?PC SLPC?QML?@JC @CA?SQC MLC NPCKGQC GQ SLPC?QML?@JC MP @CA?SQC
ACPR?GL NPCKGQCQ ?PC GLAMLQGQRCLR UGRF MLC ?LMRFCP. 4FC NFWQGA?J NPGLAGNJC ?NNJGCB AMPPCARJW RFCL NPMBSACQ ?L SLPC?QML?@JC PCQSJR. &MP CV?KNJC, GD ?
NCPQML QR?PRGLE ? DMMR P?AC ?AACJCP?RCQ ?R 0.40 m/s
2
DMP 100 Q, FGQ DGL?J QNCCB UGJJ @C 40 K/Q (?@MSR 150 IK/F)rAJC?PJW SLPC?QML?@JC @CA?SQC RFC
RGKC MD 100 Q GQ ?L SLPC?QML?@JC NPCKGQC. 4FC NFWQGAQ GQ AMPPCAR GL ? QCLQC, @SR RFCPC GQ KMPC RM BCQAPG@GLE L?RSPC RF?L HSQR K?LGNSJ?RGLE COS?RGMLQ
AMPPCARJW. #FCAIGLE RFC PCQSJR MD ? NPM@JCK RM QCC GD GR GQ PC?QML?@JC BMCQ KMPC RF?L FCJN SLAMTCP CPPMPQ GL NPM@JCK QMJTGLErGR ?JQM @SGJBQ GLRSGRGML GL
HSBEGLE UFCRFCP L?RSPC GQ @CGLE ?AASP?RCJW BCQAPG@CB.
5QC RFC DMJJMUGLE QRP?RCEGCQ RM BCRCPKGLC UFCRFCP ?L ?LQUCP GQ PC?QML?@JC ?LB, GD GR GQ LMR, RM BCRCPKGLC UF?R GQ RFC A?SQC.
,J;F 1
*B?I8 G;8 CEB5?8@ HF<A: FGE4G8:<8F 4F BHG?<A87 4A7 <A G;8 9BE@4G 9B??BJ87 <A G;8 JBE>87 8K4@C?8F <A G;8 G8KG. )L RFC CV?KNJC EGTCL GL RFC NPCACBGLE
N?P?EP?NF, WMS UMSJB GBCLRGDW RFC EGTCLQ ?Q RFC ?AACJCP?RGML ?LB RGKC ?LB SQC RFC COS?RGML @CJMU RM DGLB RFC SLILMUL DGL?J TCJMAGRW. 4F?R GQ,
(2.72)
v = v
0
+ at = 0 +

0.40 m/s
2
(100 s) = 40 m/s.
,J;F 2
C;86> GB F88 <9 G;8 4AFJ8E <F E84FBA45?8. )Q GR RMM J?PEC MP RMM QK?JJ, MP BMCQ GR F?TC RFC UPMLE QGEL, GKNPMNCP SLGRQ, x? )L RFGQ A?QC, WMS K?W LCCB RM
AMLTCPR KCRCPQ NCP QCAMLB GLRM ? KMPC D?KGJG?P SLGR, QSAF ?Q KGJCQ NCP FMSP.
(2.73)
40 m
s

3.28 ft
m

1 mi
5280 ft
60 s
min
60 min
1 h
= 89 mph
4FGQ TCJMAGRW GQ ?@MSR DMSP RGKCQ EPC?RCP RF?L ? NCPQML A?L PSLrQM GR GQ RMM J?PEC.
,J;F 3
9 G;8 4AFJ8E <F HAE84FBA45?8, ?BB> 9BE J;4G FC86<9<64??L 6BH?7 64HF8 G;8 <78AG<9<87 7<99<6H?GL. )L RFC CV?KNJC MD RFC PSLLCP, RFCPC ?PC MLJW RUM
?QQSKNRGMLQ RF?R ?PC QSQNCAR. 4FC ?AACJCP?RGML AMSJB @C RMM EPC?R MP RFC RGKC RMM JMLE. &GPQR JMMI ?R RFC ?AACJCP?RGML ?LB RFGLI ?@MSR UF?R RFC LSK@CP
KC?LQ. )D QMKCMLC ?AACJCP?RCQ ?R 0.40 m/s
2
, RFCGP TCJMAGRW GQ GLAPC?QGLE @W 0.4 K/Q C?AF QCAMLB. $MCQ RFGQ QCCK PC?QML?@JC? )D QM, RFC RGKC KSQR
@C RMM JMLE. )R GQ LMR NMQQG@JC DMP QMKCMLC RM ?AACJCP?RC ?R ? AMLQR?LR P?RC MD 0.40 m/s
2
DMP 100 Q (?JKMQR RUM KGLSRCQ).
#(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3 61
2.7 F7BB?D= (8@;9JI
&?JJGLE M@HCARQ DMPK ?L GLRCPCQRGLE AJ?QQ MD KMRGML NPM@JCKQ. &MP CV?KNJC, UC A?L CQRGK?RC RFC BCNRF MD ? TCPRGA?J KGLC QF?DR @W BPMNNGLE ? PMAI GLRM GR
?LB JGQRCLGLE DMP RFC PMAI RM FGR RFC @MRRMK. "W ?NNJWGLE RFC IGLCK?RGAQ BCTCJMNCB QM D?P RM D?JJGLE M@HCARQ, UC A?L CV?KGLC QMKC GLRCPCQRGLE QGRS?RGMLQ
?LB JC?PL KSAF ?@MSR EP?TGRW GL RFC NPMACQQ.
'P?TGRW
4FC KMQR PCK?PI?@JC ?LB SLCVNCARCB D?AR ?@MSR D?JJGLE M@HCARQ GQ RF?R, GD ?GP PCQGQR?LAC ?LB DPGARGML ?PC LCEJGEG@JC, RFCL GL ? EGTCL JMA?RGML ?JJ M@HCARQ
D?JJ RMU?PB RFC ACLRCP MD %?PRF UGRF RFC F4@8 6BAFG4AG 4668?8E4G<BA, <A78C8A78AG B9 G;8<E @4FF. 4FGQ CVNCPGKCLR?JJW BCRCPKGLCB D?AR GQ SLCVNCARCB,
@CA?SQC UC ?PC QM ?AASQRMKCB RM RFC CDDCARQ MD ?GP PCQGQR?LAC ?LB DPGARGML RF?R UC CVNCAR JGEFR M@HCARQ RM D?JJ QJMUCP RF?L FC?TW MLCQ.
F?=KH; 2.38 ! F?KKCP ?LB ? DC?RFCP UGJJ D?JJ UGRF RFC Q?KC AMLQR?LR ?AACJCP?RGML GD ?GP PCQGQR?LAC GQ AMLQGBCPCB LCEJGEG@JC. 4FGQ GQ ? ECLCP?J AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MD EP?TGRW LMR SLGOSC
RM %?PRF, ?Q ?QRPML?SR $?TGB 2. 3AMRR BCKMLQRP?RCB ML RFC -MML GL 1971, UFCPC RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW GQ MLJW 1.67 m/s
2
.
)L RFC PC?J UMPJB, ?GP PCQGQR?LAC A?L A?SQC ? JGEFRCP M@HCAR RM D?JJ QJMUCP RF?L ? FC?TGCP M@HCAR MD RFC Q?KC QGXC. ! RCLLGQ @?JJ UGJJ PC?AF RFC EPMSLB ?DRCP
? F?PB @?QC@?JJ BPMNNCB ?R RFC Q?KC RGKC. ()R KGEFR @C BGDDGASJR RM M@QCPTC RFC BGDDCPCLAC GD RFC FCGEFR GQ LMR J?PEC.) !GP PCQGQR?LAC MNNMQCQ RFC KMRGML
MD ?L M@HCAR RFPMSEF RFC ?GP, UFGJC DPGARGML @CRUCCL M@HCARQrQSAF ?Q @CRUCCL AJMRFCQ ?LB ? J?SLBPW AFSRC MP @CRUCCL ? QRMLC ?LB ? NMMJ GLRM UFGAF GR
GQ BPMNNCBr?JQM MNNMQCQ KMRGML @CRUCCL RFCK. &MP RFC GBC?J QGRS?RGMLQ MD RFCQC DGPQR DCU AF?NRCPQ, ?L M@HCAR 94??<A: J<G;BHG 4<E E8F<FG4A68 BE 9E<6G<BA
GQ BCDGLCB RM @C GL <H;;-<7BB.
4FC DMPAC MD EP?TGRW A?SQCQ M@HCARQ RM D?JJ RMU?PB RFC ACLRCP MD %?PRF. 4FC ?AACJCP?RGML MD DPCC-D?JJGLE M@HCARQ GQ RFCPCDMPC A?JJCB RFC 799;B;H7J?ED :K;
JE =H7L?JO. 4FC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW GQ 6BAFG4AG, UFGAF KC?LQ UC A?L ?NNJW RFC IGLCK?RGAQ COS?RGMLQ RM ?LW D?JJGLE M@HCAR UFCPC ?GP PCQGQR?LAC
?LB DPGARGML ?PC LCEJGEG@JC. 4FGQ MNCLQ ? @PM?B AJ?QQ MD GLRCPCQRGLE QGRS?RGMLQ RM SQ. 4FC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW GQ QM GKNMPR?LR RF?R GRQ K?ELGRSBC GQ
EGTCL GRQ MUL QWK@MJ, g . )R GQ AMLQR?LR ?R ?LW EGTCL JMA?RGML ML %?PRF ?LB F?Q RFC ?TCP?EC T?JSC
(2.74)
g = 9.80 m/s
2
.
!JRFMSEF g T?PGCQ DPMK 9.78 m/s
2
RM 9.83 m/s
2
, BCNCLBGLE ML J?RGRSBC, ?JRGRSBC, SLBCPJWGLE ECMJMEGA?J DMPK?RGMLQ, ?LB JMA?J RMNMEP?NFW, RFC
?TCP?EC T?JSC MD 9.80 m/s
2
UGJJ @C SQCB GL RFGQ RCVR SLJCQQ MRFCPUGQC QNCAGDGCB. 4FC BGPCARGML MD RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW GQ 7BJAJ4E7
(GBJ4E7F G;8 68AG8E B9 E4EG;). )L D?AR, GRQ BGPCARGML 789<A8F UF?R UC A?JJ TCPRGA?J. .MRC RF?R UFCRFCP RFC ?AACJCP?RGML a GL RFC IGLCK?RGA COS?RGMLQ F?Q
RFC T?JSC +g MP g BCNCLBQ ML FMU UC BCDGLC MSP AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK. )D UC BCDGLC RFC SNU?PB BGPCARGML ?Q NMQGRGTC, RFCL
a = g = 9.80 m/s
2
, ?LB GD UC BCDGLC RFC BMULU?PB BGPCARGML ?Q NMQGRGTC, RFCL a = g = 9.80 m/s
2
.
/LC-$GKCLQGML?J -MRGML )LTMJTGLE 'P?TGRW
4FC @CQR U?W RM QCC RFC @?QGA DC?RSPCQ MD KMRGML GLTMJTGLE EP?TGRW GQ RM QR?PR UGRF RFC QGKNJCQR QGRS?RGMLQ ?LB RFCL NPMEPCQQ RMU?PB KMPC AMKNJCV
MLCQ. 3M UC QR?PR @W AMLQGBCPGLE QRP?GEFR SN ?LB BMUL KMRGML UGRF LM ?GP PCQGQR?LAC MP DPGARGML. 4FCQC ?QQSKNRGMLQ KC?L RF?R RFC TCJMAGRW (GD RFCPC GQ
?LW) GQ TCPRGA?J. )D RFC M@HCAR GQ BPMNNCB, UC ILMU RFC GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW GQ XCPM. /LAC RFC M@HCAR F?Q JCDR AMLR?AR UGRF UF?RCTCP FCJB MP RFPCU GR, RFC M@HCAR
GQ GL DPCC-D?JJ. 5LBCP RFCQC AGPASKQR?LACQ, RFC KMRGML GQ MLC-BGKCLQGML?J ?LB F?Q AMLQR?LR ?AACJCP?RGML MD K?ELGRSBC g . 7C UGJJ ?JQM PCNPCQCLR
TCPRGA?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR UGRF RFC QWK@MJ y ?LB SQC x DMP FMPGXMLR?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR.
+GLCK?RGA %OS?RGMLQ DMP /@HCARQ GL &PCC-&?JJ UFCPC !AACJCP?RGML = -:
(2.75) v = v
0
- gt
(2.76)
y = y
0
+ v
0
t -
1
2
gt
2
(2.77)
v
2
= v
0
2
- 2g(y y
0
)
EN7CFB; 2.14 C7B9KB7J?D= )EI?J?ED 7D: /;BE9?JO E< 7 F7BB?D= (8@;9J: A +E9A ->HEMD .FM7H:
! NCPQML QR?LBGLE ML RFC CBEC MD ? FGEF AJGDD RFPMUQ ? PMAI QRP?GEFR SN UGRF ?L GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW MD 13.0 K/Q. 4FC PMAI KGQQCQ RFC CBEC MD RFC AJGDD ?Q
GR D?JJQ @?AI RM C?PRF. #?JASJ?RC RFC NMQGRGML ?LB TCJMAGRW MD RFC PMAI 1.00 Q, 2.00 Q, ?LB 3.00 Q ?DRCP GR GQ RFPMUL, LCEJCARGLE RFC CDDCARQ MD ?GP
PCQGQR?LAC.
,JH7J;=O
$P?U ? QICRAF.
62 #(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3
F?=KH; 2.39
7C ?PC ?QICB RM BCRCPKGLC RFC NMQGRGML y ?R T?PGMSQ RGKCQ. )R GQ PC?QML?@JC RM R?IC RFC GLGRG?J NMQGRGML y
0
RM @C XCPM. 4FGQ NPM@JCK GLTMJTCQ MLC-
BGKCLQGML?J KMRGML GL RFC TCPRGA?J BGPCARGML. 7C SQC NJSQ ?LB KGLSQ QGELQ RM GLBGA?RC BGPCARGML, UGRF SN @CGLE NMQGRGTC ?LB BMUL LCE?RGTC. 3GLAC
SN GQ NMQGRGTC, ?LB RFC PMAI GQ RFPMUL SNU?PB, RFC GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW KSQR @C NMQGRGTC RMM. 4FC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW GQ BMULU?PB, QM a GQ
LCE?RGTC. )R GQ APSAG?J RF?R RFC GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW ?LB RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW F?TC MNNMQGRC QGELQ. /NNMQGRC QGELQ GLBGA?RC RF?R RFC ?AACJCP?RGML
BSC RM EP?TGRW MNNMQCQ RFC GLGRG?J KMRGML ?LB UGJJ QJMU ?LB CTCLRS?JJW PCTCPQC GR.
3GLAC UC ?PC ?QICB DMP T?JSCQ MD NMQGRGML ?LB TCJMAGRW ?R RFPCC RGKCQ, UC UGJJ PCDCP RM RFCQC ?Q y
1
?LB v
1
; y
2
?LB v
2
; ?LB y
3
?LB v
3
.
,EBKJ?ED <EH )EI?J?ED y
1
1. )BCLRGDW RFC ILMULQ. 7C ILMU RF?R y
0
= 0 ; v
0
= 13.0 m/s ; a = g = 9.80 m/s
2
; ?LB t = 1.00 s .
2. )BCLRGDW RFC @CQR COS?RGML RM SQC. 7C UGJJ SQC y = y
0
+ v
0
t +
1
2
at
2
@CA?SQC GR GLAJSBCQ MLJW MLC SLILMUL, y (MP y
1
, FCPC), UFGAF GQ RFC
T?JSC UC U?LR RM DGLB.
3. 0JSE GL RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ ?LB QMJTC DMP y
1
.
(2.78)
y = 0 + (13.0 m/s)(1.00 s) +
1
2
9.80 m/s
2
(1.00 s)
2
= 8.10 m
D?I9KII?ED
4FC PMAI GQ 8.10 K ?@MTC GRQ QR?PRGLE NMGLR ?R t = 1.00 Q, QGLAC y
1
> y
0
. )R AMSJB @C @BI<A: SN MP BMUL; RFC MLJW U?W RM RCJJ GQ RM A?JASJ?RC v
1
?LB DGLB MSR GD GR GQ NMQGRGTC MP LCE?RGTC.
,EBKJ?ED <EH /;BE9?JO v
1
1. )BCLRGDW RFC ILMULQ. 7C ILMU RF?R y
0
= 0 ; v
0
= 13.0 m/s ; a = g = 9.80 m/s
2
; ?LB t = 1.00 s . 7C ?JQM ILMU DPMK RFC QMJSRGML
?@MTC RF?R y
1
= 8.10 m.
2. )BCLRGDW RFC @CQR COS?RGML RM SQC. 4FC KMQR QRP?GEFRDMPU?PB GQ v = v
0
gt (DPMK v = v
0
+ at , UFCPC
a = gravitational acceleration = g ).
3. 0JSE GL RFC ILMULQ ?LB QMJTC.
(2.79)
v
1
= v
0
gt = 13.0 m/s

9.80 m/s
2
(1.00 s) = 3.20 m/s

D?I9KII?ED
4FC NMQGRGTC T?JSC DMP v
1
KC?LQ RF?R RFC PMAI GQ QRGJJ FC?BGLE SNU?PB ?R t = 1.00 s . (MUCTCP, GR F?Q QJMUCB DPMK GRQ MPGEGL?J 13.0 K/Q, ?Q
CVNCARCB.
,EBKJ?ED <EH +;C7?D?D= -?C;I
4FC NPMACBSPCQ DMP A?JASJ?RGLE RFC NMQGRGML ?LB TCJMAGRW ?R t = 2.00 s ?LB 3.00 s ?PC RFC Q?KC ?Q RFMQC ?@MTC. 4FC PCQSJRQ ?PC QSKK?PGXCB GL
-78B; 2.1 ?LB GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 2.40.
4?@JC 2.1 2CQSJRQ
-?C;, 4 )EI?J?ED, 9 /;BE9?JO, 6 A99;B;H7J?ED, "
1.00 s 8.10 m 3.20 m/s
9.80 m/s
2
2.00 s 6.40 m 6.60 m/s
9.80 m/s
2
3.00 s 5.10 m 16.4 m/s
9.80 m/s
2
'P?NFGLE RFC B?R? FCJNQ SQ SLBCPQR?LB GR KMPC AJC?PJW.
#(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3 63
F?=KH; 2.40 6CPRGA?J NMQGRGML, TCPRGA?J TCJMAGRW, ?LB TCPRGA?J ?AACJCP?RGML TQ. RGKC DMP ? PMAI RFPMUL TCPRGA?JJW SN ?R RFC CBEC MD ? AJGDD. .MRGAC RF?R TCJMAGRW AF?LECQ JGLC?PJW
UGRF RGKC ?LB RF?R ?AACJCP?RGML GQ AMLQR?LR. $<F6BA68CG<BA A?8EG! .MRGAC RF?R RFC NMQGRGML TQ. RGKC EP?NF QFMUQ TCPRGA?J NMQGRGML MLJW. )R GQ C?QW RM ECR RFC GKNPCQQGML RF?R
RFC EP?NF QFMUQ QMKC FMPGXMLR?J KMRGMLrRFC QF?NC MD RFC EP?NF JMMIQ JGIC RFC N?RF MD ? NPMHCARGJC. "SR RFGQ GQ LMR RFC A?QC; RFC FMPGXMLR?J ?VGQ GQ G<@8, LMR QN?AC. 4FC
?ARS?J N?RF MD RFC PMAI GL QN?AC GQ QRP?GEFR SN, ?LB QRP?GEFR BMUL.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC GLRCPNPCR?RGML MD RFCQC PCQSJRQ GQ GKNMPR?LR. !R 1.00 Q RFC PMAI GQ ?@MTC GRQ QR?PRGLE NMGLR ?LB FC?BGLE SNU?PB, QGLAC y
1
?LB v
1
?PC @MRF
NMQGRGTC. !R 2.00 Q, RFC PMAI GQ QRGJJ ?@MTC GRQ QR?PRGLE NMGLR, @SR RFC LCE?RGTC TCJMAGRW KC?LQ GR GQ KMTGLE BMULU?PB. !R 3.00 Q, @MRF y
3
?LB v
3
?PC LCE?RGTC, KC?LGLE RFC PMAI GQ @CJMU GRQ QR?PRGLE NMGLR ?LB AMLRGLSGLE RM KMTC BMULU?PB. .MRGAC RF?R UFCL RFC PMAI GQ ?R GRQ FGEFCQR NMGLR (?R
1.5 Q), GRQ TCJMAGRW GQ XCPM, @SR GRQ ?AACJCP?RGML GQ QRGJJ 9.80 m/s
2
. )RQ ?AACJCP?RGML GQ 9.80 m/s
2
DMP RFC UFMJC RPGNrUFGJC GR GQ KMTGLE SN ?LB
UFGJC GR GQ KMTGLE BMUL. .MRC RF?R RFC T?JSCQ DMP y ?PC RFC NMQGRGMLQ (MP BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ) MD RFC PMAI, LMR RFC RMR?J BGQR?LACQ RP?TCJCB. &GL?JJW, LMRC
RF?R DPCC-D?JJ ?NNJGCQ RM SNU?PB KMRGML ?Q UCJJ ?Q BMULU?PB. "MRF F?TC RFC Q?KC ?AACJCP?RGMLrRFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW, UFGAF PCK?GLQ
AMLQR?LR RFC CLRGPC RGKC. !QRPML?SRQ RP?GLGLE GL RFC D?KMSQ 6MKGR #MKCR, DMP CV?KNJC, CVNCPGCLAC DPCC-D?JJ UFGJC ?PAGLE SN ?Q UCJJ ?Q BMUL, ?Q UC
UGJJ BGQASQQ GL KMPC BCR?GJ J?RCP.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLRr2C?ARGML 4GKC
! QGKNJC CVNCPGKCLR A?L @C BMLC RM BCRCPKGLC WMSP PC?ARGML RGKC. (?TC ? DPGCLB FMJB ? PSJCP @CRUCCL WMSP RFSK@ ?LB GLBCV DGLECP, QCN?P?RCB @W
?@MSR 1 AK. .MRC RFC K?PI ML RFC PSJCP RF?R GQ PGEFR @CRUCCL WMSP DGLECPQ. (?TC WMSP DPGCLB BPMN RFC PSJCP SLCVNCARCBJW, ?LB RPW RM A?RAF GR
@CRUCCL WMSP RUM DGLECPQ. .MRC RFC LCU PC?BGLE ML RFC PSJCP. !QQSKGLE ?AACJCP?RGML GQ RF?R BSC RM EP?TGRW, A?JASJ?RC WMSP PC?ARGML RGKC. (MU D?P
UMSJB WMS RP?TCJ GL ? A?P (KMTGLE ?R 30 K/Q) GD RFC RGKC GR RMMI WMSP DMMR RM EM DPMK RFC E?Q NCB?J RM RFC @P?IC U?Q RUGAC RFGQ PC?ARGML RGKC?
64 #(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3
EN7CFB; 2.15 C7B9KB7J?D= /;BE9?JO E< 7 F7BB?D= (8@;9J: A +E9A ->HEMD DEMD
7F?R F?NNCLQ GD RFC NCPQML ML RFC AJGDD RFPMUQ RFC PMAI QRP?GEFR BMUL, GLQRC?B MD QRP?GEFR SN? 4M CVNJMPC RFGQ OSCQRGML, A?JASJ?RC RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC
PMAI UFCL GR GQ 5.10 K @CJMU RFC QR?PRGLE NMGLR, ?LB F?Q @CCL RFPMUL BMULU?PB UGRF ?L GLGRG?J QNCCB MD 13.0 K/Q.
,JH7J;=O
$P?U ? QICRAF.
F?=KH; 2.41
3GLAC SN GQ NMQGRGTC, RFC DGL?J NMQGRGML MD RFC PMAI UGJJ @C LCE?RGTC @CA?SQC GR DGLGQFCQ @CJMU RFC QR?PRGLE NMGLR ?R y
0
= 0 . 3GKGJ?PJW, RFC GLGRG?J
TCJMAGRW GQ BMULU?PB ?LB RFCPCDMPC LCE?RGTC, ?Q GQ RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW. 7C CVNCAR RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW RM @C LCE?RGTC QGLAC RFC PMAI UGJJ
AMLRGLSC RM KMTC BMULU?PB.
,EBKJ?ED
1. )BCLRGDW RFC ILMULQ. y
0
= 0 ; y
1
= 5.10 m; v
0
= 13.0 m/s ; a = g = 9.80 m/s
2
.
2. #FMMQC RFC IGLCK?RGA COS?RGML RF?R K?ICQ GR C?QGCQR RM QMJTC RFC NPM@JCK. 4FC COS?RGML v
2
= v
0
2
+ 2a(y y
0
) UMPIQ UCJJ @CA?SQC RFC MLJW
SLILMUL GL GR GQ v . (7C UGJJ NJSE y
1
GL DMP y .)
3. %LRCP RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ
(2.80)
v
2
= (13.0 m/s)
2
+ 2
9.80 m/s
2
(5.10 m 0 m) = 268.96 m
2
/s
2
,
UFCPC UC F?TC PCR?GLCB CVRP? QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ @CA?SQC RFGQ GQ ?L GLRCPKCBG?RC PCQSJR.
4?IGLE RFC QOS?PC PMMR, ?LB LMRGLE RF?R ? QOS?PC PMMR A?L @C NMQGRGTC MP LCE?RGTC, EGTCQ
(2.81)
v = 16.4 m/s.
4FC LCE?RGTC PMMR GQ AFMQCL RM GLBGA?RC RF?R RFC PMAI GQ QRGJJ FC?BGLE BMUL. 4FSQ,
(2.82)
v = 16.4 m/s.
D?I9KII?ED
.MRC RF?R G;<F <F 8K46G?L G;8 F4@8 I8?B6<GL G;8 EB6> ;47 4G G;<F CBF<G<BA J;8A <G J4F G;EBJA FGE4<:;G HCJ4E7 J<G; G;8 F4@8 <A<G<4? FC887. (3CC
EN7CFB; 2.14 ?LB F?=KH; 2.42(?).) 4FGQ GQ LMR ? AMGLAGBCLR?J PCQSJR. "CA?SQC UC MLJW AMLQGBCP RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW GL RFGQ NPM@JCK,
RFC FC887 MD ? D?JJGLE M@HCAR BCNCLBQ MLJW ML GRQ GLGRG?J QNCCB ?LB GRQ TCPRGA?J NMQGRGML PCJ?RGTC RM RFC QR?PRGLE NMGLR. &MP CV?KNJC, GD RFC TCJMAGRW MD
RFC PMAI GQ A?JASJ?RCB ?R ? FCGEFR MD 8.10 K ?@MTC RFC QR?PRGLE NMGLR (SQGLE RFC KCRFMB DPMK EN7CFB; 2.14) UFCL RFC GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW GQ 13.0 K/Q
QRP?GEFR SN, ? PCQSJR MD 3.20 m/s GQ M@R?GLCB. (CPC @MRF QGELQ ?PC KC?LGLEDSJ; RFC NMQGRGTC T?JSC MAASPQ UFCL RFC PMAI GQ ?R 8.10 K ?LB
FC?BGLE SN, ?LB RFC LCE?RGTC T?JSC MAASPQ UFCL RFC PMAI GQ ?R 8.10 K ?LB FC?BGLE @?AI BMUL. )R F?Q RFC Q?KC FC887 @SR RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML.
#(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3 65
F?=KH; 2.42 (?) ! NCPQML RFPMUQ ? PMAI QRP?GEFR SN, ?Q CVNJMPCB GL EN7CFB; 2.14. 4FC ?PPMUQ ?PC TCJMAGRW TCARMPQ ?R 0, 1.00, 2.00, ?LB 3.00 Q. (@) ! NCPQML RFPMUQ ? PMAI
QRP?GEFR BMUL DPMK ? AJGDD UGRF RFC Q?KC GLGRG?J QNCCB ?Q @CDMPC, ?Q GL EN7CFB; 2.15. .MRC RF?R ?R RFC Q?KC BGQR?LAC @CJMU RFC NMGLR MD PCJC?QC, RFC PMAI F?Q RFC Q?KC
TCJMAGRW GL @MRF A?QCQ.
!LMRFCP U?W RM JMMI ?R GR GQ RFGQ: )L EN7CFB; 2.14, RFC PMAI GQ RFPMUL SN UGRF ?L GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW MD 13.0 m/s . )R PGQCQ ?LB RFCL D?JJQ @?AI BMUL.
7FCL GRQ NMQGRGML GQ y = 0 ML GRQ U?W @?AI BMUL, GRQ TCJMAGRW GQ 13.0 m/s . 4F?R GQ, GR F?Q RFC Q?KC QNCCB ML GRQ U?W BMUL ?Q ML GRQ U?W SN.
7C UMSJB RFCL CVNCAR GRQ TCJMAGRW ?R ? NMQGRGML MD y = 5.10 m RM @C RFC Q?KC UFCRFCP UC F?TC RFPMUL GR SNU?PBQ ?R +13.0 m/s MP RFPMUL GR
BMULU?PBQ ?R 13.0 m/s . 4FC TCJMAGRW MD RFC PMAI ML GRQ U?W BMUL DPMK y = 0 GQ RFC Q?KC UFCRFCP UC F?TC RFPMUL GR SN MP BMUL RM QR?PR
UGRF, ?Q JMLE ?Q RFC QNCCB UGRF UFGAF GR U?Q GLGRG?JJW RFPMUL GQ RFC Q?KC.
EN7CFB; 2.16 F?D: ( <HEC D7J7 ED 7 F7BB?D= (8@;9J
4FC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW ML %?PRF BGDDCPQ QJGEFRJW DPMK NJ?AC RM NJ?AC, BCNCLBGLE ML RMNMEP?NFW (C.E., UFCRFCP WMS ?PC ML ? FGJJ MP GL ?
T?JJCW) ?LB QS@QSPD?AC ECMJMEW (UFCRFCP RFCPC GQ BCLQC PMAI JGIC GPML MPC ?Q MNNMQCB RM JGEFR PMAI JGIC Q?JR @CLC?RF WMS.) 4FC NPCAGQC
?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB DPMK B?R? R?ICL GL ?L GLRPMBSARMPW NFWQGAQ J?@MP?RMPW AMSPQC. !L M@HCAR, SQS?JJW ? KCR?J @?JJ DMP
UFGAF ?GP PCQGQR?LAC GQ LCEJGEG@JC, GQ BPMNNCB ?LB RFC RGKC GR R?ICQ RM D?JJ ? ILMUL BGQR?LAC GQ KC?QSPCB. 3CC, DMP CV?KNJC, F?=KH; 2.43. 6CPW
NPCAGQC PCQSJRQ A?L @C NPMBSACB UGRF RFGQ KCRFMB GD QSDDGAGCLR A?PC GQ R?ICL GL KC?QSPGLE RFC BGQR?LAC D?JJCL ?LB RFC CJ?NQCB RGKC.
66 #(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3
F?=KH; 2.43 0MQGRGMLQ ?LB TCJMAGRGCQ MD ? KCR?J @?JJ PCJC?QCB DPMK PCQR UFCL ?GP PCQGQR?LAC GQ LCEJGEG@JC. 6CJMAGRW GQ QCCL RM GLAPC?QC JGLC?PJW UGRF RGKC UFGJC BGQNJ?ACKCLR
GLAPC?QCQ UGRF RGKC QOS?PCB. !AACJCP?RGML GQ ? AMLQR?LR ?LB GQ COS?J RM EP?TGR?RGML?J ?AACJCP?RGML.
3SNNMQC RFC @?JJ D?JJQ 1.0000 K GL 0.45173 Q. !QQSKGLE RFC @?JJ GQ LMR ?DDCARCB @W ?GP PCQGQR?LAC, UF?R GQ RFC NPCAGQC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW ?R
RFGQ JMA?RGML?
,JH7J;=O
$P?U ? QICRAF.
F?=KH; 2.44
7C LCCB RM QMJTC DMP ?AACJCP?RGML a . .MRC RF?R GL RFGQ A?QC, BGQNJ?ACKCLR GQ BMULU?PB ?LB RFCPCDMPC LCE?RGTC, ?Q GQ ?AACJCP?RGML.
,EBKJ?ED
#(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3 67
1. )BCLRGDW RFC ILMULQ. y
0
= 0 ; y = 1.0000 m; t = 0.45173 ; v
0
= 0 .
2. #FMMQC RFC COS?RGML RF?R ?JJMUQ WMS RM QMJTC DMP a SQGLE RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ.
(2.83)
y = y
0
+ v
0
t +
1
2
at
2
3. 3S@QRGRSRC 0 DMP v
0
?LB PC?PP?LEC RFC COS?RGML RM QMJTC DMP a . 3S@QRGRSRGLE 0 DMP v
0
WGCJBQ
(2.84)
y = y
0
+
1
2
at
2
.
3MJTGLE DMP a EGTCQ
(2.85)
a =
2(y y
0
)
t
2
.
4. 3S@QRGRSRC ILMUL T?JSCQ WGCJBQ
(2.86)
a =
2( 1.0000 m 0)
(0.45173 s)
2
= 9.8010 m/s
2
,
QM, @CA?SQC a = g UGRF RFC BGPCARGMLQ UC F?TC AFMQCL,
(2.87)
g = 9.8010 m/s
2
.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC LCE?RGTC T?JSC DMP a GLBGA?RCQ RF?R RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J ?AACJCP?RGML GQ BMULU?PB, ?Q CVNCARCB. 7C CVNCAR RFC T?JSC RM @C QMKCUFCPC ?PMSLB
RFC ?TCP?EC T?JSC MD 9.80 m/s
2
, QM 9.8010 m/s
2
K?ICQ QCLQC. 3GLAC RFC B?R? EMGLE GLRM RFC A?JASJ?RGML ?PC PCJ?RGTCJW NPCAGQC, RFGQ T?JSC DMP
g GQ KMPC NPCAGQC RF?L RFC ?TCP?EC T?JSC MD 9.80 m/s
2
; GR PCNPCQCLRQ RFC JMA?J T?JSC DMP RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW.
! AFSLI MD GAC @PC?IQ MDD ? EJ?AGCP ?LB D?JJQ 30.0 KCRCPQ @CDMPC GR FGRQ RFC U?RCP. !QQSKGLE GR D?JJQ DPCCJW (RFCPC GQ LM ?GP PCQGQR?LAC), FMU JMLE BMCQ
GR R?IC RM FGR RFC U?RCP?
,EBKJ?ED
7C ILMU RF?R GLGRG?J NMQGRGML y
0
= 0 , DGL?J NMQGRGML y = 30.0 m, ?LB a = g = 9.80 m/s
2
. 7C A?L RFCL SQC RFC COS?RGML
y = y
0
+ v
0
t +
1
2
at
2
RM QMJTC DMP t . )LQCPRGLE a = g , UC M@R?GL
(2.88)
y = 0 + 0
1
2
gt
2
t
2
=
2y
g
t =
2y
g
=
2( 30.0 m)
9.80 m/s
2
= 6.12 s
2
= 2.47 s 2.5 s
UFCPC UC R?IC RFC NMQGRGTC T?JSC ?Q RFC NFWQGA?JJW PCJCT?LR ?LQUCP. 4FSQ, GR R?ICQ ?@MSR 2.5 QCAMLBQ DMP RFC NGCAC MD GAC RM FGR RFC U?RCP.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: %OS?RGML 'P?NFCP
,C?PL ?@MSR EP?NFGLE NMJWLMKG?JQ. 4FC QF?NC MD RFC ASPTC AF?LECQ ?Q RFC AMLQR?LRQ ?PC ?BHSQRCB. 6GCU RFC ASPTCQ DMP RFC GLBGTGBS?J RCPKQ (C.E.
y = bx ) RM QCC FMU RFCW ?BB RM ECLCP?RC RFC NMJWLMKG?J ASPTC.
F?=KH; 2.45 EGK7J?ED H7F>;H (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42102/1.5/;GK7J?ED-=H7F>;H6;D.@7H)
2.8 H7F>?97B AD7BOI?I E< (D;-D?C;DI?ED7B &EJ?ED
! EP?NF, JGIC ? NGARSPC, GQ UMPRF ? RFMSQ?LB UMPBQ. 'P?NFQ LMR MLJW AMLR?GL LSKCPGA?J GLDMPK?RGML; RFCW ?JQM PCTC?J PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ @CRUCCL NFWQGA?J
OS?LRGRGCQ. 4FGQ QCARGML SQCQ EP?NFQ MD BGQNJ?ACKCLR, TCJMAGRW, ?LB ?AACJCP?RGML TCPQSQ RGKC RM GJJSQRP?RC MLC-BGKCLQGML?J IGLCK?RGAQ.
68 #(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3
3JMNCQ ?LB 'CLCP?J 2CJ?RGMLQFGNQ
&GPQR LMRC RF?R EP?NFQ GL RFGQ RCVR F?TC NCPNCLBGASJ?P ?VCQ, MLC FMPGXMLR?J ?LB RFC MRFCP TCPRGA?J. 7FCL RUM NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ ?PC NJMRRCB ?E?GLQR MLC
?LMRFCP GL QSAF ? EP?NF, RFC FMPGXMLR?J ?VGQ GQ SQS?JJW AMLQGBCPCB RM @C ?L ?D:;F;D:;DJ L7H?78B; ?LB RFC TCPRGA?J ?VGQ ? :;F;D:;DJ L7H?78B;. )D UC
A?JJ RFC FMPGXMLR?J ?VGQ RFC x -?VGQ ?LB RFC TCPRGA?J ?VGQ RFC y -?VGQ, ?Q GL F?=KH; 2.46, ? QRP?GEFR-JGLC EP?NF F?Q RFC ECLCP?J DMPK
(2.89)
y = mx + b.
(CPC m GQ RFC IBEF;, BCDGLCB RM @C RFC PGQC BGTGBCB @W RFC PSL (?Q QCCL GL RFC DGESPC) MD RFC QRP?GEFR JGLC. 4FC JCRRCP b GQ SQCB DMP RFC 9-?DJ;H9;FJ,
UFGAF GQ RFC NMGLR ?R UFGAF RFC JGLC APMQQCQ RFC TCPRGA?J ?VGQ.
F?=KH; 2.46 ! QRP?GEFR-JGLC EP?NF. 4FC COS?RGML DMP ? QRP?GEFR JGLC GQ y = mx + b .
'P?NF MD $GQNJ?ACKCLR TQ. 4GKC (4 = 0, QM I GQ AMLQR?LR)
4GKC GQ SQS?JJW ?L GLBCNCLBCLR T?PG?@JC RF?R MRFCP OS?LRGRGCQ, QSAF ?Q BGQNJ?ACKCLR, BCNCLB SNML. ! EP?NF MD BGQNJ?ACKCLR TCPQSQ RGKC UMSJB, RFSQ,
F?TC x ML RFC TCPRGA?J ?VGQ ?LB t ML RFC FMPGXMLR?J ?VGQ. F?=KH; 2.47 GQ HSQR QSAF ? QRP?GEFR-JGLC EP?NF. )R QFMUQ ? EP?NF MD BGQNJ?ACKCLR TCPQSQ RGKC
DMP ? HCR-NMUCPCB A?P ML ? TCPW DJ?R BPW J?IC @CB GL .CT?B?.
F?=KH; 2.47 'P?NF MD BGQNJ?ACKCLR TCPQSQ RGKC DMP ? HCR-NMUCPCB A?P ML RFC "MLLCTGJJC 3?JR &J?RQ.
5QGLE RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL BCNCLBCLR ?LB GLBCNCLBCLR T?PG?@JCQ, UC QCC RF?R RFC QJMNC GL RFC EP?NF ?@MTC GQ ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW v
-
?LB RFC
GLRCPACNR GQ BGQNJ?ACKCLR ?R RGKC XCPMrRF?R GQ, x
0
. 3S@QRGRSRGLE RFCQC QWK@MJQ GLRM y = mx + b EGTCQ
(2.90)
x = v
-
t + x
0
MP
(2.91)
x = x
0
+ v
-
t.
4FSQ ? EP?NF MD BGQNJ?ACKCLR TCPQSQ RGKC EGTCQ ? ECLCP?J PCJ?RGMLQFGN ?KMLE BGQNJ?ACKCLR, TCJMAGRW, ?LB RGKC, ?Q UCJJ ?Q EGTGLE BCR?GJCB LSKCPGA?J
GLDMPK?RGML ?@MSR ? QNCAGDGA QGRS?RGML.
4FC 3JMNC MD K TQ. G
4FC QJMNC MD RFC EP?NF MD BGQNJ?ACKCLR x TQ. RGKC t GQ TCJMAGRW v .
(2.92)
slope =
x
t
= v
#(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3 69
.MRGAC RF?R RFGQ COS?RGML GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q RF?R BCPGTCB ?JEC@P?GA?JJW DPMK MRFCP KMRGML COS?RGMLQ GL &EJ?ED EGK7J?EDI <EH CEDIJ7DJ A99;B;H7J?ED
?D (D; D?C;DI?ED.
&PMK RFC DGESPC UC A?L QCC RF?R RFC A?P F?Q ? BGQNJ?ACKCLR MD 400 K ?R RGKC 0.650 K ?R t = 1.0 Q, ?LB QM ML. )RQ BGQNJ?ACKCLR ?R RGKCQ MRFCP RF?L
RFMQC JGQRCB GL RFC R?@JC A?L @C PC?B DPMK RFC EP?NF; DSPRFCPKMPC, GLDMPK?RGML ?@MSR GRQ TCJMAGRW ?LB ?AACJCP?RGML A?L ?JQM @C M@R?GLCB DPMK RFC EP?NF.
EN7CFB; 2.17 D;J;HC?D?D= AL;H7=; /;BE9?JO <HEC 7 H7F> E< D?IFB79;C;DJ L;HIKI -?C;: #;J C7H
&GLB RFC ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW MD RFC A?P UFMQC NMQGRGML GQ EP?NFCB GL F?=KH; 2.47.
,JH7J;=O
4FC QJMNC MD ? EP?NF MD x TQ. t GQ ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW, QGLAC QJMNC COS?JQ PGQC MTCP PSL. )L RFGQ A?QC, PGQC = AF?LEC GL BGQNJ?ACKCLR ?LB PSL =
AF?LEC GL RGKC, QM RF?R
(2.93)
slope =
x
t
= v
-
.
3GLAC RFC QJMNC GQ AMLQR?LR FCPC, ?LW RUM NMGLRQ ML RFC EP?NF A?L @C SQCB RM DGLB RFC QJMNC. ('CLCP?JJW QNC?IGLE, GR GQ KMQR ?AASP?RC RM SQC RUM
UGBCJW QCN?P?RCB NMGLRQ ML RFC QRP?GEFR JGLC. 4FGQ GQ @CA?SQC ?LW CPPMP GL PC?BGLE B?R? DPMK RFC EP?NF GQ NPMNMPRGML?JJW QK?JJCP GD RFC GLRCPT?J GQ
J?PECP.)
,EBKJ?ED
1. #FMMQC RUM NMGLRQ ML RFC JGLC. )L RFGQ A?QC, UC AFMMQC RFC NMGLRQ J?@CJCB ML RFC EP?NF: (6.4 Q, 2000 K) ?LB (0.50 Q, 525 K). (.MRC, FMUCTCP,
RF?R WMS AMSJB AFMMQC ?LW RUM NMGLRQ.)
2. 3S@QRGRSRC RFC x ?LB t T?JSCQ MD RFC AFMQCL NMGLRQ GLRM RFC COS?RGML. 2CKCK@CP GL A?JASJ?RGLE AF?LEC () UC ?JU?WQ SQC DGL?J T?JSC KGLSQ
GLGRG?J T?JSC.
(2.94)
v
-
=
x
t
=
2000 m 525 m
6.4 s 0.50 s
,
WGCJBGLE
(2.95)
v
-
= 250 m/s.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ GQ ?L GKNPCQQGTCJW J?PEC J?LB QNCCB (900 IK/F, MP ?@MSR 560 KG/F): KSAF EPC?RCP RF?L RFC RWNGA?J FGEFU?W QNCCB JGKGR MD 60 KG/F (27 K/Q MP
96 IK/F), @SR AMLQGBCP?@JW QFW MD RFC PCAMPB MD 343 K/Q (1234 IK/F MP 766 KG/F) QCR GL 1997.
'P?NFQ MD -MRGML UFCL a GQ AMLQR?LR @SR a 0
4FC EP?NFQ GL F?=KH; 2.48 @CJMU PCNPCQCLR RFC KMRGML MD RFC HCR-NMUCPCB A?P ?Q GR ?AACJCP?RCQ RMU?PB GRQ RMN QNCCB, @SR MLJW BSPGLE RFC RGKC UFCL GRQ
?AACJCP?RGML GQ AMLQR?LR. 4GKC QR?PRQ ?R XCPM DMP RFGQ KMRGML (?Q GD KC?QSPCB UGRF ? QRMNU?RAF), ?LB RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR ?LB TCJMAGRW ?PC GLGRG?JJW 200 K
?LB 15 K/Q, PCQNCARGTCJW.
70 #(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3
F?=KH; 2.48 'P?NFQ MD KMRGML MD ? HCR-NMUCPCB A?P BSPGLE RFC RGKC QN?L UFCL GRQ ?AACJCP?RGML GQ AMLQR?LR. (?) 4FC QJMNC MD ?L x TQ. t EP?NF GQ TCJMAGRW. 4FGQ GQ QFMUL ?R RUM
NMGLRQ, ?LB RFC GLQR?LR?LCMSQ TCJMAGRGCQ M@R?GLCB ?PC NJMRRCB GL RFC LCVR EP?NF. )LQR?LR?LCMSQ TCJMAGRW ?R ?LW NMGLR GQ RFC QJMNC MD RFC R?LECLR ?R RF?R NMGLR. (@) 4FC QJMNC MD RFC
v TQ. t EP?NF GQ AMLQR?LR DMP RFGQ N?PR MD RFC KMRGML, GLBGA?RGLE AMLQR?LR ?AACJCP?RGML. (A) !AACJCP?RGML F?Q RFC AMLQR?LR T?JSC MD 5.0 m/s
2
MTCP RFC RGKC GLRCPT?J NJMRRCB.
#(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3 71
F?=KH; 2.49 ! 5.3. !GP &MPAC HCR A?P QNCCBQ BMUL ? RP?AI. (APCBGR: -?RR 4PMQRJC, &JGAIP)
4FC EP?NF MD BGQNJ?ACKCLR TCPQSQ RGKC GL F?=KH; 2.48(?) GQ ? ASPTC P?RFCP RF?L ? QRP?GEFR JGLC. 4FC QJMNC MD RFC ASPTC @CAMKCQ QRCCNCP ?Q RGKC
NPMEPCQQCQ, QFMUGLE RF?R RFC TCJMAGRW GQ GLAPC?QGLE MTCP RGKC. 4FC QJMNC ?R ?LW NMGLR ML ? BGQNJ?ACKCLR-TCPQSQ-RGKC EP?NF GQ RFC GLQR?LR?LCMSQ
TCJMAGRW ?R RF?R NMGLR. )R GQ DMSLB @W BP?UGLE ? QRP?GEFR JGLC R?LECLR RM RFC ASPTC ?R RFC NMGLR MD GLRCPCQR ?LB R?IGLE RFC QJMNC MD RFGQ QRP?GEFR JGLC. 4?LECLR
JGLCQ ?PC QFMUL DMP RUM NMGLRQ GL F?=KH; 2.48(?). )D RFGQ GQ BMLC ?R CTCPW NMGLR ML RFC ASPTC ?LB RFC T?JSCQ ?PC NJMRRCB ?E?GLQR RGKC, RFCL RFC EP?NF MD
TCJMAGRW TCPQSQ RGKC QFMUL GL F?=KH; 2.48(@) GQ M@R?GLCB. &SPRFCPKMPC, RFC QJMNC MD RFC EP?NF MD TCJMAGRW TCPQSQ RGKC GQ ?AACJCP?RGML, UFGAF GQ QFMUL
GL F?=KH; 2.48(A).
EN7CFB; 2.18 D;J;HC?D?D= "DIJ7DJ7D;EKI /;BE9?JO <HEC J>; ,BEF; 7J 7 )E?DJ: #;J C7H
#?JASJ?RC RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC HCR A?P ?R ? RGKC MD 25 Q @W DGLBGLE RFC QJMNC MD RFC x TQ. t EP?NF GL RFC EP?NF @CJMU.
F?=KH; 2.50 4FC QJMNC MD ?L x TQ. t EP?NF GQ TCJMAGRW. 4FGQ GQ QFMUL ?R RUM NMGLRQ. )LQR?LR?LCMSQ TCJMAGRW ?R ?LW NMGLR GQ RFC QJMNC MD RFC R?LECLR ?R RF?R NMGLR.
,JH7J;=O
4FC QJMNC MD ? ASPTC ?R ? NMGLR GQ COS?J RM RFC QJMNC MD ? QRP?GEFR JGLC R?LECLR RM RFC ASPTC ?R RF?R NMGLR. 4FGQ NPGLAGNJC GQ GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 2.50,
UFCPC 1 GQ RFC NMGLR ?R t = 25 s .
,EBKJ?ED
1. &GLB RFC R?LECLR JGLC RM RFC ASPTC ?R t = 25 s .
2. $CRCPKGLC RFC CLBNMGLRQ MD RFC R?LECLR. 4FCQC AMPPCQNMLB RM ? NMQGRGML MD 1300 K ?R RGKC 19 Q ?LB ? NMQGRGML MD 3120 K ?R RGKC 32 Q.
3. 0JSE RFCQC CLBNMGLRQ GLRM RFC COS?RGML RM QMJTC DMP RFC QJMNC, v .
(2.96)
slope = v
Q
=
x
Q
t
Q
=
(3120 m 1300 m)
(32 s 19 s)
4FSQ,
(2.97)
v
Q
=
1820 m
13 s
= 140 m/s.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ GQ RFC T?JSC EGTCL GL RFGQ DGESPCtQ R?@JC DMP v ?R t = 25 s . 4FC T?JSC MD 140 K/Q DMP v
Q
GQ NJMRRCB GL F?=KH; 2.50. 4FC CLRGPC EP?NF MD v TQ.
t A?L @C M@R?GLCB GL RFGQ D?QFGML.
#?PPWGLE RFGQ MLC QRCN DSPRFCP, UC LMRC RF?R RFC QJMNC MD ? TCJMAGRW TCPQSQ RGKC EP?NF GQ ?AACJCP?RGML. 3JMNC GQ PGQC BGTGBCB @W PSL; ML ? v TQ. t EP?NF,
PGQC = AF?LEC GL TCJMAGRW v ?LB PSL = AF?LEC GL RGKC t .
72 #(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3
4FC 3JMNC MD I TQ. G
4FC QJMNC MD ? EP?NF MD TCJMAGRW v TQ. RGKC t GQ ?AACJCP?RGML a .
(2.98)
slope =
v
t
= a
3GLAC RFC TCJMAGRW TCPQSQ RGKC EP?NF GL F?=KH; 2.48(@) GQ ? QRP?GEFR JGLC, GRQ QJMNC GQ RFC Q?KC CTCPWUFCPC, GKNJWGLE RF?R ?AACJCP?RGML GQ AMLQR?LR.
!AACJCP?RGML TCPQSQ RGKC GQ EP?NFCB GL F?=KH; 2.48(A).
!BBGRGML?J ECLCP?J GLDMPK?RGML A?L @C M@R?GLCB DPMK F?=KH; 2.50 ?LB RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP ? QRP?GEFR JGLC, y = mx + b .
)L RFGQ A?QC, RFC TCPRGA?J ?VGQ y GQ V , RFC GLRCPACNR b GQ v
0
, RFC QJMNC m GQ a , ?LB RFC FMPGXMLR?J ?VGQ x GQ t . 3S@QRGRSRGLE RFCQC QWK@MJQ WGCJBQ
(2.99) v = v
0
+ at.
! ECLCP?J PCJ?RGMLQFGN DMP TCJMAGRW, ?AACJCP?RGML, ?LB RGKC F?Q ?E?GL @CCL M@R?GLCB DPMK ? EP?NF. .MRGAC RF?R RFGQ COS?RGML U?Q ?JQM BCPGTCB
?JEC@P?GA?JJW DPMK MRFCP KMRGML COS?RGMLQ GL &EJ?ED EGK7J?EDI <EH CEDIJ7DJ A99;B;H7J?ED ?D (D; D?C;DI?ED.
)R GQ LMR ?AAGBCLR?J RF?R RFC Q?KC COS?RGMLQ ?PC M@R?GLCB @W EP?NFGA?J ?L?JWQGQ ?Q @W ?JEC@P?GA RCAFLGOSCQ. )L D?AR, ?L GKNMPR?LR U?W RM 7<F6BI8E
NFWQGA?J PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ GQ RM KC?QSPC T?PGMSQ NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ ?LB RFCL K?IC EP?NFQ MD MLC OS?LRGRW ?E?GLQR ?LMRFCP RM QCC GD RFCW ?PC AMPPCJ?RCB GL
?LW U?W. #MPPCJ?RGMLQ GKNJW NFWQGA?J PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ ?LB KGEFR @C QFMUL @W QKMMRF EP?NFQ QSAF ?Q RFMQC ?@MTC. &PMK QSAF EP?NFQ, K?RFCK?RGA?J
PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ A?L QMKCRGKCQ @C NMQRSJ?RCB. &SPRFCP CVNCPGKCLRQ ?PC RFCL NCPDMPKCB RM BCRCPKGLC RFC T?JGBGRW MD RFC FWNMRFCQGXCB PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ.
'P?NFQ MD -MRGML 7FCPC !AACJCP?RGML GQ .MR #MLQR?LR
.MU AMLQGBCP RFC KMRGML MD RFC HCR A?P ?Q GR EMCQ DPMK 165 K/Q RM GRQ RMN TCJMAGRW MD 250 K/Q, EP?NFCB GL F?=KH; 2.51. 4GKC ?E?GL QR?PRQ ?R XCPM, ?LB
RFC GLGRG?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR ?LB TCJMAGRW ?PC 2900 K ?LB 165 K/Q, PCQNCARGTCJW. (4FCQC UCPC RFC DGL?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR ?LB TCJMAGRW MD RFC A?P GL RFC KMRGML
EP?NFCB GL F?=KH; 2.48.) !AACJCP?RGML EP?BS?JJW BCAPC?QCQ DPMK 5.0 m/s
2
RM XCPM UFCL RFC A?P FGRQ 250 K/Q. 4FC QJMNC MD RFC x TQ. t EP?NF
GLAPC?QCQ SLRGJ t = 55 s , ?DRCP UFGAF RGKC RFC QJMNC GQ AMLQR?LR. 3GKGJ?PJW, TCJMAGRW GLAPC?QCQ SLRGJ 55 Q ?LB RFCL @CAMKCQ AMLQR?LR, QGLAC ?AACJCP?RGML
BCAPC?QCQ RM XCPM ?R 55 Q ?LB PCK?GLQ XCPM ?DRCPU?PB.
#(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3 73
F?=KH; 2.51 'P?NFQ MD KMRGML MD ? HCR-NMUCPCB A?P ?Q GR PC?AFCQ GRQ RMN TCJMAGRW. 4FGQ KMRGML @CEGLQ UFCPC RFC KMRGML GL F?=KH; 2.48 CLBQ. (?) 4FC QJMNC MD RFGQ EP?NF GQ
TCJMAGRW; GR GQ NJMRRCB GL RFC LCVR EP?NF. (@) 4FC TCJMAGRW EP?BS?JJW ?NNPM?AFCQ GRQ RMN T?JSC. 4FC QJMNC MD RFGQ EP?NF GQ ?AACJCP?RGML; GR GQ NJMRRCB GL RFC DGL?J EP?NF. (A) !AACJCP?RGML
EP?BS?JJW BCAJGLCQ RM XCPM UFCL TCJMAGRW @CAMKCQ AMLQR?LR.
EN7CFB; 2.19 C7B9KB7J?D= A99;B;H7J?ED <HEC 7 H7F> E< /;BE9?JO L;HIKI -?C;
#?JASJ?RC RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD RFC HCR A?P ?R ? RGKC MD 25 Q @W DGLBGLE RFC QJMNC MD RFC v TQ. t EP?NF GL F?=KH; 2.51(@).
,JH7J;=O
4FC QJMNC MD RFC ASPTC ?R t = 25 s GQ COS?J RM RFC QJMNC MD RFC JGLC R?LECLR ?R RF?R NMGLR, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 2.51(@).
,EBKJ?ED
$CRCPKGLC CLBNMGLRQ MD RFC R?LECLR JGLC DPMK RFC DGESPC, ?LB RFCL NJSE RFCK GLRM RFC COS?RGML RM QMJTC DMP QJMNC, a .
(2.100)
slope =
v
t
=
(260 m/s 210 m/s)
(51 s 1.0 s)
(2.101)
a =
50 m/s
50 s
= 1.0 m/s
2
.
D?I9KII?ED
74 #(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3
799;B;H7J?ED :K; JE =H7L?JO:
799;B;H7J?ED:
7L;H7=; 799;B;H7J?ED:
7L;H7=; IF;;::
7L;H7=; L;BE9?JO:
:;9;B;H7J?ED:
:;F;D:;DJ L7H?78B;:
:?IFB79;C;DJ:
:?IJ7D9; JH7L;B;::
:?IJ7D9;:
;B7FI;: J?C;:
<H;;-<7BB:
?D:;F;D:;DJ L7H?78B;:
?DIJ7DJ7D;EKI 799;B;H7J?ED:
?DIJ7DJ7D;EKI IF;;::
.MRC RF?R RFGQ T?JSC DMP a GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC T?JSC NJMRRCB GL F?=KH; 2.51(A) ?R t = 25 s .
! EP?NF MD BGQNJ?ACKCLR TCPQSQ RGKC A?L @C SQCB RM ECLCP?RC ? EP?NF MD TCJMAGRW TCPQSQ RGKC, ?LB ? EP?NF MD TCJMAGRW TCPQSQ RGKC A?L @C SQCB RM
ECLCP?RC ? EP?NF MD ?AACJCP?RGML TCPQSQ RGKC. 7C BM RFGQ @W DGLBGLE RFC QJMNC MD RFC EP?NFQ ?R CTCPW NMGLR. )D RFC EP?NF GQ JGLC?P (G.C., ? JGLC UGRF ?
AMLQR?LR QJMNC), GR GQ C?QW RM DGLB RFC QJMNC ?R ?LW NMGLR ?LB WMS F?TC RFC QJMNC DMP CTCPW NMGLR. 'P?NFGA?J ?L?JWQGQ MD KMRGML A?L @C SQCB RM BCQAPG@C
@MRF QNCAGDGA ?LB ECLCP?J AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD IGLCK?RGAQ. 'P?NFQ A?L ?JQM @C SQCB DMP MRFCP RMNGAQ GL NFWQGAQ. !L GKNMPR?LR ?QNCAR MD CVNJMPGLE NFWQGA?J
PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ GQ RM EP?NF RFCK ?LB JMMI DMP SLBCPJWGLE PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ.
! EP?NF MD TCJMAGRW TQ. RGKC MD ? QFGN AMKGLE GLRM ? F?P@MP GQ QFMUL @CJMU. (?) $CQAPG@C RFC KMRGML MD RFC QFGN @?QCB ML RFC EP?NF. (@)7F?R
UMSJB ? EP?NF MD RFC QFGNtQ ?AACJCP?RGML JMMI JGIC?
F?=KH; 2.52
,EBKJ?ED
(?) 4FC QFGN KMTCQ ?R AMLQR?LR TCJMAGRW ?LB RFCL @CEGLQ RM BCACJCP?RC ?R ? AMLQR?LR P?RC. !R QMKC NMGLR, GRQ BCACJCP?RGML P?RC BCAPC?QCQ. )R
K?GLR?GLQ RFGQ JMUCP BCACJCP?RGML P?RC SLRGJ GR QRMNQ KMTGLE.
(@) ! EP?NF MD ?AACJCP?RGML TQ. RGKC UMSJB QFMU XCPM ?AACJCP?RGML GL RFC DGPQR JCE, J?PEC ?LB AMLQR?LR LCE?RGTC ?AACJCP?RGML GL RFC QCAMLB JCE, ?LB
AMLQR?LR LCE?RGTC ?AACJCP?RGML.
F?=KH; 2.53
BEII7HO
?AACJCP?RGML MD ?L M@HCAR ?Q ? PCQSJR MD EP?TGRW
RFC P?RC MD AF?LEC GL TCJMAGRW; RFC AF?LEC GL TCJMAGRW MTCP RGKC
RFC AF?LEC GL TCJMAGRW BGTGBCB @W RFC RGKC MTCP UFGAF GR AF?LECQ
BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB BGTGBCB @W RGKC BSPGLE UFGAF KMRGML MAASPQ
BGQNJ?ACKCLR BGTGBCB @W RGKC MTCP UFGAF BGQNJ?ACKCLR MAASPQ
?AACJCP?RGML GL RFC BGPCARGML MNNMQGRC RM TCJMAGRW; ?AACJCP?RGML RF?R PCQSJRQ GL ? BCAPC?QC GL TCJMAGRW
RFC T?PG?@JC RF?R GQ @CGLE KC?QSPCB; SQS?JJW NJMRRCB ?JMLE RFC y -?VGQ
RFC AF?LEC GL NMQGRGML MD ?L M@HCAR
RFC RMR?J JCLERF MD RFC N?RF RP?TCJCB @CRUCCL RUM NMQGRGMLQ
RFC K?ELGRSBC MD BGQNJ?ACKCLR @CRUCCL RUM NMQGRGMLQ
RFC BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL RFC CLBGLE RGKC ?LB @CEGLLGLE RGKC
RFC QR?RC MD KMTCKCLR RF?R PCQSJRQ DPMK EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC MLJW
RFC T?PG?@JC RF?R RFC BCNCLBCLR T?PG?@JC GQ KC?QSPCB UGRF PCQNCAR RM; SQS?JJW NJMRRCB ?JMLE RFC x -?VGQ
?AACJCP?RGML ?R ? QNCAGDGA NMGLR GL RGKC
K?ELGRSBC MD RFC GLQR?LR?LCMSQ TCJMAGRW
#(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3 75
?DIJ7DJ7D;EKI L;BE9?JO:
A?D;C7J?9I:
CE:;B:
FEI?J?ED:
I97B7H:
IBEF;:
J?C;:
L;9JEH:
O-?DJ;H9;FJ:
TCJMAGRW ?R ? QNCAGDGA GLQR?LR, MP RFC ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW MTCP ?L GLDGLGRCQGK?J RGKC GLRCPT?J
RFC QRSBW MD KMRGML UGRFMSR AMLQGBCPGLE GRQ A?SQCQ
QGKNJGDGCB BCQAPGNRGML RF?R AMLR?GLQ MLJW RFMQC CJCKCLRQ LCACQQ?PW RM BCQAPG@C RFC NFWQGAQ MD ? NFWQGA?J QGRS?RGML
RFC JMA?RGML MD ?L M@HCAR ?R ? N?PRGASJ?P RGKC
? OS?LRGRW RF?R GQ BCQAPG@CB @W K?ELGRSBC, @SR LMR BGPCARGML
RFC BGDDCPCLAC GL y -T?JSC (RFC PGQC) BGTGBCB @W RFC BGDDCPCLAC GL x -T?JSC (RFC PSL) MD RUM NMGLRQ ML ? QRP?GEFR JGLC
AF?LEC, MP RFC GLRCPT?J MTCP UFGAF AF?LEC MAASPQ
? OS?LRGRW RF?R GQ BCQAPG@CB @W @MRF K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML
RFC y- T?JSC UFCL x = 0, MP UFCL RFC EP?NF APMQQCQ RFC y -?VGQ
,;9J?ED ,KCC7HO
2.1 D?IFB79;C;DJ
w +GLCK?RGAQ GQ RFC QRSBW MD KMRGML UGRFMSR AMLQGBCPGLE GRQ A?SQCQ. )L RFGQ AF?NRCP, GR GQ JGKGRCB RM KMRGML ?JMLE ? QRP?GEFR JGLC, A?JJCB MLC-
BGKCLQGML?J KMRGML.
w $GQNJ?ACKCLR GQ RFC AF?LEC GL NMQGRGML MD ?L M@HCAR.
w )L QWK@MJQ, BGQNJ?ACKCLR x GQ BCDGLCB RM @C
x = x
f
x
0
,
UFCPC x
0
GQ RFC GLGRG?J NMQGRGML ?LB x
f
GQ RFC DGL?J NMQGRGML. )L RFGQ RCVR, RFC 'PCCI JCRRCP (BCJR?) ?JU?WQ KC?LQ uAF?LEC GLv UF?RCTCP OS?LRGRW
DMJJMUQ GR. 4FC 3) SLGR DMP BGQNJ?ACKCLR GQ RFC KCRCP (K). $GQNJ?ACKCLR F?Q ? BGPCARGML ?Q UCJJ ?Q ? K?ELGRSBC.
w 7FCL WMS QR?PR ? NPM@JCK, ?QQGEL UFGAF BGPCARGML UGJJ @C NMQGRGTC.
w $GQR?LAC GQ RFC K?ELGRSBC MD BGQNJ?ACKCLR @CRUCCL RUM NMQGRGMLQ.
w $GQR?LAC RP?TCJCB GQ RFC RMR?J JCLERF MD RFC N?RF RP?TCJCB @CRUCCL RUM NMQGRGMLQ.
w ! TCARMP GQ ?LW OS?LRGRW RF?R F?Q K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML.
w ! QA?J?P GQ ?LW OS?LRGRW RF?R F?Q K?ELGRSBC @SR LM BGPCARGML.
w $GQNJ?ACKCLR ?LB TCJMAGRW ?PC TCARMPQ, UFCPC?Q BGQR?LAC ?LB QNCCB ?PC QA?J?PQ.
w )L MLC-BGKCLQGML?J KMRGML, BGPCARGML GQ QNCAGDGCB @W ? NJSQ MP KGLSQ QGEL RM QGELGDW JCDR MP PGEFR, SN MP BMUL, ?LB RFC JGIC.
2.3 -?C;, /;BE9?JO, 7D: ,F;;:
w 4GKC GQ KC?QSPCB GL RCPKQ MD AF?LEC, ?LB GRQ 3) SLGR GQ RFC QCAMLB (Q). %J?NQCB RGKC DMP ?L CTCLR GQ
t = t
f
t
0
,
UFCPC t
f
GQ RFC DGL?J RGKC ?LB t
0
GQ RFC GLGRG?J RGKC. 4FC GLGRG?J RGKC GQ MDRCL R?ICL RM @C XCPM, ?Q GD KC?QSPCB UGRF ? QRMNU?RAF; RFC CJ?NQCB RGKC
GQ RFCL HSQR t .
w !TCP?EC TCJMAGRW v
-
GQ BCDGLCB ?Q BGQNJ?ACKCLR BGTGBCB @W RFC RP?TCJ RGKC. )L QWK@MJQ, ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW GQ
v
-
=
x
t
=
x
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x
0
t
f
t
0
.
w 4FC 3) SLGR DMP TCJMAGRW GQ K/Q.
w 6CJMAGRW GQ ? TCARMP ?LB RFSQ F?Q ? BGPCARGML.
w )LQR?LR?LCMSQ TCJMAGRW v GQ RFC TCJMAGRW ?R ? QNCAGDGA GLQR?LR MP RFC ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW DMP ?L GLDGLGRCQGK?J GLRCPT?J.
w )LQR?LR?LCMSQ QNCCB GQ RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC GLQR?LR?LCMSQ TCJMAGRW.
w )LQR?LR?LCMSQ QNCCB GQ ? QA?J?P OS?LRGRW, ?Q GR F?Q LM BGPCARGML QNCAGDGCB.
w !TCP?EC QNCCB GQ RFC RMR?J BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB BGTGBCB @W RFC CJ?NQCB RGKC. (!TCP?EC QNCCB GQ ABG RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW.) 3NCCB GQ
? QA?J?P OS?LRGRW; GR F?Q LM BGPCARGML ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF GR.
2.4 A99;B;H7J?ED
w !AACJCP?RGML GQ RFC P?RC ?R UFGAF TCJMAGRW AF?LECQ. )L QWK@MJQ, 7L;H7=; 799;B;H7J?ED a
-
GQ
a
-
=
v
t
=
v
f
v
0
t
f
t
0
.
w 4FC 3) SLGR DMP ?AACJCP?RGML GQ m/s
2
.
w !AACJCP?RGML GQ ? TCARMP, ?LB RFSQ F?Q ? @MRF ? K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML.
w !AACJCP?RGML A?L @C A?SQCB @W CGRFCP ? AF?LEC GL RFC K?ELGRSBC MP RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC TCJMAGRW.
w )LQR?LR?LCMSQ ?AACJCP?RGML a GQ RFC ?AACJCP?RGML ?R ? QNCAGDGA GLQR?LR GL RGKC.
w $CACJCP?RGML GQ ?L ?AACJCP?RGML UGRF ? BGPCARGML MNNMQGRC RM RF?R MD RFC TCJMAGRW.
2.5 &EJ?ED EGK7J?EDI <EH CEDIJ7DJ A99;B;H7J?ED ?D (D; D?C;DI?ED
w 4M QGKNJGDW A?JASJ?RGMLQ UC R?IC ?AACJCP?RGML RM @C AMLQR?LR, QM RF?R a
-
= a ?R ?JJ RGKCQ.
w 7C ?JQM R?IC GLGRG?J RGKC RM @C XCPM.
76 #(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3
w )LGRG?J NMQGRGML ?LB TCJMAGRW ?PC EGTCL ? QS@QAPGNR 0; DGL?J T?JSCQ F?TC LM QS@QAPGNR. 4FSQ,
t = t
x = x x
0
v = v v
0
w 4FC DMJJMUGLE IGLCK?RGA COS?RGMLQ DMP KMRGML UGRF AMLQR?LR a ?PC SQCDSJ:
x = x
0
+ v
-
t
v
-
=
v
0
+ v
2
v = v
0
+ at
x = x
0
+ v
0
t +
1
2
at
2
v
2
= v
0
2
+ 2a(x x
0
)
w )L TCPRGA?J KMRGML, y GQ QS@QRGRSRCB DMP x .
w +;8 F<K 54F<6 CEB5?8@ FB?I<A: FG8CF 9BE C;LF<6F 4E8:
*G8C 1. %V?KGLC RFC QGRS?RGML RM BCRCPKGLC UFGAF NFWQGA?J NPGLAGNJCQ ?PC GLTMJTCB.
*G8C 2. -?IC ? JGQR MD UF?R GQ EGTCL MP A?L @C GLDCPPCB DPMK RFC NPM@JCK ?Q QR?RCB (GBCLRGDW RFC ILMULQ).
*G8C 3. )BCLRGDW CV?ARJW UF?R LCCBQ RM @C BCRCPKGLCB GL RFC NPM@JCK (GBCLRGDW RFC SLILMULQ).
*G8C 4. &GLB ?L COS?RGML MP QCR MD COS?RGMLQ RF?R A?L FCJN WMS QMJTC RFC NPM@JCK.
*G8C 5. 3S@QRGRSRC RFC ILMULQ ?JMLE UGRF RFCGP SLGRQ GLRM RFC ?NNPMNPG?RC COS?RGML, ?LB M@R?GL LSKCPGA?J QMJSRGMLQ AMKNJCRC UGRF SLGRQ.
*G8C 6. #FCAI RFC ?LQUCP RM QCC GD GR GQ PC?QML?@JC: $MCQ GR K?IC QCLQC?
2.7 F7BB?D= (8@;9JI
w !L M@HCAR GL DPCC-D?JJ CVNCPGCLACQ AMLQR?LR ?AACJCP?RGML GD ?GP PCQGQR?LAC GQ LCEJGEG@JC.
w /L %?PRF, ?JJ DPCC-D?JJGLE M@HCARQ F?TC ?L ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW g , UFGAF ?TCP?ECQ
g = 9.80 m/s
2
.
w 7FCRFCP RFC ?AACJCP?RGML 4 QFMSJB @C R?ICL ?Q +g MP g GQ BCRCPKGLCB @W WMSP AFMGAC MD AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK. )D WMS AFMMQC RFC SNU?PB
BGPCARGML ?Q NMQGRGTC, a = g = 9.80 m/s
2
GQ LCE?RGTC. )L RFC MNNMQGRC A?QC, a = +g = 9.80 m/s
2
GQ NMQGRGTC. 3GLAC ?AACJCP?RGML GQ
AMLQR?LR, RFC IGLCK?RGA COS?RGMLQ ?@MTC A?L @C ?NNJGCB UGRF RFC ?NNPMNPG?RC +g MP g QS@QRGRSRCB DMP a .
w &MP M@HCARQ GL DPCC-D?JJ, SN GQ LMPK?JJW R?ICL ?Q NMQGRGTC DMP BGQNJ?ACKCLR, TCJMAGRW, ?LB ?AACJCP?RGML.
w 'P?NFQ MD KMRGML A?L @C SQCB RM ?L?JWXC KMRGML.
w 'P?NFGA?J QMJSRGMLQ WGCJB GBCLRGA?J QMJSRGMLQ RM K?RFCK?RGA?J KCRFMBQ DMP BCPGTGLE KMRGML COS?RGMLQ.
w 4FC QJMNC MD ? EP?NF MD BGQNJ?ACKCLR x TQ. RGKC t GQ TCJMAGRW v .
w 4FC QJMNC MD ? EP?NF MD TCJMAGRW v TQ. RGKC t EP?NF GQ ?AACJCP?RGML a .
w !TCP?EC TCJMAGRW, GLQR?LR?LCMSQ TCJMAGRW, ?LB ?AACJCP?RGML A?L ?JJ @C M@R?GLCB @W ?L?JWXGLE EP?NFQ.
2.1 D?IFB79;C;DJ
1. 'GTC ?L CV?KNJC GL UFGAF RFCPC ?PC AJC?P BGQRGLARGMLQ ?KMLE BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB, BGQNJ?ACKCLR, ?LB K?ELGRSBC MD BGQNJ?ACKCLR. 3NCAGDGA?JJW GBCLRGDW
C?AF OS?LRGRW GL WMSP CV?KNJC.
2. 5LBCP UF?R AGPASKQR?LACQ BMCQ BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB COS?J K?ELGRSBC MD BGQNJ?ACKCLR? 7F?R GQ RFC MLJW A?QC GL UFGAF K?ELGRSBC MD BGQNJ?ACKCLR
?LB BGQNJ?ACKCLR ?PC CV?ARJW RFC Q?KC?
3. "?ARCPG? KMTC @?AI ?LB DMPRF @W SQGLE RFCGP DJ?ECJJ? (QRPSARSPCQ RF?R JMMI JGIC JGRRJC R?GJQ). 3NCCBQ MD SN RM 50 m/s

5010
6
m/s
F?TC @CCL
M@QCPTCB. 4FC RMR?J BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB @W ? @?ARCPGSK GQ J?PEC DMP GRQ QGXC, UFGJC GRQ BGQNJ?ACKCLR GQ QK?JJ. 7FW GQ RFGQ?
4. ! QRSBCLR UPGRCQ, uA 5<E7 G;4G <F 7<I<A: 9BE CE8L ;4F 4 FC887 B9 10 m/ s .v 7F?R GQ UPMLE UGRF RFC QRSBCLRtQ QR?RCKCLR? 7F?R F?Q RFC QRSBCLR
?ARS?JJW BCQAPG@CB? %VNJ?GL.
5. 7F?R GQ RFC QNCCB MD RFC @GPB GL EN;H9?I; 2.4?
6. !AACJCP?RGML GQ RFC AF?LEC GL TCJMAGRW MTCP RGKC. 'GTCL RFGQ GLDMPK?RGML, GQ ?AACJCP?RGML ? TCARMP MP ? QA?J?P OS?LRGRW? %VNJ?GL.
7. ! UC?RFCP DMPCA?QR QR?RCQ RF?R RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GQ NPCBGARCB RM @C 5C RFC DMJJMUGLE B?W. )Q RFGQ RCKNCP?RSPC ? TCARMP MP ? QA?J?P OS?LRGRW?
%VNJ?GL.
2.3 -?C;, /;BE9?JO, 7D: ,F;;:
8. 'GTC ?L CV?KNJC (@SR LMR MLC DPMK RFC RCVR) MD ? BCTGAC SQCB RM KC?QSPC RGKC ?LB GBCLRGDW UF?R AF?LEC GL RF?R BCTGAC GLBGA?RCQ ? AF?LEC GL RGKC.
#(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3 77
9. 4FCPC GQ ? BGQRGLARGML @CRUCCL ?TCP?EC QNCCB ?LB RFC K?ELGRSBC MD ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW. 'GTC ?L CV?KNJC RF?R GJJSQRP?RCQ RFC BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL RFCQC
RUM OS?LRGRGCQ.
10. $MCQ ? A?PtQ MBMKCRCP KC?QSPC NMQGRGML MP BGQNJ?ACKCLR? $MCQ GRQ QNCCBMKCRCP KC?QSPC QNCCB MP TCJMAGRW?
11. )D WMS BGTGBC RFC RMR?J BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB ML ? A?P RPGN (?Q BCRCPKGLCB @W RFC MBMKCRCP) @W RFC RGKC DMP RFC RPGN, ?PC WMS A?JASJ?RGLE RFC ?TCP?EC
QNCCB MP RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW? 5LBCP UF?R AGPASKQR?LACQ ?PC RFCQC RUM OS?LRGRGCQ RFC Q?KC?
12. (MU ?PC GLQR?LR?LCMSQ TCJMAGRW ?LB GLQR?LR?LCMSQ QNCCB PCJ?RCB RM MLC ?LMRFCP? (MU BM RFCW BGDDCP?
2.4 A99;B;H7J?ED
13. )Q GR NMQQG@JC DMP QNCCB RM @C AMLQR?LR UFGJC ?AACJCP?RGML GQ LMR XCPM? 'GTC ?L CV?KNJC MD QSAF ? QGRS?RGML.
14. )Q GR NMQQG@JC DMP TCJMAGRW RM @C AMLQR?LR UFGJC ?AACJCP?RGML GQ LMR XCPM? %VNJ?GL.
15. 'GTC ?L CV?KNJC GL UFGAF TCJMAGRW GQ XCPM WCR ?AACJCP?RGML GQ LMR.
16. )D ? QS@U?W RP?GL GQ KMTGLE RM RFC JCDR (F?Q ? LCE?RGTC TCJMAGRW) ?LB RFCL AMKCQ RM ? QRMN, UF?R GQ RFC BGPCARGML MD GRQ ?AACJCP?RGML? )Q RFC
?AACJCP?RGML NMQGRGTC MP LCE?RGTC?
17. 0JSQ ?LB KGLSQ QGELQ ?PC SQCB GL MLC-BGKCLQGML?J KMRGML RM GLBGA?RC BGPCARGML. 7F?R GQ RFC QGEL MD ?L ?AACJCP?RGML RF?R PCBSACQ RFC K?ELGRSBC MD
? LCE?RGTC TCJMAGRW? /D ? NMQGRGTC TCJMAGRW?
18. 7F?R GLDMPK?RGML BM WMS LCCB GL MPBCP RM AFMMQC UFGAF COS?RGML MP COS?RGMLQ RM SQC RM QMJTC ? NPM@JCK? %VNJ?GL.
19. 7F?R GQ RFC J?QR RFGLE WMS QFMSJB BM UFCL QMJTGLE ? NPM@JCK? %VNJ?GL.
2.7 F7BB?D= (8@;9JI
20. 7F?R GQ RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD ? PMAI RFPMUL QRP?GEFR SNU?PB ML RFC U?W SN? !R RFC RMN MD GRQ DJGEFR? /L RFC U?W BMUL?
21. !L M@HCAR RF?R GQ RFPMUL QRP?GEFR SN D?JJQ @?AI RM %?PRF. 4FGQ GQ MLC-BGKCLQGML?J KMRGML. (?) 7FCL GQ GRQ TCJMAGRW XCPM? (@) $MCQ GRQ TCJMAGRW AF?LEC
BGPCARGML? (A) $MCQ RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW F?TC RFC Q?KC QGEL ML RFC U?W SN ?Q ML RFC U?W BMUL?
22. 3SNNMQC WMS RFPMU ? PMAI LC?PJW QRP?GEFR SN ?R ? AMAMLSR GL ? N?JK RPCC, ?LB RFC PMAI KGQQCQ ML RFC U?W SN @SR FGRQ RFC AMAMLSR ML RFC U?W
BMUL. .CEJCARGLE ?GP PCQGQR?LAC, FMU BMCQ RFC QNCCB MD RFC PMAI UFCL GR FGRQ RFC AMAMLSR ML RFC U?W BMUL AMKN?PC UGRF UF?R GR UMSJB F?TC @CCL GD GR
F?B FGR RFC AMAMLSR ML RFC U?W SN? )Q GR KMPC JGICJW RM BGQJMBEC RFC AMAMLSR ML RFC U?W SN MP BMUL? %VNJ?GL.
23. )D ?L M@HCAR GQ RFPMUL QRP?GEFR SN ?LB ?GP PCQGQR?LAC GQ LCEJGEG@JC, RFCL GRQ QNCCB UFCL GR PCRSPLQ RM RFC QR?PRGLE NMGLR GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q UFCL GR U?Q
PCJC?QCB. )D ?GP PCQGQR?LAC UCPC LMR LCEJGEG@JC, FMU UMSJB GRQ QNCCB SNML PCRSPL AMKN?PC UGRF GRQ GLGRG?J QNCCB? (MU UMSJB RFC K?VGKSK FCGEFR RM
UFGAF GR PGQCQ @C ?DDCARCB?
24. 4FC QCTCPGRW MD ? D?JJ BCNCLBQ ML WMSP QNCCB UFCL WMS QRPGIC RFC EPMSLB. !JJ D?ARMPQ @SR RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW @CGLE RFC Q?KC, FMU K?LW
RGKCQ FGEFCP AMSJB ? Q?DC D?JJ ML RFC -MML @C RF?L ML %?PRF (EP?TGR?RGML?J ?AACJCP?RGML ML RFC -MML GQ ?@MSR 1/6 RF?R MD RFC %?PRF)?
25. (MU K?LW RGKCQ FGEFCP AMSJB ?L ?QRPML?SR HSKN ML RFC -MML RF?L ML %?PRF GD FGQ R?ICMDD QNCCB GQ RFC Q?KC GL @MRF JMA?RGMLQ (EP?TGR?RGML?J
?AACJCP?RGML ML RFC -MML GQ ?@MSR 1/6 MD g ML %?PRF)?
26. (?) %VNJ?GL FMU WMS A?L SQC RFC EP?NF MD NMQGRGML TCPQSQ RGKC GL F?=KH; 2.54 RM BCQAPG@C RFC AF?LEC GL TCJMAGRW MTCP RGKC. )BCLRGDW (@) RFC RGKC ( t
a
, t
b
, t
c
, t
d
, MP t
e
) ?R UFGAF RFC GLQR?LR?LCMSQ TCJMAGRW GQ EPC?RCQR, (A) RFC RGKC ?R UFGAF GR GQ XCPM, ?LB (B) RFC RGKC ?R UFGAF GR GQ LCE?RGTC.
F?=KH; 2.54
27. (?) 3ICRAF ? EP?NF MD TCJMAGRW TCPQSQ RGKC AMPPCQNMLBGLE RM RFC EP?NF MD BGQNJ?ACKCLR TCPQSQ RGKC EGTCL GL F?=KH; 2.55. (@) )BCLRGDW RFC RGKC MP
RGKCQ ( t
a
, t
b
, t
c
, CRA.) ?R UFGAF RFC GLQR?LR?LCMSQ TCJMAGRW GQ EPC?RCQR. (A) !R UFGAF RGKCQ GQ GR XCPM? (B) !R UFGAF RGKCQ GQ GR LCE?RGTC?
78 #(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3
F?=KH; 2.55
28. (?) %VNJ?GL FMU WMS A?L BCRCPKGLC RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MTCP RGKC DPMK ? TCJMAGRW TCPQSQ RGKC EP?NF QSAF ?Q RFC MLC GL F?=KH; 2.56. (@) "?QCB ML RFC
EP?NF, FMU BMCQ ?AACJCP?RGML AF?LEC MTCP RGKC?
F?=KH; 2.56
29. (?) 3ICRAF ? EP?NF MD ?AACJCP?RGML TCPQSQ RGKC AMPPCQNMLBGLE RM RFC EP?NF MD TCJMAGRW TCPQSQ RGKC EGTCL GL F?=KH; 2.57. (@) )BCLRGDW RFC RGKC MP
RGKCQ ( t
a
, t
b
, t
c
, CRA.) ?R UFGAF RFC ?AACJCP?RGML GQ EPC?RCQR. (A) !R UFGAF RGKCQ GQ GR XCPM? (B) !R UFGAF RGKCQ GQ GR LCE?RGTC?
F?=KH; 2.57
30. #MLQGBCP RFC TCJMAGRW TQ. RGKC EP?NF MD ? NCPQML GL ?L CJCT?RMP QFMUL GL F?=KH; 2.58. 3SNNMQC RFC CJCT?RMP GQ GLGRG?JJW ?R PCQR. )R RFCL ?AACJCP?RCQ
DMP 3 QCAMLBQ, K?GLR?GLQ RF?R TCJMAGRW DMP 15 QCAMLBQ, RFCL BCACJCP?RCQ DMP 5 QCAMLBQ SLRGJ GR QRMNQ. 4FC ?AACJCP?RGML DMP RFC CLRGPC RPGN GQ LMR AMLQR?LR
QM UC A?LLMR SQC RFC COS?RGMLQ MD KMRGML DPMK &EJ?ED EGK7J?EDI <EH CEDIJ7DJ A99;B;H7J?ED ?D (D; D?C;DI?ED DMP RFC AMKNJCRC RPGN. (7C AMSJB,
FMUCTCP, SQC RFCK GL RFC RFPCC GLBGTGBS?J QCARGMLQ UFCPC ?AACJCP?RGML GQ ? AMLQR?LR.) 3ICRAF EP?NFQ MD (?) NMQGRGML TQ. RGKC ?LB (@) ?AACJCP?RGML TQ.
RGKC DMP RFGQ RPGN.
#(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3 79
F?=KH; 2.58
31. ! AWJGLBCP GQ EGTCL ? NSQF ?LB RFCL PMJJQ SN ?L GLAJGLCB NJ?LC. )D RFC MPGEGL GQ RFC QR?PRGLE NMGLR, QICRAF RFC NMQGRGML, TCJMAGRW, ?LB ?AACJCP?RGML MD RFC
AWJGLBCP TQ. RGKC ?Q GR EMCQ SN ?LB RFCL BMUL RFC NJ?LC.
80 #(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3
2.1 D?IFB79;C;DJ
F?=KH; 2.59
32. &GLB RFC DMJJMUGLE DMP N?RF ! GL F?=KH; 2.59: (?) 4FC BGQR?LAC
RP?TCJCB. (@) 4FC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR DPMK QR?PR RM DGLGQF. (A)
4FC BGQNJ?ACKCLR DPMK QR?PR RM DGLGQF.
33. &GLB RFC DMJJMUGLE DMP N?RF " GL F?=KH; 2.59: (?) 4FC BGQR?LAC
34. &GLB RFC DMJJMUGLE DMP N?RF # GL F?=KH; 2.59: (?) 4FC BGQR?LAC
35. &GLB RFC DMJJMUGLE DMP N?RF $ GL F?=KH; 2.59: (?) 4FC BGQR?LAC
2.3 -?C;, /;BE9?JO, 7D: ,F;;:
36. (?) #?JASJ?RC %?PRFtQ ?TCP?EC QNCCB PCJ?RGTC RM RFC 3SL. (@) 7F?R GQ
GRQ ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW MTCP ? NCPGMB MD MLC WC?P?
37. ! FCJGAMNRCP @J?BC QNGLQ ?R CV?ARJW 100 PCTMJSRGMLQ NCP KGLSRC. )RQ RGN
GQ 5.00 K DPMK RFC ACLRCP MD PMR?RGML. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC ?TCP?EC QNCCB MD
RFC @J?BC RGN GL RFC FCJGAMNRCPtQ DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC. (@) 7F?R GQ GRQ ?TCP?EC
TCJMAGRW MTCP MLC PCTMJSRGML?
38. 4FC .MPRF !KCPGA?L ?LB %SPMNC?L AMLRGLCLRQ ?PC KMTGLE ?N?PR ?R ?
P?RC MD ?@MSR 3 AK/W. !R RFGQ P?RC FMU JMLE UGJJ GR R?IC RFCK RM BPGDR 500 IK
D?PRFCP ?N?PR RF?L RFCW ?PC ?R NPCQCLR?
39. ,?LB UCQR MD RFC 3?L !LBPC?Q D?SJR GL QMSRFCPL #?JGDMPLG? GQ KMTGLE
?R ?L ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW MD ?@MSR 6 AK/W LMPRFUCQR PCJ?RGTC RM J?LB C?QR MD
RFC D?SJR. ,MQ !LECJCQ GQ UCQR MD RFC D?SJR ?LB K?W RFSQ QMKCB?W @C ?R
RFC Q?KC J?RGRSBC ?Q 3?L &P?LAGQAM, UFGAF GQ C?QR MD RFC D?SJR. (MU D?P GL
RFC DSRSPC UGJJ RFGQ MAASP GD RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR RM @C K?BC GQ 590 IK
LMPRFUCQR, ?QQSKGLE RFC KMRGML PCK?GLQ AMLQR?LR?
40. /L -?W 26, 1934, ? QRPC?KJGLCB, QR?GLJCQQ QRCCJ BGCQCJ RP?GL A?JJCB RFC
:CNFWP QCR RFC UMPJBtQ LMLQRMN JMLE-BGQR?LAC QNCCB PCAMPB DMP RP?GLQ. )RQ
PSL DPMK $CLTCP RM #FGA?EM RMMI 13 FMSPQ, 4 KGLSRCQ, 58 QCAMLBQ, ?LB
U?Q UGRLCQQCB @W KMPC RF?L ? KGJJGML NCMNJC ?JMLE RFC PMSRC. 4FC RMR?J
BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB U?Q 1633.8 IK. 7F?R U?Q GRQ ?TCP?EC QNCCB GL IK/F
?LB K/Q?
41. 4GB?J DPGARGML GQ QJMUGLE RFC PMR?RGML MD RFC %?PRF. !Q ? PCQSJR, RFC MP@GR
MD RFC -MML GQ GLAPC?QGLE GL P?BGSQ ?R ? P?RC MD ?NNPMVGK?RCJW 4 AK/WC?P.
!QQSKGLE RFGQ RM @C ? AMLQR?LR P?RC, FMU K?LW WC?PQ UGJJ N?QQ @CDMPC RFC
P?BGSQ MD RFC -MMLtQ MP@GR GLAPC?QCQ @W 3.8410
6
m (1%)?
42. ! QRSBCLR BPMTC RM RFC SLGTCPQGRW DPMK FCP FMKC ?LB LMRCB RF?R RFC
MBMKCRCP PC?BGLE MD FCP A?P GLAPC?QCB @W 12.0 IK. 4FC RPGN RMMI 18.0
KGL. (?) 7F?R U?Q FCP ?TCP?EC QNCCB? (@) )D RFC QRP?GEFR-JGLC BGQR?LAC
DPMK FCP FMKC RM RFC SLGTCPQGRW GQ 10.3 IK GL ? BGPCARGML 25.0 QMSRF MD
C?QR, UF?R U?Q FCP ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW? (A) )D QFC PCRSPLCB FMKC @W RFC
Q?KC N?RF 7 F 30 KGL ?DRCP QFC JCDR, UF?R UCPC FCP ?TCP?EC QNCCB ?LB
TCJMAGRW DMP RFC CLRGPC RPGN?
43. 4FC QNCCB MD NPMN?E?RGML MD RFC ?ARGML NMRCLRG?J (?L CJCARPGA?J QGEL?J)
GL ? LCPTC ACJJ BCNCLBQ (GLTCPQCJW) ML RFC BG?KCRCP MD RFC ?VML (LCPTC
DG@CP). )D RFC LCPTC ACJJ AMLLCARGLE RFC QNGL?J AMPB RM WMSP DCCR GQ 1.1 K
JMLE, ?LB RFC LCPTC GKNSJQC QNCCB GQ 18 K/Q, FMU JMLE BMCQ GR R?IC DMP
RFC LCPTC QGEL?J RM RP?TCJ RFGQ BGQR?LAC?
44. #MLTCPQ?RGMLQ UGRF ?QRPML?SRQ ML RFC JSL?P QSPD?AC UCPC
AF?P?ARCPGXCB @W ? IGLB MD CAFM GL UFGAF RFC C?PRF@MSLB NCPQMLtQ TMGAC
U?Q QM JMSB GL RFC ?QRPML?SRtQ QN?AC FCJKCR RF?R GR U?Q NGAICB SN @W RFC
?QRPML?SRtQ KGAPMNFMLC ?LB RP?LQKGRRCB @?AI RM %?PRF. )R GQ PC?QML?@JC RM
?QQSKC RF?R RFC CAFM RGKC COS?JQ RFC RGKC LCACQQ?PW DMP RFC P?BGM U?TC
RM RP?TCJ DPMK RFC %?PRF RM RFC -MML ?LB @?AI (RF?R GQ, LCEJCARGLE ?LW RGKC
BCJ?WQ GL RFC CJCARPMLGA COSGNKCLR). #?JASJ?RC RFC BGQR?LAC DPMK %?PRF RM
RFC -MML EGTCL RF?R RFC CAFM RGKC U?Q 2.56 Q ?LB RF?R P?BGM U?TCQ RP?TCJ
?R RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR (3.0010
8
m/s) .
45. ! DMMR@?JJ OS?PRCP@?AI PSLQ 15.0 K QRP?GEFR BMUL RFC NJ?WGLE DGCJB GL
2.50 Q. (C GQ RFCL FGR ?LB NSQFCB 3.00 K QRP?GEFR @?AIU?PB GL 1.75 Q. (C
@PC?IQ RFC R?AIJC ?LB PSLQ QRP?GEFR DMPU?PB ?LMRFCP 21.0 K GL 5.20 Q.
#?JASJ?RC FGQ ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW (?) DMP C?AF MD RFC RFPCC GLRCPT?JQ ?LB (@)
DMP RFC CLRGPC KMRGML.
46. 4FC NJ?LCR?PW KMBCJ MD RFC ?RMK NGARSPCQ CJCARPMLQ MP@GRGLE RFC
?RMKGA LSAJCSQ KSAF ?Q NJ?LCRQ MP@GR RFC 3SL. )L RFGQ KMBCJ WMS A?L TGCU
FWBPMECL, RFC QGKNJCQR ?RMK, ?Q F?TGLE ? QGLEJC CJCARPML GL ? AGPASJ?P
MP@GR 1.0610
10
m GL BG?KCRCP. (?) )D RFC ?TCP?EC QNCCB MD RFC
CJCARPML GL RFGQ MP@GR GQ ILMUL RM @C 2.2010
6
m/s , A?JASJ?RC RFC
LSK@CP MD PCTMJSRGMLQ NCP QCAMLB GR K?ICQ ?@MSR RFC LSAJCSQ. (@) 7F?R GQ
RFC CJCARPMLtQ ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW?
2.4 A99;B;H7J?ED
47. ! AFCCR?F A?L ?AACJCP?RC DPMK PCQR RM ? QNCCB MD 30.0 K/Q GL 7.00 Q.
7F?R GQ GRQ ?AACJCP?RGML?
48. )HE<;II?ED7B AFFB?97J?ED
$P. *MFL 0?SJ 3R?NN U?Q 5.3. !GP &MPAC MDDGACP UFM QRSBGCB RFC CDDCARQ MD
CVRPCKC BCACJCP?RGML ML RFC FSK?L @MBW. /L $CACK@CP 10, 1954, 3R?NN
PMBC ? PMAICR QJCB, ?AACJCP?RGLE DPMK PCQR RM ? RMN QNCCB MD 282 K/Q (1015
IK/F) GL 5.00 Q, ?LB U?Q @PMSEFR H?PPGLEJW @?AI RM PCQR GL MLJW 1.40 Q!
#?JASJ?RC FGQ (?) ?AACJCP?RGML ?LB (@) BCACJCP?RGML. %VNPCQQ C?AF GL
KSJRGNJCQ MD g (9.80 m/s
2
) @W R?IGLE GRQ P?RGM RM RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD
EP?TGRW.
49. ! AMKKSRCP @?AIQ FCP A?P MSR MD FCP E?P?EC UGRF ?L ?AACJCP?RGML MD
1.40 m/s
2
. (?) (MU JMLE BMCQ GR R?IC FCP RM PC?AF ? QNCCB MD 2.00 K/Q?
(@) )D QFC RFCL @P?ICQ RM ? QRMN GL 0.800 Q, UF?R GQ FCP BCACJCP?RGML?
50. !QQSKC RF?R ?L GLRCPAMLRGLCLR?J @?JJGQRGA KGQQGJC EMCQ DPMK PCQR RM ?
QS@MP@GR?J QNCCB MD 6.50 IK/Q GL 60.0 Q (RFC ?ARS?J QNCCB ?LB RGKC ?PC
AJ?QQGDGCB). 7F?R GQ GRQ ?TCP?EC ?AACJCP?RGML GL m/s
2
?LB GL KSJRGNJCQ MD
g (9.80 m/s
2
) ?
2.5 &EJ?ED EGK7J?EDI <EH CEDIJ7DJ A99;B;H7J?ED ?D (D;
D?C;DI?ED
51. !L /JWKNGA-AJ?QQ QNPGLRCP QR?PRQ ? P?AC UGRF ?L ?AACJCP?RGML MD
4.50 m/s
2
. (?) 7F?R GQ FCP QNCCB 2.40 Q J?RCP? (@) 3ICRAF ? EP?NF MD FCP
NMQGRGML TQ. RGKC DMP RFGQ NCPGMB.
52. ! UCJJ-RFPMUL @?JJ GQ A?SEFR GL ? UCJJ-N?BBCB KGRR. )D RFC BCACJCP?RGML
MD RFC @?JJ GQ 2.1010
4
m/s
2
, ?LB 1.85 KQ (1 ms = 10
3
s) CJ?NQCQ
DPMK RFC RGKC RFC @?JJ DGPQR RMSAFCQ RFC KGRR SLRGJ GR QRMNQ, UF?R U?Q RFC
GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW MD RFC @?JJ?
53. ! @SJJCR GL ? ESL GQ ?AACJCP?RCB DPMK RFC DGPGLE AF?K@CP RM RFC CLB MD
RFC @?PPCJ ?R ?L ?TCP?EC P?RC MD 6.2010
5
m/s
2
DMP 8.1010
4
s .
7F?R GQ GRQ KSXXJC TCJMAGRW (RF?R GQ, GRQ DGL?J TCJMAGRW)?
54. (?) ! JGEFR-P?GJ AMKKSRCP RP?GL ?AACJCP?RCQ ?R ? P?RC MD 1.35 m/s
2
.
(MU JMLE BMCQ GR R?IC RM PC?AF GRQ RMN QNCCB MD 80.0 IK/F, QR?PRGLE DPMK
#(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3 81
PCQR? (@) 4FC Q?KC RP?GL MPBGL?PGJW BCACJCP?RCQ ?R ? P?RC MD 1.65 m/s
2
.
(MU JMLE BMCQ GR R?IC RM AMKC RM ? QRMN DPMK GRQ RMN QNCCB? (A) )L
CKCPECLAGCQ RFC RP?GL A?L BCACJCP?RC KMPC P?NGBJW, AMKGLE RM PCQR DPMK
80.0 IK/F GL 8.30 Q. 7F?R GQ GRQ CKCPECLAW BCACJCP?RGML GL m/s
2
?
55. 7FGJC CLRCPGLE ? DPCCU?W, ? A?P ?AACJCP?RCQ DPMK PCQR ?R ? P?RC MD
2.40 m/s
2
DMP 12.0 Q. (?) $P?U ? QICRAF MD RFC QGRS?RGML. (@) ,GQR RFC
ILMULQ GL RFGQ NPM@JCK. (A) (MU D?P BMCQ RFC A?P RP?TCJ GL RFMQC 12.0 Q?
4M QMJTC RFGQ N?PR, DGPQR GBCLRGDW RFC SLILMUL, ?LB RFCL BGQASQQ FMU WMS
AFMQC RFC ?NNPMNPG?RC COS?RGML RM QMJTC DMP GR. !DRCP AFMMQGLE RFC
COS?RGML, QFMU WMSP QRCNQ GL QMJTGLE DMP RFC SLILMUL, AFCAI WMSP SLGRQ,
?LB BGQASQQ UFCRFCP RFC ?LQUCP GQ PC?QML?@JC. (B) 7F?R GQ RFC A?PtQ DGL?J
TCJMAGRW? 3MJTC DMP RFGQ SLILMUL GL RFC Q?KC K?LLCP ?Q GL N?PR (A),
QFMUGLE ?JJ QRCNQ CVNJGAGRJW.
56. !R RFC CLB MD ? P?AC, ? PSLLCP BCACJCP?RCQ DPMK ? TCJMAGRW MD 9.00 K/Q
?R ? P?RC MD 2.00 m/s
2
. (?) (MU D?P BMCQ QFC RP?TCJ GL RFC LCVR 5.00 Q?
(@) 7F?R GQ FCP DGL?J TCJMAGRW? (A) %T?JS?RC RFC PCQSJR. $MCQ GR K?IC
QCLQC?
57. )HE<;II?ED7B AFFB?97J?ED:
"JMMB GQ ?AACJCP?RCB DPMK PCQR RM 30.0 AK/Q GL ? BGQR?LAC MD 1.80 AK @W
RFC JCDR TCLRPGAJC MD RFC FC?PR. (?) -?IC ? QICRAF MD RFC QGRS?RGML. (@) ,GQR
RFC ILMULQ GL RFGQ NPM@JCK. (A) (MU JMLE BMCQ RFC ?AACJCP?RGML R?IC? 4M
QMJTC RFGQ N?PR, DGPQR GBCLRGDW RFC SLILMUL, ?LB RFCL BGQASQQ FMU WMS
AFMQC RFC ?NNPMNPG?RC COS?RGML RM QMJTC DMP GR. !DRCP AFMMQGLE RFC
COS?RGML, QFMU WMSP QRCNQ GL QMJTGLE DMP RFC SLILMUL, AFCAIGLE WMSP
SLGRQ. (B) )Q RFC ?LQUCP PC?QML?@JC UFCL AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC RGKC DMP ?
FC?PR@C?R?
58. )L ? QJ?N QFMR, ? FMAICW NJ?WCP ?AACJCP?RCQ RFC NSAI DPMK ? TCJMAGRW MD
8.00 K/Q RM 40.0 K/Q GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML. )D RFGQ QFMR R?ICQ
3.3310
2
s , A?JASJ?RC RFC BGQR?LAC MTCP UFGAF RFC NSAI ?AACJCP?RCQ.
59. ! NMUCPDSJ KMRMPAWAJC A?L ?AACJCP?RC DPMK PCQR RM 26.8 K/Q (100 IK/
F) GL MLJW 3.90 Q. (?) 7F?R GQ GRQ ?TCP?EC ?AACJCP?RGML? (@) (MU D?P BMCQ GR
RP?TCJ GL RF?R RGKC?
60. &PCGEFR RP?GLQ A?L NPMBSAC MLJW PCJ?RGTCJW QK?JJ ?AACJCP?RGMLQ ?LB
BCACJCP?RGMLQ. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW MD ? DPCGEFR RP?GL RF?R
?AACJCP?RCQ ?R ? P?RC MD 0.0500 m/s
2
DMP 8.00 KGL, QR?PRGLE UGRF ?L GLGRG?J
TCJMAGRW MD 4.00 K/Q? (@) )D RFC RP?GL A?L QJMU BMUL ?R ? P?RC MD
0.550 m/s
2
, FMU JMLE UGJJ GR R?IC RM AMKC RM ? QRMN DPMK RFGQ TCJMAGRW?
(A) (MU D?P UGJJ GR RP?TCJ GL C?AF A?QC?
61. ! DGPCUMPIQ QFCJJ GQ ?AACJCP?RCB DPMK PCQR RM ? TCJMAGRW MD 65.0 K/Q
MTCP ? BGQR?LAC MD 0.250 K. (?) (MU JMLE BGB RFC ?AACJCP?RGML J?QR? (@)
#?JASJ?RC RFC ?AACJCP?RGML.
62. ! QU?L ML ? J?IC ECRQ ?GP@MPLC @W DJ?NNGLE GRQ UGLEQ ?LB PSLLGLE ML
RMN MD RFC U?RCP. (?) )D RFC QU?L KSQR PC?AF ? TCJMAGRW MD 6.00 K/Q RM R?IC
MDD ?LB GR ?AACJCP?RCQ DPMK PCQR ?R ?L ?TCP?EC P?RC MD 0.350 m/s
2
, FMU
D?P UGJJ GR RP?TCJ @CDMPC @CAMKGLE ?GP@MPLC? (@) (MU JMLE BMCQ RFGQ R?IC?
63. )HE<;II?ED7B AFFB?97J?ED:
! UMMBNCAICPtQ @P?GL GQ QNCAG?JJW NPMRCARCB DPMK J?PEC BCACJCP?RGMLQ @W
RCLBML-JGIC ?RR?AFKCLRQ GLQGBC RFC QISJJ. 7FGJC NCAIGLE ML ? RPCC, RFC
UMMBNCAICPtQ FC?B AMKCQ RM ? QRMN DPMK ?L GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW MD 0.600 K/Q
GL ? BGQR?LAC MD MLJW 2.00 KK. (?) &GLB RFC ?AACJCP?RGML GL m/s
2
?LB GL
KSJRGNJCQ MD g

g = 9.80 m/s
2
. (@) #?JASJ?RC RFC QRMNNGLE RGKC. (A) 4FC

RCLBMLQ AP?BJGLE RFC @P?GL QRPCRAF, K?IGLE GRQ QRMNNGLE BGQR?LAC 4.50 KK
(EPC?RCP RF?L RFC FC?B ?LB, FCLAC, JCQQ BCACJCP?RGML MD RFC @P?GL). 7F?R
GQ RFC @P?GLtQ BCACJCP?RGML, CVNPCQQCB GL KSJRGNJCQ MD g ?
64. !L SLU?PW DMMR@?JJ NJ?WCP AMJJGBCQ UGRF ? N?BBCB EM?JNMQR UFGJC
PSLLGLE ?R ? TCJMAGRW MD 7.50 K/Q ?LB AMKCQ RM ? DSJJ QRMN ?DRCP
AMKNPCQQGLE RFC N?BBGLE ?LB FGQ @MBW 0.350 K. (?) 7F?R GQ FGQ
BCACJCP?RGML? (@) (MU JMLE BMCQ RFC AMJJGQGML J?QR?
65. )L 7MPJB 7?P )), RFCPC UCPC QCTCP?J PCNMPRCB A?QCQ MD ?GPKCL UFM
HSKNCB DPMK RFCGP DJ?KGLE ?GPNJ?LCQ UGRF LM N?P?AFSRC RM CQA?NC ACPR?GL
BC?RF. 3MKC DCJJ ?@MSR 20,000 DCCR (6000 K), ?LB QMKC MD RFCK QSPTGTCB,
UGRF DCU JGDC-RFPC?RCLGLE GLHSPGCQ. &MP RFCQC JSAIW NGJMRQ, RFC RPCC @P?LAFCQ
?LB QLMU BPGDRQ ML RFC EPMSLB ?JJMUCB RFCGP BCACJCP?RGML RM @C PCJ?RGTCJW
QK?JJ. )D UC ?QQSKC RF?R ? NGJMRtQ QNCCB SNML GKN?AR U?Q 123 KNF (54 K/
Q), RFCL UF?R U?Q FGQ BCACJCP?RGML? !QQSKC RF?R RFC RPCCQ ?LB QLMU
QRMNNCB FGK MTCP ? BGQR?LAC MD 3.0 K.
66. #MLQGBCP ? EPCW QOSGPPCJ D?JJGLE MSR MD ? RPCC RM RFC EPMSLB. (?) )D UC
GELMPC ?GP PCQGQR?LAC GL RFGQ A?QC (MLJW DMP RFC Q?IC MD RFGQ NPM@JCK),
BCRCPKGLC ? QOSGPPCJtQ TCJMAGRW HSQR @CDMPC FGRRGLE RFC EPMSLB, ?QQSKGLE GR
DCJJ DPMK ? FCGEFR MD 3.0 K. (@) )D RFC QOSGPPCJ QRMNQ GL ? BGQR?LAC MD 2.0 AK
RFPMSEF @CLBGLE GRQ JGK@Q, AMKN?PC GRQ BCACJCP?RGML UGRF RF?R MD RFC
?GPK?L GL RFC NPCTGMSQ NPM@JCK.
67. !L CVNPCQQ RP?GL N?QQCQ RFPMSEF ? QR?RGML. )R CLRCPQ UGRF ?L GLGRG?J
TCJMAGRW MD 22.0 K/Q ?LB BCACJCP?RCQ ?R ? P?RC MD 0.150 m/s
2
?Q GR EMCQ
RFPMSEF. 4FC QR?RGML GQ 210 K JMLE. (?) (MU JMLE GQ RFC LMQC MD RFC RP?GL GL
RFC QR?RGML? (@) (MU D?QR GQ GR EMGLE UFCL RFC LMQC JC?TCQ RFC QR?RGML? (A)
)D RFC RP?GL GQ 130 K JMLE, UFCL BMCQ RFC CLB MD RFC RP?GL JC?TC RFC
QR?RGML? (B) 7F?R GQ RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC CLB MD RFC RP?GL ?Q GR JC?TCQ?
68. $P?EQRCPQ A?L ?ARS?JJW PC?AF ? RMN QNCCB MD 145 K/Q GL MLJW 4.45
QrAMLQGBCP?@JW JCQQ RGKC RF?L EGTCL GL EN7CFB; 2.10 ?LB EN7CFB;
2.11. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC ?TCP?EC ?AACJCP?RGML DMP QSAF ? BP?EQRCP. (@) &GLB
RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW MD RFGQ BP?EQRCP QR?PRGLE DPMK PCQR ?LB ?AACJCP?RGLE ?R RFC
P?RC DMSLB GL (?) DMP 402 K (? OS?PRCP KGJC) UGRFMSR SQGLE ?LW GLDMPK?RGML
ML RGKC. (A) 7FW GQ RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW EPC?RCP RF?L RF?R SQCB RM DGLB RFC
?TCP?EC ?AACJCP?RGML? H<AG: #MLQGBCP UFCRFCP RFC ?QQSKNRGML MD AMLQR?LR
?AACJCP?RGML GQ T?JGB DMP ? BP?EQRCP. )D LMR, BGQASQQ UFCRFCP RFC
?AACJCP?RGML UMSJB @C EPC?RCP ?R RFC @CEGLLGLE MP CLB MD RFC PSL ?LB UF?R
CDDCAR RF?R UMSJB F?TC ML RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW.
69. ! @GAWAJC P?ACP QNPGLRQ ?R RFC CLB MD ? P?AC RM AJGLAF ? TGARMPW. 4FC
P?ACP F?Q ?L GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW MD 11.5 K/Q ?LB ?AACJCP?RCQ ?R RFC P?RC MD
0.500 m/s
2
DMP 7.00 Q. (?) 7F?R GQ FGQ DGL?J TCJMAGRW? (@) 4FC P?ACP
AMLRGLSCQ ?R RFGQ TCJMAGRW RM RFC DGLGQF JGLC. )D FC U?Q 300 K DPMK RFC DGLGQF
JGLC UFCL FC QR?PRCB RM ?AACJCP?RC, FMU KSAF RGKC BGB FC Q?TC? (A) /LC
MRFCP P?ACP U?Q 5.00 K ?FC?B UFCL RFC UGLLCP QR?PRCB RM ?AACJCP?RC, @SR
FC U?Q SL?@JC RM ?AACJCP?RC, ?LB RP?TCJCB ?R 11.8 K/Q SLRGJ RFC DGLGQF JGLC.
(MU D?P ?FC?B MD FGK (GL KCRCPQ ?LB GL QCAMLBQ) BGB RFC UGLLCP DGLGQF?
70. )L 1967, .CU :C?J?LBCP "SPR -SLPM QCR RFC UMPJB PCAMPB DMP ?L )LBG?L
KMRMPAWAJC, ML RFC "MLLCTGJJC 3?JR &J?RQ GL 5R?F, MD 183.58 KG/F. 4FC MLC-
U?W AMSPQC U?Q 5.00 KG JMLE. !AACJCP?RGML P?RCQ ?PC MDRCL BCQAPG@CB @W
RFC RGKC GR R?ICQ RM PC?AF 60.0 KG/F DPMK PCQR. )D RFGQ RGKC U?Q 4.00 Q, ?LB
"SPR ?AACJCP?RCB ?R RFGQ P?RC SLRGJ FC PC?AFCB FGQ K?VGKSK QNCCB, FMU
JMLE BGB GR R?IC "SPR RM AMKNJCRC RFC AMSPQC?
71. (?) ! UMPJB PCAMPB U?Q QCR DMP RFC KCLtQ 100-K B?QF GL RFC 2008
/JWKNGA '?KCQ GL "CGHGLE @W 5Q?GL "MJR MD *?K?GA?. "MJR uAM?QRCBv
?APMQQ RFC DGLGQF JGLC UGRF ? RGKC MD 9.69 Q. )D UC ?QQSKC RF?R "MJR
?AACJCP?RCB DMP 3.00 Q RM PC?AF FGQ K?VGKSK QNCCB, ?LB K?GLR?GLCB RF?R
QNCCB DMP RFC PCQR MD RFC P?AC, A?JASJ?RC FGQ K?VGKSK QNCCB ?LB FGQ
?AACJCP?RGML. (@) $SPGLE RFC Q?KC /JWKNGAQ, "MJR ?JQM QCR RFC UMPJB
PCAMPB GL RFC 200-K B?QF UGRF ? RGKC MD 19.30 Q. 5QGLE RFC Q?KC
?QQSKNRGMLQ ?Q DMP RFC 100-K B?QF, UF?R U?Q FGQ K?VGKSK QNCCB DMP
RFGQ P?AC?
2.7 F7BB?D= (8@;9JI
!QQSKC ?GP PCQGQR?LAC GQ LCEJGEG@JC SLJCQQ MRFCPUGQC QR?RCB.
72. #?JASJ?RC RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR ?LB TCJMAGRW ?R RGKCQ MD (?) 0.500, (@)
1.00, (A) 1.50, ?LB (B) 2.00 Q DMP ? @?JJ RFPMUL QRP?GEFR SN UGRF ?L GLGRG?J
TCJMAGRW MD 15.0 K/Q. 4?IC RFC NMGLR MD PCJC?QC RM @C y
0
= 0 .
73. #?JASJ?RC RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR ?LB TCJMAGRW ?R RGKCQ MD (?) 0.500, (@)
1.00, (A) 1.50, (B) 2.00, ?LB (C) 2.50 Q DMP ? PMAI RFPMUL QRP?GEFR BMUL
UGRF ?L GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW MD 14.0 K/Q DPMK RFC 6CPP?X?LM .?PPMUQ "PGBEC GL
.CU 9MPI #GRW. 4FC PM?BU?W MD RFGQ @PGBEC GQ 70.0 K ?@MTC RFC U?RCP.
74. ! @?QICR@?JJ PCDCPCC RMQQCQ RFC @?JJ QRP?GEFR SN DMP RFC QR?PRGLE RGN-MDD.
!R UF?R TCJMAGRW KSQR ? @?QICR@?JJ NJ?WCP JC?TC RFC EPMSLB RM PGQC 1.25 K
?@MTC RFC DJMMP GL ?L ?RRCKNR RM ECR RFC @?JJ?
75. ! PCQASC FCJGAMNRCP GQ FMTCPGLE MTCP ? NCPQML UFMQC @M?R F?Q QSLI.
/LC MD RFC PCQASCPQ RFPMUQ ? JGDC NPCQCPTCP QRP?GEFR BMUL RM RFC TGARGK
UGRF ?L GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW MD 1.40 K/Q ?LB M@QCPTCQ RF?R GR R?ICQ 1.8 Q RM
82 #(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3
PC?AF RFC U?RCP. (?) ,GQR RFC ILMULQ GL RFGQ NPM@JCK. (@) (MU FGEF ?@MTC
RFC U?RCP U?Q RFC NPCQCPTCP PCJC?QCB? .MRC RF?R RFC BMULBP?DR MD RFC
FCJGAMNRCP PCBSACQ RFC CDDCARQ MD ?GP PCQGQR?LAC ML RFC D?JJGLE JGDC
NPCQCPTCP, QM RF?R ?L ?AACJCP?RGML COS?J RM RF?R MD EP?TGRW GQ PC?QML?@JC.
76. ! BMJNFGL GL ?L ?OS?RGA QFMU HSKNQ QRP?GEFR SN MSR MD RFC U?RCP ?R ?
TCJMAGRW MD 13.0 K/Q. (?) ,GQR RFC ILMULQ GL RFGQ NPM@JCK. (@) (MU FGEF
BMCQ FGQ @MBW PGQC ?@MTC RFC U?RCP? 4M QMJTC RFGQ N?PR, DGPQR LMRC RF?R RFC
DGL?J TCJMAGRW GQ LMU ? ILMUL ?LB GBCLRGDW GRQ T?JSC. 4FCL GBCLRGDW RFC
SLILMUL, ?LB BGQASQQ FMU WMS AFMQC RFC ?NNPMNPG?RC COS?RGML RM QMJTC
DMP GR. !DRCP AFMMQGLE RFC COS?RGML, QFMU WMSP QRCNQ GL QMJTGLE DMP RFC
SLILMUL, AFCAIGLE SLGRQ, ?LB BGQASQQ UFCRFCP RFC ?LQUCP GQ PC?QML?@JC.
(A) (MU JMLE GQ RFC BMJNFGL GL RFC ?GP? .CEJCAR ?LW CDDCARQ BSC RM FGQ QGXC
MP MPGCLR?RGML.
77. ! QUGKKCP @MSLACQ QRP?GEFR SN DPMK ? BGTGLE @M?PB ?LB D?JJQ DCCR DGPQR
GLRM ? NMMJ. 3FC QR?PRQ UGRF ? TCJMAGRW MD 4.00 K/Q, ?LB FCP R?ICMDD NMGLR GQ
1.80 K ?@MTC RFC NMMJ. (?) (MU JMLE ?PC FCP DCCR GL RFC ?GP? (@) 7F?R GQ
FCP FGEFCQR NMGLR ?@MTC RFC @M?PB? (A) 7F?R GQ FCP TCJMAGRW UFCL FCP DCCR
FGR RFC U?RCP?
78. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC FCGEFR MD ? AJGDD GD GR R?ICQ 2.35 Q DMP ? PMAI RM FGR RFC
EPMSLB UFCL GR GQ RFPMUL QRP?GEFR SN DPMK RFC AJGDD UGRF ?L GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW MD
8.00 K/Q. (@) (MU JMLE UMSJB GR R?IC RM PC?AF RFC EPMSLB GD GR GQ RFPMUL
QRP?GEFR BMUL UGRF RFC Q?KC QNCCB?
79. ! TCPW QRPMLE, @SR GLCNR, QFMR NSRRCP NSRQ RFC QFMR QRP?GEFR SN TCPRGA?JJW
UGRF ?L GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW MD 11.0 K/Q. (MU JMLE BMCQ FC F?TC RM ECR MSR MD
RFC U?W GD RFC QFMR U?Q PCJC?QCB ?R ? FCGEFR MD 2.20 K, ?LB FC GQ 1.80 K
R?JJ?
80. 9MS RFPMU ? @?JJ QRP?GEFR SN UGRF ?L GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW MD 15.0 K/Q. )R
N?QQCQ ? RPCC @P?LAF ML RFC U?W SN ?R ? FCGEFR MD 7.00 K. (MU KSAF
?BBGRGML?J RGKC UGJJ N?QQ @CDMPC RFC @?JJ N?QQCQ RFC RPCC @P?LAF ML RFC
U?W @?AI BMUL?
81. ! I?LE?PMM A?L HSKN MTCP ?L M@HCAR 2.50 K FGEF. (?) #?JASJ?RC GRQ
TCPRGA?J QNCCB UFCL GR JC?TCQ RFC EPMSLB. (@) (MU JMLE GQ GR GL RFC ?GP?
82. 3R?LBGLE ?R RFC @?QC MD MLC MD RFC AJGDDQ MD -R. !P?NGJCQ GL 6GARMPG?,
!SQRP?JG?, ? FGICP FC?PQ ? PMAI @PC?I JMMQC DPMK ? FCGEFR MD 105 K. (C
A?LtR QCC RFC PMAI PGEFR ?U?W @SR RFCL BMCQ, 1.50 Q J?RCP. (?) (MU D?P
?@MTC RFC FGICP GQ RFC PMAI UFCL FC A?L QCC GR? (@) (MU KSAF RGKC BMCQ
FC F?TC RM KMTC @CDMPC RFC PMAI FGRQ FGQ FC?B?
83. !L M@HCAR GQ BPMNNCB DPMK ? FCGEFR MD 75.0 K ?@MTC EPMSLB JCTCJ. (?)
$CRCPKGLC RFC BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB BSPGLE RFC DGPQR QCAMLB. (@) $CRCPKGLC
RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW ?R UFGAF RFC M@HCAR FGRQ RFC EPMSLB. (A) $CRCPKGLC RFC
BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB BSPGLE RFC J?QR QCAMLB MD KMRGML @CDMPC FGRRGLE RFC
EPMSLB.
84. 4FCPC GQ ? 250-K-FGEF AJGDD ?R (?JD $MKC GL 9MQCKGRC .?RGML?J 0?PI GL
#?JGDMPLG?. 3SNNMQC ? @MSJBCP @PC?IQ JMMQC DPMK RFC RMN MD RFGQ AJGDD. (?)
(MU D?QR UGJJ GR @C EMGLE UFCL GR QRPGICQ RFC EPMSLB? (@) !QQSKGLE ?
PC?ARGML RGKC MD 0.300 Q, FMU JMLE UGJJ ? RMSPGQR ?R RFC @MRRMK F?TC RM ECR
MSR MD RFC U?W ?DRCP FC?PGLE RFC QMSLB MD RFC PMAI @PC?IGLE JMMQC
(LCEJCARGLE RFC FCGEFR MD RFC RMSPGQR, UFGAF UMSJB @CAMKC LCEJGEG@JC
?LWU?W GD FGR)? 4FC QNCCB MD QMSLB GQ 335 K/Q ML RFGQ B?W.
85. ! @?JJ GQ RFPMUL QRP?GEFR SN. )R N?QQCQ ? 2.00-K-FGEF UGLBMU 7.50 K
MDD RFC EPMSLB ML GRQ N?RF SN ?LB R?ICQ 1.30 Q RM EM N?QR RFC UGLBMU.
7F?R U?Q RFC @?JJtQ GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW?
86. 3SNNMQC WMS BPMN ? PMAI GLRM ? B?PI UCJJ ?LB, SQGLE NPCAGQGML
COSGNKCLR, WMS KC?QSPC RFC RGKC DMP RFC QMSLB MD ? QNJ?QF RM PCRSPL. (?)
.CEJCARGLE RFC RGKC PCOSGPCB DMP QMSLB RM RP?TCJ SN RFC UCJJ, A?JASJ?RC RFC
BGQR?LAC RM RFC U?RCP GD RFC QMSLB PCRSPLQ GL 2.0000 Q. (@) .MU A?JASJ?RC
RFC BGQR?LAC R?IGLE GLRM ?AAMSLR RFC RGKC DMP QMSLB RM RP?TCJ SN RFC UCJJ.
4FC QNCCB MD QMSLB GQ 332.00 K/Q GL RFGQ UCJJ.
87. ! QRCCJ @?JJ GQ BPMNNCB MLRM ? F?PB DJMMP DPMK ? FCGEFR MD 1.50 K ?LB
PC@MSLBQ RM ? FCGEFR MD 1.45 K. (?) #?JASJ?RC GRQ TCJMAGRW HSQR @CDMPC GR
QRPGICQ RFC DJMMP. (@) #?JASJ?RC GRQ TCJMAGRW HSQR ?DRCP GR JC?TCQ RFC DJMMP ML GRQ
U?W @?AI SN. (A) #?JASJ?RC GRQ ?AACJCP?RGML BSPGLE AMLR?AR UGRF RFC DJMMP GD
RF?R AMLR?AR J?QRQ 0.0800 KQ (8.0010
5
s) . (B) (MU KSAF BGB RFC @?JJ
AMKNPCQQ BSPGLE GRQ AMJJGQGML UGRF RFC DJMMP, ?QQSKGLE RFC DJMMP GQ
?@QMJSRCJW PGEGB?
88. ! AMGL GQ BPMNNCB DPMK ? FMR-?GP @?JJMML RF?R GQ 300 K ?@MTC RFC
EPMSLB ?LB PGQGLE ?R 10.0 K/Q SNU?PB. &MP RFC AMGL, DGLB (?) RFC K?VGKSK
FCGEFR PC?AFCB, (@) GRQ NMQGRGML ?LB TCJMAGRW 4.00 Q ?DRCP @CGLE PCJC?QCB,
?LB (A) RFC RGKC @CDMPC GR FGRQ RFC EPMSLB.
89. ! QMDR RCLLGQ @?JJ GQ BPMNNCB MLRM ? F?PB DJMMP DPMK ? FCGEFR MD 1.50 K
?LB PC@MSLBQ RM ? FCGEFR MD 1.10 K. (?) #?JASJ?RC GRQ TCJMAGRW HSQR @CDMPC GR
QRPGICQ RFC DJMMP. (@) #?JASJ?RC GRQ TCJMAGRW HSQR ?DRCP GR JC?TCQ RFC DJMMP ML GRQ
U?W @?AI SN. (A) #?JASJ?RC GRQ ?AACJCP?RGML BSPGLE AMLR?AR UGRF RFC DJMMP GD
RF?R AMLR?AR J?QRQ 3.50 KQ (3.5010
3
s) . (B) (MU KSAF BGB RFC @?JJ
AMKNPCQQ BSPGLE GRQ AMJJGQGML UGRF RFC DJMMP, ?QQSKGLE RFC DJMMP GQ
?@QMJSRCJW PGEGB?
.MRC: 4FCPC GQ ?JU?WQ SLACPR?GLRW GL LSK@CPQ R?ICL DPMK EP?NFQ. )D WMSP
?LQUCPQ BGDDCP DPMK CVNCARCB T?JSCQ, CV?KGLC RFCK RM QCC GD RFCW ?PC
UGRFGL B?R? CVRP?ARGML SLACPR?GLRGCQ CQRGK?RCB @W WMS.
90. (?) "W R?IGLE RFC QJMNC MD RFC ASPTC GL F?=KH; 2.60, TCPGDW RF?R RFC
TCJMAGRW MD RFC HCR A?P GQ 115 K/Q ?R t = 20 s . (@) "W R?IGLE RFC QJMNC MD
RFC ASPTC ?R ?LW NMGLR GL F?=KH; 2.61, TCPGDW RF?R RFC HCR A?PtQ ?AACJCP?RGML
GQ 5.0 m/s
2
.
F?=KH; 2.60
F?=KH; 2.61
91. 5QGLE ?NNPMVGK?RC T?JSCQ, A?JASJ?RC RFC QJMNC MD RFC ASPTC GL F?=KH;
2.62 RM TCPGDW RF?R RFC TCJMAGRW ?R t = 10.0 s GQ 0.208 K/Q. !QQSKC ?JJ
T?JSCQ ?PC ILMUL RM 3 QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ.
F?=KH; 2.62
92. 5QGLE ?NNPMVGK?RC T?JSCQ, A?JASJ?RC RFC QJMNC MD RFC ASPTC GL F?=KH;
2.62 RM TCPGDW RF?R RFC TCJMAGRW ?R t = 30.0 s GQ 0.238 K/Q. !QQSKC ?JJ
T?JSCQ ?PC ILMUL RM 3 QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ.
93. "W R?IGLE RFC QJMNC MD RFC ASPTC GL F?=KH; 2.63, TCPGDW RF?R RFC
?AACJCP?RGML GQ 3.2 m/s
2
?R t = 10 s .
#(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3 83
F?=KH; 2.63
94. #MLQRPSAR RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR EP?NF DMP RFC QS@U?W QFSRRJC RP?GL ?Q
QFMUL GL F?=KH; 2.18(?). 9MSP EP?NF QFMSJB QFMU RFC NMQGRGML MD RFC
RP?GL, GL IGJMKCRCPQ, DPMK R = 0 RM 20 Q. 9MS UGJJ LCCB RM SQC RFC GLDMPK?RGML
ML ?AACJCP?RGML ?LB TCJMAGRW EGTCL GL RFC CV?KNJCQ DMP RFGQ DGESPC.
95. (?) 4?IC RFC QJMNC MD RFC ASPTC GL F?=KH; 2.64 RM DGLB RFC HMEECPtQ
TCJMAGRW ?R t = 2.5 s . (@) 2CNC?R ?R 7.5 Q. 4FCQC T?JSCQ KSQR @C
AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC EP?NF GL F?=KH; 2.65.
F?=KH; 2.64
F?=KH; 2.65
F?=KH; 2.66
96. ! EP?NF MD v(t) GQ QFMUL DMP ? UMPJB-AJ?QQ RP?AI QNPGLRCP GL ? 100-K
P?AC. (3CC F?=KH; 2.67). (?) 7F?R GQ FGQ ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW DMP RFC DGPQR 4 Q?
(@) 7F?R GQ FGQ GLQR?LR?LCMSQ TCJMAGRW ?R t = 5 s ? (A) 7F?R GQ FGQ
?TCP?EC ?AACJCP?RGML @CRUCCL 0 ?LB 4 Q? (B) 7F?R GQ FGQ RGKC DMP RFC
P?AC?
F?=KH; 2.67
97. F?=KH; 2.68 QFMUQ RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR EP?NF DMP ? N?PRGAJC DMP 5 Q. $P?U
RFC AMPPCQNMLBGLE TCJMAGRW ?LB ?AACJCP?RGML EP?NFQ.
F?=KH; 2.68
84 #(!04%2 2 Y +).%-!4)#3
3 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3
F?=KH; 3.1 %TCPWB?W KMRGML RF?R UC CVNCPGCLAC GQ, RF?LIDSJJW, P?PCJW ?Q RMPRSMSQ ?Q ? PMJJCPAM?QRCP PGBC JGIC RFGQrRFC $P?EML +F?L GL 3N?GLtQ 5LGTCPQ?J 0MPR !TCLRSP?
!KSQCKCLR 0?PI. (MUCTCP, KMQR KMRGML GQ GL ASPTCB, P?RFCP RF?L QRP?GEFR-JGLC, N?RFQ. -MRGML ?JMLE ? ASPTCB N?RF GQ RUM- MP RFPCC-BGKCLQGML?J KMRGML, ?LB A?L @C BCQAPG@CB GL
? QGKGJ?P D?QFGML RM MLC-BGKCLQGML?J KMRGML. (APCBGR: "MPGQ23/7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
,C?PLGLE /@HCARGTCQ
3.1. $?D;C7J?9I ?D -ME D?C;DI?EDI: AD "DJHE:K9J?ED
3.2. /;9JEH A::?J?ED 7D: ,K8JH79J?ED: H7F>?97B &;J>E:I
3.3. /;9JEH A::?J?ED 7D: ,K8JH79J?ED: AD7BOJ?97B &;J>E:I
3.4. )HE@;9J?B; &EJ?ED
3.5. A::?J?ED E< /;BE9?J?;I
"DJHE:K9J?ED JE -ME-D?C;DI?ED7B $?D;C7J?9I
4FC ?PA MD ? @?QICR@?JJ, RFC MP@GR MD ? Q?RCJJGRC, ? @GAWAJC PMSLBGLE ? ASPTC, ? QUGKKCP BGTGLE GLRM ? NMMJ, @JMMB ESQFGLE MSR MD ? UMSLB, ?LB ? NSNNW
AF?QGLE GRQ R?GJ ?PC @SR ? DCU CV?KNJCQ MD KMRGMLQ ?JMLE ASPTCB N?RFQ. )L D?AR, KMQR KMRGMLQ GL L?RSPC DMJJMU ASPTCB N?RFQ P?RFCP RF?L QRP?GEFR JGLCQ.
-MRGML ?JMLE ? ASPTCB N?RF ML ? DJ?R QSPD?AC MP ? NJ?LC (QSAF ?Q RF?R MD ? @?JJ ML ? NMMJ R?@JC MP ? QI?RCP ML ?L GAC PGLI) GQ RUM-BGKCLQGML?J, ?LB RFSQ
BCQAPG@CB @W RUM-BGKCLQGML?J IGLCK?RGAQ. -MRGML LMR AMLDGLCB RM ? NJ?LC, QSAF ?Q ? A?P DMJJMUGLE ? UGLBGLE KMSLR?GL PM?B, GQ BCQAPG@CB @W RFPCC-
BGKCLQGML?J IGLCK?RGAQ. "MRF RUM- ?LB RFPCC-BGKCLQGML?J IGLCK?RGAQ ?PC QGKNJC CVRCLQGMLQ MD RFC MLC-BGKCLQGML?J IGLCK?RGAQ BCTCJMNCB DMP QRP?GEFR-
JGLC KMRGML GL RFC NPCTGMSQ AF?NRCP. 4FGQ QGKNJC CVRCLQGML UGJJ ?JJMU SQ RM ?NNJW NFWQGAQ RM K?LW KMPC QGRS?RGMLQ, ?LB GR UGJJ ?JQM WGCJB SLCVNCARCB
GLQGEFRQ ?@MSR L?RSPC.
#(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3 85
3.1 $?D;C7J?9I ?D -ME D?C;DI?EDI: AD "DJHE:K9J?ED
F?=KH; 3.2 7?JICPQ ?LB BPGTCPQ GL ? AGRW JGIC .CU 9MPI ?PC P?PCJW ?@JC RM RP?TCJ GL QRP?GEFR JGLCQ RM PC?AF RFCGP BCQRGL?RGMLQ. )LQRC?B, RFCW KSQR DMJJMU PM?BQ ?LB QGBCU?JIQ,
K?IGLE RUM-BGKCLQGML?J, XGEX?EECB N?RFQ. (APCBGR: -?PE?PCR 7. #?PPSRFCPQ)
4UM-$GKCLQGML?J -MRGML: 7?JIGLE GL ? #GRW
3SNNMQC WMS U?LR RM U?JI DPMK MLC NMGLR RM ?LMRFCP GL ? AGRW UGRF SLGDMPK QOS?PC @JMAIQ, ?Q NGARSPCB GL F?=KH; 3.3.
F?=KH; 3.3 ! NCBCQRPG?L U?JIQ ? RUM-BGKCLQGML?J N?RF @CRUCCL RUM NMGLRQ GL ? AGRW. )L RFGQ QACLC, ?JJ @JMAIQ ?PC QOS?PC ?LB ?PC RFC Q?KC QGXC.
4FC QRP?GEFR-JGLC N?RF RF?R ? FCJGAMNRCP KGEFR DJW GQ @JMAICB RM WMS ?Q ? NCBCQRPG?L, ?LB QM WMS ?PC DMPACB RM R?IC ? RUM-BGKCLQGML?J N?RF, QSAF ?Q RFC
MLC QFMUL. 9MS U?JI 14 @JMAIQ GL ?JJ, 9 C?QR DMJJMUCB @W 5 LMPRF. 7F?R GQ RFC QRP?GEFR-JGLC BGQR?LAC?
!L MJB ?B?EC QR?RCQ RF?R RFC QFMPRCQR BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RUM NMGLRQ GQ ? QRP?GEFR JGLC. 4FC RUM JCEQ MD RFC RPGN ?LB RFC QRP?GEFR-JGLC N?RF DMPK ? PGEFR
RPG?LEJC, ?LB QM RFC 0WRF?EMPC?L RFCMPCK, a
2
+ b
2
= c
2
, A?L @C SQCB RM DGLB RFC QRP?GEFR-JGLC BGQR?LAC.
F?=KH; 3.4 4FC 0WRF?EMPC?L RFCMPCK PCJ?RCQ RFC JCLERF MD RFC JCEQ MD ? PGEFR RPG?LEJC, J?@CJCB a ?LB b , UGRF RFC FWNMRCLSQC, J?@CJCB c . 4FC PCJ?RGMLQFGN GQ EGTCL @W:
a
2
+ b
2
= c
2
. 4FGQ A?L @C PCUPGRRCL, QMJTGLE DMP c : c = a
2
+ b
2
.
4FC FWNMRCLSQC MD RFC RPG?LEJC GQ RFC QRP?GEFR-JGLC N?RF, ?LB QM GL RFGQ A?QC GRQ JCLERF GL SLGRQ MD AGRW @JMAIQ GQ
(9 blocks)
2
+ (5 blocks)
2
= 10.3 blocks , AMLQGBCP?@JW QFMPRCP RF?L RFC 14 @JMAIQ WMS U?JICB. (.MRC RF?R UC ?PC SQGLE RFPCC QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ GL
RFC ?LQUCP. !JRFMSEF GR ?NNC?PQ RF?R u9v ?LB u5v F?TC MLJW MLC QGELGDGA?LR BGEGR, RFCW ?PC BGQAPCRC LSK@CPQ. )L RFGQ A?QC u9 @JMAIQv GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q u9.0
MP 9.00 @JMAIQ.v 7C F?TC BCAGBCB RM SQC RFPCC QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ GL RFC ?LQUCP GL MPBCP RM QFMU RFC PCQSJR KMPC NPCAGQCJW.)
86 #(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3
F?=KH; 3.5 4FC QRP?GEFR-JGLC N?RF DMJJMUCB @W ? FCJGAMNRCP @CRUCCL RFC RUM NMGLRQ GQ QFMPRCP RF?L RFC 14 @JMAIQ U?JICB @W RFC NCBCQRPG?L. !JJ @JMAIQ ?PC QOS?PC ?LB RFC Q?KC
QGXC.
4FC D?AR RF?R RFC QRP?GEFR-JGLC BGQR?LAC (10.3 @JMAIQ) GL F?=KH; 3.5 GQ JCQQ RF?L RFC RMR?J BGQR?LAC U?JICB (14 @JMAIQ) GQ MLC CV?KNJC MD ? ECLCP?J
AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MD TCARMPQ. (2CA?JJ RF?R L;9JEHI ?PC OS?LRGRGCQ RF?R F?TC @MRF K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML.)
!Q DMP MLC-BGKCLQGML?J IGLCK?RGAQ, UC SQC ?PPMUQ RM PCNPCQCLR TCARMPQ. 4FC JCLERF MD RFC ?PPMU GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC TCARMPtQ K?ELGRSBC. 4FC ?PPMUtQ
JCLERF GQ GLBGA?RCB @W F?QF K?PIQ GL F?=KH; 3.3 ?LB F?=KH; 3.5. 4FC ?PPMU NMGLRQ GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q RFC TCARMP. &MP RUM-BGKCLQGML?J KMRGML, RFC
N?RF MD ?L M@HCAR A?L @C PCNPCQCLRCB UGRF RFPCC TCARMPQ: MLC TCARMP QFMUQ RFC QRP?GEFR-JGLC N?RF @CRUCCL RFC GLGRG?J ?LB DGL?J NMGLRQ MD RFC KMRGML, MLC
TCARMP QFMUQ RFC FMPGXMLR?J AMKNMLCLR MD RFC KMRGML, ?LB MLC TCARMP QFMUQ RFC TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLR MD RFC KMRGML. 4FC FMPGXMLR?J ?LB TCPRGA?J
AMKNMLCLRQ MD RFC KMRGML ?BB RMECRFCP RM EGTC RFC QRP?GEFR-JGLC N?RF. &MP CV?KNJC, M@QCPTC RFC RFPCC TCARMPQ GL F?=KH; 3.5. 4FC DGPQR PCNPCQCLRQ ?
9-@JMAI BGQNJ?ACKCLR C?QR. 4FC QCAMLB PCNPCQCLRQ ? 5-@JMAI BGQNJ?ACKCLR LMPRF. 4FCQC TCARMPQ ?PC ?BBCB RM EGTC RFC RFGPB TCARMP, UGRF ? 10.3-@JMAI
RMR?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR. 4FC RFGPB TCARMP GQ RFC QRP?GEFR-JGLC N?RF @CRUCCL RFC RUM NMGLRQ. .MRC RF?R GL RFGQ CV?KNJC, RFC TCARMPQ RF?R UC ?PC ?BBGLE ?PC
NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM C?AF MRFCP ?LB RFSQ DMPK ? PGEFR RPG?LEJC. 4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R UC A?L SQC RFC 0WRF?EMPC?L RFCMPCK RM A?JASJ?RC RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC
RMR?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR. (.MRC RF?R UC A?LLMR SQC RFC 0WRF?EMPC?L RFCMPCK RM ?BB TCARMPQ RF?R ?PC LMR NCPNCLBGASJ?P. 7C UGJJ BCTCJMN RCAFLGOSCQ DMP
?BBGLE TCARMPQ F?TGLE ?LW BGPCARGML, LMR HSQR RFMQC NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM MLC ?LMRFCP, GL /;9JEH A::?J?ED 7D: ,K8JH79J?ED: H7F>?97B &;J>E:I ?LB
/;9JEH A::?J?ED 7D: ,K8JH79J?ED: AD7BOJ?97B &;J>E:I.)
4FC )LBCNCLBCLAC MD 0CPNCLBGASJ?P -MRGMLQ
4FC NCPQML R?IGLE RFC N?RF QFMUL GL F?=KH; 3.5 U?JIQ C?QR ?LB RFCL LMPRF (RUM NCPNCLBGASJ?P BGPCARGMLQ). (MU D?P FC MP QFC U?JIQ C?QR GQ MLJW
?DDCARCB @W FGQ MP FCP KMRGML C?QRU?PB. 3GKGJ?PJW, FMU D?P FC MP QFC U?JIQ LMPRF GQ MLJW ?DDCARCB @W FGQ MP FCP KMRGML LMPRFU?PB.
)LBCNCLBCLAC MD -MRGML
4FC FMPGXMLR?J ?LB TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLRQ MD RUM-BGKCLQGML?J KMRGML ?PC GLBCNCLBCLR MD C?AF MRFCP. !LW KMRGML GL RFC FMPGXMLR?J BGPCARGML BMCQ LMR
?DDCAR KMRGML GL RFC TCPRGA?J BGPCARGML, ?LB TGAC TCPQ?.
4FGQ GQ RPSC GL ? QGKNJC QACL?PGM JGIC RF?R MD U?JIGLE GL MLC BGPCARGML DGPQR, DMJJMUCB @W ?LMRFCP. )R GQ ?JQM RPSC MD KMPC AMKNJGA?RCB KMRGML GLTMJTGLE
KMTCKCLR GL RUM BGPCARGMLQ ?R MLAC. &MP CV?KNJC, JCRtQ AMKN?PC RFC KMRGMLQ MD RUM @?QC@?JJQ. /LC @?QC@?JJ GQ BPMNNCB DPMK PCQR. !R RFC Q?KC
GLQR?LR, ?LMRFCP GQ RFPMUL FMPGXMLR?JJW DPMK RFC Q?KC FCGEFR ?LB DMJJMUQ ? ASPTCB N?RF. ! QRPM@MQAMNC F?Q A?NRSPCB RFC NMQGRGMLQ MD RFC @?JJQ ?R DGVCB
RGKC GLRCPT?JQ ?Q RFCW D?JJ.
F?=KH; 3.6 4FGQ QFMUQ RFC KMRGMLQ MD RUM GBCLRGA?J @?JJQrMLC D?JJQ DPMK PCQR, RFC MRFCP F?Q ?L GLGRG?J FMPGXMLR?J TCJMAGRW. %?AF QS@QCOSCLR NMQGRGML GQ ?L COS?J RGKC GLRCPT?J.
!PPMUQ PCNPCQCLR FMPGXMLR?J ?LB TCPRGA?J TCJMAGRGCQ ?R C?AF NMQGRGML. 4FC @?JJ ML RFC PGEFR F?Q ?L GLGRG?J FMPGXMLR?J TCJMAGRW, UFGJC RFC @?JJ ML RFC JCDR F?Q LM FMPGXMLR?J TCJMAGRW.
$CQNGRC RFC BGDDCPCLAC GL FMPGXMLR?J TCJMAGRGCQ, RFC TCPRGA?J TCJMAGRGCQ ?LB NMQGRGMLQ ?PC GBCLRGA?J DMP @MRF @?JJQ. 4FGQ QFMUQ RF?R RFC TCPRGA?J ?LB FMPGXMLR?J KMRGMLQ ?PC
GLBCNCLBCLR.
)R GQ PCK?PI?@JC RF?R DMP C?AF DJ?QF MD RFC QRPM@C, RFC TCPRGA?J NMQGRGMLQ MD RFC RUM @?JJQ ?PC RFC Q?KC. 4FGQ QGKGJ?PGRW GKNJGCQ RF?R RFC TCPRGA?J KMRGML GQ
GLBCNCLBCLR MD UFCRFCP MP LMR RFC @?JJ GQ KMTGLE FMPGXMLR?JJW. (!QQSKGLE LM ?GP PCQGQR?LAC, RFC TCPRGA?J KMRGML MD ? D?JJGLE M@HCAR GQ GLDJSCLACB @W
EP?TGRW MLJW, ?LB LMR @W ?LW FMPGXMLR?J DMPACQ.) #?PCDSJ CV?KGL?RGML MD RFC @?JJ RFPMUL FMPGXMLR?JJW QFMUQ RF?R GR RP?TCJQ RFC Q?KC FMPGXMLR?J BGQR?LAC
@CRUCCL DJ?QFCQ. 4FGQ GQ BSC RM RFC D?AR RF?R RFCPC ?PC LM ?BBGRGML?J DMPACQ ML RFC @?JJ GL RFC FMPGXMLR?J BGPCARGML ?DRCP GR GQ RFPMUL. 4FGQ PCQSJR KC?LQ
RF?R RFC FMPGXMLR?J TCJMAGRW GQ AMLQR?LR, ?LB ?DDCARCB LCGRFCP @W TCPRGA?J KMRGML LMP @W EP?TGRW (UFGAF GQ TCPRGA?J). .MRC RF?R RFGQ A?QC GQ RPSC MLJW DMP GBC?J
AMLBGRGMLQ. )L RFC PC?J UMPJB, ?GP PCQGQR?LAC UGJJ ?DDCAR RFC QNCCB MD RFC @?JJQ GL @MRF BGPCARGMLQ.
#(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3 87
4FC RUM-BGKCLQGML?J ASPTCB N?RF MD RFC FMPGXMLR?JJW RFPMUL @?JJ GQ AMKNMQCB MD RUM GLBCNCLBCLR MLC-BGKCLQGML?J KMRGMLQ (FMPGXMLR?J ?LB TCPRGA?J).
4FC ICW RM ?L?JWXGLE QSAF KMRGML, A?JJCB CEB=86G<?8 @BG<BA, GQ RM E8FB?I8 (@PC?I) GR GLRM KMRGMLQ ?JMLE NCPNCLBGASJ?P BGPCARGMLQ. 2CQMJTGLE RUM-
BGKCLQGML?J KMRGML GLRM NCPNCLBGASJ?P AMKNMLCLRQ GQ NMQQG@JC @CA?SQC RFC AMKNMLCLRQ ?PC GLBCNCLBCLR. 7C QF?JJ QCC FMU RM PCQMJTC TCARMPQ GL
/;9JEH A::?J?ED 7D: ,K8JH79J?ED: H7F>?97B &;J>E:I ?LB /;9JEH A::?J?ED 7D: ,K8JH79J?ED: AD7BOJ?97B &;J>E:I. 7C UGJJ DGLB QSAF RCAFLGOSCQ
RM @C SQCDSJ GL K?LW ?PC?Q MD NFWQGAQ.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: ,?BW@SE -MRGML 2$
,C?PL ?@MSR NMQGRGML, TCJMAGRW ?LB ?AACJCP?RGML TCARMPQ. -MTC RFC J?BW@SE @W QCRRGLE RFC NMQGRGML, TCJMAGRW MP ?AACJCP?RGML, ?LB QCC FMU RFC
TCARMPQ AF?LEC. #FMMQC JGLC?P, AGPASJ?P MP CJJGNRGA?J KMRGML, ?LB PCAMPB ?LB NJ?W@?AI RFC KMRGML RM ?L?JWXC RFC @CF?TGMP.
F?=KH; 3.7 %7:O8K= &EJ?ED 2D (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42104/1.4/B7:O8K=-CEJ?ED-2:6;D.@7H)
3.2 /;9JEH A::?J?ED 7D: ,K8JH79J?ED: H7F>?97B &;J>E:I
F?=KH; 3.8 $GQNJ?ACKCLR A?L @C BCRCPKGLCB EP?NFGA?JJW SQGLE ? QA?JC K?N, QSAF ?Q RFGQ MLC MD RFC (?U?GG?L )QJ?LBQ. ! HMSPLCW DPMK (?U?GtG RM -MJMI?tG F?Q ? LSK@CP MD JCEQ,
MP HMSPLCW QCEKCLRQ. 4FCQC QCEKCLRQ A?L @C ?BBCB EP?NFGA?JJW UGRF ? PSJCP RM BCRCPKGLC RFC RMR?J RUM-BGKCLQGML?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR MD RFC HMSPLCW. (APCBGR: 53 'CMJMEGA?J 3SPTCW)
6CARMPQ GL 4UM $GKCLQGMLQ
! L;9JEH GQ ? OS?LRGRW RF?R F?Q K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML. $GQNJ?ACKCLR, TCJMAGRW, ?AACJCP?RGML, ?LB DMPAC, DMP CV?KNJC, ?PC ?JJ TCARMPQ. )L MLC-
BGKCLQGML?J, MP QRP?GEFR-JGLC, KMRGML, RFC BGPCARGML MD ? TCARMP A?L @C EGTCL QGKNJW @W ? NJSQ MP KGLSQ QGEL. )L RUM BGKCLQGMLQ (2-B), FMUCTCP, UC
QNCAGDW RFC BGPCARGML MD ? TCARMP PCJ?RGTC RM QMKC PCDCPCLAC DP?KC (G.C., AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK), SQGLE ?L ?PPMU F?TGLE JCLERF NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC TCARMPtQ
K?ELGRSBC ?LB NMGLRGLE GL RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC TCARMP.
F?=KH; 3.9 QFMUQ QSAF ? :E4C;<64? E8CE8F8AG4G<BA B9 4 I86GBE, SQGLE ?Q ?L CV?KNJC RFC RMR?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR DMP RFC NCPQML U?JIGLE GL ? AGRW AMLQGBCPCB
GL $?D;C7J?9I ?D -ME D?C;DI?EDI: AD "DJHE:K9J?ED. 7C QF?JJ SQC RFC LMR?RGML RF?R ? @MJBD?AC QWK@MJ, QSAF ?Q D, QR?LBQ DMP ? TCARMP. )RQ
K?ELGRSBC GQ PCNPCQCLRCB @W RFC QWK@MJ GL GR?JGAQ, D, ?LB GRQ BGPCARGML @W .
6CARMPQ GL RFGQ 4CVR
)L RFGQ RCVR, UC UGJJ PCNPCQCLR ? TCARMP UGRF ? @MJBD?AC T?PG?@JC. &MP CV?KNJC, UC UGJJ PCNPCQCLR RFC OS?LRGRW DMPAC UGRF RFC TCARMP F , UFGAF F?Q
@MRF K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML. 4FC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC TCARMP UGJJ @C PCNPCQCLRCB @W ? T?PG?@JC GL GR?JGAQ, QSAF ?Q F , ?LB RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC
T?PG?@JC UGJJ @C EGTCL @W ?L ?LEJC .
88 #(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3
F?=KH; 3.9 ! NCPQML U?JIQ 9 @JMAIQ C?QR ?LB 5 @JMAIQ LMPRF. 4FC BGQNJ?ACKCLR GQ 10.3 @JMAIQ ?R ?L ?LEJC 29.1 LMPRF MD C?QR.
F?=KH; 3.10 4M BCQAPG@C RFC PCQSJR?LR TCARMP DMP RFC NCPQML U?JIGLE GL ? AGRW AMLQGBCPCB GL F?=KH; 3.9 EP?NFGA?JJW, BP?U ?L ?PPMU RM PCNPCQCLR RFC RMR?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR TCARMP D.
5QGLE ? NPMRP?ARMP, BP?U ? JGLC ?R ?L ?LEJC PCJ?RGTC RM RFC C?QR-UCQR ?VGQ. 4FC JCLERF D MD RFC ?PPMU GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC TCARMPtQ K?ELGRSBC ?LB GQ KC?QSPCB ?JMLE RFC
JGLC UGRF ? PSJCP. )L RFGQ CV?KNJC, RFC K?ELGRSBC D MD RFC TCARMP GQ 10.3 SLGRQ, ?LB RFC BGPCARGML GQ 29.1 LMPRF MD C?QR.
6CARMP !BBGRGML: (C?B-RM-4?GJ -CRFMB
4FC >;7:-JE-J7?B C;J>E: GQ ? EP?NFGA?J U?W RM ?BB TCARMPQ, BCQAPG@CB GL F?=KH; 3.11 @CJMU ?LB GL RFC QRCNQ DMJJMUGLE. 4FC J7?B MD RFC TCARMP GQ RFC
QR?PRGLE NMGLR MD RFC TCARMP, ?LB RFC >;7: (MP RGN) MD ? TCARMP GQ RFC DGL?J, NMGLRCB CLB MD RFC ?PPMU.
F?=KH; 3.11 !;7:-JE--7?B &;J>E:: 4FC FC?B-RM-R?GJ KCRFMB MD EP?NFGA?JJW ?BBGLE TCARMPQ GQ GJJSQRP?RCB DMP RFC RUM BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ MD RFC NCPQML U?JIGLE GL ? AGRW AMLQGBCPCB GL
F?=KH; 3.9. (?) $P?U ? TCARMP PCNPCQCLRGLE RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR RM RFC C?QR. (@) $P?U ? TCARMP PCNPCQCLRGLE RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR RM RFC LMPRF. 4FC R?GJ MD RFGQ TCARMP QFMSJB MPGEGL?RC
DPMK RFC FC?B MD RFC DGPQR, C?QR-NMGLRGLE TCARMP. (A) $P?U ? JGLC DPMK RFC R?GJ MD RFC C?QR-NMGLRGLE TCARMP RM RFC FC?B MD RFC LMPRF-NMGLRGLE TCARMP RM DMPK RFC QSK MP H;IKBJ7DJ
L;9JEH D. 4FC JCLERF MD RFC ?PPMU D GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC TCARMPtQ K?ELGRSBC ?LB GQ KC?QSPCB RM @C 10.3 SLGRQ . )RQ BGPCARGML, BCQAPG@CB ?Q RFC ?LEJC UGRF PCQNCAR RM RFC C?QR
(MP FMPGXMLR?J ?VGQ) GQ KC?QSPCB UGRF ? NPMRP?ARMP RM @C 29.1 .
S4&0 1. DE4J 4A 4EEBJ GB E8CE8F8AG G;8 9<EFG I86GBE (9 5?B6>F GB G;8 84FG) HF<A: 4 EH?8E 4A7 CEBGE46GBE.
#(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3 89
F?=KH; 3.12
S4&0 2. .MU BP?U ?L ?PPMU RM PCNPCQCLR RFC QCAMLB TCARMP (5 @JMAIQ RM RFC LMPRF). '?468 G;8 G4<? B9 G;8 F86BA7 I86GBE 4G G;8 ;847 B9 G;8 9<EFG I86GBE.
F?=KH; 3.13
S4&0 3. 9 G;8E8 4E8 @BE8 G;4A GJB I86GBEF, 6BAG<AH8 G;<F CEB68FF 9BE 846; I86GBE GB 58 47787. %BG8 G;4G <A BHE 8K4@C?8, J8 ;4I8 BA?L GJB I86GBEF, FB
J8 ;4I8 9<A<F;87 C?46<A: 4EEBJF G<C GB G4<?.
S4&0 4. DE4J 4A 4EEBJ 9EB@ G;8 G4<? B9 G;8 9<EFG I86GBE GB G;8 ;847 B9 G;8 ?4FG I86GBE. 4FGQ GQ RFC H;IKBJ7DJ, MP RFC QSK, MD RFC MRFCP TCARMPQ.
F?=KH; 3.14
S4&0 5. 4M ECR RFC C7=D?JK:; MD RFC PCQSJR?LR, @84FHE8 <GF ?8A:G; J<G; 4 EH?8E. (%BG8 G;4G <A @BFG 64?6H?4G<BAF, J8 J<?? HF8 G;8 'LG;4:BE84A G;8BE8@ GB
78G8E@<A8 G;<F ?8A:G;.)
S4&0 6. 4M ECR RFC :?H;9J?ED MD RFC PCQSJR?LR, @84FHE8 G;8 4A:?8 <G @4>8F J<G; G;8 E898E8A68 9E4@8 HF<A: 4 CEBGE46GBE. (%BG8 G;4G <A @BFG 64?6H?4G<BAF,
J8 J<?? HF8 GE<:BAB@8GE<6 E8?4G<BAF;<CF GB 78G8E@<A8 G;<F 4A:?8.)
4FC EP?NFGA?J ?BBGRGML MD TCARMPQ GQ JGKGRCB GL ?AASP?AW MLJW @W RFC NPCAGQGML UGRF UFGAF RFC BP?UGLEQ A?L @C K?BC ?LB RFC NPCAGQGML MD RFC KC?QSPGLE
RMMJQ. )R GQ T?JGB DMP ?LW LSK@CP MD TCARMPQ.
90 #(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3
EN7CFB; 3.1 A::?D= /;9JEHI H7F>?97BBO .I?D= J>; !;7:-JE--7?B &;J>E:: A 0EC7D -7A;I 7 07BA
5QC RFC EP?NFGA?J RCAFLGOSC DMP ?BBGLE TCARMPQ RM DGLB RFC RMR?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR MD ? NCPQML UFM U?JIQ RFC DMJJMUGLE RFPCC N?RFQ (BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ) ML
? DJ?R DGCJB. &GPQR, QFC U?JIQ 25.0 K GL ? BGPCARGML 49.0 LMPRF MD C?QR. 4FCL, QFC U?JIQ 23.0 K FC?BGLE 15.0 LMPRF MD C?QR. &GL?JJW, QFC RSPLQ
?LB U?JIQ 32.0 K GL ? BGPCARGML 68.0\ QMSRF MD C?QR.
,JH7J;=O
2CNPCQCLR C?AF BGQNJ?ACKCLR TCARMP EP?NFGA?JJW UGRF ?L ?PPMU, J?@CJGLE RFC DGPQR A, RFC QCAMLB B, ?LB RFC RFGPB C, K?IGLE RFC JCLERFQ
NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC BGQR?LAC ?LB RFC BGPCARGMLQ ?Q QNCAGDGCB PCJ?RGTC RM ?L C?QR-UCQR JGLC. 4FC FC?B-RM-R?GJ KCRFMB MSRJGLCB ?@MTC UGJJ EGTC ? U?W RM
BCRCPKGLC RFC K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD RFC PCQSJR?LR BGQNJ?ACKCLR, BCLMRCB R.
,EBKJ?ED
(1) $P?U RFC RFPCC BGQNJ?ACKCLR TCARMPQ.
F?=KH; 3.15
(2) 0J?AC RFC TCARMPQ FC?B RM R?GJ PCR?GLGLE @MRF RFCGP GLGRG?J K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML.
F?=KH; 3.16
(3) $P?U RFC PCQSJR?LR TCARMP, R.
F?=KH; 3.17
(4) 5QC ? PSJCP RM KC?QSPC RFC K?ELGRSBC MD R, ?LB ? NPMRP?ARMP RM KC?QSPC RFC BGPCARGML MD R. 7FGJC RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC TCARMP A?L @C
QNCAGDGCB GL K?LW U?WQ, RFC C?QGCQR U?W GQ RM KC?QSPC RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL RFC TCARMP ?LB RFC LC?PCQR FMPGXMLR?J MP TCPRGA?J ?VGQ. 3GLAC RFC
PCQSJR?LR TCARMP GQ QMSRF MD RFC C?QRU?PB NMGLRGLE ?VGQ, UC DJGN RFC NPMRP?ARMP SNQGBC BMUL ?LB KC?QSPC RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL RFC C?QRU?PB ?VGQ ?LB
RFC TCARMP.
#(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3 91
F?=KH; 3.18
)L RFGQ A?QC, RFC RMR?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR R GQ QCCL RM F?TC ? K?ELGRSBC MD 50.0 K ?LB RM JGC GL ? BGPCARGML 7.0 QMSRF MD C?QR. "W SQGLE GRQ K?ELGRSBC
?LB BGPCARGML, RFGQ TCARMP A?L @C CVNPCQQCB ?Q R = 50.0 m ?LB = 7.0 QMSRF MD C?QR.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC FC?B-RM-R?GJ EP?NFGA?J KCRFMB MD TCARMP ?BBGRGML UMPIQ DMP ?LW LSK@CP MD TCARMPQ. )R GQ ?JQM GKNMPR?LR RM LMRC RF?R RFC PCQSJR?LR GQ GLBCNCLBCLR
MD RFC MPBCP GL UFGAF RFC TCARMPQ ?PC ?BBCB. 4FCPCDMPC, UC AMSJB ?BB RFC TCARMPQ GL ?LW MPBCP ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 3.19 ?LB UC UGJJ QRGJJ ECR RFC
Q?KC QMJSRGML.
F?=KH; 3.19
(CPC, UC QCC RF?R UFCL RFC Q?KC TCARMPQ ?PC ?BBCB GL ? BGDDCPCLR MPBCP, RFC PCQSJR GQ RFC Q?KC. 4FGQ AF?P?ARCPGQRGA GQ RPSC GL CTCPW A?QC ?LB GQ ?L
GKNMPR?LR AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MD TCARMPQ. 6CARMP ?BBGRGML GQ 9ECCKJ7J?L;. 6CARMPQ A?L @C ?BBCB GL ?LW MPBCP.
(3.1)
A + B = B + A.
(4FGQ GQ RPSC DMP RFC ?BBGRGML MD MPBGL?PW LSK@CPQ ?Q UCJJrWMS ECR RFC Q?KC PCQSJR UFCRFCP WMS ?BB 2 + 3 MP 3 + 2 , DMP CV?KNJC).
6CARMP 3S@RP?ARGML
6CARMP QS@RP?ARGML GQ ? QRP?GEFRDMPU?PB CVRCLQGML MD TCARMP ?BBGRGML. 4M BCDGLC QS@RP?ARGML (Q?W UC U?LR RM QS@RP?AR B DPMK A , UPGRRCL A B , UC
KSQR DGPQR BCDGLC UF?R UC KC?L @W QS@RP?ARGML. 4FC A8:4G<I8 MD ? TCARMP B GQ BCDGLCB RM @C B; RF?R GQ, EP?NFGA?JJW G;8 A8:4G<I8 B9 4AL I86GBE ;4F
G;8 F4@8 @4:A<GH78 5HG G;8 BCCBF<G8 7<E86G<BA, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 3.20. )L MRFCP UMPBQ, B F?Q RFC Q?KC JCLERF ?Q B, @SR NMGLRQ GL RFC MNNMQGRC
BGPCARGML. %QQCLRG?JJW, UC HSQR DJGN RFC TCARMP QM GR NMGLRQ GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML.
92 #(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3
F?=KH; 3.20 4FC LCE?RGTC MD ? TCARMP GQ HSQR ?LMRFCP TCARMP MD RFC Q?KC K?ELGRSBC @SR NMGLRGLE GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML. 3M B GQ RFC LCE?RGTC MD B; GR F?Q RFC Q?KC JCLERF
@SR MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML.
4FC FH5GE46G<BA MD TCARMP B DPMK TCARMP A GQ RFCL QGKNJW BCDGLCB RM @C RFC ?BBGRGML MD B RM A. .MRC RF?R TCARMP QS@RP?ARGML GQ RFC ?BBGRGML MD ?
LCE?RGTC TCARMP. 4FC MPBCP MD QS@RP?ARGML BMCQ LMR ?DDCAR RFC PCQSJRQ.
(3.2)
A B = A + (B).
4FGQ GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM RFC QS@RP?ARGML MD QA?J?PQ (UFCPC, DMP CV?KNJC, 5 2 = 5 + (2) ). !E?GL, RFC PCQSJR GQ GLBCNCLBCLR MD RFC MPBCP GL UFGAF RFC
QS@RP?ARGML GQ K?BC. 7FCL TCARMPQ ?PC QS@RP?ARCB EP?NFGA?JJW, RFC RCAFLGOSCQ MSRJGLCB ?@MTC ?PC SQCB, ?Q RFC DMJJMUGLE CV?KNJC GJJSQRP?RCQ.
EN7CFB; 3.2 ,K8JH79J?D= /;9JEHI H7F>?97BBO: A 0EC7D ,7?B?D= 7 BE7J
! UMK?L Q?GJGLE ? @M?R ?R LGEFR GQ DMJJMUGLE BGPCARGMLQ RM ? BMAI. 4FC GLQRPSARGMLQ PC?B RM DGPQR Q?GJ 27.5 K GL ? BGPCARGML 66.0 LMPRF MD C?QR DPMK
FCP ASPPCLR JMA?RGML, ?LB RFCL RP?TCJ 30.0 K GL ? BGPCARGML 112 LMPRF MD C?QR (MP 22.0 UCQR MD LMPRF). )D RFC UMK?L K?ICQ ? KGQR?IC ?LB
RP?TCJQ GL RFC BCCBF<G8 BGPCARGML DMP RFC QCAMLB JCE MD RFC RPGN, UFCPC UGJJ QFC CLB SN? #MKN?PC RFGQ JMA?RGML UGRF RFC JMA?RGML MD RFC BMAI.
F?=KH; 3.21
,JH7J;=O
7C A?L PCNPCQCLR RFC DGPQR JCE MD RFC RPGN UGRF ? TCARMP A, ?LB RFC QCAMLB JCE MD RFC RPGN UGRF ? TCARMP B. 4FC BMAI GQ JMA?RCB ?R ? JMA?RGML
A + B. )D RFC UMK?L KGQR?ICLJW RP?TCJQ GL RFC BCCBF<G8 BGPCARGML DMP RFC QCAMLB JCE MD RFC HMSPLCW, QFC UGJJ RP?TCJ ? BGQR?LAC B (30.0 K) GL RFC
BGPCARGML 180 112 = 68 QMSRF MD C?QR. 7C PCNPCQCLR RFGQ ?Q B, ?Q QFMUL @CJMU. 4FC TCARMP B F?Q RFC Q?KC K?ELGRSBC ?Q B @SR GQ
GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML. 4FSQ, QFC UGJJ CLB SN ?R ? JMA?RGML A + (B) , MP A B.
F?=KH; 3.22
7C UGJJ NCPDMPK TCARMP ?BBGRGML RM AMKN?PC RFC JMA?RGML MD RFC BMAI, A + B, UGRF RFC JMA?RGML ?R UFGAF RFC UMK?L KGQR?ICLJW ?PPGTCQ,
A + (B) .
#(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3 93
,EBKJ?ED
(1) 4M BCRCPKGLC RFC JMA?RGML ?R UFGAF RFC UMK?L ?PPGTCQ @W ?AAGBCLR, BP?U TCARMPQ A ?LB B.
(2) 0J?AC RFC TCARMPQ FC?B RM R?GJ.
(3) $P?U RFC PCQSJR?LR TCARMP R.
(4) 5QC ? PSJCP ?LB NPMRP?ARMP RM KC?QSPC RFC K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD R.
F?=KH; 3.23
)L RFGQ A?QC, R = 23.0 m ?LB = 7.5 QMSRF MD C?QR.
(5) 4M BCRCPKGLC RFC JMA?RGML MD RFC BMAI, UC PCNC?R RFGQ KCRFMB RM ?BB TCARMPQ A ?LB B. 7C M@R?GL RFC PCQSJR?LR TCARMP R' :
F?=KH; 3.24
)L RFGQ A?QC R = 52.9 m ?LB = 90.1 LMPRF MD C?QR.
7C A?L QCC RF?R RFC UMK?L UGJJ CLB SN ? QGELGDGA?LR BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC BMAI GD QFC RP?TCJQ GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML DMP RFC QCAMLB JCE MD RFC RPGN.
D?I9KII?ED
"CA?SQC QS@RP?ARGML MD ? TCARMP GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q ?BBGRGML MD ? TCARMP UGRF RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML, RFC EP?NFGA?J KCRFMB MD QS@RP?ARGLE TCARMPQ UMPIQ
RFC Q?KC ?Q DMP ?BBGRGML.
-SJRGNJGA?RGML MD 6CARMPQ ?LB 3A?J?PQ
)D UC BCAGBCB RM U?JI RFPCC RGKCQ ?Q D?P ML RFC DGPQR JCE MD RFC RPGN AMLQGBCPCB GL RFC NPCACBGLE CV?KNJC, RFCL UC UMSJB U?JI 3 27.5 m, MP 82.5 K,
GL ? BGPCARGML 66.0 LMPRF MD C?QR. 4FGQ GQ ?L CV?KNJC MD KSJRGNJWGLE ? TCARMP @W ? NMQGRGTC I97B7H. .MRGAC RF?R RFC K?ELGRSBC AF?LECQ, @SR RFC
BGPCARGML QR?WQ RFC Q?KC.
)D RFC QA?J?P GQ LCE?RGTC, RFCL KSJRGNJWGLE ? TCARMP @W GR AF?LECQ RFC TCARMPtQ K?ELGRSBC ?LB EGTCQ RFC LCU TCARMP RFC BCCBF<G8 BGPCARGML. &MP CV?KNJC,
GD WMS KSJRGNJW @W q2, RFC K?ELGRSBC BMS@JCQ @SR RFC BGPCARGML AF?LECQ. 7C A?L QSKK?PGXC RFCQC PSJCQ GL RFC DMJJMUGLE U?W: 7FCL TCARMP A GQ
KSJRGNJGCB @W ? QA?J?P c ,
w RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC TCARMP @CAMKCQ RFC ?@QMJSRC T?JSC MD c A ,
w GD c GQ NMQGRGTC, RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC TCARMP BMCQ LMR AF?LEC,
w GD c GQ LCE?RGTC, RFC BGPCARGML GQ PCTCPQCB.
)L MSP A?QC, c = 3 ?LB A = 27.5 m. 6CARMPQ ?PC KSJRGNJGCB @W QA?J?PQ GL K?LW QGRS?RGMLQ. .MRC RF?R BGTGQGML GQ RFC GLTCPQC MD KSJRGNJGA?RGML. &MP
CV?KNJC, BGTGBGLE @W 2 GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q KSJRGNJWGLE @W RFC T?JSC (1/2). 4FC PSJCQ DMP KSJRGNJGA?RGML MD TCARMPQ @W QA?J?PQ ?PC RFC Q?KC DMP BGTGQGML; QGKNJW
RPC?R RFC BGTGQMP ?Q ? QA?J?P @CRUCCL 0 ?LB 1.
94 #(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3
2CQMJTGLE ? 6CARMP GLRM #MKNMLCLRQ
)L RFC CV?KNJCQ ?@MTC, UC F?TC @CCL ?BBGLE TCARMPQ RM BCRCPKGLC RFC PCQSJR?LR TCARMP. )L K?LW A?QCQ, FMUCTCP, UC UGJJ LCCB RM BM RFC MNNMQGRC. 7C
UGJJ LCCB RM R?IC ? QGLEJC TCARMP ?LB DGLB UF?R MRFCP TCARMPQ ?BBCB RMECRFCP NPMBSAC GR. )L KMQR A?QCQ, RFGQ GLTMJTCQ BCRCPKGLGLE RFC NCPNCLBGASJ?P
9ECFED;DJI MD ? QGLEJC TCARMP, DMP CV?KNJC RFC K- 4A7 L-AMKNMLCLRQ, MP RFC LMPRF-QMSRF ?LB C?QR-UCQR AMKNMLCLRQ.
&MP CV?KNJC, UC K?W ILMU RF?R RFC RMR?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR MD ? NCPQML U?JIGLE GL ? AGRW GQ 10.3 @JMAIQ GL ? BGPCARGML 29.0 LMPRF MD C?QR ?LB U?LR RM DGLB
MSR FMU K?LW @JMAIQ C?QR ?LB LMPRF F?B RM @C U?JICB. 4FGQ KCRFMB GQ A?JJCB 9<A7<A: G;8 6B@CBA8AGF (BE C4EGF) MD RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR GL RFC C?QR ?LB
LMPRF BGPCARGMLQ, ?LB GR GQ RFC GLTCPQC MD RFC NPMACQQ DMJJMUCB RM DGLB RFC RMR?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR. )R GQ MLC CV?KNJC MD DGLBGLE RFC AMKNMLCLRQ MD ? TCARMP.
4FCPC ?PC K?LW ?NNJGA?RGMLQ GL NFWQGAQ UFCPC RFGQ GQ ? SQCDSJ RFGLE RM BM. 7C UGJJ QCC RFGQ QMML GL )HE@;9J?B; &EJ?ED, ?LB KSAF KMPC UFCL UC AMTCP
<EH9;I GL DOD7C?9I: ';MJEDXI %7MI E< &EJ?ED. -MQR MD RFCQC GLTMJTC DGLBGLE AMKNMLCLRQ ?JMLE NCPNCLBGASJ?P ?VCQ (QSAF ?Q LMPRF ?LB C?QR), QM
RF?R PGEFR RPG?LEJCQ ?PC GLTMJTCB. 4FC ?L?JWRGA?J RCAFLGOSCQ NPCQCLRCB GL /;9JEH A::?J?ED 7D: ,K8JH79J?ED: AD7BOJ?97B &;J>E:I ?PC GBC?J DMP DGLBGLE
TCARMP AMKNMLCLRQ.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: -?XC '?KC
,C?PL ?@MSR NMQGRGML, TCJMAGRW, ?LB ?AACJCP?RGML GL RFC "!PCL? MD 0?GL". 5QC RFC EPCCL ?PPMU RM KMTC RFC @?JJ. !BB KMPC U?JJQ RM RFC ?PCL? RM
K?IC RFC E?KC KMPC BGDDGASJR. 4PW RM K?IC ? EM?J ?Q D?QR ?Q WMS A?L.
F?=KH; 3.25 &7P; 7C; (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42127/1.7/C7P;-=7C;6;D.@7H)
3.3 /;9JEH A::?J?ED 7D: ,K8JH79J?ED: AD7BOJ?97B &;J>E:I
AD7BOJ?97B C;J>E:I MD TCARMP ?BBGRGML ?LB QS@RP?ARGML CKNJMW ECMKCRPW ?LB QGKNJC RPGEMLMKCRPW P?RFCP RF?L RFC PSJCP ?LB NPMRP?ARMP MD EP?NFGA?J
KCRFMBQ. 0?PR MD RFC EP?NFGA?J RCAFLGOSC GQ PCR?GLCB, @CA?SQC TCARMPQ ?PC QRGJJ PCNPCQCLRCB @W ?PPMUQ DMP C?QW TGQS?JGX?RGML. (MUCTCP, ?L?JWRGA?J
KCRFMBQ ?PC KMPC AMLAGQC, ?AASP?RC, ?LB NPCAGQC RF?L EP?NFGA?J KCRFMBQ, UFGAF ?PC JGKGRCB @W RFC ?AASP?AW UGRF UFGAF ? BP?UGLE A?L @C K?BC.
!L?JWRGA?J KCRFMBQ ?PC JGKGRCB MLJW @W RFC ?AASP?AW ?LB NPCAGQGML UGRF UFGAF NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ ?PC ILMUL.
2CQMJTGLE ? 6CARMP GLRM 0CPNCLBGASJ?P #MKNMLCLRQ
!L?JWRGA?J RCAFLGOSCQ ?LB PGEFR RPG?LEJCQ EM F?LB-GL-F?LB GL NFWQGAQ @CA?SQC (?KMLE MRFCP RFGLEQ) KMRGMLQ ?JMLE NCPNCLBGASJ?P BGPCARGMLQ ?PC
GLBCNCLBCLR. 7C TCPW MDRCL LCCB RM QCN?P?RC ? TCARMP GLRM NCPNCLBGASJ?P AMKNMLCLRQ. &MP CV?KNJC, EGTCL ? TCARMP JGIC A GL F?=KH; 3.26, UC K?W
UGQF RM DGLB UFGAF RUM NCPNCLBGASJ?P TCARMPQ, A
x
?LB A
y
, ?BB RM NPMBSAC GR.
F?=KH; 3.26 4FC TCARMP A, UGRF GRQ R?GJ ?R RFC MPGEGL MD ?L K, L-AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK, GQ QFMUL RMECRFCP UGRF GRQ K- ?LB L-AMKNMLCLRQ, A
x
?LB A
y
. 4FCQC TCARMPQ DMPK ? PGEFR
RPG?LEJC. 4FC ?L?JWRGA?J PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ ?KMLE RFCQC TCARMPQ ?PC QSKK?PGXCB @CJMU.
A
x
?LB A
y
?PC BCDGLCB RM @C RFC AMKNMLCLRQ MD A ?JMLE RFC K- ?LB L-?VCQ. 4FC RFPCC TCARMPQ A, A
x
, ?LB A
y
DMPK ? PGEFR RPG?LEJC:
(3.3)
A
x
+ A
y
= A.
.MRC RF?R RFGQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL TCARMP AMKNMLCLRQ ?LB RFC PCQSJR?LR TCARMP FMJBQ MLJW DMP TCARMP OS?LRGRGCQ (UFGAF GLAJSBC @MRF K?ELGRSBC ?LB
BGPCARGML). 4FC PCJ?RGMLQFGN BMCQ LMR ?NNJW DMP RFC K?ELGRSBCQ ?JMLC. &MP CV?KNJC, GD A
x
= 3 m C?QR, A
y
= 4 m LMPRF, ?LB A = 5 m LMPRF-C?QR,
RFCL GR GQ RPSC RF?R RFC TCARMPQ A
x
+ A
y
= A. (MUCTCP, GR GQ ABG RPSC RF?R RFC QSK MD RFC K?ELGRSBCQ MD RFC TCARMPQ GQ ?JQM COS?J. 4F?R GQ,
(3.4)
3 m + 4 m 5 m
4FSQ,
#(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3 95
(3.5) A
x
+ A
y
A
)D RFC TCARMP A GQ ILMUL, RFCL GRQ K?ELGRSBC A (GRQ JCLERF) ?LB GRQ ?LEJC (GRQ BGPCARGML) ?PC ILMUL. 4M DGLB A
x
?LB A
y
, GRQ K- ?LB L-AMKNMLCLRQ,
UC SQC RFC DMJJMUGLE PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ DMP ? PGEFR RPG?LEJC.
(3.6)
A
x
= A cos
?LB
(3.7)
A
y
= A sin .
F?=KH; 3.27 4FC K?ELGRSBCQ MD RFC TCARMP AMKNMLCLRQ A
x
?LB A
y
A?L @C PCJ?RCB RM RFC PCQSJR?LR TCARMP A ?LB RFC ?LEJC UGRF RPGEMLMKCRPGA GBCLRGRGCQ. (CPC UC QCC
RF?R A
x
= A cos ?LB A
y
= A sin .
3SNNMQC, DMP CV?KNJC, RF?R A GQ RFC TCARMP PCNPCQCLRGLE RFC RMR?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR MD RFC NCPQML U?JIGLE GL ? AGRW AMLQGBCPCB GL $?D;C7J?9I ?D -ME
D?C;DI?EDI: AD "DJHE:K9J?ED ?LB /;9JEH A::?J?ED 7D: ,K8JH79J?ED: H7F>?97B &;J>E:I.
F?=KH; 3.28 7C A?L SQC RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ A
x
= A cos ?LB A
y
= A sin RM BCRCPKGLC RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC FMPGXMLR?J ?LB TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLR TCARMPQ GL RFGQ
CV?KNJC.
4FCL A = 10.3 @JMAIQ ?LB = 29.1 , QM RF?R
(3.8)
A
x
= A cos =

10.3 blocks
cos 29.1
= 9.0 blocks
(3.9)
A
y
= A sin =

10.3 blocks
sin 29.1
= 5.0 blocks.
#?JASJ?RGLE ? 2CQSJR?LR 6CARMP
)D RFC NCPNCLBGASJ?P AMKNMLCLRQ A
x
?LB A
y
MD ? TCARMP A ?PC ILMUL, RFCL A A?L ?JQM @C DMSLB ?L?JWRGA?JJW. 4M DGLB RFC K?ELGRSBC A ?LB
BGPCARGML MD ? TCARMP DPMK GRQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P AMKNMLCLRQ A
x
?LB A
y
, UC SQC RFC DMJJMUGLE PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ:
(3.10)
A = A
x
2
+ A
y
2
(3.11)
= tan
1
(A
y
/ A
x
).
96 #(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3
F?=KH; 3.29 4FC K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD RFC PCQSJR?LR TCARMP A?L @C BCRCPKGLCB MLAC RFC FMPGXMLR?J ?LB TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLRQ A
x
?LB A
y
F?TC @CCL BCRCPKGLCB.
.MRC RF?R RFC COS?RGML A = A
x
2
+ A
y
2
GQ HSQR RFC 0WRF?EMPC?L RFCMPCK PCJ?RGLE RFC JCEQ MD ? PGEFR RPG?LEJC RM RFC JCLERF MD RFC FWNMRCLSQC. &MP
CV?KNJC, GD A
x
?LB A
y
?PC 9 ?LB 5 @JMAIQ, PCQNCARGTCJW, RFCL A = 9
2
+5
2
=10.3 @JMAIQ, ?E?GL AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC CV?KNJC MD RFC NCPQML
U?JIGLE GL ? AGRW. &GL?JJW, RFC BGPCARGML GQ = tan
1
(5/9)=29.1 , ?Q @CDMPC.
$CRCPKGLGLE 6CARMPQ ?LB 6CARMP #MKNMLCLRQ UGRF !L?JWRGA?J -CRFMBQ
%OS?RGMLQ A
x
= A cos ?LB A
y
= A sin ?PC SQCB RM DGLB RFC NCPNCLBGASJ?P AMKNMLCLRQ MD ? TCARMPrRF?R GQ, RM EM DPMK A ?LB RM A
x
?LB A
y
. %OS?RGMLQ A = A
x
2
+ A
y
2
?LB = tan
1
(A
y
/ A
x
) ?PC SQCB RM DGLB ? TCARMP DPMK GRQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P AMKNMLCLRQrRF?R GQ, RM EM DPMK
A
x
?LB A
y
RM A ?LB . "MRF NPMACQQCQ ?PC APSAG?J RM ?L?JWRGA?J KCRFMBQ MD TCARMP ?BBGRGML ?LB QS@RP?ARGML.
!BBGLE 6CARMPQ 5QGLE !L?JWRGA?J -CRFMBQ
4M QCC FMU RM ?BB TCARMPQ SQGLE NCPNCLBGASJ?P AMKNMLCLRQ, AMLQGBCP F?=KH; 3.30, GL UFGAF RFC TCARMPQ A ?LB B ?PC ?BBCB RM NPMBSAC RFC
PCQSJR?LR R.
F?=KH; 3.30 6CARMPQ A ?LB B ?PC RUM JCEQ MD ? U?JI, ?LB R GQ RFC PCQSJR?LR MP RMR?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR. 9MS A?L SQC ?L?JWRGA?J KCRFMBQ RM BCRCPKGLC RFC K?ELGRSBC ?LB
BGPCARGML MD R.
)D A ?LB B PCNPCQCLR RUM JCEQ MD ? U?JI (RUM BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ), RFCL R GQ RFC RMR?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR. 4FC NCPQML R?IGLE RFC U?JI CLBQ SN ?R RFC RGN MD
R. 4FCPC ?PC K?LW U?WQ RM ?PPGTC ?R RFC Q?KC NMGLR. )L N?PRGASJ?P, RFC NCPQML AMSJB F?TC U?JICB DGPQR GL RFC K-BGPCARGML ?LB RFCL GL RFC L-BGPCARGML.
4FMQC N?RFQ ?PC RFC K- ?LB L-AMKNMLCLRQ MD RFC PCQSJR?LR, R
x
?LB R
y
. )D UC ILMU R
x
?LB R
y
, UC A?L DGLB R ?LB SQGLE RFC COS?RGMLQ
A = A
x
2
+ A
y
2
?LB = tan
1
(A
y
/ A
x
) . 7FCL WMS SQC RFC ?L?JWRGA?J KCRFMB MD TCARMP ?BBGRGML, WMS A?L BCRCPKGLC RFC AMKNMLCLRQ MP RFC
K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD ? TCARMP.
S4&0 1. 78AG<9L G;8 K- 4A7 L-4K8F G;4G J<?? 58 HF87 <A G;8 CEB5?8@. +;8A, 9<A7 G;8 6B@CBA8AGF B9 846; I86GBE GB 58 47787 4?BA: G;8 6;BF8A
C8EC8A7<6H?4E 4K8F. 5QC RFC COS?RGMLQ A
x
= A cos ?LB A
y
= A sin RM DGLB RFC AMKNMLCLRQ. )L F?=KH; 3.31, RFCQC AMKNMLCLRQ ?PC A
x
, A
y
,
B
x
, ?LB B
y
. 4FC ?LEJCQ RF?R TCARMPQ A ?LB B K?IC UGRF RFC K-?VGQ ?PC
A
?LB
B
, PCQNCARGTCJW.
#(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3 97
F?=KH; 3.31 4M ?BB TCARMPQ A ?LB B, DGPQR BCRCPKGLC RFC FMPGXMLR?J ?LB TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLRQ MD C?AF TCARMP. 4FCQC ?PC RFC BMRRCB TCARMPQ A
x
, A
y
, B
x
?LB B
y
QFMUL
GL RFC GK?EC.
S4&0 2. F<A7 G;8 6B@CBA8AGF B9 G;8 E8FH?G4AG 4?BA: 846; 4K<F 5L 477<A: G;8 6B@CBA8AGF B9 G;8 <A7<I<7H4? I86GBEF 4?BA: G;4G 4K<F. 4F?R GQ, ?Q QFMUL GL
F?=KH; 3.32,
(3.12) R
x
= A
x
+ B
x
?LB
(3.13) R
y
= A
y
+ B
y
.
F?=KH; 3.32 4FC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC TCARMPQ A
x
?LB B
x
?BB RM EGTC RFC K?ELGRSBC R
x
MD RFC PCQSJR?LR TCARMP GL RFC FMPGXMLR?J BGPCARGML. 3GKGJ?PJW, RFC K?ELGRSBCQ MD RFC
TCARMPQ A
y
?LB B
y
?BB RM EGTC RFC K?ELGRSBC R
y
MD RFC PCQSJR?LR TCARMP GL RFC TCPRGA?J BGPCARGML.
#MKNMLCLRQ ?JMLE RFC Q?KC ?VGQ, Q?W RFC K-?VGQ, ?PC TCARMPQ ?JMLE RFC Q?KC JGLC ?LB, RFSQ, A?L @C ?BBCB RM MLC ?LMRFCP JGIC MPBGL?PW LSK@CPQ. 4FC
Q?KC GQ RPSC DMP AMKNMLCLRQ ?JMLE RFC L-?VGQ. (&MP CV?KNJC, ? 9-@JMAI C?QRU?PB U?JI AMSJB @C R?ICL GL RUM JCEQ, RFC DGPQR 3 @JMAIQ C?QR ?LB RFC
QCAMLB 6 @JMAIQ C?QR, DMP ? RMR?J MD 9, @CA?SQC RFCW ?PC ?JMLE RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML.) 3M PCQMJTGLE TCARMPQ GLRM AMKNMLCLRQ ?JMLE AMKKML ?VCQ K?ICQ
GR C?QGCP RM ?BB RFCK. .MU RF?R RFC AMKNMLCLRQ MD R ?PC ILMUL, GRQ K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML A?L @C DMSLB.
S4&0 3. +B :8G G;8 @4:A<GH78 R B9 G;8 E8FH?G4AG, HF8 G;8 'LG;4:BE84A G;8BE8@:
(3.14)
R = R
x
2
+ R
y
2
.
S4&0 4. +B :8G G;8 7<E86G<BA B9 G;8 E8FH?G4AG:
(3.15)
= tan
1
(R
y
/ R
x
).
4FC DMJJMUGLE CV?KNJC GJJSQRP?RCQ RFGQ RCAFLGOSC DMP ?BBGLE TCARMPQ SQGLE NCPNCLBGASJ?P AMKNMLCLRQ.
EN7CFB; 3.3 A::?D= /;9JEHI .I?D= AD7BOJ?97B &;J>E:I
!BB RFC TCARMP A RM RFC TCARMP B QFMUL GL F?=KH; 3.33, SQGLE NCPNCLBGASJ?P AMKNMLCLRQ ?JMLE RFC K- ?LB L-?VCQ. 4FC K- ?LB L-?VCQ ?PC ?JMLE
RFC C?QRqUCQR ?LB LMPRFqQMSRF BGPCARGMLQ, PCQNCARGTCJW. 6CARMP A PCNPCQCLRQ RFC DGPQR JCE MD ? U?JI GL UFGAF ? NCPQML U?JIQ 53.0 m GL ?
BGPCARGML 20.0 LMPRF MD C?QR. 6CARMP B PCNPCQCLRQ RFC QCAMLB JCE, ? BGQNJ?ACKCLR MD 34.0 m GL ? BGPCARGML 63.0 LMPRF MD C?QR.
98 #(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3
F?=KH; 3.33 6CARMP A F?Q K?ELGRSBC 53.0 m ?LB BGPCARGML 20.0 LMPRF MD RFC K-?VGQ. 6CARMP B F?Q K?ELGRSBC 34.0 m ?LB BGPCARGML 63.0 LMPRF MD RFC K-
?VGQ. 9MS A?L SQC ?L?JWRGA?J KCRFMBQ RM BCRCPKGLC RFC K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD R.
,JH7J;=O
4FC AMKNMLCLRQ MD A ?LB B ?JMLE RFC K- ?LB L-?VCQ PCNPCQCLR U?JIGLE BSC C?QR ?LB BSC LMPRF RM ECR RM RFC Q?KC CLBGLE NMGLR. /LAC DMSLB,
RFCW ?PC AMK@GLCB RM NPMBSAC RFC PCQSJR?LR.
,EBKJ?ED
&MJJMUGLE RFC KCRFMB MSRJGLCB ?@MTC, UC DGPQR DGLB RFC AMKNMLCLRQ MD A ?LB B ?JMLE RFC K- ?LB L-?VCQ. .MRC RF?R A = 53.0 m,
A
= 20.0 ,
B = 34.0 m, ?LB
B
= 63.0 . 7C DGLB RFC K-AMKNMLCLRQ @W SQGLE A
x
= A cos , UFGAF EGTCQ
(3.16)
A
x
= A cos
A
= (53.0 m)(cos 20.0)
= (53.0 m)(0.940) = 49.8 m
?LB
(3.17)
B
x
= B cos
B
= (34.0 m)(cos 63.0)
= (34.0 m)(0.454) = 15.4 m.
3GKGJ?PJW, RFC L-AMKNMLCLRQ ?PC DMSLB SQGLE A
y
= A sin
A
:
(3.18)
A
y
= A sin
A
= (53.0 m)(sin 20.0)
= (53.0 m)(0.342) = 18.1 m
?LB
(3.19)
B
y
= B sin
B
= (34.0 m)(sin 63.0 )
= (34.0 m)(0.891) = 30.3 m.
4FC K- ?LB L-AMKNMLCLRQ MD RFC PCQSJR?LR ?PC RFSQ
(3.20)
R
x
= A
x
+ B
x
= 49.8 m + 15.4 m = 65.2 m
?LB
(3.21) R
y
= A
y
+ B
y
= 18.1 m+30.3 m = 48.4 m.
.MU UC A?L DGLB RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC PCQSJR?LR @W SQGLE RFC 0WRF?EMPC?L RFCMPCK:
(3.22)
R = R
x
2
+ R
y
2
= (65.2)
2
+ (48.4)
2
m
QM RF?R
(3.23) R = 81.2 m.
&GL?JJW, UC DGLB RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC PCQSJR?LR:
(3.24)
= tan
1
(R
y
/ R
x
)=+tan
1
(48.4 / 65.2).
4FSQ,
(3.25)
= tan
1
(0.742) = 36.6 .
#(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3 99
F?=KH; 3.34 5QGLE ?L?JWRGA?J KCRFMBQ, UC QCC RF?R RFC K?ELGRSBC MD R GQ 81.2 m ?LB GRQ BGPCARGML GQ 36.6 LMPRF MD C?QR.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ CV?KNJC GJJSQRP?RCQ RFC ?BBGRGML MD TCARMPQ SQGLE NCPNCLBGASJ?P AMKNMLCLRQ. 6CARMP QS@RP?ARGML SQGLE NCPNCLBGASJ?P AMKNMLCLRQ GQ TCPW
QGKGJ?PrGR GQ HSQR RFC ?BBGRGML MD ? LCE?RGTC TCARMP.
3S@RP?ARGML MD TCARMPQ GQ ?AAMKNJGQFCB @W RFC ?BBGRGML MD ? LCE?RGTC TCARMP. 4F?R GQ, A B A + (B) . 4FSQ, G;8 @8G;B7 9BE G;8 FH5GE46G<BA
B9 I86GBEF HF<A: C8EC8A7<6H?4E 6B@CBA8AGF <F <78AG<64? GB G;4G 9BE 477<G<BA. 4FC AMKNMLCLRQ MD B ?PC RFC LCE?RGTCQ MD RFC AMKNMLCLRQ MD B.
4FC K- ?LB L-AMKNMLCLRQ MD RFC PCQSJR?LR A B = R ?PC RFSQ
(3.26)
R
x
= A
x
+

B
x
?LB
(3.27)
R
y
= A
y
+

B
y
?LB RFC PCQR MD RFC KCRFMB MSRJGLCB ?@MTC GQ GBCLRGA?J RM RF?R DMP ?BBGRGML. (3CC F?=KH; 3.35.)
!L?JWXGLE TCARMPQ SQGLE NCPNCLBGASJ?P AMKNMLCLRQ GQ TCPW SQCDSJ GL K?LW ?PC?Q MD NFWQGAQ, @CA?SQC NCPNCLBGASJ?P OS?LRGRGCQ ?PC MDRCL GLBCNCLBCLR
MD MLC ?LMRFCP. 4FC LCVR KMBSJC, )HE@;9J?B; &EJ?ED, GQ MLC MD K?LW GL UFGAF SQGLE NCPNCLBGASJ?P AMKNMLCLRQ FCJNQ K?IC RFC NGARSPC AJC?P ?LB
QGKNJGDGCQ RFC NFWQGAQ.
F?=KH; 3.35 4FC QS@RP?ARGML MD RFC RUM TCARMPQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 3.30. 4FC AMKNMLCLRQ MD B ?PC RFC LCE?RGTCQ MD RFC AMKNMLCLRQ MD B. 4FC KCRFMB MD QS@RP?ARGML GQ RFC
Q?KC ?Q RF?R DMP ?BBGRGML.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: 6CARMP !BBGRGML
,C?PL FMU RM ?BB TCARMPQ. $P?E TCARMPQ MLRM ? EP?NF, AF?LEC RFCGP JCLERF ?LB ?LEJC, ?LB QSK RFCK RMECRFCP. 4FC K?ELGRSBC, ?LEJC, ?LB
AMKNMLCLRQ MD C?AF TCARMP A?L @C BGQNJ?WCB GL QCTCP?J DMPK?RQ.
F?=KH; 3.36 /;9JEH A::?J?ED (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42128/1.10/L;9JEH-7::?J?ED6;D.@7H)
100 #(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3
3.4 )HE@;9J?B; &EJ?ED
)HE@;9J?B; CEJ?ED GQ RFC CEJ?ED MD ?L M@HCAR RFPMUL MP NPMHCARCB GLRM RFC ?GP, QS@HCAR RM MLJW RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD EP?TGRW. 4FC M@HCAR GQ A?JJCB ?
FHE@;9J?B;, ?LB GRQ N?RF GQ A?JJCB GRQ JH7@;9JEHO. 4FC KMRGML MD D?JJGLE M@HCARQ, ?Q AMTCPCB GL )HE8B;C-,EBL?D= B7I?9I <EH (D;-D?C;DI?ED7B
$?D;C7J?9I, GQ ? QGKNJC MLC-BGKCLQGML?J RWNC MD NPMHCARGJC KMRGML GL UFGAF RFCPC GQ LM FMPGXMLR?J KMTCKCLR. )L RFGQ QCARGML, UC AMLQGBCP RUM-
BGKCLQGML?J NPMHCARGJC KMRGML, QSAF ?Q RF?R MD ? DMMR@?JJ MP MRFCP M@HCAR DMP UFGAF 7?H H;I?IJ7D9; <F A8:?<:<5?8.
4FC KMQR GKNMPR?LR D?AR RM PCKCK@CP FCPC GQ RF?R @BG<BAF 4?BA: C8EC8A7<6H?4E 4K8F 4E8 <A78C8A78AG ?LB RFSQ A?L @C ?L?JWXCB QCN?P?RCJW. 4FGQ D?AR
U?Q BGQASQQCB GL $?D;C7J?9I ?D -ME D?C;DI?EDI: AD "DJHE:K9J?ED, UFCPC TCPRGA?J ?LB FMPGXMLR?J KMRGMLQ UCPC QCCL RM @C GLBCNCLBCLR. 4FC ICW RM
?L?JWXGLE RUM-BGKCLQGML?J NPMHCARGJC KMRGML GQ RM @PC?I GR GLRM RUM KMRGMLQ, MLC ?JMLE RFC FMPGXMLR?J ?VGQ ?LB RFC MRFCP ?JMLE RFC TCPRGA?J. (4FGQ AFMGAC
MD ?VCQ GQ RFC KMQR QCLQG@JC, @CA?SQC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW GQ TCPRGA?JrRFSQ, RFCPC UGJJ @C LM ?AACJCP?RGML ?JMLE RFC FMPGXMLR?J ?VGQ UFCL ?GP
PCQGQR?LAC GQ LCEJGEG@JC.) !Q GQ ASQRMK?PW, UC A?JJ RFC FMPGXMLR?J ?VGQ RFC K-?VGQ ?LB RFC TCPRGA?J ?VGQ RFC L-?VGQ. F?=KH; 3.37 GJJSQRP?RCQ RFC LMR?RGML DMP
BGQNJ?ACKCLR, UFCPC s GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC RMR?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR ?LB x ?LB y ?PC GRQ AMKNMLCLRQ ?JMLE RFC FMPGXMLR?J ?LB TCPRGA?J ?VCQ, PCQNCARGTCJW.
4FC K?ELGRSBCQ MD RFCQC TCARMPQ ?PC F, K, ?LB L. (.MRC RF?R GL RFC J?QR QCARGML UC SQCB RFC LMR?RGML A RM PCNPCQCLR ? TCARMP UGRF AMKNMLCLRQ A
x
?LB A
y
. )D UC AMLRGLSCB RFGQ DMPK?R, UC UMSJB A?JJ BGQNJ?ACKCLR s UGRF AMKNMLCLRQ s
x
?LB s
y
. (MUCTCP, RM QGKNJGDW RFC LMR?RGML, UC UGJJ QGKNJW
PCNPCQCLR RFC AMKNMLCLR TCARMPQ ?Q x ?LB y .)
/D AMSPQC, RM BCQAPG@C KMRGML UC KSQR BC?J UGRF TCJMAGRW ?LB ?AACJCP?RGML, ?Q UCJJ ?Q UGRF BGQNJ?ACKCLR. 7C KSQR DGLB RFCGP AMKNMLCLRQ ?JMLE RFC K-
?LB L-?VCQ, RMM. 7C UGJJ ?QQSKC ?JJ DMPACQ CVACNR EP?TGRW (QSAF ?Q ?GP PCQGQR?LAC ?LB DPGARGML, DMP CV?KNJC) ?PC LCEJGEG@JC. 4FC AMKNMLCLRQ MD
?AACJCP?RGML ?PC RFCL TCPW QGKNJC: a
y
= g = 9.80 m/s
2
. (.MRC RF?R RFGQ BCDGLGRGML ?QQSKCQ RF?R RFC SNU?PBQ BGPCARGML GQ BCDGLCB ?Q RFC
NMQGRGTC BGPCARGML. )D WMS ?PP?LEC RFC AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK GLQRC?B QSAF RF?R RFC BMULU?PBQ BGPCARGML GQ NMQGRGTC, RFCL ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW R?ICQ ?
NMQGRGTC T?JSC.) "CA?SQC EP?TGRW GQ TCPRGA?J, a
x
= 0 . "MRF ?AACJCP?RGMLQ ?PC AMLQR?LR, QM RFC IGLCK?RGA COS?RGMLQ A?L @C SQCB.
2CTGCU MD +GLCK?RGA %OS?RGMLQ (AMLQR?LR a )
(3.28)
x = x
0
+ v
-
t
(3.29)
v
-
=
v
0
+ v
2
(3.30) v = v
0
+ at
(3.31)
x = x
0
+ v
0
t +
1
2
at
2
(3.32)
v
2
= v
0
2
+ 2a(x x
0
).
F?=KH; 3.37 4FC RMR?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR s MD ? QMAACP @?JJ ?R ? NMGLR ?JMLE GRQ N?RF. 4FC TCARMP s F?Q AMKNMLCLRQ x ?LB y ?JMLE RFC FMPGXMLR?J ?LB TCPRGA?J ?VCQ. )RQ K?ELGRSBC
GQ s , ?LB GR K?ICQ ?L ?LEJC UGRF RFC FMPGXMLR?J.
'GTCL RFCQC ?QQSKNRGMLQ, RFC DMJJMUGLE QRCNQ ?PC RFCL SQCB RM ?L?JWXC NPMHCARGJC KMRGML:
S4&0 1. )8FB?I8 BE 5E84> G;8 @BG<BA <AGB ;BE<MBAG4? 4A7 I8EG<64? 6B@CBA8AGF 4?BA: G;8 K- 4A7 L-4K8F. 4FCQC ?VCQ ?PC NCPNCLBGASJ?P, QM
A
x
= A cos ?LB A
y
= A sin ?PC SQCB. 4FC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC AMKNMLCLRQ MD BGQNJ?ACKCLR s ?JMLE RFCQC ?VCQ ?PC x ?LB y. 4FC
K?ELGRSBCQ MD RFC AMKNMLCLRQ MD RFC TCJMAGRW v ?PC v
x
= v cos ?LB v
y
= v sin , UFCPC v GQ RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC TCJMAGRW ?LB GQ GRQ
BGPCARGML, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 3.38. )LGRG?J T?JSCQ ?PC BCLMRCB UGRF ? QS@QAPGNR 0, ?Q SQS?J.
S4&0 2. +E84G G;8 @BG<BA 4F GJB <A78C8A78AG BA8-7<@8AF<BA4? @BG<BAF, BA8 ;BE<MBAG4? 4A7 G;8 BG;8E I8EG<64?. 4FC IGLCK?RGA COS?RGMLQ DMP FMPGXMLR?J
?LB TCPRGA?J KMRGML R?IC RFC DMJJMUGLE DMPKQ:
(3.33)
Horizontal Motion(a
x
= 0)
(3.34) x = x
0
+ v
x
t
(3.35)
v
x
= v
0x
= v
x
= velocity is a constant.
(3.36)
Vertical Motion(assuming positive is up a
y
= g = 9.80m/s
2
)
#(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3 101
(3.37)
y = y
0
+
1
2
(v
0y
+ v
y
)t
(3.38) v
y
= v
0y
gt
(3.39)
y = y
0
+ v
0y
t
1
2
gt
2
(3.40)
v
y
2
= v
0y
2
2g(y y
0
).
S4&0 3. *B?I8 9BE G;8 HA>ABJAF <A G;8 GJB F8C4E4G8 @BG<BAFUBA8 ;BE<MBAG4? 4A7 BA8 I8EG<64?. .MRC RF?R RFC MLJW AMKKML T?PG?@JC @CRUCCL RFC
KMRGMLQ GQ RGKC t . 4FC NPM@JCK QMJTGLE NPMACBSPCQ FCPC ?PC RFC Q?KC ?Q DMP MLC-BGKCLQGML?J A?D;C7J?9I ?LB ?PC GJJSQRP?RCB GL RFC QMJTCB CV?KNJCQ
@CJMU.
S4&0 4. )86B@5<A8 G;8 GJB @BG<BAF GB 9<A7 G;8 GBG4? 7<FC?468@8AG s 4A7 I8?B6<GL v . "CA?SQC RFC K - ?LB L -KMRGMLQ ?PC NCPNCLBGASJ?P, UC BCRCPKGLC
RFCQC TCARMPQ @W SQGLE RFC RCAFLGOSCQ MSRJGLCB GL RFC /;9JEH A::?J?ED 7D: ,K8JH79J?ED: AD7BOJ?97B &;J>E:I ?LB CKNJMWGLE A = A
x
2
+ A
y
2
?LB
= tan
1
(A
y
/ A
x
) GL RFC DMJJMUGLE DMPK, UFCPC GQ RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR s ?LB
v
GQ RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC TCJMAGRW v :
-EJ7B :?IFB79;C;DJ 7D: L;BE9?JO
(3.41)
s = x
2
+ y
2
(3.42)
= tan
1
(y / x)
(3.43)
v = v
x
2
+ v
y
2
(3.44)
v
= tan
1
(v
y
/ v
x
).
102 #(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3
F?=KH; 3.38 (?) 7C ?L?JWXC RUM-BGKCLQGML?J NPMHCARGJC KMRGML @W @PC?IGLE GR GLRM RUM GLBCNCLBCLR MLC-BGKCLQGML?J KMRGMLQ ?JMLE RFC TCPRGA?J ?LB FMPGXMLR?J ?VCQ. (@) 4FC
FMPGXMLR?J KMRGML GQ QGKNJC, @CA?SQC a
x
= 0 ?LB v
x
GQ RFSQ AMLQR?LR. (A) 4FC TCJMAGRW GL RFC TCPRGA?J BGPCARGML @CEGLQ RM BCAPC?QC ?Q RFC M@HCAR PGQCQ; ?R GRQ FGEFCQR NMGLR, RFC
TCPRGA?J TCJMAGRW GQ XCPM. !Q RFC M@HCAR D?JJQ RMU?PBQ RFC %?PRF ?E?GL, RFC TCPRGA?J TCJMAGRW GLAPC?QCQ ?E?GL GL K?ELGRSBC @SR NMGLRQ GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML RM RFC GLGRG?J TCPRGA?J
TCJMAGRW. (B) 4FC K - ?LB L -KMRGMLQ ?PC PCAMK@GLCB RM EGTC RFC RMR?J TCJMAGRW ?R ?LW EGTCL NMGLR ML RFC RP?HCARMPW.
EN7CFB; 3.4 A F?H;MEHAI )HE@;9J?B; ENFBE:;I !?=> 7D: AM7O
$SPGLE ? DGPCUMPIQ BGQNJ?W, ? QFCJJ GQ QFMR GLRM RFC ?GP UGRF ?L GLGRG?J QNCCB MD 70.0 K/Q ?R ?L ?LEJC MD 75.0 ?@MTC RFC FMPGXMLR?J, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL
F?=KH; 3.39. 4FC DSQC GQ RGKCB RM GELGRC RFC QFCJJ HSQR ?Q GR PC?AFCQ GRQ FGEFCQR NMGLR ?@MTC RFC EPMSLB. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC FCGEFR ?R UFGAF RFC QFCJJ
CVNJMBCQ. (@) (MU KSAF RGKC N?QQCB @CRUCCL RFC J?SLAF MD RFC QFCJJ ?LB RFC CVNJMQGML? (A) 7F?R GQ RFC FMPGXMLR?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR MD RFC QFCJJ
UFCL GR CVNJMBCQ?
,JH7J;=O
"CA?SQC ?GP PCQGQR?LAC GQ LCEJGEG@JC DMP RFC SLCVNJMBCB QFCJJ, RFC ?L?JWQGQ KCRFMB MSRJGLCB ?@MTC A?L @C SQCB. 4FC KMRGML A?L @C @PMICL GLRM
FMPGXMLR?J ?LB TCPRGA?J KMRGMLQ GL UFGAF a
x
= 0 ?LB a
y
= g . 7C A?L RFCL BCDGLC x
0
?LB y
0
RM @C XCPM ?LB QMJTC DMP RFC BCQGPCB
OS?LRGRGCQ.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
"W uFCGEFRv UC KC?L RFC ?JRGRSBC MP TCPRGA?J NMQGRGML y ?@MTC RFC QR?PRGLE NMGLR. 4FC FGEFCQR NMGLR GL ?LW RP?HCARMPW, A?JJCB RFC ?NCV, GQ PC?AFCB
UFCL v
y
= 0 . 3GLAC UC ILMU RFC GLGRG?J ?LB DGL?J TCJMAGRGCQ ?Q UCJJ ?Q RFC GLGRG?J NMQGRGML, UC SQC RFC DMJJMUGLE COS?RGML RM DGLB y :
(3.45)
v
y
2
= v
0y
2
2g(y y
0
).
#(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3 103
F?=KH; 3.39 4FC RP?HCARMPW MD ? DGPCUMPIQ QFCJJ. 4FC DSQC GQ QCR RM CVNJMBC RFC QFCJJ ?R RFC FGEFCQR NMGLR GL GRQ RP?HCARMPW, UFGAF GQ DMSLB RM @C ?R ? FCGEFR MD 233 K ?LB 125 K
?U?W FMPGXMLR?JJW.
"CA?SQC y
0
?LB v
y
?PC @MRF XCPM, RFC COS?RGML QGKNJGDGCQ RM
(3.46)
0 = v
0y
2
2gy.
3MJTGLE DMP y EGTCQ
(3.47)
y =
v
0y
2
2g
.
.MU UC KSQR DGLB v
0y
, RFC AMKNMLCLR MD RFC GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW GL RFC L-BGPCARGML. )R GQ EGTCL @W v
0y
= v
0
sin , UFCPC v
0y
GQ RFC GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW MD
70.0 K/Q, ?LB
0
= 75.0 GQ RFC GLGRG?J ?LEJC. 4FSQ,
(3.48)
v
0y
= v
0
sin
0
= (70.0 m/s)(sin 75) = 67.6 m/s.
?LB y GQ
(3.49)
y =
(67.6 m/s)
2
2(9.80 m/s
2
)
,
QM RF?R
(3.50) y = 233m.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (7)
.MRC RF?R @CA?SQC SN GQ NMQGRGTC, RFC GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW GQ NMQGRGTC, ?Q GQ RFC K?VGKSK FCGEFR, @SR RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW GQ LCE?RGTC. .MRC
?JQM RF?R RFC K?VGKSK FCGEFR BCNCLBQ MLJW ML RFC TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLR MD RFC GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW, QM RF?R ?LW NPMHCARGJC UGRF ? 67.6 K/Q GLGRG?J TCPRGA?J
AMKNMLCLR MD TCJMAGRW UGJJ PC?AF ? K?VGKSK FCGEFR MD 233 K (LCEJCARGLE ?GP PCQGQR?LAC). 4FC LSK@CPQ GL RFGQ CV?KNJC ?PC PC?QML?@JC DMP J?PEC
DGPCUMPIQ BGQNJ?WQ, RFC QFCJJQ MD UFGAF BM PC?AF QSAF FCGEFRQ @CDMPC CVNJMBGLE. )L NP?ARGAC, ?GP PCQGQR?LAC GQ LMR AMKNJCRCJW LCEJGEG@JC, ?LB QM RFC
GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW UMSJB F?TC RM @C QMKCUF?R J?PECP RF?L RF?R EGTCL RM PC?AF RFC Q?KC FCGEFR.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
!Q GL K?LW NFWQGAQ NPM@JCKQ, RFCPC GQ KMPC RF?L MLC U?W RM QMJTC DMP RFC RGKC RM RFC FGEFCQR NMGLR. )L RFGQ A?QC, RFC C?QGCQR KCRFMB GQ RM SQC
y = y
0
+
1
2
(v
0y
+ v
y
)t . "CA?SQC y
0
GQ XCPM, RFGQ COS?RGML PCBSACQ RM QGKNJW
(3.51)
y =
1
2
(v
0y
+ v
y
)t.
.MRC RF?R RFC DGL?J TCPRGA?J TCJMAGRW, v
y
, ?R RFC FGEFCQR NMGLR GQ XCPM. 4FSQ,
(3.52)
t =
2y
(v
0y
+ v
y
)
=
2(233 m)
(67.6 m/s)
= 6.90 s.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (8)
104 #(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3
4FGQ RGKC GQ ?JQM PC?QML?@JC DMP J?PEC DGPCUMPIQ. 7FCL WMS ?PC ?@JC RM QCC RFC J?SLAF MD DGPCUMPIQ, WMS UGJJ LMRGAC QCTCP?J QCAMLBQ N?QQ @CDMPC
RFC QFCJJ CVNJMBCQ. (!LMRFCP U?W MD DGLBGLE RFC RGKC GQ @W SQGLE y = y
0
+ v
0y
t
1
2
gt
2
, ?LB QMJTGLE RFC OS?BP?RGA COS?RGML DMP t .)
,EBKJ?ED <EH (9)
"CA?SQC ?GP PCQGQR?LAC GQ LCEJGEG@JC, a
x
= 0 ?LB RFC FMPGXMLR?J TCJMAGRW GQ AMLQR?LR, ?Q BGQASQQCB ?@MTC. 4FC FMPGXMLR?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR GQ
FMPGXMLR?J TCJMAGRW KSJRGNJGCB @W RGKC ?Q EGTCL @W x = x
0
+ v
x
t , UFCPC x
0
GQ COS?J RM XCPM:
(3.53) x = v
x
t,
UFCPC v
x
GQ RFC K-AMKNMLCLR MD RFC TCJMAGRW, UFGAF GQ EGTCL @W v
x
= v
0
cos
0
. .MU,
(3.54)
v
x
= v
0
cos
0
= (70.0 m/s)(cos 75.0) = 18.1 m/s.
4FC RGKC t DMP @MRF KMRGMLQ GQ RFC Q?KC, ?LB QM x GQ
(3.55)
x = (18.1 m/s)(6.90 s) = 125 m.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (9)
4FC FMPGXMLR?J KMRGML GQ ? AMLQR?LR TCJMAGRW GL RFC ?@QCLAC MD ?GP PCQGQR?LAC. 4FC FMPGXMLR?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR DMSLB FCPC AMSJB @C SQCDSJ GL ICCNGLE
RFC DGPCUMPIQ DP?EKCLRQ DPMK D?JJGLE ML QNCAR?RMPQ. /LAC RFC QFCJJ CVNJMBCQ, ?GP PCQGQR?LAC F?Q ? K?HMP CDDCAR, ?LB K?LW DP?EKCLRQ UGJJ J?LB
BGPCARJW @CJMU.
)L QMJTGLE N?PR (?) MD RFC NPCACBGLE CV?KNJC, RFC CVNPCQQGML UC DMSLB DMP y GQ T?JGB DMP ?LW NPMHCARGJC KMRGML UFCPC ?GP PCQGQR?LAC GQ LCEJGEG@JC. #?JJ
RFC K?VGKSK FCGEFR y = h ; RFCL,
(3.56)
h =
v
0y
2
2g
.
4FGQ COS?RGML BCDGLCQ RFC @4K<@H@ ;8<:;G B9 4 CEB=86G<?8 ?LB BCNCLBQ MLJW ML RFC TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLR MD RFC GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW.
$CDGLGLE ? #MMPBGL?RC 3WQRCK
)R GQ GKNMPR?LR RM QCR SN ? AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK UFCL ?L?JWXGLE NPMHCARGJC KMRGML. /LC N?PR MD BCDGLGLE RFC AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK GQ RM BCDGLC ?L MPGEGL
DMP RFC x ?LB y NMQGRGMLQ. /DRCL, GR GQ AMLTCLGCLR RM AFMMQC RFC GLGRG?J NMQGRGML MD RFC M@HCAR ?Q RFC MPGEGL QSAF RF?R x
0
= 0 ?LB y
0
= 0 . )R GQ
?JQM GKNMPR?LR RM BCDGLC RFC NMQGRGTC ?LB LCE?RGTC BGPCARGMLQ GL RFC x ?LB y BGPCARGMLQ. 4WNGA?JJW, UC BCDGLC RFC NMQGRGTC TCPRGA?J BGPCARGML ?Q
SNU?PBQ, ?LB RFC NMQGRGTC FMPGXMLR?J BGPCARGML GQ SQS?JJW RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC M@HCARtQ KMRGML. 7FCL RFGQ GQ RFC A?QC, RFC TCPRGA?J ?AACJCP?RGML, g ,
R?ICQ ? LCE?RGTC T?JSC (QGLAC GR GQ BGPCARCB BMULU?PBQ RMU?PBQ RFC %?PRF). (MUCTCP, GR GQ MAA?QGML?JJW SQCDSJ RM BCDGLC RFC AMMPBGL?RCQ BGDDCPCLRJW.
&MP CV?KNJC, GD WMS ?PC ?L?JWXGLE RFC KMRGML MD ? @?JJ RFPMUL BMULU?PBQ DPMK RFC RMN MD ? AJGDD, GR K?W K?IC QCLQC RM BCDGLC RFC NMQGRGTC BGPCARGML
BMULU?PBQ QGLAC RFC KMRGML MD RFC @?JJ GQ QMJCJW GL RFC BMULU?PBQ BGPCARGML. )D RFGQ GQ RFC A?QC, g R?ICQ ? NMQGRGTC T?JSC.
EN7CFB; 3.5 C7B9KB7J?D= )HE@;9J?B; &EJ?ED: !EJ +E9A )HE@;9J?B;
+GJ?SC? GL (?U?GG GQ RFC UMPJBtQ KMQR AMLRGLSMSQJW ?ARGTC TMJA?LM. 6CPW ?ARGTC TMJA?LMCQ AF?P?ARCPGQRGA?JJW CHCAR PCB-FMR PMAIQ ?LB J?T? P?RFCP
RF?L QKMIC ?LB ?QF. 3SNNMQC ? J?PEC PMAI GQ CHCARCB DPMK RFC TMJA?LM UGRF ? QNCCB MD 25.0 K/Q ?LB ?R ?L ?LEJC 35.0 ?@MTC RFC FMPGXMLR?J, ?Q
QFMUL GL F?=KH; 3.40. 4FC PMAI QRPGICQ RFC QGBC MD RFC TMJA?LM ?R ?L ?JRGRSBC 20.0 K JMUCP RF?L GRQ QR?PRGLE NMGLR. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC RGKC GR R?ICQ RFC
PMAI RM DMJJMU RFGQ N?RF. (@) 7F?R ?PC RFC K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD RFC PMAItQ TCJMAGRW ?R GKN?AR?
F?=KH; 3.40 4FC RP?HCARMPW MD ? PMAI CHCARCB DPMK RFC +GJ?SC? TMJA?LM.
,JH7J;=O
!E?GL, PCQMJTGLE RFGQ RUM-BGKCLQGML?J KMRGML GLRM RUM GLBCNCLBCLR MLC-BGKCLQGML?J KMRGMLQ UGJJ ?JJMU SQ RM QMJTC DMP RFC BCQGPCB OS?LRGRGCQ. 4FC
RGKC ? NPMHCARGJC GQ GL RFC ?GP GQ EMTCPLCB @W GRQ TCPRGA?J KMRGML ?JMLC. 7C UGJJ QMJTC DMP t DGPQR. 7FGJC RFC PMAI GQ PGQGLE ?LB D?JJGLE TCPRGA?JJW, RFC
#(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3 105
FMPGXMLR?J KMRGML AMLRGLSCQ ?R ? AMLQR?LR TCJMAGRW. 4FGQ CV?KNJC ?QIQ DMP RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW. 4FSQ, RFC TCPRGA?J ?LB FMPGXMLR?J PCQSJRQ UGJJ @C
PCAMK@GLCB RM M@R?GL v ?LB
v
?R RFC DGL?J RGKC t BCRCPKGLCB GL RFC DGPQR N?PR MD RFC CV?KNJC.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
7FGJC RFC PMAI GQ GL RFC ?GP, GR PGQCQ ?LB RFCL D?JJQ RM ? DGL?J NMQGRGML 20.0 K JMUCP RF?L GRQ QR?PRGLE ?JRGRSBC. 7C A?L DGLB RFC RGKC DMP RFGQ @W SQGLE
(3.57)
y = y
0
+ v
0y
t
1
2
gt
2
.
)D UC R?IC RFC GLGRG?J NMQGRGML y
0
RM @C XCPM, RFCL RFC DGL?J NMQGRGML GQ y = 20.0 m. .MU RFC GLGRG?J TCPRGA?J TCJMAGRW GQ RFC TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLR MD
RFC GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW, DMSLB DPMK v
0y
= v
0
sin
0
= ( 25.0 m/s )( sin 35.0 ) = 14.3 m/s . 3S@QRGRSRGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ WGCJBQ
(3.58)
20.0 m = (14.3 m/s)t

4.90 m/s
2
t
2
.
2C?PP?LEGLE RCPKQ EGTCQ ? OS?BP?RGA COS?RGML GL t :
(3.59)
4.90 m/s
2
t
2
(14.3 m/s)t (20.0 m) = 0.
4FGQ CVNPCQQGML GQ ? OS?BP?RGA COS?RGML MD RFC DMPK at
2
+ bt + c = 0 , UFCPC RFC AMLQR?LRQ ?PC a = 4.90 , b = 14.3 , ?LB c = 20.0. )RQ
QMJSRGMLQ ?PC EGTCL @W RFC OS?BP?RGA DMPKSJ?:
(3.60)
t =
b b
2
4ac
2a
.
4FGQ COS?RGML WGCJBQ RUM QMJSRGMLQ: t = 3.96 ?LB t = 1.03 . ()R GQ JCDR ?Q ?L CVCPAGQC DMP RFC PC?BCP RM TCPGDW RFCQC QMJSRGMLQ.) 4FC RGKC GQ
t = 3.96 s MP 1.03 s . 4FC LCE?RGTC T?JSC MD RGKC GKNJGCQ ?L CTCLR @CDMPC RFC QR?PR MD KMRGML, ?LB QM UC BGQA?PB GR. 4FSQ,
(3.61)
t = 3.96 s.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (7)
4FC RGKC DMP NPMHCARGJC KMRGML GQ AMKNJCRCJW BCRCPKGLCB @W RFC TCPRGA?J KMRGML. 3M ?LW NPMHCARGJC RF?R F?Q ?L GLGRG?J TCPRGA?J TCJMAGRW MD 14.3 K/Q ?LB
J?LBQ 20.0 K @CJMU GRQ QR?PRGLE ?JRGRSBC UGJJ QNCLB 3.96 Q GL RFC ?GP.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
&PMK RFC GLDMPK?RGML LMU GL F?LB, UC A?L DGLB RFC DGL?J FMPGXMLR?J ?LB TCPRGA?J TCJMAGRGCQ v
x
?LB v
y
?LB AMK@GLC RFCK RM DGLB RFC RMR?J TCJMAGRW
v ?LB RFC ?LEJC
0
GR K?ICQ UGRF RFC FMPGXMLR?J. /D AMSPQC, v
x
GQ AMLQR?LR QM UC A?L QMJTC DMP GR ?R ?LW FMPGXMLR?J JMA?RGML. )L RFGQ A?QC, UC
AFMQC RFC QR?PRGLE NMGLR QGLAC UC ILMU @MRF RFC GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW ?LB GLGRG?J ?LEJC. 4FCPCDMPC:
(3.62)
v
x
= v
0
cos
0
= (25.0 m/s)(cos 35) = 20.5 m/s.
4FC DGL?J TCPRGA?J TCJMAGRW GQ EGTCL @W RFC DMJJMUGLE COS?RGML:
(3.63) v
y
= v
0y
gt,
UFCPC v
0y
U?Q DMSLB GL N?PR (?) RM @C 14.3 m/s . 4FSQ,
(3.64)
v
y
= 14.3 m/s (9.80 m/s
2
)(3.96 s)
QM RF?R
(3.65)
v
y
= 24.5 m/s.
4M DGLB RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW v UC AMK@GLC GRQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P AMKNMLCLRQ, SQGLE RFC DMJJMUGLE COS?RGML:
(3.66)
v = v
x
2
+ v
y
2
= (20.5 m/s)
2
+ ( 24.5 m/s)
2
,
UFGAF EGTCQ
(3.67) v = 31.9 m/s.
4FC BGPCARGML
v
GQ DMSLB DPMK RFC COS?RGML:
(3.68)
v
= tan
1
(v
y
/ v
x
)
QM RF?R
(3.69)
v
= tan
1
( 24.5 / 20.5) = tan
1
( 1.19).
4FSQ,
(3.70)
v
= 50.1 .
106 #(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3
D?I9KII?ED <EH (8)
4FC LCE?RGTC ?LEJC KC?LQ RF?R RFC TCJMAGRW GQ 50.1 @CJMU RFC FMPGXMLR?J. 4FGQ PCQSJR GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC D?AR RF?R RFC DGL?J TCPRGA?J TCJMAGRW GQ
LCE?RGTC ?LB FCLAC BMULU?PBr?Q WMS UMSJB CVNCAR @CA?SQC RFC DGL?J ?JRGRSBC GQ 20.0 K JMUCP RF?L RFC GLGRG?J ?JRGRSBC. (3CC F?=KH; 3.40.)
/LC MD RFC KMQR GKNMPR?LR RFGLEQ GJJSQRP?RCB @W NPMHCARGJC KMRGML GQ RF?R TCPRGA?J ?LB FMPGXMLR?J KMRGMLQ ?PC GLBCNCLBCLR MD C?AF MRFCP. '?JGJCM U?Q RFC
DGPQR NCPQML RM DSJJW AMKNPCFCLB RFGQ AF?P?ARCPGQRGA. (C SQCB GR RM NPCBGAR RFC P?LEC MD ? NPMHCARGJC. /L JCTCJ EPMSLB, UC BCDGLC H7D=; RM @C RFC
FMPGXMLR?J BGQR?LAC R RP?TCJCB @W ? NPMHCARGJC. '?JGJCM ?LB K?LW MRFCPQ UCPC GLRCPCQRCB GL RFC P?LEC MD NPMHCARGJCQ NPGK?PGJW DMP KGJGR?PW
NSPNMQCQrQSAF ?Q ?GKGLE A?LLMLQ. (MUCTCP, GLTCQRGE?RGLE RFC P?LEC MD NPMHCARGJCQ A?L QFCB JGEFR ML MRFCP GLRCPCQRGLE NFCLMKCL?, QSAF ?Q RFC MP@GRQ
MD Q?RCJJGRCQ ?PMSLB RFC %?PRF. ,CR SQ AMLQGBCP NPMHCARGJC P?LEC DSPRFCP.
F?=KH; 3.41 4P?HCARMPGCQ MD NPMHCARGJCQ ML JCTCJ EPMSLB. (?) 4FC EPC?RCP RFC GLGRG?J QNCCB v
0
, RFC EPC?RCP RFC P?LEC DMP ? EGTCL GLGRG?J ?LEJC. (@) 4FC CDDCAR MD GLGRG?J ?LEJC
0
ML
RFC P?LEC MD ? NPMHCARGJC UGRF ? EGTCL GLGRG?J QNCCB. .MRC RF?R RFC P?LEC GQ RFC Q?KC DMP 15 ?LB 75 , ?JRFMSEF RFC K?VGKSK FCGEFRQ MD RFMQC N?RFQ ?PC BGDDCPCLR.
(MU BMCQ RFC GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW MD ? NPMHCARGJC ?DDCAR GRQ P?LEC? /@TGMSQJW, RFC EPC?RCP RFC GLGRG?J QNCCB v
0
, RFC EPC?RCP RFC P?LEC, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH;
3.41(?). 4FC GLGRG?J ?LEJC
0
?JQM F?Q ? BP?K?RGA CDDCAR ML RFC P?LEC, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 3.41(@). &MP ? DGVCB GLGRG?J QNCCB, QSAF ?Q KGEFR @C
NPMBSACB @W ? A?LLML, RFC K?VGKSK P?LEC GQ M@R?GLCB UGRF
0
= 45 . 4FGQ GQ RPSC MLJW DMP AMLBGRGMLQ LCEJCARGLE ?GP PCQGQR?LAC. )D ?GP PCQGQR?LAC GQ
AMLQGBCPCB, RFC K?VGKSK ?LEJC GQ ?NNPMVGK?RCJW 38 . )LRCPCQRGLEJW, DMP CTCPW GLGRG?J ?LEJC CVACNR 45 , RFCPC ?PC RUM ?LEJCQ RF?R EGTC RFC Q?KC
P?LECrRFC QSK MD RFMQC ?LEJCQ GQ 90 . 4FC P?LEC ?JQM BCNCLBQ ML RFC T?JSC MD RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD EP?TGRW g . 4FC JSL?P ?QRPML?SR !J?L 3FCNFCPB
U?Q ?@JC RM BPGTC ? EMJD @?JJ ? EPC?R BGQR?LAC ML RFC -MML @CA?SQC EP?TGRW GQ UC?ICP RFCPC. 4FC P?LEC R MD ? NPMHCARGJC ML ?8I8? :EBHA7 DMP UFGAF ?GP
PCQGQR?LAC GQ LCEJGEG@JC GQ EGTCL @W
(3.71)
R =
v
0
2
sin 2
0
g
,
UFCPC v
0
GQ RFC GLGRG?J QNCCB ?LB
0
GQ RFC GLGRG?J ?LEJC PCJ?RGTC RM RFC FMPGXMLR?J. 4FC NPMMD MD RFGQ COS?RGML GQ JCDR ?Q ?L CLB-MD-AF?NRCP NPM@JCK
(FGLRQ ?PC EGTCL), @SR GR BMCQ DGR RFC K?HMP DC?RSPCQ MD NPMHCARGJC P?LEC ?Q BCQAPG@CB.
7FCL UC QNC?I MD RFC P?LEC MD ? NPMHCARGJC ML JCTCJ EPMSLB, UC ?QQSKC RF?R R GQ TCPW QK?JJ AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC AGPASKDCPCLAC MD RFC %?PRF. )D,
FMUCTCP, RFC P?LEC GQ J?PEC, RFC %?PRF ASPTCQ ?U?W @CJMU RFC NPMHCARGJC ?LB ?AACJCP?RGML MD EP?TGRW AF?LECQ BGPCARGML ?JMLE RFC N?RF. 4FC P?LEC GQ
J?PECP RF?L NPCBGARCB @W RFC P?LEC COS?RGML EGTCL ?@MTC @CA?SQC RFC NPMHCARGJC F?Q D?PRFCP RM D?JJ RF?L GR UMSJB ML JCTCJ EPMSLB. (3CC F?=KH; 3.42.) )D
RFC GLGRG?J QNCCB GQ EPC?R CLMSEF, RFC NPMHCARGJC EMCQ GLRM MP@GR. 4FGQ GQ A?JJCB CQA?NC TCJMAGRW. 4FGQ NMQQG@GJGRW U?Q PCAMELGXCB ACLRSPGCQ @CDMPC GR AMSJB
@C ?AAMKNJGQFCB. 7FCL ?L M@HCAR GQ GL MP@GR, RFC %?PRF ASPTCQ ?U?W DPMK SLBCPLC?RF RFC M@HCAR ?R RFC Q?KC P?RC ?Q GR D?JJQ. 4FC M@HCAR RFSQ D?JJQ
AMLRGLSMSQJW @SR LCTCP FGRQ RFC QSPD?AC. 4FCQC ?LB MRFCP ?QNCARQ MD MP@GR?J KMRGML, QSAF ?Q RFC PMR?RGML MD RFC %?PRF, UGJJ @C AMTCPCB ?L?JWRGA?JJW ?LB GL
EPC?RCP BCNRF J?RCP GL RFGQ RCVR.
/LAC ?E?GL UC QCC RF?R RFGLIGLE ?@MSR MLC RMNGA, QSAF ?Q RFC P?LEC MD ? NPMHCARGJC, A?L JC?B SQ RM MRFCPQ, QSAF ?Q RFC %?PRF MP@GRQ. )L A::?J?ED E<
/;BE9?J?;I, UC UGJJ CV?KGLC RFC ?BBGRGML MD TCJMAGRGCQ, UFGAF GQ ?LMRFCP GKNMPR?LR ?QNCAR MD RUM-BGKCLQGML?J IGLCK?RGAQ ?LB UGJJ ?JQM WGCJB GLQGEFRQ
@CWMLB RFC GKKCBG?RC RMNGA.
#(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3 107
F?=KH; 3.42 0PMHCARGJC RM Q?RCJJGRC. )L C?AF A?QC QFMUL FCPC, ? NPMHCARGJC GQ J?SLAFCB DPMK ? TCPW FGEF RMUCP RM ?TMGB ?GP PCQGQR?LAC. 7GRF GLAPC?QGLE GLGRG?J QNCCB, RFC P?LEC
GLAPC?QCQ ?LB @CAMKCQ JMLECP RF?L GR UMSJB @C ML JCTCJ EPMSLB @CA?SQC RFC %?PRF ASPTCQ ?U?W SLBCPLC?RF GRQ N?RF. 7GRF ? J?PEC CLMSEF GLGRG?J QNCCB, MP@GR GQ ?AFGCTCB.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: 0PMHCARGJC -MRGML
"J?QR ? "SGAI MSR MD ? A?LLML! ,C?PL ?@MSR NPMHCARGJC KMRGML @W DGPGLE T?PGMSQ M@HCARQ. 3CR RFC ?LEJC, GLGRG?J QNCCB, ?LB K?QQ. !BB ?GP PCQGQR?LAC.
-?IC ? E?KC MSR MD RFGQ QGKSJ?RGML @W RPWGLE RM FGR ? R?PECR.
F?=KH; 3.43 )HE@;9J?B; &EJ?ED (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42042/1.10/FHE@;9J?B;-CEJ?ED6;D.@7H)
3.5 A::?J?ED E< /;BE9?J?;I
2CJ?RGTC 6CJMAGRW
)D ? NCPQML PMUQ ? @M?R ?APMQQ ? P?NGBJW DJMUGLE PGTCP ?LB RPGCQ RM FC?B BGPCARJW DMP RFC MRFCP QFMPC, RFC @M?R GLQRC?B KMTCQ 7<4:BA4??L PCJ?RGTC RM RFC
QFMPC, ?Q GL F?=KH; 3.44. 4FC @M?R BMCQ LMR KMTC GL RFC BGPCARGML GL UFGAF GR GQ NMGLRCB. 4FC PC?QML, MD AMSPQC, GQ RF?R RFC PGTCP A?PPGCQ RFC @M?R
BMULQRPC?K. 3GKGJ?PJW, GD ? QK?JJ ?GPNJ?LC DJGCQ MTCPFC?B GL ? QRPMLE APMQQUGLB, WMS A?L QMKCRGKCQ QCC RF?R RFC NJ?LC GQ LMR KMTGLE GL RFC BGPCARGML GL
UFGAF GR GQ NMGLRCB, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 3.45. 4FC NJ?LC GQ KMTGLE QRP?GEFR ?FC?B PCJ?RGTC RM RFC ?GP, @SR RFC KMTCKCLR MD RFC ?GP K?QQ PCJ?RGTC RM RFC
EPMSLB A?PPGCQ GR QGBCU?WQ.
F?=KH; 3.44 ! @M?R RPWGLE RM FC?B QRP?GEFR ?APMQQ ? PGTCP UGJJ ?ARS?JJW KMTC BG?EML?JJW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC QFMPC ?Q QFMUL. )RQ RMR?J TCJMAGRW (QMJGB ?PPMU) PCJ?RGTC RM RFC QFMPC GQ RFC
QSK MD GRQ TCJMAGRW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC PGTCP NJSQ RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC PGTCP PCJ?RGTC RM RFC QFMPC.
108 #(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3
F?=KH; 3.45 !L ?GPNJ?LC FC?BGLE QRP?GEFR LMPRF GQ GLQRC?B A?PPGCB RM RFC UCQR ?LB QJMUCB BMUL @W UGLB. 4FC NJ?LC BMCQ LMR KMTC PCJ?RGTC RM RFC EPMSLB GL RFC BGPCARGML GR
NMGLRQ; P?RFCP, GR KMTCQ GL RFC BGPCARGML MD GRQ RMR?J TCJMAGRW (QMJGB ?PPMU).
)L C?AF MD RFCQC QGRS?RGMLQ, ?L M@HCAR F?Q ? L;BE9?JO PCJ?RGTC RM ? KCBGSK (QSAF ?Q ? PGTCP) ?LB RF?R KCBGSK F?Q ? TCJMAGRW PCJ?RGTC RM ?L M@QCPTCP ML
QMJGB EPMSLB. 4FC TCJMAGRW MD RFC M@HCAR E8?4G<I8 GB G;8 B5F8EI8E GQ RFC QSK MD RFCQC TCJMAGRW TCARMPQ, ?Q GLBGA?RCB GL F?=KH; 3.44 ?LB F?=KH; 3.45.
4FCQC QGRS?RGMLQ ?PC MLJW RUM MD K?LW GL UFGAF GR GQ SQCDSJ RM ?BB TCJMAGRGCQ. )L RFGQ KMBSJC, UC DGPQR PC-CV?KGLC FMU RM ?BB TCJMAGRGCQ ?LB RFCL
AMLQGBCP ACPR?GL ?QNCARQ MD UF?R PCJ?RGTC TCJMAGRW KC?LQ.
(MU BM UC ?BB TCJMAGRGCQ? 6CJMAGRW GQ ? TCARMP (GR F?Q @MRF K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML); RFC PSJCQ MD L;9JEH 7::?J?ED BGQASQQCB GL /;9JEH A::?J?ED 7D:
,K8JH79J?ED: H7F>?97B &;J>E:I ?LB /;9JEH A::?J?ED 7D: ,K8JH79J?ED: AD7BOJ?97B &;J>E:I ?NNJW RM RFC ?BBGRGML MD TCJMAGRGCQ, HSQR ?Q RFCW BM DMP
?LW MRFCP TCARMPQ. )L MLC-BGKCLQGML?J KMRGML, RFC ?BBGRGML MD TCJMAGRGCQ GQ QGKNJCrRFCW ?BB JGIC MPBGL?PW LSK@CPQ. &MP CV?KNJC, GD ? DGCJB FMAICW
NJ?WCP GQ KMTGLE ?R 5 m/s QRP?GEFR RMU?PB RFC EM?J ?LB BPGTCQ RFC @?JJ GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML UGRF ? TCJMAGRW MD 30 m/s PCJ?RGTC RM FCP @MBW, RFCL RFC
TCJMAGRW MD RFC @?JJ GQ 35 m/s PCJ?RGTC RM RFC QR?RGML?PW, NPMDSQCJW QUC?RGLE EM?JICCNCP QR?LBGLE GL DPMLR MD RFC EM?J.
)L RUM-BGKCLQGML?J KMRGML, CGRFCP EP?NFGA?J MP ?L?JWRGA?J RCAFLGOSCQ A?L @C SQCB RM ?BB TCJMAGRGCQ. 7C UGJJ AMLACLRP?RC ML ?L?JWRGA?J RCAFLGOSCQ. 4FC
DMJJMUGLE COS?RGMLQ EGTC RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ @CRUCCL RFC K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD TCJMAGRW ( v ?LB ) ?LB GRQ AMKNMLCLRQ ( v
x
?LB v
y
) ?JMLE RFC K-
?LB L-?VCQ MD ?L ?NNPMNPG?RCJW AFMQCL AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK:
(3.72)
v
x
= v cos
(3.73)
v
y
= v sin
(3.74)
v = v
x
2
+ v
y
2
(3.75)
= tan
1
(v
y
/ v
x
).
F?=KH; 3.46 4FC TCJMAGRW, v , MD ?L M@HCAR RP?TCJGLE ?R ?L ?LEJC RM RFC FMPGXMLR?J ?VGQ GQ RFC QSK MD AMKNMLCLR TCARMPQ v
x
?LB v
y
.
4FCQC COS?RGMLQ ?PC T?JGB DMP ?LW TCARMPQ ?LB ?PC ?B?NRCB QNCAGDGA?JJW DMP TCJMAGRW. 4FC DGPQR RUM COS?RGMLQ ?PC SQCB RM DGLB RFC AMKNMLCLRQ MD ?
TCJMAGRW UFCL GRQ K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML ?PC ILMUL. 4FC J?QR RUM ?PC SQCB RM DGLB RFC K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD TCJMAGRW UFCL GRQ AMKNMLCLRQ ?PC
ILMUL.
4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR: 2CJ?RGTC 6CJMAGRW MD ? "M?R
&GJJ ? @?RFRS@ F?JD-DSJJ MD U?RCP. 4?IC ? RMW @M?R MP QMKC MRFCP M@HCAR RF?R DJM?RQ GL U?RCP. 5LNJSE RFC BP?GL QM U?RCP QR?PRQ RM BP?GL. 4PW NSQFGLE RFC
@M?R DPMK MLC QGBC MD RFC RS@ RM RFC MRFCP ?LB NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC DJMU MD U?RCP. 7FGAF U?W BM WMS LCCB RM NSQF RFC @M?R QM RF?R GR CLBQ SN
GKKCBG?RCJW MNNMQGRC? #MKN?PC RFC BGPCARGMLQ MD RFC DJMU MD U?RCP, FC?BGLE MD RFC @M?R, ?LB ?ARS?J TCJMAGRW MD RFC @M?R.
#(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3 109
EN7CFB; 3.6 A::?D= /;BE9?J?;I: A BE7J ED 7 +?L;H
F?=KH; 3.47 ! @M?R ?RRCKNRQ RM RP?TCJ QRP?GEFR ?APMQQ ? PGTCP ?R ? QNCCB 0.75 K/Q. 4FC ASPPCLR GL RFC PGTCP, FMUCTCP, DJMUQ ?R ? QNCCB MD 1.20 K/Q RM RFC PGEFR. 7F?R GQ RFC
RMR?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR MD RFC @M?R PCJ?RGTC RM RFC QFMPC?
2CDCP RM F?=KH; 3.47, UFGAF QFMUQ ? @M?R RPWGLE RM EM QRP?GEFR ?APMQQ RFC PGTCP. ,CR SQ A?JASJ?RC RFC K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD RFC @M?RtQ TCJMAGRW
PCJ?RGTC RM ?L M@QCPTCP ML RFC QFMPC, v
tot
. 4FC TCJMAGRW MD RFC @M?R, v
boat
, GQ 0.75 K/Q GL RFC y -BGPCARGML PCJ?RGTC RM RFC PGTCP ?LB RFC TCJMAGRW MD
RFC PGTCP, v
river
, GQ 1.20 K/Q RM RFC PGEFR.
,JH7J;=O
7C QR?PR @W AFMMQGLE ? AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK UGRF GRQ x -?VGQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC PGTCP, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 3.47. "CA?SQC RFC @M?R GQ
BGPCARCB QRP?GEFR RMU?PB RFC MRFCP QFMPC, GRQ TCJMAGRW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC U?RCP GQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC y -?VGQ ?LB NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC PGTCP.
4FSQ, UC A?L ?BB RFC RUM TCJMAGRGCQ @W SQGLE RFC COS?RGMLQ v
tot
= v
x
2
+ v
y
2
?LB = tan
1
(v
y
/ v
x
) BGPCARJW.
,EBKJ?ED
4FC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC RMR?J TCJMAGRW GQ
(3.76)
v
tot
= v
x
2
+ v
y
2
,
UFCPC
(3.77) v
x
= v
river
= 1.20 m/s
?LB
(3.78)
v
y
= v
boat
= 0.750 m/s.
4FSQ,
(3.79)
v
tot
= (1.20 m/s)
2
+ (0.750 m/s)
2
WGCJBGLE
(3.80) v
tot
= 1.42 m/s.
4FC BGPCARGML MD RFC RMR?J TCJMAGRW GQ EGTCL @W:
(3.81)
= tan
1
(v
y
/ v
x
) = tan
1
(0.750 / 1.20).
4FGQ COS?RGML EGTCQ
(3.82)
= 32.0.
D?I9KII?ED
"MRF RFC K?ELGRSBC v ?LB RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC RMR?J TCJMAGRW ?PC AMLQGQRCLR UGRF F?=KH; 3.47. .MRC RF?R @CA?SQC RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC PGTCP GQ
J?PEC AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC @M?R, GR GQ QUCNR P?NGBJW BMULQRPC?K. 4FGQ PCQSJR GQ CTGBCLACB @W RFC QK?JJ ?LEJC (MLJW 32.0 ) RFC RMR?J
TCJMAGRW F?Q PCJ?RGTC RM RFC PGTCP@?LI.
110 #(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3
EN7CFB; 3.7 C7B9KB7J?D= /;BE9?JO: 0?D: /;BE9?JO C7KI;I 7D A?HFB7D; JE DH?<J
#?JASJ?RC RFC UGLB TCJMAGRW DMP RFC QGRS?RGML QFMUL GL F?=KH; 3.48. 4FC NJ?LC GQ ILMUL RM @C KMTGLE ?R 45.0 K/Q BSC LMPRF PCJ?RGTC RM RFC ?GP
K?QQ, UFGJC GRQ TCJMAGRW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC EPMSLB (GRQ RMR?J TCJMAGRW) GQ 38.0 K/Q GL ? BGPCARGML 20.0 UCQR MD LMPRF.
F?=KH; 3.48 !L ?GPNJ?LC GQ ILMUL RM @C FC?BGLE LMPRF ?R 45.0 K/Q, RFMSEF GRQ TCJMAGRW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC EPMSLB GQ 38.0 K/Q ?R ?L ?LEJC UCQR MD LMPRF. 7F?R GQ RFC QNCCB ?LB
BGPCARGML MD RFC UGLB?
,JH7J;=O
)L RFGQ NPM@JCK, QMKCUF?R BGDDCPCLR DPMK RFC NPCTGMSQ CV?KNJC, UC ILMU RFC RMR?J TCJMAGRW v
tot
?LB RF?R GR GQ RFC QSK MD RUM MRFCP TCJMAGRGCQ, v
w
(RFC UGLB) ?LB v
p
(RFC NJ?LC PCJ?RGTC RM RFC ?GP K?QQ). 4FC OS?LRGRW v
p
GQ ILMUL, ?LB UC ?PC ?QICB RM DGLB v
w
. .MLC MD RFC TCJMAGRGCQ ?PC
NCPNCLBGASJ?P, @SR GR GQ NMQQG@JC RM DGLB RFCGP AMKNMLCLRQ ?JMLE ? AMKKML QCR MD NCPNCLBGASJ?P ?VCQ. )D UC A?L DGLB RFC AMKNMLCLRQ MD v
w
, RFCL
UC A?L AMK@GLC RFCK RM QMJTC DMP GRQ K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML. !Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 3.48, UC AFMMQC ? AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK UGRF GRQ K-?VGQ BSC C?QR
?LB GRQ L-?VGQ BSC LMPRF (N?P?JJCJ RM v
p
). (9MS K?W UGQF RM JMMI @?AI ?R RFC BGQASQQGML MD RFC ?BBGRGML MD TCARMPQ SQGLE NCPNCLBGASJ?P AMKNMLCLRQ
GL /;9JEH A::?J?ED 7D: ,K8JH79J?ED: AD7BOJ?97B &;J>E:I.)
,EBKJ?ED
"CA?SQC v
tot
GQ RFC TCARMP QSK MD RFC v
w
?LB v
p
, GRQ K- ?LB L-AMKNMLCLRQ ?PC RFC QSKQ MD RFC K- ?LB L-AMKNMLCLRQ MD RFC UGLB ?LB NJ?LC
TCJMAGRGCQ. .MRC RF?R RFC NJ?LC MLJW F?Q TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLR MD TCJMAGRW QM v
px
= 0 ?LB v
py
= v
p
. 4F?R GQ,
(3.83) v
totx
= v
wx
?LB
(3.84) v
toty
= v
wx
+ v
p
.
7C A?L SQC RFC DGPQR MD RFCQC RUM COS?RGMLQ RM DGLB v
wx
:
(3.85) v
wx
= v
totx
= v
tot
cos 110.
"CA?SQC v
tot
= 38.0 m/ s ?LB cos 110 = 0.342 UC F?TC
(3.86) v
wx
= (38.0 m/s)(0.342)=13.0 m/s.
4FC KGLSQ QGEL GLBGA?RCQ KMRGML UCQR UFGAF GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC BG?EP?K.
.MU, RM DGLB v
wy
UC LMRC RF?R
(3.87) v
toty
= v
wx
+ v
p
(CPC v
toty
= v
tot
sin 110 ; RFSQ,
(3.88)
v
wy
= (38.0 m/s)(0.940) 45.0 m/s = 9.29 m/s.
4FGQ KGLSQ QGEL GLBGA?RCQ KMRGML QMSRF UFGAF GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC BG?EP?K.
#(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3 111
.MU RF?R RFC NCPNCLBGASJ?P AMKNMLCLRQ MD RFC UGLB TCJMAGRW v
wx
?LB v
wy
?PC ILMUL, UC A?L DGLB RFC K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD v
w
. &GPQR,
RFC K?ELGRSBC GQ
(3.89)
v
w
= v
wx
2
+ v
wy
2
= ( 13.0 m/s)
2
+ ( 9.29 m/s)
2
QM RF?R
(3.90)
v
w
= 16.0 m/s.
4FC BGPCARGML GQ:
(3.91)
= tan
1
(v
wy
/ v
wx
) = tan
1
( 9.29 / 13.0)
EGTGLE
(3.92)
= 35.6.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC UGLBtQ QNCCB ?LB BGPCARGML ?PC AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC QGELGDGA?LR CDDCAR RFC UGLB F?Q ML RFC RMR?J TCJMAGRW MD RFC NJ?LC, ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 3.48.
"CA?SQC RFC NJ?LC GQ DGEFRGLE ? QRPMLE AMK@GL?RGML MD APMQQUGLB ?LB FC?B-UGLB, GR CLBQ SN UGRF ? RMR?J TCJMAGRW QGELGDGA?LRJW JCQQ RF?L GRQ TCJMAGRW
PCJ?RGTC RM RFC ?GP K?QQ ?Q UCJJ ?Q FC?BGLE GL ? BGDDCPCLR BGPCARGML.
.MRC RF?R GL @MRF MD RFC J?QR RUM CV?KNJCQ, UC UCPC ?@JC RM K?IC RFC K?RFCK?RGAQ C?QGCP @W AFMMQGLE ? AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK UGRF MLC ?VGQ N?P?JJCJ RM
MLC MD RFC TCJMAGRGCQ. 7C UGJJ PCNC?RCBJW DGLB RF?R AFMMQGLE ?L ?NNPMNPG?RC AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK K?ICQ NPM@JCK QMJTGLE C?QGCP. &MP CV?KNJC, GL NPMHCARGJC
KMRGML UC ?JU?WQ SQC ? AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK UGRF MLC ?VGQ N?P?JJCJ RM EP?TGRW.
2CJ?RGTC 6CJMAGRGCQ ?LB #J?QQGA?J 2CJ?RGTGRW
7FCL ?BBGLE TCJMAGRGCQ, UC F?TC @CCL A?PCDSJ RM QNCAGDW RF?R RFC I8?B6<GL <F E8?4G<I8 GB FB@8 E898E8A68 9E4@8. 4FCQC TCJMAGRGCQ ?PC A?JJCB H;B7J?L;
L;BE9?J?;I. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC TCJMAGRW MD ?L ?GPNJ?LC PCJ?RGTC RM ?L ?GP K?QQ GQ BGDDCPCLR DPMK GRQ TCJMAGRW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC EPMSLB. "MRF ?PC OSGRC BGDDCPCLR
DPMK RFC TCJMAGRW MD ?L ?GPNJ?LC PCJ?RGTC RM GRQ N?QQCLECPQ (UFGAF QFMSJB @C AJMQC RM XCPM). 2CJ?RGTC TCJMAGRGCQ ?PC MLC ?QNCAR MD H;B7J?L?JO, UFGAF GQ
BCDGLCB RM @C RFC QRSBW MD FMU BGDDCPCLR M@QCPTCPQ KMTGLE PCJ?RGTC RM C?AF MRFCP KC?QSPC RFC Q?KC NFCLMKCLML.
.C?PJW CTCPWMLC F?Q FC?PB MD PCJ?RGTGRW ?LB GKKCBG?RCJW ?QQMAG?RCQ GR UGRF !J@CPR %GLQRCGL (1879q1955), RFC EPC?RCQR NFWQGAGQR MD RFC 20RF ACLRSPW.
%GLQRCGL PCTMJSRGMLGXCB MSP TGCU MD L?RSPC UGRF FGQ @B78EA RFCMPW MD PCJ?RGTGRW, UFGAF UC QF?JJ QRSBW GL J?RCP AF?NRCPQ. 4FC PCJ?RGTC TCJMAGRGCQ GL RFGQ
QCARGML ?PC ?ARS?JJW ?QNCARQ MD AJ?QQGA?J PCJ?RGTGRW, DGPQR BGQASQQCB AMPPCARJW @W '?JGJCM ?LB )Q??A .CURML. CB7II?97B H;B7J?L?JO GQ JGKGRCB RM QGRS?RGMLQ
UFCPC QNCCBQ ?PC JCQQ RF?L ?@MSR 1% MD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFRrRF?R GQ, JCQQ RF?L 3,000 km/s . -MQR RFGLEQ UC CLAMSLRCP GL B?GJW JGDC KMTC QJMUCP RF?L
RFGQ QNCCB.
,CR SQ AMLQGBCP ?L CV?KNJC MD UF?R RUM BGDDCPCLR M@QCPTCPQ QCC GL ? QGRS?RGML ?L?JWXCB JMLE ?EM @W '?JGJCM. 3SNNMQC ? Q?GJMP ?R RFC RMN MD ? K?QR ML ?
KMTGLE QFGN BPMNQ FGQ @GLMASJ?PQ. 7FCPC UGJJ GR FGR RFC BCAI? 7GJJ GR FGR ?R RFC @?QC MD RFC K?QR, MP UGJJ GR FGR @CFGLB RFC K?QR @CA?SQC RFC QFGN GQ KMTGLE
DMPU?PB? 4FC ?LQUCP GQ RF?R GD ?GP PCQGQR?LAC GQ LCEJGEG@JC, RFC @GLMASJ?PQ UGJJ FGR ?R RFC @?QC MD RFC K?QR ?R ? NMGLR BGPCARJW @CJMU GRQ NMGLR MD PCJC?QC.
.MU JCR SQ AMLQGBCP UF?R RUM BGDDCPCLR M@QCPTCPQ QCC UFCL RFC @GLMASJ?PQ BPMN. /LC M@QCPTCP GQ ML RFC QFGN ?LB RFC MRFCP ML QFMPC. 4FC @GLMASJ?PQ
F?TC LM FMPGXMLR?J TCJMAGRW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC M@QCPTCP ML RFC QFGN, ?LB QM FC QCCQ RFCK D?JJ QRP?GEFR BMUL RFC K?QR. (3CC F?=KH; 3.49.) 4M RFC M@QCPTCP
ML QFMPC, RFC @GLMASJ?PQ ?LB RFC QFGN F?TC RFC F4@8 FMPGXMLR?J TCJMAGRW, QM @MRF KMTC RFC Q?KC BGQR?LAC DMPU?PB UFGJC RFC @GLMASJ?PQ ?PC D?JJGLE. 4FGQ
M@QCPTCP QCCQ RFC ASPTCB N?RF QFMUL GL F?=KH; 3.49. !JRFMSEF RFC N?RFQ JMMI BGDDCPCLR RM RFC BGDDCPCLR M@QCPTCPQ, C?AF QCCQ RFC Q?KC PCQSJRrRFC
@GLMASJ?PQ FGR ?R RFC @?QC MD RFC K?QR ?LB LMR @CFGLB GR. 4M ECR RFC AMPPCAR BCQAPGNRGML, GR GQ APSAG?J RM AMPPCARJW QNCAGDW RFC TCJMAGRGCQ PCJ?RGTC RM RFC
M@QCPTCP.
F?=KH; 3.49 #J?QQGA?J PCJ?RGTGRW. 4FC Q?KC KMRGML ?Q TGCUCB @W RUM BGDDCPCLR M@QCPTCPQ. !L M@QCPTCP ML RFC KMTGLE QFGN QCCQ RFC @GLMASJ?PQ BPMNNCB DPMK RFC RMN MD GRQ K?QR
D?JJ QRP?GEFR BMUL. !L M@QCPTCP ML QFMPC QCCQ RFC @GLMASJ?PQ R?IC RFC ASPTCB N?RF, KMTGLE DMPU?PB UGRF RFC QFGN. "MRF M@QCPTCPQ QCC RFC @GLMASJ?PQ QRPGIC RFC BCAI ?R RFC @?QC
MD RFC K?QR. 4FC GLGRG?J FMPGXMLR?J TCJMAGRW GQ BGDDCPCLR PCJ?RGTC RM RFC RUM M@QCPTCPQ. (4FC QFGN GQ QFMUL KMTGLE P?RFCP D?QR RM CKNF?QGXC RFC CDDCAR.)
112 #(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3
EN7CFB; 3.8 C7B9KB7J?D= +;B7J?L; /;BE9?JO: AD A?HB?D; )7II;D=;H DHEFI 7 CE?D
!L ?GPJGLC N?QQCLECP BPMNQ ? AMGL UFGJC RFC NJ?LC GQ KMTGLE ?R 260 K/Q. 7F?R GQ RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC AMGL UFCL GR QRPGICQ RFC DJMMP 1.50 K @CJMU GRQ
NMGLR MD PCJC?QC: (?) -C?QSPCB PCJ?RGTC RM RFC NJ?LC? (@) -C?QSPCB PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF?
F?=KH; 3.50 4FC KMRGML MD ? AMGL BPMNNCB GLQGBC ?L ?GPNJ?LC ?Q TGCUCB @W RUM BGDDCPCLR M@QCPTCPQ. (?) !L M@QCPTCP GL RFC NJ?LC QCCQ RFC AMGL D?JJ QRP?GEFR BMUL. (@) !L
M@QCPTCP ML RFC EPMSLB QCCQ RFC AMGL KMTC ?JKMQR FMPGXMLR?JJW.
,JH7J;=O
"MRF NPM@JCKQ A?L @C QMJTCB UGRF RFC RCAFLGOSCQ DMP D?JJGLE M@HCARQ ?LB NPMHCARGJCQ. )L N?PR (?), RFC GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW MD RFC AMGL GQ XCPM PCJ?RGTC RM RFC
NJ?LC, QM RFC KMRGML GQ RF?R MD ? D?JJGLE M@HCAR (MLC-BGKCLQGML?J). )L N?PR (@), RFC GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW GQ 260 K/Q FMPGXMLR?J PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF ?LB
EP?TGRW GQ TCPRGA?J, QM RFGQ KMRGML GQ ? NPMHCARGJC KMRGML. )L @MRF N?PRQ, GR GQ @CQR RM SQC ? AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK UGRF TCPRGA?J ?LB FMPGXMLR?J ?VCQ.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
5QGLE RFC EGTCL GLDMPK?RGML, UC LMRC RF?R RFC GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW ?LB NMQGRGML ?PC XCPM, ?LB RFC DGL?J NMQGRGML GQ 1.50 K. 4FC DGL?J TCJMAGRW A?L @C DMSLB
SQGLE RFC COS?RGML:
(3.93)
v
y
2
= v
0y
2
2g(y y
0
).
3S@QRGRSRGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC COS?RGML, UC ECR
(3.94)
v
y
2
= 0
2
2(9.80 m/s
2
)( 1.50 m 0 m) = 29.4 m
2
/s
2
WGCJBGLE
(3.95)
v
y
= 5.42 m/s.
7C ILMU RF?R RFC QOS?PC PMMR MD 29.4 F?Q RUM PMMRQ: 5.42 ?LB -5.42. 7C AFMMQC RFC LCE?RGTC PMMR @CA?SQC UC ILMU RF?R RFC TCJMAGRW GQ BGPCARCB
BMULU?PBQ, ?LB UC F?TC BCDGLCB RFC NMQGRGTC BGPCARGML RM @C SNU?PBQ. 4FCPC GQ LM GLGRG?J FMPGXMLR?J TCJMAGRW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC NJ?LC ?LB LM FMPGXMLR?J
?AACJCP?RGML, ?LB QM RFC KMRGML GQ QRP?GEFR BMUL PCJ?RGTC RM RFC NJ?LC.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
"CA?SQC RFC GLGRG?J TCPRGA?J TCJMAGRW GQ XCPM PCJ?RGTC RM RFC EPMSLB ?LB TCPRGA?J KMRGML GQ GLBCNCLBCLR MD FMPGXMLR?J KMRGML, RFC DGL?J TCPRGA?J TCJMAGRW
DMP RFC AMGL PCJ?RGTC RM RFC EPMSLB GQ v
y
= 5.42 m/s , RFC Q?KC ?Q DMSLB GL N?PR (?). )L AMLRP?QR RM N?PR (?), RFCPC LMU GQ ? FMPGXMLR?J
AMKNMLCLR MD RFC TCJMAGRW. (MUCTCP, QGLAC RFCPC GQ LM FMPGXMLR?J ?AACJCP?RGML, RFC GLGRG?J ?LB DGL?J FMPGXMLR?J TCJMAGRGCQ ?PC RFC Q?KC ?LB
v
x
= 260 m/s . 4FC K- ?LB L-AMKNMLCLRQ MD TCJMAGRW A?L @C AMK@GLCB RM DGLB RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW:
(3.96)
v = v
x
2
+ v
y
2
.
4FSQ,
(3.97)
v = (260 m/s)
2
+ ( 5.42 m/s)
2
WGCJBGLE
(3.98)
v = 260.06 m/s.
#(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3 113
7?H H;I?IJ7D9;:
7D7BOJ?97B C;J>E::
9B7II?97B H;B7J?L?JO:
9ECCKJ7J?L;:
9ECFED;DJ (E< 7 2-: L;9JEH):
:?H;9J?ED (E< 7 L;9JEH):
>;7: (E< 7 L;9JEH):
>;7:-JE-J7?B C;J>E::
A?D;C7J?9I:
C7=D?JK:; (E< 7 L;9JEH):
CEJ?ED:
FHE@;9J?B; CEJ?ED:
FHE@;9J?B;:
4FC BGPCARGML GQ EGTCL @W:
(3.99)
= tan
1
(v
y
/ v
x
) = tan
1
( 5.42 / 260)
QM RF?R
(3.100)
= tan
1
( 0.0208) = 1.19.
D?I9KII?ED
)L N?PR (?), RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC NJ?LC GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q GR UMSJB @C GD RFC AMGL UCPC BPMNNCB DPMK PCQR ML RFC %?PRF ?LB DCJJ 1.50 K. 4FGQ
PCQSJR DGRQ MSP CVNCPGCLAC; M@HCARQ GL ? NJ?LC D?JJ RFC Q?KC U?W UFCL RFC NJ?LC GQ DJWGLE FMPGXMLR?JJW ?Q UFCL GR GQ ?R PCQR ML RFC EPMSLB. 4FGQ PCQSJR
GQ ?JQM RPSC GL KMTGLE A?PQ. )L N?PR (@), ?L M@QCPTCP ML RFC EPMSLB QCCQ ? KSAF BGDDCPCLR KMRGML DMP RFC AMGL. 4FC NJ?LC GQ KMTGLE QM D?QR
FMPGXMLR?JJW RM @CEGL UGRF RF?R GRQ DGL?J TCJMAGRW GQ @?PCJW EPC?RCP RF?L RFC GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW. /LAC ?E?GL, UC QCC RF?R GL RUM BGKCLQGMLQ, TCARMPQ BM LMR
?BB JGIC MPBGL?PW LSK@CPQrRFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW T GL N?PR (@) GQ ABG (260 5.42) m/s ; P?RFCP, GR GQ 260.06 m/s . 4FC TCJMAGRWtQ K?ELGRSBC F?B RM @C
A?JASJ?RCB RM DGTC BGEGRQ RM QCC ?LW BGDDCPCLAC DPMK RF?R MD RFC ?GPNJ?LC. 4FC KMRGMLQ ?Q QCCL @W BGDDCPCLR M@QCPTCPQ (MLC GL RFC NJ?LC ?LB MLC ML
RFC EPMSLB) GL RFGQ CV?KNJC ?PC ?L?JMEMSQ RM RFMQC BGQASQQCB DMP RFC @GLMASJ?PQ BPMNNCB DPMK RFC K?QR MD ? KMTGLE QFGN, CVACNR RF?R RFC TCJMAGRW
MD RFC NJ?LC GQ KSAF J?PECP, QM RF?R RFC RUM M@QCPTCPQ QCC I8EL BGDDCPCLR N?RFQ. (3CC F?=KH; 3.50.) )L ?BBGRGML, @MRF M@QCPTCPQ QCC RFC AMGL D?JJ
1.50 K TCPRGA?JJW, @SR RFC MLC ML RFC EPMSLB ?JQM QCCQ GR KMTC DMPU?PB 144 K (RFGQ A?JASJ?RGML GQ JCDR DMP RFC PC?BCP). 4FSQ, MLC M@QCPTCP QCCQ ?
TCPRGA?J N?RF, RFC MRFCP ? LC?PJW FMPGXMLR?J N?RF.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 2CJ?RGTGRW ?LB %GLQRCGL
"CA?SQC %GLQRCGL U?Q ?@JC RM AJC?PJW BCDGLC FMU KC?QSPCKCLRQ ?PC K?BC (QMKC GLTMJTC JGEFR) ?LB @CA?SQC RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR GQ RFC Q?KC
DMP ?JJ M@QCPTCPQ, RFC MSRAMKCQ ?PC QNCAR?ASJ?PJW SLCVNCARCB. 4GKC T?PGCQ UGRF M@QCPTCP, CLCPEW GQ QRMPCB ?Q GLAPC?QCB K?QQ, ?LB KMPC
QSPNPGQCQ ?U?GR.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: -MRGML GL 2$
4PW RFC LCU ",?BW@SE -MRGML 2$" QGKSJ?RGML DMP RFC J?RCQR SNB?RCB TCPQGML. ,C?PL ?@MSR NMQGRGML, TCJMAGRW, ?LB ?AACJCP?RGML TCARMPQ. -MTC RFC
@?JJ UGRF RFC KMSQC MP JCR RFC QGKSJ?RGML KMTC RFC @?JJ GL DMSP RWNCQ MD KMRGML (2 RWNCQ MD JGLC?P, QGKNJC F?PKMLGA, AGPAJC).
F?=KH; 3.51 &EJ?ED ?D 2D (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42045/1.9/CEJ?ED-2:6;D.@7H)
BEII7HO
? DPGARGML?J DMPAC RF?R QJMUQ RFC KMRGML MD M@HCARQ ?Q RFCW RP?TCJ RFPMSEF RFC ?GP; UFCL QMJTGLE @?QGA NFWQGAQ NPM@JCKQ, ?GP PCQGQR?LAC
GQ ?QQSKCB RM @C XCPM
RFC KCRFMB MD BCRCPKGLGLE RFC K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD ? PCQSJR?LR TCARMP SQGLE RFC 0WRF?EMPC?L RFCMPCK ?LB RPGEMLMKCRPGA
GBCLRGRGCQ
RFC QRSBW MD PCJ?RGTC TCJMAGRGCQ GL QGRS?RGMLQ UFCPC QNCCBQ ?PC JCQQ RF?L ?@MSR 1% MD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFRrRF?R GQ, JCQQ RF?L 3000
IK/Q
PCDCPQ RM RFC GLRCPAF?LEC?@GJGRW MD MPBCP GL ? DSLARGML; TCARMP ?BBGRGML GQ AMKKSR?RGTC @CA?SQC RFC MPBCP GL UFGAF TCARMPQ ?PC ?BBCB
RMECRFCP BMCQ LMR ?DDCAR RFC DGL?J QSK
? NGCAC MD ? TCARMP RF?R NMGLRQ GL CGRFCP RFC TCPRGA?J MP RFC FMPGXMLR?J BGPCARGML; CTCPW 2-B TCARMP A?L @C CVNPCQQCB ?Q
? QSK MD RUM TCPRGA?J ?LB FMPGXMLR?J TCARMP AMKNMLCLRQ
RFC MPGCLR?RGML MD ? TCARMP GL QN?AC
RFC CLB NMGLR MD ? TCARMP; RFC JMA?RGML MD RFC RGN MD RFC TCARMPtQ ?PPMUFC?B; ?JQM PCDCPPCB RM ?Q RFC uRGNv
? KCRFMB MD ?BBGLE TCARMPQ GL UFGAF RFC R?GJ MD C?AF TCARMP GQ NJ?ACB ?R RFC FC?B MD RFC NPCTGMSQ TCARMP
RFC QRSBW MD KMRGML UGRFMSR PCE?PB RM K?QQ MP DMPAC
RFC JCLERF MP QGXC MD ? TCARMP; K?ELGRSBC GQ ? QA?J?P OS?LRGRW
BGQNJ?ACKCLR MD ?L M@HCAR ?Q ? DSLARGML MD RGKC
RFC KMRGML MD ?L M@HCAR RF?R GQ QS@HCAR MLJW RM RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD EP?TGRW
?L M@HCAR RF?R RP?TCJQ RFPMSEF RFC ?GP ?LB CVNCPGCLACQ MLJW ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW
114 #(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3
H7D=;:
H;B7J?L; L;BE9?JO:
H;B7J?L?JO:
H;IKBJ7DJ L;9JEH:
H;IKBJ7DJ:
I97B7H:
J7?B:
JH7@;9JEHO:
L;9JEH 7::?J?ED:
L;9JEH:
L;BE9?JO:
RFC K?VGKSK FMPGXMLR?J BGQR?LAC RF?R ? NPMHCARGJC RP?TCJQ
RFC TCJMAGRW MD ?L M@HCAR ?Q M@QCPTCB DPMK ? N?PRGASJ?P PCDCPCLAC DP?KC
RFC QRSBW MD FMU BGDDCPCLR M@QCPTCPQ KMTGLE PCJ?RGTC RM C?AF MRFCP KC?QSPC RFC Q?KC NFCLMKCLML
RFC TCARMP QSK MD RUM MP KMPC TCARMPQ
RFC QSK MD RUM MP KMPC TCARMPQ
? OS?LRGRW UGRF K?ELGRSBC @SR LM BGPCARGML
RFC QR?PR NMGLR MD ? TCARMP; MNNMQGRC RM RFC FC?B MP RGN MD RFC ?PPMU
RFC N?RF MD ? NPMHCARGJC RFPMSEF RFC ?GP
RFC PSJCQ RF?R ?NNJW RM ?BBGLE TCARMPQ RMECRFCP
? OS?LRGRW RF?R F?Q @MRF K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML; ?L ?PPMU SQCB RM PCNPCQCLR OS?LRGRGCQ UGRF @MRF K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML
QNCCB GL ? EGTCL BGPCARGML
,;9J?ED ,KCC7HO
3.1 $?D;C7J?9I ?D -ME D?C;DI?EDI: AD "DJHE:K9J?ED
w 4FC QFMPRCQR N?RF @CRUCCL ?LW RUM NMGLRQ GQ ? QRP?GEFR JGLC. )L RUM BGKCLQGMLQ, RFGQ N?RF A?L @C PCNPCQCLRCB @W ? TCARMP UGRF FMPGXMLR?J ?LB
TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLRQ.
w 4FC FMPGXMLR?J ?LB TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLRQ MD ? TCARMP ?PC GLBCNCLBCLR MD MLC ?LMRFCP. -MRGML GL RFC FMPGXMLR?J BGPCARGML BMCQ LMR ?DDCAR KMRGML GL
RFC TCPRGA?J BGPCARGML, ?LB TGAC TCPQ?.
w 4FC =H7F>?97B C;J>E: E< 7::?D= L;9JEHI A ?LB B GLTMJTCQ BP?UGLE TCARMPQ ML ? EP?NF ?LB ?BBGLE RFCK SQGLE RFC FC?B-RM-R?GJ KCRFMB. 4FC
PCQSJR?LR TCARMP R GQ BCDGLCB QSAF RF?R A + B = R. 4FC K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD R ?PC RFCL BCRCPKGLCB UGRF ? PSJCP ?LB NPMRP?ARMP,
PCQNCARGTCJW.
w 4FC =H7F>?97B C;J>E: E< IK8JH79J?D= L;9JEH B DPMK A GLTMJTCQ ?BBGLE RFC MNNMQGRC MD TCARMP B, UFGAF GQ BCDGLCB ?Q B. )L RFGQ A?QC,
A B = A + (B) = R. 4FCL, RFC FC?B-RM-R?GJ KCRFMB MD ?BBGRGML GQ DMJJMUCB GL RFC SQS?J U?W RM M@R?GL RFC PCQSJR?LR TCARMP R.
w !BBGRGML MD TCARMPQ GQ 9ECCKJ7J?L; QSAF RF?R A + B = B + A .
w 4FC >;7:-JE-J7?B C;J>E: MD ?BBGLE TCARMPQ GLTMJTCQ BP?UGLE RFC DGPQR TCARMP ML ? EP?NF ?LB RFCL NJ?AGLE RFC R?GJ MD C?AF QS@QCOSCLR TCARMP ?R
RFC FC?B MD RFC NPCTGMSQ TCARMP. 4FC PCQSJR?LR TCARMP GQ RFCL BP?UL DPMK RFC R?GJ MD RFC DGPQR TCARMP RM RFC FC?B MD RFC DGL?J TCARMP.
w )D ? TCARMP A GQ KSJRGNJGCB @W ? QA?J?P OS?LRGRW c , RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC NPMBSAR GQ EGTCL @W cA . )D c GQ NMQGRGTC, RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC NPMBSAR
NMGLRQ GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q A; GD c GQ LCE?RGTC, RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC NPMBSAR NMGLRQ GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML ?Q A.
w 4FC ?L?JWRGA?J KCRFMB MD TCARMP ?BBGRGML ?LB QS@RP?ARGML GLTMJTCQ SQGLE RFC 0WRF?EMPC?L RFCMPCK ?LB RPGEMLMKCRPGA GBCLRGRGCQ RM BCRCPKGLC RFC
K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD ? PCQSJR?LR TCARMP.
w 4FC QRCNQ RM ?BB TCARMPQ A ?LB B SQGLE RFC ?L?JWRGA?J KCRFMB ?PC ?Q DMJJMUQ:
3RCN 1: $CRCPKGLC RFC AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK DMP RFC TCARMPQ. 4FCL, BCRCPKGLC RFC FMPGXMLR?J ?LB TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLRQ MD C?AF TCARMP SQGLE RFC
COS?RGMLQ
A
x
= A cos
B
x
= B cos
?LB
A
y
= A sin
B
y
= B sin .
3RCN 2: !BB RFC FMPGXMLR?J ?LB TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLRQ MD C?AF TCARMP RM BCRCPKGLC RFC AMKNMLCLRQ R
x
?LB R
y
MD RFC PCQSJR?LR TCARMP, R:
R
x
= A
x
+ B
x
?LB
R
y
= A
y
+ B
y.
3RCN 3: 5QC RFC 0WRF?EMPC?L RFCMPCK RM BCRCPKGLC RFC K?ELGRSBC, R , MD RFC PCQSJR?LR TCARMP R:
R = R
x
2
+ R
y
2
.
3RCN 4: 5QC ? RPGEMLMKCRPGA GBCLRGRW RM BCRCPKGLC RFC BGPCARGML, , MD R:
= tan
1
(R
y
/ R
x
).
3.4 )HE@;9J?B; &EJ?ED
w 0PMHCARGJC KMRGML GQ RFC KMRGML MD ?L M@HCAR RFPMSEF RFC ?GP RF?R GQ QS@HCAR MLJW RM RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD EP?TGRW.
#(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3 115
w 4M QMJTC NPMHCARGJC KMRGML NPM@JCKQ, NCPDMPK RFC DMJJMUGLE QRCNQ:
1. $CRCPKGLC ? AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK. 4FCL, PCQMJTC RFC NMQGRGML ?LB/MP TCJMAGRW MD RFC M@HCAR GL RFC FMPGXMLR?J ?LB TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLRQ. 4FC
AMKNMLCLRQ MD NMQGRGML s ?PC EGTCL @W RFC OS?LRGRGCQ x ?LB y , ?LB RFC AMKNMLCLRQ MD RFC TCJMAGRW v ?PC EGTCL @W v
x
= v cos ?LB
v
y
= v sin , UFCPC v GQ RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC TCJMAGRW ?LB GQ GRQ BGPCARGML.
2. !L?JWXC RFC KMRGML MD RFC NPMHCARGJC GL RFC FMPGXMLR?J BGPCARGML SQGLE RFC DMJJMUGLE COS?RGMLQ:
Horizontal motion(a
x
= 0)
x = x
0
+ v
x
t
v
x
= v
0x
= v
x
= velocity is a constant.
3. !L?JWXC RFC KMRGML MD RFC NPMHCARGJC GL RFC TCPRGA?J BGPCARGML SQGLE RFC DMJJMUGLE COS?RGMLQ:
Vertical motion(Assuming positive direction is up; a
y
= g = 9.80 m/s
2
)
y = y
0
+
1
2
(v
0y
+ v
y
)t
v
y
= v
0y
gt
y = y
0
+ v
0y
t
1
2
gt
2
v
y
2
= v
0y
2
2g(y y
0
).
4. 2CAMK@GLC RFC FMPGXMLR?J ?LB TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLRQ MD JMA?RGML ?LB/MP TCJMAGRW SQGLE RFC DMJJMUGLE COS?RGMLQ:
s = x
2
+ y
2
= tan
1
(y / x)
v = v
x
2
+ v
y
2
v
= tan
1
(v
y
/ v
x
).
w 4FC K?VGKSK FCGEFR h MD ? NPMHCARGJC J?SLAFCB UGRF GLGRG?J TCPRGA?J TCJMAGRW v
0y
GQ EGTCL @W
h =
v
0y
2
2g
.
w 4FC K?VGKSK FMPGXMLR?J BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB @W ? NPMHCARGJC GQ A?JJCB RFC H7D=;. 4FC P?LEC R MD ? NPMHCARGJC ML JCTCJ EPMSLB J?SLAFCB ?R ?L ?LEJC
0
?@MTC RFC FMPGXMLR?J UGRF GLGRG?J QNCCB v
0
GQ EGTCL @W
R =
v
0
2
sin 2
0
g
.
3.5 A::?J?ED E< /;BE9?J?;I
w 6CJMAGRGCQ GL RUM BGKCLQGMLQ ?PC ?BBCB SQGLE RFC Q?KC ?L?JWRGA?J TCARMP RCAFLGOSCQ, UFGAF ?PC PCUPGRRCL ?Q
v
x
= v cos
v
y
= v sin
v = v
x
2
+ v
y
2
= tan
1
(v
y
/ v
x
).
w 2CJ?RGTC TCJMAGRW GQ RFC TCJMAGRW MD ?L M@HCAR ?Q M@QCPTCB DPMK ? N?PRGASJ?P PCDCPCLAC DP?KC, ?LB GR T?PGCQ BP?K?RGA?JJW UGRF PCDCPCLAC DP?KC.
w +;B7J?L?JO GQ RFC QRSBW MD FMU BGDDCPCLR M@QCPTCPQ KC?QSPC RFC Q?KC NFCLMKCLML, N?PRGASJ?PJW UFCL RFC M@QCPTCPQ KMTC PCJ?RGTC RM MLC
?LMRFCP. CB7II?97B H;B7J?L?JO GQ JGKGRCB RM QGRS?RGMLQ UFCPC QNCCB GQ JCQQ RF?L ?@MSR 1% MD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR (3000 IK/Q).
1. 7FGAF MD RFC DMJJMUGLE GQ ? TCARMP: ? NCPQMLtQ FCGEFR, RFC ?JRGRSBC ML -R. %TCPCQR, RFC ?EC MD RFC %?PRF, RFC @MGJGLE NMGLR MD U?RCP, RFC AMQR MD RFGQ
@MMI, RFC %?PRFtQ NMNSJ?RGML, RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD EP?TGRW?
2. 'GTC ? QNCAGDGA CV?KNJC MD ? TCARMP, QR?RGLE GRQ K?ELGRSBC, SLGRQ, ?LB BGPCARGML.
3. 7F?R BM TCARMPQ ?LB QA?J?PQ F?TC GL AMKKML? (MU BM RFCW BGDDCP?
4. 4UM A?KNCPQ GL ? L?RGML?J N?PI FGIC DPMK RFCGP A?@GL RM RFC Q?KC QNMR ML ? J?IC, C?AF R?IGLE ? BGDDCPCLR N?RF, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB @CJMU. 4FC RMR?J
BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB ?JMLE 0?RF 1 GQ 7.5 IK, ?LB RF?R ?JMLE 0?RF 2 GQ 8.2 IK. 7F?R GQ RFC DGL?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR MD C?AF A?KNCP?
116 #(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3
F?=KH; 3.52
5. )D ?L ?GPNJ?LC NGJMR GQ RMJB RM DJW 123 IK GL ? QRP?GEFR JGLC RM ECR DPMK 3?L &P?LAGQAM RM 3?AP?KCLRM, CVNJ?GL UFW FC AMSJB CLB SN ?LWUFCPC ML RFC
AGPAJC QFMUL GL F?=KH; 3.53. 7F?R MRFCP GLDMPK?RGML UMSJB FC LCCB RM ECR RM 3?AP?KCLRM?
F?=KH; 3.53
6. 3SNNMQC WMS R?IC RUM QRCNQ A ?LB B (RF?R GQ, RUM LMLXCPM BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ). 5LBCP UF?R AGPASKQR?LACQ A?L WMS CLB SN ?R WMSP QR?PRGLE NMGLR?
-MPC ECLCP?JJW, SLBCP UF?R AGPASKQR?LACQ A?L RUM LMLXCPM TCARMPQ ?BB RM EGTC XCPM? )Q RFC K?VGKSK BGQR?LAC WMS A?L CLB SN DPMK RFC QR?PRGLE
NMGLR A + B RFC QSK MD RFC JCLERFQ MD RFC RUM QRCNQ?
7. %VNJ?GL UFW GR GQ LMR NMQQG@JC RM ?BB ? QA?J?P RM ? TCARMP.
8. )D WMS R?IC RUM QRCNQ MD BGDDCPCLR QGXCQ, A?L WMS CLB SN ?R WMSP QR?PRGLE NMGLR? -MPC ECLCP?JJW, A?L RUM TCARMPQ UGRF BGDDCPCLR K?ELGRSBCQ CTCP ?BB RM
XCPM? #?L RFPCC MP KMPC?
9. 3SNNMQC WMS ?BB RUM TCARMPQ A ?LB B. 7F?R PCJ?RGTC BGPCARGML @CRUCCL RFCK NPMBSACQ RFC PCQSJR?LR UGRF RFC EPC?RCQR K?ELGRSBC? 7F?R GQ RFC
K?VGKSK K?ELGRSBC? 7F?R PCJ?RGTC BGPCARGML @CRUCCL RFCK NPMBSACQ RFC PCQSJR?LR UGRF RFC QK?JJCQR K?ELGRSBC? 7F?R GQ RFC KGLGKSK K?ELGRSBC?
10. 'GTC ?L CV?KNJC MD ? LMLXCPM TCARMP RF?R F?Q ? AMKNMLCLR MD XCPM.
11. %VNJ?GL UFW ? TCARMP A?LLMR F?TC ? AMKNMLCLR EPC?RCP RF?L GRQ MUL K?ELGRSBC.
12. )D RFC TCARMPQ A ?LB B ?PC NCPNCLBGASJ?P, UF?R GQ RFC AMKNMLCLR MD A ?JMLE RFC BGPCARGML MD B? 7F?R GQ RFC AMKNMLCLR MD B ?JMLE RFC
BGPCARGML MD A?
3.4 )HE@;9J?B; &EJ?ED
13. !LQUCP RFC DMJJMUGLE OSCQRGMLQ DMP NPMHCARGJC KMRGML ML JCTCJ EPMSLB ?QQSKGLE LCEJGEG@JC ?GP PCQGQR?LAC (RFC GLGRG?J ?LEJC @CGLE LCGRFCP 0 LMP 90
): (?) )Q RFC TCJMAGRW CTCP XCPM? (@) 7FCL GQ RFC TCJMAGRW ? KGLGKSK? ! K?VGKSK? (A) #?L RFC TCJMAGRW CTCP @C RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW ?R ? RGKC
MRFCP RF?L ?R t = 0 ? (B) #?L RFC QNCCB CTCP @C RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC GLGRG?J QNCCB ?R ? RGKC MRFCP RF?L ?R t = 0 ?
14. !LQUCP RFC DMJJMUGLE OSCQRGMLQ DMP NPMHCARGJC KMRGML ML JCTCJ EPMSLB ?QQSKGLE LCEJGEG@JC ?GP PCQGQR?LAC (RFC GLGRG?J ?LEJC @CGLE LCGRFCP 0 LMP 90
): (?) )Q RFC ?AACJCP?RGML CTCP XCPM? (@) )Q RFC ?AACJCP?RGML CTCP GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q ? AMKNMLCLR MD TCJMAGRW? (A) )Q RFC ?AACJCP?RGML CTCP MNNMQGRC
GL BGPCARGML RM ? AMKNMLCLR MD TCJMAGRW?
15. &MP ? DGVCB GLGRG?J QNCCB, RFC P?LEC MD ? NPMHCARGJC GQ BCRCPKGLCB @W RFC ?LEJC ?R UFGAF GR GQ DGPCB. &MP ?JJ @SR RFC K?VGKSK, RFCPC ?PC RUM ?LEJCQ RF?R
EGTC RFC Q?KC P?LEC. #MLQGBCPGLE D?ARMPQ RF?R KGEFR ?DDCAR RFC ?@GJGRW MD ?L ?PAFCP RM FGR ? R?PECR, QSAF ?Q UGLB, CVNJ?GL UFW RFC QK?JJCP ?LEJC (AJMQCP
RM RFC FMPGXMLR?J) GQ NPCDCP?@JC. 7FCL UMSJB GR @C LCACQQ?PW DMP RFC ?PAFCP RM SQC RFC J?PECP ?LEJC? 7FW BMCQ RFC NSLRCP GL ? DMMR@?JJ E?KC SQC RFC
FGEFCP RP?HCARMPW?
#(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3 117
16. $SPGLE ? JCARSPC BCKMLQRP?RGML, ? NPMDCQQMP NJ?ACQ RUM AMGLQ ML RFC CBEC MD ? R?@JC. 3FC RFCL DJGAIQ MLC MD RFC AMGLQ FMPGXMLR?JJW MDD RFC R?@JC,
QGKSJR?LCMSQJW LSBEGLE RFC MRFCP MTCP RFC CBEC. $CQAPG@C RFC QS@QCOSCLR KMRGML MD RFC RUM AMGLQ, GL N?PRGASJ?P BGQASQQGLE UFCRFCP RFCW FGR RFC DJMMP
?R RFC Q?KC RGKC.
3.5 A::?J?ED E< /;BE9?J?;I
17. 7F?R DP?KC MP DP?KCQ MD PCDCPCLAC BM WMS GLQRGLARGTCJW SQC UFCL BPGTGLE ? A?P? 7FCL DJWGLE GL ? AMKKCPAG?J HCR ?GPNJ?LC?
18. ! @?QICR@?JJ NJ?WCP BPG@@JGLE BMUL RFC AMSPR SQS?JJW ICCNQ FGQ CWCQ DGVCB ML RFC NJ?WCPQ ?PMSLB FGK. (C GQ KMTGLE D?QR. 7FW BMCQLtR FC LCCB RM
ICCN FGQ CWCQ ML RFC @?JJ?
19. )D QMKCMLC GQ PGBGLE GL RFC @?AI MD ? NGAISN RPSAI ?LB RFPMUQ ? QMDR@?JJ QRP?GEFR @?AIU?PB, GQ GR NMQQG@JC DMP RFC @?JJ RM D?JJ QRP?GEFR BMUL ?Q TGCUCB
@W ? NCPQML QR?LBGLE ?R RFC QGBC MD RFC PM?B? 5LBCP UF?R AMLBGRGML UMSJB RFGQ MAASP? (MU UMSJB RFC KMRGML MD RFC @?JJ ?NNC?P RM RFC NCPQML UFM
RFPCU GR?
20. 4FC F?R MD ? HMEECP PSLLGLE ?R AMLQR?LR TCJMAGRW D?JJQ MDD RFC @?AI MD FGQ FC?B. $P?U ? QICRAF QFMUGLE RFC N?RF MD RFC F?R GL RFC HMEECPtQ DP?KC MD
PCDCPCLAC. $P?U GRQ N?RF ?Q TGCUCB @W ? QR?RGML?PW M@QCPTCP.
21. ! AJMB MD BGPR D?JJQ DPMK RFC @CB MD ? KMTGLE RPSAI. )R QRPGICQ RFC EPMSLB BGPCARJW @CJMU RFC CLB MD RFC RPSAI. 7F?R GQ RFC BGPCARGML MD GRQ TCJMAGRW
PCJ?RGTC RM RFC RPSAI HSQR @CDMPC GR FGRQ? )Q RFGQ RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC BGPCARGML MD GRQ TCJMAGRW PCJ?RGTC RM EPMSLB HSQR @CDMPC GR FGRQ? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCPQ.
118 #(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3
.I; =H7F>?97B C;J>E:I JE IEBL; J>;I; FHE8B;CI. 2EK C7O 7IIKC;
:7J7 J7A;D <HEC =H7F>I ?I 799KH7J; JE J>H;; :?=?JI.
22. &GLB RFC DMJJMUGLE DMP N?RF ! GL F?=KH; 3.54: (?) RFC RMR?J BGQR?LAC
RP?TCJCB, ?LB (@) RFC K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR DPMK
QR?PR RM DGLGQF.
F?=KH; 3.54 4FC T?PGMSQ JGLCQ PCNPCQCLR N?RFQ R?ICL @W BGDDCPCLR NCMNJC U?JIGLE GL ?
AGRW. !JJ @JMAIQ ?PC 120 K ML ? QGBC.
23. &GLB RFC DMJJMUGLE DMP N?RF " GL F?=KH; 3.54: (?) RFC RMR?J BGQR?LAC
RP?TCJCB, ?LB (@) RFC K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR DPMK
QR?PR RM DGLGQF.
24. &GLB RFC LMPRF ?LB C?QR AMKNMLCLRQ MD RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR DMP RFC
FGICPQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 3.52.
25. 3SNNMQC WMS U?JI 18.0 K QRP?GEFR UCQR ?LB RFCL 25.0 K QRP?GEFR
LMPRF. (MU D?P ?PC WMS DPMK WMSP QR?PRGLE NMGLR, ?LB UF?R GQ RFC AMKN?QQ
BGPCARGML MD ? JGLC AMLLCARGLE WMSP QR?PRGLE NMGLR RM WMSP DGL?J NMQGRGML? ()D
WMS PCNPCQCLR RFC RUM JCEQ MD RFC U?JI ?Q TCARMP BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ A ?LB
B, ?Q GL F?=KH; 3.55, RFCL RFGQ NPM@JCK ?QIQ WMS RM DGLB RFCGP QSK
R = A + B.)
F?=KH; 3.55 4FC RUM BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ A ?LB B ?BB RM EGTC ? RMR?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR R
F?TGLE K?ELGRSBC R ?LB BGPCARGML .
26. 3SNNMQC WMS DGPQR U?JI 12.0 K GL ? BGPCARGML 20 UCQR MD LMPRF ?LB
RFCL 20.0 K GL ? BGPCARGML 40.0 QMSRF MD UCQR. (MU D?P ?PC WMS DPMK
WMSP QR?PRGLE NMGLR, ?LB UF?R GQ RFC AMKN?QQ BGPCARGML MD ? JGLC AMLLCARGLE
WMSP QR?PRGLE NMGLR RM WMSP DGL?J NMQGRGML? ()D WMS PCNPCQCLR RFC RUM JCEQ MD
RFC U?JI ?Q TCARMP BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ A ?LB B, ?Q GL F?=KH; 3.56, RFCL RFGQ
NPM@JCK DGLBQ RFCGP QSK R = A + B.)
F?=KH; 3.56
27. 2CNC?R RFC NPM@JCK ?@MTC, @SR PCTCPQC RFC MPBCP MD RFC RUM JCEQ MD
RFC U?JI; QFMU RF?R WMS ECR RFC Q?KC DGL?J PCQSJR. 4F?R GQ, WMS DGPQR U?JI
JCE B, UFGAF GQ 20.0 K GL ? BGPCARGML CV?ARJW 40 QMSRF MD UCQR, ?LB
RFCL JCE A, UFGAF GQ 12.0 K GL ? BGPCARGML CV?ARJW 20 UCQR MD LMPRF.
(4FGQ NPM@JCK QFMUQ RF?R A + B = B + A.)
28. (?) 2CNC?R RFC NPM@JCK RUM NPM@JCKQ NPGMP, @SR DMP RFC QCAMLB JCE WMS
U?JI 20.0 K GL ? BGPCARGML 40.0 LMPRF MD C?QR (UFGAF GQ COSGT?JCLR RM
QS@RP?ARGLE B DPMK A rRF?R GQ, RM DGLBGLE R = A B). (@) 2CNC?R
RFC NPM@JCK RUM NPM@JCKQ NPGMP, @SR LMU WMS DGPQR U?JI 20.0 K GL ?
BGPCARGML 40.0 QMSRF MD UCQR ?LB RFCL 12.0 K GL ? BGPCARGML 20.0 C?QR
MD QMSRF (UFGAF GQ COSGT?JCLR RM QS@RP?ARGLE A DPMK B rRF?R GQ, RM
DGLBGLE R = B - A = - R ). 3FMU RF?R RFGQ GQ RFC A?QC.
29. 3FMU RF?R RFC BE78E MD ?BBGRGML MD RFPCC TCARMPQ BMCQ LMR ?DDCAR RFCGP
QSK. 3FMU RFGQ NPMNCPRW @W AFMMQGLE ?LW RFPCC TCARMPQ A, B, ?LB C,
?JJ F?TGLE BGDDCPCLR JCLERFQ ?LB BGPCARGMLQ. &GLB RFC QSK A + B + C
RFCL DGLB RFCGP QSK UFCL ?BBCB GL ? BGDDCPCLR MPBCP ?LB QFMU RFC PCQSJR GQ
RFC Q?KC. (4FCPC ?PC DGTC MRFCP MPBCPQ GL UFGAF A, B, ?LB C A?L @C
?BBCB; AFMMQC MLJW MLC.)
30. 3FMU RF?R RFC QSK MD RFC TCARMPQ BGQASQQCB GL EN7CFB; 3.2 EGTCQ RFC
PCQSJR QFMUL GL F?=KH; 3.24.
31. &GLB RFC K?ELGRSBCQ MD TCJMAGRGCQ v
A
?LB v
B
GL F?=KH; 3.57
F?=KH; 3.57 4FC RUM TCJMAGRGCQ v
A
?LB v
B
?BB RM EGTC ? RMR?J v
tot
.
32. &GLB RFC AMKNMLCLRQ MD v
tot
?JMLE RFC K- ?LB L-?VCQ GL F?=KH; 3.57.
33. &GLB RFC AMKNMLCLRQ MD v
tot
?JMLE ? QCR MD NCPNCLBGASJ?P ?VCQ
PMR?RCB 30 AMSLRCPAJMAIUGQC PCJ?RGTC RM RFMQC GL F?=KH; 3.57.
34. &GLB RFC DMJJMUGLE DMP N?RF # GL F?=KH; 3.58: (?) RFC RMR?J BGQR?LAC
RP?TCJCB ?LB (@) RFC K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR DPMK
QR?PR RM DGLGQF. )L RFGQ N?PR MD RFC NPM@JCK, CVNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU
RFC QRCNQ MD RFC ?L?JWRGA?J KCRFMB MD TCARMP ?BBGRGML.
#(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3 119
F?=KH; 3.58 4FC T?PGMSQ JGLCQ PCNPCQCLR N?RFQ R?ICL @W BGDDCPCLR NCMNJC U?JIGLE GL ?
AGRW. !JJ @JMAIQ ?PC 120 K ML ? QGBC.
35. &GLB RFC DMJJMUGLE DMP N?RF $ GL F?=KH; 3.58: (?) RFC RMR?J BGQR?LAC
RP?TCJCB ?LB (@) RFC K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR DPMK
QR?PR RM DGLGQF. )L RFGQ N?PR MD RFC NPM@JCK, CVNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU
RFC QRCNQ MD RFC ?L?JWRGA?J KCRFMB MD TCARMP ?BBGRGML.
36. &GLB RFC LMPRF ?LB C?QR AMKNMLCLRQ MD RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR DPMK 3?L
&P?LAGQAM RM 3?AP?KCLRM QFMUL GL F?=KH; 3.59.
F?=KH; 3.59
37. 3MJTC RFC DMJJMUGLE NPM@JCK SQGLE ?L?JWRGA?J RCAFLGOSCQ: 3SNNMQC WMS
U?JI 18.0 K QRP?GEFR UCQR ?LB RFCL 25.0 K QRP?GEFR LMPRF. (MU D?P ?PC WMS
DPMK WMSP QR?PRGLE NMGLR, ?LB UF?R GQ RFC AMKN?QQ BGPCARGML MD ? JGLC
AMLLCARGLE WMSP QR?PRGLE NMGLR RM WMSP DGL?J NMQGRGML? ()D WMS PCNPCQCLR RFC
RUM JCEQ MD RFC U?JI ?Q TCARMP BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ A ?LB B, ?Q GL F?=KH;
3.60, RFCL RFGQ NPM@JCK ?QIQ WMS RM DGLB RFCGP QSK R = A + B.)
F?=KH; 3.60 4FC RUM BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ A ?LB B ?BB RM EGTC ? RMR?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR R
F?TGLE K?ELGRSBC R ?LB BGPCARGML .
.MRC RF?R WMS A?L ?JQM QMJTC RFGQ EP?NFGA?JJW. $GQASQQ UFW RFC ?L?JWRGA?J
RCAFLGOSC DMP QMJTGLE RFGQ NPM@JCK GQ NMRCLRG?JJW KMPC ?AASP?RC RF?L RFC
EP?NFGA?J RCAFLGOSC.
38. 2CNC?R EN;H9?I; 3.37 SQGLE ?L?JWRGA?J RCAFLGOSCQ, @SR PCTCPQC RFC
MPBCP MD RFC RUM JCEQ MD RFC U?JI ?LB QFMU RF?R WMS ECR RFC Q?KC DGL?J
PCQSJR. (4FGQ NPM@JCK QFMUQ RF?R ?BBGLE RFCK GL PCTCPQC MPBCP EGTCQ RFC
Q?KC PCQSJRrRF?R GQ, B + A = A + B.) $GQASQQ FMU R?IGLE ?LMRFCP
N?RF RM PC?AF RFC Q?KC NMGLR KGEFR FCJN RM MTCPAMKC ?L M@QR?AJC
@JMAIGLE WMS MRFCP N?RF.
39. 9MS BPGTC 7.50 km GL ? QRP?GEFR JGLC GL ? BGPCARGML 15 C?QR MD LMPRF.
(?) &GLB RFC BGQR?LACQ WMS UMSJB F?TC RM BPGTC QRP?GEFR C?QR ?LB RFCL
QRP?GEFR LMPRF RM ?PPGTC ?R RFC Q?KC NMGLR. (4FGQ BCRCPKGL?RGML GQ
COSGT?JCLR RM DGLB RFC AMKNMLCLRQ MD RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR ?JMLE RFC C?QR ?LB
LMPRF BGPCARGMLQ.) (@) 3FMU RF?R WMS QRGJJ ?PPGTC ?R RFC Q?KC NMGLR GD RFC
C?QR ?LB LMPRF JCEQ ?PC PCTCPQCB GL MPBCP.
40. $M EN;H9?I; 3.37 ?E?GL SQGLE ?L?JWRGA?J RCAFLGOSCQ ?LB AF?LEC RFC
QCAMLB JCE MD RFC U?JI RM 25.0 m QRP?GEFR QMSRF. (4FGQ GQ COSGT?JCLR RM
QS@RP?ARGLE B DPMK A rRF?R GQ, DGLBGLE R = A B) (@) 2CNC?R
?E?GL, @SR LMU WMS DGPQR U?JI 25.0 m LMPRF ?LB RFCL 18.0 m C?QR. (4FGQ
GQ COSGT?JCLR RM QS@RP?AR A DPMK B rRF?R GQ, RM DGLB A = B + C. )Q
RF?R AMLQGQRCLR UGRF WMSP PCQSJR?)
41. ! LCU J?LBMULCP F?Q ? RPG?LESJ?P NGCAC MD DJ?R J?LB QFC UGQFCQ RM
DCLAC. 3R?PRGLE ?R RFC UCQR AMPLCP, QFC KC?QSPCQ RFC DGPQR QGBC RM @C 80.0
K JMLE ?LB RFC LCVR RM @C 105 K. 4FCQC QGBCQ ?PC PCNPCQCLRCB ?Q
BGQNJ?ACKCLR TCARMPQ A DPMK B GL F?=KH; 3.61. 3FC RFCL AMPPCARJW
A?JASJ?RCQ RFC JCLERF ?LB MPGCLR?RGML MD RFC RFGPB QGBC C. 7F?R GQ FCP
PCQSJR?
F?=KH; 3.61
42. 9MS DJW 32.0 km GL ? QRP?GEFR JGLC GL QRGJJ ?GP GL RFC BGPCARGML 35.0
QMSRF MD UCQR. (?) &GLB RFC BGQR?LACQ WMS UMSJB F?TC RM DJW QRP?GEFR QMSRF
?LB RFCL QRP?GEFR UCQR RM ?PPGTC ?R RFC Q?KC NMGLR. (4FGQ BCRCPKGL?RGML GQ
COSGT?JCLR RM DGLBGLE RFC AMKNMLCLRQ MD RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR ?JMLE RFC QMSRF
?LB UCQR BGPCARGMLQ.) (@) &GLB RFC BGQR?LACQ WMS UMSJB F?TC RM DJW DGPQR GL ?
BGPCARGML 45.0 QMSRF MD UCQR ?LB RFCL GL ? BGPCARGML 45.0 UCQR MD
LMPRF. 4FCQC ?PC RFC AMKNMLCLRQ MD RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR ?JMLE ? BGDDCPCLR
QCR MD ?VCQrMLC PMR?RCB 45 .
43. ! D?PKCP U?LRQ RM DCLAC MDD FGQ DMSP-QGBCB NJMR MD DJ?R J?LB. (C
KC?QSPCQ RFC DGPQR RFPCC QGBCQ, QFMUL ?Q A, B, ?LB C GL F?=KH; 3.62,
?LB RFCL AMPPCARJW A?JASJ?RCQ RFC JCLERF ?LB MPGCLR?RGML MD RFC DMSPRF QGBC
D. 7F?R GQ FGQ PCQSJR?
F?=KH; 3.62
44. )L ?L ?RRCKNR RM CQA?NC FGQ GQJ?LB, 'GJJGE?L @SGJBQ ? P?DR ?LB QCRQ RM
QC?. 4FC UGLB QFGDRQ ? EPC?R BC?J BSPGLE RFC B?W, ?LB FC GQ @JMUL ?JMLE
120 #(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3
RFC DMJJMUGLE QRP?GEFR JGLCQ: 2.50 km 45.0 LMPRF MD UCQR; RFCL
4.70 km 60.0 QMSRF MD C?QR; RFCL 1.30 km 25.0 QMSRF MD UCQR;
RFCL 5.10 km QRP?GEFR C?QR; RFCL 1.70 km 5.00 C?QR MD LMPRF; RFCL
7.20 km 55.0 QMSRF MD UCQR; ?LB DGL?JJW 2.80 km 10.0 LMPRF MD
C?QR. 7F?R GQ FGQ DGL?J NMQGRGML PCJ?RGTC RM RFC GQJ?LB?
45. 3SNNMQC ? NGJMR DJGCQ 40.0 km GL ? BGPCARGML 60 LMPRF MD C?QR ?LB
RFCL DJGCQ 30.0 km GL ? BGPCARGML 15 LMPRF MD C?QR ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH;
3.63. &GLB FCP RMR?J BGQR?LAC R DPMK RFC QR?PRGLE NMGLR ?LB RFC BGPCARGML
MD RFC QRP?GEFR-JGLC N?RF RM RFC DGL?J NMQGRGML. $GQASQQ OS?JGR?RGTCJW FMU
RFGQ DJGEFR UMSJB @C ?JRCPCB @W ? UGLB DPMK RFC LMPRF ?LB FMU RFC CDDCAR MD
RFC UGLB UMSJB BCNCLB ML @MRF UGLB QNCCB ?LB RFC QNCCB MD RFC NJ?LC
PCJ?RGTC RM RFC ?GP K?QQ.
F?=KH; 3.63
3.4 )HE@;9J?B; &EJ?ED
46. ! NPMHCARGJC GQ J?SLAFCB ?R EPMSLB JCTCJ UGRF ?L GLGRG?J QNCCB MD 50.0 K/
Q ?R ?L ?LEJC MD 30.0 ?@MTC RFC FMPGXMLR?J. )R QRPGICQ ? R?PECR ?@MTC RFC
EPMSLB 3.00 QCAMLBQ J?RCP. 7F?R ?PC RFC x ?LB y BGQR?LACQ DPMK UFCPC
RFC NPMHCARGJC U?Q J?SLAFCB RM UFCPC GR J?LBQ?
47. ! @?JJ GQ IGAICB UGRF ?L GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW MD 16 K/Q GL RFC FMPGXMLR?J
BGPCARGML ?LB 12 K/Q GL RFC TCPRGA?J BGPCARGML. (?) !R UF?R QNCCB BMCQ RFC
@?JJ FGR RFC EPMSLB? (@) &MP FMU JMLE BMCQ RFC @?JJ PCK?GL GL RFC ?GP?
(A)7F?R K?VGKSK FCGEFR GQ ?RR?GLCB @W RFC @?JJ?
48. ! @?JJ GQ RFPMUL FMPGXMLR?JJW DPMK RFC RMN MD ? 60.0-K @SGJBGLE ?LB
J?LBQ 100.0 K DPMK RFC @?QC MD RFC @SGJBGLE. )ELMPC ?GP PCQGQR?LAC. (?)
(MU JMLE GQ RFC @?JJ GL RFC ?GP? (@) 7F?R KSQR F?TC @CCL RFC GLGRG?J
FMPGXMLR?J AMKNMLCLR MD RFC TCJMAGRW? (A) 7F?R GQ RFC TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLR
MD RFC TCJMAGRW HSQR @CDMPC RFC @?JJ FGRQ RFC EPMSLB? (B) 7F?R GQ RFC TCJMAGRW
(GLAJSBGLE @MRF RFC FMPGXMLR?J ?LB TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLRQ) MD RFC @?JJ HSQR
@CDMPC GR FGRQ RFC EPMSLB?
49. (?) ! B?PCBCTGJ GQ ?RRCKNRGLE RM HSKN FGQ KMRMPAWAJC MTCP ? JGLC MD
@SQCQ N?PICB CLB RM CLB @W BPGTGLE SN ? 32 P?KN ?R ? QNCCB MD
40.0 m/s (144 km/h) . (MU K?LW @SQCQ A?L FC AJC?P GD RFC RMN MD RFC
R?ICMDD P?KN GQ ?R RFC Q?KC FCGEFR ?Q RFC @SQ RMNQ ?LB RFC @SQCQ ?PC
20.0 K JMLE? (@) $GQASQQ UF?R WMSP ?LQUCP GKNJGCQ ?@MSR RFC K?PEGL MD
CPPMP GL RFGQ ?ARrRF?R GQ, AMLQGBCP FMU KSAF EPC?RCP RFC P?LEC GQ RF?L RFC
FMPGXMLR?J BGQR?LAC FC KSQR RP?TCJ RM KGQQ RFC CLB MD RFC J?QR @SQ.
(.CEJCAR ?GP PCQGQR?LAC.)
50. !L ?PAFCP QFMMRQ ?L ?PPMU ?R ? 75.0 K BGQR?LR R?PECR; RFC @SJJtQ-CWC MD
RFC R?PECR GQ ?R Q?KC FCGEFR ?Q RFC PCJC?QC FCGEFR MD RFC ?PPMU. (?) !R UF?R
?LEJC KSQR RFC ?PPMU @C PCJC?QCB RM FGR RFC @SJJtQ-CWC GD GRQ GLGRG?J QNCCB GQ
35.0 K/Q? )L RFGQ N?PR MD RFC NPM@JCK, CVNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU RFC
QRCNQ GLTMJTCB GL QMJTGLE NPMHCARGJC KMRGML NPM@JCKQ. (@) 4FCPC GQ ? J?PEC
RPCC F?JDU?W @CRUCCL RFC ?PAFCP ?LB RFC R?PECR UGRF ?L MTCPF?LEGLE
FMPGXMLR?J @P?LAF 3.50 K ?@MTC RFC PCJC?QC FCGEFR MD RFC ?PPMU. 7GJJ RFC
?PPMU EM MTCP MP SLBCP RFC @P?LAF?
51. ! PSE@W NJ?WCP N?QQCQ RFC @?JJ 7.00 K ?APMQQ RFC DGCJB, UFCPC GR GQ
A?SEFR ?R RFC Q?KC FCGEFR ?Q GR JCDR FGQ F?LB. (?) !R UF?R ?LEJC U?Q RFC
@?JJ RFPMUL GD GRQ GLGRG?J QNCCB U?Q 12.0 K/Q, ?QQSKGLE RF?R RFC QK?JJCP MD
RFC RUM NMQQG@JC ?LEJCQ U?Q SQCB? (@) 7F?R MRFCP ?LEJC EGTCQ RFC Q?KC
P?LEC, ?LB UFW UMSJB GR LMR @C SQCB? (A) (MU JMLE BGB RFGQ N?QQ R?IC?
52. 6CPGDW RFC P?LECQ DMP RFC NPMHCARGJCQ GL F?=KH; 3.41(?) DMP = 45
?LB RFC EGTCL GLGRG?J TCJMAGRGCQ.
53. 6CPGDW RFC P?LECQ QFMUL DMP RFC NPMHCARGJCQ GL F?=KH; 3.41(@) DMP ?L
GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW MD 50 K/Q ?R RFC EGTCL GLGRG?J ?LEJCQ.
54. 4FC A?LLML ML ? @?RRJCQFGN A?L DGPC ? QFCJJ ? K?VGKSK BGQR?LAC MD
32.0 IK. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW MD RFC QFCJJ. (@) 7F?R K?VGKSK
FCGEFR BMCQ GR PC?AF? (!R GRQ FGEFCQR, RFC QFCJJ GQ ?@MTC 60% MD RFC
?RKMQNFCPCr@SR ?GP PCQGQR?LAC GQ LMR PC?JJW LCEJGEG@JC ?Q ?QQSKCB RM
K?IC RFGQ NPM@JCK C?QGCP.) (A) 4FC MAC?L GQ LMR DJ?R, @CA?SQC RFC %?PRF GQ
ASPTCB. !QQSKC RF?R RFC P?BGSQ MD RFC %?PRF GQ 6.3710
3
km. (MU
K?LW KCRCPQ JMUCP UGJJ GRQ QSPD?AC @C 32.0 IK DPMK RFC QFGN ?JMLE ?
FMPGXMLR?J JGLC N?P?JJCJ RM RFC QSPD?AC ?R RFC QFGN? $MCQ WMSP ?LQUCP GKNJW
RF?R CPPMP GLRPMBSACB @W RFC ?QQSKNRGML MD ? DJ?R %?PRF GL NPMHCARGJC KMRGML
GQ QGELGDGA?LR FCPC?
55. !L ?PPMU GQ QFMR DPMK ? FCGEFR MD 1.5 K RMU?PB ? AJGDD MD FCGEFR H . )R
GQ QFMR UGRF ? TCJMAGRW MD 30 K/Q ?R ?L ?LEJC MD 60 ?@MTC RFC FMPGXMLR?J.
)R J?LBQ ML RFC RMN CBEC MD RFC AJGDD 4.0 Q J?RCP. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC FCGEFR MD RFC
AJGDD? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK FCGEFR PC?AFCB @W RFC ?PPMU ?JMLE GRQ
RP?HCARMPW? (A) 7F?R GQ RFC ?PPMUtQ GKN?AR QNCCB HSQR @CDMPC FGRRGLE RFC
AJGDD?
56. )L RFC QR?LBGLE @PM?B HSKN, MLC QOS?RQ ?LB RFCL NSQFCQ MDD UGRF RFC
JCEQ RM QCC FMU D?P MLC A?L HSKN. 3SNNMQC RFC CVRCLQGML MD RFC JCEQ
DPMK RFC APMSAF NMQGRGML GQ 0.600 K ?LB RFC ?AACJCP?RGML ?AFGCTCB DPMK
RFGQ NMQGRGML GQ 1.25 RGKCQ RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW, g . (MU D?P A?L
RFCW HSKN? 3R?RC WMSP ?QQSKNRGMLQ. ()LAPC?QCB P?LEC A?L @C ?AFGCTCB
@W QUGLEGLE RFC ?PKQ GL RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC HSKN.)
57. 4FC UMPJB JMLE HSKN PCAMPB GQ 8.95 K (-GIC 0MUCJJ, 53!, 1991).
4PC?RCB ?Q ? NPMHCARGJC, UF?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK P?LEC M@R?GL?@JC @W ?
NCPQML GD FC F?Q ? R?IC-MDD QNCCB MD 9.5 K/Q? 3R?RC WMSP ?QQSKNRGMLQ.
58. 3CPTGLE ?R ? QNCCB MD 170 IK/F, ? RCLLGQ NJ?WCP FGRQ RFC @?JJ ?R ?
FCGEFR MD 2.5 K ?LB ?L ?LEJC @CJMU RFC FMPGXMLR?J. 4FC QCPTGAC JGLC GQ
11.9 K DPMK RFC LCR, UFGAF GQ 0.91 K FGEF. 7F?R GQ RFC ?LEJC QSAF RF?R
RFC @?JJ HSQR APMQQCQ RFC LCR? 7GJJ RFC @?JJ J?LB GL RFC QCPTGAC @MV, UFMQC
MSR JGLC GQ 6.40 K DPMK RFC LCR?
59. ! DMMR@?JJ OS?PRCP@?AI GQ KMTGLE QRP?GEFR @?AIU?PB ?R ? QNCCB MD 200
K/Q UFCL FC RFPMUQ ? N?QQ RM ? NJ?WCP 18.0 K QRP?GEFR BMULDGCJB. (?) )D
RFC @?JJ GQ RFPMUL ?R ?L ?LEJC MD 25 PCJ?RGTC RM RFC EPMSLB ?LB GQ A?SEFR
?R RFC Q?KC FCGEFR ?Q GR GQ PCJC?QCB, UF?R GQ GRQ GLGRG?J QNCCB PCJ?RGTC RM RFC
EPMSLB? (@) (MU JMLE BMCQ GR R?IC RM ECR RM RFC PCACGTCP? (A) 7F?R GQ GRQ
K?VGKSK FCGEFR ?@MTC GRQ NMGLR MD PCJC?QC?
60. 'SL QGEFRQ ?PC ?BHSQRCB RM ?GK FGEF RM AMKNCLQ?RC DMP RFC CDDCAR MD
EP?TGRW, CDDCARGTCJW K?IGLE RFC ESL ?AASP?RC MLJW DMP ? QNCAGDGA P?LEC. (?) )D
? ESL GQ QGEFRCB RM FGR R?PECRQ RF?R ?PC ?R RFC Q?KC FCGEFR ?Q RFC ESL ?LB
100.0 K ?U?W, FMU JMU UGJJ RFC @SJJCR FGR GD ?GKCB BGPCARJW ?R ? R?PECR 150.0
K ?U?W? 4FC KSXXJC TCJMAGRW MD RFC @SJJCR GQ 275 K/Q. (@) $GQASQQ
OS?JGR?RGTCJW FMU ? J?PECP KSXXJC TCJMAGRW UMSJB ?DDCAR RFGQ NPM@JCK ?LB
UF?R UMSJB @C RFC CDDCAR MD ?GP PCQGQR?LAC.
61. !L C?EJC GQ DJWGLE FMPGXMLR?JJW ?R ? QNCCB MD 3.00 K/Q UFCL RFC DGQF GL
FCP R?JMLQ UGEEJCQ JMMQC ?LB D?JJQ GLRM RFC J?IC 5.00 K @CJMU. #?JASJ?RC
RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC DGQF PCJ?RGTC RM RFC U?RCP UFCL GR FGRQ RFC U?RCP.
62. !L MUJ GQ A?PPWGLE ? KMSQC RM RFC AFGAIQ GL GRQ LCQR. )RQ NMQGRGML ?R RF?R
RGKC GQ 4.00 K UCQR ?LB 12.0 K ?@MTC RFC ACLRCP MD RFC 30.0 AK BG?KCRCP
LCQR. 4FC MUJ GQ DJWGLE C?QR ?R 3.50 K/Q ?R ?L ?LEJC 30.0 @CJMU RFC
FMPGXMLR?J UFCL GR ?AAGBCLR?JJW BPMNQ RFC KMSQC. )Q RFC MUJ JSAIW CLMSEF
RM F?TC RFC KMSQC FGR RFC LCQR? 4M ?LQUCP RFGQ OSCQRGML, A?JASJ?RC RFC
FMPGXMLR?J NMQGRGML MD RFC KMSQC UFCL GR F?Q D?JJCL 12.0 K.
63. 3SNNMQC ? QMAACP NJ?WCP IGAIQ RFC @?JJ DPMK ? BGQR?LAC 30 K RMU?PB
RFC EM?J. &GLB RFC GLGRG?J QNCCB MD RFC @?JJ GD GR HSQR N?QQCQ MTCP RFC EM?J,
2.4 K ?@MTC RFC EPMSLB, EGTCL RFC GLGRG?J BGPCARGML RM @C 40 ?@MTC RFC
FMPGXMLR?J.
64. #?L ? EM?JICCNCP ?R FCP/ FGQ EM?J IGAI ? QMAACP @?JJ GLRM RFC
MNNMLCLRtQ EM?J UGRFMSR RFC @?JJ RMSAFGLE RFC EPMSLB? 4FC BGQR?LAC UGJJ
@C ?@MSR 95 K. ! EM?JICCNCP A?L EGTC RFC @?JJ ? QNCCB MD 30 K/Q.
#(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3 121
65. 4FC DPCC RFPMU JGLC GL @?QICR@?JJ GQ 4.57 K (15 DR) DPMK RFC @?QICR,
UFGAF GQ 3.05 K (10 DR) ?@MTC RFC DJMMP. ! NJ?WCP QR?LBGLE ML RFC DPCC
RFPMU JGLC RFPMUQ RFC @?JJ UGRF ?L GLGRG?J QNCCB MD 7.15 K/Q, PCJC?QGLE GR ?R
? FCGEFR MD 2.44 K (8 DR) ?@MTC RFC DJMMP. !R UF?R ?LEJC ?@MTC RFC
FMPGXMLR?J KSQR RFC @?JJ @C RFPMUL RM CV?ARJW FGR RFC @?QICR? .MRC RF?R
KMQR NJ?WCPQ UGJJ SQC ? J?PEC GLGRG?J ?LEJC P?RFCP RF?L ? DJ?R QFMR @CA?SQC GR
?JJMUQ DMP ? J?PECP K?PEGL MD CPPMP. %VNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU RFC
QRCNQ GLTMJTCB GL QMJTGLE NPMHCARGJC KMRGML NPM@JCKQ.
66. )L 2007, -GAF?CJ #?PRCP (5.3.) QCR ? UMPJB PCAMPB GL RFC QFMR NSR UGRF
? RFPMU MD 24.77 K. 7F?R U?Q RFC GLGRG?J QNCCB MD RFC QFMR GD FC PCJC?QCB GR
?R ? FCGEFR MD 2.10 K ?LB RFPCU GR ?R ?L ?LEJC MD 38.0 ?@MTC RFC
FMPGXMLR?J? (!JRFMSEF RFC K?VGKSK BGQR?LAC DMP ? NPMHCARGJC ML JCTCJ
EPMSLB GQ ?AFGCTCB ?R 45 UFCL ?GP PCQGQR?LAC GQ LCEJCARCB, RFC ?ARS?J
?LEJC RM ?AFGCTC K?VGKSK P?LEC GQ QK?JJCP; RFSQ, 38 UGJJ EGTC ? JMLECP
P?LEC RF?L 45 GL RFC QFMR NSR.)
67. ! @?QICR@?JJ NJ?WCP GQ PSLLGLE ?R 5.00 m/s BGPCARJW RMU?PB RFC @?QICR
UFCL FC HSKNQ GLRM RFC ?GP RM BSLI RFC @?JJ. (C K?GLR?GLQ FGQ FMPGXMLR?J
TCJMAGRW. (?) 7F?R TCPRGA?J TCJMAGRW BMCQ FC LCCB RM PGQC 0.750 K ?@MTC
RFC DJMMP? (@) (MU D?P DPMK RFC @?QICR (KC?QSPCB GL RFC FMPGXMLR?J
BGPCARGML) KSQR FC QR?PR FGQ HSKN RM PC?AF FGQ K?VGKSK FCGEFR ?R RFC
Q?KC RGKC ?Q FC PC?AFCQ RFC @?QICR?
68. ! DMMR@?JJ NJ?WCP NSLRQ RFC @?JJ ?R ? 45.0 ?LEJC. 7GRFMSR ?L CDDCAR
DPMK RFC UGLB, RFC @?JJ UMSJB RP?TCJ 60.0 K FMPGXMLR?JJW. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC
GLGRG?J QNCCB MD RFC @?JJ? (@) 7FCL RFC @?JJ GQ LC?P GRQ K?VGKSK FCGEFR GR
CVNCPGCLACQ ? @PGCD ESQR MD UGLB RF?R PCBSACQ GRQ FMPGXMLR?J TCJMAGRW @W
1.50 K/Q. 7F?R BGQR?LAC BMCQ RFC @?JJ RP?TCJ FMPGXMLR?JJW?
69. 0PMTC RF?R RFC RP?HCARMPW MD ? NPMHCARGJC GQ N?P?@MJGA, F?TGLE RFC DMPK
y = ax + bx
2
. 4M M@R?GL RFGQ CVNPCQQGML, QMJTC RFC COS?RGML x = v
0x
t
DMP t ?LB QS@QRGRSRC GR GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP y = v
0y
t (1 / 2)gt
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QR?PRQ ?R RFC MPGEGL.) 9MS QFMSJB M@R?GL ?L COS?RGML MD RFC DMPK
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T?JSC MD t GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP x x
0
, LMRGLE RF?R R = x x
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71. .DH;7IED78B; +;IKBJI (?) &GLB RFC K?VGKSK P?LEC MD ? QSNCP
A?LLML RF?R F?Q ? KSXXJC TCJMAGRW MD 4.0 IK/Q. (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC
?@MSR RFC P?LEC WMS DMSLB? (A) )Q RFC NPCKGQC SLPC?QML?@JC MP GQ RFC
?T?GJ?@JC COS?RGML GL?NNJGA?@JC? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP. (B) )D QSAF ?
KSXXJC TCJMAGRW AMSJB @C M@R?GLCB, BGQASQQ RFC CDDCARQ MD ?GP PCQGQR?LAC,
RFGLLGLE ?GP UGRF ?JRGRSBC, ?LB RFC ASPT?RSPC MD RFC %?PRF ML RFC P?LEC MD
RFC QSNCP A?LLML.
72. CEDIJHK9J 2EKH (MD )HE8B;C #MLQGBCP ? @?JJ RMQQCB MTCP ? DCLAC.
#MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS A?JASJ?RC RFC @?JJtQ LCCBCB GLGRG?J
TCJMAGRW RM HSQR AJC?P RFC DCLAC. !KMLE RFC RFGLEQ RM BCRCPKGLC ?PC; RFC
FCGEFR MD RFC DCLAC, RFC BGQR?LAC RM RFC DCLAC DPMK RFC NMGLR MD PCJC?QC MD
RFC @?JJ, ?LB RFC FCGEFR ?R UFGAF RFC @?JJ GQ PCJC?QCB. 9MS QFMSJB ?JQM
AMLQGBCP UFCRFCP GR GQ NMQQG@JC RM AFMMQC RFC GLGRG?J QNCCB DMP RFC @?JJ ?LB
HSQR A?JASJ?RC RFC ?LEJC ?R UFGAF GR GQ RFPMUL. !JQM CV?KGLC RFC NMQQG@GJGRW
MD KSJRGNJC QMJSRGMLQ EGTCL RFC BGQR?LACQ ?LB FCGEFRQ WMS F?TC AFMQCL.
3.5 A::?J?ED E< /;BE9?J?;I
73. "PW?L !JJCL NCB?JCB ? FSK?L-NMUCPCB ?GPAP?DR ?APMQQ RFC %LEJGQF
#F?LLCJ DPMK RFC AJGDDQ MD $MTCP RM #?N 'PGQ-.CX ML *SLC 12, 1979. (?)
(C DJCU DMP 169 KGL ?R ?L ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW MD 3.53 K/Q GL ? BGPCARGML 45
QMSRF MD C?QR. 7F?R U?Q FGQ RMR?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR? (@) !JJCL CLAMSLRCPCB ?
FC?BUGLB ?TCP?EGLE 2.00 K/Q ?JKMQR NPCAGQCJW GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML MD
FGQ KMRGML PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF. 7F?R U?Q FGQ ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW PCJ?RGTC RM
RFC ?GP? (A) 7F?R U?Q FGQ RMR?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR PCJ?RGTC RM RFC ?GP K?QQ?
74. ! QC?ESJJ DJGCQ ?R ? TCJMAGRW MD 9.00 K/Q QRP?GEFR GLRM RFC UGLB. (?) )D GR
R?ICQ RFC @GPB 20.0 KGL RM RP?TCJ 6.00 IK PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF, UF?R GQ RFC
TCJMAGRW MD RFC UGLB? (@) )D RFC @GPB RSPLQ ?PMSLB ?LB DJGCQ UGRF RFC UGLB,
FMU JMLE UGJJ FC R?IC RM PCRSPL 6.00 IK? (A) $GQASQQ FMU RFC UGLB ?DDCARQ
RFC RMR?J PMSLB-RPGN RGKC AMKN?PCB RM UF?R GR UMSJB @C UGRF LM UGLB.
75. .C?P RFC CLB MD ? K?P?RFML P?AC, RFC DGPQR RUM PSLLCPQ ?PC QCN?P?RCB
@W ? BGQR?LAC MD 45.0 K. 4FC DPMLR PSLLCP F?Q ? TCJMAGRW MD 3.50 K/Q, ?LB
RFC QCAMLB ? TCJMAGRW MD 4.20 K/Q. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC QCAMLB
PSLLCP PCJ?RGTC RM RFC DGPQR? (@) )D RFC DPMLR PSLLCP GQ 250 K DPMK RFC DGLGQF
JGLC, UFM UGJJ UGL RFC P?AC, ?QQSKGLE RFCW PSL ?R AMLQR?LR TCJMAGRW? (A)
7F?R BGQR?LAC ?FC?B UGJJ RFC UGLLCP @C UFCL QFC APMQQCQ RFC DGLGQF JGLC?
76. 6CPGDW RF?R RFC AMGL BPMNNCB @W RFC ?GPJGLC N?QQCLECP GL RFC EN7CFB;
3.8 RP?TCJQ 144 K FMPGXMLR?JJW UFGJC D?JJGLE 1.50 K GL RFC DP?KC MD
PCDCPCLAC MD RFC %?PRF.
77. ! DMMR@?JJ OS?PRCP@?AI GQ KMTGLE QRP?GEFR @?AIU?PB ?R ? QNCCB MD 2.00
K/Q UFCL FC RFPMUQ ? N?QQ RM ? NJ?WCP 18.0 K QRP?GEFR BMULDGCJB. 4FC
@?JJ GQ RFPMUL ?R ?L ?LEJC MD 25.0 PCJ?RGTC RM RFC EPMSLB ?LB GQ A?SEFR ?R
RFC Q?KC FCGEFR ?Q GR GQ PCJC?QCB. 7F?R GQ RFC GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW MD RFC @?JJ
E8?4G<I8 GB G;8 DH4EG8E546> ?
78. ! QFGN QCRQ Q?GJ DPMK 2MRRCPB?K, 4FC .CRFCPJ?LBQ, FC?BGLE BSC LMPRF
?R 7.00 K/Q PCJ?RGTC RM RFC U?RCP. 4FC JMA?J MAC?L ASPPCLR GQ 1.50 K/Q GL ?
BGPCARGML 40.0 LMPRF MD C?QR. 7F?R GQ RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC QFGN PCJ?RGTC RM
RFC %?PRF?
79. ! HCR ?GPNJ?LC DJWGLE DPMK $?PUGL, !SQRP?JG?, F?Q ?L ?GP QNCCB MD 260
K/Q GL ? BGPCARGML 5.0 QMSRF MD UCQR. )R GQ GL RFC HCR QRPC?K, UFGAF GQ
@JMUGLE ?R 35.0 K/Q GL ? BGPCARGML 15 QMSRF MD C?QR. 7F?R GQ RFC TCJMAGRW
MD RFC ?GPNJ?LC PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF? (@) $GQASQQ UFCRFCP WMSP ?LQUCPQ
?PC AMLQGQRCLR UGRF WMSP CVNCAR?RGMLQ DMP RFC CDDCAR MD RFC UGLB ML RFC
NJ?LCtQ N?RF.
80. (?) )L UF?R BGPCARGML UMSJB RFC QFGN GL EN;H9?I; 3.78 F?TC RM RP?TCJ GL
MPBCP RM F?TC ? TCJMAGRW QRP?GEFR LMPRF PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF, ?QQSKGLE GRQ
QNCCB PCJ?RGTC RM RFC U?RCP PCK?GLQ 7.00 m/s ? (@) 7F?R UMSJB GRQ QNCCB
@C PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF?
81. (?) !LMRFCP ?GPNJ?LC GQ DJWGLE GL ? HCR QRPC?K RF?R GQ @JMUGLE ?R 45.0 K/Q
GL ? BGPCARGML 20 QMSRF MD C?QR (?Q GL EN;H9?I; 3.79). )RQ BGPCARGML MD
KMRGML PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF GQ 45.0 QMSRF MD UCQR, UFGJC GRQ BGPCARGML MD
RP?TCJ PCJ?RGTC RM RFC ?GP GQ 5.00 QMSRF MD UCQR. 7F?R GQ RFC ?GPNJ?LCtQ
QNCCB PCJ?RGTC RM RFC ?GP K?QQ? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC ?GPNJ?LCtQ QNCCB PCJ?RGTC
RM RFC %?PRF?
82. ! Q?LB?J GQ BPMNNCB DPMK RFC RMN MD ? 15.0-K-FGEF K?QR ML ? QFGN
KMTGLE ?R 1.75 K/Q BSC QMSRF. #?JASJ?RC RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC Q?LB?J UFCL
GR FGRQ RFC BCAI MD RFC QFGN: (?) PCJ?RGTC RM RFC QFGN ?LB (@) PCJ?RGTC RM ?
QR?RGML?PW M@QCPTCP ML QFMPC. (A) $GQASQQ FMU RFC ?LQUCPQ EGTC ?
AMLQGQRCLR PCQSJR DMP RFC NMQGRGML ?R UFGAF RFC Q?LB?J FGRQ RFC BCAI.
83. 4FC TCJMAGRW MD RFC UGLB PCJ?RGTC RM RFC U?RCP GQ APSAG?J RM Q?GJ@M?RQ.
3SNNMQC ? Q?GJ@M?R GQ GL ?L MAC?L ASPPCLR RF?R F?Q ? TCJMAGRW MD 2.20 K/Q
GL ? BGPCARGML 30.0 C?QR MD LMPRF PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF. )R CLAMSLRCPQ ?
UGLB RF?R F?Q ? TCJMAGRW MD 4.50 K/Q GL ? BGPCARGML MD 50.0 QMSRF MD UCQR
PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF. 7F?R GQ RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC UGLB PCJ?RGTC RM RFC U?RCP?
84. 4FC EPC?R ?QRPMLMKCP %BUGL (S@@JC BGQAMTCPCB RF?R ?JJ BGQR?LR
E?J?VGCQ ?PC PCACBGLE DPMK MSP -GJIW 7?W '?J?VW UGRF TCJMAGRGCQ
NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFCGP BGQR?LACQ. )R ?NNC?PQ RM ?L M@QCPTCP ML RFC %?PRF RF?R
UC ?PC ?R RFC ACLRCP MD ?L CVN?LBGLE SLGTCPQC. F?=KH; 3.64 GJJSQRP?RCQ RFGQ
DMP DGTC E?J?VGCQ JWGLE ?JMLE ? QRP?GEFR JGLC, UGRF RFC -GJIW 7?W '?J?VW ?R
RFC ACLRCP. 5QGLE RFC B?R? DPMK RFC DGESPC, A?JASJ?RC RFC TCJMAGRGCQ: (?)
PCJ?RGTC RM E?J?VW 2 ?LB (@) PCJ?RGTC RM E?J?VW 5. 4FC PCQSJRQ KC?L RF?R
M@QCPTCPQ ML ?JJ E?J?VGCQ UGJJ QCC RFCKQCJTCQ ?R RFC ACLRCP MD RFC
CVN?LBGLE SLGTCPQC, ?LB RFCW UMSJB JGICJW @C ?U?PC MD PCJ?RGTC TCJMAGRGCQ,
AMLAJSBGLE RF?R GR GQ LMR NMQQG@JC RM JMA?RC RFC ACLRCP MD CVN?LQGML UGRF
RFC EGTCL GLDMPK?RGML.
122 #(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3
F?=KH; 3.64 &GTC E?J?VGCQ ML ? QRP?GEFR JGLC, QFMUGLE RFCGP BGQR?LACQ ?LB TCJMAGRGCQ
PCJ?RGTC RM RFC -GJIW 7?W (-7) '?J?VW. 4FC BGQR?LACQ ?PC GL KGJJGMLQ MD JGEFR WC?PQ
(-JW), UFCPC ? JGEFR WC?P GQ RFC BGQR?LAC JGEFR RP?TCJQ GL MLC WC?P. 4FC TCJMAGRGCQ ?PC
LC?PJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC BGQR?LACQ. 4FC QGXCQ MD RFC E?J?VGCQ ?PC EPC?RJW
CV?EECP?RCB; ?L ?TCP?EC E?J?VW GQ ?@MSR 0.1 -JW ?APMQQ.
85. (?) 5QC RFC BGQR?LAC ?LB TCJMAGRW B?R? GL F?=KH; 3.64 RM DGLB RFC P?RC
MD CVN?LQGML ?Q ? DSLARGML MD BGQR?LAC.
(@) )D WMS CVRP?NMJ?RC @?AI GL RGKC, FMU JMLE ?EM UMSJB ?JJ MD RFC E?J?VGCQ
F?TC @CCL ?R ?NNPMVGK?RCJW RFC Q?KC NMQGRGML? 4FC RUM N?PRQ MD RFGQ
NPM@JCK EGTC WMS QMKC GBC? MD FMU RFC (S@@JC AMLQR?LR DMP SLGTCPQ?J
CVN?LQGML ?LB RFC RGKC @?AI RM RFC "GE "?LE ?PC BCRCPKGLCB,
PCQNCARGTCJW.
86. !L ?RFJCRC APMQQCQ ? 25-K-UGBC PGTCP @W QUGKKGLE NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM
RFC U?RCP ASPPCLR ?R ? QNCCB MD 0.5 K/Q PCJ?RGTC RM RFC U?RCP. (C PC?AFCQ
RFC MNNMQGRC QGBC ?R ? BGQR?LAC 40 K BMULQRPC?K DPMK FGQ QR?PRGLE NMGLR.
(MU D?QR GQ RFC U?RCP GL RFC PGTCP DJMUGLE UGRF PCQNCAR RM RFC EPMSLB?
7F?R GQ RFC QNCCB MD RFC QUGKKCP UGRF PCQNCAR RM ? DPGCLB ?R PCQR ML RFC
EPMSLB?
87. ! QFGN Q?GJGLE GL RFC 'SJD 3RPC?K GQ FC?BGLE 25.0 UCQR MD LMPRF ?R ?
QNCCB MD 4.00 K/Q PCJ?RGTC RM RFC U?RCP. )RQ TCJMAGRW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF GQ
4.80 m/s 5.00 UCQR MD LMPRF. 7F?R GQ RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC 'SJD 3RPC?K?
(4FC TCJMAGRW M@R?GLCB GQ RWNGA?J DMP RFC 'SJD 3RPC?K ? DCU FSLBPCB
IGJMKCRCPQ MDD RFC C?QR AM?QR MD RFC 5LGRCB 3R?RCQ.)
88. !L GAC FMAICW NJ?WCP GQ KMTGLE ?R 8.00 K/Q UFCL FC FGRQ RFC NSAI
RMU?PB RFC EM?J. 4FC QNCCB MD RFC NSAI PCJ?RGTC RM RFC NJ?WCP GQ 29.0 K/Q.
4FC JGLC @CRUCCL RFC ACLRCP MD RFC EM?J ?LB RFC NJ?WCP K?ICQ ? 90.0
?LEJC PCJ?RGTC RM FGQ N?RF ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 3.65. 7F?R ?LEJC KSQR RFC
NSAItQ TCJMAGRW K?IC PCJ?RGTC RM RFC NJ?WCP (GL FGQ DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC) RM
FGR RFC ACLRCP MD RFC EM?J?
F?=KH; 3.65 !L GAC FMAICW NJ?WCP KMTGLE ?APMQQ RFC PGLI KSQR QFMMR @?AIU?PB RM EGTC
RFC NSAI ? TCJMAGRW RMU?PB RFC EM?J.
89. .DH;7IED78B; +;IKBJI 3SNNMQC WMS UGQF RM QFMMR QSNNJGCQ QRP?GEFR
SN RM ?QRPML?SRQ GL ?L MP@GR 36,000 IK ?@MTC RFC QSPD?AC MD RFC %?PRF. (?)
!R UF?R TCJMAGRW KSQR RFC QSNNJGCQ @C J?SLAFCB? (@) 7F?R GQ
SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ TCJMAGRW? (A) )Q RFCPC ? NPM@JCK UGRF RFC PCJ?RGTC
TCJMAGRW @CRUCCL RFC QSNNJGCQ ?LB RFC ?QRPML?SRQ UFCL RFC QSNNJGCQ
PC?AF RFCGP K?VGKSK FCGEFR? (B) )Q RFC NPCKGQC SLPC?QML?@JC MP GQ RFC
?T?GJ?@JC COS?RGML GL?NNJGA?@JC? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP.
90. .DH;7IED78B; +;IKBJI ! AMKKCPAG?J ?GPNJ?LC F?Q ?L ?GP QNCCB MD
280 m/s BSC C?QR ?LB DJGCQ UGRF ? QRPMLE R?GJUGLB. )R RP?TCJQ 3000 IK GL ?
BGPCARGML 5 QMSRF MD C?QR GL 1.50 F. (?) 7F?R U?Q RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC
NJ?LC PCJ?RGTC RM RFC EPMSLB? (@) #?JASJ?RC RFC K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD
RFC R?GJUGLBtQ TCJMAGRW. (A) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR @MRF MD RFCQC
TCJMAGRGCQ? (B) 7FGAF NPCKGQC GQ SLPC?QML?@JC?
91. CEDIJHK9J 2EKH (MD )HE8B;C #MLQGBCP ?L ?GPNJ?LC FC?BCB DMP ?
PSLU?W GL ? APMQQ UGLB. #MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS A?JASJ?RC RFC
?LEJC RFC ?GPNJ?LC KSQR DJW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC ?GP K?QQ GL MPBCP RM F?TC ?
TCJMAGRW N?P?JJCJ RM RFC PSLU?W. !KMLE RFC RFGLEQ RM AMLQGBCP ?PC RFC
BGPCARGML MD RFC PSLU?W, RFC UGLB QNCCB ?LB BGPCARGML (GRQ TCJMAGRW) ?LB RFC
QNCCB MD RFC NJ?LC PCJ?RGTC RM RFC ?GP K?QQ. !JQM A?JASJ?RC RFC QNCCB MD
RFC ?GPNJ?LC PCJ?RGTC RM RFC EPMSLB. $GQASQQ ?LW J?QR KGLSRC K?LCSTCPQ
RFC NGJMR KGEFR F?TC RM NCPDMPK GL MPBCP DMP RFC NJ?LC RM J?LB UGRF GRQ
UFCCJQ NMGLRGLE QRP?GEFR BMUL RFC PSLU?W.
#(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3 123
124 #(!04%2 3 Y 47/-$)-%.3)/.!, +).%-!4)#3
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,C?PLGLE /@HCARGTCQ
4.1. D;L;BEFC;DJ E< FEH9; CED9;FJ
4.2. ';MJEDXI F?HIJ %7M E< &EJ?ED: "D;HJ?7
4.3. ';MJEDXI ,;9ED: %7M E< &EJ?ED: CED9;FJ E< 7 ,OIJ;C
4.4. ';MJEDXI ->?H: %7M E< &EJ?ED: ,OCC;JHO ?D FEH9;I
4.5. 'EHC7B, -;DI?ED, 7D: (J>;H EN7CFB;I E< FEH9;I
4.6. )HE8B;C-,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=?;I
4.7. FKHJ>;H AFFB?97J?EDI E< ';MJEDXI %7MI E< &EJ?ED
4.8. ENJ;D:;: -EF?9: ->; FEKH B7I?9 FEH9;IWAD "DJHE:K9J?ED
"DJHE:K9J?ED JE DOD7C?9I: ';MJEDXI %7MI E< &EJ?ED
-MRGML BP?UQ MSP ?RRCLRGML. -MRGML GRQCJD A?L @C @C?SRGDSJ, A?SQGLE SQ RM K?PTCJ ?R RFC DMPACQ LCCBCB RM ?AFGCTC QNCAR?ASJ?P KMRGML, QSAF ?Q RF?R MD ?
BMJNFGL HSKNGLE MSR MD RFC U?RCP, MP ? NMJC T?SJRCP, MP RFC DJGEFR MD ? @GPB, MP RFC MP@GR MD ? Q?RCJJGRC. 4FC QRSBW MD KMRGML GQ IGLCK?RGAQ, @SR IGLCK?RGAQ
MLJW 78F6E<58F RFC U?W M@HCARQ KMTCrRFCGP TCJMAGRW ?LB RFCGP ?AACJCP?RGML. DOD7C?9I AMLQGBCPQ RFC DMPACQ RF?R ?DDCAR RFC KMRGML MD KMTGLE M@HCARQ
?LB QWQRCKQ. .CURMLtQ J?UQ MD KMRGML ?PC RFC DMSLB?RGML MD BWL?KGAQ. 4FCQC J?UQ NPMTGBC ?L CV?KNJC MD RFC @PC?BRF ?LB QGKNJGAGRW MD NPGLAGNJCQ
SLBCP UFGAF L?RSPC DSLARGMLQ. 4FCW ?PC ?JQM SLGTCPQ?J J?UQ GL RF?R RFCW ?NNJW RM QGKGJ?P QGRS?RGMLQ ML %?PRF ?Q UCJJ ?Q GL QN?AC.
)QQ?A .CURMLtQ (1642q1727) J?UQ MD KMRGML UCPC HSQR MLC N?PR MD RFC KMLSKCLR?J UMPI RF?R F?Q K?BC FGK JCECLB?PW. 4FC BCTCJMNKCLR MD .CURMLtQ
J?UQ K?PIQ RFC RP?LQGRGML DPMK RFC 2CL?GQQ?LAC GLRM RFC KMBCPL CP?. 4FGQ RP?LQGRGML U?Q AF?P?ARCPGXCB @W ? PCTMJSRGML?PW AF?LEC GL RFC U?W NCMNJC
RFMSEFR ?@MSR RFC NFWQGA?J SLGTCPQC. &MP K?LW ACLRSPGCQ L?RSP?J NFGJMQMNFCPQ F?B BC@?RCB RFC L?RSPC MD RFC SLGTCPQC @?QCB J?PECJW ML ACPR?GL PSJCQ MD
JMEGA UGRF EPC?R UCGEFR EGTCL RM RFC RFMSEFRQ MD C?PJGCP AJ?QQGA?J NFGJMQMNFCPQ QSAF ?Q !PGQRMRJC (384q322 "#). !KMLE RFC K?LW EPC?R RFGLICPQ UFM
AMLRPG@SRCB RM RFGQ AF?LEC UCPC .CURML ?LB '?JGJCM.
#(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/. 125
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BCQAPG@C RFC KMRGML MD M@HCARQ. (APCBGR: 3CPTGAC AMKKSL BC J? BMASKCLR?RGML BC J'5LGTCPQGRd BC 3RP?Q@MSPE)
'?JGJCM U?Q GLQRPSKCLR?J GL CQR?@JGQFGLE B5F8EI4G<BA ?Q RFC ?@QMJSRC BCRCPKGL?LR MD RPSRF, P?RFCP RF?L uJMEGA?Jv ?PESKCLR. '?JGJCMtQ SQC MD RFC
RCJCQAMNC U?Q FGQ KMQR LMR?@JC ?AFGCTCKCLR GL BCKMLQRP?RGLE RFC GKNMPR?LAC MD M@QCPT?RGML. (C BGQAMTCPCB KMMLQ MP@GRGLE *SNGRCP ?LB K?BC MRFCP
M@QCPT?RGMLQ RF?R UCPC GLAMLQGQRCLR UGRF ACPR?GL ?LAGCLR GBC?Q ?LB PCJGEGMSQ BMEK?. &MP RFGQ PC?QML, ?LB @CA?SQC MD RFC K?LLCP GL UFGAF FC BC?JR
UGRF RFMQC GL ?SRFMPGRW, '?JGJCM U?Q RPGCB @W RFC )LOSGQGRGML ?LB NSLGQFCB. (C QNCLR RFC DGL?J WC?PQ MD FGQ JGDC SLBCP ? DMPK MD FMSQC ?PPCQR. "CA?SQC
MRFCPQ @CDMPC '?JGJCM F?B ?JQM K?BC BGQAMTCPGCQ @W B5F8EI<A: RFC L?RSPC MD RFC SLGTCPQC, ?LB @CA?SQC PCNC?RCB M@QCPT?RGMLQ TCPGDGCB RFMQC MD
'?JGJCM, FGQ UMPI AMSJB LMR @C QSNNPCQQCB MP BCLGCB. !DRCP FGQ BC?RF, FGQ UMPI U?Q TCPGDGCB @W MRFCPQ, ?LB FGQ GBC?Q UCPC CTCLRS?JJW ?AACNRCB @W RFC
AFSPAF ?LB QAGCLRGDGA AMKKSLGRGCQ.
'?JGJCM ?JQM AMLRPG@SRCB RM RFC DMPK?RGML MD UF?R GQ LMU A?JJCB .CURMLtQ DGPQR J?U MD KMRGML. .CURML K?BC SQC MD RFC UMPI MD FGQ NPCBCACQQMPQ, UFGAF
CL?@JCB FGK RM BCTCJMN J?UQ MD KMRGML, BGQAMTCP RFC J?U MD EP?TGRW, GLTCLR A?JASJSQ, ?LB K?IC EPC?R AMLRPG@SRGMLQ RM RFC RFCMPGCQ MD JGEFR ?LB AMJMP. )R GQ
?K?XGLE RF?R K?LW MD RFCQC BCTCJMNKCLRQ UCPC K?BC UGRF .CURML UMPIGLE ?JMLC, UGRFMSR RFC @CLCDGR MD RFC SQS?J GLRCP?ARGMLQ RF?R R?IC NJ?AC ?KMLE
QAGCLRGQRQ RMB?W.
)R U?Q LMR SLRGJ RFC ?BTCLR MD KMBCPL NFWQGAQ C?PJW GL RFC 20RF ACLRSPW RF?R GR U?Q BGQAMTCPCB RF?R .CURMLtQ J?UQ MD KMRGML NPMBSAC ? EMMB
?NNPMVGK?RGML RM KMRGML MLJW UFCL RFC M@HCARQ ?PC KMTGLE ?R QNCCBQ KSAF, KSAF JCQQ RF?L RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR ?LB UFCL RFMQC M@HCARQ ?PC J?PECP RF?L
RFC QGXC MD KMQR KMJCASJCQ (?@MSR 10
9
m GL BG?KCRCP). 4FCQC AMLQRP?GLRQ BCDGLC RFC PC?JK MD AJ?QQGA?J KCAF?LGAQ, ?Q BGQASQQCB GL "DJHE:K9J?ED JE
J>; '7JKH; E< ,9?;D9; 7D: )>OI?9I. !R RFC @CEGLLGLE MD RFC 20
RF
ACLRSPW, !J@CPR %GLQRCGL (1879q1955) BCTCJMNCB RFC RFCMPW MD PCJ?RGTGRW ?LB, ?JMLE
UGRF K?LW MRFCP QAGCLRGQRQ, BCTCJMNCB OS?LRSK RFCMPW. 4FGQ RFCMPW BMCQ LMR F?TC RFC AMLQRP?GLRQ NPCQCLR GL AJ?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ. !JJ MD RFC QGRS?RGMLQ UC
AMLQGBCP GL RFGQ AF?NRCP, ?LB ?JJ RFMQC NPCACBGLE RFC GLRPMBSARGML MD PCJ?RGTGRW GL ,F;9?7B +;B7J?L?JO, ?PC GL RFC PC?JK MD AJ?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 0?QR ?LB 0PCQCLR 0FGJMQMNFW
+;8 <@CBEG4A68 B9 B5F8EI4G<BA ?LB RFC AMLACNR MD 64HF8 4A7 89986G UCPC LMR ?JU?WQ QM CLRPCLAFCB GL FSK?L RFGLIGLE. 4FGQ PC?JGX?RGML U?Q ? N?PR
MD RFC CTMJSRGML MD KMBCPL NFWQGAQ DPMK L?RSP?J NFGJMQMNFW. 4FC ?AFGCTCKCLRQ MD '?JGJCM, .CURML, %GLQRCGL, ?LB MRFCPQ UCPC ICW KGJCQRMLCQ GL
RFC FGQRMPW MD QAGCLRGDGA RFMSEFR. -MQR MD RFC QAGCLRGDGA RFCMPGCQ RF?R ?PC BCQAPG@CB GL RFGQ @MMI BCQACLBCB DPMK RFC UMPI MD RFCQC QAGCLRGQRQ.
4.1 D;L;BEFC;DJ E< FEH9; CED9;FJ
DOD7C?9I GQ RFC QRSBW MD RFC DMPACQ RF?R A?SQC M@HCARQ ?LB QWQRCKQ RM KMTC. 4M SLBCPQR?LB RFGQ, UC LCCB ? UMPIGLE BCDGLGRGML MD DMPAC. /SP GLRSGRGTC
BCDGLGRGML MD <EH9;rRF?R GQ, ? NSQF MP ? NSJJrGQ ? EMMB NJ?AC RM QR?PR. 7C ILMU RF?R ? NSQF MP NSJJ F?Q @MRF K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML (RFCPCDMPC, GR GQ ?
TCARMP OS?LRGRW) ?LB A?L T?PW AMLQGBCP?@JW GL C?AF PCE?PB. &MP CV?KNJC, ? A?LLML CVCPRQ ? QRPMLE DMPAC ML ? A?LLML@?JJ RF?R GQ J?SLAFCB GLRM RFC ?GP.
)L AMLRP?QR, %?PRF CVCPRQ MLJW ? RGLW BMULU?PB NSJJ ML ? DJC?. /SP CTCPWB?W CVNCPGCLACQ ?JQM EGTC SQ ? EMMB GBC? MD FMU KSJRGNJC DMPACQ ?BB. )D RUM
NCMNJC NSQF GL BGDDCPCLR BGPCARGMLQ ML ? RFGPB NCPQML, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 4.3, UC KGEFR CVNCAR RFC RMR?J DMPAC RM @C GL RFC BGPCARGML QFMUL. 3GLAC
DMPAC GQ ? TCARMP, GR ?BBQ HSQR JGIC MRFCP TCARMPQ, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 4.3(?) DMP RUM GAC QI?RCPQ. &MPACQ, JGIC MRFCP TCARMPQ, ?PC PCNPCQCLRCB @W ?PPMUQ
?LB A?L @C ?BBCB SQGLE RFC D?KGJG?P FC?B-RM-R?GJ KCRFMB MP @W RPGEMLMKCRPGA KCRFMBQ. 4FCQC GBC?Q UCPC BCTCJMNCB GL -ME-D?C;DI?ED7B
$?D;C7J?9I.
126 #(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/.
F?=KH; 4.3 0?PR (?) QFMUQ ?L MTCPFC?B TGCU MD RUM GAC QI?RCPQ NSQFGLE ML ? RFGPB. &MPACQ ?PC TCARMPQ ?LB ?BB JGIC MRFCP TCARMPQ, QM RFC RMR?J DMPAC ML RFC RFGPB QI?RCP GQ GL RFC
BGPCARGML QFMUL. )L N?PR (@), UC QCC ? DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K PCNPCQCLRGLE RFC DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML RFC RFGPB QI?RCP.
F?=KH; 4.3(@) GQ MSP DGPQR CV?KNJC MD ? <H;;-8E:O :?7=H7C, UFGAF GQ ? RCAFLGOSC SQCB RM GJJSQRP?RC ?JJ RFC ;NJ;HD7B <EH9;I ?ARGLE ML ? @MBW. 4FC @MBW
GQ PCNPCQCLRCB @W ? QGLEJC GQMJ?RCB NMGLR (MP DPCC @MBW), ?LB MLJW RFMQC DMPACQ ?ARGLE BA RFC @MBW DPMK RFC MSRQGBC (CVRCPL?J DMPACQ) ?PC QFMUL. (4FCQC
DMPACQ ?PC RFC MLJW MLCQ QFMUL, @CA?SQC MLJW CVRCPL?J DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML RFC @MBW ?DDCAR GRQ KMRGML. 7C A?L GELMPC ?LW GLRCPL?J DMPACQ UGRFGL RFC @MBW.)
&PCC-@MBW BG?EP?KQ ?PC TCPW SQCDSJ GL ?L?JWXGLE DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML ? QWQRCK ?LB ?PC CKNJMWCB CVRCLQGTCJW GL RFC QRSBW ?LB ?NNJGA?RGML MD .CURMLtQ
J?UQ MD KMRGML.
! KMPC OS?LRGR?RGTC BCDGLGRGML MD DMPAC A?L @C @?QCB ML QMKC QR?LB?PB DMPAC, HSQR ?Q BGQR?LAC GQ KC?QSPCB GL SLGRQ PCJ?RGTC RM ? QR?LB?PB BGQR?LAC.
/LC NMQQG@GJGRW GQ RM QRPCRAF ? QNPGLE ? ACPR?GL DGVCB BGQR?LAC, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 4.4, ?LB SQC RFC DMPAC GR CVCPRQ RM NSJJ GRQCJD @?AI RM GRQ PCJ?VCB
QF?NCrA?JJCB ? E8FGBE<A: 9BE68r?Q ? QR?LB?PB. 4FC K?ELGRSBC MD ?JJ MRFCP DMPACQ A?L @C QR?RCB ?Q KSJRGNJCQ MD RFGQ QR?LB?PB SLGR MD DMPAC. -?LW MRFCP
NMQQG@GJGRGCQ CVGQR DMP QR?LB?PB DMPACQ. (/LC RF?R UC UGJJ CLAMSLRCP GL &7=D;J?IC GQ RFC K?ELCRGA DMPAC @CRUCCL RUM UGPCQ A?PPWGLE CJCARPGA ASPPCLR.)
3MKC ?JRCPL?RGTC BCDGLGRGMLQ MD DMPAC UGJJ @C EGTCL J?RCP GL RFGQ AF?NRCP.
F?=KH; 4.4 4FC DMPAC CVCPRCB @W ? QRPCRAFCB QNPGLE A?L @C SQCB ?Q ? QR?LB?PB SLGR MD DMPAC. (?) 4FGQ QNPGLE F?Q ? JCLERF x UFCL SLBGQRMPRCB. (@) 7FCL QRPCRAFCB ? BGQR?LAC
x , RFC QNPGLE CVCPRQ ? PCQRMPGLE DMPAC, F
restore
, UFGAF GQ PCNPMBSAG@JC. (A) ! QNPGLE QA?JC GQ MLC BCTGAC RF?R SQCQ ? QNPGLE RM KC?QSPC DMPAC. 4FC DMPAC F
restore
GQ
CVCPRCB ML UF?RCTCP GQ ?RR?AFCB RM RFC FMMI. (CPC F
restore
F?Q ? K?ELGRSBC MD 6 SLGRQ GL RFC DMPAC QR?LB?PB @CGLE CKNJMWCB.
4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR: &MPAC 3R?LB?PBQ
4M GLTCQRGE?RC DMPAC QR?LB?PBQ ?LB A?SQC ?LB CDDCAR, ECR RUM GBCLRGA?J PS@@CP @?LBQ. (?LE MLC PS@@CP @?LB TCPRGA?JJW ML ? FMMI. &GLB ? QK?JJ
FMSQCFMJB GRCK RF?R AMSJB @C ?RR?AFCB RM RFC PS@@CP @?LB SQGLE ? N?NCP AJGN, ?LB SQC RFGQ GRCK ?Q ? UCGEFR RM GLTCQRGE?RC RFC QRPCRAF MD RFC PS@@CP
@?LB. -C?QSPC RFC ?KMSLR MD QRPCRAF NPMBSACB GL RFC PS@@CP @?LB UGRF MLC, RUM, ?LB DMSP MD RFCQC (GBCLRGA?J) GRCKQ QSQNCLBCB DPMK RFC PS@@CP
@?LB. 7F?R GQ RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL RFC LSK@CP MD GRCKQ ?LB RFC ?KMSLR MD QRPCRAF? (MU J?PEC ? QRPCRAF UMSJB WMS CVNCAR DMP RFC Q?KC
LSK@CP MD GRCKQ QSQNCLBCB DPMK RUM PS@@CP @?LBQ? 7F?R F?NNCLQ RM RFC ?KMSLR MD QRPCRAF MD RFC PS@@CP @?LB (UGRF RFC UCGEFRQ ?RR?AFCB) GD RFC
UCGEFRQ ?PC ?JQM NSQFCB RM RFC QGBC UGRF ? NCLAGJ?
4.2 ';MJEDXI F?HIJ %7M E< &EJ?ED: "D;HJ?7
%VNCPGCLAC QSEECQRQ RF?R ?L M@HCAR ?R PCQR UGJJ PCK?GL ?R PCQR GD JCDR ?JMLC, ?LB RF?R ?L M@HCAR GL KMRGML RCLBQ RM QJMU BMUL ?LB QRMN SLJCQQ QMKC CDDMPR
GQ K?BC RM ICCN GR KMTGLE. 7F?R ';MJEDXI <?HIJ B7M E< CEJ?ED QR?RCQ, FMUCTCP, GQ RFC DMJJMUGLE:
.CURMLtQ &GPQR ,?U MD -MRGML
! @MBW ?R PCQR PCK?GLQ ?R PCQR, MP, GD GL KMRGML, PCK?GLQ GL KMRGML ?R ? AMLQR?LR TCJMAGRW SLJCQQ ?ARCB ML @W ? LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC.
.MRC RFC PCNC?RCB SQC MD RFC TCP@ uPCK?GLQ.v 7C A?L RFGLI MD RFGQ J?U ?Q NPCQCPTGLE RFC QR?RSQ OSM MD KMRGML.
2?RFCP RF?L AMLRP?BGARGLE MSP CVNCPGCLAC, ';MJEDXI <?HIJ B7M E< CEJ?ED QR?RCQ RF?R RFCPC KSQR @C ? 64HF8 (UFGAF GQ ? LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC) 9BE G;8E8 GB
58 4AL 6;4A:8 <A I8?B6<GL (8<G;8E 4 6;4A:8 <A @4:A<GH78 BE 7<E86G<BA). 7C UGJJ BCDGLC A8G 8KG8EA4? 9BE68 GL RFC LCVR QCARGML. !L M@HCAR QJGBGLE ?APMQQ ?
R?@JC MP DJMMP QJMUQ BMUL BSC RM RFC LCR DMPAC MD DPGARGML ?ARGLE ML RFC M@HCAR. )D DPGARGML BGQ?NNC?PCB, UMSJB RFC M@HCAR QRGJJ QJMU BMUL?
4FC GBC? MD A?SQC ?LB CDDCAR GQ APSAG?J GL ?AASP?RCJW BCQAPG@GLE UF?R F?NNCLQ GL T?PGMSQ QGRS?RGMLQ. &MP CV?KNJC, AMLQGBCP UF?R F?NNCLQ RM ?L M@HCAR
QJGBGLE ?JMLE ? PMSEF FMPGXMLR?J QSPD?AC. 4FC M@HCAR OSGAIJW EPGLBQ RM ? F?JR. )D UC QNP?W RFC QSPD?AC UGRF R?JASK NMUBCP RM K?IC RFC QSPD?AC QKMMRFCP,
#(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/. 127
RFC M@HCAR QJGBCQ D?PRFCP. )D UC K?IC RFC QSPD?AC CTCL QKMMRFCP @W PS@@GLE JS@PGA?RGLE MGJ ML GR, RFC M@HCAR QJGBCQ D?PRFCP WCR. %VRP?NMJ?RGLE RM ?
DPGARGMLJCQQ QSPD?AC, UC A?L GK?EGLC RFC M@HCAR QJGBGLE GL ? QRP?GEFR JGLC GLBCDGLGRCJW. &PGARGML GQ RFSQ RFC 64HF8 MD RFC QJMUGLE (AMLQGQRCLR UGRF .CURMLtQ
DGPQR J?U). 4FC M@HCAR UMSJB LMR QJMU BMUL ?R ?JJ GD DPGARGML UCPC AMKNJCRCJW CJGKGL?RCB. #MLQGBCP ?L ?GP FMAICW R?@JC. 7FCL RFC ?GP GQ RSPLCB MDD, RFC
NSAI QJGBCQ MLJW ? QFMPR BGQR?LAC @CDMPC DPGARGML QJMUQ GR RM ? QRMN. (MUCTCP, UFCL RFC ?GP GQ RSPLCB ML, GR APC?RCQ ? LC?PJW DPGARGMLJCQQ QSPD?AC, ?LB RFC
NSAI EJGBCQ JMLE BGQR?LACQ UGRFMSR QJMUGLE BMUL. !BBGRGML?JJW, GD UC ILMU CLMSEF ?@MSR RFC DPGARGML, UC A?L ?AASP?RCJW NPCBGAR FMU OSGAIJW RFC M@HCAR
UGJJ QJMU BMUL. &PGARGML GQ ?L CVRCPL?J DMPAC.
.CURMLtQ DGPQR J?U GQ AMKNJCRCJW ECLCP?J ?LB A?L @C ?NNJGCB RM ?LWRFGLE DPMK ?L M@HCAR QJGBGLE ML ? R?@JC RM ? Q?RCJJGRC GL MP@GR RM @JMMB NSKNCB DPMK
RFC FC?PR. %VNCPGKCLRQ F?TC RFMPMSEFJW TCPGDGCB RF?R ?LW AF?LEC GL TCJMAGRW (QNCCB MP BGPCARGML) KSQR @C A?SQCB @W ?L CVRCPL?J DMPAC. 4FC GBC? MD
:8A8E4??L 4CC?<645?8 BE HA<I8EF4? ?4JF GQ GKNMPR?LR LMR MLJW FCPCrGR GQ ? @?QGA DC?RSPC MD ?JJ J?UQ MD NFWQGAQ. )BCLRGDWGLE RFCQC J?UQ GQ JGIC PCAMELGXGLE
N?RRCPLQ GL L?RSPC DPMK UFGAF DSPRFCP N?RRCPLQ A?L @C BGQAMTCPCB. 4FC ECLGSQ MD '?JGJCM, UFM DGPQR BCTCJMNCB RFC GBC? DMP RFC DGPQR J?U, ?LB .CURML,
UFM AJ?PGDGCB GR, U?Q RM ?QI RFC DSLB?KCLR?J OSCQRGML, u7F?R GQ RFC A?SQC?v 4FGLIGLE GL RCPKQ MD A?SQC ?LB CDDCAR GQ ? UMPJBTGCU DSLB?KCLR?JJW
BGDDCPCLR DPMK RFC RWNGA?J ?LAGCLR 'PCCI ?NNPM?AF UFCL OSCQRGMLQ QSAF ?Q u7FW BMCQ ? RGECP F?TC QRPGNCQ?v UMSJB F?TC @CCL ?LQUCPCB GL !PGQRMRCJG?L
D?QFGML, u4F?R GQ RFC L?RSPC MD RFC @C?QR.v 4PSC NCPF?NQ, @SR LMR ? SQCDSJ GLQGEFR.
-?QQ
4FC NPMNCPRW MD ? @MBW RM PCK?GL ?R PCQR MP RM PCK?GL GL KMRGML UGRF AMLQR?LR TCJMAGRW GQ A?JJCB ?D;HJ?7. .CURMLtQ DGPQR J?U GQ MDRCL A?JJCB RFC B7M E<
?D;HJ?7. !Q UC ILMU DPMK CVNCPGCLAC, QMKC M@HCARQ F?TC KMPC GLCPRG? RF?L MRFCPQ. )R GQ M@TGMSQJW KMPC BGDDGASJR RM AF?LEC RFC KMRGML MD ? J?PEC
@MSJBCP RF?L RF?R MD ? @?QICR@?JJ, DMP CV?KNJC. 4FC GLCPRG? MD ?L M@HCAR GQ KC?QSPCB @W GRQ C7II. 2MSEFJW QNC?IGLE, K?QQ GQ ? KC?QSPC MD RFC ?KMSLR
MD uQRSDDv (MP K?RRCP) GL QMKCRFGLE. 4FC OS?LRGRW MP ?KMSLR MD K?RRCP GL ?L M@HCAR GQ BCRCPKGLCB @W RFC LSK@CPQ MD ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ MD T?PGMSQ
RWNCQ GR AMLR?GLQ. 5LJGIC UCGEFR, K?QQ BMCQ LMR T?PW UGRF JMA?RGML. 4FC K?QQ MD ?L M@HCAR GQ RFC Q?KC ML %?PRF, GL MP@GR, MP ML RFC QSPD?AC MD RFC -MML.
)L NP?ARGAC, GR GQ TCPW BGDDGASJR RM AMSLR ?LB GBCLRGDW ?JJ MD RFC ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ GL ?L M@HCAR, QM K?QQCQ ?PC LMR MDRCL BCRCPKGLCB GL RFGQ K?LLCP.
/NCP?RGML?JJW, RFC K?QQCQ MD M@HCARQ ?PC BCRCPKGLCB @W AMKN?PGQML UGRF RFC QR?LB?PB IGJMEP?K.
7FGAF F?Q KMPC K?QQ: ? IGJMEP?K MD AMRRML @?JJQ MP ? IGJMEP?K MD EMJB?
,EBKJ?ED
4FCW ?PC COS?J. ! IGJMEP?K MD MLC QS@QR?LAC GQ COS?J GL K?QQ RM ? IGJMEP?K MD ?LMRFCP QS@QR?LAC. 4FC OS?LRGRGCQ RF?R KGEFR BGDDCP @CRUCCL RFCK
?PC TMJSKC ?LB BCLQGRW.
4.3 ';MJEDXI ,;9ED: %7M E< &EJ?ED: CED9;FJ E< 7 ,OIJ;C
';MJEDXI I;9ED: B7M E< CEJ?ED GQ AJMQCJW PCJ?RCB RM .CURMLtQ DGPQR J?U MD KMRGML. )R K?RFCK?RGA?JJW QR?RCQ RFC A?SQC ?LB CDDCAR PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL
DMPAC ?LB AF?LECQ GL KMRGML. .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U MD KMRGML GQ KMPC OS?LRGR?RGTC ?LB GQ SQCB CVRCLQGTCJW RM A?JASJ?RC UF?R F?NNCLQ GL QGRS?RGMLQ
GLTMJTGLE ? DMPAC. "CDMPC UC A?L UPGRC BMUL .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U ?Q ? QGKNJC COS?RGML EGTGLE RFC CV?AR PCJ?RGMLQFGN MD DMPAC, K?QQ, ?LB ?AACJCP?RGML,
UC LCCB RM QF?PNCL QMKC GBC?Q RF?R F?TC ?JPC?BW @CCL KCLRGMLCB.
&GPQR, UF?R BM UC KC?L @W ? AF?LEC GL KMRGML? 4FC ?LQUCP GQ RF?R ? AF?LEC GL KMRGML GQ COSGT?JCLR RM ? AF?LEC GL TCJMAGRW. ! AF?LEC GL TCJMAGRW
KC?LQ, @W BCDGLGRGML, RF?R RFCPC GQ ?L 799;B;H7J?ED. .CURMLtQ DGPQR J?U Q?WQ RF?R ? LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC A?SQCQ ? AF?LEC GL KMRGML; RFSQ, UC QCC RF?R ?
A8G 8KG8EA4? 9BE68 64HF8F 4668?8E4G<BA.
!LMRFCP OSCQRGML GKKCBG?RCJW ?PGQCQ. 7F?R BM UC KC?L @W ?L CVRCPL?J DMPAC? !L GLRSGRGTC LMRGML MD CVRCPL?J GQ AMPPCARr?L ;NJ;HD7B <EH9; ?ARQ DPMK
MSRQGBC RFC IOIJ;C MD GLRCPCQR. &MP CV?KNJC, GL F?=KH; 4.5(?) RFC QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR GQ RFC U?EML NJSQ RFC AFGJB GL GR. 4FC RUM DMPACQ CVCPRCB @W RFC
MRFCP AFGJBPCL ?PC CVRCPL?J DMPACQ. !L GLRCPL?J DMPAC ?ARQ @CRUCCL CJCKCLRQ MD RFC QWQRCK. !E?GL JMMIGLE ?R F?=KH; 4.5(?), RFC DMPAC RFC AFGJB GL RFC
U?EML CVCPRQ RM F?LE MLRM RFC U?EML GQ ?L GLRCPL?J DMPAC @CRUCCL CJCKCLRQ MD RFC QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR. /LJW CVRCPL?J DMPACQ ?DDCAR RFC KMRGML MD ?
QWQRCK, ?AAMPBGLE RM .CURMLtQ DGPQR J?U. (4FC GLRCPL?J DMPACQ ?ARS?JJW A?LACJ, ?Q UC QF?JJ QCC GL RFC LCVR QCARGML.) 0BH @HFG 789<A8 G;8 5BHA74E<8F B9
G;8 FLFG8@ 589BE8 LBH 64A 78G8E@<A8 J;<6; 9BE68F 4E8 8KG8EA4?. 3MKCRGKCQ RFC QWQRCK GQ M@TGMSQ, UFCPC?Q MRFCP RGKCQ GBCLRGDWGLE RFC @MSLB?PGCQ MD
? QWQRCK GQ KMPC QS@RJC. 4FC AMLACNR MD ? QWQRCK GQ DSLB?KCLR?J RM K?LW ?PC?Q MD NFWQGAQ, ?Q GQ RFC AMPPCAR ?NNJGA?RGML MD .CURMLtQ J?UQ. 4FGQ
AMLACNR UGJJ @C PCTGQGRCB K?LW RGKCQ ML MSP HMSPLCW RFPMSEF NFWQGAQ.
128 #(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/.
F?=KH; 4.5 $GDDCPCLR DMPACQ CVCPRCB ML RFC Q?KC K?QQ NPMBSAC BGDDCPCLR ?AACJCP?RGMLQ. (?) 4UM AFGJBPCL NSQF ? U?EML UGRF ? AFGJB GL GR. !PPMUQ PCNPCQCLRGLE ?JJ CVRCPL?J DMPACQ
?PC QFMUL. 4FC QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR GQ RFC U?EML ?LB GRQ PGBCP. 4FC UCGEFR w MD RFC QWQRCK ?LB RFC QSNNMPR MD RFC EPMSLB N ?PC ?JQM QFMUL DMP AMKNJCRCLCQQ ?LB ?PC
?QQSKCB RM A?LACJ. 4FC TCARMP f PCNPCQCLRQ RFC DPGARGML ?ARGLE ML RFC U?EML, ?LB GR ?ARQ RM RFC JCDR, MNNMQGLE RFC KMRGML MD RFC U?EML. (@) !JJ MD RFC CVRCPL?J DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML
RFC QWQRCK ?BB RMECRFCP RM NPMBSAC ? LCR DMPAC, F
net
. 4FC DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K QFMUQ ?JJ MD RFC DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML RFC QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR. 4FC BMR PCNPCQCLRQ RFC ACLRCP MD K?QQ
MD RFC QWQRCK. %?AF DMPAC TCARMP CVRCLBQ DPMK RFGQ BMR. "CA?SQC RFCPC ?PC RUM DMPACQ ?ARGLE RM RFC PGEFR, UC BP?U RFC TCARMPQ AMJJGLC?PJW. (A) ! J?PECP LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC NPMBSACQ
? J?PECP ?AACJCP?RGML ( a > a ) UFCL ?L ?BSJR NSQFCQ RFC AFGJB.
.MU, GR QCCKQ PC?QML?@JC RF?R ?AACJCP?RGML QFMSJB @C BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM ?LB GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q RFC LCR (RMR?J) CVRCPL?J DMPAC ?ARGLE ML ?
QWQRCK. 4FGQ ?QQSKNRGML F?Q @CCL TCPGDGCB CVNCPGKCLR?JJW ?LB GQ GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 4.5. )L N?PR (?), ? QK?JJCP DMPAC A?SQCQ ? QK?JJCP ?AACJCP?RGML
RF?L RFC J?PECP DMPAC GJJSQRP?RCB GL N?PR (A). &MP AMKNJCRCLCQQ, RFC TCPRGA?J DMPACQ ?PC ?JQM QFMUL; RFCW ?PC ?QQSKCB RM A?LACJ QGLAC RFCPC GQ LM
?AACJCP?RGML GL RFC TCPRGA?J BGPCARGML. 4FC TCPRGA?J DMPACQ ?PC RFC UCGEFR w ?LB RFC QSNNMPR MD RFC EPMSLB N, ?LB RFC FMPGXMLR?J DMPAC f PCNPCQCLRQ
RFC DMPAC MD DPGARGML. 4FCQC UGJJ @C BGQASQQCB GL KMPC BCR?GJ GL J?RCP QCARGMLQ. &MP LMU, UC UGJJ BCDGLC <H?9J?ED ?Q ? DMPAC RF?R MNNMQCQ RFC KMRGML N?QR
C?AF MRFCP MD M@HCARQ RF?R ?PC RMSAFGLE. F?=KH; 4.5(@) QFMUQ FMU TCARMPQ PCNPCQCLRGLE RFC CVRCPL?J DMPACQ ?BB RMECRFCP RM NPMBSAC ? LCR DMPAC, F
net
.
4M M@R?GL ?L COS?RGML DMP .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U, UC DGPQR UPGRC RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN MD ?AACJCP?RGML ?LB LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC ?Q RFC NPMNMPRGML?JGRW
(4.1) a F
net
,
UFCPC RFC QWK@MJ KC?LQ uNPMNMPRGML?J RM,v ?LB F
net
GQ RFC D;J ;NJ;HD7B <EH9;. (4FC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC GQ RFC TCARMP QSK MD ?JJ CVRCPL?J DMPACQ
?LB A?L @C BCRCPKGLCB EP?NFGA?JJW, SQGLE RFC FC?B-RM-R?GJ KCRFMB, MP ?L?JWRGA?JJW, SQGLE AMKNMLCLRQ. 4FC RCAFLGOSCQ ?PC RFC Q?KC ?Q DMP RFC ?BBGRGML
MD MRFCP TCARMPQ, ?LB ?PC AMTCPCB GL -ME-D?C;DI?ED7B $?D;C7J?9I.) 4FGQ NPMNMPRGML?JGRW QR?RCQ UF?R UC F?TC Q?GB GL UMPBQr4668?8E4G<BA <F 7<E86G?L
CEBCBEG<BA4? GB G;8 A8G 8KG8EA4? 9BE68. /LAC RFC QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR GQ AFMQCL, GR GQ GKNMPR?LR RM GBCLRGDW RFC CVRCPL?J DMPACQ ?LB GELMPC RFC GLRCPL?J MLCQ.
)R GQ ? RPCKCLBMSQ QGKNJGDGA?RGML LMR RM F?TC RM AMLQGBCP RFC LSKCPMSQ GLRCPL?J DMPACQ ?ARGLE @CRUCCL M@HCARQ UGRFGL RFC QWQRCK, QSAF ?Q KSQASJ?P
DMPACQ UGRFGL RFC AFGJBtQ @MBW, JCR ?JMLC RFC KWPG?B MD DMPACQ @CRUCCL ?RMKQ GL RFC M@HCARQ, @SR @W BMGLE QM, UC A?L C?QGJW QMJTC QMKC TCPW AMKNJCV
NPM@JCKQ UGRF MLJW KGLGK?J CPPMP BSC RM MSP QGKNJGDGA?RGML
.MU, GR ?JQM QCCKQ PC?QML?@JC RF?R ?AACJCP?RGML QFMSJB @C GLTCPQCJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC K?QQ MD RFC QWQRCK. )L MRFCP UMPBQ, RFC J?PECP RFC K?QQ (RFC
GLCPRG?), RFC QK?JJCP RFC ?AACJCP?RGML NPMBSACB @W ? EGTCL DMPAC. !LB GLBCCB, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 4.6, RFC Q?KC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC ?NNJGCB RM ? A?P
NPMBSACQ ? KSAF QK?JJCP ?AACJCP?RGML RF?L UFCL ?NNJGCB RM ? @?QICR@?JJ. 4FC NPMNMPRGML?JGRW GQ UPGRRCL ?Q
(4.2)
a
1
m
UFCPC m GQ RFC K?QQ MD RFC QWQRCK. %VNCPGKCLRQ F?TC QFMUL RF?R ?AACJCP?RGML GQ CV?ARJW GLTCPQCJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM K?QQ, HSQR ?Q GR GQ CV?ARJW JGLC?PJW
NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC.
#(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/. 129
F?=KH; 4.6 4FC Q?KC DMPAC CVCPRCB ML QWQRCKQ MD BGDDCPCLR K?QQCQ NPMBSACQ BGDDCPCLR ?AACJCP?RGMLQ. (?) ! @?QICR@?JJ NJ?WCP NSQFCQ ML ? @?QICR@?JJ RM K?IC ? N?QQ. (4FC CDDCAR
MD EP?TGRW ML RFC @?JJ GQ GELMPCB.) (@) 4FC Q?KC NJ?WCP CVCPRQ ?L GBCLRGA?J DMPAC ML ? QR?JJCB 356 ?LB NPMBSACQ ? D?P QK?JJCP ?AACJCP?RGML (CTCL GD DPGARGML GQ LCEJGEG@JC). (A) 4FC
DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?KQ ?PC GBCLRGA?J, NCPKGRRGLE BGPCAR AMKN?PGQML MD RFC RUM QGRS?RGMLQ. ! QCPGCQ MD N?RRCPLQ DMP RFC DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K UGJJ CKCPEC ?Q WMS BM KMPC NPM@JCKQ.
)R F?Q @CCL DMSLB RF?R RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD ?L M@HCAR BCNCLBQ BA?L ML RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC ?LB RFC K?QQ MD RFC M@HCAR. #MK@GLGLE RFC RUM
NPMNMPRGML?JGRGCQ HSQR EGTCL WGCJBQ .CURML'Q QCAMLB J?U MD KMRGML.
.CURMLtQ 3CAMLB ,?U MD -MRGML
4FC ?AACJCP?RGML MD ? QWQRCK GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM ?LB GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC ?ARGLE ML RFC QWQRCK, ?LB GLTCPQCJW
NPMNMPRGML?J RM GRQ K?QQ.
)L COS?RGML DMPK, .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U MD KMRGML GQ
(4.3)
a =
F
net
m
.
4FGQ GQ MDRCL UPGRRCL GL RFC KMPC D?KGJG?P DMPK
(4.4) F
net
= ma.
7FCL MLJW RFC K?ELGRSBC MD DMPAC ?LB ?AACJCP?RGML ?PC AMLQGBCPCB, RFGQ COS?RGML GQ QGKNJW
(4.5) F
net
= ma.
!JRFMSEF RFCQC J?QR RUM COS?RGMLQ ?PC PC?JJW RFC Q?KC, RFC DGPQR EGTCQ KMPC GLQGEFR GLRM UF?R .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U KC?LQ. 4FC J?U GQ ? 64HF8 4A7
89986G E8?4G<BAF;<C ?KMLE RFPCC OS?LRGRGCQ RF?R GQ LMR QGKNJW @?QCB ML RFCGP BCDGLGRGMLQ. 4FC T?JGBGRW MD RFC QCAMLB J?U GQ AMKNJCRCJW @?QCB ML
CVNCPGKCLR?J TCPGDGA?RGML.
5LGRQ MD &MPAC
F
net
= ma GQ SQCB RM BCDGLC RFC SLGRQ MD DMPAC GL RCPKQ MD RFC RFPCC @?QGA SLGRQ DMP K?QQ, JCLERF, ?LB RGKC. 4FC 3) SLGR MD DMPAC GQ A?JJCB RFC D;MJED
(?@@PCTG?RCB .) ?LB GQ RFC DMPAC LCCBCB RM ?AACJCP?RC ? 1-IE QWQRCK ?R RFC P?RC MD 1m/s
2
. 4F?R GQ, QGLAC F
net
= ma ,
(4.6)
1 N = 1 kg m/s
2
.
7FGJC ?JKMQR RFC CLRGPC UMPJB SQCQ RFC LCURML DMP RFC SLGR MD DMPAC, GL RFC 5LGRCB 3R?RCQ RFC KMQR D?KGJG?P SLGR MD DMPAC GQ RFC NMSLB (J@), UFCPC 1 . =
0.225 J@.
7CGEFR ?LB RFC 'P?TGR?RGML?J &MPAC
7FCL ?L M@HCAR GQ BPMNNCB, GR ?AACJCP?RCQ RMU?PB RFC ACLRCP MD %?PRF. .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U QR?RCQ RF?R ? LCR DMPAC ML ?L M@HCAR GQ PCQNMLQG@JC DMP GRQ
?AACJCP?RGML. )D ?GP PCQGQR?LAC GQ LCEJGEG@JC, RFC LCR DMPAC ML ? D?JJGLE M@HCAR GQ RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC, AMKKMLJW A?JJCB GRQ M;?=>J w. 7CGEFR A?L @C
BCLMRCB ?Q ? TCARMP w @CA?SQC GR F?Q ? BGPCARGML; 7BJA GQ, @W BCDGLGRGML, RFC BGPCARGML MD EP?TGRW, ?LB FCLAC UCGEFR GQ ? BMULU?PB DMPAC. 4FC
K?ELGRSBC MD UCGEFR GQ BCLMRCB ?Q w. '?JGJCM U?Q GLQRPSKCLR?J GL QFMUGLE RF?R, GL RFC ?@QCLAC MD ?GP PCQGQR?LAC, ?JJ M@HCARQ D?JJ UGRF RFC Q?KC
?AACJCP?RGML g . 5QGLE '?JGJCMtQ PCQSJR ?LB .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U, UC A?L BCPGTC ?L COS?RGML DMP UCGEFR.
#MLQGBCP ?L M@HCAR UGRF K?QQ m D?JJGLE BMULU?PB RMU?PB %?PRF. )R CVNCPGCLACQ MLJW RFC BMULU?PB DMPAC MD EP?TGRW, UFGAF F?Q K?ELGRSBC w.
.CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U QR?RCQ RF?R RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC ML ?L M@HCAR GQ F
net
= ma .
3GLAC RFC M@HCAR CVNCPGCLACQ MLJW RFC BMULU?PB DMPAC MD EP?TGRW, F
net
= w. 7C ILMU RF?R RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD ?L M@HCAR BSC RM EP?TGRW GQ g , MP
a = g . 3S@QRGRSRGLE RFCQC GLRM .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U EGTCQ
7CGEFR
4FGQ GQ RFC COS?RGML DMP J8<:;GrRFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC ML ? K?QQ m:
(4.7) w = mg.
130 #(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/.
3GLAC g = 9.80 m/s
2
ML %?PRF, RFC UCGEFR MD ? 1.0 IE M@HCAR ML %?PRF GQ 9.8 ., ?Q UC QCC:
(4.8)
w = mg = (1.0 kg)(9.80 m/s
2
) = 9.8 N.
2CA?JJ RF?R g A?L R?IC ? NMQGRGTC MP LCE?RGTC T?JSC, BCNCLBGLE ML RFC NMQGRGTC BGPCARGML GL RFC AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK. "C QSPC RM R?IC RFGQ GLRM
AMLQGBCP?RGML UFCL QMJTGLE NPM@JCKQ UGRF UCGEFR.
7FCL RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC ML ?L M@HCAR GQ GRQ UCGEFR, UC Q?W RF?R GR GQ GL <H;;-<7BB. 4F?R GQ, RFC MLJW DMPAC ?ARGLE ML RFC M@HCAR GQ RFC DMPAC MD EP?TGRW. )L
RFC PC?J UMPJB, UFCL M@HCARQ D?JJ BMULU?PB RMU?PB %?PRF, RFCW ?PC LCTCP RPSJW GL DPCC-D?JJ @CA?SQC RFCPC GQ ?JU?WQ QMKC SNU?PB DMPAC DPMK RFC ?GP
?ARGLE ML RFC M@HCAR.
4FC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW g T?PGCQ QJGEFRJW MTCP RFC QSPD?AC MD %?PRF, QM RF?R RFC UCGEFR MD ?L M@HCAR BCNCLBQ ML JMA?RGML ?LB GQ LMR ?L GLRPGLQGA
NPMNCPRW MD RFC M@HCAR. 7CGEFR T?PGCQ BP?K?RGA?JJW GD MLC JC?TCQ %?PRFtQ QSPD?AC. /L RFC -MML, DMP CV?KNJC, RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW GQ MLJW
1.67 m/s
2
. ! 1.0-IE K?QQ RFSQ F?Q ? UCGEFR MD 9.8 . ML %?PRF ?LB MLJW ?@MSR 1.7 . ML RFC -MML.
4FC @PM?BCQR BCDGLGRGML MD UCGEFR GL RFGQ QCLQC GQ RF?R G;8 J8<:;G B9 4A B5=86G <F G;8 :E4I<G4G<BA4? 9BE68 BA <G 9EB@ G;8 A84E8FG ?4E:8 5B7L, QSAF ?Q %?PRF,
RFC -MML, RFC 3SL, ?LB QM ML. 4FGQ GQ RFC KMQR AMKKML ?LB SQCDSJ BCDGLGRGML MD UCGEFR GL NFWQGAQ. )R BGDDCPQ BP?K?RGA?JJW, FMUCTCP, DPMK RFC BCDGLGRGML
MD UCGEFR SQCB @W .!3! ?LB RFC NMNSJ?P KCBG? GL PCJ?RGML RM QN?AC RP?TCJ ?LB CVNJMP?RGML. 7FCL RFCW QNC?I MD uUCGEFRJCQQLCQQv ?LB uKGAPMEP?TGRW,v
RFCW ?PC PC?JJW PCDCPPGLE RM RFC NFCLMKCLML UC A?JJ uDPCC-D?JJv GL NFWQGAQ. 7C QF?JJ SQC RFC ?@MTC BCDGLGRGML MD UCGEFR, ?LB UC UGJJ K?IC A?PCDSJ
BGQRGLARGMLQ @CRUCCL DPCC-D?JJ ?LB ?ARS?J UCGEFRJCQQLCQQ.
)R GQ GKNMPR?LR RM @C ?U?PC RF?R UCGEFR ?LB K?QQ ?PC TCPW BGDDCPCLR NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ, ?JRFMSEF RFCW ?PC AJMQCJW PCJ?RCB. -?QQ GQ RFC OS?LRGRW MD K?RRCP
(FMU KSAF uQRSDDv) ?LB BMCQ LMR T?PW GL AJ?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ, UFCPC?Q UCGEFR GQ RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC ?LB BMCQ T?PW BCNCLBGLE ML EP?TGRW. )R GQ RCKNRGLE
RM COS?RC RFC RUM, QGLAC KMQR MD MSP CV?KNJCQ R?IC NJ?AC ML %?PRF, UFCPC RFC UCGEFR MD ?L M@HCAR MLJW T?PGCQ ? JGRRJC UGRF RFC JMA?RGML MD RFC M@HCAR.
&SPRFCPKMPC, RFC RCPKQ @4FF ?LB J8<:;G ?PC SQCB GLRCPAF?LEC?@JW GL CTCPWB?W J?LES?EC; DMP CV?KNJC, MSP KCBGA?J PCAMPBQ MDRCL QFMU MSP uUCGEFRv
GL IGJMEP?KQ, @SR LCTCP GL RFC AMPPCAR SLGRQ MD LCURMLQ.
#MKKML -GQAMLACNRGMLQ: -?QQ TQ. 7CGEFR
-?QQ ?LB UCGEFR ?PC MDRCL SQCB GLRCPAF?LEC?@JW GL CTCPWB?W J?LES?EC. (MUCTCP, GL QAGCLAC, RFCQC RCPKQ ?PC BGQRGLARJW BGDDCPCLR DPMK MLC
?LMRFCP. -?QQ GQ ? KC?QSPC MD FMU KSAF K?RRCP GQ GL ?L M@HCAR. 4FC RWNGA?J KC?QSPC MD K?QQ GQ RFC IGJMEP?K (MP RFC uQJSEv GL %LEJGQF SLGRQ).
7CGEFR, ML RFC MRFCP F?LB, GQ ? KC?QSPC MD RFC DMPAC MD EP?TGRW ?ARGLE ML ?L M@HCAR. 7CGEFR GQ COS?J RM RFC K?QQ MD ?L M@HCAR ( m) KSJRGNJGCB @W
RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW ( g ). ,GIC ?LW MRFCP DMPAC, UCGEFR GQ KC?QSPCB GL RCPKQ MD LCURMLQ (MP NMSLBQ GL %LEJGQF SLGRQ).
!QQSKGLE RFC K?QQ MD ?L M@HCAR GQ ICNR GLR?AR, GR UGJJ PCK?GL RFC Q?KC, PCE?PBJCQQ MD GRQ JMA?RGML. (MUCTCP, @CA?SQC UCGEFR BCNCLBQ ML RFC
?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW, RFC UCGEFR MD ?L M@HCAR 64A 6;4A:8 UFCL RFC M@HCAR CLRCPQ GLRM ? PCEGML UGRF QRPMLECP MP UC?ICP EP?TGRW. &MP CV?KNJC,
RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW ML RFC -MML GQ 1.67 m/s
2
(UFGAF GQ KSAF JCQQ RF?L RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW ML %?PRF, 9.80 m/s
2
). )D WMS
KC?QSPCB WMSP UCGEFR ML %?PRF ?LB RFCL KC?QSPCB WMSP UCGEFR ML RFC -MML, WMS UMSJB DGLB RF?R WMS uUCGEFv KSAF JCQQ, CTCL RFMSEF WMS BM
LMR JMMI ?LW QIGLLGCP. 4FGQ GQ @CA?SQC RFC DMPAC MD EP?TGRW GQ UC?ICP ML RFC -MML. )L D?AR, UFCL NCMNJC Q?W RF?R RFCW ?PC uJMQGLE UCGEFR,v RFCW
PC?JJW KC?L RF?R RFCW ?PC JMQGLE uK?QQv (UFGAF GL RSPL A?SQCQ RFCK RM UCGEF JCQQ).
4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR: -?QQ ?LB 7CGEFR
7F?R BM @?RFPMMK QA?JCQ KC?QSPC? 7FCL WMS QR?LB ML ? @?RFPMMK QA?JC, UF?R F?NNCLQ RM RFC QA?JC? )R BCNPCQQCQ QJGEFRJW. 4FC QA?JC AMLR?GLQ
QNPGLEQ RF?R AMKNPCQQ GL NPMNMPRGML RM WMSP UCGEFRrQGKGJ?P RM PS@@CP @?LBQ CVN?LBGLE UFCL NSJJCB. 4FC QNPGLEQ NPMTGBC ? KC?QSPC MD WMSP
UCGEFR (DMP ?L M@HCAR UFGAF GQ LMR ?AACJCP?RGLE). 4FGQ GQ ? DMPAC GL LCURMLQ (MP NMSLBQ). )L KMQR AMSLRPGCQ, RFC KC?QSPCKCLR GQ BGTGBCB @W 9.80 RM
EGTC ? PC?BGLE GL K?QQ SLGRQ MD IGJMEP?KQ. 4FC QA?JC KC?QSPCQ UCGEFR @SR GQ A?JG@P?RCB RM NPMTGBC GLDMPK?RGML ?@MSR K?QQ. 7FGJC QR?LBGLE ML ?
@?RFPMMK QA?JC, NSQF BMUL ML ? R?@JC LCVR RM WMS. 7F?R F?NNCLQ RM RFC PC?BGLE? 7FW? 7MSJB WMSP QA?JC KC?QSPC RFC Q?KC uK?QQv ML %?PRF ?Q
ML RFC -MML?
EN7CFB; 4.1 0>7J A99;B;H7J?ED C7D 7 );HIED )HE:K9; M>;D )KI>?D= 7 %7MD &EM;H?
3SNNMQC RF?R RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC (NSQF KGLSQ DPGARGML) CVCPRCB ML ? J?UL KMUCP GQ 51 . (?@MSR 11 J@) N?P?JJCJ RM RFC EPMSLB. 4FC K?QQ MD RFC
KMUCP GQ 24 IE. 7F?R GQ GRQ ?AACJCP?RGML?
#(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/. 131
F?=KH; 4.7 4FC LCR DMPAC ML ? J?UL KMUCP GQ 51 . RM RFC PGEFR. !R UF?R P?RC BMCQ RFC J?UL KMUCP ?AACJCP?RC RM RFC PGEFR?
,JH7J;=O
3GLAC F
net
?LB m ?PC EGTCL, RFC ?AACJCP?RGML A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB BGPCARJW DPMK .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U ?Q QR?RCB GL F
net
= ma .
,EBKJ?ED
4FC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC ?AACJCP?RGML a GQ a =
F
net
m
. %LRCPGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ EGTCQ
(4.9)
a =
51 N
24 kg
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFC SLGRQ kg m/s
2
DMP . WGCJBQ
(4.10)
a =
51 kg m/s
2
24 kg
= 2.1 m/s
2
.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC BGPCARGML MD RFC ?AACJCP?RGML GQ RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q RF?R MD RFC LCR DMPAC, UFGAF GQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC EPMSLB. 4FCPC GQ LM GLDMPK?RGML EGTCL GL RFGQ
CV?KNJC ?@MSR RFC GLBGTGBS?J CVRCPL?J DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML RFC QWQRCK, @SR UC A?L Q?W QMKCRFGLE ?@MSR RFCGP PCJ?RGTC K?ELGRSBCQ. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC
DMPAC CVCPRCB @W RFC NCPQML NSQFGLE RFC KMUCP KSQR @C EPC?RCP RF?L RFC DPGARGML MNNMQGLE RFC KMRGML (QGLAC UC ILMU RFC KMUCP KMTCQ DMPU?PB),
?LB RFC TCPRGA?J DMPACQ KSQR A?LACJ GD RFCPC GQ RM @C LM ?AACJCP?RGML GL RFC TCPRGA?J BGPCARGML (RFC KMUCP GQ KMTGLE MLJW FMPGXMLR?JJW). 4FC
?AACJCP?RGML DMSLB GQ QK?JJ CLMSEF RM @C PC?QML?@JC DMP ? NCPQML NSQFGLE ? KMUCP. 3SAF ?L CDDMPR UMSJB LMR J?QR RMM JMLE @CA?SQC RFC NCPQMLtQ
RMN QNCCB UMSJB QMML @C PC?AFCB.
EN7CFB; 4.2 0>7J +E9A;J ->HKIJ A99;B;H7J;I ->?I ,B;:?
0PGMP RM K?LLCB QN?AC DJGEFRQ, PMAICR QJCBQ UCPC SQCB RM RCQR ?GPAP?DR, KGQQGJC COSGNKCLR, ?LB NFWQGMJMEGA?J CDDCARQ ML FSK?L QS@HCARQ ?R FGEF
QNCCBQ. 4FCW AMLQGQRCB MD ? NJ?RDMPK RF?R U?Q KMSLRCB ML MLC MP RUM P?GJQ ?LB NPMNCJJCB @W QCTCP?J PMAICRQ. #?JASJ?RC RFC K?ELGRSBC MD DMPAC
CVCPRCB @W C?AF PMAICR, A?JJCB GRQ RFPSQR T, DMP RFC DMSP-PMAICR NPMNSJQGML QWQRCK QFMUL GL F?=KH; 4.8. 4FC QJCBtQ GLGRG?J ?AACJCP?RGML GQ
49 m/s
2
, RFC K?QQ MD RFC QWQRCK GQ 2100 IE, ?LB RFC DMPAC MD DPGARGML MNNMQGLE RFC KMRGML GQ ILMUL RM @C 650 ..
132 #(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/.
F?=KH; 4.8 ! QJCB CVNCPGCLACQ ? PMAICR RFPSQR RF?R ?AACJCP?RCQ GR RM RFC PGEFR. %?AF PMAICR APC?RCQ ?L GBCLRGA?J RFPSQR T. !Q GL MRFCP QGRS?RGMLQ UFCPC RFCPC GQ MLJW
FMPGXMLR?J ?AACJCP?RGML, RFC TCPRGA?J DMPACQ A?LACJ. 4FC EPMSLB CVCPRQ ?L SNU?PB DMPAC N ML RFC QWQRCK RF?R GQ COS?J GL K?ELGRSBC ?LB MNNMQGRC GL BGPCARGML RM GRQ UCGEFR,
w. 4FC QWQRCK FCPC GQ RFC QJCB, GRQ PMAICRQ, ?LB PGBCP, QM LMLC MD RFC DMPACQ 58GJ88A RFCQC M@HCARQ ?PC AMLQGBCPCB. 4FC ?PPMU PCNPCQCLRGLE DPGARGML ( f ) GQ BP?UL J?PECP
RF?L QA?JC.
,JH7J;=O
!JRFMSEF RFCPC ?PC DMPACQ ?ARGLE TCPRGA?JJW ?LB FMPGXMLR?JJW, UC ?QQSKC RFC TCPRGA?J DMPACQ A?LACJ QGLAC RFCPC GQ LM TCPRGA?J ?AACJCP?RGML. 4FGQ
JC?TCQ SQ UGRF MLJW FMPGXMLR?J DMPACQ ?LB ? QGKNJCP MLC-BGKCLQGML?J NPM@JCK. $GPCARGMLQ ?PC GLBGA?RCB UGRF NJSQ MP KGLSQ QGELQ, UGRF PGEFR R?ICL
?Q RFC NMQGRGTC BGPCARGML. 3CC RFC DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K GL RFC DGESPC.
,EBKJ?ED
3GLAC ?AACJCP?RGML, K?QQ, ?LB RFC DMPAC MD DPGARGML ?PC EGTCL, UC QR?PR UGRF .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U ?LB JMMI DMP U?WQ RM DGLB RFC RFPSQR MD RFC
CLEGLCQ. 3GLAC UC F?TC BCDGLCB RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC DMPAC ?LB ?AACJCP?RGML ?Q ?ARGLE uRM RFC PGEFR,v UC LCCB RM AMLQGBCP MLJW RFC K?ELGRSBCQ MD
RFCQC OS?LRGRGCQ GL RFC A?JASJ?RGMLQ. (CLAC UC @CEGL UGRF
(4.11) F
net
= ma,
UFCPC F
net
GQ RFC LCR DMPAC ?JMLE RFC FMPGXMLR?J BGPCARGML. 7C A?L QCC DPMK F?=KH; 4.8 RF?R RFC CLEGLC RFPSQRQ ?BB, UFGJC DPGARGML MNNMQCQ RFC
RFPSQR. )L COS?RGML DMPK, RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC GQ
(4.12)
F
net
= 4T f .
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFGQ GLRM .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U EGTCQ
(4.13)
F
net
= ma = 4T f .
5QGLE ? JGRRJC ?JEC@P?, UC QMJTC DMP RFC RMR?J RFPSQR 4+:
(4.14)
4T = ma + f .
3S@QRGRSRGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ WGCJBQ
(4.15)
4T = ma + f = (2100 kg)(49 m/s
2
) + 650 N.
3M RFC RMR?J RFPSQR GQ
(4.16)
4T = 1.010
5
N,
?LB RFC GLBGTGBS?J RFPSQRQ ?PC
(4.17)
T =
1.010
5
N
4
= 2.510
4
N.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC LSK@CPQ ?PC OSGRC J?PEC, QM RFC PCQSJR KGEFR QSPNPGQC WMS. %VNCPGKCLRQ QSAF ?Q RFGQ UCPC NCPDMPKCB GL RFC C?PJW 1960Q RM RCQR RFC JGKGRQ MD
FSK?L CLBSP?LAC ?LB RFC QCRSN BCQGELCB RM NPMRCAR FSK?L QS@HCARQ GL HCR DGEFRCP CKCPECLAW CHCARGMLQ. 3NCCBQ MD 1000 IK/F UCPC M@R?GLCB,
UGRF ?AACJCP?RGMLQ MD 45 g 'Q. (2CA?JJ RF?R g , RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW, GQ 9.80 m/s
2
. 7FCL UC Q?W RF?R ?L ?AACJCP?RGML GQ 45 g 'Q, GR GQ
459.80 m/s
2
, UFGAF GQ ?NNPMVGK?RCJW 440 m/s
2
.) 7FGJC JGTGLE QS@HCARQ ?PC LMR SQCB ?LW KMPC, J?LB QNCCBQ MD 10,000 IK/F F?TC @CCL
M@R?GLCB UGRF PMAICR QJCBQ. )L RFGQ CV?KNJC, ?Q GL RFC NPCACBGLE MLC, RFC QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR GQ M@TGMSQ. 7C UGJJ QCC GL J?RCP CV?KNJCQ RF?R
AFMMQGLE RFC QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR GQ APSAG?Jr?LB RFC AFMGAC GQ LMR ?JU?WQ M@TGMSQ.
#(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/. 133
.CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U MD KMRGML GQ KMPC RF?L ? BCDGLGRGML; GR GQ ? PCJ?RGMLQFGN ?KMLE ?AACJCP?RGML, DMPAC, ?LB K?QQ. )R A?L FCJN SQ K?IC
NPCBGARGMLQ. %?AF MD RFMQC NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ A?L @C BCDGLCB GLBCNCLBCLRJW, QM RFC QCAMLB J?U RCJJQ SQ QMKCRFGLE @?QGA ?LB SLGTCPQ?J ?@MSR
L?RSPC. 4FC LCVR QCARGML GLRPMBSACQ RFC RFGPB ?LB DGL?J J?U MD KMRGML.
4.4 ';MJEDXI ->?H: %7M E< &EJ?ED: ,OCC;JHO ?D FEH9;I
4FCPC GQ ? N?QQ?EC GL RFC KSQGA?J $4A B9 ?4 $4A6;4 RF?R PCJ?RCQ RM .CURMLtQ RFGPB J?U MD KMRGML. 3?LAFM, GL BCQAPG@GLE ? DGEFR UGRF FGQ UGDC RM $ML
1SGVMRC, Q?WQ, u/D AMSPQC ) FGR FCP @?AI, 9MSP 'P?AC, @SR QFCtQ ? JMR F?PBCP RF?L KC ?LB WMS ILMU UF?R RFCW Q?W, s7FCRFCP RFC QRMLC FGRQ RFC NGRAFCP
MP RFC NGRAFCP FGRQ RFC QRMLC, GRtQ EMGLE RM @C @?B DMP RFC NGRAFCP.tv 4FGQ GQ CV?ARJW UF?R F?NNCLQ UFCLCTCP MLC @MBW CVCPRQ ? DMPAC ML ?LMRFCPrRFC DGPQR
?JQM CVNCPGCLACQ ? DMPAC (COS?J GL K?ELGRSBC ?LB MNNMQGRC GL BGPCARGML). .SKCPMSQ AMKKML CVNCPGCLACQ, QSAF ?Q QRS@@GLE ? RMC MP RFPMUGLE ? @?JJ,
AMLDGPK RFGQ. )R GQ NPCAGQCJW QR?RCB GL ';MJEDXI J>?H: B7M E< CEJ?ED.
.CURMLtQ 4FGPB ,?U MD -MRGML
7FCLCTCP MLC @MBW CVCPRQ ? DMPAC ML ? QCAMLB @MBW, RFC DGPQR @MBW CVNCPGCLACQ ? DMPAC RF?R GQ COS?J GL K?ELGRSBC ?LB MNNMQGRC GL BGPCARGML RM
RFC DMPAC RF?R GR CVCPRQ.
4FGQ J?U PCNPCQCLRQ ? ACPR?GL FL@@8GEL <A A4GHE8: &MPACQ ?JU?WQ MAASP GL N?GPQ, ?LB MLC @MBW A?LLMR CVCPR ? DMPAC ML ?LMRFCP UGRFMSR CVNCPGCLAGLE ?
DMPAC GRQCJD. 7C QMKCRGKCQ PCDCP RM RFGQ J?U JMMQCJW ?Q u?ARGML-PC?ARGML,v UFCPC RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB GQ RFC ?ARGML ?LB RFC DMPAC CVNCPGCLACB ?Q ?
AMLQCOSCLAC GQ RFC PC?ARGML. .CURMLtQ RFGPB J?U F?Q NP?ARGA?J SQCQ GL ?L?JWXGLE RFC MPGEGL MD DMPACQ ?LB SLBCPQR?LBGLE UFGAF DMPACQ ?PC CVRCPL?J RM ?
QWQRCK.
7C A?L PC?BGJW QCC .CURMLtQ RFGPB J?U ?R UMPI @W R?IGLE ? JMMI ?R FMU NCMNJC KMTC ?@MSR. #MLQGBCP ? QUGKKCP NSQFGLE MDD DPMK RFC QGBC MD ? NMMJ,
?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 4.9. 3FC NSQFCQ ?E?GLQR RFC NMMJ U?JJ UGRF FCP DCCR ?LB ?AACJCP?RCQ GL RFC BGPCARGML BCCBF<G8 RM RF?R MD FCP NSQF. 4FC U?JJ F?Q
CVCPRCB ?L COS?J ?LB MNNMQGRC DMPAC @?AI ML RFC QUGKKCP. 9MS KGEFR RFGLI RF?R RUM COS?J ?LB MNNMQGRC DMPACQ UMSJB A?LACJ, @SR RFCW BM LMR 5864HF8
G;8L 46G BA 7<998E8AG FLFG8@F. )L RFGQ A?QC, RFCPC ?PC RUM QWQRCKQ RF?R UC AMSJB GLTCQRGE?RC: RFC QUGKKCP MP RFC U?JJ. )D UC QCJCAR RFC QUGKKCP RM @C
RFC QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR, ?Q GL RFC DGESPC, RFCL F
wall on feet
GQ ?L CVRCPL?J DMPAC ML RFGQ QWQRCK ?LB ?DDCARQ GRQ KMRGML. 4FC QUGKKCP KMTCQ GL RFC
BGPCARGML MD F
wall on feet
. )L AMLRP?QR, RFC DMPAC F
feet on wall
?ARQ ML RFC U?JJ ?LB LMR ML MSP QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR. 4FSQ F
feet on wall
BMCQ LMR BGPCARJW
?DDCAR RFC KMRGML MD RFC QWQRCK ?LB BMCQ LMR A?LACJ F
wall on feet
. .MRC RF?R RFC QUGKKCP NSQFCQ GL RFC BGPCARGML MNNMQGRC RM RF?R GL UFGAF QFC UGQFCQ
RM KMTC. 4FC PC?ARGML RM FCP NSQF GQ RFSQ GL RFC BCQGPCB BGPCARGML.
F?=KH; 4.9 7FCL RFC QUGKKCP CVCPRQ ? DMPAC F
feet on wall
ML RFC U?JJ, QFC ?AACJCP?RCQ GL RFC BGPCARGML MNNMQGRC RM RF?R MD FCP NSQF. 4FGQ KC?LQ RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC ML FCP
GQ GL RFC BGPCARGML MNNMQGRC RM F
feet on wall
. 4FGQ MNNMQGRGML MAASPQ @CA?SQC, GL ?AAMPB?LAC UGRF .CURMLtQ RFGPB J?U MD KMRGML, RFC U?JJ CVCPRQ ? DMPAC F
wall on feet
ML FCP,
COS?J GL K?ELGRSBC @SR GL RFC BGPCARGML MNNMQGRC RM RFC MLC QFC CVCPRQ ML GR. 4FC JGLC ?PMSLB RFC QUGKKCP GLBGA?RCQ RFC QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR. .MRC RF?R F
feet on wall
BMCQ LMR
?AR ML RFGQ QWQRCK (RFC QUGKKCP) ?LB, RFSQ, BMCQ LMR A?LACJ F
wall on feet
. 4FSQ RFC DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K QFMUQ MLJW F
wall on feet
, w, RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC, ?LB BF ,
RFC @SMW?LR DMPAC MD RFC U?RCP QSNNMPRGLE RFC QUGKKCPtQ UCGEFR. 4FC TCPRGA?J DMPACQ w ?LB BF A?LACJ QGLAC RFCPC GQ LM TCPRGA?J KMRGML.
/RFCP CV?KNJCQ MD .CURMLtQ RFGPB J?U ?PC C?QW RM DGLB. !Q ? NPMDCQQMP N?ACQ GL DPMLR MD ? UFGRC@M?PB, QFC CVCPRQ ? DMPAC @?AIU?PB ML RFC DJMMP. 4FC
DJMMP CVCPRQ ? PC?ARGML DMPAC DMPU?PB ML RFC NPMDCQQMP RF?R A?SQCQ FCP RM ?AACJCP?RC DMPU?PB. 3GKGJ?PJW, ? A?P ?AACJCP?RCQ @CA?SQC RFC EPMSLB NSQFCQ
DMPU?PB ML RFC BPGTC UFCCJQ GL PC?ARGML RM RFC BPGTC UFCCJQ NSQFGLE @?AIU?PB ML RFC EPMSLB. 9MS A?L QCC CTGBCLAC MD RFC UFCCJQ NSQFGLE @?AIU?PB
UFCL RGPCQ QNGL ML ? EP?TCJ PM?B ?LB RFPMU PMAIQ @?AIU?PB. )L ?LMRFCP CV?KNJC, PMAICRQ KMTC DMPU?PB @W CVNCJJGLE E?Q @?AIU?PB ?R FGEF TCJMAGRW.
4FGQ KC?LQ RFC PMAICR CVCPRQ ? J?PEC @?AIU?PB DMPAC ML RFC E?Q GL RFC PMAICR AMK@SQRGML AF?K@CP, ?LB RFC E?Q RFCPCDMPC CVCPRQ ? J?PEC PC?ARGML
DMPAC DMPU?PB ML RFC PMAICR. 4FGQ PC?ARGML DMPAC GQ A?JJCB J>HKIJ. )R GQ ? AMKKML KGQAMLACNRGML RF?R PMAICRQ NPMNCJ RFCKQCJTCQ @W NSQFGLE ML RFC
EPMSLB MP ML RFC ?GP @CFGLB RFCK. 4FCW ?ARS?JJW UMPI @CRRCP GL ? T?ASSK, UFCPC RFCW A?L KMPC PC?BGJW CVNCJ RFC CVF?SQR E?QCQ. (CJGAMNRCPQ QGKGJ?PJW
APC?RC JGDR @W NSQFGLE ?GP BMUL, RFCPC@W CVNCPGCLAGLE ?L SNU?PB PC?ARGML DMPAC. "GPBQ ?LB ?GPNJ?LCQ ?JQM DJW @W CVCPRGLE DMPAC ML ?GP GL ? BGPCARGML
MNNMQGRC RM RF?R MD UF?RCTCP DMPAC RFCW LCCB. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC UGLEQ MD ? @GPB DMPAC ?GP BMULU?PB ?LB @?AIU?PB GL MPBCP RM ECR JGDR ?LB KMTC DMPU?PB.
!L MARMNSQ NPMNCJQ GRQCJD GL RFC U?RCP @W CHCARGLE U?RCP RFPMSEF ? DSLLCJ DPMK GRQ @MBW, QGKGJ?P RM ? HCR QIG. )L ? QGRS?RGML QGKGJ?P RM 3?LAFMtQ,
NPMDCQQGML?J A?EC DGEFRCPQ CVNCPGCLAC PC?ARGML DMPACQ UFCL RFCW NSLAF, QMKCRGKCQ @PC?IGLE RFCGP F?LB @W FGRRGLE ?L MNNMLCLRtQ @MBW.
134 #(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/.
EN7CFB; 4.3 ;JJ?D= .F -E ,F;;:: C>EEI?D= J>; CEHH;9J ,OIJ;C
! NFWQGAQ NPMDCQQMP NSQFCQ ? A?PR MD BCKMLQRP?RGML COSGNKCLR RM ? JCARSPC F?JJ, ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 4.10. (CP K?QQ GQ 65.0 IE, RFC A?PRtQ GQ 12.0
IE, ?LB RFC COSGNKCLRtQ GQ 7.0 IE. #?JASJ?RC RFC ?AACJCP?RGML NPMBSACB UFCL RFC NPMDCQQMP CVCPRQ ? @?AIU?PB DMPAC MD 150 . ML RFC DJMMP. !JJ
DMPACQ MNNMQGLE RFC KMRGML, QSAF ?Q DPGARGML ML RFC A?PRtQ UFCCJQ ?LB ?GP PCQGQR?LAC, RMR?J 24.0 ..
F?=KH; 4.10 ! NPMDCQQMP NSQFCQ ? A?PR MD BCKMLQRP?RGML COSGNKCLR. 4FC JCLERFQ MD RFC ?PPMUQ ?PC NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC K?ELGRSBCQ MD RFC DMPACQ (CVACNR DMP f , QGLAC GR GQ
RMM QK?JJ RM BP?U RM QA?JC). $GDDCPCLR OSCQRGMLQ ?PC ?QICB GL C?AF CV?KNJC; RFSQ, RFC QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR KSQR @C BCDGLCB BGDDCPCLRJW DMP C?AF. 3WQRCK 1 GQ ?NNPMNPG?RC DMP
EN7CFB; 4.4, QGLAC GR ?QIQ DMP RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD RFC CLRGPC EPMSN MD M@HCARQ. /LJW F
foor
?LB f ?PC CVRCPL?J DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML 3WQRCK 1 ?JMLE RFC JGLC MD KMRGML. !JJ
MRFCP DMPACQ CGRFCP A?LACJ MP ?AR ML RFC MSRQGBC UMPJB. 3WQRCK 2 GQ AFMQCL DMP RFGQ CV?KNJC QM RF?R F
prof
UGJJ @C ?L CVRCPL?J DMPAC ?LB CLRCP GLRM .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U.
.MRC RF?R RFC DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?KQ, UFGAF ?JJMU SQ RM ?NNJW .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U, T?PW UGRF RFC QWQRCK AFMQCL.
,JH7J;=O
3GLAC RFCW ?AACJCP?RC ?Q ? SLGR, UC BCDGLC RFC QWQRCK RM @C RFC NPMDCQQMP, A?PR, ?LB COSGNKCLR. 4FGQ GQ 3WQRCK 1 GL F?=KH; 4.10. 4FC NPMDCQQMP
NSQFCQ @?AIU?PB UGRF ? DMPAC F
foot
MD 150 .. !AAMPBGLE RM .CURMLtQ RFGPB J?U, RFC DJMMP CVCPRQ ? DMPU?PB PC?ARGML DMPAC F
foor
MD 150 . ML
3WQRCK 1. "CA?SQC ?JJ KMRGML GQ FMPGXMLR?J, UC A?L ?QQSKC RFCPC GQ LM LCR DMPAC GL RFC TCPRGA?J BGPCARGML. 4FC NPM@JCK GQ RFCPCDMPC MLC-
BGKCLQGML?J ?JMLE RFC FMPGXMLR?J BGPCARGML. !Q LMRCB, f MNNMQCQ RFC KMRGML ?LB GQ RFSQ GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML MD F
foor
. .MRC RF?R UC BM LMR
GLAJSBC RFC DMPACQ F
prof
MP F
cart
@CA?SQC RFCQC ?PC GLRCPL?J DMPACQ, ?LB UC BM LMR GLAJSBC F
foot
@CA?SQC GR ?ARQ ML RFC DJMMP, LMR ML RFC
QWQRCK. 4FCPC ?PC LM MRFCP QGELGDGA?LR DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML 3WQRCK 1. )D RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC A?L @C DMSLB DPMK ?JJ RFGQ GLDMPK?RGML, UC A?L SQC
.CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U RM DGLB RFC ?AACJCP?RGML ?Q PCOSCQRCB. 3CC RFC DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K GL RFC DGESPC.
,EBKJ?ED
.CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U GQ EGTCL @W
(4.18)
a =
F
net
m
.
4FC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC ML 3WQRCK 1 GQ BCBSACB DPMK F?=KH; 4.10 ?LB RFC BGQASQQGML ?@MTC RM @C
(4.19)
F
net
= F
foor
f = 150 N 24.0 N = 126 N.
4FC K?QQ MD 3WQRCK 1 GQ
(4.20)
m = (65.0 + 12.0 + 7.0) kg = 84 kg.
4FCQC T?JSCQ MD F
net
?LB m NPMBSAC ?L ?AACJCP?RGML MD
(4.21)
a =
F
net
m
,
a =
126 N
84 kg
= 1.5 m/s
2
.
D?I9KII?ED
.MLC MD RFC DMPACQ @CRUCCL AMKNMLCLRQ MD 3WQRCK 1, QSAF ?Q @CRUCCL RFC NPMDCQQMPtQ F?LBQ ?LB RFC A?PR, AMLRPG@SRC RM RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC
@CA?SQC RFCW ?PC GLRCPL?J RM 3WQRCK 1. !LMRFCP U?W RM JMMI ?R RFGQ GQ RM LMRC RF?R DMPACQ @CRUCCL AMKNMLCLRQ MD ? QWQRCK A?LACJ @CA?SQC RFCW
?PC COS?J GL K?ELGRSBC ?LB MNNMQGRC GL BGPCARGML. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB @W RFC NPMDCQQMP ML RFC A?PR PCQSJRQ GL ?L COS?J ?LB MNNMQGRC
#(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/. 135
DMPAC @?AI ML FCP. )L RFGQ A?QC @MRF DMPACQ ?AR ML RFC Q?KC QWQRCK ?LB, RFCPCDMPC, A?LACJ. 4FSQ GLRCPL?J DMPACQ (@CRUCCL AMKNMLCLRQ MD ?
QWQRCK) A?LACJ. #FMMQGLE 3WQRCK 1 U?Q APSAG?J RM QMJTGLE RFGQ NPM@JCK.
EN7CFB; 4.4 FEH9; ED J>; C7HJWC>EEI?D= 7 ';M ,OIJ;C
#?JASJ?RC RFC DMPAC RFC NPMDCQQMP CVCPRQ ML RFC A?PR GL F?=KH; 4.10 SQGLE B?R? DPMK RFC NPCTGMSQ CV?KNJC GD LCCBCB.
,JH7J;=O
)D UC LMU BCDGLC RFC QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR RM @C RFC A?PR NJSQ COSGNKCLR (3WQRCK 2 GL F?=KH; 4.10), RFCL RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC ML 3WQRCK 2 GQ RFC
DMPAC RFC NPMDCQQMP CVCPRQ ML RFC A?PR KGLSQ DPGARGML. 4FC DMPAC QFC CVCPRQ ML RFC A?PR, F
prof
, GQ ?L CVRCPL?J DMPAC ?ARGLE ML 3WQRCK 2. F
prof
U?Q GLRCPL?J RM 3WQRCK 1, @SR GR GQ CVRCPL?J RM 3WQRCK 2 ?LB UGJJ CLRCP .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U DMP 3WQRCK 2.
,EBKJ?ED
.CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U A?L @C SQCB RM DGLB F
prof
. 3R?PRGLE UGRF
(4.22)
a =
F
net
m
?LB LMRGLE RF?R RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC ML 3WQRCK 2 GQ
(4.23)
F
net
= F
prof
f ,
UC QMJTC DMP F
prof
, RFC BCQGPCB OS?LRGRW:
(4.24)
F
prof
= F
net
+ f .
4FC T?JSC MD f GQ EGTCL, QM UC KSQR A?JASJ?RC LCR F
net
. 4F?R A?L @C BMLC QGLAC @MRF RFC ?AACJCP?RGML ?LB K?QQ MD 3WQRCK 2 ?PC ILMUL. 5QGLE
.CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U UC QCC RF?R
(4.25) F
net
= ma,
UFCPC RFC K?QQ MD 3WQRCK 2 GQ 19.0 IE ( m= 12.0 IE + 7.0 IE) ?LB GRQ ?AACJCP?RGML U?Q DMSLB RM @C a = 1.5 m/s
2
GL RFC NPCTGMSQ CV?KNJC.
4FSQ,
(4.26) F
net
= ma,
(4.27)
F
net
= (19.0 kg)(1.5 m/s
2
) = 29 N.
.MU UC A?L DGLB RFC BCQGPCB DMPAC:
(4.28)
F
prof
= F
net
+ f ,
(4.29)
F
prof
= 29 N+24.0 N = 53 N.
D?I9KII?ED
)R GQ GLRCPCQRGLE RF?R RFGQ DMPAC GQ QGELGDGA?LRJW JCQQ RF?L RFC 150-. DMPAC RFC NPMDCQQMP CVCPRCB @?AIU?PB ML RFC DJMMP. .MR ?JJ MD RF?R 150-. DMPAC GQ
RP?LQKGRRCB RM RFC A?PR; QMKC MD GR ?AACJCP?RCQ RFC NPMDCQQMP.
4FC AFMGAC MD ? QWQRCK GQ ?L GKNMPR?LR ?L?JWRGA?J QRCN @MRF GL QMJTGLE NPM@JCKQ ?LB GL RFMPMSEFJW SLBCPQR?LBGLE RFC NFWQGAQ MD RFC QGRS?RGML
(UFGAF GQ LMR LCACQQ?PGJW RFC Q?KC RFGLE).
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: 'P?TGRW &MPAC ,?@
6GQS?JGXC RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC RF?R RUM M@HCARQ CVCPR ML C?AF MRFCP. #F?LEC NPMNCPRGCQ MD RFC M@HCARQ GL MPBCP RM QCC FMU GR AF?LECQ RFC EP?TGRW
DMPAC.
F?=KH; 4.11 H7L?JO FEH9; %78 (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42074/1.4/=H7L?JO-<EH9;-B786;D.@7H)
4.5 'EHC7B, -;DI?ED, 7D: (J>;H EN7CFB;I E< FEH9;I
&MPACQ ?PC EGTCL K?LW L?KCQ, QSAF ?Q NSQF, NSJJ, RFPSQR, JGDR, UCGEFR, DPGARGML, ?LB RCLQGML. 4P?BGRGML?JJW, DMPACQ F?TC @CCL EPMSNCB GLRM QCTCP?J
A?RCEMPGCQ ?LB EGTCL L?KCQ PCJ?RGLE RM RFCGP QMSPAC, FMU RFCW ?PC RP?LQKGRRCB, MP RFCGP CDDCARQ. 4FC KMQR GKNMPR?LR MD RFCQC A?RCEMPGCQ ?PC BGQASQQCB
GL RFGQ QCARGML, RMECRFCP UGRF QMKC GLRCPCQRGLE ?NNJGA?RGMLQ. &SPRFCP CV?KNJCQ MD DMPACQ ?PC BGQASQQCB J?RCP GL RFGQ RCVR.
136 #(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/.
.MPK?J &MPAC
0;?=>J (?JQM A?JJCB DMPAC MD EP?TGRW) GQ ? NCPT?QGTC DMPAC RF?R ?ARQ ?R ?JJ RGKCQ ?LB KSQR @C AMSLRCP?ARCB RM ICCN ?L M@HCAR DPMK D?JJGLE. 9MS BCDGLGRCJW
LMRGAC RF?R WMS KSQR QSNNMPR RFC UCGEFR MD ? FC?TW M@HCAR @W NSQFGLE SN ML GR UFCL WMS FMJB GR QR?RGML?PW, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 4.12(?). "SR FMU BM
GL?LGK?RC M@HCARQ JGIC ? R?@JC QSNNMPR RFC UCGEFR MD ? K?QQ NJ?ACB ML RFCK, QSAF ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 4.12(@)? 7FCL RFC @?E MD BME DMMB GQ NJ?ACB ML
RFC R?@JC, RFC R?@JC ?ARS?JJW Q?EQ QJGEFRJW SLBCP RFC JM?B. 4FGQ UMSJB @C LMRGAC?@JC GD RFC JM?B UCPC NJ?ACB ML ? A?PB R?@JC, @SR CTCL PGEGB M@HCARQ
BCDMPK UFCL ? DMPAC GQ ?NNJGCB RM RFCK. 5LJCQQ RFC M@HCAR GQ BCDMPKCB @CWMLB GRQ JGKGR, GR UGJJ CVCPR ? PCQRMPGLE DMPAC KSAF JGIC ? BCDMPKCB QNPGLE (MP
RP?KNMJGLC MP BGTGLE @M?PB). 4FC EPC?RCP RFC BCDMPK?RGML, RFC EPC?RCP RFC PCQRMPGLE DMPAC. 3M UFCL RFC JM?B GQ NJ?ACB ML RFC R?@JC, RFC R?@JC Q?EQ SLRGJ
RFC PCQRMPGLE DMPAC @CAMKCQ ?Q J?PEC ?Q RFC UCGEFR MD RFC JM?B. !R RFGQ NMGLR RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC ML RFC JM?B GQ XCPM. 4F?R GQ RFC QGRS?RGML UFCL RFC
JM?B GQ QR?RGML?PW ML RFC R?@JC. 4FC R?@JC Q?EQ OSGAIJW, ?LB RFC Q?E GQ QJGEFR QM UC BM LMR LMRGAC GR. "SR GR GQ QGKGJ?P RM RFC Q?EEGLE MD ? RP?KNMJGLC UFCL
WMS AJGK@ MLRM GR.
F?=KH; 4.12 (?) 4FC NCPQML FMJBGLE RFC @?E MD BME DMMB KSQR QSNNJW ?L SNU?PB DMPAC F
hand
COS?J GL K?ELGRSBC ?LB MNNMQGRC GL BGPCARGML RM RFC UCGEFR MD RFC DMMB w. (@)
4FC A?PB R?@JC Q?EQ UFCL RFC BME DMMB GQ NJ?ACB ML GR, KSAF JGIC ? QRGDD RP?KNMJGLC. %J?QRGA PCQRMPGLE DMPACQ GL RFC R?@JC EPMU ?Q GR Q?EQ SLRGJ RFCW QSNNJW ? DMPAC N COS?J GL
K?ELGRSBC ?LB MNNMQGRC GL BGPCARGML RM RFC UCGEFR MD RFC JM?B.
7C KSQR AMLAJSBC RF?R UF?RCTCP QSNNMPRQ ? JM?B, @C GR ?LGK?RC MP LMR, KSQR QSNNJW ?L SNU?PB DMPAC COS?J RM RFC UCGEFR MD RFC JM?B, ?Q UC ?QQSKCB
GL ? DCU MD RFC NPCTGMSQ CV?KNJCQ. )D RFC DMPAC QSNNMPRGLE ? JM?B GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC QSPD?AC MD AMLR?AR @CRUCCL RFC JM?B ?LB GRQ QSNNMPR, RFGQ DMPAC
GQ BCDGLCB RM @C ? DEHC7B <EH9; ?LB FCPC GQ EGTCL RFC QWK@MJ N. (4FGQ GQ LMR RFC SLGR DMP DMPAC ..) 4FC UMPB ABE@4? KC?LQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM ?
QSPD?AC. 4FC LMPK?J DMPAC A?L @C JCQQ RF?L RFC M@HCARtQ UCGEFR GD RFC M@HCAR GQ ML ?L GLAJGLC, ?Q WMS UGJJ QCC GL RFC LCVR CV?KNJC.
#MKKML -GQAMLACNRGML: .MPK?J &MPAC (.) TQ. .CURML (.)
)L RFGQ QCARGML UC F?TC GLRPMBSACB RFC OS?LRGRW LMPK?J DMPAC, UFGAF GQ PCNPCQCLRCB @W RFC T?PG?@JC N. 4FGQ QFMSJB LMR @C AMLDSQCB UGRF RFC
QWK@MJ DMP RFC LCURML, UFGAF GQ ?JQM PCNPCQCLRCB @W RFC JCRRCP .. 4FCQC QWK@MJQ ?PC N?PRGASJ?PJW GKNMPR?LR RM BGQRGLESGQF @CA?SQC RFC SLGRQ MD ?
LMPK?J DMPAC ( N) F?NNCL RM @C LCURMLQ (.). &MP CV?KNJC, RFC LMPK?J DMPAC N RF?R RFC DJMMP CVCPRQ ML ? AF?GP KGEFR @C N = 100 N. /LC
GKNMPR?LR BGDDCPCLAC GQ RF?R LMPK?J DMPAC GQ ? TCARMP, UFGJC RFC LCURML GQ QGKNJW ? SLGR. "C A?PCDSJ LMR RM AMLDSQC RFCQC JCRRCPQ GL WMSP A?JASJ?RGMLQ!
9MS UGJJ CLAMSLRCP KMPC QGKGJ?PGRGCQ ?KMLE T?PG?@JCQ ?LB SLGRQ ?Q WMS NPMACCB GL NFWQGAQ. !LMRFCP CV?KNJC MD RFGQ GQ RFC OS?LRGRW UMPI ( W ) ?LB
RFC SLGR U?RRQ (7).
EN7CFB; 4.5 0;?=>J ED 7D "D9B?D;, 7 -ME-D?C;DI?ED7B )HE8B;C
#MLQGBCP RFC QIGCP ML ? QJMNC QFMUL GL F?=KH; 4.13. (CP K?QQ GLAJSBGLE COSGNKCLR GQ 60.0 IE. (?) 7F?R GQ FCP ?AACJCP?RGML GD DPGARGML GQ
LCEJGEG@JC? (@) 7F?R GQ FCP ?AACJCP?RGML GD DPGARGML GQ ILMUL RM @C 45.0 .?
#(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/. 137
F?=KH; 4.13 3GLAC KMRGML ?LB DPGARGML ?PC N?P?JJCJ RM RFC QJMNC, GR GQ KMQR AMLTCLGCLR RM NPMHCAR ?JJ DMPACQ MLRM ? AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK UFCPC MLC ?VGQ GQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC QJMNC
?LB RFC MRFCP GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P (?VCQ QFMUL RM JCDR MD QIGCP). N GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC QJMNC ?LB < GQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC QJMNC, @SR w F?Q AMKNMLCLRQ ?JMLE @MRF ?VCQ,
L?KCJW w
?LB w

. N GQ COS?J GL K?ELGRSBC RM w
, QM RF?R RFCPC GQ LM KMRGML NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC QJMNC, @SR f GQ JCQQ RF?L w

, QM RF?R RFCPC GQ ?
BMULQJMNC ?AACJCP?RGML (?JMLE RFC N?P?JJCJ ?VGQ).
,JH7J;=O
4FGQ GQ ? RUM-BGKCLQGML?J NPM@JCK, QGLAC RFC DMPACQ ML RFC QIGCP (RFC QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR) ?PC LMR N?P?JJCJ. 4FC ?NNPM?AF UC F?TC SQCB GL RUM-
BGKCLQGML?J IGLCK?RGAQ ?JQM UMPIQ TCPW UCJJ FCPC. #FMMQC ? AMLTCLGCLR AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK ?LB NPMHCAR RFC TCARMPQ MLRM GRQ ?VCQ, APC?RGLE GJB
AMLLCARCB BA8-BGKCLQGML?J NPM@JCKQ RM QMJTC. 4FC KMQR AMLTCLGCLR AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK DMP KMRGML ML ?L GLAJGLC GQ MLC RF?R F?Q MLC AMMPBGL?RC
N?P?JJCJ RM RFC QJMNC ?LB MLC NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC QJMNC. (2CKCK@CP RF?R KMRGMLQ ?JMLE KSRS?JJW NCPNCLBGASJ?P ?VCQ ?PC GLBCNCLBCLR.) 7C SQC
RFC QWK@MJQ ?LB RM PCNPCQCLR NCPNCLBGASJ?P ?LB N?P?JJCJ, PCQNCARGTCJW. 4FGQ AFMGAC MD ?VCQ QGKNJGDGCQ RFGQ RWNC MD NPM@JCK, @CA?SQC
RFCPC GQ LM KMRGML NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC QJMNC ?LB @CA?SQC DPGARGML GQ ?JU?WQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC QSPD?AC @CRUCCL RUM M@HCARQ. 4FC MLJW CVRCPL?J DMPACQ
?ARGLE ML RFC QWQRCK ?PC RFC QIGCPtQ UCGEFR, DPGARGML, ?LB RFC QSNNMPR MD RFC QJMNC, PCQNCARGTCJW J?@CJCB w, f , ?LB N GL F?=KH; 4.13. N GQ
?JU?WQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC QJMNC, ?LB f GQ N?P?JJCJ RM GR. "SR w GQ LMR GL RFC BGPCARGML MD CGRFCP ?VGQ, ?LB QM RFC DGPQR QRCN UC R?IC GQ RM NPMHCAR GR
GLRM AMKNMLCLRQ ?JMLE RFC AFMQCL ?VCQ, BCDGLGLE w

RM @C RFC AMKNMLCLR MD UCGEFR N?P?JJCJ RM RFC QJMNC ?LB w
RFC AMKNMLCLR MD UCGEFR

NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC QJMNC. /LAC RFGQ GQ BMLC, UC A?L AMLQGBCP RFC RUM QCN?P?RC NPM@JCKQ MD DMPACQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC QJMNC ?LB DMPACQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P
RM RFC QJMNC.
,EBKJ?ED
4FC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC AMKNMLCLR MD RFC UCGEFR N?P?JJCJ RM RFC QJMNC GQ w

= w sin (25) = mg sin (25) , ?LB RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC
AMKNMLCLR MD RFC UCGEFR NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC QJMNC GQ w
= w cos (25) = mg cos (25) .

(?) .CEJCARGLE DPGARGML. 3GLAC RFC ?AACJCP?RGML GQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC QJMNC, UC LCCB MLJW AMLQGBCP DMPACQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC QJMNC. (&MPACQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM
RFC QJMNC ?BB RM XCPM, QGLAC RFCPC GQ LM ?AACJCP?RGML GL RF?R BGPCARGML.) 4FC DMPACQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC QJMNC ?PC RFC ?KMSLR MD RFC QIGCPtQ UCGEFR N?P?JJCJ
RM RFC QJMNC w

?LB DPGARGML f . 5QGLE .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U, UGRF QS@QAPGNRQ RM BCLMRC OS?LRGRGCQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC QJMNC,
(4.30)
a

=
F
net
m
UFCPC F
net
= w

= mg sin (25) , ?QQSKGLE LM DPGARGML DMP RFGQ N?PR, QM RF?R
(4.31)
a

=
F
net
m
=
mg sin (25)
m
= g sin (25)
(4.32)
(9.80 m/s
2
)(0.4226) = 4.14 m/s
2
GQ RFC ?AACJCP?RGML.
(@) )LAJSBGLE DPGARGML. 7C LMU F?TC ? EGTCL T?JSC DMP DPGARGML, ?LB UC ILMU GRQ BGPCARGML GQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC QJMNC ?LB GR MNNMQCQ KMRGML @CRUCCL
QSPD?ACQ GL AMLR?AR. 3M RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC GQ LMU
(4.33)
F
net
= w

f ,
?LB QS@QRGRSRGLE RFGQ GLRM .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U, a

=
F
net
m
, EGTCQ
(4.34)
a

=
F
net
m
=
w

f
m
=
mg sin (25) f
m
.
7C QS@QRGRSRC ILMUL T?JSCQ RM M@R?GL
(4.35)
a

=
(60.0 kg)(9.80 m/s
2
)(0.4226) 45.0 N
60.0 kg
,
UFGAF WGCJBQ
138 #(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/.
(4.36)
a

= 3.39 m/s
2
,
UFGAF GQ RFC ?AACJCP?RGML N?P?JJCJ RM RFC GLAJGLC UFCL RFCPC GQ 45.0 . MD MNNMQGLE DPGARGML.
D?I9KII?ED
3GLAC DPGARGML ?JU?WQ MNNMQCQ KMRGML @CRUCCL QSPD?ACQ, RFC ?AACJCP?RGML GQ QK?JJCP UFCL RFCPC GQ DPGARGML RF?L UFCL RFCPC GQ LMLC. )L D?AR, GR GQ ?
ECLCP?J PCQSJR RF?R GD DPGARGML ML ?L GLAJGLC GQ LCEJGEG@JC, RFCL RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BMUL RFC GLAJGLC GQ a = g sin , E8:4E7?8FF B9 @4FF. 4FGQ GQ PCJ?RCB
RM RFC NPCTGMSQJW BGQASQQCB D?AR RF?R ?JJ M@HCARQ D?JJ UGRF RFC Q?KC ?AACJCP?RGML GL RFC ?@QCLAC MD ?GP PCQGQR?LAC. 3GKGJ?PJW, ?JJ M@HCARQ, PCE?PBJCQQ MD
K?QQ, QJGBC BMUL ? DPGARGMLJCQQ GLAJGLC UGRF RFC Q?KC ?AACJCP?RGML (GD RFC ?LEJC GQ RFC Q?KC).
2CQMJTGLE 7CGEFR GLRM #MKNMLCLRQ
F?=KH; 4.14 !L M@HCAR PCQRQ ML ?L GLAJGLC RF?R K?ICQ ?L ?LEJC o UGRF RFC FMPGXMLR?J.
7FCL ?L M@HCAR PCQRQ ML ?L GLAJGLC RF?R K?ICQ ?L ?LEJC UGRF RFC FMPGXMLR?J, RFC DMPAC MD EP?TGRW ?ARGLE ML RFC M@HCAR GQ BGTGBCB GLRM RUM
AMKNMLCLRQ: ? DMPAC ?ARGLE NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC NJ?LC, w
, ?LB ? DMPAC ?ARGLE N?P?JJCJ RM RFC NJ?LC, w

. 4FC NCPNCLBGASJ?P DMPAC MD UCGEFR,
w
, GQ RWNGA?JJW COS?J GL K?ELGRSBC ?LB MNNMQGRC GL BGPCARGML RM RFC LMPK?J DMPAC, N. 4FC DMPAC ?ARGLE N?P?JJCJ RM RFC NJ?LC, w

, A?SQCQ RFC
M@HCAR RM ?AACJCP?RC BMUL RFC GLAJGLC. 4FC DMPAC MD DPGARGML, f , MNNMQCQ RFC KMRGML MD RFC M@HCAR, QM GR ?ARQ SNU?PB ?JMLE RFC NJ?LC.
)R GQ GKNMPR?LR RM @C A?PCDSJ UFCL PCQMJTGLE RFC UCGEFR MD RFC M@HCAR GLRM AMKNMLCLRQ. )D RFC ?LEJC MD RFC GLAJGLC GQ ?R ?L ?LEJC RM RFC FMPGXMLR?J,
RFCL RFC K?ELGRSBCQ MD RFC UCGEFR AMKNMLCLRQ ?PC
(4.37)
w

= w sin () = mg sin ()
?LB
(4.38)
w
= w cos () = mg cos ().

)LQRC?B MD KCKMPGXGLE RFCQC COS?RGMLQ, GR GQ FCJNDSJ RM @C ?@JC RM BCRCPKGLC RFCK DPMK PC?QML. 4M BM RFGQ, BP?U RFC PGEFR RPG?LEJC DMPKCB @W RFC
RFPCC UCGEFR TCARMPQ. .MRGAC RF?R RFC ?LEJC MD RFC GLAJGLC GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC ?LEJC DMPKCB @CRUCCL w ?LB w
. +LMUGLE RFGQ NPMNCPRW, WMS

A?L SQC RPGEMLMKCRPW RM BCRCPKGLC RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC UCGEFR AMKNMLCLRQ:
(4.39)
cos () =
w
w
w
= w cos () = mg cos ()
(4.40)
sin () =
w

w
w

4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR: &MPAC 0?P?JJCJ
4M GLTCQRGE?RC FMU ? DMPAC N?P?JJCJ RM ?L GLAJGLCB NJ?LC AF?LECQ, DGLB ? PS@@CP @?LB, QMKC M@HCARQ RM F?LE DPMK RFC CLB MD RFC PS@@CP @?LB, ?LB
? @M?PB WMS A?L NMQGRGML ?R BGDDCPCLR ?LEJCQ. (MU KSAF BMCQ RFC PS@@CP @?LB QRPCRAF UFCL WMS F?LE RFC M@HCAR DPMK RFC CLB MD RFC @M?PB? .MU
NJ?AC RFC @M?PB ?R ?L ?LEJC QM RF?R RFC M@HCAR QJGBCQ MDD UFCL NJ?ACB ML RFC @M?PB. (MU KSAF BMCQ RFC PS@@CP @?LB CVRCLB GD GR GQ JGLCB SN
N?P?JJCJ RM RFC @M?PB ?LB SQCB RM FMJB RFC M@HCAR QR?RGML?PW ML RFC @M?PB? 4PW RUM KMPC ?LEJCQ. 7F?R BMCQ RFGQ QFMU?
4CLQGML
! J;DI?ED GQ ? DMPAC ?JMLE RFC JCLERF MD ? KCBGSK, CQNCAG?JJW ? DMPAC A?PPGCB @W ? DJCVG@JC KCBGSK, QSAF ?Q ? PMNC MP A?@JC. 4FC UMPB uRCLQGMLX AMKCQ
DPMK ? ,?RGL UMPB KC?LGLE uRM QRPCRAF.v .MR AMGLAGBCLR?JJW, RFC DJCVG@JC AMPBQ RF?R A?PPW KSQAJC DMPACQ RM MRFCP N?PRQ MD RFC @MBW ?PC A?JJCB G8A7BAF.
!LW DJCVG@JC AMLLCARMP, QSAF ?Q ? QRPGLE, PMNC, AF?GL, UGPC, MP A?@JC, A?L CVCPR NSJJQ MLJW N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ JCLERF; RFSQ, ? DMPAC A?PPGCB @W ? DJCVG@JC
AMLLCARMP GQ ? RCLQGML UGRF BGPCARGML N?P?JJCJ RM RFC AMLLCARMP. )R GQ GKNMPR?LR RM SLBCPQR?LB RF?R RCLQGML GQ ? NSJJ GL ? AMLLCARMP. )L AMLRP?QR, AMLQGBCP
RFC NFP?QC: u9MS A?LtR NSQF ? PMNC.v 4FC RCLQGML DMPAC NSJJQ MSRU?PB ?JMLE RFC RUM CLBQ MD ? PMNC.
#MLQGBCP ? NCPQML FMJBGLE ? K?QQ ML ? PMNC ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 4.15.
#(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/. 139
F?=KH; 4.15 7FCL ? NCPDCARJW DJCVG@JC AMLLCARMP (MLC PCOSGPGLE LM DMPAC RM @CLB GR) QSAF ?Q RFGQ PMNC RP?LQKGRQ ? DMPAC T, RF?R DMPAC KSQR @C N?P?JJCJ RM RFC JCLERF MD RFC PMNC,
?Q QFMUL. 4FC NSJJ QSAF ? DJCVG@JC AMLLCARMP CVCPRQ GQ ? RCLQGML. .MRC RF?R RFC PMNC NSJJQ UGRF COS?J DMPAC @SR GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ ML RFC F?LB ?LB RFC QSNNMPRCB K?QQ
(LCEJCARGLE RFC UCGEFR MD RFC PMNC). 4FGQ GQ ?L CV?KNJC MD .CURMLtQ RFGPB J?U. 4FC PMNC GQ RFC KCBGSK RF?R A?PPGCQ RFC COS?J ?LB MNNMQGRC DMPACQ @CRUCCL RFC RUM M@HCARQ. 4FC
RCLQGML ?LWUFCPC GL RFC PMNC @CRUCCL RFC F?LB ?LB RFC K?QQ GQ COS?J. /LAC WMS F?TC BCRCPKGLCB RFC RCLQGML GL MLC JMA?RGML, WMS F?TC BCRCPKGLCB RFC RCLQGML ?R ?JJ JMA?RGMLQ
?JMLE RFC PMNC.
4CLQGML GL RFC PMNC KSQR COS?J RFC UCGEFR MD RFC QSNNMPRCB K?QQ, ?Q UC A?L NPMTC SQGLE .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U. )D RFC 5.00-IE K?QQ GL RFC DGESPC GQ
QR?RGML?PW, RFCL GRQ ?AACJCP?RGML GQ XCPM, ?LB RFSQ F
net
= 0 . 4FC MLJW CVRCPL?J DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML RFC K?QQ ?PC GRQ UCGEFR w ?LB RFC RCLQGML T
QSNNJGCB @W RFC PMNC. 4FSQ,
(4.41) F
net
= T w = 0,
UFCPC T ?LB w ?PC RFC K?ELGRSBCQ MD RFC RCLQGML ?LB UCGEFR ?LB RFCGP QGELQ GLBGA?RC BGPCARGML, UGRF SN @CGLE NMQGRGTC FCPC. 4FSQ, HSQR ?Q WMS UMSJB
CVNCAR, RFC RCLQGML COS?JQ RFC UCGEFR MD RFC QSNNMPRCB K?QQ:
(4.42) T = w = mg.
&MP ? 5.00-IE K?QQ, RFCL (LCEJCARGLE RFC K?QQ MD RFC PMNC) UC QCC RF?R
(4.43)
T = mg = (5.00 kg)(9.80 m/s
2
) = 49.0 N.
)D UC ASR RFC PMNC ?LB GLQCPR ? QNPGLE, RFC QNPGLE UMSJB CVRCLB ? JCLERF AMPPCQNMLBGLE RM ? DMPAC MD 49.0 ., NPMTGBGLE ? BGPCAR M@QCPT?RGML ?LB
KC?QSPC MD RFC RCLQGML DMPAC GL RFC PMNC.
&JCVG@JC AMLLCARMPQ ?PC MDRCL SQCB RM RP?LQKGR DMPACQ ?PMSLB AMPLCPQ, QSAF ?Q GL ? FMQNGR?J RP?ARGML QWQRCK, ? DGLECP HMGLR, MP ? @GAWAJC @P?IC A?@JC. )D
RFCPC GQ LM DPGARGML, RFC RCLQGML GQ RP?LQKGRRCB SLBGKGLGQFCB. /LJW GRQ BGPCARGML AF?LECQ, ?LB GR GQ ?JU?WQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC DJCVG@JC AMLLCARMP. 4FGQ GQ
GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 4.16 (?) ?LB (@).
140 #(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/.
F?=KH; 4.16 (?) 4CLBMLQ GL RFC DGLECP A?PPW DMPAC T DPMK RFC KSQAJCQ RM MRFCP N?PRQ MD RFC DGLECP, SQS?JJW AF?LEGLE RFC DMPACtQ BGPCARGML, @SR LMR GRQ K?ELGRSBC (RFC RCLBMLQ ?PC
PCJ?RGTCJW DPGARGML DPCC). (@) 4FC @P?IC A?@JC ML ? @GAWAJC A?PPGCQ RFC RCLQGML T DPMK RFC F?LBJC@?PQ RM RFC @P?IC KCAF?LGQK. !E?GL, RFC BGPCARGML @SR LMR RFC K?ELGRSBC MD T
GQ AF?LECB.
EN7CFB; 4.6 0>7J "I J>; -;DI?ED ?D 7 -?=>JHEF;?
#?JASJ?RC RFC RCLQGML GL RFC UGPC QSNNMPRGLE RFC 70.0-IE RGEFRPMNC U?JICP QFMUL GL F?=KH; 4.17.
F?=KH; 4.17 4FC UCGEFR MD ? RGEFRPMNC U?JICP A?SQCQ ? UGPC RM Q?E @W 5.0 BCEPCCQ. 4FC QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR FCPC GQ RFC NMGLR GL RFC UGPC ?R UFGAF RFC RGEFRPMNC U?JICP GQ
QR?LBGLE.
,JH7J;=O
!Q WMS A?L QCC GL RFC DGESPC, RFC UGPC GQ LMR NCPDCARJW FMPGXMLR?J (GR A?LLMR @C!), @SR GQ @CLR SLBCP RFC NCPQMLtQ UCGEFR. 4FSQ, RFC RCLQGML ML CGRFCP
QGBC MD RFC NCPQML F?Q ?L SNU?PB AMKNMLCLR RF?R A?L QSNNMPR FGQ UCGEFR. !Q SQS?J, DMPACQ ?PC TCARMPQ PCNPCQCLRCB NGARMPG?JJW @W ?PPMUQ F?TGLE
RFC Q?KC BGPCARGMLQ ?Q RFC DMPACQ ?LB JCLERFQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFCGP K?ELGRSBCQ. 4FC QWQRCK GQ RFC RGEFRPMNC U?JICP, ?LB RFC MLJW CVRCPL?J DMPACQ
?ARGLE ML FGK ?PC FGQ UCGEFR w ?LB RFC RUM RCLQGMLQ T
L
(JCDR RCLQGML) ?LB T
R
(PGEFR RCLQGML), ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB. )R GQ PC?QML?@JC RM LCEJCAR RFC
UCGEFR MD RFC UGPC GRQCJD. 4FC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC GQ XCPM QGLAC RFC QWQRCK GQ QR?RGML?PW. ! JGRRJC RPGEMLMKCRPW A?L LMU @C SQCB RM DGLB RFC RCLQGMLQ.
/LC AMLAJSQGML GQ NMQQG@JC ?R RFC MSRQCRrUC A?L QCC DPMK N?PR (@) MD RFC DGESPC RF?R RFC K?ELGRSBCQ MD RFC RCLQGMLQ T
L
?LB T
R
KSQR @C COS?J.
4FGQ GQ @CA?SQC RFCPC GQ LM FMPGXMLR?J ?AACJCP?RGML GL RFC PMNC, ?LB RFC MLJW DMPACQ ?ARGLE RM RFC JCDR ?LB PGEFR ?PC T
L
?LB T
R
. 4FSQ, RFC
K?ELGRSBC MD RFMQC DMPACQ KSQR @C COS?J QM RF?R RFCW A?LACJ C?AF MRFCP MSR.
7FCLCTCP UC F?TC RUM-BGKCLQGML?J TCARMP NPM@JCKQ GL UFGAF LM RUM TCARMPQ ?PC N?P?JJCJ, RFC C?QGCQR KCRFMB MD QMJSRGML GQ RM NGAI ? AMLTCLGCLR
AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK ?LB NPMHCAR RFC TCARMPQ MLRM GRQ ?VCQ. )L RFGQ A?QC RFC @CQR AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK F?Q MLC ?VGQ FMPGXMLR?J ?LB RFC MRFCP TCPRGA?J.
7C A?JJ RFC FMPGXMLR?J RFC x -?VGQ ?LB RFC TCPRGA?J RFC y -?VGQ.
,EBKJ?ED
&GPQR, UC LCCB RM PCQMJTC RFC RCLQGML TCARMPQ GLRM RFCGP FMPGXMLR?J ?LB TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLRQ. )R FCJNQ RM BP?U ? LCU DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K QFMUGLE ?JJ
MD RFC FMPGXMLR?J ?LB TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLRQ MD C?AF DMPAC ?ARGLE ML RFC QWQRCK.
#(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/. 141
F?=KH; 4.18 7FCL RFC TCARMPQ ?PC NPMHCARCB MLRM TCPRGA?J ?LB FMPGXMLR?J ?VCQ, RFCGP AMKNMLCLRQ ?JMLE RFMQC ?VCQ KSQR ?BB RM XCPM, QGLAC RFC RGEFRPMNC U?JICP GQ
QR?RGML?PW. 4FC QK?JJ ?LEJC PCQSJRQ GL T @CGLE KSAF EPC?RCP RF?L w.
#MLQGBCP RFC FMPGXMLR?J AMKNMLCLRQ MD RFC DMPACQ (BCLMRCB UGRF ? QS@QAPGNR x ):
(4.44) F
netx
= T
Lx
T
Rx
.
4FC LCR CVRCPL?J FMPGXMLR?J DMPAC F
netx
= 0 , QGLAC RFC NCPQML GQ QR?RGML?PW. 4FSQ,
(4.45) F
netx
= 0 = T
Lx
T
Rx
T
Lx
= T
Rx
.
.MU, M@QCPTC F?=KH; 4.18. 9MS A?L SQC RPGEMLMKCRPW RM BCRCPKGLC RFC K?ELGRSBC MD T
L
?LB T
R
. .MRGAC RF?R:
(4.46)
cos (5.0) =
T
Lx
T
L
T
Lx
= T
L
cos (5.0)
cos (5.0) =
T
Rx
T
R
T
Rx
= T
R
cos (5.0).
%OS?RGLE T
Lx
?LB T
Rx
:
(4.47)
T
L
cos (5.0) = T
R
cos (5.0).
4FSQ,
(4.48) T
L
= T
R
= T,
?Q NPCBGARCB. .MU, AMLQGBCPGLE RFC TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLRQ (BCLMRCB @W ? QS@QAPGNR y ), UC A?L QMJTC DMP T . !E?GL, QGLAC RFC NCPQML GQ QR?RGML?PW,
.CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U GKNJGCQ RF?R LCR F
y
= 0 . 4FSQ, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL RFC DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K GL F?=KH; 4.18,
(4.49) F
nety
= T
Ly
+ T
Ry
w = 0.
/@QCPTGLE F?=KH; 4.18, UC A?L SQC RPGEMLMKCRPW RM BCRCPKGLC RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL T
Ly
, T
Ry
, ?LB T . !Q UC BCRCPKGLCB DPMK RFC
?L?JWQGQ GL RFC FMPGXMLR?J BGPCARGML, T
L
= T
R
= T :
(4.50)
sin (5.0) =
T
Ly
T
L
T
Ly
= T
L
sin (5.0) = T sin (5.0)
sin (5.0) =
T
Ry
T
R
T
Ry
= T
R
sin (5.0) = T sin (5.0).
.MU, UC A?L QS@QRGRSRC RFC T?JSCQ DMP T
Ly
?LB T
Ry
, GLRM RFC LCR DMPAC COS?RGML GL RFC TCPRGA?J BGPCARGML:
(4.51) F
nety
= T
Ly
+ T
Ry
w = 0
F
nety
= T sin (5.0) + T sin (5.0) w = 0
2 T sin (5.0) w = 0
2 T sin (5.0) = w
?LB
142 #(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/.
(4.52)
T =
w
2 sin (5.0)
=
mg
2 sin (5.0)
,
QM RF?R
(4.53)
T =
(70.0 kg)(9.80 m/s
2
)
2(0.0872)
,
?LB RFC RCLQGML GQ
(4.54) T = 3900 N.
D?I9KII?ED
.MRC RF?R RFC TCPRGA?J RCLQGML GL RFC UGPC ?ARQ ?Q ? LMPK?J DMPAC RF?R QSNNMPRQ RFC UCGEFR MD RFC RGEFRPMNC U?JICP. 4FC RCLQGML GQ ?JKMQR QGV RGKCQ
RFC 686-. UCGEFR MD RFC RGEFRPMNC U?JICP. 3GLAC RFC UGPC GQ LC?PJW FMPGXMLR?J, RFC TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLR MD GRQ RCLQGML GQ MLJW ? QK?JJ DP?ARGML MD RFC
RCLQGML GL RFC UGPC. 4FC J?PEC FMPGXMLR?J AMKNMLCLRQ ?PC GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ ?LB A?LACJ, ?LB QM KMQR MD RFC RCLQGML GL RFC UGPC GQ LMR SQCB RM
QSNNMPR RFC UCGEFR MD RFC RGEFRPMNC U?JICP.
)D UC UGQF RM 6E84G8 ? TCPW J?PEC RCLQGML, ?JJ UC F?TC RM BM GQ CVCPR ? DMPAC NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM ? DJCVG@JC AMLLCARMP, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 4.19. !Q UC
Q?U GL RFC J?QR CV?KNJC, RFC UCGEFR MD RFC RGEFRPMNC U?JICP ?ARCB ?Q ? DMPAC NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC PMNC. 7C Q?U RF?R RFC RCLQGML GL RFC PMNCB PCJ?RCB RM
RFC UCGEFR MD RFC RGEFRPMNC U?JICP GL RFC DMJJMUGLE U?W:
(4.55)
T =
w
2 sin ()
.
7C A?L CVRCLB RFGQ CVNPCQQGML RM BCQAPG@C RFC RCLQGML T APC?RCB UFCL ? NCPNCLBGASJ?P DMPAC ( F
) GQ CVCPRCB ?R RFC KGBBJC MD ? DJCVG@JC AMLLCARMP:

(4.56)
T =
F
2 sin ()
.
.MRC RF?R GQ RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL RFC FMPGXMLR?J ?LB RFC @CLR AMLLCARMP. )L RFGQ A?QC, T @CAMKCQ TCPW J?PEC ?Q ?NNPM?AFCQ XCPM. %TCL RFC
PCJ?RGTCJW QK?JJ UCGEFR MD ?LW DJCVG@JC AMLLCARMP UGJJ A?SQC GR RM Q?E, QGLAC ?L GLDGLGRC RCLQGML UMSJB PCQSJR GD GR UCPC FMPGXMLR?J (G.C., = 0 ?LB
sin = 0 ). (3CC F?=KH; 4.19.)
F?=KH; 4.19 7C A?L APC?RC ? TCPW J?PEC RCLQGML GL RFC AF?GL @W NSQFGLE ML GR NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM GRQ JCLERF, ?Q QFMUL. 3SNNMQC UC UGQF RM NSJJ ? A?P MSR MD RFC KSB UFCL LM RMU
RPSAI GQ ?T?GJ?@JC. %?AF RGKC RFC A?P KMTCQ DMPU?PB, RFC AF?GL GQ RGEFRCLCB RM ICCN GR ?Q LC?PJW QRP?GEFR ?Q NMQQG@JC. 4FC RCLQGML GL RFC AF?GL GQ EGTCL @W T =
F
2 sin ()
;
QGLAC GQ QK?JJ, T GQ TCPW J?PEC. 4FGQ QGRS?RGML GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM RFC RGEFRPMNC U?JICP QFMUL GL F?=KH; 4.17, CVACNR RF?R RFC RCLQGMLQ QFMUL FCPC ?PC RFMQC RP?LQKGRRCB RM RFC
A?P ?LB RFC RPCC P?RFCP RF?L RFMQC ?ARGLE ?R RFC NMGLR UFCPC F
GQ ?NNJGCB.
F?=KH; 4.20 5LJCQQ ?L GLDGLGRC RCLQGML GQ CVCPRCB, ?LW DJCVG@JC AMLLCARMPrQSAF ?Q RFC AF?GL ?R RFC @MRRMK MD RFC NGARSPCrUGJJ Q?E SLBCP GRQ MUL UCGEFR, EGTGLE ? AF?P?ARCPGQRGA
ASPTC UFCL RFC UCGEFR GQ CTCLJW BGQRPG@SRCB ?JMLE RFC JCLERF. 3SQNCLQGML @PGBECQrQSAF ?Q RFC 'MJBCL '?RC "PGBEC QFMUL GL RFGQ GK?ECr?PC CQQCLRG?JJW TCPW FC?TW DJCVG@JC
AMLLCARMPQ. 4FC UCGEFR MD RFC @PGBEC GQ CTCLJW BGQRPG@SRCB ?JMLE RFC JCLERF MD DJCVG@JC AMLLCARMPQ, SQS?JJW A?@JCQ, UFGAF R?IC ML RFC AF?P?ARCPGQRGA QF?NC. (APCBGR: ,C?DJCR,
7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
#(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/. 143
%VRCLBCB 4MNGA: 2C?J &MPACQ ?LB )LCPRG?J &P?KCQ
4FCPC GQ ?LMRFCP BGQRGLARGML ?KMLE DMPACQ GL ?BBGRGML RM RFC RWNCQ ?JPC?BW KCLRGMLCB. 3MKC DMPACQ ?PC PC?J, UFCPC?Q MRFCPQ ?PC LMR. )84? 9BE68F ?PC
RFMQC RF?R F?TC QMKC NFWQGA?J MPGEGL, QSAF ?Q RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J NSJJ. #MLRP?QRGLEJW, 9<6G<G<BHF 9BE68F ?PC RFMQC RF?R ?PGQC QGKNJW @CA?SQC ?L M@QCPTCP GQ
GL ?L ?AACJCP?RGLE DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC, QSAF ?Q MLC RF?R PMR?RCQ (JGIC ? KCPPW-EM-PMSLB) MP SLBCPEMCQ JGLC?P ?AACJCP?RGML (JGIC ? A?P QJMUGLE BMUL). &MP
CV?KNJC, GD ? Q?RCJJGRC GQ FC?BGLE BSC LMPRF ?@MTC %?PRFtQ LMPRFCPL FCKGQNFCPC, RFCL RM ?L M@QCPTCP ML %?PRF GR UGJJ ?NNC?P RM CVNCPGCLAC ? DMPAC RM RFC
UCQR RF?R F?Q LM NFWQGA?J MPGEGL. /D AMSPQC, UF?R GQ F?NNCLGLE FCPC GQ RF?R %?PRF GQ PMR?RGLE RMU?PB RFC C?QR ?LB KMTCQ C?QR SLBCP RFC Q?RCJJGRC. )L
%?PRFtQ DP?KC RFGQ JMMIQ JGIC ? UCQRU?PB DMPAC ML RFC Q?RCJJGRC, MP GR A?L @C GLRCPNPCRCB ?Q ? TGMJ?RGML MD .CURMLtQ DGPQR J?U (RFC J?U MD GLCPRG?). !L
?D;HJ?7B <H7C; E< H;<;H;D9; GQ MLC GL UFGAF ?JJ DMPACQ ?PC PC?J ?LB, COSGT?JCLRJW, MLC GL UFGAF .CURMLtQ J?UQ F?TC RFC QGKNJC DMPKQ EGTCL GL RFGQ
AF?NRCP.
%?PRFtQ PMR?RGML GQ QJMU CLMSEF RF?R %?PRF GQ LC?PJW ?L GLCPRG?J DP?KC. 9MS MPBGL?PGJW KSQR NCPDMPK NPCAGQC CVNCPGKCLRQ RM M@QCPTC DGARGRGMSQ DMPACQ ?LB
RFC QJGEFR BCN?PRSPCQ DPMK .CURMLtQ J?UQ, QSAF ?Q RFC CDDCAR HSQR BCQAPG@CB. /L RFC J?PEC QA?JC, QSAF ?Q DMP RFC PMR?RGML MD UC?RFCP QWQRCKQ ?LB MAC?L
ASPPCLRQ, RFC CDDCARQ A?L @C C?QGJW M@QCPTCB.
4FC APSAG?J D?ARMP GL BCRCPKGLGLE UFCRFCP ? DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC GQ GLCPRG?J GQ UFCRFCP GR ?AACJCP?RCQ MP PMR?RCQ PCJ?RGTC RM ? ILMUL GLCPRG?J DP?KC. 5LJCQQ
QR?RCB MRFCPUGQC, ?JJ NFCLMKCL? BGQASQQCB GL RFGQ RCVR ?PC AMLQGBCPCB GL GLCPRG?J DP?KCQ.
!JJ RFC DMPACQ BGQASQQCB GL RFGQ QCARGML ?PC PC?J DMPACQ, @SR RFCPC ?PC ? LSK@CP MD MRFCP PC?J DMPACQ, QSAF ?Q JGDR ?LB RFPSQR, RF?R ?PC LMR BGQASQQCB GL RFGQ
QCARGML. 4FCW ?PC KMPC QNCAG?JGXCB, ?LB GR GQ LMR LCACQQ?PW RM BGQASQQ CTCPW RWNC MD DMPAC. )R GQ L?RSP?J, FMUCTCP, RM ?QI UFCPC RFC @?QGA QGKNJGAGRW UC
QCCI RM DGLB GL NFWQGAQ GQ GL RFC JMLE JGQR MD DMPACQ. !PC QMKC KMPC @?QGA RF?L MRFCPQ? !PC QMKC BGDDCPCLR K?LGDCQR?RGMLQ MD RFC Q?KC SLBCPJWGLE DMPAC?
4FC ?LQUCP RM @MRF OSCQRGMLQ GQ WCQ, ?Q UGJJ @C QCCL GL RFC LCVR (CVRCLBCB) QCARGML ?LB GL RFC RPC?RKCLR MD KMBCPL NFWQGAQ J?RCP GL RFC RCVR.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: &MPACQ GL 1 $GKCLQGML
%VNJMPC RFC DMPACQ ?R UMPI UFCL WMS RPW RM NSQF ? DGJGLE A?@GLCR. #PC?RC ?L ?NNJGCB DMPAC ?LB QCC RFC PCQSJRGLE DPGARGML DMPAC ?LB RMR?J DMPAC ?ARGLE
ML RFC A?@GLCR. #F?PRQ QFMU RFC DMPACQ, NMQGRGML, TCJMAGRW, ?LB ?AACJCP?RGML TQ. RGKC. 6GCU ? DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K MD ?JJ RFC DMPACQ (GLAJSBGLE
EP?TGR?RGML?J ?LB LMPK?J DMPACQ).
F?=KH; 4.21 FEH9;I ?D 1 D?C;DI?ED (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42075/1.6/<EH9;I-1:6;D.@7H)
4.6 )HE8B;C-,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=?;I
3SAACQQ GL NPM@JCK QMJTGLE GQ M@TGMSQJW LCACQQ?PW RM SLBCPQR?LB ?LB ?NNJW NFWQGA?J NPGLAGNJCQ, LMR RM KCLRGML RFC KMPC GKKCBG?RC LCCB MD N?QQGLE
CV?KQ. 4FC @?QGAQ MD NPM@JCK QMJTGLE, NPCQCLRCB C?PJGCP GL RFGQ RCVR, ?PC DMJJMUCB FCPC, @SR QNCAGDGA QRP?RCEGCQ SQCDSJ GL ?NNJWGLE .CURMLtQ J?UQ MD
KMRGML ?PC CKNF?QGXCB. 4FCQC RCAFLGOSCQ ?JQM PCGLDMPAC AMLACNRQ RF?R ?PC SQCDSJ GL K?LW MRFCP ?PC?Q MD NFWQGAQ. -?LW NPM@JCK-QMJTGLE QRP?RCEGCQ
?PC QR?RCB MSRPGEFR GL RFC UMPICB CV?KNJCQ, ?LB QM RFC DMJJMUGLE RCAFLGOSCQ QFMSJB PCGLDMPAC QIGJJQ WMS F?TC ?JPC?BW @CESL RM BCTCJMN.
0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE 3RP?RCEW DMP .CURMLtQ ,?UQ MD -MRGML
3RCN 1. !Q SQS?J, GR GQ DGPQR LCACQQ?PW RM GBCLRGDW RFC NFWQGA?J NPGLAGNJCQ GLTMJTCB. &A68 <G <F 78G8E@<A87 G;4G %8JGBAVF ?4JF B9 @BG<BA 4E8 <AIB?I87 (<9 G;8
CEB5?8@ <AIB?I8F 9BE68F), <G <F C4EG<6H?4E?L <@CBEG4AG GB 7E4J 4 64E89H? F>8G6; B9 G;8 F<GH4G<BA. 3SAF ? QICRAF GQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 4.22(?). 4FCL, ?Q GL
F?=KH; 4.22(@), SQC ?PPMUQ RM PCNPCQCLR ?JJ DMPACQ, J?@CJ RFCK A?PCDSJJW, ?LB K?IC RFCGP JCLERFQ ?LB BGPCARGMLQ AMPPCQNMLB RM RFC DMPACQ RFCW PCNPCQCLR
(UFCLCTCP QSDDGAGCLR GLDMPK?RGML CVGQRQ).
144 #(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/.
F?=KH; 4.22 (?) ! QICRAF MD 4?PX?L F?LEGLE DPMK ? TGLC. (@) !PPMUQ ?PC SQCB RM PCNPCQCLR ?JJ DMPACQ. T GQ RFC RCLQGML GL RFC TGLC ?@MTC 4?PX?L, F
T
GQ RFC DMPAC FC CVCPRQ ML
RFC TGLC, ?LB w GQ FGQ UCGEFR. !JJ MRFCP DMPACQ, QSAF ?Q RFC LSBEC MD ? @PCCXC, ?PC ?QQSKCB LCEJGEG@JC. (A) 3SNNMQC UC ?PC EGTCL RFC ?NC K?LtQ K?QQ ?LB ?QICB RM DGLB RFC
RCLQGML GL RFC TGLC. 7C RFCL BCDGLC RFC QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR ?Q QFMUL ?LB BP?U ? DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K. F
T
GQ LM JMLECP QFMUL, @CA?SQC GR GQ LMR ? DMPAC ?ARGLE ML RFC QWQRCK MD
GLRCPCQR; P?RFCP, F
T
?ARQ ML RFC MSRQGBC UMPJB. (B) 3FMUGLE MLJW RFC ?PPMUQ, RFC FC?B-RM-R?GJ KCRFMB MD ?BBGRGML GQ SQCB. )R GQ ?NN?PCLR RF?R T = - w, GD 4?PX?L GQ QR?RGML?PW.
3RCN 2. )BCLRGDW UF?R LCCBQ RM @C BCRCPKGLCB ?LB UF?R GQ ILMUL MP A?L @C GLDCPPCB DPMK RFC NPM@JCK ?Q QR?RCB. 4F?R GQ, K?IC ? JGQR MD ILMULQ ?LB
SLILMULQ. +;8A 64E89H??L 78G8E@<A8 G;8 FLFG8@ B9 <AG8E8FG. 4FGQ BCAGQGML GQ ? APSAG?J QRCN, QGLAC .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U GLTMJTCQ MLJW CVRCPL?J DMPACQ.
/LAC RFC QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR F?Q @CCL GBCLRGDGCB, GR @CAMKCQ NMQQG@JC RM BCRCPKGLC UFGAF DMPACQ ?PC CVRCPL?J ?LB UFGAF ?PC GLRCPL?J, ? LCACQQ?PW QRCN
RM CKNJMW .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U. (3CC F?=KH; 4.22(A).) .CURMLtQ RFGPB J?U K?W @C SQCB RM GBCLRGDW UFCRFCP DMPACQ ?PC CVCPRCB @CRUCCL AMKNMLCLRQ MD
? QWQRCK (GLRCPL?J) MP @CRUCCL RFC QWQRCK ?LB QMKCRFGLE MSRQGBC (CVRCPL?J). !Q GJJSQRP?RCB C?PJGCP GL RFGQ AF?NRCP, RFC QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR BCNCLBQ ML
UF?R OSCQRGML UC LCCB RM ?LQUCP. 4FGQ AFMGAC @CAMKCQ C?QGCP UGRF NP?ARGAC, CTCLRS?JJW BCTCJMNGLE GLRM ?L ?JKMQR SLAMLQAGMSQ NPMACQQ. 3IGJJ GL
AJC?PJW BCDGLGLE QWQRCKQ UGJJ @C @CLCDGAG?J GL J?RCP AF?NRCPQ ?Q UCJJ.
! BG?EP?K QFMUGLE RFC QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR ?LB ?JJ MD RFC CVRCPL?J DMPACQ GQ A?JJCB ? <H;;-8E:O :?7=H7C. /LJW DMPACQ ?PC QFMUL ML DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?KQ,
LMR ?AACJCP?RGML MP TCJMAGRW. 7C F?TC BP?UL QCTCP?J MD RFCQC GL UMPICB CV?KNJCQ. F?=KH; 4.22(A) QFMUQ ? DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K DMP RFC QWQRCK MD
GLRCPCQR. .MRC RF?R LM GLRCPL?J DMPACQ ?PC QFMUL GL ? DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K.
3RCN 3. /LAC ? DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K GQ BP?UL, %8JGBAVF F86BA7 ?4J 64A 58 4CC?<87 GB FB?I8 G;8 CEB5?8@. 4FGQ GQ BMLC GL F?=KH; 4.22(B) DMP ? N?PRGASJ?P
QGRS?RGML. )L ECLCP?J, MLAC CVRCPL?J DMPACQ ?PC AJC?PJW GBCLRGDGCB GL DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?KQ, GR QFMSJB @C ? QRP?GEFRDMPU?PB R?QI RM NSR RFCK GLRM COS?RGML
DMPK ?LB QMJTC DMP RFC SLILMUL, ?Q BMLC GL ?JJ NPCTGMSQ CV?KNJCQ. )D RFC NPM@JCK GQ MLC-BGKCLQGML?JrRF?R GQ, GD ?JJ DMPACQ ?PC N?P?JJCJrRFCL RFCW ?BB
JGIC QA?J?PQ. )D RFC NPM@JCK GQ RUM-BGKCLQGML?J, RFCL GR KSQR @C @PMICL BMUL GLRM ? N?GP MD MLC-BGKCLQGML?J NPM@JCKQ. 4FGQ GQ BMLC @W NPMHCARGLE RFC
DMPAC TCARMPQ MLRM ? QCR MD ?VCQ AFMQCL DMP AMLTCLGCLAC. !Q QCCL GL NPCTGMSQ CV?KNJCQ, RFC AFMGAC MD ?VCQ A?L QGKNJGDW RFC NPM@JCK. &MP CV?KNJC,
UFCL ?L GLAJGLC GQ GLTMJTCB, ? QCR MD ?VCQ UGRF MLC ?VGQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC GLAJGLC ?LB MLC NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM GR GQ KMQR AMLTCLGCLR. )R GQ ?JKMQR ?JU?WQ
AMLTCLGCLR RM K?IC MLC ?VGQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC BGPCARGML MD KMRGML, GD RFGQ GQ ILMUL.
!NNJWGLE .CURMLtQ 3CAMLB ,?U
"CDMPC WMS UPGRC LCR DMPAC COS?RGMLQ, GR GQ APGRGA?J RM BCRCPKGLC UFCRFCP RFC QWQRCK GQ ?AACJCP?RGLE GL ? N?PRGASJ?P BGPCARGML. )D RFC ?AACJCP?RGML GQ
XCPM GL ? N?PRGASJ?P BGPCARGML, RFCL RFC LCR DMPAC GQ XCPM GL RF?R BGPCARGML. 3GKGJ?PJW, GD RFC ?AACJCP?RGML GQ LMLXCPM GL ? N?PRGASJ?P BGPCARGML, RFCL RFC
LCR DMPAC GQ BCQAPG@CB @W RFC COS?RGML: F
net
= ma .
&MP CV?KNJC, GD RFC QWQRCK GQ ?AACJCP?RGLE GL RFC FMPGXMLR?J BGPCARGML, @SR GR GQ LMR ?AACJCP?RGLE GL RFC TCPRGA?J BGPCARGML, RFCL WMS UGJJ F?TC RFC
DMJJMUGLE AMLAJSQGMLQ:
(4.57) F
net x
= ma,
(4.58) F
net y
= 0.
9MS UGJJ LCCB RFGQ GLDMPK?RGML GL MPBCP RM BCRCPKGLC SLILMUL DMPACQ ?ARGLE GL ? QWQRCK.
3RCN 4. !Q ?JU?WQ, 6;86> G;8 FB?HG<BA GB F88 J;8G;8E <G <F E84FBA45?8. )L QMKC A?QCQ, RFGQ GQ M@TGMSQ. &MP CV?KNJC, GR GQ PC?QML?@JC RM DGLB RF?R DPGARGML
A?SQCQ ?L M@HCAR RM QJGBC BMUL ?L GLAJGLC KMPC QJMUJW RF?L UFCL LM DPGARGML CVGQRQ. )L NP?ARGAC, GLRSGRGML BCTCJMNQ EP?BS?JJW RFPMSEF NPM@JCK QMJTGLE,
#(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/. 145
?LB UGRF CVNCPGCLAC GR @CAMKCQ NPMEPCQQGTCJW C?QGCP RM HSBEC UFCRFCP ?L ?LQUCP GQ PC?QML?@JC. !LMRFCP U?W RM AFCAI WMSP QMJSRGML GQ RM AFCAI RFC
SLGRQ. )D WMS ?PC QMJTGLE DMP DMPAC ?LB CLB SN UGRF SLGRQ MD K/Q, RFCL WMS F?TC K?BC ? KGQR?IC.
4.7 FKHJ>;H AFFB?97J?EDI E< ';MJEDXI %7MI E< &EJ?ED
4FCPC ?PC K?LW GLRCPCQRGLE ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD .CURMLtQ J?UQ MD KMRGML, ? DCU KMPC MD UFGAF ?PC NPCQCLRCB GL RFGQ QCARGML. 4FCQC QCPTC ?JQM RM GJJSQRP?RC
QMKC DSPRFCP QS@RJCRGCQ MD NFWQGAQ ?LB RM FCJN @SGJB NPM@JCK-QMJTGLE QIGJJQ.
EN7CFB; 4.7 DH7= FEH9; ED 7 B7H=;
3SNNMQC RUM RSE@M?RQ NSQF ML ? @?PEC ?R BGDDCPCLR ?LEJCQ, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 4.23. 4FC DGPQR RSE@M?R CVCPRQ ? DMPAC MD 2.710
5
N GL RFC K-
BGPCARGML, ?LB RFC QCAMLB RSE@M?R CVCPRQ ? DMPAC MD 3.610
5
N GL RFC L-BGPCARGML.
F?=KH; 4.23 (?) ! TGCU DPMK ?@MTC MD RUM RSE@M?RQ NSQFGLE ML ? @?PEC. (@) 4FC DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K DMP RFC QFGN AMLR?GLQ MLJW DMPACQ ?ARGLE GL RFC NJ?LC MD RFC U?RCP. )R
MKGRQ RFC RUM TCPRGA?J DMPACQrRFC UCGEFR MD RFC @?PEC ?LB RFC @SMW?LR DMPAC MD RFC U?RCP QSNNMPRGLE GR A?LACJ ?LB ?PC LMR QFMUL. 3GLAC RFC ?NNJGCB DMPACQ ?PC
NCPNCLBGASJ?P, RFC K- ?LB L-?VCQ ?PC GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q F
x
?LB F
y
. 4FC NPM@JCK OSGAIJW @CAMKCQ ? MLC-BGKCLQGML?J NPM@JCK ?JMLE RFC BGPCARGML MD F
app
,
QGLAC DPGARGML GQ GL RFC BGPCARGML MNNMQGRC RM F
app
.
)D RFC K?QQ MD RFC @?PEC GQ 5.010
6
kg ?LB GRQ ?AACJCP?RGML GQ M@QCPTCB RM @C 7.510
2
m/s
2
GL RFC BGPCARGML QFMUL, UF?R GQ RFC BP?E DMPAC
MD RFC U?RCP ML RFC @?PEC PCQGQRGLE RFC KMRGML? (.MRC: BP?E DMPAC GQ ? DPGARGML?J DMPAC CVCPRCB @W DJSGBQ, QSAF ?Q ?GP MP U?RCP. 4FC BP?E DMPAC
MNNMQCQ RFC KMRGML MD RFC M@HCAR.)
,JH7J;=O
4FC BGPCARGMLQ ?LB K?ELGRSBCQ MD ?AACJCP?RGML ?LB RFC ?NNJGCB DMPACQ ?PC EGTCL GL F?=KH; 4.23(7). 7C UGJJ BCDGLC RFC RMR?J DMPAC MD RFC RSE@M?RQ
ML RFC @?PEC ?Q F
app
QM RF?R:
(4.59) F
app
=F
x
+ F
y
3GLAC RFC @?PEC GQ DJ?R @MRRMKCB, RFC BP?E MD RFC U?RCP F
D
UGJJ @C GL RFC BGPCARGML MNNMQGRC RM F
app
, ?Q QFMUL GL RFC DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K GL
F?=KH; 4.23(@). 4FC QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR FCPC GQ RFC @?PEC, QGLAC RFC DMPACQ ML <G ?PC EGTCL ?Q UCJJ ?Q GRQ ?AACJCP?RGML. /SP QRP?RCEW GQ RM DGLB RFC
K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD RFC LCR ?NNJGCB DMPAC F
app
, ?LB RFCL ?NNJW .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U RM QMJTC DMP RFC BP?E DMPAC F
D
.
,EBKJ?ED
3GLAC F
x
?LB F
y
?PC NCPNCLBGASJ?P, RFC K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD F
app
?PC C?QGJW DMSLB. &GPQR, RFC PCQSJR?LR K?ELGRSBC GQ EGTCL @W RFC
0WRF?EMPC?L RFCMPCK:
(4.60)
F
app
= F
x
2
+ F
y
2
F
app
= (2.710
5
N)
2
+ (3.610
5
N)
2
= 4.510
5
N.
4FC ?LEJC GQ EGTCL @W
(4.61)
= tan
1
F
y
F
x
= tan
1
3.610
5
N
2.710
5
N
= 53,
146 #(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/.
UFGAF UC ILMU, @CA?SQC MD .CURMLtQ DGPQR J?U, GQ RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q RFC ?AACJCP?RGML. F
D
GQ GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML MD F
app
, QGLAC GR ?ARQ RM
QJMU BMUL RFC ?AACJCP?RGML. 4FCPCDMPC, RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC GQ GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q F
app
, @SR GRQ K?ELGRSBC GQ QJGEFRJW JCQQ RF?L F
app
. 4FC
NPM@JCK GQ LMU MLC-BGKCLQGML?J. &PMK F?=KH; 4.23(8), UC A?L QCC RF?R
(4.62) F
net
= F
app
F
D
.
"SR .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U QR?RCQ RF?R
(4.63) F
net
= ma.
4FSQ,
(4.64) F
app
F
D
= ma.
4FGQ A?L @C QMJTCB DMP RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC BP?E DMPAC MD RFC U?RCP F
D
GL RCPKQ MD ILMUL OS?LRGRGCQ:
(4.65) F
D
= F
app
ma.
3S@QRGRSRGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ EGTCQ
(4.66)
F
D
= (4.510
5
N) (5.010
6
kg)(7.510
2
m/s
2
) = 7.510
4
N.
4FC BGPCARGML MD F
D
F?Q ?JPC?BW @CCL BCRCPKGLCB RM @C GL RFC BGPCARGML MNNMQGRC RM F
app
, MP ?R ?L ?LEJC MD 53 QMSRF MD UCQR.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC LSK@CPQ SQCB GL RFGQ CV?KNJC ?PC PC?QML?@JC DMP ? KMBCP?RCJW J?PEC @?PEC. )R GQ ACPR?GLJW BGDDGASJR RM M@R?GL J?PECP ?AACJCP?RGMLQ UGRF
RSE@M?RQ, ?LB QK?JJ QNCCBQ ?PC BCQGP?@JC RM ?TMGB PSLLGLE RFC @?PEC GLRM RFC BMAIQ. $P?E GQ PCJ?RGTCJW QK?JJ DMP ? UCJJ-BCQGELCB FSJJ ?R JMU
QNCCBQ, AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC ?LQUCP RM RFGQ CV?KNJC, UFCPC F
D
GQ JCQQ RF?L 1/600RF MD RFC UCGEFR MD RFC QFGN.
)L RFC C?PJGCP CV?KNJC MD ? RGEFRPMNC U?JICP UC LMRCB RF?R RFC RCLQGMLQ GL UGPCQ QSNNMPRGLE ? K?QQ UCPC COS?J MLJW @CA?SQC RFC ?LEJCQ ML CGRFCP QGBC
UCPC COS?J. #MLQGBCP RFC DMJJMUGLE CV?KNJC, UFCPC RFC ?LEJCQ ?PC LMR COS?J; QJGEFRJW KMPC RPGEMLMKCRPW GQ GLTMJTCB.
EN7CFB; 4.8 D?<<;H;DJ -;DI?EDI 7J D?<<;H;DJ AD=B;I
#MLQGBCP RFC RP?DDGA JGEFR (K?QQ 15.0 IE) QSQNCLBCB DPMK RUM UGPCQ ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 4.24. &GLB RFC RCLQGML GL C?AF UGPC, LCEJCARGLE RFC
K?QQCQ MD RFC UGPCQ.
#(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/. 147
F?=KH; 4.24 ! RP?DDGA JGEFR GQ QSQNCLBCB DPMK RUM UGPCQ. (@) 3MKC MD RFC DMPACQ GLTMJTCB. (A) /LJW DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML RFC QWQRCK ?PC QFMUL FCPC. 4FC DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K DMP
RFC RP?DDGA JGEFR GQ ?JQM QFMUL. (B) 4FC DMPACQ NPMHCARCB MLRM TCPRGA?J (L) ?LB FMPGXMLR?J (K) ?VCQ. 4FC FMPGXMLR?J AMKNMLCLRQ MD RFC RCLQGMLQ KSQR A?LACJ, ?LB RFC QSK MD RFC
TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLRQ MD RFC RCLQGMLQ KSQR COS?J RFC UCGEFR MD RFC RP?DDGA JGEFR. (C) 4FC DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K QFMUQ RFC TCPRGA?J ?LB FMPGXMLR?J DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML RFC RP?DDGA JGEFR.
,JH7J;=O
4FC QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR GQ RFC RP?DDGA JGEFR, ?LB GRQ DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K GQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 4.24(A). 4FC RFPCC DMPACQ GLTMJTCB ?PC LMR N?P?JJCJ, ?LB QM
RFCW KSQR @C NPMHCARCB MLRM ? AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK. 4FC KMQR AMLTCLGCLR AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK F?Q MLC ?VGQ TCPRGA?J ?LB MLC FMPGXMLR?J, ?LB RFC
TCARMP NPMHCARGMLQ ML GR ?PC QFMUL GL N?PR (B) MD RFC DGESPC. 4FCPC ?PC RUM SLILMULQ GL RFGQ NPM@JCK ( T
1
?LB T
2
), QM RUM COS?RGMLQ ?PC LCCBCB
RM DGLB RFCK. 4FCQC RUM COS?RGMLQ AMKC DPMK ?NNJWGLE .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U ?JMLE RFC TCPRGA?J ?LB FMPGXMLR?J ?VCQ, LMRGLE RF?R RFC LCR CVRCPL?J
DMPAC GQ XCPM ?JMLE C?AF ?VGQ @CA?SQC ?AACJCP?RGML GQ XCPM.
,EBKJ?ED
&GPQR AMLQGBCP RFC FMPGXMLR?J MP K-?VGQ:
(4.67) F
netx
= T
2x
T
1x
= 0.
4FSQ, ?Q WMS KGEFR CVNCAR,
(4.68) T
1x
= T
2x
.
4FGQ EGTCQ SQ RFC DMJJMUGLE PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL T
1
?LB T
2
:
(4.69)
T
1
cos (30) = T
2
cos (45).
148 #(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/.
4FSQ,
(4.70)
T
2
= (1.225)T
1
.
.MRC RF?R T
1
?LB T
2
?PC LMR COS?J GL RFGQ A?QC, @CA?SQC RFC ?LEJCQ ML CGRFCP QGBC ?PC LMR COS?J. )R GQ PC?QML?@JC RF?R T
2
CLBQ SN @CGLE
EPC?RCP RF?L T
1
, @CA?SQC GR GQ CVCPRCB KMPC TCPRGA?JJW RF?L T
1
.
.MU AMLQGBCP RFC DMPAC AMKNMLCLRQ ?JMLE RFC TCPRGA?J MP L-?VGQ:
(4.71) F
net y
= T
1y
+ T
2y
w = 0.
4FGQ GKNJGCQ
(4.72) T
1y
+ T
2y
= w.
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFC CVNPCQQGMLQ DMP RFC TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLRQ EGTCQ
(4.73)
T
1
sin (30) + T
2
sin (45) = w.
4FCPC ?PC RUM SLILMULQ GL RFGQ COS?RGML, @SR QS@QRGRSRGLE RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP T
2
GL RCPKQ MD T
1
PCBSACQ RFGQ RM MLC COS?RGML UGRF MLC SLILMUL:
(4.74)
T
1
(0.500) + (1.225T
1
)(0.707) = w = mg,
UFGAF WGCJBQ
(4.75)
(1.366)T
1
= (15.0 kg)(9.80 m/s
2
).
3MJTGLE RFGQ J?QR COS?RGML EGTCQ RFC K?ELGRSBC MD T
1
RM @C
(4.76) T
1
= 108 N.
&GL?JJW, RFC K?ELGRSBC MD T
2
GQ BCRCPKGLCB SQGLE RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL RFCK, T
2
= 1.225 T
1
, DMSLB ?@MTC. 4FSQ UC M@R?GL
(4.77) T
2
= 132 N.
D?I9KII?ED
"MRF RCLQGMLQ UMSJB @C J?PECP GD @MRF UGPCQ UCPC KMPC FMPGXMLR?J, ?LB RFCW UGJJ @C COS?J GD ?LB MLJW GD RFC ?LEJCQ ML CGRFCP QGBC ?PC RFC Q?KC (?Q
RFCW UCPC GL RFC C?PJGCP CV?KNJC MD ? RGEFRPMNC U?JICP).
4FC @?RFPMMK QA?JC GQ ?L CVACJJCLR CV?KNJC MD ? LMPK?J DMPAC ?ARGLE ML ? @MBW. )R NPMTGBCQ ? OS?LRGR?RGTC PC?BGLE MD FMU KSAF GR KSQR NSQF SNU?PB
RM QSNNMPR RFC UCGEFR MD ?L M@HCAR. "SR A?L WMS NPCBGAR UF?R WMS UMSJB QCC ML RFC BG?J MD ? @?RFPMMK QA?JC GD WMS QRMMB ML GR BSPGLE ?L CJCT?RMP PGBC?
7GJJ WMS QCC ? T?JSC EPC?RCP RF?L WMSP UCGEFR UFCL RFC CJCT?RMP QR?PRQ SN? 7F?R ?@MSR UFCL RFC CJCT?RMP KMTCQ SNU?PB ?R ? AMLQR?LR QNCCB: UGJJ RFC
QA?JC QRGJJ PC?B KMPC RF?L WMSP UCGEFR ?R PCQR? #MLQGBCP RFC DMJJMUGLE CV?KNJC.
EN7CFB; 4.9 0>7J DE;I J>; B7J>HEEC ,97B; +;7: ?D 7D EB;L7JEH?
F?=KH; 4.25 QFMUQ ? 75.0-IE K?L (UCGEFR MD ?@MSR 165 J@) QR?LBGLE ML ? @?RFPMMK QA?JC GL ?L CJCT?RMP. #?JASJ?RC RFC QA?JC PC?BGLE: (?) GD RFC
CJCT?RMP ?AACJCP?RCQ SNU?PB ?R ? P?RC MD 1.20 m/s
2
, ?LB (@) GD RFC CJCT?RMP KMTCQ SNU?PB ?R ? AMLQR?LR QNCCB MD 1 K/Q.
#(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/. 149
F?=KH; 4.25 (?) 4FC T?PGMSQ DMPACQ ?ARGLE UFCL ? NCPQML QR?LBQ ML ? @?RFPMMK QA?JC GL ?L CJCT?RMP. 4FC ?PPMUQ ?PC ?NNPMVGK?RCJW AMPPCAR DMP UFCL RFC CJCT?RMP GQ
?AACJCP?RGLE SNU?PBr@PMICL ?PPMUQ PCNPCQCLR DMPACQ RMM J?PEC RM @C BP?UL RM QA?JC. T GQ RFC RCLQGML GL RFC QSNNMPRGLE A?@JC, w GQ RFC UCGEFR MD RFC NCPQML, w
s
GQ
RFC UCGEFR MD RFC QA?JC, w
e
GQ RFC UCGEFR MD RFC CJCT?RMP, F
s
GQ RFC DMPAC MD RFC QA?JC ML RFC NCPQML, F
p
GQ RFC DMPAC MD RFC NCPQML ML RFC QA?JC, F
t
GQ RFC DMPAC MD RFC
QA?JC ML RFC DJMMP MD RFC CJCT?RMP, ?LB N GQ RFC DMPAC MD RFC DJMMP SNU?PB ML RFC QA?JC. (@) 4FC DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K QFMUQ MLJW RFC CVRCPL?J DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML RFC BCQGEL?RCB
QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQRrRFC NCPQML.
,JH7J;=O
)D RFC QA?JC GQ ?AASP?RC, GRQ PC?BGLE UGJJ COS?J F
p
, RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC DMPAC RFC NCPQML CVCPRQ BMULU?PB ML GR. F?=KH; 4.25(?) QFMUQ RFC
LSKCPMSQ DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML RFC CJCT?RMP, QA?JC, ?LB NCPQML. )R K?ICQ RFGQ MLC-BGKCLQGML?J NPM@JCK JMMI KSAF KMPC DMPKGB?@JC RF?L GD RFC NCPQML
GQ AFMQCL RM @C RFC QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR ?LB ? DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K GQ BP?UL ?Q GL F?=KH; 4.25(@). !L?JWQGQ MD RFC DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K SQGLE .CURMLtQ
J?UQ A?L NPMBSAC ?LQUCPQ RM @MRF N?PRQ (?) ?LB (@) MD RFGQ CV?KNJC, ?Q UCJJ ?Q QMKC MRFCP OSCQRGMLQ RF?R KGEFR ?PGQC. 4FC MLJW DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML
RFC NCPQML ?PC FGQ UCGEFR w ?LB RFC SNU?PB DMPAC MD RFC QA?JC F
s
. !AAMPBGLE RM .CURMLtQ RFGPB J?U F
p
?LB F
s
?PC COS?J GL K?ELGRSBC ?LB
MNNMQGRC GL BGPCARGML, QM RF?R UC LCCB RM DGLB F
s
GL MPBCP RM DGLB UF?R RFC QA?JC PC?BQ. 7C A?L BM RFGQ, ?Q SQS?J, @W ?NNJWGLE .CURMLtQ QCAMLB
J?U,
(4.78) F
net
= ma.
&PMK RFC DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K UC QCC RF?R F
net
= F
s
w, QM RF?R
(4.79) F
s
w = ma.
3MJTGLE DMP F
s
EGTCQ ?L COS?RGML UGRF MLJW MLC SLILMUL:
(4.80) F
s
= ma + w,
MP, @CA?SQC w = mg , QGKNJW
(4.81) F
s
= ma + mg.
.M ?QQSKNRGMLQ UCPC K?BC ?@MSR RFC ?AACJCP?RGML, ?LB QM RFGQ QMJSRGML QFMSJB @C T?JGB DMP ? T?PGCRW MD ?AACJCP?RGMLQ GL ?BBGRGML RM RFC MLCQ GL
RFGQ CVCPAGQC.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
)L RFGQ N?PR MD RFC NPM@JCK, a = 1.20 m/s
2
, QM RF?R
(4.82)
F
s
= (75.0 kg)(1.20 m/s
2
) + (75.0 kg)(9.80 m/s
2
),
WGCJBGLE
150 #(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/.
(4.83)
F
s
= 825 N.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (7)
4FGQ GQ ?@MSR 185 J@. 7F?R UMSJB RFC QA?JC F?TC PC?B GD FC UCPC QR?RGML?PW? 3GLAC FGQ ?AACJCP?RGML UMSJB @C XCPM, RFC DMPAC MD RFC QA?JC UMSJB @C
COS?J RM FGQ UCGEFR:
(4.84) F
net
= ma = 0 = F
s
w
F
s
= w = mg
F
s
= (75.0 kg)(9.80 m/s
2
)
F
s
= 735 N.
3M, RFC QA?JC PC?BGLE GL RFC CJCT?RMP GQ EPC?RCP RF?L FGQ 735-. (165 J@) UCGEFR. 4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R RFC QA?JC GQ NSQFGLE SN ML RFC NCPQML UGRF ? DMPAC
EPC?RCP RF?L FGQ UCGEFR, ?Q GR KSQR GL MPBCP RM ?AACJCP?RC FGK SNU?PB. #JC?PJW, RFC EPC?RCP RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD RFC CJCT?RMP, RFC EPC?RCP RFC QA?JC
PC?BGLE, AMLQGQRCLR UGRF UF?R WMS DCCJ GL P?NGBJW ?AACJCP?RGLE TCPQSQ QJMUJW ?AACJCP?RGLE CJCT?RMPQ.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
.MU, UF?R F?NNCLQ UFCL RFC CJCT?RMP PC?AFCQ ? AMLQR?LR SNU?PB TCJMAGRW? 7GJJ RFC QA?JC QRGJJ PC?B KMPC RF?L FGQ UCGEFR? &MP ?LW AMLQR?LR
TCJMAGRWrSN, BMUL, MP QR?RGML?PWr?AACJCP?RGML GQ XCPM @CA?SQC a =
v
t
, ?LB v = 0 .
4FSQ,
(4.85) F
s
= ma + mg = 0 + mg.
.MU
(4.86)
F
s
= (75.0 kg)(9.80 m/s
2
),
UFGAF EGTCQ
(4.87)
F
s
= 735 N.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (8)
4FC QA?JC PC?BGLE GQ 735 ., UFGAF COS?JQ RFC NCPQMLtQ UCGEFR. 4FGQ UGJJ @C RFC A?QC UFCLCTCP RFC CJCT?RMP F?Q ? AMLQR?LR TCJMAGRWrKMTGLE SN,
KMTGLE BMUL, MP QR?RGML?PW.
4FC QMJSRGML RM RFC NPCTGMSQ CV?KNJC ?JQM ?NNJGCQ RM ?L CJCT?RMP ?AACJCP?RGLE BMULU?PB, ?Q KCLRGMLCB. 7FCL ?L CJCT?RMP ?AACJCP?RCQ BMULU?PB, a
GQ LCE?RGTC, ?LB RFC QA?JC PC?BGLE GQ ?8FF RF?L RFC UCGEFR MD RFC NCPQML, SLRGJ ? AMLQR?LR BMULU?PB TCJMAGRW GQ PC?AFCB, ?R UFGAF RGKC RFC QA?JC PC?BGLE
?E?GL @CAMKCQ COS?J RM RFC NCPQMLtQ UCGEFR. )D RFC CJCT?RMP GQ GL DPCC-D?JJ ?LB ?AACJCP?RGLE BMULU?PB ?R g , RFCL RFC QA?JC PC?BGLE UGJJ @C XCPM ?LB RFC
NCPQML UGJJ 4CC84E RM @C UCGEFRJCQQ.
)LRCEP?RGLE #MLACNRQ: .CURMLtQ ,?UQ MD -MRGML ?LB +GLCK?RGAQ
0FWQGAQ GQ KMQR GLRCPCQRGLE ?LB KMQR NMUCPDSJ UFCL ?NNJGCB RM ECLCP?J QGRS?RGMLQ RF?R GLTMJTC KMPC RF?L ? L?PPMU QCR MD NFWQGA?J NPGLAGNJCQ. .CURMLtQ
J?UQ MD KMRGML A?L ?JQM @C GLRCEP?RCB UGRF MRFCP AMLACNRQ RF?R F?TC @CCL BGQASQQCB NPCTGMSQJW GL RFGQ RCVR RM QMJTC NPM@JCKQ MD KMRGML. &MP CV?KNJC,
DMPACQ NPMBSAC ?AACJCP?RGMLQ, ? RMNGA MD IGLCK?RGAQ, ?LB FCLAC RFC PCJCT?LAC MD C?PJGCP AF?NRCPQ. 7FCL ?NNPM?AFGLE NPM@JCKQ RF?R GLTMJTC T?PGMSQ
RWNCQ MD DMPACQ, ?AACJCP?RGML, TCJMAGRW, ?LB/MP NMQGRGML, SQC RFC DMJJMUGLE QRCNQ RM ?NNPM?AF RFC NPM@JCK:
)HE8B;C-,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=O
3RCN 1. 78AG<9L J;<6; C;LF<64? CE<A6<C?8F 4E8 <AIB?I87. ,GQRGLE RFC EGTCLQ ?LB RFC OS?LRGRGCQ RM @C A?JASJ?RCB UGJJ ?JJMU WMS RM GBCLRGDW RFC NPGLAGNJCQ
GLTMJTCB.
3RCN 2. *B?I8 G;8 CEB5?8@ HF<A: FGE4G8:<8F BHG?<A87 <A G;8 G8KG. )D RFCQC ?PC ?T?GJ?@JC DMP RFC QNCAGDGA RMNGA, WMS QFMSJB PCDCP RM RFCK. 9MS QFMSJB ?JQM
PCDCP RM RFC QCARGMLQ MD RFC RCVR RF?R BC?J UGRF ? N?PRGASJ?P RMNGA. 4FC DMJJMUGLE UMPICB CV?KNJC GJJSQRP?RCQ FMU RFCQC QRP?RCEGCQ ?PC ?NNJGCB RM ?L
GLRCEP?RCB AMLACNR NPM@JCK.
EN7CFB; 4.10 0>7J FEH9; &KIJ 7 ,E99;H )B7O;H EN;HJ JE +;79> -EF ,F;;:?
! QMAACP NJ?WCP QR?PRQ DPMK PCQR ?LB ?AACJCP?RCQ DMPU?PB, PC?AFGLE ? TCJMAGRW MD 8.00 K/Q GL 2.50 Q. (?) 7F?R U?Q FGQ ?TCP?EC ?AACJCP?RGML? (@)
7F?R ?TCP?EC DMPAC BGB FC CVCPR @?AIU?PB ML RFC EPMSLB RM ?AFGCTC RFGQ ?AACJCP?RGML? 4FC NJ?WCPtQ K?QQ GQ 70.0 IE, ?LB ?GP PCQGQR?LAC GQ
LCEJGEG@JC.
,JH7J;=O
1. 4M QMJTC ?L <AG8:E4G87 6BA68CG CEB5?8@, UC KSQR DGPQR GBCLRGDW RFC NFWQGA?J NPGLAGNJCQ GLTMJTCB ?LB GBCLRGDW RFC AF?NRCPQ GL UFGAF RFCW ?PC
DMSLB. 0?PR (?) MD RFGQ CV?KNJC AMLQGBCPQ 4668?8E4G<BA ?JMLE ? QRP?GEFR JGLC. 4FGQ GQ ? RMNGA MD ><A8@4G<6F. 0?PR (@) BC?JQ UGRF 9BE68, ? RMNGA MD
7LA4@<6F DMSLB GL RFGQ AF?NRCP.
2. 4FC DMJJMUGLE QMJSRGMLQ RM C?AF N?PR MD RFC CV?KNJC GJJSQRP?RC FMU RFC QNCAGDGA NPM@JCK-QMJTGLE QRP?RCEGCQ ?PC ?NNJGCB. 4FCQC GLTMJTC
GBCLRGDWGLE ILMULQ ?LB SLILMULQ, AFCAIGLE RM QCC GD RFC ?LQUCP GQ PC?QML?@JC, ?LB QM DMPRF.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
#(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/. 151
7C ?PC EGTCL RFC GLGRG?J ?LB DGL?J TCJMAGRGCQ (XCPM ?LB 8.00 K/Q DMPU?PB); RFSQ, RFC AF?LEC GL TCJMAGRW GQ v = 8.00 m/s . 7C ?PC EGTCL RFC
CJ?NQCB RGKC, ?LB QM t = 2.50 s . 4FC SLILMUL GQ ?AACJCP?RGML, UFGAF A?L @C DMSLB DPMK GRQ BCDGLGRGML:
(4.88)
a =
v
t
.
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ WGCJBQ
(4.89)
a =
8.00 m/s
2.50 s
= 3.20 m/s
2
.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (7)
4FGQ GQ ?L ?RR?GL?@JC ?AACJCP?RGML DMP ?L ?RFJCRC GL EMMB AMLBGRGML.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
(CPC UC ?PC ?QICB RM DGLB RFC ?TCP?EC DMPAC RFC NJ?WCP CVCPRQ @?AIU?PB RM ?AFGCTC RFGQ DMPU?PB ?AACJCP?RGML. .CEJCARGLE ?GP PCQGQR?LAC, RFGQ
UMSJB @C COS?J GL K?ELGRSBC RM RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC ML RFC NJ?WCP, QGLAC RFGQ DMPAC A?SQCQ FGQ ?AACJCP?RGML. 3GLAC UC LMU ILMU RFC NJ?WCPtQ
?AACJCP?RGML ?LB ?PC EGTCL FGQ K?QQ, UC A?L SQC .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U RM DGLB RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB. 4F?R GQ,
(4.90) F
net
= ma.
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ MD m ?LB a EGTCQ
(4.91)
F
net
= (70.0 kg)(3.20 m/s
2
)
= 224 N.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (8)
4FGQ GQ ?@MSR 50 NMSLBQ, ? PC?QML?@JC ?TCP?EC DMPAC.
4FGQ UMPICB CV?KNJC GJJSQRP?RCQ FMU RM ?NNJW NPM@JCK-QMJTGLE QRP?RCEGCQ RM QGRS?RGMLQ RF?R GLAJSBC RMNGAQ DPMK BGDDCPCLR AF?NRCPQ. 4FC DGPQR QRCN GQ
RM GBCLRGDW RFC NFWQGA?J NPGLAGNJCQ GLTMJTCB GL RFC NPM@JCK. 4FC QCAMLB QRCN GQ RM QMJTC DMP RFC SLILMUL SQGLE D?KGJG?P NPM@JCK-QMJTGLE QRP?RCEGCQ.
4FCQC QRP?RCEGCQ ?PC DMSLB RFPMSEFMSR RFC RCVR, ?LB K?LW UMPICB CV?KNJCQ QFMU FMU RM SQC RFCK DMP QGLEJC RMNGAQ. 9MS UGJJ DGLB RFCQC
RCAFLGOSCQ DMP GLRCEP?RCB AMLACNR NPM@JCKQ SQCDSJ GL ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD NFWQGAQ MSRQGBC MD ? NFWQGAQ AMSPQC, QSAF ?Q GL WMSP NPMDCQQGML, GL MRFCP
QAGCLAC BGQAGNJGLCQ, ?LB GL CTCPWB?W JGDC. 4FC DMJJMUGLE NPM@JCKQ UGJJ @SGJB WMSP QIGJJQ GL RFC @PM?B ?NNJGA?RGML MD NFWQGA?J NPGLAGNJCQ.
4.8 ENJ;D:;: -EF?9: ->; FEKH B7I?9 FEH9;IWAD "DJHE:K9J?ED
/LC MD RFC KMQR PCK?PI?@JC QGKNJGDGA?RGMLQ GL NFWQGAQ GQ RF?R MLJW DMSP BGQRGLAR DMPACQ ?AAMSLR DMP ?JJ ILMUL NFCLMKCL?. )L D?AR, LC?PJW ?JJ MD RFC DMPACQ
UC CVNCPGCLAC BGPCARJW ?PC BSC RM MLJW MLC @?QGA DMPAC, A?JJCB RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA DMPAC. (4FC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC GQ RFC MLJW DMPAC UC CVNCPGCLAC
BGPCARJW RF?R GQ LMR CJCARPMK?ELCRGA.) 4FGQ GQ ? RPCKCLBMSQ QGKNJGDGA?RGML MD RFC KWPG?B MD 4CC4E8AG?L BGDDCPCLR DMPACQ UC A?L JGQR, MLJW ? DCU MD UFGAF
UCPC BGQASQQCB GL RFC NPCTGMSQ QCARGML. !Q UC UGJJ QCC, RFC @?QGA DMPACQ ?PC ?JJ RFMSEFR RM ?AR RFPMSEF RFC CVAF?LEC MD KGAPMQAMNGA A?PPGCP N?PRGAJCQ,
?LB RFC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD RFC @?QGA DMPACQ ?PC BCRCPKGLCB @W RFC RWNCQ MD N?PRGAJCQ CVAF?LECB. !ARGML ?R ? BGQR?LAC, QSAF ?Q RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC MD
%?PRF ML RFC -MML, GQ CVNJ?GLCB @W RFC CVGQRCLAC MD ? <EH9; <?;B: P?RFCP RF?L @W uNFWQGA?J AMLR?AR.v
4FC 9BHE 54F<6 9BE68F ?PC RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC, RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA DMPAC, RFC UC?I LSAJC?P DMPAC, ?LB RFC QRPMLE LSAJC?P DMPAC. 4FCGP NPMNCPRGCQ ?PC
QSKK?PGXCB GL -78B; 4.1. 3GLAC RFC UC?I ?LB QRPMLE LSAJC?P DMPACQ ?AR MTCP ?L CVRPCKCJW QFMPR P?LEC, RFC QGXC MD ? LSAJCSQ MP JCQQ, UC BM LMR
CVNCPGCLAC RFCK BGPCARJW, ?JRFMSEF RFCW ?PC APSAG?J RM RFC TCPW QRPSARSPC MD K?RRCP. 4FCQC DMPACQ BCRCPKGLC UFGAF LSAJCG ?PC QR?@JC ?LB UFGAF BCA?W,
?LB RFCW ?PC RFC @?QGQ MD RFC PCJC?QC MD CLCPEW GL ACPR?GL LSAJC?P PC?ARGMLQ. .SAJC?P DMPACQ BCRCPKGLC LMR MLJW RFC QR?@GJGRW MD LSAJCG, @SR ?JQM RFC
PCJ?RGTC ?@SLB?LAC MD CJCKCLRQ GL L?RSPC. 4FC NPMNCPRGCQ MD RFC LSAJCSQ MD ?L ?RMK BCRCPKGLC RFC LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ GR F?Q ?LB, RFSQ, GLBGPCARJW
BCRCPKGLC RFC AFCKGQRPW MD RFC ?RMK. -MPC UGJJ @C Q?GB MD ?JJ MD RFCQC RMNGAQ GL J?RCP AF?NRCPQ.
#MLACNR #MLLCARGMLQ: 4FC &MSP "?QGA &MPACQ
4FC DMSP @?QGA DMPACQ UGJJ @C CLAMSLRCPCB GL KMPC BCR?GJ ?Q WMS NPMEPCQQ RFPMSEF RFC RCVR. 4FC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC GQ BCDGLCB GL .D?<EHC C?H9KB7H
&EJ?ED 7D: H7L?J7J?ED, CJCARPGA DMPAC GL EB;9JH?9 C>7H=; 7D: EB;9JH?9 F?;B:, K?ELCRGA DMPAC GL &7=D;J?IC, ?LB LSAJC?P DMPACQ GL
+7:?E79J?L?JO 7D: 'K9B;7H )>OI?9I. /L ? K?APMQAMNGA QA?JC, CJCARPMK?ELCRGQK ?LB EP?TGRW ?PC RFC @?QGQ DMP ?JJ DMPACQ. 4FC LSAJC?P DMPACQ ?PC
TGR?J RM RFC QS@QRPSARSPC MD K?RRCP, @SR RFCW ?PC LMR BGPCARJW CVNCPGCLACB ML RFC K?APMQAMNGA QA?JC.
4?@JC 4.1 0PMNCPRGCQ MD RFC &MSP "?QGA &MPACQ
;1=
FEH9; AFFHEN?C7J; +;B7J?L; ,JH;D=J>I +7D=; AJJH79J?ED/+;FKBI?ED C7HH?;H )7HJ?9B;
'P?TGR?RGML?J 10
38
?RRP?ARGTC MLJW 'P?TGRML
%JCARPMK?ELCRGA 10
2
?RRP?ARGTC ?LB PCNSJQGTC 0FMRML
7C?I LSAJC?P 10
13
< 10
18
m ?RRP?ARGTC ?LB PCNSJQGTC W
+
, W

, Z
0
3RPMLE LSAJC?P 1
< 10
15
m ?RRP?ARGTC ?LB PCNSJQGTC EJSMLQ
152 #(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/.
4FC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC GQ QSPNPGQGLEJW UC?IrGR GQ MLJW @CA?SQC EP?TGRW GQ ?JU?WQ ?RRP?ARGTC RF?R UC LMRGAC GR ?R ?JJ. /SP UCGEFR GQ RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC
BSC RM RFC 8AG<E8 %?PRF ?ARGLE ML SQ. /L RFC TCPW J?PEC QA?JC, ?Q GL ?QRPMLMKGA?J QWQRCKQ, RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC GQ RFC BMKGL?LR DMPAC BCRCPKGLGLE RFC
KMRGMLQ MD KMMLQ, NJ?LCRQ, QR?PQ, ?LB E?J?VGCQ. 4FC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC ?JQM ?DDCARQ RFC L?RSPC MD QN?AC ?LB RGKC. !Q UC QF?JJ QCC J?RCP GL RFC QRSBW MD
ECLCP?J PCJ?RGTGRW, QN?AC GQ ASPTCB GL RFC TGAGLGRW MD TCPW K?QQGTC @MBGCQ, QSAF ?Q RFC 3SL, ?LB RGKC ?ARS?JJW QJMUQ BMUL LC?P K?QQGTC @MBGCQ.
%JCARPMK?ELCRGA DMPACQ A?L @C CGRFCP ?RRP?ARGTC MP PCNSJQGTC. 4FCW ?PC JMLE-P?LEC DMPACQ, UFGAF ?AR MTCP CVRPCKCJW J?PEC BGQR?LACQ, ?LB RFCW LC?PJW
A?LACJ DMP K?APMQAMNGA M@HCARQ. (2CKCK@CP RF?R GR GQ RFC A8G CVRCPL?J DMPAC RF?R GQ GKNMPR?LR.) )D RFCW BGB LMR A?LACJ, CJCARPMK?ELCRGA DMPACQ UMSJB
AMKNJCRCJW MTCPUFCJK RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC. 4FC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA DMPAC GQ ? AMK@GL?RGML MD CJCARPGA?J DMPACQ (QSAF ?Q RFMQC RF?R A?SQC QR?RGA
CJCARPGAGRW) ?LB K?ELCRGA DMPACQ (QSAF ?Q RFMQC RF?R ?DDCAR ? AMKN?QQ LCCBJC). 4FCQC RUM DMPACQ UCPC RFMSEFR RM @C OSGRC BGQRGLAR SLRGJ C?PJW GL RFC 19RF
ACLRSPW, UFCL QAGCLRGQRQ @CE?L RM BGQAMTCP RF?R RFCW ?PC BGDDCPCLR K?LGDCQR?RGMLQ MD RFC Q?KC DMPAC. 4FGQ BGQAMTCPW GQ ? AJ?QQGA?J A?QC MD RFC HA<9<64G<BA
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GLRCP?ARGMLQ MD ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ. )R GQ QRGJJ AMLTCLGCLR RM AMLQGBCP RFCQC DMPACQ QCN?P?RCJW GL QNCAGDGA ?NNJGA?RGMLQ, FMUCTCP, @CA?SQC MD RFC U?WQ
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BCLQGRW ?LB RCKNCP?RSPC, QSAF ?Q CVGQRCB GL RFC C?PJW SLGTCPQC, RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA ?LB UC?I LSAJC?P DMPACQ ?PC GLBGQRGLESGQF?@JC. 4FCW A?L LMU @C
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UFCLCTCP MLC @MBW CVCPRQ ? DMPAC ML ? QCAMLB @MBW, RFC DGPQR @MBW CVNCPGCLACQ ? DMPAC RF?R GQ COS?J GL K?ELGRSBC
?LB MNNMQGRC GL BGPCARGML RM RFC DMPAC RF?R RFC DGPQR @MBW CVCPRQ
RFC TCARMP QSK MD ?JJ CVRCPL?J DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML ?L M@HCAR MP QWQRCK; A?SQCQ ? K?QQ RM ?AACJCP?RC
RFC DMPAC RF?R ? QSPD?AC ?NNJGCQ RM ?L M@HCAR RM QSNNMPR RFC UCGEFR MD RFC M@HCAR; ?ARQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC QSPD?AC ML UFGAF RFC
M@HCAR PCQRQ
BCDGLCB @W RFC @MSLB?PGCQ MD ?L M@HCAR MP AMJJCARGML MD M@HCARQ @CGLE M@QCPTCB; ?JJ DMPACQ MPGEGL?RGLE DPMK MSRQGBC MD RFC QWQRCK ?PC
AMLQGBCPCB CVRCPL?J DMPACQ
RFC NSJJGLE DMPAC RF?R ?ARQ ?JMLE ? KCBGSK, CQNCAG?JJW ? QRPCRAFCB DJCVG@JC AMLLCARMP, QSAF ?Q ? PMNC MP A?@JC; UFCL ? PMNC QSNNMPRQ RFC
UCGEFR MD ?L M@HCAR, RFC DMPAC ML RFC M@HCAR BSC RM RFC PMNC GQ A?JJCB ? RCLQGML DMPAC
? PC?ARGML DMPAC RF?R NSQFCQ ? @MBW DMPU?PB GL PCQNMLQC RM ? @?AIU?PB DMPAC; PMAICRQ, ?GPNJ?LCQ, ?LB A?PQ ?PC NSQFCB DMPU?PB @W ? RFPSQR
PC?ARGML DMPAC
RFC DMPAC wBSC RM EP?TGRW ?ARGLE ML ?L M@HCAR MD K?QQ m; BCDGLCB K?RFCK?RGA?JJW ?Q: w = mg , UFCPC g GQ RFC K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML
MD RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW
,;9J?ED ,KCC7HO
w DOD7C?9I GQ RFC QRSBW MD FMU DMPACQ ?DDCAR RFC KMRGML MD M@HCARQ.
w FEH9; GQ ? NSQF MP NSJJ RF?R A?L @C BCDGLCB GL RCPKQ MD T?PGMSQ QR?LB?PBQ, ?LB GR GQ ? TCARMP F?TGLE @MRF K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML.
w ENJ;HD7B <EH9;I ?PC ?LW MSRQGBC DMPACQ RF?R ?AR ML ? @MBW. ! <H;;-8E:O :?7=H7C GQ ? BP?UGLE MD ?JJ CVRCPL?J DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML ? @MBW.
w ';MJEDXI <?HIJ B7M E< CEJ?ED QR?RCQ RF?R ? @MBW ?R PCQR PCK?GLQ ?R PCQR, MP, GD GL KMRGML, PCK?GLQ GL KMRGML ?R ? AMLQR?LR TCJMAGRW SLJCQQ ?ARCB ML
@W ? LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC. 4FGQ GQ ?JQM ILMUL ?Q RFC B7M E< ?D;HJ?7.
w "D;HJ?7 GQ RFC RCLBCLAW MD ?L M@HCAR RM PCK?GL ?R PCQR MP PCK?GL GL KMRGML. )LCPRG? GQ PCJ?RCB RM ?L M@HCARtQ K?QQ.
w &7II GQ RFC OS?LRGRW MD K?RRCP GL ? QS@QR?LAC.
w !AACJCP?RGML, a , GQ BCDGLCB ?Q ? AF?LEC GL TCJMAGRW, KC?LGLE ? AF?LEC GL GRQ K?ELGRSBC MP BGPCARGML, MP @MRF.
w !L CVRCPL?J DMPAC GQ MLC ?ARGLE ML ? QWQRCK DPMK MSRQGBC RFC QWQRCK, ?Q MNNMQCB RM GLRCPL?J DMPACQ, UFGAF ?AR @CRUCCL AMKNMLCLRQ UGRFGL RFC
QWQRCK.
w .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U MD KMRGML QR?RCQ RF?R RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD ? QWQRCK GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM ?LB GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q RFC LCR CVRCPL?J
DMPAC ?ARGLE ML RFC QWQRCK, ?LB GLTCPQCJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM GRQ K?QQ.
w )L COS?RGML DMPK, .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U MD KMRGML GQ a =
F
net
m
.
w 4FGQ GQ MDRCL UPGRRCL GL RFC KMPC D?KGJG?P DMPK: F
net
= ma .
w 4FC UCGEFR w MD ?L M@HCAR GQ BCDGLCB ?Q RFC DMPAC MD EP?TGRW ?ARGLE ML ?L M@HCAR MD K?QQ m. 4FC M@HCAR CVNCPGCLACQ ?L ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM
EP?TGRW g :
w = mg.
w )D RFC MLJW DMPAC ?ARGLE ML ?L M@HCAR GQ BSC RM EP?TGRW, RFC M@HCAR GQ GL DPCC D?JJ.
w &PGARGML GQ ? DMPAC RF?R MNNMQCQ RFC KMRGML N?QR C?AF MRFCP MD M@HCARQ RF?R ?PC RMSAFGLE.
w ';MJEDXI J>?H: B7M E< CEJ?ED PCNPCQCLRQ ? @?QGA QWKKCRPW GL L?RSPC. )R QR?RCQ: 7FCLCTCP MLC @MBW CVCPRQ ? DMPAC ML ? QCAMLB @MBW, RFC DGPQR
@MBW CVNCPGCLACQ ? DMPAC RF?R GQ COS?J GL K?ELGRSBC ?LB MNNMQGRC GL BGPCARGML RM RFC DMPAC RF?R RFC DGPQR @MBW CVCPRQ.
w ! J>HKIJ GQ ? PC?ARGML DMPAC RF?R NSQFCQ ? @MBW DMPU?PB GL PCQNMLQC RM ? @?AIU?PB DMPAC. 2MAICRQ, ?GPNJ?LCQ, ?LB A?PQ ?PC NSQFCB DMPU?PB @W ?
RFPSQR PC?ARGML DMPAC.
w 7FCL M@HCARQ PCQR ML ? QSPD?AC, RFC QSPD?AC ?NNJGCQ ? DMPAC RM RFC M@HCAR RF?R QSNNMPRQ RFC UCGEFR MD RFC M@HCAR. 4FGQ QSNNMPRGLE DMPAC ?ARQ
NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM ?LB ?U?W DPMK RFC QSPD?AC. )R GQ A?JJCB ? LMPK?J DMPAC, N.
w 7FCL M@HCARQ PCQR ML ? LML-?AACJCP?RGLE FMPGXMLR?J QSPD?AC, RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC LMPK?J DMPAC GQ COS?J RM RFC UCGEFR MD RFC M@HCAR:
N = mg.
w 7FCL M@HCARQ PCQR ML ?L GLAJGLCB NJ?LC RF?R K?ICQ ?L ?LEJC UGRF RFC FMPGXMLR?J QSPD?AC, RFC UCGEFR MD RFC M@HCAR A?L @C PCQMJTCB GLRM
AMKNMLCLRQ RF?R ?AR NCPNCLBGASJ?P ( w
) ?LB N?P?JJCJ ( w

) RM RFC QSPD?AC MD RFC NJ?LC. 4FCQC AMKNMLCLRQ A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB SQGLE:
156 #(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/.
w

w
= w cos () = mg cos ().

w 4FC NSJJGLE DMPAC RF?R ?ARQ ?JMLE ? QRPCRAFCB DJCVG@JC AMLLCARMP, QSAF ?Q ? PMNC MP A?@JC, GQ A?JJCB RCLQGML, T. 7FCL ? PMNC QSNNMPRQ RFC UCGEFR
MD ?L M@HCAR RF?R GQ ?R PCQR, RFC RCLQGML GL RFC PMNC GQ COS?J RM RFC UCGEFR MD RFC M@HCAR:
T = mg.
w )L ?LW GLCPRG?J DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC (MLC RF?R GQ LMR ?AACJCP?RCB MP PMR?RCB), .CURMLtQ J?UQ F?TC RFC QGKNJC DMPKQ EGTCL GL RFGQ AF?NRCP ?LB ?JJ
DMPACQ ?PC PC?J DMPACQ F?TGLE ? NFWQGA?J MPGEGL.
w 4M QMJTC NPM@JCKQ GLTMJTGLE .CURMLtQ J?UQ MD KMRGML, DMJJMU RFC NPMACBSPC BCQAPG@CB:
1. $P?U ? QICRAF MD RFC NPM@JCK.
2. )BCLRGDW ILMUL ?LB SLILMUL OS?LRGRGCQ, ?LB GBCLRGDW RFC QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR. $P?U ? DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K, UFGAF GQ ? QICRAF QFMUGLE ?JJ MD RFC
DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML ?L M@HCAR. 4FC M@HCAR GQ PCNPCQCLRCB @W ? BMR, ?LB RFC DMPACQ ?PC PCNPCQCLRCB @W TCARMPQ CVRCLBGLE GL BGDDCPCLR BGPCARGMLQ
DPMK RFC BMR. )D TCARMPQ ?AR GL BGPCARGMLQ RF?R ?PC LMR FMPGXMLR?J MP TCPRGA?J, PCQMJTC RFC TCARMPQ GLRM FMPGXMLR?J ?LB TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLRQ ?LB
BP?U RFCK ML RFC DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K.
3. 7PGRC .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U GL RFC FMPGXMLR?J ?LB TCPRGA?J BGPCARGMLQ ?LB ?BB RFC DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML RFC M@HCAR. )D RFC M@HCAR BMCQ LMR
?AACJCP?RC GL ? N?PRGASJ?P BGPCARGML (DMP CV?KNJC, RFC x -BGPCARGML) RFCL F
net x
= 0 . )D RFC M@HCAR BMCQ ?AACJCP?RC GL RF?R BGPCARGML,
F
net x
= ma .
4. #FCAI WMSP ?LQUCP. )Q RFC ?LQUCP PC?QML?@JC? !PC RFC SLGRQ AMPPCAR?
w .CURMLtQ J?UQ MD KMRGML A?L @C ?NNJGCB GL LSKCPMSQ QGRS?RGMLQ RM QMJTC NPM@JCKQ MD KMRGML.
w 3MKC NPM@JCKQ UGJJ AMLR?GL KSJRGNJC DMPAC TCARMPQ ?ARGLE GL BGDDCPCLR BGPCARGMLQ ML ?L M@HCAR. "C QSPC RM BP?U BG?EP?KQ, PCQMJTC ?JJ DMPAC TCARMPQ
GLRM FMPGXMLR?J ?LB TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLRQ, ?LB BP?U ? DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K. !JU?WQ ?L?JWXC RFC BGPCARGML GL UFGAF ?L M@HCAR ?AACJCP?RCQ QM RF?R WMS
A?L BCRCPKGLC UFCRFCP F
net
= ma MP F
net
= 0 .
w 4FC LMPK?J DMPAC ML ?L M@HCAR GQ LMR ?JU?WQ COS?J GL K?ELGRSBC RM RFC UCGEFR MD RFC M@HCAR. )D ?L M@HCAR GQ ?AACJCP?RGLE, RFC LMPK?J DMPAC UGJJ @C
JCQQ RF?L MP EPC?RCP RF?L RFC UCGEFR MD RFC M@HCAR. !JQM, GD RFC M@HCAR GQ ML ?L GLAJGLCB NJ?LC, RFC LMPK?J DMPAC UGJJ ?JU?WQ @C JCQQ RF?L RFC DSJJ
UCGEFR MD RFC M@HCAR.
w 3MKC NPM@JCKQ UGJJ AMLR?GL T?PGMSQ NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ, QSAF ?Q DMPACQ, ?AACJCP?RGML, TCJMAGRW, MP NMQGRGML. 9MS A?L ?NNJW AMLACNRQ DPMK
IGLCK?RGAQ ?LB BWL?KGAQ GL MPBCP RM QMJTC RFCQC NPM@JCKQ MD KMRGML.
w 4FC T?PGMSQ RWNCQ MD DMPACQ RF?R ?PC A?RCEMPGXCB DMP SQC GL K?LW ?NNJGA?RGMLQ ?PC ?JJ K?LGDCQR?RGMLQ MD RFC 9BHE 54F<6 9BE68F GL L?RSPC.
w 4FC NPMNCPRGCQ MD RFCQC DMPACQ ?PC QSKK?PGXCB GL -78B; 4.1.
w %TCPWRFGLE UC CVNCPGCLAC BGPCARJW UGRFMSR QCLQGRGTC GLQRPSKCLRQ GQ BSC RM CGRFCP CJCARPMK?ELCRGA DMPACQ MP EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPACQ. 4FC LSAJC?P
DMPACQ ?PC PCQNMLQG@JC DMP RFC QS@KGAPMQAMNGA QRPSARSPC MD K?RRCP, @SR RFCW ?PC LMR BGPCARJW QCLQCB @CA?SQC MD RFCGP QFMPR P?LECQ. !RRCKNRQ ?PC
@CGLE K?BC RM QFMU ?JJ DMSP DMPACQ ?PC BGDDCPCLR K?LGDCQR?RGMLQ MD ? QGLEJC SLGDGCB DMPAC.
w ! DMPAC DGCJB QSPPMSLBQ ?L M@HCAR APC?RGLE ? DMPAC ?LB GQ RFC A?PPGCP MD RF?R DMPAC.
1. 0PMNMQC ? DMPAC QR?LB?PB BGDDCPCLR DPMK RFC CV?KNJC MD ? QRPCRAFCB QNPGLE BGQASQQCB GL RFC RCVR. 9MSP QR?LB?PB KSQR @C A?N?@JC MD NPMBSAGLE RFC
Q?KC DMPAC PCNC?RCBJW.
2. 7F?R NPMNCPRGCQ BM DMPACQ F?TC RF?R ?JJMU SQ RM AJ?QQGDW RFCK ?Q TCARMPQ?
3. (MU ?PC GLCPRG? ?LB K?QQ PCJ?RCB?
4. 7F?R GQ RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL UCGEFR ?LB K?QQ? 7FGAF GQ ?L GLRPGLQGA, SLAF?LEGLE NPMNCPRW MD ? @MBW?
5. 7FGAF QR?RCKCLR GQ AMPPCAR? (?) .CR DMPAC A?SQCQ KMRGML. (@) .CR DMPAC A?SQCQ AF?LEC GL KMRGML. %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP ?LB EGTC ?L CV?KNJC.
6. 7FW A?L UC LCEJCAR DMPACQ QSAF ?Q RFMQC FMJBGLE ? @MBW RMECRFCP UFCL UC ?NNJW .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U MD KMRGML?
7. %VNJ?GL FMU RFC AFMGAC MD RFC uQWQRCK MD GLRCPCQRv ?DDCARQ UFGAF DMPACQ KSQR @C AMLQGBCPCB UFCL ?NNJWGLE .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U MD KMRGML.
8. $CQAPG@C ? QGRS?RGML GL UFGAF RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC ML ? QWQRCK GQ LMR XCPM, WCR GRQ QNCCB PCK?GLQ AMLQR?LR.
9. ! QWQRCK A?L F?TC ? LMLXCPM TCJMAGRW UFGJC RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC ML GR <F XCPM. $CQAPG@C QSAF ? QGRS?RGML.
10. ! PMAI GQ RFPMUL QRP?GEFR SN. 7F?R GQ RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC ?ARGLE ML RFC PMAI UFCL GR GQ ?R RFC RMN MD GRQ RP?HCARMPW?
11. (?) 'GTC ?L CV?KNJC MD BGDDCPCLR LCR CVRCPL?J DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML RFC Q?KC QWQRCK RM NPMBSAC BGDDCPCLR ?AACJCP?RGMLQ. (@) 'GTC ?L CV?KNJC MD RFC
Q?KC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC ?ARGLE ML QWQRCKQ MD BGDDCPCLR K?QQCQ, NPMBSAGLE BGDDCPCLR ?AACJCP?RGMLQ. (A) 7F?R J?U ?AASP?RCJW BCQAPG@CQ @MRF CDDCARQ?
3R?RC GR GL UMPBQ ?LB ?Q ?L COS?RGML.
12. )D RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD ? QWQRCK GQ XCPM, ?PC LM CVRCPL?J DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML GR? 7F?R ?@MSR GLRCPL?J DMPACQ? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCPQ.
13. )D ? AMLQR?LR, LMLXCPM DMPAC GQ ?NNJGCB RM ?L M@HCAR, UF?R A?L WMS Q?W ?@MSR RFC TCJMAGRW ?LB ?AACJCP?RGML MD RFC M@HCAR?
#(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/. 157
14. 4FC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC ML RFC @?QICR@?JJ GL F?=KH; 4.6 GQ GELMPCB. 7FCL EP?TGRW <F R?ICL GLRM ?AAMSLR, UF?R GQ RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC
ML RFC @?QICR@?JJr?@MTC FMPGXMLR?J, @CJMU FMPGXMLR?J, MP QRGJJ FMPGXMLR?J?
15. 7FCL WMS R?IC MDD GL ? HCR ?GPAP?DR, RFCPC GQ ? QCLQ?RGML MD @CGLE NSQFCB @?AI GLRM RFC QC?R. %VNJ?GL UFW WMS KMTC @?AIU?PB GL RFC QC?RrGQ RFCPC
PC?JJW ? DMPAC @?AIU?PB ML WMS? (4FC Q?KC PC?QMLGLE CVNJ?GLQ UFGNJ?QF GLHSPGCQ, GL UFGAF RFC FC?B GQ ?NN?PCLRJW RFPMUL @?AIU?PB.)
16. ! BCTGAC SQCB QGLAC RFC 1940Q RM KC?QSPC RFC IGAI MP PCAMGJ MD RFC @MBW BSC RM FC?PR @C?RQ GQ RFC u@?JJGQRMA?PBGMEP?NF.v 7F?R NFWQGAQ NPGLAGNJC(Q)
?PC GLTMJTCB FCPC RM KC?QSPC RFC DMPAC MD A?PBG?A AMLRP?ARGML? (MU KGEFR UC AMLQRPSAR QSAF ? BCTGAC?
17. $CQAPG@C ? QGRS?RGML GL UFGAF MLC QWQRCK CVCPRQ ? DMPAC ML ?LMRFCP ?LB, ?Q ? AMLQCOSCLAC, CVNCPGCLACQ ? DMPAC RF?R GQ COS?J GL K?ELGRSBC ?LB
MNNMQGRC GL BGPCARGML. 7FGAF MD .CURMLtQ J?UQ MD KMRGML ?NNJW?
18. 7FW BMCQ ?L MPBGL?PW PGDJC PCAMGJ (IGAI @?AIU?PB) UFCL DGPCB? 4FC @?PPCJ MD ? PCAMGJJCQQ PGDJC GQ MNCL ?R @MRF CLBQ. $CQAPG@C FMU .CURMLtQ RFGPB J?U
?NNJGCQ UFCL MLC GQ DGPCB. #?L WMS Q?DCJW QR?LB AJMQC @CFGLB MLC UFCL GR GQ DGPCB?
19. !L !KCPGA?L DMMR@?JJ JGLCK?L PC?QMLQ RF?R GR GQ QCLQCJCQQ RM RPW RM MSR-NSQF RFC MNNMQGLE NJ?WCP, QGLAC LM K?RRCP FMU F?PB FC NSQFCQ FC UGJJ
CVNCPGCLAC ?L COS?J ?LB MNNMQGRC DMPAC DPMK RFC MRFCP NJ?WCP. 5QC .CURMLtQ J?UQ ?LB BP?U ? DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K MD ?L ?NNPMNPG?RC QWQRCK RM CVNJ?GL
FMU FC A?L QRGJJ MSR-NSQF RFC MNNMQGRGML GD FC GQ QRPMLE CLMSEF.
20. .CURMLtQ RFGPB J?U MD KMRGML RCJJQ SQ RF?R DMPACQ ?JU?WQ MAASP GL N?GPQ MD COS?J ?LB MNNMQGRC K?ELGRSBC. %VNJ?GL FMU RFC AFMGAC MD RFC uQWQRCK MD
GLRCPCQRv ?DDCARQ UFCRFCP MLC QSAF N?GP MD DMPACQ A?LACJQ.
21. )D ? JCE GQ QSQNCLBCB @W ? RP?ARGML QCRSN ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 4.30, UF?R GQ RFC RCLQGML GL RFC PMNC?
F?=KH; 4.30 ! JCE GQ QSQNCLBCB @W ? RP?ARGML QWQRCK GL UFGAF UGPCQ ?PC SQCB RM RP?LQKGR DMPACQ. &PGARGMLJCQQ NSJJCWQ AF?LEC RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC DMPAC + UGRFMSR AF?LEGLE GRQ
K?ELGRSBC.
22. )L ? RP?ARGML QCRSN DMP ? @PMICL @MLC, UGRF NSJJCWQ ?LB PMNC ?T?GJ?@JC, FMU KGEFR UC @C ?@JC RM GLAPC?QC RFC DMPAC ?JMLE RFC DCKSP SQGLE RFC Q?KC
UCGEFR? (3CC F?=KH; 4.30.) (.MRC RF?R RFC DCKSP GQ RFC QFGL @MLC QFMUL GL RFGQ GK?EC.)
23. 4M QGKSJ?RC RFC ?NN?PCLR UCGEFRJCQQLCQQ MD QN?AC MP@GR, ?QRPML?SRQ ?PC RP?GLCB GL RFC FMJB MD ? A?PEM ?GPAP?DR RF?R GQ ?AACJCP?RGLE BMULU?PB ?R g .
7FW UGJJ RFCW ?NNC?P RM @C UCGEFRJCQQ, ?Q KC?QSPCB @W QR?LBGLE ML ? @?RFPMMK QA?JC, GL RFGQ ?AACJCP?RCB DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC? )Q RFCPC ?LW BGDDCPCLAC
@CRUCCL RFCGP ?NN?PCLR UCGEFRJCQQLCQQ GL MP@GR ?LB GL RFC ?GPAP?DR?
24. ! A?PRMML QFMUQ RFC RMSNCC AMKGLE MDD RFC FC?B MD ?L CJCT?RMP N?QQCLECP UFCL RFC CJCT?RMP P?NGBJW QRMNQ BSPGLE ?L SNU?PB PGBC. #?L RFGQ PC?JJW
F?NNCL UGRFMSR RFC NCPQML @CGLE RGCB RM RFC DJMMP MD RFC CJCT?RMP? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP.
25. %VNJ?GL, GL RCPKQ MD RFC NPMNCPRGCQ MD RFC DMSP @?QGA DMPACQ, UFW NCMNJC LMRGAC RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC ?ARGLE ML RFCGP @MBGCQ GD GR GQ QSAF ?
AMKN?P?RGTCJW UC?I DMPAC.
26. 7F?R GQ RFC BMKGL?LR DMPAC @CRUCCL ?QRPMLMKGA?J M@HCARQ? 7FW ?PC RFC MRFCP RFPCC @?QGA DMPACQ JCQQ QGELGDGA?LR MTCP RFCQC TCPW J?PEC BGQR?LACQ?
27. 'GTC ? BCR?GJCB CV?KNJC MD FMU RFC CVAF?LEC MD ? N?PRGAJC A?L PCQSJR GL ?L 4GGE46G<I8 DMPAC. (&MP CV?KNJC, AMLQGBCP MLC AFGJB NSJJGLE ? RMW MSR MD
RFC F?LBQ MD ?LMRFCP.)
158 #(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/.
4.3 ';MJEDXI ,;9ED: %7M E< &EJ?ED: CED9;FJ E< 7
,OIJ;C
2EK C7O 7IIKC; :7J7 J7A;D <HEC ?BBKIJH7J?EDI ?I 799KH7J; JE J>H;;
:?=?JI.
28. ! 63.0-IE QNPGLRCP QR?PRQ ? P?AC UGRF ?L ?AACJCP?RGML MD 4.20 m/s
2
.
7F?R GQ RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC ML FGK?
29. )D RFC QNPGLRCP DPMK RFC NPCTGMSQ NPM@JCK ?AACJCP?RCQ ?R RF?R P?RC DMP
20 K, ?LB RFCL K?GLR?GLQ RF?R TCJMAGRW DMP RFC PCK?GLBCP MD RFC 100-K
B?QF, UF?R UGJJ @C FGQ RGKC DMP RFC P?AC?
30. ! AJC?LCP NSQFCQ ? 4.50-IE J?SLBPW A?PR GL QSAF ? U?W RF?R RFC LCR
CVRCPL?J DMPAC ML GR GQ 60.0 .. #?JASJ?RC GRQ ?AACJCP?RGML.
31. 3GLAC ?QRPML?SRQ GL MP@GR ?PC ?NN?PCLRJW UCGEFRJCQQ, ? AJCTCP KCRFMB
MD KC?QSPGLE RFCGP K?QQCQ GQ LCCBCB RM KMLGRMP RFCGP K?QQ E?GLQ MP
JMQQCQ RM ?BHSQR BGCRQ. /LC U?W RM BM RFGQ GQ RM CVCPR ? ILMUL DMPAC ML ?L
?QRPML?SR ?LB KC?QSPC RFC ?AACJCP?RGML NPMBSACB. 3SNNMQC ? LCR
CVRCPL?J DMPAC MD 50.0 . GQ CVCPRCB ?LB RFC ?QRPML?SRtQ ?AACJCP?RGML GQ
KC?QSPCB RM @C 0.893 m/s
2
. (?) #?JASJ?RC FCP K?QQ. (@) "W CVCPRGLE ?
DMPAC ML RFC ?QRPML?SR, RFC TCFGAJC GL UFGAF RFCW MP@GR CVNCPGCLACQ ?L
COS?J ?LB MNNMQGRC DMPAC. $GQASQQ FMU RFGQ UMSJB ?DDCAR RFC
KC?QSPCKCLR MD RFC ?QRPML?SRtQ ?AACJCP?RGML. 0PMNMQC ? KCRFMB GL UFGAF
PCAMGJ MD RFC TCFGAJC GQ ?TMGBCB.
32. )L F?=KH; 4.7, RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC ML RFC 24-IE KMUCP GQ QR?RCB RM
@C 51 .. )D RFC DMPAC MD DPGARGML MNNMQGLE RFC KMRGML GQ 24 ., UF?R DMPAC F
(GL LCURMLQ) GQ RFC NCPQML CVCPRGLE ML RFC KMUCP? 3SNNMQC RFC KMUCP GQ
KMTGLE ?R 1.5 K/Q UFCL RFC DMPAC F GQ PCKMTCB. (MU D?P UGJJ RFC KMUCP
EM @CDMPC QRMNNGLE?
33. 4FC Q?KC PMAICR QJCB BP?UL GL F?=KH; 4.31 GQ BCACJCP?RCB ?R ? P?RC MD
196 m/s
2
. 7F?R DMPAC GQ LCACQQ?PW RM NPMBSAC RFGQ BCACJCP?RGML?
!QQSKC RF?R RFC PMAICRQ ?PC MDD. 4FC K?QQ MD RFC QWQRCK GQ 2100 IE.
F?=KH; 4.31
34. (?) )D RFC PMAICR QJCB QFMUL GL F?=KH; 4.32 QR?PRQ UGRF MLJW MLC PMAICR
@SPLGLE, UF?R GQ GRQ ?AACJCP?RGML? !QQSKC RF?R RFC K?QQ MD RFC QWQRCK GQ
2100 IE, ?LB RFC DMPAC MD DPGARGML MNNMQGLE RFC KMRGML GQ ILMUL RM @C 650
.. (@) 7FW GQ RFC ?AACJCP?RGML LMR MLC-DMSPRF MD UF?R GR GQ UGRF ?JJ PMAICRQ
@SPLGLE?
F?=KH; 4.32
35. 7F?R GQ RFC BCACJCP?RGML MD RFC PMAICR QJCB GD GR AMKCQ RM PCQR GL 1.1 Q
DPMK ? QNCCB MD 1000 IK/F? (3SAF BCACJCP?RGML A?SQCB MLC RCQR QS@HCAR
RM @J?AI MSR ?LB F?TC RCKNMP?PW @JGLBLCQQ.)
36. 3SNNMQC RUM AFGJBPCL NSQF FMPGXMLR?JJW, @SR GL CV?ARJW MNNMQGRC
BGPCARGMLQ, ML ? RFGPB AFGJB GL ? U?EML. 4FC DGPQR AFGJB CVCPRQ ? DMPAC MD
75.0 ., RFC QCAMLB ? DMPAC MD 90.0 ., DPGARGML GQ 12.0 ., ?LB RFC K?QQ MD
RFC RFGPB AFGJB NJSQ U?EML GQ 23.0 IE. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR GD
RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD RFC AFGJB GL RFC U?EML GQ RM @C A?JASJ?RCB? (@) $P?U ?
DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K, GLAJSBGLE ?JJ DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML RFC QWQRCK. (A) #?JASJ?RC
RFC ?AACJCP?RGML. (B) 7F?R UMSJB RFC ?AACJCP?RGML @C GD DPGARGML UCPC 15.0
.?
37. ! NMUCPDSJ KMRMPAWAJC A?L NPMBSAC ?L ?AACJCP?RGML MD 3.50 m/s
2
UFGJC RP?TCJGLE ?R 90.0 IK/F. !R RF?R QNCCB RFC DMPACQ PCQGQRGLE KMRGML,
GLAJSBGLE DPGARGML ?LB ?GP PCQGQR?LAC, RMR?J 400 .. (!GP PCQGQR?LAC GQ
?L?JMEMSQ RM ?GP DPGARGML. )R ?JU?WQ MNNMQCQ RFC KMRGML MD ?L M@HCAR.) 7F?R
DMPAC BMCQ RFC KMRMPAWAJC CVCPR @?AIU?PB ML RFC EPMSLB RM NPMBSAC GRQ
?AACJCP?RGML GD RFC K?QQ MD RFC KMRMPAWAJC UGRF PGBCP GQ 245 IE?
38. 4FC PMAICR QJCB QFMUL GL F?=KH; 4.33 ?AACJCP?RCQ ?R ? P?RC MD
49.0 m/s
2
. )RQ N?QQCLECP F?Q ? K?QQ MD 75.0 IE. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC
FMPGXMLR?J AMKNMLCLR MD RFC DMPAC RFC QC?R CVCPRQ ?E?GLQR FGQ @MBW.
#MKN?PC RFGQ UGRF FGQ UCGEFR @W SQGLE ? P?RGM. (@) #?JASJ?RC RFC BGPCARGML
?LB K?ELGRSBC MD RFC RMR?J DMPAC RFC QC?R CVCPRQ ?E?GLQR FGQ @MBW.
F?=KH; 4.33
39. 2CNC?R RFC NPCTGMSQ NPM@JCK DMP RFC QGRS?RGML GL UFGAF RFC PMAICR QJCB
BCACJCP?RCQ ?R ? P?RC MD 201 m/s
2
. )L RFGQ NPM@JCK, RFC DMPACQ ?PC
CVCPRCB @W RFC QC?R ?LB PCQRP?GLGLE @CJRQ.
40. 4FC UCGEFR MD ?L ?QRPML?SR NJSQ FGQ QN?AC QSGR ML RFC -MML GQ MLJW
250 .. (MU KSAF BM RFCW UCGEF ML %?PRF? 7F?R GQ RFC K?QQ ML RFC
-MML? /L %?PRF?
41. 3SNNMQC RFC K?QQ MD ? DSJJW JM?BCB KMBSJC GL UFGAF ?QRPML?SRQ R?IC
MDD DPMK RFC -MML GQ 10,000 IE. 4FC RFPSQR MD GRQ CLEGLCQ GQ 30,000 .. (?)
#?JASJ?RC GRQ ?AACJCP?RGML GL ? TCPRGA?J R?ICMDD DPMK RFC -MML. (@) #MSJB GR
JGDR MDD DPMK %?PRF? )D LMR, UFW LMR? )D GR AMSJB, A?JASJ?RC GRQ ?AACJCP?RGML.
42. 7F?R LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC GQ CVCPRCB ML ? 1100-IE ?PRGJJCPW QFCJJ DGPCB
DPMK ? @?RRJCQFGN GD RFC QFCJJ GQ ?AACJCP?RCB ?R 2.4010
4
m/s
2
? 7F?R
DMPAC GQ CVCPRCB ML RFC QFGN @W RFC ?PRGJJCPW QFCJJ?
43. ! @P?TC @SR GL?BCOS?RC PSE@W NJ?WCP GQ @CGLE NSQFCB @?AIU?PB @W ?L
MNNMQGLE NJ?WCP UFM GQ CVCPRGLE ? DMPAC MD 800 . ML FGK. 4FC K?QQ MD RFC
JMQGLE NJ?WCP NJSQ COSGNKCLR GQ 90.0 IE, ?LB FC GQ ?AACJCP?RGLE ?R
1.20 m/s
2
@?AIU?PB. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC DMPAC MD DPGARGML @CRUCCL RFC JMQGLE
NJ?WCPtQ DCCR ?LB RFC EP?QQ? (@) 7F?R DMPAC BMCQ RFC UGLLGLE NJ?WCP CVCPR
ML RFC EPMSLB RM KMTC DMPU?PB GD FGQ K?QQ NJSQ COSGNKCLR GQ 110 IE? (A)
$P?U ? QICRAF MD RFC QGRS?RGML QFMUGLE RFC QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR SQCB RM
QMJTC C?AF N?PR. &MP RFGQ QGRS?RGML, BP?U ? DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K ?LB UPGRC
RFC LCR DMPAC COS?RGML.
44. 4UM RC?KQ MD LGLC KCK@CPQ C?AF CLE?EC GL ? RSE MD U?P. %?AF MD RFC
DGPQR RC?KtQ KCK@CPQ F?Q ?L ?TCP?EC K?QQ MD 68 IE ?LB CVCPRQ ?L
?TCP?EC DMPAC MD 1350 . FMPGXMLR?JJW. %?AF MD RFC QCAMLB RC?KtQ
KCK@CPQ F?Q ?L ?TCP?EC K?QQ MD 73 IE ?LB CVCPRQ ?L ?TCP?EC DMPAC MD
1365 . FMPGXMLR?JJW. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD RFC RUM RC?KQ? (@)
7F?R GQ RFC RCLQGML GL RFC QCARGML MD PMNC @CRUCCL RFC RC?KQ?
45. 7F?R DMPAC BMCQ ? RP?KNMJGLC F?TC RM ?NNJW RM ? 45.0-IE EWKL?QR RM
?AACJCP?RC FCP QRP?GEFR SN ?R 7.50 m/s
2
? .MRC RF?R RFC ?LQUCP GQ
GLBCNCLBCLR MD RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC EWKL?QRrQFC A?L @C KMTGLE CGRFCP SN
MP BMUL, MP @C QR?RGML?PW.
46. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC RCLQGML GL ? TCPRGA?J QRP?LB MD QNGBCP UC@ GD ? QNGBCP
MD K?QQ 8.0010
5
kg F?LEQ KMRGMLJCQQ ML GR. (@) #?JASJ?RC RFC
RCLQGML GL ? FMPGXMLR?J QRP?LB MD QNGBCP UC@ GD RFC Q?KC QNGBCP QGRQ
KMRGMLJCQQ GL RFC KGBBJC MD GR KSAF JGIC RFC RGEFRPMNC U?JICP GL F?=KH;
#(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/. 159
4.17. 4FC QRP?LB Q?EQ ?R ?L ?LEJC MD 12 @CJMU RFC FMPGXMLR?J. #MKN?PC
RFGQ UGRF RFC RCLQGML GL RFC TCPRGA?J QRP?LB (DGLB RFCGP P?RGM).
47. 3SNNMQC ? 60.0-IE EWKL?QR AJGK@Q ? PMNC. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC RCLQGML GL
RFC PMNC GD FC AJGK@Q ?R ? AMLQR?LR QNCCB? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC RCLQGML GL RFC
PMNC GD FC ?AACJCP?RCQ SNU?PB ?R ? P?RC MD 1.50 m/s
2
?
48. 3FMU RF?R, ?Q QR?RCB GL RFC RCVR, ? DMPAC F
CVCPRCB ML ? DJCVG@JC
KCBGSK ?R GRQ ACLRCP ?LB NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM GRQ JCLERF (QSAF ?Q ML RFC
RGEFRPMNC UGPC GL F?=KH; 4.17) EGTCQ PGQC RM ? RCLQGML MD K?ELGRSBC
T =
F
2 sin ()
.
49. #MLQGBCP RFC @?@W @CGLE UCGEFCB GL F?=KH; 4.34. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC
K?QQ MD RFC AFGJB ?LB @?QICR GD ? QA?JC PC?BGLE MD 55 . GQ M@QCPTCB? (@)
7F?R GQ RFC RCLQGML T
1
GL RFC AMPB ?RR?AFGLE RFC @?@W RM RFC QA?JC? (A)
7F?R GQ RFC RCLQGML T
2
GL RFC AMPB ?RR?AFGLE RFC QA?JC RM RFC ACGJGLE, GD
RFC QA?JC F?Q ? K?QQ MD 0.500 IE? (B) $P?U ? QICRAF MD RFC QGRS?RGML
GLBGA?RGLE RFC QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR SQCB RM QMJTC C?AF N?PR. 4FC K?QQCQ MD
RFC AMPBQ ?PC LCEJGEG@JC.
F?=KH; 4.34 ! @?@W GQ UCGEFCB SQGLE ? QNPGLE QA?JC.
50. ! 5.0010
5
-kg PMAICR GQ ?AACJCP?RGLE QRP?GEFR SN. )RQ CLEGLCQ
NPMBSAC 1.25010
7
N MD RFPSQR, ?LB ?GP PCQGQR?LAC GQ 4.5010
6
N.
7F?R GQ RFC PMAICRtQ ?AACJCP?RGML? %VNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU RFC
QRCNQ GL RFC 0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE 3RP?RCEW DMP .CURMLtQ J?UQ MD KMRGML.
51. 4FC UFCCJQ MD ? KGBQGXC A?P CVCPR ? DMPAC MD 2100 . @?AIU?PB ML RFC
PM?B RM ?AACJCP?RC RFC A?P GL RFC DMPU?PB BGPCARGML. )D RFC DMPAC MD DPGARGML
GLAJSBGLE ?GP PCQGQR?LAC GQ 250 . ?LB RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD RFC A?P GQ
1.80 m/s
2
, UF?R GQ RFC K?QQ MD RFC A?P NJSQ GRQ MAASN?LRQ? %VNJGAGRJW
QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU RFC QRCNQ GL RFC 0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE 3RP?RCEW DMP
.CURMLtQ J?UQ MD KMRGML. &MP RFGQ QGRS?RGML, BP?U ? DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K
?LB UPGRC RFC LCR DMPAC COS?RGML.
52. #?JASJ?RC RFC DMPAC ? 70.0-IE FGEF HSKNCP KSQR CVCPR ML RFC EPMSLB RM
NPMBSAC ?L SNU?PB ?AACJCP?RGML 4.00 RGKCQ RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM
EP?TGRW. %VNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU RFC QRCNQ GL RFC 0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE
3RP?RCEW DMP .CURMLtQ J?UQ MD KMRGML.
53. 7FCL J?LBGLE ?DRCP ? QNCAR?ASJ?P QMKCPQ?SJR, ? 40.0-IE EWKL?QR
BCACJCP?RCQ @W NSQFGLE QRP?GEFR BMUL ML RFC K?R. #?JASJ?RC RFC DMPAC QFC
KSQR CVCPR GD FCP BCACJCP?RGML GQ 7.00 RGKCQ RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM
EP?TGRW. %VNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU RFC QRCNQ GL RFC 0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE
3RP?RCEW DMP .CURMLtQ J?UQ MD KMRGML.
54. ! DPCGEFR RP?GL AMLQGQRQ MD RUM 8.0010
4
-kg CLEGLCQ ?LB 45 A?PQ
UGRF ?TCP?EC K?QQCQ MD 5.5010
4
kg . (?) 7F?R DMPAC KSQR C?AF
CLEGLC CVCPR @?AIU?PB ML RFC RP?AI RM ?AACJCP?RC RFC RP?GL ?R ? P?RC MD
5.0010
2
m/s
2
GD RFC DMPAC MD DPGARGML GQ 7.5010
5
N, ?QQSKGLE RFC
CLEGLCQ CVCPR GBCLRGA?J DMPACQ? 4FGQ GQ LMR ? J?PEC DPGARGML?J DMPAC DMP QSAF
? K?QQGTC QWQRCK. 2MJJGLE DPGARGML DMP RP?GLQ GQ QK?JJ, ?LB AMLQCOSCLRJW
RP?GLQ ?PC TCPW CLCPEW-CDDGAGCLR RP?LQNMPR?RGML QWQRCKQ. (@) 7F?R GQ RFC
DMPAC GL RFC AMSNJGLE @CRUCCL RFC 37RF ?LB 38RF A?PQ (RFGQ GQ RFC DMPAC
C?AF CVCPRQ ML RFC MRFCP), ?QQSKGLE ?JJ A?PQ F?TC RFC Q?KC K?QQ ?LB
RF?R DPGARGML GQ CTCLJW BGQRPG@SRCB ?KMLE ?JJ MD RFC A?PQ ?LB CLEGLCQ?
55. #MKKCPAG?J ?GPNJ?LCQ ?PC QMKCRGKCQ NSQFCB MSR MD RFC N?QQCLECP
JM?BGLE ?PC? @W ? RP?ARMP. (?) !L 1800-IE RP?ARMP CVCPRQ ? DMPAC MD
1.7510
4
N @?AIU?PB ML RFC N?TCKCLR, ?LB RFC QWQRCK CVNCPGCLACQ
DMPACQ PCQGQRGLE KMRGML RF?R RMR?J 2400 .. )D RFC ?AACJCP?RGML GQ
0.150 m/s
2
, UF?R GQ RFC K?QQ MD RFC ?GPNJ?LC? (@) #?JASJ?RC RFC DMPAC
CVCPRCB @W RFC RP?ARMP ML RFC ?GPNJ?LC, ?QQSKGLE 2200 . MD RFC DPGARGML GQ
CVNCPGCLACB @W RFC ?GPNJ?LC. (A) $P?U RUM QICRAFCQ QFMUGLE RFC QWQRCKQ
MD GLRCPCQR SQCB RM QMJTC C?AF N?PR, GLAJSBGLE RFC DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?KQ DMP
C?AF.
56. ! 1100-IE A?P NSJJQ ? @M?R ML ? RP?GJCP. (?) 7F?R RMR?J DMPAC PCQGQRQ RFC
KMRGML MD RFC A?P, @M?R, ?LB RP?GJCP, GD RFC A?P CVCPRQ ? 1900-. DMPAC ML RFC
PM?B ?LB NPMBSACQ ?L ?AACJCP?RGML MD 0.550 m/s
2
? 4FC K?QQ MD RFC
@M?R NJSQ RP?GJCP GQ 700 IE. (@) 7F?R GQ RFC DMPAC GL RFC FGRAF @CRUCCL RFC
A?P ?LB RFC RP?GJCP GD 80% MD RFC PCQGQRGLE DMPACQ ?PC CVNCPGCLACB @W RFC
@M?R ?LB RP?GJCP?
57. (?) &GLB RFC K?ELGRSBCQ MD RFC DMPACQ F
1
?LB F
2
RF?R ?BB RM EGTC
RFC RMR?J DMPAC F
tot
QFMUL GL F?=KH; 4.35. 4FGQ K?W @C BMLC CGRFCP
EP?NFGA?JJW MP @W SQGLE RPGEMLMKCRPW. (@) 3FMU EP?NFGA?JJW RF?R RFC Q?KC
RMR?J DMPAC GQ M@R?GLCB GLBCNCLBCLR MD RFC MPBCP MD ?BBGRGML MD F
1
?LB
F
2
. (A) &GLB RFC BGPCARGML ?LB K?ELGRSBC MD QMKC MRFCP N?GP MD TCARMPQ
RF?R ?BB RM EGTC F
tot
. $P?U RFCQC RM QA?JC ML RFC Q?KC BP?UGLE SQCB GL
N?PR (@) MP ? QGKGJ?P NGARSPC.
F?=KH; 4.35
58. 4UM AFGJBPCL NSJJ ? RFGPB AFGJB ML ? QLMU Q?SACP QJCB CVCPRGLE DMPACQ
F
1
?LB F
2
?Q QFMUL DPMK ?@MTC GL F?=KH; 4.36. &GLB RFC ?AACJCP?RGML
MD RFC 49.00-IE QJCB ?LB AFGJB QWQRCK. .MRC RF?R RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC
DPGARGML?J DMPAC GQ SLQNCAGDGCB; GR UGJJ @C GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML MD RFC QSK
MD F
1
?LB F
2
.
160 #(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/.
F?=KH; 4.36 !L MTCPFC?B TGCU MD RFC FMPGXMLR?J DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML ? AFGJBtQ QLMU Q?SACP
QJCB.
59. 3SNNMQC WMSP A?P U?Q KGPCB BCCNJW GL RFC KSB ?LB WMS U?LRCB RM
SQC RFC KCRFMB GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 4.37 RM NSJJ GR MSR. (?) 7F?R DMPAC
UMSJB WMS F?TC RM CVCPR NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC ACLRCP MD RFC PMNC RM
NPMBSAC ? DMPAC MD 12,000 . ML RFC A?P GD RFC ?LEJC GQ 2.00\? )L RFGQ N?PR,
CVNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU RFC QRCNQ GL RFC 0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE 3RP?RCEW
DMP .CURMLtQ J?UQ MD KMRGML. (@) 2C?J PMNCQ QRPCRAF SLBCP QSAF DMPACQ.
7F?R DMPAC UMSJB @C CVCPRCB ML RFC A?P GD RFC ?LEJC GLAPC?QCQ RM 7.00\
?LB WMS QRGJJ ?NNJW RFC DMPAC DMSLB GL N?PR (?) RM GRQ ACLRCP?
F?=KH; 4.37
60. 7F?R DMPAC GQ CVCPRCB ML RFC RMMRF GL F?=KH; 4.38 GD RFC RCLQGML GL RFC
UGPC GQ 25.0 .? .MRC RF?R RFC DMPAC ?NNJGCB RM RFC RMMRF GQ QK?JJCP RF?L RFC
RCLQGML GL RFC UGPC, @SR RFGQ GQ LCACQQGR?RCB @W NP?ARGA?J AMLQGBCP?RGMLQ MD
FMU DMPAC A?L @C ?NNJGCB GL RFC KMSRF. %VNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU
QRCNQ GL RFC 0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE 3RP?RCEW DMP .CURMLtQ J?UQ MD KMRGML.
F?=KH; 4.38 "P?ACQ ?PC SQCB RM ?NNJW DMPACQ RM RCCRF RM PC?JGEL RFCK. 3FMUL GL RFGQ
DGESPC ?PC RFC RCLQGMLQ ?NNJGCB @W RFC UGPC RM RFC NPMRPSBGLE RMMRF. 4FC RMR?J DMPAC
?NNJGCB RM RFC RMMRF @W RFC UGPC, F
app
, NMGLRQ QRP?GEFR RMU?PB RFC @?AI MD RFC KMSRF.
61. F?=KH; 4.39 QFMUQ 3SNCPFCPM ?LB 4PSQRW 3GBCIGAI F?LEGLE
KMRGMLJCQQ DPMK ? PMNC. 3SNCPFCPMtQ K?QQ GQ 90.0 IE, UFGJC 4PSQRW
3GBCIGAItQ GQ 55.0 IE, ?LB RFC K?QQ MD RFC PMNC GQ LCEJGEG@JC. (?) $P?U ?
DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K MD RFC QGRS?RGML QFMUGLE ?JJ DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML
3SNCPFCPM, 4PSQRW 3GBCIGAI, ?LB RFC PMNC. (@) &GLB RFC RCLQGML GL RFC PMNC
?@MTC 3SNCPFCPM. (A) &GLB RFC RCLQGML GL RFC PMNC @CRUCCL 3SNCPFCPM
?LB 4PSQRW 3GBCIGAI. )LBGA?RC ML WMSP DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K RFC QWQRCK MD
GLRCPCQR SQCB RM QMJTC C?AF N?PR.
F?=KH; 4.39 3SNCPFCPM ?LB 4PSQRW 3GBCIGAI F?LE KMRGMLJCQQ ML ? PMNC ?Q RFCW RPW RM
DGESPC MSR UF?R RM BM LCVR. 7GJJ RFC RCLQGML @C RFC Q?KC CTCPWUFCPC GL RFC PMNC?
62. ! LSPQC NSQFCQ ? A?PR @W CVCPRGLE ? DMPAC ML RFC F?LBJC ?R ?
BMULU?PB ?LEJC 35.0 @CJMU RFC FMPGXMLR?J. 4FC JM?BCB A?PR F?Q ?
K?QQ MD 28.0 IE, ?LB RFC DMPAC MD DPGARGML GQ 60.0 .. (?) $P?U ? DPCC-@MBW
BG?EP?K DMP RFC QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR. (@) 7F?R DMPAC KSQR RFC LSPQC CVCPR RM
KMTC ?R ? AMLQR?LR TCJMAGRW?
63. CEDIJHK9J 2EKH (MD )HE8B;C #MLQGBCP RFC RCLQGML GL ?L CJCT?RMP
A?@JC BSPGLE RFC RGKC RFC CJCT?RMP QR?PRQ DPMK PCQR ?LB ?AACJCP?RCQ GRQ JM?B
SNU?PB RM QMKC APSGQGLE TCJMAGRW. 4?IGLE RFC CJCT?RMP ?LB GRQ JM?B RM @C
RFC QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR, BP?U ? DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K. 4FCL A?JASJ?RC RFC
RCLQGML GL RFC A?@JC. !KMLE RFC RFGLEQ RM AMLQGBCP ?PC RFC K?QQ MD RFC
CJCT?RMP ?LB GRQ JM?B, RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW, ?LB RFC RGKC R?ICL RM PC?AF RF?R
TCJMAGRW.
64. CEDIJHK9J 2EKH (MD )HE8B;C #MLQGBCP RUM NCMNJC NSQFGLE ?
RM@MEE?L UGRF DMSP AFGJBPCL ML GR SN ? QLMU-AMTCPCB QJMNC. #MLQRPSAR ?
NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS A?JASJ?RC RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD RFC RM@MEE?L ?LB GRQ
JM?B. )LAJSBC ? DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K MD RFC ?NNPMNPG?RC QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR ?Q
RFC @?QGQ DMP WMSP ?L?JWQGQ. 3FMU TCARMP DMPACQ ?LB RFCGP AMKNMLCLRQ ?LB
CVNJ?GL RFC AFMGAC MD AMMPBGL?RCQ. !KMLE RFC RFGLEQ RM @C AMLQGBCPCB ?PC
RFC DMPACQ CVCPRCB @W RFMQC NSQFGLE, RFC ?LEJC MD RFC QJMNC, ?LB RFC
K?QQCQ MD RFC RM@MEE?L ?LB AFGJBPCL.
65. .DH;7IED78B; +;IKBJI (?) 2CNC?R EN;H9?I; 4.56, @SR ?QQSKC ?L
?AACJCP?RGML MD 1.20 m/s
2
GQ NPMBSACB. (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR
RFC PCQSJR? (A) 7FGAF NPCKGQC GQ SLPC?QML?@JC, ?LB UFW GQ GR
SLPC?QML?@JC?
66. .DH;7IED78B; +;IKBJI (?) 7F?R GQ RFC GLGRG?J ?AACJCP?RGML MD ? PMAICR
RF?R F?Q ? K?QQ MD 1.5010
6
kg ?R R?ICMDD, RFC CLEGLCQ MD UFGAF
NPMBSAC ? RFPSQR MD 2.0010
6
N? $M LMR LCEJCAR EP?TGRW. (@) 7F?R GQ
SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFC PCQSJR? (4FGQ PCQSJR F?Q @CCL SLGLRCLRGML?JJW
?AFGCTCB @W QCTCP?J PC?J PMAICRQ.) (A) 7FGAF NPCKGQC GQ SLPC?QML?@JC, MP
UFGAF NPCKGQCQ ?PC GLAMLQGQRCLR? (9MS K?W DGLB GR SQCDSJ RM AMKN?PC RFGQ
NPM@JCK RM RFC PMAICR NPM@JCK C?PJGCP GL RFGQ QCARGML.)
#(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/. 161
67. ! DJC? HSKNQ @W CVCPRGLE ? DMPAC MD 1.2010
5
N QRP?GEFR BMUL ML
RFC EPMSLB. ! @PCCXC @JMUGLE ML RFC DJC? N?P?JJCJ RM RFC EPMSLB CVCPRQ ?
DMPAC MD 0.50010
6
N ML RFC DJC?. &GLB RFC BGPCARGML ?LB K?ELGRSBC
MD RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD RFC DJC? GD GRQ K?QQ GQ 6.0010
7
kg . $M LMR
LCEJCAR RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC.
68. 4UM KSQAJCQ GL RFC @?AI MD RFC JCE NSJJ SNU?PB ML RFC !AFGJJCQ
RCLBML, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 4.40. (4FCQC KSQAJCQ ?PC A?JJCB RFC KCBG?J
?LB J?RCP?J FC?BQ MD RFC E?QRPMALCKGSQ KSQAJC.) &GLB RFC K?ELGRSBC ?LB
BGPCARGML MD RFC RMR?J DMPAC ML RFC !AFGJJCQ RCLBML. 7F?R RWNC MD KMTCKCLR
AMSJB @C A?SQCB @W RFGQ DMPAC?
F?=KH; 4.40 !AFGJJCQ RCLBML
69. ! 76.0-IE NCPQML GQ @CGLE NSJJCB ?U?W DPMK ? @SPLGLE @SGJBGLE ?Q
QFMUL GL F?=KH; 4.41. #?JASJ?RC RFC RCLQGML GL RFC RUM PMNCQ GD RFC NCPQML
GQ KMKCLR?PGJW KMRGMLJCQQ. )LAJSBC ? DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K GL WMSP QMJSRGML.
F?=KH; 4.41 4FC DMPAC T
2
LCCBCB RM FMJB QRC?BW RFC NCPQML @CGLE PCQASCB DPMK RFC
DGPC GQ JCQQ RF?L FCP UCGEFR ?LB JCQQ RF?L RFC DMPAC T
1
GL RFC MRFCP PMNC, QGLAC RFC
KMPC TCPRGA?J PMNC QSNNMPRQ ? EPC?RCP N?PR MD FCP UCGEFR (? TCPRGA?J DMPAC).
70. "DJ;=H7J;: CED9;FJI ! 35.0-IE BMJNFGL BCACJCP?RCQ DPMK 12.0 RM
7.50 K/Q GL 2.30 Q RM HMGL ?LMRFCP BMJNFGL GL NJ?W. 7F?R ?TCP?EC DMPAC U?Q
CVCPRCB RM QJMU FGK GD FC U?Q KMTGLE FMPGXMLR?JJW? (4FC EP?TGR?RGML?J
DMPAC GQ @?J?LACB @W RFC @SMW?LR DMPAC MD RFC U?RCP.)
71. "DJ;=H7J;: CED9;FJI 7FCL QR?PRGLE ? DMMR P?AC, ? 70.0-IE QNPGLRCP
CVCPRQ ?L ?TCP?EC DMPAC MD 650 . @?AIU?PB ML RFC EPMSLB DMP 0.800 Q. (?)
7F?R GQ FGQ DGL?J QNCCB? (@) (MU D?P BMCQ FC RP?TCJ?
72. "DJ;=H7J;: CED9;FJI ! J?PEC PMAICR F?Q ? K?QQ MD 2.0010
6
kg ?R
R?ICMDD, ?LB GRQ CLEGLCQ NPMBSAC ? RFPSQR MD 3.5010
7
N. (?) &GLB GRQ
GLGRG?J ?AACJCP?RGML GD GR R?ICQ MDD TCPRGA?JJW. (@) (MU JMLE BMCQ GR R?IC RM
PC?AF ? TCJMAGRW MD 120 IK/F QRP?GEFR SN, ?QQSKGLE AMLQR?LR K?QQ ?LB
RFPSQR? (A) )L PC?JGRW, RFC K?QQ MD ? PMAICR BCAPC?QCQ QGELGDGA?LRJW ?Q GRQ
DSCJ GQ AMLQSKCB. $CQAPG@C OS?JGR?RGTCJW FMU RFGQ ?DDCARQ RFC ?AACJCP?RGML
?LB RGKC DMP RFGQ KMRGML.
73. "DJ;=H7J;: CED9;FJI ! @?QICR@?JJ NJ?WCP HSKNQ QRP?GEFR SN DMP ? @?JJ.
4M BM RFGQ, FC JMUCPQ FGQ @MBW 0.300 K ?LB RFCL ?AACJCP?RCQ RFPMSEF RFGQ
BGQR?LAC @W DMPACDSJJW QRP?GEFRCLGLE FGQ JCEQ. 4FGQ NJ?WCP JC?TCQ RFC DJMMP
UGRF ? TCPRGA?J TCJMAGRW QSDDGAGCLR RM A?PPW FGK 0.900 K ?@MTC RFC DJMMP. (?)
#?JASJ?RC FGQ TCJMAGRW UFCL FC JC?TCQ RFC DJMMP. (@) #?JASJ?RC FGQ
?AACJCP?RGML UFGJC FC GQ QRP?GEFRCLGLE FGQ JCEQ. (C EMCQ DPMK XCPM RM RFC
TCJMAGRW DMSLB GL N?PR (?) GL ? BGQR?LAC MD 0.300 K. (A) #?JASJ?RC RFC DMPAC
FC CVCPRQ ML RFC DJMMP RM BM RFGQ, EGTCL RF?R FGQ K?QQ GQ 110 IE.
74. "DJ;=H7J;: CED9;FJI ! 2.50-IE DGPCUMPIQ QFCJJ GQ DGPCB QRP?GEFR SN
DPMK ? KMPR?P ?LB PC?AFCQ ? FCGEFR MD 110 K. (?) .CEJCARGLE ?GP
PCQGQR?LAC (? NMMP ?QQSKNRGML, @SR UC UGJJ K?IC GR DMP RFGQ CV?KNJC),
A?JASJ?RC RFC QFCJJtQ TCJMAGRW UFCL GR JC?TCQ RFC KMPR?P. (@) 4FC KMPR?P
GRQCJD GQ ? RS@C 0.450 K JMLE. #?JASJ?RC RFC ?TCP?EC ?AACJCP?RGML MD RFC
QFCJJ GL RFC RS@C ?Q GR EMCQ DPMK XCPM RM RFC TCJMAGRW DMSLB GL (?). (A) 7F?R
GQ RFC ?TCP?EC DMPAC ML RFC QFCJJ GL RFC KMPR?P? %VNPCQQ WMSP ?LQUCP GL
LCURMLQ ?LB ?Q ? P?RGM RM RFC UCGEFR MD RFC QFCJJ.
75. "DJ;=H7J;: CED9;FJI 2CNC?R EN;H9?I; 4.74 DMP ? QFCJJ DGPCB ?R ?L
?LEJC 10.0 DPMK RFC TCPRGA?J.
76. "DJ;=H7J;: CED9;FJI !L CJCT?RMP DGJJCB UGRF N?QQCLECPQ F?Q ? K?QQ
MD 1700 IE. (?) 4FC CJCT?RMP ?AACJCP?RCQ SNU?PB DPMK PCQR ?R ? P?RC MD
1.20 m/s
2
DMP 1.50 Q. #?JASJ?RC RFC RCLQGML GL RFC A?@JC QSNNMPRGLE RFC
CJCT?RMP. (@) 4FC CJCT?RMP AMLRGLSCQ SNU?PB ?R AMLQR?LR TCJMAGRW DMP 8.50
Q. 7F?R GQ RFC RCLQGML GL RFC A?@JC BSPGLE RFGQ RGKC? (A) 4FC CJCT?RMP
BCACJCP?RCQ ?R ? P?RC MD 0.600 m/s
2
DMP 3.00 Q. 7F?R GQ RFC RCLQGML GL
RFC A?@JC BSPGLE BCACJCP?RGML? (B) (MU FGEF F?Q RFC CJCT?RMP KMTCB
?@MTC GRQ MPGEGL?J QR?PRGLE NMGLR, ?LB UF?R GQ GRQ DGL?J TCJMAGRW?
77. .DH;7IED78B; +;IKBJI (?) 7F?R GQ RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW MD ? A?P MPGEGL?JJW
RP?TCJGLE ?R 50.0 IK/F RF?R BCACJCP?RCQ ?R ? P?RC MD 0.400 m/s
2
DMP 50.0
Q? (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFC PCQSJR? (A) 7FGAF NPCKGQC GQ
SLPC?QML?@JC, MP UFGAF NPCKGQCQ ?PC GLAMLQGQRCLR?
78. .DH;7IED78B; +;IKBJI ! 75.0-IE K?L QR?LBQ ML ? @?RFPMMK QA?JC
GL ?L CJCT?RMP RF?R ?AACJCP?RCQ DPMK PCQR RM 30.0 K/Q GL 2.00 Q. (?)
#?JASJ?RC RFC QA?JC PC?BGLE GL LCURMLQ ?LB AMKN?PC GR UGRF FGQ UCGEFR.
(4FC QA?JC CVCPRQ ?L SNU?PB DMPAC ML FGK COS?J RM GRQ PC?BGLE.) (@) 7F?R
GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFC PCQSJR? (A) 7FGAF NPCKGQC GQ SLPC?QML?@JC, MP
UFGAF NPCKGQCQ ?PC GLAMLQGQRCLR?
4.8 ENJ;D:;: -EF?9: ->; FEKH B7I?9 FEH9;IWAD
"DJHE:K9J?ED
79. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC QRPCLERF MD RFC UC?I LSAJC?P DMPAC PCJ?RGTC RM RFC
QRPMLE LSAJC?P DMPAC? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC QRPCLERF MD RFC UC?I LSAJC?P DMPAC
PCJ?RGTC RM RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA DMPAC? 3GLAC RFC UC?I LSAJC?P DMPAC ?ARQ
?R MLJW TCPW QFMPR BGQR?LACQ, QSAF ?Q GLQGBC LSAJCG, UFCPC RFC QRPMLE ?LB
CJCARPMK?ELCRGA DMPACQ ?JQM ?AR, GR KGEFR QCCK QSPNPGQGLE RF?R UC F?TC
?LW ILMUJCBEC MD GR ?R ?JJ. 7C F?TC QSAF ILMUJCBEC @CA?SQC RFC UC?I
LSAJC?P DMPAC GQ PCQNMLQG@JC DMP @CR? BCA?W, ? RWNC MD LSAJC?P BCA?W LMR
CVNJ?GLCB @W MRFCP DMPACQ.
80. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC P?RGM MD RFC QRPCLERF MD RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC RM RF?R MD
RFC QRPMLE LSAJC?P DMPAC? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC P?RGM MD RFC QRPCLERF MD RFC
EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC RM RF?R MD RFC UC?I LSAJC?P DMPAC? (A) 7F?R GQ RFC P?RGM
MD RFC QRPCLERF MD RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC RM RF?R MD RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA
DMPAC? 7F?R BM WMSP ?LQUCPQ GKNJW ?@MSR RFC GLDJSCLAC MD RFC
EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC ML ?RMKGA LSAJCG?
162 #(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/.
81. 7F?R GQ RFC P?RGM MD RFC QRPCLERF MD RFC QRPMLE LSAJC?P DMPAC RM RF?R MD
RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA DMPAC? "?QCB ML RFGQ P?RGM, WMS KGEFR CVNCAR RF?R RFC
QRPMLE DMPAC BMKGL?RCQ RFC LSAJCSQ, UFGAF GQ RPSC DMP QK?JJ LSAJCG. ,?PEC
LSAJCG, FMUCTCP, F?TC QGXCQ EPC?RCP RF?L RFC P?LEC MD RFC QRPMLE LSAJC?P
DMPAC. !R RFCQC QGXCQ, RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA DMPAC @CEGLQ RM ?DDCAR LSAJC?P
QR?@GJGRW. 4FCQC D?ARQ UGJJ @C SQCB RM CVNJ?GL LSAJC?P DSQGML ?LB DGQQGML
J?RCP GL RFGQ RCVR.
#(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/. 163
164 #(!04%2 4 Y $9.!-)#3: &/2#% !.$ .%74/.'3 ,!73 /& -/4)/.
5 &524(%2 !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .%74/.'3 ,!73:
&2)#4)/., $2!', !.$ %,!34)#)49
F?=KH; 5.1 4MR?J FGN PCNJ?ACKCLR QSPECPW F?Q @CAMKC ? AMKKML NPMACBSPC. 4FC FC?B (MP @?JJ) MD RFC N?RGCLRtQ DCKSP DGRQ GLRM ? ASN RF?R F?Q ? F?PB NJ?QRGA-JGIC GLLCP JGLGLE.
(APCBGR: .?RGML?J )LQRGRSRCQ MD (C?JRF, TG? 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
,C?PLGLE /@HCARGTCQ
5.1. FH?9J?ED
5.2. DH7= FEH9;I
5.3. EB7IJ?9?JO: ,JH;II 7D: ,JH7?D
"DJHE:K9J?ED: FKHJ>;H AFFB?97J?EDI E< ';MJEDXI %7MI
$CQAPG@C RFC DMPACQ ML RFC FGN HMGLR. 7F?R KC?LQ ?PC R?ICL RM CLQSPC RF?R RFGQ UGJJ @C ? EMMB KMT?@JC HMGLR? &PMK RFC NFMRMEP?NF (DMP ?L ?BSJR) GL
F?=KH; 5.1, CQRGK?RC RFC BGKCLQGMLQ MD RFC ?PRGDGAG?J BCTGAC.
)R GQ BGDDGASJR RM A?RCEMPGXC DMPACQ GLRM T?PGMSQ RWNCQ (?QGBC DPMK RFC DMSP @?QGA DMPACQ BGQASQQCB GL NPCTGMSQ AF?NRCP). 7C ILMU RF?R ? LCR DMPAC ?DDCARQ
RFC KMRGML, NMQGRGML, ?LB QF?NC MD ?L M@HCAR. )R GQ SQCDSJ ?R RFGQ NMGLR RM JMMI ?R QMKC N?PRGASJ?PJW GLRCPCQRGLE ?LB AMKKML DMPACQ RF?R UGJJ NPMTGBC
DSPRFCP ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD .CURMLtQ J?UQ MD KMRGML. 7C F?TC GL KGLB RFC DMPACQ MD DPGARGML, ?GP MP JGOSGB BP?E, ?LB BCDMPK?RGML.
#(!04%2 5 Y &524(%2 !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .%74/.'3 ,!73: &2)#4)/., $2!', !.$ %,!34)#)49 165
5.1 FH?9J?ED
FH?9J?ED GQ ? DMPAC RF?R GQ ?PMSLB SQ ?JJ RFC RGKC RF?R MNNMQCQ PCJ?RGTC KMRGML @CRUCCL QWQRCKQ GL AMLR?AR @SR ?JQM ?JJMUQ SQ RM KMTC (UFGAF WMS F?TC
BGQAMTCPCB GD WMS F?TC CTCP RPGCB RM U?JI ML GAC). 7FGJC ? AMKKML DMPAC, RFC @CF?TGMP MD DPGARGML GQ ?ARS?JJW TCPW AMKNJGA?RCB ?LB GQ QRGJJ LMR AMKNJCRCJW
SLBCPQRMMB. 7C F?TC RM PCJW FC?TGJW ML M@QCPT?RGMLQ DMP UF?RCTCP SLBCPQR?LBGLEQ UC A?L E?GL. (MUCTCP, UC A?L QRGJJ BC?J UGRF GRQ KMPC CJCKCLR?PW
ECLCP?J AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ ?LB SLBCPQR?LB RFC AGPASKQR?LACQ GL UFGAF GR @CF?TCQ.
&PGARGML
&PGARGML GQ ? DMPAC RF?R MNNMQCQ PCJ?RGTC KMRGML @CRUCCL QWQRCKQ GL AMLR?AR.
/LC MD RFC QGKNJCP AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD DPGARGML GQ RF?R GR GQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC AMLR?AR QSPD?AC @CRUCCL QWQRCKQ ?LB ?JU?WQ GL ? BGPCARGML RF?R MNNMQCQ KMRGML
MP ?RRCKNRCB KMRGML MD RFC QWQRCKQ PCJ?RGTC RM C?AF MRFCP. )D RUM QWQRCKQ ?PC GL AMLR?AR ?LB KMTGLE PCJ?RGTC RM MLC ?LMRFCP, RFCL RFC DPGARGML @CRUCCL
RFCK GQ A?JJCB A?D;J?9 <H?9J?ED. &MP CV?KNJC, DPGARGML QJMUQ ? FMAICW NSAI QJGBGLE ML GAC. "SR UFCL M@HCARQ ?PC QR?RGML?PW, IJ7J?9 <H?9J?ED A?L ?AR
@CRUCCL RFCK; RFC QR?RGA DPGARGML GQ SQS?JJW EPC?RCP RF?L RFC IGLCRGA DPGARGML @CRUCCL RFC M@HCARQ.
+GLCRGA &PGARGML
)D RUM QWQRCKQ ?PC GL AMLR?AR ?LB KMTGLE PCJ?RGTC RM MLC ?LMRFCP, RFCL RFC DPGARGML @CRUCCL RFCK GQ A?JJCB IGLCRGA DPGARGML.
)K?EGLC, DMP CV?KNJC, RPWGLE RM QJGBC ? FC?TW AP?RC ?APMQQ ? AMLAPCRC DJMMPrWMS K?W NSQF F?PBCP ?LB F?PBCP ML RFC AP?RC ?LB LMR KMTC GR ?R ?JJ. 4FGQ
KC?LQ RF?R RFC QR?RGA DPGARGML PCQNMLBQ RM UF?R WMS BMrGR GLAPC?QCQ RM @C COS?J RM ?LB GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML MD WMSP NSQF. "SR GD WMS DGL?JJW NSQF
F?PB CLMSEF, RFC AP?RC QCCKQ RM QJGN QSBBCLJW ?LB QR?PRQ RM KMTC. /LAC GL KMRGML GR GQ C?QGCP RM ICCN GR GL KMRGML RF?L GR U?Q RM ECR GR QR?PRCB,
GLBGA?RGLE RF?R RFC IGLCRGA DPGARGML DMPAC GQ JCQQ RF?L RFC QR?RGA DPGARGML DMPAC. )D WMS ?BB K?QQ RM RFC AP?RC, Q?W @W NJ?AGLE ? @MV ML RMN MD GR, WMS LCCB RM
NSQF CTCL F?PBCP RM ECR GR QR?PRCB ?LB ?JQM RM ICCN GR KMTGLE. &SPRFCPKMPC, GD WMS MGJCB RFC AMLAPCRC WMS UMSJB DGLB GR RM @C C?QGCP RM ECR RFC AP?RC
QR?PRCB ?LB ICCN GR EMGLE (?Q WMS KGEFR CVNCAR).
F?=KH; 5.2 GQ ? APSBC NGARMPG?J PCNPCQCLR?RGML MD FMU DPGARGML MAASPQ ?R RFC GLRCPD?AC @CRUCCL RUM M@HCARQ. #JMQC-SN GLQNCARGML MD RFCQC QSPD?ACQ QFMUQ
RFCK RM @C PMSEF. 3M UFCL WMS NSQF RM ECR ?L M@HCAR KMTGLE (GL RFGQ A?QC, ? AP?RC), WMS KSQR P?GQC RFC M@HCAR SLRGJ GR A?L QIGN ?JMLE UGRF HSQR RFC RGNQ
MD RFC QSPD?AC FGRRGLE, @PC?I MDD RFC NMGLRQ, MP BM @MRF. ! AMLQGBCP?@JC DMPAC A?L @C PCQGQRCB @W DPGARGML UGRF LM ?NN?PCLR KMRGML. 4FC F?PBCP RFC
QSPD?ACQ ?PC NSQFCB RMECRFCP (QSAF ?Q GD ?LMRFCP @MV GQ NJ?ACB ML RFC AP?RC), RFC KMPC DMPAC GQ LCCBCB RM KMTC RFCK. 0?PR MD RFC DPGARGML GQ BSC RM
?BFCQGTC DMPACQ @CRUCCL RFC QSPD?AC KMJCASJCQ MD RFC RUM M@HCARQ, UFGAF CVNJ?GL RFC BCNCLBCLAC MD DPGARGML ML RFC L?RSPC MD RFC QS@QR?LACQ.
!BFCQGML T?PGCQ UGRF QS@QR?LACQ GL AMLR?AR ?LB GQ ? AMKNJGA?RCB ?QNCAR MD QSPD?AC NFWQGAQ. /LAC ?L M@HCAR GQ KMTGLE, RFCPC ?PC DCUCP NMGLRQ MD
AMLR?AR (DCUCP KMJCASJCQ ?BFCPGLE), QM JCQQ DMPAC GQ PCOSGPCB RM ICCN RFC M@HCAR KMTGLE. !R QK?JJ @SR LMLXCPM QNCCBQ, DPGARGML GQ LC?PJW GLBCNCLBCLR MD
QNCCB.
F?=KH; 5.2 &PGARGML?J DMPACQ, QSAF ?Q f , ?JU?WQ MNNMQC KMRGML MP ?RRCKNRCB KMRGML @CRUCCL M@HCARQ GL AMLR?AR. &PGARGML ?PGQCQ GL N?PR @CA?SQC MD RFC PMSEFLCQQ MD RFC
QSPD?ACQ GL AMLR?AR, ?Q QCCL GL RFC CVN?LBCB TGCU. )L MPBCP DMP RFC M@HCAR RM KMTC, GR KSQR PGQC RM UFCPC RFC NC?IQ A?L QIGN ?JMLE RFC @MRRMK QSPD?AC. 4FSQ ? DMPAC GQ PCOSGPCB
HSQR RM QCR RFC M@HCAR GL KMRGML. 3MKC MD RFC NC?IQ UGJJ @C @PMICL MDD, ?JQM PCOSGPGLE ? DMPAC RM K?GLR?GL KMRGML. -SAF MD RFC DPGARGML GQ ?ARS?JJW BSC RM ?RRP?ARGTC DMPACQ @CRUCCL
KMJCASJCQ K?IGLE SN RFC RUM M@HCARQ, QM RF?R CTCL NCPDCARJW QKMMRF QSPD?ACQ ?PC LMR DPGARGML-DPCC. 3SAF ?BFCQGTC DMPACQ ?JQM BCNCLB ML RFC QS@QR?LACQ RFC QSPD?ACQ ?PC K?BC
MD, CVNJ?GLGLE, DMP CV?KNJC, UFW PS@@CP-QMJCB QFMCQ QJGN JCQQ RF?L RFMQC UGRF JC?RFCP QMJCQ.
4FC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC DPGARGML?J DMPAC F?Q RUM DMPKQ: MLC DMP QR?RGA QGRS?RGMLQ (QR?RGA DPGARGML), RFC MRFCP DMP UFCL RFCPC GQ KMRGML (IGLCRGA DPGARGML).
7FCL RFCPC GQ LM KMRGML @CRUCCL RFC M@HCARQ, RFC C7=D?JK:; E< IJ7J?9 <H?9J?ED f
s
GQ
(5.1)
f
s

s
N,
UFCPC
s
GQ RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD QR?RGA DPGARGML ?LB N GQ RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC LMPK?J DMPAC (RFC DMPAC NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC QSPD?AC).
-?ELGRSBC MD 3R?RGA &PGARGML
-?ELGRSBC MD QR?RGA DPGARGML f
s
GQ
(5.2)
f
s

s
N,
UFCPC
s
GQ RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD QR?RGA DPGARGML ?LB N GQ RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC LMPK?J DMPAC.
166 #(!04%2 5 Y &524(%2 !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .%74/.'3 ,!73: &2)#4)/., $2!', !.$ %,!34)#)49
4FC QWK@MJ KC?LQ ?8FF G;4A BE 8DH4? GB, GKNJWGLE RF?R QR?RGA DPGARGML A?L F?TC ? KGLGKSK ?LB ? K?VGKSK T?JSC MD
s
N . 3R?RGA DPGARGML GQ ?
PCQNMLQGTC DMPAC RF?R GLAPC?QCQ RM @C COS?J ?LB MNNMQGRC RM UF?RCTCP DMPAC GQ CVCPRCB, SN RM GRQ K?VGKSK JGKGR. /LAC RFC ?NNJGCB DMPAC CVACCBQ
f
s(max)
, RFC M@HCAR UGJJ KMTC. 4FSQ
(5.3)
f
s(max)
=
s
N.
/LAC ?L M@HCAR GQ KMTGLE, RFC C7=D?JK:; E< A?D;J?9 <H?9J?ED f
k
GQ EGTCL @W
(5.4)
f
k
=
k
N,
UFCPC
k
GQ RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD IGLCRGA DPGARGML. ! QWQRCK GL UFGAF f
k
=
k
N GQ BCQAPG@CB ?Q ? QWQRCK GL UFGAF 9E<6G<BA 58;4I8F F<@C?L.
-?ELGRSBC MD +GLCRGA &PGARGML
4FC K?ELGRSBC MD IGLCRGA DPGARGML f
k
GQ EGTCL @W
(5.5)
f
k
=
k
N,
UFCPC
k
GQ RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD IGLCRGA DPGARGML.
!Q QCCL GL -78B; 5.1, RFC AMCDDGAGCLRQ MD IGLCRGA DPGARGML ?PC JCQQ RF?L RFCGP QR?RGA AMSLRCPN?PRQ. 4F?R T?JSCQ MD GL -78B; 5.1 ?PC QR?RCB RM MLJW MLC MP,
?R KMQR, RUM BGEGRQ GQ ?L GLBGA?RGML MD RFC ?NNPMVGK?RC BCQAPGNRGML MD DPGARGML EGTCL @W RFC ?@MTC RUM COS?RGMLQ.
4?@JC 5.1 #MCDDGAGCLRQ MD 3R?RGA ?LB +GLCRGA &PGARGML
,OIJ;C
,J7J?9 <H?9J?ED
s
$?D;J?9 <H?9J?ED
k
2S@@CP ML BPW AMLAPCRC 1.0 0.7
2S@@CP ML UCR AMLAPCRC 0.7 0.5
7MMB ML UMMB 0.5 0.3
7?VCB UMMB ML UCR QLMU 0.14 0.1
-CR?J ML UMMB 0.5 0.3
3RCCJ ML QRCCJ (BPW) 0.6 0.3
3RCCJ ML QRCCJ (MGJCB) 0.05 0.03
4CDJML ML QRCCJ 0.04 0.04
"MLC JS@PGA?RCB @W QWLMTG?J DJSGB 0.016 0.015
3FMCQ ML UMMB 0.9 0.7
3FMCQ ML GAC 0.1 0.05
)AC ML GAC 0.1 0.03
3RCCJ ML GAC 0.4 0.02
4FC COS?RGMLQ EGTCL C?PJGCP GLAJSBC RFC BCNCLBCLAC MD DPGARGML ML K?RCPG?JQ ?LB RFC LMPK?J DMPAC. 4FC BGPCARGML MD DPGARGML GQ ?JU?WQ MNNMQGRC RF?R MD
KMRGML, N?P?JJCJ RM RFC QSPD?AC @CRUCCL M@HCARQ, ?LB NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC LMPK?J DMPAC. &MP CV?KNJC, GD RFC AP?RC WMS RPW RM NSQF (UGRF ? DMPAC N?P?JJCJ
RM RFC DJMMP) F?Q ? K?QQ MD 100 IE, RFCL RFC LMPK?J DMPAC UMSJB @C COS?J RM GRQ UCGEFR, W = mg = (100 kg)(9.80 m/s
2
) = 980 N, NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM
RFC DJMMP. )D RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD QR?RGA DPGARGML GQ 0.45, WMS UMSJB F?TC RM CVCPR ? DMPAC N?P?JJCJ RM RFC DJMMP EPC?RCP RF?L
f
s(max)
=
s
N = (0.45)(980 N) = 440 N RM KMTC RFC AP?RC. /LAC RFCPC GQ KMRGML, DPGARGML GQ JCQQ ?LB RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD IGLCRGA DPGARGML KGEFR @C
0.30, QM RF?R ? DMPAC MD MLJW 290 . ( f
k
=
k
N = (0.30)(980 N) = 290 N) UMSJB ICCN GR KMTGLE ?R ? AMLQR?LR QNCCB. )D RFC DJMMP GQ JS@PGA?RCB, @MRF
AMCDDGAGCLRQ ?PC AMLQGBCP?@JW JCQQ RF?L RFCW UMSJB @C UGRFMSR JS@PGA?RGML. #MCDDGAGCLR MD DPGARGML GQ ? SLGR JCQQ OS?LRGRW UGRF ? K?ELGRSBC SQS?JJW @CRUCCL
0 ?LB 1.0. 4FC AMCDDGAGCLR MD RFC DPGARGML BCNCLBQ ML RFC RUM QSPD?ACQ RF?R ?PC GL AMLR?AR.
4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR
&GLB ? QK?JJ NJ?QRGA M@HCAR (QSAF ?Q ? DMMB AMLR?GLCP) ?LB QJGBC GR ML ? IGRAFCL R?@JC @W EGTGLE GR ? ECLRJC R?N. .MU QNP?W U?RCP ML RFC R?@JC,
QGKSJ?RGLE ? JGEFR QFMUCP MD P?GL. 7F?R F?NNCLQ LMU UFCL WMS EGTC RFC M@HCAR RFC Q?KC-QGXCB R?N? .MU ?BB ? DCU BPMNQ MD (TCECR?@JC MP MJGTC)
MGJ ML RFC QSPD?AC MD RFC U?RCP ?LB EGTC RFC Q?KC R?N. 7F?R F?NNCLQ LMU? 4FGQ J?RRCP QGRS?RGML GQ N?PRGASJ?PJW GKNMPR?LR DMP BPGTCPQ RM LMRC,
CQNCAG?JJW ?DRCP ? JGEFR P?GL QFMUCP. 7FW?
-?LW NCMNJC F?TC CVNCPGCLACB RFC QJGNNCPGLCQQ MD U?JIGLE ML GAC. (MUCTCP, K?LW N?PRQ MD RFC @MBW, CQNCAG?JJW RFC HMGLRQ, F?TC KSAF QK?JJCP
AMCDDGAGCLRQ MD DPGARGMLrMDRCL RFPCC MP DMSP RGKCQ JCQQ RF?L GAC. ! HMGLR GQ DMPKCB @W RFC CLBQ MD RUM @MLCQ, UFGAF ?PC AMLLCARCB @W RFGAI RGQQSCQ. 4FC
ILCC HMGLR GQ DMPKCB @W RFC JMUCP JCE @MLC (RFC RG@G?) ?LB RFC RFGEF@MLC (RFC DCKSP). 4FC FGN GQ ? @?JJ (?R RFC CLB MD RFC DCKSP) ?LB QMAICR (N?PR MD RFC
NCJTGQ) HMGLR. 4FC CLBQ MD RFC @MLCQ GL RFC HMGLR ?PC AMTCPCB @W A?PRGJ?EC, UFGAF NPMTGBCQ ? QKMMRF, ?JKMQR EJ?QQW QSPD?AC. 4FC HMGLRQ ?JQM NPMBSAC ?
#(!04%2 5 Y &524(%2 !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .%74/.'3 ,!73: &2)#4)/., $2!', !.$ %,!34)#)49 167
DJSGB (QWLMTG?J DJSGB) RF?R PCBSACQ DPGARGML ?LB UC?P. ! B?K?ECB MP ?PRFPGRGA HMGLR A?L @C PCNJ?ACB @W ?L ?PRGDGAG?J HMGLR (F?=KH; 5.3). 4FCQC PCNJ?ACKCLRQ
A?L @C K?BC MD KCR?JQ (QR?GLJCQQ QRCCJ MP RGR?LGSK) MP NJ?QRGA (NMJWCRFWJCLC), ?JQM UGRF TCPW QK?JJ AMCDDGAGCLRQ MD DPGARGML.
F?=KH; 5.3 !PRGDGAG?J ILCC PCNJ?ACKCLR GQ ? NPMACBSPC RF?R F?Q @CCL NCPDMPKCB DMP KMPC RF?L 20 WC?PQ. )L RFGQ DGESPC, UC QCC RFC NMQR-MN V P?WQ MD RFC PGEFR ILCC HMGLR
PCNJ?ACKCLR. (APCBGR: -GIC "?GPB, &JGAIP)
/RFCP L?RSP?J JS@PGA?LRQ GLAJSBC Q?JGT? NPMBSACB GL MSP KMSRFQ RM ?GB GL RFC QU?JJMUGLE NPMACQQ, ?LB RFC QJGNNCPW KSASQ DMSLB @CRUCCL MPE?LQ GL RFC
@MBW, ?JJMUGLE RFCK RM KMTC DPCCJW N?QR C?AF MRFCP BSPGLE FC?PR@C?RQ, BSPGLE @PC?RFGLE, ?LB UFCL ? NCPQML KMTCQ. !PRGDGAG?J JS@PGA?LRQ ?PC ?JQM
AMKKML GL FMQNGR?JQ ?LB BMARMPtQ AJGLGAQ. &MP CV?KNJC, UFCL SJRP?QMLGA GK?EGLE GQ A?PPGCB MSR, ? ECJ GQ SQCB RM JS@PGA?RC RFC QSPD?AC @CRUCCL RFC
RP?LQBSACP ?LB RFC QIGLrRFCPC@W PCBSAGLE RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD DPGARGML @CRUCCL RFC RUM QSPD?ACQ. 4FGQ ?JJMUQ RFC RP?LQBSACP RM KMTCP DPCCJW MTCP RFC
QIGL.
EN7CFB; 5.1 ,A??D= EN;H9?I;
! QIGCP UGRF ? K?QQ MD 62 IE GQ QJGBGLE BMUL ? QLMUW QJMNC. &GLB RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD IGLCRGA DPGARGML DMP RFC QIGCP GD DPGARGML GQ ILMUL RM @C 45.0 ..
,JH7J;=O
4FC K?ELGRSBC MD IGLCRGA DPGARGML U?Q EGTCL GL RM @C 45.0 .. +GLCRGA DPGARGML GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC LMPK?J DMPAC N ?Q f
k
=
k
N ; RFSQ, RFC AMCDDGAGCLR
MD IGLCRGA DPGARGML A?L @C DMSLB GD UC A?L DGLB RFC LMPK?J DMPAC MD RFC QIGCP ML ? QJMNC. 4FC LMPK?J DMPAC GQ ?JU?WQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC QSPD?AC,
?LB QGLAC RFCPC GQ LM KMRGML NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC QSPD?AC, RFC LMPK?J DMPAC QFMSJB COS?J RFC AMKNMLCLR MD RFC QIGCPtQ UCGEFR NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC
QJMNC. (3CC RFC QIGCP ?LB DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K GL F?=KH; 5.4.)
F?=KH; 5.4 4FC KMRGML MD RFC QIGCP ?LB DPGARGML ?PC N?P?JJCJ RM RFC QJMNC ?LB QM GR GQ KMQR AMLTCLGCLR RM NPMHCAR ?JJ DMPACQ MLRM ? AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK UFCPC MLC ?VGQ GQ
N?P?JJCJ RM RFC QJMNC ?LB RFC MRFCP GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P (?VCQ QFMUL RM JCDR MD QIGCP). N (RFC LMPK?J DMPAC) GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC QJMNC, ?LB f (RFC DPGARGML) GQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC
QJMNC, @SR w (RFC QIGCPtQ UCGEFR) F?Q AMKNMLCLRQ ?JMLE @MRF ?VCQ, L?KCJW w
?LB W
//
. N GQ COS?J GL K?ELGRSBC RM w
, QM RFCPC GQ LM KMRGML NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM

RFC QJMNC. (MUCTCP, f GQ JCQQ RF?L W
//
GL K?ELGRSBC, QM RFCPC GQ ?AACJCP?RGML BMUL RFC QJMNC (?JMLE RFC K-?VGQ).
4F?R GQ,
168 #(!04%2 5 Y &524(%2 !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .%74/.'3 ,!73: &2)#4)/., $2!', !.$ %,!34)#)49
(5.6)
N = w
= w cos 25 = mg cos 25.

3S@QRGRSRGLE RFGQ GLRM MSP CVNPCQQGML DMP IGLCRGA DPGARGML, UC ECR
(5.7)
f
k
=
k
mg cos 25,
UFGAF A?L LMU @C QMJTCB DMP RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD IGLCRGA DPGARGML
k
.
,EBKJ?ED
3MJTGLE DMP
k
EGTCQ
(5.8)
k
=
f
k
N
=
f
k
wcos 25
=
f
k
mgcos 25.
3S@QRGRSRGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ ML RFC PGEFR-F?LB QGBC MD RFC COS?RGML,
(5.9)
k
=
45.0 N
(62 kg)(9.80 m/s
2
)(0.906)
= 0.082.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ PCQSJR GQ ? JGRRJC QK?JJCP RF?L RFC AMCDDGAGCLR JGQRCB GL -78B; 5.1 DMP U?VCB UMMB ML QLMU, @SR GR GQ QRGJJ PC?QML?@JC QGLAC T?JSCQ MD RFC
AMCDDGAGCLRQ MD DPGARGML A?L T?PW EPC?RJW. )L QGRS?RGMLQ JGIC RFGQ, UFCPC ?L M@HCAR MD K?QQ m QJGBCQ BMUL ? QJMNC RF?R K?ICQ ?L ?LEJC UGRF RFC
FMPGXMLR?J, DPGARGML GQ EGTCL @W f
k
=
k
mgcos . !JJ M@HCARQ UGJJ QJGBC BMUL ? QJMNC UGRF AMLQR?LR ?AACJCP?RGML SLBCP RFCQC AGPASKQR?LACQ. 0PMMD
MD RFGQ GQ JCDR DMP RFGQ AF?NRCPtQ 0PM@JCKQ ?LB %VCPAGQCQ.
!L M@HCAR UGJJ QJGBC BMUL ?L GLAJGLCB NJ?LC ?R ? AMLQR?LR TCJMAGRW GD RFC LCR DMPAC ML RFC M@HCAR GQ XCPM. 7C A?L SQC RFGQ D?AR RM KC?QSPC RFC
AMCDDGAGCLR MD IGLCRGA DPGARGML @CRUCCL RUM M@HCARQ. !Q QFMUL GL EN7CFB; 5.1, RFC IGLCRGA DPGARGML ML ? QJMNC f
k
=
k
mg cos . 4FC AMKNMLCLR MD
RFC UCGEFR BMUL RFC QJMNC GQ COS?J RM mg sin (QCC RFC DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K GL F?=KH; 5.4). 4FCQC DMPACQ ?AR GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ, QM UFCL RFCW
F?TC COS?J K?ELGRSBC, RFC ?AACJCP?RGML GQ XCPM. 7PGRGLE RFCQC MSR:
(5.10)
f
k
= Fg
x
(5.11)
k
mg cos = mg sin .
3MJTGLE DMP
k
, UC DGLB RF?R
(5.12)
k
=
mg sin
mg cos
= tan .
0SR ? AMGL ML ? @MMI ?LB RGJR GR SLRGJ RFC AMGL QJGBCQ ?R ? AMLQR?LR TCJMAGRW BMUL RFC @MMI. 9MS KGEFR LCCB RM R?N RFC @MMI JGEFRJW RM ECR RFC AMGL RM
KMTC. -C?QSPC RFC ?LEJC MD RGJR PCJ?RGTC RM RFC FMPGXMLR?J ?LB DGLB
k
. .MRC RF?R RFC AMGL UGJJ LMR QR?PR RM QJGBC ?R ?JJ SLRGJ ?L ?LEJC EPC?RCP RF?L
GQ ?RR?GLCB, QGLAC RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD QR?RGA DPGARGML GQ J?PECP RF?L RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD IGLCRGA DPGARGML. $GQASQQ FMU RFGQ K?W ?DDCAR RFC T?JSC DMP
k
?LB
GRQ SLACPR?GLRW.
7C F?TC BGQASQQCB RF?R UFCL ?L M@HCAR PCQRQ ML ? FMPGXMLR?J QSPD?AC, RFCPC GQ ? LMPK?J DMPAC QSNNMPRGLE GR COS?J GL K?ELGRSBC RM GRQ UCGEFR.
&SPRFCPKMPC, QGKNJC DPGARGML GQ ?JU?WQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC LMPK?J DMPAC.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 3S@KGAPMQAMNGA %VNJ?L?RGMLQ MD &PGARGML
4FC QGKNJCP ?QNCARQ MD DPGARGML BC?JR UGRF QM D?P ?PC GRQ K?APMQAMNGA (J?PEC-QA?JC) AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ. 'PC?R QRPGBCQ F?TC @CCL K?BC GL RFC ?RMKGA-
QA?JC CVNJ?L?RGML MD DPGARGML BSPGLE RFC N?QR QCTCP?J BCA?BCQ. 2CQC?PAFCPQ ?PC DGLBGLE RF?R RFC ?RMKGA L?RSPC MD DPGARGML QCCKQ RM F?TC QCTCP?J
DSLB?KCLR?J AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ. 4FCQC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ LMR MLJW CVNJ?GL QMKC MD RFC QGKNJCP ?QNCARQ MD DPGARGMLrRFCW ?JQM FMJB RFC NMRCLRG?J DMP RFC
BCTCJMNKCLR MD LC?PJW DPGARGML-DPCC CLTGPMLKCLRQ RF?R AMSJB Q?TC FSLBPCBQ MD @GJJGMLQ MD BMJJ?PQ GL CLCPEW UFGAF GQ ASPPCLRJW @CGLE AMLTCPRCB
(SLLCACQQ?PGJW) RM FC?R.
F?=KH; 5.5 GJJSQRP?RCQ MLC K?APMQAMNGA AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MD DPGARGML RF?R GQ CVNJ?GLCB @W KGAPMQAMNGA (QK?JJ-QA?JC) PCQC?PAF. 7C F?TC LMRCB RF?R DPGARGML GQ
NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC LMPK?J DMPAC, @SR LMR RM RFC ?PC? GL AMLR?AR, ? QMKCUF?R AMSLRCPGLRSGRGTC LMRGML. 7FCL RUM PMSEF QSPD?ACQ ?PC GL AMLR?AR, RFC
?ARS?J AMLR?AR ?PC? GQ ? RGLW DP?ARGML MD RFC RMR?J ?PC? QGLAC MLJW FGEF QNMRQ RMSAF. 7FCL ? EPC?RCP LMPK?J DMPAC GQ CVCPRCB, RFC ?ARS?J AMLR?AR ?PC?
GLAPC?QCQ, ?LB GR GQ DMSLB RF?R RFC DPGARGML GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFGQ ?PC?.
#(!04%2 5 Y &524(%2 !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .%74/.'3 ,!73: &2)#4)/., $2!', !.$ %,!34)#)49 169
F?=KH; 5.5 4UM PMSEF QSPD?ACQ GL AMLR?AR F?TC ? KSAF QK?JJCP ?PC? MD ?ARS?J AMLR?AR RF?L RFCGP RMR?J ?PC?. 7FCL RFCPC GQ ? EPC?RCP LMPK?J DMPAC ?Q ? PCQSJR MD ? EPC?RCP ?NNJGCB
DMPAC, RFC ?PC? MD ?ARS?J AMLR?AR GLAPC?QCQ ?Q BMCQ DPGARGML.
"SR RFC ?RMKGA-QA?JC TGCU NPMKGQCQ RM CVNJ?GL D?P KMPC RF?L RFC QGKNJCP DC?RSPCQ MD DPGARGML. 4FC KCAF?LGQK DMP FMU FC?R GQ ECLCP?RCB GQ LMU @CGLE
BCRCPKGLCB. )L MRFCP UMPBQ, UFW BM QSPD?ACQ ECR U?PKCP UFCL PS@@CB? %QQCLRG?JJW, ?RMKQ ?PC JGLICB UGRF MLC ?LMRFCP RM DMPK J?RRGACQ. 7FCL
QSPD?ACQ PS@, RFC QSPD?AC ?RMKQ ?BFCPC ?LB A?SQC ?RMKGA J?RRGACQ RM TG@P?RCrCQQCLRG?JJW APC?RGLE QMSLB U?TCQ RF?R NCLCRP?RC RFC K?RCPG?J. 4FC
QMSLB U?TCQ BGKGLGQF UGRF BGQR?LAC ?LB RFCGP CLCPEW GQ AMLTCPRCB GLRM FC?R. #FCKGA?J PC?ARGMLQ RF?R ?PC PCJ?RCB RM DPGARGML?J UC?P A?L ?JQM MAASP
@CRUCCL ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ ML RFC QSPD?ACQ. F?=KH; 5.6 QFMUQ FMU RFC RGN MD ? NPM@C BP?UL ?APMQQ ?LMRFCP K?RCPG?J GQ BCDMPKCB @W ?RMKGA-QA?JC
DPGARGML. 4FC DMPAC LCCBCB RM BP?E RFC RGN A?L @C KC?QSPCB ?LB GQ DMSLB RM @C PCJ?RCB RM QFC?P QRPCQQ, UFGAF UGJJ @C BGQASQQCB J?RCP GL RFGQ AF?NRCP. 4FC
T?PG?RGML GL QFC?P QRPCQQ GQ PCK?PI?@JC (KMPC RF?L ? D?ARMP MD 10
12
) ?LB BGDDGASJR RM NPCBGAR RFCMPCRGA?JJW, @SR QFC?P QRPCQQ GQ WGCJBGLE ? DSLB?KCLR?J
SLBCPQR?LBGLE MD ? J?PEC-QA?JC NFCLMKCLML ILMUL QGLAC ?LAGCLR RGKCQrDPGARGML.
F?=KH; 5.6 4FC RGN MD ? NPM@C GQ BCDMPKCB QGBCU?WQ @W DPGARGML?J DMPAC ?Q RFC NPM@C GQ BP?EECB ?APMQQ ? QSPD?AC. -C?QSPCKCLRQ MD FMU RFC DMPAC T?PGCQ DMP BGDDCPCLR K?RCPG?JQ
?PC WGCJBGLE DSLB?KCLR?J GLQGEFRQ GLRM RFC ?RMKGA L?RSPC MD DPGARGML.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: &MPACQ ?LB -MRGML
%VNJMPC RFC DMPACQ ?R UMPI UFCL WMS RPW RM NSQF ? DGJGLE A?@GLCR. #PC?RC ?L ?NNJGCB DMPAC ?LB QCC RFC PCQSJRGLE DPGARGML DMPAC ?LB RMR?J DMPAC ?ARGLE
ML RFC A?@GLCR. #F?PRQ QFMU RFC DMPACQ, NMQGRGML, TCJMAGRW, ?LB ?AACJCP?RGML TQ. RGKC. $P?U ? DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K MD ?JJ RFC DMPACQ (GLAJSBGLE
EP?TGR?RGML?J ?LB LMPK?J DMPACQ).
F?=KH; 5.7 FEH9;I 7D: &EJ?ED (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42139/1.5/<EH9;I-7D:-CEJ?ED6;D.@7H)
5.2 DH7= FEH9;I
!LMRFCP GLRCPCQRGLE DMPAC GL CTCPWB?W JGDC GQ RFC DMPAC MD BP?E ML ?L M@HCAR UFCL GR GQ KMTGLE GL ? DJSGB (CGRFCP ? E?Q MP ? JGOSGB). 9MS DCCJ RFC BP?E DMPAC
UFCL WMS KMTC WMSP F?LB RFPMSEF U?RCP. 9MS KGEFR ?JQM DCCJ GR GD WMS KMTC WMSP F?LB BSPGLE ? QRPMLE UGLB. 4FC D?QRCP WMS KMTC WMSP F?LB, RFC
F?PBCP GR GQ RM KMTC. 9MS DCCJ ? QK?JJCP BP?E DMPAC UFCL WMS RGJR WMSP F?LB QM MLJW RFC QGBC EMCQ RFPMSEF RFC ?GPrWMS F?TC BCAPC?QCB RFC ?PC? MD WMSP
F?LB RF?R D?ACQ RFC BGPCARGML MD KMRGML. ,GIC DPGARGML, RFC :H7= <EH9; ?JU?WQ MNNMQCQ RFC KMRGML MD ?L M@HCAR. 5LJGIC QGKNJC DPGARGML, RFC BP?E DMPAC GQ
NPMNMPRGML?J RM QMKC DSLARGML MD RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC M@HCAR GL RF?R DJSGB. 4FGQ DSLARGML?JGRW GQ AMKNJGA?RCB ?LB BCNCLBQ SNML RFC QF?NC MD RFC M@HCAR, GRQ
QGXC, GRQ TCJMAGRW, ?LB RFC DJSGB GR GQ GL. &MP KMQR J?PEC M@HCARQ QSAF ?Q @GAWAJGQRQ, A?PQ, ?LB @?QC@?JJQ LMR KMTGLE RMM QJMUJW, RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC BP?E
170 #(!04%2 5 Y &524(%2 !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .%74/.'3 ,!73: &2)#4)/., $2!', !.$ %,!34)#)49
DMPAC F
D
GQ DMSLB RM @C NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC QOS?PC MD RFC QNCCB MD RFC M@HCAR. 7C A?L UPGRC RFGQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN K?RFCK?RGA?JJW ?Q F
D
v
2
. 7FCL
R?IGLE GLRM ?AAMSLR MRFCP D?ARMPQ, RFGQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CAMKCQ
(5.13)
F
D
=
1
2
CAv
2
,
UFCPC C GQ RFC BP?E AMCDDGAGCLR, A GQ RFC ?PC? MD RFC M@HCAR D?AGLE RFC DJSGB, ?LB GQ RFC BCLQGRW MD RFC DJSGB. (2CA?JJ RF?R BCLQGRW GQ K?QQ NCP SLGR
TMJSKC.) 4FGQ COS?RGML A?L ?JQM @C UPGRRCL GL ? KMPC ECLCP?JGXCB D?QFGML ?Q F
D
= bv
2
, UFCPC b GQ ? AMLQR?LR COSGT?JCLR RM 0.5CA . 7C F?TC QCR
RFC CVNMLCLR n DMP RFCQC COS?RGMLQ ?Q 2 @CA?SQC, UFCL ?L M@HCAR GQ KMTGLE ?R FGEF TCJMAGRW RFPMSEF ?GP, RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC BP?E DMPAC GQ
NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC QOS?PC MD RFC QNCCB. !Q UC QF?JJ QCC GL ? DCU N?ECQ ML DJSGB BWL?KGAQ, DMP QK?JJ N?PRGAJCQ KMTGLE ?R JMU QNCCBQ GL ? DJSGB, RFC
CVNMLCLR n GQ COS?J RM 1.
$P?E &MPAC
$P?E DMPAC F
D
GQ DMSLB RM @C NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC QOS?PC MD RFC QNCCB MD RFC M@HCAR. -?RFCK?RGA?JJW
(5.14)
F
D
v
2
(5.15)
F
D
=
1
2
CAv
2
,
UFCPC C GQ RFC BP?E AMCDDGAGCLR, A GQ RFC ?PC? MD RFC M@HCAR D?AGLE RFC DJSGB, ?LB GQ RFC BCLQGRW MD RFC DJSGB.
!RFJCRCQ ?Q UCJJ ?Q A?P BCQGELCPQ QCCI RM PCBSAC RFC BP?E DMPAC RM JMUCP RFCGP P?AC RGKCQ. (3CC F?=KH; 5.8). u!CPMBWL?KGAv QF?NGLE MD ?L ?SRMKM@GJC
A?L PCBSAC RFC BP?E DMPAC ?LB QM GLAPC?QC ? A?PtQ E?Q KGJC?EC.
F?=KH; 5.8 &PMK P?AGLE A?PQ RM @M@QJCB P?ACPQ, ?CPMBWL?KGA QF?NGLE GQ APSAG?J RM ?AFGCTGLE RMN QNCCBQ. "M@QJCBQ ?PC BCQGELCB DMP QNCCB. 4FCW ?PC QF?NCB JGIC ? @SJJCR UGRF
R?NCPCB DGLQ. (APCBGR: 5.3. !PKW, TG? 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
4FC T?JSC MD RFC BP?E AMCDDGAGCLR, C , GQ BCRCPKGLCB CKNGPGA?JJW, SQS?JJW UGRF RFC SQC MD ? UGLB RSLLCJ. (3CC F?=KH; 5.9).
F?=KH; 5.9 .!3! PCQC?PAFCPQ RCQR ? KMBCJ NJ?LC GL ? UGLB RSLLCJ. (APCBGR: .!3!/!KCQ)
4FC BP?E AMCDDGAGCLR A?L BCNCLB SNML TCJMAGRW, @SR UC UGJJ ?QQSKC RF?R GR GQ ? AMLQR?LR FCPC. -78B; 5.2 JGQRQ QMKC RWNGA?J BP?E AMCDDGAGCLRQ DMP ? T?PGCRW
MD M@HCARQ. .MRGAC RF?R RFC BP?E AMCDDGAGCLR GQ ? BGKCLQGMLJCQQ OS?LRGRW. !R FGEFU?W QNCCBQ, MTCP 50% MD RFC NMUCP MD ? A?P GQ SQCB RM MTCPAMKC ?GP
BP?E. 4FC KMQR DSCJ-CDDGAGCLR APSGQGLE QNCCB GQ ?@MSR 70q80 IK/F (?@MSR 45q50 KG/F). &MP RFGQ PC?QML, BSPGLE RFC 1970Q MGJ APGQGQ GL RFC 5LGRCB 3R?RCQ,
K?VGKSK QNCCBQ ML FGEFU?WQ UCPC QCR ?R ?@MSR 90 IK/F (55 KG/F).
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4?@JC 5.2 $P?E #MCDDGAGCLR
6?JSCQ -OF?97B L7BK;I E<
:H7= 9E;<<?9?;DJ C .
(8@;9J C
!GPDMGJ 0.05
4MWMR? #?KPW 0.28
&MPB &MASQ 0.32
(MLB? #GTGA 0.36
&CPP?PG 4CQR?PMQQ? 0.37
$MBEC 2?K NGAISN 0.43
3NFCPC 0.45
(SKKCP (2 356 0.64
3IWBGTCP (DCCR DGPQR) 0.70
"GAWAJC 0.90
3IWBGTCP (FMPGXMLR?J) 1.0
#GPASJ?P DJ?R NJ?RC 1.12
3S@QR?LRG?J PCQC?PAF GQ SLBCP U?W GL RFC QNMPRGLE UMPJB RM KGLGKGXC BP?E. 4FC BGKNJCQ ML EMJD @?JJQ ?PC @CGLE PCBCQGELCB ?Q ?PC RFC AJMRFCQ RF?R
?RFJCRCQ UC?P. "GAWAJC P?ACPQ ?LB QMKC QUGKKCPQ ?LB PSLLCPQ UC?P DSJJ @MBWQSGRQ. !SQRP?JG?L #?RFW &PCCK?L UMPC ? DSJJ @MBW QSGR GL RFC 2000
3WBLCW /JWKNGAQ, ?LB UML RFC EMJB KCB?J DMP RFC 400 K P?AC. -?LW QUGKKCPQ GL RFC 2008 "CGHGLE /JWKNGAQ UMPC (3NCCBM) @MBW QSGRQ; GR KGEFR F?TC
K?BC ? BGDDCPCLAC GL @PC?IGLE K?LW UMPJB PCAMPBQ (3CC F?=KH; 5.10). -MQR CJGRC QUGKKCPQ (?LB AWAJGQRQ) QF?TC RFCGP @MBW F?GP. 3SAF GLLMT?RGMLQ A?L
F?TC RFC CDDCAR MD QJGAGLE ?U?W KGJJGQCAMLBQ GL ? P?AC, QMKCRGKCQ K?IGLE RFC BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL ? EMJB ?LB ? QGJTCP KCB?J. /LC AMLQCOSCLAC GQ RF?R
A?PCDSJ ?LB NPCAGQC ESGBCJGLCQ KSQR @C AMLRGLSMSQJW BCTCJMNCB RM K?GLR?GL RFC GLRCEPGRW MD RFC QNMPR.
F?=KH; 5.10 "MBW QSGRQ, QSAF ?Q RFGQ ,:2 2?ACP 3SGR, F?TC @CCL APCBGRCB UGRF K?LW UMPJB PCAMPBQ ?DRCP RFCGP PCJC?QC GL 2008. 3KMMRFCP uQIGLv ?LB KMPC AMKNPCQQGML DMPACQ ML
? QUGKKCPtQ @MBW NPMTGBC ?R JC?QR 10% JCQQ BP?E. (APCBGR: .!3!/+?RFW "?PLQRMPDD)
3MKC GLRCPCQRGLE QGRS?RGMLQ AMLLCARCB RM .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U MAASP UFCL AMLQGBCPGLE RFC CDDCARQ MD BP?E DMPACQ SNML ? KMTGLE M@HCAR. &MP GLQR?LAC,
AMLQGBCP ? QIWBGTCP D?JJGLE RFPMSEF ?GP SLBCP RFC GLDJSCLAC MD EP?TGRW. 4FC RUM DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML FGK ?PC RFC DMPAC MD EP?TGRW ?LB RFC BP?E DMPAC (GELMPGLE
RFC @SMW?LR DMPAC). 4FC BMULU?PB DMPAC MD EP?TGRW PCK?GLQ AMLQR?LR PCE?PBJCQQ MD RFC TCJMAGRW ?R UFGAF RFC NCPQML GQ KMTGLE. (MUCTCP, ?Q RFC
NCPQMLtQ TCJMAGRW GLAPC?QCQ, RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC BP?E DMPAC GLAPC?QCQ SLRGJ RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC BP?E DMPAC GQ COS?J RM RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC, RFSQ
NPMBSAGLE ? LCR DMPAC MD XCPM. ! XCPM LCR DMPAC KC?LQ RF?R RFCPC GQ LM ?AACJCP?RGML, ?Q EGTCL @W .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U. !R RFGQ NMGLR, RFC NCPQMLtQ
TCJMAGRW PCK?GLQ AMLQR?LR ?LB UC Q?W RF?R RFC NCPQML F?Q PC?AFCB FGQ G8E@<A4? I8?B6<GL ( v
t
). 3GLAC F
D
GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC QNCCB, ? FC?TGCP
QIWBGTCP KSQR EM D?QRCP DMP F
D
RM COS?J FGQ UCGEFR. ,CRtQ QCC FMU RFGQ UMPIQ MSR KMPC OS?LRGR?RGTCJW.
!R RFC RCPKGL?J TCJMAGRW,
(5.16) F
net
= mg F
D
= ma = 0.
4FSQ,
(5.17) mg = F
D
.
5QGLE RFC COS?RGML DMP BP?E DMPAC, UC F?TC
(5.18)
mg =
1
2
CAv
2
.
3MJTGLE DMP RFC TCJMAGRW, UC M@R?GL
172 #(!04%2 5 Y &524(%2 !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .%74/.'3 ,!73: &2)#4)/., $2!', !.$ %,!34)#)49
(5.19)
v =
2mg
CA
.
!QQSKC RFC BCLQGRW MD ?GP GQ = 1.21 kg/m
3
. ! 75-IE QIWBGTCP BCQACLBGLE FC?B DGPQR UGJJ F?TC ?L ?PC? ?NNPMVGK?RCJW A = 0.18 m
2
?LB ? BP?E
AMCDDGAGCLR MD ?NNPMVGK?RCJW C = 0.70 . 7C DGLB RF?R
(5.20)
v =
2(75 kg)(9.80 m/s
2
)
(1.21 kg/m
3
)(0.70)(0.18 m
2
)
= 98 m/s
= 350 km/h.
4FGQ KC?LQ ? QIWBGTCP UGRF ? K?QQ MD 75 IE ?AFGCTCQ ? K?VGKSK RCPKGL?J TCJMAGRW MD ?@MSR 350 IK/F UFGJC RP?TCJGLE GL ? NGIC (FC?B DGPQR) NMQGRGML,
KGLGKGXGLE RFC ?PC? ?LB FGQ BP?E. )L ? QNPC?B-C?EJC NMQGRGML, RF?R RCPKGL?J TCJMAGRW K?W BCAPC?QC RM ?@MSR 200 IK/F ?Q RFC ?PC? GLAPC?QCQ. 4FGQ
RCPKGL?J TCJMAGRW @CAMKCQ KSAF QK?JJCP ?DRCP RFC N?P?AFSRC MNCLQ.
4FGQ GLRCPCQRGLE ?ARGTGRW CV?KGLCQ RFC CDDCAR MD UCGEFR SNML RCPKGL?J TCJMAGRW. '?RFCP RMECRFCP QMKC LCQRCB AMDDCC DGJRCPQ. ,C?TGLE RFCK GL RFCGP
MPGEGL?J QF?NC, KC?QSPC RFC RGKC GR R?ICQ DMP MLC, RUM, RFPCC, DMSP, ?LB DGTC LCQRCB DGJRCPQ RM D?JJ RM RFC DJMMP DPMK RFC Q?KC FCGEFR (PMSEFJW 2 K).
(.MRC RF?R, BSC RM RFC U?W RFC DGJRCPQ ?PC LCQRCB, BP?E GQ AMLQR?LR ?LB MLJW K?QQ T?PGCQ.) 4FCW M@R?GL RCPKGL?J TCJMAGRW OSGRC OSGAIJW, QM DGLB RFGQ
TCJMAGRW ?Q ? DSLARGML MD K?QQ. 0JMR RFC RCPKGL?J TCJMAGRW v TCPQSQ K?QQ. !JQM NJMR v
2
TCPQSQ K?QQ. 7FGAF MD RFCQC PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ GQ KMPC JGLC?P?
7F?R A?L WMS AMLAJSBC DPMK RFCQC EP?NFQ?
EN7CFB; 5.2 A -;HC?D7B /;BE9?JO
&GLB RFC RCPKGL?J TCJMAGRW MD ?L 85-IE QIWBGTCP D?JJGLE GL ? QNPC?B-C?EJC NMQGRGML.
,JH7J;=O
!R RCPKGL?J TCJMAGRW, F
net
= 0 . 4FSQ RFC BP?E DMPAC ML RFC QIWBGTCP KSQR COS?J RFC DMPAC MD EP?TGRW (RFC NCPQMLtQ UCGEFR). 5QGLE RFC COS?RGML MD
BP?E DMPAC, UC DGLB mg =
1
2
CAv
2
.
4FSQ RFC RCPKGL?J TCJMAGRW v
t
A?L @C UPGRRCL ?Q
(5.21)
v
t
=
2mg
CA
.
,EBKJ?ED
!JJ OS?LRGRGCQ ?PC ILMUL CVACNR RFC NCPQMLtQ NPMHCARCB ?PC?. 4FGQ GQ ?L ?BSJR (82 IE) D?JJGLE QNPC?B C?EJC. 7C A?L CQRGK?RC RFC DPMLR?J ?PC? ?Q
(5.22)
A = (2 m)(0.35 m) = 0.70 m
2
.
5QGLE MSP COS?RGML DMP v
t
, UC DGLB RF?R
(5.23)
v
t
=
2(85 kg)(9.80 m/s
2
)
(1.21 kg/m
3
)(1.0)(0.70 m
2
)
= 44 m/s.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ PCQSJR GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC T?JSC DMP v
t
KCLRGMLCB C?PJGCP. 4FC 75-IE QIWBGTCP EMGLE DCCR DGPQR F?B ? v = 98 m/ s . (C UCGEFCB JCQQ @SR
F?B ? QK?JJCP DPMLR?J ?PC? ?LB QM ? QK?JJCP BP?E BSC RM RFC ?GP.
4FC QGXC MD RFC M@HCAR RF?R GQ D?JJGLE RFPMSEF ?GP NPCQCLRQ ?LMRFCP GLRCPCQRGLE ?NNJGA?RGML MD ?GP BP?E. )D WMS D?JJ DPMK ? 5-K FGEF @P?LAF MD ? RPCC, WMS UGJJ
JGICJW ECR FSPRrNMQQG@JW DP?ARSPGLE ? @MLC. (MUCTCP, ? QK?JJ QOSGPPCJ BMCQ RFGQ ?JJ RFC RGKC, UGRFMSR ECRRGLE FSPR. 9MS BMLtR PC?AF ? RCPKGL?J TCJMAGRW GL
QSAF ? QFMPR BGQR?LAC, @SR RFC QOSGPPCJ BMCQ.
4FC DMJJMUGLE GLRCPCQRGLE OSMRC ML ?LGK?J QGXC ?LB RCPKGL?J TCJMAGRW GQ DPMK ? 1928 CQQ?W @W ? "PGRGQF @GMJMEGQR, *.".3. (?JB?LC, RGRJCB u/L "CGLE RFC
2GEFR 3GXC.v
+B G;8 @BHF8 4A7 4AL F@4??8E 4A<@4?, 2:E4I<GL3 CE8F8AGF CE46G<64??L AB 74A:8EF. 0BH 64A 7EBC 4 @BHF8 7BJA 4 G;BHF4A7-L4E7 @<A8 F;49G; 4A7, BA
4EE<I<A: 4G G;8 5BGGB@, <G :8GF 4 F?<:;G F;B6> 4A7 J4?>F 4J4L, CEBI<787 G;4G G;8 :EBHA7 <F 94<E?L FB9G. A E4G <F ><??87, 4 @4A <F 5EB>8A, 4A7 4 ;BEF8
FC?4F;8F. FBE G;8 E8F<FG4A68 CE8F8AG87 GB @BI8@8AG 5L G;8 4<E <F CEBCBEG<BA4? GB G;8 FHE9468 B9 G;8 @BI<A: B5=86G. D<I<78 4A 4A<@4?VF ?8A:G;, 5E847G;,
4A7 ;8<:;G 846; 5L G8A; <GF J8<:;G <F E87H687 GB 4 G;BHF4A7G;, 5HG <GF FHE9468 BA?L GB 4 ;HA7E87G;. *B G;8 E8F<FG4A68 GB 94??<A: <A G;8 64F8 B9 G;8 F@4??
4A<@4? <F E8?4G<I8?L G8A G<@8F :E84G8E G;4A G;8 7E<I<A: 9BE68.
4FC ?@MTC OS?BP?RGA BCNCLBCLAC MD ?GP BP?E SNML TCJMAGRW BMCQ LMR FMJB GD RFC M@HCAR GQ TCPW QK?JJ, GQ EMGLE TCPW QJMU, MP GQ GL ? BCLQCP KCBGSK RF?L
?GP. 4FCL UC DGLB RF?R RFC BP?E DMPAC GQ NPMNMPRGML?J HSQR RM RFC TCJMAGRW. 4FGQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN GQ EGTCL @W ,JEA;IX B7M, UFGAF QR?RCQ RF?R
#(!04%2 5 Y &524(%2 !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .%74/.'3 ,!73: &2)#4)/., $2!', !.$ %,!34)#)49 173
(5.24)
F
s
= 6rv,
UFCPC r GQ RFC P?BGSQ MD RFC M@HCAR, GQ RFC TGQAMQGRW MD RFC DJSGB, ?LB v GQ RFC M@HCARtQ TCJMAGRW.
3RMICQt ,?U
(5.25)
F
s
= 6rv,
UFCPC r GQ RFC P?BGSQ MD RFC M@HCAR, GQ RFC TGQAMQGRW MD RFC DJSGB, ?LB v GQ RFC M@HCARtQ TCJMAGRW.
'MMB CV?KNJCQ MD RFGQ J?U ?PC NPMTGBCB @W KGAPMMPE?LGQKQ, NMJJCL, ?LB BSQR N?PRGAJCQ. "CA?SQC C?AF MD RFCQC M@HCARQ GQ QM QK?JJ, UC DGLB RF?R K?LW
MD RFCQC M@HCARQ RP?TCJ SL?GBCB MLJW ?R ? AMLQR?LR (RCPKGL?J) TCJMAGRW. 4CPKGL?J TCJMAGRGCQ DMP @?ARCPG? (QGXC ?@MSR 1 m) A?L @C ?@MSR 2 m/s . 4M
KMTC ?R ? EPC?RCP QNCCB, K?LW @?ARCPG? QUGK SQGLE DJ?ECJJ? (MPE?LCJJCQ QF?NCB JGIC JGRRJC R?GJQ) RF?R ?PC NMUCPCB @W JGRRJC KMRMPQ CK@CBBCB GL RFC ACJJ.
3CBGKCLR GL ? J?IC A?L KMTC ?R ? EPC?RCP RCPKGL?J TCJMAGRW (?@MSR 5 m/s ), QM GR A?L R?IC B?WQ RM PC?AF RFC @MRRMK MD RFC J?IC ?DRCP @CGLE BCNMQGRCB
ML RFC QSPD?AC.
)D UC AMKN?PC ?LGK?JQ JGTGLE ML J?LB UGRF RFMQC GL U?RCP, WMS A?L QCC FMU BP?E F?Q GLDJSCLACB CTMJSRGML. &GQFCQ, BMJNFGLQ, ?LB CTCL K?QQGTC UF?JCQ
?PC QRPC?KJGLCB GL QF?NC RM PCBSAC BP?E DMPACQ. "GPBQ ?PC QRPC?KJGLCB ?LB KGEP?RMPW QNCAGCQ RF?R DJW J?PEC BGQR?LACQ MDRCL F?TC N?PRGASJ?P DC?RSPCQ
QSAF ?Q JMLE LCAIQ. &JMAIQ MD @GPBQ DJW GL RFC QF?NC MD ? QNC?P FC?B ?Q RFC DJMAI DMPKQ ? QRPC?KJGLCB N?RRCPL (QCC F?=KH; 5.11). )L FSK?LQ, MLC
GKNMPR?LR CV?KNJC MD QRPC?KJGLGLE GQ RFC QF?NC MD QNCPK, UFGAF LCCB RM @C CDDGAGCLR GL RFCGP SQC MD CLCPEW.
F?=KH; 5.11 'CCQC DJW GL ? 6 DMPK?RGML BSPGLE RFCGP JMLE KGEP?RMPW RP?TCJQ. 4FGQ QF?NC PCBSACQ BP?E ?LB CLCPEW AMLQSKNRGML DMP GLBGTGBS?J @GPBQ, ?LB ?JQM ?JJMUQ RFCK ? @CRRCP
U?W RM AMKKSLGA?RC. (APCBGR: *SJM, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
'?JGJCMtQ %VNCPGKCLR
'?JGJCM GQ Q?GB RM F?TC BPMNNCB RUM M@HCARQ MD BGDDCPCLR K?QQCQ DPMK RFC 4MUCP MD 0GQ?. (C KC?QSPCB FMU JMLE GR RMMI C?AF RM PC?AF RFC EPMSLB.
3GLAC QRMNU?RAFCQ UCPCLtR PC?BGJW ?T?GJ?@JC, FMU BM WMS RFGLI FC KC?QSPCB RFCGP D?JJ RGKC? )D RFC M@HCARQ UCPC RFC Q?KC QGXC, @SR UGRF BGDDCPCLR
K?QQCQ, UF?R BM WMS RFGLI FC QFMSJB F?TC M@QCPTCB? 7MSJB RFGQ PCQSJR @C BGDDCPCLR GD BMLC ML RFC -MML?
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: -?QQCQ & 3NPGLEQ
! PC?JGQRGA K?QQ ?LB QNPGLE J?@MP?RMPW. (?LE K?QQCQ DPMK QNPGLEQ ?LB ?BHSQR RFC QNPGLE QRGDDLCQQ ?LB B?KNGLE. 9MS A?L CTCL QJMU RGKC.
4P?LQNMPR RFC J?@ RM BGDDCPCLR NJ?LCRQ. ! AF?PR QFMUQ RFC IGLCRGA, NMRCLRG?J, ?LB RFCPK?J CLCPEW DMP C?AF QNPGLE.
F?=KH; 5.12 &7II;I & ,FH?D=I (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42080/1.7/C7II-IFH?D=-B786;D.@7H)
5.3 EB7IJ?9?JO: ,JH;II 7D: ,JH7?D
7C LMU KMTC DPMK AMLQGBCP?RGML MD DMPACQ RF?R ?DDCAR RFC KMRGML MD ?L M@HCAR (QSAF ?Q DPGARGML ?LB BP?E) RM RFMQC RF?R ?DDCAR ?L M@HCARtQ QF?NC. )D ?
@SJJBMXCP NSQFCQ ? A?P GLRM ? U?JJ, RFC A?P UGJJ LMR KMTC @SR GR UGJJ LMRGAC?@JW AF?LEC QF?NC. ! AF?LEC GL QF?NC BSC RM RFC ?NNJGA?RGML MD ? DMPAC GQ ?
:;<EHC7J?ED. %TCL TCPW QK?JJ DMPACQ ?PC ILMUL RM A?SQC QMKC BCDMPK?RGML. &MP QK?JJ BCDMPK?RGMLQ, RUM GKNMPR?LR AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ ?PC M@QCPTCB.
&GPQR, RFC M@HCAR PCRSPLQ RM GRQ MPGEGL?J QF?NC UFCL RFC DMPAC GQ PCKMTCBrRF?R GQ, RFC BCDMPK?RGML GQ CJ?QRGA DMP QK?JJ BCDMPK?RGMLQ. 3CAMLB, RFC QGXC MD
RFC BCDMPK?RGML GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC DMPACrRF?R GQ, DMP QK?JJ BCDMPK?RGMLQ, (MMICtQ J?U GQ M@CWCB. )L COS?RGML DMPK, !EEA;XI B7M GQ EGTCL @W
(5.26)
F = kL,
174 #(!04%2 5 Y &524(%2 !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .%74/.'3 ,!73: &2)#4)/., $2!', !.$ %,!34)#)49
UFCPC L GQ RFC ?KMSLR MD BCDMPK?RGML (RFC AF?LEC GL JCLERF, DMP CV?KNJC) NPMBSACB @W RFC DMPAC F , ?LB k GQ ? NPMNMPRGML?JGRW AMLQR?LR RF?R
BCNCLBQ ML RFC QF?NC ?LB AMKNMQGRGML MD RFC M@HCAR ?LB RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC DMPAC. .MRC RF?R RFGQ DMPAC GQ ? DSLARGML MD RFC BCDMPK?RGML L rGR GQ LMR
AMLQR?LR ?Q ? IGLCRGA DPGARGML DMPAC GQ. 2C?PP?LEGLE RFGQ RM
(5.27)
L =
F
k
K?ICQ GR AJC?P RF?R RFC BCDMPK?RGML GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC ?NNJGCB DMPAC. F?=KH; 5.13 QFMUQ RFC (MMICtQ J?U PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL RFC CVRCLQGML L MD
? QNPGLE MP MD ? FSK?L @MLC. &MP KCR?JQ MP QNPGLEQ, RFC QRP?GEFR JGLC PCEGML GL UFGAF (MMICtQ J?U NCPR?GLQ GQ KSAF J?PECP. "MLCQ ?PC @PGRRJC ?LB RFC
CJ?QRGA PCEGML GQ QK?JJ ?LB RFC DP?ARSPC ?@PSNR. %TCLRS?JJW ? J?PEC CLMSEF QRPCQQ RM RFC K?RCPG?J UGJJ A?SQC GR RM @PC?I MP DP?ARSPC.
(MMICtQ ,?U
(5.28)
F = kL,
UFCPC L GQ RFC ?KMSLR MD BCDMPK?RGML (RFC AF?LEC GL JCLERF, DMP CV?KNJC) NPMBSACB @W RFC DMPAC F , ?LB k GQ ? NPMNMPRGML?JGRW AMLQR?LR RF?R
BCNCLBQ ML RFC QF?NC ?LB AMKNMQGRGML MD RFC M@HCAR ?LB RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC DMPAC.
(5.29)
L =
F
k
F?=KH; 5.13 ! EP?NF MD BCDMPK?RGML L TCPQSQ ?NNJGCB DMPAC F . 4FC QRP?GEFR QCEKCLR GQ RFC JGLC?P PCEGML UFCPC (MMICtQ J?U GQ M@CWCB. 4FC QJMNC MD RFC QRP?GEFR PCEGML GQ
1
k
. &MP J?PECP DMPACQ, RFC EP?NF GQ ASPTCB @SR RFC BCDMPK?RGML GQ QRGJJ CJ?QRGAr L UGJJ PCRSPL RM XCPM GD RFC DMPAC GQ PCKMTCB. 3RGJJ EPC?RCP DMPACQ NCPK?LCLRJW BCDMPK RFC M@HCAR
SLRGJ GR DGL?JJW DP?ARSPCQ. 4FC QF?NC MD RFC ASPTC LC?P DP?ARSPC BCNCLBQ ML QCTCP?J D?ARMPQ, GLAJSBGLE FMU RFC DMPAC F GQ ?NNJGCB. .MRC RF?R GL RFGQ EP?NF RFC QJMNC GLAPC?QCQ HSQR
@CDMPC DP?ARSPC, GLBGA?RGLE RF?R ? QK?JJ GLAPC?QC GL F GQ NPMBSAGLE ? J?PEC GLAPC?QC GL L LC?P RFC DP?ARSPC.
4FC NPMNMPRGML?JGRW AMLQR?LR k BCNCLBQ SNML ? LSK@CP MD D?ARMPQ DMP RFC K?RCPG?J. &MP CV?KNJC, ? ESGR?P QRPGLE K?BC MD LWJML QRPCRAFCQ UFCL GR GQ
RGEFRCLCB, ?LB RFC CJMLE?RGML L GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC DMPAC ?NNJGCB (?R JC?QR DMP QK?JJ BCDMPK?RGMLQ). 4FGAICP LWJML QRPGLEQ ?LB MLCQ K?BC MD QRCCJ
QRPCRAF JCQQ DMP RFC Q?KC ?NNJGCB DMPAC, GKNJWGLE RFCW F?TC ? J?PECP k (QCC F?=KH; 5.14). &GL?JJW, ?JJ RFPCC QRPGLEQ PCRSPL RM RFCGP LMPK?J JCLERFQ UFCL
RFC DMPAC GQ PCKMTCB, NPMTGBCB RFC BCDMPK?RGML GQ QK?JJ. -MQR K?RCPG?JQ UGJJ @CF?TC GL RFGQ K?LLCP GD RFC BCDMPK?RGML GQ JCQQ RF?R ?@MSR 0.1% MP ?@MSR
1 N?PR GL 10
3
.
F?=KH; 5.14 4FC Q?KC DMPAC, GL RFGQ A?QC ? UCGEFR ( w), ?NNJGCB RM RFPCC BGDDCPCLR ESGR?P QRPGLEQ MD GBCLRGA?J JCLERF NPMBSACQ RFC RFPCC BGDDCPCLR BCDMPK?RGMLQ QFMUL ?Q QF?BCB
QCEKCLRQ. 4FC QRPGLE ML RFC JCDR GQ RFGL LWJML, RFC MLC GL RFC KGBBJC GQ RFGAICP LWJML, ?LB RFC MLC ML RFC PGEFR GQ QRCCJ.
#(!04%2 5 Y &524(%2 !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .%74/.'3 ,!73: &2)#4)/., $2!', !.$ %,!34)#)49 175
3RPCRAF 9MSPQCJD ? ,GRRJC
(MU UMSJB WMS EM ?@MSR KC?QSPGLE RFC NPMNMPRGML?JGRW AMLQR?LR k MD ? PS@@CP @?LB? )D ? PS@@CP @?LB QRPCRAFCB 3 AK UFCL ? 100-E K?QQ U?Q
?RR?AFCB RM GR, RFCL FMU KSAF UMSJB GR QRPCRAF GD RUM QGKGJ?P PS@@CP @?LBQ UCPC ?RR?AFCB RM RFC Q?KC K?QQrCTCL GD NSR RMECRFCP GL N?P?JJCJ MP
?JRCPL?RGTCJW GD RGCB RMECRFCP GL QCPGCQ?
7C LMU AMLQGBCP RFPCC QNCAGDGA RWNCQ MD BCDMPK?RGMLQ: AF?LECQ GL JCLERF (RCLQGML ?LB AMKNPCQQGML), QGBCU?WQ QFC?P (QRPCQQ), ?LB AF?LECQ GL
TMJSKC. !JJ BCDMPK?RGMLQ ?PC ?QQSKCB RM @C QK?JJ SLJCQQ MRFCPUGQC QR?RCB.
#F?LECQ GL ,CLERFr4CLQGML ?LB #MKNPCQQGML: %J?QRGA -MBSJSQ
! AF?LEC GL JCLERF L GQ NPMBSACB UFCL ? DMPAC GQ ?NNJGCB RM ? UGPC MP PMB N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ JCLERF L
0
, CGRFCP QRPCRAFGLE GR (? RCLQGML) MP AMKNPCQQGLE GR.
(3CC F?=KH; 5.15.)
F?=KH; 5.15 (?) 4CLQGML. 4FC PMB GQ QRPCRAFCB ? JCLERF L UFCL ? DMPAC GQ ?NNJGCB N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ JCLERF. (@) #MKNPCQQGML. 4FC Q?KC PMB GQ AMKNPCQQCB @W DMPACQ UGRF RFC
Q?KC K?ELGRSBC GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML. &MP TCPW QK?JJ BCDMPK?RGMLQ ?LB SLGDMPK K?RCPG?JQ, L GQ ?NNPMVGK?RCJW RFC Q?KC DMP RFC Q?KC K?ELGRSBC MD RCLQGML MP
AMKNPCQQGML. &MP J?PECP BCDMPK?RGMLQ, RFC APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? AF?LECQ ?Q RFC PMB GQ AMKNPCQQCB MP QRPCRAFCB.
%VNCPGKCLRQ F?TC QFMUL RF?R RFC AF?LEC GL JCLERF ( L ) BCNCLBQ ML MLJW ? DCU T?PG?@JCQ. !Q ?JPC?BW LMRCB, L GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC DMPAC F ?LB
BCNCLBQ ML RFC QS@QR?LAC DPMK UFGAF RFC M@HCAR GQ K?BC. !BBGRGML?JJW, RFC AF?LEC GL JCLERF GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC MPGEGL?J JCLERF L
0
?LB GLTCPQCJW
NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? MD RFC UGPC MP PMB. &MP CV?KNJC, ? JMLE ESGR?P QRPGLE UGJJ QRPCRAF KMPC RF?L ? QFMPR MLC, ?LB ? RFGAI QRPGLE UGJJ
QRPCRAF JCQQ RF?L ? RFGL MLC. 7C A?L AMK@GLC ?JJ RFCQC D?ARMPQ GLRM MLC COS?RGML DMP L :
(5.30)
L =
1
Y
F
A
L
0
,
UFCPC L GQ RFC AF?LEC GL JCLERF, F RFC ?NNJGCB DMPAC, Y GQ ? D?ARMP, A?JJCB RFC CJ?QRGA KMBSJSQ MP 9MSLEtQ KMBSJSQ, RF?R BCNCLBQ ML RFC
QS@QR?LAC, A GQ RFC APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC?, ?LB L
0
GQ RFC MPGEGL?J JCLERF. -78B; 5.3 JGQRQ T?JSCQ MD Y DMP QCTCP?J K?RCPG?JQrRFMQC UGRF ? J?PEC Y ?PC
Q?GB RM F?TC ? J?PEC J;DI?B; IJH;D=J> @CA?SQC RFCW BCDMPK JCQQ DMP ? EGTCL RCLQGML MP AMKNPCQQGML.
176 #(!04%2 5 Y &524(%2 !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .%74/.'3 ,!73: &2)#4)/., $2!', !.$ %,!34)#)49
4?@JC 5.3 %J?QRGA -MBSJG
;1=
&7J;H?7B
2EKD=XI CE:KBKI (J;DI?EDV9ECFH;II?ED)Y
(10
9
N/m
2
)
,>;7H CE:KBKI S
(10
9
N/m
2
)
BKBA CE:KBKI B
(10
9
N/m
2
)
!JSKGLSK 70 25 75
"MLC q RCLQGML 16 80 8
"MLC q
AMKNPCQQGML
9
"P?QQ 90 35 75
"PGAI 15
#MLAPCRC 20
'J?QQ 70 20 30
'P?LGRC 45 20 45
(?GP (FSK?L) 10
(?PBUMMB 15 10
)PML, A?QR 100 40 90
,C?B 16 5 50
-?P@JC 60 20 70
.WJML 5
0MJWQRWPCLC 3
3GJI 6
3NGBCP RFPC?B 3
3RCCJ 210 80 130
4CLBML 1
!ACRMLC 0.7
%RF?LMJ 0.9
'JWACPGL 4.5
-CPASPW 25
7?RCP 2.2
9MSLEtQ KMBSJG ?PC LMR JGQRCB DMP JGOSGBQ ?LB E?QCQ GL -78B; 5.3 @CA?SQC RFCW A?LLMR @C QRPCRAFCB MP AMKNPCQQCB GL MLJW MLC BGPCARGML. .MRC RF?R
RFCPC GQ ?L ?QQSKNRGML RF?R RFC M@HCAR BMCQ LMR ?AACJCP?RC, QM RF?R RFCPC ?PC ?ARS?JJW RUM ?NNJGCB DMPACQ MD K?ELGRSBC F ?ARGLE GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ.
&MP CV?KNJC, RFC QRPGLEQ GL F?=KH; 5.15 ?PC @CGLE NSJJCB BMUL @W ? DMPAC MD K?ELGRSBC w ?LB FCJB SN @W RFC ACGJGLE, UFGAF ?JQM CVCPRQ ? DMPAC MD
K?ELGRSBC w.
EN7CFB; 5.3 ->; ,JH;J9> E< 7 %ED= C78B;
3SQNCLQGML A?@JCQ ?PC SQCB RM A?PPW EMLBMJ?Q ?R QIG PCQMPRQ. (3CC F?=KH; 5.16) #MLQGBCP ? QSQNCLQGML A?@JC RF?R GLAJSBCQ ?L SLQSNNMPRCB QN?L
MD 3 IK. #?JASJ?RC RFC ?KMSLR MD QRPCRAF GL RFC QRCCJ A?@JC. !QQSKC RF?R RFC A?@JC F?Q ? BG?KCRCP MD 5.6 AK ?LB RFC K?VGKSK RCLQGML GR A?L
UGRFQR?LB GQ 3.010
6
N.
F?=KH; 5.16 'MLBMJ?Q RP?TCJ ?JMLE QSQNCLQGML A?@JCQ ?R RFC '?J? 9SX?U? QIG PCQMPR GL *?N?L. (APCBGR: 2SBW (CPK?L, &JGAIP)
,JH7J;=O
1. !NNPMVGK?RC ?LB ?TCP?EC T?JSCQ. 9MSLEtQ KMBSJG Y DMP RCLQGML ?LB AMKNPCQQGML QMKCRGKCQ BGDDCP @SR ?PC ?TCP?ECB FCPC. "MLC F?Q QGELGDGA?LRJW
BGDDCPCLR 9MSLEtQ KMBSJG DMP RCLQGML ?LB AMKNPCQQGML.
#(!04%2 5 Y &524(%2 !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .%74/.'3 ,!73: &2)#4)/., $2!', !.$ %,!34)#)49 177
4FC DMPAC GQ COS?J RM RFC K?VGKSK RCLQGML, MP F = 3.010
6
N. 4FC APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? GQ r
2
= 2.4610
3
m
2
. 4FC COS?RGML
L =
1
Y
F
A
L
0
A?L @C SQCB RM DGLB RFC AF?LEC GL JCLERF.
,EBKJ?ED
!JJ OS?LRGRGCQ ?PC ILMUL. 4FSQ,
(5.31)
L =

1
21010
9
N/m
2
3.010
6
N
2.4610
3
m
2
(3020 m)
= 18 m.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ GQ OSGRC ? QRPCRAF, @SR MLJW ?@MSR 0.6% MD RFC SLQSNNMPRCB JCLERF. %DDCARQ MD RCKNCP?RSPC SNML JCLERF KGEFR @C GKNMPR?LR GL RFCQC
CLTGPMLKCLRQ.
"MLCQ, ML RFC UFMJC, BM LMR DP?ARSPC BSC RM RCLQGML MP AMKNPCQQGML. 2?RFCP RFCW ECLCP?JJW DP?ARSPC BSC RM QGBCU?WQ GKN?AR MP @CLBGLE, PCQSJRGLE GL
RFC @MLC QFC?PGLE MP QL?NNGLE. 4FC @CF?TGMP MD @MLCQ SLBCP RCLQGML ?LB AMKNPCQQGML GQ GKNMPR?LR @CA?SQC GR BCRCPKGLCQ RFC JM?B RFC @MLCQ A?L
A?PPW. "MLCQ ?PC AJ?QQGDGCB ?Q UCGEFR-@C?PGLE QRPSARSPCQ QSAF ?Q AMJSKLQ GL @SGJBGLEQ ?LB RPCCQ. 7CGEFR-@C?PGLE QRPSARSPCQ F?TC QNCAG?J DC?RSPCQ;
AMJSKLQ GL @SGJBGLE F?TC QRCCJ-PCGLDMPAGLE PMBQ UFGJC RPCCQ ?LB @MLCQ ?PC DG@PMSQ. 4FC @MLCQ GL BGDDCPCLR N?PRQ MD RFC @MBW QCPTC BGDDCPCLR QRPSARSP?J
DSLARGMLQ ?LB ?PC NPMLC RM BGDDCPCLR QRPCQQCQ. 4FSQ RFC @MLC GL RFC RMN MD RFC DCKSP GQ ?PP?LECB GL RFGL QFCCRQ QCN?P?RCB @W K?PPMU UFGJC GL MRFCP
NJ?ACQ RFC @MLCQ A?L @C AWJGLBPGA?J ?LB DGJJCB UGRF K?PPMU MP HSQR QMJGB. /TCPUCGEFR NCMNJC F?TC ? RCLBCLAW RMU?PB @MLC B?K?EC BSC RM QSQR?GLCB
AMKNPCQQGMLQ GL @MLC HMGLRQ ?LB RCLBMLQ.
!LMRFCP @GMJMEGA?J CV?KNJC MD (MMICtQ J?U MAASPQ GL RCLBMLQ. &SLARGML?JJW, RFC RCLBML (RFC RGQQSC AMLLCARGLE KSQAJC RM @MLC) KSQR QRPCRAF C?QGJW ?R
DGPQR UFCL ? DMPAC GQ ?NNJGCB, @SR MDDCP ? KSAF EPC?RCP PCQRMPGLE DMPAC DMP ? EPC?RCP QRP?GL. F?=KH; 5.17 QFMUQ ? QRPCQQ-QRP?GL PCJ?RGMLQFGN DMP ? FSK?L
RCLBML. 3MKC RCLBMLQ F?TC ? FGEF AMJJ?ECL AMLRCLR QM RFCPC GQ PCJ?RGTCJW JGRRJC QRP?GL, MP JCLERF AF?LEC; MRFCPQ, JGIC QSNNMPR RCLBMLQ (?Q GL RFC JCE) A?L
AF?LEC JCLERF SN RM 10%. .MRC RF?R RFGQ QRPCQQ-QRP?GL ASPTC GQ LMLJGLC?P, QGLAC RFC QJMNC MD RFC JGLC AF?LECQ GL BGDDCPCLR PCEGMLQ. )L RFC DGPQR N?PR MD RFC
QRPCRAF A?JJCB RFC RMC PCEGML, RFC DG@CPQ GL RFC RCLBML @CEGL RM ?JGEL GL RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC QRPCQQrRFGQ GQ A?JJCB HA6E<@C<A:. )L RFC JGLC?P PCEGML, RFC
DG@PGJQ UGJJ @C QRPCRAFCB, ?LB GL RFC D?GJSPC PCEGML GLBGTGBS?J DG@CPQ @CEGL RM @PC?I. ! QGKNJC KMBCJ MD RFGQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN A?L @C GJJSQRP?RCB @W QNPGLEQ GL
N?P?JJCJ: BGDDCPCLR QNPGLEQ ?PC ?ARGT?RCB ?R BGDDCPCLR JCLERFQ MD QRPCRAF. %V?KNJCQ MD RFGQ ?PC EGTCL GL RFC NPM@JCKQ ?R CLB MD RFGQ AF?NRCP. ,GE?KCLRQ
(RGQQSC AMLLCARGLE @MLC RM @MLC) @CF?TC GL ? QGKGJ?P U?W.
F?=KH; 5.17 4WNGA?J QRPCQQ-QRP?GL ASPTC DMP K?KK?JG?L RCLBML. 4FPCC PCEGMLQ ?PC QFMUL: (1) RMC PCEGML (2) JGLC?P PCEGML, ?LB (3) D?GJSPC PCEGML.
5LJGIC @MLCQ ?LB RCLBMLQ, UFGAF LCCB RM @C QRPMLE ?Q UCJJ ?Q CJ?QRGA, RFC ?PRCPGCQ ?LB JSLEQ LCCB RM @C TCPW QRPCRAF?@JC. 4FC CJ?QRGA NPMNCPRGCQ MD RFC
?PRCPGCQ ?PC CQQCLRG?J DMP @JMMB DJMU. 4FC NPCQQSPC GL RFC ?PRCPGCQ GLAPC?QCQ ?LB ?PRCPG?J U?JJQ QRPCRAF UFCL RFC @JMMB GQ NSKNCB MSR MD RFC FC?PR. 7FCL
RFC ?MPRGA T?JTC QFSRQ, RFC NPCQQSPC GL RFC ?PRCPGCQ BPMNQ ?LB RFC ?PRCPG?J U?JJQ PCJ?V RM K?GLR?GL RFC @JMMB DJMU. 7FCL WMS DCCJ WMSP NSJQC, WMS ?PC
DCCJGLE CV?ARJW RFGQrRFC CJ?QRGA @CF?TGMP MD RFC ?PRCPGCQ ?Q RFC @JMMB ESQFCQ RFPMSEF UGRF C?AF NSKN MD RFC FC?PR. )D RFC ?PRCPGCQ UCPC PGEGB, WMS UMSJB
LMR DCCJ ? NSJQC. 4FC FC?PR GQ ?JQM ?L MPE?L UGRF QNCAG?J CJ?QRGA NPMNCPRGCQ. 4FC JSLEQ CVN?LB UGRF KSQASJ?P CDDMPR UFCL UC @PC?RFC GL @SR PCJ?V DPCCJW
?LB CJ?QRGA?JJW UFCL UC @PC?RFC MSR. /SP QIGLQ ?PC N?PRGASJ?PJW CJ?QRGA, CQNCAG?JJW DMP RFC WMSLE. ! WMSLE NCPQML A?L EM DPMK 100 IE RM 60 IE UGRF LM
TGQG@JC Q?E GL RFCGP QIGLQ. 4FC CJ?QRGAGRW MD ?JJ MPE?LQ PCBSACQ UGRF ?EC. 'P?BS?J NFWQGMJMEGA?J ?EGLE RFPMSEF PCBSARGML GL CJ?QRGAGRW QR?PRQ GL RFC C?PJW
20Q.
EN7CFB; 5.4 C7B9KB7J?D= D;<EHC7J?ED: !EM &K9> DE;I 2EKH %;= ,>EHJ;D 0>;D 2EK ,J7D: ED "J?
#?JASJ?RC RFC AF?LEC GL JCLERF MD RFC SNNCP JCE @MLC (RFC DCKSP) UFCL ? 70.0 IE K?L QSNNMPRQ 62.0 IE MD FGQ K?QQ ML GR, ?QQSKGLE RFC @MLC RM
@C COSGT?JCLR RM ? SLGDMPK PMB RF?R GQ 40.0 AK JMLE ?LB 2.00 AK GL P?BGSQ.
,JH7J;=O
4FC DMPAC GQ COS?J RM RFC UCGEFR QSNNMPRCB, MP
(5.32)
F = mg =

62.0 kg
9.80 m/s
2
= 607.6 N,
?LB RFC APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? GQ r
2
= 1.25710
3
m
2
. 4FC COS?RGML L =
1
Y
F
A
L
0
A?L @C SQCB RM DGLB RFC AF?LEC GL JCLERF.
,EBKJ?ED
178 #(!04%2 5 Y &524(%2 !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .%74/.'3 ,!73: &2)#4)/., $2!', !.$ %,!34)#)49
!JJ OS?LRGRGCQ CVACNR L ?PC ILMUL. .MRC RF?R RFC AMKNPCQQGML T?JSC DMP 9MSLEtQ KMBSJSQ DMP @MLC KSQR @C SQCB FCPC. 4FSQ,
(5.33)
L =

1
910
9
N/m
2
607.6 N
1.25710
3
m
2
(0.400 m)
= 210
5
m.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ QK?JJ AF?LEC GL JCLERF QCCKQ PC?QML?@JC, AMLQGQRCLR UGRF MSP CVNCPGCLAC RF?R @MLCQ ?PC PGEGB. )L D?AR, CTCL RFC P?RFCP J?PEC DMPACQ
CLAMSLRCPCB BSPGLE QRPCLSMSQ NFWQGA?J ?ARGTGRW BM LMR AMKNPCQQ MP @CLB @MLCQ @W J?PEC ?KMSLRQ. !JRFMSEF @MLC GQ PGEGB AMKN?PCB UGRF D?R MP
KSQAJC, QCTCP?J MD RFC QS@QR?LACQ JGQRCB GL -78B; 5.3 F?TC J?PECP T?JSCQ MD 9MSLEtQ KMBSJSQ Y . )L MRFCP UMPBQ, RFCW ?PC KMPC PGEGB ?LB F?TC
EPC?RCP RCLQGJC QRPCLERF.
4FC COS?RGML DMP AF?LEC GL JCLERF GQ RP?BGRGML?JJW PC?PP?LECB ?LB UPGRRCL GL RFC DMJJMUGLE DMPK:
(5.34) F
A
= Y
L
L
0
.
4FC P?RGM MD DMPAC RM ?PC?,
F
A
, GQ BCDGLCB ?Q IJH;II (KC?QSPCB GL N/m
2
), ?LB RFC P?RGM MD RFC AF?LEC GL JCLERF RM JCLERF,
L
L
0
, GQ BCDGLCB ?Q IJH7?D (?
SLGRJCQQ OS?LRGRW). )L MRFCP UMPBQ,
(5.35)
stress = Ystrain.
)L RFGQ DMPK, RFC COS?RGML GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM (MMICtQ J?U, UGRF QRPCQQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM DMPAC ?LB QRP?GL ?L?JMEMSQ RM BCDMPK?RGML. )D UC ?E?GL PC?PP?LEC RFGQ
COS?RGML RM RFC DMPK
(5.36)
F = YA
L
L
0
,
UC QCC RF?R GR GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q (MMICtQ J?U UGRF ? NPMNMPRGML?JGRW AMLQR?LR
(5.37)
k =
YA
L
0
.
4FGQ ECLCP?J GBC?rRF?R DMPAC ?LB RFC BCDMPK?RGML GR A?SQCQ ?PC NPMNMPRGML?J DMP QK?JJ BCDMPK?RGMLQr?NNJGCQ RM AF?LECQ GL JCLERF, QGBCU?WQ @CLBGLE,
?LB AF?LECQ GL TMJSKC.
3RPCQQ
4FC P?RGM MD DMPAC RM ?PC?,
F
A
, GQ BCDGLCB ?Q QRPCQQ KC?QSPCB GL ./K
2
.
3RP?GL
4FC P?RGM MD RFC AF?LEC GL JCLERF RM JCLERF,
L
L
0
, GQ BCDGLCB ?Q QRP?GL (? SLGRJCQQ OS?LRGRW). )L MRFCP UMPBQ,
(5.38)
stress = Ystrain.
3GBCU?WQ 3RPCQQ: 3FC?P -MBSJSQ
F?=KH; 5.18 GJJSQRP?RCQ UF?R GQ KC?LR @W ? QGBCU?WQ QRPCQQ MP ? F;84E<A: 9BE68. (CPC RFC BCDMPK?RGML GQ A?JJCB x ?LB GR GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM L
0
,
P?RFCP RF?L N?P?JJCJ ?Q UGRF RCLQGML ?LB AMKNPCQQGML. 3FC?P BCDMPK?RGML @CF?TCQ QGKGJ?PJW RM RCLQGML ?LB AMKNPCQQGML ?LB A?L @C BCQAPG@CB UGRF
QGKGJ?P COS?RGMLQ. 4FC CVNPCQQGML DMP I>;7H :;<EHC7J?ED GQ
(5.39)
x =
1
S
F
A
L
0
,
UFCPC S GQ RFC QFC?P KMBSJSQ (QCC -78B; 5.3) ?LB F GQ RFC DMPAC ?NNJGCB NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM L
0
?LB N?P?JJCJ RM RFC APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? A . !E?GL, RM
ICCN RFC M@HCAR DPMK ?AACJCP?RGLE, RFCPC ?PC ?ARS?JJW RUM COS?J ?LB MNNMQGRC DMPACQ F ?NNJGCB ?APMQQ MNNMQGRC D?ACQ, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 5.18.
4FC COS?RGML GQ JMEGA?JrDMP CV?KNJC, GR GQ C?QGCP RM @CLB ? JMLE RFGL NCLAGJ (QK?JJ A ) RF?L ? QFMPR RFGAI MLC, ?LB @MRF ?PC KMPC C?QGJW @CLR RF?L
QGKGJ?P QRCCJ PMBQ (J?PEC S ).
3FC?P $CDMPK?RGML
(5.40)
x =
1
S
F
A
L
0
,
UFCPC S GQ RFC QFC?P KMBSJSQ ?LB F GQ RFC DMPAC ?NNJGCB NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM L
0
?LB N?P?JJCJ RM RFC APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? A .
#(!04%2 5 Y &524(%2 !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .%74/.'3 ,!73: &2)#4)/., $2!', !.$ %,!34)#)49 179
F?=KH; 5.18 3FC?PGLE DMPACQ ?PC ?NNJGCB NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC JCLERF L
0
?LB N?P?JJCJ RM RFC ?PC? A , NPMBSAGLE ? BCDMPK?RGML x . 6CPRGA?J DMPACQ ?PC LMR QFMUL, @SR GR
QFMSJB @C ICNR GL KGLB RF?R GL ?BBGRGML RM RFC RUM QFC?PGLE DMPACQ, F , RFCPC KSQR @C QSNNMPRGLE DMPACQ RM ICCN RFC M@HCAR DPMK PMR?RGLE. 4FC BGQRMPRGLE CDDCARQ MD RFCQC
QSNNMPRGLE DMPACQ ?PC GELMPCB GL RFGQ RPC?RKCLR. 4FC UCGEFR MD RFC M@HCAR ?JQM GQ LMR QFMUL, QGLAC GR GQ SQS?JJW LCEJGEG@JC AMKN?PCB UGRF DMPACQ J?PEC CLMSEF RM A?SQC QGELGDGA?LR
BCDMPK?RGMLQ.
%V?KGL?RGML MD RFC QFC?P KMBSJG GL -78B; 5.3 PCTC?JQ QMKC RCJJGLE N?RRCPLQ. &MP CV?KNJC, QFC?P KMBSJG ?PC JCQQ RF?L 9MSLEtQ KMBSJG DMP KMQR
K?RCPG?JQ. "MLC GQ ? PCK?PI?@JC CVACNRGML. )RQ QFC?P KMBSJSQ GQ LMR MLJW EPC?RCP RF?L GRQ 9MSLEtQ KMBSJSQ, @SR GR GQ ?Q J?PEC ?Q RF?R MD QRCCJ. 4FGQ GQ
MLC PC?QML RF?R @MLCQ A?L @C JMLE ?LB PCJ?RGTCJW RFGL. "MLCQ A?L QSNNMPR JM?BQ AMKN?P?@JC RM RF?R MD AMLAPCRC ?LB QRCCJ. -MQR @MLC DP?ARSPCQ ?PC LMR
A?SQCB @W AMKNPCQQGML @SR @W CVACQQGTC RUGQRGLE ?LB @CLBGLE.
4FC QNGL?J AMJSKL (AMLQGQRGLE MD 26 TCPRC@P?J QCEKCLRQ QCN?P?RCB @W BGQAQ) NPMTGBCQ RFC K?GL QSNNMPR DMP RFC FC?B ?LB SNNCP N?PR MD RFC @MBW. 4FC
QNGL?J AMJSKL F?Q LMPK?J ASPT?RSPC DMP QR?@GJGRW, @SR RFGQ ASPT?RSPC A?L @C GLAPC?QCB, JC?BGLE RM GLAPC?QCB QFC?PGLE DMPACQ ML RFC JMUCP TCPRC@P?C.
$GQAQ ?PC @CRRCP ?R UGRFQR?LBGLE AMKNPCQQGML?J DMPACQ RF?L QFC?P DMPACQ. "CA?SQC RFC QNGLC GQ LMR TCPRGA?J, RFC UCGEFR MD RFC SNNCP @MBW CVCPRQ QMKC
MD @MRF. 0PCEL?LR UMKCL ?LB NCMNJC RF?R ?PC MTCPUCGEFR (UGRF J?PEC ?@BMKCLQ) LCCB RM KMTC RFCGP QFMSJBCPQ @?AI RM K?GLR?GL @?J?LAC, RFCPC@W
GLAPC?QGLE RFC ASPT?RSPC GL RFCGP QNGLC ?LB QM GLAPC?QGLE RFC QFC?P AMKNMLCLR MD RFC QRPCQQ. !L GLAPC?QCB ?LEJC BSC RM KMPC ASPT?RSPC GLAPC?QCQ RFC
QFC?P DMPACQ ?JMLE RFC NJ?LC. 4FCQC FGEFCP QFC?P DMPACQ GLAPC?QC RFC PGQI MD @?AI GLHSPW RFPMSEF PSNRSPCB BGQAQ. 4FC JSK@MQ?AP?J BGQA (RFC UCBEC
QF?NCB BGQA @CJMU RFC J?QR TCPRC@P?C) GQ N?PRGASJ?PJW ?R PGQI @CA?SQC MD GRQ JMA?RGML.
4FC QFC?P KMBSJG DMP AMLAPCRC ?LB @PGAI ?PC TCPW QK?JJ; RFCW ?PC RMM FGEFJW T?PG?@JC RM @C JGQRCB. #MLAPCRC SQCB GL @SGJBGLEQ A?L UGRFQR?LB
AMKNPCQQGML, ?Q GL NGJJ?PQ ?LB ?PAFCQ, @SR GQ TCPW NMMP ?E?GLQR QFC?P, ?Q KGEFR @C CLAMSLRCPCB GL FC?TGJW JM?BCB DJMMPQ MP BSPGLE C?PRFOS?ICQ. -MBCPL
QRPSARSPCQ UCPC K?BC NMQQG@JC @W RFC SQC MD QRCCJ ?LB QRCCJ-PCGLDMPACB AMLAPCRC. !JKMQR @W BCDGLGRGML, JGOSGBQ ?LB E?QCQ F?TC QFC?P KMBSJG LC?P XCPM,
@CA?SQC RFCW DJMU GL PCQNMLQC RM QFC?PGLE DMPACQ.
EN7CFB; 5.5 C7B9KB7J?D= FEH9; +;GK?H;: JE D;<EHC: ->7J '7?B DE;I 'EJ B;D: &K9> .D:;H 7 %E7:
&GLB RFC K?QQ MD RFC NGARSPC F?LEGLE DPMK ? QRCCJ L?GJ ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 5.19, EGTCL RF?R RFC L?GJ @CLBQ MLJW 1.80 m. (!QQSKC RFC QFC?P
KMBSJSQ GQ ILMUL RM RUM QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ.)
F?=KH; 5.19 3GBC TGCU MD ? L?GJ UGRF ? NGARSPC FSLE DPMK GR. 4FC L?GJ DJCVCQ TCPW QJGEFRJW (QFMUL KSAF J?PECP RF?L ?ARS?J) @CA?SQC MD RFC QFC?PGLE CDDCAR MD RFC QSNNMPRCB
UCGEFR. !JQM QFMUL GQ RFC SNU?PB DMPAC MD RFC U?JJ ML RFC L?GJ, GJJSQRP?RGLE RF?R RFCPC ?PC COS?J ?LB MNNMQGRC DMPACQ ?NNJGCB ?APMQQ MNNMQGRC APMQQ QCARGMLQ MD RFC L?GJ. 3CC
EN7CFB; 5.5 DMP ? A?JASJ?RGML MD RFC K?QQ MD RFC NGARSPC.
,JH7J;=O
4FC DMPAC F ML RFC L?GJ (LCEJCARGLE RFC L?GJtQ MUL UCGEFR) GQ RFC UCGEFR MD RFC NGARSPC w. )D UC A?L DGLB w, RFCL RFC K?QQ MD RFC NGARSPC GQ HSQR
w
g
. 4FC COS?RGML x =
1
S
F
A
L
0
A?L @C QMJTCB DMP F .
,EBKJ?ED
3MJTGLE RFC COS?RGML x =
1
S
F
A
L
0
DMP F , UC QCC RF?R ?JJ MRFCP OS?LRGRGCQ A?L @C DMSLB:
(5.41)
F =
SA
L
0
x.
* GQ DMSLB GL -78B; 5.3 ?LB GQ S = 8010
9
N/m
2
. 4FC P?BGSQ r GQ 0.750 KK (?Q QCCL GL RFC DGESPC), QM RFC APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? GQ
180 #(!04%2 5 Y &524(%2 !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .%74/.'3 ,!73: &2)#4)/., $2!', !.$ %,!34)#)49
(5.42)
A = r
2
= 1.7710
6
m
2
.
4FC T?JSC DMP L
0
GQ ?JQM QFMUL GL RFC DGESPC. 4FSQ,
(5.43)
F =
(8010
9
N/m
2
)(1.7710
6
m
2
)
(5.0010
3
m)
(1.8010
6
m) = 51 N.
4FGQ 51 . DMPAC GQ RFC UCGEFR w MD RFC NGARSPC, QM RFC NGARSPCtQ K?QQ GQ
(5.44)
m =
w
g
=
F
g
= 5.2 kg.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ GQ ? D?GPJW K?QQGTC NGARSPC, ?LB GR GQ GKNPCQQGTC RF?R RFC L?GJ DJCVCQ MLJW 1.80 mr?L ?KMSLR SLBCRCAR?@JC RM RFC SL?GBCB CWC.
#F?LECQ GL 6MJSKC: "SJI -MBSJSQ
!L M@HCAR UGJJ @C AMKNPCQQCB GL ?JJ BGPCARGMLQ GD GLU?PB DMPACQ ?PC ?NNJGCB CTCLJW ML ?JJ GRQ QSPD?ACQ ?Q GL F?=KH; 5.20. )R GQ PCJ?RGTCJW C?QW RM AMKNPCQQ
E?QCQ ?LB CVRPCKCJW BGDDGASJR RM AMKNPCQQ JGOSGBQ ?LB QMJGBQ. &MP CV?KNJC, ?GP GL ? UGLC @MRRJC GQ AMKNPCQQCB UFCL GR GQ AMPICB. "SR GD WMS RPW AMPIGLE ?
@PGK-DSJJ @MRRJC, WMS A?LLMR AMKNPCQQ RFC UGLCrQMKC KSQR @C PCKMTCB GD RFC AMPI GQ RM @C GLQCPRCB. 4FC PC?QML DMP RFCQC BGDDCPCLR AMKNPCQQG@GJGRGCQ GQ
RF?R ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ ?PC QCN?P?RCB @W J?PEC CKNRW QN?ACQ GL E?QCQ @SR N?AICB AJMQC RMECRFCP GL JGOSGBQ ?LB QMJGBQ. 4M AMKNPCQQ ? E?Q, WMS
KSQR DMPAC GRQ ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ AJMQCP RMECRFCP. 4M AMKNPCQQ JGOSGBQ ?LB QMJGBQ, WMS KSQR ?ARS?JJW AMKNPCQQ RFCGP ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ, ?LB TCPW
QRPMLE CJCARPMK?ELCRGA DMPACQ GL RFCK MNNMQC RFGQ AMKNPCQQGML.
F?=KH; 5.20 !L GLU?PB DMPAC ML ?JJ QSPD?ACQ AMKNPCQQCQ RFGQ AS@C. )RQ AF?LEC GL TMJSKC GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC DMPAC NCP SLGR ?PC? ?LB GRQ MPGEGL?J TMJSKC, ?LB GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC
AMKNPCQQG@GJGRW MD RFC QS@QR?LAC.
7C A?L BCQAPG@C RFC AMKNPCQQGML MP TMJSKC BCDMPK?RGML MD ?L M@HCAR UGRF ?L COS?RGML. &GPQR, UC LMRC RF?R ? DMPAC u?NNJGCB CTCLJWv GQ BCDGLCB RM F?TC
RFC Q?KC QRPCQQ, MP P?RGM MD DMPAC RM ?PC?
F
A
ML ?JJ QSPD?ACQ. 4FC BCDMPK?RGML NPMBSACB GQ ? AF?LEC GL TMJSKC V , UFGAF GQ DMSLB RM @CF?TC TCPW
QGKGJ?PJW RM RFC QFC?P, RCLQGML, ?LB AMKNPCQQGML NPCTGMSQJW BGQASQQCB. (4FGQ GQ LMR QSPNPGQGLE, QGLAC ? AMKNPCQQGML MD RFC CLRGPC M@HCAR GQ COSGT?JCLR RM
AMKNPCQQGLE C?AF MD GRQ RFPCC BGKCLQGMLQ.) 4FC PCJ?RGMLQFGN MD RFC AF?LEC GL TMJSKC RM MRFCP NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ GQ EGTCL @W
(5.45)
V =
1
B
F
A
V
0
,
UFCPC B GQ RFC @SJI KMBSJSQ (QCC -78B; 5.3), V
0
GQ RFC MPGEGL?J TMJSKC, ?LB
F
A
GQ RFC DMPAC NCP SLGR ?PC? ?NNJGCB SLGDMPKJW GLU?PB ML ?JJ QSPD?ACQ.
.MRC RF?R LM @SJI KMBSJG ?PC EGTCL DMP E?QCQ.
7F?R ?PC QMKC CV?KNJCQ MD @SJI AMKNPCQQGML MD QMJGBQ ?LB JGOSGBQ? /LC NP?ARGA?J CV?KNJC GQ RFC K?LSD?ARSPC MD GLBSQRPG?J-EP?BC BG?KMLBQ @W
AMKNPCQQGLE A?P@ML UGRF ?L CVRPCKCJW J?PEC DMPAC NCP SLGR ?PC?. 4FC A?P@ML ?RMKQ PC?PP?LEC RFCGP APWQR?JJGLC QRPSARSPC GLRM RFC KMPC RGEFRJW N?AICB
N?RRCPL MD BG?KMLBQ. )L L?RSPC, ? QGKGJ?P NPMACQQ MAASPQ BCCN SLBCPEPMSLB, UFCPC CVRPCKCJW J?PEC DMPACQ PCQSJR DPMK RFC UCGEFR MD MTCPJWGLE K?RCPG?J.
!LMRFCP L?RSP?J QMSPAC MD J?PEC AMKNPCQQGTC DMPACQ GQ RFC NPCQQSPC APC?RCB @W RFC UCGEFR MD U?RCP, CQNCAG?JJW GL BCCN N?PRQ MD RFC MAC?LQ. 7?RCP
CVCPRQ ?L GLU?PB DMPAC ML ?JJ QSPD?ACQ MD ? QS@KCPECB M@HCAR, ?LB CTCL ML RFC U?RCP GRQCJD. !R EPC?R BCNRFQ, U?RCP GQ KC?QSP?@JW AMKNPCQQCB, ?Q RFC
DMJJMUGLE CV?KNJC GJJSQRP?RCQ.
EN7CFB; 5.6 C7B9KB7J?D= C>7D=; ?D /EBKC; M?J> D;<EHC7J?ED: !EM &K9> "I 07J;H CECFH;II;: 7J H;7J (9;7D
D;FJ>I?
#?JASJ?RC RFC DP?ARGML?J BCAPC?QC GL TMJSKC (
V
V
0
) DMP QC?U?RCP ?R 5.00 IK BCNRF, UFCPC RFC DMPAC NCP SLGR ?PC? GQ 5.0010
7
N/ m
2
.
,JH7J;=O
#(!04%2 5 Y &524(%2 !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .%74/.'3 ,!73: &2)#4)/., $2!', !.$ %,!34)#)49 181
:;<EHC7J?ED:
:H7= <EH9;:
<H?9J?ED:
!EEA;XI B7M:
A?D;J?9 <H?9J?ED:
C7=D?JK:; E< A?D;J?9 <H?9J?ED:
C7=D?JK:; E< IJ7J?9 <H?9J?ED:
,JEA;IX B7M:
I>;7H :;<EHC7J?ED:
IJ7J?9 <H?9J?ED:
IJH7?D:
IJH;II:
J;DI?B; IJH;D=J>:
%OS?RGML V =
1
B
F
A
V
0
GQ RFC AMPPCAR NFWQGA?J PCJ?RGMLQFGN. !JJ OS?LRGRGCQ GL RFC COS?RGML CVACNR
V
V
0
?PC ILMUL.
,EBKJ?ED
3MJTGLE DMP RFC SLILMUL
V
V
0
EGTCQ
(5.46) V
V
0
=
1
B
F
A
.
3S@QRGRSRGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ UGRF RFC T?JSC DMP RFC @SJI KMBSJSQ B DPMK -78B; 5.3,
(5.47)
V
V
0
=
5.0010
7
N/m
2
2.210
9
N/m
2
= 0.023 = 2.3%.
D?I9KII?ED
!JRFMSEF KC?QSP?@JC, RFGQ GQ LMR ? QGELGDGA?LR BCAPC?QC GL TMJSKC AMLQGBCPGLE RF?R RFC DMPAC NCP SLGR ?PC? GQ ?@MSR 500 ?RKMQNFCPCQ (1 KGJJGML
NMSLBQ NCP QOS?PC DMMR). ,GOSGBQ ?LB QMJGBQ ?PC CVRP?MPBGL?PGJW BGDDGASJR RM AMKNPCQQ.
#MLTCPQCJW, TCPW J?PEC DMPACQ ?PC APC?RCB @W JGOSGBQ ?LB QMJGBQ UFCL RFCW RPW RM CVN?LB @SR ?PC AMLQRP?GLCB DPMK BMGLE QMrUFGAF GQ COSGT?JCLR RM
AMKNPCQQGLE RFCK RM JCQQ RF?L RFCGP LMPK?J TMJSKC. 4FGQ MDRCL MAASPQ UFCL ? AMLR?GLCB K?RCPG?J U?PKQ SN, QGLAC KMQR K?RCPG?JQ CVN?LB UFCL RFCGP
RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QCQ. )D RFC K?RCPG?JQ ?PC RGEFRJW AMLQRP?GLCB, RFCW BCDMPK MP @PC?I RFCGP AMLR?GLCP. !LMRFCP TCPW AMKKML CV?KNJC MAASPQ UFCL
U?RCP DPCCXCQ. 7?RCP, SLJGIC KMQR K?RCPG?JQ, CVN?LBQ UFCL GR DPCCXCQ, ?LB GR A?L C?QGJW DP?ARSPC ? @MSJBCP, PSNRSPC ? @GMJMEGA?J ACJJ, MP AP?AI ?L CLEGLC
@JMAI RF?R ECRQ GL GRQ U?W.
/RFCP RWNCQ MD BCDMPK?RGMLQ, QSAF ?Q RMPQGML MP RUGQRGLE, @CF?TC ?L?JMEMSQJW RM RFC RCLQGML, QFC?P, ?LB @SJI BCDMPK?RGMLQ AMLQGBCPCB FCPC.
BEII7HO
AF?LEC GL QF?NC BSC RM RFC ?NNJGA?RGML MD DMPAC
F
D
, DMSLB RM @C NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC QOS?PC MD RFC QNCCB MD RFC M@HCAR; K?RFCK?RGA?JJW
F
D
v
2
F
D
=
1
2
CAv
2
,
UFCPC C GQ RFC BP?E AMCDDGAGCLR, A GQ RFC ?PC? MD RFC M@HCAR D?AGLE RFC DJSGB, ?LB GQ RFC BCLQGRW MD RFC DJSGB
? DMPAC RF?R MNNMQCQ PCJ?RGTC KMRGML MP ?RRCKNRQ ?R KMRGML @CRUCCL QWQRCKQ GL AMLR?AR
NPMNMPRGML?J PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL RFC DMPAC F ML ? K?RCPG?J ?LB RFC BCDMPK?RGML L GR A?SQCQ, F = kL
? DMPAC RF?R MNNMQCQ RFC KMRGML MD RUM QWQRCKQ RF?R ?PC GL AMLR?AR ?LB KMTGLE PCJ?RGTC RM MLC ?LMRFCP
f
k
=
k
N , UFCPC
k
GQ RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD IGLCRGA DPGARGML
f
s

s
N , UFCPC
s
GQ RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD QR?RGA DPGARGML ?LB N GQ RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC LMPK?J DMPAC
F
s
= 6rv , UFCPC r GQ RFC P?BGSQ MD RFC M@HCAR, GQ RFC TGQAMQGRW MD RFC DJSGB, ?LB v GQ RFC M@HCARtQ TCJMAGRW
BCDMPK?RGML NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC MPGEGL?J JCLERF MD ?L M@HCAR
? DMPAC RF?R MNNMQCQ RFC KMRGML MD RUM QWQRCKQ RF?R ?PC GL AMLR?AR ?LB ?PC LMR KMTGLE PCJ?RGTC RM MLC ?LMRFCP
P?RGM MD AF?LEC GL JCLERF RM MPGEGL?J JCLERF
P?RGM MD DMPAC RM ?PC?
KC?QSPC MD BCDMPK?RGML DMP ? EGTCL RCLQGML MP AMKNPCQQGML
,;9J?ED ,KCC7HO
5.1 FH?9J?ED
w &PGARGML GQ ? AMLR?AR DMPAC @CRUCCL QWQRCKQ RF?R MNNMQCQ RFC KMRGML MP ?RRCKNRCB KMRGML @CRUCCL RFCK. 3GKNJC DPGARGML GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC
LMPK?J DMPAC N NSQFGLE RFC QWQRCKQ RMECRFCP. (! LMPK?J DMPAC GQ ?JU?WQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC AMLR?AR QSPD?AC @CRUCCL QWQRCKQ.) &PGARGML
BCNCLBQ ML @MRF MD RFC K?RCPG?JQ GLTMJTCB. 4FC K?ELGRSBC MD QR?RGA DPGARGML f
s
@CRUCCL QWQRCKQ QR?RGML?PW PCJ?RGTC RM MLC ?LMRFCP GQ EGTCL @W
f
s

s
N,
182 #(!04%2 5 Y &524(%2 !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .%74/.'3 ,!73: &2)#4)/., $2!', !.$ %,!34)#)49
UFCPC
s
GQ RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD QR?RGA DPGARGML, UFGAF BCNCLBQ ML @MRF MD RFC K?RCPG?JQ.
w 4FC IGLCRGA DPGARGML DMPAC f
k
@CRUCCL QWQRCKQ KMTGLE PCJ?RGTC RM MLC ?LMRFCP GQ EGTCL @W
f
k
=
k
N,
UFCPC
k
GQ RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD IGLCRGA DPGARGML, UFGAF ?JQM BCNCLBQ ML @MRF K?RCPG?JQ.
5.2 DH7= FEH9;I
w $P?E DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML ?L M@HCAR KMTGLE GL ? DJSGB MNNMQC RFC KMRGML. &MP J?PECP M@HCARQ (QSAF ?Q ? @?QC@?JJ) KMTGLE ?R ? TCJMAGRW v GL ?GP, RFC
BP?E DMPAC GQ EGTCL @W
F
D
=
1
2
CAv
2
,
UFCPC C GQ RFC BP?E AMCDDGAGCLR (RWNGA?J T?JSCQ ?PC EGTCL GL -78B; 5.2), A GQ RFC ?PC? MD RFC M@HCAR D?AGLE RFC DJSGB, ?LB GQ RFC DJSGB BCLQGRW.
w &MP QK?JJ M@HCARQ (QSAF ?Q ? @?ARCPGSK) KMTGLE GL ? BCLQCP KCBGSK (QSAF ?Q U?RCP), RFC BP?E DMPAC GQ EGTCL @W 3RMICQt J?U,
F
s
= 6rv,
UFCPC r GQ RFC P?BGSQ MD RFC M@HCAR, GQ RFC DJSGB TGQAMQGRW, ?LB v GQ RFC M@HCARtQ TCJMAGRW.
w (MMICtQ J?U GQ EGTCL @W
F = kL,
UFCPC L GQ RFC ?KMSLR MD BCDMPK?RGML (RFC AF?LEC GL JCLERF), F GQ RFC ?NNJGCB DMPAC, ?LB k GQ ? NPMNMPRGML?JGRW AMLQR?LR RF?R BCNCLBQ ML RFC
QF?NC ?LB AMKNMQGRGML MD RFC M@HCAR ?LB RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC DMPAC. 4FC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL RFC BCDMPK?RGML ?LB RFC ?NNJGCB DMPAC A?L ?JQM @C
UPGRRCL ?Q
L =
1
Y
F
A
L
0
,
UFCPC Y GQ 0BHA:VF @B7H?HF, UFGAF BCNCLBQ ML RFC QS@QR?LAC, A GQ RFC APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC?, ?LB L
0
GQ RFC MPGEGL?J JCLERF.
w 4FC P?RGM MD DMPAC RM ?PC?,
F
A
, GQ BCDGLCB ?Q FGE8FF, KC?QSPCB GL ./K
2
.
w 4FC P?RGM MD RFC AF?LEC GL JCLERF RM JCLERF,
L
L
0
, GQ BCDGLCB ?Q FGE4<A (? SLGRJCQQ OS?LRGRW). )L MRFCP UMPBQ,
stress = Ystrain.
w 4FC CVNPCQQGML DMP QFC?P BCDMPK?RGML GQ
x =
1
S
F
A
L
0
,
UFCPC S GQ RFC QFC?P KMBSJSQ ?LB F GQ RFC DMPAC ?NNJGCB NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM L
0
?LB N?P?JJCJ RM RFC APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? A .
w 4FC PCJ?RGMLQFGN MD RFC AF?LEC GL TMJSKC RM MRFCP NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ GQ EGTCL @W
V =
1
B
F
A
V
0
,
UFCPC B GQ RFC @SJI KMBSJSQ, V
0
GQ RFC MPGEGL?J TMJSKC, ?LB
F
A
GQ RFC DMPAC NCP SLGR ?PC? ?NNJGCB SLGDMPKJW GLU?PB ML ?JJ QSPD?ACQ.
5.1 FH?9J?ED
1. $CDGLC LMPK?J DMPAC. 7F?R GQ GRQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN RM DPGARGML UFCL DPGARGML @CF?TCQ QGKNJW?
2. 4FC EJSC ML ? NGCAC MD R?NC A?L CVCPR DMPACQ. #?L RFCQC DMPACQ @C ? RWNC MD QGKNJC DPGARGML? %VNJ?GL, AMLQGBCPGLE CQNCAG?JJW RF?R R?NC A?L QRGAI RM
TCPRGA?J U?JJQ ?LB CTCL RM ACGJGLEQ.
3. 7FCL WMS JC?PL RM BPGTC, WMS BGQAMTCP RF?R WMS LCCB RM JCR SN QJGEFRJW ML RFC @P?IC NCB?J ?Q WMS AMKC RM ? QRMN MP RFC A?P UGJJ QRMN UGRF ? HCPI.
%VNJ?GL RFGQ GL RCPKQ MD RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL QR?RGA ?LB IGLCRGA DPGARGML.
4. 7FCL WMS NSQF ? NGCAC MD AF?JI ?APMQQ ? AF?JI@M?PB, GR QMKCRGKCQ QAPCCAFCQ @CA?SQC GR P?NGBJW ?JRCPL?RCQ @CRUCCL QJGNNGLE ?LB QRGAIGLE RM RFC
@M?PB. $CQAPG@C RFGQ NPMACQQ GL KMPC BCR?GJ, GL N?PRGASJ?P CVNJ?GLGLE FMU GR GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC D?AR RF?R IGLCRGA DPGARGML GQ JCQQ RF?L QR?RGA DPGARGML. (4FC Q?KC
QJGN-EP?@ NPMACQQ MAASPQ UFCL RGPCQ QAPCCAF ML N?TCKCLR.)
5.2 DH7= FEH9;I
5. !RFJCRCQ QSAF ?Q QUGKKCPQ ?LB @GAWAJGQRQ UC?P @MBW QSGRQ GL AMKNCRGRGML. &MPKSJ?RC ? JGQR MD NPMQ ?LB AMLQ MD QSAF QSGRQ.
6. 4UM CVNPCQQGMLQ UCPC SQCB DMP RFC BP?E DMPAC CVNCPGCLACB @W ? KMTGLE M@HCAR GL ? JGOSGB. /LC BCNCLBCB SNML RFC QNCCB, UFGJC RFC MRFCP U?Q
NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC QOS?PC MD RFC QNCCB. )L UFGAF RWNCQ MD KMRGML UMSJB C?AF MD RFCQC CVNPCQQGMLQ @C KMPC ?NNJGA?@JC RF?L RFC MRFCP MLC?
7. !Q A?PQ RP?TCJ, MGJ ?LB E?QMJGLC JC?IQ MLRM RFC PM?B QSPD?AC. )D ? JGEFR P?GL D?JJQ, UF?R BMCQ RFGQ BM RM RFC AMLRPMJ MD RFC A?P? $MCQ ? FC?TW P?GL K?IC
?LW BGDDCPCLAC?
8. 7FW A?L ? QOSGPPCJ HSKN DPMK ? RPCC @P?LAF RM RFC EPMSLB ?LB PSL ?U?W SLB?K?ECB, UFGJC ? FSK?L AMSJB @PC?I ? @MLC GL QSAF ? D?JJ?
#(!04%2 5 Y &524(%2 !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .%74/.'3 ,!73: &2)#4)/., $2!', !.$ %,!34)#)49 183
9. 4FC CJ?QRGA NPMNCPRGCQ MD RFC ?PRCPGCQ ?PC CQQCLRG?J DMP @JMMB DJMU. %VNJ?GL RFC GKNMPR?LAC MD RFGQ GL RCPKQ MD RFC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD RFC DJMU MD @JMMB
(NSJQ?RGLE MP AMLRGLSMSQ).
10. 7F?R ?PC WMS DCCJGLE UFCL WMS DCCJ WMSP NSJQC? -C?QSPC WMSP NSJQC P?RC DMP 10 Q ?LB DMP 1 KGL. )Q RFCPC ? D?ARMP MD 6 BGDDCPCLAC?
11. %V?KGLC BGDDCPCLR RWNCQ MD QFMCQ, GLAJSBGLE QNMPRQ QFMCQ ?LB RFMLEQ. )L RCPKQ MD NFWQGAQ, UFW ?PC RFC @MRRMK QSPD?ACQ BCQGELCB ?Q RFCW ?PC?
7F?R BGDDCPCLACQ UGJJ BPW ?LB UCR AMLBGRGMLQ K?IC DMP RFCQC QSPD?ACQ?
12. 7MSJB WMS CVNCAR WMSP FCGEFR RM @C BGDDCPCLR BCNCLBGLE SNML RFC RGKC MD B?W? 7FW MP UFW LMR?
13. 7FW A?L ? QOSGPPCJ HSKN DPMK ? RPCC @P?LAF RM RFC EPMSLB ?LB PSL ?U?W SLB?K?ECB, UFGJC ? FSK?L AMSJB @PC?I ? @MLC GL QSAF ? D?JJ?
14. %VNJ?GL UFW NPCEL?LR UMKCL MDRCL QSDDCP DPMK @?AI QRP?GL J?RC GL RFCGP NPCEL?LAW.
15. !L MJB A?PNCLRCPtQ RPGAI RM ICCN L?GJQ DPMK @CLBGLE UFCL RFCW ?PC NMSLBCB GLRM F?PB K?RCPG?JQ GQ RM EPGN RFC ACLRCP MD RFC L?GJ DGPKJW UGRF NJGCPQ.
7FW BMCQ RFGQ FCJN?
16. 7FCL ? EJ?QQ @MRRJC DSJJ MD TGLCE?P U?PKQ SN, @MRF RFC TGLCE?P ?LB RFC EJ?QQ CVN?LB, @SR TGLCE?P CVN?LBQ QGELGDGA?LRJW KMPC UGRF RCKNCP?RSPC
RF?L EJ?QQ. 4FC @MRRJC UGJJ @PC?I GD GR U?Q DGJJCB RM GRQ RGEFRJW A?NNCB JGB. %VNJ?GL UFW, ?LB ?JQM CVNJ?GL FMU ? NMAICR MD ?GP ?@MTC RFC TGLCE?P UMSJB
NPCTCLR RFC @PC?I. (4FGQ GQ RFC DSLARGML MD RFC ?GP ?@MTC JGOSGBQ GL EJ?QQ AMLR?GLCPQ.)
184 #(!04%2 5 Y &524(%2 !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .%74/.'3 ,!73: &2)#4)/., $2!', !.$ %,!34)#)49
5.1 FH?9J?ED
17. ! NFWQGAQ K?HMP GQ AMMIGLE @PC?ID?QR UFCL FC LMRGACQ RF?R RFC
DPGARGML?J DMPAC @CRUCCL FGQ QRCCJ QN?RSJ? ?LB FGQ 4CDJML DPWGLE N?L GQ MLJW
0.200 .. +LMUGLE RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD IGLCRGA DPGARGML @CRUCCL RFC RUM
K?RCPG?JQ, FC OSGAIJW A?JASJ?RCQ RFC LMPK?J DMPAC. 7F?R GQ GR?
18. (?) 7FCL PC@SGJBGLE FCP A?PtQ CLEGLC, ? NFWQGAQ K?HMP KSQR CVCPR 300
. MD DMPAC RM GLQCPR ? BPW QRCCJ NGQRML GLRM ? QRCCJ AWJGLBCP. 7F?R GQ RFC
LMPK?J DMPAC @CRUCCL RFC NGQRML ?LB AWJGLBCP? (@) 7F?R DMPAC UMSJB QFC
F?TC RM CVCPR GD RFC QRCCJ N?PRQ UCPC MGJCB?
19. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK DPGARGML?J DMPAC GL RFC ILCC HMGLR MD ? NCPQML
UFM QSNNMPRQ 66.0 IE MD FCP K?QQ ML RF?R ILCC? (@) $SPGLE QRPCLSMSQ
CVCPAGQC GR GQ NMQQG@JC RM CVCPR DMPACQ RM RFC HMGLRQ RF?R ?PC C?QGJW RCL RGKCQ
EPC?RCP RF?L RFC UCGEFR @CGLE QSNNMPRCB. 7F?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK DMPAC MD
DPGARGML SLBCP QSAF AMLBGRGMLQ? 4FC DPGARGML?J DMPACQ GL HMGLRQ ?PC PCJ?RGTCJW
QK?JJ GL ?JJ AGPASKQR?LACQ CVACNR UFCL RFC HMGLRQ BCRCPGMP?RC, QSAF ?Q
DPMK GLHSPW MP ?PRFPGRGQ. )LAPC?QCB DPGARGML?J DMPACQ A?L A?SQC DSPRFCP
B?K?EC ?LB N?GL.
20. 3SNNMQC WMS F?TC ? 120-IE UMMBCL AP?RC PCQRGLE ML ? UMMB DJMMP. (?)
7F?R K?VGKSK DMPAC A?L WMS CVCPR FMPGXMLR?JJW ML RFC AP?RC UGRFMSR
KMTGLE GR? (@) )D WMS AMLRGLSC RM CVCPR RFGQ DMPAC MLAC RFC AP?RC QR?PRQ RM
QJGN, UF?R UGJJ GRQ ?AACJCP?RGML RFCL @C?
21. (?) )D F?JD MD RFC UCGEFR MD ? QK?JJ 1.0010
3
kg SRGJGRW RPSAI GQ
QSNNMPRCB @W GRQ RUM BPGTC UFCCJQ, UF?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK ?AACJCP?RGML GR
A?L ?AFGCTC ML BPW AMLAPCRC? (@) 7GJJ ? KCR?J A?@GLCR JWGLE ML RFC
UMMBCL @CB MD RFC RPSAI QJGN GD GR ?AACJCP?RCQ ?R RFGQ P?RC? (A) 3MJTC @MRF
NPM@JCKQ ?QQSKGLE RFC RPSAI F?Q DMSP-UFCCJ BPGTC.
22. ! RC?K MD CGEFR BMEQ NSJJQ ? QJCB UGRF U?VCB UMMB PSLLCPQ ML UCR
QLMU (KSQF!). 4FC BMEQ F?TC ?TCP?EC K?QQCQ MD 19.0 IE, ?LB RFC
JM?BCB QJCB UGRF GRQ PGBCP F?Q ? K?QQ MD 210 IE. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC
?AACJCP?RGML QR?PRGLE DPMK PCQR GD C?AF BME CVCPRQ ?L ?TCP?EC DMPAC MD 185
. @?AIU?PB ML RFC QLMU. (@) 7F?R GQ RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MLAC RFC QJCB
QR?PRQ RM KMTC? (A) &MP @MRF QGRS?RGMLQ, A?JASJ?RC RFC DMPAC GL RFC AMSNJGLE
@CRUCCL RFC BMEQ ?LB RFC QJCB.
23. #MLQGBCP RFC 65.0-IE GAC QI?RCP @CGLE NSQFCB @W RUM MRFCPQ QFMUL GL
F?=KH; 5.21. (?) &GLB RFC BGPCARGML ?LB K?ELGRSBC MD F
tot
, RFC RMR?J DMPAC
CVCPRCB ML FCP @W RFC MRFCPQ, EGTCL RF?R RFC K?ELGRSBCQ F
1
?LB F
2
?PC
26.4 . ?LB 18.6 ., PCQNCARGTCJW. (@) 7F?R GQ FCP GLGRG?J ?AACJCP?RGML GD QFC
GQ GLGRG?JJW QR?RGML?PW ?LB UC?PGLE QRCCJ-@J?BCB QI?RCQ RF?R NMGLR GL RFC
BGPCARGML MD F
tot
? (A) 7F?R GQ FCP ?AACJCP?RGML ?QQSKGLE QFC GQ ?JPC?BW
KMTGLE GL RFC BGPCARGML MD F
tot
? (2CKCK@CP RF?R DPGARGML ?JU?WQ ?ARQ GL
RFC BGPCARGML MNNMQGRC RF?R MD KMRGML MP ?RRCKNRCB KMRGML @CRUCCL
QSPD?ACQ GL AMLR?AR.)
F?=KH; 5.21
24. 3FMU RF?R RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD ?LW M@HCAR BMUL ? DPGARGMLJCQQ GLAJGLC
RF?R K?ICQ ?L ?LEJC UGRF RFC FMPGXMLR?J GQ a = g sin . (.MRC RF?R
RFGQ ?AACJCP?RGML GQ GLBCNCLBCLR MD K?QQ.)
25. 3FMU RF?R RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD ?LW M@HCAR BMUL ?L GLAJGLC UFCPC
DPGARGML @CF?TCQ QGKNJW (RF?R GQ, UFCPC f
k
=
k
N ) GQ
a = g( sin
k
cos ). .MRC RF?R RFC ?AACJCP?RGML GQ GLBCNCLBCLR MD
K?QQ ?LB PCBSACQ RM RFC CVNPCQQGML DMSLB GL RFC NPCTGMSQ NPM@JCK UFCL
DPGARGML @CAMKCQ LCEJGEG@JW QK?JJ (
k
= 0).
26. #?JASJ?RC RFC BCACJCP?RGML MD ? QLMU @M?PBCP EMGLE SN ? 5.0 , QJMNC
?QQSKGLE RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD DPGARGML DMP U?VCB UMMB ML UCR QLMU. 4FC
PCQSJR MD EN;H9?I; 5.17 K?W @C SQCDSJ, @SR @C A?PCDSJ RM AMLQGBCP RFC D?AR
RF?R RFC QLMU @M?PBCP GQ EMGLE SNFGJJ. %VNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU RFC
QRCNQ GL )HE8B;C-,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=?;I.
27. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD ? QIGCP FC?BGLE BMUL ? 10.0
QJMNC, ?QQSKGLE RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD DPGARGML DMP U?VCB UMMB ML UCR QLMU.
(@) &GLB RFC ?LEJC MD RFC QJMNC BMUL UFGAF RFGQ QIGCP AMSJB AM?QR ?R ?
AMLQR?LR TCJMAGRW. 9MS A?L LCEJCAR ?GP PCQGQR?LAC GL @MRF N?PRQ, ?LB WMS
UGJJ DGLB RFC PCQSJR MD EN;H9?I; 5.17 RM @C SQCDSJ. %VNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU WMS
DMJJMU RFC QRCNQ GL RFC )HE8B;C-,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=?;I.
28. )D ?L M@HCAR GQ RM PCQR ML ?L GLAJGLC UGRFMSR QJGNNGLE, RFCL DPGARGML KSQR
COS?J RFC AMKNMLCLR MD RFC UCGEFR MD RFC M@HCAR N?P?JJCJ RM RFC GLAJGLC.
4FGQ PCOSGPCQ EPC?RCP ?LB EPC?RCP DPGARGML DMP QRCCNCP QJMNCQ. 3FMU RF?R
RFC K?VGKSK ?LEJC MD ?L GLAJGLC ?@MTC RFC FMPGXMLR?J DMP UFGAF ?L M@HCAR
UGJJ LMR QJGBC BMUL GQ = tan
1
s
. 9MS K?W SQC RFC PCQSJR MD RFC
NPCTGMSQ NPM@JCK. !QQSKC RF?R a = 0 ?LB RF?R QR?RGA DPGARGML F?Q
PC?AFCB GRQ K?VGKSK T?JSC.
29. #?JASJ?RC RFC K?VGKSK BCACJCP?RGML MD ? A?P RF?R GQ FC?BGLE BMUL ?
6 QJMNC (MLC RF?R K?ICQ ?L ?LEJC MD 6 UGRF RFC FMPGXMLR?J) SLBCP RFC
DMJJMUGLE PM?B AMLBGRGMLQ. 9MS K?W ?QQSKC RF?R RFC UCGEFR MD RFC A?P GQ
CTCLJW BGQRPG@SRCB ML ?JJ DMSP RGPCQ ?LB RF?R RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD QR?RGA DPGARGML
GQ GLTMJTCBrRF?R GQ, RFC RGPCQ ?PC LMR ?JJMUCB RM QJGN BSPGLE RFC
BCACJCP?RGML. ()ELMPC PMJJGLE.) #?JASJ?RC DMP ? A?P: (?) /L BPW AMLAPCRC. (@)
/L UCR AMLAPCRC. (A) /L GAC, ?QQSKGLE RF?R
s
= 0.100 , RFC Q?KC ?Q
DMP QFMCQ ML GAC.
30. #?JASJ?RC RFC K?VGKSK ?AACJCP?RGML MD ? A?P RF?R GQ FC?BGLE SN ? 4
QJMNC (MLC RF?R K?ICQ ?L ?LEJC MD 4 UGRF RFC FMPGXMLR?J) SLBCP RFC
DMJJMUGLE PM?B AMLBGRGMLQ. !QQSKC RF?R MLJW F?JD RFC UCGEFR MD RFC A?P GQ
QSNNMPRCB @W RFC RUM BPGTC UFCCJQ ?LB RF?R RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD QR?RGA DPGARGML
GQ GLTMJTCBrRF?R GQ, RFC RGPCQ ?PC LMR ?JJMUCB RM QJGN BSPGLE RFC
?AACJCP?RGML. ()ELMPC PMJJGLE.) (?) /L BPW AMLAPCRC. (@) /L UCR AMLAPCRC.
(A) /L GAC, ?QQSKGLE RF?R
s
= 0.100 , RFC Q?KC ?Q DMP QFMCQ ML GAC.
31. 2CNC?R EN;H9?I; 5.18 DMP ? A?P UGRF DMSP-UFCCJ BPGTC.
32. ! DPCGEFR RP?GL AMLQGQRQ MD RUM 8.0010
5
-kg CLEGLCQ ?LB 45 A?PQ
UGRF ?TCP?EC K?QQCQ MD 5.5010
5
kg . (?) 7F?R DMPAC KSQR C?AF
CLEGLC CVCPR @?AIU?PB ML RFC RP?AI RM ?AACJCP?RC RFC RP?GL ?R ? P?RC MD
5.0010
2
m/ s
2
GD RFC DMPAC MD DPGARGML GQ 7.5010
5
N, ?QQSKGLE
RFC CLEGLCQ CVCPR GBCLRGA?J DMPACQ? 4FGQ GQ LMR ? J?PEC DPGARGML?J DMPAC DMP
QSAF ? K?QQGTC QWQRCK. 2MJJGLE DPGARGML DMP RP?GLQ GQ QK?JJ, ?LB
AMLQCOSCLRJW RP?GLQ ?PC TCPW CLCPEW-CDDGAGCLR RP?LQNMPR?RGML QWQRCKQ. (@)
7F?R GQ RFC DMPAC GL RFC AMSNJGLE @CRUCCL RFC 37RF ?LB 38RF A?PQ (RFGQ GQ
RFC DMPAC C?AF CVCPRQ ML RFC MRFCP), ?QQSKGLE ?JJ A?PQ F?TC RFC Q?KC
K?QQ ?LB RF?R DPGARGML GQ CTCLJW BGQRPG@SRCB ?KMLE ?JJ MD RFC A?PQ ?LB
CLEGLCQ?
33. #MLQGBCP RFC 52.0-IE KMSLR?GL AJGK@CP GL F?=KH; 5.22. (?) &GLB RFC
RCLQGML GL RFC PMNC ?LB RFC DMPAC RF?R RFC KMSLR?GL AJGK@CP KSQR CVCPR
UGRF FCP DCCR ML RFC TCPRGA?J PMAI D?AC RM PCK?GL QR?RGML?PW. !QQSKC RF?R
RFC DMPAC GQ CVCPRCB N?P?JJCJ RM FCP JCEQ. !JQM, ?QQSKC LCEJGEG@JC DMPAC
CVCPRCB @W FCP ?PKQ. (@) 7F?R GQ RFC KGLGKSK AMCDDGAGCLR MD DPGARGML
@CRUCCL FCP QFMCQ ?LB RFC AJGDD?
#(!04%2 5 Y &524(%2 !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .%74/.'3 ,!73: &2)#4)/., $2!', !.$ %,!34)#)49 185
F?=KH; 5.22 0?PR MD RFC AJGK@CPtQ UCGEFR GQ QSNNMPRCB @W FCP PMNC ?LB N?PR @W DPGARGML
@CRUCCL FCP DCCR ?LB RFC PMAI D?AC.
34. ! AMLRCQR?LR GL ? UGLRCP QNMPRGLE CTCLR NSQFCQ ? 45.0-IE @JMAI MD GAC
?APMQQ ? DPMXCL J?IC ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 5.23(?). (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC
KGLGKSK DMPAC F FC KSQR CVCPR RM ECR RFC @JMAI KMTGLE. (@) 7F?R GQ GRQ
?AACJCP?RGML MLAC GR QR?PRQ RM KMTC, GD RF?R DMPAC GQ K?GLR?GLCB?
35. 2CNC?R EN;H9?I; 5.19 UGRF RFC AMLRCQR?LR NSJJGLE RFC @JMAI MD GAC UGRF
? PMNC MTCP FGQ QFMSJBCP ?R RFC Q?KC ?LEJC ?@MTC RFC FMPGXMLR?J ?Q
QFMUL GL F?=KH; 5.23(@).
F?=KH; 5.23 7FGAF KCRFMB MD QJGBGLE ? @JMAI MD GAC PCOSGPCQ JCQQ DMPACr(?) NSQFGLE MP
(@) NSJJGLE ?R RFC Q?KC ?LEJC ?@MTC RFC FMPGXMLR?J?
5.2 DH7= FEH9;I
36. 4FC RCPKGL?J TCJMAGRW MD ? NCPQML D?JJGLE GL ?GP BCNCLBQ SNML RFC
UCGEFR ?LB RFC ?PC? MD RFC NCPQML D?AGLE RFC DJSGB. &GLB RFC RCPKGL?J
TCJMAGRW (GL KCRCPQ NCP QCAMLB ?LB IGJMKCRCPQ NCP FMSP) MD ?L 80.0-IE
QIWBGTCP D?JJGLE GL ? NGIC (FC?BDGPQR) NMQGRGML UGRF ? QSPD?AC ?PC? MD
0.140 m
2
.
37. ! 60-IE ?LB ? 90-IE QIWBGTCP HSKN DPMK ?L ?GPNJ?LC ?R ?L ?JRGRSBC MD
6000 K, @MRF D?JJGLE GL RFC NGIC NMQGRGML. -?IC QMKC ?QQSKNRGML ML RFCGP
DPMLR?J ?PC?Q ?LB A?JASJ?RC RFCGP RCPKGL?J TCJMAGRGCQ. (MU JMLE UGJJ GR R?IC
DMP C?AF QIWBGTCP RM PC?AF RFC EPMSLB (?QQSKGLE RFC RGKC RM PC?AF
RCPKGL?J TCJMAGRW GQ QK?JJ)? !QQSKC ?JJ T?JSCQ ?PC ?AASP?RC RM RFPCC
QGELGDGA?LR BGEGRQ.
38. ! 560-E QOSGPPCJ UGRF ? QSPD?AC ?PC? MD 930 cm
2
D?JJQ DPMK ? 5.0-K
RPCC RM RFC EPMSLB. %QRGK?RC GRQ RCPKGL?J TCJMAGRW. (5QC ? BP?E AMCDDGAGCLR
DMP ? FMPGXMLR?J QIWBGTCP.) 7F?R UGJJ @C RFC TCJMAGRW MD ? 56-IE NCPQML
FGRRGLE RFC EPMSLB, ?QQSKGLE LM BP?E AMLRPG@SRGML GL QSAF ? QFMPR
BGQR?LAC?
39. 4M K?GLR?GL ? AMLQR?LR QNCCB, RFC DMPAC NPMTGBCB @W ? A?PtQ CLEGLC
KSQR COS?J RFC BP?E DMPAC NJSQ RFC DMPAC MD DPGARGML MD RFC PM?B (RFC PMJJGLE
PCQGQR?LAC). (?) 7F?R ?PC RFC BP?E DMPACQ ?R 70 IK/F ?LB 100 IK/F DMP ?
4MWMR? #?KPW? ($P?E ?PC? GQ 0.70 m
2
) (@) 7F?R GQ RFC BP?E DMPAC ?R 70
IK/F ?LB 100 IK/F DMP ? (SKKCP (2? ($P?E ?PC? GQ 2.44 m
2
) !QQSKC
?JJ T?JSCQ ?PC ?AASP?RC RM RFPCC QGELGDGA?LR BGEGRQ.
40. "W UF?R D?ARMP BMCQ RFC BP?E DMPAC ML ? A?P GLAPC?QC ?Q GR EMCQ DPMK
65 RM 110 IK/F?
41. #?JASJ?RC RFC TCJMAGRW ? QNFCPGA?J P?GL BPMN UMSJB ?AFGCTC D?JJGLE DPMK
5.00 IK (?) GL RFC ?@QCLAC MD ?GP BP?E (@) UGRF ?GP BP?E. 4?IC RFC QGXC
?APMQQ MD RFC BPMN RM @C 4 KK, RFC BCLQGRW RM @C 1.0010
3
kg/m
3
, ?LB
RFC QSPD?AC ?PC? RM @C r
2
.
42. 5QGLE 3RMICQt J?U, TCPGDW RF?R RFC SLGRQ DMP TGQAMQGRW ?PC IGJMEP?KQ NCP
KCRCP NCP QCAMLB.
43. &GLB RFC RCPKGL?J TCJMAGRW MD ? QNFCPGA?J @?ARCPGSK (BG?KCRCP
2.00 m) D?JJGLE GL U?RCP. 9MS UGJJ DGPQR LCCB RM LMRC RF?R RFC BP?E DMPAC GQ
COS?J RM RFC UCGEFR ?R RCPKGL?J TCJMAGRW. 4?IC RFC BCLQGRW MD RFC @?ARCPGSK
RM @C 1.1010
3
kg/m
3
.
44. 3RMICQt J?U BCQAPG@CQ QCBGKCLR?RGML MD N?PRGAJCQ GL JGOSGBQ ?LB A?L @C
SQCB RM KC?QSPC TGQAMQGRW. 0?PRGAJCQ GL JGOSGBQ ?AFGCTC RCPKGL?J TCJMAGRW
OSGAIJW. /LC A?L KC?QSPC RFC RGKC GR R?ICQ DMP ? N?PRGAJC RM D?JJ ? ACPR?GL
BGQR?LAC ?LB RFCL SQC 3RMICQt J?U RM A?JASJ?RC RFC TGQAMQGRW MD RFC JGOSGB.
3SNNMQC ? QRCCJ @?JJ @C?PGLE (BCLQGRW 7.810
3
kg/m
3
, BG?KCRCP
3.0 mm) GQ BPMNNCB GL ? AMLR?GLCP MD KMRMP MGJ. )R R?ICQ 12 Q RM D?JJ ?
BGQR?LAC MD 0.60 K. #?JASJ?RC RFC TGQAMQGRW MD RFC MGJ.
45. $SPGLE ? AGPASQ ?AR, MLC NCPDMPKCP QUGLEQ SNQGBC BMUL F?LEGLE DPMK
? RP?NCXC FMJBGLE ?LMRFCP, ?JQM SNQGBC-BMUL, NCPDMPKCP @W RFC JCEQ. )D RFC
SNU?PB DMPAC ML RFC JMUCP NCPDMPKCP GQ RFPCC RGKCQ FCP UCGEFR, FMU KSAF
BM RFC @MLCQ (RFC DCKSPQ) GL FCP SNNCP JCEQ QRPCRAF? 9MS K?W ?QQSKC
C?AF GQ COSGT?JCLR RM ? SLGDMPK PMB 35.0 AK JMLE ?LB 1.80 AK GL P?BGSQ.
(CP K?QQ GQ 60.0 IE.
46. $SPGLE ? UPCQRJGLE K?RAF, ? 150 IE UPCQRJCP @PGCDJW QR?LBQ ML MLC
F?LB BSPGLE ? K?LCSTCP BCQGELCB RM NCPNJCV FGQ ?JPC?BW KMPG@SLB
?BTCPQ?PW. "W FMU KSAF BMCQ RFC SNNCP ?PK @MLC QFMPRCL GL JCLERF?
4FC @MLC A?L @C PCNPCQCLRCB @W ? SLGDMPK PMB 38.0 AK GL JCLERF ?LB
2.10 AK GL P?BGSQ.
47. (?) 4FC uJC?Bv GL NCLAGJQ GQ ? EP?NFGRC AMKNMQGRGML UGRF ? 9MSLEtQ
KMBSJSQ MD ?@MSR 110
9
N/ m
2
. #?JASJ?RC RFC AF?LEC GL JCLERF MD RFC
JC?B GL ?L ?SRMK?RGA NCLAGJ GD WMS R?N GR QRP?GEFR GLRM RFC NCLAGJ UGRF ? DMPAC
MD 4.0 .. 4FC JC?B GQ 0.50 KK GL BG?KCRCP ?LB 60 KK JMLE. (@) )Q RFC
?LQUCP PC?QML?@JC? 4F?R GQ, BMCQ GR QCCK RM @C AMLQGQRCLR UGRF UF?R WMS
F?TC M@QCPTCB UFCL SQGLE NCLAGJQ?
48. 46 @PM?BA?QR ?LRCLL?Q ?PC RFC R?JJCQR ?PRGDGAG?J QRPSARSPCQ ML %?PRF. )L
1987, ? 72.0-IE NFWQGAGQR NJ?ACB FGKQCJD ?LB 400 IE MD COSGNKCLR ?R RFC
RMN MD MLC 610-K FGEF ?LRCLL? RM NCPDMPK EP?TGRW CVNCPGKCLRQ. "W FMU
KSAF U?Q RFC ?LRCLL? AMKNPCQQCB, GD UC AMLQGBCP GR RM @C COSGT?JCLR RM ?
QRCCJ AWJGLBCP 0.150 K GL P?BGSQ?
49. (?) "W FMU KSAF BMCQ ? 65.0-IE KMSLR?GL AJGK@CP QRPCRAF FCP
0.800-AK BG?KCRCP LWJML PMNC UFCL QFC F?LEQ 35.0 K @CJMU ? PMAI
MSRAPMNNGLE? (@) $MCQ RFC ?LQUCP QCCK RM @C AMLQGQRCLR UGRF UF?R WMS
F?TC M@QCPTCB DMP LWJML PMNCQ? 7MSJB GR K?IC QCLQC GD RFC PMNC UCPC
?ARS?JJW ? @SLECC AMPB?
186 #(!04%2 5 Y &524(%2 !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .%74/.'3 ,!73: &2)#4)/., $2!', !.$ %,!34)#)49
50. ! 20.0-K R?JJ FMJJMU ?JSKGLSK DJ?ENMJC GQ COSGT?JCLR GL QRPCLERF RM ?
QMJGB AWJGLBCP 4.00 AK GL BG?KCRCP. ! QRPMLE UGLB @CLBQ RFC NMJC KSAF ?Q
? FMPGXMLR?J DMPAC MD 900 . CVCPRCB ?R RFC RMN UMSJB. (MU D?P RM RFC QGBC
BMCQ RFC RMN MD RFC NMJC DJCV?
51. !Q ?L MGJ UCJJ GQ BPGJJCB, C?AF LCU QCARGML MD BPGJJ NGNC QSNNMPRQ GRQ MUL
UCGEFR ?LB RF?R MD RFC NGNC ?LB BPGJJ @GR @CLC?RF GR. #?JASJ?RC RFC QRPCRAF GL
? LCU 6.00 K JCLERF MD QRCCJ NGNC RF?R QSNNMPRQ 3.00 IK MD NGNC F?TGLE ?
K?QQ MD 20.0 IE/K ?LB ? 100-IE BPGJJ @GR. 4FC NGNC GQ COSGT?JCLR GL
QRPCLERF RM ? QMJGB AWJGLBCP 5.00 AK GL BG?KCRCP.
52. #?JASJ?RC RFC DMPAC ? NG?LM RSLCP ?NNJGCQ RM QRPCRAF ? QRCCJ NG?LM UGPC
8.00 KK, GD RFC UGPC GQ MPGEGL?JJW 0.850 KK GL BG?KCRCP ?LB 1.35 K JMLE.
53. ! TCPRC@P? GQ QS@HCARCB RM ? QFC?PGLE DMPAC MD 500 .. &GLB RFC QFC?P
BCDMPK?RGML, R?IGLE RFC TCPRC@P? RM @C ? AWJGLBCP 3.00 AK FGEF ?LB 4.00
AK GL BG?KCRCP.
54. ! BGQI @CRUCCL TCPRC@P?C GL RFC QNGLC GQ QS@HCARCB RM ? QFC?PGLE DMPAC
MD 600 .. &GLB GRQ QFC?P BCDMPK?RGML, R?IGLE GR RM F?TC RFC QFC?P KMBSJSQ
MD 110
9
N/ m
2
. 4FC BGQI GQ COSGT?JCLR RM ? QMJGB AWJGLBCP 0.700 AK
FGEF ?LB 4.00 AK GL BG?KCRCP.
55. 7FCL SQGLE ? NCLAGJ CP?QCP, WMS CVCPR ? TCPRGA?J DMPAC MD 6.00 . ?R ?
BGQR?LAC MD 2.00 AK DPMK RFC F?PBUMMB-CP?QCP HMGLR. 4FC NCLAGJ GQ 6.00
KK GL BG?KCRCP ?LB GQ FCJB ?R ?L ?LEJC MD 20.0 RM RFC FMPGXMLR?J. (?) "W
FMU KSAF BMCQ RFC UMMB DJCV NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM GRQ JCLERF? (@) (MU KSAF
GQ GR AMKNPCQQCB JCLERFUGQC?
56. 4M AMLQGBCP RFC CDDCAR MD UGPCQ FSLE ML NMJCQ, UC R?IC B?R? DPMK
EN7CFB; 4.8, GL UFGAF RCLQGMLQ GL UGPCQ QSNNMPRGLE ? RP?DDGA JGEFR UCPC
A?JASJ?RCB. 4FC JCDR UGPC K?BC ?L ?LEJC 30.0 @CJMU RFC FMPGXMLR?J UGRF
RFC RMN MD GRQ NMJC ?LB A?PPGCB ? RCLQGML MD 108 .. 4FC 12.0 K R?JJ FMJJMU
?JSKGLSK NMJC GQ COSGT?JCLR GL QRPCLERF RM ? 4.50 AK BG?KCRCP QMJGB
AWJGLBCP. (?) (MU D?P GQ GR @CLR RM RFC QGBC? (@) "W FMU KSAF GQ GR
AMKNPCQQCB?
57. ! D?PKCP K?IGLE EP?NC HSGAC DGJJQ ? EJ?QQ @MRRJC RM RFC @PGK ?LB A?NQ GR
RGEFRJW. 4FC HSGAC CVN?LBQ KMPC RF?L RFC EJ?QQ UFCL GR U?PKQ SN, GL QSAF
? U?W RF?R RFC TMJSKC GLAPC?QCQ @W 0.2% (RF?R GQ, V / V
0
= 210
3
)
PCJ?RGTC RM RFC QN?AC ?T?GJ?@JC. #?JASJ?RC RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB @W RFC HSGAC
NCP QOS?PC ACLRGKCRCP GD GRQ @SJI KMBSJSQ GQ 1.810
9
N/m
2
, ?QQSKGLE
RFC @MRRJC BMCQ LMR @PC?I. )L TGCU MD WMSP ?LQUCP, BM WMS RFGLI RFC @MRRJC
UGJJ QSPTGTC?
58. (?) 7FCL U?RCP DPCCXCQ, GRQ TMJSKC GLAPC?QCQ @W 9.05% (RF?R GQ,
V / V
0
= 9.0510
2
). 7F?R DMPAC NCP SLGR ?PC? GQ U?RCP A?N?@JC MD
CVCPRGLE ML ? AMLR?GLCP UFCL GR DPCCXCQ? ()R GQ ?AACNR?@JC RM SQC RFC @SJI
KMBSJSQ MD U?RCP GL RFGQ NPM@JCK.) (@) )Q GR QSPNPGQGLE RF?R QSAF DMPACQ A?L
DP?ARSPC CLEGLC @JMAIQ, @MSJBCPQ, ?LB RFC JGIC?
59. 4FGQ NPM@JCK PCRSPLQ RM RFC RGEFRPMNC U?JICP QRSBGCB GL EN7CFB; 4.6,
UFM APC?RCB ? RCLQGML MD 3.9410
3
N GL ? UGPC K?IGLE ?L ?LEJC 5.0
@CJMU RFC FMPGXMLR?J UGRF C?AF QSNNMPRGLE NMJC. #?JASJ?RC FMU KSAF RFGQ
RCLQGML QRPCRAFCQ RFC QRCCJ UGPC GD GR U?Q MPGEGL?JJW 15 K JMLE ?LB 0.50 AK
GL BG?KCRCP.
60. 4FC NMJC GL F?=KH; 5.24 GQ ?R ? 90.0 @CLB GL ? NMUCP JGLC ?LB GQ
RFCPCDMPC QS@HCARCB RM KMPC QFC?P DMPAC RF?L NMJCQ GL QRP?GEFR N?PRQ MD RFC
JGLC. 4FC RCLQGML GL C?AF JGLC GQ 4.0010
4
N, ?R RFC ?LEJCQ QFMUL. 4FC
NMJC GQ 15.0 K R?JJ, F?Q ?L 18.0 AK BG?KCRCP, ?LB A?L @C AMLQGBCPCB RM
F?TC F?JD RFC QRPCLERF MD F?PBUMMB. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC AMKNPCQQGML MD RFC
NMJC. (@) &GLB FMU KSAF GR @CLBQ ?LB GL UF?R BGPCARGML. (A) &GLB RFC
RCLQGML GL ? ESW UGPC SQCB RM ICCN RFC NMJC QRP?GEFR GD GR GQ ?RR?AFCB RM RFC
RMN MD RFC NMJC ?R ?L ?LEJC MD 30.0 UGRF RFC TCPRGA?J. (#JC?PJW, RFC ESW
UGPC KSQR @C GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML MD RFC @CLB.)
F?=KH; 5.24 4FGQ RCJCNFMLC NMJC GQ ?R ? 90 @CLB GL ? NMUCP JGLC. ! ESW UGPC GQ
?RR?AFCB RM RFC RMN MD RFC NMJC ?R ?L ?LEJC MD 30 UGRF RFC TCPRGA?J.
#(!04%2 5 Y &524(%2 !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .%74/.'3 ,!73: &2)#4)/., $2!', !.$ %,!34)#)49 187
188 #(!04%2 5 Y &524(%2 !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .%74/.'3 ,!73: &2)#4)/., $2!', !.$ %,!34)#)49
6 5.)&/2- #)2#5,!2 -/4)/. !.$ '2!6)4!4)/.
F?=KH; 6.1 4FGQ !SQRP?JG?L 'P?LB 0PGV &MPKSJ? 1 P?AC A?P KMTCQ GL ? AGPASJ?P N?RF ?Q GR K?ICQ RFC RSPL. )RQ UFCCJQ ?JQM QNGL P?NGBJWrRFC J?RRCP AMKNJCRGLE K?LW PCTMJSRGMLQ, RFC
DMPKCP MLJW N?PR MD MLC (? AGPASJ?P ?PA). 4FC Q?KC NFWQGA?J NPGLAGNJCQ ?PC GLTMJTCB GL C?AF. (APCBGR: 2GAF?PB -SLAIRML)
,C?PLGLE /@HCARGTCQ
6.1. +EJ7J?ED AD=B; 7D: AD=KB7H /;BE9?JO
6.2. C;DJH?F;J7B A99;B;H7J?ED
6.3. C;DJH?F;J7B FEH9;
6.4. F?9J?J?EKI FEH9;I 7D: 'ED-?D;HJ?7B FH7C;I: ->; CEH?EB?I FEH9;
6.5. ';MJEDXI .D?L;HI7B %7M E< H7L?J7J?ED
6.6. ,7J;BB?J;I 7D: $;FB;HXI %7MI: AD AH=KC;DJ <EH ,?CFB?9?JO
"DJHE:K9J?ED JE .D?<EHC C?H9KB7H &EJ?ED 7D: H7L?J7J?ED
-?LW KMRGMLQ, QSAF ?Q RFC ?PA MD ? @GPBtQ DJGEFR MP %?PRFtQ N?RF ?PMSLB RFC 3SL, ?PC ASPTCB. 2CA?JJ RF?R .CURMLtQ DGPQR J?U RCJJQ SQ RF?R KMRGML GQ ?JMLE
? QRP?GEFR JGLC ?R AMLQR?LR QNCCB SLJCQQ RFCPC GQ ? LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC. 7C UGJJ RFCPCDMPC QRSBW LMR MLJW KMRGML ?JMLE ASPTCQ, @SR ?JQM RFC DMPACQ RF?R
A?SQC GR, GLAJSBGLE EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPACQ. )L QMKC U?WQ, RFGQ AF?NRCP GQ ? AMLRGLS?RGML MD DOD7C?9I: ';MJED'I %7MI E< &EJ?ED ?Q UC QRSBW KMPC
?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD .CURMLtQ J?UQ MD KMRGML.
4FGQ AF?NRCP BC?JQ UGRF RFC QGKNJCQR DMPK MD ASPTCB KMRGML, KD?<EHC 9?H9KB7H CEJ?ED, KMRGML GL ? AGPASJ?P N?RF ?R AMLQR?LR QNCCB. 3RSBWGLE RFGQ RMNGA
GJJSQRP?RCQ KMQR AMLACNRQ ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF PMR?RGML?J KMRGML ?LB JC?BQ RM RFC QRSBW MD K?LW LCU RMNGAQ UC EPMSN SLBCP RFC L?KC EBG4G<BA. 0SPC
EBG4G<BA4? @BG<BA MAASPQ UFCL NMGLRQ GL ?L M@HCAR KMTC GL AGPASJ?P N?RFQ ACLRCPCB ML MLC NMGLR. 0SPC GE4AF?4G<BA4? @BG<BA GQ KMRGML UGRF LM PMR?RGML.
3MKC KMRGML AMK@GLCQ @MRF RWNCQ, QSAF ?Q ? PMR?RGLE FMAICW NSAI KMTGLE ?JMLE GAC.
6.1 +EJ7J?ED AD=B; 7D: AD=KB7H /;BE9?JO
)L $?D;C7J?9I, UC QRSBGCB KMRGML ?JMLE ? QRP?GEFR JGLC ?LB GLRPMBSACB QSAF AMLACNRQ ?Q BGQNJ?ACKCLR, TCJMAGRW, ?LB ?AACJCP?RGML. -ME-D?C;DI?ED7B
$?D;C7J?9I BC?JR UGRF KMRGML GL RUM BGKCLQGMLQ. 0PMHCARGJC KMRGML GQ ? QNCAG?J A?QC MD RUM-BGKCLQGML?J IGLCK?RGAQ GL UFGAF RFC M@HCAR GQ NPMHCARCB
#(!04%2 6 Y 5.)&/2- #)2#5,!2 -/4)/. !.$ '2!6)4!4)/. 189
GLRM RFC ?GP, UFGJC @CGLE QS@HCAR RM RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC, ?LB J?LBQ ? BGQR?LAC ?U?W. )L RFGQ AF?NRCP, UC AMLQGBCP QGRS?RGMLQ UFCPC RFC M@HCAR BMCQ LMR
J?LB @SR KMTCQ GL ? ASPTC. 7C @CEGL RFC QRSBW MD SLGDMPK AGPASJ?P KMRGML @W BCDGLGLE RUM ?LESJ?P OS?LRGRGCQ LCCBCB RM BCQAPG@C PMR?RGML?J KMRGML.
2MR?RGML !LEJC
7FCL M@HCARQ PMR?RC ?@MSR QMKC ?VGQrDMP CV?KNJC, UFCL RFC #$ (AMKN?AR BGQA) GL F?=KH; 6.2 PMR?RCQ ?@MSR GRQ ACLRCPrC?AF NMGLR GL RFC M@HCAR
DMJJMUQ ? AGPASJ?P ?PA. #MLQGBCP ? JGLC DPMK RFC ACLRCP MD RFC #$ RM GRQ CBEC. %?AF F?J SQCB RM PCAMPB QMSLB ?JMLE RFGQ JGLC KMTCQ RFPMSEF RFC Q?KC
?LEJC GL RFC Q?KC ?KMSLR MD RGKC. 4FC PMR?RGML ?LEJC GQ RFC ?KMSLR MD PMR?RGML ?LB GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM JGLC?P BGQR?LAC. 7C BCDGLC RFC HEJ7J?ED 7D=B;
RM @C RFC P?RGM MD RFC ?PA JCLERF RM RFC P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC:
(6.1)
=
s
r
.
F?=KH; 6.2 !JJ NMGLRQ ML ? #$ RP?TCJ GL AGPASJ?P ?PAQ. 4FC NGRQ ?JMLE ? JGLC DPMK RFC ACLRCP RM RFC CBEC ?JJ KMTC RFPMSEF RFC Q?KC ?LEJC GL ? RGKC t .
F?=KH; 6.3 4FC P?BGSQ MD ? AGPAJC GQ PMR?RCB RFPMSEF ?L ?LEJC . 4FC ?PA JCLERF s GQ BCQAPG@CB ML RFC AGPASKDCPCLAC.
4FC 7H9 B;D=J> s GQ RFC BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB ?JMLE ? AGPASJ?P N?RF ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 6.3 .MRC RF?R r GQ RFC H7:?KI E< 9KHL7JKH; MD RFC AGPASJ?P N?RF.
7C ILMU RF?R DMP MLC AMKNJCRC PCTMJSRGML, RFC ?PA JCLERF GQ RFC AGPASKDCPCLAC MD ? AGPAJC MD P?BGSQ r . 4FC AGPASKDCPCLAC MD ? AGPAJC GQ 2r . 4FSQ DMP
MLC AMKNJCRC PCTMJSRGML RFC PMR?RGML ?LEJC GQ
(6.2)
=
2r
r
= 2.
4FGQ PCQSJR GQ RFC @?QGQ DMP BCDGLGLE RFC SLGRQ SQCB RM KC?QSPC PMR?RGML ?LEJCQ, RM @C H7:?7DI (P?B), BCDGLCB QM RF?R
(6.3)
2 rad = 1 revolution.
! AMKN?PGQML MD QMKC SQCDSJ ?LEJCQ CVNPCQQCB GL @MRF BCEPCCQ ?LB P?BG?LQ GQ QFMUL GL -78B; 6.1.
190 #(!04%2 6 Y 5.)&/2- #)2#5,!2 -/4)/. !.$ '2!6)4!4)/.
4?@JC 6.1 #MKN?PGQML MD !LESJ?P 5LGRQ
D;=H;; &;7IKH;I +7:?7D &;7IKH;
30

6
60

3
90

2
120
2
3
135
3
4
180
F?=KH; 6.4 0MGLRQ 1 ?LB 2 PMR?RC RFPMSEF RFC Q?KC ?LEJC ( ), @SR NMGLR 2 KMTCQ RFPMSEF ? EPC?RCP ?PA JCLERF (s) @CA?SQC GR GQ ?R ? EPC?RCP BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC ACLRCP MD
PMR?RGML (r) .
)D = 2 P?B, RFCL RFC #$ F?Q K?BC MLC AMKNJCRC PCTMJSRGML, ?LB CTCPW NMGLR ML RFC #$ GQ @?AI ?R GRQ MPGEGL?J NMQGRGML. "CA?SQC RFCPC ?PC 360
GL ? AGPAJC MP MLC PCTMJSRGML, RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL P?BG?LQ ?LB BCEPCCQ GQ RFSQ
(6.4)
2 rad = 360
QM RF?R
(6.5)
1 rad =
360
2
57.3.
!LESJ?P 6CJMAGRW
(MU D?QR GQ ?L M@HCAR PMR?RGLE? 7C BCDGLC 7D=KB7H L;BE9?JO ?Q RFC P?RC MD AF?LEC MD ?L ?LEJC. )L QWK@MJQ, RFGQ GQ
(6.6)
=

t
,
UFCPC ?L ?LESJ?P PMR?RGML R?ICQ NJ?AC GL ? RGKC t . 4FC EPC?RCP RFC PMR?RGML ?LEJC GL ? EGTCL ?KMSLR MD RGKC, RFC EPC?RCP RFC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW.
4FC SLGRQ DMP ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW ?PC P?BG?LQ NCP QCAMLB (P?B/Q).
!LESJ?P TCJMAGRW GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM JGLC?P TCJMAGRW v . 4M ECR RFC NPCAGQC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL ?LESJ?P ?LB JGLC?P TCJMAGRW, UC ?E?GL AMLQGBCP ? NGR ML
RFC PMR?RGLE #$. 4FGQ NGR KMTCQ ?L ?PA JCLERF s GL ? RGKC t , ?LB QM GR F?Q ? JGLC?P TCJMAGRW
(6.7)
v =
s
t
.
&PMK =
s
r
UC QCC RF?R s = r . 3S@QRGRSRGLE RFGQ GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP v EGTCQ
(6.8)
v =
r
t
= r.
7C UPGRC RFGQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN GL RUM BGDDCPCLR U?WQ ?LB E?GL RUM BGDDCPCLR GLQGEFRQ:
(6.9)
v = r or =
v
r
.
#(!04%2 6 Y 5.)&/2- #)2#5,!2 -/4)/. !.$ '2!6)4!4)/. 191
4FC DGPQR PCJ?RGMLQFGN GL v = r or =
v
r
QR?RCQ RF?R RFC JGLC?P TCJMAGRW v GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC ACLRCP MD PMR?RGML, RFSQ, GR GQ J?PECQR
DMP ? NMGLR ML RFC PGK (J?PECQR r ), ?Q WMS KGEFR CVNCAR. 7C A?L ?JQM A?JJ RFGQ JGLC?P QNCCB v MD ? NMGLR ML RFC PGK RFC G4A:8AG<4? FC887. 4FC QCAMLB
PCJ?RGMLQFGN GL v = r or =
v
r
A?L @C GJJSQRP?RCB @W AMLQGBCPGLE RFC RGPC MD ? KMTGLE A?P. .MRC RF?R RFC QNCCB MD ? NMGLR ML RFC PGK MD RFC RGPC GQ RFC
Q?KC ?Q RFC QNCCB v MD RFC A?P. 3CC F?=KH; 6.5. 3M RFC D?QRCP RFC A?P KMTCQ, RFC D?QRCP RFC RGPC QNGLQrJ?PEC v KC?LQ ? J?PEC , @CA?SQC
v = r. 3GKGJ?PJW, ? J?PECP-P?BGSQ RGPC PMR?RGLE ?R RFC Q?KC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW ( ) UGJJ NPMBSAC ? EPC?RCP JGLC?P QNCCB ( v ) DMP RFC A?P.
F?=KH; 6.5 ! A?P KMTGLE ?R ? TCJMAGRW v RM RFC PGEFR F?Q ? RGPC PMR?RGLE UGRF ?L ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW .4FC QNCCB MD RFC RPC?B MD RFC RGPC PCJ?RGTC RM RFC ?VJC GQ v , RFC Q?KC ?Q GD
RFC A?P UCPC H?AICB SN. 4FSQ RFC A?P KMTCQ DMPU?PB ?R JGLC?P TCJMAGRW v = r, UFCPC r GQ RFC RGPC P?BGSQ. ! J?PECP ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW DMP RFC RGPC KC?LQ ? EPC?RCP TCJMAGRW DMP
RFC A?P.
EN7CFB; 6.1 !EM F7IJ DE;I 7 C7H -?H; ,F?D?
#?JASJ?RC RFC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW MD ? 0.300 K P?BGSQ A?P RGPC UFCL RFC A?P RP?TCJQ ?R 15.0 m/s (?@MSR 54 km/h ). 3CC F?=KH; 6.5.
,JH7J;=O
"CA?SQC RFC JGLC?P QNCCB MD RFC RGPC PGK GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC QNCCB MD RFC A?P, UC F?TC v = 15.0 m/s. 4FC P?BGSQ MD RFC RGPC GQ EGTCL RM @C
r = 0.300 m. +LMUGLE v ?LB r , UC A?L SQC RFC QCAMLB PCJ?RGMLQFGN GL v = r, =
v
r
RM A?JASJ?RC RFC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW.
,EBKJ?ED
4M A?JASJ?RC RFC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW, UC UGJJ SQC RFC DMJJMUGLE PCJ?RGMLQFGN:
(6.10)
=
v
r
.
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFC ILMULQ,
(6.11)
=
15.0 m/s
0.300 m
= 50.0 rad/s.
D?I9KII?ED
7FCL UC A?LACJ SLGRQ GL RFC ?@MTC A?JASJ?RGML, UC ECR 50.0/Q. "SR RFC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW KSQR F?TC SLGRQ MD P?B/Q. "CA?SQC P?BG?LQ ?PC ?ARS?JJW
SLGRJCQQ (P?BG?LQ ?PC BCDGLCB ?Q ? P?RGM MD BGQR?LAC), UC A?L QGKNJW GLQCPR RFCK GLRM RFC ?LQUCP DMP RFC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW. !JQM LMRC RF?R GD ?L C?PRF
KMTCP UGRF KSAF J?PECP RGPCQ, Q?W 1.20 K GL P?BGSQ, UCPC KMTGLE ?R RFC Q?KC QNCCB MD 15.0 K/Q, GRQ RGPCQ UMSJB PMR?RC KMPC QJMUJW. 4FCW UMSJB
F?TC ?L ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW
(6.12)
= (15.0 m/s) / (1.20 m) = 12.5 rad/s.
"MRF ?LB v F?TC BGPCARGMLQ (FCLAC RFCW ?PC ?LESJ?P ?LB JGLC?P I8?B6<G<8F, PCQNCARGTCJW). !LESJ?P TCJMAGRW F?Q MLJW RUM BGPCARGMLQ UGRF PCQNCAR RM
RFC ?VGQ MD PMR?RGMLrGR GQ CGRFCP AJMAIUGQC MP AMSLRCPAJMAIUGQC. ,GLC?P TCJMAGRW GQ R?LECLR RM RFC N?RF, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 6.6.
4GC ?L M@HCAR RM RFC CLB MD ? QRPGLE ?LB QUGLE GR ?PMSLB GL ? FMPGXMLR?J AGPAJC ?@MTC WMSP FC?B (QUGLE ?R WMSP UPGQR). -?GLR?GL SLGDMPK QNCCB ?Q RFC
M@HCAR QUGLEQ ?LB KC?QSPC RFC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW MD RFC KMRGML. 7F?R GQ RFC ?NNPMVGK?RC QNCCB MD RFC M@HCAR? )BCLRGDW ? NMGLR AJMQC RM WMSP F?LB
?LB R?IC ?NNPMNPG?RC KC?QSPCKCLRQ RM A?JASJ?RC RFC JGLC?P QNCCB ?R RFGQ NMGLR. )BCLRGDW MRFCP AGPASJ?P KMRGMLQ ?LB KC?QSPC RFCGP ?LESJ?P
TCJMAGRGCQ.
192 #(!04%2 6 Y 5.)&/2- #)2#5,!2 -/4)/. !.$ '2!6)4!4)/.
F?=KH; 6.6 !Q ?L M@HCAR KMTCQ GL ? AGPAJC, FCPC ? DJW ML RFC CBEC MD ?L MJB-D?QFGMLCB TGLWJ PCAMPB, GRQ GLQR?LR?LCMSQ TCJMAGRW GQ ?JU?WQ R?LECLR RM RFC AGPAJC. 4FC BGPCARGML MD RFC
?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW GQ AJMAIUGQC GL RFGQ A?QC.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: ,?BW@SE 2CTMJSRGML
F?=KH; 6.7 %7:O8K= +;LEBKJ?ED (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42083/1.6/HEJ7J?ED6;D.@7H)
*MGL RFC J?BW@SE GL ?L CVNJMP?RGML MD PMR?RGML?J KMRGML. 2MR?RC RFC KCPPW-EM-PMSLB RM AF?LEC GRQ ?LEJC, MP AFMMQC ? AMLQR?LR ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW MP
?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML. %VNJMPC FMU AGPASJ?P KMRGML PCJ?RCQ RM RFC @SE'Q V,W NMQGRGML, TCJMAGRW, ?LB ?AACJCP?RGML SQGLE TCARMPQ MP EP?NFQ.
6.2 C;DJH?F;J7B A99;B;H7J?ED
7C ILMU DPMK IGLCK?RGAQ RF?R ?AACJCP?RGML GQ ? AF?LEC GL TCJMAGRW, CGRFCP GL GRQ K?ELGRSBC MP GL GRQ BGPCARGML, MP @MRF. )L SLGDMPK AGPASJ?P KMRGML, RFC
BGPCARGML MD RFC TCJMAGRW AF?LECQ AMLQR?LRJW, QM RFCPC GQ ?JU?WQ ?L ?QQMAG?RCB ?AACJCP?RGML, CTCL RFMSEF RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC TCJMAGRW KGEFR @C
AMLQR?LR. 9MS CVNCPGCLAC RFGQ ?AACJCP?RGML WMSPQCJD UFCL WMS RSPL ? AMPLCP GL WMSP A?P. ()D WMS FMJB RFC UFCCJ QRC?BW BSPGLE ? RSPL ?LB KMTC ?R
AMLQR?LR QNCCB, WMS ?PC GL SLGDMPK AGPASJ?P KMRGML.) 7F?R WMS LMRGAC GQ ? QGBCU?WQ ?AACJCP?RGML @CA?SQC WMS ?LB RFC A?P ?PC AF?LEGLE BGPCARGML. 4FC
QF?PNCP RFC ASPTC ?LB RFC EPC?RCP WMSP QNCCB, RFC KMPC LMRGAC?@JC RFGQ ?AACJCP?RGML UGJJ @CAMKC. )L RFGQ QCARGML UC CV?KGLC RFC BGPCARGML ?LB
K?ELGRSBC MD RF?R ?AACJCP?RGML.
F?=KH; 6.8 QFMUQ ?L M@HCAR KMTGLE GL ? AGPASJ?P N?RF ?R AMLQR?LR QNCCB. 4FC BGPCARGML MD RFC GLQR?LR?LCMSQ TCJMAGRW GQ QFMUL ?R RUM NMGLRQ ?JMLE RFC
N?RF. !AACJCP?RGML GQ GL RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC AF?LEC GL TCJMAGRW, UFGAF NMGLRQ BGPCARJW RMU?PB RFC ACLRCP MD PMR?RGML (RFC ACLRCP MD RFC AGPASJ?P N?RF). 4FGQ
NMGLRGLE GQ QFMUL UGRF RFC TCARMP BG?EP?K GL RFC DGESPC. 7C A?JJ RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD ?L M@HCAR KMTGLE GL SLGDMPK AGPASJ?P KMRGML (PCQSJRGLE DPMK ? LCR
CVRCPL?J DMPAC) RFC 9;DJH?F;J7B 799;B;H7J?ED( a
c
); ACLRPGNCR?J KC?LQ uRMU?PB RFC ACLRCPv MP uACLRCP QCCIGLE.v
#(!04%2 6 Y 5.)&/2- #)2#5,!2 -/4)/. !.$ '2!6)4!4)/. 193
F?=KH; 6.8 4FC BGPCARGMLQ MD RFC TCJMAGRW MD ?L M@HCAR ?R RUM BGDDCPCLR NMGLRQ ?PC QFMUL, ?LB RFC AF?LEC GL TCJMAGRW v GQ QCCL RM NMGLR BGPCARJW RMU?PB RFC ACLRCP MD ASPT?RSPC.
(3CC QK?JJ GLQCR.) "CA?SQC a
c
= v / t , RFC ?AACJCP?RGML GQ ?JQM RMU?PB RFC ACLRCP; a
c
GQ A?JJCB ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML. ("CA?SQC GQ TCPW QK?JJ, RFC ?PA JCLERF
s GQ COS?J RM RFC AFMPB JCLERF r DMP QK?JJ RGKC BGDDCPCLACQ.)
4FC BGPCARGML MD ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML GQ RMU?PB RFC ACLRCP MD ASPT?RSPC, @SR UF?R GQ GRQ K?ELGRSBC? .MRC RF?R RFC RPG?LEJC DMPKCB @W RFC TCJMAGRW
TCARMPQ ?LB RFC MLC DMPKCB @W RFC P?BGG r ?LB s ?PC QGKGJ?P. "MRF RFC RPG?LEJCQ !"# ?LB 012 ?PC GQMQACJCQ RPG?LEJCQ (RUM COS?J QGBCQ). 4FC RUM
COS?J QGBCQ MD RFC TCJMAGRW TCARMP RPG?LEJC ?PC RFC QNCCBQ v
1
= v
2
= v . 5QGLE RFC NPMNCPRGCQ MD RUM QGKGJ?P RPG?LEJCQ, UC M@R?GL
(6.13) v
v
=
s
r
.
!AACJCP?RGML GQ v / t , ?LB QM UC DGPQR QMJTC RFGQ CVNPCQQGML DMP v :
(6.14)
v =
v
r
s.
4FCL UC BGTGBC RFGQ @W t , WGCJBGLE
(6.15) v
t
=
v
r
s
t
.
&GL?JJW, LMRGLE RF?R v / t = a
c
?LB RF?R s / t = v , RFC JGLC?P MP R?LECLRG?J QNCCB, UC QCC RF?R RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML GQ
(6.16)
a
c
=
v
2
r
,
UFGAF GQ RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD ?L M@HCAR GL ? AGPAJC MD P?BGSQ r ?R ? QNCCB v . 3M, ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML GQ EPC?RCP ?R FGEF QNCCBQ ?LB GL QF?PN ASPTCQ
(QK?JJCP P?BGSQ), ?Q WMS F?TC LMRGACB UFCL BPGTGLE ? A?P. "SR GR GQ ? @GR QSPNPGQGLE RF?R a
c
GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM QNCCB QOS?PCB, GKNJWGLE, DMP CV?KNJC, RF?R
GR GQ DMSP RGKCQ ?Q F?PB RM R?IC ? ASPTC ?R 100 IK/F RF?L ?R 50 IK/F. ! QF?PN AMPLCP F?Q ? QK?JJ P?BGSQ, QM RF?R a
c
GQ EPC?RCP DMP RGEFRCP RSPLQ, ?Q WMS
F?TC NPM@?@JW LMRGACB.
)R GQ ?JQM SQCDSJ RM CVNPCQQ a
c
GL RCPKQ MD ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW. 3S@QRGRSRGLE v = r GLRM RFC ?@MTC CVNPCQQGML, UC DGLB a
c
= (r)
2
/ r = r
2
. 7C A?L
CVNPCQQ RFC K?ELGRSBC MD ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML SQGLE CGRFCP MD RUM COS?RGMLQ:
(6.17)
a
c
=
v
2
r
; a
c
= r
2
.
2CA?JJ RF?R RFC BGPCARGML MD a
c
GQ RMU?PB RFC ACLRCP. 9MS K?W SQC UFGAFCTCP CVNPCQQGML GQ KMPC AMLTCLGCLR, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL CV?KNJCQ @CJMU.
! 9;DJH?<K=; (QCC F?=KH; 6.9@) GQ ? PMR?RGLE BCTGAC SQCB RM QCN?P?RC QNCAGKCLQ MD BGDDCPCLR BCLQGRGCQ. (GEF ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML QGELGDGA?LRJW
BCAPC?QCQ RFC RGKC GR R?ICQ DMP QCN?P?RGML RM MAASP, ?LB K?ICQ QCN?P?RGML NMQQG@JC UGRF QK?JJ Q?KNJCQ. #CLRPGDSECQ ?PC SQCB GL ? T?PGCRW MD
?NNJGA?RGMLQ GL QAGCLAC ?LB KCBGAGLC, GLAJSBGLE RFC QCN?P?RGML MD QGLEJC ACJJ QSQNCLQGMLQ QSAF ?Q @?ARCPG?, TGPSQCQ, ?LB @JMMB ACJJQ DPMK ? JGOSGB
KCBGSK ?LB RFC QCN?P?RGML MD K?APMKMJCASJCQ, QSAF ?Q $.! ?LB NPMRCGL, DPMK ? QMJSRGML. #CLRPGDSECQ ?PC MDRCL P?RCB GL RCPKQ MD RFCGP ACLRPGNCR?J
?AACJCP?RGML PCJ?RGTC RM ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW (g) ; K?VGKSK ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML MD QCTCP?J FSLBPCB RFMSQ?LB g GQ NMQQG@JC GL ? T?ASSK.
(SK?L ACLRPGDSECQ, CVRPCKCJW J?PEC ACLRPGDSECQ, F?TC @CCL SQCB RM RCQR RFC RMJCP?LAC MD ?QRPML?SRQ RM RFC CDDCARQ MD ?AACJCP?RGMLQ J?PECP RF?L RF?R MD
%?PRFtQ EP?TGRW.
194 #(!04%2 6 Y 5.)&/2- #)2#5,!2 -/4)/. !.$ '2!6)4!4)/.
EN7CFB; 6.2 !EM DE;I J>; C;DJH?F;J7B A99;B;H7J?ED E< 7 C7H AHEKD: 7 CKHL; CECF7H; M?J> ->7J DK; JE
H7L?JO?
7F?R GQ RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML MD ? A?P DMJJMUGLE ? ASPTC MD P?BGSQ 500 K ?R ? QNCCB MD 25.0 K/Q (?@MSR 90 IK/F)?
#MKN?PC RFC ?AACJCP?RGML UGRF RF?R BSC RM EP?TGRW DMP RFGQ D?GPJW ECLRJC ASPTC R?ICL ?R FGEFU?W QNCCB. 3CC F?=KH; 6.9(?).
,JH7J;=O
"CA?SQC v ?LB r ?PC EGTCL, RFC DGPQR CVNPCQQGML GL a
c
=
v
2
r
; a
c
= r
2
GQ RFC KMQR AMLTCLGCLR RM SQC.
,EBKJ?ED
%LRCPGLE RFC EGTCL T?JSCQ MD v = 25.0 m/s ?LB r = 500 m GLRM RFC DGPQR CVNPCQQGML DMP a
c
EGTCQ
(6.18)
a
c
=
v
2
r
=
(25.0 m/s)
2
500 m
= 1.25 m/s
2
.
D?I9KII?ED
4M AMKN?PC RFGQ UGRF RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW (g = 9.80 m/s
2
) , UC R?IC RFC P?RGM MD a
c
/ g =

1.25 m/s
2
9.80 m/s
2
= 0.128 . 4FSQ,
a
c
= 0.128 g ?LB GQ LMRGAC?@JC CQNCAG?JJW GD WMS UCPC LMR UC?PGLE ? QC?R @CJR.
F?=KH; 6.9 (?) 4FC A?P DMJJMUGLE ? AGPASJ?P N?RF ?R AMLQR?LR QNCCB GQ ?AACJCP?RCB NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM GRQ TCJMAGRW, ?Q QFMUL. 4FC K?ELGRSBC MD RFGQ ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML GQ DMSLB
GL EN7CFB; 6.2. (@) ! N?PRGAJC MD K?QQ GL ? ACLRPGDSEC GQ PMR?RGLE ?R AMLQR?LR ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW . )R KSQR @C ?AACJCP?RCB NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM GRQ TCJMAGRW MP GR UMSJB AMLRGLSC GL ?
QRP?GEFR JGLC. 4FC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC LCACQQ?PW ?AACJCP?RGML GQ DMSLB GL EN7CFB; 6.3.
EN7CFB; 6.3 !EM B?= "I J>; C;DJH?F;J7B A99;B;H7J?ED ?D 7D .BJH79;DJH?<K=;?
#?JASJ?RC RFC ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML MD ? NMGLR 7.50 AK DPMK RFC ?VGQ MD ?L KBJH79;DJH?<K=; QNGLLGLE ?R 7.5 10
4
rev/min. $CRCPKGLC RFC
P?RGM MD RFGQ ?AACJCP?RGML RM RF?R BSC RM EP?TGRW. 3CC F?=KH; 6.9(@).
,JH7J;=O
#(!04%2 6 Y 5.)&/2- #)2#5,!2 -/4)/. !.$ '2!6)4!4)/. 195
4FC RCPK PCT/KGL QR?LBQ DMP PCTMJSRGMLQ NCP KGLSRC. "W AMLTCPRGLE RFGQ RM P?BG?LQ NCP QCAMLB, UC M@R?GL RFC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW . "CA?SQC r GQ
EGTCL, UC A?L SQC RFC QCAMLB CVNPCQQGML GL RFC COS?RGML a
c
=
v
2
r
; a
c
= r
2
RM A?JASJ?RC RFC ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML.
,EBKJ?ED
4M AMLTCPR 7.5010
4
rev / min RM P?BG?LQ NCP QCAMLB, UC SQC RFC D?ARQ RF?R MLC PCTMJSRGML GQ 2rad ?LB MLC KGLSRC GQ 60.0 Q. 4FSQ,
(6.19)
= 7.5010
4 rev
min
2 rad
1 rev

1 min
60.0 s
= 7854 rad/s.
.MU RFC ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML GQ EGTCL @W RFC QCAMLB CVNPCQQGML GL a
c
=
v
2
r
; a
c
= r
2
?Q
(6.20)
a
c
= r
2
.
#MLTCPRGLE 7.50 AK RM KCRCPQ ?LB QS@QRGRSRGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ EGTCQ
(6.21)
a
c
= (0.0750 m)(7854 rad/s)
2
= 4.6310
6
m/s
2
.
.MRC RF?R RFC SLGRJCQQ P?BG?LQ ?PC BGQA?PBCB GL MPBCP RM ECR RFC AMPPCAR SLGRQ DMP ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML. 4?IGLE RFC P?RGM MD a
c
RM g WGCJBQ
(6.22)
a
c
g
=
4.6310
6
9.80
= 4.7210
5
.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ J?QR PCQSJR KC?LQ RF?R RFC ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML GQ 472,000 RGKCQ ?Q QRPMLE ?Q g . )R GQ LM UMLBCP RF?R QSAF FGEF ACLRPGDSECQ ?PC A?JJCB
SJRP?ACLRPGDSECQ. 4FC CVRPCKCJW J?PEC ?AACJCP?RGMLQ GLTMJTCB EPC?RJW BCAPC?QC RFC RGKC LCCBCB RM A?SQC RFC QCBGKCLR?RGML MD @JMMB ACJJQ MP MRFCP
K?RCPG?JQ.
/D AMSPQC, ? LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC GQ LCCBCB RM A?SQC ?LW ?AACJCP?RGML, HSQR ?Q .CURML NPMNMQCB GL FGQ QCAMLB J?U MD KMRGML. 3M ? LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC GQ
LCCBCB RM A?SQC ? ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML. )L C;DJH?F;J7B FEH9;, UC UGJJ AMLQGBCP RFC DMPACQ GLTMJTCB GL AGPASJ?P KMRGML.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: ,?BW@SE -MRGML 2$
,C?PL ?@MSR NMQGRGML, TCJMAGRW ?LB ?AACJCP?RGML TCARMPQ. -MTC RFC J?BW@SE @W QCRRGLE RFC NMQGRGML, TCJMAGRW MP ?AACJCP?RGML, ?LB QCC FMU RFC
TCARMPQ AF?LEC. #FMMQC JGLC?P, AGPASJ?P MP CJJGNRGA?J KMRGML, ?LB PCAMPB ?LB NJ?W@?AI RFC KMRGML RM ?L?JWXC RFC @CF?TGMP.
F?=KH; 6.10 %7:O8K= &EJ?ED 2D (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42084/1.6/B7:O8K=-CEJ?ED-2:6;D.@7H)
6.3 C;DJH?F;J7B FEH9;
!LW DMPAC MP AMK@GL?RGML MD DMPACQ A?L A?SQC ? ACLRPGNCR?J MP P?BG?J ?AACJCP?RGML. *SQR ? DCU CV?KNJCQ ?PC RFC RCLQGML GL RFC PMNC ML ? RCRFCP @?JJ, RFC
DMPAC MD %?PRFtQ EP?TGRW ML RFC -MML, DPGARGML @CRUCCL PMJJCP QI?RCQ ?LB ? PGLI DJMMP, ? @?LICB PM?BU?WtQ DMPAC ML ? A?P, ?LB DMPACQ ML RFC RS@C MD ?
QNGLLGLE ACLRPGDSEC.
!LW LCR DMPAC A?SQGLE SLGDMPK AGPASJ?P KMRGML GQ A?JJCB ? 9;DJH?F;J7B <EH9;. 4FC BGPCARGML MD ? ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC GQ RMU?PB RFC ACLRCP MD ASPT?RSPC, RFC
Q?KC ?Q RFC BGPCARGML MD ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML. !AAMPBGLE RM .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U MD KMRGML, LCR DMPAC GQ K?QQ RGKCQ ?AACJCP?RGML: LCR F = ma .
&MP SLGDMPK AGPASJ?P KMRGML, RFC ?AACJCP?RGML GQ RFC ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGMLr a = a
c
. 4FSQ, RFC K?ELGRSBC MD ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC F
c
GQ
(6.23) F
c
= ma
c
.
"W SQGLE RFC CVNPCQQGMLQ DMP ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML a
c
DPMK a
c
=
v
2
r
; a
c
= r
2
, UC ECR RUM CVNPCQQGMLQ DMP RFC ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC F
c
GL RCPKQ MD
K?QQ, TCJMAGRW, ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW, ?LB P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC:
(6.24)
F
c
= m
v
2
r
; F
c
= mr
2
.
9MS K?W SQC UFGAFCTCP CVNPCQQGML DMP ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC GQ KMPC AMLTCLGCLR. #CLRPGNCR?J DMPAC F
c
GQ ?JU?WQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC N?RF ?LB NMGLRGLE RM
RFC ACLRCP MD ASPT?RSPC, @CA?SQC a
c
GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC TCJMAGRW ?LB NMGLRGLE RM RFC ACLRCP MD ASPT?RSPC.
.MRC RF?R GD WMS QMJTC RFC DGPQR CVNPCQQGML DMP r , WMS ECR
196 #(!04%2 6 Y 5.)&/2- #)2#5,!2 -/4)/. !.$ '2!6)4!4)/.
(6.25)
r =
mv
2
F
c
.
4FGQ GKNJGCQ RF?R DMP ? EGTCL K?QQ ?LB TCJMAGRW, ? J?PEC ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC A?SQCQ ? QK?JJ P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPCrRF?R GQ, ? RGEFR ASPTC.
F?=KH; 6.11 4FC DPGARGML?J DMPAC QSNNJGCQ RFC ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC ?LB GQ LSKCPGA?JJW COS?J RM GR. #CLRPGNCR?J DMPAC GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM TCJMAGRW ?LB A?SQCQ SLGDMPK AGPASJ?P KMRGML.
4FC J?PECP RFC F
c
, RFC QK?JJCP RFC P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC r ?LB RFC QF?PNCP RFC ASPTC. 4FC QCAMLB ASPTC F?Q RFC Q?KC v , @SR ? J?PECP F
c
NPMBSACQ ? QK?JJCP r .
EN7CFB; 6.4 0>7J CE;<<?9?;DJ E< FH?9J?ED DE C7H -?H;I ';;: ED 7 FB7J CKHL;?
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC CVCPRCB ML ? 900 IE A?P RF?R LCEMRG?RCQ ? 500 K P?BGSQ ASPTC ?R 25.0 K/Q.
(@) !QQSKGLE ?L SL@?LICB ASPTC, DGLB RFC KGLGKSK QR?RGA AMCDDGAGCLR MD DPGARGML, @CRUCCL RFC RGPCQ ?LB RFC PM?B, QR?RGA DPGARGML @CGLE RFC PC?QML
RF?R ICCNQ RFC A?P DPMK QJGNNGLE (QCC F?=KH; 6.12).
,JH7J;=O 7D: ,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
7C ILMU RF?R F
c
=
mv
2
r
. 4FSQ,
(6.26)
F
c
=
mv
2
r
=
(900 kg)(25.0 m/s)
2
(500 m)
= 1125 N.
,JH7J;=O <EH (8)
F?=KH; 6.12 QFMUQ RFC DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML RFC A?P ML ?L SL@?LICB (JCTCJ EPMSLB) ASPTC. &PGARGML GQ RM RFC JCDR, ICCNGLE RFC A?P DPMK QJGNNGLE, ?LB
@CA?SQC GR GQ RFC MLJW FMPGXMLR?J DMPAC ?ARGLE ML RFC A?P, RFC DPGARGML GQ RFC ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC GL RFGQ A?QC. 7C ILMU RF?R RFC K?VGKSK QR?RGA DPGARGML
(?R UFGAF RFC RGPCQ PMJJ @SR BM LMR QJGN) GQ
s
N , UFCPC
s
GQ RFC QR?RGA AMCDDGAGCLR MD DPGARGML ?LB . GQ RFC LMPK?J DMPAC. 4FC LMPK?J DMPAC COS?JQ
RFC A?PtQ UCGEFR ML JCTCJ EPMSLB, QM RF?R N = mg . 4FSQ RFC ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC GL RFGQ QGRS?RGML GQ
(6.27)
F
c
= f =
s
N =
s
mg.
.MU UC F?TC ? PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC ?LB RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD DPGARGML. 5QGLE RFC DGPQR CVNPCQQGML DMP F
c
DPMK RFC COS?RGML
(6.28)
F
c
= m
v
2
r
F
c
= mr
2
,
(6.29)
m
v
2
r
=
s
mg.
7C QMJTC RFGQ DMP
s
, LMRGLE RF?R K?QQ A?LACJQ, ?LB M@R?GL
(6.30)
s
=
v
2
rg
.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
#(!04%2 6 Y 5.)&/2- #)2#5,!2 -/4)/. !.$ '2!6)4!4)/. 197
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFC ILMULQ,
(6.31)
s
=
(25.0 m/s)
2
(500 m)(9.80 m/s
2
)
= 0.13.
("CA?SQC AMCDDGAGCLRQ MD DPGARGML ?PC ?NNPMVGK?RC, RFC ?LQUCP GQ EGTCL RM MLJW RUM BGEGRQ.)
D?I9KII?ED
7C AMSJB ?JQM QMJTC N?PR (?) SQGLE RFC DGPQR CVNPCQQGML GL
F
c
= m
v
2
r
F
c
= mr
2
, @CA?SQC m, v, ?LB r ?PC EGTCL. 4FC AMCDDGAGCLR MD DPGARGML DMSLB GL

N?PR (@) GQ KSAF QK?JJCP RF?L GQ RWNGA?JJW DMSLB @CRUCCL RGPCQ ?LB PM?BQ. 4FC A?P UGJJ QRGJJ LCEMRG?RC RFC ASPTC GD RFC AMCDDGAGCLR GQ EPC?RCP RF?L 0.13,
@CA?SQC QR?RGA DPGARGML GQ ? PCQNMLQGTC DMPAC, @CGLE ?@JC RM ?QQSKC ? T?JSC JCQQ RF?L @SR LM KMPC RF?L
s
N . ! FGEFCP AMCDDGAGCLR UMSJB ?JQM
?JJMU RFC A?P RM LCEMRG?RC RFC ASPTC ?R ? FGEFCP QNCCB, @SR GD RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD DPGARGML GQ JCQQ, RFC Q?DC QNCCB UMSJB @C JCQQ RF?L 25 K/Q. .MRC RF?R
K?QQ A?LACJQ, GKNJWGLE RF?R GL RFGQ CV?KNJC, GR BMCQ LMR K?RRCP FMU FC?TGJW JM?BCB RFC A?P GQ RM LCEMRG?RC RFC RSPL. -?QQ A?LACJQ @CA?SQC DPGARGML
GQ ?QQSKCB NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC LMPK?J DMPAC, UFGAF GL RSPL GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM K?QQ. )D RFC QSPD?AC MD RFC PM?B UCPC @?LICB, RFC LMPK?J DMPAC UMSJB
@C JCQQ ?Q UGJJ @C BGQASQQCB @CJMU.
F?=KH; 6.12 4FGQ A?P ML JCTCJ EPMSLB GQ KMTGLE ?U?W ?LB RSPLGLE RM RFC JCDR. 4FC ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC A?SQGLE RFC A?P RM RSPL GL ? AGPASJ?P N?RF GQ BSC RM DPGARGML @CRUCCL RFC RGPCQ
?LB RFC PM?B. ! KGLGKSK AMCDDGAGCLR MD DPGARGML GQ LCCBCB, MP RFC A?P UGJJ KMTC GL ? J?PECP-P?BGSQ ASPTC ?LB JC?TC RFC PM?BU?W.
,CR SQ LMU AMLQGBCP 87DA;: 9KHL;I, UFCPC RFC QJMNC MD RFC PM?B FCJNQ WMS LCEMRG?RC RFC ASPTC. 3CC F?=KH; 6.13. 4FC EPC?RCP RFC ?LEJC , RFC
D?QRCP WMS A?L R?IC RFC ASPTC. 2?AC RP?AIQ DMP @GICQ ?Q UCJJ ?Q A?PQ, DMP CV?KNJC, MDRCL F?TC QRCCNJW @?LICB ASPTCQ. )L ?L uGBC?JJW @?LICB ASPTC,v RFC
?LEJC GQ QSAF RF?R WMS A?L LCEMRG?RC RFC ASPTC ?R ? ACPR?GL QNCCB UGRFMSR RFC ?GB MD DPGARGML @CRUCCL RFC RGPCQ ?LB RFC PM?B. 7C UGJJ BCPGTC ?L
CVNPCQQGML DMP DMP ?L GBC?JJW @?LICB ASPTC ?LB AMLQGBCP ?L CV?KNJC PCJ?RCB RM GR.
&MP ?:;7B 87DA?D=, RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC COS?JQ RFC FMPGXMLR?J ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC GL RFC ?@QCLAC MD DPGARGML. 4FC AMKNMLCLRQ MD RFC LMPK?J DMPAC . GL
RFC FMPGXMLR?J ?LB TCPRGA?J BGPCARGMLQ KSQR COS?J RFC ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC ?LB RFC UCGEFR MD RFC A?P, PCQNCARGTCJW. )L A?QCQ GL UFGAF DMPACQ ?PC LMR N?P?JJCJ,
GR GQ KMQR AMLTCLGCLR RM AMLQGBCP AMKNMLCLRQ ?JMLE NCPNCLBGASJ?P ?VCQrGL RFGQ A?QC, RFC TCPRGA?J ?LB FMPGXMLR?J BGPCARGMLQ.
F?=KH; 6.13 QFMUQ ? DPCC @MBW BG?EP?K DMP ? A?P ML ? DPGARGMLJCQQ @?LICB ASPTC. )D RFC ?LEJC GQ GBC?J DMP RFC QNCCB ?LB P?BGSQ, RFCL RFC LCR CVRCPL?J
DMPAC UGJJ COS?J RFC LCACQQ?PW ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC. 4FC MLJW RUM CVRCPL?J DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML RFC A?P ?PC GRQ UCGEFR w ?LB RFC LMPK?J DMPAC MD RFC PM?B N.
(! DPGARGMLJCQQ QSPD?AC A?L MLJW CVCPR ? DMPAC NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC QSPD?ACrRF?R GQ, ? LMPK?J DMPAC.) 4FCQC RUM DMPACQ KSQR ?BB RM EGTC ? LCR CVRCPL?J
DMPAC RF?R GQ FMPGXMLR?J RMU?PB RFC ACLRCP MD ASPT?RSPC ?LB F?Q K?ELGRSBC mv
2
/r . "CA?SQC RFGQ GQ RFC APSAG?J DMPAC ?LB GR GQ FMPGXMLR?J, UC SQC ?
AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK UGRF TCPRGA?J ?LB FMPGXMLR?J ?VCQ. /LJW RFC LMPK?J DMPAC F?Q ? FMPGXMLR?J AMKNMLCLR, ?LB QM RFGQ KSQR COS?J RFC ACLRPGNCR?J
DMPACrRF?R GQ,
(6.32)
N sin =
mv
2
r
.
"CA?SQC RFC A?P BMCQ LMR JC?TC RFC QSPD?AC MD RFC PM?B, RFC LCR TCPRGA?J DMPAC KSQR @C XCPM, KC?LGLE RF?R RFC TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLRQ MD RFC RUM CVRCPL?J
DMPACQ KSQR @C COS?J GL K?ELGRSBC ?LB MNNMQGRC GL BGPCARGML. &PMK RFC DGESPC, UC QCC RF?R RFC TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLR MD RFC LMPK?J DMPAC GQ N cos ,
?LB RFC MLJW MRFCP TCPRGA?J DMPAC GQ RFC A?PtQ UCGEFR. 4FCQC KSQR @C COS?J GL K?ELGRSBC; RFSQ,
(6.33)
N cos = mg.
198 #(!04%2 6 Y 5.)&/2- #)2#5,!2 -/4)/. !.$ '2!6)4!4)/.
.MU UC A?L AMK@GLC RFC J?QR RUM COS?RGMLQ RM CJGKGL?RC N ?LB ECR ?L CVNPCQQGML DMP , ?Q BCQGPCB. 3MJTGLE RFC QCAMLB COS?RGML DMP
N = mg / (cos ) , ?LB QS@QRGRSRGLE RFGQ GLRM RFC DGPQR WGCJBQ
(6.34)
mg
sin
cos
=
mv
2
r
(6.35)
mg tan() =
mv
2
r
tan =
v
2
rg.
4?IGLE RFC GLTCPQC R?LECLR EGTCQ
(6.36)
= tan
1
v
2
rg
(ideally banked curve, no friction).

4FGQ CVNPCQQGML A?L @C SLBCPQRMMB @W AMLQGBCPGLE FMU BCNCLBQ ML v ?LB r . ! J?PEC UGJJ @C M@R?GLCB DMP ? J?PEC v ?LB ? QK?JJ r . 4F?R GQ,
PM?BQ KSQR @C QRCCNJW @?LICB DMP FGEF QNCCBQ ?LB QF?PN ASPTCQ. &PGARGML FCJNQ, @CA?SQC GR ?JJMUQ WMS RM R?IC RFC ASPTC ?R EPC?RCP MP JMUCP QNCCB
RF?L GD RFC ASPTC GQ DPGARGMLJCQQ. .MRC RF?R BMCQ LMR BCNCLB ML RFC K?QQ MD RFC TCFGAJC.
F?=KH; 6.13 4FC A?P ML RFGQ @?LICB ASPTC GQ KMTGLE ?U?W ?LB RSPLGLE RM RFC JCDR.
EN7CFB; 6.5 0>7J "I J>; ":;7B ,F;;: JE -7A; 7 ,J;;FBO B7DA;: -?=>J CKHL;?
#SPTCQ ML QMKC RCQR RP?AIQ ?LB P?AC AMSPQCQ, QSAF ?Q RFC $?WRML? )LRCPL?RGML?J 3NCCBU?W GL &JMPGB?, ?PC TCPW QRCCNJW @?LICB. 4FGQ @?LIGLE,
UGRF RFC ?GB MD RGPC DPGARGML ?LB TCPW QR?@JC A?P AMLDGESP?RGMLQ, ?JJMUQ RFC ASPTCQ RM @C R?ICL ?R TCPW FGEF QNCCB. 4M GJJSQRP?RC, A?JASJ?RC RFC QNCCB ?R
UFGAF ? 100 K P?BGSQ ASPTC @?LICB ?R 65.0\ QFMSJB @C BPGTCL GD RFC PM?B GQ DPGARGMLJCQQ.
,JH7J;=O
7C DGPQR LMRC RF?R ?JJ RCPKQ GL RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP RFC GBC?J ?LEJC MD ? @?LICB ASPTC CVACNR DMP QNCCB ?PC ILMUL; RFSQ, UC LCCB MLJW PC?PP?LEC GR QM
RF?R QNCCB ?NNC?PQ ML RFC JCDR-F?LB QGBC ?LB RFCL QS@QRGRSRC ILMUL OS?LRGRGCQ.
,EBKJ?ED
3R?PRGLE UGRF
(6.37)
tan =
v
2
rg
UC ECR
(6.38)
v = (rg tan )
1 / 2
.
.MRGLE RF?R R?L 65.0` = 2.14, UC M@R?GL
(6.39)
v =

(100 m)(9.80 m/s

2
)(2.14)
1 / 2
= 45.8 m/s.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ GQ HSQR ?@MSR 165 IK/F, AMLQGQRCLR UGRF ? TCPW QRCCNJW @?LICB ?LB P?RFCP QF?PN ASPTC. 4GPC DPGARGML CL?@JCQ ? TCFGAJC RM R?IC RFC ASPTC ?R
QGELGDGA?LRJW FGEFCP QNCCBQ.
#?JASJ?RGMLQ QGKGJ?P RM RFMQC GL RFC NPCACBGLE CV?KNJCQ A?L @C NCPDMPKCB DMP ? FMQR MD GLRCPCQRGLE QGRS?RGMLQ GL UFGAF ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC GQ
GLTMJTCBr? LSK@CP MD RFCQC ?PC NPCQCLRCB GL RFGQ AF?NRCPtQ 0PM@JCKQ ?LB %VCPAGQCQ.
#(!04%2 6 Y 5.)&/2- #)2#5,!2 -/4)/. !.$ '2!6)4!4)/. 199
!QI ? DPGCLB MP PCJ?RGTC RM QUGLE ? EMJD AJS@ MP ? RCLLGQ P?AOSCR. 4?IC ?NNPMNPG?RC KC?QSPCKCLRQ RM CQRGK?RC RFC ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML MD RFC
CLB MD RFC AJS@ MP P?AOSCR. 9MS K?W AFMMQC RM BM RFGQ GL QJMU KMRGML.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: 'P?TGRW ?LB /P@GRQ
-MTC RFC QSL, C?PRF, KMML ?LB QN?AC QR?RGML RM QCC FMU GR ?DDCARQ RFCGP EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPACQ ?LB MP@GR?J N?RFQ. 6GQS?JGXC RFC QGXCQ ?LB BGQR?LACQ
@CRUCCL BGDDCPCLR FC?TCLJW @MBGCQ, ?LB RSPL MDD EP?TGRW RM QCC UF?R UMSJB F?NNCL UGRFMSR GR!
F?=KH; 6.14 H7L?JO 7D: (H8?JI (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42086/1.9/=H7L?JO-7D:-EH8?JI6;D.@7H)
6.4 F?9J?J?EKI FEH9;I 7D: 'ED-?D;HJ?7B FH7C;I: ->; CEH?EB?I FEH9;
7F?R BM R?IGLE MDD GL ? HCR ?GPNJ?LC, RSPLGLE ? AMPLCP GL ? A?P, PGBGLE ? KCPPW-EM-PMSLB, ?LB RFC AGPASJ?P KMRGML MD ? RPMNGA?J AWAJMLC F?TC GL AMKKML?
%?AF CVFG@GRQ DGARGRGMSQ DMPACQrSLPC?J DMPACQ RF?R ?PGQC DPMK KMRGML ?LB K?W F88@ PC?J, @CA?SQC RFC M@QCPTCPtQ DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC GQ ?AACJCP?RGLE MP
PMR?RGLE.
7FCL R?IGLE MDD GL ? HCR, KMQR NCMNJC UMSJB ?EPCC GR DCCJQ ?Q GD WMS ?PC @CGLE NSQFCB @?AI GLRM RFC QC?R ?Q RFC ?GPNJ?LC ?AACJCP?RCQ BMUL RFC PSLU?W.
9CR ? NFWQGAGQR UMSJB Q?W RF?R LBH RCLB RM PCK?GL QR?RGML?PW UFGJC RFC F84G NSQFCQ DMPU?PB ML WMS, ?LB RFCPC GQ LM PC?J DMPAC @?AIU?PB ML WMS. !L
CTCL KMPC AMKKML CVNCPGCLAC MAASPQ UFCL WMS K?IC ? RGEFR ASPTC GL WMSP A?PrQ?W, RM RFC PGEFR. 9MS DCCJ ?Q GD WMS ?PC RFPMUL (RF?R GQ, 9BE687)
RMU?PB RFC JCDR PCJ?RGTC RM RFC A?P. !E?GL, ? NFWQGAGQR UMSJB Q?W RF?R LBH ?PC EMGLE GL ? QRP?GEFR JGLC @SR RFC 64E KMTCQ RM RFC PGEFR, ?LB RFCPC GQ LM PC?J
DMPAC ML WMS RM RFC JCDR. 2CA?JJ .CURMLtQ DGPQR J?U.
F?=KH; 6.15 (?) 4FC A?P BPGTCP DCCJQ FCPQCJD DMPACB RM RFC JCDR PCJ?RGTC RM RFC A?P UFCL QFC K?ICQ ? PGEFR RSPL. 4FGQ GQ ? DGARGRGMSQ DMPAC ?PGQGLE DPMK RFC SQC MD RFC A?P ?Q ? DP?KC MD
PCDCPCLAC. (@) )L RFC %?PRFtQ DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC, RFC BPGTCP KMTCQ GL ? QRP?GEFR JGLC, M@CWGLE .CURMLtQ DGPQR J?U, ?LB RFC A?P KMTCQ RM RFC PGEFR. 4FCPC GQ LM PC?J DMPAC RM RFC JCDR
ML RFC BPGTCP PCJ?RGTC RM %?PRF. 4FCPC GQ ? PC?J DMPAC RM RFC PGEFR ML RFC A?P RM K?IC GR RSPL.
7C A?L PCAMLAGJC RFCQC NMGLRQ MD TGCU @W CV?KGLGLE RFC DP?KCQ MD PCDCPCLAC SQCB. ,CR SQ AMLACLRP?RC ML NCMNJC GL ? A?P. 0?QQCLECPQ GLQRGLARGTCJW SQC
RFC A?P ?Q ? DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC, UFGJC ? NFWQGAGQR SQCQ %?PRF. 4FC NFWQGAGQR AFMMQCQ %?PRF @CA?SQC GR GQ TCPW LC?PJW ?L GLCPRG?J DP?KC MD
PCDCPCLACrMLC GL UFGAF ?JJ DMPACQ ?PC PC?J (RF?R GQ, GL UFGAF ?JJ DMPACQ F?TC ?L GBCLRGDG?@JC NFWQGA?J MPGEGL). )L QSAF ? DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC, .CURMLtQ
J?UQ MD KMRGML R?IC RFC DMPK EGTCL GL DOD7C?9I: ';MJED'I %7MI E< &EJ?ED 4FC A?P GQ ? DED-?D;HJ?7B <H7C; E< H;<;H;D9; @CA?SQC GR GQ ?AACJCP?RCB
RM RFC QGBC. 4FC DMPAC RM RFC JCDR QCLQCB @W A?P N?QQCLECPQ GQ ? <?9J?J?EKI <EH9; F?TGLE LM NFWQGA?J MPGEGL. 4FCPC GQ LMRFGLE PC?J NSQFGLE RFCK JCDRrRFC
A?P, ?Q UCJJ ?Q RFC BPGTCP, GQ ?ARS?JJW ?AACJCP?RGLE RM RFC PGEFR.
,CR SQ LMU R?IC ? KCLR?J PGBC ML ? KCPPW-EM-PMSLBrQNCAGDGA?JJW, ? P?NGBJW PMR?RGLE NJ?WEPMSLB KCPPW-EM-PMSLB. 9MS R?IC RFC KCPPW-EM-PMSLB RM @C
WMSP DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC @CA?SQC WMS PMR?RC RMECRFCP. )L RF?R LML-GLCPRG?J DP?KC, WMS DCCJ ? DGARGRGMSQ DMPAC, L?KCB 9;DJH?<K=7B <EH9; (LMR RM @C
AMLDSQCB UGRF ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC), RPWGLE RM RFPMU WMS MDD. 9MS KSQR F?LE ML RGEFRJW RM AMSLRCP?AR RFC ACLRPGDSE?J DMPAC. )L %?PRFtQ DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC,
RFCPC GQ LM DMPAC RPWGLE RM RFPMU WMS MDD. 2?RFCP WMS KSQR F?LE ML RM K?IC WMSPQCJD EM GL ? AGPAJC @CA?SQC MRFCPUGQC WMS UMSJB EM GL ? QRP?GEFR JGLC,
PGEFR MDD RFC KCPPW-EM-PMSLB.
200 #(!04%2 6 Y 5.)&/2- #)2#5,!2 -/4)/. !.$ '2!6)4!4)/.
F?=KH; 6.16 (?) ! PGBCP ML ? KCPPW-EM-PMSLB DCCJQ ?Q GD FC GQ @CGLE RFPMUL MDD. 4FGQ DGARGRGMSQ DMPAC GQ A?JJCB RFC ACLRPGDSE?J DMPACrGR CVNJ?GLQ RFC PGBCPtQ KMRGML GL RFC PMR?RGLE
DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC. (@) )L ?L GLCPRG?J DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC ?LB ?AAMPBGLE RM .CURMLtQ J?UQ, GR GQ FGQ GLCPRG? RF?R A?PPGCQ FGK MDD ?LB LMR ? PC?J DMPAC (RFC SLQF?BCB PGBCP F?Q
F
net
= 0 ?LB FC?BQ GL ? QRP?GEFR JGLC). ! PC?J DMPAC, F
centripetal
, GQ LCCBCB RM A?SQC ? AGPASJ?P N?RF.
4FGQ GLCPRG?J CDDCAR, A?PPWGLE WMS ?U?W DPMK RFC ACLRCP MD PMR?RGML GD RFCPC GQ LM ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC RM A?SQC AGPASJ?P KMRGML, GQ NSR RM EMMB SQC GL
ACLRPGDSECQ (QCC F?=KH; 6.17). ! ACLRPGDSEC QNGLQ ? Q?KNJC TCPW P?NGBJW, ?Q KCLRGMLCB C?PJGCP GL RFGQ AF?NRCP. 6GCUCB DPMK RFC PMR?RGLE DP?KC MD
PCDCPCLAC, RFC DGARGRGMSQ ACLRPGDSE?J DMPAC RFPMUQ N?PRGAJCQ MSRU?PB, F?QRCLGLE RFCGP QCBGKCLR?RGML. 4FC EPC?RCP RFC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW, RFC EPC?RCP RFC
ACLRPGDSE?J DMPAC. "SR UF?R PC?JJW F?NNCLQ GQ RF?R RFC GLCPRG? MD RFC N?PRGAJCQ A?PPGCQ RFCK ?JMLE ? JGLC R?LECLR RM RFC AGPAJC UFGJC RFC RCQR RS@C GQ DMPACB
GL ? AGPASJ?P N?RF @W ? ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC.
F?=KH; 6.17 #CLRPGDSECQ SQC GLCPRG? RM NCPDMPK RFCGP R?QI. 0?PRGAJCQ GL RFC DJSGB QCBGKCLR AMKC MSR @CA?SQC RFCGP GLCPRG? A?PPGCQ RFCK ?U?W DPMK RFC ACLRCP MD PMR?RGML. 4FC J?PEC
?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW MD RFC ACLRPGDSEC OSGAICLQ RFC QCBGKCLR?RGML. 5JRGK?RCJW, RFC N?PRGAJCQ UGJJ AMKC GLRM AMLR?AR UGRF RFC RCQR RS@C U?JJQ, UFGAF UGJJ RFCL QSNNJW RFC ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC
LCCBCB RM K?IC RFCK KMTC GL ? AGPAJC MD AMLQR?LR P?BGSQ.
,CR SQ LMU AMLQGBCP UF?R F?NNCLQ GD QMKCRFGLE KMTCQ GL ? DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC RF?R PMR?RCQ. &MP CV?KNJC, UF?R GD WMS QJGBC ? @?JJ BGPCARJW ?U?W DPMK
RFC ACLRCP MD RFC KCPPW-EM-PMSLB, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 6.18? 4FC @?JJ DMJJMUQ ? QRP?GEFR N?RF PCJ?RGTC RM %?PRF (?QQSKGLE LCEJGEG@JC DPGARGML) ?LB ? N?RF
ASPTCB RM RFC PGEFR ML RFC KCPPW-EM-PMSLBtQ QSPD?AC. ! NCPQML QR?LBGLE LCVR RM RFC KCPPW-EM-PMSLB QCCQ RFC @?JJ KMTGLE QRP?GEFR ?LB RFC KCPPW-EM-
PMSLB PMR?RGLE SLBCPLC?RF GR. )L RFC KCPPW-EM-PMSLBtQ DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC, UC CVNJ?GL RFC ?NN?PCLR ASPTC RM RFC PGEFR @W SQGLE ? DGARGRGMSQ DMPAC, A?JJCB
RFC CEH?EB?I <EH9;, RF?R A?SQCQ RFC @?JJ RM ASPTC RM RFC PGEFR. 4FC DGARGRGMSQ #MPGMJGQ DMPAC A?L @C SQCB @W ?LWMLC GL RF?R DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC RM CVNJ?GL
UFW M@HCARQ DMJJMU ASPTCB N?RFQ ?LB ?JJMUQ SQ RM ?NNJW .CURMLtQ ,?UQ GL LML-GLCPRG?J DP?KCQ MD PCDCPCLAC.
#(!04%2 6 Y 5.)&/2- #)2#5,!2 -/4)/. !.$ '2!6)4!4)/. 201
F?=KH; 6.18 ,MMIGLE BMUL ML RFC AMSLRCPAJMAIUGQC PMR?RGML MD ? KCPPW-EM-PMSLB, UC QCC RF?R ? @?JJ QJGB QRP?GEFR RMU?PB RFC CBEC DMJJMUQ ? N?RF ASPTCB RM RFC PGEFR. 4FC NCPQML
QJGBCQ RFC @?JJ RMU?PB NMGLR ", QR?PRGLE ?R NMGLR !. "MRF NMGLRQ PMR?RC RM RFC QF?BCB NMQGRGMLQ (!t ?LB "t) QFMUL GL RFC RGKC RF?R RFC @?JJ DMJJMUQ RFC ASPTCB N?RF GL RFC PMR?RGLE
DP?KC ?LB ? QRP?GEFR N?RF GL %?PRFtQ DP?KC.
5N SLRGJ LMU, UC F?TC AMLQGBCPCB %?PRF RM @C ?L GLCPRG?J DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC UGRF JGRRJC MP LM UMPPW ?@MSR CDDCARQ BSC RM GRQ PMR?RGML. 9CR QSAF CDDCARQ 7B
CVGQRrGL RFC PMR?RGML MD UC?RFCP QWQRCKQ, DMP CV?KNJC. -MQR AMLQCOSCLACQ MD %?PRFtQ PMR?RGML A?L @C OS?JGR?RGTCJW SLBCPQRMMB @W ?L?JMEW UGRF RFC
KCPPW-EM-PMSLB. 6GCUCB DPMK ?@MTC RFC .MPRF 0MJC, %?PRF PMR?RCQ AMSLRCPAJMAIUGQC, ?Q BMCQ RFC KCPPW-EM-PMSLB GL F?=KH; 6.18. !Q ML RFC KCPPW-EM-
PMSLB, ?LW KMRGML GL %?PRFtQ LMPRFCPL FCKGQNFCPC CVNCPGCLACQ ? #MPGMJGQ DMPAC RM RFC PGEFR. *SQR RFC MNNMQGRC MAASPQ GL RFC QMSRFCPL FCKGQNFCPC;
RFCPC, RFC DMPAC GQ RM RFC JCDR. "CA?SQC %?PRFtQ ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW GQ QK?JJ, RFC #MPGMJGQ DMPAC GQ SQS?JJW LCEJGEG@JC, @SR DMP J?PEC-QA?JC KMRGMLQ, QSAF ?Q
UGLB N?RRCPLQ, GR F?Q QS@QR?LRG?J CDDCARQ.
4FC #MPGMJGQ DMPAC A?SQCQ FSPPGA?LCQ GL RFC LMPRFCPL FCKGQNFCPC RM PMR?RC GL RFC AMSLRCPAJMAIUGQC BGPCARGML, UFGJC RFC RPMNGA?J AWAJMLCQ (UF?R
FSPPGA?LCQ ?PC A?JJCB @CJMU RFC COS?RMP) GL RFC QMSRFCPL FCKGQNFCPC PMR?RC GL RFC AJMAIUGQC BGPCARGML. 4FC RCPKQ FSPPGA?LC, RWNFMML, ?LB RPMNGA?J
QRMPK ?PC PCEGML?JJW-QNCAGDGA L?KCQ DMP RPMNGA?J AWAJMLCQ, QRMPK QWQRCKQ AF?P?ARCPGXCB @W JMU NPCQQSPC ACLRCPQ, QRPMLE UGLBQ, ?LB FC?TW P?GLQ.
F?=KH; 6.19 FCJNQ QFMU FMU RFCQC PMR?RGMLQ R?IC NJ?AC. !GP DJMUQ RMU?PB ?LW PCEGML MD JMU NPCQQSPC, ?LB RPMNGA?J AWAJMLCQ AMLR?GL N?PRGASJ?PJW JMU
NPCQQSPCQ. 4FSQ UGLBQ DJMU RMU?PB RFC ACLRCP MD ? RPMNGA?J AWAJMLC MP ? JMU-NPCQQSPC UC?RFCP QWQRCK ?R RFC QSPD?AC. )L RFC LMPRFCPL FCKGQNFCPC,
RFCQC GLU?PB UGLBQ ?PC BCDJCARCB RM RFC PGEFR, ?Q QFMUL GL RFC DGESPC, NPMBSAGLE ? AMSLRCPAJMAIUGQC AGPASJ?RGML ?R RFC QSPD?AC DMP JMU-NPCQQSPC XMLCQ
MD ?LW RWNC. ,MU NPCQQSPC ?R RFC QSPD?AC GQ ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF PGQGLE ?GP, UFGAF ?JQM NPMBSACQ AMMJGLE ?LB AJMSB DMPK?RGML, K?IGLE JMU-NPCQQSPC N?RRCPLQ
OSGRC TGQG@JC DPMK QN?AC. #MLTCPQCJW, UGLB AGPASJ?RGML ?PMSLB FGEF-NPCQQSPC XMLCQ GQ AJMAIUGQC GL RFC LMPRFCPL FCKGQNFCPC @SR GQ JCQQ TGQG@JC @CA?SQC
FGEF NPCQQSPC GQ ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF QGLIGLE ?GP, NPMBSAGLE AJC?P QIGCQ.
4FC PMR?RGML MD RPMNGA?J AWAJMLCQ ?LB RFC N?RF MD ? @?JJ ML ? KCPPW-EM-PMSLB A?L HSQR ?Q UCJJ @C CVNJ?GLCB @W GLCPRG? ?LB RFC PMR?RGML MD RFC QWQRCK
SLBCPLC?RF. 7FCL LML-GLCPRG?J DP?KCQ ?PC SQCB, DGARGRGMSQ DMPACQ, QSAF ?Q RFC #MPGMJGQ DMPAC, KSQR @C GLTCLRCB RM CVNJ?GL RFC ASPTCB N?RF. 4FCPC GQ LM
GBCLRGDG?@JC NFWQGA?J QMSPAC DMP RFCQC DGARGRGMSQ DMPACQ. )L ?L GLCPRG?J DP?KC, GLCPRG? CVNJ?GLQ RFC N?RF, ?LB LM DMPAC GQ DMSLB RM @C UGRFMSR ?L GBCLRGDG?@JC
QMSPAC. %GRFCP TGCU ?JJMUQ SQ RM BCQAPG@C L?RSPC, @SR ? TGCU GL ?L GLCPRG?J DP?KC GQ RFC QGKNJCQR ?LB RPSCQR, GL RFC QCLQC RF?R ?JJ DMPACQ F?TC PC?J MPGEGLQ
?LB CVNJ?L?RGMLQ.
202 #(!04%2 6 Y 5.)&/2- #)2#5,!2 -/4)/. !.$ '2!6)4!4)/.
F?=KH; 6.19 (?) 4FC AMSLRCPAJMAIUGQC PMR?RGML MD RFGQ LMPRFCPL FCKGQNFCPC FSPPGA?LC GQ ? K?HMP AMLQCOSCLAC MD RFC #MPGMJGQ DMPAC. (APCBGR: .!3!) (@) 7GRFMSR RFC #MPGMJGQ DMPAC,
?GP UMSJB DJMU QRP?GEFR GLRM ? JMU-NPCQQSPC XMLC, QSAF ?Q RF?R DMSLB GL RPMNGA?J AWAJMLCQ. (A) 4FC #MPGMJGQ DMPAC BCDJCARQ RFC UGLBQ RM RFC PGEFR, NPMBSAGLE ? AMSLRCPAJMAIUGQC
PMR?RGML. (B) 7GLB DJMUGLE ?U?W DPMK ? FGEF-NPCQQSPC XMLC GQ ?JQM BCDJCARCB RM RFC PGEFR, NPMBSAGLE ? AJMAIUGQC PMR?RGML. (C) 4FC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML MD PMR?RGML GQ NPMBSACB @W RFC
#MPGMJGQ DMPAC GL RFC QMSRFCPL FCKGQNFCPC, JC?BGLE RM RPMNGA?J AWAJMLCQ. (APCBGR: .!3!)
6.5 ';MJEDXI .D?L;HI7B %7M E< H7L?J7J?ED
7F?R BM ?AFGLE DCCR, ? D?JJGLE ?NNJC, ?LB RFC MP@GR MD RFC -MML F?TC GL AMKKML? %?AF GQ A?SQCB @W RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC. /SP DCCR ?PC QRP?GLCB @W
QSNNMPRGLE MSP UCGEFRrRFC DMPAC MD %?PRFtQ EP?TGRW ML SQ. !L ?NNJC D?JJQ DPMK ? RPCC @CA?SQC MD RFC Q?KC DMPAC ?ARGLE ? DCU KCRCPQ ?@MTC %?PRFtQ
QSPD?AC. !LB RFC -MML MP@GRQ %?PRF @CA?SQC EP?TGRW GQ ?@JC RM QSNNJW RFC LCACQQ?PW ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC ?R ? BGQR?LAC MD FSLBPCBQ MD KGJJGMLQ MD KCRCPQ.
)L D?AR, RFC Q?KC DMPAC A?SQCQ NJ?LCRQ RM MP@GR RFC 3SL, QR?PQ RM MP@GR RFC ACLRCP MD RFC E?J?VW, ?LB E?J?VGCQ RM AJSQRCP RMECRFCP. 'P?TGRW GQ ?LMRFCP
CV?KNJC MD SLBCPJWGLE QGKNJGAGRW GL L?RSPC. )R GQ RFC UC?ICQR MD RFC DMSP @?QGA DMPACQ DMSLB GL L?RSPC, ?LB GL QMKC U?WQ RFC JC?QR SLBCPQRMMB. )R GQ ?
DMPAC RF?R ?ARQ ?R ? BGQR?LAC, UGRFMSR NFWQGA?J AMLR?AR, ?LB GQ CVNPCQQCB @W ? DMPKSJ? RF?R GQ T?JGB CTCPWUFCPC GL RFC SLGTCPQC, DMP K?QQCQ ?LB
BGQR?LACQ RF?R T?PW DPMK RFC RGLW RM RFC GKKCLQC.
3GP )Q??A .CURML U?Q RFC DGPQR QAGCLRGQR RM NPCAGQCJW BCDGLC RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC, ?LB RM QFMU RF?R GR AMSJB CVNJ?GL @MRF D?JJGLE @MBGCQ ?LB
?QRPMLMKGA?J KMRGMLQ. 3CC F?=KH; 6.20. "SR .CURML U?Q LMR RFC DGPQR RM QSQNCAR RF?R RFC Q?KC DMPAC A?SQCB @MRF MSP UCGEFR ?LB RFC KMRGML MD
NJ?LCRQ. (GQ DMPCPSLLCP '?JGJCM '?JGJCG F?B AMLRCLBCB RF?R D?JJGLE @MBGCQ ?LB NJ?LCR?PW KMRGMLQ F?B RFC Q?KC A?SQC. 3MKC MD .CURMLtQ
AMLRCKNMP?PGCQ, QSAF ?Q 2M@CPR (MMIC, #FPGQRMNFCP 7PCL, ?LB %BKSLB (?JJCW, F?B ?JQM K?BC QMKC NPMEPCQQ RMU?PB SLBCPQR?LBGLE EP?TGR?RGML. "SR
.CURML U?Q RFC DGPQR RM NPMNMQC ?L CV?AR K?RFCK?RGA?J DMPK ?LB RM SQC RF?R DMPK RM QFMU RF?R RFC KMRGML MD FC?TCLJW @MBGCQ QFMSJB @C AMLGA
QCARGMLQrAGPAJCQ, CJJGNQCQ, N?P?@MJ?Q, ?LB FWNCP@MJ?Q. 4FGQ RFCMPCRGA?J NPCBGARGML U?Q ? K?HMP RPGSKNFrGR F?B @CCL ILMUL DMP QMKC RGKC RF?R KMMLQ,
NJ?LCRQ, ?LB AMKCRQ DMJJMU QSAF N?RFQ, @SR LM MLC F?B @CCL ?@JC RM NPMNMQC ? KCAF?LGQK RF?R A?SQCB RFCK RM DMJJMU RFCQC N?RFQ ?LB LMR MRFCPQ.
#(!04%2 6 Y 5.)&/2- #)2#5,!2 -/4)/. !.$ '2!6)4!4)/. 203
F?=KH; 6.20 !AAMPBGLE RM C?PJW ?AAMSLRQ, .CURML U?Q GLQNGPCB RM K?IC RFC AMLLCARGML @CRUCCL D?JJGLE @MBGCQ ?LB ?QRPMLMKGA?J KMRGMLQ UFCL FC Q?U ?L ?NNJC D?JJ DPMK ? RPCC
?LB PC?JGXCB RF?R GD RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC AMSJB CVRCLB ?@MTC RFC EPMSLB RM ? RPCC, GR KGEFR ?JQM PC?AF RFC 3SL. 4FC GLQNGP?RGML MD .CURMLtQ ?NNJC GQ ? N?PR MD UMPJBUGBC DMJIJMPC
?LB K?W CTCL @C @?QCB GL D?AR. 'PC?R GKNMPR?LAC GQ ?RR?AFCB RM GR @CA?SQC .CURMLtQ SLGTCPQ?J J?U MD EP?TGR?RGML ?LB FGQ J?UQ MD KMRGML ?LQUCPCB TCPW MJB OSCQRGMLQ ?@MSR
L?RSPC ?LB E?TC RPCKCLBMSQ QSNNMPR RM RFC LMRGML MD SLBCPJWGLE QGKNJGAGRW ?LB SLGRW GL L?RSPC. 3AGCLRGQRQ QRGJJ CVNCAR SLBCPJWGLE QGKNJGAGRW RM CKCPEC DPMK RFCGP MLEMGLE GLOSGPGCQ
GLRM L?RSPC.
4FC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC GQ PCJ?RGTCJW QGKNJC. )R GQ ?JU?WQ ?RRP?ARGTC, ?LB GR BCNCLBQ MLJW ML RFC K?QQCQ GLTMJTCB ?LB RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFCK. 3R?RCB
GL KMBCPL J?LES?EC, ';MJEDXI KD?L;HI7B B7M E< =H7L?J7J?ED QR?RCQ RF?R CTCPW N?PRGAJC GL RFC SLGTCPQC ?RRP?ARQ CTCPW MRFCP N?PRGAJC UGRF ? DMPAC ?JMLE
? JGLC HMGLGLE RFCK. 4FC DMPAC GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC NPMBSAR MD RFCGP K?QQCQ ?LB GLTCPQCJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC QOS?PC MD RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL
RFCK.
F?=KH; 6.21 'P?TGR?RGML?J ?RRP?ARGML GQ ?JMLE ? JGLC HMGLGLE RFC ACLRCPQ MD K?QQ MD RFCQC RUM @MBGCQ. 4FC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC DMPAC GQ RFC Q?KC ML C?AF, AMLQGQRCLR UGRF .CURMLtQ
RFGPB J?U.
-GQAMLACNRGML !JCPR
4FC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC DMPAC ML C?AF M@HCAR (MLC F?Q J?PECP K?QQ RF?L RFC MRFCP) GQ RFC Q?KC, AMLQGQRCLR UGRF .CURMLtQ RFGPB J?U.
4FC @MBGCQ UC ?PC BC?JGLE UGRF RCLB RM @C J?PEC. 4M QGKNJGDW RFC QGRS?RGML UC ?QQSKC RF?R RFC @MBW ?ARQ ?Q GD GRQ CLRGPC K?QQ GQ AMLACLRP?RCB ?R MLC
QNCAGDGA NMGLR A?JJCB RFC 9;DJ;H E< C7II (#-), UFGAF UGJJ @C DSPRFCP CVNJMPCB GL %?D;7H &EC;DJKC 7D: CEBB?I?EDI. &MP RUM @MBGCQ F?TGLE K?QQCQ
m ?LB M UGRF ? BGQR?LAC r @CRUCCL RFCGP ACLRCPQ MD K?QQ, RFC COS?RGML DMP .CURMLtQ SLGTCPQ?J J?U MD EP?TGR?RGML GQ
(6.40)
F = G
mM
r
2
,
204 #(!04%2 6 Y 5.)&/2- #)2#5,!2 -/4)/. !.$ '2!6)4!4)/.
UFCPC F GQ RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC ?LB G GQ ? NPMNMPRGML?JGRW D?ARMP A?JJCB RFC =H7L?J7J?ED7B 9EDIJ7DJ. G GQ ? SLGTCPQ?J
EP?TGR?RGML?J AMLQR?LRrRF?R GQ, GR GQ RFMSEFR RM @C RFC Q?KC CTCPWUFCPC GL RFC SLGTCPQC. )R F?Q @CCL KC?QSPCB CVNCPGKCLR?JJW RM @C
(6.41)
G = 6.67310
11N m
2
kg
2
GL 3) SLGRQ. .MRC RF?R RFC SLGRQ MD G ?PC QSAF RF?R ? DMPAC GL LCURMLQ GQ M@R?GLCB DPMK F = G
mM
r
2
, UFCL AMLQGBCPGLE K?QQCQ GL IGJMEP?KQ ?LB
BGQR?LAC GL KCRCPQ. &MP CV?KNJC, RUM 1.000 IE K?QQCQ QCN?P?RCB @W 1.000 K UGJJ CVNCPGCLAC ? EP?TGR?RGML?J ?RRP?ARGML MD 6.67310
11
N. 4FGQ GQ
?L CVRP?MPBGL?PGJW QK?JJ DMPAC. 4FC QK?JJ K?ELGRSBC MD RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF CTCPWB?W CVNCPGCLAC. 7C ?PC SL?U?PC RF?R CTCL J?PEC
M@HCARQ JGIC KMSLR?GLQ CVCPR EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPACQ ML SQ. )L D?AR, MSP @MBW UCGEFR GQ RFC DMPAC MD ?RRP?ARGML MD RFC 8AG<E8 E4EG; ML SQ UGRF ? K?QQ MD
610
24
kg .
2CA?JJ RF?R RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW g GQ ?@MSR 9.80 m/s
2
ML %?PRF. 7C A?L LMU BCRCPKGLC UFW RFGQ GQ QM. 4FC UCGEFR MD ?L M@HCAR @: GQ RFC
EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC @CRUCCL GR ?LB %?PRF. 3S@QRGRSRGLE @: DMP F GL .CURMLtQ SLGTCPQ?J J?U MD EP?TGR?RGML EGTCQ
(6.42)
mg = G
mM
r
2
,
UFCPC m GQ RFC K?QQ MD RFC M@HCAR, M GQ RFC K?QQ MD %?PRF, ?LB r GQ RFC BGQR?LAC RM RFC ACLRCP MD %?PRF (RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC ACLRCPQ MD K?QQ
MD RFC M@HCAR ?LB %?PRF). 3CC F?=KH; 6.22. 4FC K?QQ m MD RFC M@HCAR A?LACJQ, JC?TGLE ?L COS?RGML DMP g :
(6.43)
g = G
M
r
2
.
3S@QRGRSRGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ DMP %?PRFtQ K?QQ ?LB P?BGSQ (RM RFPCC QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ),
(6.44)
g =

6.6710
11N m
2
kg
2
5.9810
24
kg
(6.3810
6
m)
2
,
?LB UC M@R?GL ? T?JSC DMP RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD ? D?JJGLE @MBW:
(6.45)
g = 9.80 m/s
2
.
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M@QCPTCB.
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M@QCPTGLE RFC ?KMSLR MD RMPQGML (RUGQRGLE) APC?RCB GL RFC DG@CP. $GQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC K?QQCQ A?L @C T?PGCB RM AFCAI RFC BCNCLBCLAC MD RFC DMPAC ML BGQR?LAC. -MBCPL
CVNCPGKCLRQ MD RFGQ RWNC AMLRGLSC RM CVNJMPC EP?TGRW.
6.6 ,7J;BB?J;I 7D: $;FB;HXI %7MI: AD AH=KC;DJ <EH ,?CFB?9?JO
%V?KNJCQ MD EP?TGR?RGML?J MP@GRQ ?@MSLB. (SLBPCBQ MD ?PRGDGAG?J Q?RCJJGRCQ MP@GR %?PRF RMECRFCP UGRF RFMSQ?LBQ MD NGCACQ MD BC@PGQ. 4FC -MMLtQ MP@GR
?@MSR %?PRF F?Q GLRPGESCB FSK?LQ DPMK RGKC GKKCKMPG?J. 4FC MP@GRQ MD NJ?LCRQ, ?QRCPMGBQ, KCRCMPQ, ?LB AMKCRQ ?@MSR RFC 3SL ?PC LM JCQQ GLRCPCQRGLE.
)D UC JMMI DSPRFCP, UC QCC ?JKMQR SLGK?EGL?@JC LSK@CPQ MD QR?PQ, E?J?VGCQ, ?LB MRFCP ACJCQRG?J M@HCARQ MP@GRGLE MLC ?LMRFCP ?LB GLRCP?ARGLE RFPMSEF
EP?TGRW.
!JJ RFCQC KMRGMLQ ?PC EMTCPLCB @W EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC, ?LB GR GQ NMQQG@JC RM BCQAPG@C RFCK RM T?PGMSQ BCEPCCQ MD NPCAGQGML. 0PCAGQC BCQAPGNRGMLQ MD
AMKNJCV QWQRCKQ KSQR @C K?BC UGRF J?PEC AMKNSRCPQ. (MUCTCP, UC A?L BCQAPG@C ?L GKNMPR?LR AJ?QQ MD MP@GRQ UGRFMSR RFC SQC MD AMKNSRCPQ, ?LB UC
QF?JJ DGLB GR GLQRPSARGTC RM QRSBW RFCK. 4FCQC MP@GRQ F?TC RFC DMJJMUGLE AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ:
#(!04%2 6 Y 5.)&/2- #)2#5,!2 -/4)/. !.$ '2!6)4!4)/. 209
1. A F@4?? @4FF m BE5<GF 4 @H6; ?4E:8E @4FF M. 4FGQ ?JJMUQ SQ RM TGCU RFC KMRGML ?Q GD M UCPC QR?RGML?PWrGL D?AR, ?Q GD DPMK ?L GLCPRG?J DP?KC
MD PCDCPCLAC NJ?ACB ML M rUGRFMSR QGELGDGA?LR CPPMP. -?QQ m GQ RFC Q?RCJJGRC MD M, GD RFC MP@GR GQ EP?TGR?RGML?JJW @MSLB.
2. +;8 FLFG8@ <F <FB?4G87 9EB@ BG;8E @4FF8F. 4FGQ ?JJMUQ SQ RM LCEJCAR ?LW QK?JJ CDDCARQ BSC RM MSRQGBC K?QQCQ.
4FC AMLBGRGMLQ ?PC Q?RGQDGCB, RM EMMB ?NNPMVGK?RGML, @W %?PRFtQ Q?RCJJGRCQ (GLAJSBGLE RFC -MML), @W M@HCARQ MP@GRGLE RFC 3SL, ?LB @W RFC Q?RCJJGRCQ MD
MRFCP NJ?LCRQ. (GQRMPGA?JJW, NJ?LCRQ UCPC QRSBGCB DGPQR, ?LB RFCPC GQ ? AJ?QQGA?J QCR MD RFPCC J?UQ, A?JJCB +CNJCPtQ J?UQ MD NJ?LCR?PW KMRGML, RF?R BCQAPG@C
RFC MP@GRQ MD ?JJ @MBGCQ Q?RGQDWGLE RFC RUM NPCTGMSQ AMLBGRGMLQ (LMR HSQR NJ?LCRQ GL MSP QMJ?P QWQRCK). 4FCQC BCQAPGNRGTC J?UQ ?PC L?KCB DMP RFC 'CPK?L
?QRPMLMKCP *MF?LLCQ +CNJCP (1571q1630), UFM BCTGQCB RFCK ?DRCP A?PCDSJ QRSBW (MTCP QMKC 20 WC?PQ) MD ? J?PEC ?KMSLR MD KCRGASJMSQJW PCAMPBCB
M@QCPT?RGMLQ MD NJ?LCR?PW KMRGML BMLC @W 4WAFM "P?FC (1546q1601). 3SAF A?PCDSJ AMJJCARGML ?LB BCR?GJCB PCAMPBGLE MD KCRFMBQ ?LB B?R? ?PC
F?JJK?PIQ MD EMMB QAGCLAC. $?R? AMLQRGRSRC RFC CTGBCLAC DPMK UFGAF LCU GLRCPNPCR?RGMLQ ?LB KC?LGLEQ A?L @C AMLQRPSARCB.
+CNJCPtQ ,?UQ MD 0J?LCR?PW -MRGML
$;FB;HXI F?HIJ %7M
4FC MP@GR MD C?AF NJ?LCR ?@MSR RFC 3SL GQ ?L CJJGNQC UGRF RFC 3SL ?R MLC DMASQ.
F?=KH; 6.29 (?) !L CJJGNQC GQ ? AJMQCB ASPTC QSAF RF?R RFC QSK MD RFC BGQR?LACQ DPMK ? NMGLR ML RFC ASPTC RM RFC RUM DMAG ( f
1
?LB f
2
) GQ ? AMLQR?LR. 9MS A?L BP?U ?L CJJGNQC
?Q QFMUL @W NSRRGLE ? NGL ?R C?AF DMASQ, ?LB RFCL NJ?AGLE ? QRPGLE ?PMSLB ? NCLAGJ ?LB RFC NGLQ ?LB RP?AGLE ? JGLC ML N?NCP. ! AGPAJC GQ ? QNCAG?J A?QC MD ?L CJJGNQC GL UFGAF RFC
RUM DMAG AMGLAGBC (RFSQ ?LW NMGLR ML RFC AGPAJC GQ RFC Q?KC BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC ACLRCP). (@) &MP ?LW AJMQCB EP?TGR?RGML?J MP@GR, m DMJJMUQ ?L CJJGNRGA?J N?RF UGRF M ?R MLC DMASQ.
+CNJCPtQ DGPQR J?U QR?RCQ RFGQ D?AR DMP NJ?LCRQ MP@GRGLE RFC 3SL.
$;FB;HXI ,;9ED: %7M
%?AF NJ?LCR KMTCQ QM RF?R ?L GK?EGL?PW JGLC BP?UL DPMK RFC 3SL RM RFC NJ?LCR QUCCNQ MSR COS?J ?PC?Q GL COS?J RGKCQ (QCC F?=KH; 6.30).
$;FB;HXI ->?H: %7M
4FC P?RGM MD RFC QOS?PCQ MD RFC NCPGMBQ MD ?LW RUM NJ?LCRQ ?@MSR RFC 3SL GQ COS?J RM RFC P?RGM MD RFC AS@CQ MD RFCGP ?TCP?EC BGQR?LACQ DPMK RFC 3SL. )L
COS?RGML DMPK, RFGQ GQ
(6.55)
T
1
2
T
2
2
=
r
1
3
r
2
3
,
UFCPC T GQ RFC NCPGMB (RGKC DMP MLC MP@GR) ?LB r GQ RFC ?TCP?EC P?BGSQ. 4FGQ COS?RGML GQ T?JGB MLJW DMP AMKN?PGLE RUM QK?JJ K?QQCQ MP@GRGLE RFC Q?KC
J?PEC MLC. -MQR GKNMPR?LRJW, RFGQ GQ ? BCQAPGNRGTC COS?RGML MLJW, EGTGLE LM GLDMPK?RGML ?Q RM RFC A?SQC MD RFC COS?JGRW.
210 #(!04%2 6 Y 5.)&/2- #)2#5,!2 -/4)/. !.$ '2!6)4!4)/.
F?=KH; 6.30 4FC QF?BCB PCEGMLQ F?TC COS?J ?PC?Q. )R R?ICQ COS?J RGKCQ DMP m RM EM DPMK ! RM ", DPMK # RM $, ?LB DPMK % RM &. 4FC K?QQ m KMTCQ D?QRCQR UFCL GR GQ AJMQCQR
RM M. +CNJCPtQ QCAMLB J?U U?Q MPGEGL?JJW BCTGQCB DMP NJ?LCRQ MP@GRGLE RFC 3SL, @SR GR F?Q @PM?BCP T?JGBGRW.
.MRC ?E?GL RF?R UFGJC, DMP FGQRMPGA?J PC?QMLQ, +CNJCPtQ J?UQ ?PC QR?RCB DMP NJ?LCRQ MP@GRGLE RFC 3SL, RFCW ?PC ?ARS?JJW T?JGB DMP ?JJ @MBGCQ Q?RGQDWGLE RFC
RUM NPCTGMSQJW QR?RCB AMLBGRGMLQ.
EN7CFB; 6.7 F?D: J>; -?C; <EH (D; (H8?J E< 7D E7HJ> ,7J;BB?J;
'GTCL RF?R RFC -MML MP@GRQ %?PRF C?AF 27.3 B ?LB RF?R GR GQ ?L ?TCP?EC BGQR?LAC MD 3.8410
8
m DPMK RFC ACLRCP MD %?PRF, A?JASJ?RC RFC NCPGMB MD
?L ?PRGDGAG?J Q?RCJJGRC MP@GRGLE ?R ?L ?TCP?EC ?JRGRSBC MD 1500 IK ?@MTC %?PRFtQ QSPD?AC.
,JH7J;=O
4FC NCPGMB, MP RGKC DMP MLC MP@GR, GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC P?BGSQ MD RFC MP@GR @W +CNJCPtQ RFGPB J?U, EGTCL GL K?RFCK?RGA?J DMPK GL
T
1
2
T
2
2
=
r
1
3
r
2
3
. ,CR SQ SQC
RFC QS@QAPGNR 1 DMP RFC -MML ?LB RFC QS@QAPGNR 2 DMP RFC Q?RCJJGRC. 7C ?PC ?QICB RM DGLB T
2
. 4FC EGTCL GLDMPK?RGML RCJJQ SQ RF?R RFC MP@GR?J P?BGSQ MD
RFC -MML GQ r
1
= 3.8410
8
m, ?LB RF?R RFC NCPGMB MD RFC -MML GQ T
1
= 27.3 d . 4FC FCGEFR MD RFC ?PRGDGAG?J Q?RCJJGRC ?@MTC %?PRFtQ QSPD?AC GQ
EGTCL, ?LB QM UC KSQR ?BB RFC P?BGSQ MD %?PRF (6380 IK) RM ECR r
2
= (1500 + 6380) km = 7880 km. .MU ?JJ OS?LRGRGCQ ?PC ILMUL, ?LB QM
T
2
A?L @C DMSLB.
,EBKJ?ED
+CNJCPtQ RFGPB J?U GQ
(6.56)
T
1
2
T
2
2
=
r
1
3
r
2
3
.
4M QMJTC DMP T
2
, UC APMQQ-KSJRGNJW ?LB R?IC RFC QOS?PC PMMR, WGCJBGLE
(6.57)
T
2
2
= T
1
2
r
2
r
1
3
(6.58)
T
2
= T
1
r
2
r
1
3 / 2
.
(6.59)
T
2
= 27.3 d
24.0 h
d

7880 km
3.8410
5
km
3 / 2
= 1.93 h.
D?I9KII?ED 4FGQ GQ ? PC?QML?@JC NCPGMB DMP ? Q?RCJJGRC GL ? D?GPJW JMU MP@GR. )R GQ GLRCPCQRGLE RF?R ?LW Q?RCJJGRC ?R RFGQ ?JRGRSBC UGJJ MP@GR GL RFC Q?KC
?KMSLR MD RGKC. 4FGQ D?AR GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC AMLBGRGML RF?R RFC Q?RCJJGRCtQ K?QQ GQ QK?JJ AMKN?PCB UGRF RF?R MD %?PRF.
0CMNJC GKKCBG?RCJW QC?PAF DMP BCCNCP KC?LGLE UFCL @PM?BJW ?NNJGA?@JC J?UQ, JGIC +CNJCPtQ, ?PC BGQAMTCPCB. )R U?Q .CURML UFM RMMI RFC LCVR EG?LR
QRCN UFCL FC NPMNMQCB RFC J?U MD SLGTCPQ?J EP?TGR?RGML. 7FGJC +CNJCP U?Q ?@JC RM BGQAMTCP J;4G U?Q F?NNCLGLE, .CURML BGQAMTCPCB RF?R EP?TGR?RGML?J
DMPAC U?Q RFC A?SQC.
#(!04%2 6 Y 5.)&/2- #)2#5,!2 -/4)/. !.$ '2!6)4!4)/. 211
$CPGT?RGML MD +CNJCPtQ 4FGPB ,?U DMP #GPASJ?P /P@GRQ
7C QF?JJ BCPGTC +CNJCPtQ RFGPB J?U, QR?PRGLE UGRF .CURMLtQ J?UQ MD KMRGML ?LB FGQ SLGTCPQ?J J?U MD EP?TGR?RGML. 4FC NMGLR GQ RM BCKMLQRP?RC RF?R RFC DMPAC
MD EP?TGRW GQ RFC A?SQC DMP +CNJCPtQ J?UQ (?JRFMSEF UC UGJJ MLJW BCPGTC RFC RFGPB MLC).
,CR SQ AMLQGBCP ? AGPASJ?P MP@GR MD ? QK?JJ K?QQ m ?PMSLB ? J?PEC K?QQ M, Q?RGQDWGLE RFC RUM AMLBGRGMLQ QR?RCB ?R RFC @CEGLLGLE MD RFGQ QCARGML.
'P?TGRW QSNNJGCQ RFC ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC RM K?QQ m. 3R?PRGLE UGRF .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U ?NNJGCB RM AGPASJ?P KMRGML,
(6.60)
F
net
= ma
c
= m
v
2
r
.
4FC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC ML K?QQ m GQ EP?TGRW, ?LB QM UC QS@QRGRSRC RFC DMPAC MD EP?TGRW DMP F
net
:
(6.61)
G
mM
r
2
= m
v
2
r
.
4FC K?QQ m A?LACJQ, WGCJBGLE
(6.62)
G
M
r
= v
2
.
4FC D?AR RF?R m A?LACJQ MSR GQ ?LMRFCP ?QNCAR MD RFC MDR-LMRCB D?AR RF?R ?R ? EGTCL JMA?RGML ?JJ K?QQCQ D?JJ UGRF RFC Q?KC ?AACJCP?RGML. (CPC UC QCC
RF?R ?R ? EGTCL MP@GR?J P?BGSQ r , ?JJ K?QQCQ MP@GR ?R RFC Q?KC QNCCB. (4FGQ U?Q GKNJGCB @W RFC PCQSJR MD RFC NPCACBGLE UMPICB CV?KNJC.) .MU, RM ECR ?R
+CNJCPtQ RFGPB J?U, UC KSQR ECR RFC NCPGMB T GLRM RFC COS?RGML. "W BCDGLGRGML, NCPGMB T GQ RFC RGKC DMP MLC AMKNJCRC MP@GR. .MU RFC ?TCP?EC QNCCB v
GQ RFC AGPASKDCPCLAC BGTGBCB @W RFC NCPGMBrRF?R GQ,
(6.63)
v =
2r
T
.
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFGQ GLRM RFC NPCTGMSQ COS?RGML EGTCQ
(6.64)
G
M
r
=
4
2
r
2
T
2
.
3MJTGLE DMP T
2
WGCJBQ
(6.65)
T
2
=
4
2
GM
r
3
.
5QGLE QS@QAPGNRQ 1 ?LB 2 RM BCLMRC RUM BGDDCPCLR Q?RCJJGRCQ, ?LB R?IGLE RFC P?RGM MD RFC J?QR COS?RGML DMP Q?RCJJGRC 1 RM Q?RCJJGRC 2 WGCJBQ
(6.66)
T
1
2
T
2
2
=
r
1
3
r
2
3
.
4FGQ GQ +CNJCPtQ RFGPB J?U. .MRC RF?R +CNJCPtQ RFGPB J?U GQ T?JGB MLJW DMP AMKN?PGLE Q?RCJJGRCQ MD RFC Q?KC N?PCLR @MBW, @CA?SQC MLJW RFCL BMCQ RFC K?QQ
MD RFC N?PCLR @MBW M A?LACJ.
.MU AMLQGBCP UF?R UC ECR GD UC QMJTC T
2
=
4
2
GM
r
3
DMP RFC P?RGM r
3
/ T
2
. 7C M@R?GL ? PCJ?RGMLQFGN RF?R A?L @C SQCB RM BCRCPKGLC RFC K?QQ M MD ?
N?PCLR @MBW DPMK RFC MP@GRQ MD GRQ Q?RCJJGRCQ:
(6.67)
r
3
T
2
=
G
4
2
M.
)D r ?LB T ?PC ILMUL DMP ? Q?RCJJGRC, RFCL RFC K?QQ M MD RFC N?PCLR A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB. 4FGQ NPGLAGNJC F?Q @CCL SQCB CVRCLQGTCJW RM DGLB RFC K?QQCQ
MD FC?TCLJW @MBGCQ RF?R F?TC Q?RCJJGRCQ. &SPRFCPKMPC, RFC P?RGM r
3
/ T
2
QFMSJB @C ? AMLQR?LR DMP ?JJ Q?RCJJGRCQ MD RFC Q?KC N?PCLR @MBW (@CA?SQC
r
3
/ T
2
= GM/ 4
2
). (3CC -78B; 6.2).
)R GQ AJC?P DPMK -78B; 6.2 RF?R RFC P?RGM MD r
3
/ T
2
GQ AMLQR?LR, ?R JC?QR RM RFC RFGPB BGEGR, DMP ?JJ JGQRCB Q?RCJJGRCQ MD RFC 3SL, ?LB DMP RFMQC MD *SNGRCP. 3K?JJ
T?PG?RGMLQ GL RF?R P?RGM F?TC RUM A?SQCQrSLACPR?GLRGCQ GL RFC r ?LB T B?R?, ?LB NCPRSP@?RGMLQ MD RFC MP@GRQ BSC RM MRFCP @MBGCQ. )LRCPCQRGLEJW, RFMQC
NCPRSP@?RGMLQ A?L @Cr?LB F?TC @CCLrSQCB RM NPCBGAR RFC JMA?RGML MD LCU NJ?LCRQ ?LB KMMLQ. 4FGQ GQ ?LMRFCP TCPGDGA?RGML MD .CURMLtQ SLGTCPQ?J J?U
MD EP?TGR?RGML.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ
.CURMLtQ SLGTCPQ?J J?U MD EP?TGR?RGML GQ KMBGDGCB @W %GLQRCGLtQ ECLCP?J RFCMPW MD PCJ?RGTGRW, ?Q UC QF?JJ QCC GL )7HJ?9B; )>OI?9I. .CURMLtQ EP?TGRW GQ
LMR QCPGMSQJW GL CPPMPrGR U?Q ?LB QRGJJ GQ ?L CVRPCKCJW EMMB ?NNPMVGK?RGML DMP KMQR QGRS?RGMLQ. %GLQRCGLtQ KMBGDGA?RGML GQ KMQR LMRGAC?@JC GL
CVRPCKCJW J?PEC EP?TGR?RGML?J DGCJBQ, QSAF ?Q LC?P @J?AI FMJCQ. (MUCTCP, ECLCP?J PCJ?RGTGRW ?JQM CVNJ?GLQ QSAF NFCLMKCL? ?Q QK?JJ @SR JMLE-ILMUL
BCTG?RGMLQ MD RFC MP@GR MD RFC NJ?LCR -CPASPW DPMK AJ?QQGA?J NPCBGARGMLQ.
212 #(!04%2 6 Y 5.)&/2- #)2#5,!2 -/4)/. !.$ '2!6)4!4)/.
4FC #?QC DMP 3GKNJGAGRW
4FC BCTCJMNKCLR MD RFC SLGTCPQ?J J?U MD EP?TGR?RGML @W .CURML NJ?WCB ? NGTMR?J PMJC GL RFC FGQRMPW MD GBC?Q. 7FGJC GR GQ @CWMLB RFC QAMNC MD RFGQ RCVR RM
AMTCP RF?R FGQRMPW GL ?LW BCR?GJ, UC LMRC QMKC GKNMPR?LR NMGLRQ. 4FC BCDGLGRGML MD NJ?LCR QCR GL 2006 @W RFC )LRCPL?RGML?J !QRPMLMKGA?J 5LGML ()!5)
QR?RCQ RF?R GL RFC QMJ?P QWQRCK, ? NJ?LCR GQ ? ACJCQRG?J @MBW RF?R:
1. GQ GL MP@GR ?PMSLB RFC 3SL,
2. F?Q QSDDGAGCLR K?QQ RM ?QQSKC FWBPMQR?RGA COSGJG@PGSK ?LB
3. F?Q AJC?PCB RFC LCGEF@MPFMMB ?PMSLB GRQ MP@GR.
! LML-Q?RCJJGRC @MBW DSJDGJJGLE MLJW RFC DGPQR RUM MD RFC ?@MTC APGRCPG? GQ AJ?QQGDGCB ?Q uBU?PD NJ?LCR.v
)L 2006, 0JSRM U?Q BCKMRCB RM ? sBU?PD NJ?LCRt ?DRCP QAGCLRGQRQ PCTGQCB RFCGP BCDGLGRGML MD UF?R AMLQRGRSRCQ ? uRPSCv NJ?LCR.
4?@JC 6.2 /P@GR?J $?R? ?LB +CNJCPtQ 4FGPB ,?U
)7H;DJ ,7J;BB?J; AL;H7=; EH8?J7B H7:?KI 2(AC) );H?E: T(9)
2
3
/ T
2
(AC
3
/ O
2
)
%?PRF -MML 3.8410
5
0.07481 1.0110
18
3SL -CPASPW 5.7910
7
0.2409 3.3410
24
6CLSQ 1.08210
8
0.6150 3.3510
24
%?PRF 1.49610
8
1.000 3.3510
24
-?PQ 2.27910
8
1.881 3.3510
24
*SNGRCP 7.78310
8
11.86 3.3510
24
3?RSPL 1.42710
9
29.46 3.3510
24
.CNRSLC 4.49710
9
164.8 3.3510
24
0JSRM 5.9010
9
248.3 3.3310
24
*SNGRCP )M 4.2210
5
0.00485 (1.77 B) 3.1910
21
%SPMN? 6.7110
5
0.00972 (3.55 B) 3.2010
21
'?LWKCBC 1.0710
6
0.0196 (7.16 B) 3.1910
21
#?JJGQRM 1.8810
6
0.0457 (16.19 B) 3.2010
21
4FC SLGTCPQ?J J?U MD EP?TGR?RGML GQ ? EMMB CV?KNJC MD ? NFWQGA?J NPGLAGNJC RF?R GQ TCPW @PM?BJW ?NNJGA?@JC. 4F?R QGLEJC COS?RGML DMP RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J
DMPAC BCQAPG@CQ ?JJ QGRS?RGMLQ GL UFGAF EP?TGRW ?ARQ. )R EGTCQ ? A?SQC DMP ? T?QR LSK@CP MD CDDCARQ, QSAF ?Q RFC MP@GRQ MD RFC NJ?LCRQ ?LB KMMLQ GL RFC
QMJ?P QWQRCK. )R CNGRMKGXCQ RFC SLBCPJWGLE SLGRW ?LB QGKNJGAGRW MD NFWQGAQ.
"CDMPC RFC BGQAMTCPGCQ MD +CNJCP, #MNCPLGASQ, '?JGJCM, .CURML, ?LB MRFCPQ, RFC QMJ?P QWQRCK U?Q RFMSEFR RM PCTMJTC ?PMSLB %?PRF ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH;
6.31(?). 4FGQ GQ A?JJCB RFC 0RMJCK?GA TGCU, DMP RFC 'PCCI NFGJMQMNFCP UFM JGTCB GL RFC QCAMLB ACLRSPW !$. 4FGQ KMBCJ GQ AF?P?ARCPGXCB @W ? JGQR MD D?ARQ
DMP RFC KMRGMLQ MD NJ?LCRQ UGRF LM A?SQC ?LB CDDCAR CVNJ?L?RGML. 4FCPC RCLBCB RM @C ? BGDDCPCLR PSJC DMP C?AF FC?TCLJW @MBW ?LB ? ECLCP?J J?AI MD
QGKNJGAGRW.
F?=KH; 6.31(@) PCNPCQCLRQ RFC KMBCPL MP #MNCPLGA?L KMBCJ. )L RFGQ KMBCJ, ? QK?JJ QCR MD PSJCQ ?LB ? QGLEJC SLBCPJWGLE DMPAC CVNJ?GL LMR MLJW ?JJ
KMRGMLQ GL RFC QMJ?P QWQRCK, @SR ?JJ MRFCP QGRS?RGMLQ GLTMJTGLE EP?TGRW. 4FC @PC?BRF ?LB QGKNJGAGRW MD RFC J?UQ MD NFWQGAQ ?PC AMKNCJJGLE. !Q MSP
ILMUJCBEC MD L?RSPC F?Q EPMUL, RFC @?QGA QGKNJGAGRW MD GRQ J?UQ F?Q @CAMKC CTCP KMPC CTGBCLR.
#(!04%2 6 Y 5.)&/2- #)2#5,!2 -/4)/. !.$ '2!6)4!4)/. 213
7D=KB7H L;BE9?JO:
7H9 B;D=J>:
87DA;: 9KHL;:
CEH?EB?I <EH9;:
9;DJ;H E< C7II:
9;DJH?<K=7B <EH9;:
9;DJH?F;J7B 799;B;H7J?ED:
9;DJH?F;J7B <EH9;:
<?9J?J?EKI <EH9;:
=H7L?J7J?ED7B 9EDIJ7DJ, G:
?:;7B 7D=B;:
?:;7B 87DA?D=:
?:;7B IF;;::
C?9HE=H7L?JO:
';MJEDXI KD?L;HI7B B7M E< =H7L?J7J?ED:
DED-?D;HJ?7B <H7C; E< H;<;H;D9;:
F?J:
H7:?7DI:
H7:?KI E< 9KHL7JKH;:
HEJ7J?ED 7D=B;:
KBJH79;DJH?<K=;:
KD?<EHC 9?H9KB7H CEJ?ED:
F?=KH; 6.31 (?) 4FC 0RMJCK?GA KMBCJ MD RFC SLGTCPQC F?Q %?PRF ?R RFC ACLRCP UGRF RFC -MML, RFC NJ?LCRQ, RFC 3SL, ?LB RFC QR?PQ PCTMJTGLE ?@MSR GR GL AMKNJCV QSNCPNMQGRGMLQ MD
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1. 4FCPC GQ ?L ?L?JMEW @CRUCCL PMR?RGML?J ?LB JGLC?P NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ. 7F?R PMR?RGML?J OS?LRGRGCQ ?PC ?L?JMEMSQ RM BGQR?LAC ?LB TCJMAGRW?
2. #?L ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML AF?LEC RFC QNCCB MD AGPASJ?P KMRGML? %VNJ?GL.
3. )D WMS UGQF RM PCBSAC RFC QRPCQQ (UFGAF GQ PCJ?RCB RM ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC) ML FGEF-QNCCB RGPCQ, UMSJB WMS SQC J?PEC- MP QK?JJ-BG?KCRCP RGPCQ? %VNJ?GL.
4. $CDGLC ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC. #?L ?LW RWNC MD DMPAC (DMP CV?KNJC, RCLQGML, EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC, DPGARGML, ?LB QM ML) @C ? ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC? #?L ?LW
AMK@GL?RGML MD DMPACQ @C ? ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC?
5. )D ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC GQ BGPCARCB RMU?PB RFC ACLRCP, UFW BM WMS DCCJ RF?R WMS ?PC sRFPMULt ?U?W DPMK RFC ACLRCP ?Q ? A?P EMCQ ?PMSLB ? ASPTC? %VNJ?GL.
6. 2?AC A?P BPGTCPQ PMSRGLCJW ASR AMPLCPQ ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 6.32. %VNJ?GL FMU RFGQ ?JJMUQ RFC ASPTC RM @C R?ICL ?R RFC EPC?RCQR QNCCB.
F?=KH; 6.32 4UM N?RFQ ?PMSLB ? P?AC RP?AI ASPTC ?PC QFMUL. 2?AC A?P BPGTCPQ UGJJ R?IC RFC GLQGBC N?RF (A?JJCB ASRRGLE RFC AMPLCP) UFCLCTCP NMQQG@JC @CA?SQC GR ?JJMUQ RFCK RM
R?IC RFC ASPTC ?R RFC FGEFCQR QNCCB.
7. ! LSK@CP MD ?KSQCKCLR N?PIQ F?TC PGBCQ RF?R K?IC TCPRGA?J JMMNQ JGIC RFC MLC QFMUL GL F?=KH; 6.33. &MP Q?DCRW, RFC A?PQ ?PC ?RR?AFCB RM RFC P?GJQ
GL QSAF ? U?W RF?R RFCW A?LLMR D?JJ MDD. )D RFC A?P EMCQ MTCP RFC RMN ?R HSQR RFC PGEFR QNCCB, EP?TGRW ?JMLC UGJJ QSNNJW RFC ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC. 7F?R MRFCP
DMPAC ?ARQ ?LB UF?R GQ GRQ BGPCARGML GD:
(?) 4FC A?P EMCQ MTCP RFC RMN ?R D?QRCP RF?L RFGQ QNCCB?
(@)4FC A?P EMCQ MTCP RFC RMN ?R QJMUCP RF?L RFGQ QNCCB?
216 #(!04%2 6 Y 5.)&/2- #)2#5,!2 -/4)/. !.$ '2!6)4!4)/.
F?=KH; 6.33 !KSQCKCLR PGBCQ UGRF ? TCPRGA?J JMMN ?PC ?L CV?KNJC MD ? DMPK MD ASPTCB KMRGML.
8. 7F?R GQ RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB @W RFC A?P ML RFC N?QQCLECP ?Q RFC A?P EMCQ MTCP RFC RMN MD RFC ?KSQCKCLR PGBC NGARSPCB GL F?=KH; 6.33
SLBCP RFC DMJJMUGLE AGPASKQR?LACQ:
(?) 4FC A?P EMCQ MTCP RFC RMN ?R QSAF ? QNCCB RF?R RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC GQ RFC MLJW DMPAC ?ARGLE?
(@) 4FC A?P EMCQ MTCP RFC RMN D?QRCP RF?L RFGQ QNCCB?
(A) 4FC A?P EMCQ MTCP RFC RMN QJMUCP RF?L RFGQ QNCCB?
9. !Q ? QI?RCP DMPKQ ? AGPAJC, UF?R DMPAC GQ PCQNMLQG@JC DMP K?IGLE FCP RSPL? 5QC ? DPCC @MBW BG?EP?K GL WMSP ?LQUCP.
10. 3SNNMQC ? AFGJB GQ PGBGLE ML ? KCPPW-EM-PMSLB ?R ? BGQR?LAC ?@MSR F?JDU?W @CRUCCL GRQ ACLRCP ?LB CBEC. 3FC F?Q ? JSLAF @MV PCQRGLE ML U?V
N?NCP, QM RF?R RFCPC GQ TCPW JGRRJC DPGARGML @CRUCCL GR ?LB RFC KCPPW-EM-PMSLB. 7FGAF N?RF QFMUL GL F?=KH; 6.34 UGJJ RFC JSLAF @MV R?IC UFCL QFC JCRQ
EM? 4FC JSLAF @MV JC?TCQ ? RP?GJ GL RFC BSQR ML RFC KCPPW-EM-PMSLB. )Q RF?R RP?GJ QRP?GEFR, ASPTCB RM RFC JCDR, MP ASPTCB RM RFC PGEFR? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP.
F?=KH; 6.34 ! AFGJB PGBGLE ML ? KCPPW-EM-PMSLB PCJC?QCQ FCP JSLAF @MV ?R NMGLR 0. 4FGQ GQ ? TGCU DPMK ?@MTC RFC AJMAIUGQC PMR?RGML. !QQSKGLE GR QJGBCQ UGRF LCEJGEG@JC DPGARGML, UGJJ
GR DMJJMU N?RF !, ", MP #, ?Q TGCUCB DPMK %?PRFtQ DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC? 7F?R UGJJ @C RFC QF?NC MD RFC N?RF GR JC?TCQ GL RFC BSQR ML RFC KCPPW-EM-PMSLB?
11. $M WMS DCCJ WMSPQCJD RFPMUL RM CGRFCP QGBC UFCL WMS LCEMRG?RC ? ASPTC RF?R GQ GBC?JJW @?LICB DMP WMSP A?PtQ QNCCB? 7F?R GQ RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC
DMPAC CVCPRCB ML WMS @W RFC A?P QC?R?
12. 3SNNMQC ? K?QQ GQ KMTGLE GL ? AGPASJ?P N?RF ML ? DPGARGMLJCQQ R?@JC ?Q QFMUL GL DGESPC. )L RFC %?PRFtQ DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC, RFCPC GQ LM ACLRPGDSE?J
DMPAC NSJJGLE RFC K?QQ ?U?W DPMK RFC ACLRPC MD PMR?RGML, WCR RFCPC GQ ? TCPW PC?J DMPAC QRPCRAFGLE RFC QRPGLE ?RR?AFGLE RFC K?QQ RM RFC L?GJ. 5QGLE
AMLACNRQ PCJ?RCB RM ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC ?LB .CURMLtQ RFGPB J?U, CVNJ?GL UF?R DMPAC QRPCRAFCQ RFC QRPGLE, GBCLRGDWGLE GRQ NFWQGA?J MPGEGL.
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F?=KH; 6.35 ! K?QQ ?RR?AFCB RM ? L?GJ ML ? DPGARGMLJCQQ R?@JC KMTCQ GL ? AGPASJ?P N?RF. 4FC DMPAC QRPCRAFGLE RFC QRPGLE GQ PC?J ?LB LMR DGARGML?J. 7F?R GQ RFC NFWQGA?J MPGEGL MD RFC
DMPAC ML RFC QRPGLE?
13. 7FCL ? RMGJCR GQ DJSQFCB MP ? QGLI GQ BP?GLCB, RFC U?RCP (?LB MRFCP K?RCPG?J) @CEGLQ RM PMR?RC ?@MSR RFC BP?GL ML RFC U?W BMUL. !QQSKGLE LM GLGRG?J
PMR?RGML ?LB ? DJMU GLGRG?JJW BGPCARJW QRP?GEFR RMU?PB RFC BP?GL, CVNJ?GL UF?R A?SQCQ RFC PMR?RGML ?LB UFGAF BGPCARGML GR F?Q GL RFC LMPRFCPL FCKGQNFCPC.
(.MRC RF?R RFGQ GQ ? QK?JJ CDDCAR ?LB GL KMQR RMGJCRQ RFC PMR?RGML GQ A?SQCB @W BGPCARGML?J U?RCP HCRQ.) 7MSJB RFC BGPCARGML MD PMR?RGML PCTCPQC GD U?RCP UCPC
DMPACB SN RFC BP?GL?
14. )Q RFCPC ? PC?J DMPAC RF?R RFPMUQ U?RCP DPMK AJMRFCQ BSPGLE RFC QNGL AWAJC MD ? U?QFGLE K?AFGLC? %VNJ?GL FMU RFC U?RCP GQ PCKMTCB.
15. )L MLC ?KSQCKCLR N?PI PGBC, PGBCPQ CLRCP ? J?PEC TCPRGA?J @?PPCJ ?LB QR?LB ?E?GLQR RFC U?JJ ML GRQ FMPGXMLR?J DJMMP. 4FC @?PPCJ GQ QNSL SN ?LB RFC
DJMMP BPMNQ ?U?W. 2GBCPQ DCCJ ?Q GD RFCW ?PC NGLLCB RM RFC U?JJ @W ? DMPAC QMKCRFGLE JGIC RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC. 4FGQ GQ ? DGARGRGMSQ DMPAC QCLQCB ?LB
SQCB @W RFC PGBCPQ RM CVNJ?GL CTCLRQ GL RFC PMR?RGLE DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC MD RFC @?PPCJ. %VNJ?GL GL ?L GLCPRG?J DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC (%?PRF GQ LC?PJW MLC) UF?R
NGLQ RFC PGBCPQ RM RFC U?JJ, ?LB GBCLRGDW ?JJ MD RFC PC?J DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML RFCK.
16. !ARGML ?R ? BGQR?LAC, QSAF ?Q GQ RFC A?QC DMP EP?TGRW, U?Q MLAC RFMSEFR RM @C GJJMEGA?J ?LB RFCPCDMPC SLRPSC. 7F?R GQ RFC SJRGK?RC BCRCPKGL?LR MD RFC
RPSRF GL NFWQGAQ, ?LB UFW U?Q RFGQ ?ARGML SJRGK?RCJW ?AACNRCB?
17. 4UM DPGCLBQ ?PC F?TGLE ? AMLTCPQ?RGML. !LL? Q?WQ ? Q?RCJJGRC GL MP@GR GQ GL DPCCD?JJ @CA?SQC RFC Q?RCJJGRC ICCNQ D?JJGLE RMU?PB %?PRF. 4MK Q?WQ ?
Q?RCJJGRC GL MP@GR GQ LMR GL DPCCD?JJ @CA?SQC RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW GQ LMR 9.80 m/s
2
. 7FM BM WMS ?EPCC UGRF ?LB UFW?
18. ! LML-PMR?RGLE DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC NJ?ACB ?R RFC ACLRCP MD RFC 3SL GQ TCPW LC?PJW ?L GLCPRG?J MLC. 7FW GQ GR LMR CV?ARJW ?L GLCPRG?J DP?KC?
19. !ARGML ?R ? BGQR?LAC, QSAF ?Q GQ RFC A?QC DMP EP?TGRW, U?Q MLAC RFMSEFR RM @C GJJMEGA?J ?LB RFCPCDMPC SLRPSC. 7F?R GQ RFC SJRGK?RC BCRCPKGL?LR MD RFC
RPSRF GL NFWQGAQ, ?LB UFW U?Q RFGQ ?ARGML SJRGK?RCJW ?AACNRCB?
20. 4UM DPGCLBQ ?PC F?TGLE ? AMLTCPQ?RGML. !LL? Q?WQ ? Q?RCJJGRC GL MP@GR GQ GL DPCCD?JJ @CA?SQC RFC Q?RCJJGRC ICCNQ D?JJGLE RMU?PB %?PRF. 4MK Q?WQ ?
Q?RCJJGRC GL MP@GR GQ LMR GL DPCCD?JJ @CA?SQC RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW GQ LMR 9.80 m/s
2
. 7FM BM WMS ?EPCC UGRF ?LB UFW?
21. $P?U ? DPCC @MBW BG?EP?K DMP ? Q?RCJJGRC GL ?L CJJGNRGA?J MP@GR QFMUGLE UFW GRQ QNCCB GLAPC?QCQ ?Q GR ?NNPM?AFCQ GRQ N?PCLR @MBW ?LB BCAPC?QCQ ?Q GR
KMTCQ ?U?W.
22. .CURMLtQ J?UQ MD KMRGML ?LB EP?TGRW UCPC ?KMLE RFC DGPQR RM AMLTGLAGLEJW BCKMLQRP?RC RFC SLBCPJWGLE QGKNJGAGRW ?LB SLGRW GL L?RSPC. -?LW MRFCP
CV?KNJCQ F?TC QGLAC @CCL BGQAMTCPCB, ?LB UC LMU CVNCAR RM DGLB QSAF SLBCPJWGLE MPBCP GL AMKNJCV QGRS?RGMLQ. )Q RFCPC NPMMD RF?R QSAF MPBCP UGJJ
?JU?WQ @C DMSLB GL LCU CVNJMP?RGMLQ?
23. )L UF?R DP?KC(Q) MD PCDCPCLAC ?PC +CNJCPtQ J?UQ T?JGB? !PC +CNJCPtQ J?UQ NSPCJW BCQAPGNRGTC, MP BM RFCW AMLR?GL A?SQ?J GLDMPK?RGML?
218 #(!04%2 6 Y 5.)&/2- #)2#5,!2 -/4)/. !.$ '2!6)4!4)/.
24. 3CKG-RP?GJCP RPSAIQ F?TC ?L MBMKCRCP ML MLC FS@ MD ? RP?GJCP UFCCJ.
4FC FS@ GQ UCGEFRCB QM RF?R GR BMCQ LMR PMR?RC, @SR GR AMLR?GLQ EC?PQ RM
AMSLR RFC LSK@CP MD UFCCJ PCTMJSRGMLQrGR RFCL A?JASJ?RCQ RFC BGQR?LAC
RP?TCJCB. )D RFC UFCCJ F?Q ? 1.15 K BG?KCRCP ?LB EMCQ RFPMSEF 200,000
PMR?RGMLQ, FMU K?LW IGJMKCRCPQ QFMSJB RFC MBMKCRCP PC?B?
25. -GAPMU?TC MTCLQ PMR?RC ?R ? P?RC MD ?@MSR 6 PCT/KGL. 7F?R GQ RFGQ GL
PCTMJSRGMLQ NCP QCAMLB? 7F?R GQ RFC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW GL P?BG?LQ NCP
QCAMLB?
26. !L ?SRMKM@GJC UGRF 0.260 K P?BGSQ RGPCQ RP?TCJQ 80,000 IK @CDMPC
UC?PGLE RFCK MSR. (MU K?LW PCTMJSRGMLQ BM RFC RGPCQ K?IC, LCEJCARGLE
?LW @?AIGLE SN ?LB ?LW AF?LEC GL P?BGSQ BSC RM UC?P?
27. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC NCPGMB MD PMR?RGML MD %?PRF GL QCAMLBQ? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC
?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW MD %?PRF? (A) 'GTCL RF?R %?PRF F?Q ? P?BGSQ MD
6.410
6
m ?R GRQ COS?RMP, UF?R GQ RFC JGLC?P TCJMAGRW ?R %?PRFtQ QSPD?AC?
28. ! @?QC@?JJ NGRAFCP @PGLEQ FGQ ?PK DMPU?PB BSPGLE ? NGRAF, PMR?RGLE RFC
DMPC?PK ?@MSR RFC CJ@MU. )D RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC @?JJ GL RFC NGRAFCPtQ F?LB GQ
35.0 K/Q ?LB RFC @?JJ GQ 0.300 K DPMK RFC CJ@MU HMGLR, UF?R GQ RFC ?LESJ?P
TCJMAGRW MD RFC DMPC?PK?
29. )L J?APMQQC, ? @?JJ GQ RFPMUL DPMK ? LCR ML RFC CLB MD ? QRGAI @W
PMR?RGLE RFC QRGAI ?LB DMPC?PK ?@MSR RFC CJ@MU. )D RFC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW MD
RFC @?JJ ?@MSR RFC CJ@MU HMGLR GQ 30.0 P?B/Q ?LB RFC @?JJ GQ 1.30 K DPMK RFC
CJ@MU HMGLR, UF?R GQ RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC @?JJ?
30. ! RPSAI UGRF 0.420 K P?BGSQ RGPCQ RP?TCJQ ?R 32.0 K/Q. 7F?R GQ RFC
?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW MD RFC PMR?RGLE RGPCQ GL P?BG?LQ NCP QCAMLB? 7F?R GQ RFGQ GL
PCT/KGL?
31. "DJ;=H7J;: CED9;FJI 7FCL IGAIGLE ? DMMR@?JJ, RFC IGAICP PMR?RCQ FGQ
JCE ?@MSR RFC FGN HMGLR.
(?) )D RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC RGN MD RFC IGAICPtQ QFMC GQ 35.0 K/Q ?LB RFC FGN
HMGLR GQ 1.05 K DPMK RFC RGN MD RFC QFMC, UF?R GQ RFC QFMC RGNtQ ?LESJ?P
TCJMAGRW?
(@) 4FC QFMC GQ GL AMLR?AR UGRF RFC GLGRG?JJW LC?PJW QR?RGML?PW 0.500 IE
DMMR@?JJ DMP 20.0 KQ. 7F?R ?TCP?EC DMPAC GQ CVCPRCB ML RFC DMMR@?JJ RM EGTC
GR ? TCJMAGRW MD 20.0 K/Q?
(A) &GLB RFC K?VGKSK P?LEC MD RFC DMMR@?JJ, LCEJCARGLE ?GP PCQGQR?LAC.
32. CEDIJHK9J 2EKH (MD )HE8B;C
#MLQGBCP ?L ?KSQCKCLR N?PI PGBC GL UFGAF N?PRGAGN?LRQ ?PC PMR?RCB ?@MSR
? TCPRGA?J ?VGQ GL ? AWJGLBCP UGRF TCPRGA?J U?JJQ. /LAC RFC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW
PC?AFCQ GRQ DSJJ T?JSC, RFC DJMMP BPMNQ ?U?W ?LB DPGARGML @CRUCCL RFC U?JJQ
?LB RFC PGBCPQ NPCTCLRQ RFCK DPMK QJGBGLE BMUL. #MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL
UFGAF WMS A?JASJ?RC RFC LCACQQ?PW ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW RF?R ?QQSPCQ RFC
PGBCPQ UGJJ LMR QJGBC BMUL RFC U?JJ. )LAJSBC ? DPCC @MBW BG?EP?K MD ? QGLEJC
PGBCP. !KMLE RFC T?PG?@JCQ RM AMLQGBCP ?PC RFC P?BGSQ MD RFC AWJGLBCP ?LB
RFC AMCDDGAGCLRQ MD DPGARGML @CRUCCL RFC PGBCPQt AJMRFGLE ?LB RFC U?JJ.
33. ! D?GPEPMSLB PGBC QNGLQ GRQ MAASN?LRQ GLQGBC ? DJWGLE Q?SACP-QF?NCB
AMLR?GLCP. )D RFC FMPGXMLR?J AGPASJ?P N?RF RFC PGBCPQ DMJJMU F?Q ?L 8.00 K
P?BGSQ, ?R FMU K?LW PCTMJSRGMLQ NCP KGLSRC UGJJ RFC PGBCPQ @C QS@HCARCB RM
? ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML 1.50 RGKCQ RF?R BSC RM EP?TGRW?
34. ! PSLLCP R?IGLE N?PR GL RFC 200 K B?QF KSQR PSL ?PMSLB RFC CLB MD ?
RP?AI RF?R F?Q ? AGPASJ?P ?PA UGRF ? P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC MD 30 K. )D FC
AMKNJCRCQ RFC 200 K B?QF GL 23.2 Q ?LB PSLQ ?R AMLQR?LR QNCCB
RFPMSEFMSR RFC P?AC, UF?R GQ FGQ ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML ?Q FC PSLQ RFC
ASPTCB NMPRGML MD RFC RP?AI?
35. 4?IGLE RFC ?EC MD %?PRF RM @C ?@MSR 410
9
WC?PQ ?LB ?QQSKGLE GRQ
MP@GR?J P?BGSQ MD 1.5 10
11
F?Q LMR AF?LECB ?LB GQ AGPASJ?P, A?JASJ?RC
RFC ?NNPMVGK?RC RMR?J BGQR?LAC %?PRF F?Q RP?TCJCB QGLAC GRQ @GPRF (GL ?
DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC QR?RGML?PW UGRF PCQNCAR RM RFC 3SL).
36. 4FC NPMNCJJCP MD ? 7MPJB 7?P )) DGEFRCP NJ?LC GQ 2.30 K GL BG?KCRCP.
(?) 7F?R GQ GRQ ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW GL P?BG?LQ NCP QCAMLB GD GR QNGLQ ?R 1200
PCT/KGL?
(@) 7F?R GQ RFC JGLC?P QNCCB MD GRQ RGN ?R RFGQ ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW GD RFC NJ?LC GQ
QR?RGML?PW ML RFC R?PK?A?
(A) 7F?R GQ RFC ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML MD RFC NPMNCJJCP RGN SLBCP RFCQC
AMLBGRGMLQ? #?JASJ?RC GR GL KCRCPQ NCP QCAMLB QOS?PCB ?LB AMLTCPR RM
KSJRGNJCQ MD g .
37. !L MPBGL?PW UMPIQFMN EPGLBQRMLC F?Q ? P?BGSQ MD 7.50 AK ?LB PMR?RCQ
?R 6500 PCT/KGL.
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML ?R GRQ CBEC GL KCRCPQ NCP QCAMLB
QOS?PCB ?LB AMLTCPR GR RM KSJRGNJCQ MD g .
(@) 7F?R GQ RFC JGLC?P QNCCB MD ? NMGLR ML GRQ CBEC?
38. (CJGAMNRCP @J?BCQ UGRFQR?LB RPCKCLBMSQ QRPCQQCQ. )L ?BBGRGML RM
QSNNMPRGLE RFC UCGEFR MD ? FCJGAMNRCP, RFCW ?PC QNSL ?R P?NGB P?RCQ ?LB
CVNCPGCLAC J?PEC ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGMLQ, CQNCAG?JJW ?R RFC RGN.
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML ?R RFC RGN MD ? 4.00 K JMLE
FCJGAMNRCP @J?BC RF?R PMR?RCQ ?R 300 PCT/KGL.
(@) #MKN?PC RFC JGLC?P QNCCB MD RFC RGN UGRF RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB (R?ICL RM
@C 340 K/Q).
39. /JWKNGA GAC QI?RCPQ ?PC ?@JC RM QNGL ?R ?@MSR 5 PCT/Q.
(?) 7F?R GQ RFCGP ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW GL P?BG?LQ NCP QCAMLB?
(@) 7F?R GQ RFC ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML MD RFC QI?RCPtQ LMQC GD GR GQ 0.120 K
DPMK RFC ?VGQ MD PMR?RGML?
(A) !L CVACNRGML?J QI?RCP L?KCB $GAI "SRRML U?Q ?@JC RM QNGL KSAF
D?QRCP GL RFC 1950Q RF?L ?LWMLC QGLACr?R ?@MSR 9 PCT/Q. 7F?R U?Q RFC
ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML MD RFC RGN MD FGQ LMQC, ?QQSKGLE GR GQ ?R 0.120 K
P?BGSQ?
(B) #MKKCLR ML RFC K?ELGRSBCQ MD RFC ?AACJCP?RGMLQ DMSLB. )R GQ PCNSRCB
RF?R "SRRML PSNRSPCB QK?JJ @JMMB TCQQCJQ BSPGLE FGQ QNGLQ.
40. 7F?R NCPACLR?EC MD RFC ?AACJCP?RGML ?R %?PRFtQ QSPD?AC GQ RFC
?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW ?R RFC NMQGRGML MD ? Q?RCJJGRC JMA?RCB 300 IK
?@MTC %?PRF?
41. 6CPGDW RF?R RFC JGLC?P QNCCB MD ?L SJRP?ACLRPGDSEC GQ ?@MSR 0.50 IK/Q,
?LB %?PRF GL GRQ MP@GR GQ ?@MSR 30 IK/Q @W A?JASJ?RGLE:
(?) 4FC JGLC?P QNCCB MD ? NMGLR ML ?L SJRP?ACLRPGDSEC 0.100 K DPMK GRQ
ACLRCP, PMR?RGLE ?R 50,000 PCT/KGL.
(@) 4FC JGLC?P QNCCB MD %?PRF GL GRQ MP@GR ?@MSR RFC 3SL (SQC B?R? DPMK RFC
RCVR ML RFC P?BGSQ MD %?PRFtQ MP@GR ?LB ?NNPMVGK?RC GR ?Q @CGLE AGPASJ?P).
42. ! PMR?RGLE QN?AC QR?RGML GQ Q?GB RM APC?RC u?PRGDGAG?J EP?TGRWvr? JMMQCJW-
BCDGLCB RCPK SQCB DMP ?L ?AACJCP?RGML RF?R UMSJB @C APSBCJW QGKGJ?P RM
EP?TGRW. 4FC MSRCP U?JJ MD RFC PMR?RGLE QN?AC QR?RGML UMSJB @CAMKC ? DJMMP
DMP RFC ?QRPML?SRQ, ?LB ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML QSNNJGCB @W RFC DJMMP
UMSJB ?JJMU ?QRPML?SRQ RM CVCPAGQC ?LB K?GLR?GL KSQAJC ?LB @MLC
QRPCLERF KMPC L?RSP?JJW RF?L GL LML-PMR?RGLE QN?AC CLTGPMLKCLRQ. )D RFC
QN?AC QR?RGML GQ 200 K GL BG?KCRCP, UF?R ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW UMSJB NPMBSAC
?L u?PRGDGAG?J EP?TGRWv MD 9.80 m/s
2
?R RFC PGK?
43. !R R?ICMDD, ? AMKKCPAG?J HCR F?Q ? 60.0 K/Q QNCCB. )RQ RGPCQ F?TC ?
BG?KCRCP MD 0.850 K.
(?) !R FMU K?LW PCT/KGL ?PC RFC RGPCQ PMR?RGLE?
(@) 7F?R GQ RFC ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML ?R RFC CBEC MD RFC RGPC?
(A) 7GRF UF?R DMPAC KSQR ? BCRCPKGLCB 1.0010
15
kg @?ARCPGSK AJGLE
RM RFC PGK?
(B) 4?IC RFC P?RGM MD RFGQ DMPAC RM RFC @?ARCPGSKtQ UCGEFR.
44. "DJ;=H7J;: CED9;FJI
2GBCPQ GL ?L ?KSQCKCLR N?PI PGBC QF?NCB JGIC ? 6GIGLE QFGN FSLE DPMK ?
J?PEC NGTMR ?PC PMR?RCB @?AI ?LB DMPRF JGIC ? PGEGB NCLBSJSK. 3MKCRGKC
LC?P RFC KGBBJC MD RFC PGBC, RFC QFGN GQ KMKCLR?PGJW KMRGMLJCQQ ?R RFC RMN
MD GRQ AGPASJ?P ?PA. 4FC QFGN RFCL QUGLEQ BMUL SLBCP RFC GLDJSCLAC MD
EP?TGRW.
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML ?R RFC @MRRMK MD RFC ?PA?
#(!04%2 6 Y 5.)&/2- #)2#5,!2 -/4)/. !.$ '2!6)4!4)/. 219
(@) $P?U ? DPCC @MBW BG?EP?K MD RFC DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML ? PGBCP ?R RFC @MRRMK
MD RFC ?PA.
(A) &GLB RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB @W RFC PGBC ML ? 60.0 IE PGBCP ?LB AMKN?PC GR RM
FCP UCGEFR.
(B) $GQASQQ UFCRFCP RFC ?LQUCP QCCKQ PC?QML?@JC.
45. .DH;7IED78B; +;IKBJI
! KMRFCP NSQFCQ FCP AFGJB ML ? QUGLE QM RF?R FGQ QNCCB GQ 9.00 K/Q ?R RFC
JMUCQR NMGLR MD FGQ N?RF. 4FC QUGLE GQ QSQNCLBCB 2.00 K ?@MTC RFC AFGJBtQ
ACLRCP MD K?QQ.
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML MD RFC AFGJB ?R RFC JMU NMGLR?
(@) 7F?R DMPAC BMCQ RFC AFGJB CVCPR ML RFC QC?R GD FGQ K?QQ GQ 18.0 IE?
(A) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFCQC PCQSJRQ?
(B) 7FGAF NPCKGQCQ ?PC SLPC?QML?@JC MP GLAMLQGQRCLR?
46. (?) ! 22.0 IE AFGJB GQ PGBGLE ? NJ?WEPMSLB KCPPW-EM-PMSLB RF?R GQ
PMR?RGLE ?R 40.0 PCT/KGL. 7F?R ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC KSQR QFC CVCPR RM QR?W ML
GD QFC GQ 1.25 K DPMK GRQ ACLRCP?
(@) 7F?R ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC BMCQ QFC LCCB RM QR?W ML ?L ?KSQCKCLR N?PI
KCPPW-EM-PMSLB RF?R PMR?RCQ ?R 3.00 PCT/KGL GD QFC GQ 8.00 K DPMK GRQ
ACLRCP?
(A) #MKN?PC C?AF DMPAC UGRF FCP UCGEFR.
47. #?JASJ?RC RFC ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC ML RFC CLB MD ? 100 K (P?BGSQ) UGLB
RSP@GLC @J?BC RF?R GQ PMR?RGLE ?R 0.5 PCT/Q. !QQSKC RFC K?QQ GQ 4 IE.
48. 7F?R GQ RFC GBC?J @?LIGLE ?LEJC DMP ? ECLRJC RSPL MD 1.20 IK P?BGSQ ML
? FGEFU?W UGRF ? 105 IK/F QNCCB JGKGR (?@MSR 65 KG/F), ?QQSKGLE
CTCPWMLC RP?TCJQ ?R RFC JGKGR?
49. 7F?R GQ RFC GBC?J QNCCB RM R?IC ? 100 K P?BGSQ ASPTC @?LICB ?R ?
20.0\ ?LEJC?
50. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC P?BGSQ MD ? @M@QJCB RSPL @?LICB ?R 75.0\ ?LB R?ICL ?R
30.0 K/Q, ?QQSKGLE GR GQ GBC?JJW @?LICB?
(@) #?JASJ?RC RFC ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML.
(A) $MCQ RFGQ ?AACJCP?RGML QCCK J?PEC RM WMS?
51. 0?PR MD PGBGLE ? @GAWAJC GLTMJTCQ JC?LGLE ?R RFC AMPPCAR ?LEJC UFCL
K?IGLE ? RSPL, ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 6.36. 4M @C QR?@JC, RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB @W
RFC EPMSLB KSQR @C ML ? JGLC EMGLE RFPMSEF RFC ACLRCP MD EP?TGRW. 4FC
DMPAC ML RFC @GAWAJC UFCCJ A?L @C PCQMJTCB GLRM RUM NCPNCLBGASJ?P
AMKNMLCLRQrDPGARGML N?P?JJCJ RM RFC PM?B (RFGQ KSQR QSNNJW RFC ACLRPGNCR?J
DMPAC), ?LB RFC TCPRGA?J LMPK?J DMPAC (UFGAF KSQR COS?J RFC QWQRCKtQ
UCGEFR).
(?) 3FMU RF?R (?Q BCDGLCB GL RFC DGESPC) GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC QNCCB v ?LB
P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC r MD RFC RSPL GL RFC Q?KC U?W ?Q DMP ?L GBC?JJW
@?LICB PM?BU?WrRF?R GQ, = tan
1
v
2
/
rg
(@) #?JASJ?RC DMP ? 12.0 K/Q RSPL MD P?BGSQ 30.0 K (?Q GL ? P?AC).
F?=KH; 6.36 ! @GAWAJGQR LCEMRG?RGLE ? RSPL ML JCTCJ EPMSLB KSQR JC?L ?R RFC AMPPCAR
?LEJCrRFC ?@GJGRW RM BM RFGQ @CAMKCQ GLQRGLARGTC. 4FC DMPAC MD RFC EPMSLB ML RFC UFCCJ
LCCBQ RM @C ML ? JGLC RFPMSEF RFC ACLRCP MD EP?TGRW. 4FC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC ML RFC
QWQRCK GQ RFC ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC. 4FC TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLR MD RFC DMPAC ML RFC UFCCJ
A?LACJQ RFC UCGEFR MD RFC QWQRCK UFGJC GRQ FMPGXMLR?J AMKNMLCLR KSQR QSNNJW RFC
ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC. 4FGQ NPMACQQ NPMBSACQ ? PCJ?RGMLQFGN ?KMLE RFC ?LEJC , RFC
QNCCB v , ?LB RFC P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC r MD RFC RSPL QGKGJ?P RM RF?R DMP RFC GBC?J
@?LIGLE MD PM?BU?WQ.
52. ! J?PEC ACLRPGDSEC, JGIC RFC MLC QFMUL GL F?=KH; 6.37(?), GQ SQCB RM
CVNMQC ?QNGPGLE ?QRPML?SRQ RM ?AACJCP?RGMLQ QGKGJ?P RM RFMQC CVNCPGCLACB
GL PMAICR J?SLAFCQ ?LB ?RKMQNFCPGA PCCLRPGCQ.
(?) !R UF?R ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW GQ RFC ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML 10 g GD RFC
PGBCP GQ 15.0 K DPMK RFC ACLRCP MD PMR?RGML?
(@) 4FC PGBCPtQ A?EC F?LEQ ML ? NGTMR ?R RFC CLB MD RFC ?PK, ?JJMUGLE GR RM
QUGLE MSRU?PB BSPGLE PMR?RGML ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 6.37(@). !R UF?R ?LEJC
@CJMU RFC FMPGXMLR?J UGJJ RFC A?EC F?LE UFCL RFC ACLRPGNCR?J
?AACJCP?RGML GQ 10 g ? ((GLR: 4FC ?PK QSNNJGCQ ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC ?LB
QSNNMPRQ RFC UCGEFR MD RFC A?EC. $P?U ? DPCC @MBW BG?EP?K MD RFC DMPACQ
RM QCC UF?R RFC ?LEJC QFMSJB @C.)
220 #(!04%2 6 Y 5.)&/2- #)2#5,!2 -/4)/. !.$ '2!6)4!4)/.
F?=KH; 6.37 (?) .!3! ACLRPGDSEC SQCB RM QS@HCAR RP?GLCCQ RM ?AACJCP?RGMLQ QGKGJ?P RM
RFMQC CVNCPGCLACB GL PMAICR J?SLAFCQ ?LB PCCLRPGCQ. (APCBGR: .!3!) (@) 2GBCP GL A?EC
QFMUGLE FMU RFC A?EC NGTMRQ MSRU?PB BSPGLE PMR?RGML. 4FGQ ?JJMUQ RFC RMR?J DMPAC
CVCPRCB ML RFC PGBCP @W RFC A?EC RM @C ?JMLE GRQ ?VGQ ?R ?JJ RGKCQ.
)D ? A?P R?ICQ ? @?LICB ASPTC ?R JCQQ RF?L RFC GBC?J QNCCB, DPGARGML GQ
LCCBCB RM ICCN GR DPMK QJGBGLE RMU?PB RFC GLQGBC MD RFC ASPTC (? PC?J
NPM@JCK ML GAW KMSLR?GL PM?BQ). (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC GBC?J QNCCB RM R?IC ?
100 K P?BGSQ ASPTC @?LICB ?R 15.0`. (@) 7F?R GQ RFC KGLGKSK AMCDDGAGCLR
MD DPGARGML LCCBCB DMP ? DPGEFRCLCB BPGTCP RM R?IC RFC Q?KC ASPTC ?R 20.0
IK/F?
54. -MBCPL PMJJCP AM?QRCPQ F?TC TCPRGA?J JMMNQ JGIC RFC MLC QFMUL GL
F?=KH; 6.38. 4FC P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC GQ QK?JJCP ?R RFC RMN RF?L ML RFC
QGBCQ QM RF?R RFC BMULU?PB ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML ?R RFC RMN UGJJ @C
EPC?RCP RF?L RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW, ICCNGLE RFC N?QQCLECPQ
NPCQQCB DGPKJW GLRM RFCGP QC?RQ. 7F?R GQ RFC QNCCB MD RFC PMJJCP AM?QRCP ?R
RFC RMN MD RFC JMMN GD RFC P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC RFCPC GQ 15.0 K ?LB RFC
BMULU?PB ?AACJCP?RGML MD RFC A?P GQ 1.50 E?
F?=KH; 6.38 4C?PBPMN-QF?NCB JMMNQ ?PC SQCB GL RFC J?RCQR PMJJCP AM?QRCPQ QM RF?R RFC
P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC EP?BS?JJW BCAPC?QCQ RM ? KGLGKSK ?R RFC RMN. 4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R RFC
ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML @SGJBQ DPMK XCPM RM ? K?VGKSK ?R RFC RMN ?LB EP?BS?JJW
BCAPC?QCQ ?E?GL. ! AGPASJ?P JMMN UMSJB A?SQC ? HMJRGLE AF?LEC GL ?AACJCP?RGML ?R CLRPW,
? BGQ?BT?LR?EC BGQAMTCPCB JMLE ?EM GL P?GJPM?B ASPTC BCQGEL. 7GRF ? QK?JJ P?BGSQ MD
ASPT?RSPC ?R RFC RMN, RFC ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML A?L KMPC C?QGJW @C ICNR EPC?RCP RF?L
g QM RF?R RFC N?QQCLECPQ BM LMR JMQC AMLR?AR UGRF RFCGP QC?RQ LMP BM RFCW LCCB QC?R
@CJRQ RM ICCN RFCK GL NJ?AC.
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC KGLGKSK AMCDDGAGCLR MD DPGARGML LCCBCB DMP ? A?P RM
LCEMRG?RC ?L SL@?LICB 50.0 K P?BGSQ ASPTC ?R 30.0 K/Q.
(@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFC PCQSJR?
(A) 7FGAF NPCKGQCQ ?PC SLPC?QML?@JC MP GLAMLQGQRCLR?
56. (?) #?JASJ?RC %?PRFtQ K?QQ EGTCL RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW ?R RFC
.MPRF 0MJC GQ 9.830 m/s
2
?LB RFC P?BGSQ MD RFC %?PRF GQ 6371 IK DPMK
NMJC RM NMJC.
(@) #MKN?PC RFGQ UGRF RFC ?AACNRCB T?JSC MD 5.97910
24
kg
57. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW ?R %?PRF BSC RM RFC
-MML.
(@) #?JASJ?RC RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW ?R %?PRF BSC RM RFC 3SL.
(A) 4?IC RFC P?RGM MD RFC -MMLtQ ?AACJCP?RGML RM RFC 3SLtQ ?LB AMKKCLR
ML UFW RFC RGBCQ ?PC NPCBMKGL?LRJW BSC RM RFC -MML GL QNGRC MD RFGQ
LSK@CP.
58. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW ML RFC QSPD?AC MD RFC
-MML?
(@) /L RFC QSPD?AC MD -?PQ? 4FC K?QQ MD -?PQ GQ 6.41810
23
kg ?LB
GRQ P?BGSQ GQ 3.3810
6
m.
59. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW ML RFC QSPD?AC MD RFC
3SL.
(@) "W UF?R D?ARMP UMSJB WMSP UCGEFR GLAPC?QC GD WMS AMSJB QR?LB ML RFC
3SL? (.CTCP KGLB RF?R WMS A?LLMR.)
60. 4FC -MML ?LB %?PRF PMR?RC ?@MSR RFCGP AMKKML ACLRCP MD K?QQ,
UFGAF GQ JMA?RCB ?@MSR 4700 IK DPMK RFC ACLRCP MD %?PRF. (4FGQ GQ 1690
IK @CJMU RFC QSPD?AC.)
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM RFC -MMLtQ EP?TGRW ?R RF?R NMGLR.
(@) #?JASJ?RC RFC ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML MD RFC ACLRCP MD %?PRF ?Q GR
PMR?RCQ ?@MSR RF?R NMGLR MLAC C?AF JSL?P KMLRF (?@MSR 27.3 B) ?LB
AMKN?PC GR UGRF RFC ?AACJCP?RGML DMSLB GL N?PR (?). #MKKCLR ML UFCRFCP
MP LMR RFCW ?PC COS?J ?LB UFW RFCW QFMSJB MP QFMSJB LMR @C.
#(!04%2 6 Y 5.)&/2- #)2#5,!2 -/4)/. !.$ '2!6)4!4)/. 221
61. 3MJTC N?PR (@) MD EN7CFB; 6.6 SQGLE a
c
= v
2
/ r .
62. !QRPMJMEW, RF?R SLJGICJW ?LB T?ESC NQCSBMQAGCLAC, K?ICQ KSAF MD RFC
NMQGRGML MD RFC NJ?LCRQ ?R RFC KMKCLR MD MLCtQ @GPRF. 4FC MLJW ILMUL DMPAC
? NJ?LCR CVCPRQ ML %?PRF GQ EP?TGR?RGML?J.
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC CVCPRCB ML ? 4.20 IE @?@W @W ? 100
IE D?RFCP 0.200 K ?U?W ?R @GPRF (FC GQ ?QQGQRGLE, QM FC GQ AJMQC RM RFC
AFGJB).
(@) #?JASJ?RC RFC DMPAC ML RFC @?@W BSC RM *SNGRCP GD GR GQ ?R GRQ AJMQCQR
BGQR?LAC RM %?PRF, QMKC 6.2910
11
m ?U?W. (MU BMCQ RFC DMPAC MD
*SNGRCP ML RFC @?@W AMKN?PC RM RFC DMPAC MD RFC D?RFCP ML RFC @?@W? /RFCP
M@HCARQ GL RFC PMMK ?LB RFC FMQNGR?J @SGJBGLE ?JQM CVCPR QGKGJ?P
EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPACQ. (/D AMSPQC, RFCPC AMSJB @C ?L SLILMUL DMPAC ?ARGLE,
@SR QAGCLRGQRQ DGPQR LCCB RM @C AMLTGLACB RF?R RFCPC GQ CTCL ?L CDDCAR, KSAF
JCQQ RF?R ?L SLILMUL DMPAC A?SQCQ GR.)
63. 4FC CVGQRCLAC MD RFC BU?PD NJ?LCR 0JSRM U?Q NPMNMQCB @?QCB ML
GPPCESJ?PGRGCQ GL .CNRSLCtQ MP@GR. 0JSRM U?Q QS@QCOSCLRJW BGQAMTCPCB LC?P
GRQ NPCBGARCB NMQGRGML. "SR GR LMU ?NNC?PQ RF?R RFC BGQAMTCPW U?Q
DMPRSGRMSQ, @CA?SQC 0JSRM GQ QK?JJ ?LB RFC GPPCESJ?PGRGCQ GL .CNRSLCtQ MP@GR
UCPC LMR UCJJ ILMUL. 4M GJJSQRP?RC RF?R 0JSRM F?Q ? KGLMP CDDCAR ML RFC
MP@GR MD .CNRSLC AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC AJMQCQR NJ?LCR RM .CNRSLC:
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW ?R .CNRSLC BSC RM 0JSRM
UFCL RFCW ?PC 4.5010
12
m ?N?PR, ?Q RFCW ?PC ?R NPCQCLR. 4FC K?QQ MD
0JSRM GQ 1.410
22
kg .
(@) #?JASJ?RC RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW ?R .CNRSLC BSC RM 5P?LSQ,
NPCQCLRJW ?@MSR 2.5010
12
m ?N?PR, ?LB AMKN?PC GR UGRF RF?R BSC RM
0JSRM. 4FC K?QQ MD 5P?LSQ GQ 8.6210
25
kg .
64. (?) 4FC 3SL MP@GRQ RFC -GJIW 7?W E?J?VW MLAC C?AF 2.60 x 10
8
y ,
UGRF ? PMSEFJW AGPASJ?P MP@GR ?TCP?EGLE 3.00 x 10
4
JGEFR WC?PQ GL P?BGSQ.
(! JGEFR WC?P GQ RFC BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB @W JGEFR GL 1 W.) #?JASJ?RC RFC
ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML MD RFC 3SL GL GRQ E?J?ARGA MP@GR. $MCQ WMSP PCQSJR
QSNNMPR RFC AMLRCLRGML RF?R ? LC?PJW GLCPRG?J DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC A?L @C
JMA?RCB ?R RFC 3SL?
(@) #?JASJ?RC RFC ?TCP?EC QNCCB MD RFC 3SL GL GRQ E?J?ARGA MP@GR. $MCQ RFC
?LQUCP QSPNPGQC WMS?
65. .DH;7IED78B; +;IKBJ
! KMSLR?GL 10.0 IK DPMK ? NCPQML CVCPRQ ? EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC ML FGK
COS?J RM 2.00% MD FGQ UCGEFR.
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC K?QQ MD RFC KMSLR?GL.
(@) #MKN?PC RFC KMSLR?GLtQ K?QQ UGRF RF?R MD %?PRF.
(A) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFCQC PCQSJRQ?
(B) 7FGAF NPCKGQCQ ?PC SLPC?QML?@JC MP GLAMLQGQRCLR? (.MRC RF?R
?AASP?RC EP?TGR?RGML?J KC?QSPCKCLRQ A?L C?QGJW BCRCAR RFC CDDCAR MD
LC?P@W KMSLR?GLQ ?LB T?PG?RGMLQ GL JMA?J ECMJMEW.)
6.6 ,7J;BB?J;I 7D: $;FB;HXI %7MI: AD AH=KC;DJ <EH
,?CFB?9?JO
66. ! ECMQWLAFPMLMSQ %?PRF Q?RCJJGRC GQ MLC RF?R F?Q ?L MP@GR?J NCPGMB MD
NPCAGQCJW 1 B?W. 3SAF MP@GRQ ?PC SQCDSJ DMP AMKKSLGA?RGML ?LB UC?RFCP
M@QCPT?RGML @CA?SQC RFC Q?RCJJGRC PCK?GLQ ?@MTC RFC Q?KC NMGLR ML %?PRF
(NPMTGBCB GR MP@GRQ GL RFC COS?RMPG?J NJ?LC GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q %?PRFtQ
PMR?RGML). #?JASJ?RC RFC P?BGSQ MD QSAF ?L MP@GR @?QCB ML RFC B?R? DMP RFC
KMML GL -78B; 6.2.
67. #?JASJ?RC RFC K?QQ MD RFC 3SL @?QCB ML B?R? DMP %?PRFtQ MP@GR ?LB
AMKN?PC RFC T?JSC M@R?GLCB UGRF RFC 3SLtQ ?ARS?J K?QQ.
68. &GLB RFC K?QQ MD *SNGRCP @?QCB ML B?R? DMP RFC MP@GR MD MLC MD GRQ
KMMLQ, ?LB AMKN?PC WMSP PCQSJR UGRF GRQ ?ARS?J K?QQ.
69. &GLB RFC P?RGM MD RFC K?QQ MD *SNGRCP RM RF?R MD %?PRF @?QCB ML B?R? GL
-78B; 6.2.
70. !QRPMLMKGA?J M@QCPT?RGMLQ MD MSP -GJIW 7?W E?J?VW GLBGA?RC RF?R GR F?Q
? K?QQ MD ?@MSR 8.010
11
QMJ?P K?QQCQ. ! QR?P MP@GRGLE ML RFC E?J?VWtQ
NCPGNFCPW GQ ?@MSR 6.010
4
JGEFR WC?PQ DPMK GRQ ACLRCP. (?) 7F?R QFMSJB
RFC MP@GR?J NCPGMB MD RF?R QR?P @C? (@) )D GRQ NCPGMB GQ 6.010
7
GLQRC?B,
UF?R GQ RFC K?QQ MD RFC E?J?VW? 3SAF A?JASJ?RGMLQ ?PC SQCB RM GKNJW RFC
CVGQRCLAC MD uB?PI K?RRCPv GL RFC SLGTCPQC ?LB F?TC GLBGA?RCB, DMP
CV?KNJC, RFC CVGQRCLAC MD TCPW K?QQGTC @J?AI FMJCQ ?R RFC ACLRCPQ MD
QMKC E?J?VGCQ.
3N?AC BC@PGQ JCDR DPMK MJB Q?RCJJGRCQ ?LB RFCGP J?SLAFCPQ GQ @CAMKGLE ?
F?X?PB RM MRFCP Q?RCJJGRCQ. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC QNCCB MD ? Q?RCJJGRC GL ?L MP@GR
900 IK ?@MTC %?PRFtQ QSPD?AC. (@) 3SNNMQC ? JMMQC PGTCR GQ GL ?L MP@GR MD
RFC Q?KC P?BGSQ RF?R GLRCPQCARQ RFC Q?RCJJGRCtQ MP@GR ?R ?L ?LEJC MD 90
PCJ?RGTC RM %?PRF. 7F?R GQ RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC PGTCR PCJ?RGTC RM RFC Q?RCJJGRC
HSQR @CDMPC QRPGIGLE GR? (A) 'GTCL RFC PGTCR GQ 3.00 KK GL QGXC, FMU JMLE UGJJ
GRQ AMJJGQGML UGRF RFC Q?RCJJGRC J?QR? (B) )D GRQ K?QQ GQ 0.500 E, UF?R GQ RFC
?TCP?EC DMPAC GR CVCPRQ ML RFC Q?RCJJGRC? (C) (MU KSAF CLCPEW GL HMSJCQ GQ
ECLCP?RCB @W RFC AMJJGQGML? (4FC Q?RCJJGRCtQ TCJMAGRW BMCQ LMR AF?LEC
?NNPCAG?@JW, @CA?SQC GRQ K?QQ GQ KSAF EPC?RCP RF?L RFC PGTCRtQ.)
(?) "?QCB ML +CNJCPtQ J?UQ ?LB GLDMPK?RGML ML RFC MP@GR?J AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ
MD RFC -MML, A?JASJ?RC RFC MP@GR?J P?BGSQ DMP ?L %?PRF Q?RCJJGRC F?TGLE ?
NCPGMB MD 1.00 F. (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ PCQSJR? (A) 7F?R GQ
SLPC?QML?@JC MP GLAMLQGQRCLR ?@MSR RFC NPCKGQC MD ? 1.00 F MP@GR?
/L &C@PS?PW 14, 2000, RFC .%!2 QN?ACAP?DR U?Q QSAACQQDSJJW GLQCPRCB
GLRM MP@GR ?PMSLB %PMQ, @CAMKGLE RFC DGPQR ?PRGDGAG?J Q?RCJJGRC MD ?L ?QRCPMGB.
#MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS BCRCPKGLC RFC MP@GR?J QNCCB DMP ?
Q?RCJJGRC LC?P %PMQ. 9MS UGJJ LCCB RM DGLB RFC K?QQ MD RFC ?QRCPMGB ?LB
AMLQGBCP QSAF RFGLEQ ?Q ? Q?DC BGQR?LAC DMP RFC MP@GR. !JRFMSEF %PMQ GQ LMR
QNFCPGA?J, A?JASJ?RC RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW ML GRQ QSPD?AC ?R ?
NMGLR ?L ?TCP?EC BGQR?LAC DPMK GRQ ACLRCP MD K?QQ. 9MSP GLQRPSARMP K?W
?JQM UGQF RM F?TC WMS A?JASJ?RC RFC CQA?NC TCJMAGRW DPMK RFGQ NMGLR ML
%PMQ.
222 #(!04%2 6 Y 5.)&/2- #)2#5,!2 -/4)/. !.$ '2!6)4!4)/.
7 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3
F?=KH; 7.1 (MU K?LW DMPKQ MD CLCPEW A?L WMS GBCLRGDW GL RFGQ NFMRMEP?NF MD ? UGLB D?PK GL )MU?? (APCBGR: *iPECL DPMK 3?LBCQLC@CL, 'CPK?LW, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
,C?PLGLE /@HCARGTCQ
7.1. 0EHA: ->; ,9?;DJ?<?9 D;<?D?J?ED
7.2. $?D;J?9 ED;H=O 7D: J>; 0EHA-ED;H=O ->;EH;C
7.3. H7L?J7J?ED7B )EJ;DJ?7B ED;H=O
7.4. CEDI;HL7J?L; FEH9;I 7D: )EJ;DJ?7B ED;H=O
7.5. 'ED9EDI;HL7J?L; FEH9;I
7.6. CEDI;HL7J?ED E< ED;H=O
7.7. )EM;H
7.8. 0EHA, ED;H=O, 7D: )EM;H ?D !KC7DI
7.9. 0EHB: ED;H=O .I;
"DJHE:K9J?ED JE 0EHA, ED;H=O, 7D: ED;H=O +;IEKH9;I
EA8E:L NJ?WQ ?L CQQCLRG?J PMJC @MRF GL CTCPWB?W CTCLRQ ?LB GL QAGCLRGDGA NFCLMKCL?. 9MS A?L LM BMS@R L?KC K?LW DMPKQ MD CLCPEW, DPMK RF?R
NPMTGBCB @W MSP DMMBQ, RM RFC CLCPEW UC SQC RM PSL MSP A?PQ, RM RFC QSLJGEFR RF?R U?PKQ SQ ML RFC @C?AF. 9MS A?L ?JQM AGRC CV?KNJCQ MD UF?R NCMNJC
A?JJ CLCPEW RF?R K?W LMR @C QAGCLRGDGA, QSAF ?Q QMKCMLC F?TGLE ?L CLCPECRGA NCPQML?JGRW. .MR MLJW BMCQ CLCPEW F?TC K?LW GLRCPCQRGLE DMPKQ, GR GQ
GLTMJTCB GL ?JKMQR ?JJ NFCLMKCL?, ?LB GQ MLC MD RFC KMQR GKNMPR?LR AMLACNRQ MD NFWQGAQ. 7F?R K?ICQ GR CTCL KMPC GKNMPR?LR GQ RF?R RFC RMR?J ?KMSLR
MD CLCPEW GL RFC SLGTCPQC GQ AMLQR?LR. %LCPEW A?L AF?LEC DMPKQ, @SR GR A?LLMR ?NNC?P DPMK LMRFGLE MP BGQ?NNC?P UGRFMSR ? RP?AC. %LCPEW GQ RFSQ MLC MD
? F?LBDSJ MD NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ RF?R UC Q?W GQ 6BAF8EI87.
CEDI;HL7J?ED E< ;D;H=O (?Q NFWQGAGQRQ JGIC RM A?JJ RFC NPGLAGNJC RF?R CLCPEW A?L LCGRFCP @C APC?RCB LMP BCQRPMWCB) GQ @?QCB ML CVNCPGKCLR. %TCL ?Q
QAGCLRGQRQ BGQAMTCPCB LCU DMPKQ MD CLCPEW, AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW F?Q ?JU?WQ @CCL DMSLB RM ?NNJW. 0CPF?NQ RFC KMQR BP?K?RGA CV?KNJC MD RFGQ U?Q
QSNNJGCB @W %GLQRCGL UFCL FC QSEECQRCB RF?R K?QQ GQ COSGT?JCLR RM CLCPEW (FGQ D?KMSQ COS?RGML E = mc
2
).
&PMK ? QMAGCR?J TGCUNMGLR, CLCPEW GQ MLC MD RFC K?HMP @SGJBGLE @JMAIQ MD KMBCPL AGTGJGX?RGML. %LCPEW PCQMSPACQ ?PC ICW JGKGRGLE D?ARMPQ RM CAMLMKGA
EPMURF. 4FC UMPJB SQC MD CLCPEW PCQMSPACQ, CQNCAG?JJW MGJ, AMLRGLSCQ RM EPMU, UGRF MKGLMSQ AMLQCOSCLACQ CAMLMKGA?JJW, QMAG?JJW, NMJGRGA?JJW, ?LB
CLTGPMLKCLR?JJW. 7C UGJJ @PGCDJW CV?KGLC RFC UMPJBtQ CLCPEW SQC N?RRCPLQ ?R RFC CLB MD RFGQ AF?NRCP.
4FCPC GQ LM QGKNJC, WCR ?AASP?RC, QAGCLRGDGA BCDGLGRGML DMP CLCPEW. %LCPEW GQ AF?P?ARCPGXCB @W GRQ K?LW DMPKQ ?LB RFC D?AR RF?R GR GQ AMLQCPTCB. 7C A?L
JMMQCJW BCDGLC ;D;H=O ?Q RFC ?@GJGRW RM BM UMPI, ?BKGRRGLE RF?R GL QMKC AGPASKQR?LACQ LMR ?JJ CLCPEW GQ ?T?GJ?@JC RM BM UMPI. "CA?SQC MD RFC
?QQMAG?RGML MD CLCPEW UGRF UMPI, UC @CEGL RFC AF?NRCP UGRF ? BGQASQQGML MD UMPI. 7MPI GQ GLRGK?RCJW PCJ?RCB RM CLCPEW ?LB FMU CLCPEW KMTCQ DPMK MLC
QWQRCK RM ?LMRFCP MP AF?LECQ DMPK.
7.1 0EHA: ->; ,9?;DJ?<?9 D;<?D?J?ED
7F?R )R -C?LQ RM $M 7MPI
4FC QAGCLRGDGA BCDGLGRGML MD UMPI BGDDCPQ GL QMKC U?WQ DPMK GRQ CTCPWB?W KC?LGLE. #CPR?GL RFGLEQ UC RFGLI MD ?Q F?PB UMPI, QSAF ?Q UPGRGLE ?L CV?K MP
A?PPWGLE ? FC?TW JM?B ML JCTCJ EPMSLB, ?PC LMR UMPI ?Q BCDGLCB @W ? QAGCLRGQR. 4FC QAGCLRGDGA BCDGLGRGML MD UMPI PCTC?JQ GRQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN RM
CLCPEWrUFCLCTCP UMPI GQ BMLC, CLCPEW GQ RP?LQDCPPCB.
&MP UMPI, GL RFC QAGCLRGDGA QCLQC, RM @C BMLC, ? DMPAC KSQR @C CVCPRCB ?LB RFCPC KSQR @C KMRGML MP BGQNJ?ACKCLR GL RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC DMPAC.
&MPK?JJW, RFC MEHA BMLC ML ? QWQRCK @W ? AMLQR?LR DMPAC GQ BCDGLCB RM @C G;8 CEB7H6G B9 G;8 6B@CBA8AG B9 G;8 9BE68 <A G;8 7<E86G<BA B9 @BG<BA G<@8F
G;8 7<FG4A68 G;EBH:; J;<6; G;8 9BE68 46GF. &MP MLC-U?W KMRGML GL MLC BGKCLQGML, RFGQ GQ CVNPCQQCB GL COS?RGML DMPK ?Q
#(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3 223
(7.1)
W = F (cos ) d ,
UFCPC W GQ UMPI, d GQ RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR MD RFC QWQRCK, ?LB GQ RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL RFC DMPAC TCARMP F ?LB RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR TCARMP d , ?Q GL
F?=KH; 7.2. 7C A?L ?JQM UPGRC RFGQ ?Q
(7.2)
W = Fd cos .
4M DGLB RFC UMPI BMLC ML ? QWQRCK RF?R SLBCPEMCQ KMRGML RF?R GQ LMR MLC-U?W MP RF?R GQ GL RUM MP RFPCC BGKCLQGMLQ, UC BGTGBC RFC KMRGML GLRM MLC-U?W
MLC-BGKCLQGML?J QCEKCLRQ ?LB ?BB SN RFC UMPI BMLC MTCP C?AF QCEKCLR.
7F?R GQ 7MPI?
4FC UMPI BMLC ML ? QWQRCK @W ? AMLQR?LR DMPAC GQ G;8 CEB7H6G B9 G;8 6B@CBA8AG B9 G;8 9BE68 <A G;8 7<E86G<BA B9 @BG<BA G<@8F G;8 7<FG4A68 G;EBH:;
J;<6; G;8 9BE68 46GF. &MP MLC-U?W KMRGML GL MLC BGKCLQGML, RFGQ GQ CVNPCQQCB GL COS?RGML DMPK ?Q
(7.3)
W = Fd cos ,
UFCPC W GQ UMPI, F GQ RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC DMPAC ML RFC QWQRCK, d GQ RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR MD RFC QWQRCK, ?LB GQ RFC ?LEJC
@CRUCCL RFC DMPAC TCARMP F ?LB RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR TCARMP d .
224 #(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3
F?=KH; 7.2 %V?KNJCQ MD UMPI. (?) 4FC UMPI BMLC @W RFC DMPAC F ML RFGQ J?UL KMUCP GQ Fd cos . .MRC RF?R F cos GQ RFC AMKNMLCLR MD RFC DMPAC GL RFC BGPCARGML MD
KMRGML. (@) ! NCPQML FMJBGLE ? @PGCDA?QC BMCQ LM UMPI ML GR, @CA?SQC RFCPC GQ LM KMRGML. .M CLCPEW GQ RP?LQDCPPCB RM MP DPMK RFC @PGCDA?QC. (A) 4FC NCPQML KMTGLE RFC @PGCDA?QC
FMPGXMLR?JJW ?R ? AMLQR?LR QNCCB BMCQ LM UMPI ML GR, ?LB RP?LQDCPQ LM CLCPEW RM GR. (B) 7MPI <F BMLC ML RFC @PGCDA?QC @W A?PPWGLE GR SN QR?GPQ ?R AMLQR?LR QNCCB, @CA?SQC RFCPC GQ
LCACQQ?PGJW ? AMKNMLCLR MD DMPAC F GL RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC KMRGML. %LCPEW GQ RP?LQDCPPCB RM RFC @PGCDA?QC ?LB AMSJB GL RSPL @C SQCB RM BM UMPI. (C) 7FCL RFC @PGCDA?QC GQ
JMUCPCB, CLCPEW GQ RP?LQDCPPCB MSR MD RFC @PGCDA?QC ?LB GLRM ?L CJCARPGA ECLCP?RMP. (CPC RFC UMPI BMLC ML RFC @PGCDA?QC @W RFC ECLCP?RMP GQ LCE?RGTC, PCKMTGLE CLCPEW DPMK RFC
@PGCDA?QC, @CA?SQC F ?LB d ?PC GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ.
4M CV?KGLC UF?R RFC BCDGLGRGML MD UMPI KC?LQ, JCR SQ AMLQGBCP RFC MRFCP QGRS?RGMLQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 7.2. 4FC NCPQML FMJBGLE RFC @PGCDA?QC GL F?=KH;
7.2(@) BMCQ LM UMPI, DMP CV?KNJC. (CPC d = 0 , QM W = 0 . 7FW GQ GR WMS ECR RGPCB HSQR FMJBGLE ? JM?B? 4FC ?LQUCP GQ RF?R WMSP KSQAJCQ ?PC BMGLE
UMPI ?E?GLQR MLC ?LMRFCP, 5HG G;8L 4E8 7B<A: AB JBE> BA G;8 FLFG8@ B9 <AG8E8FG (RFC u@PGCDA?QC-%?PRF QWQRCKvrQCC H7L?J7J?ED7B )EJ;DJ?7B ED;H=O
DMP KMPC BCR?GJQ). 4FCPC KSQR @C KMRGML DMP UMPI RM @C BMLC, ?LB RFCPC KSQR @C ? AMKNMLCLR MD RFC DMPAC GL RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC KMRGML. &MP CV?KNJC,
RFC NCPQML A?PPWGLE RFC @PGCDA?QC ML JCTCJ EPMSLB GL F?=KH; 7.2(A) BMCQ LM UMPI ML GR, @CA?SQC RFC DMPAC GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC KMRGML. 4F?R GQ,
cos 90 = 0 , ?LB QM W = 0 .
)L AMLRP?QR, UFCL ? DMPAC CVCPRCB ML RFC QWQRCK F?Q ? AMKNMLCLR GL RFC BGPCARGML MD KMRGML, QSAF ?Q GL F?=KH; 7.2(B), UMPI <F BMLCrCLCPEW GQ
RP?LQDCPPCB RM RFC @PGCDA?QC. &GL?JJW, GL F?=KH; 7.2(C), CLCPEW GQ RP?LQDCPPCB DPMK RFC @PGCDA?QC RM ? ECLCP?RMP. 4FCPC ?PC RUM EMMB U?WQ RM GLRCPNPCR RFGQ
CLCPEW RP?LQDCP. /LC GLRCPNPCR?RGML GQ RF?R RFC @PGCDA?QCtQ UCGEFR BMCQ UMPI ML RFC ECLCP?RMP, EGTGLE GR CLCPEW. 4FC MRFCP GLRCPNPCR?RGML GQ RF?R RFC
#(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3 225
ECLCP?RMP BMCQ LCE?RGTC UMPI ML RFC @PGCDA?QC, RFSQ PCKMTGLE CLCPEW DPMK GR. 4FC BP?UGLE QFMUQ RFC J?RRCP, UGRF RFC DMPAC DPMK RFC ECLCP?RMP SNU?PB
ML RFC @PGCDA?QC, ?LB RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR BMULU?PB. 4FGQ K?ICQ = 180 , ?LB cos 180 = 1 ; RFCPCDMPC, W GQ LCE?RGTC.
#?JASJ?RGLE 7MPI
7MPI ?LB CLCPEW F?TC RFC Q?KC SLGRQ. &PMK RFC BCDGLGRGML MD UMPI, UC QCC RF?R RFMQC SLGRQ ?PC DMPAC RGKCQ BGQR?LAC. 4FSQ, GL 3) SLGRQ, UMPI ?LB
CLCPEW ?PC KC?QSPCB GL D;MJED-C;J;HI. ! LCURML-KCRCP GQ EGTCL RFC QNCAG?J L?KC @EKB; (*), ?LB 1 J = 1 N m = 1 kg m
2
/s
2
. /LC HMSJC GQ LMR
? J?PEC ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW; GR UMSJB JGDR ? QK?JJ 100-EP?K ?NNJC ? BGQR?LAC MD ?@MSR 1 KCRCP.
EN7CFB; 7.1 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; 0EHA 2EK DE JE )KI> 7 %7MD &EM;H A9HEII 7 %7H=; %7MD
(MU KSAF UMPI GQ BMLC ML RFC J?UL KMUCP @W RFC NCPQML GL F?=KH; 7.2(?) GD FC CVCPRQ ? AMLQR?LR DMPAC MD 75.0 N ?R ?L ?LEJC 35 @CJMU RFC
FMPGXMLR?J ?LB NSQFCQ RFC KMUCP 25.0 m ML JCTCJ EPMSLB? #MLTCPR RFC ?KMSLR MD UMPI DPMK HMSJCQ RM IGJMA?JMPGCQ ?LB AMKN?PC GR UGRF RFGQ
NCPQMLtQ ?TCP?EC B?GJW GLR?IC MD 10,000 kJ (?@MSR 2400 kcal ) MD DMMB CLCPEW. /LC 64?BE<8 (1 A?J) MD FC?R GQ RFC ?KMSLR PCOSGPCB RM U?PK 1 E MD
U?RCP @W 1C, ?LB GQ COSGT?JCLR RM 4.184 J , UFGJC MLC 9BB7 64?BE<8 (1 IA?J) GQ COSGT?JCLR RM 4184 J .
,JH7J;=O
7C A?L QMJTC RFGQ NPM@JCK @W QS@QRGRSRGLE RFC EGTCL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC BCDGLGRGML MD UMPI BMLC ML ? QWQRCK, QR?RCB GL RFC COS?RGML W = Fd cos .
4FC DMPAC, ?LEJC, ?LB BGQNJ?ACKCLR ?PC EGTCL, QM RF?R MLJW RFC UMPI W GQ SLILMUL.
,EBKJ?ED
4FC COS?RGML DMP RFC UMPI GQ
(7.4)
W = Fd cos .
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ EGTCQ
(7.5)
W = (75.0 N)(25.0 m) cos (35.0)
= 1536 J = 1.5410
3
J.
#MLTCPRGLE RFC UMPI GL HMSJCQ RM IGJMA?JMPGCQ WGCJBQ W = (1536 J)(1 kcal / 4184 J) = 0.367 kcal . 4FC P?RGM MD RFC UMPI BMLC RM RFC B?GJW
AMLQSKNRGML GQ
(7.6) W
2400 kcal
= 1.5310
4
.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ P?RGM GQ ? RGLW DP?ARGML MD UF?R RFC NCPQML AMLQSKCQ, @SR GR GQ RWNGA?J. 6CPW JGRRJC MD RFC CLCPEW PCJC?QCB GL RFC AMLQSKNRGML MD DMMB GQ SQCB RM
BM UMPI. %TCL UFCL UC uUMPIv ?JJ B?W JMLE, JCQQ RF?L 10% MD MSP DMMB CLCPEW GLR?IC GQ SQCB RM BM UMPI ?LB KMPC RF?L 90% GQ AMLTCPRCB RM
RFCPK?J CLCPEW MP QRMPCB ?Q AFCKGA?J CLCPEW GL D?R.
7.2 $?D;J?9 ED;H=O 7D: J>; 0EHA-ED;H=O ->;EH;C
7MPI 4P?LQDCPQ %LCPEW
7F?R F?NNCLQ RM RFC UMPI BMLC ML ? QWQRCK? %LCPEW GQ RP?LQDCPPCB GLRM RFC QWQRCK, @SR GL UF?R DMPK? $MCQ GR PCK?GL GL RFC QWQRCK MP KMTC ML? 4FC
?LQUCPQ BCNCLB ML RFC QGRS?RGML. &MP CV?KNJC, GD RFC J?UL KMUCP GL F?=KH; 7.2(?) GQ NSQFCB HSQR F?PB CLMSEF RM ICCN GR EMGLE ?R ? AMLQR?LR QNCCB,
RFCL CLCPEW NSR GLRM RFC KMUCP @W RFC NCPQML GQ PCKMTCB AMLRGLSMSQJW @W DPGARGML, ?LB CTCLRS?JJW JC?TCQ RFC QWQRCK GL RFC DMPK MD FC?R RP?LQDCP. )L
AMLRP?QR, UMPI BMLC ML RFC @PGCDA?QC @W RFC NCPQML A?PPWGLE GR SN QR?GPQ GL F?=KH; 7.2(B) GQ QRMPCB GL RFC @PGCDA?QC-%?PRF QWQRCK ?LB A?L @C PCAMTCPCB
?R ?LW RGKC, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 7.2(C). )L D?AR, RFC @SGJBGLE MD RFC NWP?KGBQ GL ?LAGCLR %EWNR GQ ?L CV?KNJC MD QRMPGLE CLCPEW GL ? QWQRCK @W BMGLE
UMPI ML RFC QWQRCK. 3MKC MD RFC CLCPEW GKN?PRCB RM RFC QRMLC @JMAIQ GL JGDRGLE RFCK BSPGLE AMLQRPSARGML MD RFC NWP?KGBQ PCK?GLQ GL RFC QRMLC-%?PRF
QWQRCK ?LB F?Q RFC NMRCLRG?J RM BM UMPI.
)L RFGQ QCARGML UC @CEGL RFC QRSBW MD T?PGMSQ RWNCQ MD UMPI ?LB DMPKQ MD CLCPEW. 7C UGJJ DGLB RF?R QMKC RWNCQ MD UMPI JC?TC RFC CLCPEW MD ? QWQRCK
AMLQR?LR, DMP CV?KNJC, UFCPC?Q MRFCPQ AF?LEC RFC QWQRCK GL QMKC U?W, QSAF ?Q K?IGLE GR KMTC. 7C UGJJ ?JQM BCTCJMN BCDGLGRGMLQ MD GKNMPR?LR DMPKQ
MD CLCPEW, QSAF ?Q RFC CLCPEW MD KMRGML.
.CR 7MPI ?LB RFC 7MPI-%LCPEW 4FCMPCK
7C ILMU DPMK RFC QRSBW MD .CURMLtQ J?UQ GL DOD7C?9I: FEH9; 7D: ';MJED'I %7MI E< &EJ?ED RF?R LCR DMPAC A?SQCQ ?AACJCP?RGML. 7C UGJJ QCC GL RFGQ
QCARGML RF?R UMPI BMLC @W RFC LCR DMPAC EGTCQ ? QWQRCK CLCPEW MD KMRGML, ?LB GL RFC NPMACQQ UC UGJJ ?JQM DGLB ?L CVNPCQQGML DMP RFC CLCPEW MD KMRGML.
,CR SQ QR?PR @W AMLQGBCPGLE RFC RMR?J, MP LCR, UMPI BMLC ML ? QWQRCK. .CR UMPI GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC QSK MD UMPI BMLC @W ?JJ CVRCPL?J DMPACQrRF?R GQ, D;J
MEHA GQ RFC UMPI BMLC @W RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC F
net
. )L COS?RGML DMPK, RFGQ GQ W
net
= F
net
d cos UFCPC GQ RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL RFC DMPAC TCARMP
?LB RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR TCARMP.
F?=KH; 7.3(?) QFMUQ ? EP?NF MD DMPAC TCPQSQ BGQNJ?ACKCLR DMP RFC AMKNMLCLR MD RFC DMPAC GL RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLRrRF?R GQ, ?L F cos
TQ. d EP?NF. )L RFGQ A?QC, F cos GQ AMLQR?LR. 9MS A?L QCC RF?R RFC ?PC? SLBCP RFC EP?NF GQ Fd cos , MP RFC UMPI BMLC. F?=KH; 7.3(@) QFMUQ ?
KMPC ECLCP?J NPMACQQ UFCPC RFC DMPAC T?PGCQ. 4FC ?PC? SLBCP RFC ASPTC GQ BGTGBCB GLRM QRPGNQ, C?AF F?TGLE ?L ?TCP?EC DMPAC (F cos )
i(ave)
. 4FC
226 #(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3
UMPI BMLC GQ (F cos )
i(ave)
d
i
DMP C?AF QRPGN, ?LB RFC RMR?J UMPI BMLC GQ RFC QSK MD RFC W
i
. 4FSQ RFC RMR?J UMPI BMLC GQ RFC RMR?J ?PC? SLBCP RFC
ASPTC, ? SQCDSJ NPMNCPRW RM UFGAF UC QF?JJ PCDCP J?RCP.
F?=KH; 7.3 (?) ! EP?NF MD F cos TQ. d , UFCL F cos GQ AMLQR?LR. 4FC ?PC? SLBCP RFC ASPTC PCNPCQCLRQ RFC UMPI BMLC @W RFC DMPAC. (@) ! EP?NF MD F cos TQ. d GL
UFGAF RFC DMPAC T?PGCQ. 4FC UMPI BMLC DMP C?AF GLRCPT?J GQ RFC ?PC? MD C?AF QRPGN; RFSQ, RFC RMR?J ?PC? SLBCP RFC ASPTC COS?JQ RFC RMR?J UMPI BMLC.
.CR UMPI UGJJ @C QGKNJCP RM CV?KGLC GD UC AMLQGBCP ? MLC-BGKCLQGML?J QGRS?RGML UFCPC ? DMPAC GQ SQCB RM ?AACJCP?RC ?L M@HCAR GL ? BGPCARGML N?P?JJCJ RM
GRQ GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW. 3SAF ? QGRS?RGML MAASPQ DMP RFC N?AI?EC ML RFC PMJJCP @CJR AMLTCWMP QWQRCK QFMUL GL F?=KH; 7.4.
F?=KH; 7.4 ! N?AI?EC ML ? PMJJCP @CJR GQ NSQFCB FMPGXMLR?JJW RFPMSEF ? BGQR?LAC d .
4FC DMPAC MD EP?TGRW ?LB RFC LMPK?J DMPAC ?ARGLE ML RFC N?AI?EC ?PC NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR ?LB BM LM UMPI. -MPCMTCP, RFCW ?PC ?JQM COS?J
GL K?ELGRSBC ?LB MNNMQGRC GL BGPCARGML QM RFCW A?LACJ GL A?JASJ?RGLE RFC LCR DMPAC. 4FC LCR DMPAC ?PGQCQ QMJCJW DPMK RFC FMPGXMLR?J ?NNJGCB DMPAC F
app
?LB RFC FMPGXMLR?J DPGARGML DMPAC f . 4FSQ, ?Q CVNCARCB, RFC LCR DMPAC GQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR, QM RF?R = 0 ?LB cos = 1 , ?LB RFC LCR
UMPI GQ EGTCL @W
(7.7)
W
net
= F
net
d.
4FC CDDCAR MD RFC LCR DMPAC F
net
GQ RM ?AACJCP?RC RFC N?AI?EC DPMK v
0
RM v . 4FC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD RFC N?AI?EC GLAPC?QCQ, GLBGA?RGLE RF?R RFC LCR UMPI
BMLC ML RFC QWQRCK GQ NMQGRGTC. (3CC EN7CFB; 7.2.) "W SQGLE .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U, ?LB BMGLE QMKC ?JEC@P?, UC A?L PC?AF ?L GLRCPCQRGLE AMLAJSQGML.
3S@QRGRSRGLE F
net
= ma DPMK .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U EGTCQ
(7.8)
W
net
= mad.
4M ECR ? PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL LCR UMPI ?LB RFC QNCCB EGTCL RM ? QWQRCK @W RFC LCR DMPAC ?ARGLE ML GR, UC R?IC d = x x
0
?LB SQC RFC COS?RGML
QRSBGCB GL &EJ?ED EGK7J?EDI <EH CEDIJ7DJ A99;B;H7J?ED ?D (D; D?C;DI?ED DMP RFC AF?LEC GL QNCCB MTCP ? BGQR?LAC d GD RFC ?AACJCP?RGML F?Q RFC
AMLQR?LR T?JSC a ; L?KCJW, v
2
= v
0
2
+ 2ad (LMRC RF?R a ?NNC?PQ GL RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP RFC LCR UMPI). 3MJTGLE DMP ?AACJCP?RGML EGTCQ a =
v
2
v
0
2
2d
. 7FCL a GQ QS@QRGRSRCB GLRM RFC NPCACBGLE CVNPCQQGML DMP W
net
, UC M@R?GL
#(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3 227
(7.9)
W
net
= m
v
2
v
0
2
2d
d.
4FC d A?LACJQ, ?LB UC PC?PP?LEC RFGQ RM M@R?GL
(7.10)
W =
1
2
mv
2
1
2
mv
0
2
.
4FGQ CVNPCQQGML GQ A?JJCB RFC MEHA-;D;H=O J>;EH;C, ?LB GR ?ARS?JJW ?NNJGCQ <A :8A8E4? (CTCL DMP DMPACQ RF?R T?PW GL BGPCARGML ?LB K?ELGRSBC), ?JRFMSEF
UC F?TC BCPGTCB GR DMP RFC QNCAG?J A?QC MD ? AMLQR?LR DMPAC N?P?JJCJ RM RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR. 4FC RFCMPCK GKNJGCQ RF?R RFC LCR UMPI ML ? QWQRCK COS?JQ RFC
AF?LEC GL RFC OS?LRGRW
1
2
mv
2
. 4FGQ OS?LRGRW GQ MSP DGPQR CV?KNJC MD ? DMPK MD CLCPEW.
4FC 7MPI-%LCPEW 4FCMPCK
4FC LCR UMPI ML ? QWQRCK COS?JQ RFC AF?LEC GL RFC OS?LRGRW
1
2
mv
2
.
(7.11)
W
net
=
1
2
mv
2
1
2
mv
0
2
4FC OS?LRGRW
1
2
mv
2
GL RFC UMPI-CLCPEW RFCMPCK GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC RP?LQJ?RGML?J A?D;J?9 ;D;H=O (+%) MD ? K?QQ m KMTGLE ?R ? QNCCB v .
(+E4AF?4G<BA4? IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ BGQRGLAR DPMK EBG4G<BA4? IGLCRGA CLCPEW, UFGAF GQ AMLQGBCPCB J?RCP.) )L COS?RGML DMPK, RFC RP?LQJ?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW,
(7.12)
KE =
1
2
mv
2
,
GQ RFC CLCPEW ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF RP?LQJ?RGML?J KMRGML. +GLCRGA CLCPEW GQ ? DMPK MD CLCPEW ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF RFC KMRGML MD ? N?PRGAJC, QGLEJC @MBW, MP QWQRCK
MD M@HCARQ KMTGLE RMECRFCP.
7C ?PC ?U?PC RF?R GR R?ICQ CLCPEW RM ECR ?L M@HCAR, JGIC ? A?P MP RFC N?AI?EC GL F?=KH; 7.4, SN RM QNCCB, @SR GR K?W @C ? @GR QSPNPGQGLE RF?R IGLCRGA
CLCPEW GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM QNCCB QOS?PCB. 4FGQ NPMNMPRGML?JGRW KC?LQ, DMP CV?KNJC, RF?R ? A?P RP?TCJGLE ?R 100 IK/F F?Q DMSP RGKCQ RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW GR
F?Q ?R 50 IK/F, FCJNGLE RM CVNJ?GL UFW FGEF-QNCCB AMJJGQGMLQ ?PC QM BCT?QR?RGLE. 7C UGJJ LMU AMLQGBCP ? QCPGCQ MD CV?KNJCQ RM GJJSQRP?RC T?PGMSQ
?QNCARQ MD UMPI ?LB CLCPEW.
EN7CFB; 7.2 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; $?D;J?9 ED;H=O E< 7 )79A7=;
3SNNMQC ? 30.0-IE N?AI?EC ML RFC PMJJCP @CJR AMLTCWMP QWQRCK GL F?=KH; 7.4 GQ KMTGLE ?R 0.500 K/Q. 7F?R GQ GRQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW?
,JH7J;=O
"CA?SQC RFC K?QQ m ?LB QNCCB v ?PC EGTCL, RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB DPMK GRQ BCDGLGRGML ?Q EGTCL GL RFC COS?RGML KE =
1
2
mv
2
.
,EBKJ?ED
4FC IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ EGTCL @W
(7.13)
KE =
1
2
mv
2
.
%LRCPGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ EGTCQ
(7.14)
KE = 0.5(30.0 kg)(0.500 m/s)
2
,
UFGAF WGCJBQ
(7.15)
KE = 3.75 kg m
2
/s
2
= 3.75 J.
D?I9KII?ED
.MRC RF?R RFC SLGR MD IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ RFC HMSJC, RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC SLGR MD UMPI, ?Q KCLRGMLCB UFCL UMPI U?Q DGPQR BCDGLCB. )R GQ ?JQM GLRCPCQRGLE RF?R,
?JRFMSEF RFGQ GQ ? D?GPJW K?QQGTC N?AI?EC, GRQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ LMR J?PEC ?R RFGQ PCJ?RGTCJW JMU QNCCB. 4FGQ D?AR GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC M@QCPT?RGML
RF?R NCMNJC A?L KMTC N?AI?ECQ JGIC RFGQ UGRFMSR CVF?SQRGLE RFCKQCJTCQ.
EN7CFB; 7.3 D;J;HC?D?D= J>; 0EHA JE A99;B;H7J; 7 )79A7=;
3SNNMQC RF?R WMS NSQF ML RFC 30.0-IE N?AI?EC GL F?=KH; 7.4 UGRF ? AMLQR?LR DMPAC MD 120 . RFPMSEF ? BGQR?LAC MD 0.800 K, ?LB RF?R RFC
MNNMQGLE DPGARGML DMPAC ?TCP?ECQ 5.00 ..
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC LCR UMPI BMLC ML RFC N?AI?EC. (@) 3MJTC RFC Q?KC NPM@JCK ?Q GL N?PR (?), RFGQ RGKC @W DGLBGLE RFC UMPI BMLC @W C?AF DMPAC RF?R
AMLRPG@SRCQ RM RFC LCR DMPAC.
,JH7J;=O 7D: CED9;FJ <EH (7)
228 #(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3
4FGQ GQ ? KMRGML GL MLC BGKCLQGML NPM@JCK, @CA?SQC RFC BMULU?PB DMPAC (DPMK RFC UCGEFR MD RFC N?AI?EC) ?LB RFC LMPK?J DMPAC F?TC COS?J
K?ELGRSBC ?LB MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML, QM RF?R RFCW A?LACJ GL A?JASJ?RGLE RFC LCR DMPAC, UFGJC RFC ?NNJGCB DMPAC, DPGARGML, ?LB RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR ?PC ?JJ
FMPGXMLR?J. (3CC F?=KH; 7.4.) !Q CVNCARCB, RFC LCR UMPI GQ RFC LCR DMPAC RGKCQ BGQR?LAC.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
4FC LCR DMPAC GQ RFC NSQF DMPAC KGLSQ DPGARGML, MP F
net
= 120 N 5.00 N = 115 N. 4FSQ RFC LCR UMPI GQ
(7.16)
W
net
= F
net
d = (115 N)(0.800 m)
= 92.0 N m = 92.0 J.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (7)
4FGQ T?JSC GQ RFC LCR UMPI BMLC ML RFC N?AI?EC. 4FC NCPQML ?ARS?JJW BMCQ KMPC UMPI RF?L RFGQ, @CA?SQC DPGARGML MNNMQCQ RFC KMRGML. &PGARGML
BMCQ LCE?RGTC UMPI ?LB PCKMTCQ QMKC MD RFC CLCPEW RFC NCPQML CVNCLBQ ?LB AMLTCPRQ GR RM RFCPK?J CLCPEW. 4FC LCR UMPI COS?JQ RFC QSK MD RFC
UMPI BMLC @W C?AF GLBGTGBS?J DMPAC.
,JH7J;=O 7D: CED9;FJ <EH (8)
4FC DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML RFC N?AI?EC ?PC EP?TGRW, RFC LMPK?J DMPAC, RFC DMPAC MD DPGARGML, ?LB RFC ?NNJGCB DMPAC. 4FC LMPK?J DMPAC ?LB DMPAC MD EP?TGRW
?PC C?AF NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR, ?LB RFCPCDMPC BM LM UMPI.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
4FC ?NNJGCB DMPAC BMCQ UMPI.
(7.17)
W
app
= F
app
d cos(0) = F
app
d
= (120 N)(0.800 m)
= 96.0 J
4FC DPGARGML DMPAC ?LB BGQNJ?ACKCLR ?PC GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ, QM RF?R = 180 , ?LB RFC UMPI BMLC @W DPGARGML GQ
(7.18)
W
fr
= F
fr
d cos(180) = F
fr
d
= (5.00 N)(0.800 m)
= 4.00 J.
3M RFC ?KMSLRQ MD UMPI BMLC @W EP?TGRW, @W RFC LMPK?J DMPAC, @W RFC ?NNJGCB DMPAC, ?LB @W DPGARGML ?PC, PCQNCARGTCJW,
(7.19) W
gr
= 0,
W
N
= 0,
W
app
= 96.0 J,
W
fr
= 4.00 J.
4FC RMR?J UMPI BMLC ?Q RFC QSK MD RFC UMPI BMLC @W C?AF DMPAC GQ RFCL QCCL RM @C
(7.20) W
total
= W
gr
+ W
N
+ W
app
+ W
fr
= 92.0 J.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (8)
4FC A?JASJ?RCB RMR?J UMPI W
total
?Q RFC QSK MD RFC UMPI @W C?AF DMPAC ?EPCCQ, ?Q CVNCARCB, UGRF RFC UMPI W
net
BMLC @W RFC LCR DMPAC. 4FC
UMPI BMLC @W ? AMJJCARGML MD DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML ?L M@HCAR A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB @W CGRFCP ?NNPM?AF.
EN7CFB; 7.4 D;J;HC?D?D= ,F;;: <HEC 0EHA 7D: ED;H=O
&GLB RFC QNCCB MD RFC N?AI?EC GL F?=KH; 7.4 ?R RFC CLB MD RFC NSQF, SQGLE UMPI ?LB CLCPEW AMLACNRQ.
,JH7J;=O
(CPC RFC UMPI-CLCPEW RFCMPCK A?L @C SQCB, @CA?SQC UC F?TC HSQR A?JASJ?RCB RFC LCR UMPI, W
net
, ?LB RFC GLGRG?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW,
1
2
mv
0
2
. 4FCQC
A?JASJ?RGMLQ ?JJMU SQ RM DGLB RFC DGL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW,
1
2
mv
2
, ?LB RFSQ RFC DGL?J QNCCB v .
,EBKJ?ED
4FC UMPI-CLCPEW RFCMPCK GL COS?RGML DMPK GQ
(7.21)
W
net
=
1
2
mv
2
1
2
mv
0
2
.
3MJTGLE DMP
1
2
mv
2
EGTCQ
(7.22) 1
2
mv
2
= W
net
+
1
2
mv
0
2
.
#(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3 229
4FSQ,
(7.23) 1
2
mv
2
= 92.0 J+3.75 J = 95.75 J.
3MJTGLE DMP RFC DGL?J QNCCB ?Q PCOSCQRCB ?LB CLRCPGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ EGTCQ
(7.24)
v =
2(95.75 J)
m
=
191.5 kg m
2
/s
2
30.0 kg
= 2.53 m/s.
D?I9KII?ED
5QGLE UMPI ?LB CLCPEW, UC LMR MLJW ?PPGTC ?R ?L ?LQUCP, UC QCC RF?R RFC DGL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ RFC QSK MD RFC GLGRG?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?LB RFC LCR
UMPI BMLC ML RFC N?AI?EC. 4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R RFC UMPI GLBCCB ?BBQ RM RFC CLCPEW MD RFC N?AI?EC.
EN7CFB; 7.5 0EHA 7D: ED;H=O C7D +;L;7B D?IJ7D9;, -EE
(MU D?P BMCQ RFC N?AI?EC GL F?=KH; 7.4 AM?QR ?DRCP RFC NSQF, ?QQSKGLE DPGARGML PCK?GLQ AMLQR?LR? 5QC UMPI ?LB CLCPEW AMLQGBCP?RGMLQ.
,JH7J;=O
7C ILMU RF?R MLAC RFC NCPQML QRMNQ NSQFGLE, DPGARGML UGJJ @PGLE RFC N?AI?EC RM PCQR. )L RCPKQ MD CLCPEW, DPGARGML BMCQ LCE?RGTC UMPI SLRGJ GR F?Q
PCKMTCB ?JJ MD RFC N?AI?ECtQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW. 4FC UMPI BMLC @W DPGARGML GQ RFC DMPAC MD DPGARGML RGKCQ RFC BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB RGKCQ RFC AMQGLC MD RFC
?LEJC @CRUCCL RFC DPGARGML DMPAC ?LB BGQNJ?ACKCLR; FCLAC, RFGQ EGTCQ SQ ? U?W MD DGLBGLE RFC BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB ?DRCP RFC NCPQML QRMNQ NSQFGLE.
,EBKJ?ED
4FC LMPK?J DMPAC ?LB DMPAC MD EP?TGRW A?LACJ GL A?JASJ?RGLE RFC LCR DMPAC. 4FC FMPGXMLR?J DPGARGML DMPAC GQ RFCL RFC LCR DMPAC, ?LB GR ?ARQ MNNMQGRC RM
RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR, QM = 180 . 4M PCBSAC RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD RFC N?AI?EC RM XCPM, RFC UMPI W
fr
@W DPGARGML KSQR @C KGLSQ RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW
RF?R RFC N?AI?EC QR?PRCB UGRF NJSQ UF?R RFC N?AI?EC ?AASKSJ?RCB BSC RM RFC NSQFGLE. 4FSQ W
fr
= 95.75 J . &SPRFCPKMPC,
W
fr
= f d cos = f d , UFCPC d GQ RFC BGQR?LAC GR R?ICQ RM QRMN. 4FSQ,
(7.25)
d =
W
fr
f
=
95.75 J
5.00 N
,
?LB QM
(7.26)
d = 19.2 m.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ GQ ? PC?QML?@JC BGQR?LAC DMP ? N?AI?EC RM AM?QR ML ? PCJ?RGTCJW DPGARGML-DPCC AMLTCWMP QWQRCK. .MRC RF?R RFC UMPI BMLC @W DPGARGML GQ LCE?RGTC
(RFC DMPAC GQ GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML MD KMRGML), QM GR PCKMTCQ RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW.
3MKC MD RFC CV?KNJCQ GL RFGQ QCARGML A?L @C QMJTCB UGRFMSR AMLQGBCPGLE CLCPEW, @SR ?R RFC CVNCLQC MD KGQQGLE MSR ML E?GLGLE GLQGEFRQ ?@MSR UF?R
UMPI ?LB CLCPEW ?PC BMGLE GL RFGQ QGRS?RGML. /L RFC UFMJC, QMJSRGMLQ GLTMJTGLE CLCPEW ?PC ECLCP?JJW QFMPRCP ?LB C?QGCP RF?L RFMQC SQGLE IGLCK?RGAQ
?LB BWL?KGAQ ?JMLC.
7.3 H7L?J7J?ED7B )EJ;DJ?7B ED;H=O
7MPI $MLC !E?GLQR 'P?TGRW
#JGK@GLE QR?GPQ ?LB JGDRGLE M@HCARQ GQ UMPI GL @MRF RFC QAGCLRGDGA ?LB CTCPWB?W QCLQCrGR GQ UMPI BMLC ?E?GLQR RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC. 7FCL RFCPC GQ
UMPI, RFCPC GQ ? RP?LQDMPK?RGML MD CLCPEW. 4FC UMPI BMLC ?E?GLQR RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC EMCQ GLRM ?L GKNMPR?LR DMPK MD QRMPCB CLCPEW RF?R UC UGJJ
CVNJMPC GL RFGQ QCARGML.
,CR SQ A?JASJ?RC RFC UMPI BMLC GL JGDRGLE ?L M@HCAR MD K?QQ m RFPMSEF ? FCGEFR h , QSAF ?Q GL F?=KH; 7.5. )D RFC M@HCAR GQ JGDRCB QRP?GEFR SN ?R AMLQR?LR
QNCCB, RFCL RFC DMPAC LCCBCB RM JGDR GR GQ COS?J RM GRQ UCGEFR mg . 4FC UMPI BMLC ML RFC K?QQ GQ RFCL W = Fd = mgh . 7C BCDGLC RFGQ RM @C RFC
=H7L?J7J?ED7B FEJ;DJ?7B ;D;H=O (PE
g
) NSR GLRM (MP E?GLCB @W) RFC M@HCAR-%?PRF QWQRCK. 4FGQ CLCPEW GQ ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF RFC QR?RC MD QCN?P?RGML
@CRUCCL RUM M@HCARQ RF?R ?RRP?AR C?AF MRFCP @W RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC. &MP AMLTCLGCLAC, UC PCDCP RM RFGQ ?Q RFC PE
g
E?GLCB @W RFC M@HCAR, PCAMELGXGLE
RF?R RFGQ GQ CLCPEW QRMPCB GL RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DGCJB MD %?PRF. 7FW BM UC SQC RFC UMPB uQWQRCKv? 0MRCLRG?J CLCPEW GQ ? NPMNCPRW MD ? QWQRCK P?RFCP RF?L
MD ? QGLEJC M@HCARrBSC RM GRQ NFWQGA?J NMQGRGML. !L M@HCARtQ EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J GQ BSC RM GRQ NMQGRGML PCJ?RGTC RM RFC QSPPMSLBGLEQ UGRFGL RFC %?PRF-
M@HCAR QWQRCK. 4FC DMPAC ?NNJGCB RM RFC M@HCAR GQ ?L CVRCPL?J DMPAC, DPMK MSRQGBC RFC QWQRCK. 7FCL GR BMCQ NMQGRGTC UMPI GR GLAPC?QCQ RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J
NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW MD RFC QWQRCK. "CA?SQC EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW BCNCLBQ ML PCJ?RGTC NMQGRGML, UC LCCB ? PCDCPCLAC JCTCJ ?R UFGAF RM QCR RFC
NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW COS?J RM 0. 7C SQS?JJW AFMMQC RFGQ NMGLR RM @C %?PRFtQ QSPD?AC, @SR RFGQ NMGLR GQ ?P@GRP?PW; UF?R GQ GKNMPR?LR GQ RFC 7<998E8A68 GL
EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW, @CA?SQC RFGQ BGDDCPCLAC GQ UF?R PCJ?RCQ RM RFC UMPI BMLC. 4FC BGDDCPCLAC GL EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW MD ?L M@HCAR (GL
RFC %?PRF-M@HCAR QWQRCK) @CRUCCL RUM PSLEQ MD ? J?BBCP UGJJ @C RFC Q?KC DMP RFC DGPQR RUM PSLEQ ?Q DMP RFC J?QR RUM PSLEQ.
230 #(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3
#MLTCPRGLE "CRUCCL 0MRCLRG?J %LCPEW ?LB +GLCRGA %LCPEW
'P?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW K?W @C AMLTCPRCB RM MRFCP DMPKQ MD CLCPEW, QSAF ?Q IGLCRGA CLCPEW. )D UC PCJC?QC RFC K?QQ, EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC UGJJ BM ?L
?KMSLR MD UMPI COS?J RM mgh ML GR, RFCPC@W GLAPC?QGLE GRQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW @W RF?R Q?KC ?KMSLR (@W RFC UMPI-CLCPEW RFCMPCK). 7C UGJJ DGLB GR KMPC
SQCDSJ RM AMLQGBCP HSQR RFC AMLTCPQGML MD PE
g
RM KE UGRFMSR CVNJGAGRJW AMLQGBCPGLE RFC GLRCPKCBG?RC QRCN MD UMPI. (3CC EN7CFB; 7.7.) 4FGQ QFMPRASR
K?ICQ GR GQ C?QGCP RM QMJTC NPM@JCKQ SQGLE CLCPEW (GD NMQQG@JC) P?RFCP RF?L CVNJGAGRJW SQGLE DMPACQ.
F?=KH; 7.5 (?) 4FC UMPI BMLC RM JGDR RFC UCGEFR GQ QRMPCB GL RFC K?QQ-%?PRF QWQRCK ?Q EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW. (@) !Q RFC UCGEFR KMTCQ BMULU?PB, RFGQ EP?TGR?RGML?J
NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW GQ RP?LQDCPPCB RM RFC ASAIMM AJMAI.
-MPC NPCAGQCJW, UC BCDGLC RFC 6;4A:8 GL EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW PE
g
RM @C
(7.27)
PE
g
= mgh,
UFCPC, DMP QGKNJGAGRW, UC BCLMRC RFC AF?LEC GL FCGEFR @W h P?RFCP RF?L RFC SQS?J h . .MRC RF?R h GQ NMQGRGTC UFCL RFC DGL?J FCGEFR GQ EPC?RCP RF?L RFC
GLGRG?J FCGEFR, ?LB TGAC TCPQ?. &MP CV?KNJC, GD ? 0.500-IE K?QQ FSLE DPMK ? ASAIMM AJMAI GQ P?GQCB 1.00 K, RFCL GRQ AF?LEC GL EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J
CLCPEW GQ
(7.28)
mgh =

0.500 kg
9.80 m/s
2
(1.00 m)
= 4.90 kg m
2
/s
2
= 4.90 J.
.MRC RF?R RFC SLGRQ MD EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW RSPL MSR RM @C HMSJCQ, RFC Q?KC ?Q DMP UMPI ?LB MRFCP DMPKQ MD CLCPEW. !Q RFC AJMAI PSLQ, RFC K?QQ
GQ JMUCPCB. 7C A?L RFGLI MD RFC K?QQ ?Q EP?BS?JJW EGTGLE SN GRQ 4.90 * MD EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW, J<G;BHG 7<E86G?L 6BAF<78E<A: G;8 9BE68 B9 :E4I<GL
G;4G 7B8F G;8 JBE>.
5QGLE 0MRCLRG?J %LCPEW RM 3GKNJGDW #?JASJ?RGMLQ
4FC COS?RGML PE
g
= mgh ?NNJGCQ DMP ?LW N?RF RF?R F?Q ? AF?LEC GL FCGEFR MD h , LMR HSQR UFCL RFC K?QQ GQ JGDRCB QRP?GEFR SN. (3CC F?=KH; 7.6.) )R
GQ KSAF C?QGCP RM A?JASJ?RC mgh (? QGKNJC KSJRGNJGA?RGML) RF?L GR GQ RM A?JASJ?RC RFC UMPI BMLC ?JMLE ? AMKNJGA?RCB N?RF. 4FC GBC? MD EP?TGR?RGML?J
NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW F?Q RFC BMS@JC ?BT?LR?EC RF?R GR GQ TCPW @PM?BJW ?NNJGA?@JC ?LB GR K?ICQ A?JASJ?RGMLQ C?QGCP. &PMK LMU ML, UC UGJJ AMLQGBCP RF?R ?LW
AF?LEC GL TCPRGA?J NMQGRGML h MD ? K?QQ m GQ ?AAMKN?LGCB @W ? AF?LEC GL EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW mgh , ?LB UC UGJJ ?TMGB RFC COSGT?JCLR @SR
KMPC BGDDGASJR R?QI MD A?JASJ?RGLE UMPI BMLC @W MP ?E?GLQR RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC.
#(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3 231
F?=KH; 7.6 4FC AF?LEC GL EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW (PE
g
) @CRUCCL NMGLRQ ! ?LB " GQ GLBCNCLBCLR MD RFC N?RF. PE
g
= mgh DMP ?LW N?RF @CRUCCL RFC RUM NMGLRQ.
'P?TGRW GQ MLC MD ? QK?JJ AJ?QQ MD DMPACQ UFCPC RFC UMPI BMLC @W MP ?E?GLQR RFC DMPAC BCNCLBQ MLJW ML RFC QR?PRGLE ?LB CLBGLE NMGLRQ, LMR ML RFC N?RF @CRUCCL RFCK.
EN7CFB; 7.6 ->; FEH9; JE ,JEF F7BB?D=
! 60.0-IE NCPQML HSKNQ MLRM RFC DJMMP DPMK ? FCGEFR MD 3.00 K. )D FC J?LBQ QRGDDJW (UGRF FGQ ILCC HMGLRQ AMKNPCQQGLE @W 0.500 AK), A?JASJ?RC RFC
DMPAC ML RFC ILCC HMGLRQ.
,JH7J;=O
4FGQ NCPQMLtQ CLCPEW GQ @PMSEFR RM XCPM GL RFGQ QGRS?RGML @W RFC UMPI BMLC ML FGK @W RFC DJMMP ?Q FC QRMNQ. 4FC GLGRG?J PE
g
GQ RP?LQDMPKCB GLRM
KE ?Q FC D?JJQ. 4FC UMPI BMLC @W RFC DJMMP PCBSACQ RFGQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW RM XCPM.
,EBKJ?ED
4FC UMPI BMLC ML RFC NCPQML @W RFC DJMMP ?Q FC QRMNQ GQ EGTCL @W
(7.29)
W = Fd cos = Fd,
UGRF ? KGLSQ QGEL @CA?SQC RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR UFGJC QRMNNGLE ?LB RFC DMPAC DPMK DJMMP ?PC GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ (cos = cos 180 = 1) . 4FC
DJMMP PCKMTCQ CLCPEW DPMK RFC QWQRCK, QM GR BMCQ LCE?RGTC UMPI.
4FC IGLCRGA CLCPEW RFC NCPQML F?Q SNML PC?AFGLE RFC DJMMP GQ RFC ?KMSLR MD NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW JMQR @W D?JJGLE RFPMSEF FCGEFR h :
(7.30)
KE = PE
g
= mgh,
4FC BGQR?LAC d RF?R RFC NCPQMLtQ ILCCQ @CLB GQ KSAF QK?JJCP RF?L RFC FCGEFR h MD RFC D?JJ, QM RFC ?BBGRGML?J AF?LEC GL EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J
CLCPEW BSPGLE RFC ILCC @CLB GQ GELMPCB.
4FC UMPI W BMLC @W RFC DJMMP ML RFC NCPQML QRMNQ RFC NCPQML ?LB @PGLEQ RFC NCPQMLtQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW RM XCPM:
(7.31)
W = KE = mgh.
#MK@GLGLE RFGQ COS?RGML UGRF RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP W EGTCQ
(7.32)
Fd = mgh.
2CA?JJGLE RF?R h GQ LCE?RGTC @CA?SQC RFC NCPQML DCJJ 7BJA, RFC DMPAC ML RFC ILCC HMGLRQ GQ EGTCL @W
(7.33)
F =
mgh
d
=
60.0 kg
9.80 m/s
2
(3.00 m)
5.0010
3
m
= 3.5310
5
N.
D?I9KII?ED
3SAF ? J?PEC DMPAC (500 RGKCQ KMPC RF?L RFC NCPQMLtQ UCGEFR) MTCP RFC QFMPR GKN?AR RGKC GQ CLMSEF RM @PC?I @MLCQ. ! KSAF @CRRCP U?W RM ASQFGML
RFC QFMAI GQ @W @CLBGLE RFC JCEQ MP PMJJGLE ML RFC EPMSLB, GLAPC?QGLE RFC RGKC MTCP UFGAF RFC DMPAC ?ARQ. ! @CLBGLE KMRGML MD 0.5 K RFGQ U?W WGCJBQ
232 #(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3
? DMPAC 100 RGKCQ QK?JJCP RF?L GL RFC CV?KNJC. ! I?LE?PMM'Q FMNNGLE QFMUQ RFGQ KCRFMB GL ?ARGML. 4FC I?LE?PMM GQ RFC MLJW J?PEC ?LGK?J RM SQC
FMNNGLE DMP JMAMKMRGML, @SR RFC QFMAI GL FMNNGLE GQ ASQFGMLCB @W RFC @CLBGLE MD GRQ FGLB JCEQ GL C?AF HSKN.(3CC F?=KH; 7.7.)
F?=KH; 7.7 4FC UMPI BMLC @W RFC EPMSLB SNML RFC I?LE?PMM PCBSACQ GRQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW RM XCPM ?Q GR J?LBQ. (MUCTCP, @W ?NNJWGLE RFC DMPAC MD RFC EPMSLB ML RFC FGLB JCEQ MTCP ?
JMLECP BGQR?LAC, RFC GKN?AR ML RFC @MLCQ GQ PCBSACB. (APCBGR: #FPGQ 3?KSCJ, &JGAIP)
EN7CFB; 7.7 F?D:?D= J>; ,F;;: E< 7 +EBB;H CE7IJ;H <HEC ?JI !;?=>J
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC DGL?J QNCCB MD RFC PMJJCP AM?QRCP QFMUL GL F?=KH; 7.8 GD GR QR?PRQ DPMK PCQR ?R RFC RMN MD RFC 20.0 K FGJJ ?LB UMPI BMLC @W DPGARGML?J
DMPACQ GQ LCEJGEG@JC? (@) 7F?R GQ GRQ DGL?J QNCCB (?E?GL ?QQSKGLE LCEJGEG@JC DPGARGML) GD GRQ GLGRG?J QNCCB GQ 5.00 K/Q?
F?=KH; 7.8 4FC QNCCB MD ? PMJJCP AM?QRCP GLAPC?QCQ ?Q EP?TGRW NSJJQ GR BMULFGJJ ?LB GQ EPC?RCQR ?R GRQ JMUCQR NMGLR. 6GCUCB GL RCPKQ MD CLCPEW, RFC PMJJCP-AM?QRCP-%?PRF
QWQRCKtQ EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW GQ AMLTCPRCB RM IGLCRGA CLCPEW. )D UMPI BMLC @W DPGARGML GQ LCEJGEG@JC, ?JJ PE
g
GQ AMLTCPRCB RM KE .
,JH7J;=O
4FC PMJJCP AM?QRCP JMQCQ NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW ?Q GR EMCQ BMULFGJJ. 7C LCEJCAR DPGARGML, QM RF?R RFC PCK?GLGLE DMPAC CVCPRCB @W RFC RP?AI GQ RFC LMPK?J
DMPAC, UFGAF GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC BGPCARGML MD KMRGML ?LB BMCQ LM UMPI. 4FC LCR UMPI ML RFC PMJJCP AM?QRCP GQ RFCL BMLC @W EP?TGRW ?JMLC. 4FC
?BFF MD EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW DPMK KMTGLE 7BJAJ4E7 RFPMSEF ? BGQR?LAC h COS?JQ RFC :4<A GL IGLCRGA CLCPEW. 4FGQ A?L @C UPGRRCL GL
COS?RGML DMPK ?Q PE
g
= KE . 5QGLE RFC COS?RGMLQ DMP PE
g
?LB KE , UC A?L QMJTC DMP RFC DGL?J QNCCB v , UFGAF GQ RFC BCQGPCB OS?LRGRW.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
(CPC RFC GLGRG?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ XCPM, QM RF?R KE =
1
2
mv
2
. 4FC COS?RGML DMP AF?LEC GL NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW QR?RCQ RF?R PE
g
= mgh . 3GLAC h
GQ LCE?RGTC GL RFGQ A?QC, UC UGJJ PCUPGRC RFGQ ?Q PE
g
= mg h RM QFMU RFC KGLSQ QGEL AJC?PJW. 4FSQ,
(7.34) PE
g
= KE
@CAMKCQ
(7.35)
mg h =
1
2
mv
2
.
#(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3 233
3MJTGLE DMP v , UC DGLB RF?R K?QQ A?LACJQ ?LB RF?R
(7.36)
v = 2g h .
3S@QRGRSRGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ,
(7.37)
v = 2
9.80 m/s
2
(20.0 m)
= 19.8 m/s.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
!E?GL PE
g
= KE . )L RFGQ A?QC RFCPC GQ GLGRG?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW, QM KE =
1
2
mv
2
1
2
mv
0
2
. 4FSQ,
(7.38)
mg h =
1
2
mv
2
1
2
mv
0
2
.
2C?PP?LEGLE EGTCQ
(7.39) 1
2
mv
2
= mg h +
1
2
mv
0
2
.
4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R RFC DGL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ RFC QSK MD RFC GLGRG?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?LB RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW. -?QQ ?E?GL A?LACJQ, ?LB
(7.40)
v = 2g h + v
0
2
.
4FGQ COS?RGML GQ TCPW QGKGJ?P RM RFC IGLCK?RGAQ COS?RGML v = v
0
2
+ 2ad , @SR GR GQ KMPC ECLCP?JrRFC IGLCK?RGAQ COS?RGML GQ T?JGB MLJW DMP
AMLQR?LR ?AACJCP?RGML, UFCPC?Q MSP COS?RGML ?@MTC GQ T?JGB DMP ?LW N?RF PCE?PBJCQQ MD UFCRFCP RFC M@HCAR KMTCQ UGRF ? AMLQR?LR ?AACJCP?RGML.
.MU, QS@QRGRSRGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ EGTCQ
(7.41)
v = 2(9.80 m/s
2
)(20.0 m) + (5.00 m/s)
2
= 20.4 m/s.
D?I9KII?ED 7D: "CFB?97J?EDI
&GPQR, LMRC RF?R K?QQ A?LACJQ. 4FGQ GQ OSGRC AMLQGQRCLR UGRF M@QCPT?RGMLQ K?BC GL F7BB?D= (8@;9JI RF?R ?JJ M@HCARQ D?JJ ?R RFC Q?KC P?RC GD DPGARGML GQ
LCEJGEG@JC. 3CAMLB, MLJW RFC QNCCB MD RFC PMJJCP AM?QRCP GQ AMLQGBCPCB; RFCPC GQ LM GLDMPK?RGML ?@MSR GRQ BGPCARGML ?R ?LW NMGLR. 4FGQ PCTC?JQ ?LMRFCP
ECLCP?J RPSRF. 7FCL DPGARGML GQ LCEJGEG@JC, RFC QNCCB MD ? D?JJGLE @MBW BCNCLBQ MLJW ML GRQ GLGRG?J QNCCB ?LB FCGEFR, ?LB LMR ML GRQ K?QQ MP RFC N?RF
R?ICL. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC PMJJCP AM?QRCP UGJJ F?TC RFC Q?KC DGL?J QNCCB UFCRFCP GR D?JJQ 20.0 K QRP?GEFR BMUL MP R?ICQ ? KMPC AMKNJGA?RCB N?RF JGIC
RFC MLC GL RFC DGESPC. 4FGPB, ?LB NCPF?NQ SLCVNCARCBJW, RFC DGL?J QNCCB GL N?PR (@) GQ EPC?RCP RF?L GL N?PR (?), @SR @W D?P JCQQ RF?L 5.00 K/Q. &GL?JJW,
LMRC RF?R QNCCB A?L @C DMSLB ?R 4AL FCGEFR ?JMLE RFC U?W @W QGKNJW SQGLE RFC ?NNPMNPG?RC T?JSC MD h ?R RFC NMGLR MD GLRCPCQR.
7C F?TC QCCL RF?R UMPI BMLC @W MP ?E?GLQR RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC BCNCLBQ MLJW ML RFC QR?PRGLE ?LB CLBGLE NMGLRQ, ?LB LMR ML RFC N?RF @CRUCCL,
?JJMUGLE SQ RM BCDGLC RFC QGKNJGDWGLE AMLACNR MD EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW. 7C A?L BM RFC Q?KC RFGLE DMP ? DCU MRFCP DMPACQ, ?LB UC UGJJ QCC RF?R
RFGQ JC?BQ RM ? DMPK?J BCDGLGRGML MD RFC J?U MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 4?IC-(MKC )LTCQRGE?RGMLr#MLTCPRGLE 0MRCLRG?J RM +GLCRGA %LCPEW
/LC A?L QRSBW RFC AMLTCPQGML MD EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW GLRM IGLCRGA CLCPEW GL RFGQ CVNCPGKCLR. /L ? QKMMRF, JCTCJ QSPD?AC, SQC ? PSJCP MD
RFC IGLB RF?R F?Q ? EPMMTC PSLLGLE ?JMLE GRQ JCLERF ?LB ? @MMI RM K?IC ?L GLAJGLC (QCC F?=KH; 7.9). 0J?AC ? K?P@JC ?R RFC 10-AK NMQGRGML ML RFC
PSJCP ?LB JCR GR PMJJ BMUL RFC PSJCP. 7FCL GR FGRQ RFC JCTCJ QSPD?AC, KC?QSPC RFC RGKC GR R?ICQ RM PMJJ MLC KCRCP. .MU NJ?AC RFC K?P@JC ?R RFC 20-AK
?LB RFC 30-AK NMQGRGMLQ ?LB ?E?GL KC?QSPC RFC RGKCQ GR R?ICQ RM PMJJ 1 K ML RFC JCTCJ QSPD?AC. &GLB RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC K?P@JC ML RFC JCTCJ QSPD?AC
DMP ?JJ RFPCC NMQGRGMLQ. 0JMR TCJMAGRW QOS?PCB TCPQSQ RFC BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB @W RFC K?P@JC. 7F?R GQ RFC QF?NC MD C?AF NJMR? )D RFC QF?NC GQ ? QRP?GEFR
JGLC, RFC NJMR QFMUQ RF?R RFC K?P@JCtQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?R RFC @MRRMK GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM GRQ NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW ?R RFC PCJC?QC NMGLR.
F?=KH; 7.9 ! K?P@JC PMJJQ BMUL ? PSJCP, ?LB GRQ QNCCB ML RFC JCTCJ QSPD?AC GQ KC?QSPCB.
234 #(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3
7.4 CEDI;HL7J?L; FEH9;I 7D: )EJ;DJ?7B ED;H=O
0MRCLRG?J %LCPEW ?LB #MLQCPT?RGTC &MPACQ
7MPI GQ BMLC @W ? DMPAC, ?LB QMKC DMPACQ, QSAF ?Q UCGEFR, F?TC QNCAG?J AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ. ! 9EDI;HL7J?L; <EH9; GQ MLC, JGIC RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC, DMP
UFGAF UMPI BMLC @W MP ?E?GLQR GR BCNCLBQ MLJW ML RFC QR?PRGLE ?LB CLBGLE NMGLRQ MD ? KMRGML ?LB LMR ML RFC N?RF R?ICL. 7C A?L BCDGLC ? FEJ;DJ?7B
;D;H=O (PE) DMP ?LW AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPAC, HSQR ?Q UC BGB DMP RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC. &MP CV?KNJC, UFCL WMS UGLB SN ? RMW, ?L CEE RGKCP, MP ?L MJB-
D?QFGMLCB U?RAF, WMS BM UMPI ?E?GLQR GRQ QNPGLE ?LB QRMPC CLCPEW GL GR. (7C RPC?R RFCQC QNPGLEQ ?Q GBC?J, GL RF?R UC ?QQSKC RFCPC GQ LM DPGARGML ?LB LM
NPMBSARGML MD RFCPK?J CLCPEW.) 4FGQ QRMPCB CLCPEW GQ PCAMTCP?@JC ?Q UMPI, ?LB GR GQ SQCDSJ RM RFGLI MD GR ?Q NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW AMLR?GLCB GL RFC QNPGLE.
)LBCCB, RFC PC?QML RF?R RFC QNPGLE F?Q RFGQ AF?P?ARCPGQRGA GQ RF?R GRQ DMPAC GQ 6BAF8EI4G<I8. 4F?R GQ, ? AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPAC PCQSJRQ GL QRMPCB MP NMRCLRG?J
CLCPEW. 'P?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW GQ MLC CV?KNJC, ?Q GQ RFC CLCPEW QRMPCB GL ? QNPGLE. 7C UGJJ ?JQM QCC FMU AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ ?PC PCJ?RCB RM RFC
AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW.
0MRCLRG?J %LCPEW ?LB #MLQCPT?RGTC &MPACQ
0MRCLRG?J CLCPEW GQ RFC CLCPEW ? QWQRCK F?Q BSC RM NMQGRGML, QF?NC, MP AMLDGESP?RGML. )R GQ QRMPCB CLCPEW RF?R GQ AMKNJCRCJW PCAMTCP?@JC.
! AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPAC GQ MLC DMP UFGAF UMPI BMLC @W MP ?E?GLQR GR BCNCLBQ MLJW ML RFC QR?PRGLE ?LB CLBGLE NMGLRQ MD ? KMRGML ?LB LMR ML RFC N?RF
R?ICL.
7C A?L BCDGLC ? NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW (PE) DMP ?LW AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPAC. 4FC UMPI BMLC ?E?GLQR ? AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPAC RM PC?AF ? DGL?J AMLDGESP?RGML
BCNCLBQ ML RFC AMLDGESP?RGML, LMR RFC N?RF DMJJMUCB, ?LB GQ RFC NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW ?BBCB.
0MRCLRG?J %LCPEW MD ? 3NPGLE
&GPQR, JCR SQ M@R?GL ?L CVNPCQQGML DMP RFC NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW QRMPCB GL ? QNPGLE ( PE
s
). 7C A?JASJ?RC RFC UMPI BMLC RM QRPCRAF MP AMKNPCQQ ? QNPGLE RF?R
M@CWQ (MMICtQ J?U. ((MMICtQ J?U U?Q CV?KGLCB GL EB7IJ?9?JO: ,JH;II 7D: ,JH7?D, ?LB QR?RCQ RF?R RFC K?ELGRSBC MD DMPAC F ML RFC QNPGLE ?LB RFC
PCQSJRGLE BCDMPK?RGML L ?PC NPMNMPRGML?J, F = kL .) (3CC F?=KH; 7.10.) &MP MSP QNPGLE, UC UGJJ PCNJ?AC L (RFC ?KMSLR MD BCDMPK?RGML
NPMBSACB @W ? DMPAC F ) @W RFC BGQR?LAC x RF?R RFC QNPGLE GQ QRPCRAFCB MP AMKNPCQQCB ?JMLE GRQ JCLERF. 3M RFC DMPAC LCCBCB RM QRPCRAF RFC QNPGLE F?Q
K?ELGRSBC F = kx , UFCPC k GQ RFC QNPGLEtQ DMPAC AMLQR?LR. 4FC DMPAC GLAPC?QCQ JGLC?PJW DPMK 0 ?R RFC QR?PR RM kx GL RFC DSJJW QRPCRAFCB NMQGRGML. 4FC
?TCP?EC DMPAC GQ kx / 2 . 4FSQ RFC UMPI BMLC GL QRPCRAFGLE MP AMKNPCQQGLE RFC QNPGLE GQ W
s
= Fd =

kx
2
x =
1
2
kx
2
. !JRCPL?RGTCJW, UC LMRCB GL
$?D;J?9 ED;H=O 7D: J>; 0EHA-ED;H=O ->;EH;C RF?R RFC ?PC? SLBCP ? EP?NF MD F TQ. x GQ RFC UMPI BMLC @W RFC DMPAC. )L F?=KH; 7.10(A) UC QCC
RF?R RFGQ ?PC? GQ ?JQM
1
2
kx
2
. 7C RFCPCDMPC BCDGLC RFC FEJ;DJ?7B ;D;H=O E< 7 IFH?D=, PE
s
, RM @C
(7.42)
PE
s
=
1
2
kx
2
,
UFCPC k GQ RFC QNPGLEtQ DMPAC AMLQR?LR ?LB x GQ RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR DPMK GRQ SLBCDMPKCB NMQGRGML. 4FC NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW PCNPCQCLRQ RFC UMPI BMLC BA
RFC QNPGLE ?LB RFC CLCPEW QRMPCB GL GR ?Q ? PCQSJR MD QRPCRAFGLE MP AMKNPCQQGLE GR ? BGQR?LAC x . 4FC NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW MD RFC QNPGLE PE
s
BMCQ LMR
BCNCLB ML RFC N?RF R?ICL; GR BCNCLBQ MLJW ML RFC QRPCRAF MP QOSCCXC x GL RFC DGL?J AMLDGESP?RGML.
F?=KH; 7.10 (?) !L SLBCDMPKCB QNPGLE F?Q LM PE
s
QRMPCB GL GR. (@) 4FC DMPAC LCCBCB RM QRPCRAF (MP AMKNPCQQ) RFC QNPGLE ? BGQR?LAC x F?Q ? K?ELGRSBC F = kx , ?LB RFC
UMPI BMLC RM QRPCRAF (MP AMKNPCQQ) GR GQ
1
2
kx
2
. "CA?SQC RFC DMPAC GQ AMLQCPT?RGTC, RFGQ UMPI GQ QRMPCB ?Q NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW (PE
s
) GL RFC QNPGLE, ?LB GR A?L @C DSJJW PCAMTCPCB.
(A) ! EP?NF MD F TQ. x F?Q ? QJMNC MD k , ?LB RFC ?PC? SLBCP RFC EP?NF GQ
1
2
kx
2
. 4FSQ RFC UMPI BMLC MP NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW QRMPCB GQ
1
2
kx
2
.
4FC COS?RGML PE
s
=
1
2
kx
2
F?Q ECLCP?J T?JGBGRW @CWMLB RFC QNCAG?J A?QC DMP UFGAF GR U?Q BCPGTCB. 0MRCLRG?J CLCPEW A?L @C QRMPCB GL ?LW CJ?QRGA
KCBGSK @W BCDMPKGLE GR. )LBCCB, RFC ECLCP?J BCDGLGRGML MD FEJ;DJ?7B ;D;H=O GQ CLCPEW BSC RM NMQGRGML, QF?NC, MP AMLDGESP?RGML. &MP QF?NC MP NMQGRGML
BCDMPK?RGMLQ, QRMPCB CLCPEW GQ PE
s
=
1
2
kx
2
, UFCPC k GQ RFC DMPAC AMLQR?LR MD RFC N?PRGASJ?P QWQRCK ?LB x GQ GRQ BCDMPK?RGML. !LMRFCP CV?KNJC GQ
QCCL GL F?=KH; 7.11 DMP ? ESGR?P QRPGLE.
#(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3 235
F?=KH; 7.11 7MPI GQ BMLC RM BCDMPK RFC ESGR?P QRPGLE, EGTGLE GR NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW. 7FCL PCJC?QCB, RFC NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW GQ AMLTCPRCB RM IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?LB @?AI RM NMRCLRG?J ?Q RFC
QRPGLE MQAGJJ?RCQ @?AI ?LB DMPRF. ! TCPW QK?JJ DP?ARGML GQ BGQQGN?RCB ?Q QMSLB CLCPEW, QJMUJW PCKMTGLE CLCPEW DPMK RFC QRPGLE.
#MLQCPT?RGML MD -CAF?LGA?J %LCPEW
,CR SQ LMU AMLQGBCP UF?R DMPK RFC UMPI-CLCPEW RFCMPCK R?ICQ UFCL MLJW AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ ?PC GLTMJTCB. 4FGQ UGJJ JC?B SQ RM RFC AMLQCPT?RGML MD
CLCPEW NPGLAGNJC. 4FC UMPI-CLCPEW RFCMPCK QR?RCQ RF?R RFC LCR UMPI BMLC @W ?JJ DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML ? QWQRCK COS?JQ GRQ AF?LEC GL IGLCRGA CLCPEW. )L
COS?RGML DMPK, RFGQ GQ
(7.43)
W
net
=
1
2
mv
2
1
2
mv
0
2
= KE.
)D MLJW AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ ?AR, RFCL
(7.44) W
net
= W
c
,
UFCPC W
c
GQ RFC RMR?J UMPI BMLC @W ?JJ AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ. 4FSQ,
(7.45) W
c
= KE.
.MU, GD RFC AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPAC, QSAF ?Q RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC MP ? QNPGLE DMPAC, BMCQ UMPI, RFC QWQRCK JMQCQ NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW. 4F?R GQ, W
c
= PE .
4FCPCDMPC,
(7.46) PE = KE
MP
(7.47) KE + PE = 0.
4FGQ COS?RGML KC?LQ RF?R RFC RMR?J IGLCRGA ?LB NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW GQ AMLQR?LR DMP ?LW NPMACQQ GLTMJTGLE MLJW AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ. 4F?R GQ,
(7.48) KE + PE = constant
or
KE
i
+ PE
i
= KE
f
+ PE
f
(conservative forces only),

UFCPC G ?LB D BCLMRC GLGRG?J ?LB DGL?J T?JSCQ. 4FGQ COS?RGML GQ ? DMPK MD RFC UMPI-CLCPEW RFCMPCK DMP AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ; GR GQ ILMUL ?Q RFC
9EDI;HL7J?ED E< C;9>7D?97B ;D;H=O NPGLAGNJC. 2CKCK@CP RF?R RFGQ ?NNJGCQ RM RFC CVRCLR RF?R ?JJ RFC DMPACQ ?PC AMLQCPT?RGTC, QM RF?R DPGARGML GQ
LCEJGEG@JC. 4FC RMR?J IGLCRGA NJSQ NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW MD ? QWQRCK GQ BCDGLCB RM @C GRQ C;9>7D?97B ;D;H=O, (KE + PE) . )L ? QWQRCK RF?R CVNCPGCLACQ MLJW
AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ, RFCPC GQ ? NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF C?AF DMPAC, ?LB RFC CLCPEW MLJW AF?LECQ DMPK @CRUCCL KE ?LB RFC T?PGMSQ RWNCQ MD
PE , UGRF RFC RMR?J CLCPEW PCK?GLGLE AMLQR?LR.
EN7CFB; 7.8 .I?D= CEDI;HL7J?ED E< &;9>7D?97B ED;H=O JE C7B9KB7J; J>; ,F;;: E< 7 -EO C7H
! 0.100-IE RMW A?P GQ NPMNCJJCB @W ? AMKNPCQQCB QNPGLE, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 7.12. 4FC A?P DMJJMUQ ? RP?AI RF?R PGQCQ 0.180 K ?@MTC RFC QR?PRGLE
NMGLR. 4FC QNPGLE GQ AMKNPCQQCB 4.00 AK ?LB F?Q ? DMPAC AMLQR?LR MD 250.0 ./K. !QQSKGLE UMPI BMLC @W DPGARGML RM @C LCEJGEG@JC, DGLB (?) FMU
D?QR RFC A?P GQ EMGLE @CDMPC GR QR?PRQ SN RFC QJMNC ?LB (@) FMU D?QR GR GQ EMGLE ?R RFC RMN MD RFC QJMNC.
236 #(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3
F?=KH; 7.12 ! RMW A?P GQ NSQFCB @W ? AMKNPCQQCB QNPGLE ?LB AM?QRQ SN ? QJMNC. !QQSKGLE LCEJGEG@JC DPGARGML, RFC NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW GL RFC QNPGLE GQ DGPQR AMKNJCRCJW
AMLTCPRCB RM IGLCRGA CLCPEW, ?LB RFCL RM ? AMK@GL?RGML MD IGLCRGA ?LB EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW ?Q RFC A?P PGQCQ. 4FC BCR?GJQ MD RFC N?RF ?PC SLGKNMPR?LR @CA?SQC ?JJ
DMPACQ ?PC AMLQCPT?RGTCrRFC A?P UMSJB F?TC RFC Q?KC DGL?J QNCCB GD GR RMMI RFC ?JRCPL?RC N?RF QFMUL.
,JH7J;=O
4FC QNPGLE DMPAC ?LB RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC ?PC AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ, QM AMLQCPT?RGML MD KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW A?L @C SQCB. 4FSQ,
(7.49) KE
i
+PE
i
= KE
f
+ PE
f
MP
(7.50) 1
2
mv
i
2
+ mgh
i
+
1
2
kx
i
2
=
1
2
mv
f
2
+ mgh
f
+
1
2
kx
f
2
,
UFCPC h GQ RFC FCGEFR (TCPRGA?J NMQGRGML) ?LB x GQ RFC AMKNPCQQGML MD RFC QNPGLE. 4FGQ ECLCP?J QR?RCKCLR JMMIQ AMKNJCV @SR @CAMKCQ KSAF
QGKNJCP UFCL UC QR?PR AMLQGBCPGLE QNCAGDGA QGRS?RGMLQ. &GPQR, UC KSQR GBCLRGDW RFC GLGRG?J ?LB DGL?J AMLBGRGMLQ GL ? NPM@JCK; RFCL, UC CLRCP RFCK GLRM
RFC J?QR COS?RGML RM QMJTC DMP ?L SLILMUL.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
4FGQ N?PR MD RFC NPM@JCK GQ JGKGRCB RM AMLBGRGMLQ HSQR @CDMPC RFC A?P GQ PCJC?QCB ?LB HSQR ?DRCP GR JC?TCQ RFC QNPGLE. 4?IC RFC GLGRG?J FCGEFR RM @C XCPM,
QM RF?R @MRF h
i
?LB h
f
?PC XCPM. &SPRFCPKMPC, RFC GLGRG?J QNCCB v
i
GQ XCPM ?LB RFC DGL?J AMKNPCQQGML MD RFC QNPGLE x
f
GQ XCPM, ?LB QM QCTCP?J
RCPKQ GL RFC AMLQCPT?RGML MD KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW COS?RGML ?PC XCPM ?LB GR QGKNJGDGCQ RM
(7.51) 1
2
kx
i
2
=
1
2
mv
f
2
.
)L MRFCP UMPBQ, RFC GLGRG?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW GL RFC QNPGLE GQ AMLTCPRCB AMKNJCRCJW RM IGLCRGA CLCPEW GL RFC ?@QCLAC MD DPGARGML. 3MJTGLE DMP RFC DGL?J
QNCCB ?LB CLRCPGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ WGCJBQ
(7.52)
v
f
=
k
m
x
i
=
250.0 N/m
0.100 kg
(0.0400 m)
= 2.00 m/s.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
/LC KCRFMB MD DGLBGLE RFC QNCCB ?R RFC RMN MD RFC QJMNC GQ RM AMLQGBCP AMLBGRGMLQ HSQR @CDMPC RFC A?P GQ PCJC?QCB ?LB HSQR ?DRCP GR PC?AFCQ RFC RMN MD
RFC QJMNC, AMKNJCRCJW GELMPGLE CTCPWRFGLE GL @CRUCCL. $MGLE RFC Q?KC RWNC MD ?L?JWQGQ RM DGLB UFGAF RCPKQ ?PC XCPM, RFC AMLQCPT?RGML MD
KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW @CAMKCQ
(7.53) 1
2
kx
i
2
=
1
2
mv
f
2
+ mgh
f
.
4FGQ DMPK MD RFC COS?RGML KC?LQ RF?R RFC QNPGLEtQ GLGRG?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW GQ AMLTCPRCB N?PRJW RM EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW ?LB N?PRJW RM IGLCRGA
CLCPEW. 4FC DGL?J QNCCB ?R RFC RMN MD RFC QJMNC UGJJ @C JCQQ RF?L ?R RFC @MRRMK. 3MJTGLE DMP v
f
?LB QS@QRGRSRGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ EGTCQ
(7.54)
v
f
=
kx
i
2
m
2gh
f
=

250.0 N/m
0.100 kg
(0.0400 m)
2
2(9.80 m/s
2
)(0.180 m)
= 0.687 m/s.
D?I9KII?ED
!LMRFCP U?W RM QMJTC RFGQ NPM@JCK GQ RM PC?JGXC RF?R RFC A?PtQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW @CDMPC GR EMCQ SN RFC QJMNC GQ AMLTCPRCB N?PRJW RM NMRCLRG?J
CLCPEWrRF?R GQ, RM R?IC RFC DGL?J AMLBGRGMLQ GL N?PR (?) RM @C RFC GLGRG?J AMLBGRGMLQ GL N?PR (@).
.MRC RF?R, DMP AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ, UC BM LMR BGPCARJW A?JASJ?RC RFC UMPI RFCW BM; P?RFCP, UC AMLQGBCP RFCGP CDDCARQ RFPMSEF RFCGP AMPPCQNMLBGLE NMRCLRG?J
CLCPEGCQ, HSQR ?Q UC BGB GL EN7CFB; 7.8. .MRC ?JQM RF?R UC BM LMR AMLQGBCP BCR?GJQ MD RFC N?RF R?ICLrMLJW RFC QR?PRGLE ?LB CLBGLE NMGLRQ ?PC
GKNMPR?LR (?Q JMLE ?Q RFC N?RF GQ LMR GKNMQQG@JC). 4FGQ ?QQSKNRGML GQ SQS?JJW ? RPCKCLBMSQ QGKNJGDGA?RGML, @CA?SQC RFC N?RF K?W @C AMKNJGA?RCB ?LB
DMPACQ K?W T?PW ?JMLE RFC U?W.
#(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3 237
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: %LCPEW 3I?RC 0?PI
,C?PL ?@MSR AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW UGRF ? QI?RCP BSBC! "SGJB RP?AIQ, P?KNQ ?LB HSKNQ DMP RFC QI?RCP ?LB TGCU RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW, NMRCLRG?J
CLCPEW ?LB DPGARGML ?Q FC KMTCQ. 9MS A?L ?JQM R?IC RFC QI?RCP RM BGDDCPCLR NJ?LCRQ MP CTCL QN?AC!
F?=KH; 7.13 ED;H=O ,A7J; )7HA (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42149/1.4/;D;H=O-IA7J;-F7HA6;D.@7H)
7.5 'ED9EDI;HL7J?L; FEH9;I
.MLAMLQCPT?RGTC &MPACQ ?LB &PGARGML
&MPACQ ?PC CGRFCP AMLQCPT?RGTC MP LMLAMLQCPT?RGTC. #MLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ UCPC BGQASQQCB GL CEDI;HL7J?L; FEH9;I 7D: )EJ;DJ?7B ED;H=O. !
DED9EDI;HL7J?L; <EH9; GQ MLC DMP UFGAF UMPI BCNCLBQ ML RFC N?RF R?ICL. &PGARGML GQ ? EMMB CV?KNJC MD ? LMLAMLQCPT?RGTC DMPAC. !Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL
F?=KH; 7.14, UMPI BMLC ?E?GLQR DPGARGML BCNCLBQ ML RFC JCLERF MD RFC N?RF @CRUCCL RFC QR?PRGLE ?LB CLBGLE NMGLRQ. "CA?SQC MD RFGQ BCNCLBCLAC ML
N?RF, RFCPC GQ LM NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF LMLAMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ. !L GKNMPR?LR AF?P?ARCPGQRGA GQ RF?R RFC UMPI BMLC @W ? LMLAMLQCPT?RGTC
DMPAC 477F BE E8@BI8F @86;4A<64? 8A8E:L 9EB@ 4 FLFG8@. FH?9J?ED, DMP CV?KNJC, APC?RCQ J>;HC7B ;D;H=O RF?R BGQQGN?RCQ, PCKMTGLE CLCPEW DPMK RFC
QWQRCK. &SPRFCPKMPC, CTCL GD RFC RFCPK?J CLCPEW GQ PCR?GLCB MP A?NRSPCB, GR A?LLMR @C DSJJW AMLTCPRCB @?AI RM UMPI, QM GR GQ JMQR MP LMR PCAMTCP?@JC GL
RF?R QCLQC ?Q UCJJ.
F?=KH; 7.14 4FC ?KMSLR MD RFC F?NNW D?AC CP?QCB BCNCLBQ ML RFC N?RF R?ICL @W RFC CP?QCP @CRUCCL NMGLRQ ! ?LB ", ?Q BMCQ RFC UMPI BMLC ?E?GLQR DPGARGML. ,CQQ UMPI GQ BMLC
?LB JCQQ MD RFC D?AC GQ CP?QCB DMP RFC N?RF GL (?) RF?L DMP RFC N?RF GL (@). 4FC DMPAC FCPC GQ DPGARGML, ?LB KMQR MD RFC UMPI EMCQ GLRM RFCPK?J CLCPEW RF?R QS@QCOSCLRJW JC?TCQ RFC
QWQRCK (RFC F?NNW D?AC NJSQ RFC CP?QCP). 4FC CLCPEW CVNCLBCB A?LLMR @C DSJJW PCAMTCPCB.
(MU .MLAMLQCPT?RGTC &MPACQ !DDCAR -CAF?LGA?J %LCPEW
$86;4A<64? CLCPEW @4L LMR @C AMLQCPTCB UFCL LMLAMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ ?AR. &MP CV?KNJC, UFCL ? A?P GQ @PMSEFR RM ? QRMN @W DPGARGML ML JCTCJ EPMSLB,
GR JMQCQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW, UFGAF GQ BGQQGN?RCB ?Q RFCPK?J CLCPEW, PCBSAGLE GRQ KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW. F?=KH; 7.15 AMKN?PCQ RFC CDDCARQ MD AMLQCPT?RGTC ?LB
LMLAMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ. 7C MDRCL AFMMQC RM SLBCPQR?LB QGKNJCP QWQRCKQ QSAF ?Q RF?R BCQAPG@CB GL F?=KH; 7.15(?) DGPQR @CDMPC QRSBWGLE KMPC
AMKNJGA?RCB QWQRCKQ ?Q GL F?=KH; 7.15(@).
F?=KH; 7.15 #MKN?PGQML MD RFC CDDCARQ MD AMLQCPT?RGTC ?LB LMLAMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ ML RFC KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW MD ? QWQRCK. (?) ! QWQRCK UGRF MLJW AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ. 7FCL ?
PMAI GQ BPMNNCB MLRM ? QNPGLE, GRQ KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW PCK?GLQ AMLQR?LR (LCEJCARGLE ?GP PCQGQR?LAC) @CA?SQC RFC DMPAC GL RFC QNPGLE GQ AMLQCPT?RGTC. 4FC QNPGLE A?L NPMNCJ RFC
PMAI @?AI RM GRQ MPGEGL?J FCGEFR, UFCPC GR MLAC ?E?GL F?Q MLJW NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW BSC RM EP?TGRW. (@) ! QWQRCK UGRF LMLAMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ. 7FCL RFC Q?KC PMAI GQ BPMNNCB MLRM RFC
EPMSLB, GR GQ QRMNNCB @W LMLAMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ RF?R BGQQGN?RC GRQ KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW ?Q RFCPK?J CLCPEW, QMSLB, ?LB QSPD?AC BGQRMPRGML. 4FC PMAI F?Q JMQR KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW.
238 #(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3
(MU RFC 7MPI-%LCPEW 4FCMPCK !NNJGCQ
.MU JCR SQ AMLQGBCP UF?R DMPK RFC UMPI-CLCPEW RFCMPCK R?ICQ UFCL @MRF AMLQCPT?RGTC ?LB LMLAMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ ?AR. 7C UGJJ QCC RF?R RFC UMPI
BMLC @W LMLAMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ COS?JQ RFC AF?LEC GL RFC KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW MD ? QWQRCK. !Q LMRCB GL $?D;J?9 ED;H=O 7D: J>; 0EHA-ED;H=O
->;EH;C, RFC UMPI-CLCPEW RFCMPCK QR?RCQ RF?R RFC LCR UMPI ML ? QWQRCK COS?JQ RFC AF?LEC GL GRQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW, MP W
net
= KE . 4FC LCR UMPI GQ
RFC QSK MD RFC UMPI @W LMLAMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ NJSQ RFC UMPI @W AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ. 4F?R GQ,
(7.55) W
net
= W
nc
+ W
c
,
QM RF?R
(7.56) W
nc
+ W
c
= KE,
UFCPC W
nc
GQ RFC RMR?J UMPI BMLC @W ?JJ LMLAMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ ?LB W
c
GQ RFC RMR?J UMPI BMLC @W ?JJ AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ.
F?=KH; 7.16 ! NCPQML NSQFCQ ? AP?RC SN ? P?KN, BMGLE UMPI ML RFC AP?RC. &PGARGML ?LB EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC (LMR QFMUL) ?JQM BM UMPI ML RFC AP?RC; @MRF DMPACQ MNNMQC RFC
NCPQMLtQ NSQF. !Q RFC AP?RC GQ NSQFCB SN RFC P?KN, GR E?GLQ KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW, GKNJWGLE RF?R RFC UMPI BMLC @W RFC NCPQML GQ EPC?RCP RF?L RFC UMPI BMLC @W DPGARGML.
#MLQGBCP F?=KH; 7.16, GL UFGAF ? NCPQML NSQFCQ ? AP?RC SN ? P?KN ?LB GQ MNNMQCB @W DPGARGML. !Q GL RFC NPCTGMSQ QCARGML, UC LMRC RF?R UMPI BMLC @W
? AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPAC AMKCQ DPMK ? JMQQ MD EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW, QM RF?R W
c
= PE . 3S@QRGRSRGLE RFGQ COS?RGML GLRM RFC NPCTGMSQ MLC ?LB
QMJTGLE DMP W
nc
EGTCQ
(7.57) W
nc
= KE + PE.
4FGQ COS?RGML KC?LQ RF?R RFC RMR?J KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW (KE + PE) AF?LECQ @W CV?ARJW RFC ?KMSLR MD UMPI BMLC @W LMLAMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ. )L
F?=KH; 7.16, RFGQ GQ RFC UMPI BMLC @W RFC NCPQML KGLSQ RFC UMPI BMLC @W DPGARGML. 3M CTCL GD CLCPEW GQ LMR AMLQCPTCB DMP RFC QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR (QSAF
?Q RFC AP?RC), UC ILMU RF?R ?L COS?J ?KMSLR MD UMPI U?Q BMLC RM A?SQC RFC AF?LEC GL RMR?J KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW.
7C PC?PP?LEC W
nc
= KE + PE RM M@R?GL
(7.58) KE
i
+PE
i
+ W
nc
= KE
f
+ PE
f
.
4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R RFC ?KMSLR MD UMPI BMLC @W LMLAMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ ?BBQ RM RFC KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW MD ? QWQRCK. )D W
nc
GQ NMQGRGTC, RFCL KCAF?LGA?J
CLCPEW GQ GLAPC?QCB, QSAF ?Q UFCL RFC NCPQML NSQFCQ RFC AP?RC SN RFC P?KN GL F?=KH; 7.16. )D W
nc
GQ LCE?RGTC, RFCL KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW GQ
BCAPC?QCB, QSAF ?Q UFCL RFC PMAI FGRQ RFC EPMSLB GL F?=KH; 7.15(@). )D W
nc
GQ XCPM, RFCL KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW GQ AMLQCPTCB, ?LB LMLAMLQCPT?RGTC
DMPACQ ?PC @?J?LACB. &MP CV?KNJC, UFCL WMS NSQF ? J?UL KMUCP ?R AMLQR?LR QNCCB ML JCTCJ EPMSLB, WMSP UMPI BMLC GQ PCKMTCB @W RFC UMPI MD
DPGARGML, ?LB RFC KMUCP F?Q ? AMLQR?LR CLCPEW.
!NNJWGLE %LCPEW #MLQCPT?RGML UGRF .MLAMLQCPT?RGTC &MPACQ
7FCL LM AF?LEC GL NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW MAASPQ, ?NNJWGLE KE
i
+PE
i
+ W
nc
= KE
f
+ PE
f
?KMSLRQ RM ?NNJWGLE RFC UMPI-CLCPEW RFCMPCK @W QCRRGLE
RFC AF?LEC GL IGLCRGA CLCPEW RM @C COS?J RM RFC LCR UMPI BMLC ML RFC QWQRCK, UFGAF GL RFC KMQR ECLCP?J A?QC GLAJSBCQ @MRF AMLQCPT?RGTC ?LB
LMLAMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ. "SR UFCL QCCIGLE GLQRC?B RM DGLB ? AF?LEC GL RMR?J KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW GL QGRS?RGMLQ RF?R GLTMJTC AF?LECQ GL @MRF NMRCLRG?J ?LB
IGLCRGA CLCPEW, RFC NPCTGMSQ COS?RGML KE
i
+ PE
i
+ W
nc
= KE
f
+ PE
f
Q?WQ RF?R WMS A?L QR?PR @W DGLBGLE RFC AF?LEC GL KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW RF?R
UMSJB F?TC PCQSJRCB DPMK HSQR RFC AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ, GLAJSBGLE RFC NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW AF?LECQ, ?LB ?BB RM GR RFC UMPI BMLC, UGRF RFC NPMNCP QGEL, @W
?LW LMLAMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ GLTMJTCB.
EN7CFB; 7.9 C7B9KB7J?D= D?IJ7D9; -H7L;B;:: !EM F7H 7 B7I;87BB )B7O;H ,B?:;I
#MLQGBCP RFC QGRS?RGML QFMUL GL F?=KH; 7.17, UFCPC ? @?QC@?JJ NJ?WCP QJGBCQ RM ? QRMN ML JCTCJ EPMSLB. 5QGLE CLCPEW AMLQGBCP?RGMLQ, A?JASJ?RC RFC
BGQR?LAC RFC 65.0-IE @?QC@?JJ NJ?WCP QJGBCQ, EGTCL RF?R FGQ GLGRG?J QNCCB GQ 6.00 K/Q ?LB RFC DMPAC MD DPGARGML ?E?GLQR FGK GQ ? AMLQR?LR 450 ..
#(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3 239
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RFC GLGRG?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW.
,JH7J;=O
&PGARGML QRMNQ RFC NJ?WCP @W AMLTCPRGLE FGQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW GLRM MRFCP DMPKQ, GLAJSBGLE RFCPK?J CLCPEW. )L RCPKQ MD RFC UMPI-CLCPEW RFCMPCK, RFC
UMPI BMLC @W DPGARGML, UFGAF GQ LCE?RGTC, GQ ?BBCB RM RFC GLGRG?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW RM PCBSAC GR RM XCPM. 4FC UMPI BMLC @W DPGARGML GQ LCE?RGTC, @CA?SQC
f GQ GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML MD RFC KMRGML (RF?R GQ, = 180 , ?LB QM cos = 1 ). 4FSQ W
nc
= fd . 4FC COS?RGML QGKNJGDGCQ RM
(7.59) 1
2
mv
i
2
fd = 0
MP
(7.60)
fd =
1
2
mv
i
2
.
4FGQ COS?RGML A?L LMU @C QMJTCB DMP RFC BGQR?LAC d .
,EBKJ?ED
3MJTGLE RFC NPCTGMSQ COS?RGML DMP d ?LB QS@QRGRSRGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ WGCJBQ
(7.61)
d =
mv
i
2
2f
=
(65.0 kg)(6.00 m/s)
2
(2)(450 N)
= 2.60 m.
D?I9KII?ED
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KSQR UMPI F?PBCP RM QRMN ? RPSAI, UGRF GRQ J?PEC KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW, RF?L RM QRMN ? KMQOSGRM.
EN7CFB; 7.10 C7B9KB7J?D= D?IJ7D9; -H7L;B;:: ,B?:?D= .F 7D "D9B?D;
3SNNMQC RF?R RFC NJ?WCP DPMK EN7CFB; 7.9 GQ PSLLGLE SN ? FGJJ F?TGLE ? 5.00 GLAJGLC SNU?PB UGRF ? QSPD?AC QGKGJ?P RM RF?R GL RFC @?QC@?JJ
QR?BGSK. 4FC NJ?WCP QJGBCQ UGRF RFC Q?KC GLGRG?J QNCCB. $CRCPKGLC FMU D?P FC QJGBCQ.
F?=KH; 7.18 4FC Q?KC @?QC@?JJ NJ?WCP QJGBCQ RM ? QRMN ML ? 5.00 QJMNC.
,JH7J;=O
)L RFGQ A?QC, RFC UMPI BMLC @W RFC LMLAMLQCPT?RGTC DPGARGML DMPAC ML RFC NJ?WCP PCBSACQ RFC KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW FC F?Q DPMK FGQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?R
XCPM FCGEFR, RM RFC DGL?J KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW FC F?Q @W KMTGLE RFPMSEF BGQR?LAC d RM PC?AF FCGEFR h ?JMLE RFC FGJJ, UGRF h = d sin 5.00 . 4FGQ GQ
CVNPCQQCB @W RFC COS?RGML
240 #(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3
(7.62) KE + PE
i
+ W
nc
= KE
f
+ PE
f
.
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nc
= fd ; GLGRG?JJW RFC NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW GQ PE
i
= mg 0 = 0 ?LB RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ KE
i
=
1
2
mv
i
2
;
RFC DGL?J CLCPEW AMLRPG@SRGMLQ ?PC KE
f
= 0 DMP RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?LB PE
f
= mgh = mgd sin DMP RFC NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW.
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFCQC T?JSCQ EGTCQ
(7.63)
1
2
mv
i
2
+ 0 +

fd
= 0 + mgd sin .
3MJTC RFGQ DMP d RM M@R?GL
(7.64)
d =
1
2
mv
i
2
f + mg sin
=
(0.5)(65.0 kg)(6.00 m/s)
2
450 N+(65.0 kg)(9.80 m/s
2
) sin (5.00)
= 2.31 m.
D?I9KII?ED
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MD RFC DMPACQ BGPCARJW ?LB RFC UMPI CLCPEW RFCMPCK, GLQRC?B MD SQGLE RFC NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW. 4FGQ KCRFMB UMSJB F?TC PCOSGPCB AMK@GLGLE RFC LMPK?J
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9MS AMSJB RFCL SQC RFC LCR DMPAC ?LB RFC LCR UMPI RM DGLB RFC BGQR?LAC d RF?R PCBSACQ RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW RM XCPM. "W ?NNJWGLE AMLQCPT?RGML MD
CLCPEW ?LB SQGLE RFC NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW GLQRC?B, UC LCCB MLJW AMLQGBCP RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW mgh , UGRFMSR AMK@GLGLE ?LB PCQMJTGLE
DMPAC TCARMPQ. 4FGQ QGKNJGDGCQ RFC QMJSRGML AMLQGBCP?@JW.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 4?IC-(MKC )LTCQRGE?RGMLr$CRCPKGLGLE &PGARGML DPMK RFC 3RMNNGLE $GQR?LAC
4FGQ CVNCPGKCLR GLTMJTCQ RFC AMLTCPQGML MD EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW GLRM RFCPK?J CLCPEW. 5QC RFC PSJCP, @MMI, ?LB K?P@JC DPMK -7A;-!EC;
"DL;IJ?=7J?EDWCEDL;HJ?D= )EJ;DJ?7B JE $?D;J?9 ED;H=O. )L ?BBGRGML, WMS UGJJ LCCB ? DM?K ASN UGRF ? QK?JJ FMJC GL RFC QGBC, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH;
7.19. &PMK RFC 10-AK NMQGRGML ML RFC PSJCP, JCR RFC K?P@JC PMJJ GLRM RFC ASN NMQGRGMLCB ?R RFC @MRRMK MD RFC PSJCP. -C?QSPC RFC BGQR?LAC d RFC ASN
KMTCQ @CDMPC QRMNNGLE. 7F?R DMPACQ A?SQCB GR RM QRMN? 7F?R F?NNCLCB RM RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD RFC K?P@JC ?R RFC @MRRMK MD RFC PSJCP? .CVR, NJ?AC
RFC K?P@JC ?R RFC 20-AK ?LB RFC 30-AK NMQGRGMLQ ?LB ?E?GL KC?QSPC RFC BGQR?LAC RFC ASN KMTCQ ?DRCP RFC K?P@JC CLRCPQ GR. 0JMR RFC BGQR?LAC RFC
ASN KMTCQ TCPQSQ RFC GLGRG?J K?P@JC NMQGRGML ML RFC PSJCP. )Q RFGQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN JGLC?P?
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k
MD RFC ASN ML RFC R?@JC. 4FC DMPAC MD DPGARGML
f ML RFC ASN GQ
k
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RFC K?QQ MD RFC K?P@JC ?Q UCJJ RM A?JASJ?RC GRQ GLGRG?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW.
)R GQ GLRCPCQRGLE RM BM RFC ?@MTC CVNCPGKCLR ?JQM UGRF ? QRCCJ K?P@JC (MP @?JJ @C?PGLE). 2CJC?QGLE GR DPMK RFC Q?KC NMQGRGMLQ ML RFC PSJCP ?Q WMS BGB
UGRF RFC EJ?QQ K?P@JC, GQ RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFGQ QRCCJ K?P@JC RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC K?P@JC ?R RFC @MRRMK MD RFC PSJCP? )Q RFC BGQR?LAC RFC ASN
KMTCQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC K?QQ MD RFC QRCCJ ?LB EJ?QQ K?P@JCQ?
F?=KH; 7.19 2MJJGLE ? K?P@JC BMUL ? PSJCP GLRM ? DM?K ASN.
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GLAJGL?RGML ?DDCARQ RFC N?P?JJCJ DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML RFC DGJC A?@GLCR. 'P?NFQ QFMU DMPACQ, CLCPEW ?LB UMPI.
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@C QR?RCB ?Q DMJJMUQ:
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K?HMP RWNCQ MD CLCPEWrKCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW (KE + PE) ?LB CLCPEW RP?LQDCPPCB TG? UMPI BMLC @W LMLAMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ (W
nc
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/RFCP &MPKQ MD %LCPEW RF?L -CAF?LGA?J %LCPEW
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AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW GL COS?RGML DMPK ?Q
(7.65) KE
i
+ PE
i
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nc
+ OE
i
= KE
f
+ PE
f
+ OE
f
.
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AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPAC GQ PCNPCQCLRCB @W PE , UMPI BMLC @W LMLAMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ GQ W
nc
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-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 5QCDSJLCQQ MD RFC %LCPEW #MLQCPT?RGML 0PGLAGNJC
4FC D?AR RF?R CLCPEW GQ AMLQCPTCB ?LB F?Q K?LW DMPKQ K?ICQ GR TCPW GKNMPR?LR. 9MS UGJJ DGLB RF?R CLCPEW GQ BGQASQQCB GL K?LW AMLRCVRQ, @CA?SQC
GR GQ GLTMJTCB GL ?JJ NPMACQQCQ. )R UGJJ ?JQM @CAMKC ?NN?PCLR RF?R K?LW QGRS?RGMLQ ?PC @CQR SLBCPQRMMB GL RCPKQ MD CLCPEW ?LB RF?R NPM@JCKQ ?PC
MDRCL KMQR C?QGJW AMLACNRS?JGXCB ?LB QMJTCB @W AMLQGBCPGLE CLCPEW.
7FCL BMCQ OE NJ?W ? PMJC? /LC CV?KNJC MAASPQ UFCL ? NCPQML C?RQ. &MMB GQ MVGBGXCB UGRF RFC PCJC?QC MD A?P@ML BGMVGBC, U?RCP, ?LB CLCPEW. 3MKC
MD RFGQ AFCKGA?J CLCPEW GQ AMLTCPRCB RM IGLCRGA CLCPEW UFCL RFC NCPQML KMTCQ, RM NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW UFCL RFC NCPQML AF?LECQ ?JRGRSBC, ?LB RM RFCPK?J
CLCPEW (?LMRFCP DMPK MD OE ).
3MKC MD RFC -?LW &MPKQ MD %LCPEW
7F?R ?PC QMKC MRFCP DMPKQ MD CLCPEW? 9MS A?L NPM@?@JW L?KC ? LSK@CP MD DMPKQ MD CLCPEW LMR WCR BGQASQQCB. -?LW MD RFCQC UGJJ @C AMTCPCB GL J?RCP
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ML %?PRF ?PC GL D?AR QRMPCB CLCPEW DPMK RFC CLCPEW UC PCACGTC DPMK RFC 3SL. 7C QMKCRGKCQ PCDCP RM RFGQ ?Q H7:?7DJ ;D;H=O, MP CJCARPMK?ELCRGA
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KMRGMLQ GQ A?JJCB J>;HC7B ;D;H=O, @CA?SQC GR GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC M@HCAR. 4FCQC ?LB ?JJ MRFCP DMPKQ MD CLCPEW A?L @C AMLTCPRCB GLRM
MLC ?LMRFCP ?LB A?L BM UMPI.
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T?PGCRW MD RWNCQ ?LB QGRS?RGMLQ GQ GKNPCQQGTC.
0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE 3RP?RCEGCQ DMP %LCPEW
9MS UGJJ DGLB RFC DMJJMUGLE NPM@JCK-QMJTGLE QRP?RCEGCQ SQCDSJ UFCLCTCP WMS BC?J UGRF CLCPEW. 4FC QRP?RCEGCQ FCJN GL MPE?LGXGLE ?LB PCGLDMPAGLE
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,J;F 2. %V?KGLC ?JJ RFC DMPACQ GLTMJTCB ?LB BCRCPKGLC UFCRFCP WMS ILMU MP ?PC EGTCL RFC NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW DPMK RFC UMPI BMLC @W RFC DMPACQ.
4FCL SQC QRCN 3 MP QRCN 4.
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.
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CLCPEW.
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1 RML 4.4 4.210
9
1 E?JJML MD E?QMJGLC 1.210
8
$?GJW FMKC CJCARPGAGRW SQC (BCTCJMNCB AMSLRPGCQ) 710
7
$?GJW ?BSJR DMMB GLR?IC (PCAMKKCLBCB) 1.210
7
1000-IE A?P ?R 90 IK/F 3.110
5
1 E D?R (9.3 IA?J) 3.910
4
!40 FWBPMJWQGQ PC?ARGML 3.210
4
1 E A?P@MFWBP?RC (4.1 IA?J) 1.710
4
1 E NPMRCGL (4.1 IA?J) 1.710
4
4CLLGQ @?JJ ?R 100 IK/F 22
-MQOSGRM

10
2
g at 0.5 m/s
1.310
6
3GLEJC CJCARPML GL ? 46 RS@C @C?K 4.010
15
%LCPEW RM @PC?I MLC $.! QRP?LB 10
19
%DDGAGCLAW
%TCL RFMSEF CLCPEW GQ AMLQCPTCB GL ?L CLCPEW AMLTCPQGML NPMACQQ, RFC MSRNSR MD HF89H? 8A8E:L MP UMPI UGJJ @C JCQQ RF?L RFC CLCPEW GLNSR. 4FC
;<<?9?;D9O Ef MD ?L CLCPEW AMLTCPQGML NPMACQQ GQ BCDGLCB ?Q
(7.68)
Efciency(Ef ) =
useful energy or work output
total energy input
=
W
out
E
in
.
-78B; 7.2 JGQRQ QMKC CDDGAGCLAGCQ MD KCAF?LGA?J BCTGACQ ?LB FSK?L ?ARGTGRGCQ. )L ? AM?J-DGPCB NMUCP NJ?LR, DMP CV?KNJC, ?@MSR 40% MD RFC AFCKGA?J
CLCPEW GL RFC AM?J @CAMKCQ SQCDSJ CJCARPGA?J CLCPEW. 4FC MRFCP 60% RP?LQDMPKQ GLRM MRFCP (NCPF?NQ JCQQ SQCDSJ) CLCPEW DMPKQ, QSAF ?Q RFCPK?J CLCPEW,
UFGAF GQ RFCL PCJC?QCB RM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR RFPMSEF AMK@SQRGML E?QCQ ?LB AMMJGLE RMUCPQ.
244 #(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3
4?@JC 7.2 %DDGAGCLAW MD RFC (SK?L "MBW ?LB
-CAF?LGA?J $CTGACQ
A9J?L?JO/:;L?9; E<<?9?;D9O (%)
415
#WAJGLE ?LB AJGK@GLE 20
3UGKKGLE, QSPD?AC 2
3UGKKGLE, QS@KCPECB 4
3FMTCJGLE 3
7CGEFRJGDRGLE 9
3RC?K CLEGLC 17
'?QMJGLC CLEGLC 30
$GCQCJ CLEGLC 35
.SAJC?P NMUCP NJ?LR 35
#M?J NMUCP NJ?LR 42
%JCARPGA KMRMP 98
#MKN?AR DJSMPCQACLR JGEFR 20
'?Q FC?RCP (PCQGBCLRG?J) 90
3MJ?P ACJJ 10
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: -?QQCQ ?LB 3NPGLEQ
4P?LQNMPR RFC J?@ RM BGDDCPCLR NJ?LCRQ. ! AF?PR QFMUQ RFC IGLCRGA, NMRCLRG?J, ?LB RFCPK?J CLCPEGCQ DMP C?AF QNPGLE.
F?=KH; 7.22 &7II;I 7D: ,FH?D=I (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42151/1.5/C7II-IFH?D=-B786;D.@7H)
7.7 )EM;H
7F?R GQ 0MUCP?
'BJ8ErRFC UMPB AMLHSPCQ SN K?LW GK?ECQ: ? NPMDCQQGML?J DMMR@?JJ NJ?WCP KSQAJGLE ?QGBC FGQ MNNMLCLR, ? BP?EQRCP PM?PGLE ?U?W DPMK RFC QR?PRGLE
JGLC, ? TMJA?LM @JMUGLE GRQ J?T? GLRM RFC ?RKMQNFCPC, MP ? PMAICR @J?QRGLE MDD, ?Q GL F?=KH; 7.23.
F?=KH; 7.23 4FGQ NMUCPDSJ PMAICR ML RFC 3N?AC 3FSRRJC EA784IBE BGB UMPI ?LB AMLQSKCB CLCPEW ?R ? TCPW FGEF P?RC. (APCBGR: .!3!)
4FCQC GK?ECQ MD NMUCP F?TC GL AMKKML RFC P?NGB NCPDMPK?LAC MD UMPI, AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC QAGCLRGDGA BCDGLGRGML MD FEM;H ( P ) ?Q RFC P?RC ?R UFGAF
UMPI GQ BMLC.
1. +;FH;I;DJ7J?L; L7BK;I
#(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3 245
0MUCP
0MUCP GQ RFC P?RC ?R UFGAF UMPI GQ BMLC.
(7.69)
P =
W
t
4FC 3) SLGR DMP NMUCP GQ RFC M7JJ ( W), UFCPC 1 U?RR COS?JQ 1 HMSJC/QCAMLB (1 W = 1 J/s).
"CA?SQC UMPI GQ CLCPEW RP?LQDCP, NMUCP GQ ?JQM RFC P?RC ?R UFGAF CLCPEW GQ CVNCLBCB. ! 60-7 JGEFR @SJ@, DMP CV?KNJC, CVNCLBQ 60 * MD CLCPEW NCP
QCAMLB. 'PC?R NMUCP KC?LQ ? J?PEC ?KMSLR MD UMPI MP CLCPEW BCTCJMNCB GL ? QFMPR RGKC. &MP CV?KNJC, UFCL ? NMUCPDSJ A?P ?AACJCP?RCQ P?NGBJW, GR
BMCQ ? J?PEC ?KMSLR MD UMPI ?LB AMLQSKCQ ? J?PEC ?KMSLR MD DSCJ GL ? QFMPR RGKC.
#?JASJ?RGLE 0MUCP DPMK %LCPEW
EN7CFB; 7.11 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; )EM;H JE CB?C8 ,J7?HI
7F?R GQ RFC NMUCP MSRNSR DMP ? 60.0-IE UMK?L UFM PSLQ SN ? 3.00 K FGEF DJGEFR MD QR?GPQ GL 3.50 Q, QR?PRGLE DPMK PCQR @SR F?TGLE ? DGL?J QNCCB MD
2.00 K/Q? (3CC F?=KH; 7.24.)
F?=KH; 7.24 7FCL RFGQ UMK?L PSLQ SNQR?GPQ QR?PRGLE DPMK PCQR, QFC AMLTCPRQ RFC AFCKGA?J CLCPEW MPGEGL?JJW DPMK DMMB GLRM IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?LB EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW.
(CP NMUCP MSRNSR BCNCLBQ ML FMU D?QR QFC BMCQ RFGQ.
,JH7J;=O 7D: CED9;FJ
4FC UMPI EMGLE GLRM KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW GQ W= KE + PE . !R RFC @MRRMK MD RFC QR?GPQ, UC R?IC @MRF KE ?LB PE
g
?Q GLGRG?JJW XCPM; RFSQ,
W = KE
f
+ PE
g
=
1
2
mv
f
2
+ mgh , UFCPC h GQ RFC TCPRGA?J FCGEFR MD RFC QR?GPQ. "CA?SQC ?JJ RCPKQ ?PC EGTCL, UC A?L A?JASJ?RC W ?LB RFCL
BGTGBC GR @W RGKC RM ECR NMUCP.
,EBKJ?ED
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP W GLRM RFC BCDGLGRGML MD NMUCP EGTCL GL RFC NPCTGMSQ COS?RGML, P = W / t WGCJBQ
(7.70)
P =
W
t
=
1
2
mv
f
2
+ mgh
t
.
%LRCPGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ WGCJBQ
(7.71)
P =
0.5
60.0 kg
(2.00 m/s)
2
+

60.0 kg
9.80 m/s
2
(3.00 m)
3.50 s
=
120 J + 1764 J
3.50 s
= 538 W.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC UMK?L BMCQ 1764 * MD UMPI RM KMTC SN RFC QR?GPQ AMKN?PCB UGRF MLJW 120 * RM GLAPC?QC FCP IGLCRGA CLCPEW; RFSQ, KMQR MD FCP NMUCP MSRNSR GQ
PCOSGPCB DMP AJGK@GLE P?RFCP RF?L ?AACJCP?RGLE.
)R GQ GKNPCQQGTC RF?R RFGQ UMK?LtQ SQCDSJ NMUCP MSRNSR GQ QJGEFRJW JCQQ RF?L 1 >EHI;FEM;H (1 hp = 746 W) ! 0CMNJC A?L ECLCP?RC KMPC RF?L ?
FMPQCNMUCP UGRF RFCGP JCE KSQAJCQ DMP QFMPR NCPGMBQ MD RGKC @W P?NGBJW AMLTCPRGLE ?T?GJ?@JC @JMMB QSE?P ?LB MVWECL GLRM UMPI MSRNSR. (! FMPQC A?L NSR
246 #(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3
MSR 1 FN DMP FMSPQ ML CLB.) /LAC MVWECL GQ BCNJCRCB, NMUCP MSRNSR BCAPC?QCQ ?LB RFC NCPQML @CEGLQ RM @PC?RFC P?NGBJW RM M@R?GL MVWECL RM
KCR?@MJGXC KMPC DMMBrRFGQ GQ ILMUL ?Q RFC 48EB5<6 QR?EC MD CVCPAGQC. )D RFC UMK?L AJGK@CB RFC QR?GPQ QJMUJW, RFCL FCP NMUCP MSRNSR UMSJB @C KSAF
JCQQ, ?JRFMSEF RFC ?KMSLR MD UMPI BMLC UMSJB @C RFC Q?KC.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 4?IC-(MKC )LTCQRGE?RGMLr-C?QSPC 9MSP 0MUCP 2?RGLE
$CRCPKGLC WMSP MUL NMUCP P?RGLE @W KC?QSPGLE RFC RGKC GR R?ICQ WMS RM AJGK@ ? DJGEFR MD QR?GPQ. 7C UGJJ GELMPC RFC E?GL GL IGLCRGA CLCPEW, ?Q RFC
?@MTC CV?KNJC QFMUCB RF?R GR U?Q ? QK?JJ NMPRGML MD RFC CLCPEW E?GL. $MLtR CVNCAR RF?R WMSP MSRNSR UGJJ @C KMPC RF?L ?@MSR 0.5 FN.
%V?KNJCQ MD 0MUCP
%V?KNJCQ MD NMUCP ?PC JGKGRCB MLJW @W RFC GK?EGL?RGML, @CA?SQC RFCPC ?PC ?Q K?LW RWNCQ ?Q RFCPC ?PC DMPKQ MD UMPI ?LB CLCPEW. (3CC -78B; 7.3 DMP
QMKC CV?KNJCQ.) 3SLJGEFR PC?AFGLE %?PRFtQ QSPD?AC A?PPGCQ ? K?VGKSK NMUCP MD ?@MSR 1.3 IGJMU?RRQ NCP QOS?PC KCRCP (kW/m
2
). ! RGLW DP?ARGML MD
RFGQ GQ PCR?GLCB @W %?PRF MTCP RFC JMLE RCPK. /SP AMLQSKNRGML P?RC MD DMQQGJ DSCJQ GQ D?P EPC?RCP RF?L RFC P?RC ?R UFGAF RFCW ?PC QRMPCB, QM GR GQ GLCTGR?@JC
RF?R RFCW UGJJ @C BCNJCRCB. 0MUCP GKNJGCQ RF?R CLCPEW GQ RP?LQDCPPCB, NCPF?NQ AF?LEGLE DMPK. )R GQ LCTCP NMQQG@JC RM AF?LEC MLC DMPK AMKNJCRCJW GLRM
?LMRFCP UGRFMSR JMQGLE QMKC MD GR ?Q RFCPK?J CLCPEW. &MP CV?KNJC, ? 60-7 GLA?LBCQACLR @SJ@ AMLTCPRQ MLJW 5 7 MD CJCARPGA?J NMUCP RM JGEFR, UGRF 55 7
BGQQGN?RGLE GLRM RFCPK?J CLCPEW. &SPRFCPKMPC, RFC RWNGA?J CJCARPGA NMUCP NJ?LR AMLTCPRQ MLJW 35 RM 40% MD GRQ DSCJ GLRM CJCARPGAGRW. 4FC PCK?GLBCP
@CAMKCQ ? FSEC ?KMSLR MD RFCPK?J CLCPEW RF?R KSQR @C BGQNCPQCB ?Q FC?R RP?LQDCP, ?Q P?NGBJW ?Q GR GQ APC?RCB. ! AM?J-DGPCB NMUCP NJ?LR K?W NPMBSAC
1000 KCE?U?RRQ; 1 KCE?U?RR (-7) GQ 10
6
W MD CJCARPGA NMUCP. "SR RFC NMUCP NJ?LR AMLQSKCQ AFCKGA?J CLCPEW ?R ? P?RC MD ?@MSR 2500 -7,
APC?RGLE FC?R RP?LQDCP RM RFC QSPPMSLBGLEQ ?R ? P?RC MD 1500 -7. (3CC F?=KH; 7.25.)
F?=KH; 7.25 4PCKCLBMSQ ?KMSLRQ MD CJCARPGA NMUCP ?PC ECLCP?RCB @W AM?J-DGPCB NMUCP NJ?LRQ QSAF ?Q RFGQ MLC GL #FGL?, @SR ?L CTCL J?PECP ?KMSLR MD NMUCP EMCQ GLRM FC?R
RP?LQDCP RM RFC QSPPMSLBGLEQ. 4FC J?PEC AMMJGLE RMUCPQ FCPC ?PC LCCBCB RM RP?LQDCP FC?R ?Q P?NGBJW ?Q GR GQ NPMBSACB. 4FC RP?LQDCP MD FC?R GQ LMR SLGOSC RM AM?J NJ?LRQ @SR GQ ?L
SL?TMGB?@JC AMLQCOSCLAC MD ECLCP?RGLE CJCARPGA NMUCP DPMK ?LW DSCJrLSAJC?P, AM?J, MGJ, L?RSP?J E?Q, MP RFC JGIC. (APCBGR: +JCGLMJGTC, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
#(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3 247
4?@JC 7.3 0MUCP /SRNSR MP #MLQSKNRGML
(8@;9J EH )>;DEC;DED )EM;H ?D 07JJI
3SNCPLMT? (?R NC?I) 510
37
-GJIW 7?W E?J?VW 10
37
#P?@ .C@SJ? NSJQ?P 10
28
4FC 3SL 410
26
6MJA?LGA CPSNRGML (K?VGKSK) 410
15
,GEFRLGLE @MJR 210
12
.SAJC?P NMUCP NJ?LR (RMR?J CJCARPGA ?LB FC?R RP?LQDCP) 310
9
!GPAP?DR A?PPGCP (RMR?J SQCDSJ ?LB FC?R RP?LQDCP) 10
8
$P?EQRCP (RMR?J SQCDSJ ?LB FC?R RP?LQDCP) 210
6
#?P (RMR?J SQCDSJ ?LB FC?R RP?LQDCP) 810
4
&MMR@?JJ NJ?WCP (RMR?J SQCDSJ ?LB FC?R RP?LQDCP) 510
3
#JMRFCQ BPWCP 410
3
0CPQML ?R PCQR (?JJ FC?R RP?LQDCP) 100
4WNGA?J GLA?LBCQACLR JGEFR @SJ@ (RMR?J SQCDSJ ?LB FC?R RP?LQDCP) 60
(C?PR, NCPQML ?R PCQR (RMR?J SQCDSJ ?LB FC?R RP?LQDCP) 8
%JCARPGA AJMAI 3
0MAICR A?JASJ?RMP 10
3
0MUCP ?LB %LCPEW #MLQSKNRGML
7C SQS?JJW F?TC RM N?W DMP RFC CLCPEW UC SQC. )R GQ GLRCPCQRGLE ?LB C?QW RM CQRGK?RC RFC AMQR MD CLCPEW DMP ?L CJCARPGA?J ?NNJG?LAC GD GRQ NMUCP
AMLQSKNRGML P?RC ?LB RGKC SQCB ?PC ILMUL. 4FC FGEFCP RFC NMUCP AMLQSKNRGML P?RC ?LB RFC JMLECP RFC ?NNJG?LAC GQ SQCB, RFC EPC?RCP RFC AMQR MD RF?R
?NNJG?LAC. 4FC NMUCP AMLQSKNRGML P?RC GQ P = W / t = E / t , UFCPC E GQ RFC CLCPEW QSNNJGCB @W RFC CJCARPGAGRW AMKN?LW. 3M RFC CLCPEW AMLQSKCB
MTCP ? RGKC t GQ
(7.72) E = Pt.
%JCARPGAGRW @GJJQ QR?RC RFC CLCPEW SQCB GL SLGRQ MD A?BEM7JJ->EKHI (kW h), UFGAF GQ RFC NPMBSAR MD NMUCP GL IGJMU?RRQ ?LB RGKC GL FMSPQ. 4FGQ SLGR GQ
AMLTCLGCLR @CA?SQC CJCARPGA?J NMUCP AMLQSKNRGML ?R RFC IGJMU?RR JCTCJ DMP FMSPQ ?R ? RGKC GQ RWNGA?J.
EN7CFB; 7.12 C7B9KB7J?D= ED;H=O CEIJI
7F?R GQ RFC AMQR MD PSLLGLE ? 0.200-I7 AMKNSRCP 6.00 F NCP B?W DMP 30.0 B GD RFC AMQR MD CJCARPGAGRW GQ $0.120 NCP kW h ?
,JH7J;=O
#MQR GQ @?QCB ML CLCPEW AMLQSKCB; RFSQ, UC KSQR DGLB E DPMK E = Pt ?LB RFCL A?JASJ?RC RFC AMQR. "CA?SQC CJCARPGA?J CLCPEW GQ CVNPCQQCB GL
kW h , ?R RFC QR?PR MD ? NPM@JCK QSAF ?Q RFGQ GR GQ AMLTCLGCLR RM AMLTCPR RFC SLGRQ GLRM kW ?LB FMSPQ.
,EBKJ?ED
4FC CLCPEW AMLQSKCB GL kW h GQ
(7.73)
E = Pt = (0.200 kW)(6.00 h/d)(30.0 d)
= 36.0 kW h,
?LB RFC AMQR GQ QGKNJW EGTCL @W
(7.74)
cost = (36.0 kW h)($0.120 per kW h) = $4.32 per month.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC AMQR MD SQGLE RFC AMKNSRCP GL RFGQ CV?KNJC GQ LCGRFCP CVMP@GR?LR LMP LCEJGEG@JC. )R GQ AJC?P RF?R RFC AMQR GQ ? AMK@GL?RGML MD NMUCP ?LB RGKC.
7FCL @MRF ?PC FGEF, QSAF ?Q DMP ?L ?GP AMLBGRGMLCP GL RFC QSKKCP, RFC AMQR GQ FGEF.
248 #(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3
4FC KMRGT?RGML RM Q?TC CLCPEW F?Q @CAMKC KMPC AMKNCJJGLE UGRF GRQ CTCP-GLAPC?QGLE NPGAC. !PKCB UGRF RFC ILMUJCBEC RF?R CLCPEW AMLQSKCB GQ RFC
NPMBSAR MD NMUCP ?LB RGKC, WMS A?L CQRGK?RC AMQRQ DMP WMSPQCJD ?LB K?IC RFC LCACQQ?PW T?JSC HSBEKCLRQ ?@MSR UFCPC RM Q?TC CLCPEW. %GRFCP NMUCP
MP RGKC KSQR @C PCBSACB. )R GQ KMQR AMQR-CDDCARGTC RM JGKGR RFC SQC MD FGEF-NMUCP BCTGACQ RF?R LMPK?JJW MNCP?RC DMP JMLE NCPGMBQ MD RGKC, QSAF ?Q U?RCP
FC?RCPQ ?LB ?GP AMLBGRGMLCPQ. 4FGQ UMSJB LMR GLAJSBC PCJ?RGTCJW FGEF NMUCP BCTGACQ JGIC RM?QRCPQ, @CA?SQC RFCW ?PC ML MLJW ? DCU KGLSRCQ NCP B?W. )R
UMSJB ?JQM LMR GLAJSBC CJCARPGA AJMAIQ, GL QNGRC MD RFCGP 24-FMSP-NCP-B?W SQ?EC, @CA?SQC RFCW ?PC TCPW JMU NMUCP BCTGACQ. )R GQ QMKCRGKCQ NMQQG@JC RM
SQC BCTGACQ RF?R F?TC EPC?RCP CDDGAGCLAGCQrRF?R GQ, BCTGACQ RF?R AMLQSKC JCQQ NMUCP RM ?AAMKNJGQF RFC Q?KC R?QI. /LC CV?KNJC GQ RFC AMKN?AR
DJSMPCQACLR JGEFR @SJ@, UFGAF NPMBSACQ MTCP DMSP RGKCQ KMPC JGEFR NCP U?RR MD NMUCP AMLQSKCB RF?L GRQ GLA?LBCQACLR AMSQGL.
-MBCPL AGTGJGX?RGML BCNCLBQ ML CLCPEW, @SR ASPPCLR JCTCJQ MD CLCPEW AMLQSKNRGML ?LB NPMBSARGML ?PC LMR QSQR?GL?@JC. 4FC JGICJGFMMB MD ? JGLI @CRUCCL
EJM@?J U?PKGLE ?LB DMQQGJ DSCJ SQC (UGRF GRQ AMLAMKGR?LR NPMBSARGML MD A?P@ML BGMVGBC), F?Q K?BC PCBSARGML GL CLCPEW SQC ?Q UCJJ ?Q ? QFGDR RM LML-
DMQQGJ DSCJQ MD RFC SRKMQR GKNMPR?LAC. %TCL RFMSEF CLCPEW GL ?L GQMJ?RCB QWQRCK GQ ? AMLQCPTCB OS?LRGRW, RFC DGL?J PCQSJR MD KMQR CLCPEW
RP?LQDMPK?RGMLQ GQ U?QRC FC?R RP?LQDCP RM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR, UFGAF GQ LM JMLECP SQCDSJ DMP BMGLE UMPI. !Q UC UGJJ BGQASQQ GL KMPC BCR?GJ GL
->;HCE:OD7C?9I, RFC NMRCLRG?J DMP CLCPEW RM NPMBSAC SQCDSJ UMPI F?Q @CCL uBCEP?BCBv GL RFC CLCPEW RP?LQDMPK?RGML.
7.8 0EHA, ED;H=O, 7D: )EM;H ?D !KC7DI
%LCPEW #MLTCPQGML GL (SK?LQ
/SP MUL @MBGCQ, JGIC ?JJ JGTGLE MPE?LGQKQ, ?PC CLCPEW AMLTCPQGML K?AFGLCQ. #MLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW GKNJGCQ RF?R RFC AFCKGA?J CLCPEW QRMPCB GL DMMB GQ
AMLTCPRCB GLRM UMPI, RFCPK?J CLCPEW, ?LB/MP QRMPCB ?Q AFCKGA?J CLCPEW GL D?RRW RGQQSC. (3CC F?=KH; 7.26.) 4FC DP?ARGML EMGLE GLRM C?AF DMPK BCNCLBQ
@MRF ML FMU KSAF UC C?R ?LB ML MSP JCTCJ MD NFWQGA?J ?ARGTGRW. )D UC C?R KMPC RF?L GQ LCCBCB RM BM UMPI ?LB QR?W U?PK, RFC PCK?GLBCP EMCQ GLRM @MBW
D?R.
F?=KH; 7.26 %LCPEW AMLQSKCB @W FSK?LQ GQ AMLTCPRCB RM UMPI, RFCPK?J CLCPEW, ?LB QRMPCB D?R. "W D?P RFC J?PECQR DP?ARGML EMCQ RM RFCPK?J CLCPEW, ?JRFMSEF RFC DP?ARGML T?PGCQ
BCNCLBGLE ML RFC RWNC MD NFWQGA?J ?ARGTGRW.
0MUCP #MLQSKCB ?R 2CQR
4FC E4G8 ?R UFGAF RFC @MBW SQCQ DMMB CLCPEW RM QSQR?GL JGDC ?LB RM BM BGDDCPCLR ?ARGTGRGCQ GQ A?JJCB RFC C;J78EB?9 H7J;. 4FC RMR?J CLCPEW AMLTCPQGML P?RC
MD ? NCPQML 4G E8FG GQ A?JJCB RFC 87I7B C;J78EB?9 H7J; ("-2) ?LB GQ BGTGBCB ?KMLE T?PGMSQ QWQRCKQ GL RFC @MBW, ?Q QFMUL GL -78B; 7.4. 4FC J?PECQR
DP?ARGML EMCQ RM RFC JGTCP ?LB QNJCCL, UGRF RFC @P?GL AMKGLE LCVR. /D AMSPQC, BSPGLE TGEMPMSQ CVCPAGQC, RFC CLCPEW AMLQSKNRGML MD RFC QICJCR?J KSQAJCQ
?LB FC?PR GLAPC?QC K?PICBJW. !@MSR 75% MD RFC A?JMPGCQ @SPLCB GL ? B?W EM GLRM RFCQC @?QGA DSLARGMLQ. 4FC "-2 GQ ? DSLARGML MD ?EC, ECLBCP, RMR?J
@MBW UCGEFR, ?LB ?KMSLR MD KSQAJC K?QQ (UFGAF @SPLQ KMPC A?JMPGCQ RF?L @MBW D?R). !RFJCRCQ F?TC ? EPC?RCP "-2 BSC RM RFGQ J?QR D?ARMP.
4?@JC 7.4 "?Q?J -CR?@MJGA 2?RCQ ("-2)
(H=7D )EM;H 9EDIKC;: 7J H;IJ (0) (NO=;D 9EDIKCFJ?ED (C%/C?D) );H9;DJ E< B&+
,GTCP & QNJCCL 23 67 27
"P?GL 16 47 19
3ICJCR?J KSQAJC 15 45 18
+GBLCW 9 26 10
(C?PR 6 17 7
/RFCP 16 48 19
-EJ7BI 85 7 250 K,/KGL 100%
%LCPEW AMLQSKNRGML GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM MVWECL AMLQSKNRGML @CA?SQC RFC BGECQRGTC NPMACQQ GQ @?QGA?JJW MLC MD MVGBGXGLE DMMB. 7C A?L KC?QSPC
RFC CLCPEW NCMNJC SQC BSPGLE T?PGMSQ ?ARGTGRGCQ @W KC?QSPGLE RFCGP MVWECL SQC. (3CC F?=KH; 7.27.) !NNPMVGK?RCJW 20 I* MD CLCPEW ?PC NPMBSACB DMP
C?AF JGRCP MD MVWECL AMLQSKCB, GLBCNCLBCLR MD RFC RWNC MD DMMB. -78B; 7.5 QFMUQ CLCPEW ?LB MVWECL AMLQSKNRGML P?RCQ (NMUCP CVNCLBCB) DMP ?
T?PGCRW MD ?ARGTGRGCQ.
0MUCP MD $MGLE 5QCDSJ 7MPI
7MPI BMLC @W ? NCPQML GQ QMKCRGKCQ A?JJCB KI;<KB MEHA, UFGAF GQ JBE> 7BA8 BA G;8 BHGF<78 JBE?7, QSAF ?Q JGDRGLE UCGEFRQ. 5QCDSJ UMPI PCOSGPCQ ?
DMPAC CVCPRCB RFPMSEF ? BGQR?LAC ML RFC MSRQGBC UMPJB, ?LB QM GR CVAJSBCQ GLRCPL?J UMPI, QSAF ?Q RF?R BMLC @W RFC FC?PR UFCL NSKNGLE @JMMB. 5QCDSJ
UMPI BMCQ GLAJSBC RF?R BMLC GL AJGK@GLE QR?GPQ MP ?AACJCP?RGLE RM ? DSJJ PSL, @CA?SQC RFCQC ?PC ?AAMKNJGQFCB @W CVCPRGLE DMPACQ ML RFC MSRQGBC UMPJB.
&MPACQ CVCPRCB @W RFC @MBW ?PC LMLAMLQCPT?RGTC, QM RF?R RFCW A?L AF?LEC RFC KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW ( KE + PE ) MD RFC QWQRCK UMPICB SNML, ?LB RFGQ GQ
MDRCL RFC EM?J. ! @?QC@?JJ NJ?WCP RFPMUGLE ? @?JJ, DMP CV?KNJC, GLAPC?QCQ @MRF RFC @?JJtQ IGLCRGA ?LB NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW.
#(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3 249
)D ? NCPQML LCCBQ KMPC CLCPEW RF?L RFCW AMLQSKC, QSAF ?Q UFCL BMGLE TGEMPMSQ UMPI, RFC @MBW KSQR BP?U SNML RFC AFCKGA?J CLCPEW QRMPCB GL D?R.
3M CVCPAGQC A?L @C FCJNDSJ GL JMQGLE D?R. (MUCTCP, RFC ?KMSLR MD CVCPAGQC LCCBCB RM NPMBSAC ? JMQQ GL D?R, MP RM @SPL MDD CVRP? A?JMPGCQ AMLQSKCB RF?R
B?W, A?L @C J?PEC, ?Q EN7CFB; 7.13 GJJSQRP?RCQ.
EN7CFB; 7.13 C7B9KB7J?D= 0;?=>J %EII <HEC EN;H9?I?D=
)D ? NCPQML UFM LMPK?JJW PCOSGPCQ ?L ?TCP?EC MD 12,000 I* (3000 IA?J) MD DMMB CLCPEW NCP B?W AMLQSKCQ 13,000 I* NCP B?W, FC UGJJ QRC?BGJW E?GL
UCGEFR. (MU KSAF @GAWAJGLE NCP B?W GQ PCOSGPCB RM UMPI MDD RFGQ CVRP? 1000 I*?
,EBKJ?ED
-78B; 7.5 QR?RCQ RF?R 400 7 ?PC SQCB UFCL AWAJGLE ?R ? KMBCP?RC QNCCB. 4FC RGKC PCOSGPCB RM UMPI MDD 1000 I* ?R RFGQ P?RC GQ RFCL
(7.75)
Time =
energy
energy
time
=
1000 kJ
400 W
= 2500 s = 42 min.
D?I9KII?ED
)D RFGQ NCPQML SQCQ KMPC CLCPEW RF?L FC MP QFC AMLQSKCQ, RFC NCPQMLtQ @MBW UGJJ M@R?GL RFC LCCBCB CLCPEW @W KCR?@MJGXGLE @MBW D?R. )D RFC
NCPQML SQCQ 13,000 I* @SR AMLQSKCQ MLJW 12,000 I*, RFCL RFC ?KMSLR MD D?R JMQQ UGJJ @C
(7.76)
Fat loss = (1000 kJ)
1.0 g fat
39 kJ
= 26 g,
?QQSKGLE RFC CLCPEW AMLRCLR MD D?R RM @C 39 I*/E.
F?=KH; 7.27 ! NSJQC MVWKCRCP GQ ?L ?NN?P?RSQ RF?R KC?QSPCQ RFC ?KMSLR MD MVWECL GL @JMMB. /VWKCRCPQ A?L @C SQCB RM BCRCPKGLC ? NCPQMLtQ KCR?@MJGA P?RC, UFGAF GQ RFC P?RC
?R UFGAF DMMB CLCPEW GQ AMLTCPRCB RM ?LMRFCP DMPK. 3SAF KC?QSPCKCLRQ A?L GLBGA?RC RFC JCTCJ MD ?RFJCRGA AMLBGRGMLGLE ?Q UCJJ ?Q ACPR?GL KCBGA?J NPM@JCKQ. (APCBGR: 5SQG!H?H?,
7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
4?@JC 7.5 %LCPEW ?LB /VWECL #MLQSKNRGML 2?RCQ
;2=
(0MUCP)
A9J?L?JO ED;H=O 9EDIKCFJ?ED ?D M7JJI (NO=;D 9EDIKCFJ?ED ?D B?J;HI (2/C?D
3JCCNGLE 83 0.24
3GRRGLE ?R PCQR 120 0.34
3R?LBGLE PCJ?VCB 125 0.36
3GRRGLE GL AJ?QQ 210 0.60
7?JIGLE (5 IK/F) 280 0.80
#WAJGLE (13q18 IK/F) 400 1.14
3FGTCPGLE 425 1.21
0J?WGLE RCLLGQ 440 1.26
3UGKKGLE @PC?QRQRPMIC 475 1.36
)AC QI?RGLE (14.5 IK/F) 545 1.56
#JGK@GLE QR?GPQ (116/KGL) 685 1.96
#WAJGLE (21 IK/F) 700 2.00
2SLLGLE APMQQ-AMSLRPW 740 2.12
0J?WGLE @?QICR@?JJ 800 2.28
#WAJGLE, NPMDCQQGML?J P?ACP 1855 5.30
3NPGLRGLE 2415 6.90
2. DMP ?L ?TCP?EC 76-IE K?JC
250 #(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3
!JJ @MBGJW DSLARGMLQ, DPMK RFGLIGLE RM JGDRGLE UCGEFRQ, PCOSGPC CLCPEW. (3CC F?=KH; 7.28.) 4FC K?LW QK?JJ KSQAJC ?ARGMLQ ?AAMKN?LWGLE ?JJ OSGCR ?ARGTGRW,
DPMK QJCCNGLE RM FC?B QAP?RAFGLE, SJRGK?RCJW @CAMKC RFCPK?J CLCPEW, ?Q BM JCQQ TGQG@JC KSQAJC ?ARGMLQ @W RFC FC?PR, JSLEQ, ?LB BGECQRGTC RP?AR.
3FGTCPGLE, GL D?AR, GQ ?L GLTMJSLR?PW PCQNMLQC RM JMU @MBW RCKNCP?RSPC RF?R NGRQ KSQAJCQ ?E?GLQR MLC ?LMRFCP RM NPMBSAC RFCPK?J CLCPEW GL RFC @MBW
(?LB BM LM UMPI). 4FC IGBLCWQ ?LB JGTCP AMLQSKC ? QSPNPGQGLE ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW, @SR RFC @GEECQR QSPNPGQC MD ?JJ GR RF?R ? DSJJ 25% MD ?JJ CLCPEW
AMLQSKCB @W RFC @MBW GQ SQCB RM K?GLR?GL CJCARPGA?J NMRCLRG?JQ GL ?JJ JGTGLE ACJJQ. (.CPTC ACJJQ SQC RFGQ CJCARPGA?J NMRCLRG?J GL LCPTC GKNSJQCQ.) 4FGQ
@GMCJCARPGA?J CLCPEW SJRGK?RCJW @CAMKCQ KMQRJW RFCPK?J CLCPEW, @SR QMKC GQ SRGJGXCB RM NMUCP AFCKGA?J NPMACQQCQ QSAF ?Q GL RFC IGBLCWQ ?LB JGTCP, ?LB
GL D?R NPMBSARGML.
F?=KH; 7.28 4FGQ D-2) QA?L QFMUQ ?L GLAPC?QCB JCTCJ MD CLCPEW AMLQSKNRGML GL RFC TGQGML ACLRCP MD RFC @P?GL. (CPC, RFC N?RGCLR U?Q @CGLE ?QICB RM PCAMELGXC D?ACQ. (APCBGR:
.)( TG? 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
7.9 0EHB: ED;H=O .I;
%LCPEW GQ ?L GKNMPR?LR GLEPCBGCLR GL ?JJ NF?QCQ MD QMAGCRW. 7C JGTC GL ? TCPW GLRCPBCNCLBCLR UMPJB, ?LB ?AACQQ RM ?BCOS?RC ?LB PCJG?@JC CLCPEW
PCQMSPACQ GQ APSAG?J DMP CAMLMKGA EPMURF ?LB DMP K?GLR?GLGLE RFC OS?JGRW MD MSP JGTCQ. "SR ASPPCLR JCTCJQ MD CLCPEW AMLQSKNRGML ?LB NPMBSARGML ?PC LMR
QSQR?GL?@JC. !@MSR 40% MD RFC UMPJBtQ CLCPEW AMKCQ DPMK MGJ, ?LB KSAF MD RF?R EMCQ RM RP?LQNMPR?RGML SQCQ. /GJ NPGACQ ?PC BCNCLBCLR ?Q KSAF SNML
LCU (MP DMPCQCCL) BGQAMTCPGCQ ?Q RFCW ?PC SNML NMJGRGA?J CTCLRQ ?LB QGRS?RGMLQ ?PMSLB RFC UMPJB. 4FC 5.3., UGRF 4.5% MD RFC UMPJBtQ NMNSJ?RGML,
AMLQSKCQ 24% MD RFC UMPJBtQ MGJ NPMBSARGML NCP WC?P; 66% MD RF?R MGJ GQ GKNMPRCB!
2CLCU?@JC ?LB .MLPCLCU?@JC %LCPEW 3MSPACQ
4FC NPGLAGN?J CLCPEW PCQMSPACQ SQCB GL RFC UMPJB ?PC QFMUL GL F?=KH; 7.29. 4FC DSCJ KGV F?Q AF?LECB MTCP RFC WC?PQ @SR LMU GQ BMKGL?RCB @W MGJ,
?JRFMSEF L?RSP?J E?Q ?LB QMJ?P AMLRPG@SRGMLQ ?PC GLAPC?QGLE. +;D;M78B; <EHCI E< ;D;H=O ?PC RFMQC QMSPACQ RF?R A?LLMR @C SQCB SN, QSAF ?Q U?RCP,
UGLB, QMJ?P, ?LB @GMK?QQ. !@MSR 85% MD MSP CLCPEW AMKCQ DPMK LMLPCLCU?@JC <EII?B <K;BIrMGJ, L?RSP?J E?Q, AM?J. 4FC JGICJGFMMB MD ? JGLI @CRUCCL
EJM@?J U?PKGLE ?LB DMQQGJ DSCJ SQC, UGRF GRQ NPMBSARGML MD A?P@ML BGMVGBC RFPMSEF AMK@SQRGML, F?Q K?BC, GL RFC CWCQ MD K?LW QAGCLRGQRQ, ? QFGDR RM LML-
DMQQGJ DSCJQ MD SRKMQR GKNMPR?LACr@SR GR UGJJ LMR @C C?QW.
F?=KH; 7.29 7MPJB CLCPEW AMLQSKNRGML @W QMSPAC, GL @GJJGMLQ MD IGJMU?RR-FMSPQ: 2006. (APCBGR: +6$0)
4FC 7MPJBtQ 'PMUGLE %LCPEW .CCBQ
7MPJB CLCPEW AMLQSKNRGML AMLRGLSCQ RM PGQC, CQNCAG?JJW GL RFC BCTCJMNGLE AMSLRPGCQ. (3CC F?=KH; 7.30.) 'JM@?J BCK?LB DMP CLCPEW F?Q RPGNJCB GL RFC
N?QR 50 WC?PQ ?LB KGEFR RPGNJC ?E?GL GL RFC LCVR 30 WC?PQ. 7FGJC KSAF MD RFGQ EPMURF UGJJ AMKC DPMK RFC P?NGBJW @MMKGLE CAMLMKGCQ MD #FGL? ?LB
)LBG?, K?LW MD RFC BCTCJMNCB AMSLRPGCQ, CQNCAG?JJW RFMQC GL %SPMNC, ?PC FMNGLE RM KCCR RFCGP CLCPEW LCCBQ @W CVN?LBGLE RFC SQC MD PCLCU?@JC
QMSPACQ. !JRFMSEF NPCQCLRJW MLJW ? QK?JJ NCPACLR?EC, PCLCU?@JC CLCPEW GQ EPMUGLE TCPW D?QR, CQNCAG?JJW UGLB CLCPEW. &MP CV?KNJC, 'CPK?LW NJ?LQ RM
KCCR 20% MD GRQ CJCARPGAGRW ?LB 10% MD GRQ MTCP?JJ CLCPEW LCCBQ UGRF PCLCU?@JC PCQMSPACQ @W RFC WC?P 2020. (3CC F?=KH; 7.31.) %LCPEW GQ ? ICW
AMLQRP?GLR GL RFC P?NGB CAMLMKGA EPMURF MD #FGL? ?LB )LBG?. )L 2003, #FGL? QSPN?QQCB *?N?L ?Q RFC UMPJBtQ QCAMLB J?PECQR AMLQSKCP MD MGJ. (MUCTCP,
MTCP 1/3 MD RFGQ GQ GKNMPRCB. 5LJGIC KMQR 7CQRCPL AMSLRPGCQ, AM?J BMKGL?RCQ RFC AMKKCPAG?J CLCPEW PCQMSPACQ MD #FGL?, ?AAMSLRGLE DMP 2/3 MD GRQ
#(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3 251
CLCPEW AMLQSKNRGML. )L 2009 #FGL? QSPN?QQCB RFC 5LGRCB 3R?RCQ ?Q RFC J?PECQR ECLCP?RMP MD CO
2
. )L )LBG?, RFC K?GL CLCPEW PCQMSPACQ ?PC @GMK?QQ
(UMMB ?LB BSLE) ?LB AM?J. (?JD MD )LBG?tQ MGJ GQ GKNMPRCB. !@MSR 70% MD )LBG?tQ CJCARPGAGRW GQ ECLCP?RCB @W FGEFJW NMJJSRGLE AM?J. 9CR RFCPC ?PC QGXC?@JC
QRPGBCQ @CGLE K?BC GL PCLCU?@JC CLCPEW. )LBG? F?Q ? P?NGBJW EPMUGLE UGLB CLCPEW @?QC, ?LB GR F?Q RFC J?PECQR QMJ?P AMMIGLE NPMEP?K GL RFC UMPJB.
F?=KH; 7.30 0?QR ?LB NPMHCARCB UMPJB CLCPEW SQC (QMSPAC: "?QCB ML B?R? DPMK 5.3. %LCPEW )LDMPK?RGML !BKGLGQRP?RGML, 2011)
F?=KH; 7.31 3MJ?P ACJJ ?PP?WQ ?R ? NMUCP NJ?LR GL 3RCGLBMPD, 'CPK?LW (APCBGR: -GAF?CJ "CRIC, &JGAIP)
-78B; 7.6 BGQNJ?WQ RFC 2006 AMKKCPAG?J CLCPEW KGV @W AMSLRPW DMP QMKC MD RFC NPGKC CLCPEW SQCPQ GL RFC UMPJB. 7FGJC LML-PCLCU?@JC QMSPACQ
BMKGL?RC, QMKC AMSLRPGCQ ECR ? QGXC?@JC NCPACLR?EC MD RFCGP CJCARPGAGRW DPMK PCLCU?@JC PCQMSPACQ. &MP CV?KNJC, ?@MSR 67% MD .CU :C?J?LBtQ
CJCARPGAGRW BCK?LB GQ KCR @W FWBPMCJCARPGA. /LJW 10% MD RFC 5.3. CJCARPGAGRW GQ ECLCP?RCB @W PCLCU?@JC PCQMSPACQ, NPGK?PGJW FWBPMCJCARPGA. )R GQ BGDDGASJR
RM BCRCPKGLC RMR?J AMLRPG@SRGMLQ MD PCLCU?@JC CLCPEW GL QMKC AMSLRPGCQ UGRF ? J?PEC PSP?J NMNSJ?RGML, QM RFCQC NCPACLR?ECQ GL RFGQ R?@JC ?PC JCDR @J?LI.
4?@JC 7.6 %LCPEW #MLQSKNRGMLr3CJCARCB #MSLRPGCQ (2006)
CEKDJHO
CEDIKCFJ?ED,
?D E# (10
18
#)
(?B
'7JKH7B
7I
CE7B 'K9B;7H !O:HE
(J>;H
+;D;M78B;I
EB;9JH?9?JO .I;
F;H 97F?J7 (A0>/
OH)
ED;H=O .I;
F;H 97F?J7 (#/
OH)
!SQRP?JG? 5.4 34% 17% 44% 0% 3% 1% 10000 260
"P?XGJ 9.6 48% 7% 5% 1% 35% 2% 2000 50
#FGL? 63 22% 3% 69% 1% 6% 1500 35
%EWNR 2.4 50% 41% 1% 0% 6% 990 32
'CPK?LW 16 37% 24% 24% 11% 1% 3% 6400 173
)LBG? 15 34% 7% 52% 1% 5% 470 13
)LBMLCQG? 4.9 51% 26% 16% 0% 2% 3% 420 22
*?N?L 24 48% 14% 21% 12% 4% 1% 7100 176
.CU
:C?J?LB
0.44 32% 26% 6% 0% 11% 19% 8500 102
2SQQG? 31 19% 53% 16% 5% 6% 5700 202
5.3. 105 40% 23% 22% 8% 3% 1% 12500 340
0EHB: 432 39% 23% 24% 6% 6% 2% 2600 71
252 #(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3
87I7B C;J78EB?9 H7J;:
9>;C?97B ;D;H=O:
9EDI;HL7J?ED E< C;9>7D?97B ;D;H=O:
9EDI;HL7J?L; <EH9;:
;<<?9?;D9O:
;B;9JH?97B ;D;H=O:
;D;H=O:
<EII?B <K;BI:
<H?9J?ED:
=H7L?J7J?ED7B FEJ;DJ?7B ;D;H=O:
>EHI;FEM;H:
%LCPEW ?LB %AMLMKGA 7CJJ-@CGLE
4FC J?QR RUM AMJSKLQ GL RFGQ R?@JC CV?KGLC RFC CLCPEW ?LB CJCARPGAGRW SQC NCP A?NGR?. %AMLMKGA UCJJ-@CGLE GQ BCNCLBCLR SNML CLCPEW SQC, ?LB GL KMQR
AMSLRPGCQ FGEFCP QR?LB?PBQ MD JGTGLE, ?Q KC?QSPCB @W '$0 (EPMQQ BMKCQRGA NPMBSAR) NCP A?NGR?, ?PC K?RAFCB @W FGEFCP JCTCJQ MD CLCPEW AMLQSKNRGML
NCP A?NGR?. 4FGQ GQ @MPLC MSR GL F?=KH; 7.32. )LAPC?QCB CDDGAGCLAW MD CLCPEW SQC UGJJ AF?LEC RFGQ BCNCLBCLAW. ! EJM@?J NPM@JCK GQ @?J?LAGLE CLCPEW
PCQMSPAC BCTCJMNKCLR ?E?GLQR RFC F?PKDSJ CDDCARQ SNML RFC CLTGPMLKCLR GL GRQ CVRP?ARGML ?LB SQC.
F?=KH; 7.32 0MUCP AMLQSKNRGML NCP A?NGR? TCPQSQ '$0 NCP A?NGR? DMP T?PGMSQ AMSLRPGCQ. .MRC RFC GLAPC?QC GL CLCPEW SQ?EC UGRF GLAPC?QGLE '$0. (2007, APCBGR: &P?LI T?L
-GCPJM, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
#MLQCPTGLE %LCPEW
!Q UC DGLGQF RFGQ AF?NRCP ML CLCPEW ?LB UMPI, GR GQ PCJCT?LR RM BP?U QMKC BGQRGLARGMLQ @CRUCCL RUM QMKCRGKCQ KGQSLBCPQRMMB RCPKQ GL RFC ?PC? MD
CLCPEW SQC. !Q F?Q @CCL KCLRGMLCB CJQCUFCPC, RFC uJ?U MD RFC AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEWv GQ ? TCPW SQCDSJ NPGLAGNJC GL ?L?JWXGLE NFWQGA?J NPMACQQCQ. )R GQ
? QR?RCKCLR RF?R A?LLMR @C NPMTCL DPMK @?QGA NPGLAGNJCQ, @SR GQ ? TCPW EMMB @MMIICCNGLE BCTGAC, ?LB LM CVACNRGMLQ F?TC CTCP @CCL DMSLB. )R QR?RCQ
RF?R RFC RMR?J ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW GL ?L GQMJ?RCB QWQRCK UGJJ ?JU?WQ PCK?GL AMLQR?LR. 2CJ?RCB RM RFGQ NPGLAGNJC, @SR PCK?PI?@JW BGDDCPCLR DPMK GR, GQ RFC
GKNMPR?LR NFGJMQMNFW MD CLCPEW AMLQCPT?RGML. 4FGQ AMLACNR F?Q RM BM UGRF QCCIGLE RM BCAPC?QC RFC ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW SQCB @W ?L GLBGTGBS?J MP EPMSN
RFPMSEF (1) PCBSACB ?ARGTGRGCQ (C.E., RSPLGLE BMUL RFCPKMQR?RQ, BPGTGLE DCUCP IGJMKCRCPQ) ?LB/MP (2) GLAPC?QGLE AMLTCPQGML CDDGAGCLAGCQ GL RFC
NCPDMPK?LAC MD ? N?PRGASJ?P R?QIrQSAF ?Q BCTCJMNGLE ?LB SQGLE KMPC CDDGAGCLR PMMK FC?RCPQ, A?PQ RF?R F?TC EPC?RCP KGJCQ-NCP-E?JJML P?RGLEQ, CLCPEW-
CDDGAGCLR AMKN?AR DJSMPCQACLR JGEFRQ, CRA.
3GLAC CLCPEW GL ?L GQMJ?RCB QWQRCK GQ LMR BCQRPMWCB MP APC?RCB MP ECLCP?RCB, MLC KGEFR UMLBCP UFW UC LCCB RM @C AMLACPLCB ?@MSR MSP CLCPEW
PCQMSPACQ, QGLAC CLCPEW GQ ? AMLQCPTCB OS?LRGRW. 4FC NPM@JCK GQ RF?R RFC DGL?J PCQSJR MD KMQR CLCPEW RP?LQDMPK?RGMLQ GQ U?QRC FC?R RP?LQDCP RM RFC
CLTGPMLKCLR ?LB AMLTCPQGML RM CLCPEW DMPKQ LM JMLECP SQCDSJ DMP BMGLE UMPI. 4M QR?RC GR GL ?LMRFCP U?W, RFC NMRCLRG?J DMP CLCPEW RM NPMBSAC SQCDSJ
UMPI F?Q @CCL uBCEP?BCBv GL RFC CLCPEW RP?LQDMPK?RGML. (4FGQ UGJJ @C BGQASQQCB GL KMPC BCR?GJ GL ->;HCE:OD7C?9I.)
BEII7HO
RFC RMR?J CLCPEW AMLTCPQGML P?RC MD ? NCPQML ?R PCQR
RFC CLCPEW GL ? QS@QR?LAC QRMPCB GL RFC @MLBQ @CRUCCL ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ RF?R A?L @C PCJC?QCB GL ? AFCKGA?J PC?ARGML
RFC PSJC RF?R RFC QSK MD RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEGCQ ?LB NMRCLRG?J CLCPEGCQ PCK?GLQ AMLQR?LR GD MLJW AMLQCPT?RGTC
DMPACQ ?AR ML ?LB UGRFGL ? QWQRCK
? DMPAC RF?R BMCQ RFC Q?KC UMPI DMP ?LW EGTCL GLGRG?J ?LB DGL?J AMLDGESP?RGML, PCE?PBJCQQ MD RFC N?RF DMJJMUCB
? KC?QSPC MD RFC CDDCARGTCLCQQ MD RFC GLNSR MD CLCPEW RM BM UMPI; SQCDSJ CLCPEW MP UMPI BGTGBCB @W RFC RMR?J GLNSR MD CLCPEW
RFC CLCPEW A?PPGCB @W ? DJMU MD AF?PEC
RFC ?@GJGRW RM BM UMPI
MGJ, L?RSP?J E?Q, ?LB AM?J
RFC DMPAC @CRUCCL QSPD?ACQ RF?R MNNMQCQ MLC QJGBGLE ML RFC MRFCP; DPGARGML AF?LECQ KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW GLRM RFCPK?J CLCPEW
RFC CLCPEW ?L M@HCAR F?Q BSC RM GRQ NMQGRGML GL ? EP?TGR?RGML?J DGCJB
?L MJBCP LML-3) SLGR MD NMUCP, UGRF 1 hp = 746 W
#(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3 253
@EKB;:
A?BEM7JJ->EKH:
A?D;J?9 ;D;H=O:
B7M E< 9EDI;HL7J?ED E< ;D;H=O:
C;9>7D?97B ;D;H=O:
C;J78EB?9 H7J;:
D;J MEHA:
DED9EDI;HL7J?L; <EH9;:
DK9B;7H ;D;H=O:
FEJ;DJ?7B ;D;H=O E< 7 IFH?D=:
FEJ;DJ?7B ;D;H=O:
FEM;H:
H7:?7DJ ;D;H=O:
H;D;M78B; <EHCI E< ;D;H=O:
J>;HC7B ;D;H=O:
KI;<KB MEHA:
M7JJ:
MEHA-;D;H=O J>;EH;C:
MEHA:
3) SLGR MD UMPI ?LB CLCPEW, COS?J RM MLC LCURML-KCRCP
(kW h) SLGR SQCB NPGK?PGJW DMP CJCARPGA?J CLCPEW NPMTGBCB @W CJCARPGA SRGJGRW AMKN?LGCQ
RFC CLCPEW ?L M@HCAR F?Q @W PC?QML MD GRQ KMRGML, COS?J RM
1
2
mv
2
DMP RFC RP?LQJ?RGML?J (G.C., LML-PMR?RGML?J) KMRGML MD ?L M@HCAR MD
K?QQ m KMTGLE ?R QNCCB v
RFC ECLCP?J J?U RF?R RMR?J CLCPEW GQ AMLQR?LR GL ?LW NPMACQQ; CLCPEW K?W AF?LEC GL DMPK MP @C RP?LQDCPPCB DPMK
MLC QWQRCK RM ?LMRFCP, @SR RFC RMR?J PCK?GLQ RFC Q?KC
RFC QSK MD IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?LB NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW
RFC P?RC ?R UFGAF RFC @MBW SQCQ DMMB CLCPEW RM QSQR?GL JGDC ?LB RM BM BGDDCPCLR ?ARGTGRGCQ
UMPI BMLC @W RFC LCR DMPAC, MP TCARMP QSK MD ?JJ RFC DMPACQ, ?ARGLE ML ?L M@HCAR
? DMPAC UFMQC UMPI BCNCLBQ ML RFC N?RF DMJJMUCB @CRUCCL RFC EGTCL GLGRG?J ?LB DGL?J AMLDGESP?RGMLQ
CLCPEW PCJC?QCB @W AF?LECQ UGRFGL ?RMKGA LSAJCG, QSAF ?Q RFC DSQGML MD RUM JGEFR LSAJCG MP RFC DGQQGML MD ? FC?TW LSAJCSQ
RFC QRMPCB CLCPEW MD ? QNPGLE ?Q ? DSLARGML MD GRQ BGQNJ?ACKCLR; UFCL (MMICtQ J?U ?NNJGCQ, GR GQ EGTCL @W RFC
CVNPCQQGML
1
2
kx
2
UFCPC x GQ RFC BGQR?LAC RFC QNPGLE GQ AMKNPCQQCB MP CVRCLBCB ?LB k GQ RFC QNPGLE AMLQR?LR
CLCPEW BSC RM NMQGRGML, QF?NC, MP AMLDGESP?RGML
RFC P?RC ?R UFGAF UMPI GQ BMLC
RFC CLCPEW A?PPGCB @W CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ
RFMQC QMSPACQ RF?R A?LLMR @C SQCB SN, QSAF ?Q U?RCP, UGLB, QMJ?P, ?LB @GMK?QQ
RFC CLCPEW UGRFGL ?L M@HCAR BSC RM RFC P?LBMK KMRGML MD GRQ ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ RF?R ?AAMSLRQ DMP RFC M@HCAR'Q RCKNCP?RSPC
UMPI BMLC ML ?L CVRCPL?J QWQRCK
(7) 3) SLGR MD NMUCP, UGRF 1 W = 1 J/s
RFC PCQSJR, @?QCB ML .CURMLtQ J?UQ, RF?R RFC LCR UMPI BMLC ML ?L M@HCAR GQ COS?J RM GRQ AF?LEC GL IGLCRGA CLCPEW
RFC RP?LQDCP MD CLCPEW @W ? DMPAC RF?R A?SQCQ ?L M@HCAR RM @C BGQNJ?ACB; RFC NPMBSAR MD RFC AMKNMLCLR MD RFC DMPAC GL RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC
BGQNJ?ACKCLR ?LB RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR
,;9J?ED ,KCC7HO
7.1 0EHA: ->; ,9?;DJ?<?9 D;<?D?J?ED
w 7MPI GQ RFC RP?LQDCP MD CLCPEW @W ? DMPAC ?ARGLE ML ?L M@HCAR ?Q GR GQ BGQNJ?ACB.
w 4FC UMPI W RF?R ? DMPAC F BMCQ ML ?L M@HCAR GQ RFC NPMBSAR MD RFC K?ELGRSBC F MD RFC DMPAC, RGKCQ RFC K?ELGRSBC d MD RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR,
RGKCQ RFC AMQGLC MD RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL RFCK. )L QWK@MJQ,
W = Fd cos .
w 4FC 3) SLGR DMP UMPI ?LB CLCPEW GQ RFC HMSJC (*), UFCPC 1 J = 1 N m = 1 kg m
2
/s
2
.
w 4FC UMPI BMLC @W ? DMPAC GQ XCPM GD RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR GQ CGRFCP XCPM MP NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC DMPAC.
w 4FC UMPI BMLC GQ NMQGRGTC GD RFC DMPAC ?LB BGQNJ?ACKCLR F?TC RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML, ?LB LCE?RGTC GD RFCW F?TC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML.
w 4FC LCR UMPI W
net
GQ RFC UMPI BMLC @W RFC LCR DMPAC ?ARGLE ML ?L M@HCAR.
w 7MPI BMLC ML ?L M@HCAR RP?LQDCPQ CLCPEW RM RFC M@HCAR.
w 4FC RP?LQJ?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD ?L M@HCAR MD K?QQ m KMTGLE ?R QNCCB v GQ KE =
1
2
mv
2
.
w 4FC UMPI-CLCPEW RFCMPCK QR?RCQ RF?R RFC LCR UMPI W
net
ML ? QWQRCK AF?LECQ GRQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW, W
net
=
1
2
mv
2
1
2
mv
0
2
.
w 7MPI BMLC ?E?GLQR EP?TGRW GL JGDRGLE ?L M@HCAR @CAMKCQ NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW MD RFC M@HCAR-%?PRF QWQRCK.
w 4FC AF?LEC GL EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW, PE
g
, GQ PE
g
= mgh , UGRF h @CGLE RFC GLAPC?QC GL FCGEFR ?LB g RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM
EP?TGRW.
w 4FC EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW MD ?L M@HCAR LC?P %?PRFtQ QSPD?AC GQ BSC RM GRQ NMQGRGML GL RFC K?QQ-%?PRF QWQRCK. /LJW BGDDCPCLACQ GL
EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW, PE
g
, F?TC NFWQGA?J QGELGDGA?LAC.
254 #(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3
w !Q ?L M@HCAR BCQACLBQ UGRFMSR DPGARGML, GRQ EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW AF?LECQ GLRM IGLCRGA CLCPEW AMPPCQNMLBGLE RM GLAPC?QGLE QNCCB, QM RF?R
KE= PE
g
.
w ! AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPAC GQ MLC DMP UFGAF UMPI BCNCLBQ MLJW ML RFC QR?PRGLE ?LB CLBGLE NMGLRQ MD ? KMRGML, LMR ML RFC N?RF R?ICL.
w 7C A?L BCDGLC NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW (PE) DMP ?LW AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPAC, HSQR ?Q UC BCDGLCB PE
g
DMP RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC.
w 4FC NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW MD ? QNPGLE GQ PE
s
=
1
2
kx
2
, UFCPC k GQ RFC QNPGLEtQ DMPAC AMLQR?LR ?LB x GQ RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR DPMK GRQ SLBCDMPKCB
NMQGRGML.
w -CAF?LGA?J CLCPEW GQ BCDGLCB RM @C KE + PE DMP ? AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPAC.
w 7FCL MLJW AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ ?AR ML ?LB UGRFGL ? QWQRCK, RFC RMR?J KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW GQ AMLQR?LR. )L COS?RGML DMPK,
KE + PE = constant
or
KE
i
+ PE
i
= KE
f
+ PE
f
UFCPC G ?LB D BCLMRC GLGRG?J ?LB DGL?J T?JSCQ. 4FGQ GQ ILMUL ?Q RFC AMLQCPT?RGML MD KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW.
w ! LMLAMLQCPT?RGTC DMPAC GQ MLC DMP UFGAF UMPI BCNCLBQ ML RFC N?RF.
w &PGARGML GQ ?L CV?KNJC MD ? LMLAMLQCPT?RGTC DMPAC RF?R AF?LECQ KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW GLRM RFCPK?J CLCPEW.
w 7MPI W
nc
BMLC @W ? LMLAMLQCPT?RGTC DMPAC AF?LECQ RFC KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW MD ? QWQRCK. )L COS?RGML DMPK, W
nc
= KE + PE MP,
COSGT?JCLRJW, KE
i
+ PE
i
+ W
nc
= KE
f
+ PE
f
.
w 7FCL @MRF AMLQCPT?RGTC ?LB LMLAMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ ?AR, CLCPEW AMLQCPT?RGML A?L @C ?NNJGCB ?LB SQCB RM A?JASJ?RC KMRGML GL RCPKQ MD RFC
ILMUL NMRCLRG?J CLCPEGCQ MD RFC AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ ?LB RFC UMPI BMLC @W LMLAMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ, GLQRC?B MD DGLBGLE RFC LCR UMPI DPMK RFC LCR
DMPAC, MP F?TGLE RM BGPCARJW ?NNJW .CURMLtQ J?UQ.
w 4FC J?U MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW QR?RCQ RF?R RFC RMR?J CLCPEW GQ AMLQR?LR GL ?LW NPMACQQ. %LCPEW K?W AF?LEC GL DMPK MP @C RP?LQDCPPCB DPMK MLC
QWQRCK RM ?LMRFCP, @SR RFC RMR?J PCK?GLQ RFC Q?KC.
w 7FCL ?JJ DMPKQ MD CLCPEW ?PC AMLQGBCPCB, AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW GQ UPGRRCL GL COS?RGML DMPK ?Q
KE
i
+ PE
i
+ W
nc
+ OE
i
= KE
f
+ PE
f
+ OE
f
, UFCPC OE GQ ?JJ EJ>;H <EHCI E< ;D;H=O @CQGBCQ KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW.
w #MKKMLJW CLAMSLRCPCB DMPKQ MD CLCPEW GLAJSBC CJCARPGA CLCPEW, AFCKGA?J CLCPEW, P?BG?LR CLCPEW, LSAJC?P CLCPEW, ?LB RFCPK?J CLCPEW.
w %LCPEW GQ MDRCL SRGJGXCB RM BM UMPI, @SR GR GQ LMR NMQQG@JC RM AMLTCPR ?JJ RFC CLCPEW MD ? QWQRCK RM UMPI.
w 4FC CDDGAGCLAW Ef MD ? K?AFGLC MP FSK?L GQ BCDGLCB RM @C Ef =
W
out
E
in
, UFCPC W
out
GQ SQCDSJ UMPI MSRNSR ?LB E
in
GQ RFC CLCPEW
AMLQSKCB.
7.7 )EM;H
w 0MUCP GQ RFC P?RC ?R UFGAF UMPI GQ BMLC, MP GL COS?RGML DMPK, DMP RFC ?TCP?EC NMUCP P DMP UMPI W BMLC MTCP ? RGKC t , P = W / t .
w 4FC 3) SLGR DMP NMUCP GQ RFC U?RR (7), UFCPC 1 W = 1 J/s .
w 4FC NMUCP MD K?LW BCTGACQ QSAF ?Q CJCARPGA KMRMPQ GQ ?JQM MDRCL CVNPCQQCB GL FMPQCNMUCP (FN), UFCPC 1 hp = 746 W.
w 4FC FSK?L @MBW AMLTCPRQ CLCPEW QRMPCB GL DMMB GLRM UMPI, RFCPK?J CLCPEW, ?LB/MP AFCKGA?J CLCPEW RF?R GQ QRMPCB GL D?RRW RGQQSC.
w 4FC E4G8 ?R UFGAF RFC @MBW SQCQ DMMB CLCPEW RM QSQR?GL JGDC ?LB RM BM BGDDCPCLR ?ARGTGRGCQ GQ A?JJCB RFC KCR?@MJGA P?RC, ?LB RFC AMPPCQNMLBGLE P?RC
UFCL ?R PCQR GQ A?JJCB RFC @?Q?J KCR?@MJGA P?RC ("-2)
w 4FC CLCPEW GLAJSBCB GL RFC @?Q?J KCR?@MJGA P?RC GQ BGTGBCB ?KMLE T?PGMSQ QWQRCKQ GL RFC @MBW, UGRF RFC J?PECQR DP?ARGML EMGLE RM RFC JGTCP ?LB
QNJCCL, ?LB RFC @P?GL AMKGLE LCVR.
w !@MSR 75% MD DMMB A?JMPGCQ ?PC SQCB RM QSQR?GL @?QGA @MBW DSLARGMLQ GLAJSBCB GL RFC @?Q?J KCR?@MJGA P?RC.
w 4FC CLCPEW AMLQSKNRGML MD NCMNJC BSPGLE T?PGMSQ ?ARGTGRGCQ A?L @C BCRCPKGLCB @W KC?QSPGLE RFCGP MVWECL SQC, @CA?SQC RFC BGECQRGTC NPMACQQ GQ
@?QGA?JJW MLC MD MVGBGXGLE DMMB.
w 4FC PCJ?RGTC SQC MD BGDDCPCLR DSCJQ RM NPMTGBC CLCPEW F?Q AF?LECB MTCP RFC WC?PQ, @SR DSCJ SQC GQ ASPPCLRJW BMKGL?RCB @W MGJ, ?JRFMSEF L?RSP?J E?Q
?LB QMJ?P AMLRPG@SRGMLQ ?PC GLAPC?QGLE.
w !JRFMSEF LML-PCLCU?@JC QMSPACQ BMKGL?RC, QMKC AMSLRPGCQ KCCR ? QGXC?@JC NCPACLR?EC MD RFCGP CJCARPGAGRW LCCBQ DPMK PCLCU?@JC PCQMSPACQ.
w 4FC 5LGRCB 3R?RCQ M@R?GLQ MLJW ?@MSR 10% MD GRQ CLCPEW DPMK PCLCU?@JC QMSPACQ, KMQRJW FWBPMCJCARPGA NMUCP.
w %AMLMKGA UCJJ-@CGLE GQ BCNCLBCLR SNML CLCPEW SQC, ?LB GL KMQR AMSLRPGCQ FGEFCP QR?LB?PBQ MD JGTGLE, ?Q KC?QSPCB @W '$0 ('PMQQ $MKCQRGA
0PMBSAR) NCP A?NGR?, ?PC K?RAFCB @W FGEFCP JCTCJQ MD CLCPEW AMLQSKNRGML NCP A?NGR?.
w %TCL RFMSEF, GL ?AAMPB?LAC UGRF RFC J?U MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW, CLCPEW A?L LCTCP @C APC?RCB MP BCQRPMWCB, CLCPEW RF?R A?L @C SQCB RM BM
UMPI GQ ?JU?WQ N?PRJW AMLTCPRCB RM JCQQ SQCDSJ DMPKQ, QSAF ?Q U?QRC FC?R RM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR, GL ?JJ MD MSP SQCQ MD CLCPEW DMP NP?ARGA?J NSPNMQCQ.
7.1 0EHA: ->; ,9?;DJ?<?9 D;<?D?J?ED
#(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3 255
1. 'GTC ?L CV?KNJC MD QMKCRFGLE UC RFGLI MD ?Q UMPI GL CTCPWB?W AGPASKQR?LACQ RF?R GQ LMR UMPI GL RFC QAGCLRGDGA QCLQC. )Q CLCPEW RP?LQDCPPCB MP
AF?LECB GL DMPK GL WMSP CV?KNJC? )D QM, CVNJ?GL FMU RFGQ GQ ?AAMKNJGQFCB UGRFMSR BMGLE UMPI.
2. 'GTC ?L CV?KNJC MD ? QGRS?RGML GL UFGAF RFCPC GQ ? DMPAC ?LB ? BGQNJ?ACKCLR, @SR RFC DMPAC BMCQ LM UMPI. %VNJ?GL UFW GR BMCQ LM UMPI.
3. $CQAPG@C ? QGRS?RGML GL UFGAF ? DMPAC GQ CVCPRCB DMP ? JMLE RGKC @SR BMCQ LM UMPI. %VNJ?GL.
4. 4FC NCPQML GL F?=KH; 7.33 BMCQ UMPI ML RFC J?UL KMUCP. 5LBCP UF?R AMLBGRGMLQ UMSJB RFC KMUCP E?GL CLCPEW? 5LBCP UF?R AMLBGRGMLQ UMSJB GR
JMQC CLCPEW?
F?=KH; 7.33
5. 7MPI BMLC ML ? QWQRCK NSRQ CLCPEW GLRM GR. 7MPI BMLC @W ? QWQRCK PCKMTCQ CLCPEW DPMK GR. 'GTC ?L CV?KNJC DMP C?AF QR?RCKCLR.
6. 7FCL QMJTGLE DMP QNCCB GL EN7CFB; 7.4, UC ICNR MLJW RFC NMQGRGTC PMMR. 7FW?
7. )L EN7CFB; 7.7, UC A?JASJ?RCB RFC DGL?J QNCCB MD ? PMJJCP AM?QRCP RF?R BCQACLBCB 20 K GL FCGEFR ?LB F?B ?L GLGRG?J QNCCB MD 5 K/Q BMULFGJJ.
3SNNMQC RFC PMJJCP AM?QRCP F?B F?B ?L GLGRG?J QNCCB MD 5 K/Q HC;<?? GLQRC?B, ?LB GR AM?QRCB SNFGJJ, QRMNNCB, ?LB RFCL PMJJCB @?AI BMUL RM ? DGL?J NMGLR
20 K @CJMU RFC QR?PR. 7C UMSJB DGLB GL RF?R A?QC RF?R GR F?B RFC Q?KC DGL?J QNCCB. %VNJ?GL GL RCPKQ MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW.
8. $MCQ RFC UMPI WMS BM ML ? @MMI UFCL WMS JGDR GR MLRM ? QFCJD BCNCLB ML RFC N?RF R?ICL? /L RFC RGKC R?ICL? /L RFC FCGEFR MD RFC QFCJD? /L RFC
K?QQ MD RFC @MMI?
9. 7F?R GQ ? AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPAC?
10. 4FC DMPAC CVCPRCB @W ? BGTGLE @M?PB GQ AMLQCPT?RGTC, NPMTGBCB RFC GLRCPL?J DPGARGML GQ LCEJGEG@JC. !QQSKGLE DPGARGML GQ LCEJGEG@JC, BCQAPG@C AF?LECQ GL
RFC NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW MD ? BGTGLE @M?PB ?Q ? QUGKKCP BGTCQ DPMK GR, QR?PRGLE HSQR @CDMPC RFC QUGKKCP QRCNQ ML RFC @M?PB SLRGJ HSQR ?DRCP FGQ DCCR JC?TC GR.
11. $CDGLC KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW. 7F?R GQ RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN MD KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW RM LMLAMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ? 7F?R F?NNCLQ RM KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW GD MLJW
AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ ?AR?
12. 7F?R GQ RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN MD NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW RM AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPAC?
13. #MLQGBCP RFC DMJJMUGLE QACL?PGM. ! A?P DMP UFGAF DPGARGML GQ ABG LCEJGEG@JC ?AACJCP?RCQ DPMK PCQR BMUL ? FGJJ, PSLLGLE MSR MD E?QMJGLC ?DRCP ? QFMPR
BGQR?LAC. 4FC BPGTCP JCRQ RFC A?P AM?QR D?PRFCP BMUL RFC FGJJ, RFCL SN ?LB MTCP ? QK?JJ APCQR. (C RFCL AM?QRQ BMUL RF?R FGJJ GLRM ? E?Q QR?RGML, UFCPC FC
@P?ICQ RM ? QRMN ?LB DGJJQ RFC R?LI UGRF E?QMJGLC. )BCLRGDW RFC DMPKQ MD CLCPEW RFC A?P F?Q, ?LB FMU RFCW ?PC AF?LECB ?LB RP?LQDCPPCB GL RFGQ QCPGCQ MD
CTCLRQ. (3CC F?=KH; 7.34.)
F?=KH; 7.34 ! A?P CVNCPGCLAGLE LML-LCEJGEG@JC DPGARGML AM?QRQ BMUL ? FGJJ, MTCP ? QK?JJ APCQR, RFCL BMULFGJJ ?E?GL, ?LB AMKCQ RM ? QRMN ?R ? E?Q QR?RGML.
14. $CQAPG@C RFC CLCPEW RP?LQDCPQ ?LB RP?LQDMPK?RGMLQ DMP ? H?TCJGL, QR?PRGLE DPMK RFC NMGLR ?R UFGAF ?L ?RFJCRC NGAIQ SN RFC H?TCJGL ?LB CLBGLE UFCL
RFC H?TCJGL GQ QRSAI GLRM RFC EPMSLB ?DRCP @CGLE RFPMUL.
15. $M BCTGACQ UGRF CDDGAGCLAGCQ MD JCQQ RF?L MLC TGMJ?RC RFC J?U MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW? %VNJ?GL.
16. ,GQR DMSP BGDDCPCLR DMPKQ MP RWNCQ MD CLCPEW. 'GTC MLC CV?KNJC MD ? AMLTCPQGML DPMK C?AF MD RFCQC DMPKQ RM ?LMRFCP DMPK.
256 #(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3
17. ,GQR RFC CLCPEW AMLTCPQGMLQ RF?R MAASP UFCL PGBGLE ? @GAWAJC.
7.7 )EM;H
18. -MQR CJCARPGA?J ?NNJG?LACQ ?PC P?RCB GL U?RRQ. $MCQ RFGQ P?RGLE BCNCLB ML FMU JMLE RFC ?NNJG?LAC GQ ML? (7FCL MDD, GR GQ ? XCPM-U?RR BCTGAC.)
%VNJ?GL GL RCPKQ MD RFC BCDGLGRGML MD NMUCP.
19. %VNJ?GL, GL RCPKQ MD RFC BCDGLGRGML MD NMUCP, UFW CLCPEW AMLQSKNRGML GQ QMKCRGKCQ JGQRCB GL IGJMU?RR-FMSPQ P?RFCP RF?L HMSJCQ. 7F?R GQ RFC
PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL RFCQC RUM CLCPEW SLGRQ?
20. ! QN?PI MD QR?RGA CJCARPGAGRW, QSAF ?Q RF?R WMS KGEFR PCACGTC DPMK ? BMMPILM@ ML ? AMJB BPW B?W, K?W A?PPW ? DCU FSLBPCB U?RRQ MD NMUCP. %VNJ?GL
UFW WMS ?PC LMR GLHSPCB @W QSAF ? QN?PI.
21. %VNJ?GL UFW GR GQ C?QGCP RM AJGK@ ? KMSLR?GL ML ? XGEX?E N?RF P?RFCP RF?L MLC QRP?GEFR SN RFC QGBC. )Q WMSP GLAPC?QC GL EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW
RFC Q?KC GL @MRF A?QCQ? )Q WMSP CLCPEW AMLQSKNRGML RFC Q?KC GL @MRF?
22. $M WMS BM UMPI ML RFC MSRQGBC UMPJB UFCL WMS PS@ WMSP F?LBQ RMECRFCP RM U?PK RFCK? 7F?R GQ RFC CDDGAGCLAW MD RFGQ ?ARGTGRW?
23. 3FGTCPGLE GQ ?L GLTMJSLR?PW PCQNMLQC RM JMUCPCB @MBW RCKNCP?RSPC. 7F?R GQ RFC CDDGAGCLAW MD RFC @MBW UFCL QFGTCPGLE, ?LB GQ RFGQ ? BCQGP?@JC
T?JSC?
24. $GQASQQ RFC PCJ?RGTC CDDCARGTCLCQQ MD BGCRGLE ?LB CVCPAGQC GL JMQGLE UCGEFR, LMRGLE RF?R KMQR ?RFJCRGA ?ARGTGRGCQ AMLQSKC DMMB CLCPEW ?R ? P?RC MD 400
RM 500 7, UFGJC ? QGLEJC ASN MD WMESPR A?L AMLR?GL 1360 I* (325 IA?J). 3NCAGDGA?JJW, GQ GR JGICJW RF?R CVCPAGQC ?JMLC UGJJ @C QSDDGAGCLR RM JMQC UCGEFR? 9MS
K?W UGQF RM AMLQGBCP RF?R PCESJ?P CVCPAGQC K?W GLAPC?QC RFC KCR?@MJGA P?RC, UFCPC?Q NPMRP?ARCB BGCRGLE K?W PCBSAC GR.
25. 7F?R GQ RFC BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL CLCPEW AMLQCPT?RGML ?LB RFC J?U MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW? 'GTC QMKC CV?KNJCQ MD C?AF.
26. )D RFC CDDGAGCLAW MD ? AM?J-DGPCB CJCARPGA?J ECLCP?RGLE NJ?LR GQ 35%, RFCL UF?R BM UC KC?L UFCL UC Q?W RF?R CLCPEW GQ ? AMLQCPTCB OS?LRGRW?
#(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3 257
7.1 0EHA: ->; ,9?;DJ?<?9 D;<?D?J?ED
27. (MU KSAF UMPI BMCQ ? QSNCPK?PICR AFCAIMSR ?RRCLB?LR BM ML ? A?L
MD QMSN FC NSQFCQ 0.600 K FMPGXMLR?JJW UGRF ? DMPAC MD 5.00 .? %VNPCQQ
WMSP ?LQUCP GL HMSJCQ ?LB IGJMA?JMPGCQ.
28. ! 75.0-IE NCPQML AJGK@Q QR?GPQ, E?GLGLE 2.50 KCRCPQ GL FCGEFR. &GLB
RFC UMPI BMLC RM ?AAMKNJGQF RFGQ R?QI.
29. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC UMPI BMLC ML ? 1500-IE CJCT?RMP A?P @W GRQ A?@JC RM
JGDR GR 40.0 K ?R AMLQR?LR QNCCB, ?QQSKGLE DPGARGML ?TCP?ECQ 100 .. (@)
7F?R GQ RFC UMPI BMLC ML RFC JGDR @W RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC GL RFGQ
NPMACQQ? (A) 7F?R GQ RFC RMR?J UMPI BMLC ML RFC JGDR?
30. 3SNNMQC ? A?P RP?TCJQ 108 IK ?R ? QNCCB MD 30.0 K/Q, ?LB SQCQ 2.0
E?J MD E?QMJGLC. /LJW 30% MD RFC E?QMJGLC EMCQ GLRM SQCDSJ UMPI @W RFC
DMPAC RF?R ICCNQ RFC A?P KMTGLE ?R AMLQR?LR QNCCB BCQNGRC DPGARGML. (3CC
-78B; 7.1 DMP RFC CLCPEW AMLRCLR MD E?QMJGLC.) (?) 7F?R GQ RFC DMPAC
CVCPRCB RM ICCN RFC A?P KMTGLE ?R AMLQR?LR QNCCB? (@) )D RFC PCOSGPCB
DMPAC GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM QNCCB, FMU K?LW E?JJMLQ UGJJ @C SQCB RM
BPGTC 108 IK ?R ? QNCCB MD 28.0 K/Q?
31. #?JASJ?RC RFC UMPI BMLC @W ?L 85.0-IE K?L UFM NSQFCQ ? AP?RC 4.00
K SN ?JMLE ? P?KN RF?R K?ICQ ?L ?LEJC MD 20.0 UGRF RFC FMPGXMLR?J.
(3CC F?=KH; 7.35.) (C CVCPRQ ? DMPAC MD 500 . ML RFC AP?RC N?P?JJCJ RM RFC
P?KN ?LB KMTCQ ?R ? AMLQR?LR QNCCB. "C ACPR?GL RM GLAJSBC RFC UMPI FC
BMCQ ML RFC AP?RC 4A7 ML FGQ @MBW RM ECR SN RFC P?KN.
F?=KH; 7.35 ! K?L NSQFCQ ? AP?RC SN ? P?KN.
32. (MU KSAF UMPI GQ BMLC @W RFC @MW NSJJGLE FGQ QGQRCP 30.0 K GL ?
U?EML ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 7.36? !QQSKC LM DPGARGML ?ARQ ML RFC U?EML.
F?=KH; 7.36 4FC @MW BMCQ UMPI ML RFC QWQRCK MD RFC U?EML ?LB RFC AFGJB UFCL FC
NSJJQ RFCK ?Q QFMUL.
33. ! QFMNNCP NSQFCQ ? EPMACPW A?PR 20.0 K ?R AMLQR?LR QNCCB ML JCTCJ
EPMSLB, ?E?GLQR ? 35.0 . DPGARGML?J DMPAC. (C NSQFCQ GL ? BGPCARGML 25.0
@CJMU RFC FMPGXMLR?J. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC UMPI BMLC ML RFC A?PR @W DPGARGML? (@)
7F?R GQ RFC UMPI BMLC ML RFC A?PR @W RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC? (A) 7F?R GQ
RFC UMPI BMLC ML RFC A?PR @W RFC QFMNNCP? (B) &GLB RFC DMPAC RFC QFMNNCP
CVCPRQ, SQGLE CLCPEW AMLQGBCP?RGMLQ. (C) 7F?R GQ RFC RMR?J UMPI BMLC ML
RFC A?PR?
34. 3SNNMQC RFC QIG N?RPMJ JMUCPQ ? PCQASC QJCB ?LB TGARGK, F?TGLE ? RMR?J
K?QQ MD 90.0 IE, BMUL ? 60.0 QJMNC ?R AMLQR?LR QNCCB, ?Q QFMUL GL
F?=KH; 7.37. 4FC AMCDDGAGCLR MD DPGARGML @CRUCCL RFC QJCB ?LB RFC QLMU GQ
0.100. (?) (MU KSAF UMPI GQ BMLC @W DPGARGML ?Q RFC QJCB KMTCQ 30.0 K
?JMLE RFC FGJJ? (@) (MU KSAF UMPI GQ BMLC @W RFC PMNC ML RFC QJCB GL RFGQ
BGQR?LAC? (A) 7F?R GQ RFC UMPI BMLC @W RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC ML RFC
QJCB? (B) 7F?R GQ RFC RMR?J UMPI BMLC?
F?=KH; 7.37 ! PCQASC QJCB ?LB TGARGK ?PC JMUCPCB BMUL ? QRCCN QJMNC.
35. #MKN?PC RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD ? 20,000-IE RPSAI KMTGLE ?R 110 IK/F
UGRF RF?R MD ?L 80.0-IE ?QRPML?SR GL MP@GR KMTGLE ?R 27,500 IK/F.
36. (?) (MU D?QR KSQR ? 3000-IE CJCNF?LR KMTC RM F?TC RFC Q?KC IGLCRGA
CLCPEW ?Q ? 65.0-IE QNPGLRCP PSLLGLE ?R 10.0 K/Q? (@) $GQASQQ FMU RFC
J?PECP CLCPEGCQ LCCBCB DMP RFC KMTCKCLR MD J?PECP ?LGK?JQ UMSJB PCJ?RC
RM KCR?@MJGA P?RCQ.
37. #MLDGPK RFC T?JSC EGTCL DMP RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD ?L ?GPAP?DR A?PPGCP GL
-78B; 7.1. 9MS UGJJ LCCB RM JMMI SN RFC BCDGLGRGML MD ? L?SRGA?J KGJC (1 ILMR
= 1 L?SRGA?J KGJC/F).
38. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC DMPAC LCCBCB RM @PGLE ? 950-IE A?P RM PCQR DPMK ?
QNCCB MD 90.0 IK/F GL ? BGQR?LAC MD 120 K (? D?GPJW RWNGA?J BGQR?LAC DMP ?
LML-N?LGA QRMN). (@) 3SNNMQC GLQRC?B RFC A?P FGRQ ? AMLAPCRC ?@SRKCLR ?R
DSJJ QNCCB ?LB GQ @PMSEFR RM ? QRMN GL 2.00 K. #?JASJ?RC RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB
ML RFC A?P ?LB AMKN?PC GR UGRF RFC DMPAC DMSLB GL N?PR (?).
39. ! A?PtQ @SKNCP GQ BCQGELCB RM UGRFQR?LB ? 4.0-IK/F (1.1-K/Q) AMJJGQGML
UGRF ?L GKKMT?@JC M@HCAR UGRFMSR B?K?EC RM RFC @MBW MD RFC A?P. 4FC
@SKNCP ASQFGMLQ RFC QFMAI @W ?@QMP@GLE RFC DMPAC MTCP ? BGQR?LAC.
#?JASJ?RC RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC ?TCP?EC DMPAC ML ? @SKNCP RF?R AMJJ?NQCQ
0.200 K UFGJC @PGLEGLE ? 900-IE A?P RM PCQR DPMK ?L GLGRG?J QNCCB MD 1.1 K/
Q.
40. "MVGLE EJMTCQ ?PC N?BBCB RM JCQQCL RFC DMPAC MD ? @JMU. (?) #?JASJ?RC
RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB @W ? @MVGLE EJMTC ML ?L MNNMLCLRtQ D?AC, GD RFC EJMTC
?LB D?AC AMKNPCQQ 7.50 AK BSPGLE ? @JMU GL UFGAF RFC 7.00-IE ?PK ?LB
EJMTC ?PC @PMSEFR RM PCQR DPMK ?L GLGRG?J QNCCB MD 10.0 K/Q. (@) #?JASJ?RC
RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB @W ?L GBCLRGA?J @JMU GL RFC EMPW MJB B?WQ UFCL LM
EJMTCQ UCPC SQCB ?LB RFC ILSAIJCQ ?LB D?AC UMSJB AMKNPCQQ MLJW 2.00
AK. (A) $GQASQQ RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC DMPAC UGRF EJMTC ML. $MCQ GR QCCK
FGEF CLMSEF RM A?SQC B?K?EC CTCL RFMSEF GR GQ JMUCP RF?L RFC DMPAC UGRF
LM EJMTC?
41. 5QGLE CLCPEW AMLQGBCP?RGMLQ, A?JASJ?RC RFC ?TCP?EC DMPAC ? 60.0-IE
QNPGLRCP CVCPRQ @?AIU?PB ML RFC RP?AI RM ?AACJCP?RC DPMK 2.00 RM 8.00 K/Q
GL ? BGQR?LAC MD 25.0 K, GD FC CLAMSLRCPQ ? FC?BUGLB RF?R CVCPRQ ?L
?TCP?EC DMPAC MD 30.0 . ?E?GLQR FGK.
42. ! FWBPMCJCARPGA NMUCP D?AGJGRW (QCC F?=KH; 7.38) AMLTCPRQ RFC
EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW MD U?RCP @CFGLB ? B?K RM CJCARPGA CLCPEW.
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC ECLCP?RMPQ MD
? J?IC MD TMJSKC 50.0 km
3
( mass = 5.0010
13
kg) , EGTCL RF?R RFC
J?IC F?Q ?L ?TCP?EC FCGEFR MD 40.0 K ?@MTC RFC ECLCP?RMPQ? (@)
#MKN?PC RFGQ UGRF RFC CLCPEW QRMPCB GL ? 9-KCE?RML DSQGML @MK@.
258 #(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3
F?=KH; 7.38 (WBPMCJCARPGA D?AGJGRW (APCBGR: $CLGQ "CJCTGAF, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
43. (?) (MU KSAF EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW (PCJ?RGTC RM RFC EPMSLB ML
UFGAF GR GQ @SGJR) GQ QRMPCB GL RFC 'PC?R 0WP?KGB MD #FCMNQ, EGTCL RF?R GRQ
K?QQ GQ ?@MSR 7 10
9
kg ?LB GRQ ACLRCP MD K?QQ GQ 36.5 K ?@MTC RFC
QSPPMSLBGLE EPMSLB? (@) (MU BMCQ RFGQ CLCPEW AMKN?PC UGRF RFC B?GJW
DMMB GLR?IC MD ? NCPQML?
44. 3SNNMQC ? 350-E IMMI?@SPP? (? J?PEC IGLEDGQFCP @GPB) NGAIQ SN ? 75-E
QL?IC ?LB P?GQCQ GR 2.5 K DPMK RFC EPMSLB RM ? @P?LAF. (?) (MU KSAF
UMPI BGB RFC @GPB BM ML RFC QL?IC? (@) (MU KSAF UMPI BGB GR BM RM P?GQC
GRQ MUL ACLRCP MD K?QQ RM RFC @P?LAF?
45. )L EN7CFB; 7.7, UC DMSLB RF?R RFC QNCCB MD ? PMJJCP AM?QRCP RF?R F?B
BCQACLBCB 20.0 K U?Q MLJW QJGEFRJW EPC?RCP UFCL GR F?B ?L GLGRG?J QNCCB
MD 5.00 K/Q RF?L UFCL GR QR?PRCB DPMK PCQR. 4FGQ GKNJGCQ RF?R
PE >> KE
i
. #MLDGPK RFGQ QR?RCKCLR @W R?IGLE RFC P?RGM MD PE RM
KE
i
. (.MRC RF?R K?QQ A?LACJQ.)
46. ! 100-E RMW A?P GQ NPMNCJJCB @W ? AMKNPCQQCB QNPGLE RF?R QR?PRQ GR
KMTGLE. 4FC A?P DMJJMUQ RFC ASPTCB RP?AI GL F?=KH; 7.39. 3FMU RF?R RFC
DGL?J QNCCB MD RFC RMW A?P GQ 0.687 K/Q GD GRQ GLGRG?J QNCCB GQ 2.00 K/Q ?LB GR
AM?QRQ SN RFC DPGARGMLJCQQ QJMNC, E?GLGLE 0.180 K GL ?JRGRSBC.
F?=KH; 7.39 ! RMW A?P KMTCQ SN ? QJMNCB RP?AI. (APCBGR: ,CQXCI ,CQXAXWLQIG, &JGAIP)
47. )L ? BMULFGJJ QIG P?AC, QSPNPGQGLEJW, JGRRJC ?BT?LR?EC GQ E?GLCB @W
ECRRGLE ? PSLLGLE QR?PR. (4FGQ GQ @CA?SQC RFC GLGRG?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ QK?JJ
AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC E?GL GL EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW ML CTCL QK?JJ
FGJJQ.) 4M BCKMLQRP?RC RFGQ, DGLB RFC DGL?J QNCCB ?LB RFC RGKC R?ICL DMP ?
QIGCP UFM QIGCQ 70.0 K ?JMLE ? 30 QJMNC LCEJCARGLE DPGARGML: (?) 3R?PRGLE
DPMK PCQR. (@) 3R?PRGLE UGRF ?L GLGRG?J QNCCB MD 2.50 K/Q. (A) $MCQ RFC
?LQUCP QSPNPGQC WMS? $GQASQQ UFW GR GQ QRGJJ ?BT?LR?ECMSQ RM ECR ?
PSLLGLE QR?PR GL TCPW AMKNCRGRGTC CTCLRQ.
48. ! 5.0010
5
-kg QS@U?W RP?GL GQ @PMSEFR RM ? QRMN DPMK ? QNCCB MD
0.500 K/Q GL 0.400 K @W ? J?PEC QNPGLE @SKNCP ?R RFC CLB MD GRQ RP?AI.
7F?R GQ RFC DMPAC AMLQR?LR k MD RFC QNPGLE?
49. ! NMEM QRGAI F?Q ? QNPGLE UGRF ? DMPAC AMLQR?LR MD 2.5010
4
N/m,
UFGAF A?L @C AMKNPCQQCB 12.0 AK. 4M UF?R K?VGKSK FCGEFR A?L ? AFGJB
HSKN ML RFC QRGAI SQGLE MLJW RFC CLCPEW GL RFC QNPGLE, GD RFC AFGJB ?LB QRGAI
F?TC ? RMR?J K?QQ MD 40.0 IE? %VNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU RFC QRCNQ GL
RFC )HE8B;C-,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=?;I <EH ED;H=O.
50. ! 60.0-IE QIGCP UGRF ?L GLGRG?J QNCCB MD 12.0 K/Q AM?QRQ SN ? 2.50-K-
FGEF PGQC ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 7.40. &GLB FCP DGL?J QNCCB ?R RFC RMN, EGTCL
RF?R RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD DPGARGML @CRUCCL FCP QIGQ ?LB RFC QLMU GQ 0.0800.
((GLR: &GLB RFC BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB SN RFC GLAJGLC ?QQSKGLE ? QRP?GEFR-JGLC
N?RF ?Q QFMUL GL RFC DGESPC.)
F?=KH; 7.40 4FC QIGCPtQ GLGRG?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ N?PRG?JJW SQCB GL AM?QRGLE RM RFC RMN MD ?
PGQC.
51. (?) (MU FGEF ? FGJJ A?L ? A?P AM?QR SN (CLEGLC BGQCLE?ECB) GD UMPI
BMLC @W DPGARGML GQ LCEJGEG@JC ?LB GRQ GLGRG?J QNCCB GQ 110 IK/F? (@) )D, GL
?ARS?JGRW, ? 750-IE A?P UGRF ?L GLGRG?J QNCCB MD 110 IK/F GQ M@QCPTCB RM
AM?QR SN ? FGJJ RM ? FCGEFR 22.0 K ?@MTC GRQ QR?PRGLE NMGLR, FMU KSAF
RFCPK?J CLCPEW U?Q ECLCP?RCB @W DPGARGML? (A) 7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC DMPAC
MD DPGARGML GD RFC FGJJ F?Q ? QJMNC 2.5 ?@MTC RFC FMPGXMLR?J?
52. 5QGLE T?JSCQ DPMK -78B; 7.1, FMU K?LW $.! KMJCASJCQ AMSJB @C
@PMICL @W RFC CLCPEW A?PPGCB @W ? QGLEJC CJCARPML GL RFC @C?K MD ?L MJB-
D?QFGMLCB 46 RS@C? (4FCQC CJCARPMLQ UCPC LMR B?LECPMSQ GL RFCKQCJTCQ,
@SR RFCW BGB APC?RC B?LECPMSQ V P?WQ. ,?RCP KMBCJ RS@C 46Q F?B QFGCJBGLE
RF?R ?@QMP@CB V P?WQ @CDMPC RFCW CQA?NCB ?LB CVNMQCB TGCUCPQ.)
53. 5QGLE CLCPEW AMLQGBCP?RGMLQ ?LB ?QQSKGLE LCEJGEG@JC ?GP PCQGQR?LAC,
QFMU RF?R ? PMAI RFPMUL DPMK ? @PGBEC 20.0 K ?@MTC U?RCP UGRF ?L GLGRG?J
QNCCB MD 15.0 K/Q QRPGICQ RFC U?RCP UGRF ? QNCCB MD 24.8 K/Q GLBCNCLBCLR
MD RFC BGPCARGML RFPMUL.
54. )D RFC CLCPEW GL DSQGML @MK@Q UCPC SQCB RM QSNNJW RFC CLCPEW LCCBQ
MD RFC UMPJB, FMU K?LW MD RFC 9-KCE?RML T?PGCRW UMSJB @C LCCBCB DMP ?
WC?PtQ QSNNJW MD CLCPEW (SQGLE B?R? DPMK -78B; 7.1)? 4FGQ GQ LMR ?Q D?P-
DCRAFCB ?Q GR K?W QMSLBrRFCPC ?PC RFMSQ?LBQ MD LSAJC?P @MK@Q, ?LB
RFCGP CLCPEW A?L @C RP?NNCB GL SLBCPEPMSLB CVNJMQGMLQ ?LB AMLTCPRCB RM
CJCARPGAGRW, ?Q L?RSP?J ECMRFCPK?J CLCPEW GQ.
55. (?) 5QC MD FWBPMECL DSQGML RM QSNNJW CLCPEW GQ ? BPC?K RF?R K?W @C
PC?JGXCB GL RFC LCVR ACLRSPW. &SQGML UMSJB @C ? PCJ?RGTCJW AJC?L ?LB
?JKMQR JGKGRJCQQ QSNNJW MD CLCPEW, ?Q A?L @C QCCL DPMK -78B; 7.1. 4M
GJJSQRP?RC RFGQ, A?JASJ?RC FMU K?LW WC?PQ RFC NPCQCLR CLCPEW LCCBQ MD RFC
UMPJB AMSJB @C QSNNJGCB @W MLC KGJJGMLRF MD RFC MAC?LQt FWBPMECL DSQGML
CLCPEW. (@) (MU BMCQ RFGQ RGKC AMKN?PC UGRF FGQRMPGA?JJW QGELGDGA?LR
CTCLRQ, QSAF ?Q RFC BSP?RGML MD QR?@JC CAMLMKGA QWQRCKQ?
7.7 )EM;H
56. 4FC #P?@ .C@SJ? (QCC F?=KH; 7.41) NSJQ?P GQ RFC PCKL?LR MD ?
QSNCPLMT? RF?R MAASPPCB GL !.$. 1054. 5QGLE B?R? DPMK -78B; 7.3,
A?JASJ?RC RFC ?NNPMVGK?RC D?ARMP @W UFGAF RFC NMUCP MSRNSR MD RFGQ
?QRPMLMKGA?J M@HCAR F?Q BCAJGLCB QGLAC GRQ CVNJMQGML.
#(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3 259
F?=KH; 7.41 #P?@ .C@SJ? (APCBGR: %3/, TG? 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
57. 3SNNMQC ? QR?P 1000 RGKCQ @PGEFRCP RF?L MSP 3SL (RF?R GQ, CKGRRGLE
1000 RGKCQ RFC NMUCP) QSBBCLJW EMCQ QSNCPLMT?. 5QGLE B?R? DPMK -78B;
7.3: (?) "W UF?R D?ARMP BMCQ GRQ NMUCP MSRNSR GLAPC?QC? (@) (MU K?LW
RGKCQ @PGEFRCP RF?L MSP CLRGPC -GJIW 7?W E?J?VW GQ RFC QSNCPLMT?? (A)
"?QCB ML WMSP ?LQUCPQ, BGQASQQ UFCRFCP GR QFMSJB @C NMQQG@JC RM M@QCPTC
QSNCPLMT?Q GL BGQR?LR E?J?VGCQ. .MRC RF?R RFCPC ?PC ML RFC MPBCP MD 10
11
M@QCPT?@JC E?J?VGCQ, RFC ?TCP?EC @PGEFRLCQQ MD UFGAF GQ QMKCUF?R JCQQ
RF?L MSP MUL E?J?VW.
58. ! NCPQML GL EMMB NFWQGA?J AMLBGRGML A?L NSR MSR 100 7 MD SQCDSJ
NMUCP DMP QCTCP?J FMSPQ ?R ? QRPCRAF, NCPF?NQ @W NCB?JGLE ? KCAF?LGQK
RF?R BPGTCQ ?L CJCARPGA ECLCP?RMP. .CEJCARGLE ?LW NPM@JCKQ MD ECLCP?RMP
CDDGAGCLAW ?LB NP?ARGA?J AMLQGBCP?RGMLQ QSAF ?Q PCQRGLE RGKC: (?) (MU
K?LW NCMNJC UMSJB GR R?IC RM PSL ? 4.00-I7 CJCARPGA AJMRFCQ BPWCP? (@)
(MU K?LW NCMNJC UMSJB GR R?IC RM PCNJ?AC ? J?PEC CJCARPGA NMUCP NJ?LR
RF?R ECLCP?RCQ 800 -7?
59. 7F?R GQ RFC AMQR MD MNCP?RGLE ? 3.00-7 CJCARPGA AJMAI DMP ? WC?P GD RFC
AMQR MD CJCARPGAGRW GQ $0.0900 NCP kW h ?
60. ! J?PEC FMSQCFMJB ?GP AMLBGRGMLCP K?W AMLQSKC 15.0 I7 MD NMUCP.
7F?R GQ RFC AMQR MD MNCP?RGLE RFGQ ?GP AMLBGRGMLCP 3.00 F NCP B?W DMP 30.0 B
GD RFC AMQR MD CJCARPGAGRW GQ $0.110 NCP kW h ?
61. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC NMUCP AMLQSKNRGML GL U?RRQ MD ?L ?NNJG?LAC
RF?R SQCQ 5.00 kW h MD CLCPEW NCP B?W? (@) (MU K?LW HMSJCQ MD
CLCPEW BMCQ RFGQ ?NNJG?LAC AMLQSKC GL ? WC?P?
62. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC SQCDSJ NMUCP MSRNSR MD ? NCPQML UFM BMCQ
6.0010
6
J MD SQCDSJ UMPI GL 8.00 F? (@) 7MPIGLE ?R RFGQ P?RC, FMU JMLE
UGJJ GR R?IC RFGQ NCPQML RM JGDR 2000 IE MD @PGAIQ 1.50 K RM ? NJ?RDMPK? (7MPI
BMLC RM JGDR FGQ @MBW A?L @C MKGRRCB @CA?SQC GR GQ LMR AMLQGBCPCB SQCDSJ
MSRNSR FCPC.)
63. ! 500-IE BP?EQRCP ?AACJCP?RCQ DPMK PCQR RM ? DGL?J QNCCB MD 110 K/Q GL
400 K (?@MSR ? OS?PRCP MD ? KGJC) ?LB CLAMSLRCPQ ?L ?TCP?EC DPGARGML?J
DMPAC MD 1200 .. 7F?R GQ GRQ ?TCP?EC NMUCP MSRNSR GL U?RRQ ?LB
FMPQCNMUCP GD RFGQ R?ICQ 7.30 Q?
64. (?) (MU JMLE UGJJ GR R?IC ?L 850-IE A?P UGRF ? SQCDSJ NMUCP MSRNSR MD
40.0 FN (1 FN = 746 7) RM PC?AF ? QNCCB MD 15.0 K/Q, LCEJCARGLE DPGARGML?
(@) (MU JMLE UGJJ RFGQ ?AACJCP?RGML R?IC GD RFC A?P ?JQM AJGK@Q ? 3.00-K-
FGEF FGJJ GL RFC NPMACQQ?
65. (?) &GLB RFC SQCDSJ NMUCP MSRNSR MD ?L CJCT?RMP KMRMP RF?R JGDRQ ?
2500-IE JM?B ? FCGEFR MD 35.0 K GL 12.0 Q, GD GR ?JQM GLAPC?QCQ RFC QNCCB
DPMK PCQR RM 4.00 K/Q. .MRC RF?R RFC RMR?J K?QQ MD RFC AMSLRCP@?J?LACB
QWQRCK GQ 10,000 IErQM RF?R MLJW 2500 IE GQ P?GQCB GL FCGEFR, @SR RFC DSJJ
10,000 IE GQ ?AACJCP?RCB. (@) 7F?R BMCQ GR AMQR, GD CJCARPGAGRW GQ $0.0900
NCP kW h ?
66. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC ?T?GJ?@JC CLCPEW AMLRCLR, GL HMSJCQ, MD ? @?RRCPW RF?R
MNCP?RCQ ? 2.00-7 CJCARPGA AJMAI DMP 18 KMLRFQ? (@) (MU JMLE A?L ?
@?RRCPW RF?R A?L QSNNJW 8.0010
4
J PSL ? NMAICR A?JASJ?RMP RF?R
AMLQSKCQ CLCPEW ?R RFC P?RC MD 1.0010
3
W?
67. (?) (MU JMLE UMSJB GR R?IC ? 1.5010
5
-IE ?GPNJ?LC UGRF CLEGLCQ RF?R
NPMBSAC 100 -7 MD NMUCP RM PC?AF ? QNCCB MD 250 K/Q ?LB ?L ?JRGRSBC MD
12.0 IK GD ?GP PCQGQR?LAC UCPC LCEJGEG@JC? (@) )D GR ?ARS?JJW R?ICQ 900 Q,
UF?R GQ RFC NMUCP? (A) 'GTCL RFGQ NMUCP, UF?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC DMPAC MD ?GP
PCQGQR?LAC GD RFC ?GPNJ?LC R?ICQ 1200 Q? ((GLR: 9MS KSQR DGLB RFC BGQR?LAC
RFC NJ?LC RP?TCJQ GL 1200 Q ?QQSKGLE AMLQR?LR ?AACJCP?RGML.)
68. #?JASJ?RC RFC NMUCP MSRNSR LCCBCB DMP ? 950-IE A?P RM AJGK@ ? 2.00
QJMNC ?R ? AMLQR?LR 30.0 K/Q UFGJC CLAMSLRCPGLE UGLB PCQGQR?LAC ?LB
DPGARGML RMR?JGLE 600 .. %VNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU RFC QRCNQ GL RFC
)HE8B;C-,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=?;I <EH ED;H=O.
69. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC NMUCP NCP QOS?PC KCRCP PC?AFGLE %?PRFtQ SNNCP
?RKMQNFCPC DPMK RFC 3SL. (4?IC RFC NMUCP MSRNSR MD RFC 3SL RM @C
4.0010
26
W.) (@) 0?PR MD RFGQ GQ ?@QMP@CB ?LB PCDJCARCB @W RFC
?RKMQNFCPC, QM RF?R ? K?VGKSK MD 1.30 kW/m
2
PC?AFCQ %?PRFtQ
QSPD?AC. #?JASJ?RC RFC ?PC? GL km
2
MD QMJ?P CLCPEW AMJJCARMPQ LCCBCB RM
PCNJ?AC ?L CJCARPGA NMUCP NJ?LR RF?R ECLCP?RCQ 750 -7 GD RFC AMJJCARMPQ
AMLTCPR ?L ?TCP?EC MD 2.00% MD RFC K?VGKSK NMUCP GLRM CJCARPGAGRW. (4FGQ
QK?JJ AMLTCPQGML CDDGAGCLAW GQ BSC RM RFC BCTGACQ RFCKQCJTCQ, ?LB RFC D?AR
RF?R RFC QSL GQ BGPCARJW MTCPFC?B MLJW @PGCDJW.) 7GRF RFC Q?KC
?QQSKNRGMLQ, UF?R ?PC? UMSJB @C LCCBCB RM KCCR RFC 5LGRCB 3R?RCQt
CLCPEW LCCBQ (1.0510
20
J)? !SQRP?JG?tQ CLCPEW LCCBQ
(5.410
18
J)? #FGL?tQ CLCPEW LCCBQ (6.310
19
J)? (4FCQC CLCPEW
AMLQSKNRGML T?JSCQ ?PC DPMK 2006.)
70. (?) (MU JMLE A?L WMS P?NGBJW AJGK@ QR?GPQ (116/KGL) ML RFC 93.0 IA?J MD
CLCPEW GL ? 10.0-E N?R MD @SRRCP? (@) (MU K?LW DJGEFRQ GQ RFGQ GD C?AF DJGEFR
F?Q 16 QR?GPQ?
71. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC NMUCP MSRNSR GL U?RRQ ?LB FMPQCNMUCP MD ? 70.0-IE
QNPGLRCP UFM ?AACJCP?RCQ DPMK PCQR RM 10.0 K/Q GL 3.00 Q? (@) #MLQGBCPGLE
RFC ?KMSLR MD NMUCP ECLCP?RCB, BM WMS RFGLI ? UCJJ-RP?GLCB ?RFJCRC AMSJB
BM RFGQ PCNCRGRGTCJW DMP JMLE NCPGMBQ MD RGKC?
72. #?JASJ?RC RFC NMUCP MSRNSR GL U?RRQ ?LB FMPQCNMUCP MD ? QFMR-NSRRCP
UFM R?ICQ 1.20 Q RM ?AACJCP?RC RFC 7.27-IE QFMR DPMK PCQR RM 14.0 K/Q,
UFGJC P?GQGLE GR 0.800 K. ($M LMR GLAJSBC RFC NMUCP NPMBSACB RM
?AACJCP?RC FGQ @MBW.)
F?=KH; 7.42 3FMR NSRRCP ?R RFC $MPLMAF (GEFJ?LB '?RFCPGLE GL 2007. (APCBGR: *MFL
(?QJ?K, &JGAIP)
73. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC CDDGAGCLAW MD ?L MSR-MD-AMLBGRGML NPMDCQQMP UFM BMCQ
2.1010
5
J MD SQCDSJ UMPI UFGJC KCR?@MJGXGLE 500 IA?J MD DMMB CLCPEW?
(@) (MU K?LW DMMB A?JMPGCQ UMSJB ? UCJJ-AMLBGRGMLCB ?RFJCRC KCR?@MJGXC
GL BMGLE RFC Q?KC UMPI UGRF ?L CDDGAGCLAW MD 20%?
260 #(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3
74. %LCPEW RF?R GQ LMR SRGJGXCB DMP UMPI MP FC?R RP?LQDCP GQ AMLTCPRCB RM RFC
AFCKGA?J CLCPEW MD @MBW D?R AMLR?GLGLE ?@MSR 39 I*/E. (MU K?LW EP?KQ
MD D?R UGJJ WMS E?GL GD WMS C?R 10,000 I* (?@MSR 2500 IA?J) MLC B?W ?LB BM
LMRFGLE @SR QGR PCJ?VCB DMP 16.0 F ?LB QJCCN DMP RFC MRFCP 8.00 F? 5QC B?R?
DPMK -78B; 7.5 DMP RFC CLCPEW AMLQSKNRGML P?RCQ MD RFCQC ?ARGTGRGCQ.
75. 5QGLE B?R? DPMK -78B; 7.5, A?JASJ?RC RFC B?GJW CLCPEW LCCBQ MD ?
NCPQML UFM QJCCNQ DMP 7.00 F, U?JIQ DMP 2.00 F, ?RRCLBQ AJ?QQCQ DMP 4.00
F, AWAJCQ DMP 2.00 F, QGRQ PCJ?VCB DMP 3.00 F, ?LB QRSBGCQ DMP 6.00 F.
(3RSBWGLE AMLQSKCQ CLCPEW ?R RFC Q?KC P?RC ?Q QGRRGLE GL AJ?QQ.)
76. 7F?R GQ RFC CDDGAGCLAW MD ? QS@HCAR ML ? RPC?BKGJJ UFM NSRQ MSR UMPI ?R
RFC P?RC MD 100 7 UFGJC AMLQSKGLE MVWECL ?R RFC P?RC MD 2.00 ,/KGL?
((GLR: 3CC -78B; 7.5.)
77. 3FMTCJGLE QLMU A?L @C CVRPCKCJW R?VGLE @CA?SQC RFC ?PKQ F?TC
QSAF ? JMU CDDGAGCLAW GL RFGQ ?ARGTGRW. 3SNNMQC ? NCPQML QFMTCJGLE ?
DMMRN?RF KCR?@MJGXCQ DMMB ?R RFC P?RC MD 800 7. (?) 7F?R GQ FCP SQCDSJ
NMUCP MSRNSR? (@) (MU JMLE UGJJ GR R?IC FCP RM JGDR 3000 IE MD QLMU 1.20 K?
(4FGQ AMSJB @C RFC ?KMSLR MD FC?TW QLMU ML 20 K MD DMMRN?RF.) (A) (MU
KSAF U?QRC FC?R RP?LQDCP GL IGJMHMSJCQ UGJJ QFC ECLCP?RC GL RFC NPMACQQ?
78. 6CPW J?PEC DMPACQ ?PC NPMBSACB GL HMGLRQ UFCL ? NCPQML HSKNQ DPMK
QMKC FCGEFR RM RFC EPMSLB. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC DMPAC NPMBSACB GD ?L 80.0-IE
NCPQML HSKNQ DPMK ? 0.600qK-FGEF JCBEC ?LB J?LBQ QRGDDJW, AMKNPCQQGLE
HMGLR K?RCPG?J 1.50 AK ?Q ? PCQSJR. ("C ACPR?GL RM GLAJSBC RFC UCGEFR MD RFC
NCPQML.) (@) )L NP?ARGAC RFC ILCCQ @CLB ?JKMQR GLTMJSLR?PGJW RM FCJN CVRCLB
RFC BGQR?LAC MTCP UFGAF WMS QRMN. #?JASJ?RC RFC DMPAC NPMBSACB GD RFC
QRMNNGLE BGQR?LAC GQ 0.300 K. (A) #MKN?PC @MRF DMPACQ UGRF RFC UCGEFR MD
RFC NCPQML.
79. *MEEGLE ML F?PB QSPD?ACQ UGRF GLQSDDGAGCLRJW N?BBCB QFMCQ NPMBSACQ
J?PEC DMPACQ GL RFC DCCR ?LB JCEQ. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC DMPAC LCCBCB RM QRMN
RFC BMULU?PB KMRGML MD ? HMEECPtQ JCE, GD FGQ JCE F?Q ? K?QQ MD 13.0 IE, ?
QNCCB MD 6.00 K/Q, ?LB QRMNQ GL ? BGQR?LAC MD 1.50 AK. ("C ACPR?GL RM
GLAJSBC RFC UCGEFR MD RFC 75.0-IE HMEECPtQ @MBW.) (@) #MKN?PC RFGQ DMPAC
UGRF RFC UCGEFR MD RFC HMEECP.
80. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC CLCPEW GL I* SQCB @W ? 55.0-IE UMK?L UFM BMCQ 50
BCCN ILCC @CLBQ GL UFGAF FCP ACLRCP MD K?QQ GQ JMUCPCB ?LB P?GQCB
0.400 K. (3FC BMCQ UMPI GL @MRF BGPCARGMLQ.) 9MS K?W ?QQSKC FCP
CDDGAGCLAW GQ 20%. (@) 7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC NMUCP AMLQSKNRGML P?RC GL
U?RRQ GD QFC BMCQ RFGQ GL 3.00 KGL?
81. +?LCJJMQ +?LCJJMNMSJMQ DJCU 119 IK DPMK #PCRC RM 3?LRMPGLG, 'PCCAC,
ML !NPGJ 23, 1988, GL RFC D4874?HF 88, ?L ?GPAP?DR NMUCPCB @W ? @GAWAJC-
RWNC BPGTC KCAF?LGQK (QCC F?=KH; 7.43). (GQ SQCDSJ NMUCP MSRNSR DMP RFC
234-KGL RPGN U?Q ?@MSR 350 7. 5QGLE RFC CDDGAGCLAW DMP AWAJGLE DPMK -78B;
7.2, A?JASJ?RC RFC DMMB CLCPEW GL IGJMHMSJCQ FC KCR?@MJGXCB BSPGLE RFC
DJGEFR.
F?=KH; 7.43 4FC $?CB?JSQ 88 GL DJGEFR. (APCBGR: .!3! NFMRM @W "C?QJCW)
82. 4FC QUGKKCP QFMUL GL F?=KH; 7.44 CVCPRQ ?L ?TCP?EC FMPGXMLR?J
@?AIU?PB DMPAC MD 80.0 . UGRF FGQ ?PK BSPGLE C?AF 1.80 K JMLE QRPMIC. (?)
7F?R GQ FGQ UMPI MSRNSR GL C?AF QRPMIC? (@) #?JASJ?RC RFC NMUCP MSRNSR MD
FGQ ?PKQ GD FC BMCQ 120 QRPMICQ NCP KGLSRC.
F?=KH; 7.44
83. -MSLR?GL AJGK@CPQ A?PPW @MRRJCB MVWECL UFCL ?R TCPW FGEF ?JRGRSBCQ.
(?) !QQSKGLE RF?R ? KMSLR?GL AJGK@CP SQCQ MVWECL ?R RUGAC RFC P?RC DMP
AJGK@GLE 116 QR?GPQ NCP KGLSRC (@CA?SQC MD JMU ?GP RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB
UGLBQ), A?JASJ?RC FMU K?LW JGRCPQ MD MVWECL ? AJGK@CP UMSJB LCCB DMP
10.0 F MD AJGK@GLE. (4FCQC ?PC JGRCPQ ?R QC? JCTCJ.) .MRC RF?R MLJW 40% MD
RFC GLF?JCB MVWECL GQ SRGJGXCB; RFC PCQR GQ CVF?JCB. (@) (MU KSAF SQCDSJ
UMPI BMCQ RFC AJGK@CP BM GD FC ?LB FGQ COSGNKCLR F?TC ? K?QQ MD 90.0 IE
?LB FC E?GLQ 1000 K MD ?JRGRSBC? (A) 7F?R GQ FGQ CDDGAGCLAW DMP RFC 10.0-F
AJGK@?
84. 4FC ?UC-GLQNGPGLE 'PC?R 0WP?KGB MD #FCMNQ U?Q @SGJR KMPC RF?L
4500 WC?PQ ?EM. )RQ QOS?PC @?QC, MPGEGL?JJW 230 K ML ? QGBC, AMTCPCB 13.1
?APCQ, ?LB GR U?Q 146 K FGEF, UGRF ? K?QQ MD ?@MSR 710
9
kg . (4FC
NWP?KGBtQ BGKCLQGMLQ ?PC QJGEFRJW BGDDCPCLR RMB?W BSC RM OS?PPWGLE ?LB
QMKC Q?EEGLE.) (GQRMPG?LQ CQRGK?RC RF?R 20,000 UMPICPQ QNCLR 20 WC?PQ
RM AMLQRPSAR GR, UMPIGLE 12-FMSP B?WQ, 330 B?WQ NCP WC?P. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC
EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW QRMPCB GL RFC NWP?KGB, EGTCL GRQ ACLRCP MD
K?QQ GQ ?R MLC-DMSPRF GRQ FCGEFR. (@) /LJW ? DP?ARGML MD RFC UMPICPQ JGDRCB
@JMAIQ; KMQR UCPC GLTMJTCB GL QSNNMPR QCPTGACQ QSAF ?Q @SGJBGLE P?KNQ
(QCC F?=KH; 7.45), @PGLEGLE DMMB ?LB U?RCP, ?LB F?SJGLE @JMAIQ RM RFC QGRC.
#?JASJ?RC RFC CDDGAGCLAW MD RFC UMPICPQ UFM BGB RFC JGDRGLE, ?QQSKGLE RFCPC
UCPC 1000 MD RFCK ?LB RFCW AMLQSKCB DMMB CLCPEW ?R RFC P?RC MD 300
IA?J/F. 7F?R BMCQ WMSP ?LQUCP GKNJW ?@MSR FMU KSAF MD RFCGP UMPI UCLR
GLRM @JMAI-JGDRGLE, TCPQSQ FMU KSAF UMPI UCLR GLRM DPGARGML ?LB JGDRGLE ?LB
JMUCPGLE RFCGP MUL @MBGCQ? (A) #?JASJ?RC RFC K?QQ MD DMMB RF?R F?B RM @C
QSNNJGCB C?AF B?W, ?QQSKGLE RF?R RFC ?TCP?EC UMPICP PCOSGPCB 3600 IA?J
NCP B?W ?LB RF?R RFCGP BGCR U?Q 5% NPMRCGL, 60% A?P@MFWBP?RC, ?LB 35%
D?R. (4FCQC NPMNMPRGMLQ LCEJCAR RFC K?QQ MD @SJI ?LB LMLBGECQRG@JC
K?RCPG?JQ AMLQSKCB.)
F?=KH; 7.45 !LAGCLR NWP?KGBQ UCPC NPM@?@JW AMLQRPSARCB SQGLE P?KNQ ?Q QGKNJC
K?AFGLCQ. (APCBGR: &P?LAI -MLLGCP, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
85. (?) (MU JMLE A?L WMS NJ?W RCLLGQ ML RFC 800 I* (?@MSR 200 IA?J) MD
CLCPEW GL ? A?LBW @?P? (@) $MCQ RFGQ QCCK JGIC ? JMLE RGKC? $GQASQQ UFW
CVCPAGQC GQ LCACQQ?PW @SR K?W LMR @C QSDDGAGCLR RM A?SQC ? NCPQML RM JMQC
UCGEFR.
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC DMPAC RFC UMK?L GL F?=KH; 7.46 CVCPRQ RM BM ? NSQF-SN
?R AMLQR?LR QNCCB, R?IGLE ?JJ B?R? RM @C ILMUL RM RFPCC BGEGRQ. (@) (MU
KSAF UMPI BMCQ QFC BM GD FCP ACLRCP MD K?QQ PGQCQ 0.240 K? (A) 7F?R GQ
FCP SQCDSJ NMUCP MSRNSR GD QFC BMCQ 25 NSQF-SNQ GL 1 KGL? (3FMSJB UMPI
BMLC JMUCPGLE FCP @MBW @C GLAJSBCB? 3CC RFC BGQASQQGML MD SQCDSJ UMPI GL
0EHA, ED;H=O, 7D: )EM;H ?D !KC7DI.
#(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3 261
F?=KH; 7.46 &MPACQ GLTMJTCB GL BMGLE NSQF-SNQ. 4FC UMK?LtQ UCGEFR ?ARQ ?Q ? DMPAC
CVCPRCB BMULU?PB ML FCP ACLRCP MD EP?TGRW (#').
! 75.0-IE APMQQ-AMSLRPW QIGCP GQ AJGK@GLE ? 3.0 QJMNC ?R ? AMLQR?LR
QNCCB MD 2.00 K/Q ?LB CLAMSLRCPQ ?GP PCQGQR?LAC MD 25.0 .. &GLB FGQ
NMUCP MSRNSR DMP UMPI BMLC ?E?GLQR RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC ?LB ?GP
PCQGQR?LAC. (@) 7F?R ?TCP?EC DMPAC BMCQ FC CVCPR @?AIU?PB ML RFC QLMU
RM ?AAMKNJGQF RFGQ? (A) )D FC AMLRGLSCQ RM CVCPR RFGQ DMPAC ?LB RM
CVNCPGCLAC RFC Q?KC ?GP PCQGQR?LAC UFCL FC PC?AFCQ ? JCTCJ ?PC?, FMU
JMLE UGJJ GR R?IC FGK RM PC?AF ? TCJMAGRW MD 10.0 K/Q?
4FC 70.0-IE QUGKKCP GL F?=KH; 7.44 QR?PRQ ? P?AC UGRF ?L GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW
MD 1.25 K/Q ?LB CVCPRQ ?L ?TCP?EC DMPAC MD 80.0 . @?AIU?PB UGRF FGQ
?PKQ BSPGLE C?AF 1.80 K JMLE QRPMIC. (?) 7F?R GQ FGQ GLGRG?J ?AACJCP?RGML GD
U?RCP PCQGQR?LAC GQ 45.0 .? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC QS@QCOSCLR ?TCP?EC
PCQGQR?LAC DMPAC DPMK RFC U?RCP BSPGLE RFC 5.00 Q GR R?ICQ FGK RM PC?AF FGQ
RMN TCJMAGRW MD 2.50 K/Q? (A) $GQASQQ UFCRFCP U?RCP PCQGQR?LAC QCCKQ RM
GLAPC?QC JGLC?PJW UGRF TCJMAGRW.
! RMW ESL SQCQ ? QNPGLE UGRF ? DMPAC AMLQR?LR MD 300 ./K RM NPMNCJ ?
10.0-E QRCCJ @?JJ. )D RFC QNPGLE GQ AMKNPCQQCB 7.00 AK ?LB DPGARGML GQ
LCEJGEG@JC: (?) (MU KSAF DMPAC GQ LCCBCB RM AMKNPCQQ RFC QNPGLE? (@) 4M
UF?R K?VGKSK FCGEFR A?L RFC @?JJ @C QFMR? (A) !R UF?R ?LEJCQ ?@MTC RFC
FMPGXMLR?J K?W ? AFGJB ?GK RM FGR ? R?PECR 3.00 K ?U?W ?R RFC Q?KC FCGEFR
?Q RFC ESL? (B) 7F?R GQ RFC ESLtQ K?VGKSK P?LEC ML JCTCJ EPMSLB?
(?) 7F?R DMPAC KSQR @C QSNNJGCB @W ?L CJCT?RMP A?@JC RM NPMBSAC ?L
?AACJCP?RGML MD 0.800 m/s
2
?E?GLQR ? 200-. DPGARGML?J DMPAC, GD RFC K?QQ
MD RFC JM?BCB CJCT?RMP GQ 1500 IE? (@) (MU KSAF UMPI GQ BMLC @W RFC
A?@JC GL JGDRGLE RFC CJCT?RMP 20.0 K? (A) 7F?R GQ RFC DGL?J QNCCB MD RFC
CJCT?RMP GD GR QR?PRQ DPMK PCQR? (B) (MU KSAF UMPI UCLR GLRM RFCPK?J
CLCPEW?
! A?P ?BTCPRGQCKCLR AJ?GKQ RF?R GRQ 900-IE A?P ?AACJCP?RCB DPMK PCQR RM
30.0 K/Q ?LB BPMTC 100 IK, E?GLGLE 3.00 IK GL ?JRGRSBC, ML 1.0 E?J MD
E?QMJGLC. 4FC ?TCP?EC DMPAC MD DPGARGML GLAJSBGLE ?GP PCQGQR?LAC U?Q 700 ..
!QQSKC ?JJ T?JSCQ ?PC ILMUL RM RFPCC QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC
A?PtQ CDDGAGCLAW. (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFC PCQSJR? (A) 7FGAF
NPCKGQC GQ SLPC?QML?@JC, MP UFGAF NPCKGQCQ ?PC GLAMLQGQRCLR?
"MBW D?R GQ KCR?@MJGXCB, QSNNJWGLE 9.30 IA?J/E, UFCL BGCR?PW GLR?IC GQ JCQQ
RF?L LCCBCB RM DSCJ KCR?@MJGQK. 4FC K?LSD?ARSPCPQ MD ?L CVCPAGQC
@GAWAJC AJ?GK RF?R WMS A?L JMQC 0.500 IE MD D?R NCP B?W @W TGEMPMSQJW
CVCPAGQGLE DMP 2.00 F NCP B?W ML RFCGP K?AFGLC. (?) (MU K?LW IA?J ?PC
QSNNJGCB @W RFC KCR?@MJGX?RGML MD 0.500 IE MD D?R? (@) #?JASJ?RC RFC IA?J/
KGL RF?R WMS UMSJB F?TC RM SRGJGXC RM KCR?@MJGXC D?R ?R RFC P?RC MD 0.500 IE
GL 2.00 F. (A) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFC PCQSJRQ? (B) 7FGAF NPCKGQC
GQ SLPC?QML?@JC, MP UFGAF NPCKGQCQ ?PC GLAMLQGQRCLR?
#MLQGBCP ? NCPQML AJGK@GLE ?LB BCQACLBGLE QR?GPQ. #MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK
GL UFGAF WMS A?JASJ?RC RFC JMLE-RCPK P?RC ?R UFGAF QR?GPQ A?L @C AJGK@CB
AMLQGBCPGLE RFC K?QQ MD RFC NCPQML, FGQ ?@GJGRW RM ECLCP?RC NMUCP UGRF FGQ
JCEQ, ?LB RFC FCGEFR MD ? QGLEJC QR?GP QRCN. !JQM AMLQGBCP UFW RFC Q?KC
NCPQML A?L BCQACLB QR?GPQ ?R ? D?QRCP P?RC DMP ? LC?PJW SLJGKGRCB RGKC GL
QNGRC MD RFC D?AR RF?R TCPW QGKGJ?P DMPACQ ?PC CVCPRCB EMGLE BMUL ?Q EMGLE
SN. (4FGQ NMGLRQ RM ? DSLB?KCLR?JJW BGDDCPCLR NPMACQQ DMP BCQACLBGLE
TCPQSQ AJGK@GLE QR?GPQ.)
#MLQGBCP FSK?LQ ECLCP?RGLE CJCARPGAGRW @W NCB?JGLE ? BCTGAC QGKGJ?P RM ?
QR?RGML?PW @GAWAJC. #MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS BCRCPKGLC RFC
LSK@CP MD NCMNJC GR UMSJB R?IC RM PCNJ?AC ? J?PEC CJCARPGA?J ECLCP?RGML
D?AGJGRW. !KMLE RFC RFGLEQ RM AMLQGBCP ?PC RFC NMUCP MSRNSR RF?R GQ
PC?QML?@JC SQGLE RFC JCEQ, PCQR RGKC, ?LB RFC LCCB DMP CJCARPGAGRW 24 FMSPQ
NCP B?W. $GQASQQ RFC NP?ARGA?J GKNJGA?RGMLQ MD WMSP PCQSJRQ.
! 105-IE @?QICR@?JJ NJ?WCP APMSAFCQ BMUL 0.400 K UFGJC U?GRGLE RM HSKN.
!DRCP CVCPRGLE ? DMPAC ML RFC DJMMP RFPMSEF RFGQ 0.400 K, FGQ DCCR JC?TC RFC
DJMMP ?LB FGQ ACLRCP MD EP?TGRW PGQCQ 0.950 K ?@MTC GRQ LMPK?J QR?LBGLE
CPCAR NMQGRGML. (?) 5QGLE CLCPEW AMLQGBCP?RGMLQ, A?JASJ?RC FGQ TCJMAGRW
UFCL FC JC?TCQ RFC DJMMP. (@) 7F?R ?TCP?EC DMPAC BGB FC CVCPR ML RFC
DJMMP? ($M LMR LCEJCAR RFC DMPAC RM QSNNMPR FGQ UCGEFR ?Q UCJJ ?Q RF?R RM
?AACJCP?RC FGK.) (A) 7F?R U?Q FGQ NMUCP MSRNSR BSPGLE RFC ?AACJCP?RGML
NF?QC?
262 #(!04%2 7 Y 7/2+, %.%2'9, !.$ %.%2'9 2%3/52#%3
8 ,).%!2 -/-%.45- !.$ #/,,)3)/.3
F?=KH; 8.1 %?AF PSE@W NJ?WCP F?Q EPC?R KMKCLRSK, UFGAF UGJJ ?DDCAR RFC MSRAMKC MD RFCGP AMJJGQGMLQ UGRF C?AF MRFCP ?LB RFC EPMSLB. (APCBGR: MXXXGC, &JGAIP)
,C?PLGLE /@HCARGTCQ
8.1. %?D;7H &EC;DJKC 7D: FEH9;
8.2. "CFKBI;
8.3. CEDI;HL7J?ED E< &EC;DJKC
8.4. EB7IJ?9 CEBB?I?EDI ?D (D; D?C;DI?ED
8.5. "D;B7IJ?9 CEBB?I?EDI ?D (D; D?C;DI?ED
8.6. CEBB?I?EDI E< )E?DJ &7II;I ?D -ME D?C;DI?EDI
8.7. "DJHE:K9J?ED JE +E9A;J )HEFKBI?ED
"DJHE:K9J?ED JE %?D;7H &EC;DJKC 7D: CEBB?I?EDI
7C SQC RFC RCPK KMKCLRSK GL T?PGMSQ U?WQ GL CTCPWB?W J?LES?EC, ?LB KMQR MD RFCQC U?WQ ?PC AMLQGQRCLR UGRF GRQ NPCAGQC QAGCLRGDGA BCDGLGRGML. 7C
QNC?I MD QNMPRQ RC?KQ MP NMJGRGAG?LQ E?GLGLE ?LB K?GLR?GLGLE RFC KMKCLRSK RM UGL. 7C ?JQM PCAMELGXC RF?R KMKCLRSK F?Q QMKCRFGLE RM BM UGRF
AMJJGQGMLQ. &MP CV?KNJC, JMMIGLE ?R RFC PSE@W NJ?WCPQ GL RFC NFMRMEP?NF AMJJGBGLE ?LB D?JJGLE RM RFC EPMSLB, UC CVNCAR RFCGP KMKCLR? RM F?TC EPC?R
CDDCARQ GL RFC PCQSJRGLE AMJJGQGMLQ. 'CLCP?JJW, KMKCLRSK GKNJGCQ ? RCLBCLAW RM AMLRGLSC ML AMSPQCrRM KMTC GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGMLr?LB GQ ?QQMAG?RCB
UGRF EPC?R K?QQ ?LB QNCCB.
-MKCLRSK, JGIC CLCPEW, GQ GKNMPR?LR @CA?SQC GR GQ AMLQCPTCB. /LJW ? DCU NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ ?PC AMLQCPTCB GL L?RSPC, ?LB QRSBWGLE RFCK WGCJBQ
DSLB?KCLR?J GLQGEFR GLRM FMU L?RSPC UMPIQ, ?Q UC QF?JJ QCC GL MSP QRSBW MD KMKCLRSK.
8.1 %?D;7H &EC;DJKC 7D: FEH9;
,GLC?P -MKCLRSK
4FC QAGCLRGDGA BCDGLGRGML MD JGLC?P KMKCLRSK GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF KMQR NCMNJCtQ GLRSGRGTC SLBCPQR?LBGLE MD KMKCLRSK: ? J?PEC, D?QR-KMTGLE M@HCAR F?Q
EPC?RCP KMKCLRSK RF?L ? QK?JJCP, QJMUCP M@HCAR. %?D;7H CEC;DJKC GQ BCDGLCB ?Q RFC NPMBSAR MD ? QWQRCKtQ K?QQ KSJRGNJGCB @W GRQ TCJMAGRW. )L
QWK@MJQ, JGLC?P KMKCLRSK GQ CVNPCQQCB ?Q
(8.1) p = mv.
-MKCLRSK GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC M@HCARtQ K?QQ ?LB ?JQM GRQ TCJMAGRW. 4FSQ RFC EPC?RCP ?L M@HCARtQ K?QQ MP RFC EPC?RCP GRQ TCJMAGRW, RFC EPC?RCP
GRQ KMKCLRSK. -MKCLRSK p GQ ? TCARMP F?TGLE RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q RFC TCJMAGRW v . 4FC 3) SLGR DMP KMKCLRSK GQ kg m/s .
,GLC?P -MKCLRSK
,GLC?P KMKCLRSK GQ BCDGLCB ?Q RFC NPMBSAR MD ? QWQRCKtQ K?QQ KSJRGNJGCB @W GRQ TCJMAGRW:
(8.2) p = mv.
#(!04%2 8 Y ,).%!2 -/-%.45- !.$ #/,,)3)/.3 263
EN7CFB; 8.1 C7B9KB7J?D= &EC;DJKC: A FEEJ87BB )B7O;H 7D: 7 FEEJ87BB
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC KMKCLRSK MD ? 110-IE DMMR@?JJ NJ?WCP PSLLGLE ?R 8.00 K/Q. (@) #MKN?PC RFC NJ?WCPtQ KMKCLRSK UGRF RFC KMKCLRSK MD ? F?PB-
RFPMUL 0.410-IE DMMR@?JJ RF?R F?Q ? QNCCB MD 25.0 K/Q.
,JH7J;=O
.M GLDMPK?RGML GQ EGTCL PCE?PBGLE BGPCARGML, ?LB QM UC A?L A?JASJ?RC MLJW RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC KMKCLRSK, p . (!Q SQS?J, ? QWK@MJ RF?R GQ GL
GR?JGAQ GQ ? K?ELGRSBC, UFCPC?Q MLC RF?R GQ GR?JGAGXCB, @MJBD?ACB, ?LB F?Q ?L ?PPMU GQ ? TCARMP.) )L @MRF N?PRQ MD RFGQ CV?KNJC, RFC K?ELGRSBC MD
KMKCLRSK A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB BGPCARJW DPMK RFC BCDGLGRGML MD KMKCLRSK EGTCL GL RFC COS?RGML, UFGAF @CAMKCQ
(8.3) p = mv
UFCL MLJW K?ELGRSBCQ ?PC AMLQGBCPCB.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
4M BCRCPKGLC RFC KMKCLRSK MD RFC NJ?WCP, QS@QRGRSRC RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ DMP RFC NJ?WCPtQ K?QQ ?LB QNCCB GLRM RFC COS?RGML.
(8.4)
p
player
=

110 kg
(8.00 m/s) = 880 kg m/s

,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
4M BCRCPKGLC RFC KMKCLRSK MD RFC @?JJ, QS@QRGRSRC RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ DMP RFC @?JJtQ K?QQ ?LB QNCCB GLRM RFC COS?RGML.
(8.5)
p
ball
=

0.410 kg
(25.0 m/s) = 10.3 kg m/s

4FC P?RGM MD RFC NJ?WCPtQ KMKCLRSK RM RF?R MD RFC @?JJ GQ
(8.6)
p
player
p
ball
=
880
10.3
= 85.9.
D?I9KII?ED
!JRFMSEF RFC @?JJ F?Q EPC?RCP TCJMAGRW, RFC NJ?WCP F?Q ? KSAF EPC?RCP K?QQ. 4FSQ RFC KMKCLRSK MD RFC NJ?WCP GQ KSAF EPC?RCP RF?L RFC
KMKCLRSK MD RFC DMMR@?JJ, ?Q WMS KGEFR ESCQQ. !Q ? PCQSJR, RFC NJ?WCPtQ KMRGML GQ MLJW QJGEFRJW ?DDCARCB GD FC A?RAFCQ RFC @?JJ. 7C QF?JJ OS?LRGDW
UF?R F?NNCLQ GL QSAF AMJJGQGMLQ GL RCPKQ MD KMKCLRSK GL J?RCP QCARGMLQ.
-MKCLRSK ?LB .CURMLtQ 3CAMLB ,?U
4FC GKNMPR?LAC MD KMKCLRSK, SLJGIC RFC GKNMPR?LAC MD CLCPEW, U?Q PCAMELGXCB C?PJW GL RFC BCTCJMNKCLR MD AJ?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ. -MKCLRSK U?Q
BCCKCB QM GKNMPR?LR RF?R GR U?Q A?JJCB RFC uOS?LRGRW MD KMRGML.v .CURML ?ARS?JJW QR?RCB FGQ I;9ED: B7M E< CEJ?ED GL RCPKQ MD KMKCLRSK: 4FC LCR
CVRCPL?J DMPAC COS?JQ RFC AF?LEC GL KMKCLRSK MD ? QWQRCK BGTGBCB @W RFC RGKC MTCP UFGAF GR AF?LECQ. 5QGLE QWK@MJQ, RFGQ J?U GQ
(8.7)
F
net
=
p
t
,
UFCPC F
net
GQ RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC, p GQ RFC AF?LEC GL KMKCLRSK, ?LB t GQ RFC AF?LEC GL RGKC.
.CURMLtQ 3CAMLB ,?U MD -MRGML GL 4CPKQ MD -MKCLRSK
4FC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC COS?JQ RFC AF?LEC GL KMKCLRSK MD ? QWQRCK BGTGBCB @W RFC RGKC MTCP UFGAF GR AF?LECQ.
(8.8)
F
net
=
p
t
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: &MPAC ?LB -MKCLRSK
&MPAC ?LB KMKCLRSK ?PC GLRGK?RCJW PCJ?RCB. &MPAC ?ARGLE MTCP RGKC A?L AF?LEC KMKCLRSK, ?LB .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U MD KMRGML, A?L @C QR?RCB
GL GRQ KMQR @PM?BJW ?NNJGA?@JC DMPK GL RCPKQ MD KMKCLRSK. -MKCLRSK AMLRGLSCQ RM @C ? ICW AMLACNR GL RFC QRSBW MD ?RMKGA ?LB QS@?RMKGA
N?PRGAJCQ GL OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ.
4FGQ QR?RCKCLR MD .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U MD KMRGML GLAJSBCQ RFC KMPC D?KGJG?P F
net
=ma ?Q ? QNCAG?J A?QC. 7C A?L BCPGTC RFGQ DMPK ?Q DMJJMUQ. &GPQR,
LMRC RF?R RFC AF?LEC GL KMKCLRSK p GQ EGTCL @W
(8.9)
p =
mv
.
)D RFC K?QQ MD RFC QWQRCK GQ AMLQR?LR, RFCL
(8.10)
(mv) = mv.
3M RF?R DMP AMLQR?LR K?QQ, .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U MD KMRGML @CAMKCQ
(8.11)
F
net
=
p
t
=
mv
t
.
264 #(!04%2 8 Y ,).%!2 -/-%.45- !.$ #/,,)3)/.3
"CA?SQC
v
t
= a , UC ECR RFC D?KGJG?P COS?RGML
(8.12) F
net
=ma
J;8A G;8 @4FF B9 G;8 FLFG8@ <F 6BAFG4AG.
.CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U MD KMRGML QR?RCB GL RCPKQ MD KMKCLRSK GQ KMPC ECLCP?JJW ?NNJGA?@JC @CA?SQC GR A?L @C ?NNJGCB RM QWQRCKQ UFCPC RFC K?QQ GQ
AF?LEGLE, QSAF ?Q PMAICRQ, ?Q UCJJ ?Q RM QWQRCKQ MD AMLQR?LR K?QQ. 7C UGJJ AMLQGBCP QWQRCKQ UGRF T?PWGLE K?QQ GL QMKC BCR?GJ; FMUCTCP, RFC
PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL KMKCLRSK ?LB DMPAC PCK?GLQ SQCDSJ UFCL K?QQ GQ AMLQR?LR, QSAF ?Q GL RFC DMJJMUGLE CV?KNJC.
EN7CFB; 8.2 C7B9KB7J?D= FEH9;: /;DKI 0?BB?7CIX +79GK;J
$SPGLE RFC 2007 &PCLAF /NCL, 6CLSQ 7GJJG?KQ FGR RFC D?QRCQR PCAMPBCB QCPTC GL ? NPCKGCP UMKCLtQ K?RAF, PC?AFGLE ? QNCCB MD 58 K/Q (209 IK/
F). 7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC DMPAC CVCPRCB ML RFC 0.057-IE RCLLGQ @?JJ @W 6CLSQ 7GJJG?KQt P?AOSCR, ?QQSKGLE RF?R RFC @?JJtQ QNCCB HSQR ?DRCP GKN?AR GQ
58 K/Q, RF?R RFC GLGRG?J FMPGXMLR?J AMKNMLCLR MD RFC TCJMAGRW @CDMPC GKN?AR GQ LCEJGEG@JC, ?LB RF?R RFC @?JJ PCK?GLCB GL AMLR?AR UGRF RFC P?AOSCR DMP
5.0 KQ (KGJJGQCAMLBQ)?
,JH7J;=O
4FGQ NPM@JCK GLTMJTCQ MLJW MLC BGKCLQGML @CA?SQC RFC @?JJ QR?PRQ DPMK F?TGLE LM FMPGXMLR?J TCJMAGRW AMKNMLCLR @CDMPC GKN?AR. .CURMLtQ QCAMLB
J?U QR?RCB GL RCPKQ MD KMKCLRSK GQ RFCL UPGRRCL ?Q
(8.13)
F
net
=
p
t
.
!Q LMRCB ?@MTC, UFCL K?QQ GQ AMLQR?LR, RFC AF?LEC GL KMKCLRSK GQ EGTCL @W
(8.14)
p = mv = m(v
f
v
i
).
)L RFGQ CV?KNJC, RFC TCJMAGRW HSQR ?DRCP GKN?AR ?LB RFC AF?LEC GL RGKC ?PC EGTCL; RFSQ, MLAC p GQ A?JASJ?RCB, F
net
=
p
t
A?L @C SQCB RM DGLB
RFC DMPAC.
,EBKJ?ED
4M BCRCPKGLC RFC AF?LEC GL KMKCLRSK, QS@QRGRSRC RFC T?JSCQ DMP RFC GLGRG?J ?LB DGL?J TCJMAGRGCQ GLRM RFC COS?RGML ?@MTC.
(8.15)
p = m(v
f
v
i
)
=

0.057 kg
(58 m/s 0 m/s)

= 3.306 kg m/s 3.3 kg m/s
.MU RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC A?L BCRCPKGLCB @W SQGLE F
net
=
p
t
:
(8.16)
F
net
=
p
t
=
3.306 kg m/s
5.010
3
s
= 661 N 660 N,
UFCPC UC F?TC PCR?GLCB MLJW RUM QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ GL RFC DGL?J QRCN.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ OS?LRGRW U?Q RFC ?TCP?EC DMPAC CVCPRCB @W 6CLSQ 7GJJG?KQt P?AOSCR ML RFC RCLLGQ @?JJ BSPGLE GRQ @PGCD GKN?AR (LMRC RF?R RFC @?JJ ?JQM
CVNCPGCLACB RFC 0.56-. DMPAC MD EP?TGRW, @SR RF?R DMPAC U?Q LMR BSC RM RFC P?AOSCR). 4FGQ NPM@JCK AMSJB ?JQM @C QMJTCB @W DGPQR DGLBGLE RFC
?AACJCP?RGML ?LB RFCL SQGLE F
net
=ma , @SR MLC ?BBGRGML?J QRCN UMSJB @C PCOSGPCB AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC QRP?RCEW SQCB GL RFGQ CV?KNJC.
8.2 "CFKBI;
4FC CDDCAR MD ? DMPAC ML ?L M@HCAR BCNCLBQ ML FMU JMLE GR ?ARQ, ?Q UCJJ ?Q FMU EPC?R RFC DMPAC GQ. )L EN7CFB; 8.1, ? TCPW J?PEC DMPAC ?ARGLE DMP ? QFMPR
RGKC F?B ? EPC?R CDDCAR ML RFC KMKCLRSK MD RFC RCLLGQ @?JJ. ! QK?JJ DMPAC AMSJB A?SQC RFC Q?KC 9>7D=; ?D CEC;DJKC, @SR GR UMSJB F?TC RM ?AR DMP ?
KSAF JMLECP RGKC. &MP CV?KNJC, GD RFC @?JJ UCPC RFPMUL SNU?PB, RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC (UFGAF GQ KSAF QK?JJCP RF?L RFC RCLLGQ P?AOSCRtQ DMPAC) UMSJB
CTCLRS?JJW PCTCPQC RFC KMKCLRSK MD RFC @?JJ. 1S?LRGR?RGTCJW, RFC CDDCAR UC ?PC R?JIGLE ?@MSR GQ RFC AF?LEC GL KMKCLRSK p .
"W PC?PP?LEGLE RFC COS?RGML F
net
=
p
t
RM @C
(8.17) p = F
net
t,
UC A?L QCC FMU RFC AF?LEC GL KMKCLRSK COS?JQ RFC ?TCP?EC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC KSJRGNJGCB @W RFC RGKC RFGQ DMPAC ?ARQ. 4FC OS?LRGRW F
net
t GQ EGTCL
RFC L?KC ?CFKBI;. )KNSJQC GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC AF?LEC GL KMKCLRSK.
#(!04%2 8 Y ,).%!2 -/-%.45- !.$ #/,,)3)/.3 265
)KNSJQC: #F?LEC GL -MKCLRSK
#F?LEC GL KMKCLRSK COS?JQ RFC ?TCP?EC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC KSJRGNJGCB @W RFC RGKC RFGQ DMPAC ?ARQ.
(8.18) p = F
net
t
4FC OS?LRGRW F
net
t GQ EGTCL RFC L?KC GKNSJQC.
4FCPC ?PC K?LW U?WQ GL UFGAF ?L SLBCPQR?LBGLE MD GKNSJQC A?L Q?TC JGTCQ, MP ?R JC?QR JGK@Q. 4FC B?QF@M?PB N?BBGLE GL ? A?P, ?LB ACPR?GLJW RFC
?GP@?EQ, ?JJMU RFC LCR DMPAC ML RFC MAASN?LRQ GL RFC A?P RM ?AR MTCP ? KSAF JMLECP RGKC UFCL RFCPC GQ ? QSBBCL QRMN. 4FC KMKCLRSK AF?LEC GQ
RFC Q?KC DMP ?L MAASN?LR, UFCRFCP ?L ?GP @?E GQ BCNJMWCB MP LMR, @SR RFC DMPAC (RM @PGLE RFC MAASN?LR RM ? QRMN) UGJJ @C KSAF JCQQ GD GR ?ARQ MTCP ?
J?PECP RGKC. #?PQ RMB?W F?TC K?LW NJ?QRGA AMKNMLCLRQ. /LC ?BT?LR?EC MD NJ?QRGAQ GQ RFCGP JGEFRCP UCGEFR, UFGAF PCQSJRQ GL @CRRCP E?Q KGJC?EC.
!LMRFCP ?BT?LR?EC GQ RF?R ? A?P UGJJ APSKNJC GL ? AMJJGQGML, CQNCAG?JJW GL RFC CTCLR MD ? FC?B-ML AMJJGQGML. ! JMLECP AMJJGQGML RGKC KC?LQ RFC DMPAC
ML RFC A?P UGJJ @C JCQQ. $C?RFQ BSPGLE A?P P?ACQ BCAPC?QCB BP?K?RGA?JJW UFCL RFC PGEGB DP?KCQ MD P?AGLE A?PQ UCPC PCNJ?ACB UGRF N?PRQ RF?R AMSJB
APSKNJC MP AMJJ?NQC GL RFC CTCLR MD ?L ?AAGBCLR.
"MLCQ GL ? @MBW UGJJ DP?ARSPC GD RFC DMPAC ML RFCK GQ RMM J?PEC. )D WMS HSKN MLRM RFC DJMMP DPMK ? R?@JC, RFC DMPAC ML WMSP JCEQ A?L @C GKKCLQC GD WMS
J?LB QRGDD-JCEECB ML ? F?PB QSPD?AC. 2MJJGLE ML RFC EPMSLB ?DRCP HSKNGLE DPMK RFC R?@JC, MP J?LBGLE UGRF ? N?P?AFSRC, CVRCLBQ RFC RGKC MTCP UFGAF
RFC DMPAC (ML WMS DPMK RFC EPMSLB) ?ARQ.
EN7CFB; 8.3 C7B9KB7J?D= &7=D?JK:;I E< "CFKBI;I: -ME B?BB?7H: B7BBI ,JH?A?D= 7 +?=?: 07BB
4UM GBCLRGA?J @GJJG?PB @?JJQ QRPGIC ? PGEGB U?JJ UGRF RFC Q?KC QNCCB, ?LB ?PC PCDJCARCB UGRFMSR ?LW AF?LEC MD QNCCB. 4FC DGPQR @?JJ QRPGICQ
NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC U?JJ. 4FC QCAMLB @?JJ QRPGICQ RFC U?JJ ?R ?L ?LEJC MD 30 DPMK RFC NCPNCLBGASJ?P, ?LB @MSLACQ MDD ?R ?L ?LEJC MD 30 DPMK
NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC U?JJ.
(?) $CRCPKGLC RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC DMPAC ML RFC U?JJ BSC RM C?AF @?JJ.
(@) #?JASJ?RC RFC P?RGM MD RFC K?ELGRSBCQ MD GKNSJQCQ ML RFC RUM @?JJQ @W RFC U?JJ.
,JH7J;=O <EH (7)
)L MPBCP RM BCRCPKGLC RFC DMPAC ML RFC U?JJ, AMLQGBCP RFC DMPAC ML RFC @?JJ BSC RM RFC U?JJ SQGLE .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U ?LB RFCL ?NNJW .CURMLtQ
RFGPB J?U RM BCRCPKGLC RFC BGPCARGML. !QQSKC RFC x -?VGQ RM @C LMPK?J RM RFC U?JJ ?LB RM @C NMQGRGTC GL RFC GLGRG?J BGPCARGML MD KMRGML. #FMMQC RFC y
-?VGQ RM @C ?JMLE RFC U?JJ GL RFC NJ?LC MD RFC QCAMLB @?JJtQ KMRGML. 4FC KMKCLRSK BGPCARGML ?LB RFC TCJMAGRW BGPCARGML ?PC RFC Q?KC.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
4FC DGPQR @?JJ @MSLACQ BGPCARJW GLRM RFC U?JJ ?LB CVCPRQ ? DMPAC ML GR GL RFC +x BGPCARGML. 4FCPCDMPC RFC U?JJ CVCPRQ ? DMPAC ML RFC @?JJ GL RFC x
BGPCARGML. 4FC QCAMLB @?JJ AMLRGLSCQ UGRF RFC Q?KC KMKCLRSK AMKNMLCLR GL RFC y BGPCARGML, @SR PCTCPQCQ GRQ x -AMKNMLCLR MD KMKCLRSK, ?Q
QCCL @W QICRAFGLE ? BG?EP?K MD RFC ?LEJCQ GLTMJTCB ?LB ICCNGLE GL KGLB RFC NPMNMPRGML?JGRW @CRUCCL TCJMAGRW ?LB KMKCLRSK.
4FCQC AF?LECQ KC?L RFC AF?LEC GL KMKCLRSK DMP @MRF @?JJQ GQ GL RFC x BGPCARGML, QM RFC DMPAC MD RFC U?JJ ML C?AF @?JJ GQ ?JMLE RFC x
BGPCARGML.
,JH7J;=O <EH (8)
#?JASJ?RC RFC AF?LEC GL KMKCLRSK DMP C?AF @?JJ, UFGAF GQ COS?J RM RFC GKNSJQC GKN?PRCB RM RFC @?JJ.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
,CR u @C RFC QNCCB MD C?AF @?JJ @CDMPC ?LB ?DRCP AMJJGQGML UGRF RFC U?JJ, ?LB m RFC K?QQ MD C?AF @?JJ. #FMMQC RFC x -?VGQ ?LB y -?VGQ ?Q
NPCTGMSQJW BCQAPG@CB, ?LB AMLQGBCP RFC AF?LEC GL KMKCLRSK MD RFC DGPQR @?JJ UFGAF QRPGICQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC U?JJ.
(8.19) p
xi
= mu; p
yi
= 0
(8.20) p
xf
= mu; p
yf
= 0
)KNSJQC GQ RFC AF?LEC GL KMKCLRSK TCARMP. 4FCPCDMPC RFC x -AMKNMLCLR MD GKNSJQC GQ COS?J RM 2mu ?LB RFC y -AMKNMLCLR MD GKNSJQC GQ
COS?J RM XCPM.
.MU AMLQGBCP RFC AF?LEC GL KMKCLRSK MD RFC QCAMLB @?JJ.
(8.21)
p
xi
= mu cos 30; p
yi
= mu sin 30
(8.22)
p
xf
= mu cos 30; p
yf
= mu sin 30
)R QFMSJB @C LMRCB FCPC RF?R UFGJC p
x
AF?LECQ QGEL ?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML, p
y
BMCQ LMR. 4FCPCDMPC RFC x -AMKNMLCLR MD GKNSJQC GQ COS?J RM
2mu cos 30 ?LB RFC y -AMKNMLCLR MD GKNSJQC GQ COS?J RM XCPM.
4FC P?RGM MD RFC K?ELGRSBCQ MD RFC GKNSJQC GKN?PRCB RM RFC @?JJQ GQ
(8.23) 2mu
2mu cos 30
=
2
3
= 1.155.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC BGPCARGML MD GKNSJQC ?LB DMPAC GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q GL RFC A?QC MD (?); GR GQ LMPK?J RM RFC U?JJ ?LB ?JMLE RFC LCE?RGTC x -BGPCARGML. -?IGLE SQC MD
.CURMLtQ RFGPB J?U, RFC DMPAC ML RFC U?JJ BSC RM C?AF @?JJ GQ LMPK?J RM RFC U?JJ ?JMLE RFC NMQGRGTC x -BGPCARGML.
266 #(!04%2 8 Y ,).%!2 -/-%.45- !.$ #/,,)3)/.3
/SP BCDGLGRGML MD GKNSJQC GLAJSBCQ ?L ?QQSKNRGML RF?R RFC DMPAC GQ AMLQR?LR MTCP RFC RGKC GLRCPT?J t . FBE68F 4E8 HFH4??L ABG 6BAFG4AG. &MPACQ T?PW
AMLQGBCP?@JW CTCL BSPGLE RFC @PGCD RGKC GLRCPT?JQ AMLQGBCPCB. )R GQ, FMUCTCP, NMQQG@JC RM DGLB ?L ?TCP?EC CDDCARGTC DMPAC F
ef
RF?R NPMBSACQ RFC Q?KC
PCQSJR ?Q RFC AMPPCQNMLBGLE RGKC-T?PWGLE DMPAC. F?=KH; 8.2 QFMUQ ? EP?NF MD UF?R ?L ?ARS?J DMPAC JMMIQ JGIC ?Q ? DSLARGML MD RGKC DMP ? @?JJ @MSLAGLE
MDD RFC DJMMP. 4FC ?PC? SLBCP RFC ASPTC F?Q SLGRQ MD KMKCLRSK ?LB GQ COS?J RM RFC GKNSJQC MP AF?LEC GL KMKCLRSK @CRUCCL RGKCQ t
1
?LB t
2
. 4F?R
?PC? GQ COS?J RM RFC ?PC? GLQGBC RFC PCAR?LEJC @MSLBCB @W F
ef
, t
1
, ?LB t
2
. 4FSQ RFC GKNSJQCQ ?LB RFCGP CDDCARQ ?PC RFC Q?KC DMP @MRF RFC ?ARS?J
?LB CDDCARGTC DMPACQ.
F?=KH; 8.2 ! EP?NF MD DMPAC TCPQSQ RGKC UGRF RGKC ?JMLE RFC x -?VGQ ?LB DMPAC ?JMLE RFC y -?VGQ DMP ?L ?ARS?J DMPAC ?LB ?L COSGT?JCLR CDDCARGTC DMPAC. 4FC ?PC?Q SLBCP RFC RUM
ASPTCQ ?PC COS?J.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 4?IC-(MKC )LTCQRGE?RGMLr(?LB -MTCKCLR ?LB )KNSJQC
4PW A?RAFGLE ? @?JJ UFGJC uEGTGLEv UGRF RFC @?JJ, NSJJGLE WMSP F?LBQ RMU?PB WMSP @MBW. 4FCL, RPW A?RAFGLE ? @?JJ UFGJC ICCNGLE WMSP F?LBQ QRGJJ. (GR
U?RCP GL ? RS@ UGRF WMSP DSJJ N?JK. !DRCP RFC U?RCP F?Q QCRRJCB, FGR RFC U?RCP ?E?GL @W BGTGLE WMSP F?LB UGRF WMSP DGLECPQ DGPQR GLRM RFC U?RCP. (9MSP
DSJJ N?JK PCNPCQCLRQ ? QUGKKCP BMGLE ? @CJJW DJMN ?LB WMSP BGTGLE F?LB PCNPCQCLRQ ? QUGKKCP BMGLE ? BGTC.) %VNJ?GL UF?R F?NNCLQ GL C?AF A?QC
?LB UFW. 7FGAF MPGCLR?RGMLQ UMSJB WMS ?BTGQC NCMNJC RM ?TMGB ?LB UFW?
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: #MLQR?LR &MPAC ?LB #MLQR?LR !AACJCP?RGML
4FC ?QQSKNRGML MD ? AMLQR?LR DMPAC GL RFC BCDGLGRGML MD GKNSJQC GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM RFC ?QQSKNRGML MD ? AMLQR?LR ?AACJCP?RGML GL IGLCK?RGAQ. )L @MRF
A?QCQ, L?RSPC GQ ?BCOS?RCJW BCQAPG@CB UGRFMSR RFC SQC MD A?JASJSQ.
8.3 CEDI;HL7J?ED E< &EC;DJKC
-MKCLRSK GQ ?L GKNMPR?LR OS?LRGRW @CA?SQC GR GQ AMLQCPTCB. 9CR GR U?Q LMR AMLQCPTCB GL RFC CV?KNJCQ GL "CFKBI; ?LB %?D;7H &EC;DJKC 7D:
FEH9;, UFCPC J?PEC AF?LECQ GL KMKCLRSK UCPC NPMBSACB @W DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML RFC QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR. 5LBCP UF?R AGPASKQR?LACQ GQ KMKCLRSK
AMLQCPTCB?
4FC ?LQUCP RM RFGQ OSCQRGML CLR?GJQ AMLQGBCPGLE ? QSDDGAGCLRJW J?PEC QWQRCK. )R GQ ?JU?WQ NMQQG@JC RM DGLB ? J?PECP QWQRCK GL UFGAF RMR?J KMKCLRSK GQ
AMLQR?LR, CTCL GD KMKCLRSK AF?LECQ DMP AMKNMLCLRQ MD RFC QWQRCK. )D ? DMMR@?JJ NJ?WCP PSLQ GLRM RFC EM?JNMQR GL RFC CLB XMLC, RFCPC UGJJ @C ? DMPAC ML
FGK RF?R A?SQCQ FGK RM @MSLAC @?AIU?PB. (MUCTCP, RFC %?PRF ?JQM PCAMGJQ rAMLQCPTGLE KMKCLRSKr@CA?SQC MD RFC DMPAC ?NNJGCB RM GR RFPMSEF RFC
EM?JNMQR. "CA?SQC %?PRF GQ K?LW MPBCPQ MD K?ELGRSBC KMPC K?QQGTC RF?L RFC NJ?WCP, GRQ PCAMGJ GQ GKKC?QSP?@JW QK?JJ ?LB A?L @C LCEJCARCB GL ?LW
NP?ARGA?J QCLQC, @SR GR GQ PC?J LCTCPRFCJCQQ.
#MLQGBCP UF?R F?NNCLQ GD RFC K?QQCQ MD RUM AMJJGBGLE M@HCARQ ?PC KMPC QGKGJ?P RF?L RFC K?QQCQ MD ? DMMR@?JJ NJ?WCP ?LB %?PRFrDMP CV?KNJC, MLC A?P
@SKNGLE GLRM ?LMRFCP, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 8.3. "MRF A?PQ ?PC AM?QRGLE GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML UFCL RFC JC?B A?P (J?@CJCB m
2
) GQ @SKNCB @W RFC RP?GJGLE
A?P (J?@CJCB m
1
). 4FC MLJW SL@?J?LACB DMPAC ML C?AF A?P GQ RFC DMPAC MD RFC AMJJGQGML. (!QQSKC RF?R RFC CDDCARQ BSC RM DPGARGML ?PC LCEJGEG@JC.) #?P 1
QJMUQ BMUL ?Q ? PCQSJR MD RFC AMJJGQGML, JMQGLE QMKC KMKCLRSK, UFGJC A?P 2 QNCCBQ SN ?LB E?GLQ QMKC KMKCLRSK. 7C QF?JJ LMU QFMU RF?R RFC RMR?J
KMKCLRSK MD RFC RUM-A?P QWQRCK PCK?GLQ AMLQR?LR.
#(!04%2 8 Y ,).%!2 -/-%.45- !.$ #/,,)3)/.3 267
F?=KH; 8.3 ! A?P MD K?QQ m
1
KMTGLE UGRF ? TCJMAGRW MD v
1
@SKNQ GLRM ?LMRFCP A?P MD K?QQ m
2
?LB TCJMAGRW v
2
RF?R GR GQ DMJJMUGLE. !Q ? PCQSJR, RFC DGPQR A?P QJMUQ BMUL RM
? TCJMAGRW MD v
1
?LB RFC QCAMLB QNCCBQ SN RM ? TCJMAGRW MD v
2
. 4FC KMKCLRSK MD C?AF A?P GQ AF?LECB, @SR RFC RMR?J KMKCLRSK p
tot
MD RFC RUM A?PQ GQ RFC Q?KC @CDMPC
?LB ?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML (GD WMS ?QQSKC DPGARGML GQ LCEJGEG@JC).
5QGLE RFC BCDGLGRGML MD GKNSJQC, RFC AF?LEC GL KMKCLRSK MD A?P 1 GQ EGTCL @W
(8.24) p
1
= F
1
t,
UFCPC F
1
GQ RFC DMPAC ML A?P 1 BSC RM A?P 2, ?LB t GQ RFC RGKC RFC DMPAC ?ARQ (RFC BSP?RGML MD RFC AMJJGQGML). )LRSGRGTCJW, GR QCCKQ M@TGMSQ RF?R RFC
AMJJGQGML RGKC GQ RFC Q?KC DMP @MRF A?PQ, @SR GR GQ MLJW RPSC DMP M@HCARQ RP?TCJGLE ?R MPBGL?PW QNCCBQ. 4FGQ ?QQSKNRGML KSQR @C KMBGDGCB DMP M@HCARQ
RP?TCJJGLE LC?P RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR, UGRFMSR ?DDCARGLE RFC PCQSJR RF?R KMKCLRSK GQ AMLQCPTCB.
3GKGJ?PJW, RFC AF?LEC GL KMKCLRSK MD A?P 2 GQ
(8.25) p
2
= F
2
t,
UFCPC F
2
GQ RFC DMPAC ML A?P 2 BSC RM A?P 1, ?LB UC ?QQSKC RFC BSP?RGML MD RFC AMJJGQGML t GQ RFC Q?KC DMP @MRF A?PQ. 7C ILMU DPMK .CURMLtQ RFGPB
J?U RF?R F
2
= F
1
, ?LB QM
(8.26) p
2
= F
1
t = p
1
.
4FSQ, RFC AF?LECQ GL KMKCLRSK ?PC COS?J ?LB MNNMQGRC, ?LB
(8.27) p
1
+ p
2
= 0.
"CA?SQC RFC AF?LECQ GL KMKCLRSK ?BB RM XCPM, RFC RMR?J KMKCLRSK MD RFC RUM-A?P QWQRCK GQ AMLQR?LR. 4F?R GQ,
(8.28) p
1
+ p
2
= constant,
(8.29)
p
1
+ p
2
= p
1
+ p
2
,
UFCPC p
1
?LB p
2
?PC RFC KMKCLR? MD A?PQ 1 ?LB 2 ?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML. (7C MDRCL SQC NPGKCQ RM BCLMRC RFC DGL?J QR?RC.)
4FGQ PCQSJRrRF?R KMKCLRSK GQ AMLQCPTCBrF?Q T?JGBGRW D?P @CWMLB RFC NPCACBGLE MLC-BGKCLQGML?J A?QC. )R A?L @C QGKGJ?PJW QFMUL RF?R RMR?J
KMKCLRSK GQ AMLQCPTCB DMP ?LW GQMJ?RCB QWQRCK, UGRF ?LW LSK@CP MD M@HCARQ GL GR. )L COS?RGML DMPK, RFC 9EDI;HL7J?ED E< CEC;DJKC FH?D9?FB; DMP ?L
GQMJ?RCB QWQRCK GQ UPGRRCL
(8.30) p
tot
= constant,
MP
(8.31)
p
tot
= p
tot
,
UFCPC p
tot
GQ RFC RMR?J KMKCLRSK (RFC QSK MD RFC KMKCLR? MD RFC GLBGTGBS?J M@HCARQ GL RFC QWQRCK) ?LB p
tot
GQ RFC RMR?J KMKCLRSK QMKC RGKC
J?RCP. (4FC RMR?J KMKCLRSK A?L @C QFMUL RM @C RFC KMKCLRSK MD RFC ACLRCP MD K?QQ MD RFC QWQRCK.) !L ?IEB7J;: IOIJ;C GQ BCDGLCB RM @C MLC DMP
UFGAF RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC GQ XCPM

F
net
= 0
.
268 #(!04%2 8 Y ,).%!2 -/-%.45- !.$ #/,,)3)/.3
#MLQCPT?RGML MD -MKCLRSK 0PGLAGNJC
(8.32) p
tot
= constant
p
tot
= p
tot
(isolated system)
)QMJ?RCB 3WQRCK
!L GQMJ?RCB QWQRCK GQ BCDGLCB RM @C MLC DMP UFGAF RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC GQ XCPM

F
net
= 0
.
0CPF?NQ ?L C?QGCP U?W RM QCC RF?R KMKCLRSK GQ AMLQCPTCB DMP ?L GQMJ?RCB QWQRCK GQ RM AMLQGBCP .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U GL RCPKQ MD KMKCLRSK,
F
net
=
p
tot
t
. &MP ?L GQMJ?RCB QWQRCK,

F
net
= 0
; RFSQ, p
tot
= 0 , ?LB p
tot
GQ AMLQR?LR.
7C F?TC LMRCB RF?R RFC RFPCC JCLERF BGKCLQGMLQ GL L?RSPCr x , y , ?LB z r?PC GLBCNCLBCLR, ?LB GR GQ GLRCPCQRGLE RM LMRC RF?R KMKCLRSK A?L @C
AMLQCPTCB GL BGDDCPCLR U?WQ ?JMLE C?AF BGKCLQGML. &MP CV?KNJC, BSPGLE NPMHCARGJC KMRGML ?LB UFCPC ?GP PCQGQR?LAC GQ LCEJGEG@JC, KMKCLRSK GQ
AMLQCPTCB GL RFC FMPGXMLR?J BGPCARGML @CA?SQC FMPGXMLR?J DMPACQ ?PC XCPM ?LB KMKCLRSK GQ SLAF?LECB. "SR ?JMLE RFC TCPRGA?J BGPCARGML, RFC LCR TCPRGA?J
DMPAC GQ LMR XCPM ?LB RFC KMKCLRSK MD RFC NPMHCARGJC GQ LMR AMLQCPTCB. (3CC F?=KH; 8.4.) (MUCTCP, GD RFC KMKCLRSK MD RFC NPMHCARGJC-%?PRF QWQRCK GQ
AMLQGBCPCB GL RFC TCPRGA?J BGPCARGML, UC DGLB RF?R RFC RMR?J KMKCLRSK GQ AMLQCPTCB.
F?=KH; 8.4 4FC FMPGXMLR?J AMKNMLCLR MD ? NPMHCARGJCtQ KMKCLRSK GQ AMLQCPTCB GD ?GP PCQGQR?LAC GQ LCEJGEG@JC, CTCL GL RFGQ A?QC UFCPC ? QN?AC NPM@C QCN?P?RCQ. 4FC DMPACQ
A?SQGLE RFC QCN?P?RGML ?PC GLRCPL?J RM RFC QWQRCK, QM RF?R RFC LCR CVRCPL?J FMPGXMLR?J DMPAC F
x net
GQ QRGJJ XCPM. 4FC TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLR MD RFC KMKCLRSK GQ LMR AMLQCPTCB,
@CA?SQC RFC LCR TCPRGA?J DMPAC F
y net
GQ LMR XCPM. )L RFC TCPRGA?J BGPCARGML, RFC QN?AC NPM@C-%?PRF QWQRCK LCCBQ RM @C AMLQGBCPCB ?LB UC DGLB RF?R RFC RMR?J KMKCLRSK GQ
AMLQCPTCB. 4FC ACLRCP MD K?QQ MD RFC QN?AC NPM@C R?ICQ RFC Q?KC N?RF GR UMSJB GD RFC QCN?P?RGML BGB LMR MAASP.
4FC AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK NPGLAGNJC A?L @C ?NNJGCB RM QWQRCKQ ?Q BGDDCPCLR ?Q ? AMKCR QRPGIGLE %?PRF ?LB ? E?Q AMLR?GLGLE FSEC LSK@CPQ MD
?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ. #MLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK GQ TGMJ?RCB MLJW UFCL RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC GQ LMR XCPM. "SR ?LMRFCP J?PECP QWQRCK A?L ?JU?WQ @C
AMLQGBCPCB GL UFGAF KMKCLRSK GQ AMLQCPTCB @W QGKNJW GLAJSBGLE RFC QMSPAC MD RFC CVRCPL?J DMPAC. &MP CV?KNJC, GL RFC AMJJGQGML MD RUM A?PQ AMLQGBCPCB
?@MTC, RFC RUM-A?P QWQRCK AMLQCPTCQ KMKCLRSK UFGJC C?AF MLC-A?P QWQRCK BMCQ LMR.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 4?IC-(MKC )LTCQRGE?RGMLr$PMN MD 4CLLGQ "?JJ ?LB ? "?QICR@?JJ
(MJB ? RCLLGQ @?JJ QGBC @W QGBC ?LB GL AMLR?AR UGRF ? @?QICR@?JJ. $PMN RFC @?JJQ RMECRFCP. ("C A?PCDSJ!) 7F?R F?NNCLQ? %VNJ?GL WMSP M@QCPT?RGMLQ.
.MU FMJB RFC RCLLGQ @?JJ ?@MTC ?LB GL AMLR?AR UGRF RFC @?QICR@?JJ. 7F?R F?NNCLCB? %VNJ?GL WMSP M@QCPT?RGMLQ. 7F?R BM WMS RFGLI UGJJ F?NNCL GD
RFC @?QICR@?JJ @?JJ GQ FCJB ?@MTC ?LB GL AMLR?AR UGRF RFC RCLLGQ @?JJ?
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 4?IC-(MKC )LTCQRGE?RGMLr4UM 4CLLGQ "?JJQ GL ? "?JJGQRGA 4P?HCARMPW
4GC RUM RCLLGQ @?JJQ RMECRFCP UGRF ? QRPGLE ?@MSR ? DMMR JMLE. (MJB MLC @?JJ ?LB JCR RFC MRFCP F?LE BMUL ?LB RFPMU GR GL ? @?JJGQRGA RP?HCARMPW. %VNJ?GL
WMSP M@QCPT?RGMLQ. .MU K?PI RFC ACLRCP MD RFC QRPGLE UGRF @PGEFR GLI MP ?RR?AF ? @PGEFRJW AMJMPCB QRGAICP RM GR ?LB RFPMU ?E?GL. 7F?R F?NNCLCB?
%VNJ?GL WMSP M@QCPT?RGMLQ.
3MKC ?OS?RGA ?LGK?JQ QSAF ?Q HCJJWDGQF KMTC ?PMSLB @?QCB ML RFC NPGLAGNJCQ MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK. ! HCJJWDGQF DGJJQ GRQ SK@PCJJ? QCARGML
UGRF U?RCP ?LB RFCL NSQFCQ RFC U?RCP MSR PCQSJRGLE GL KMRGML GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML RM RF?R MD RFC HCR MD U?RCP. 3OSGBQ NPMNCJ RFCKQCJTCQ GL ?
QGKGJ?P K?LLCP @SR, GL AMLRP?QR UGRF HCJJWDGQF, ?PC ?@JC RM AMLRPMJ RFC BGPCARGML GL UFGAF RFCW KMTC @W ?GKGLE RFCGP LMXXJC DMPU?PB MP @?AIU?PB.
4WNGA?J QOSGBQ A?L KMTC ?R QNCCBQ MD 8 RM 12 IK/F.
4FC @?JJGQRMA?PBGMEP?NF ("#') U?Q ? BG?ELMQRGA RMMJ SQCB GL RFC QCAMLB F?JD MD RFC 20RF ACLRSPW RM QRSBW RFC QRPCLERF MD RFC FC?PR. !@MSR MLAC ?
QCAMLB, WMSP FC?PR @C?RQ, DMPAGLE @JMMB GLRM RFC ?MPR?. ! DMPAC GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML GQ CVCPRCB ML RFC PCQR MD WMSP @MBW (PCA?JJ .CURMLtQ RFGPB
J?U). ! @?JJGQRMA?PBGMEP?NF GQ ? BCTGAC RF?R A?L KC?QSPC RFGQ PC?ARGML DMPAC. 4FGQ KC?QSPCKCLR GQ BMLC @W SQGLE ? QCLQMP (PCQRGLE ML RFC NCPQML)
MP @W SQGLE ? KMTGLE R?@JC QSQNCLBCB DPMK RFC ACGJGLE. 4FGQ RCAFLGOSC A?L E?RFCP GLDMPK?RGML ML RFC QRPCLERF MD RFC FC?PR @C?R ?LB RFC TMJSKC MD
#(!04%2 8 Y ,).%!2 -/-%.45- !.$ #/,,)3)/.3 269
@JMMB N?QQGLE DPMK RFC FC?PR. (MUCTCP, RFC CJCARPMA?PBGMEP?K (%#' MP %+') ?LB RFC CAFMA?PBGMEP?K (A?PBG?A %#(/ MP %#(/; ? RCAFLGOSC RF?R
SQCQ SJRP?QMSLB RM QCC ?L GK?EC MD RFC FC?PR) ?PC KMPC UGBCJW SQCB GL RFC NP?ARGAC MD A?PBGMJMEW.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: #MLQCPT?RGML MD -MKCLRSK ?LB #MJJGQGML
#MLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK GQ OSGRC SQCDSJ GL BCQAPG@GLE AMJJGQGMLQ. -MKCLRSK GQ APSAG?J RM MSP SLBCPQR?LBGLE MD ?RMKGA ?LB QS@?RMKGA N?PRGAJCQ
@CA?SQC KSAF MD UF?R UC ILMU ?@MSR RFCQC N?PRGAJCQ AMKCQ DPMK AMJJGQGML CVNCPGKCLRQ.
3S@?RMKGA #MJJGQGMLQ ?LB -MKCLRSK
4FC AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK NPGLAGNJC LMR MLJW ?NNJGCQ RM RFC K?APMQAMNGA M@HCARQ, GR GQ ?JQM CQQCLRG?J RM MSP CVNJMP?RGMLQ MD ?RMKGA ?LB QS@?RMKGA
N?PRGAJCQ. 'G?LR K?AFGLCQ FSPJ QS@?RMKGA N?PRGAJCQ ?R MLC ?LMRFCP, ?LB PCQC?PAFCPQ CT?JS?RC RFC PCQSJRQ @W ?QQSKGLE AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK
(?KMLE MRFCP RFGLEQ).
/L RFC QK?JJ QA?JC, UC DGLB RF?R N?PRGAJCQ ?LB RFCGP NPMNCPRGCQ ?PC GLTGQG@JC RM RFC L?ICB CWC @SR A?L @C KC?QSPCB UGRF MSP GLQRPSKCLRQ, ?LB KMBCJQ MD
RFCQC QS@?RMKGA N?PRGAJCQ A?L @C AMLQRPSARCB RM BCQAPG@C RFC PCQSJRQ. -MKCLRSK GQ DMSLB RM @C ? NPMNCPRW MD ?JJ QS@?RMKGA N?PRGAJCQ GLAJSBGLE
K?QQJCQQ N?PRGAJCQ QSAF ?Q NFMRMLQ RF?R AMKNMQC JGEFR. -MKCLRSK @CGLE ? NPMNCPRW MD N?PRGAJCQ FGLRQ RF?R KMKCLRSK K?W F?TC ?L GBCLRGRW @CWMLB
RFC BCQAPGNRGML MD ?L M@HCARtQ K?QQ KSJRGNJGCB @W RFC M@HCARtQ TCJMAGRW. )LBCCB, KMKCLRSK PCJ?RCQ RM U?TC NPMNCPRGCQ ?LB NJ?WQ ? DSLB?KCLR?J PMJC GL
UF?R KC?QSPCKCLRQ ?PC R?ICL ?LB FMU UC R?IC RFCQC KC?QSPCKCLRQ. &SPRFCPKMPC, UC DGLB RF?R RFC AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK NPGLAGNJC GQ T?JGB
UFCL AMLQGBCPGLE QWQRCKQ MD N?PRGAJCQ. 7C SQC RFGQ NPGLAGNJC RM ?L?JWXC RFC K?QQCQ ?LB MRFCP NPMNCPRGCQ MD NPCTGMSQJW SLBCRCARCB N?PRGAJCQ, QSAF ?Q
RFC LSAJCSQ MD ?L ?RMK ?LB RFC CVGQRCLAC MD OS?PIQ RF?R K?IC SN N?PRGAJCQ MD LSAJCG. F?=KH; 8.5 @CJMU GJJSQRP?RCQ FMU ? N?PRGAJC QA?RRCPGLE @?AIU?PB
DPMK ?LMRFCP GKNJGCQ RF?R GRQ R?PECR GQ K?QQGTC ?LB BCLQC. %VNCPGKCLRQ QCCIGLE CTGBCLAC RF?R GK7HAI K?IC SN NPMRMLQ (MLC RWNC MD N?PRGAJC RF?R
K?ICQ SN LSAJCG) QA?RRCPCB FGEF-CLCPEW CJCARPMLQ MDD MD NPMRMLQ (LSAJCG MD FWBPMECL ?RMKQ). %JCARPMLQ MAA?QGML?JJW QA?RRCPCB QRP?GEFR @?AIU?PB GL ?
K?LLCP RF?R GKNJGCB ? TCPW QK?JJ ?LB TCPW BCLQC N?PRGAJC K?ICQ SN RFC NPMRMLrRFGQ M@QCPT?RGML GQ AMLQGBCPCB LC?PJW BGPCAR CTGBCLAC MD OS?PIQ. 4FC
?L?JWQGQ U?Q @?QCB N?PRJW ML RFC Q?KC AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK NPGLAGNJC RF?R UMPIQ QM UCJJ ML RFC J?PEC QA?JC.
F?=KH; 8.5 ! QS@?RMKGA N?PRGAJC QA?RRCPQ QRP?GEFR @?AIU?PB DPMK ? R?PECR N?PRGAJC. )L CVNCPGKCLRQ QCCIGLE CTGBCLAC DMP OS?PIQ, CJCARPMLQ UCPC M@QCPTCB RM MAA?QGML?JJW QA?RRCP
QRP?GEFR @?AIU?PB DPMK ? NPMRML.
8.4 EB7IJ?9 CEBB?I?EDI ?D (D; D?C;DI?ED
,CR SQ AMLQGBCP T?PGMSQ RWNCQ MD RUM-M@HCAR AMJJGQGMLQ. 4FCQC AMJJGQGMLQ ?PC RFC C?QGCQR RM ?L?JWXC, ?LB RFCW GJJSQRP?RC K?LW MD RFC NFWQGA?J NPGLAGNJCQ
GLTMJTCB GL AMJJGQGMLQ. 4FC AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK NPGLAGNJC GQ TCPW SQCDSJ FCPC, ?LB GR A?L @C SQCB UFCLCTCP RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC ML ? QWQRCK GQ
XCPM.
7C QR?PR UGRF RFC CJ?QRGA AMJJGQGML MD RUM M@HCARQ KMTGLE ?JMLE RFC Q?KC JGLCr? MLC-BGKCLQGML?J NPM@JCK. !L ;B7IJ?9 9EBB?I?ED GQ MLC RF?R ?JQM
AMLQCPTCQ GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW. "DJ;HD7B A?D;J?9 ;D;H=O GQ RFC QSK MD RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEGCQ MD RFC M@HCARQ GL RFC QWQRCK. F?=KH; 8.6 GJJSQRP?RCQ ?L
CJ?QRGA AMJJGQGML GL UFGAF GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?LB KMKCLRSK ?PC AMLQCPTCB.
4PSJW CJ?QRGA AMJJGQGMLQ A?L MLJW @C ?AFGCTCB UGRF QS@?RMKGA N?PRGAJCQ, QSAF ?Q CJCARPMLQ QRPGIGLE LSAJCG. -?APMQAMNGA AMJJGQGMLQ A?L @C TCPW LC?PJW, @SR
LMR OSGRC, CJ?QRGArQMKC IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ ?JU?WQ AMLTCPRCB GLRM MRFCP DMPKQ MD CLCPEW QSAF ?Q FC?R RP?LQDCP BSC RM DPGARGML ?LB QMSLB. /LC
K?APMQAMNGA AMJJGQGML RF?R GQ LC?PJW CJ?QRGA GQ RF?R MD RUM QRCCJ @JMAIQ ML GAC. !LMRFCP LC?PJW CJ?QRGA AMJJGQGML GQ RF?R @CRUCCL RUM A?PRQ UGRF QNPGLE
@SKNCPQ ML ?L ?GP RP?AI. )AW QSPD?ACQ ?LB ?GP RP?AIQ ?PC LC?PJW DPGARGMLJCQQ, KMPC PC?BGJW ?JJMUGLE LC?PJW CJ?QRGA AMJJGQGMLQ ML RFCK.
%J?QRGA #MJJGQGML
!L ;B7IJ?9 9EBB?I?ED GQ MLC RF?R AMLQCPTCQ GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW.
)LRCPL?J +GLCRGA %LCPEW
"DJ;HD7B A?D;J?9 ;D;H=O GQ RFC QSK MD RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEGCQ MD RFC M@HCARQ GL RFC QWQRCK.
270 #(!04%2 8 Y ,).%!2 -/-%.45- !.$ #/,,)3)/.3
F?=KH; 8.6 !L CJ?QRGA MLC-BGKCLQGML?J RUM-M@HCAR AMJJGQGML. -MKCLRSK ?LB GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?PC AMLQCPTCB.
.MU, RM QMJTC NPM@JCKQ GLTMJTGLE MLC-BGKCLQGML?J CJ?QRGA AMJJGQGMLQ @CRUCCL RUM M@HCARQ UC A?L SQC RFC COS?RGMLQ DMP AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK
?LB AMLQCPT?RGML MD GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW. &GPQR, RFC COS?RGML DMP AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK DMP RUM M@HCARQ GL ? MLC-BGKCLQGML?J AMJJGQGML GQ
(8.33)
p
1
+ p
2
= p
1
+p
2

F
net
= 0
MP
(8.34)
m
1
v
1
+ m
2
v
2
= m
1
v
1
+ m
2
v
2

F
net
= 0
,
UFCPC RFC NPGKCQ (') GLBGA?RC T?JSCQ ?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML. "W BCDGLGRGML, ?L CJ?QRGA AMJJGQGML AMLQCPTCQ GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW, ?LB QM RFC QSK MD IGLCRGA
CLCPEGCQ @CDMPC RFC AMJJGQGML COS?JQ RFC QSK ?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML. 4FSQ,
(8.35) 1
2
m
1
v
1
2
+
1
2
m
2
v
2
2
=
1
2
m
1
v
1
2
+
1
2
m
2
v
2
2
(two-object elastic collision)
CVNPCQQCQ RFC COS?RGML DMP AMLQCPT?RGML MD GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GL ? MLC-BGKCLQGML?J AMJJGQGML.
EN7CFB; 8.4 C7B9KB7J?D= /;BE9?J?;I FEBBEM?D= 7D EB7IJ?9 CEBB?I?ED
#?JASJ?RC RFC TCJMAGRGCQ MD RUM M@HCARQ DMJJMUGLE ?L CJ?QRGA AMJJGQGML, EGTCL RF?R
(8.36)
m
1
= 0.500 kg, m
2
= 3.50 kg, v
1
= 4.00 m/s, and v
2
= 0.
&GPQR, TGQS?JGXC UF?R RFC GLGRG?J AMLBGRGMLQ KC?Lr? QK?JJ M@HCAR QRPGICQ ? J?PECP M@HCAR RF?R GQ GLGRG?JJW ?R PCQR. 4FGQ QGRS?RGML GQ QJGEFRJW QGKNJCP RF?L
RFC QGRS?RGML QFMUL GL F?=KH; 8.6 UFCPC @MRF M@HCARQ ?PC GLGRG?JJW KMTGLE. 7C ?PC ?QICB RM DGLB RUM SLILMULQ (RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRGCQ v
1
?LB v
2
).
4M DGLB RUM SLILMULQ, UC KSQR SQC RUM GLBCNCLBCLR COS?RGMLQ. "CA?SQC RFGQ AMJJGQGML GQ CJ?QRGA, UC A?L SQC RFC ?@MTC RUM COS?RGMLQ. "MRF A?L
@C QGKNJGDGCB @W RFC D?AR RF?R M@HCAR 2 GQ GLGRG?JJW ?R PCQR, ?LB RFSQ v
2
= 0 . /LAC UC QGKNJGDW RFCQC COS?RGMLQ, UC AMK@GLC RFCK ?JEC@P?GA?JJW RM
QMJTC DMP RFC SLILMULQ.
,EBKJ?ED
&MP RFGQ NPM@JCK, LMRC RF?R v
2
= 0 ?LB SQC AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK. 4FSQ,
(8.37)
p
1
= p
1
+ p
2
MP
(8.38)
m
1
v
1
= m
1
v
1
+ m
2
v
2
.
5QGLE AMLQCPT?RGML MD GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?LB RF?R v
2
= 0 ,
(8.39) 1
2
m
1
v
1
2
=
1
2
m
1
v
1
2
+
1
2
m
2
v
2
2
.
#(!04%2 8 Y ,).%!2 -/-%.45- !.$ #/,,)3)/.3 271
3MJTGLE RFC DGPQR COS?RGML (KMKCLRSK COS?RGML) DMP v
2
, UC M@R?GL
(8.40)
v
2
=
m
1
m
2
v
1
v
1
.
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFGQ CVNPCQQGML GLRM RFC QCAMLB COS?RGML (GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW COS?RGML) CJGKGL?RCQ RFC T?PG?@JC v
2
, JC?TGLE MLJW v
1
?Q ?L
SLILMUL (RFC ?JEC@P? GQ JCDR ?Q ?L CVCPAGQC DMP RFC PC?BCP). 4FCPC ?PC RUM QMJSRGMLQ RM ?LW OS?BP?RGA COS?RGML; GL RFGQ CV?KNJC, RFCW ?PC
(8.41)
v
1
= 4.00 m/s
?LB
(8.42)
v
1
= 3.00 m/s.
!Q LMRCB UFCL OS?BP?RGA COS?RGMLQ UCPC CLAMSLRCPCB GL C?PJGCP AF?NRCPQ, @MRF QMJSRGMLQ K?W MP K?W LMR @C KC?LGLEDSJ. )L RFGQ A?QC, RFC DGPQR
QMJSRGML GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC GLGRG?J AMLBGRGML. 4FC DGPQR QMJSRGML RFSQ PCNPCQCLRQ RFC QGRS?RGML @CDMPC RFC AMJJGQGML ?LB GQ BGQA?PBCB. 4FC QCAMLB
QMJSRGML (v
1
= 3.00 m/s) GQ LCE?RGTC, KC?LGLE RF?R RFC DGPQR M@HCAR @MSLACQ @?AIU?PB. 7FCL RFGQ LCE?RGTC T?JSC MD v
1
GQ SQCB RM DGLB RFC
TCJMAGRW MD RFC QCAMLB M@HCAR ?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML, UC ECR
(8.43)
v
2
=
m
1
m
2
v
1
v
1
=
0.500 kg
3.50 kg

4.00 (3.00)
m/s
MP
(8.44)
v
2
= 1.00 m/s.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC PCQSJR MD RFGQ CV?KNJC GQ GLRSGRGTCJW PC?QML?@JC. ! QK?JJ M@HCAR QRPGICQ ? J?PECP MLC ?R PCQR ?LB @MSLACQ @?AIU?PB. 4FC J?PECP MLC GQ ILMAICB
DMPU?PB, @SR UGRF ? JMU QNCCB. (4FGQ GQ JGIC ? AMKN?AR A?P @MSLAGLE @?AIU?PB MDD ? DSJJ-QGXC 356 RF?R GQ GLGRG?JJW ?R PCQR.) !Q ? AFCAI, RPW A?JASJ?RGLE
RFC GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW @CDMPC ?LB ?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML. 9MS UGJJ QCC RF?R RFC GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ SLAF?LECB ?R 4.00 *. !JQM AFCAI RFC RMR?J
KMKCLRSK @CDMPC ?LB ?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML; WMS UGJJ DGLB GR, RMM, GQ SLAF?LECB.
4FC COS?RGMLQ DMP AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK ?LB GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?Q UPGRRCL ?@MTC A?L @C SQCB RM BCQAPG@C ?LW MLC-BGKCLQGML?J CJ?QRGA
AMJJGQGML MD RUM M@HCARQ. 4FCQC COS?RGMLQ A?L @C CVRCLBCB RM KMPC M@HCARQ GD LCCBCB.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 4?IC-(MKC )LTCQRGE?RGMLr)AC #S@CQ ?LB %J?QRGA #MJJGQGML
&GLB ? DCU GAC AS@CQ UFGAF ?PC ?@MSR RFC Q?KC QGXC ?LB ? QKMMRF IGRAFCL R?@JCRMN MP ? R?@JC UGRF ? EJ?QQ RMN. 0J?AC RFC GAC AS@CQ ML RFC QSPD?AC
QCTCP?J ACLRGKCRCPQ ?U?W DPMK C?AF MRFCP. &JGAI MLC GAC AS@C RMU?PB ? QR?RGML?PW GAC AS@C ?LB M@QCPTC RFC N?RF ?LB TCJMAGRGCQ MD RFC GAC AS@CQ
?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML. 4PW RM ?TMGB CBEC-ML AMJJGQGMLQ ?LB AMJJGQGMLQ UGRF PMR?RGLE GAC AS@CQ. (?TC WMS APC?RCB ?NNPMVGK?RCJW CJ?QRGA AMJJGQGMLQ?
%VNJ?GL RFC QNCCBQ ?LB BGPCARGMLQ MD RFC GAC AS@CQ SQGLE KMKCLRSK.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: #MJJGQGML ,?@
)LTCQRGE?RC AMJJGQGMLQ ML ?L ?GP FMAICW R?@JC. 3CR SN WMSP MUL CVNCPGKCLRQ: T?PW RFC LSK@CP MD BGQAQ, K?QQCQ ?LB GLGRG?J AMLBGRGMLQ. )Q KMKCLRSK
AMLQCPTCB? )Q IGLCRGA CLCPEW AMLQCPTCB? 6?PW RFC CJ?QRGAGRW ?LB QCC UF?R F?NNCLQ.
F?=KH; 8.7 CEBB?I?ED %78 (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42163/1.3/9EBB?I?ED-B786;D.@7H)
8.5 "D;B7IJ?9 CEBB?I?EDI ?D (D; D?C;DI?ED
7C F?TC QCCL RF?R GL ?L CJ?QRGA AMJJGQGML, GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ AMLQCPTCB. !L ?D;B7IJ?9 9EBB?I?ED GQ MLC GL UFGAF RFC GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW
AF?LECQ (GR GQ LMR AMLQCPTCB). 4FGQ J?AI MD AMLQCPT?RGML KC?LQ RF?R RFC DMPACQ @CRUCCL AMJJGBGLE M@HCARQ K?W PCKMTC MP ?BB GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW.
7MPI BMLC @W GLRCPL?J DMPACQ K?W AF?LEC RFC DMPKQ MD CLCPEW UGRFGL ? QWQRCK. &MP GLCJ?QRGA AMJJGQGMLQ, QSAF ?Q UFCL AMJJGBGLE M@HCARQ QRGAI RMECRFCP,
RFGQ GLRCPL?J UMPI K?W RP?LQDMPK QMKC GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GLRM FC?R RP?LQDCP. /P GR K?W AMLTCPR QRMPCB CLCPEW GLRM GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW, QSAF ?Q
UFCL CVNJMBGLE @MJRQ QCN?P?RC ? Q?RCJJGRC DPMK GRQ J?SLAF TCFGAJC.
)LCJ?QRGA #MJJGQGML
!L GLCJ?QRGA AMJJGQGML GQ MLC GL UFGAF RFC GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW AF?LECQ (GR GQ LMR AMLQCPTCB).
F?=KH; 8.8 QFMUQ ?L CV?KNJC MD ?L GLCJ?QRGA AMJJGQGML. 4UM M@HCARQ RF?R F?TC COS?J K?QQCQ FC?B RMU?PB MLC ?LMRFCP ?R COS?J QNCCBQ ?LB RFCL QRGAI
RMECRFCP. 4FCGP RMR?J GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ GLGRG?JJW
1
2
mv
2
+
1
2
mv
2
= mv
2
. 4FC RUM M@HCARQ AMKC RM PCQR ?DRCP QRGAIGLE RMECRFCP, AMLQCPTGLE
272 #(!04%2 8 Y ,).%!2 -/-%.45- !.$ #/,,)3)/.3
KMKCLRSK. "SR RFC GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ XCPM ?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML. ! AMJJGQGML GL UFGAF RFC M@HCARQ QRGAI RMECRFCP GQ QMKCRGKCQ A?JJCB ? F;H<;9JBO
?D;B7IJ?9 9EBB?I?ED @CA?SQC GR PCBSACQ GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW KMPC RF?L BMCQ ?LW MRFCP RWNC MD GLCJ?QRGA AMJJGQGML. )L D?AR, QSAF ? AMJJGQGML PCBSACQ
GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW RM RFC KGLGKSK GR A?L F?TC UFGJC QRGJJ AMLQCPTGLE KMKCLRSK.
0CPDCARJW )LCJ?QRGA #MJJGQGML
! AMJJGQGML GL UFGAF RFC M@HCARQ QRGAI RMECRFCP GQ QMKCRGKCQ A?JJCB uNCPDCARJW GLCJ?QRGA.v
F?=KH; 8.8 !L GLCJ?QRGA MLC-BGKCLQGML?J RUM-M@HCAR AMJJGQGML. -MKCLRSK GQ AMLQCPTCB, @SR GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ LMR AMLQCPTCB. (?) 4UM M@HCARQ MD COS?J K?QQ GLGRG?JJW FC?B
BGPCARJW RMU?PB MLC ?LMRFCP ?R RFC Q?KC QNCCB. (@) 4FC M@HCARQ QRGAI RMECRFCP (? NCPDCARJW GLCJ?QRGA AMJJGQGML), ?LB QM RFCGP DGL?J TCJMAGRW GQ XCPM. 4FC GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD RFC
QWQRCK AF?LECQ GL ?LW GLCJ?QRGA AMJJGQGML ?LB GQ PCBSACB RM XCPM GL RFGQ CV?KNJC.
EN7CFB; 8.5 C7B9KB7J?D= /;BE9?JO 7D: C>7D=; ?D $?D;J?9 ED;H=O: "D;B7IJ?9 CEBB?I?ED E< 7 )K9A 7D: 7 E7B?;
(?) &GLB RFC PCAMGJ TCJMAGRW MD ? 70.0-IE GAC FMAICW EM?JGC, MPGEGL?JJW ?R PCQR, UFM A?RAFCQ ? 0.150-IE FMAICW NSAI QJ?NNCB ?R FGK ?R ? TCJMAGRW MD
35.0 K/Q. (@) (MU KSAF IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ JMQR BSPGLE RFC AMJJGQGML? !QQSKC DPGARGML @CRUCCL RFC GAC ?LB RFC NSAI-EM?JGC QWQRCK GQ LCEJGEG@JC. (3CC
F?=KH; 8.9 )
F?=KH; 8.9 !L GAC FMAICW EM?JGC A?RAFCQ ? FMAICW NSAI ?LB PCAMGJQ @?AIU?PB. 4FC GLGRG?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD RFC NSAI GQ ?JKMQR CLRGPCJW AMLTCPRCB RM RFCPK?J CLCPEW ?LB
QMSLB GL RFGQ GLCJ?QRGA AMJJGQGML.
,JH7J;=O
-MKCLRSK GQ AMLQCPTCB @CA?SQC RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC ML RFC NSAI-EM?JGC QWQRCK GQ XCPM. 7C A?L RFSQ SQC AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK RM DGLB
RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW MD RFC NSAI ?LB EM?JGC QWQRCK. .MRC RF?R RFC GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW MD RFC EM?JGC GQ XCPM ?LB RF?R RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW MD RFC NSAI ?LB EM?JGC
?PC RFC Q?KC. /LAC RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW GQ DMSLB, RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEGCQ A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB @CDMPC ?LB ?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML ?LB AMKN?PCB ?Q PCOSCQRCB.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
-MKCLRSK GQ AMLQCPTCB @CA?SQC RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC ML RFC NSAI-EM?JGC QWQRCK GQ XCPM.
#MLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK GQ
(8.45)
p
1
+ p
2
= p
1
+ p
2
MP
(8.46)
m
1
v
1
+ m
2
v
2
= m
1
v
1
+ m
2
v
2
.
"CA?SQC RFC EM?JGC GQ GLGRG?JJW ?R PCQR, UC ILMU v
2
= 0 . "CA?SQC RFC EM?JGC A?RAFCQ RFC NSAI, RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRGCQ ?PC COS?J, MP v
1
= v
2
= v .
4FSQ, RFC AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK COS?RGML QGKNJGDGCQ RM
(8.47)
m
1
v
1
= (m
1
+ m
2
)v.
3MJTGLE DMP v WGCJBQ
#(!04%2 8 Y ,).%!2 -/-%.45- !.$ #/,,)3)/.3 273
(8.48)
v =
m
1
m
1
+ m
2
v
1
.
%LRCPGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ GL RFGQ COS?RGML, UC ECR
(8.49)
v =

0.150 kg
70.0 kg + 0.150 kg
(35.0 m/s) = 7.4810

2
m/s.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (7)
4FGQ PCAMGJ TCJMAGRW GQ QK?JJ ?LB GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q RFC NSAItQ MPGEGL?J TCJMAGRW, ?Q UC KGEFR CVNCAR.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
"CDMPC RFC AMJJGQGML, RFC GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW KE
int
MD RFC QWQRCK GQ RF?R MD RFC FMAICW NSAI, @CA?SQC RFC EM?JGC GQ GLGRG?JJW ?R PCQR. 4FCPCDMPC,
KE
int
GQ GLGRG?JJW
(8.50)
KE
int
=
1
2
mv
2
=
1
2
0.150 kg
(35.0 m/s)
2
= 91.9 J.
!DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML, RFC GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ
(8.51)
KE
int
=
1
2
(m + M)v
2
=
1
2
70.15 kg
7.4810
2
m/s
2
= 0.196 J.
4FC AF?LEC GL GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ RFSQ
(8.52)
KE
int
KE
int
= 0.196 J 91.9 J
= 91.7 J
UFCPC RFC KGLSQ QGEL GLBGA?RCQ RF?R RFC CLCPEW U?Q JMQR.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (8)
.C?PJW ?JJ MD RFC GLGRG?J GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ JMQR GL RFGQ NCPDCARJW GLCJ?QRGA AMJJGQGML. KE
int
GQ KMQRJW AMLTCPRCB RM RFCPK?J CLCPEW ?LB QMSLB.
$SPGLE QMKC AMJJGQGMLQ, RFC M@HCARQ BM LMR QRGAI RMECRFCP ?LB JCQQ MD RFC GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ PCKMTCBrQSAF ?Q F?NNCLQ GL KMQR ?SRMKM@GJC
?AAGBCLRQ. !JRCPL?RGTCJW, QRMPCB CLCPEW K?W @C AMLTCPRCB GLRM GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW BSPGLE ? AMJJGQGML. F?=KH; 8.10 QFMUQ ? MLC-BGKCLQGML?J
CV?KNJC GL UFGAF RUM A?PRQ ML ?L ?GP RP?AI AMJJGBC, PCJC?QGLE NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW DPMK ? AMKNPCQQCB QNPGLE. EN7CFB; 8.6 BC?JQ UGRF B?R? DPMK QSAF
? AMJJGQGML.
F?=KH; 8.10 !L ?GP RP?AI GQ LC?PJW DPGARGMLJCQQ, QM RF?R KMKCLRSK GQ AMLQCPTCB. -MRGML GQ MLC-BGKCLQGML?J. )L RFGQ AMJJGQGML, CV?KGLCB GL EN7CFB; 8.6, RFC NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW
MD ? AMKNPCQQCB QNPGLE GQ PCJC?QCB BSPGLE RFC AMJJGQGML ?LB GQ AMLTCPRCB RM GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW.
#MJJGQGMLQ ?PC N?PRGASJ?PJW GKNMPR?LR GL QNMPRQ ?LB RFC QNMPRGLE ?LB JCGQSPC GLBSQRPW SRGJGXCQ CJ?QRGA ?LB GLCJ?QRGA AMJJGQGMLQ. ,CR SQ JMMI @PGCDJW ?R
RCLLGQ. 2CA?JJ RF?R GL ? AMJJGQGML, GR GQ KMKCLRSK ?LB LMR DMPAC RF?R GQ GKNMPR?LR. 3M, ? FC?TGCP RCLLGQ P?AOSCR UGJJ F?TC RFC ?BT?LR?EC MTCP ?
JGEFRCP MLC. 4FGQ AMLAJSQGML ?JQM FMJBQ RPSC DMP MRFCP QNMPRQr? JGEFRUCGEFR @?R (QSAF ?Q ? QMDR@?JJ @?R) A?LLMR FGR ? F?PB@?JJ TCPW D?P.
274 #(!04%2 8 Y ,).%!2 -/-%.45- !.$ #/,,)3)/.3
4FC JMA?RGML MD RFC GKN?AR MD RFC RCLLGQ @?JJ ML RFC P?AOSCR GQ ?JQM GKNMPR?LR, ?Q GQ RFC N?PR MD RFC QRPMIC BSPGLE UFGAF RFC GKN?AR MAASPQ. ! QKMMRF
KMRGML PCQSJRQ GL RFC K?VGKGXGLE MD RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC @?JJ ?DRCP GKN?AR ?LB PCBSACQ QNMPRQ GLHSPGCQ QSAF ?Q RCLLGQ CJ@MU. ! RCLLGQ NJ?WCP RPGCQ RM
FGR RFC @?JJ ML RFC uQUCCR QNMRv ML RFC P?AOSCR, UFCPC RFC TG@P?RGML ?LB GKN?AR ?PC KGLGKGXCB ?LB RFC @?JJ GQ ?@JC RM @C EGTCL KMPC TCJMAGRW. 3NMPRQ
QAGCLAC ?LB RCAFLMJMEGCQ ?JQM SQC NFWQGAQ AMLACNRQ QSAF ?Q KMKCLRSK ?LB PMR?RGML?J KMRGML ?LB TG@P?RGMLQ.
4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLRr"MSLAGLE MD 4CLLGQ "?JJ
1. &GLB ? P?AOSCR (? RCLLGQ, @?BKGLRML, MP MRFCP P?AOSCR UGJJ BM). 0J?AC RFC P?AOSCR ML RFC DJMMP ?LB QR?LB ML RFC F?LBJC. $PMN ? RCLLGQ @?JJ ML
RFC QRPGLEQ DPMK ? KC?QSPCB FCGEFR. -C?QSPC FMU FGEF RFC @?JJ @MSLACQ. .MU ?QI ? DPGCLB RM FMJB RFC P?AOSCR DGPKJW @W RFC F?LBJC ?LB BPMN
? RCLLGQ @?JJ DPMK RFC Q?KC KC?QSPCB FCGEFR ?@MTC RFC P?AOSCR. -C?QSPC FMU FGEF RFC @?JJ @MSLACQ ?LB M@QCPTC UF?R F?NNCLQ RM WMSP
DPGCLBtQ F?LB BSPGLE RFC AMJJGQGML. %VNJ?GL WMSP M@QCPT?RGMLQ ?LB KC?QSPCKCLRQ.
2. 4FC AMCDDGAGCLR MD PCQRGRSRGML (c) GQ ? KC?QSPC MD RFC CJ?QRGAGRW MD ? AMJJGQGML @CRUCCL ? @?JJ ?LB ?L M@HCAR, ?LB GQ BCDGLCB ?Q RFC P?RGM MD RFC
QNCCBQ ?DRCP ?LB @CDMPC RFC AMJJGQGML. ! NCPDCARJW CJ?QRGA AMJJGQGML F?Q ? c MD 1. &MP ? @?JJ @MSLAGLE MDD RFC DJMMP (MP ? P?AOSCR ML RFC DJMMP),
c A?L @C QFMUL RM @C c = (h / H)
1 / 2
UFCPC h GQ RFC FCGEFR RM UFGAF RFC @?JJ @MSLACQ ?LB H GQ RFC FCGEFR DPMK UFGAF RFC @?JJ GQ
BPMNNCB. $CRCPKGLC c DMP RFC A?QCQ GL 0?PR 1 ?LB DMP RFC A?QC MD ? RCLLGQ @?JJ @MSLAGLE MDD ? AMLAPCRC MP UMMBCL DJMMP ( c = 0.85 DMP LCU
RCLLGQ @?JJQ SQCB ML ? RCLLGQ AMSPR).
EN7CFB; 8.6 C7B9KB7J?D= F?D7B /;BE9?JO 7D: ED;H=O +;B;7I;: -ME C7HJI CEBB?:;
)L RFC AMJJGQGML NGARSPCB GL F?=KH; 8.10, RUM A?PRQ AMJJGBC GLCJ?QRGA?JJW. #?PR 1 (BCLMRCB m
1
A?PPGCQ ? QNPGLE UFGAF GQ GLGRG?JJW AMKNPCQQCB. $SPGLE
RFC AMJJGQGML, RFC QNPGLE PCJC?QCQ GRQ NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW ?LB AMLTCPRQ GR RM GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW. 4FC K?QQ MD A?PR 1 ?LB RFC QNPGLE GQ 0.350 IE, ?LB
RFC A?PR ?LB RFC QNPGLE RMECRFCP F?TC ?L GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW MD 2.00 m/s . #?PR 2 (BCLMRCB m
2
GL F?=KH; 8.10) F?Q ? K?QQ MD 0.500 IE ?LB ?L GLGRG?J
TCJMAGRW MD 0.500 m/s . !DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML, A?PR 1 GQ M@QCPTCB RM PCAMGJ UGRF ? TCJMAGRW MD 4.00 m/s . (?) 7F?R GQ RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW MD A?PR 2? (@)
(MU KSAF CLCPEW U?Q PCJC?QCB @W RFC QNPGLE (?QQSKGLE ?JJ MD GR U?Q AMLTCPRCB GLRM GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW)?
,JH7J;=O
7C A?L SQC AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK RM DGLB RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW MD A?PR 2, @CA?SQC F
net
= 0 (RFC RP?AI GQ DPGARGMLJCQQ ?LB RFC DMPAC MD RFC QNPGLE
GQ GLRCPL?J). /LAC RFGQ TCJMAGRW GQ BCRCPKGLCB, UC A?L AMKN?PC RFC GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW @CDMPC ?LB ?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML RM QCC FMU KSAF CLCPEW
U?Q PCJC?QCB @W RFC QNPGLE.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
!Q @CDMPC, RFC COS?RGML DMP AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK GL ? RUM-M@HCAR QWQRCK GQ
(8.53)
m
1
v
1
+ m
2
v
2
= m
1
v
1
+ m
2
v
2
.
4FC MLJW SLILMUL GL RFGQ COS?RGML GQ v
2
. 3MJTGLE DMP v
2
?LB QS@QRGRSRGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC NPCTGMSQ COS?RGML WGCJBQ
(8.54)
v
2
=
m
1
v
1
+ m
2
v
2
m
1
v
1
m
2
=

0.350 kg
(2.00 m/s) +

0.500 kg
(0.500 m/s)
0.500 kg

0.350 kg
(4.00 m/s)
0.500 kg
= 3.70 m/s.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
4FC GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW @CDMPC RFC AMJJGQGML GQ
(8.55)
KE
int
=
1
2
m
1
v
1
2
+
1
2
m
2
v
2
2
=
1
2
0.350 kg
(2.00 m/s)
2
+
1
2
0.500 kg
( 0.500 m/s)
2
= 0.763 J.
!DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML, RFC GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ
(8.56)
KE
int
=
1
2
m
1
v
1
2
+
1
2
m
2
v
2
2
=
1
2
0.350 kg
(-4.00 m/s)
2
+
1
2
0.500 kg
(3.70 m/s)
2
= 6.22 J.
4FC AF?LEC GL GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ RFSQ
(8.57)
KE
int
KE
int
= 6.22 J 0.763 J
= 5.46 J.
D?I9KII?ED
#(!04%2 8 Y ,).%!2 -/-%.45- !.$ #/,,)3)/.3 275
4FC DGL?J TCJMAGRW MD A?PR 2 GQ J?PEC ?LB NMQGRGTC, KC?LGLE RF?R GR GQ KMTGLE RM RFC PGEFR ?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML. 4FC GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GL RFGQ AMJJGQGML
GLAPC?QCQ @W 5.46 *. 4F?R CLCPEW U?Q PCJC?QCB @W RFC QNPGLE.
8.6 CEBB?I?EDI E< )E?DJ &7II;I ?D -ME D?C;DI?EDI
)L RFC NPCTGMSQ RUM QCARGMLQ, UC AMLQGBCPCB MLJW MLC-BGKCLQGML?J AMJJGQGMLQ; BSPGLE QSAF AMJJGQGMLQ, RFC GLAMKGLE ?LB MSREMGLE TCJMAGRGCQ ?PC ?JJ ?JMLE
RFC Q?KC JGLC. "SR UF?R ?@MSR AMJJGQGMLQ, QSAF ?Q RFMQC @CRUCCL @GJJG?PB @?JJQ, GL UFGAF M@HCARQ QA?RRCP RM RFC QGBC? 4FCQC ?PC RUM-BGKCLQGML?J
AMJJGQGMLQ, ?LB UC QF?JJ QCC RF?R RFCGP QRSBW GQ ?L CVRCLQGML MD RFC MLC-BGKCLQGML?J ?L?JWQGQ ?JPC?BW NPCQCLRCB. 4FC ?NNPM?AF R?ICL (QGKGJ?P RM RFC
?NNPM?AF GL BGQASQQGLE RUM-BGKCLQGML?J IGLCK?RGAQ ?LB BWL?KGAQ) GQ RM AFMMQC ? AMLTCLGCLR AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK ?LB PCQMJTC RFC KMRGML GLRM
AMKNMLCLRQ ?JMLE NCPNCLBGASJ?P ?VCQ. 2CQMJTGLE RFC KMRGML WGCJBQ ? N?GP MD MLC-BGKCLQGML?J NPM@JCKQ RM @C QMJTCB QGKSJR?LCMSQJW.
/LC AMKNJGA?RGML ?PGQGLE GL RUM-BGKCLQGML?J AMJJGQGMLQ GQ RF?R RFC M@HCARQ KGEFR PMR?RC @CDMPC MP ?DRCP RFCGP AMJJGQGML. &MP CV?KNJC, GD RUM GAC QI?RCPQ
FMMI ?PKQ ?Q RFCW N?QQ @W MLC ?LMRFCP, RFCW UGJJ QNGL GL AGPAJCQ. 7C UGJJ LMR AMLQGBCP QSAF PMR?RGML SLRGJ J?RCP, ?LB QM DMP LMU UC ?PP?LEC RFGLEQ QM
RF?R LM PMR?RGML GQ NMQQG@JC. 4M ?TMGB PMR?RGML, UC AMLQGBCP MLJW RFC QA?RRCPGLE MD FE?DJ C7II;IrRF?R GQ, QRPSARSPCJCQQ N?PRGAJCQ RF?R A?LLMR PMR?RC MP
QNGL.
7C QR?PR @W ?QQSKGLE RF?R F
net
= 0 , QM RF?R KMKCLRSK p GQ AMLQCPTCB. 4FC QGKNJCQR AMJJGQGML GQ MLC GL UFGAF MLC MD RFC N?PRGAJCQ GQ GLGRG?JJW ?R PCQR.
(3CC F?=KH; 8.11.) 4FC @CQR AFMGAC DMP ? AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK GQ MLC UGRF ?L ?VGQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC GLAMKGLE N?PRGAJC, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH;
8.11. "CA?SQC KMKCLRSK GQ AMLQCPTCB, RFC AMKNMLCLRQ MD KMKCLRSK ?JMLE RFC x - ?LB y -?VCQ (p
x
and p
y
) UGJJ ?JQM @C AMLQCPTCB, @SR UGRF RFC
AFMQCL AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK, p
y
GQ GLGRG?JJW XCPM ?LB p
x
GQ RFC KMKCLRSK MD RFC GLAMKGLE N?PRGAJC. "MRF D?ARQ QGKNJGDW RFC ?L?JWQGQ. (%TCL UGRF RFC
QGKNJGDWGLE ?QQSKNRGMLQ MD NMGLR K?QQCQ, MLC N?PRGAJC GLGRG?JJW ?R PCQR, ?LB ? AMLTCLGCLR AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK, UC QRGJJ E?GL LCU GLQGEFRQ GLRM L?RSPC DPMK
RFC ?L?JWQGQ MD RUM-BGKCLQGML?J AMJJGQGMLQ.)
F?=KH; 8.11 ! RUM-BGKCLQGML?J AMJJGQGML UGRF RFC AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK AFMQCL QM RF?R m
2
GQ GLGRG?JJW ?R PCQR ?LB v
1
GQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC x -?VGQ. 4FGQ AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK GQ
QMKCRGKCQ A?JJCB RFC J?@MP?RMPW AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK, @CA?SQC K?LW QA?RRCPGLE CVNCPGKCLRQ F?TC ? R?PECR RF?R GQ QR?RGML?PW GL RFC J?@MP?RMPW, UFGJC N?PRGAJCQ ?PC QA?RRCPCB DPMK GR
RM BCRCPKGLC RFC N?PRGAJCQ RF?R K?IC-SN RFC R?PECR ?LB FMU RFCW ?PC @MSLB RMECRFCP. 4FC N?PRGAJCQ K?W LMR @C M@QCPTCB BGPCARJW, @SR RFCGP GLGRG?J ?LB DGL?J TCJMAGRGCQ ?PC.
!JMLE RFC x -?VGQ, RFC COS?RGML DMP AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK GQ
(8.58)
p
1x
+ p
2x
= p
1x
+ p
2x
.
7FCPC RFC QS@QAPGNRQ BCLMRC RFC N?PRGAJCQ ?LB ?VCQ ?LB RFC NPGKCQ BCLMRC RFC QGRS?RGML ?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML. )L RCPKQ MD K?QQCQ ?LB TCJMAGRGCQ, RFGQ
COS?RGML GQ
(8.59) m
1
v
1x
+ m
2
v
2x
= m
1
v
1x
+ m
2
v
2x
.
"SR @CA?SQC N?PRGAJC 2 GQ GLGRG?JJW ?R PCQR, RFGQ COS?RGML @CAMKCQ
(8.60)
m
1
v
1x
= m
1
v
1x
+ m
2
v
2x
.
4FC AMKNMLCLRQ MD RFC TCJMAGRGCQ ?JMLE RFC x -?VGQ F?TC RFC DMPK v cos . "CA?SQC N?PRGAJC 1 GLGRG?JJW KMTCQ ?JMLE RFC x -?VGQ, UC DGLB v
1x
= v
1
.
#MLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK ?JMLE RFC x -?VGQ EGTCQ RFC DMJJMUGLE COS?RGML:
(8.61)
m
1
v
1
= m
1
v
1
cos
1
+ m
2
v
2
cos
2
,
UFCPC
1
?LB
2
?PC ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 8.11.
#MLQCPT?RGML MD -MKCLRSK ?JMLE RFC x -?VGQ
(8.62)
m
1
v
1
= m
1
v
1
cos
1
+ m
2
v
2
cos
2
276 #(!04%2 8 Y ,).%!2 -/-%.45- !.$ #/,,)3)/.3
!JMLE RFC y -?VGQ, RFC COS?RGML DMP AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK GQ
(8.63)
p
1y
+ p
2y
= p
1y
+ p
2y
MP
(8.64)
m
1
v
1y
+ m
2
v
2y
= m
1
v
1y
+ m
2
v
2y
.
"SR v
1y
GQ XCPM, @CA?SQC N?PRGAJC 1 GLGRG?JJW KMTCQ ?JMLE RFC x -?VGQ. "CA?SQC N?PRGAJC 2 GQ GLGRG?JJW ?R PCQR, v
2y
GQ ?JQM XCPM. 4FC COS?RGML DMP
AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK ?JMLE RFC y -?VGQ @CAMKCQ
(8.65)
0 = m
1
v
1y
+ m
2
v
2y
.
4FC AMKNMLCLRQ MD RFC TCJMAGRGCQ ?JMLE RFC y -?VGQ F?TC RFC DMPK v sin .
4FSQ, AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK ?JMLE RFC y -?VGQ EGTCQ RFC DMJJMUGLE COS?RGML:
(8.66)
0 = m
1
v
1
sin
1
+ m
2
v
2
sin
2
.
#MLQCPT?RGML MD -MKCLRSK ?JMLE RFC y -?VGQ
(8.67)
0 = m
1
v
1
sin
1
+ m
2
v
2
sin
2
4FC COS?RGMLQ MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK ?JMLE RFC x -?VGQ ?LB y -?VGQ ?PC TCPW SQCDSJ GL ?L?JWXGLE RUM-BGKCLQGML?J AMJJGQGMLQ MD N?PRGAJCQ, UFCPC
MLC GQ MPGEGL?JJW QR?RGML?PW (? AMKKML J?@MP?RMPW QGRS?RGML). "SR RUM COS?RGMLQ A?L MLJW @C SQCB RM DGLB RUM SLILMULQ, ?LB QM MRFCP B?R? K?W @C
LCACQQ?PW UFCL AMJJGQGML CVNCPGKCLRQ ?PC SQCB RM CVNJMPC L?RSPC ?R RFC QS@?RMKGA JCTCJ.
EN7CFB; 8.7 D;J;HC?D?D= J>; F?D7B /;BE9?JO E< 7D .DI;;D (8@;9J <HEC J>; ,97JJ;H?D= E< ADEJ>;H (8@;9J
3SNNMQC RFC DMJJMUGLE CVNCPGKCLR GQ NCPDMPKCB. ! 0.250-IE M@HCAR (m
1
) GQ QJGB ML ? DPGARGMLJCQQ QSPD?AC GLRM ? B?PI PMMK, UFCPC GR QRPGICQ ?L
GLGRG?JJW QR?RGML?PW M@HCAR UGRF K?QQ MD 0.400 IE (m
2
) . 4FC 0.250-IE M@HCAR CKCPECQ DPMK RFC PMMK ?R ?L ?LEJC MD 45.0 UGRF GRQ GLAMKGLE
BGPCARGML.
4FC QNCCB MD RFC 0.250-IE M@HCAR GQ MPGEGL?JJW 2.00 K/Q ?LB GQ 1.50 K/Q ?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML. #?JASJ?RC RFC K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD RFC TCJMAGRW
(v
2
?LB
2
) MD RFC 0.400-IE M@HCAR ?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML.
,JH7J;=O
-MKCLRSK GQ AMLQCPTCB @CA?SQC RFC QSPD?AC GQ DPGARGMLJCQQ. 4FC AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK QFMUL GL F?=KH; 8.12 GQ MLC GL UFGAF m
2
GQ MPGEGL?JJW ?R PCQR
?LB RFC GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW GQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC x -?VGQ, QM RF?R AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK ?JMLE RFC x - ?LB y -?VCQ GQ ?NNJGA?@JC.
%TCPWRFGLE GQ ILMUL GL RFCQC COS?RGMLQ CVACNR v
2
?LB
2
, UFGAF ?PC NPCAGQCJW RFC OS?LRGRGCQ UC UGQF RM DGLB. 7C A?L DGLB RUM SLILMULQ
@CA?SQC UC F?TC RUM GLBCNCLBCLR COS?RGMLQ: RFC COS?RGMLQ BCQAPG@GLE RFC AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK GL RFC x - ?LB y -BGPCARGMLQ.
,EBKJ?ED
3MJTGLE m
1
v
1
= m
1
v
1
cos
1
+ m
2
v
2
cos
2
?LB 0 = m
1
v
1
sin
1
+ m
2
v
2
sin
2
DMP v
2
sin
2
?LB R?IGLE RFC P?RGM WGCJBQ ?L
COS?RGML (@CA?SQC

tan =
sin
cos
GL UFGAF ?JJ @SR MLC OS?LRGRW GQ ILMUL:

(8.68)
tan
2
=
v
1
sin
1
v
1
cos
1
v
1
.
%LRCPGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC NPCTGMSQ COS?RGML EGTCQ
(8.69)
tan
2
=
(1.50 m/s)(0.7071)
(1.50 m/s)(0.7071) 2.00 m/s
= 1.129.
4FSQ,
(8.70)
2
= tan
1
(1.129) = 311.5 312.
!LEJCQ ?PC BCDGLCB ?Q NMQGRGTC GL RFC AMSLRCP AJMAIUGQC BGPCARGML, QM RFGQ ?LEJC GLBGA?RCQ RF?R m
2
GQ QA?RRCPCB RM RFC PGEFR GL F?=KH; 8.12, ?Q
CVNCARCB (RFGQ ?LEJC GQ GL RFC DMSPRF OS?BP?LR). %GRFCP COS?RGML DMP RFC x - MP y -?VGQ A?L LMU @C SQCB RM QMJTC DMP v
2
, @SR RFC J?RRCP COS?RGML GQ
C?QGCQR @CA?SQC GR F?Q DCUCP RCPKQ.
(8.71)
v
2
=
m
1
m
2
v
1
sin
1
sin
2
#(!04%2 8 Y ,).%!2 -/-%.45- !.$ #/,,)3)/.3 277
%LRCPGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFGQ COS?RGML EGTCQ
(8.72)
v
2
=
0.250 kg
0.400 kg
(1.50 m/s)
0.7071
0.7485
.
4FSQ,
(8.73)
v
2
= 0.886 m/s.
D?I9KII?ED
)R GQ GLQRPSARGTC RM A?JASJ?RC RFC GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD RFGQ RUM-M@HCAR QWQRCK @CDMPC ?LB ?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML. (4FGQ A?JASJ?RGML GQ JCDR ?Q ?L CLB-MD-
AF?NRCP NPM@JCK.) )D WMS BM RFGQ A?JASJ?RGML, WMS UGJJ DGLB RF?R RFC GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ JCQQ ?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML, ?LB QM RFC AMJJGQGML GQ GLCJ?QRGA.
4FGQ RWNC MD PCQSJR K?ICQ ? NFWQGAGQR U?LR RM CVNJMPC RFC QWQRCK DSPRFCP.
F?=KH; 8.12 ! AMJJGQGML R?IGLE NJ?AC GL ? B?PI PMMK GQ CVNJMPCB GL EN7CFB; 8.7. 4FC GLAMKGLE M@HCAR m
1
GQ QA?RRCPCB @W ?L GLGRG?JJW QR?RGML?PW M@HCAR. /LJW RFC QR?RGML?PW
M@HCARtQ K?QQ m
2
GQ ILMUL. "W KC?QSPGLE RFC ?LEJC ?LB QNCCB ?R UFGAF m
1
CKCPECQ DPMK RFC PMMK, GR GQ NMQQG@JC RM A?JASJ?RC RFC K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD RFC GLGRG?JJW
QR?RGML?PW M@HCARtQ TCJMAGRW ?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML.
%J?QRGA #MJJGQGMLQ MD 4UM /@HCARQ UGRF %OS?J -?QQ
3MKC GLRCPCQRGLE QGRS?RGMLQ ?PGQC UFCL RFC RUM AMJJGBGLE M@HCARQ F?TC COS?J K?QQ ?LB RFC AMJJGQGML GQ CJ?QRGA. 4FGQ QGRS?RGML GQ LC?PJW RFC A?QC UGRF
AMJJGBGLE @GJJG?PB @?JJQ, ?LB NPCAGQCJW RFC A?QC UGRF QMKC QS@?RMKGA N?PRGAJC AMJJGQGMLQ. 7C A?L RFSQ ECR ? KCLR?J GK?EC MD ? AMJJGQGML MD QS@?RMKGA
N?PRGAJCQ @W RFGLIGLE ?@MSR @GJJG?PBQ (MP NMMJ). (2CDCP RM F?=KH; 8.11 DMP K?QQCQ ?LB ?LEJCQ.) &GPQR, ?L CJ?QRGA AMJJGQGML AMLQCPTCQ GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW.
!E?GL, JCR SQ ?QQSKC M@HCAR 2 (m
2
) GQ GLGRG?JJW ?R PCQR. 4FCL, RFC GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW @CDMPC ?LB ?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML MD RUM M@HCARQ RF?R F?TC COS?J
K?QQCQ GQ
(8.74) 1
2
mv
1
2
=
1
2
mv
1
2
+
1
2
mv
2
2
.
"CA?SQC RFC K?QQCQ ?PC COS?J, m
1
= m
2
= m. !JEC@P?GA K?LGNSJ?RGML (JCDR RM RFC PC?BCP) MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK GL RFC x - ?LB y -
BGPCARGMLQ A?L QFMU RF?R
(8.75) 1
2
mv
1
2
=
1
2
mv
1
2
+
1
2
mv
2
2
+ mv
1
v
2
cos
1

2
.
(2CKCK@CP RF?R
2
GQ LCE?RGTC FCPC.) 4FC RUM NPCACBGLE COS?RGMLQ A?L @MRF @C RPSC MLJW GD
(8.76)
mv
1
v
2
cos
1

2
= 0.
4FCPC ?PC RFPCC U?WQ RF?R RFGQ RCPK A?L @C XCPM. 4FCW ?PC
w v
1
= 0 : FC?B-ML AMJJGQGML; GLAMKGLE @?JJ QRMNQ
w v
2
= 0 : LM AMJJGQGML; GLAMKGLE @?JJ AMLRGLSCQ SL?DDCARCB
w cos(
1

2
) = 0 : ?LEJC MD QCN?P?RGML (
1

2
) GQ 90 ?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML
!JJ RFPCC MD RFCQC U?WQ ?PC D?KGJG?P MAASPPCLACQ GL @GJJG?PBQ ?LB NMMJ, ?JRFMSEF KMQR MD SQ RPW RM ?TMGB RFC QCAMLB. )D WMS NJ?W CLMSEF NMMJ, WMS UGJJ
LMRGAC RF?R RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL RFC @?JJQ GQ TCPW AJMQC RM 90 ?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML, ?JRFMSEF GR UGJJ T?PW DPMK RFGQ T?JSC GD ? EPC?R BC?J MD QNGL GQ NJ?ACB ML
278 #(!04%2 8 Y ,).%!2 -/-%.45- !.$ #/,,)3)/.3
RFC @?JJ. (,?PEC QNGL A?PPGCQ GL CVRP? CLCPEW ?LB ? OS?LRGRW A?JJCB 4A:H?4E @B@8AGH@, UFGAF KSQR ?JQM @C AMLQCPTCB.) 4FC ?QQSKNRGML RF?R RFC
QA?RRCPGLE MD @GJJG?PB @?JJQ GQ CJ?QRGA GQ PC?QML?@JC @?QCB ML RFC AMPPCARLCQQ MD RFC RFPCC PCQSJRQ GR NPMBSACQ. 4FGQ ?QQSKNRGML ?JQM GKNJGCQ RF?R, RM ?
EMMB ?NNPMVGK?RGML, KMKCLRSK GQ AMLQCPTCB DMP RFC RUM-@?JJ QWQRCK GL @GJJG?PBQ ?LB NMMJ. 4FC NPM@JCKQ @CJMU CVNJMPC RFCQC ?LB MRFCP
AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD RUM-BGKCLQGML?J AMJJGQGMLQ.
#MLLCARGMLQ RM .SAJC?P ?LB 0?PRGAJC 0FWQGAQ
4UM-BGKCLQGML?J AMJJGQGML CVNCPGKCLRQ F?TC PCTC?JCB KSAF MD UF?R UC ILMU ?@MSR QS@?RMKGA N?PRGAJCQ, ?Q UC QF?JJ QCC GL &;:?97B
AFFB?97J?EDI E< 'K9B;7H )>OI?9I ?LB )7HJ?9B; )>OI?9I. %PLCQR 2SRFCPDMPB, DMP CV?KNJC, BGQAMTCPCB RFC L?RSPC MD RFC ?RMKGA LSAJCSQ DPMK QSAF
CVNCPGKCLRQ.
8.7 "DJHE:K9J?ED JE +E9A;J )HEFKBI?ED
2MAICRQ P?LEC GL QGXC DPMK DGPCUMPIQ QM QK?JJ RF?R MPBGL?PW NCMNJC SQC RFCK RM GKKCLQC 3?RSPL 6Q RF?R MLAC NPMNCJJCB K?QQGTC N?WJM?BQ RMU?PB RFC
-MML. 4FC NPMNSJQGML MD ?JJ PMAICRQ, HCR CLEGLCQ, BCDJ?RGLE @?JJMMLQ, ?LB CTCL QOSGBQ ?LB MARMNSQCQ GQ CVNJ?GLCB @W RFC Q?KC NFWQGA?J
NPGLAGNJCr.CURMLtQ RFGPB J?U MD KMRGML. -?RRCP GQ DMPACDSJJW CHCARCB DPMK ? QWQRCK, NPMBSAGLE ?L COS?J ?LB MNNMQGRC PC?ARGML ML UF?R PCK?GLQ.
!LMRFCP AMKKML CV?KNJC GQ RFC PCAMGJ MD ? ESL. 4FC ESL CVCPRQ ? DMPAC ML ? @SJJCR RM ?AACJCP?RC GR ?LB AMLQCOSCLRJW CVNCPGCLACQ ?L COS?J ?LB
MNNMQGRC DMPAC, A?SQGLE RFC ESLtQ PCAMGJ MP IGAI.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLRr0PMNSJQGML MD ? "?JJMML
(MJB ? @?JJMML ?LB DGJJ GR UGRF ?GP. 4FCL, JCR RFC @?JJMML EM. )L UFGAF BGPCARGML BMCQ RFC ?GP AMKC MSR MD RFC @?JJMML ?LB GL UFGAF BGPCARGML BMCQ RFC
@?JJMML ECR NPMNCJJCB? )D WMS DGJJ RFC @?JJMML UGRF U?RCP ?LB RFCL JCR RFC @?JJMML EM, BMCQ RFC @?JJMMLtQ BGPCARGML AF?LEC? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP.
F?=KH; 8.13 QFMUQ ? PMAICR ?AACJCP?RGLE QRP?GEFR SN. )L N?PR (?), RFC PMAICR F?Q ? K?QQ m ?LB ? TCJMAGRW v PCJ?RGTC RM %?PRF, ?LB FCLAC ? KMKCLRSK
mv . )L N?PR (@), ? RGKC t F?Q CJ?NQCB GL UFGAF RFC PMAICR F?Q CHCARCB ? K?QQ m MD FMR E?Q ?R ? TCJMAGRW v
e
PCJ?RGTC RM RFC PMAICR. 4FC
PCK?GLBCP MD RFC K?QQ (m m) LMU F?Q ? EPC?RCP TCJMAGRW (v + v) . 4FC KMKCLRSK MD RFC CLRGPC QWQRCK (PMAICR NJSQ CVNCJJCB E?Q) F?Q
?ARS?JJW BCAPC?QCB @CA?SQC RFC DMPAC MD EP?TGRW F?Q ?ARCB DMP ? RGKC t , NPMBSAGLE ? LCE?RGTC GKNSJQC p = mgt . (2CKCK@CP RF?R GKNSJQC GQ
RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC ML ? QWQRCK KSJRGNJGCB @W RFC RGKC GR ?ARQ, ?LB GR COS?JQ RFC AF?LEC GL KMKCLRSK MD RFC QWQRCK.) 3M, RFC ACLRCP MD K?QQ MD RFC
QWQRCK GQ GL DPCC D?JJ @SR, @W P?NGBJW CVNCJJGLE K?QQ, N?PR MD RFC QWQRCK A?L ?AACJCP?RC SNU?PB. )R GQ ? AMKKMLJW FCJB KGQAMLACNRGML RF?R RFC PMAICR
CVF?SQR NSQFCQ ML RFC EPMSLB. )D UC AMLQGBCP RFPSQR; RF?R GQ, RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB ML RFC PMAICR @W RFC CVF?SQR E?QCQ, RFCL ? PMAICRtQ RFPSQR GQ EPC?RCP GL
MSRCP QN?AC RF?L GL RFC ?RKMQNFCPC MP ML RFC J?SLAF N?B. )L D?AR, E?QCQ ?PC C?QGCP RM CVNCJ GLRM ? T?ASSK.
"W A?JASJ?RGLE RFC AF?LEC GL KMKCLRSK DMP RFC CLRGPC QWQRCK MTCP t , ?LB COS?RGLE RFGQ AF?LEC RM RFC GKNSJQC, RFC DMJJMUGLE CVNPCQQGML A?L @C
QFMUL RM @C ? EMMB ?NNPMVGK?RGML DMP RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD RFC PMAICR.
(8.77)
a =
v
e
m
m
t
g
u4FC PMAICRv GQ RF?R N?PR MD RFC QWQRCK PCK?GLGLE ?DRCP RFC E?Q GQ CHCARCB, ?LB g GQ RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW.
!AACJCP?RGML MD ? 2MAICR
!AACJCP?RGML MD ? PMAICR GQ
(8.78)
a =
v
e
m
m
t
g,
UFCPC a GQ RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD RFC PMAICR, v
e
GQ RFC CQA?NC TCJMAGRW, m GQ RFC K?QQ MD RFC PMAICR, m GQ RFC K?QQ MD RFC CHCARCB E?Q, ?LB t
GQ RFC RGKC GL UFGAF RFC E?Q GQ CHCARCB.
#(!04%2 8 Y ,).%!2 -/-%.45- !.$ #/,,)3)/.3 279
F?=KH; 8.13 (?) 4FGQ PMAICR F?Q ? K?QQ m ?LB ?L SNU?PB TCJMAGRW v . 4FC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC ML RFC QWQRCK GQ mg , GD ?GP PCQGQR?LAC GQ LCEJCARCB. (@) ! RGKC t J?RCP RFC
QWQRCK F?Q RUM K?GL N?PRQ, RFC CHCARCB E?Q ?LB RFC PCK?GLBCP MD RFC PMAICR. 4FC PC?ARGML DMPAC ML RFC PMAICR GQ UF?R MTCPAMKCQ RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC ?LB ?AACJCP?RCQ GR
SNU?PB.
! PMAICRtQ ?AACJCP?RGML BCNCLBQ ML RFPCC K?HMP D?ARMPQ, AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC COS?RGML DMP ?AACJCP?RGML MD ? PMAICR . &GPQR, RFC EPC?RCP RFC CVF?SQR
TCJMAGRW MD RFC E?QCQ PCJ?RGTC RM RFC PMAICR, v
e
, RFC EPC?RCP RFC ?AACJCP?RGML GQ. 4FC NP?ARGA?J JGKGR DMP v
e
GQ ?@MSR 2.510
3
m/s DMP AMLTCLRGML?J
(LML-LSAJC?P) FMR-E?Q NPMNSJQGML QWQRCKQ. 4FC QCAMLB D?ARMP GQ RFC P?RC ?R UFGAF K?QQ GQ CHCARCB DPMK RFC PMAICR. 4FGQ GQ RFC D?ARMP m/ t GL RFC
COS?RGML. 4FC OS?LRGRW (m/ t)v
e
, UGRF SLGRQ MD LCURMLQ, GQ A?JJCB "RFPSQR.v 4FC D?QRCP RFC PMAICR @SPLQ GRQ DSCJ, RFC EPC?RCP GRQ RFPSQR, ?LB RFC
EPC?RCP GRQ ?AACJCP?RGML. 4FC RFGPB D?ARMP GQ RFC K?QQ m MD RFC PMAICR. 4FC QK?JJCP RFC K?QQ GQ (?JJ MRFCP D?ARMPQ @CGLE RFC Q?KC), RFC EPC?RCP RFC
?AACJCP?RGML. 4FC PMAICR K?QQ m BCAPC?QCQ BP?K?RGA?JJW BSPGLE DJGEFR @CA?SQC KMQR MD RFC PMAICR GQ DSCJ RM @CEGL UGRF, QM RF?R ?AACJCP?RGML GLAPC?QCQ
AMLRGLSMSQJW, PC?AFGLE ? K?VGKSK HSQR @CDMPC RFC DSCJ GQ CVF?SQRCB.
&?ARMPQ !DDCARGLE ? 2MAICRtQ !AACJCP?RGML
w 4FC EPC?RCP RFC CVF?SQR TCJMAGRW v
e
MD RFC E?QCQ PCJ?RGTC RM RFC PMAICR, RFC EPC?RCP RFC ?AACJCP?RGML.
w 4FC D?QRCP RFC PMAICR @SPLQ GRQ DSCJ, RFC EPC?RCP GRQ ?AACJCP?RGML.
w 4FC QK?JJCP RFC PMAICRtQ K?QQ (?JJ MRFCP D?ARMPQ @CGLE RFC Q?KC), RFC EPC?RCP RFC ?AACJCP?RGML.
EN7CFB; 8.8 C7B9KB7J?D= A99;B;H7J?ED: "D?J?7B A99;B;H7J?ED E< 7 &EED %7KD9>
! 3?RSPL 6tQ K?QQ ?R JGDRMDD U?Q 2.8010
6
kg , GRQ DSCJ-@SPL P?RC U?Q 1.4010
4
kg/s , ?LB RFC CVF?SQR TCJMAGRW U?Q 2.4010
3
m/s .
#?JASJ?RC GRQ GLGRG?J ?AACJCP?RGML.
,JH7J;=O
4FGQ NPM@JCK GQ ? QRP?GEFRDMPU?PB ?NNJGA?RGML MD RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP ?AACJCP?RGML @CA?SQC a GQ RFC SLILMUL ?LB ?JJ MD RFC RCPKQ ML RFC PGEFR QGBC
MD RFC COS?RGML ?PC EGTCL.
,EBKJ?ED
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFC EGTCL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC COS?RGML DMP ?AACJCP?RGML WGCJBQ
(8.79)
a =
v
e
m
m
t
g
=
2.4010
3
m/s
2.8010
6
kg
1.4010
4
kg/s
9.80 m/s
2
= 2.20 m/s
2
.
D?I9KII?ED
280 #(!04%2 8 Y ,).%!2 -/-%.45- !.$ #/,,)3)/.3
4FGQ T?JSC GQ D?GPJW QK?JJ, CTCL DMP ?L GLGRG?J ?AACJCP?RGML. 4FC ?AACJCP?RGML BMCQ GLAPC?QC QRC?BGJW ?Q RFC PMAICR @SPLQ DSCJ, @CA?SQC m BCAPC?QCQ
UFGJC v
e
?LB
m
t
PCK?GL AMLQR?LR. +LMUGLE RFGQ ?AACJCP?RGML ?LB RFC K?QQ MD RFC PMAICR, WMS A?L QFMU RF?R RFC RFPSQR MD RFC CLEGLCQ U?Q
3.3610
7
N.
4M ?AFGCTC RFC FGEF QNCCBQ LCCBCB RM FMN AMLRGLCLRQ, M@R?GL MP@GR, MP CQA?NC %?PRFtQ EP?TGRW ?JRMECRFCP, RFC K?QQ MD RFC PMAICR MRFCP RF?L DSCJ KSQR
@C ?Q QK?JJ ?Q NMQQG@JC. )R A?L @C QFMUL RF?R, GL RFC ?@QCLAC MD ?GP PCQGQR?LAC ?LB LCEJCARGLE EP?TGRW, RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW MD ? MLC-QR?EC PMAICR GLGRG?JJW ?R
PCQR GQ
(8.80)
v = v
e
ln
m
0
m
r
,
UFCPC ln
m
0
/ m
r
GQ RFC L?RSP?J JME?PGRFK MD RFC P?RGM MD RFC GLGRG?J K?QQ MD RFC PMAICR (m
0
) RM UF?R GQ JCDR (m
r
) ?DRCP ?JJ MD RFC DSCJ GQ CVF?SQRCB.
(.MRC RF?R v GQ ?ARS?JJW RFC AF?LEC GL TCJMAGRW, QM RFC COS?RGML A?L @C SQCB DMP ?LW QCEKCLR MD RFC DJGEFR. )D UC QR?PR DPMK PCQR, RFC AF?LEC GL TCJMAGRW
COS?JQ RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW.) &MP CV?KNJC, JCR SQ A?JASJ?RC RFC K?QQ P?RGM LCCBCB RM CQA?NC %?PRFtQ EP?TGRW QR?PRGLE DPMK PCQR, EGTCL RF?R RFC CQA?NC
TCJMAGRW DPMK %?PRF GQ ?@MSR 11.210
3
m/s , ?LB ?QQSKGLE ?L CVF?SQR TCJMAGRW v
e
= 2.510
3
m/s .
(8.81)
ln
m
0
m
r
=
v
v
e
=
11.210
3
m/s
2.510
3
m/s
= 4.48
3MJTGLE DMP m
0
/ m
r
EGTCQ
(8.82)
m
0
m
r
= e
4.48
= 88.
4FSQ, RFC K?QQ MD RFC PMAICR GQ
(8.83)
m
r
=
m
0
88
.
4FGQ PCQSJR KC?LQ RF?R MLJW 1 / 88 MD RFC K?QQ GQ JCDR UFCL RFC DSCJ GQ @SPLR, ?LB 87 / 88 MD RFC GLGRG?J K?QQ U?Q DSCJ. %VNPCQQCB ?Q NCPACLR?ECQ,
98.9% MD RFC PMAICR GQ DSCJ, UFGJC N?WJM?B, CLEGLCQ, DSCJ R?LIQ, ?LB MRFCP AMKNMLCLRQ K?IC SN MLJW 1.10%. 4?IGLE ?GP PCQGQR?LAC ?LB EP?TGR?RGML?J
DMPAC GLRM ?AAMSLR, RFC K?QQ m
r
PCK?GLGLE A?L MLJW @C ?@MSR m
0
/ 180 . )R GQ BGDDGASJR RM @SGJB ? PMAICR GL UFGAF RFC DSCJ F?Q ? K?QQ 180 RGKCQ
CTCPWRFGLE CJQC. 4FC QMJSRGML GQ KSJRGQR?EC PMAICRQ. %?AF QR?EC MLJW LCCBQ RM ?AFGCTC N?PR MD RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW ?LB GQ BGQA?PBCB ?DRCP GR @SPLQ GRQ DSCJ.
4FC PCQSJR GQ RF?R C?AF QSAACQQGTC QR?EC A?L F?TC QK?JJCP CLEGLCQ ?LB KMPC N?WJM?B PCJ?RGTC RM GRQ DSCJ. /LAC MSR MD RFC ?RKMQNFCPC, RFC P?RGM MD
N?WJM?B RM DSCJ @CAMKCQ KMPC D?TMP?@JC, RMM.
4FC QN?AC QFSRRJC U?Q ?L ?RRCKNR ?R ?L CAMLMKGA?J TCFGAJC UGRF QMKC PCSQ?@JC N?PRQ, QSAF ?Q RFC QMJGB DSCJ @MMQRCPQ ?LB RFC AP?DR GRQCJD. (3CC F?=KH;
8.14) 4FC QFSRRJCtQ LCCB RM @C MNCP?RCB @W FSK?LQ, FMUCTCP, K?BC GR ?R JC?QR ?Q AMQRJW DMP J?SLAFGLE Q?RCJJGRCQ ?Q CVNCLB?@JC, SLK?LLCB PMAICRQ.
)BC?JJW, RFC QFSRRJC UMSJB MLJW F?TC @CCL SQCB UFCL FSK?L ?ARGTGRGCQ UCPC PCOSGPCB DMP RFC QSAACQQ MD ? KGQQGML, QSAF ?Q RFC PCN?GP MD RFC (S@@JC
QN?AC RCJCQAMNC. 2MAICRQ UGRF Q?RCJJGRCQ A?L ?JQM @C J?SLAFCB DPMK ?GPNJ?LCQ. 5QGLE ?GPNJ?LCQ F?Q RFC BMS@JC ?BT?LR?EC RF?R RFC GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW GQ
QGELGDGA?LRJW ?@MTC XCPM ?LB ? PMAICR A?L ?TMGB KMQR MD RFC ?RKMQNFCPCtQ PCQGQR?LAC.
#(!04%2 8 Y ,).%!2 -/-%.45- !.$ #/,,)3)/.3 281
9>7D=; ?D CEC;DJKC:
9EDI;HL7J?ED E< CEC;DJKC FH?D9?FB;:
;B7IJ?9 9EBB?I?ED:
?CFKBI;:
?D;B7IJ?9 9EBB?I?ED:
?DJ;HD7B A?D;J?9 ;D;H=O:
?IEB7J;: IOIJ;C:
B?D;7H CEC;DJKC:
F;H<;9JBO ?D;B7IJ?9 9EBB?I?ED:
FE?DJ C7II;I:
GK7HA:
I;9ED: B7M E< CEJ?ED:
F?=KH; 8.14 4FC QN?AC QFSRRJC F?B ? LSK@CP MD PCSQ?@JC N?PRQ. 3MJGB DSCJ @MMQRCPQ ML CGRFCP QGBC UCPC PCAMTCPCB ?LB PCDSCJCB ?DRCP C?AF DJGEFR, ?LB RFC CLRGPC MP@GRCP PCRSPLCB
RM %?PRF DMP SQC GL QS@QCOSCLR DJGEFRQ. 4FC J?PEC JGOSGB DSCJ R?LI U?Q CVNCLBCB. 4FC QN?AC QFSRRJC U?Q ? AMKNJCV ?QQCK@J?EC MD RCAFLMJMEGCQ, CKNJMWGLE @MRF QMJGB ?LB JGOSGB
DSCJ ?LB NGMLCCPGLE ACP?KGA RGJCQ ?Q PCCLRPW FC?R QFGCJBQ. !Q ? PCQSJR, GR NCPKGRRCB KSJRGNJC J?SLAFCQ ?Q MNNMQCB RM QGLEJC-SQC PMAICRQ. (APCBGR: .!3!)
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: ,SL?P ,?LBCP
#?L WMS ?TMGB RFC @MSJBCP DGCJB ?LB J?LB Q?DCJW, HSQR @CDMPC WMSP DSCJ PSLQ MSR, ?Q .CGJ !PKQRPMLE BGB GL 1969? /SP TCPQGML MD RFGQ AJ?QQGA TGBCM
E?KC ?AASP?RCJW QGKSJ?RCQ RFC PC?J KMRGML MD RFC JSL?P J?LBCP UGRF RFC AMPPCAR K?QQ, RFPSQR, DSCJ AMLQSKNRGML P?RC, ?LB JSL?P EP?TGRW. 4FC PC?J
JSL?P J?LBCP GQ TCPW F?PB RM AMLRPMJ.
F?=KH; 8.15 %KD7H %7D:;H (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42166/1.5/BKD7H-B7D:;H6;D.@7H)
BEII7HO
RFC BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL RFC DGL?J ?LB GLGRG?J KMKCLRSK; RFC K?QQ RGKCQ RFC AF?LEC GL TCJMAGRW
UFCL RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC GQ XCPM, RFC RMR?J KMKCLRSK MD RFC QWQRCK GQ AMLQCPTCB MP AMLQR?LR
? AMJJGQGML RF?R ?JQM AMLQCPTCQ GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW
RFC ?TCP?EC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC RGKCQ RFC RGKC GR ?ARQ; COS?J RM RFC AF?LEC GL KMKCLRSK
? AMJJGQGML GL UFGAF GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ LMR AMLQCPTCB
RFC QSK MD RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEGCQ MD RFC M@HCARQ GL ? QWQRCK
? QWQRCK GL UFGAF RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC GQ XCPM
RFC NPMBSAR MD K?QQ ?LB TCJMAGRW
? AMJJGQGML GL UFGAF RFC AMJJGBGLE M@HCARQ QRGAI RMECRFCP
QRPSARSPCJCQQ N?PRGAJCQ UGRF LM PMR?RGML MP QNGL
DSLB?KCLR?J AMLQRGRSCLR MD K?RRCP ?LB ?L CJCKCLR?PW N?PRGAJC
NFWQGA?J J?U RF?R QR?RCQ RF?R RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC COS?JQ RFC AF?LEC GL KMKCLRSK MD ? QWQRCK BGTGBCB @W RFC RGKC MTCP
UFGAF GR AF?LECQ
,;9J?ED ,KCC7HO
282 #(!04%2 8 Y ,).%!2 -/-%.45- !.$ #/,,)3)/.3
w ,GLC?P KMKCLRSK (@B@8AGH@ DMP @PCTGRW) GQ BCDGLCB ?Q RFC NPMBSAR MD ? QWQRCKtQ K?QQ KSJRGNJGCB @W GRQ TCJMAGRW.
w )L QWK@MJQ, JGLC?P KMKCLRSK p GQ BCDGLCB RM @C
p = mv,
UFCPC m GQ RFC K?QQ MD RFC QWQRCK ?LB v GQ GRQ TCJMAGRW.
w 4FC 3) SLGR DMP KMKCLRSK GQ kg m/s .
w .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U MD KMRGML GL RCPKQ MD KMKCLRSK QR?RCQ RF?R RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC COS?JQ RFC AF?LEC GL KMKCLRSK MD ? QWQRCK BGTGBCB @W
RFC RGKC MTCP UFGAF GR AF?LECQ.
w )L QWK@MJQ, .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U MD KMRGML GQ BCDGLCB RM @C
F
net
=
p
t
,
F
net
GQ RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC, p GQ RFC AF?LEC GL KMKCLRSK, ?LB t GQ RFC AF?LEC RGKC.
8.2 "CFKBI;
w )KNSJQC, MP AF?LEC GL KMKCLRSK, COS?JQ RFC ?TCP?EC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC KSJRGNJGCB @W RFC RGKC RFGQ DMPAC ?ARQ:
p = F
net
t.
w &MPACQ ?PC SQS?JJW LMR AMLQR?LR MTCP ? NCPGMB MD RGKC.
w 4FC AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK NPGLAGNJC GQ UPGRRCL
p
tot
= constant
MP
p
tot
= p
tot
(isolated system),
p
tot
GQ RFC GLGRG?J RMR?J KMKCLRSK ?LB p
tot
GQ RFC RMR?J KMKCLRSK QMKC RGKC J?RCP.
w !L GQMJ?RCB QWQRCK GQ BCDGLCB RM @C MLC DMP UFGAF RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC GQ XCPM

F
net
= 0
.
w $SPGLE NPMHCARGJC KMRGML ?LB UFCPC ?GP PCQGQR?LAC GQ LCEJGEG@JC, KMKCLRSK GQ AMLQCPTCB GL RFC FMPGXMLR?J BGPCARGML @CA?SQC FMPGXMLR?J DMPACQ ?PC
XCPM.
w #MLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK ?NNJGCQ MLJW UFCL RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC GQ XCPM.
w 4FC AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK NPGLAGNJC GQ T?JGB UFCL AMLQGBCPGLE QWQRCKQ MD N?PRGAJCQ.
w !L CJ?QRGA AMJJGQGML GQ MLC RF?R AMLQCPTCQ GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW.
w #MLQCPT?RGML MD IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?LB KMKCLRSK RMECRFCP ?JJMU RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRGCQ RM @C A?JASJ?RCB GL RCPKQ MD GLGRG?J TCJMAGRGCQ ?LB K?QQCQ GL MLC
BGKCLQGML?J RUM-@MBW AMJJGQGMLQ.
w !L GLCJ?QRGA AMJJGQGML GQ MLC GL UFGAF RFC GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW AF?LECQ (GR GQ LMR AMLQCPTCB).
w ! AMJJGQGML GL UFGAF RFC M@HCARQ QRGAI RMECRFCP GQ QMKCRGKCQ A?JJCB NCPDCARJW GLCJ?QRGA @CA?SQC GR PCBSACQ GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW KMPC RF?L BMCQ
?LW MRFCP RWNC MD GLCJ?QRGA AMJJGQGML.
w 3NMPRQ QAGCLAC ?LB RCAFLMJMEGCQ ?JQM SQC NFWQGAQ AMLACNRQ QSAF ?Q KMKCLRSK ?LB PMR?RGML?J KMRGML ?LB TG@P?RGMLQ.
w 4FC ?NNPM?AF RM RUM-BGKCLQGML?J AMJJGQGMLQ GQ RM AFMMQC ? AMLTCLGCLR AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK ?LB @PC?I RFC KMRGML GLRM AMKNMLCLRQ ?JMLE
NCPNCLBGASJ?P ?VCQ. #FMMQC ? AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK UGRF RFC x -?VGQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC GLAMKGLE N?PRGAJC.
w 4UM-BGKCLQGML?J AMJJGQGMLQ MD NMGLR K?QQCQ UFCPC K?QQ 2 GQ GLGRG?JJW ?R PCQR AMLQCPTC KMKCLRSK ?JMLE RFC GLGRG?J BGPCARGML MD K?QQ 1 (RFC x -
?VGQ), QR?RCB @W m
1
v
1
= m
1
v
1
cos
1
+ m
2
v
2
cos
2
?LB ?JMLE RFC BGPCARGML NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC GLGRG?J BGPCARGML (RFC y -?VGQ) QR?RCB @W
0 = m
1
v
1y
+m
2
v
2y
.
w 4FC GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA @CDMPC ?LB ?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML MD RUM M@HCARQ RF?R F?TC COS?J K?QQCQ GQ
1
2
mv
1
2
=
1
2
mv
1
2
+
1
2
mv
2
2
+ mv
1
v
2
cos
1

2
.
w 0MGLR K?QQCQ ?PC QRPSARSPCJCQQ N?PRGAJCQ RF?R A?LLMR QNGL.
w .CURMLtQ RFGPB J?U MD KMRGML QR?RCQ RF?R RM CTCPW ?ARGML, RFCPC GQ ?L COS?J ?LB MNNMQGRC PC?ARGML.
w !AACJCP?RGML MD ? PMAICR GQ a =
v
e
m
m
t
g .
w ! PMAICRtQ ?AACJCP?RGML BCNCLBQ ML RFPCC K?GL D?ARMPQ. 4FCW ?PC
1. 4FC EPC?RCP RFC CVF?SQR TCJMAGRW MD RFC E?QCQ, RFC EPC?RCP RFC ?AACJCP?RGML.
2. 4FC D?QRCP RFC PMAICR @SPLQ GRQ DSCJ, RFC EPC?RCP GRQ ?AACJCP?RGML.
3. 4FC QK?JJCP RFC PMAICR'Q K?QQ, RFC EPC?RCP RFC ?AACJCP?RGML.
1. !L M@HCAR RF?R F?Q ? QK?JJ K?QQ ?LB ?L M@HCAR RF?R F?Q ? J?PEC K?QQ F?TC RFC Q?KC KMKCLRSK. 7FGAF M@HCAR F?Q RFC J?PECQR IGLCRGA CLCPEW?
#(!04%2 8 Y ,).%!2 -/-%.45- !.$ #/,,)3)/.3 283
2. !L M@HCAR RF?R F?Q ? QK?JJ K?QQ ?LB ?L M@HCAR RF?R F?Q ? J?PEC K?QQ F?TC RFC Q?KC IGLCRGA CLCPEW. 7FGAF K?QQ F?Q RFC J?PECQR KMKCLRSK?
&MMR@?JJ AM?AFCQ ?BTGQC NJ?WCPQ RM @JMAI, FGR, ?LB R?AIJC UGRF RFCGP DCCR ML RFC EPMSLB P?RFCP RF?L @W JC?NGLE RFPMSEF RFC ?GP. 5QGLE RFC AMLACNRQ MD
KMKCLRSK, UMPI, ?LB CLCPEW, CVNJ?GL FMU ? DMMR@?JJ NJ?WCP A?L @C KMPC CDDCARGTC UGRF FGQ DCCR ML RFC EPMSLB.
4. (MU A?L ? QK?JJ DMPAC GKN?PR RFC Q?KC KMKCLRSK RM ?L M@HCAR ?Q ? J?PEC DMPAC?
8.2 "CFKBI;
%VNJ?GL GL RCPKQ MD GKNSJQC FMU N?BBGLE PCBSACQ DMPACQ GL ? AMJJGQGML. 3R?RC RFGQ GL RCPKQ MD ? PC?J CV?KNJC, QSAF ?Q RFC ?BT?LR?ECQ MD ? A?PNCRCB TQ.
RGJC DJMMP DMP ? B?W A?PC ACLRCP.
6. 7FGJC HSKNGLE ML ? RP?KNMJGLC, QMKCRGKCQ WMS J?LB ML WMSP @?AI ?LB MRFCP RGKCQ ML WMSP DCCR. )L UFGAF A?QC A?L WMS PC?AF ? EPC?RCP FCGEFR ?LB
UFW?
4CLLGQ P?AOSCRQ F?TC uQUCCR QNMRQ.v )D RFC @?JJ FGRQ ? QUCCR QNMR RFCL RFC NJ?WCP'Q ?PK GQ LMR H?PPCB ?Q KSAF ?Q GR UMSJB @C MRFCPUGQC. %VNJ?GL UFW RFGQ
GQ RFC A?QC.
)D WMS BGTC GLRM U?RCP, WMS PC?AF EPC?RCP BCNRFQ RF?L GD WMS BM ? @CJJW DJMN. %VNJ?GL RFGQ BGDDCPCLAC GL BCNRF SQGLE RFC AMLACNR MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD
CLCPEW. %VNJ?GL RFGQ BGDDCPCLAC GL BCNRF SQGLE UF?R WMS F?TC JC?PLCB GL RFGQ AF?NRCP.
9. 5LBCP UF?R AGPASKQR?LACQ GQ KMKCLRSK AMLQCPTCB?
10. #?L KMKCLRSK @C AMLQCPTCB DMP ? QWQRCK GD RFCPC ?PC CVRCPL?J DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML RFC QWQRCK? )D QM, SLBCP UF?R AMLBGRGMLQ? )D LMR, UFW LMR?
11. -MKCLRSK DMP ? QWQRCK A?L @C AMLQCPTCB GL MLC BGPCARGML UFGJC LMR @CGLE AMLQCPTCB GL ?LMRFCP. 7F?R GQ RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL RFC BGPCARGMLQ? 'GTC
?L CV?KNJC.
%VNJ?GL GL RCPKQ MD KMKCLRSK ?LB .CURMLtQ J?UQ FMU ? A?PtQ ?GP PCQGQR?LAC GQ BSC GL N?PR RM RFC D?AR RF?R GR NSQFCQ ?GP GL GRQ BGPCARGML MD KMRGML.
13. #?L M@HCARQ GL ? QWQRCK F?TC KMKCLRSK UFGJC RFC KMKCLRSK MD RFC QWQRCK GQ XCPM? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP.
14. -SQR RFC RMR?J CLCPEW MD ? QWQRCK @C AMLQCPTCB UFCLCTCP GRQ KMKCLRSK GQ AMLQCPTCB? %VNJ?GL UFW MP UFW LMR.
15. 7F?R GQ ?L CJ?QRGA AMJJGQGML?
16. 7F?R GQ ?L GLCJ?QRGA AMJJGQGML? 7F?R GQ ? NCPDCARJW GLCJ?QRGA AMJJGQGML?
17. -GVCB-N?GP GAC QI?RCPQ NCPDMPKGLE GL ? QFMU ?PC QR?LBGLE KMRGMLJCQQ ?R ?PKQ JCLERF HSQR @CDMPC QR?PRGLE ? PMSRGLC. 4FCW PC?AF MSR, AJ?QN F?LBQ,
?LB NSJJ RFCKQCJTCQ RMECRFCP @W MLJW SQGLE RFCGP ?PKQ. !QQSKGLE RFCPC GQ LM DPGARGML @CRUCCL RFC @J?BCQ MD RFCGP QI?RCQ ?LB RFC GAC, UF?R GQ RFCGP
TCJMAGRW ?DRCP RFCGP @MBGCQ KCCR?
18. ! QK?JJ NGAISN RPSAI RF?R F?Q ? A?KNCP QFCJJ QJMUJW AM?QRQ RMU?PB ? PCB JGEFR UGRF LCEJGEG@JC DPGARGML. 4UM BMEQ GL RFC @?AI MD RFC RPSAI ?PC KMTGLE
?LB K?IGLE T?PGMSQ GLCJ?QRGA AMJJGQGMLQ UGRF C?AF MRFCP ?LB RFC U?JJQ. 7F?R GQ RFC CDDCAR MD RFC BMEQ ML RFC KMRGML MD RFC ACLRCP MD K?QQ MD RFC QWQRCK
(RPSAI NJSQ CLRGPC JM?B)? 7F?R GQ RFCGP CDDCAR ML RFC KMRGML MD RFC RPSAI?
19. F?=KH; 8.16 QFMUQ ? AS@C ?R PCQR ?LB ? QK?JJ M@HCAR FC?BGLE RMU?PB GR. (?) $CQAPG@C RFC BGPCARGMLQ (?LEJC
1
) ?R UFGAF RFC QK?JJ M@HCAR A?L
CKCPEC ?DRCP AMJJGBGLE CJ?QRGA?JJW UGRF RFC AS@C. (MU BMCQ
1
BCNCLB ML b , RFC QM-A?JJCB GKN?AR N?P?KCRCP? )ELMPC ?LW CDDCARQ RF?R KGEFR @C BSC RM
PMR?RGML ?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML, ?LB ?QQSKC RF?R RFC AS@C GQ KSAF KMPC K?QQGTC RF?L RFC QK?JJ M@HCAR. (@) !LQUCP RFC Q?KC OSCQRGMLQ GD RFC QK?JJ M@HCAR
GLQRC?B AMJJGBCQ UGRF ? K?QQGTC QNFCPC.
284 #(!04%2 8 Y ,).%!2 -/-%.45- !.$ #/,,)3)/.3
F?=KH; 8.16 ! QK?JJ M@HCAR ?NNPM?AFCQ ? AMJJGQGML UGRF ? KSAF KMPC K?QQGTC AS@C, ?DRCP UFGAF GRQ TCJMAGRW F?Q RFC BGPCARGML
1
. 4FC ?LEJCQ ?R UFGAF RFC QK?JJ M@HCAR A?L @C
QA?RRCPCB ?PC BCRCPKGLCB @W RFC QF?NC MD RFC M@HCAR GR QRPGICQ ?LB RFC GKN?AR N?P?KCRCP b .
3SNNMQC ? DGPCUMPIQ QFCJJ CVNJMBCQ, @PC?IGLE GLRM RFPCC J?PEC NGCACQ DMP UFGAF ?GP PCQGQR?LAC GQ LCEJGEG@JC. (MU GQ RFC KMRGML MD RFC ACLRCP MD K?QQ
?DDCARCB @W RFC CVNJMQGML? (MU UMSJB GR @C ?DDCARCB GD RFC NGCACQ CVNCPGCLACB QGELGDGA?LRJW KMPC ?GP PCQGQR?LAC RF?L RFC GLR?AR QFCJJ?
$SPGLE ? TGQGR RM RFC )LRCPL?RGML?J 3N?AC 3R?RGML, ?L ?QRPML?SR U?Q NMQGRGMLCB KMRGMLJCQQ GL RFC ACLRCP MD RFC QR?RGML, MSR MD PC?AF MD ?LW QMJGB M@HCAR
ML UFGAF FC AMSJB CVCPR ? DMPAC. 3SEECQR ? KCRFMB @W UFGAF FC AMSJB KMTC FGKQCJD ?U?W DPMK RFGQ NMQGRGML, ?LB CVNJ?GL RFC NFWQGAQ GLTMJTCB.
)R GQ NMQQG@JC DMP RFC TCJMAGRW MD ? PMAICR RM @C EPC?RCP RF?L RFC CVF?SQR TCJMAGRW MD RFC E?QCQ GR CHCARQ. 7FCL RF?R GQ RFC A?QC, RFC E?Q TCJMAGRW ?LB E?Q
KMKCLRSK ?PC GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q RF?R MD RFC PMAICR. (MU GQ RFC PMAICR QRGJJ ?@JC RM M@R?GL RFPSQR @W CHCARGLE RFC E?QCQ?
#(!04%2 8 Y ,).%!2 -/-%.45- !.$ #/,,)3)/.3 285
23. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC KMKCLRSK MD ? 2000-IE CJCNF?LR AF?PEGLE ? FSLRCP
?R ? QNCCB MD 7.50 m/s . (@) #MKN?PC RFC CJCNF?LRtQ KMKCLRSK UGRF RFC
KMKCLRSK MD ? 0.0400-IE RP?LOSGJGXCP B?PR DGPCB ?R ? QNCCB MD 600 m/s .
(A) 7F?R GQ RFC KMKCLRSK MD RFC 90.0-IE FSLRCP PSLLGLE ?R 7.40 m/s
?DRCP KGQQGLE RFC CJCNF?LR?
24. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC K?QQ MD ? J?PEC QFGN RF?R F?Q ? KMKCLRSK MD
1.6010
9
kg m/s , UFCL RFC QFGN GQ KMTGLE ?R ? QNCCB MD
48.0 km/h? (@) #MKN?PC RFC QFGNtQ KMKCLRSK RM RFC KMKCLRSK MD ?
1100-IE ?PRGJJCPW QFCJJ DGPCB ?R ? QNCCB MD 1200 m/s .
25. (?) !R UF?R QNCCB UMSJB ? 2.0010
4
-kg ?GPNJ?LC F?TC RM DJW RM
F?TC ? KMKCLRSK MD 1.6010
9
kg m/s (RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC QFGNtQ
KMKCLRSK GL RFC NPM@JCK ?@MTC)? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC NJ?LCtQ KMKCLRSK
UFCL GR GQ R?IGLE MDD ?R ? QNCCB MD 60.0 m/s ? (A) )D RFC QFGN GQ ?L ?GPAP?DR
A?PPGCP RF?R J?SLAFCQ RFCQC ?GPNJ?LCQ UGRF ? A?R?NSJR, BGQASQQ RFC
GKNJGA?RGMLQ MD WMSP ?LQUCP RM (@) ?Q GR PCJ?RCQ RM PCAMGJ CDDCARQ MD RFC
A?R?NSJR ML RFC QFGN.
26. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC KMKCLRSK MD ? E?P@?EC RPSAI RF?R GQ 1.2010
4
kg
?LB GQ KMTGLE ?R 10.0 m/s ? (@) !R UF?R QNCCB UMSJB ?L 8.00-IE RP?QF
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27. ! PSL?U?W RP?GL A?P RF?R F?Q ? K?QQ MD 15,000 IE RP?TCJQ ?R ? QNCCB
MD 5.4 m/s BMUL ? RP?AI. #MKNSRC RFC RGKC PCOSGPCB DMP ? DMPAC MD 1500
. RM @PGLE RFC A?P RM PCQR.
28. 4FC K?QQ MD %?PRF GQ 5.97210
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8.2 "CFKBI;
29. ! @SJJCR GQ ?AACJCP?RCB BMUL RFC @?PPCJ MD ? ESL @W FMR E?QCQ
NPMBSACB GL RFC AMK@SQRGML MD ESL NMUBCP. 7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC DMPAC
CVCPRCB ML ? 0.0300-IE @SJJCR RM ?AACJCP?RC GR RM ? QNCCB MD 600 K/Q GL ?
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! A?P KMTGLE ?R 10 K/Q AP?QFCQ GLRM ? RPCC ?LB QRMNQ GL 0.26 Q. #?JASJ?RC
RFC DMPAC RFC QC?R @CJR CVCPRQ ML ? N?QQCLECP GL RFC A?P RM @PGLE FGK RM ?
F?JR. 4FC K?QQ MD RFC N?QQCLECP GQ 70 IE.
31. ! NCPQML QJ?NQ FCP JCE UGRF FCP F?LB, @PGLEGLE FCP F?LB RM PCQR GL
2.50 KGJJGQCAMLBQ DPMK ?L GLGRG?J QNCCB MD 4.00 K/Q. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC
?TCP?EC DMPAC CVCPRCB ML RFC JCE, R?IGLE RFC CDDCARGTC K?QQ MD RFC F?LB
?LB DMPC?PK RM @C 1.50 IE? (@) 7MSJB RFC DMPAC @C ?LW BGDDCPCLR GD RFC
UMK?L AJ?NNCB FCP F?LBQ RMECRFCP ?R RFC Q?KC QNCCB ?LB @PMSEFR RFCK
RM PCQR GL RFC Q?KC RGKC? %VNJ?GL UFW MP UFW LMR.
! NPMDCQQGML?J @MVCP FGRQ FGQ MNNMLCLR UGRF ? 1000-. FMPGXMLR?J @JMU RF?R
J?QRQ DMP 0.150 Q. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC GKNSJQC GKN?PRCB @W RFGQ @JMU. (@)
7F?R GQ RFC MNNMLCLRtQ DGL?J TCJMAGRW, GD FGQ K?QQ GQ 105 IE ?LB FC GQ
KMRGMLJCQQ GL KGB?GP UFCL QRPSAI LC?P FGQ ACLRCP MD K?QQ? (A) #?JASJ?RC
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?QQSKGLE RFC FC?B BMCQ LMR GLGRG?JJW RP?LQDCP QGELGDGA?LR KMKCLRSK RM RFC
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GKN?PRCB @W RFGQ DMPAC? (@) &GLB RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW MD RFC @SKNCP A?P GD GRQ
GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW U?Q 2.80 K/Q ?LB RFC A?P NJSQ BPGTCP F?TC ? K?QQ MD 200
IE. 9MS K?W LCEJCAR DPGARGML @CRUCCL RFC A?P ?LB DJMMP.
/LC F?X?PB MD QN?AC RP?TCJ GQ BC@PGQ JCDR @W NPCTGMSQ KGQQGMLQ. 4FCPC ?PC
QCTCP?J RFMSQ?LB M@HCARQ MP@GRGLE %?PRF RF?R ?PC J?PEC CLMSEF RM @C
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0.100-KE AFGN MD N?GLR RF?R QRPGICQ ? QN?ACAP?DR UGLBMU ?R ? PCJ?RGTC
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m/s , EGTCL RFC AMJJGQGML J?QRQ 6.0010
8
s .
! 75.0-IE NCPQML GQ PGBGLE GL ? A?P KMTGLE ?R 20.0 K/Q UFCL RFC A?P PSLQ
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ML RFC NCPQML DGPGLE GR. !L GLRCPL?J N?PR PCAMGJQ MTCP ? PCJ?RGTCJW J?PEC
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BGQR?LAC PCBSACQ RFC ?TCP?EC DMPAC LCCBCB RM QRMN RFC GLRCPL?J N?PR. (?)
#?JASJ?RC RFC PCAMGJ TCJMAGRW MD ? 1.00-IE NJSLECP RF?R BGPCARJW GLRCP?ARQ
UGRF ? 0.0200-IE @SJJCR DGPCB ?R 600 K/Q DPMK RFC ESL. (@) )D RFGQ N?PR GQ
QRMNNCB MTCP ? BGQR?LAC MD 20.0 AK, UF?R ?TCP?EC DMPAC GQ CVCPRCB SNML GR
@W RFC ESL? (A) #MKN?PC RFGQ RM RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB ML RFC ESL GD RFC @SJJCR
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37. ! APSGQC QFGN UGRF ? K?QQ MD 1.0010
7
kg QRPGICQ ? NGCP ?R ? QNCCB
MD 0.750 K/Q. )R AMKCQ RM PCQR 6.00 K J?RCP, B?K?EGLE RFC QFGN, RFC NGCP,
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RMMI RM @PGLE RFC QFGN RM PCQR.)
38. #?JASJ?RC RFC DGL?J QNCCB MD ? 110-IE PSE@W NJ?WCP UFM GQ GLGRG?JJW
PSLLGLE ?R 8.00 K/Q @SR AMJJGBCQ FC?B-ML UGRF ? N?BBCB EM?JNMQR ?LB
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GRQ KMKCLRSK.
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KMTGLE 60 ?@MTC RFC x -BGPCARGML UGRF RFC Q?KC QNCCB. 7F?R GQ RFC
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43. 7FCL QCPTGLE ? RCLLGQ @?JJ, ? NJ?WCP FGRQ RFC @?JJ UFCL GRQ TCJMAGRW GQ
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RFCQC B?R?, DGLB RFC K?QQ MD RFC @?JJ.
44. ! NSLRCP BPMNQ ? @?JJ DPMK PCQR TCPRGA?JJW 1 KCRCP BMUL MLRM FGQ DMMR.
4FC @?JJ JC?TCQ RFC DMMR UGRF ? QNCCB MD 18 K/Q ?R ?L ?LEJC 55 ?@MTC
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BGPCARGML)?
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F?TGLE ? K?QQ MD 150,000 IE ?LB ? TCJMAGRW MD 0.300 K/Q, ?LB RFC QCAMLB
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QJGBCQ ML GAC ?R ? QNCCB MD 0.750 K/Q. )R PSLQ GLRM ?LMRFCP AJ?W KMBCJ,
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#MLQGBCP RFC DMJJMUGLE OSCQRGML: A 64E @BI<A: 4G 10 @/F 6E4F;8F <AGB 4
GE88 4A7 FGBCF <A 0.26 F. C4?6H?4G8 G;8 9BE68 G;8 F84G58?G 8K8EGF BA 4
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?LQUCP.
48. 7F?R GQ RFC TCJMAGRW MD ? 900-IE A?P GLGRG?JJW KMTGLE ?R 30.0 K/Q, HSQR
?DRCP GR FGRQ ? 150-IE BCCP GLGRG?JJW PSLLGLE ?R 12.0 K/Q GL RFC Q?KC
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RF?R GQ 80.0 IE ?LB GQ GLGRG?JJW ?R PCQR?
65. $SPGLE ? AGPASQ ?AR, ?L CJBCPJW NCPDMPKCP RFPGJJQ RFC APMUB @W A?RAFGLE
? A?LLML @?JJ QFMR ?R FGK. 4FC A?LLML @?JJ F?Q ? K?QQ MD 10.0 IE ?LB RFC
FMPGXMLR?J AMKNMLCLR MD GRQ TCJMAGRW GQ 8.00 K/Q UFCL RFC 65.0-IE
NCPDMPKCP A?RAFCQ GR. )D RFC NCPDMPKCP GQ ML LC?PJW DPGARGMLJCQQ PMJJCP
QI?RCQ, UF?R GQ FGQ PCAMGJ TCJMAGRW?
66. (?) $SPGLE ?L GAC QI?RGLE NCPDMPK?LAC, ?L GLGRG?JJW KMRGMLJCQQ 80.0-IE
AJMUL RFPMUQ ? D?IC @?P@CJJ ?U?W. 4FC AJMULtQ GAC QI?RCQ ?JJMU FCP RM
PCAMGJ DPGARGMLJCQQJW. )D RFC AJMUL PCAMGJQ UGRF ? TCJMAGRW MD 0.500 K/Q ?LB
RFC @?P@CJJ GQ RFPMUL UGRF ? TCJMAGRW MD 10.0 K/Q, UF?R GQ RFC K?QQ MD RFC
@?P@CJJ? (@) (MU KSAF IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ E?GLCB @W RFGQ K?LCSTCP? (A)
7FCPC BMCQ RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW AMKC DPMK?
67. 4UM GBCLRGA?J NSAIQ AMJJGBC ML ?L ?GP FMAICW R?@JC. /LC NSAI U?Q
MPGEGL?JJW ?R PCQR. (?) )D RFC GLAMKGLE NSAI F?Q ? QNCCB MD 6.00 K/Q ?LB
QA?RRCPQ RM ?L ?LEJC MD 30.0 ,UF?R GQ RFC TCJMAGRW (K?ELGRSBC ?LB
BGPCARGML) MD RFC QCAMLB NSAI? (9MS K?W SQC RFC PCQSJR RF?R
1

2
= 90 DMP CJ?QRGA AMJJGQGMLQ MD M@HCARQ RF?R F?TC GBCLRGA?J
K?QQCQ.) (@) #MLDGPK RF?R RFC AMJJGQGML GQ CJ?QRGA.
68. #MLDGPK RF?R RFC PCQSJRQ MD RFC CV?KNJC EN7CFB; 8.7 BM AMLQCPTC
KMKCLRSK GL @MRF RFC x - ?LB y -BGPCARGMLQ.
69. ! 3000-IE A?LLML GQ KMSLRCB QM RF?R GR A?L PCAMGJ MLJW GL RFC
FMPGXMLR?J BGPCARGML. (?) #?JASJ?RC GRQ PCAMGJ TCJMAGRW UFCL GR DGPCQ ? 15.0-IE
QFCJJ ?R 480 K/Q ?R ?L ?LEJC MD 20.0 ?@MTC RFC FMPGXMLR?J. (@) 7F?R GQ
RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD RFC A?LLML? 4FGQ CLCPEW GQ BGQQGN?RCB ?Q FC?R
RP?LQDCP GL QFMAI ?@QMP@CPQ RF?R QRMN GRQ PCAMGJ. (A) 7F?R F?NNCLQ RM RFC
TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLR MD KMKCLRSK RF?R GQ GKN?PRCB RM RFC A?LLML UFCL GR
GQ DGPCB?
! 5.50-IE @MUJGLE @?JJ KMTGLE ?R 9.00 K/Q AMJJGBCQ UGRF ? 0.850-IE
@MUJGLE NGL, UFGAF GQ QA?RRCPCB ?R ?L ?LEJC MD 85.0 RM RFC GLGRG?J BGPCARGML
MD RFC @MUJGLE @?JJ ?LB UGRF ? QNCCB MD 15.0 K/Q. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC DGL?J
TCJMAGRW (K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML) MD RFC @MUJGLE @?JJ. (@) )Q RFC AMJJGQGML
CJ?QRGA? (A) ,GLC?P IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ EPC?RCP ?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML. $GQASQQ
FMU QNGL ML RFC @?JJ KGEFR @C AMLTCPRCB RM JGLC?P IGLCRGA CLCPEW GL RFC
AMJJGQGML.
%PLCQR 2SRFCPDMPB (RFC DGPQR .CU :C?J?LBCP RM @C ?U?PBCB RFC .M@CJ
0PGXC GL #FCKGQRPW) BCKMLQRP?RCB RF?R LSAJCG UCPC TCPW QK?JJ ?LB BCLQC
@W QA?RRCPGLE FCJGSK-4 LSAJCG

4
He
DPMK EMJB-197 LSAJCG

197
Au
.
4FC CLCPEW MD RFC GLAMKGLE FCJGSK LSAJCSQ U?Q 8.0010
13
J , ?LB RFC
K?QQCQ MD RFC FCJGSK ?LB EMJB LSAJCG UCPC 6.6810
27
kg ?LB
3.2910
25
kg , PCQNCARGTCJW (LMRC RF?R RFCGP K?QQ P?RGM GQ 4 RM 197). (?)
)D ? FCJGSK LSAJCSQ QA?RRCPQ RM ?L ?LEJC MD 120 BSPGLE ?L CJ?QRGA
AMJJGQGML UGRF ? EMJB LSAJCSQ, A?JASJ?RC RFC FCJGSK LSAJCSQtQ DGL?J QNCCB
?LB RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW (K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML) MD RFC EMJB LSAJCSQ. (@)
7F?R GQ RFC DGL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD RFC FCJGSK LSAJCSQ?
4UM A?PQ AMJJGBC ?R ?L GAW GLRCPQCARGML ?LB QRGAI RMECRFCP ?DRCPU?PB. 4FC
DGPQR A?P F?Q ? K?QQ MD 1200 IE ?LB GQ ?NNPM?AFGLE ?R 8.00 m/s BSC
QMSRF. 4FC QCAMLB A?P F?Q ? K?QQ MD 850 IE ?LB GQ ?NNPM?AFGLE ?R
17.0 m/s BSC UCQR. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW (K?ELGRSBC ?LB
BGPCARGML) MD RFC A?PQ. (@) (MU KSAF IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ JMQR GL RFC AMJJGQGML?
(4FGQ CLCPEW EMCQ GLRM BCDMPK?RGML MD RFC A?PQ.) .MRC RF?R @CA?SQC @MRF
A?PQ F?TC ?L GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW, WMS A?LLMR SQC RFC COS?RGMLQ DMP
AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK ?JMLE RFC x -?VGQ ?LB y -?VGQ; GLQRC?B, WMS
KSQR JMMI DMP MRFCP QGKNJGDWGLE ?QNCARQ.
73. 3R?PRGLE UGRF COS?RGMLQ m
1
v
1
= m
1
v
1
cos
1
+ m
2
v
2
cos
2
?LB 0 = m
1
v
1
sin
1
+ m
2
v
2
sin
2
DMP AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK
GL RFC x - ?LB y -BGPCARGMLQ ?LB ?QQSKGLE RF?R MLC M@HCAR GQ MPGEGL?JJW
QR?RGML?PW, NPMTC RF?R DMP ?L CJ?QRGA AMJJGQGML MD RUM M@HCARQ MD COS?J
K?QQCQ,
1
2
mv
1
2
=
1
2
mv
1
2
+
1
2
mv
2
2
+mv
1
v
2
cos

1

2
?Q BGQASQQCB GL RFC RCVR.

! 90.0-IE GAC FMAICW NJ?WCP FGRQ ? 0.150-IE NSAI, EGTGLE RFC NSAI ?
TCJMAGRW MD 45.0 K/Q. )D @MRF ?PC GLGRG?JJW ?R PCQR ?LB GD RFC GAC GQ DPGARGMLJCQQ,
FMU D?P BMCQ RFC NJ?WCP PCAMGJ GL RFC RGKC GR R?ICQ RFC NSAI RM PC?AF RFC
EM?J 15.0 K ?U?W?
!LRG@?JJGQRGA KGQQGJCQ (!"-Q) ?PC BCQGELCB RM F?TC TCPW J?PEC
?AACJCP?RGMLQ QM RF?R RFCW K?W GLRCPACNR D?QR-KMTGLE GLAMKGLE KGQQGJCQ GL
RFC QFMPR RGKC ?T?GJ?@JC. 7F?R GQ RFC R?ICMDD ?AACJCP?RGML MD ? 10,000-IE
!"- RF?R CVNCJQ 196 IE MD E?Q NCP QCAMLB ?R ?L CVF?SQR TCJMAGRW MD
2.5010
3
m/s?
7F?R GQ RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD ? 5000-IE PMAICR R?IGLE MDD DPMK RFC -MML,
UFCPC RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW GQ MLJW 1.6 m/s
2
, GD RFC PMAICR
CVNCJQ 8.00 IE MD E?Q NCP QCAMLB ?R ?L CVF?SQR TCJMAGRW MD
2.2010
3
m/s?
#?JASJ?RC RFC GLAPC?QC GL TCJMAGRW MD ? 4000-IE QN?AC NPM@C RF?R CVNCJQ
3500 IE MD GRQ K?QQ ?R ?L CVF?SQR TCJMAGRW MD 2.0010
3
m/s . 9MS K?W
?QQSKC RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC GQ LCEJGEG@JC ?R RFC NPM@CtQ JMA?RGML.
)ML-NPMNSJQGML PMAICRQ F?TC @CCL NPMNMQCB DMP SQC GL QN?AC. 4FCW
CKNJMW ?RMKGA GMLGX?RGML RCAFLGOSCQ ?LB LSAJC?P CLCPEW QMSPACQ RM
NPMBSAC CVRPCKCJW FGEF CVF?SQR TCJMAGRGCQ, NCPF?NQ ?Q EPC?R ?Q
8.0010
6
m/s . 4FCQC RCAFLGOSCQ ?JJMU ? KSAF KMPC D?TMP?@JC
N?WJM?B-RM-DSCJ P?RGM. 4M GJJSQRP?RC RFGQ D?AR: (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC GLAPC?QC GL
TCJMAGRW MD ? 20,000-IE QN?AC NPM@C RF?R CVNCJQ MLJW 40.0-IE MD GRQ K?QQ
?R RFC EGTCL CVF?SQR TCJMAGRW. (@) 4FCQC CLEGLCQ ?PC SQS?JJW BCQGELCB RM
NPMBSAC ? TCPW QK?JJ RFPSQR DMP ? TCPW JMLE RGKCrRFC RWNC MD CLEGLC RF?R
KGEFR @C SQCDSJ ML ? RPGN RM RFC MSRCP NJ?LCRQ, DMP CV?KNJC. #?JASJ?RC RFC
?AACJCP?RGML MD QSAF ?L CLEGLC GD GR CVNCJQ 4.5010
6
kg/s ?R RFC EGTCL
TCJMAGRW, ?QQSKGLE RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW GQ LCEJGEG@JC.
79. $CPGTC RFC COS?RGML DMP RFC TCPRGA?J ?AACJCP?RGML MD ? PMAICR.
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC K?VGKSK P?RC ?R UFGAF ? PMAICR A?L CVNCJ E?QCQ GD GRQ
?AACJCP?RGML A?LLMR CVACCB QCTCL RGKCQ RF?R MD EP?TGRW. 4FC K?QQ MD RFC
PMAICR HSQR ?Q GR PSLQ MSR MD DSCJ GQ 75,000-IE, ?LB GRQ CVF?SQR TCJMAGRW GQ
2.4010
3
m/s . !QQSKC RF?R RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD EP?TGRW GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q
ML %?PRFtQ QSPD?AC

9.80 m/s
2
. (@) 7FW KGEFR GR @C LCACQQ?PW RM JGKGR

RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD ? PMAICR?
81. 'GTCL RFC DMJJMUGLE B?R? DMP ? DGPC CVRGLESGQFCP-RMW U?EML PMAICR
CVNCPGKCLR, A?JASJ?RC RFC ?TCP?EC CVF?SQR TCJMAGRW MD RFC E?QCQ CVNCJJCB
DPMK RFC CVRGLESGQFCP. 3R?PRGLE DPMK PCQR, RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW GQ 10.0 K/Q.
4FC RMR?J K?QQ GQ GLGRG?JJW 75.0 IE ?LB GQ 70.0 IE ?DRCP RFC CVRGLESGQFCP GQ
DGPCB.
288 #(!04%2 8 Y ,).%!2 -/-%.45- !.$ #/,,)3)/.3
82. (MU KSAF MD ? QGLEJC-QR?EC PMAICR RF?R GQ 100,000 IE A?L @C ?LWRFGLE
@SR DSCJ GD RFC PMAICR GQ RM F?TC ? DGL?J QNCCB MD 8.00 km/s , EGTCL RF?R GR
CVNCJQ E?QCQ ?R ?L CVF?SQR TCJMAGRW MD 2.2010
3
m/s?
(?) ! 5.00-IE QOSGB GLGRG?JJW ?R PCQR CHCARQ 0.250-IE MD DJSGB UGRF ? TCJMAGRW
MD 10.0 K/Q. 7F?R GQ RFC PCAMGJ TCJMAGRW MD RFC QOSGB GD RFC CHCARGML GQ BMLC
GL 0.100 Q ?LB RFCPC GQ ? 5.00-. DPGARGML?J DMPAC MNNMQGLE RFC QOSGBtQ
KMTCKCLR. (@) (MU KSAF CLCPEW GQ JMQR RM UMPI BMLC ?E?GLQR DPGARGML?
3OSGBQ F?TC @CCL PCNMPRCB RM HSKN DPMK RFC MAC?L ?LB RP?TCJ 30.0 m
(KC?QSPCB FMPGXMLR?JJW) @CDMPC PC-CLRCPGLE RFC U?RCP. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC
GLGRG?J QNCCB MD RFC QOSGB GD GR JC?TCQ RFC U?RCP ?R ?L ?LEJC MD 20.0 ,
?QQSKGLE LCEJGEG@JC JGDR DPMK RFC ?GP ?LB LCEJGEG@JC ?GP PCQGQR?LAC. (@) 4FC
QOSGB NPMNCJQ GRQCJD @W QOSGPRGLE U?RCP. 7F?R DP?ARGML MD GRQ K?QQ UMSJB GR
F?TC RM CHCAR GL MPBCP RM ?AFGCTC RFC QNCCB DMSLB GL RFC NPCTGMSQ N?PR?
4FC U?RCP GQ CHCARCB ?R 12.0 m/s ; EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC ?LB DPGARGML ?PC
LCEJCARCB. (A) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFC PCQSJRQ? (B) 7FGAF
NPCKGQC GQ SLPC?QML?@JC, MP UFGAF NPCKGQCQ ?PC GLAMLQGQRCLR?
#MLQGBCP ?L ?QRPML?SR GL BCCN QN?AC ASR DPCC DPMK FCP QN?AC QFGN ?LB
LCCBGLE RM ECR @?AI RM GR. 4FC ?QRPML?SR F?Q ? DCU N?AI?ECQ RF?R QFC A?L
RFPMU ?U?W RM KMTC FCPQCJD RMU?PB RFC QFGN. #MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL
UFGAF WMS A?JASJ?RC RFC RGKC GR R?ICQ FCP RM ECR @?AI @W RFPMUGLE ?JJ RFC
N?AI?ECQ ?R MLC RGKC AMKN?PCB RM RFPMUGLE RFCK MLC ?R ? RGKC. !KMLE
RFC RFGLEQ RM @C AMLQGBCPCB ?PC RFC K?QQCQ GLTMJTCB, RFC DMPAC QFC A?L
CVCPR ML RFC N?AI?ECQ RFPMSEF QMKC BGQR?LAC, ?LB RFC BGQR?LAC RM RFC
QFGN.
#MLQGBCP ?L ?PRGJJCPW NPMHCARGJC QRPGIGLE ?PKMP NJ?RGLE. #MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK
GL UFGAF WMS DGLB RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB @W RFC NPMHCARGJC ML RFC NJ?RC. !KMLE
RFC RFGLEQ RM @C AMLQGBCPCB ?PC RFC K?QQ ?LB QNCCB MD RFC NPMHCARGJC ?LB
RFC BGQR?LAC MTCP UFGAF GRQ QNCCB GQ PCBSACB. 9MSP GLQRPSARMP K?W ?JQM
UGQF DMP WMS RM AMLQGBCP RFC PCJ?RGTC KCPGRQ MD BCNJCRCB SP?LGSK TCPQSQ
JC?B NPMHCARGJCQ @?QCB ML RFC EPC?RCP BCLQGRW MD SP?LGSK.
#(!04%2 8 Y ,).%!2 -/-%.45- !.$ #/,,)3)/.3 289
290 #(!04%2 8 Y ,).%!2 -/-%.45- !.$ #/,,)3)/.3
9 34!4)#3 !.$ 4/215%
F?=KH; 9.1 /L ? QFMPR RGKC QA?JC, PMAIQ JGIC RFCQC GL !SQRP?JG?tQ +GLEQ #?LWML ?PC QR?RGA, MP KMRGMLJCQQ PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF. (APCBGR: DPCC?SQQGCQRMAI.AMK)
,C?PLGLE /@HCARGTCQ
9.1. ->; F?HIJ CED:?J?ED <EH EGK?B?8H?KC
9.2. ->; ,;9ED: CED:?J?ED <EH EGK?B?8H?KC
9.3. ,J78?B?JO
9.4. AFFB?97J?EDI E< ,J7J?9I, "D9BK:?D= )HE8B;C-,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=?;I
9.5. ,?CFB; &79>?D;I
9.6. FEH9;I 7D: -EHGK;I ?D &KI9B;I 7D: #E?DJI
"DJHE:K9J?ED JE ,J7J?9I 7D: -EHGK;
7F?R KGEFR BCQIQ, @PGBECQ, @SGJBGLEQ, RPCCQ, ?LB KMSLR?GLQ F?TC GL AMKKMLr?R JC?QR GL RFC CWCQ MD ? NFWQGAGQR? 4FC ?LQUCP GQ RF?R RFCW ?PC
MPBGL?PGJW KMRGMLJCQQ PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF. &SPRFCPKMPC, RFCGP ?AACJCP?RGML GQ XCPM @CA?SQC RFCW PCK?GL KMRGMLJCQQ. 4F?R KC?LQ RFCW ?JQM F?TC
QMKCRFGLE GL AMKKML UGRF ? A?P KMTGLE ?R ? AMLQR?LR TCJMAGRW, @CA?SQC ?LWRFGLE UGRF ? AMLQR?LR TCJMAGRW ?JQM F?Q ?L ?AACJCP?RGML MD XCPM. .MU, RFC
GKNMPR?LR N?PRr.CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U QR?RCQ RF?R LCR F = ma , ?LB QM RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC GQ XCPM DMP ?JJ QR?RGML?PW M@HCARQ ?LB DMP ?JJ M@HCARQ
KMTGLE ?R AMLQR?LR TCJMAGRW. 4FCPC ?PC DMPACQ ?ARGLE, @SR RFCW ?PC @?J?LACB. 4F?R GQ, RFCW ?PC GL 8DH<?<5E<H@.
3R?RGAQ
3R?RGAQ GQ RFC QRSBW MD DMPACQ GL COSGJG@PGSK, ? J?PEC EPMSN MD QGRS?RGMLQ RF?R K?ICQ SN ? QNCAG?J A?QC MD .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U. 7C F?TC ?JPC?BW
AMLQGBCPCB ? DCU QSAF QGRS?RGMLQ; GL RFGQ AF?NRCP, UC AMTCP RFC RMNGA KMPC RFMPMSEFJW, GLAJSBGLE AMLQGBCP?RGML MD QSAF NMQQG@JC CDDCARQ ?Q RFC
PMR?RGML ?LB BCDMPK?RGML MD ?L M@HCAR @W RFC DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML GR.
(MU A?L UC ES?P?LRCC RF?R ? @MBW GQ GL COSGJG@PGSK ?LB UF?R A?L UC JC?PL DPMK QWQRCKQ RF?R ?PC GL COSGJG@PGSK? 4FCPC ?PC ?ARS?JJW RUM AMLBGRGMLQ
RF?R KSQR @C Q?RGQDGCB RM ?AFGCTC COSGJG@PGSK. 4FCQC AMLBGRGMLQ ?PC RFC RMNGAQ MD RFC DGPQR RUM QCARGMLQ MD RFGQ AF?NRCP.
#(!04%2 9 Y 34!4)#3 !.$ 4/215% 291
9.1 ->; F?HIJ CED:?J?ED <EH EGK?B?8H?KC
4FC DGPQR AMLBGRGML LCACQQ?PW RM ?AFGCTC COSGJG@PGSK GQ RFC MLC ?JPC?BW KCLRGMLCB: RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC ML RFC QWQRCK KSQR @C XCPM. %VNPCQQCB ?Q
?L COS?RGML, RFGQ GQ QGKNJW
(9.1) net F = 0
.MRC RF?R GD LCR F GQ XCPM, RFCL RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC GL 4AL BGPCARGML GQ XCPM. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPACQ ?JMLE RFC RWNGA?J K- ?LB L-?VCQ ?PC
XCPM. 4FGQ GQ UPGRRCL ?Q
(9.2)
net F
x
= 0 and F
y
= 0
F?=KH; 9.2 ?LB F?=KH; 9.3 GJJSQRP?RC QGRS?RGMLQ UFCPC net F = 0 DMP @MRF IJ7J?9 ;GK?B?8H?KC (KMRGMLJCQQ), ?LB :OD7C?9 ;GK?B?8H?KC (AMLQR?LR
TCJMAGRW).
F?=KH; 9.2 4FGQ KMRGMLJCQQ NCPQML GQ GL QR?RGA COSGJG@PGSK. 4FC DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML FGK ?BB SN RM XCPM. "MRF DMPACQ ?PC TCPRGA?J GL RFGQ A?QC.
F?=KH; 9.3 4FGQ A?P GQ GL BWL?KGA COSGJG@PGSK @CA?SQC GR GQ KMTGLE ?R AMLQR?LR TCJMAGRW. 4FCPC ?PC FMPGXMLR?J ?LB TCPRGA?J DMPACQ, @SR RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC GL ?LW BGPCARGML GQ
XCPM. 4FC ?NNJGCB DMPAC F
app
@CRUCCL RFC RGPCQ ?LB RFC PM?B GQ @?J?LACB @W ?GP DPGARGML, ?LB RFC UCGEFR MD RFC A?P GQ QSNNMPRCB @W RFC LMPK?J DMPACQ, FCPC QFMUL RM @C COS?J
DMP ?JJ DMSP RGPCQ.
(MUCTCP, GR GQ LMR QSDDGAGCLR DMP RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC MD ? QWQRCK RM @C XCPM DMP ? QWQRCK RM @C GL COSGJG@PGSK. #MLQGBCP RFC RUM QGRS?RGMLQ GJJSQRP?RCB GL
F?=KH; 9.4 ?LB F?=KH; 9.5 UFCPC DMPACQ ?PC ?NNJGCB RM ?L GAC FMAICW QRGAI JWGLE DJ?R ML GAC. 4FC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC GQ XCPM GL @MRF QGRS?RGMLQ QFMUL GL
RFC DGESPC; @SR GL MLC A?QC, COSGJG@PGSK GQ ?AFGCTCB, UFCPC?Q GL RFC MRFCP, GR GQ LMR. )L F?=KH; 9.4, RFC GAC FMAICW QRGAI PCK?GLQ KMRGMLJCQQ. "SR GL
F?=KH; 9.5, UGRF RFC Q?KC DMPACQ ?NNJGCB GL BGDDCPCLR NJ?ACQ, RFC QRGAI CVNCPGCLACQ ?AACJCP?RCB PMR?RGML. 4FCPCDMPC, UC ILMU RF?R RFC NMGLR ?R UFGAF ?
DMPAC GQ ?NNJGCB GQ ?LMRFCP D?ARMP GL BCRCPKGLGLE UFCRFCP MP LMR COSGJG@PGSK GQ ?AFGCTCB. 4FGQ UGJJ @C CVNJMPCB DSPRFCP GL RFC LCVR QCARGML.
F?=KH; 9.4 !L GAC FMAICW QRGAI JWGLE DJ?R ML GAC UGRF RUM COS?J ?LB MNNMQGRC FMPGXMLR?J DMPACQ ?NNJGCB RM GR. &PGARGML GQ LCEJGEG@JC, ?LB RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC GQ @?J?LACB @W RFC
QSNNMPR MD RFC GAC (? LMPK?J DMPAC). 4FSQ, net F = 0 . %OSGJG@PGSK GQ ?AFGCTCB, UFGAF GQ QR?RGA COSGJG@PGSK GL RFGQ A?QC.
292 #(!04%2 9 Y 34!4)#3 !.$ 4/215%
F?=KH; 9.5 4FC Q?KC DMPACQ ?PC ?NNJGCB ?R MRFCP NMGLRQ ?LB RFC QRGAI PMR?RCQrGL D?AR, GR CVNCPGCLACQ ?L ?AACJCP?RCB PMR?RGML. (CPC net F = 0 @SR RFC QWQRCK GQ ABG ?R
COSGJG@PGSK. (CLAC, RFC net F = 0 GQ ? LCACQQ?PWr@SR LMR QSDDGAGCLRrAMLBGRGML DMP ?AFGCTGLE COSGJG@PGSK.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: 4MPOSC
)LTCQRGE?RC FMU RMPOSC A?SQCQ ?L M@HCAR RM PMR?RC. $GQAMTCP RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ @CRUCCL ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML, KMKCLR MD GLCPRG?, ?LESJ?P
KMKCLRSK ?LB RMPOSC.
F?=KH; 9.6 -EHGK; (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42170/1.5/JEHGK;6;D.@7H)
9.2 ->; ,;9ED: CED:?J?ED <EH EGK?B?8H?KC
4MPOSC
4FC QCAMLB AMLBGRGML LCACQQ?PW RM ?AFGCTC COSGJG@PGSK GLTMJTCQ ?TMGBGLE ?AACJCP?RCB PMR?RGML (K?GLR?GLGLE ? AMLQR?LR ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW. ! PMR?RGLE
@MBW MP QWQRCK A?L @C GL COSGJG@PGSK GD GRQ P?RC MD PMR?RGML GQ AMLQR?LR ?LB PCK?GLQ SLAF?LECB @W RFC DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML GR. 4M SLBCPQR?LB UF?R
D?ARMPQ ?DDCAR PMR?RGML, JCR SQ RFGLI ?@MSR UF?R F?NNCLQ UFCL WMS MNCL ?L MPBGL?PW BMMP @W PMR?RGLE GR ML GRQ FGLECQ.
3CTCP?J D?KGJG?P D?ARMPQ BCRCPKGLC FMU CDDCARGTC WMS ?PC GL MNCLGLE RFC BMMP. 3CC F?=KH; 9.7. &GPQR MD ?JJ, RFC J?PECP RFC DMPAC, RFC KMPC CDDCARGTC GR GQ GL
MNCLGLE RFC BMMPrM@TGMSQJW, RFC F?PBCP WMS NSQF, RFC KMPC P?NGBJW RFC BMMP MNCLQ. !JQM, RFC NMGLR ?R UFGAF WMS NSQF GQ APSAG?J. )D WMS ?NNJW WMSP
DMPAC RMM AJMQC RM RFC FGLECQ, RFC BMMP UGJJ MNCL QJMUJW, GD ?R ?JJ. -MQR NCMNJC F?TC @CCL CK@?PP?QQCB @W K?IGLE RFGQ KGQR?IC ?LB @SKNGLE SN ?E?GLQR
? BMMP UFCL GR BGB LMR MNCL ?Q OSGAIJW ?Q CVNCARCB. &GL?JJW, RFC BGPCARGML GL UFGAF WMS NSQF GQ ?JQM GKNMPR?LR. 4FC KMQR CDDCARGTC BGPCARGML GQ
NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC BMMPrUC NSQF GL RFGQ BGPCARGML ?JKMQR GLQRGLARGTCJW.
#(!04%2 9 Y 34!4)#3 !.$ 4/215% 293
F?=KH; 9.7 4MPOSC GQ RFC RSPLGLE MP RUGQRGLE CDDCARGTCLCQQ MD ? DMPAC, GJJSQRP?RCB FCPC DMP BMMP PMR?RGML ML GRQ FGLECQ (?Q TGCUCB DPMK MTCPFC?B). 4MPOSC F?Q @MRF K?ELGRSBC ?LB
BGPCARGML. (?) #MSLRCPAJMAIUGQC RMPOSC GQ NPMBSACB @W RFGQ DMPAC, UFGAF KC?LQ RF?R RFC BMMP UGJJ PMR?RC GL ? AMSLRCPAJMAIUGQC BSC RM F . .MRC RF?R r
GQ RFC NCPNCLBGASJ?P
BGQR?LAC MD RFC NGTMR DPMK RFC JGLC MD ?ARGML MD RFC DMPAC. (@) ! QK?JJCP AMSLRCPAJMAIUGQC RMPOSC GQ NPMBSACB @W ? QK?JJCP DMPAC F ?ARGLE ?R RFC Q?KC BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC FGLECQ
(RFC NGTMR NMGLR). (A) 4FC Q?KC DMPAC ?Q GL (?) NPMBSACQ ? QK?JJCP AMSLRCPAJMAIUGQC RMPOSC UFCL ?NNJGCB ?R ? QK?JJCP BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC FGLECQ. (B) 4FC Q?KC DMPAC ?Q GL (?), @SR
?ARGLE GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML, NPMBSACQ ? AJMAIUGQC RMPOSC. (C) ! QK?JJCP AMSLRCPAJMAIUGQC RMPOSC GQ NPMBSACB @W RFC Q?KC K?ELGRSBC DMPAC ?ARGLE ?R RFC Q?KC NMGLR @SR GL ?
BGDDCPCLR BGPCARGML. (CPC, GQ JCQQ RF?L 90 . (D) 4MPOSC GQ XCPM FCPC QGLAC RFC DMPAC HSQR NSJJQ ML RFC FGLECQ, NPMBSAGLE LM PMR?RGML. )L RFGQ A?QC, = 0 .
4FC K?ELGRSBC, BGPCARGML, ?LB NMGLR MD ?NNJGA?RGML MD RFC DMPAC ?PC GLAMPNMP?RCB GLRM RFC BCDGLGRGML MD RFC NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRW A?JJCB RMPOSC. -EHGK; GQ RFC
PMR?RGML?J COSGT?JCLR MD ? DMPAC. )R GQ ? KC?QSPC MD RFC CDDCARGTCLCQQ MD ? DMPAC GL AF?LEGLE MP ?AACJCP?RGLE ? PMR?RGML (AF?LEGLE RFC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW
MTCP ? NCPGMB MD RGKC). )L COS?RGML DMPK, RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RMPOSC GQ BCDGLCB RM @C
(9.3)
= rF sin
UFCPC (RFC 'PCCI JCRRCP R?S) GQ RFC QWK@MJ DMP RMPOSC, r GQ RFC BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC NGTMR NMGLR RM RFC NMGLR UFCPC RFC DMPAC GQ ?NNJGCB, F GQ RFC
K?ELGRSBC MD RFC DMPAC, ?LB GQ RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL RFC DMPAC ?LB RFC TCARMP BGPCARCB DPMK RFC NMGLR MD ?NNJGA?RGML RM RFC NGTMR NMGLR, ?Q QCCL GL
F?=KH; 9.7 ?LB F?=KH; 9.8. !L ?JRCPL?RGTC CVNPCQQGML DMP RMPOSC GQ EGTCL GL RCPKQ MD RFC F;HF;D:?9KB7H B;L;H 7HC r

?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 9.7 ?LB
F?=KH; 9.8, UFGAF GQ BCDGLCB ?Q
(9.4)
r

= r sin
QM RF?R
(9.5) = r
F.
F?=KH; 9.8 ! DMPAC ?NNJGCB RM ?L M@HCAR A?L NPMBSAC ? RMPOSC, UFGAF BCNCLBQ ML RFC JMA?RGML MD RFC NGTMR NMGLR. (?) 4FC RFPCC D?ARMPQ r , F , ?LB DMP NGTMR NMGLR ! ML ? @MBW
?PC QFMUL FCPCr r GQ RFC BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC AFMQCL NGTMR NMGLR RM RFC NMGLR UFCPC RFC DMPAC F GQ ?NNJGCB, ?LB GQ RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL F ?LB RFC TCARMP BGPCARCB DPMK RFC
NMGLR MD ?NNJGA?RGML RM RFC NGTMR NMGLR. )D RFC M@HCAR A?L PMR?RC ?PMSLB NMGLR !, GR UGJJ PMR?RC AMSLRCPAJMAIUGQC. 4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R RMPOSC GQ AMSLRCPAJMAIUGQC PCJ?RGTC RM NGTMR !. (@) )L
RFGQ A?QC, NMGLR " GQ RFC NGTMR NMGLR. 4FC RMPOSC DPMK RFC ?NNJGCB DMPAC UGJJ A?SQC ? AJMAIUGQC PMR?RGML ?PMSLB NMGLR ", ?LB QM GR GQ ? AJMAIUGQC RMPOSC PCJ?RGTC RM ".
4FC NCPNCLBGASJ?P JCTCP ?PK r

GQ RFC QFMPRCQR BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC NGTMR NMGLR RM RFC JGLC ?JMLE UFGAF F ?ARQ; GR GQ QFMUL ?Q ? B?QFCB JGLC GL F?=KH;
9.7 ?LB F?=KH; 9.8. .MRC RF?R RFC JGLC QCEKCLR RF?R BCDGLCQ RFC BGQR?LAC r

GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM F , ?Q GRQ L?KC GKNJGCQ. )R GQ QMKCRGKCQ C?QGCP RM
294 #(!04%2 9 Y 34!4)#3 !.$ 4/215%
DGLB MP TGQS?JGXC r

RF?L RM DGLB @MRF r ?LB . )L QSAF A?QCQ, GR K?W @C KMPC AMLTCLGCLR RM SQC = r

F P?RFCP RF?L = rF sin DMP RMPOSC,
@SR @MRF ?PC COS?JJW T?JGB.
4FC ," KD?J E< JEHGK; GQ LCURMLQ RGKCQ KCRCPQ, SQS?JJW UPGRRCL ?Q N m. &MP CV?KNJC, GD WMS NSQF NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC BMMP UGRF ? DMPAC MD 40 . ?R ?
BGQR?LAC MD 0.800 K DPMK RFC FGLECQ, WMS CVCPR ? RMPOSC MD 32 Nm(0.800 m40 Nsin 90) PCJ?RGTC RM RFC FGLECQ. )D WMS PCBSAC RFC DMPAC RM 20 .,
RFC RMPOSC GQ PCBSACB RM 16 Nm, ?LB QM ML.
4FC RMPOSC GQ ?JU?WQ A?JASJ?RCB UGRF PCDCPCLAC RM QMKC AFMQCL NGTMR NMGLR. &MP RFC Q?KC ?NNJGCB DMPAC, ? BGDDCPCLR AFMGAC DMP RFC JMA?RGML MD RFC NGTMR
UGJJ EGTC WMS ? BGDDCPCLR T?JSC DMP RFC RMPOSC, QGLAC @MRF r ?LB BCNCLB ML RFC JMA?RGML MD RFC NGTMR. !LW NMGLR GL ?LW M@HCAR A?L @C AFMQCL RM
A?JASJ?RC RFC RMPOSC ?@MSR RF?R NMGLR. 4FC M@HCAR K?W LMR ?ARS?JJW NGTMR ?@MSR RFC AFMQCL uNGTMR NMGLR.v
.MRC RF?R DMP PMR?RGML GL ? NJ?LC, RMPOSC F?Q RUM NMQQG@JC BGPCARGMLQ. 4MPOSC GQ CGRFCP AJMAIUGQC MP AMSLRCPAJMAIUGQC PCJ?RGTC RM RFC AFMQCL NGTMR NMGLR,
?Q GJJSQRP?RCB DMP NMGLRQ " ?LB !, PCQNCARGTCJW, GL F?=KH; 9.8. )D RFC M@HCAR A?L PMR?RC ?@MSR NMGLR !, GR UGJJ PMR?RC AMSLRCPAJMAIUGQC, UFGAF KC?LQ RF?R RFC
RMPOSC DMP RFC DMPAC GQ QFMUL ?Q AMSLRCPAJMAIUGQC PCJ?RGTC RM !. "SR GD RFC M@HCAR A?L PMR?RC ?@MSR NMGLR ", GR UGJJ PMR?RC AJMAIUGQC, UFGAF KC?LQ RFC
RMPOSC DMP RFC DMPAC QFMUL GQ AJMAIUGQC PCJ?RGTC RM ". !JQM, RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC RMPOSC GQ EPC?RCP UFCL RFC JCTCP ?PK GQ JMLECP.
.MU, G;8 F86BA7 6BA7<G<BA A868FF4EL GB 46;<8I8 8DH<?<5E<H@ GQ RF?R G;8 A8G 8KG8EA4? GBEDH8 BA 4 FLFG8@ @HFG 58 M8EB. !L CVRCPL?J RMPOSC GQ MLC RF?R GQ
APC?RCB @W ?L CVRCPL?J DMPAC. 9MS A?L AFMMQC RFC NMGLR ?PMSLB UFGAF RFC RMPOSC GQ A?JASJ?RCB. 4FC NMGLR A?L @C RFC NFWQGA?J NGTMR NMGLR MD ? QWQRCK MP
?LW MRFCP NMGLR GL QN?ACr@SR GR KSQR @C RFC Q?KC NMGLR DMP ?JJ RMPOSCQ. )D RFC QCAMLB AMLBGRGML (LCR CVRCPL?J RMPOSC ML ? QWQRCK GQ XCPM) GQ Q?RGQDGCB DMP
MLC AFMGAC MD NGTMR NMGLR, GR UGJJ ?JQM FMJB RPSC DMP ?LW MRFCP AFMGAC MD NGTMR NMGLR GL MP MSR MD RFC QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR. (4FGQ GQ RPSC MLJW GL ?L GLCPRG?J DP?KC
MD PCDCPCLAC.) 4FC QCAMLB AMLBGRGML LCACQQ?PW RM ?AFGCTC COSGJG@PGSK GQ QR?RCB GL COS?RGML DMPK ?Q
(9.6) net = 0
UFCPC LCR KC?LQ RMR?J. 4MPOSCQ, UFGAF ?PC GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ ?PC ?QQGELCB MNNMQGRC QGELQ. ! AMKKML AMLTCLRGML GQ RM A?JJ AMSLRCPAJMAIUGQC (AAU)
RMPOSCQ NMQGRGTC ?LB AJMAIUGQC (AU) RMPOSCQ LCE?RGTC.
7FCL RUM AFGJBPCL @?J?LAC ? QCCQ?U ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 9.9, RFCW Q?RGQDW RFC RUM AMLBGRGMLQ DMP COSGJG@PGSK. -MQR NCMNJC F?TC NCPDCAR GLRSGRGML ?@MSR
QCCQ?UQ, ILMUGLE RF?R RFC JGEFRCP AFGJB KSQR QGR D?PRFCP DPMK RFC NGTMR ?LB RF?R ? FC?TGCP AFGJB A?L ICCN ? JGEFRCP MLC MDD RFC EPMSLB GLBCDGLGRCJW.
F?=KH; 9.9 4UM AFGJBPCL @?J?LAGLE ? QCCQ?U Q?RGQDW @MRF AMLBGRGMLQ DMP COSGJG@PGSK. 4FC JGEFRCP AFGJB QGRQ D?PRFCP DPMK RFC NGTMR RM APC?RC ? RMPOSC COS?J GL K?ELGRSBC RM RF?R MD
RFC FC?TGCP AFGJB.
EN7CFB; 9.1 ,>; ,7M -EHGK;I (D A ,;;I7M
4FC RUM AFGJBPCL QFMUL GL F?=KH; 9.9 ?PC @?J?LACB ML ? QCCQ?U MD LCEJGEG@JC K?QQ. (4FGQ ?QQSKNRGML GQ K?BC RM ICCN RFC CV?KNJC
QGKNJCrKMPC GLTMJTCB CV?KNJCQ UGJJ DMJJMU.) 4FC DGPQR AFGJB F?Q ? K?QQ MD 26.0 IE ?LB QGRQ 1.60 K DPMK RFC NGTMR.(?) )D RFC QCAMLB AFGJB F?Q ?
K?QQ MD 32.0 IE, FMU D?P GQ QFC DPMK RFC NGTMR? (@) 7F?R GQ F
p
, RFC QSNNMPRGLE DMPAC CVCPRCB @W RFC NGTMR?
,JH7J;=O
"MRF AMLBGRGMLQ DMP COSGJG@PGSK KSQR @C Q?RGQDGCB. )L N?PR (?), UC ?PC ?QICB DMP ? BGQR?LAC; RFSQ, RFC QCAMLB AMLBGRGML (PCE?PBGLE RMPOSCQ) KSQR @C
SQCB, QGLAC RFC DGPQR (PCE?PBGLE MLJW DMPACQ) F?Q LM BGQR?LACQ GL GR. 4M ?NNJW RFC QCAMLB AMLBGRGML DMP COSGJG@PGSK, UC DGPQR GBCLRGDW RFC QWQRCK MD
GLRCPCQR RM @C RFC QCCQ?U NJSQ RFC RUM AFGJBPCL. 7C R?IC RFC QSNNMPRGLE NGTMR RM @C RFC NMGLR ?@MSR UFGAF RFC RMPOSCQ ?PC A?JASJ?RCB. 7C RFCL
GBCLRGDW ?JJ CVRCPL?J DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML RFC QWQRCK.
,EBKJ?ED (7)
4FC RFPCC CVRCPL?J DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML RFC QWQRCK ?PC RFC UCGEFRQ MD RFC RUM AFGJBPCL ?LB RFC QSNNMPRGLE DMPAC MD RFC NGTMR. ,CR SQ CV?KGLC RFC
RMPOSC NPMBSACB @W C?AF. 4MPOSC GQ BCDGLCB RM @C
(9.7)
= rF sin .
(CPC = 90 , QM RF?R sin = 1 DMP ?JJ RFPCC DMPACQ. 4F?R KC?LQ r

= r DMP ?JJ RFPCC. 4FC RMPOSCQ CVCPRCB @W RFC RFPCC DMPACQ ?PC DGPQR,
(9.8)
1
= r
1
w
1
QCAMLB,
#(!04%2 9 Y 34!4)#3 !.$ 4/215% 295
(9.9)
2
= r
2
w
2
?LB RFGPB,
(9.10)
p
= r
p
F
p
= 0 F
p
= 0.
.MRC RF?R ? KGLSQ QGEL F?Q @CCL GLQCPRCB GLRM RFC QCAMLB COS?RGML @CA?SQC RFGQ RMPOSC GQ AJMAIUGQC ?LB GQ RFCPCDMPC LCE?RGTC @W AMLTCLRGML.
3GLAC F
p
?ARQ BGPCARJW ML RFC NGTMR NMGLR, RFC BGQR?LAC r
p
GQ XCPM. ! DMPAC ?ARGLE ML RFC NGTMR A?LLMR A?SQC ? PMR?RGML, HSQR ?Q NSQFGLE BGPCARJW ML
RFC FGLECQ MD ? BMMP UGJJ LMR A?SQC GR RM PMR?RC. .MU, RFC QCAMLB AMLBGRGML DMP COSGJG@PGSK GQ RF?R RFC QSK MD RFC RMPOSCQ ML @MRF AFGJBPCL GQ XCPM.
4FCPCDMPC
(9.11)
2
=
1
,
MP
(9.12) r
2
w
2
= r
1
w
1
.
7CGEFR GQ K?QQ RGKCQ RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW. %LRCPGLE mg DMP w, UC ECR
(9.13) r
2
m
2
g = r
1
m
1
g.
3MJTC RFGQ DMP RFC SLILMUL r
2
:
(9.14)
r
2
= r
1
m
1
m
2
.
4FC OS?LRGRGCQ ML RFC PGEFR QGBC MD RFC COS?RGML ?PC ILMUL; RFSQ, r
2
GQ
(9.15)
r
2
= (1.60 m)
26.0 kg
32.0 kg
= 1.30 m.
!Q CVNCARCB, RFC FC?TGCP AFGJB KSQR QGR AJMQCP RM RFC NGTMR (1.30 K TCPQSQ 1.60 K) RM @?J?LAC RFC QCCQ?U.
,EBKJ?ED (8)
4FGQ N?PR ?QIQ DMP ? DMPAC F
p
. 4FC C?QGCQR U?W RM DGLB GR GQ RM SQC RFC DGPQR AMLBGRGML DMP COSGJG@PGSK, UFGAF GQ
(9.16) net F = 0.
4FC DMPACQ ?PC ?JJ TCPRGA?J, QM RF?R UC ?PC BC?JGLE UGRF ? MLC-BGKCLQGML?J NPM@JCK ?JMLE RFC TCPRGA?J ?VGQ; FCLAC, RFC AMLBGRGML A?L @C UPGRRCL ?Q
(9.17) net F
y
= 0
UFCPC UC ?E?GL A?JJ RFC TCPRGA?J ?VGQ RFC L-?VGQ. #FMMQGLE SNU?PB RM @C RFC NMQGRGTC BGPCARGML, ?LB SQGLE NJSQ ?LB KGLSQ QGELQ RM GLBGA?RC RFC
BGPCARGMLQ MD RFC DMPACQ, UC QCC RF?R
(9.18) F
p
w
1
w
2
= 0.
4FGQ COS?RGML WGCJBQ UF?R KGEFR F?TC @CCL ESCQQCB ?R RFC @CEGLLGLE:
(9.19) F
p
= w
1
+ w
2
.
3M, RFC NGTMR QSNNJGCQ ? QSNNMPRGLE DMPAC COS?J RM RFC RMR?J UCGEFR MD RFC QWQRCK:
(9.20) F
p
= m
1
g + m
2
g.
(9.21)
F
p
=

26.0 kg
9.80 m/s
2
+

32.0 kg
9.80 m/s
2
= 568 N.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC RUM PCQSJRQ K?IC GLRSGRGTC QCLQC. 4FC FC?TGCP AFGJB QGRQ AJMQCP RM RFC NGTMR. 4FC NGTMR QSNNMPRQ RFC UCGEFR MD RFC RUM AFGJBPCL. 0?PR (@) A?L ?JQM
@C QMJTCB SQGLE RFC QCAMLB AMLBGRGML DMP COSGJG@PGSK, QGLAC @MRF BGQR?LACQ ?PC ILMUL, @SR MLJW GD RFC NGTMR NMGLR GQ AFMQCL RM @C QMKCUFCPC MRFCP
RF?L RFC JMA?RGML MD RFC QCCQ?UtQ ?ARS?J NGTMR!
3CTCP?J ?QNCARQ MD RFC NPCACBGLE CV?KNJC F?TC @PM?B GKNJGA?RGMLQ. &GPQR, RFC AFMGAC MD RFC NGTMR ?Q RFC NMGLR ?PMSLB UFGAF RMPOSCQ ?PC A?JASJ?RCB
QGKNJGDGCB RFC NPM@JCK. 3GLAC F
p
GQ CVCPRCB ML RFC NGTMR NMGLR, GRQ JCTCP ?PK GQ XCPM. (CLAC, RFC RMPOSC CVCPRCB @W RFC QSNNMPRGLE DMPAC F
p
GQ XCPM
PCJ?RGTC RM RF?R NGTMR NMGLR. 4FC QCAMLB AMLBGRGML DMP COSGJG@PGSK FMJBQ DMP ?LW AFMGAC MD NGTMR NMGLR, ?LB QM UC AFMMQC RFC NGTMR NMGLR RM QGKNJGDW RFC
QMJSRGML MD RFC NPM@JCK.
3CAMLB, RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW A?LACJCB GL RFGQ NPM@JCK, ?LB UC UCPC JCDR UGRF ? P?RGM MD K?QQCQ. +;<F J<?? ABG 4?J4LF 58 G;8 64F8. !JU?WQ
CLRCP RFC AMPPCAR DMPACQrBM LMR HSKN ?FC?B RM CLRCP QMKC P?RGM MD K?QQCQ.
296 #(!04%2 9 Y 34!4)#3 !.$ 4/215%
4FGPB, RFC UCGEFR MD C?AF AFGJB GQ BGQRPG@SRCB MTCP ?L ?PC? MD RFC QCCQ?U, WCR UC RPC?RCB RFC UCGEFRQ ?Q GD C?AF DMPAC UCPC CVCPRCB ?R ? QGLEJC NMGLR.
4FGQ GQ LMR ?L ?NNPMVGK?RGMLrRFC BGQR?LACQ r
1
?LB r
2
?PC RFC BGQR?LACQ RM NMGLRQ BGPCARJW @CJMU RFC 9;DJ;H E< =H7L?JO MD C?AF AFGJB. !Q UC QF?JJ
QCC GL RFC LCVR QCARGML, RFC K?QQ ?LB UCGEFR MD ? QWQRCK A?L ?AR ?Q GD RFCW ?PC JMA?RCB ?R ? QGLEJC NMGLR.
&GL?JJW, LMRC RF?R RFC AMLACNR MD RMPOSC F?Q ?L GKNMPR?LAC @CWMLB QR?RGA COSGJG@PGSK. +BEDH8 C?4LF G;8 F4@8 EB?8 <A EBG4G<BA4? @BG<BA G;4G 9BE68 C?4LF
<A ?<A84E @BG<BA. 7C UGJJ CV?KGLC RFGQ GL RFC LCVR AF?NRCP.
4?IC ? NGCAC MD KMBCJGLE AJ?W ?LB NSR GR ML ? R?@JC, RFCL K?QF ? AWJGLBCP BMUL GLRM GR QM RF?R ? PSJCP A?L @?J?LAC ML RFC PMSLB QGBC MD RFC AWJGLBCP
UFGJC CTCPWRFGLE PCK?GLQ QRGJJ. 0SR ? NCLLW 8 AK ?U?W DPMK RFC NGTMR. 7FCPC UMSJB WMS LCCB RM NSR RUM NCLLGCQ RM @?J?LAC? 4FPCC NCLLGCQ?
9.3 ,J78?B?JO
)R GQ MLC RFGLE RM F?TC ? QWQRCK GL COSGJG@PGSK; GR GQ OSGRC ?LMRFCP DMP GR RM @C QR?@JC. 4FC RMW BMJJ NCPAFCB ML RFC K?LtQ F?LB GL F?=KH; 9.10, DMP
CV?KNJC, GQ LMR GL QR?@JC COSGJG@PGSK. 4FCPC ?PC G;E88 GLC8F B9 8DH<?<5E<H@: FG45?8, HAFG45?8, ?LB A8HGE4?. &GESPCQ RFPMSEFMSR RFGQ KMBSJC GJJSQRP?RC
T?PGMSQ CV?KNJCQ.
F?=KH; 9.10 NPCQCLRQ ? @?J?LACB QWQRCK, QSAF ?Q RFC RMW BMJJ ML RFC K?LtQ F?LB, UFGAF F?Q GRQ ACLRCP MD EP?TGRW (AE) BGPCARJW MTCP RFC NGTMR, QM RF?R
RFC RMPOSC MD RFC RMR?J UCGEFR GQ XCPM. 4FGQ GQ COSGT?JCLR RM F?TGLE RFC RMPOSCQ MD RFC GLBGTGBS?J N?PRQ @?J?LACB ?@MSR RFC NGTMR NMGLR, GL RFGQ A?QC RFC
F?LB. 4FC AEQ MD RFC ?PKQ, JCEQ, FC?B, ?LB RMPQM ?PC J?@CJCB UGRF QK?JJCP RWNC.
F?=KH; 9.10 ! K?L @?J?LACQ ? RMW BMJJ ML MLC F?LB.
! QWQRCK GQ Q?GB RM @C GL IJ78B; ;GK?B?8H?KC GD, UFCL BGQNJ?ACB DPMK COSGJG@PGSK, GR CVNCPGCLACQ ? LCR DMPAC MP RMPOSC GL ? BGPCARGML MNNMQGRC RM RFC
BGPCARGML MD RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR. &MP CV?KNJC, ? K?P@JC ?R RFC @MRRMK MD ? @MUJ UGJJ CVNCPGCLAC ? E8FGBE<A: DMPAC UFCL BGQNJ?ACB DPMK GRQ COSGJG@PGSK
NMQGRGML. 4FGQ DMPAC KMTCQ GR @?AI RMU?PB RFC COSGJG@PGSK NMQGRGML. -MQR QWQRCKQ ?PC GL QR?@JC COSGJG@PGSK, CQNCAG?JJW DMP QK?JJ BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ. &MP
?LMRFCP CV?KNJC MD QR?@JC COSGJG@PGSK, QCC RFC NCLAGJ GL F?=KH; 9.11.
F?=KH; 9.11 4FGQ NCLAGJ GQ GL RFC AMLBGRGML MD COSGJG@PGSK. 4FC LCR DMPAC ML RFC NCLAGJ GQ XCPM ?LB RFC RMR?J RMPOSC ?@MSR ?LW NGTMR GQ XCPM.
! QWQRCK GQ GL KDIJ78B; ;GK?B?8H?KC GD, UFCL BGQNJ?ACB, GR CVNCPGCLACQ ? LCR DMPAC MP RMPOSC GL RFC F4@8 BGPCARGML ?Q RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR DPMK
COSGJG@PGSK. ! QWQRCK GL SLQR?@JC COSGJG@PGSK ?AACJCP?RCQ ?U?W DPMK GRQ COSGJG@PGSK NMQGRGML GD BGQNJ?ACB CTCL QJGEFRJW. !L M@TGMSQ CV?KNJC GQ ? @?JJ
PCQRGLE ML RMN MD ? FGJJ. /LAC BGQNJ?ACB, GR ?AACJCP?RCQ ?U?W DPMK RFC APCQR. 3CC RFC LCVR QCTCP?J DGESPCQ DMP CV?KNJCQ MD SLQR?@JC COSGJG@PGSK.
#(!04%2 9 Y 34!4)#3 !.$ 4/215% 297
F?=KH; 9.12 )D RFC NCLAGJ GQ BGQNJ?ACB QJGEFRJW RM RFC QGBC (AMSLRCPAJMAIUGQC), GR GQ LM JMLECP GL COSGJG@PGSK. )RQ UCGEFR NPMBSACQ ? AJMAIUGQC RMPOSC RF?R PCRSPLQ RFC NCLAGJ RM GRQ
COSGJG@PGSK NMQGRGML.
F?=KH; 9.13 )D RFC NCLAGJ GQ BGQNJ?ACB RMM D?P, RFC RMPOSC A?SQCB @W GRQ UCGEFR AF?LECQ BGPCARGML RM AMSLRCPAJMAIUGQC ?LB A?SQCQ RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR RM GLAPC?QC.
F?=KH; 9.14 4FGQ DGESPC QFMUQ SLQR?@JC COSGJG@PGSK, ?JRFMSEF @MRF AMLBGRGMLQ DMP COSGJG@PGSK ?PC Q?RGQDGCB.
298 #(!04%2 9 Y 34!4)#3 !.$ 4/215%
F?=KH; 9.15 )D RFC NCLAGJ GQ BGQNJ?ACB CTCL QJGEFRJW, ? RMPOSC GQ APC?RCB @W GRQ UCGEFR RF?R GQ GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR, A?SQGLE RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR RM GLAPC?QC.
! QWQRCK GQ GL D;KJH7B ;GK?B?8H?KC GD GRQ COSGJG@PGSK GQ GLBCNCLBCLR MD BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ DPMK GRQ MPGEGL?J NMQGRGML. ! K?P@JC ML ? DJ?R FMPGXMLR?J QSPD?AC GQ
?L CV?KNJC. #MK@GL?RGMLQ MD RFCQC QGRS?RGMLQ ?PC NMQQG@JC. &MP CV?KNJC, ? K?P@JC ML ? Q?BBJC GQ QR?@JC DMP BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ RMU?PB RFC DPMLR MP @?AI MD
RFC Q?BBJC ?LB SLQR?@JC DMP BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ RM RFC QGBC. F?=KH; 9.16 QFMUQ ?LMRFCP CV?KNJC MD LCSRP?J COSGJG@PGSK.
F?=KH; 9.16 (?) (CPC UC QCC LCSRP?J COSGJG@PGSK. 4FC AE MD ? QNFCPC ML ? DJ?R QSPD?AC JGCQ BGPCARJW ?@MTC RFC NMGLR MD QSNNMPR, GLBCNCLBCLR MD RFC NMQGRGML ML RFC QSPD?AC. 4FC
QNFCPC GQ RFCPCDMPC GL COSGJG@PGSK GL ?LW JMA?RGML, ?LB GD BGQNJ?ACB, GR UGJJ PCK?GL NSR. (@) "CA?SQC GR F?Q ? AGPASJ?P APMQQ QCARGML, RFC NCLAGJ GQ GL LCSRP?J COSGJG@PGSK DMP
BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM GRQ JCLERF.
7FCL UC AMLQGBCP FMU D?P ? QWQRCK GL QR?@JC COSGJG@PGSK A?L @C BGQNJ?ACB @CDMPC GR @CAMKCQ SLQR?@JC, UC DGLB RF?R QMKC QWQRCKQ GL QR?@JC
COSGJG@PGSK ?PC KMPC QR?@JC RF?L MRFCPQ. 4FC NCLAGJ GL F?=KH; 9.11 ?LB RFC NCPQML GL F?=KH; 9.17(?) ?PC GL QR?@JC COSGJG@PGSK, @SR @CAMKC SLQR?@JC DMP
PCJ?RGTCJW QK?JJ BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ RM RFC QGBC. 4FC APGRGA?J NMGLR GQ PC?AFCB UFCL RFC AE GQ LM JMLECP 45BI8 RFC @?QC MD QSNNMPR. !BBGRGML?JJW, QGLAC RFC AE
MD ? NCPQMLtQ @MBW GQ ?@MTC RFC NGTMRQ GL RFC FGNQ, BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ KSQR @C OSGAIJW AMLRPMJJCB. 4FGQ AMLRPMJ GQ ? ACLRP?J LCPTMSQ QWQRCK DSLARGML RF?R GQ
BCTCJMNCB UFCL UC JC?PL RM FMJB MSP @MBGCQ CPCAR ?Q GLD?LRQ. &MP GLAPC?QCB QR?@GJGRW UFGJC QR?LBGLE, RFC DCCR QFMSJB @C QNPC?B ?N?PR, EGTGLE ? J?PECP
@?QC MD QSNNMPR. 3R?@GJGRW GQ ?JQM GLAPC?QCB @W JMUCPGLE MLCtQ ACLRCP MD EP?TGRW @W @CLBGLE RFC ILCCQ, ?Q UFCL ? DMMR@?JJ NJ?WCP NPCN?PCQ RM PCACGTC ?
@?JJ MP @P?ACQ RFCKQCJTCQ DMP ? R?AIJC. ! A?LC, ? APSRAF, MP ? U?JICP GLAPC?QCQ RFC QR?@GJGRW MD RFC SQCP, CTCL KMPC ?Q RFC @?QC MD QSNNMPR UGBCLQ.
5QS?JJW, RFC AE MD ? DCK?JC GQ JMUCP (AJMQCP RM RFC EPMSLB) RF?L ? K?JC. 9MSLE AFGJBPCL F?TC RFCGP ACLRCP MD EP?TGRW @CRUCCL RFCGP QFMSJBCPQ, UFGAF
GLAPC?QCQ RFC AF?JJCLEC MD JC?PLGLE RM U?JI.
#(!04%2 9 Y 34!4)#3 !.$ 4/215% 299
F?=KH; 9.17 (?) 4FC ACLRCP MD EP?TGRW MD ?L ?BSJR GQ ?@MTC RFC FGN HMGLRQ (MLC MD RFC K?GL NGTMRQ GL RFC @MBW) ?LB JGCQ @CRUCCL RUM L?PPMUJW-QCN?P?RCB DCCR. ,GIC ? NCLAGJ
QR?LBGLE ML GRQ CP?QCP, RFGQ NCPQML GQ GL QR?@JC COSGJG@PGSK GL PCJ?RGML RM QGBCU?WQ BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ, @SR PCJ?RGTCJW QK?JJ BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ R?IC FGQ AE MSRQGBC RFC @?QC MD QSNNMPR ?LB
K?IC FGK SLQR?@JC. (SK?LQ ?PC JCQQ QR?@JC PCJ?RGTC RM DMPU?PB ?LB @?AIU?PB BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ @CA?SQC RFC DCCR ?PC LMR TCPW JMLE. -SQAJCQ ?PC SQCB CVRCLQGTCJW RM @?J?LAC RFC
@MBW GL RFC DPMLR-RM-@?AI BGPCARGML. (@) 7FGJC @CLBGLE GL RFC K?LLCP QFMUL, QR?@GJGRW GQ GLAPC?QCB @W JMUCPGLE RFC ACLRCP MD EP?TGRW. 3R?@GJGRW GQ ?JQM GLAPC?QCB GD RFC @?QC GQ
CVN?LBCB @W NJ?AGLE RFC DCCR D?PRFCP ?N?PR.
!LGK?JQ QSAF ?Q AFGAICLQ F?TC C?QGCP QWQRCKQ RM AMLRPMJ. F?=KH; 9.18 QFMUQ RF?R RFC AE MD ? AFGAICL JGCQ @CJMU GRQ FGN HMGLRQ ?LB @CRUCCL GRQ UGBCJW
QCN?P?RCB ?LB @PM?B DCCR. %TCL PCJ?RGTCJW J?PEC BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ MD RFC AFGAICLtQ AE ?PC QR?@JC ?LB PCQSJR GL PCQRMPGLE DMPACQ ?LB RMPOSCQ RF?R PCRSPL RFC
AE RM GRQ COSGJG@PGSK NMQGRGML UGRF JGRRJC CDDMPR ML RFC AFGAICLtQ N?PR. .MR ?JJ @GPBQ ?PC JGIC AFGAICLQ, MD AMSPQC. 3MKC @GPBQ, QSAF ?Q RFC DJ?KGLEM, F?TC
@?J?LAC QWQRCKQ RF?R ?PC ?JKMQR ?Q QMNFGQRGA?RCB ?Q RF?R MD FSK?LQ.
F?=KH; 9.18 QFMUQ RF?R RFC AE MD ? AFGAICL GQ @CJMU RFC FGN HMGLRQ ?LB JGCQ ?@MTC ? @PM?B @?QC MD QSNNMPR DMPKCB @W UGBCJW-QCN?P?RCB ?LB J?PEC DCCR.
(CLAC, RFC AFGAICL GQ GL TCPW QR?@JC COSGJG@PGSK, QGLAC ? PCJ?RGTCJW J?PEC BGQNJ?ACKCLR GQ LCCBCB RM PCLBCP GR SLQR?@JC. 4FC @MBW MD RFC AFGAICL GQ
QSNNMPRCB DPMK ?@MTC @W RFC FGNQ ?LB ?ARQ ?Q ? NCLBSJSK @CRUCCL RFC FGNQ. 4FCPCDMPC, RFC AFGAICL GQ QR?@JC DMP DPMLR-RM-@?AI BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ ?Q UCJJ
?Q DMP QGBC-RM-QGBC BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ.
F?=KH; 9.18 4FC ACLRCP MD EP?TGRW MD ? AFGAICL GQ @CJMU RFC FGN HMGLRQ. 4FC AFGAICL GQ GL QR?@JC COSGJG@PGSK. 4FC @MBW MD RFC AFGAICL GQ QSNNMPRCB DPMK ?@MTC @W RFC FGNQ ?LB
?ARQ ?Q ? NCLBSJSK @CRUCCL RFCK.
%LEGLCCPQ ?LB ?PAFGRCARQ QRPGTC RM ?AFGCTC CVRPCKCJW QR?@JC COSGJG@PGSKQ DMP @SGJBGLEQ ?LB MRFCP QWQRCKQ RF?R KSQR UGRFQR?LB UGLB, C?PRFOS?ICQ, ?LB
MRFCP DMPACQ RF?R BGQNJ?AC RFCK DPMK COSGJG@PGSK. !JRFMSEF RFC CV?KNJCQ GL RFGQ QCARGML CKNF?QGXC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPACQ, RFC @?QGA AMLBGRGMLQ DMP
COSGJG@PGSK ?PC RFC Q?KC DMP ?JJ RWNCQ MD DMPACQ. 4FC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC KSQR @C XCPM, ?LB RFC LCR RMPOSC KSQR ?JQM @C XCPM.
3R?LB QRP?GEFR UGRF WMSP FCCJQ, @?AI, ?LB FC?B ?E?GLQR ? U?JJ. "CLB DMPU?PB DPMK WMSP U?GQR, ICCNGLE WMSP FCCJQ ?LB @MRRMK ?E?GLQR RFC U?JJ, RM
RMSAF WMSP RMCQ. #?L WMS BM RFGQ UGRFMSR RMNNJGLE MTCP? %VNJ?GL UFW ?LB UF?R WMS LCCB RM BM RM @C ?@JC RM RMSAF WMSP RMCQ UGRFMSR JMQGLE WMSP
@?J?LAC. )Q GR C?QGCP DMP ? UMK?L RM BM RFGQ?
9.4 AFFB?97J?EDI E< ,J7J?9I, "D9BK:?D= )HE8B;C-,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=?;I
3R?RGAQ A?L @C ?NNJGCB RM ? T?PGCRW MD QGRS?RGMLQ, P?LEGLE DPMK P?GQGLE ? BP?U@PGBEC RM @?B NMQRSPC ?LB @?AI QRP?GL. 7C @CEGL UGRF ? BGQASQQGML MD
NPM@JCK-QMJTGLE QRP?RCEGCQ QNCAGDGA?JJW SQCB DMP QR?RGAQ. 3GLAC QR?RGAQ GQ ? QNCAG?J A?QC MD .CURMLtQ J?UQ, @MRF RFC ECLCP?J NPM@JCK-QMJTGLE QRP?RCEGCQ
?LB RFC QNCAG?J QRP?RCEGCQ DMP .CURMLtQ J?UQ, BGQASQQCB GL )HE8B;C-,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=?;I, QRGJJ ?NNJW.
0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE 3RP?RCEW: 3R?RGA %OSGJG@PGSK 3GRS?RGMLQ
1. 4FC DGPQR QRCN GQ RM BCRCPKGLC UFCRFCP MP LMR RFC QWQRCK GQ GL IJ7J?9 ;GK?B?8H?KC. 4FGQ AMLBGRGML GQ ?JU?WQ RFC A?QC UFCL RFC 4668?8E4G<BA B9
G;8 FLFG8@ <F M8EB 4A7 4668?8E4G87 EBG4G<BA 7B8F ABG B66HE.
2. )R GQ N?PRGASJ?PJW GKNMPR?LR RM 7E4J 4 9E88 5B7L 7<4:E4@ 9BE G;8 FLFG8@ B9 <AG8E8FG. #?PCDSJJW J?@CJ ?JJ DMPACQ, ?LB LMRC RFCGP PCJ?RGTC
K?ELGRSBCQ, BGPCARGMLQ, ?LB NMGLRQ MD ?NNJGA?RGML UFCLCTCP RFCQC ?PC ILMUL.
3. 3MJTC RFC NPM@JCK @W ?NNJWGLE CGRFCP MP @MRF MD RFC AMLBGRGMLQ DMP COSGJG@PGSK (PCNPCQCLRCB @W RFC COS?RGMLQ net F = 0 ?LB net = 0 ,
BCNCLBGLE ML RFC JGQR MD ILMUL ?LB SLILMUL D?ARMPQ. )D RFC QCAMLB AMLBGRGML GQ GLTMJTCB, 6;BBF8 G;8 C<IBG CB<AG GB F<@C?<9L G;8 FB?HG<BA. !LW
NGTMR NMGLR A?L @C AFMQCL, @SR RFC KMQR SQCDSJ MLCQ A?SQC RMPOSCQ @W SLILMUL DMPACQ RM @C XCPM. (4MPOSC GQ XCPM GD RFC DMPAC GQ ?NNJGCB ?R
RFC NGTMR (RFCL r = 0 ), MP ?JMLE ? JGLC RFPMSEF RFC NGTMR NMGLR (RFCL = 0 )). !JU?WQ AFMMQC ? AMLTCLGCLR AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK DMP NPMHCARGLE
DMPACQ.
300 #(!04%2 9 Y 34!4)#3 !.$ 4/215%
4. C;86> G;8 FB?HG<BA GB F88 <9 <G <F E84FBA45?8 @W CV?KGLGLE RFC K?ELGRSBC, BGPCARGML, ?LB SLGRQ MD RFC ?LQUCP. 4FC GKNMPR?LAC MD RFGQ J?QR QRCN
LCTCP BGKGLGQFCQ, ?JRFMSEF GL SLD?KGJG?P ?NNJGA?RGMLQ, GR GQ SQS?JJW KMPC BGDDGASJR RM HSBEC PC?QML?@JCLCQQ. 4FCQC HSBEKCLRQ @CAMKC
NPMEPCQQGTCJW C?QGCP UGRF CVNCPGCLAC.
.MU JCR SQ ?NNJW RFGQ NPM@JCK-QMJTGLE QRP?RCEW DMP RFC NMJC T?SJRCP QFMUL GL RFC RFPCC DGESPCQ @CJMU. 4FC NMJC GQ SLGDMPK ?LB F?Q ? K?QQ MD 5.00 IE. )L
F?=KH; 9.19, RFC NMJCtQ AE JGCQ F?JDU?W @CRUCCL RFC T?SJRCPtQ F?LBQ. )R QCCKQ PC?QML?@JC RF?R RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB @W C?AF F?LB GQ COS?J RM F?JD RFC
UCGEFR MD RFC NMJC, MP 24.5 .. 4FGQ M@TGMSQJW Q?RGQDGCQ RFC DGPQR AMLBGRGML DMP COSGJG@PGSK (net F = 0) . 4FC QCAMLB AMLBGRGML (net = 0) GQ ?JQM
Q?RGQDGCB, ?Q UC A?L QCC @W AFMMQGLE RFC AE RM @C RFC NGTMR NMGLR. 4FC UCGEFR CVCPRQ LM RMPOSC ?@MSR ? NGTMR NMGLR JMA?RCB ?R RFC AE, QGLAC GR GQ ?NNJGCB
?R RF?R NMGLR ?LB GRQ JCTCP ?PK GQ XCPM. 4FC COS?J DMPACQ CVCPRCB @W RFC F?LBQ ?PC COSGBGQR?LR DPMK RFC AFMQCL NGTMR, ?LB QM RFCW CVCPR COS?J ?LB
MNNMQGRC RMPOSCQ. 3GKGJ?P ?PESKCLRQ FMJB DMP MRFCP QWQRCKQ UFCPC QSNNMPRGLE DMPACQ ?PC CVCPRCB QWKKCRPGA?JJW ?@MSR RFC AE. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC DMSP
JCEQ MD ? SLGDMPK R?@JC C?AF QSNNMPR MLC-DMSPRF MD GRQ UCGEFR.
)L F?=KH; 9.19, ? NMJC T?SJRCP FMJBGLE ? NMJC UGRF GRQ AE F?JDU?W @CRUCCL FGQ F?LBQ GQ QFMUL. %?AF F?LB CVCPRQ ? DMPAC COS?J RM F?JD RFC UCGEFR MD RFC
NMJC, F
R
= F
L
= w/ 2 . (@) 4FC NMJC T?SJRCP KMTCQ RFC NMJC RM FGQ JCDR, ?LB RFC DMPACQ RF?R RFC F?LBQ CVCPR ?PC LM JMLECP COS?J. 3CC F?=KH; 9.19. )D
RFC NMJC GQ FCJB UGRF GRQ AE RM RFC JCDR MD RFC NCPQML, RFCL FC KSQR NSQF BMUL UGRF FGQ PGEFR F?LB ?LB SN UGRF FGQ JCDR. 4FC DMPACQ FC CVCPRQ ?PC J?PECP
FCPC @CA?SQC RFCW ?PC GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ ?LB RFC AE GQ ?R ? JMLE BGQR?LAC DPMK CGRFCP F?LB.
3GKGJ?P M@QCPT?RGMLQ A?L @C K?BC SQGLE ? KCRCP QRGAI FCJB ?R BGDDCPCLR JMA?RGMLQ ?JMLE GRQ JCLERF.
F?=KH; 9.19 ! NMJC T?SJRCP FMJBQ ? NMJC FMPGXMLR?JJW UGRF @MRF F?LBQ.
F?=KH; 9.20 ! NMJC T?SJRCP GQ FMJBGLE ? NMJC FMPGXMLR?JJW UGRF @MRF F?LBQ. 4FC ACLRCP MD EP?TGRW GQ LC?P FGQ PGEFR F?LB.
F?=KH; 9.21 ! NMJC T?SJRCP GQ FMJBGLE ? NMJC FMPGXMLR?JJW UGRF @MRF F?LBQ. 4FC ACLRCP MD EP?TGRW GQ RM RFC JCDR QGBC MD RFC T?SJRCP.
)D RFC NMJC T?SJRCP FMJBQ RFC NMJC ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 9.19, RFC QGRS?RGML GQ LMR ?Q QGKNJC. 4FC RMR?J DMPAC FC CVCPRQ GQ QRGJJ COS?J RM RFC UCGEFR MD RFC
NMJC, @SR GR GQ LMR CTCLJW BGTGBCB @CRUCCL FGQ F?LBQ. ()D F
L
= F
R
, RFCL RFC RMPOSCQ ?@MSR RFC AE UMSJB LMR @C COS?J QGLAC RFC JCTCP ?PKQ ?PC
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BGDDCPCLR.) ,MEGA?JJW, RFC PGEFR F?LB QFMSJB QSNNMPR KMPC UCGEFR, QGLAC GR GQ AJMQCP RM RFC AE. )L D?AR, GD RFC PGEFR F?LB GQ KMTCB BGPCARJW SLBCP RFC AE, GR
UGJJ QSNNMPR ?JJ RFC UCGEFR. 4FGQ QGRS?RGML GQ CV?ARJW ?L?JMEMSQ RM RUM NCMNJC A?PPWGLE ? JM?B; RFC MLC AJMQCP RM RFC AE A?PPGCQ KMPC MD GRQ UCGEFR. &GLBGLE
RFC DMPACQ F
L
?LB F
R
GQ QRP?GEFRDMPU?PB, ?Q RFC LCVR CV?KNJC QFMUQ.
)D RFC NMJC T?SJRCP FMJBQ RFC NMJC DPMK LC?P RFC CLB MD RFC NMJC (F?=KH; 9.21), RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC DMPAC ?NNJGCB @W RFC PGEFR F?LB MD RFC T?SJRCP
PCTCPQCQ GRQ BGPCARGML.
EN7CFB; 9.2 0>7J FEH9; "I ';;:;: JE ,KFFEHJ 7 0;?=>J !;B: ';7H "JI C?
&MP RFC QGRS?RGML QFMUL GL F?=KH; 9.19, A?JASJ?RC: (?) F
R
, RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB @W RFC PGEFR F?LB, ?LB (@) F
L
, RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB @W RFC JCDR F?LB.
4FC F?LBQ ?PC 0.900 K ?N?PR, ?LB RFC AE MD RFC NMJC GQ 0.600 K DPMK RFC JCDR F?LB.
,JH7J;=O
F?=KH; 9.19 GLAJSBCQ ? DPCC @MBW BG?EP?K DMP RFC NMJC, RFC QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR. 4FCPC GQ LMR CLMSEF GLDMPK?RGML RM SQC RFC DGPQR AMLBGRGML DMP
COSGJG@PGSK (net F = 0 ), QGLAC RUM MD RFC RFPCC DMPACQ ?PC SLILMUL ?LB RFC F?LB DMPACQ A?LLMR @C ?QQSKCB RM @C COS?J GL RFGQ A?QC. 4FCPC GQ
CLMSEF GLDMPK?RGML RM SQC RFC QCAMLB AMLBGRGML DMP COSGJG@PGSK (net = 0) GD RFC NGTMR NMGLR GQ AFMQCL RM @C ?R CGRFCP F?LB, RFCPC@W K?IGLE RFC
RMPOSC DPMK RF?R F?LB XCPM. 7C AFMMQC RM JMA?RC RFC NGTMR ?R RFC JCDR F?LB GL RFGQ N?PR MD RFC NPM@JCK, RM CJGKGL?RC RFC RMPOSC DPMK RFC JCDR F?LB.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
4FCPC ?PC LMU MLJW RUM LMLXCPM RMPOSCQ, RFMQC DPMK RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC (
w
) ?LB DPMK RFC NSQF MP NSJJ MD RFC PGEFR F?LB (
R
). 3R?RGLE RFC
QCAMLB AMLBGRGML GL RCPKQ MD AJMAIUGQC ?LB AMSLRCPAJMAIUGQC RMPOSCQ,
(9.22) net
cw
= net
ccw
.
MP RFC ?JEC@P?GA QSK MD RFC RMPOSCQ GQ XCPM.
(CPC RFGQ GQ
(9.23)
R
=
w
QGLAC RFC UCGEFR MD RFC NMJC APC?RCQ ? AMSLRCPAJMAIUGQC RMPOSC ?LB RFC PGEFR F?LB AMSLRCPQ UGRF ? AJMAIUGQC RMOSC. 5QGLE RFC BCDGLGRGML MD RMPOSC,
= rF sin , LMRGLE RF?R = 90 , ?LB QS@QRGRSRGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ, UC M@R?GL
(9.24)
(0.900 m)
F
R
= (0.600 m)(mg).
4FSQ,
(9.25)
F
R
= (0.667)
5.00 kg
9.80 m/s
2
= 32.7 N.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
4FC DGPQR AMLBGRGML DMP COSGJG@PGSK GQ @?QCB ML RFC DPCC @MBW BG?EP?K GL RFC DGESPC. 4FGQ GKNJGCQ RF?R @W .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U:
(9.26) F
L
+ F
R
mg = 0
&PMK RFGQ UC A?L AMLAJSBC:
(9.27) F
L
+ F
R
= w = mg
3MJTGLE DMP F
L
, UC M@R?GL
(9.28) F
L
= mg F
R
= mg 32.7 N
=

5.00 kg
9.80 m/s
2
32.7 N
= 16.3 N
D?I9KII?ED
F
L
GQ QCCL RM @C CV?ARJW F?JD MD F
R
, ?Q UC KGEFR F?TC ESCQQCB, QGLAC F
L
GQ ?NNJGCB RUGAC ?Q D?P DPMK RFC AE ?Q F
R
.
)D RFC NMJC T?SJRCP FMJBQ RFC NMJC ?Q FC KGEFR ?R RFC QR?PR MD ? PSL, QFMUL GL F?=KH; 9.21, RFC DMPACQ AF?LEC ?E?GL. "MRF ?PC AMLQGBCP?@JW EPC?RCP, ?LB
MLC DMPAC PCTCPQCQ BGPCARGML.
4FGQ GQ ?L CVNCPGKCLR RM NCPDMPK UFGJC QR?LBGLE GL ? @SQ MP ? RP?GL. 3R?LB D?AGLE QGBCU?WQ. (MU BM WMS KMTC WMSP @MBW RM PC?BHSQR RFC
BGQRPG@SRGML MD WMSP K?QQ ?Q RFC @SQ ?AACJCP?RCQ ?LB BCACJCP?RCQ? .MU QR?LB D?AGLE DMPU?PB. (MU BM WMS KMTC WMSP @MBW RM PC?BHSQR RFC
BGQRPG@SRGML MD WMSP K?QQ ?Q RFC @SQ ?AACJCP?RCQ ?LB BCACJCP?RCQ? 7FW GQ GR C?QGCP ?LB Q?DCP RM QR?LB D?AGLE QGBCU?WQ P?RFCP RF?L DMPU?PB? .MRC:
&MP WMSP Q?DCRW (?LB RFMQC ?PMSLB WMS), K?IC QSPC WMS ?PC FMJBGLE MLRM QMKCRFGLE UFGJC WMS A?PPW MSR RFGQ ?ARGTGRW!
302 #(!04%2 9 Y 34!4)#3 !.$ 4/215%
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: "?J?LAGLE !AR
0J?W UGRF M@HCARQ ML ? RCCRCP RMRRCP RM JC?PL ?@MSR @?J?LAC. 4CQR UF?R WMS'TC JC?PLCB @W RPWGLE RFC "?J?LAC #F?JJCLEC E?KC.
F?=KH; 9.22 B7B7D9?D= A9J (>JJF://F>;J.9EBEH7:E.;:K/;D/I?CKB7J?ED/87B7D9?D=-79J)
9.5 ,?CFB; &79>?D;I
3GKNJC K?AFGLCQ ?PC BCTGACQ RF?R A?L @C SQCB RM KSJRGNJW MP ?SEKCLR ? DMPAC RF?R UC ?NNJW q MDRCL ?R RFC CVNCLQC MD ? BGQR?LAC RFPMSEF UFGAF UC
?NNJW RFC DMPAC. 4FC UMPB DMP uK?AFGLCv AMKCQ DPMK RFC 'PCCI UMPB KC?LGLE uRM FCJN K?IC RFGLEQ C?QGCP.v ,CTCPQ, EC?PQ, NSJJCWQ, UCBECQ, ?LB
QAPCUQ ?PC QMKC CV?KNJCQ MD K?AFGLCQ. %LCPEW GQ QRGJJ AMLQCPTCB DMP RFCQC BCTGACQ @CA?SQC ? K?AFGLC A?LLMR BM KMPC UMPI RF?L RFC CLCPEW NSR
GLRM GR. (MUCTCP, K?AFGLCQ A?L PCBSAC RFC GLNSR DMPAC RF?R GQ LCCBCB RM NCPDMPK RFC HM@. 4FC P?RGM MD MSRNSR RM GLNSR DMPAC K?ELGRSBCQ DMP ?LW QGKNJC
K?AFGLC GQ A?JJCB GRQ C;9>7D?97B 7:L7DJ7=; (-!).
(9.29)
MA =
F
o
F
i
/LC MD RFC QGKNJCQR K?AFGLCQ GQ RFC JCTCP, UFGAF GQ ? PGEGB @?P NGTMRCB ?R ? DGVCB NJ?AC A?JJCB RFC DSJAPSK. 4MPOSCQ ?PC GLTMJTCB GL JCTCPQ, QGLAC RFCPC GQ
PMR?RGML ?@MSR ? NGTMR NMGLR. $GQR?LACQ DPMK RFC NFWQGA?J NGTMR MD RFC JCTCP ?PC APSAG?J, ?LB UC A?L M@R?GL ? SQCDSJ CVNPCQQGML DMP RFC -! GL RCPKQ MD
RFCQC BGQR?LACQ.
F?=KH; 9.23 ! L?GJ NSJJCP GQ ? JCTCP UGRF ? J?PEC KCAF?LGA?J ?BT?LR?EC. 4FC CVRCPL?J DMPACQ ML RFC L?GJ NSJJCP ?PC PCNPCQCLRCB @W QMJGB ?PPMUQ. 4FC DMPAC RF?R RFC L?GJ NSJJCP
?NNJGCQ RM RFC L?GJ ( F
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@?AI RCCRF, ?JJMUGLE SQ RM CVCPR TCPW J?PEC DMPACQ UGRF RFCK. ! A?SQC MD QRPCQQ FC?B?AFCQ GQ NCPQGQRCLR AJCLAFGLE MD RCCRF UFCPC RFC QSQR?GLCB J?PEC
DMPAC RP?LQJ?RCQ GLRM D?RGESC GL KSQAJCQ ?PMSLB RFC QISJJ.
F?=KH; 9.28 QFMUQ FMU @?B NMQRSPC A?SQCQ @?AI QRP?GL. )L N?PR (?), UC QCC ? NCPQML UGRF EMMB NMQRSPC. .MRC RF?R FCP SNNCP @MBWtQ AE GQ BGPCARJW
?@MTC RFC NGTMR NMGLR GL RFC FGNQ, UFGAF GL RSPL GQ BGPCARJW ?@MTC RFC @?QC MD QSNNMPR ?R FCP DCCR. "CA?SQC MD RFGQ, FCP SNNCP @MBWtQ UCGEFR CVCPRQ LM
RMPOSC ?@MSR RFC FGNQ. 4FC MLJW DMPAC LCCBCB GQ ? TCPRGA?J DMPAC ?R RFC FGNQ COS?J RM RFC UCGEFR QSNNMPRCB. .M KSQAJC ?ARGML GQ PCOSGPCB, QGLAC RFC
@MLCQ ?PC PGEGB ?LB RP?LQKGR RFGQ DMPAC DPMK RFC DJMMP. 4FGQ GQ ? NMQGRGML MD SLQR?@JC COSGJG@PGSK, @SR MLJW QK?JJ DMPACQ ?PC LCCBCB RM @PGLE RFC SNNCP
@MBW @?AI RM TCPRGA?J GD GR GQ QJGEFRJW BGQNJ?ACB. "?B NMQRSPC GQ QFMUL GL N?PR (@); UC QCC RF?R RFC SNNCP @MBWtQ AE GQ GL DPMLR MD RFC NGTMR GL RFC FGNQ. 4FGQ
APC?RCQ ? AJMAIUGQC RMPOSC ?PMSLB RFC FGNQ RF?R GQ AMSLRCP?ARCB @W KSQAJCQ GL RFC JMUCP @?AI. 4FCQC KSQAJCQ KSQR CVCPR J?PEC DMPACQ, QGLAC RFCW
F?TC RWNGA?JJW QK?JJ KCAF?LGA?J ?BT?LR?ECQ. ()L MRFCP UMPBQ, RFC NCPNCLBGASJ?P JCTCP ?PK DMP RFC KSQAJCQ GQ KSAF QK?JJCP RF?L DMP RFC AE.) 0MMP
NMQRSPC A?L ?JQM A?SQC KSQAJC QRP?GL DMP NCMNJC QGRRGLE ?R RFCGP BCQIQ SQGLE AMKNSRCPQ. 3NCAG?J AF?GPQ ?PC ?T?GJ?@JC RF?R ?JJMU RFC @MBWtQ #' RM @C
KMPC C?QGJW QGRS?RCB ?@MTC RFC QC?R, RM PCBSAC @?AI N?GL. 0PMJMLECB KSQAJC ?ARGML NPMBSACQ KSQAJC QRP?GL. .MRC RF?R RFC AE MD RFC CLRGPC @MBW GQ QRGJJ
BGPCARJW ?@MTC RFC @?QC MD QSNNMPR GL N?PR (@) MD F?=KH; 9.28. 4FGQ GQ AMKNSJQMPW; MRFCPUGQC RFC NCPQML UMSJB LMR @C GL COSGJG@PGSK. 7C JC?L DMPU?PB
DMP RFC Q?KC PC?QML UFCL A?PPWGLE ? JM?B ML MSP @?AIQ, RM RFC QGBC UFCL A?PPWGLE ? JM?B GL MLC ?PK, ?LB @?AIU?PB UFCL A?PPWGLE ? JM?B GL DPMLR MD
SQ, ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 9.29.
308 #(!04%2 9 Y 34!4)#3 !.$ 4/215%
F?=KH; 9.28 (?) 'MMB NMQRSPC NJ?ACQ RFC SNNCP @MBWtQ AE MTCP RFC NGTMRQ GL RFC FGNQ, CJGKGL?RGLE RFC LCCB DMP KSQAJC ?ARGML RM @?J?LAC RFC @MBW. (@) 0MMP NMQRSPC PCOSGPCQ
CVCPRGML @W RFC @?AI KSQAJCQ RM AMSLRCP?AR RFC AJMAIUGQC RMPOSC NPMBSACB ?PMSLB RFC NGTMR @W RFC SNNCP @MBWtQ UCGEFR. 4FC @?AI KSQAJCQ F?TC ? QK?JJ CDDCARGTC NCPNCLBGASJ?P
JCTCP ?PK, r
b
, ?LB KSQR RFCPCDMPC CVCPR ? J?PEC DMPAC F
b
. .MRC RF?R RFC JCEQ JC?L @?AIU?PB RM ICCN RFC AE MD RFC CLRGPC @MBW ?@MTC RFC @?QC MD QSNNMPR GL RFC DCCR.
9MS F?TC NPM@?@JW @CCL U?PLCB ?E?GLQR JGDRGLE M@HCARQ UGRF WMSP @?AI. 4FGQ ?ARGML, CTCL KMPC RF?L @?B NMQRSPC, A?L A?SQC KSQAJC QRP?GL ?LB
B?K?EC BGQAQ ?LB TCPRC@P?C, QGLAC ?@LMPK?JJW J?PEC DMPACQ ?PC APC?RCB GL RFC @?AI KSQAJCQ ?LB QNGLC.
F?=KH; 9.29 0CMNJC ?BHSQR RFCGP QR?LAC RM K?GLR?GL @?J?LAC. (?) ! D?RFCP A?PPWGLE FGQ QML NGEEW@?AI JC?LQ DMPU?PB RM NMQGRGML RFCGP MTCP?JJ AE ?@MTC RFC @?QC MD QSNNMPR ?R FGQ
DCCR. (@) ! QRSBCLR A?PPWGLE ? QFMSJBCP @?E JC?LQ RM RFC QGBC RM ICCN RFC MTCP?JJ AE MTCP FGQ DCCR. (A) !LMRFCP QRSBCLR A?PPWGLE ? JM?B MD @MMIQ GL FCP ?PKQ JC?LQ @?AIU?PB DMP RFC
Q?KC PC?QML.
EN7CFB; 9.5 DE 'EJ %?<J M?J> 2EKH B79A
#MLQGBCP RFC NCPQML JGDRGLE ? FC?TW @MV UGRF FGQ @?AI, QFMUL GL F?=KH; 9.30. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC DMPAC F
B
GL RFC @?AI KSQAJCQ
RF?R GQ LCCBCB RM QSNNMPR RFC SNNCP @MBW NJSQ RFC @MV ?LB AMKN?PC RFGQ UGRF FGQ UCGEFR. 4FC K?QQ MD RFC SNNCP @MBW GQ 55.0 IE ?LB RFC K?QQ MD
RFC @MV GQ 30.0 IE. (@) #?JASJ?RC RFC K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD RFC DMPAC F
V
CVCPRCB @W RFC TCPRC@P?C ML RFC QNGLC ?R RFC GLBGA?RCB NGTMR
NMGLR. !E?GL, B?R? GL RFC DGESPC K?W @C R?ICL RM @C ?AASP?RC RM RFPCC QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ.
,JH7J;=O
"W LMU, UC QCLQC RF?R RFC QCAMLB AMLBGRGML DMP COSGJG@PGSK GQ ? EMMB NJ?AC RM QR?PR, ?LB GLQNCARGML MD RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ AMLDGPKQ RF?R GR A?L @C
SQCB RM QMJTC DMP F
B
GD RFC NGTMR GQ AFMQCL RM @C ?R RFC FGNQ. 4FC RMPOSCQ APC?RCB @W w
ub
?LB w
box
?PC AJMAIUGQC, UFGJC RF?R APC?RCB @W
F
B
GQ AMSLRCPAJMAIUGQC.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
5QGLE RFC NCPNCLBGASJ?P JCTCP ?PKQ EGTCL GL RFC DGESPC, RFC QCAMLB AMLBGRGML DMP COSGJG@PGSK (net = 0) @CAMKCQ
(9.40)
(0.350 m)
55.0 kg
9.80 m/s
2
+ (0.500 m)
30.0 kg
9.80 m/s
2
= (0.0800 m)F
B
.
3MJTGLE DMP F
B
WGCJBQ
(9.41)
F
B
= 4.2010
3
N.
4FC P?RGM MD RFC DMPAC RFC @?AI KSQAJCQ CVCPR RM RFC UCGEFR MD RFC SNNCP @MBW NJSQ GRQ JM?B GQ
#(!04%2 9 Y 34!4)#3 !.$ 4/215% 309
(9.42) F
B
w
ub
+ w
box
=
4200 N
833 N
= 5.04.
4FGQ DMPAC GQ AMLQGBCP?@JW J?PECP RF?L GR UMSJB @C GD RFC JM?B UCPC LMR NPCQCLR.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
-MPC GKNMPR?LR GL RCPKQ MD GRQ B?K?EC NMRCLRG?J GQ RFC DMPAC ML RFC TCPRC@P?C F
V
. 4FC DGPQR AMLBGRGML DMP COSGJG@PGSK ( net F = 0 ) A?L @C SQCB RM
DGLB GRQ K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML. 5QGLE y DMP TCPRGA?J ?LB x DMP FMPGXMLR?J, RFC AMLBGRGML DMP RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPACQ ?JMLE RFMQC ?VCQ RM @C XCPM
(9.43)
net F
y
= 0 and net F
x
= 0.
3R?PRGLE UGRF RFC TCPRGA?J ( y ) AMKNMLCLRQ, RFGQ WGCJBQ
(9.44)
F
Vy
w
ub
w
box
F
B
sin 29.0 = 0.
4FSQ,
(9.45)
F
Vy
= w
ub
+ w
box
+ F
B
sin 29.0
= 833 N + (4200 N) sin 29.0
WGCJBGLE
(9.46)
F
Vy
= 2.8710
3
N.
3GKGJ?PJW, DMP RFC FMPGXMLR?J ( x ) AMKNMLCLRQ,
(9.47) F
Vx
F
B
cos 29.0 = 0
WGCJBGLE
(9.48)
F
Vx
= 3.6710
3
N.
4FC K?ELGRSBC MD F
V
GQ EGTCL @W RFC 0WRF?EMPC?L RFCMPCK:
(9.49)
F
V
= F
Vx
2
+ F
Vy
2
= 4.6610
3
N.
4FC BGPCARGML MD F
V
GQ
(9.50)
= tan
1
F
Vy
F
Vx
= 38.0.
.MRC RF?R RFC P?RGM MD F
V
RM RFC UCGEFR QSNNMPRCB GQ
(9.51) F
V
w
ub
+ w
box
=
4660 N
833 N
= 5.59.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ DMPAC GQ ?@MSR 5.6 RGKCQ EPC?RCP RF?L GR UMSJB @C GD RFC NCPQML UCPC QR?LBGLE CPCAR. 4FC RPMS@JC UGRF RFC @?AI GQ LMR QM KSAF RF?R RFC DMPACQ
?PC J?PECr@CA?SQC QGKGJ?P DMPACQ ?PC APC?RCB GL MSP FGNQ, ILCCQ, ?LB ?LIJCQr@SR RF?R MSP QNGLCQ ?PC PCJ?RGTCJW UC?I. 0PMNCP JGDRGLE, NCPDMPKCB
UGRF RFC @?AI CPCAR ?LB SQGLE RFC JCEQ RM P?GQC RFC @MBW ?LB JM?B, APC?RCQ KSAF QK?JJCP DMPACQ GL RFC @?AIrGL RFGQ A?QC, ?@MSR 5.6 RGKCQ QK?JJCP.
310 #(!04%2 9 Y 34!4)#3 !.$ 4/215%
9;DJ;H E< =H7L?JO:
:OD7C?9 ;GK?B?8H?KC:
C;9>7D?97B 7:L7DJ7=;:
D;KJH7B ;GK?B?8H?KC:
F;HF;D:?9KB7H B;L;H 7HC:
," KD?JI E< JEHGK;:
IJ78B; ;GK?B?8H?KC:
IJ7J?9 ;GK?B?8H?KC:
IJ7J?9 ;GK?B?8H?KC:
JEHGK;:
KDIJ78B; ;GK?B?8H?KC:
F?=KH; 9.30 4FGQ DGESPC QFMUQ RF?R J?PEC DMPACQ ?PC CVCPRCB @W RFC @?AI KSQAJCQ ?LB CVNCPGCLACB GL RFC TCPRC@P?C UFCL ? NCPQML JGDRQ UGRF RFCGP @?AI, QGLAC RFCQC KSQAJCQ
F?TC QK?JJ CDDCARGTC NCPNCLBGASJ?P JCTCP ?PKQ. 4FC B?R? QFMUL FCPC ?PC ?L?JWXCB GL RFC NPCACBGLE CV?KNJC, EN7CFB; 9.5.
7F?R ?PC RFC @CLCDGRQ MD F?TGLE KMQR QICJCR?J KSQAJCQ ?RR?AFCB QM AJMQC RM HMGLRQ? /LC ?BT?LR?EC GQ QNCCB @CA?SQC QK?JJ KSQAJC AMLRP?ARGMLQ A?L
NPMBSAC J?PEC KMTCKCLRQ MD JGK@Q GL ? QFMPR NCPGMB MD RGKC. /RFCP ?BT?LR?ECQ ?PC DJCVG@GJGRW ?LB ?EGJGRW, K?BC NMQQG@JC @W RFC J?PEC LSK@CPQ MD HMGLRQ
?LB RFC P?LECQ MTCP UFGAF RFCW DSLARGML. &MP CV?KNJC, GR GQ BGDDGASJR RM GK?EGLC ? QWQRCK UGRF @GACNQ KSQAJCQ ?RR?AFCB ?R RFC UPGQR RF?R UMSJB @C
A?N?@JC MD RFC @PM?B P?LEC MD KMTCKCLR UC TCPRC@P?RCQ NMQQCQQ.
4FCPC ?PC QMKC GLRCPCQRGLE AMKNJCVGRGCQ GL PC?J QWQRCKQ MD KSQAJCQ, @MLCQ, ?LB HMGLRQ. &MP GLQR?LAC, RFC NGTMR NMGLR GL K?LW HMGLRQ AF?LECQ JMA?RGML
?Q RFC HMGLR GQ DJCVCB, QM RF?R RFC NCPNCLBGASJ?P JCTCP ?PKQ ?LB RFC KCAF?LGA?J ?BT?LR?EC MD RFC QWQRCK AF?LEC, RMM. 4FSQ RFC DMPAC RFC @GACNQ
KSQAJC KSQR CVCPR RM FMJB SN ? @MMI T?PGCQ ?Q RFC DMPC?PK GQ DJCVCB. 3GKGJ?P KCAF?LGQKQ MNCP?RC GL RFC JCEQ, UFGAF CVNJ?GL, DMP CV?KNJC, UFW RFCPC GQ
JCQQ JCE QRP?GL UFCL ? @GAWAJC QC?R GQ QCR ?R RFC NPMNCP FCGEFR. 4FC KCRFMBQ CKNJMWCB GL RFGQ QCARGML EGTC ? PC?QML?@JC BCQAPGNRGML MD PC?J QWQRCKQ
NPMTGBCB CLMSEF GQ ILMUL ?@MSR RFC BGKCLQGMLQ MD RFC QWQRCK. 4FCPC ?PC K?LW MRFCP GLRCPCQRGLE CV?KNJCQ MD DMPAC ?LB RMPOSC GL RFC @MBWr? DCU MD
RFCQC ?PC RFC QS@HCAR MD CLB-MD-AF?NRCP NPM@JCKQ.
BEII7HO
RFC NMGLR UFCPC RFC RMR?J UCGEFR MD RFC @MBW GQ ?QQSKCB RM @C AMLACLRP?RCB
? QR?RC MD COSGJG@PGSK GL UFGAF RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC ?LB RMPOSC ML ? QWQRCK KMTGLE UGRF AMLQR?LR TCJMAGRW ?PC XCPM
RFC P?RGM MD MSRNSR RM GLNSR DMPACQ DMP ?LW QGKNJC K?AFGLC
? QR?RC MD COSGJG@PGSK RF?R GQ GLBCNCLBCLR MD ? QWQRCKtQ BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ DPMK GRQ MPGEGL?J NMQGRGML
RFC QFMPRCQR BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC NGTMR NMGLR RM RFC JGLC ?JMLE UFGAF F JGCQ
LCURML RGKCQ KCRCPQ, SQS?JJW UPGRRCL ?Q ._K
? QWQRCK, UFCL BGQNJ?ACB, CVNCPGCLACQ ? LCR DMPAC MP RMPOSC GL ? BGPCARGML MNNMQGRC RM RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR
? QR?RC MD COSGJG@PGSK GL UFGAF RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC ?LB RMPOSC ?ARGLE ML ? QWQRCK GQ XCPM
COSGJG@PGSK GL UFGAF RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD RFC QWQRCK GQ XCPM ?LB ?AACJCP?RCB PMR?RGML BMCQ LMR MAASP
RSPLGLE MP RUGQRGLE CDDCARGTCLCQQ MD ? DMPAC
? QWQRCK, UFCL BGQNJ?ACB, CVNCPGCLACQ ? LCR DMPAC MP RMPOSC GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR DPMK COSGJG@PGSK
,;9J?ED ,KCC7HO
w 3R?RGAQ GQ RFC QRSBW MD DMPACQ GL COSGJG@PGSK.
w 4UM AMLBGRGMLQ KSQR @C KCR RM ?AFGCTC COSGJG@PGSK, UFGAF GQ BCDGLCB RM @C KMRGML UGRFMSR JGLC?P MP PMR?RGML?J ?AACJCP?RGML.
w 4FC DGPQR AMLBGRGML LCACQQ?PW RM ?AFGCTC COSGJG@PGSK GQ RF?R RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC ML RFC QWQRCK KSQR @C XCPM, QM RF?R net F = 0 .
w 4FC QCAMLB AMLBGRGML ?QQSPCQ RFMQC RMPOSCQ ?PC ?JQM @?J?LACB. 4MPOSC GQ RFC PMR?RGML?J COSGT?JCLR MD ? DMPAC GL NPMBSAGLE ? PMR?RGML ?LB GQ
BCDGLCB RM @C
= rF sin
#(!04%2 9 Y 34!4)#3 !.$ 4/215% 311
UFCPC GQ RMPOSC, r GQ RFC BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC NGTMR NMGLR RM RFC NMGLR UFCPC RFC DMPAC GQ ?NNJGCB, F GQ RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC DMPAC, ?LB GQ RFC
?LEJC @CRUCCL F ?LB RFC TCARMP BGPCARCB DPMK RFC NMGLR UFCPC RFC DMPAC ?ARQ RM RFC NGTMR NMGLR. 4FC NCPNCLBGASJ?P JCTCP ?PK r
GQ BCDGLCB RM
@C
r
= r sin
QM RF?R
= r
F.
w 4FC NCPNCLBGASJ?P JCTCP ?PK r
GQ RFC QFMPRCQR BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC NGTMR NMGLR RM RFC JGLC ?JMLE UFGAF F ?ARQ. 4FC 3) SLGR DMP RMPOSC GQ LCURML-
KCRCP (Nm) . 4FC QCAMLB AMLBGRGML LCACQQ?PW RM ?AFGCTC COSGJG@PGSK GQ RF?R RFC LCR CVRCPL?J RMPOSC ML ? QWQRCK KSQR @C XCPM:
net = 0
"W AMLTCLRGML, AJMAIUGQC RMPOSCQ ?PC NMQGRGTC, ?LB AMSLRCPAJMAIUGQC RMPOSCQ ?PC LCE?RGTC.
9.3 ,J78?B?JO
w ! QWQRCK GQ Q?GB RM @C GL QR?@JC COSGJG@PGSK GD, UFCL BGQNJ?ACB DPMK COSGJG@PGSK, GR CVNCPGCLACQ ? LCR DMPAC MP RMPOSC GL ? BGPCARGML MNNMQGRC RFC
BGPCARGML MD RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR.
w ! QWQRCK GQ GL SLQR?@JC COSGJG@PGSK GD, UFCL BGQNJ?ACB DPMK COSGJG@PGSK, GR CVNCPGCLACQ ? LCR DMPAC MP RMPOSC GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q RFC
BGQNJ?ACKCLR DPMK COSGJG@PGSK.
w ! QWQRCK GQ GL LCSRP?J COSGJG@PGSK GD GRQ COSGJG@PGSK GQ GLBCNCLBCLR MD BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ DPMK GRQ MPGEGL?J NMQGRGML.
w 3R?RGAQ A?L @C ?NNJGCB RM ? T?PGCRW MD QGRS?RGMLQ, P?LEGLE DPMK P?GQGLE ? BP?U@PGBEC RM @?B NMQRSPC ?LB @?AI QRP?GL. 7C F?TC BGQASQQCB RFC
NPM@JCK-QMJTGLE QRP?RCEGCQ QNCAGDGA?JJW SQCDSJ DMP QR?RGAQ. 3R?RGAQ GQ ? QNCAG?J A?QC MD .CURMLtQ J?UQ, @MRF RFC ECLCP?J NPM@JCK-QMJTGLE QRP?RCEGCQ
?LB RFC QNCAG?J QRP?RCEGCQ DMP .CURMLtQ J?UQ, BGQASQQCB GL )HE8B;C-,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=?;I, QRGJJ ?NNJW.
9.5 ,?CFB; &79>?D;I
w 3GKNJC K?AFGLCQ ?PC BCTGACQ RF?R A?L @C SQCB RM KSJRGNJW MP ?SEKCLR ? DMPAC RF?R UC ?NNJW q MDRCL ?R RFC CVNCLQC MD ? BGQR?LAC RFPMSEF UFGAF
UC F?TC RM ?NNJW RFC DMPAC.
w 4FC P?RGM MD MSRNSR RM GLNSR DMPACQ DMP ?LW QGKNJC K?AFGLC GQ A?JJCB GRQ KCAF?LGA?J ?BT?LR?EC
w ! DCU QGKNJC K?AFGLCQ ?PC RFC JCTCP, L?GJ NSJJCP, UFCCJ@?PPMU, AP?LI, CRA.
w 3R?RGAQ NJ?WQ ?L GKNMPR?LR N?PR GL SLBCPQR?LBGLE CTCPWB?W QRP?GLQ GL MSP KSQAJCQ ?LB @MLCQ.
w -?LW JCTCP QWQRCKQ GL RFC @MBW F?TC ? KCAF?LGA?J ?BT?LR?EC MD QGELGDGA?LRJW JCQQ RF?L MLC, ?Q K?LW MD MSP KSQAJCQ ?PC ?RR?AFCB AJMQC RM
HMGLRQ.
w 3MKCMLC UGRF EMMB NMQRSPC QR?LBQ MP QGRQ GL QSAF ?Q U?W RF?R RFCGP ACLRCP MD EP?TGRW JGCQ BGPCARJW ?@MTC RFC NGTMR NMGLR GL RFCGP FGNQ, RFCPC@W
?TMGBGLE @?AI QRP?GL ?LB B?K?EC RM BGQIQ.
1. 7F?R A?L WMS Q?W ?@MSR RFC TCJMAGRW MD ? KMTGLE @MBW RF?R GQ GL BWL?KGA COSGJG@PGSK? $P?U ? QICRAF MD QSAF ? @MBW SQGLE AJC?PJW J?@CJCB ?PPMUQ RM
PCNPCQCLR ?JJ CVRCPL?J DMPACQ ML RFC @MBW.
2. 5LBCP UF?R AMLBGRGMLQ A?L ? PMR?RGLE @MBW @C GL COSGJG@PGSK? 'GTC ?L CV?KNJC.
3. 7F?R RFPCC D?ARMPQ ?DDCAR RFC RMPOSC APC?RCB @W ? DMPAC PCJ?RGTC RM ? QNCAGDGA NGTMR NMGLR?
4. ! UPCAIGLE @?JJ GQ @CGLE SQCB RM ILMAI BMUL ? @SGJBGLE. /LC R?JJ SLQSNNMPRCB AMLAPCRC U?JJ PCK?GLQ QR?LBGLE. )D RFC UPCAIGLE @?JJ FGRQ RFC U?JJ LC?P
RFC RMN, GQ RFC U?JJ KMPC JGICJW RM D?JJ MTCP @W PMR?RGLE ?R GRQ @?QC MP @W D?JJGLE QRP?GEFR BMUL? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP. (MU GQ GR KMQR JGICJW RM D?JJ GD GR GQ
QRPSAI UGRF RFC Q?KC DMPAC ?R GRQ @?QC? .MRC RF?R RFGQ BCNCLBQ ML FMU DGPKJW RFC U?JJ GQ ?RR?AFCB ?R GRQ @?QC.
5. -CAF?LGAQ QMKCRGKCQ NSR ? JCLERF MD NGNC MTCP RFC F?LBJC MD ? UPCLAF UFCL RPWGLE RM PCKMTC ? TCPW RGEFR @MJR. (MU BMCQ RFGQ FCJN? ()R GQ ?JQM
F?X?PBMSQ QGLAC GR A?L @PC?I RFC @MJR.)
9.3 ,J78?B?JO
6. ! PMSLB NCLAGJ JWGLE ML GRQ QGBC ?Q GL F?=KH; 9.13 GQ GL LCSRP?J COSGJG@PGSK PCJ?RGTC RM BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM GRQ JCLERF. 7F?R GQ GRQ QR?@GJGRW
PCJ?RGTC RM BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ JCLERF?
7. %VNJ?GL RFC LCCB DMP R?JJ RMUCPQ ML ? QSQNCLQGML @PGBEC RM CLQSPC QR?@JC COSGJG@PGSK.
8. 7FCL TGQGRGLE QMKC AMSLRPGCQ, WMS K?W QCC ? NCPQML @?J?LAGLE ? JM?B ML RFC FC?B. %VNJ?GL UFW RFC ACLRCP MD K?QQ MD RFC JM?B LCCBQ RM @C BGPCARJW
?@MTC RFC NCPQMLtQ LCAI TCPRC@P?C.
9.5 ,?CFB; &79>?D;I
9. 3AGQQMPQ ?PC JGIC ? BMS@JC-JCTCP QWQRCK. 7FGAF MD RFC QGKNJC K?AFGLCQ GL F?=KH; 9.23 ?LB F?=KH; 9.24 GQ KMQR ?L?JMEMSQ RM QAGQQMPQ?
10. 3SNNMQC WMS NSJJ ? L?GJ ?R ? AMLQR?LR P?RC SQGLE ? L?GJ NSJJCP ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 9.23. )Q RFC L?GJ NSJJCP GL COSGJG@PGSK? 7F?R GD WMS NSJJ RFC L?GJ
UGRF QMKC ?AACJCP?RGML q GQ RFC L?GJ NSJJCP GL COSGJG@PGSK RFCL? )L UFGAF A?QC GQ RFC DMPAC ?NNJGCB RM RFC L?GJ NSJJCP J?PECP ?LB UFW?
312 #(!04%2 9 Y 34!4)#3 !.$ 4/215%
11. 7FW ?PC RFC DMPACQ CVCPRCB ML RFC MSRQGBC UMPJB @W RFC JGK@Q MD MSP @MBGCQ SQS?JJW KSAF QK?JJCP RF?L RFC DMPACQ CVCPRCB @W KSQAJCQ GLQGBC RFC
@MBW?
12. %VNJ?GL UFW RFC DMPACQ GL MSP HMGLRQ ?PC QCTCP?J RGKCQ J?PECP RF?L RFC DMPACQ UC CVCPR ML RFC MSRQGBC UMPJB UGRF MSP JGK@Q. #?L RFCQC DMPACQ @C
CTCL EPC?RCP RF?L KSQAJC DMPACQ (QCC NPCTGMSQ 1SCQRGML)?
13. 7FW ?PC RFC DMPACQ CVCPRCB ML RFC MSRQGBC UMPJB @W RFC JGK@Q MD MSP @MBGCQ SQS?JJW KSAF QK?JJCP RF?L RFC DMPACQ CVCPRCB @W KSQAJCQ GLQGBC RFC
@MBW?
14. %VNJ?GL UFW RFC DMPACQ GL MSP HMGLRQ ?PC QCTCP?J RGKCQ J?PECP RF?L RFC DMPACQ UC CVCPR ML RFC MSRQGBC UMPJB UGRF MSP JGK@Q. #?L RFCQC DMPACQ @C
CTCL EPC?RCP RF?L KSQAJC DMPACQ?
15. #CPR?GL RWNCQ MD BGLMQ?SPQ UCPC @GNCB?J (U?JICB ML RUM JCEQ). 7F?R GQ ? EMMB PC?QML RF?R RFCQC APC?RSPCQ GLT?PG?@JW F?B JMLE R?GJQ GD RFCW F?B JMLE
LCAIQ?
16. 3UGKKCPQ ?LB ?RFJCRCQ BSPGLE AMKNCRGRGML LCCB RM EM RFPMSEF ACPR?GL NMQRSPCQ ?R RFC @CEGLLGLE MD RFC P?AC. #MLQGBCP RFC @?J?LAC MD RFC NCPQML
?LB UFW QR?PR-MDDQ ?PC QM GKNMPR?LR DMP P?ACQ.
17. )D RFC K?VGKSK DMPAC RFC @GACNQ KSQAJC A?L CVCPR GQ 1000 ., A?L UC NGAI SN ?L M@HCAR RF?R UCGEFQ 1000 .? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP.
18. 3SNNMQC RFC @GACNQ KSQAJC U?Q ?RR?AFCB RFPMSEF RCLBMLQ RM RFC SNNCP ?PK AJMQC RM RFC CJ@MU ?LB RFC DMPC?PK LC?P RFC UPGQR. 7F?R UMSJB @C RFC
?BT?LR?ECQ ?LB BGQ?BT?LR?ECQ MD RFGQ RWNC MD AMLQRPSARGML DMP RFC KMRGML MD RFC ?PK?
19. %VNJ?GL MLC MD RFC PC?QMLQ UFW NPCEL?LR UMKCL MDRCL QSDDCP DPMK @?AI QRP?GL J?RC GL RFCGP NPCEL?LAW.
#(!04%2 9 Y 34!4)#3 !.$ 4/215% 313
20. (?) 7FCL MNCLGLE ? BMMP, WMS NSQF ML GR NCPNCLBGASJ?PJW UGRF ? DMPAC
MD 55.0 . ?R ? BGQR?LAC MD 0.850K DPMK RFC FGLECQ. 7F?R RMPOSC ?PC WMS
CVCPRGLE PCJ?RGTC RM RFC FGLECQ? (@) $MCQ GR K?RRCP GD WMS NSQF ?R RFC Q?KC
FCGEFR ?Q RFC FGLECQ?
21. 7FCL RGEFRCLGLE ? @MJR, WMS NSQF NCPNCLBGASJ?PJW ML ? UPCLAF UGRF ?
DMPAC MD 165 . ?R ? BGQR?LAC MD 0.140 K DPMK RFC ACLRCP MD RFC @MJR. (?)
(MU KSAF RMPOSC ?PC WMS CVCPRGLE GL LCURML a KCRCPQ (PCJ?RGTC RM RFC
ACLRCP MD RFC @MJR)? (@) #MLTCPR RFGQ RMPOSC RM DMMRNMSLBQ.
22. 4UM AFGJBPCL NSQF ML MNNMQGRC QGBCQ MD ? BMMP BSPGLE NJ?W. "MRF NSQF
FMPGXMLR?JJW ?LB NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC BMMP. /LC AFGJB NSQFCQ UGRF ? DMPAC
MD 17.5 . ?R ? BGQR?LAC MD 0.600 K DPMK RFC FGLECQ, ?LB RFC QCAMLB AFGJB
NSQFCQ ?R ? BGQR?LAC MD 0.450 K. 7F?R DMPAC KSQR RFC QCAMLB AFGJB CVCPR
RM ICCN RFC BMMP DPMK KMTGLE? !QQSKC DPGARGML GQ LCEJGEG@JC.
23. 5QC RFC QCAMLB AMLBGRGML DMP COSGJG@PGSK (net = 0) RM A?JASJ?RC
F
p
GL EN7CFB; 9.1, CKNJMWGLE ?LW B?R? EGTCL MP QMJTCB DMP GL N?PR (?) MD
RFC CV?KNJC.
24. 2CNC?R RFC QCCQ?U NPM@JCK GL EN7CFB; 9.1 UGRF RFC ACLRCP MD K?QQ
MD RFC QCCQ?U 0.160 K RM RFC JCDR MD RFC NGTMR (ML RFC QGBC MD RFC JGEFRCP
AFGJB) ?LB ?QQSKGLE ? K?QQ MD 12.0 IE DMP RFC QCCQ?U. 4FC MRFCP B?R?
EGTCL GL RFC CV?KNJC PCK?GL SLAF?LECB. %VNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU
RFC QRCNQ GL RFC 0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE 3RP?RCEW DMP QR?RGA COSGJG@PGSK.
9.3 ,J78?B?JO
25. 3SNNMQC ? FMPQC JC?LQ ?E?GLQR ? U?JJ ?Q GL F?=KH; 9.31. #?JASJ?RC
RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB ML RFC U?JJ ?QQSKGLE RF?R DMPAC GQ FMPGXMLR?J UFGJC SQGLE
RFC B?R? GL RFC QAFCK?RGA PCNPCQCLR?RGML MD RFC QGRS?RGML. .MRC RF?R RFC
DMPAC CVCPRCB ML RFC U?JJ GQ COS?J ?LB MNNMQGRC RM RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB ML
RFC FMPQC, ICCNGLE GR GL COSGJG@PGSK. 4FC RMR?J K?QQ MD RFC FMPQC ?LB PGBCP
GQ 500 IE. 4?IC RFC B?R? RM @C ?AASP?RC RM RFPCC BGEGRQ.
F?=KH; 9.31
26. 4UM AFGJBPCL MD K?QQ 20 IE ?LB 30 IE QGR @?J?LACB ML ? QCCQ?U UGRF
RFC NGTMR NMGLR JMA?RCB ?R RFC ACLRCP MD RFC QCCQ?U. )D RFC AFGJBPCL ?PC
QCN?P?RCB @W ? BGQR?LAC MD 3 K, ?R UF?R BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC NGTMR NMGLR GQ
RFC QK?JJ AFGJB QGRRGLE GL MPBCP RM K?GLR?GL RFC @?J?LAC?
27. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD RFC DMPAC ML C?AF DMMR MD
RFC FMPQC GL F?=KH; 9.31 (RUM ?PC ML RFC EPMSLB), ?QQSKGLE RFC ACLRCP MD
K?QQ MD RFC FMPQC GQ KGBU?W @CRUCCL RFC DCCR. 4FC RMR?J K?QQ MD RFC
FMPQC ?LB PGBCP GQ 500IE. (@) 7F?R GQ RFC KGLGKSK AMCDDGAGCLR MD DPGARGML
@CRUCCL RFC FMMTCQ ?LB EPMSLB? .MRC RF?R RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB @W RFC U?JJ
GQ FMPGXMLR?J.
28. ! NCPQML A?PPGCQ ? NJ?LI MD UMMB 2 K JMLE UGRF MLC F?LB NSQFGLE
BMUL ML GR ?R MLC CLB UGRF ? DMPAC F
1
?LB RFC MRFCP F?LB FMJBGLE GR SN ?R
50 AK DPMK RFC CLB MD RFC NJ?LI UGRF DMPAC F
2
. )D RFC NJ?LI F?Q ? K?QQ
MD 20 IE ?LB GRQ ACLRCP MD EP?TGRW GQ ?R RFC KGBBJC MD RFC NJ?LI, UF?R ?PC
RFC DMPACQ F
1
?LB F
2
?
29. ! 17.0-K-FGEF ?LB 11.0-K-JMLE U?JJ SLBCP AMLQRPSARGML ?LB GRQ
@P?AGLE ?PC QFMUL GL F?=KH; 9.32. 4FC U?JJ GQ GL QR?@JC COSGJG@PGSK
UGRFMSR RFC @P?AGLE @SR A?L NGTMR ?R GRQ @?QC. #?JASJ?RC RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB
@W C?AF MD RFC 10 @P?ACQ GD ? QRPMLE UGLB CVCPRQ ? FMPGXMLR?J DMPAC MD 650
. ML C?AF QOS?PC KCRCP MD RFC U?JJ. !QQSKC RF?R RFC LCR DMPAC DPMK RFC
UGLB ?ARQ ?R ? FCGEFR F?JDU?W SN RFC U?JJ ?LB RF?R ?JJ @P?ACQ CVCPR COS?J
DMPACQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFCGP JCLERFQ. .CEJCAR RFC RFGAILCQQ MD RFC U?JJ.
F?=KH; 9.32
30. (?) 7F?R DMPAC KSQR @C CVCPRCB @W RFC UGLB RM QSNNMPR ? 2.50-IE
AFGAICL GL RFC NMQGRGML QFMUL GL F?=KH; 9.33? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC P?RGM MD RFGQ
DMPAC RM RFC AFGAICLtQ UCGEFR? (A) $MCQ RFGQ QSNNMPR RFC AMLRCLRGML RF?R
RFC AFGAICL F?Q ? PCJ?RGTCJW QR?@JC AMLQRPSARGML?
F?=KH; 9.33
31. 3SNNMQC RFC UCGEFR MD RFC BP?U@PGBEC GL F?=KH; 9.34 GQ QSNNMPRCB
CLRGPCJW @W GRQ FGLECQ ?LB RFC MNNMQGRC QFMPC, QM RF?R GRQ A?@JCQ ?PC QJ?AI.
(?) 7F?R DP?ARGML MD RFC UCGEFR GQ QSNNMPRCB @W RFC MNNMQGRC QFMPC GD RFC
NMGLR MD QSNNMPR GQ BGPCARJW @CLC?RF RFC A?@JC ?RR?AFKCLRQ? (@) 7F?R GQ
RFC BGPCARGML ?LB K?ELGRSBC MD RFC DMPAC RFC FGLECQ CVCPR ML RFC @PGBEC
SLBCP RFCQC AGPASKQR?LACQ? 4FC K?QQ MD RFC @PGBEC GQ 2500 IE.
F?=KH; 9.34 ! QK?JJ BP?U@PGBEC, QFMUGLE RFC DMPACQ ML RFC FGLECQ ( F ), GRQ UCGEFR (
w), ?LB RFC RCLQGML GL GRQ UGPCQ ( T ).
32. 3SNNMQC ? 900-IE A?P GQ ML RFC @PGBEC GL F?=KH; 9.34 UGRF GRQ ACLRCP
MD K?QQ F?JDU?W @CRUCCL RFC FGLECQ ?LB RFC A?@JC ?RR?AFKCLRQ. (4FC
@PGBEC GQ QSNNMPRCB @W RFC A?@JCQ ?LB FGLECQ MLJW.) (?) &GLB RFC DMPAC GL
RFC A?@JCQ. (@) &GLB RFC BGPCARGML ?LB K?ELGRSBC MD RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB @W
RFC FGLECQ ML RFC @PGBEC.
33. ! Q?LBUGAF @M?PB ?BTCPRGQGLE QGEL GQ AMLQRPSARCB ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH;
9.35. 4FC QGELtQ K?QQ GQ 8.00 IE. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC RCLQGML GL RFC AF?GL
314 #(!04%2 9 Y 34!4)#3 !.$ 4/215%
?QQSKGLE LM DPGARGML @CRUCCL RFC JCEQ ?LB RFC QGBCU?JI. (@) 7F?R DMPAC GQ
CVCPRCB @W C?AF QGBC ML RFC FGLEC?
F?=KH; 9.35 ! Q?LBUGAF @M?PB ?BTCPRGQGLE QGEL BCKMLQRP?RCQ RCLQGML.
34. (?) 7F?R KGLGKSK AMCDDGAGCLR MD DPGARGML GQ LCCBCB @CRUCCL RFC JCEQ
?LB RFC EPMSLB RM ICCN RFC QGEL GL F?=KH; 9.35 GL RFC NMQGRGML QFMUL GD
RFC AF?GL @PC?IQ? (@) 7F?R DMPAC GQ CVCPRCB @W C?AF QGBC ML RFC FGLEC?
35. ! EWKL?QR GQ ?RRCKNRGLE RM NCPDMPK QNJGRQ. &PMK RFC GLDMPK?RGML EGTCL
GL F?=KH; 9.36, A?JASJ?RC RFC K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB
ML C?AF DMMR @W RFC DJMMP.
F?=KH; 9.36 ! EWKL?QR NCPDMPKQ DSJJ QNJGR. 4FC ACLRCP MD EP?TGRW ?LB RFC T?PGMSQ
BGQR?LACQ DPMK GR ?PC QFMUL.
9.4 AFFB?97J?EDI E< ,J7J?9I, "D9BK:?D= )HE8B;C-,EBL?D=
,JH7J;=?;I
36. 4M ECR SN ML RFC PMMD, ? NCPQML (K?QQ 70.0 IE) NJ?ACQ ? 6.00-K
?JSKGLSK J?BBCP (K?QQ 10.0 IE) ?E?GLQR RFC FMSQC ML ? AMLAPCRC N?B
UGRF RFC @?QC MD RFC J?BBCP 2.00 K DPMK RFC FMSQC. 4FC J?BBCP PCQRQ
?E?GLQR ? NJ?QRGA P?GL ESRRCP, UFGAF UC A?L ?QQSKC RM @C DPGARGMLJCQQ. 4FC
ACLRCP MD K?QQ MD RFC J?BBCP GQ 2 K DPMK RFC @MRRMK. 4FC NCPQML GQ
QR?LBGLE 3 K DPMK RFC @MRRMK. 7F?R ?PC RFC K?ELGRSBCQ MD RFC DMPACQ ML
RFC J?BBCP ?R RFC RMN ?LB @MRRMK?
37. )L F?=KH; 9.21, RFC AE MD RFC NMJC FCJB @W RFC NMJC T?SJRCP GQ 2.00 K
DPMK RFC JCDR F?LB, ?LB RFC F?LBQ ?PC 0.700 K ?N?PR. #?JASJ?RC RFC DMPAC
CVCPRCB @W (?) FGQ PGEFR F?LB ?LB (@) FGQ JCDR F?LB. (A) )D C?AF F?LB
QSNNMPRQ F?JD RFC UCGEFR MD RFC NMJC GL F?=KH; 9.19, QFMU RF?R RFC QCAMLB
AMLBGRGML DMP COSGJG@PGSK (net = 0) GQ Q?RGQDGCB DMP ? NGTMR MRFCP RF?L
RFC MLC JMA?RCB ?R RFC ACLRCP MD EP?TGRW MD RFC NMJC. %VNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU
WMS DMJJMU RFC QRCNQ GL RFC 0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE 3RP?RCEW DMP QR?RGA COSGJG@PGSK
BCQAPG@CB ?@MTC.
9.5 ,?CFB; &79>?D;I
38. 7F?R GQ RFC KCAF?LGA?J ?BT?LR?EC MD ? L?GJ NSJJCPrQGKGJ?P RM RFC MLC
QFMUL GL F?=KH; 9.23 rUFCPC WMS CVCPR ? DMPAC 45 cm DPMK RFC NGTMR
?LB RFC L?GJ GQ 1.8 cm ML RFC MRFCP QGBC? 7F?R KGLGKSK DMPAC KSQR WMS
CVCPR RM ?NNJW ? DMPAC MD 1250 N RM RFC L?GJ?
39. 3SNNMQC WMS LCCBCB RM P?GQC ? 250-IE KMUCP ? BGQR?LAC MD 6.0 AK
?@MTC RFC EPMSLB RM AF?LEC ? RGPC. )D WMS F?B ? 2.0-K JMLE JCTCP, UFCPC
UMSJB WMS NJ?AC RFC DSJAPSK GD WMSP DMPAC U?Q JGKGRCB RM 300 .?
40. ?) 7F?R GQ RFC KCAF?LGA?J ?BT?LR?EC MD ? UFCCJ@?PPMU, QSAF ?Q RFC
MLC GL F?=KH; 9.24, GD RFC ACLRCP MD EP?TGRW MD RFC UFCCJ@?PPMU ?LB GRQ JM?B
F?Q ? NCPNCLBGASJ?P JCTCP ?PK MD 5.50 AK, UFGJC RFC F?LBQ F?TC ?
NCPNCLBGASJ?P JCTCP ?PK MD 1.02 K? (@) 7F?R SNU?PB DMPAC QFMSJB WMS
CVCPR RM QSNNMPR RFC UFCCJ@?PPMU ?LB GRQ JM?B GD RFCGP AMK@GLCB K?QQ GQ
55.0 IE? (A) 7F?R DMPAC BMCQ RFC UFCCJ CVCPR ML RFC EPMSLB?
41. ! RWNGA?J A?P F?Q ?L ?VJC UGRF 1.10 cm P?BGSQ BPGTGLE ? RGPC UGRF ?
P?BGSQ MD 27.5 cm. 7F?R GQ GRQ KCAF?LGA?J ?BT?LR?EC ?QQSKGLE RFC TCPW
QGKNJGDGCB KMBCJ GL F?=KH; 9.25(@)?
42. 7F?R DMPAC BMCQ RFC L?GJ NSJJCP GL EN;H9?I; 9.38 CVCPR ML RFC
QSNNMPRGLE QSPD?AC? 4FC L?GJ NSJJCP F?Q ? K?QQ MD 2.10 IE.
43. )D WMS SQCB ?L GBC?J NSJJCW MD RFC RWNC QFMUL GL F?=KH; 9.26(?) RM
QSNNMPR ? A?P CLEGLC MD K?QQ 115 kg , (?) 7F?R UMSJB @C RFC RCLQGML GL
RFC PMNC? (@) 7F?R DMPAC KSQR RFC ACGJGLE QSNNJW, ?QQSKGLE WMS NSJJ
QRP?GEFR BMUL ML RFC PMNC? .CEJCAR RFC NSJJCW QWQRCKtQ K?QQ.
44. 2CNC?R EN;H9?I; 9.43 DMP RFC NSJJCW QFMUL GL F?=KH; 9.26(A),
?QQSKGLE WMS NSJJ QRP?GEFR SN ML RFC PMNC. 4FC NSJJCW QWQRCKtQ K?QQ GQ
7.00 kg .
45. 6CPGDW RF?R RFC DMPAC GL RFC CJ@MU HMGLR GL EN7CFB; 9.4 GQ 407 ., ?Q
QR?RCB GL RFC RCVR.
46. 4UM KSQAJCQ GL RFC @?AI MD RFC JCE NSJJ ML RFC !AFGJJCQ RCLBML ?Q
QFMUL GL F?=KH; 9.37. 7F?R RMR?J DMPAC BM RFCW CVCPR?
F?=KH; 9.37 4FC !AFGJJCQ RCLBML MD RFC NMQRCPGMP JCE QCPTCQ RM ?RR?AF NJ?LR?PGQ,
E?QRPMALCKGSQ, ?LB QMJCSQ KSQAJCQ RM A?JA?LCSQ @MLC.
47. 4FC SNNCP JCE KSQAJC (OS?BPGACNQ) CVCPRQ ? DMPAC MD 1250 ., UFGAF GQ
A?PPGCB @W ? RCLBML MTCP RFC ILCCA?N (RFC N?RCJJ?) ?R RFC ?LEJCQ QFMUL GL
F?=KH; 9.38. &GLB RFC BGPCARGML ?LB K?ELGRSBC MD RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB @W RFC
ILCCA?N ML RFC SNNCP JCE @MLC (RFC DCKSP).
#(!04%2 9 Y 34!4)#3 !.$ 4/215% 315
F?=KH; 9.38 4FC ILCC HMGLR UMPIQ JGIC ? FGLEC RM @CLB ?LB QRP?GEFRCL RFC JMUCP JCE. )R
NCPKGRQ ? NCPQML RM QGR, QR?LB, ?LB NGTMR.
48. ! BCTGAC DMP CVCPAGQGLE RFC SNNCP JCE KSQAJC GQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 9.39,
RMECRFCP UGRF ? QAFCK?RGA PCNPCQCLR?RGML MD ?L COSGT?JCLR JCTCP QWQRCK.
#?JASJ?RC RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB @W RFC SNNCP JCE KSQAJC RM JGDR RFC K?QQ ?R ?
AMLQR?LR QNCCB. %VNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU RFC QRCNQ GL RFC 0PM@JCK-
3MJTGLE 3RP?RCEW DMP QR?RGA COSGJG@PGSK GL AFFB?97J?EDI E< ,J7J?IJ?9I,
"D9BK:?D= )HE8B;C-,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=?;I.
F?=KH; 9.39 ! K?QQ GQ AMLLCARCB @W NSJJCWQ ?LB UGPCQ RM RFC ?LIJC GL RFGQ CVCPAGQC
BCTGAC.
49. ! NCPQML UMPIGLE ?R ? BP?DRGLE @M?PB K?W FMJB FCP FC?B ?Q QFMUL GL
F?=KH; 9.40, PCOSGPGLE KSQAJC ?ARGML RM QSNNMPR RFC FC?B. 4FC RFPCC
K?HMP ?ARGLE DMPACQ ?PC QFMUL. #?JASJ?RC RFC BGPCARGML ?LB K?ELGRSBC MD
RFC DMPAC QSNNJGCB @W RFC SNNCP TCPRC@P?C F
V
RM FMJB RFC FC?B
QR?RGML?PW, ?QQSKGLE RF?R RFGQ DMPAC ?ARQ ?JMLE ? JGLC RFPMSEF RFC ACLRCP MD
K?QQ ?Q BM RFC UCGEFR ?LB KSQAJC DMPAC.
F?=KH; 9.40
50. 7C ?L?JWXCB RFC @GACNQ KSQAJC CV?KNJC UGRF RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL
DMPC?PK ?LB SNNCP ?PK QCR ?R 90 . 5QGLE RFC Q?KC LSK@CPQ ?Q GL
EN7CFB; 9.4, DGLB RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB @W RFC @GACNQ KSQAJC UFCL RFC ?LEJC
GQ 120 ?LB RFC DMPC?PK GQ GL ? BMULU?PB NMQGRGML.
51. %TCL UFCL RFC FC?B GQ FCJB CPCAR, ?Q GL F?=KH; 9.41, GRQ ACLRCP MD
K?QQ GQ LMR BGPCARJW MTCP RFC NPGLAGN?J NMGLR MD QSNNMPR (RFC ?RJ?LRM-
MAAGNGR?J HMGLR). 4FC KSQAJCQ ?R RFC @?AI MD RFC LCAI QFMSJB RFCPCDMPC
CVCPR ? DMPAC RM ICCN RFC FC?B CPCAR. 4F?R GQ UFW WMSP FC?B D?JJQ DMPU?PB
UFCL WMS D?JJ ?QJCCN GL RFC AJ?QQ. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB @W RFCQC
KSQAJCQ SQGLE RFC GLDMPK?RGML GL RFC DGESPC. (@) 7F?R GQ RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB
@W RFC NGTMR ML RFC FC?B?
F?=KH; 9.41 4FC ACLRCP MD K?QQ MD RFC FC?B JGCQ GL DPMLR MD GRQ K?HMP NMGLR MD QSNNMPR,
PCOSGPGLE KSQAJC ?ARGML RM FMJB RFC FC?B CPCAR. ! QGKNJGDGCB JCTCP QWQRCK GQ QFMUL.
52. ! 75-IE K?L QR?LBQ ML FGQ RMCQ @W CVCPRGLE ?L SNU?PB DMPAC RFPMSEF
RFC !AFGJJCQ RCLBML, ?Q GL F?=KH; 9.42. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC DMPAC GL RFC
!AFGJJCQ RCLBML GD FC QR?LBQ ML MLC DMMR? (@) #?JASJ?RC RFC DMPAC ?R RFC
NGTMR MD RFC QGKNJGDGCB JCTCP QWQRCK QFMULrRF?R DMPAC GQ PCNPCQCLR?RGTC MD
DMPACQ GL RFC ?LIJC HMGLR.
316 #(!04%2 9 Y 34!4)#3 !.$ 4/215%
F?=KH; 9.42 4FC KSQAJCQ GL RFC @?AI MD RFC JCE NSJJ RFC !AFGJJCQ RCLBML UFCL MLC
QR?LBQ ML MLCtQ RMCQ. ! QGKNJGDGCB JCTCP QWQRCK GQ QFMUL.
53. ! D?RFCP JGDRQ FGQ AFGJB ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 9.43. 7F?R DMPAC QFMSJB RFC
SNNCP JCE KSQAJC CVCPR RM JGDR RFC AFGJB ?R ? AMLQR?LR QNCCB?
F?=KH; 9.43 ! AFGJB @CGLE JGDRCB @W ? D?RFCPtQ JMUCP JCE.
54. 5LJGIC KMQR MD RFC MRFCP KSQAJCQ GL MSP @MBGCQ, RFC K?QQCRCP KSQAJC
GL RFC H?U, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 9.44, GQ ?RR?AFCB PCJ?RGTCJW D?P DPMK RFC
HMGLR, CL?@JGLE J?PEC DMPACQ RM @C CVCPRCB @W RFC @?AI RCCRF. (?) 5QGLE RFC
GLDMPK?RGML GL RFC DGESPC, A?JASJ?RC RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB @W RFC RCCRF ML RFC
@SJJCR. (@) #?JASJ?RC RFC DMPAC ML RFC HMGLR.
F?=KH; 9.44 ! NCPQML AJCLAFGLE ? @SJJCR @CRUCCL FGQ RCCRF.
3SNNMQC UC PCNJ?AC RFC 4.0-IE @MMI GL EN;H9?I; 9.50 MD RFC @GACNQ
KSQAJC UGRF ?L CJ?QRGA CVCPAGQC PMNC RF?R M@CWQ (MMICtQ ,?U. !QQSKC GRQ
DMPAC AMLQR?LR k = 600 N/m. (?) (MU KSAF GQ RFC PMNC QRPCRAFCB (N?QR
COSGJG@PGSK) RM NPMTGBC RFC Q?KC DMPAC F
B
?Q GL RFGQ CV?KNJC? !QQSKC
RFC PMNC GQ FCJB GL RFC F?LB ?R RFC Q?KC JMA?RGML ?Q RFC @MMI. (@) 7F?R
DMPAC GQ ML RFC @GACNQ KSQAJC GD RFC CVCPAGQC PMNC GQ NSJJCB QRP?GEFR SN QM
RF?R RFC DMPC?PK K?ICQ ?L ?LEJC MD 25 UGRF RFC FMPGXMLR?J? !QQSKC RFC
@GACNQ KSQAJC GQ QRGJJ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC DMPC?PK.
56. (?) 7F?R DMPAC QFMSJB RFC UMK?L GL F?=KH; 9.45 CVCPR ML RFC DJMMP
UGRF C?AF F?LB RM BM ? NSQF-SN? !QQSKC RF?R QFC KMTCQ SN ?R ?
AMLQR?LR QNCCB. (@) 4FC RPGACNQ KSQAJC ?R RFC @?AI MD FCP SNNCP ?PK F?Q
?L CDDCARGTC JCTCP ?PK MD 1.75 AK, ?LB QFC CVCPRQ DMPAC ML RFC DJMMP ?R ?
FMPGXMLR?J BGQR?LAC MD 20.0 AK DPMK RFC CJ@MU HMGLR. #?JASJ?RC RFC
K?ELGRSBC MD RFC DMPAC GL C?AF RPGACNQ KSQAJC, ?LB AMKN?PC GR RM FCP
UCGEFR. (A) (MU KSAF UMPI BMCQ QFC BM GD FCP ACLRCP MD K?QQ PGQCQ 0.240
K? (B) 7F?R GQ FCP SQCDSJ NMUCP MSRNSR GD QFC BMCQ 25 NSQFSNQ GL MLC
KGLSRC?
F?=KH; 9.45 ! UMK?L BMGLE NSQFSNQ.
57. 9MS F?TC HSQR NJ?LRCB ? QRSPBW 2-K-R?JJ N?JK RPCC GL WMSP DPMLR J?UL DMP
WMSP KMRFCPtQ @GPRFB?W. 9MSP @PMRFCP IGAIQ ? 500 E @?JJ, UFGAF FGRQ RFC RMN
MD RFC RPCC ?R ? QNCCB MD 5 K/Q ?LB QR?WQ GL AMLR?AR UGRF GR DMP 10 KQ. 4FC
@?JJ D?JJQ RM RFC EPMSLB LC?P RFC @?QC MD RFC RPCC ?LB RFC PCAMGJ MD RFC RPCC
GQ KGLGK?J. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC DMPAC ML RFC RPCC? (@) 4FC JCLERF MD RFC QRSPBW
QCARGML MD RFC PMMR GQ MLJW 20 AK. &SPRFCPKMPC, RFC QMGJ ?PMSLB RFC PMMRQ GQ
JMMQC ?LB UC A?L ?QQSKC RF?R ?L CDDCARGTC DMPAC GQ ?NNJGCB ?R RFC RGN MD
RFC 20 AK JCLERF. 7F?R GQ RFC CDDCARGTC DMPAC CVCPRCB @W RFC CLB MD RFC RGN
MD RFC PMMR RM ICCN RFC RPCC DPMK RMNNJGLE? !QQSKC RFC RPCC UGJJ @C
SNPMMRCB P?RFCP RF?L @CLB. (A) 7F?R AMSJB WMS F?TC BMLC RM CLQSPC RF?R
RFC RPCC BMCQ LMR SNPMMR C?QGJW?
3SNNMQC RUM AFGJBPCL ?PC SQGLE ? SLGDMPK QCCQ?U RF?R GQ 3.00 K JMLE ?LB
F?Q GRQ ACLRCP MD K?QQ MTCP RFC NGTMR. 4FC DGPQR AFGJB F?Q ? K?QQ MD 30.0
IE ?LB QGRQ 1.40 K DPMK RFC NGTMR. (?) #?JASJ?RC UFCPC RFC QCAMLB 18.0 IE
AFGJB KSQR QGR RM @?J?LAC RFC QCCQ?U. (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFC
PCQSJR? (A) 7FGAF NPCKGQC GQ SLPC?QML?@JC, MP UFGAF NPCKGQCQ ?PC
GLAMLQGQRCLR?
#MLQGBCP ? KCRFMB DMP KC?QSPGLE RFC K?QQ MD ? NCPQMLtQ ?PK GL
?L?RMKGA?J QRSBGCQ. 4FC QS@HCAR JGCQ ML FCP @?AI, CVRCLBQ FCP PCJ?VCB
?PK RM RFC QGBC ?LB RUM QA?JCQ ?PC NJ?ACB @CJMU RFC ?PK. /LC GQ NJ?ACB
SLBCP RFC CJ@MU ?LB RFC MRFCP SLBCP RFC @?AI MD FCP F?LB. #MLQRPSAR ?
NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS A?JASJ?RC RFC K?QQ MD RFC ?PK ?LB DGLB GRQ ACLRCP MD
K?QQ @?QCB ML RFC QA?JC PC?BGLEQ ?LB RFC BGQR?LACQ MD RFC QA?JCQ DPMK
RFC QFMSJBCP HMGLR. 9MS KSQR GLAJSBC ? DPCC @MBW BG?EP?K MD RFC ?PK RM
BGPCAR RFC ?L?JWQGQ. #MLQGBCP AF?LEGLE RFC NMQGRGML MD RFC QA?JC SLBCP RFC
F?LB RM NPMTGBC KMPC GLDMPK?RGML, GD LCCBCB. 9MS K?W UGQF RM AMLQSJR
PCDCPCLACQ RM M@R?GL PC?QML?@JC K?QQ T?JSCQ.
#(!04%2 9 Y 34!4)#3 !.$ 4/215% 317
318 #(!04%2 9 Y 34!4)#3 !.$ 4/215%
10 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2
-/-%.45-
F?=KH; 10.1 4FC KCLRGML MD ? RMPL?BM AMLHSPCQ SN GK?ECQ MD P?U BCQRPSARGTC NMUCP. 4MPL?BMCQ @JMU FMSQCQ ?U?W ?Q GD RFCW UCPC K?BC MD N?NCP ?LB F?TC @CCL ILMUL RM
NGCPAC RPCC RPSLIQ UGRF NGCACQ MD QRP?U. 4FCW BCQACLB DPMK AJMSBQ GL DSLLCJ-JGIC QF?NCQ RF?R QNGL TGMJCLRJW, N?PRGASJ?PJW ?R RFC @MRRMK UFCPC RFCW ?PC KMQR L?PPMU, NPMBSAGLE
UGLBQ ?Q FGEF ?Q 500 IK/F. (APCBGR: $?NFLC :?P?Q, 5.3. .?RGML?J /AC?LGA ?LB !RKMQNFCPGA !BKGLGQRP?RGML)
,C?PLGLE /@HCARGTCQ
10.1. AD=KB7H A99;B;H7J?ED
10.2. $?D;C7J?9I E< +EJ7J?ED7B &EJ?ED
10.3. DOD7C?9I E< +EJ7J?ED7B &EJ?ED: +EJ7J?ED7B "D;HJ?7
10.4. +EJ7J?ED7B $?D;J?9 ED;H=O: 0EHA 7D: ED;H=O +;L?I?J;:
10.5. AD=KB7H &EC;DJKC 7D: "JI CEDI;HL7J?ED
10.6. CEBB?I?EDI E< ENJ;D:;: BE:?;I ?D -ME D?C;DI?EDI
10.7. OHEI9EF?9 E<<;9JI: /;9JEH AIF;9JI E< AD=KB7H &EC;DJKC
"DJHE:K9J?ED JE +EJ7J?ED7B &EJ?ED 7D: AD=KB7H &EC;DJKC
7FW BM RMPL?BMCQ QNGL ?R ?JJ? !LB UFW BM RMPL?BMQ QNGL QM P?NGBJW? 4FC ?LQUCP GQ RF?R ?GP K?QQCQ RF?R NPMBSAC RMPL?BMCQ ?PC RFCKQCJTCQ PMR?RGLE,
?LB UFCL RFC P?BGG MD RFC ?GP K?QQCQ BCAPC?QC, RFCGP P?RC MD PMR?RGML GLAPC?QCQ. !L GAC QI?RCP GLAPC?QCQ FCP QNGL GL ?L CV?ARJW ?L?JMEMSQ K?LLCP ?Q
QCCL GL F?=KH; 10.2. 4FC QI?RCP QR?PRQ FCP PMR?RGML UGRF MSRQRPCRAFCB JGK@Q ?LB GLAPC?QCQ FCP QNGL @W NSJJGLE RFCK GL RMU?PB FCP @MBW. 4FC Q?KC
NFWQGAQ BCQAPG@CQ RFC CVFGJ?P?RGLE QNGL MD ? QI?RCP ?LB RFC UPCLAFGLE DMPAC MD ? RMPL?BM.
#JC?PJW, DMPAC, CLCPEW, ?LB NMUCP ?PC ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF PMR?RGML?J KMRGML. 4FCQC ?LB MRFCP ?QNCARQ MD PMR?RGML?J KMRGML ?PC AMTCPCB GL RFGQ AF?NRCP. 7C
QF?JJ QCC RF?R ?JJ GKNMPR?LR ?QNCARQ MD PMR?RGML?J KMRGML CGRFCP F?TC ?JPC?BW @CCL BCDGLCB DMP JGLC?P KMRGML MP F?TC CV?AR ?L?JMEQ GL JGLC?P KMRGML.
&GPQR, UC JMMI ?R ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGMLrRFC PMR?RGML?J ?L?JME MD JGLC?P ?AACJCP?RGML.
#(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45- 319
F?=KH; 10.2 4FGQ DGESPC QI?RCP GLAPC?QCQ FCP P?RC MD QNGL @W NSJJGLE FCP ?PKQ ?LB FCP CVRCLBCB JCE AJMQCP RM FCP ?VGQ MD PMR?RGML. (APCBGR: ,SS, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
10.1 AD=KB7H A99;B;H7J?ED
.D?<EHC C?H9KB7H &EJ?ED 7D: H7L?J7J?ED BGQASQQCB MLJW SLGDMPK AGPASJ?P KMRGML, UFGAF GQ KMRGML GL ? AGPAJC ?R AMLQR?LR QNCCB ?LB, FCLAC, AMLQR?LR
?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW. 2CA?JJ RF?R ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW U?Q BCDGLCB ?Q RFC RGKC P?RC MD AF?LEC MD ?LEJC :
(10.1)
=

t
,
UFCPC GQ RFC ?LEJC MD PMR?RGML ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 10.3. 4FC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW ?LB JGLC?P TCJMAGRW v U?Q ?JQM BCDGLCB GL
+EJ7J?ED AD=B; 7D: AD=KB7H /;BE9?JO ?Q
(10.2) v = r
MP
(10.3)
=
v
r
,
UFCPC r GQ RFC P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC, ?JQM QCCL GL F?=KH; 10.3. !AAMPBGLE RM RFC QGEL AMLTCLRGML, RFC AMSLRCP AJMAIUGQC BGPCARGML GQ AMLQGBCPCB ?Q
NMQGRGTC BGPCARGML ?LB AJMAIUGQC BGPCARGML ?Q LCE?RGTC
F?=KH; 10.3 4FGQ DGESPC QFMUQ SLGDMPK AGPASJ?P KMRGML ?LB QMKC MD GRQ BCDGLCB OS?LRGRGCQ.
!LESJ?P TCJMAGRW GQ LMR AMLQR?LR UFCL ? QI?RCP NSJJQ GL FCP ?PKQ, UFCL ? AFGJB QR?PRQ SN ? KCPPW-EM-PMSLB DPMK PCQR, MP UFCL ? AMKNSRCPtQ F?PB BGQI
QJMUQ RM ? F?JR UFCL QUGRAFCB MDD. )L ?JJ RFCQC A?QCQ, RFCPC GQ ?L 7D=KB7H 799;B;H7J?ED, GL UFGAF AF?LECQ. 4FC D?QRCP RFC AF?LEC MAASPQ, RFC
EPC?RCP RFC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML. !LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML GQ BCDGLCB ?Q RFC P?RC MD AF?LEC MD ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW. )L COS?RGML DMPK, ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML GQ
CVNPCQQCB ?Q DMJJMUQ:
(10.4)
=

t
,
UFCPC GQ RFC 9>7D=; ?D 7D=KB7H L;BE9?JO ?LB t GQ RFC AF?LEC GL RGKC. 4FC SLGRQ MD ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML ?PC (rad/s)/s , MP rad/s
2
. )D
GLAPC?QCQ, RFCL GQ NMQGRGTC. )D BCAPC?QCQ, RFCL GQ LCE?RGTC.
EN7CFB; 10.1 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; AD=KB7H A99;B;H7J?ED 7D: D;9;B;H7J?ED E< 7 B?A; 0>;;B
3SNNMQC ? RCCL?ECP NSRQ FCP @GAWAJC ML GRQ @?AI ?LB QR?PRQ RFC PC?P UFCCJ QNGLLGLE DPMK PCQR RM ? DGL?J ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW MD 250 PNK GL 5.00 Q. (?)
#?JASJ?RC RFC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML GL rad/s
2
. (@) )D QFC LMU QJ?KQ ML RFC @P?ICQ, A?SQGLE ?L ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML MD 87.3 rad/s
2
, FMU JMLE
BMCQ GR R?IC RFC UFCCJ RM QRMN?
320 #(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45-
,JH7J;=O <EH (7)
4FC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML A?L @C DMSLB BGPCARJW DPMK GRQ BCDGLGRGML GL =

t
@CA?SQC RFC DGL?J ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW ?LB RGKC ?PC EGTCL. 7C QCC RF?R
GQ 250 PNK ?LB t GQ 5.00 Q.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
%LRCPGLE ILMUL GLDMPK?RGML GLRM RFC BCDGLGRGML MD ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML, UC ECR
(10.5)
=

t
=
250 rpm
5.00 s
.
"CA?SQC GQ GL PCTMJSRGMLQ NCP KGLSRC (PNK) ?LB UC U?LR RFC QR?LB?PB SLGRQ MD rad/s
2
DMP ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML, UC LCCB RM AMLTCPR
DPMK PNK RM P?B/Q:
(10.6)
= 250
rev
min

2 rad
rev

1 min
60 sec
= 26.2
rad
s
.
%LRCPGLE RFGQ OS?LRGRW GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP , UC ECR
(10.7)
=

t
=
26.2 rad/s
5.00 s
= 5.24 rad/s
2
.
,JH7J;=O <EH (8)
)L RFGQ N?PR, UC ILMU RFC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML ?LB RFC GLGRG?J ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW. 7C A?L DGLB RFC QRMNN?EC RGKC @W SQGLE RFC BCDGLGRGML MD ?LESJ?P
?AACJCP?RGML ?LB QMJTGLE DMP t , WGCJBGLE
(10.8)
t =

.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
(CPC RFC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW BCAPC?QCQ DPMK 26.2 rad/s (250 PNK) RM XCPM, QM RF?R GQ 26.2 rad/s , ?LB GQ EGTCL RM @C 87.3 rad/s
2
.
4FSQ,
(10.9)
t =
26.2 rad/s
87.3 rad/s
2
= 0.300 s.
D?I9KII?ED
.MRC RF?R RFC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML ?Q RFC EGPJ QNGLQ RFC UFCCJ GQ QK?JJ ?LB NMQGRGTC; GR R?ICQ 5 Q RM NPMBSAC ?L ?NNPCAG?@JC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW. 7FCL
QFC FGRQ RFC @P?IC, RFC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML GQ J?PEC ?LB LCE?RGTC. 4FC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW OSGAIJW EMCQ RM XCPM. )L @MRF A?QCQ, RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ ?PC
?L?JMEMSQ RM UF?R F?NNCLQ UGRF JGLC?P KMRGML. &MP CV?KNJC, RFCPC GQ ? J?PEC BCACJCP?RGML UFCL WMS AP?QF GLRM ? @PGAI U?JJrRFC TCJMAGRW AF?LEC
GQ J?PEC GL ? QFMPR RGKC GLRCPT?J.
)D RFC @GAWAJC GL RFC NPCACBGLE CV?KNJC F?B @CCL ML GRQ UFCCJQ GLQRC?B MD SNQGBC-BMUL, GR UMSJB DGPQR F?TC ?AACJCP?RCB ?JMLE RFC EPMSLB ?LB RFCL
AMKC RM ? QRMN. 4FGQ AMLLCARGML @CRUCCL AGPASJ?P KMRGML ?LB JGLC?P KMRGML LCCBQ RM @C CVNJMPCB. &MP CV?KNJC, GR UMSJB @C SQCDSJ RM ILMU FMU JGLC?P
?LB ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML ?PC PCJ?RCB. )L AGPASJ?P KMRGML, JGLC?P ?AACJCP?RGML GQ G4A:8AG RM RFC AGPAJC ?R RFC NMGLR MD GLRCPCQR, ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 10.4.
4FSQ, JGLC?P ?AACJCP?RGML GQ A?JJCB J7D=;DJ?7B 799;B;H7J?ED a
t
.
#(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45- 321
F?=KH; 10.4 )L AGPASJ?P KMRGML, JGLC?P ?AACJCP?RGML a , MAASPQ ?Q RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC TCJMAGRW AF?LECQ: a GQ R?LECLR RM RFC KMRGML. )L RFC AMLRCVR MD AGPASJ?P KMRGML, JGLC?P
?AACJCP?RGML GQ ?JQM A?JJCB R?LECLRG?J ?AACJCP?RGML a
t
.
,GLC?P MP R?LECLRG?J ?AACJCP?RGML PCDCPQ RM AF?LECQ GL RFC K?ELGRSBC MD TCJMAGRW @SR LMR GRQ BGPCARGML. 7C ILMU DPMK .D?<EHC C?H9KB7H &EJ?ED 7D:
H7L?J7J?ED RF?R GL AGPASJ?P KMRGML ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML, a
c
, PCDCPQ RM AF?LECQ GL RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC TCJMAGRW @SR LMR GRQ K?ELGRSBC. !L M@HCAR
SLBCPEMGLE AGPASJ?P KMRGML CVNCPGCLACQ ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML, ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 10.5. 4FSQ, a
t
?LB a
c
?PC NCPNCLBGASJ?P ?LB GLBCNCLBCLR MD
MLC ?LMRFCP. 4?LECLRG?J ?AACJCP?RGML a
t
GQ BGPCARJW PCJ?RCB RM RFC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML ?LB GQ JGLICB RM ?L GLAPC?QC MP BCAPC?QC GL RFC TCJMAGRW, @SR
LMR GRQ BGPCARGML.
F?=KH; 10.5 #CLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML a
c
MAASPQ ?Q RFC BGPCARGML MD TCJMAGRW AF?LECQ; GR GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC AGPASJ?P KMRGML. #CLRPGNCR?J ?LB R?LECLRG?J ?AACJCP?RGML ?PC RFSQ
NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM C?AF MRFCP.
.MU UC A?L DGLB RFC CV?AR PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL JGLC?P ?AACJCP?RGML a
t
?LB ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML . "CA?SQC JGLC?P ?AACJCP?RGML GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM ?
AF?LEC GL RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC TCJMAGRW, GR GQ BCDGLCB (?Q GR U?Q GL (D;-D?C;DI?ED7B $?D;C7J?9I) RM @C
(10.10)
a
t
=
v
t
.
&MP AGPASJ?P KMRGML, LMRC RF?R v = r, QM RF?R
(10.11)
a
t
=
(r)
t
.
4FC P?BGSQ r GQ AMLQR?LR DMP AGPASJ?P KMRGML, ?LB QM (r) = r() . 4FSQ,
(10.12)
a
t
= r
t
.
"W BCDGLGRGML, =

t
. 4FSQ,
(10.13) a
t
= r,
MP
(10.14)
=
a
t
r
.
4FCQC COS?RGMLQ KC?L RF?R JGLC?P ?AACJCP?RGML ?LB ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML ?PC BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J. 4FC EPC?RCP RFC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML GQ, RFC J?PECP
RFC JGLC?P (R?LECLRG?J) ?AACJCP?RGML GQ, ?LB TGAC TCPQ?. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC EPC?RCP RFC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML MD ? A?PtQ BPGTC UFCCJQ, RFC EPC?RCP RFC
?AACJCP?RGML MD RFC A?P. 4FC P?BGSQ ?JQM K?RRCPQ. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC QK?JJCP ? UFCCJ, RFC QK?JJCP GRQ JGLC?P ?AACJCP?RGML DMP ? EGTCL ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML
.
322 #(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45-
EN7CFB; 10.2 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; AD=KB7H A99;B;H7J?ED E< 7 &EJEH9O9B; 0>;;B
! NMUCPDSJ KMRMPAWAJC A?L ?AACJCP?RC DPMK 0 RM 30.0 K/Q (?@MSR 108 IK/F) GL 4.20 Q. 7F?R GQ RFC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML MD GRQ 0.320-K-P?BGSQ
UFCCJQ? (3CC F?=KH; 10.6.)
F?=KH; 10.6 4FC JGLC?P ?AACJCP?RGML MD ? KMRMPAWAJC GQ ?AAMKN?LGCB @W ?L ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML MD GRQ UFCCJQ.
,JH7J;=O
7C ?PC EGTCL GLDMPK?RGML ?@MSR RFC JGLC?P TCJMAGRGCQ MD RFC KMRMPAWAJC. 4FSQ, UC A?L DGLB GRQ JGLC?P ?AACJCP?RGML a
t
. 4FCL, RFC CVNPCQQGML
=
a
t
r
A?L @C SQCB RM DGLB RFC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML.
,EBKJ?ED
4FC JGLC?P ?AACJCP?RGML GQ
(10.15)
a
t
=
v
t
=
30.0 m/s
4.20 s
= 7.14 m/s
2
.
7C ?JQM ILMU RFC P?BGSQ MD RFC UFCCJQ. %LRCPGLE RFC T?JSCQ DMP a
t
?LB r GLRM =
a
t
r
, UC ECR
(10.16)
=
a
t
r
=
7.14 m/s
2
0.320 m
= 22.3 rad/s
2
.
D?I9KII?ED
5LGRQ MD P?BG?LQ ?PC BGKCLQGMLJCQQ ?LB ?NNC?P GL ?LW PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL ?LESJ?P ?LB JGLC?P OS?LRGRGCQ.
3M D?P, UC F?TC BCDGLCB RFPCC PMR?RGML?J OS?LRGRGCQr , , ?LB . 4FCQC OS?LRGRGCQ ?PC ?L?JMEMSQ RM RFC RP?LQJ?RGML?J OS?LRGRGCQ x, v , ?LB a .
-78B; 10.1 BGQNJ?WQ PMR?RGML?J OS?LRGRGCQ, RFC ?L?JMEMSQ RP?LQJ?RGML?J OS?LRGRGCQ, ?LB RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ @CRUCCL RFCK.
4?@JC 10.1 2MR?RGML?J ?LB 4P?LQJ?RGML?J 1S?LRGRGCQ
+EJ7J?ED7B -H7DIB7J?ED7B +;B7J?EDI>?F
x =
x
r
v =
v
r
a =
a
t
r
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR
3GR BMUL UGRF WMSP DCCR ML RFC EPMSLB ML ? AF?GP RF?R PMR?RCQ. ,GDR MLC MD WMSP JCEQ QSAF RF?R GR GQ SL@CLR (QRP?GEFRCLCB MSR). 5QGLE RFC MRFCP JCE,
@CEGL RM PMR?RC WMSPQCJD @W NSQFGLE ML RFC EPMSLB. 3RMN SQGLE WMSP JCE RM NSQF RFC EPMSLB @SR ?JJMU RFC AF?GP RM PMR?RC. &PMK RFC MPGEGL UFCPC WMS
@CE?L, QICRAF RFC ?LEJC, ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW, ?LB ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML MD WMSP JCE ?Q ? DSLARGML MD RGKC GL RFC DMPK MD RFPCC QCN?P?RC EP?NFQ.
%QRGK?RC RFC K?ELGRSBCQ MD RFCQC OS?LRGRGCQ.
!LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML GQ ? TCARMP, F?TGLE @MRF K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML. (MU BM UC BCLMRC GRQ K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML? )JJSQRP?RC UGRF ?L CV?KNJC.
,EBKJ?ED
#(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45- 323
4FC K?ELGRSBC MD ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML GQ ?LB GRQ KMQR AMKKML SLGRQ ?PC rad/s
2
. 4FC BGPCARGML MD ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML ?JMLE ? DGVCB ?VGQ GQ
BCLMRCB @W ? + MP ? q QGEL, HSQR ?Q RFC BGPCARGML MD JGLC?P ?AACJCP?RGML GL MLC BGKCLQGML GQ BCLMRCB @W ? + MP ? q QGEL. &MP CV?KNJC, AMLQGBCP ?
EWKL?QR BMGLE ? DMPU?PB DJGN. (CP ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK UMSJB @C N?P?JJCJ RM RFC K?R ?LB RM FCP JCDR. 4FC K?ELGRSBC MD FCP ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML
UMSJB @C NPMNMPRGML?J RM FCP ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW (QNGL P?RC) ?LB FCP KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? ?@MSR FCP QNGL ?VGQ.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: ,?BW@SE 2CTMJSRGML
*MGL RFC J?BW@SE GL ?L CVNJMP?RGML MD PMR?RGML?J KMRGML. 2MR?RC RFC KCPPW-EM-PMSLB RM AF?LEC GRQ ?LEJC, MP AFMMQC ? AMLQR?LR ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW MP
?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML. %VNJMPC FMU AGPASJ?P KMRGML PCJ?RCQ RM RFC @SE'Q V,W NMQGRGML, TCJMAGRW, ?LB ?AACJCP?RGML SQGLE TCARMPQ MP EP?NFQ.
F?=KH; 10.7 %7:O8K= +;LEBKJ?ED (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42177/1.4/HEJ7J?ED6;D.@7H)
10.2 $?D;C7J?9I E< +EJ7J?ED7B &EJ?ED
*SQR @W SQGLE MSP GLRSGRGML, UC A?L @CEGL RM QCC FMU PMR?RGML?J OS?LRGRGCQ JGIC , , ?LB ?PC PCJ?RCB RM MLC ?LMRFCP. &MP CV?KNJC, GD ? KMRMPAWAJC
UFCCJ F?Q ? J?PEC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML DMP ? D?GPJW JMLE RGKC, GR CLBQ SN QNGLLGLE P?NGBJW ?LB PMR?RCQ RFPMSEF K?LW PCTMJSRGMLQ. )L KMPC RCAFLGA?J
RCPKQ, GD RFC UFCCJtQ ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML GQ J?PEC DMP ? JMLE NCPGMB MD RGKC t , RFCL RFC DGL?J ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW ?LB ?LEJC MD PMR?RGML ?PC J?PEC.
4FC UFCCJtQ PMR?RGML?J KMRGML GQ CV?ARJW ?L?JMEMSQ RM RFC D?AR RF?R RFC KMRMPAWAJCtQ J?PEC RP?LQJ?RGML?J ?AACJCP?RGML NPMBSACQ ? J?PEC DGL?J TCJMAGRW, ?LB
RFC BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB UGJJ ?JQM @C J?PEC.
+GLCK?RGAQ GQ RFC BCQAPGNRGML MD KMRGML. 4FC A?D;C7J?9I E< HEJ7J?ED7B CEJ?ED BCQAPG@CQ RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ ?KMLE PMR?RGML ?LEJC, ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW,
?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML, ?LB RGKC. ,CR SQ QR?PR @W DGLBGLE ?L COS?RGML PCJ?RGLE , , ?LB t . 4M BCRCPKGLC RFGQ COS?RGML, UC PCA?JJ ? D?KGJG?P IGLCK?RGA
COS?RGML DMP RP?LQJ?RGML?J, MP QRP?GEFR-JGLC, KMRGML:
(10.17) v = v
0
+ at (constant a)
.MRC RF?R GL PMR?RGML?J KMRGML a = a
t
, ?LB UC QF?JJ SQC RFC QWK@MJ a DMP R?LECLRG?J MP JGLC?P ?AACJCP?RGML DPMK LMU ML. !Q GL JGLC?P IGLCK?RGAQ, UC
?QQSKC a GQ AMLQR?LR, UFGAF KC?LQ RF?R ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML GQ ?JQM ? AMLQR?LR, @CA?SQC a = r . .MU, JCR SQ QS@QRGRSRC v = r ?LB a = r
GLRM RFC JGLC?P COS?RGML ?@MTC:
(10.18) r = r
0
+ rt.
4FC P?BGSQ r A?LACJQ GL RFC COS?RGML, WGCJBGLE
(10.19) =
0
+ at (constant a),
UFCPC
0
GQ RFC GLGRG?J ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW. 4FGQ J?QR COS?RGML GQ ? ><A8@4G<6 E8?4G<BAF;<C ?KMLE , , ?LB t rRF?R GQ, GR BCQAPG@CQ RFCGP PCJ?RGMLQFGN
UGRFMSR PCDCPCLAC RM DMPACQ MP K?QQCQ RF?R K?W ?DDCAR PMR?RGML. )R GQ ?JQM NPCAGQCJW ?L?JMEMSQ GL DMPK RM GRQ RP?LQJ?RGML?J AMSLRCPN?PR.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ
+GLCK?RGAQ DMP PMR?RGML?J KMRGML GQ AMKNJCRCJW ?L?JMEMSQ RM RP?LQJ?RGML?J IGLCK?RGAQ, DGPQR NPCQCLRCB GL (D;-D?C;DI?ED7B $?D;C7J?9I.
+GLCK?RGAQ GQ AMLACPLCB UGRF RFC BCQAPGNRGML MD KMRGML UGRFMSR PCE?PB RM DMPAC MP K?QQ. 7C UGJJ DGLB RF?R RP?LQJ?RGML?J IGLCK?RGA OS?LRGRGCQ, QSAF
?Q BGQNJ?ACKCLR, TCJMAGRW, ?LB ?AACJCP?RGML F?TC BGPCAR ?L?JMEQ GL PMR?RGML?J KMRGML.
3R?PRGLE UGRF RFC DMSP IGLCK?RGA COS?RGMLQ UC BCTCJMNCB GL (D;-D?C;DI?ED7B $?D;C7J?9I, UC A?L BCPGTC RFC DMJJMUGLE DMSP PMR?RGML?J IGLCK?RGA
COS?RGMLQ (NPCQCLRCB RMECRFCP UGRF RFCGP RP?LQJ?RGML?J AMSLRCPN?PRQ):
4?@JC 10.2 2MR?RGML?J +GLCK?RGA %OS?RGMLQ
+EJ7J?ED7B -H7DIB7J?ED7B
=
t
x = v
-
t
=
0
+ t v = v
0
+ at
(AMLQR?LR , a )
=
0
t +
1
2
t
2
x = v
0
t +
1
2
at
2
(AMLQR?LR , a )
2
=
0
2
+ 2 v
2
= v
0
2
+ 2ax (AMLQR?LR , a )
324 #(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45-
)L RFCQC COS?RGMLQ, RFC QS@QAPGNR 0 BCLMRCQ GLGRG?J T?JSCQ (
0
, x
0
, ?LB t
0
?PC GLGRG?J T?JSCQ), ?LB RFC ?TCP?EC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW
-
?LB ?TCP?EC
TCJMAGRW v
-
?PC BCDGLCB ?Q DMJJMUQ:
(10.20)
=

0
+
2
and v
=
v
0
+ v
2
.
4FC COS?RGMLQ EGTCL ?@MTC GL -78B; 10.2 A?L @C SQCB RM QMJTC ?LW PMR?RGML?J MP RP?LQJ?RGML?J IGLCK?RGAQ NPM@JCK GL UFGAF a ?LB ?PC AMLQR?LR.
0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE 3RP?RCEW DMP 2MR?RGML?J +GLCK?RGAQ
1. EK4@<A8 G;8 F<GH4G<BA GB 78G8E@<A8 G;4G EBG4G<BA4? ><A8@4G<6F (EBG4G<BA4? @BG<BA) <F <AIB?I87. 2MR?RGML KSQR @C GLTMJTCB, @SR UGRFMSR RFC LCCB
RM AMLQGBCP DMPACQ MP K?QQCQ RF?R ?DDCAR RFC KMRGML.
2. 78AG<9L 8K46G?L J;4G A887F GB 58 78G8E@<A87 <A G;8 CEB5?8@ (<78AG<9L G;8 HA>ABJAF). ! QICRAF MD RFC QGRS?RGML GQ SQCDSJ.
3. $4>8 4 ?<FG B9 J;4G <F :<I8A BE 64A 58 <A98EE87 9EB@ G;8 CEB5?8@ 4F FG4G87 (<78AG<9L G;8 >ABJAF).
4. *B?I8 G;8 4CCEBCE<4G8 8DH4G<BA BE 8DH4G<BAF 9BE G;8 DH4AG<GL GB 58 78G8E@<A87 (G;8 HA>ABJA). )R A?L @C SQCDSJ RM RFGLI GL RCPKQ MD ?
RP?LQJ?RGML?J ?L?JME @CA?SQC @W LMU WMS ?PC D?KGJG?P UGRF QSAF KMRGML.
5. *H5FG<GHG8 G;8 >ABJA I4?H8F 4?BA: J<G; G;8<E HA<GF <AGB G;8 4CCEBCE<4G8 8DH4G<BA, 4A7 B5G4<A AH@8E<64? FB?HG<BAF 6B@C?8G8 J<G; HA<GF. "C
QSPC RM SQC SLGRQ MD P?BG?LQ DMP ?LEJCQ.
6. C;86> LBHE 4AFJ8E GB F88 <9 <G <F E84FBA45?8: DB8F LBHE 4AFJ8E @4>8 F8AF8?
EN7CFB; 10.3 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; A99;B;H7J?ED E< 7 F?I>?D= +;;B
! BCCN-QC? DGQFCPK?L FMMIQ ? @GE DGQF RF?R QUGKQ ?U?W DPMK RFC @M?R NSJJGLE RFC DGQFGLE JGLC DPMK FGQ DGQFGLE PCCJ. 4FC UFMJC QWQRCK GQ GLGRG?JJW ?R
PCQR ?LB RFC DGQFGLE JGLC SLUGLBQ DPMK RFC PCCJ ?R ? P?BGSQ MD 4.50 AK DPMK GRQ ?VGQ MD PMR?RGML. 4FC PCCJ GQ EGTCL ?L ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML MD
110 rad/s
2
DMP 2.00 Q ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 10.8.
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC DGL?J ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW MD RFC PCCJ?
(@) !R UF?R QNCCB GQ DGQFGLE JGLC JC?TGLE RFC PCCJ ?DRCP 2.00 Q CJ?NQCQ?
(A) (MU K?LW PCTMJSRGMLQ BMCQ RFC PCCJ K?IC?
(B) (MU K?LW KCRCPQ MD DGQFGLE JGLC AMKC MDD RFC PCCJ GL RFGQ RGKC?
,JH7J;=O
)L C?AF N?PR MD RFGQ CV?KNJC, RFC QRP?RCEW GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q GR U?Q DMP QMJTGLE NPM@JCKQ GL JGLC?P IGLCK?RGAQ. )L N?PRGASJ?P, ILMUL T?JSCQ ?PC GBCLRGDGCB
?LB ? PCJ?RGMLQFGN GQ RFCL QMSEFR RF?R A?L @C SQCB RM QMJTC DMP RFC SLILMUL.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
(CPC ?LB t ?PC EGTCL ?LB LCCBQ RM @C BCRCPKGLCB. 4FC KMQR QRP?GEFRDMPU?PB COS?RGML RM SQC GQ =
0
+ t @CA?SQC RFC SLILMUL GQ
?JPC?BW ML MLC QGBC ?LB ?JJ MRFCP RCPKQ ?PC ILMUL. 4F?R COS?RGML QR?RCQ RF?R
(10.21) =
0
+ t.
7C ?PC ?JQM EGTCL RF?R
0
= 0 (GR QR?PRQ DPMK PCQR), QM RF?R
(10.22)
= 0 +

110 rad/s
2
(2.00s) = 220 rad/s.

,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
.MU RF?R GQ ILMUL, RFC QNCCB v A?L KMQR C?QGJW @C DMSLB SQGLE RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN
(10.23) v = r,
UFCPC RFC P?BGSQ r MD RFC PCCJ GQ EGTCL RM @C 4.50 AK; RFSQ,
(10.24)
v = (0.0450 m)(220 rad/s) = 9.90 m/s.
.MRC ?E?GL RF?R P?BG?LQ KSQR ?JU?WQ @C SQCB GL ?LW A?JASJ?RGML PCJ?RGLE JGLC?P ?LB ?LESJ?P OS?LRGRGCQ. !JQM, @CA?SQC P?BG?LQ ?PC BGKCLQGMLJCQQ,
UC F?TC mrad = m.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (9)
(CPC, UC ?PC ?QICB RM DGLB RFC LSK@CP MD PCTMJSRGMLQ. "CA?SQC 1 rev = 2 rad , UC A?L DGLB RFC LSK@CP MD PCTMJSRGMLQ @W DGLBGLE GL P?BG?LQ.
7C ?PC EGTCL ?LB t , ?LB UC ILMU
0
GQ XCPM, QM RF?R A?L @C M@R?GLCB SQGLE =
0
t +
1
2
t
2
.
(10.25)
=
0
t +
1
2
t
2
= 0 + (0.500)
110 rad/s
2
(2.00 s)
2
= 220 rad.
#MLTCPRGLE P?BG?LQ RM PCTMJSRGMLQ EGTCQ
(10.26)
= (220 rad)
1 rev
2 rad
= 35.0 rev.
#(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45- 325
,EBKJ?ED <EH (:)
4FC LSK@CP MD KCRCPQ MD DGQFGLE JGLC GQ x , UFGAF A?L @C M@R?GLCB RFPMSEF GRQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN UGRF :
(10.27)
x = r = (0.0450 m)(220 rad) = 9.90 m.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ CV?KNJC GJJSQRP?RCQ RF?R PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ ?KMLE PMR?RGML?J OS?LRGRGCQ ?PC FGEFJW ?L?JMEMSQ RM RFMQC ?KMLE JGLC?P OS?LRGRGCQ. 7C ?JQM QCC GL RFGQ
CV?KNJC FMU JGLC?P ?LB PMR?RGML?J OS?LRGRGCQ ?PC AMLLCARCB. 4FC ?LQUCPQ RM RFC OSCQRGMLQ ?PC PC?JGQRGA. !DRCP SLUGLBGLE DMP RUM QCAMLBQ, RFC PCCJ
GQ DMSLB RM QNGL ?R 220 P?B/Q, UFGAF GQ 2100 PNK. (.M UMLBCP PCCJQ QMKCRGKCQ K?IC FGEF-NGRAFCB QMSLBQ.) 4FC ?KMSLR MD DGQFGLE JGLC NJ?WCB MSR
GQ 9.90 K, ?@MSR PGEFR DMP UFCL RFC @GE DGQF @GRCQ.
F?=KH; 10.8 &GQFGLE JGLC AMKGLE MDD ? PMR?RGLE PCCJ KMTCQ JGLC?PJW. EN7CFB; 10.3 ?LB EN7CFB; 10.4 AMLQGBCP PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ @CRUCCL PMR?RGML?J ?LB JGLC?P OS?LRGRGCQ ?QQMAG?RCB
UGRF ? DGQFGLE PCCJ.
EN7CFB; 10.4 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; DKH7J?ED 0>;D J>; F?I>?D= +;;B ,BEMI DEMD 7D: ,JEFI
.MU JCR SQ AMLQGBCP UF?R F?NNCLQ GD RFC DGQFCPK?L ?NNJGCQ ? @P?IC RM RFC QNGLLGLE PCCJ, ?AFGCTGLE ?L ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML MD 300 rad/s
2
.
(MU JMLE BMCQ GR R?IC RFC PCCJ RM AMKC RM ? QRMN?
,JH7J;=O
7C ?PC ?QICB RM DGLB RFC RGKC t DMP RFC PCCJ RM AMKC RM ? QRMN. 4FC GLGRG?J ?LB DGL?J AMLBGRGMLQ ?PC BGDDCPCLR DPMK RFMQC GL RFC NPCTGMSQ NPM@JCK,
UFGAF GLTMJTCB RFC Q?KC DGQFGLE PCCJ. .MU UC QCC RF?R RFC GLGRG?J ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW GQ
0
= 220 rad/s ?LB RFC DGL?J ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW GQ XCPM.
4FC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML GQ EGTCL RM @C = 300 rad/s
2
. %V?KGLGLE RFC ?T?GJ?@JC COS?RGMLQ, UC QCC ?JJ OS?LRGRGCQ @SR G ?PC ILMUL GL
=
0
+ t, K?IGLE GR C?QGCQR RM SQC RFGQ COS?RGML.
,EBKJ?ED
4FC COS?RGML QR?RCQ
(10.28) =
0
+ t.
7C QMJTC RFC COS?RGML ?JEC@P?GA?JJW DMP G, ?LB RFCL QS@QRGRSRC RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ ?Q SQS?J, WGCJBGLE
(10.29)
t =

0
=
0 220 rad/s
300 rad/s
2
= 0.733 s.
D?I9KII?ED
.MRC RF?R A?PC KSQR @C R?ICL UGRF RFC QGELQ RF?R GLBGA?RC RFC BGPCARGMLQ MD T?PGMSQ OS?LRGRGCQ. !JQM, LMRC RF?R RFC RGKC RM QRMN RFC PCCJ GQ D?GPJW QK?JJ
@CA?SQC RFC ?AACJCP?RGML GQ P?RFCP J?PEC. &GQFGLE JGLCQ QMKCRGKCQ QL?N @CA?SQC MD RFC ?AACJCP?RGMLQ GLTMJTCB, ?LB DGQFCPKCL MDRCL JCR RFC DGQF
QUGK DMP ? UFGJC @CDMPC ?NNJWGLE @P?ICQ ML RFC PCCJ. ! RGPCB DGQF UGJJ @C QJMUCP, PCOSGPGLE ? QK?JJCP ?AACJCP?RGML.
EN7CFB; 10.5 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; ,BEM A99;B;H7J?ED E< -H7?DI 7D: ->;?H 0>;;BI
,?PEC DPCGEFR RP?GLQ ?AACJCP?RC TCPW QJMUJW. 3SNNMQC MLC QSAF RP?GL ?AACJCP?RCQ DPMK PCQR, EGTGLE GRQ 0.350-K-P?BGSQ UFCCJQ ?L ?LESJ?P
?AACJCP?RGML MD 0.250 rad/s
2
. !DRCP RFC UFCCJQ F?TC K?BC 200 PCTMJSRGMLQ (?QQSKC LM QJGNN?EC): (?) (MU D?P F?Q RFC RP?GL KMTCB BMUL RFC
RP?AI? (@) 7F?R ?PC RFC DGL?J ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW MD RFC UFCCJQ ?LB RFC JGLC?P TCJMAGRW MD RFC RP?GL?
,JH7J;=O
)L N?PR (?), UC ?PC ?QICB RM DGLB x , ?LB GL (@) UC ?PC ?QICB RM DGLB ?LB v . 7C ?PC EGTCL RFC LSK@CP MD PCTMJSRGMLQ , RFC P?BGSQ MD RFC
UFCCJQ r , ?LB RFC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML .
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
4FC BGQR?LAC x GQ TCPW C?QGJW DMSLB DPMK RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL BGQR?LAC ?LB PMR?RGML ?LEJC:
326 #(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45-
(10.30)
=
x
r
.
3MJTGLE RFGQ COS?RGML DMP x WGCJBQ
(10.31)
x = r.
"CDMPC SQGLE RFGQ COS?RGML, UC KSQR AMLTCPR RFC LSK@CP MD PCTMJSRGMLQ GLRM P?BG?LQ, @CA?SQC UC ?PC BC?JGLE UGRF ? PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL JGLC?P
?LB PMR?RGML?J OS?LRGRGCQ:
(10.32)
= (200 rev)
2 rad
1 rev
= 1257 rad.
.MU UC A?L QS@QRGRSRC RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM x = r RM DGLB RFC BGQR?LAC RFC RP?GL KMTCB BMUL RFC RP?AI:
(10.33)
x = r = (0.350 m)(1257 rad) = 440 m.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
7C A?LLMR SQC ?LW COS?RGML RF?R GLAMPNMP?RCQ t RM DGLB , @CA?SQC RFC COS?RGML UMSJB F?TC ?R JC?QR RUM SLILMUL T?JSCQ. 4FC COS?RGML
2
=
0
2
+ 2 UGJJ UMPI, @CA?SQC UC ILMU RFC T?JSCQ DMP ?JJ T?PG?@JCQ CVACNR :
(10.34)
2
=
0
2
+ 2
4?IGLE RFC QOS?PC PMMR MD RFGQ COS?RGML ?LB CLRCPGLE RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ EGTCQ
(10.35)
=

0 + 2(0.250 rad/s
2
)(1257 rad)
1 / 2
= 25.1 rad/s.
7C A?L DGLB RFC JGLC?P TCJMAGRW MD RFC RP?GL, v , RFPMSEF GRQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN RM :
(10.36)
v = r = (0.350 m)(25.1 rad/s) = 8.77 m/s.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB GQ D?GPJW J?PEC ?LB RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW GQ D?GPJW QJMU (HSQR SLBCP 32 IK/F).
4FCPC GQ RP?LQJ?RGML?J KMRGML CTCL DMP QMKCRFGLE QNGLLGLE GL NJ?AC, ?Q RFC DMJJMUGLE CV?KNJC GJJSQRP?RCQ. F?=KH; 10.9 QFMUQ ? DJW ML RFC CBEC MD ?
PMR?RGLE KGAPMU?TC MTCL NJ?RC. 4FC CV?KNJC @CJMU A?JASJ?RCQ RFC RMR?J BGQR?LAC GR RP?TCJQ.
F?=KH; 10.9 4FC GK?EC QFMUQ ? KGAPMU?TC NJ?RC. 4FC DJW K?ICQ PCTMJSRGMLQ UFGJC RFC DMMB GQ FC?RCB (?JMLE UGRF RFC DJW).
EN7CFB; 10.6 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; D?IJ7D9; -H7L;B;: 8O 7 FBO ED J>; E:=; E< 7 &?9HEM7L; (L;D )B7J;
! NCPQML BCAGBCQ RM SQC ? KGAPMU?TC MTCL RM PCFC?R QMKC JSLAF. )L RFC NPMACQQ, ? DJW ?AAGBCLR?JJW DJGCQ GLRM RFC KGAPMU?TC ?LB J?LBQ ML RFC
MSRCP CBEC MD RFC PMR?RGLE NJ?RC ?LB PCK?GLQ RFCPC. )D RFC NJ?RC F?Q ? P?BGSQ MD 0.15 K ?LB PMR?RCQ ?R 6.0 PNK, A?JASJ?RC RFC RMR?J BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB
@W RFC DJW BSPGLE ? 2.0-KGL AMMIGLE NCPGMB. ()ELMPC RFC QR?PR-SN ?LB QJMU-BMUL RGKCQ.)
,JH7J;=O
&GPQR, DGLB RFC RMR?J LSK@CP MD PCTMJSRGMLQ , ?LB RFCL RFC JGLC?P BGQR?LAC x RP?TCJCB. =
t A?L @C SQCB RM DGLB @CA?SQC

-
GQ EGTCL RM @C
6.0 PNK.
,EBKJ?ED
%LRCPGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM =
t EGTCQ
(10.37)
=
-
t =

6.0 rpm
(2.0 min) = 12 rev.

#(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45- 327
!Q ?JU?WQ, GR GQ LCACQQ?PW RM AMLTCPR PCTMJSRGMLQ RM P?BG?LQ @CDMPC A?JASJ?RGLE ? JGLC?P OS?LRGRW JGIC x DPMK ?L ?LESJ?P OS?LRGRW JGIC :
(10.38)
= (12 rev)
2 rad
1 rev
= 75.4 rad.
.MU, SQGLE RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL x ?LB , UC A?L BCRCPKGLC RFC BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB:
(10.39)
x = r = (0.15 m)(75.4 rad) = 11 m.
D?I9KII?ED
1SGRC ? RPGN (GD GR QSPTGTCQ)! .MRC RF?R RFGQ BGQR?LAC GQ RFC RMR?J BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB @W RFC DJW. $GQNJ?ACKCLR GQ ?ARS?JJW XCPM DMP AMKNJCRC PCTMJSRGMLQ
@CA?SQC RFCW @PGLE RFC DJW @?AI RM GRQ MPGEGL?J NMQGRGML. 4FC BGQRGLARGML @CRUCCL RMR?J BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB ?LB BGQNJ?ACKCLR U?Q DGPQR LMRCB GL (D;-
D?C;DI?ED7B $?D;C7J?9I.
2MR?RGML?J IGLCK?RGAQ F?Q K?LW SQCDSJ PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ, MDRCL CVNPCQQCB GL COS?RGML DMPK. !PC RFCQC PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ J?UQ MD NFWQGAQ MP ?PC RFCW QGKNJW
BCQAPGNRGTC? ((GLR: RFC Q?KC OSCQRGML ?NNJGCQ RM JGLC?P IGLCK?RGAQ.)
,EBKJ?ED
2MR?RGML?J IGLCK?RGAQ (HSQR JGIC JGLC?P IGLCK?RGAQ) GQ BCQAPGNRGTC ?LB BMCQ LMR PCNPCQCLR J?UQ MD L?RSPC. 7GRF IGLCK?RGAQ, UC A?L BCQAPG@C K?LW
RFGLEQ RM EPC?R NPCAGQGML @SR IGLCK?RGAQ BMCQ LMR AMLQGBCP A?SQCQ. &MP CV?KNJC, ? J?PEC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML BCQAPG@CQ ? TCPW P?NGB AF?LEC GL
?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW UGRFMSR ?LW AMLQGBCP?RGML MD GRQ A?SQC.
10.3 DOD7C?9I E< +EJ7J?ED7B &EJ?ED: +EJ7J?ED7B "D;HJ?7
)D WMS F?TC CTCP QNSL ? @GIC UFCCJ MP NSQFCB ? KCPPW-EM-PMSLB, WMS ILMU RF?R DMPAC GQ LCCBCB RM AF?LEC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 10.10.
)L D?AR, WMSP GLRSGRGML GQ PCJG?@JC GL NPCBGARGLE K?LW MD RFC D?ARMPQ RF?R ?PC GLTMJTCB. &MP CV?KNJC, UC ILMU RF?R ? BMMP MNCLQ QJMUJW GD UC NSQF RMM
AJMQC RM GRQ FGLECQ. &SPRFCPKMPC, UC ILMU RF?R RFC KMPC K?QQGTC RFC BMMP, RFC KMPC QJMUJW GR MNCLQ. 4FC DGPQR CV?KNJC GKNJGCQ RF?R RFC D?PRFCP RFC
DMPAC GQ ?NNJGCB DPMK RFC NGTMR, RFC EPC?RCP RFC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML; ?LMRFCP GKNJGA?RGML GQ RF?R ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML GQ GLTCPQCJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM K?QQ.
4FCQC PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ QFMSJB QCCK TCPW QGKGJ?P RM RFC D?KGJG?P PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ ?KMLE DMPAC, K?QQ, ?LB ?AACJCP?RGML CK@MBGCB GL .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U MD
KMRGML. 4FCPC ?PC, GL D?AR, NPCAGQC PMR?RGML?J ?L?JMEQ RM @MRF DMPAC ?LB K?QQ.
F?=KH; 10.10 &MPAC GQ PCOSGPCB RM QNGL RFC @GIC UFCCJ. 4FC EPC?RCP RFC DMPAC, RFC EPC?RCP RFC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML NPMBSACB. 4FC KMPC K?QQGTC RFC UFCCJ, RFC QK?JJCP RFC
?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML. )D WMS NSQF ML ? QNMIC AJMQCP RM RFC ?VJC, RFC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML UGJJ @C QK?JJCP.
4M BCTCJMN RFC NPCAGQC PCJ?RGMLQFGN ?KMLE DMPAC, K?QQ, P?BGSQ, ?LB ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML, AMLQGBCP UF?R F?NNCLQ GD UC CVCPR ? DMPAC F ML ? NMGLR
K?QQ m RF?R GQ ?R ? BGQR?LAC r DPMK ? NGTMR NMGLR, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 10.11. "CA?SQC RFC DMPAC GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM r , ?L ?AACJCP?RGML a =
F
m
GQ
M@R?GLCB GL RFC BGPCARGML MD F . 7C A?L PC?PP?LEC RFGQ COS?RGML QSAF RF?R F = ma ?LB RFCL JMMI DMP U?WQ RM PCJ?RC RFGQ CVNPCQQGML RM CVNPCQQGMLQ DMP
PMR?RGML?J OS?LRGRGCQ. 7C LMRC RF?R a = r , ?LB UC QS@QRGRSRC RFGQ CVNPCQQGML GLRM F = ma , WGCJBGLE
(10.40) F = mr.
2CA?JJ RF?R JEHGK; GQ RFC RSPLGLE CDDCARGTCLCQQ MD ? DMPAC. )L RFGQ A?QC, @CA?SQC F GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM r , RMPOSC GQ QGKNJW = Fr . 3M, GD UC KSJRGNJW
@MRF QGBCQ MD RFC COS?RGML ?@MTC @W r , UC ECR RMPOSC ML RFC JCDR-F?LB QGBC. 4F?R GQ,
(10.41)
rF = mr
2
MP
(10.42)
= mr
2
.
4FGQ J?QR COS?RGML GQ RFC PMR?RGML?J ?L?JME MD .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U ( F = ma ), UFCPC RMPOSC GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM DMPAC, ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML GQ ?L?JMEMSQ
RM RP?LQJ?RGML?J ?AACJCP?RGML, ?LB mr
2
GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM K?QQ (MP GLCPRG?). 4FC OS?LRGRW mr
2
GQ A?JJCB RFC HEJ7J?ED7B ?D;HJ?7 MP CEC;DJ E< ?D;HJ?7 MD ?
NMGLR K?QQ m ? BGQR?LAC r DPMK RFC ACLRCP MD PMR?RGML.
328 #(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45-
F?=KH; 10.11 !L M@HCAR GQ QSNNMPRCB @W ? FMPGXMLR?J DPGARGMLJCQQ R?@JC ?LB GQ ?RR?AFCB RM ? NGTMR NMGLR @W ? AMPB RF?R QSNNJGCQ ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC. ! DMPAC F GQ ?NNJGCB RM RFC M@HCAR
NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC P?BGSQ r , A?SQGLE GR RM ?AACJCP?RC ?@MSR RFC NGTMR NMGLR. 4FC DMPAC GQ ICNR NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM r .
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 2MR?RGML?J -MRGML $WL?KGAQ
$WL?KGAQ DMP PMR?RGML?J KMRGML GQ AMKNJCRCJW ?L?JMEMSQ RM JGLC?P MP RP?LQJ?RGML?J BWL?KGAQ. $WL?KGAQ GQ AMLACPLCB UGRF DMPAC ?LB K?QQ ?LB RFCGP
CDDCARQ ML KMRGML. &MP PMR?RGML?J KMRGML, UC UGJJ DGLB BGPCAR ?L?JMEQ RM DMPAC ?LB K?QQ RF?R @CF?TC HSQR ?Q UC UMSJB CVNCAR DPMK MSP C?PJGCP
CVNCPGCLACQ.
2MR?RGML?J )LCPRG? ?LB -MKCLR MD )LCPRG?
"CDMPC UC A?L AMLQGBCP RFC PMR?RGML MD ?LWRFGLE MRFCP RF?L ? NMGLR K?QQ JGIC RFC MLC GL F?=KH; 10.11, UC KSQR CVRCLB RFC GBC? MD PMR?RGML?J GLCPRG? RM
?JJ RWNCQ MD M@HCARQ. 4M CVN?LB MSP AMLACNR MD PMR?RGML?J GLCPRG?, UC BCDGLC RFC CEC;DJ E< ?D;HJ?7 I MD ?L M@HCAR RM @C RFC QSK MD mr
2
DMP ?JJ RFC
NMGLR K?QQCQ MD UFGAF GR GQ AMKNMQCB. 4F?R GQ, I = mr
2
. (CPC I GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM m GL RP?LQJ?RGML?J KMRGML. "CA?SQC MD RFC BGQR?LAC r , RFC
KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? DMP ?LW M@HCAR BCNCLBQ ML RFC AFMQCL ?VGQ. !ARS?JJW, A?JASJ?RGLE I GQ @CWMLB RFC QAMNC MD RFGQ RCVR CVACNR DMP MLC QGKNJC A?QCrRF?R
MD ? FMMN, UFGAF F?Q ?JJ GRQ K?QQ ?R RFC Q?KC BGQR?LAC DPMK GRQ ?VGQ. ! FMMNtQ KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? ?PMSLB GRQ ?VGQ GQ RFCPCDMPC MR
2
, UFCPC M GQ GRQ
RMR?J K?QQ ?LB R GRQ P?BGSQ. (7C SQC M ?LB R DMP ?L CLRGPC M@HCAR RM BGQRGLESGQF RFCK DPMK m ?LB r DMP NMGLR K?QQCQ.) )L ?JJ MRFCP A?QCQ, UC
KSQR AMLQSJR F?=KH; 10.12 (LMRC RF?R RFC R?@JC GQ NGCAC MD ?PRUMPI RF?R F?Q QF?NCQ ?Q UCJJ ?Q DMPKSJ?C) DMP DMPKSJ?Q DMP I RF?R F?TC @CCL BCPGTCB
DPMK GLRCEP?RGML MTCP RFC AMLRGLSMSQ @MBW. .MRC RF?R I F?Q SLGRQ MD K?QQ KSJRGNJGCB @W BGQR?LAC QOS?PCB ( kg m
2
), ?Q UC KGEFR CVNCAR DPMK GRQ
BCDGLGRGML.
4FC ECLCP?J PCJ?RGMLQFGN ?KMLE RMPOSC, KMKCLR MD GLCPRG?, ?LB ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML GQ
(10.43) net = I
MP
(10.44)
=
net
I
,
UFCPC LCR GQ RFC RMR?J RMPOSC DPMK ?JJ DMPACQ PCJ?RGTC RM ? AFMQCL ?VGQ. &MP QGKNJGAGRW, UC UGJJ MLJW AMLQGBCP RMPOSCQ CVCPRCB @W DMPACQ GL RFC NJ?LC MD
RFC PMR?RGML. 3SAF RMPOSCQ ?PC CGRFCP NMQGRGTC MP LCE?RGTC ?LB ?BB JGIC MPBGL?PW LSK@CPQ. 4FC PCJ?RGMLQFGN GL = I, =
net
I
GQ RFC PMR?RGML?J
?L?JME RM .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U ?LB GQ TCPW ECLCP?JJW ?NNJGA?@JC. 4FGQ COS?RGML GQ ?ARS?JJW T?JGB DMP 4AL RMPOSC, ?NNJGCB RM 4AL M@HCAR, PCJ?RGTC RM 4AL
?VGQ.
!Q UC KGEFR CVNCAR, RFC J?PECP RFC RMPOSC GQ, RFC J?PECP RFC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML GQ. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC F?PBCP ? AFGJB NSQFCQ ML ? KCPPW-EM-PMSLB, RFC
D?QRCP GR ?AACJCP?RCQ. &SPRFCPKMPC, RFC KMPC K?QQGTC ? KCPPW-EM-PMSLB, RFC QJMUCP GR ?AACJCP?RCQ DMP RFC Q?KC RMPOSC. 4FC @?QGA PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL
KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? ?LB ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML GQ RF?R RFC J?PECP RFC KMKCLR MD GLCPRG?, RFC QK?JJCP GQ RFC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML. "SR RFCPC GQ ?L ?BBGRGML?J
RUGQR. 4FC KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? BCNCLBQ LMR MLJW ML RFC K?QQ MD ?L M@HCAR, @SR ?JQM ML GRQ 7<FGE<5HG<BA MD K?QQ PCJ?RGTC RM RFC ?VGQ ?PMSLB UFGAF GR PMR?RCQ.
&MP CV?KNJC, GR UGJJ @C KSAF C?QGCP RM ?AACJCP?RC ? KCPPW-EM-PMSLB DSJJ MD AFGJBPCL GD RFCW QR?LB AJMQC RM GRQ ?VGQ RF?L GD RFCW ?JJ QR?LB ?R RFC MSRCP CBEC.
4FC K?QQ GQ RFC Q?KC GL @MRF A?QCQ; @SR RFC KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? GQ KSAF J?PECP UFCL RFC AFGJBPCL ?PC ?R RFC CBEC.
#SR MSR ? AGPAJC RF?R F?Q ?@MSR ? 10 AK P?BGSQ DPMK QRGDD A?PB@M?PB. .C?P RFC CBEC MD RFC AGPAJC, UPGRC LSK@CPQ 1 RM 12 JGIC FMSPQ ML ? AJMAI D?AC.
0MQGRGML RFC AGPAJC QM RF?R GR A?L PMR?RC DPCCJW ?@MSR ? FMPGXMLR?J ?VGQ RFPMSEF GRQ ACLRCP, JGIC ? UFCCJ. (9MS AMSJB JMMQCJW L?GJ RFC AGPAJC RM ? U?JJ.)
(MJB RFC AGPAJC QR?RGML?PW ?LB UGRF RFC LSK@CP 12 NMQGRGMLCB ?R RFC RMN, ?RR?AF ? JSKN MD @JSC NSRRW (QRGAIW K?RCPG?J SQCB DMP DGVGLE NMQRCPQ RM
U?JJQ) ?R RFC LSK@CP 3. (MU J?PEC BMCQ RFC JSKN LCCB RM @C RM HSQR PMR?RC RFC AGPAJC? $CQAPG@C FMU WMS A?L AF?LEC RFC KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? MD RFC
AGPAJC. (MU BMCQ RFGQ AF?LEC ?DDCAR RFC ?KMSLR MD @JSC NSRRW LCCBCB ?R RFC LSK@CP 3 RM HSQR PMR?RC RFC AGPAJC? #F?LEC RFC AGPAJCtQ KMKCLR MD
GLCPRG? ?LB RFCL RPW PMR?RGLE RFC AGPAJC @W SQGLE BGDDCPCLR ?KMSLRQ MD @JSC NSRRW. 2CNC?R RFGQ NPMACQQ QCTCP?J RGKCQ.
0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE 3RP?RCEW DMP 2MR?RGML?J $WL?KGAQ
1. EK4@<A8 G;8 F<GH4G<BA GB 78G8E@<A8 G;4G GBEDH8 4A7 @4FF 4E8 <AIB?I87 <A G;8 EBG4G<BA. $P?U ? A?PCDSJ QICRAF MD RFC QGRS?RGML.
2. D8G8E@<A8 G;8 FLFG8@ B9 <AG8E8FG.
3. DE4J 4 9E88 5B7L 7<4:E4@. 4F?R GQ, BP?U ?LB J?@CJ ?JJ CVRCPL?J DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML RFC QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR.
#(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45- 329
4. ACC?L net = I, =
net
I
, G;8 EBG4G<BA4? 8DH<I4?8AG B9 %8JGBAVF F86BA7 ?4J, GB FB?I8 G;8 CEB5?8@. #?PC KSQR @C R?ICL RM SQC RFC
AMPPCAR KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? ?LB RM AMLQGBCP RFC RMPOSC ?@MSR RFC NMGLR MD PMR?RGML.
5. AF 4?J4LF, 6;86> G;8 FB?HG<BA GB F88 <9 <G <F E84FBA45?8.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ
)L QR?RGAQ, RFC LCR RMPOSC GQ XCPM, ?LB RFCPC GQ LM ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML. )L PMR?RGML?J KMRGML, LCR RMPOSC GQ RFC A?SQC MD ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML,
CV?ARJW ?Q GL .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U MD KMRGML DMP PMR?RGML.
F?=KH; 10.12 3MKC PMR?RGML?J GLCPRG?Q.
EN7CFB; 10.7 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; E<<;9J E< &7II D?IJH?8KJ?ED ED 7 &;HHO-E-+EKD:
#MLQGBCP RFC D?RFCP NSQFGLE ? NJ?WEPMSLB KCPPW-EM-PMSLB GL F?=KH; 10.13. (C CVCPRQ ? DMPAC MD 250 . ?R RFC CBEC MD RFC 50.0-IE KCPPW-EM-PMSLB,
UFGAF F?Q ? 1.50 K P?BGSQ. #?JASJ?RC RFC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML NPMBSACB (?) UFCL LM MLC GQ ML RFC KCPPW-EM-PMSLB ?LB (@) UFCL ?L 18.0-IE AFGJB
QGRQ 1.25 K ?U?W DPMK RFC ACLRCP. #MLQGBCP RFC KCPPW-EM-PMSLB GRQCJD RM @C ? SLGDMPK BGQI UGRF LCEJGEG@JC PCR?PBGLE DPGARGML.
F?=KH; 10.13 ! D?RFCP NSQFCQ ? NJ?WEPMSLB KCPPW-EM-PMSLB ?R GRQ CBEC ?LB NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM GRQ P?BGSQ RM ?AFGCTC K?VGKSK RMPOSC.
330 #(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45-
,JH7J;=O
!LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML GQ EGTCL BGPCARJW @W RFC CVNPCQQGML =
net
I
:
(10.45)
=

I
.
4M QMJTC DMP , UC KSQR DGPQR A?JASJ?RC RFC RMPOSC (UFGAF GQ RFC Q?KC GL @MRF A?QCQ) ?LB KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? I (UFGAF GQ EPC?RCP GL RFC QCAMLB
A?QC). 4M DGLB RFC RMPOSC, UC LMRC RF?R RFC ?NNJGCB DMPAC GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC P?BGSQ ?LB DPGARGML GQ LCEJGEG@JC, QM RF?R
(10.46)
= rF sin = (1.50 m)(250 N) = 375 N m.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
4FC KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? MD ? QMJGB BGQI ?@MSR RFGQ ?VGQ GQ EGTCL GL F?=KH; 10.12 RM @C
(10.47) 1
2
MR
2
,
UFCPC M = 50.0 kg ?LB R = 1.50 m, QM RF?R
(10.48)
I = (0.500)(50.0 kg)(1.50 m)
2
= 56.25 kg m
2
.
.MU, ?DRCP UC QS@QRGRSRC RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ, UC DGLB RFC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML RM @C
(10.49)
=

I
=
375 N m
56.25 kg m
2
= 6.67
rad
s
2
.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
7C CVNCAR RFC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML DMP RFC QWQRCK RM @C JCQQ GL RFGQ N?PR, @CA?SQC RFC KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? GQ EPC?RCP UFCL RFC AFGJB GQ ML RFC KCPPW-
EM-PMSLB. 4M DGLB RFC RMR?J KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? I , UC DGPQR DGLB RFC AFGJBtQ KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? I
c
@W AMLQGBCPGLE RFC AFGJB RM @C COSGT?JCLR RM ? NMGLR
K?QQ ?R ? BGQR?LAC MD 1.25 K DPMK RFC ?VGQ. 4FCL,
(10.50)
I
c
= MR
2
= (18.0 kg)(1.25 m)
2
= 28.13 kg m
2
.
4FC RMR?J KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? GQ RFC QSK MD KMKCLRQ MD GLCPRG? MD RFC KCPPW-EM-PMSLB ?LB RFC AFGJB (?@MSR RFC Q?KC ?VGQ). 4M HSQRGDW RFGQ QSK RM
WMSPQCJD, CV?KGLC RFC BCDGLGRGML MD I :
(10.51)
I = 28.13 kg m
2
+ 56.25 kg m
2
= 84.38 kg m
2
.
3S@QRGRSRGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC COS?RGML DMP EGTCQ
(10.52)
=

I
=
375 N m
84.38 kg m
2
= 4.44
rad
s
2
.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML GQ JCQQ UFCL RFC AFGJB GQ ML RFC KCPPW-EM-PMSLB RF?L UFCL RFC KCPPW-EM-PMSLB GQ CKNRW, ?Q CVNCARCB. 4FC ?LESJ?P
?AACJCP?RGMLQ DMSLB ?PC OSGRC J?PEC, N?PRJW BSC RM RFC D?AR RF?R DPGARGML U?Q AMLQGBCPCB RM @C LCEJGEG@JC. )D, DMP CV?KNJC, RFC D?RFCP ICNR NSQFGLE
NCPNCLBGASJ?PJW DMP 2.00 Q, FC UMSJB EGTC RFC KCPPW-EM-PMSLB ?L ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW MD 13.3 P?B/Q UFCL GR GQ CKNRW @SR MLJW 8.89 P?B/Q UFCL RFC AFGJB
GQ ML GR. )L RCPKQ MD PCTMJSRGMLQ NCP QCAMLB, RFCQC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRGCQ ?PC 2.12 PCT/Q ?LB 1.41 PCT/Q, PCQNCARGTCJW. 4FC D?RFCP UMSJB CLB SN PSLLGLE
?R ?@MSR 50 IK/F GL RFC DGPQR A?QC. 3SKKCP /JWKNGAQ, FCPC FC AMKCQ! #MLDGPK?RGML MD RFCQC LSK@CPQ GQ JCDR ?Q ?L CVCPAGQC DMP RFC PC?BCP.
4MPOSC GQ RFC ?L?JME MD DMPAC ?LB KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? GQ RFC ?L?JME MD K?QQ. &MPAC ?LB K?QQ ?PC NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ RF?R BCNCLB ML MLJW MLC
D?ARMP. &MP CV?KNJC, K?QQ GQ PCJ?RCB QMJCJW RM RFC LSK@CPQ MD ?RMKQ MD T?PGMSQ RWNCQ GL ?L M@HCAR. !PC RMPOSC ?LB KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? QGKGJ?PJW
QGKNJC?
,EBKJ?ED
.M. 4MPOSC BCNCLBQ ML RFPCC D?ARMPQ: DMPAC K?ELGRSBC, DMPAC BGPCARGML, ?LB NMGLR MD ?NNJGA?RGML. -MKCLR MD GLCPRG? BCNCLBQ ML @MRF K?QQ ?LB GRQ
BGQRPG@SRGML PCJ?RGTC RM RFC ?VGQ MD PMR?RGML. 3M, UFGJC RFC ?L?JMEGCQ ?PC NPCAGQC, RFCQC PMR?RGML?J OS?LRGRGCQ BCNCLB ML KMPC D?ARMPQ.
10.4 +EJ7J?ED7B $?D;J?9 ED;H=O: 0EHA 7D: ED;H=O +;L?I?J;:
)L RFGQ KMBSJC, UC UGJJ JC?PL ?@MSR UMPI ?LB CLCPEW ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF PMR?RGML?J KMRGML. F?=KH; 10.14 QFMUQ ? UMPICP SQGLE ?L CJCARPGA EPGLBQRMLC
NPMNCJJCB @W ? KMRMP. 3N?PIQ ?PC DJWGLE, ?LB LMGQC ?LB TG@P?RGML ?PC APC?RCB ?Q J?WCPQ MD QRCCJ ?PC N?PCB DPMK RFC NMJC. 4FC QRMLC AMLRGLSCQ RM RSPL
CTCL ?DRCP RFC KMRMP GQ RSPLCB MDD, @SR GR GQ CTCLRS?JJW @PMSEFR RM ? QRMN @W DPGARGML. #JC?PJW, RFC KMRMP F?B RM UMPI RM ECR RFC QRMLC QNGLLGLE. 4FGQ UMPI
UCLR GLRM FC?R, JGEFR, QMSLB, TG@P?RGML, ?LB AMLQGBCP?@JC HEJ7J?ED7B A?D;J?9 ;D;H=O.
#(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45- 331
F?=KH; 10.14 4FC KMRMP UMPIQ GL QNGLLGLE RFC EPGLBQRMLC, EGTGLE GR PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW. 4F?R CLCPEW GQ RFCL AMLTCPRCB RM FC?R, JGEFR, QMSLB, ?LB TG@P?RGML. (APCBGR: 5.3. .?TW
NFMRM @W -?QQ #MKKSLGA?RGML 3NCAG?JGQR 3C?K?L :?AF?PW $?TGB "CJJ)
7MPI KSQR @C BMLC RM PMR?RC M@HCARQ QSAF ?Q EPGLBQRMLCQ MP KCPPW-EM-PMSLBQ. 7MPI U?Q BCDGLCB GL .D?<EHC C?H9KB7H &EJ?ED 7D: H7L?J7J?ED DMP
RP?LQJ?RGML?J KMRGML, ?LB UC A?L @SGJB ML RF?R ILMUJCBEC UFCL AMLQGBCPGLE UMPI BMLC GL PMR?RGML?J KMRGML. 4FC QGKNJCQR PMR?RGML?J QGRS?RGML GQ MLC GL
UFGAF RFC LCR DMPAC GQ CVCPRCB NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC P?BGSQ MD ? BGQI (?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 10.15) ?LB PCK?GLQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P ?Q RFC BGQI QR?PRQ RM PMR?RC.
4FC DMPAC GQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR, ?LB QM RFC LCR UMPI BMLC GQ RFC NPMBSAR MD RFC DMPAC RGKCQ RFC ?PA JCLERF RP?TCJCB:
(10.53)
net W = (net F)s.
4M ECR RMPOSC ?LB MRFCP PMR?RGML?J OS?LRGRGCQ GLRM RFC COS?RGML, UC KSJRGNJW ?LB BGTGBC RFC PGEFR-F?LB QGBC MD RFC COS?RGML @W r , ?LB E?RFCP RCPKQ:
(10.54)
net W = (r net F)
s
r
.
7C PCAMELGXC RF?R r net F = net ?LB s / r = , QM RF?R
(10.55)
net W = (net ).
4FGQ COS?RGML GQ RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP PMR?RGML?J UMPI. )R GQ TCPW QGKGJ?P RM RFC D?KGJG?P BCDGLGRGML MD RP?LQJ?RGML?J UMPI ?Q DMPAC KSJRGNJGCB @W BGQR?LAC. (CPC,
RMPOSC GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM DMPAC, ?LB ?LEJC GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM BGQR?LAC. 4FC COS?RGML net W = (net ) GQ T?JGB GL ECLCP?J, CTCL RFMSEF GR U?Q BCPGTCB DMP
? QNCAG?J A?QC.
4M ECR ?L CVNPCQQGML DMP PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW, UC KSQR ?E?GL NCPDMPK QMKC ?JEC@P?GA K?LGNSJ?RGMLQ. 4FC DGPQR QRCN GQ RM LMRC RF?R net = I , QM
RF?R
(10.56)
net W = I.
F?=KH; 10.15 4FC LCR DMPAC ML RFGQ BGQI GQ ICNR NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM GRQ P?BGSQ ?Q RFC DMPAC A?SQCQ RFC BGQI RM PMR?RC. 4FC LCR UMPI BMLC GQ RFSQ (net F)s . 4FC LCR UMPI EMCQ
GLRM PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ
7MPI ?LB CLCPEW GL PMR?RGML?J KMRGML ?PC AMKNJCRCJW ?L?JMEMSQ RM UMPI ?LB CLCPEW GL RP?LQJ?RGML?J KMRGML, DGPQR NPCQCLRCB GL .D?<EHC C?H9KB7H
&EJ?ED 7D: H7L?J7J?ED.
.MU, UC QMJTC MLC MD RFC PMR?RGML?J IGLCK?RGAQ COS?RGMLQ DMP . 7C QR?PR UGRF RFC COS?RGML
(10.57)
2
=
0
2
+ 2.
.CVR, UC QMJTC DMP :
(10.58)
=

2

0
2
2
.
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFGQ GLRM RFC COS?RGML DMP LCR W ?LB E?RFCPGLE RCPKQ WGCJBQ
332 #(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45-
(10.59)
net W =
1
2
I
2
1
2
I
0
2
.
4FGQ COS?RGML GQ RFC MEHA-;D;H=O J>;EH;C DMP PMR?RGML?J KMRGML MLJW. !Q WMS K?W PCA?JJ, LCR UMPI AF?LECQ RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD ? QWQRCK. 4FPMSEF
?L ?L?JMEW UGRF RP?LQJ?RGML?J KMRGML, UC BCDGLC RFC RCPK

1
2
I
2
RM @C HEJ7J?ED7B A?D;J?9 ;D;H=O KE
rot
DMP ?L M@HCAR UGRF ? KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? I
?LB ?L ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW :
(10.60)
KE
rot
=
1
2
I
2
.
4FC CVNPCQQGML DMP PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ CV?ARJW ?L?JMEMSQ RM RP?LQJ?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW, UGRF I @CGLE ?L?JMEMSQ RM m ?LB RM v .
2MR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW F?Q GKNMPR?LR CDDCARQ. &JWUFCCJQ, DMP CV?KNJC, A?L @C SQCB RM QRMPC J?PEC ?KMSLRQ MD PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GL ? TCFGAJC,
?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 10.16.
F?=KH; 10.16 %VNCPGKCLR?J TCFGAJCQ, QSAF ?Q RFGQ @SQ, F?TC @CCL AMLQRPSARCB GL UFGAF PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ QRMPCB GL ? J?PEC DJWUFCCJ. 7FCL RFC @SQ EMCQ BMUL ? FGJJ, GRQ
RP?LQKGQQGML AMLTCPRQ GRQ EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW GLRM KE
rot
. )R A?L ?JQM AMLTCPR RP?LQJ?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW, UFCL RFC @SQ QRMNQ, GLRM KE
rot
. 4FC DJWUFCCJtQ CLCPEW
A?L RFCL @C SQCB RM ?AACJCP?RC, RM EM SN ?LMRFCP FGJJ, MP RM ICCN RFC @SQ DPMK EMGLE ?E?GLQR DPGARGML.
EN7CFB; 10.8 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; 0EHA 7D: ED;H=O <EH ,F?DD?D= 7 H?D:IJED;
#MLQGBCP ? NCPQML UFM QNGLQ ? J?PEC EPGLBQRMLC @W NJ?AGLE FCP F?LB ML GRQ CBEC ?LB CVCPRGLE ? DMPAC RFPMSEF N?PR MD ? PCTMJSRGML ?Q QFMUL GL
F?=KH; 10.17. )L RFGQ CV?KNJC, UC TCPGDW RF?R RFC UMPI BMLC @W RFC RMPOSC QFC CVCPRQ COS?JQ RFC AF?LEC GL PMR?RGML?J CLCPEW. (?) (MU KSAF UMPI
GQ BMLC GD QFC CVCPRQ ? DMPAC MD 200 . RFPMSEF ? PMR?RGML MD 1.00 rad(57.3) ? 4FC DMPAC GQ ICNR NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC EPGLBQRMLCtQ 0.320-K P?BGSQ
?R RFC NMGLR MD ?NNJGA?RGML, ?LB RFC CDDCARQ MD DPGARGML ?PC LCEJGEG@JC. (@) 7F?R GQ RFC DGL?J ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW GD RFC EPGLBQRMLC F?Q ? K?QQ MD 85.0 IE?
(A) 7F?R GQ RFC DGL?J PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW? ()R QFMSJB COS?J RFC UMPI.)
,JH7J;=O
4M DGLB RFC UMPI, UC A?L SQC RFC COS?RGML net W = (net ) . 7C F?TC CLMSEF GLDMPK?RGML RM A?JASJ?RC RFC RMPOSC ?LB ?PC EGTCL RFC PMR?RGML
?LEJC. )L RFC QCAMLB N?PR, UC A?L DGLB RFC DGL?J ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW SQGLE MLC MD RFC IGLCK?RGA PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ. )L RFC J?QR N?PR, UC A?L A?JASJ?RC RFC
PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW DPMK GRQ CVNPCQQGML GL KE
rot
=
1
2
I
2
.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
4FC LCR UMPI GQ CVNPCQQCB GL RFC COS?RGML
(10.61)
net W = (net ),
UFCPC LCR GQ RFC ?NNJGCB DMPAC KSJRGNJGCB @W RFC P?BGSQ (rF) @CA?SQC RFCPC GQ LM PCR?PBGLE DPGARGML, ?LB RFC DMPAC GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM r . 4FC
?LEJC GQ EGTCL. 3S@QRGRSRGLE RFC EGTCL T?JSCQ GL RFC COS?RGML ?@MTC WGCJBQ
(10.62)
net W = rF = (0.320 m)(200 N)(1.00 rad)
= 64.0 N m.
.MRGLE RF?R 1 N m = 1 J ,
(10.63)
net W = 64.0 J.
#(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45- 333
F?=KH; 10.17 ! J?PEC EPGLBQRMLC GQ EGTCL ? QNGL @W ? NCPQML EP?QNGLE GRQ MSRCP CBEC.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
4M DGLB DPMK RFC EGTCL GLDMPK?RGML PCOSGPCQ KMPC RF?L MLC QRCN. 7C QR?PR UGRF RFC IGLCK?RGA PCJ?RGMLQFGN GL RFC COS?RGML
(10.64)
2
=
0
2
+ 2.
.MRC RF?R
0
= 0 @CA?SQC UC QR?PR DPMK PCQR. 4?IGLE RFC QOS?PC PMMR MD RFC PCQSJRGLE COS?RGML EGTCQ
(10.65)
= (2)
1 / 2
.
.MU UC LCCB RM DGLB . /LC NMQQG@GJGRW GQ
(10.66)
=
net
I
,
UFCPC RFC RMPOSC GQ
(10.67)
net = rF = (0.320 m)(200 N) = 64.0 N m.
4FC DMPKSJ? DMP RFC KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? DMP ? BGQI GQ DMSLB GL F?=KH; 10.12:
(10.68)
I =
1
2
MR
2
= 0.5
85.0 kg
(0.320 m)
2
= 4.352 kg m
2
.
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFC T?JSCQ MD RMPOSC ?LB KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP , UC M@R?GL
(10.69)
=
64.0 N m
4.352 kg m
2
= 14.7
rad
s
2
.
.MU, QS@QRGRSRC RFGQ T?JSC ?LB RFC EGTCL T?JSC DMP GLRM RFC ?@MTC CVNPCQQGML DMP :
(10.70)
= (2)
1 / 2
=

14.7
rad
s
2
(1.00 rad)
1 / 2
= 5.42
rad
s
.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (9)
4FC DGL?J PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ
(10.71)
KE
rot
=
1
2
I
2
.
"MRF I ?LB UCPC DMSLB ?@MTC. 4FSQ,
(10.72)
KE
rot
= (0.5)
4.352 kg m
2
(5.42 rad/s)
2
= 64.0 J.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC DGL?J PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW COS?JQ RFC UMPI BMLC @W RFC RMPOSC, UFGAF AMLDGPKQ RF?R RFC UMPI BMLC UCLR GLRM PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW. 7C
AMSJB, GL D?AR, F?TC SQCB ?L CVNPCQQGML DMP CLCPEW GLQRC?B MD ? IGLCK?RGA PCJ?RGML RM QMJTC N?PR (@). 7C UGJJ BM RFGQ GL J?RCP CV?KNJCQ.
(CJGAMNRCP NGJMRQ ?PC OSGRC D?KGJG?P UGRF PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW. 4FCW ILMU, DMP CV?KNJC, RF?R ? NMGLR MD LM PCRSPL UGJJ @C PC?AFCB GD RFCW ?JJMU RFCGP
@J?BCQ RM QJMU @CJMU ? APGRGA?J ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW BSPGLE DJGEFR. 4FC @J?BCQ JMQC JGDR, ?LB GR GQ GKNMQQG@JC RM GKKCBG?RCJW ECR RFC @J?BCQ QNGLLGLE D?QR
CLMSEF RM PCE?GL GR. 2MR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW KSQR @C QSNNJGCB RM RFC @J?BCQ RM ECR RFCK RM PMR?RC D?QRCP, ?LB CLMSEF CLCPEW A?LLMR @C QSNNJGCB GL
RGKC RM ?TMGB ? AP?QF. "CA?SQC MD UCGEFR JGKGR?RGMLQ, FCJGAMNRCP CLEGLCQ ?PC RMM QK?JJ RM QSNNJW @MRF RFC CLCPEW LCCBCB DMP JGDR ?LB RM PCNJCLGQF RFC
PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD RFC @J?BCQ MLAC RFCW F?TC QJMUCB BMUL. 4FC PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ NSR GLRM RFCK @CDMPC R?ICMDD ?LB KSQR LMR @C
?JJMUCB RM BPMN @CJMU RFGQ APSAG?J JCTCJ. /LC NMQQG@JC U?W RM ?TMGB ? AP?QF GQ RM SQC RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW MD RFC FCJGAMNRCP RM PCNJCLGQF RFC
334 #(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45-
PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD RFC @J?BCQ @W JMQGLE ?JRGRSBC ?LB ?JGELGLE RFC @J?BCQ QM RF?R RFC FCJGAMNRCP GQ QNSL SN GL RFC BCQACLR. /D AMSPQC, GD RFC
FCJGAMNRCPtQ ?JRGRSBC GQ RMM JMU, RFCL RFCPC GQ GLQSDDGAGCLR RGKC DMP RFC @J?BC RM PCE?GL JGDR @CDMPC PC?AFGLE RFC EPMSLB.
0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE 3RP?RCEW DMP 2MR?RGML?J %LCPEW
1. D8G8E@<A8 G;4G 8A8E:L BE JBE> <F <AIB?I87 <A G;8 EBG4G<BA.
2. D8G8E@<A8 G;8 FLFG8@ B9 <AG8E8FG. ! QICRAF SQS?JJW FCJNQ.
3. AA4?LM8 G;8 F<GH4G<BA GB 78G8E@<A8 G;8 GLC8F B9 JBE> 4A7 8A8E:L <AIB?I87.
4. FBE 6?BF87 FLFG8@F, @86;4A<64? 8A8E:L <F 6BAF8EI87. 4F?R GQ, KE
i
+ PE
i
= KE
f
+ PE
f
. .MRC RF?R KE
i
?LB KE
f
K?W C?AF GLAJSBC
RP?LQJ?RGML?J ?LB PMR?RGML?J AMLRPG@SRGMLQ.
5. FBE BC8A FLFG8@F, KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW K?W LMR @C AMLQCPTCB, ?LB MRFCP DMPKQ MD CLCPEW (PCDCPPCB RM NPCTGMSQJW ?Q OE ), QSAF ?Q FC?R
RP?LQDCP, K?W CLRCP MP JC?TC RFC QWQRCK. $CRCPKGLC UF?R RFCW ?PC, ?LB A?JASJ?RC RFCK ?Q LCACQQ?PW.
6. E?<@<A4G8 G8E@F J;8E8I8E CBFF<5?8 GB F<@C?<9L G;8 4?:85E4.
7. C;86> G;8 4AFJ8E GB F88 <9 <G <F E84FBA45?8.
EN7CFB; 10.9 C7B9KB7J?D= !;B?9EFJ;H ED;H=?;I
! RWNGA?J QK?JJ PCQASC FCJGAMNRCP, QGKGJ?P RM RFC MLC GL F?=KH; 10.18, F?Q DMSP @J?BCQ, C?AF GQ 4.00 K JMLE ?LB F?Q ? K?QQ MD 50.0 IE. 4FC @J?BCQ
A?L @C ?NNPMVGK?RCB ?Q RFGL PMBQ RF?R PMR?RC ?@MSR MLC CLB MD ?L ?VGQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFCGP JCLERF. 4FC FCJGAMNRCP F?Q ? RMR?J JM?BCB K?QQ MD
1000 IE. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GL RFC @J?BCQ UFCL RFCW PMR?RC ?R 300 PNK. (@) #?JASJ?RC RFC RP?LQJ?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD RFC
FCJGAMNRCP UFCL GR DJGCQ ?R 20.0 K/Q, ?LB AMKN?PC GR UGRF RFC PMR?RGML?J CLCPEW GL RFC @J?BCQ. (A) 4M UF?R FCGEFR AMSJB RFC FCJGAMNRCP @C P?GQCB GD ?JJ
MD RFC PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW AMSJB @C SQCB RM JGDR GR?
,JH7J;=O
2MR?RGML?J ?LB RP?LQJ?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEGCQ A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB DPMK RFCGP BCDGLGRGMLQ. 4FC J?QR N?PR MD RFC NPM@JCK PCJ?RCQ RM RFC GBC? RF?R CLCPEW
A?L AF?LEC DMPK, GL RFGQ A?QC DPMK PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW RM EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
4FC PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ
(10.73)
KE
rot
=
1
2
I
2
.
7C KSQR AMLTCPR RFC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW RM P?BG?LQ NCP QCAMLB ?LB A?JASJ?RC RFC KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? @CDMPC UC A?L DGLB KE
rot
. 4FC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW
GQ
(10.74)
=
300 rev
1.00 min

2 rad
1 rev

1.00 min
60.0 s
= 31.4
rad
s
.
4FC KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? MD MLC @J?BC UGJJ @C RF?R MD ? RFGL PMB PMR?RCB ?@MSR GRQ CLB, DMSLB GL F?=KH; 10.12. 4FC RMR?J I GQ DMSP RGKCQ RFGQ KMKCLR MD
GLCPRG?, @CA?SQC RFCPC ?PC DMSP @J?BCQ. 4FSQ,
(10.75)
I = 4
M
2
3
= 4
50.0 kg
(4.00 m)
2
3
= 1067 kg m
2
.
%LRCPGLE ?LB I GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW EGTCQ
(10.76)
KE
rot
= 0.5(1067 kg m
2
)(31.4 rad/s)
2
= 5.2610
5
J
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
4P?LQJ?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW U?Q BCDGLCB GL .D?<EHC C?H9KB7H &EJ?ED 7D: H7L?J7J?ED. %LRCPGLE RFC EGTCL T?JSCQ MD K?QQ ?LB TCJMAGRW, UC M@R?GL
(10.77)
KE
trans
=
1
2
mv
2
= (0.5)
1000 kg
(20.0 m/s)
2
= 2.0010
5
J.
4M AMKN?PC IGLCRGA CLCPEGCQ, UC R?IC RFC P?RGM MD RP?LQJ?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW RM PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW. 4FGQ P?RGM GQ
(10.78)
2.0010
5
J
5.2610
5
J
= 0.380.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (9)
!R RFC K?VGKSK FCGEFR, ?JJ PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW UGJJ F?TC @CCL AMLTCPRCB RM EP?TGR?RGML?J CLCPEW. 4M DGLB RFGQ FCGEFR, UC COS?RC RFMQC RUM
CLCPEGCQ:
(10.79) KE
rot
= PE
grav
MP
(10.80) 1
2
I
2
= mgh.
7C LMU QMJTC DMP h ?LB QS@QRGRSRC ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC PCQSJRGLE COS?RGML
#(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45- 335
(10.81)
h =
1
2
I
2
mg
=
5.2610
5
J
1000 kg
9.80 m/s
2
= 53.7 m.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC P?RGM MD RP?LQJ?RGML?J CLCPEW RM PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ MLJW 0.380. 4FGQ P?RGM RCJJQ SQ RF?R KMQR MD RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD RFC FCJGAMNRCP GQ GL
GRQ QNGLLGLE @J?BCQrQMKCRFGLE WMS NPM@?@JW UMSJB LMR QSQNCAR. 4FC 53.7 K FCGEFR RM UFGAF RFC FCJGAMNRCP AMSJB @C P?GQCB UGRF RFC PMR?RGML?J
IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ ?JQM GKNPCQQGTC, ?E?GL CKNF?QGXGLE RFC ?KMSLR MD PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GL RFC @J?BCQ.
F?=KH; 10.18 4FC DGPQR GK?EC QFMUQ FMU FCJGAMNRCPQ QRMPC J?PEC ?KMSLRQ MD PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GL RFCGP @J?BCQ. 4FGQ CLCPEW KSQR @C NSR GLRM RFC @J?BCQ @CDMPC R?ICMDD ?LB
K?GLR?GLCB SLRGJ RFC CLB MD RFC DJGEFR. 4FC CLEGLCQ BM LMR F?TC CLMSEF NMUCP RM QGKSJR?LCMSQJW NPMTGBC JGDR ?LB NSR QGELGDGA?LR PMR?RGML?J CLCPEW GLRM RFC @J?BCQ. 4FC QCAMLB
GK?EC QFMUQ ? FCJGAMNRCP DPMK RFC !SAIJ?LB 7CQRN?A 2CQASC (CJGAMNRCP 3CPTGAC. /TCP 50,000 JGTCQ F?TC @CCL Q?TCB QGLAC GRQ MNCP?RGMLQ @CEGLLGLE GL 1973. (CPC, ? U?RCP
PCQASC MNCP?RGML GQ QFMUL. (APCBGR: 111 %KCPECLAW, &JGAIP)
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ
#MLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW GLAJSBCQ PMR?RGML?J KMRGML, @CA?SQC PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ ?LMRFCP DMPK MD KE . .D?<EHC C?H9KB7H &EJ?ED 7D:
H7L?J7J?ED F?Q ? BCR?GJCB RPC?RKCLR MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW.
(MU 4FGAI )Q RFC 3MSN? /P 7FW $MLtR !JJ /@HCARQ 2MJJ $MULFGJJ ?R RFC 3?KC 2?RC?
/LC MD RFC OS?JGRW AMLRPMJQ GL ? RMK?RM QMSN D?ARMPW AMLQGQRQ MD PMJJGLE DGJJCB A?LQ BMUL ? P?KN. )D RFCW PMJJ RMM D?QR, RFC QMSN GQ RMM RFGL. 7FW QFMSJB
A?LQ MD GBCLRGA?J QGXC ?LB K?QQ PMJJ BMUL ?L GLAJGLC ?R BGDDCPCLR P?RCQ? !LB UFW QFMSJB RFC RFGAICQR QMSN PMJJ RFC QJMUCQR?
4FC C?QGCQR U?W RM ?LQUCP RFCQC OSCQRGMLQ GQ RM AMLQGBCP CLCPEW. 3SNNMQC C?AF A?L QR?PRQ BMUL RFC P?KN DPMK PCQR. %?AF A?L QR?PRGLE DPMK PCQR
KC?LQ C?AF QR?PRQ UGRF RFC Q?KC EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW PE
grav
, UFGAF GQ AMLTCPRCB CLRGPCJW RM KE , NPMTGBCB C?AF PMJJQ UGRFMSR QJGNNGLE.
KE , FMUCTCP, A?L R?IC RFC DMPK MD KE
trans
MP KE
rot
, ?LB RMR?J KE GQ RFC QSK MD RFC RUM. )D ? A?L PMJJQ BMUL ? P?KN, GR NSRQ N?PR MD GRQ CLCPEW GLRM
PMR?RGML, JC?TGLE JCQQ DMP RP?LQJ?RGML. 4FSQ, RFC A?L EMCQ QJMUCP RF?L GR UMSJB GD GR QJGB BMUL. &SPRFCPKMPC, RFC RFGL QMSN BMCQ LMR PMR?RC, UFCPC?Q RFC
RFGAI QMSN BMCQ, @CA?SQC GR QRGAIQ RM RFC A?L. 4FC RFGAI QMSN RFSQ NSRQ KMPC MD RFC A?LtQ MPGEGL?J EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW GLRM PMR?RGML RF?L RFC
RFGL QMSN, ?LB RFC A?L PMJJQ KMPC QJMUJW, ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 10.19.
F?=KH; 10.19 4FPCC A?LQ MD QMSN UGRF GBCLRGA?J K?QQCQ P?AC BMUL ?L GLAJGLC. 4FC DGPQR A?L F?Q ? JMU DPGARGML AM?RGLE ?LB BMCQ LMR PMJJ @SR HSQR QJGBCQ BMUL RFC GLAJGLC. )R UGLQ
@CA?SQC GR AMLTCPRQ GRQ CLRGPC 0% GLRM RP?LQJ?RGML?J +%. 4FC QCAMLB ?LB RFGPB A?LQ @MRF PMJJ BMUL RFC GLAJGLC UGRFMSR QJGNNGLE. 4FC QCAMLB A?L AMLR?GLQ RFGL QMSN ?LB AMKCQ GL
QCAMLB @CA?SQC N?PR MD GRQ GLGRG?J 0% EMCQ GLRM PMR?RGLE RFC A?L (@SR LMR RFC RFGL QMSN). 4FC RFGPB A?L AMLR?GLQ RFGAI QMSN. )R AMKCQ GL RFGPB @CA?SQC RFC QMSN PMR?RCQ ?JMLE UGRF
RFC A?L, R?IGLE CTCL KMPC MD RFC GLGRG?J 0% DMP PMR?RGML?J +%, JC?TGLE JCQQ DMP RP?LQJ?RGML?J +%.
336 #(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45-
!QQSKGLE LM JMQQCQ BSC RM DPGARGML, RFCPC GQ MLJW MLC DMPAC BMGLE UMPIrEP?TGRW. 4FCPCDMPC RFC RMR?J UMPI BMLC GQ RFC AF?LEC GL IGLCRGA CLCPEW. !Q RFC
A?LQ QR?PR KMTGLE, RFC NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW GQ AF?LEGLE GLRM IGLCRGA CLCPEW. #MLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW EGTCQ
(10.82) PE
i
= KE
f
.
-MPC QNCAGDGA?JJW,
(10.83) PE
grav
= KE
trans
+ KE
rot
MP
(10.84)
mgh =
1
2
mv
2
+
1
2
I
2
.
3M, RFC GLGRG?J mgh GQ BGTGBCB @CRUCCL RP?LQJ?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?LB PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW; ?LB RFC EPC?RCP I GQ, RFC JCQQ CLCPEW EMCQ GLRM
RP?LQJ?RGML. )D RFC A?L QJGBCQ BMUL UGRFMSR DPGARGML, RFCL = 0 ?LB ?JJ RFC CLCPEW EMCQ GLRM RP?LQJ?RGML; RFSQ, RFC A?L EMCQ D?QRCP.
,MA?RC QCTCP?J A?LQ C?AF AMLR?GLGLE BGDDCPCLR RWNCQ MD DMMB. &GPQR, NPCBGAR UFGAF A?L UGJJ UGL RFC P?AC BMUL ?L GLAJGLCB NJ?LC ?LB CVNJ?GL UFW.
3CC GD WMSP NPCBGARGML GQ AMPPCAR. 9MS AMSJB ?JQM BM RFGQ CVNCPGKCLR @W AMJJCARGLE QCTCP?J CKNRW AWJGLBPGA?J AMLR?GLCPQ MD RFC Q?KC QGXC ?LB DGJJGLE
RFCK UGRF BGDDCPCLR K?RCPG?JQ QSAF ?Q UCR MP BPW Q?LB.
EN7CFB; 10.10 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; ,F;;: E< 7 COB?D:;H +EBB?D= DEMD 7D "D9B?D;
#?JASJ?RC RFC DGL?J QNCCB MD ? QMJGB AWJGLBCP RF?R PMJJQ BMUL ? 2.00-K-FGEF GLAJGLC. 4FC AWJGLBCP QR?PRQ DPMK PCQR, F?Q ? K?QQ MD 0.750 IE, ?LB F?Q ?
P?BGSQ MD 4.00 AK.
,JH7J;=O
7C A?L QMJTC DMP RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW SQGLE AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW, @SR UC KSQR DGPQR CVNPCQQ PMR?RGML?J OS?LRGRGCQ GL RCPKQ MD RP?LQJ?RGML?J OS?LRGRGCQ
RM CLB SN UGRF v ?Q RFC MLJW SLILMUL.
,EBKJ?ED
#MLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW DMP RFGQ QGRS?RGML GQ UPGRRCL ?Q BCQAPG@CB ?@MTC:
(10.85)
mgh =
1
2
mv
2
+
1
2
I
2
.
"CDMPC UC A?L QMJTC DMP v , UC KSQR ECR ?L CVNPCQQGML DMP I DPMK F?=KH; 10.12. "CA?SQC v ?LB ?PC PCJ?RCB (LMRC FCPC RF?R RFC AWJGLBCP GQ
PMJJGLE UGRFMSR QJGNNGLE), UC KSQR ?JQM QS@QRGRSRC RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN = v / R GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML. 4FCQC QS@QRGRSRGMLQ WGCJB
(10.86)
mgh =
1
2
mv
2
+
1
2
1
2
mR
2
v
2
R
2
.
)LRCPCQRGLEJW, RFC AWJGLBCPtQ P?BGSQ R ?LB K?QQ m A?LACJ, WGCJBGLE
(10.87)
gh =
1
2
v
2
+
1
4
v
2
=
3
4
v
2
.
3MJTGLE ?JEC@P?GA?JJW, RFC COS?RGML DMP RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW v EGTCQ
(10.88)
v =

4gh
3
1 / 2
.
3S@QRGRSRGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC PCQSJRGLE CVNPCQQGML WGCJBQ
(10.89)
v =
9.80 m/s
2
(2.00 m)
3
1 / 2
= 5.11 m/s.
D?I9KII?ED
"CA?SQC m ?LB R A?LACJ, RFC PCQSJR v =

4
3
gh
1 / 2
GQ T?JGB DMP ?LW QMJGB AWJGLBCP, GKNJWGLE RF?R ?JJ QMJGB AWJGLBCPQ UGJJ PMJJ BMUL ?L GLAJGLC ?R RFC
Q?KC P?RC GLBCNCLBCLR MD RFCGP K?QQCQ ?LB QGXCQ. (2MJJGLE AWJGLBCPQ BMUL GLAJGLCQ GQ UF?R '?JGJCM ?ARS?JJW BGB RM QFMU RF?R M@HCARQ D?JJ ?R RFC
Q?KC P?RC GLBCNCLBCLR MD K?QQ.) .MRC RF?R GD RFC AWJGLBCP QJGB UGRFMSR DPGARGML BMUL RFC GLAJGLC UGRFMSR PMJJGLE, RFCL RFC CLRGPC EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J
CLCPEW UMSJB EM GLRM RP?LQJ?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW. 4FSQ,
1
2
mv
2
= mgh ?LB v = (2gh)
1 / 2
, UFGAF GQ 22% EPC?RCP RF?L (4gh / 3)
1 / 2
. 4F?R GQ,
RFC AWJGLBCP UMSJB EM D?QRCP ?R RFC @MRRMK.
#(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45- 337
AD7BE=O E< +EJ7J?ED7B 7D: -H7DIB7J?ED7B $?D;J?9 ED;H=O
)Q PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW AMKNJCRCJW ?L?JMEMSQ RM RP?LQJ?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW? 7F?R, GD ?LW, ?PC RFCGP BGDDCPCLACQ? 'GTC ?L CV?KNJC MD C?AF
RWNC MD IGLCRGA CLCPEW.
,EBKJ?ED
9CQ, PMR?RGML?J ?LB RP?LQJ?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?PC CV?AR ?L?JMEQ. 4FCW @MRF ?PC RFC CLCPEW MD KMRGML GLTMJTCB UGRF RFC AMMPBGL?RCB (LML-
P?LBMK) KMTCKCLR MD K?QQ PCJ?RGTC RM QMKC PCDCPCLAC DP?KC. 4FC MLJW BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL PMR?RGML?J ?LB RP?LQJ?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ RF?R
RP?LQJ?RGML?J GQ QRP?GEFR JGLC KMRGML UFGJC PMR?RGML?J GQ LMR. !L CV?KNJC MD @MRF IGLCRGA ?LB RP?LQJ?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ DMSLB GL ? @GIC RGPC UFGJC
@CGLE PGBBCL BMUL ? @GIC N?RF. 4FC PMR?RGML?J KMRGML MD RFC RGPC KC?LQ GR F?Q PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW UFGJC RFC KMTCKCLR MD RFC @GIC ?JMLE RFC
N?RF KC?LQ RFC RGPC ?JQM F?Q RP?LQJ?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW. )D WMS UCPC RM JGDR RFC DPMLR UFCCJ MD RFC @GIC ?LB QNGL GR UFGJC RFC @GIC GQ QR?RGML?PW, RFCL
RFC UFCCJ UMSJB F?TC MLJW PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: -W 3MJ?P 3WQRCK
"SGJB WMSP MUL QWQRCK MD FC?TCLJW @MBGCQ ?LB U?RAF RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J @?JJCR. 7GRF RFGQ MP@GR QGKSJ?RMP, WMS A?L QCR GLGRG?J NMQGRGMLQ, TCJMAGRGCQ, ?LB
K?QQCQ MD 2, 3, MP 4 @MBGCQ, ?LB RFCL QCC RFCK MP@GR C?AF MRFCP.
F?=KH; 10.20 &O ,EB7H ,OIJ;C (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42180/1.7/CO-IEB7H-IOIJ;C6;D.@7H)
10.5 AD=KB7H &EC;DJKC 7D: "JI CEDI;HL7J?ED
7FW BMCQ %?PRF ICCN ML QNGLLGLE? 7F?R QR?PRCB GR QNGLLGLE RM @CEGL UGRF? !LB FMU BMCQ ?L GAC QI?RCP K?L?EC RM QNGL D?QRCP ?LB D?QRCP QGKNJW @W
NSJJGLE FCP ?PKQ GL? 7FW BMCQ QFC LMR F?TC RM CVCPR ? RMPOSC RM QNGL D?QRCP? 1SCQRGMLQ JGIC RFCQC F?TC ?LQUCPQ @?QCB GL ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK, RFC
PMR?RGML?J ?L?JME RM JGLC?P KMKCLRSK.
"W LMU RFC N?RRCPL GQ AJC?PrCTCPW PMR?RGML?J NFCLMKCLML F?Q ? BGPCAR RP?LQJ?RGML?J ?L?JME. )R QCCKQ OSGRC PC?QML?@JC, RFCL, RM BCDGLC 7D=KB7H
CEC;DJKC L ?Q
(10.90) L = I.
4FGQ COS?RGML GQ ?L ?L?JME RM RFC BCDGLGRGML MD JGLC?P KMKCLRSK ?Q p = mv . 5LGRQ DMP JGLC?P KMKCLRSK ?PC kg m/s UFGJC SLGRQ DMP ?LESJ?P
KMKCLRSK ?PC kg m
2
/s . !Q UC UMSJB CVNCAR, ?L M@HCAR RF?R F?Q ? J?PEC KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? I , QSAF ?Q %?PRF, F?Q ? TCPW J?PEC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK.
!L M@HCAR RF?R F?Q ? J?PEC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW , QSAF ?Q ? ACLRPGDSEC, ?JQM F?Q ? P?RFCP J?PEC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ
!LESJ?P KMKCLRSK GQ AMKNJCRCJW ?L?JMEMSQ RM JGLC?P KMKCLRSK, DGPQR NPCQCLRCB GL .D?<EHC C?H9KB7H &EJ?ED 7D: H7L?J7J?ED. )R F?Q RFC Q?KC
GKNJGA?RGMLQ GL RCPKQ MD A?PPWGLE PMR?RGML DMPU?PB, ?LB GR GQ AMLQCPTCB UFCL RFC LCR CVRCPL?J RMPOSC GQ XCPM. !LESJ?P KMKCLRSK, JGIC JGLC?P
KMKCLRSK, GQ ?JQM ? NPMNCPRW MD RFC ?RMKQ ?LB QS@?RMKGA N?PRGAJCQ.
EN7CFB; 10.11 C7B9KB7J?D= AD=KB7H &EC;DJKC E< J>; E7HJ>
,JH7J;=O
.M GLDMPK?RGML GQ EGTCL GL RFC QR?RCKCLR MD RFC NPM@JCK; QM UC KSQR JMMI SN NCPRGLCLR B?R? @CDMPC UC A?L A?JASJ?RC L = I. &GPQR, ?AAMPBGLE RM
F?=KH; 10.12, RFC DMPKSJ? DMP RFC KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? MD ? QNFCPC GQ
(10.91)
I =
2MR
2
5
QM RF?R
(10.92)
L = I =
2MR
2
5
.
%?PRFtQ K?QQ M GQ 5.97910
24
kg ?LB GRQ P?BGSQ R GQ 6.37610
6
m. 4FC %?PRFtQ ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW GQ, MD AMSPQC, CV?ARJW MLC PCTMJSRGML
NCP B?W, @SR UC KSQR AMTCPR RM P?BG?LQ NCP QCAMLB RM BM RFC A?JASJ?RGML GL 3) SLGRQ.
,EBKJ?ED
3S@QRGRSRGLE ILMUL GLDMPK?RGML GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP L ?LB AMLTCPRGLE RM P?BG?LQ NCP QCAMLB EGTCQ
338 #(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45-
(10.93)
L = 0.4
5.97910
24
kg
6.37610
6
m
1 rev
d
= 9.7210
37
kg m
2
rev/d.
3S@QRGRSRGLE 2 P?B DMP 1 PCT ?LB 8.6410
4
s DMP 1 B?W EGTCQ
(10.94)
L =

9.7210
37
kg m
2
2 rad/rev
8.6410
4
s/d
(1 rev/d)
= 7.0710
33
kg m
2
/s.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ LSK@CP GQ J?PEC, BCKMLQRP?RGLE RF?R %?PRF, ?Q CVNCARCB, F?Q ? RPCKCLBMSQ ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK. 4FC ?LQUCP GQ ?NNPMVGK?RC, @CA?SQC UC
F?TC ?QQSKCB ? AMLQR?LR BCLQGRW DMP %?PRF GL MPBCP RM CQRGK?RC GRQ KMKCLR MD GLCPRG?.
7FCL WMS NSQF ? KCPPW-EM-PMSLB, QNGL ? @GIC UFCCJ, MP MNCL ? BMMP, WMS CVCPR ? RMPOSC. )D RFC RMPOSC WMS CVCPR GQ EPC?RCP RF?L MNNMQGLE RMPOSCQ,
RFCL RFC PMR?RGML ?AACJCP?RCQ, ?LB ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK GLAPC?QCQ. 4FC EPC?RCP RFC LCR RMPOSC, RFC KMPC P?NGB RFC GLAPC?QC GL L . 4FC PCJ?RGMLQFGN
@CRUCCL RMPOSC ?LB ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK GQ
(10.95)
net =
L
t
.
4FGQ CVNPCQQGML GQ CV?ARJW ?L?JMEMSQ RM RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL DMPAC ?LB JGLC?P KMKCLRSK, F = p / t . 4FC COS?RGML net =
L
t
GQ TCPW
DSLB?KCLR?J ?LB @PM?BJW ?NNJGA?@JC. )R GQ, GL D?AR, RFC PMR?RGML?J DMPK MD .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U.
EN7CFB; 10.12 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; -EHGK; )KJJ?D= AD=KB7H &EC;DJKC "DJE 7 %7PO ,KI7D
F?=KH; 10.21 QFMUQ ? ,?XW 3SQ?L DMMB RP?W @CGLE PMR?RCB @W ? NCPQML GL OSCQR MD QSQRCL?LAC. 3SNNMQC RFC NCPQML CVCPRQ ? 2.50 . DMPAC
NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC J?XW 3SQ?LtQ 0.260-K P?BGSQ DMP 0.150 Q. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC DGL?J ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK MD RFC J?XW 3SQ?L GD GR QR?PRQ DPMK PCQR,
?QQSKGLE DPGARGML GQ LCEJGEG@JC? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC DGL?J ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW MD RFC J?XW 3SQ?L, EGTCL RF?R GRQ K?QQ GQ 4.00 IE ?LB ?QQSKGLE GRQ KMKCLR MD
GLCPRG? GQ RF?R MD ? BGQI?
F?=KH; 10.21 ! N?PRWEMCP CVCPRQ ? RMPOSC ML ? J?XW 3SQ?L RM K?IC GR PMR?RC. 4FC COS?RGML net =
L
t
EGTCQ RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL RMPOSC ?LB RFC ?LESJ?P
KMKCLRSK NPMBSACB.
,JH7J;=O
7C A?L DGLB RFC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK @W QMJTGLE net =
L
t
DMP L , ?LB SQGLE RFC EGTCL GLDMPK?RGML RM A?JASJ?RC RFC RMPOSC. 4FC DGL?J ?LESJ?P
KMKCLRSK COS?JQ RFC AF?LEC GL ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK, @CA?SQC RFC J?XW 3SQ?L QR?PRQ DPMK PCQR. 4F?R GQ, L = L . 4M DGLB RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW, UC
KSQR A?JASJ?RC DPMK RFC BCDGLGRGML MD L GL L = I.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
3MJTGLE net =
L
t
DMP L EGTCQ
(10.96)
L = (net )t.
"CA?SQC RFC DMPAC GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM r , UC QCC RF?R net = rF , QM RF?R
(10.97)
L = rFt = (0.260 m)(2.50 N)(0.150 s)
= 9.7510
2
kg m
2
/ s.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
4FC DGL?J ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB DPMK RFC BCDGLGRGML MD ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK,
(10.98) L = I.
#(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45- 339
3MJTGLE DMP ?LB QS@QRGRSRGLE RFC DMPKSJ? DMP RFC KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? MD ? BGQI GLRM RFC PCQSJRGLE COS?RGML EGTCQ
(10.99)
=
L
I
=
L
1
2
MR
2
.
!LB QS@QRGRSRGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC NPCACBGLE COS?RGML WGCJBQ
(10.100)
=
9.7510
2
kg m
2
/s
(0.500)
4.00 kg
(0.260 m)
= 0.721 rad/s.
D?I9KII?ED
.MRC RF?R RFC GKN?PRCB ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK BMCQ LMR BCNCLB ML ?LW NPMNCPRW MD RFC M@HCAR @SR MLJW ML RMPOSC ?LB RGKC. 4FC DGL?J ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW
GQ COSGT?JCLR RM MLC PCTMJSRGML GL 8.71 Q (BCRCPKGL?RGML MD RFC RGKC NCPGMB GQ JCDR ?Q ?L CVCPAGQC DMP RFC PC?BCP), UFGAF GQ ?@MSR PGEFR DMP ? J?XW
3SQ?L.
EN7CFB; 10.13 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; -EHGK; ?D 7 $?9A
4FC NCPQML UFMQC JCE GQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 10.22 IGAIQ FGQ JCE @W CVCPRGLE ? 2000-. DMPAC UGRF FGQ SNNCP JCE KSQAJC. 4FC CDDCARGTC NCPNCLBGASJ?P
JCTCP ?PK GQ 2.20 AK. 'GTCL RFC KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? MD RFC JMUCP JCE GQ 1.25 kg m
2
, (?) DGLB RFC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML MD RFC JCE. (@) .CEJCARGLE
RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC, UF?R GQ RFC PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD RFC JCE ?DRCP GR F?Q PMR?RCB RFPMSEF 57.3 (1.00 P?B)?
F?=KH; 10.22 4FC KSQAJC GL RFC SNNCP JCE EGTCQ RFC JMUCP JCE ?L ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML ?LB GKN?PRQ PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW RM GR @W CVCPRGLE ? RMPOSC ?@MSR RFC ILCC. F GQ
? TCARMP RF?R GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM r . 4FGQ CV?KNJC CV?KGLCQ RFC QGRS?RGML.
,JH7J;=O
4FC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML A?L @C DMSLB SQGLE RFC PMR?RGML?J ?L?JME RM .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U, MP = net / I . 4FC KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? I GQ EGTCL
?LB RFC RMPOSC A?L @C DMSLB C?QGJW DPMK RFC EGTCL DMPAC ?LB NCPNCLBGASJ?P JCTCP ?PK. /LAC RFC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML GQ ILMUL, RFC DGL?J
?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW ?LB PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB.
,EBKJ?ED JE (7)
&PMK RFC PMR?RGML?J ?L?JME RM .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U, RFC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML GQ
(10.101)
=
net
I
.
"CA?SQC RFC DMPAC ?LB RFC NCPNCLBGASJ?P JCTCP ?PK ?PC EGTCL ?LB RFC JCE GQ TCPRGA?J QM RF?R GRQ UCGEFR BMCQ LMR APC?RC ? RMPOSC, RFC LCR RMPOSC GQ
RFSQ
(10.102) net = r
F
= (0.0220 m)(2000 N)
= 44.0 N m.
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFGQ T?JSC DMP RFC RMPOSC ?LB RFC EGTCL T?JSC DMP RFC KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP EGTCQ
(10.103)
=
44.0 N m
1.25 kg m
2
= 35.2 rad/s
2
.
,EBKJ?ED JE (8)
4FC DGL?J ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB DPMK RFC IGLCK?RGA CVNPCQQGML
(10.104)
2
=
0
2
+ 2
MP
(10.105)
2
= 2
340 #(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45-
@CA?SQC RFC GLGRG?J ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW GQ XCPM. 4FC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD PMR?RGML GQ
(10.106)
KE
rot
=
1
2
I
2
QM GR GQ KMQR AMLTCLGCLR RM SQC RFC T?JSC MD
2
HSQR DMSLB ?LB RFC EGTCL T?JSC DMP RFC KMKCLR MD GLCPRG?. 4FC IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ RFCL
(10.107)
KE
rot
= 0.5
1.25 kg m
2
70.4 rad
2
/ s
2
= 44.0 J
.
D?I9KII?ED
4FCQC T?JSCQ ?PC PC?QML?@JC DMP ? NCPQML IGAIGLE FGQ JCE QR?PRGLE DPMK RFC NMQGRGML QFMUL. 4FC UCGEFR MD RFC JCE A?L @C LCEJCARCB GL N?PR (?)
@CA?SQC GR CVCPRQ LM RMPOSC UFCL RFC ACLRCP MD EP?TGRW MD RFC JMUCP JCE GQ BGPCARJW @CLC?RF RFC NGTMR GL RFC ILCC. )L N?PR (@), RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB @W
RFC SNNCP JCE GQ QM J?PEC RF?R GRQ RMPOSC GQ KSAF EPC?RCP RF?L RF?R APC?RCB @W RFC UCGEFR MD RFC JMUCP JCE ?Q GR PMR?RCQ. 4FC PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW
EGTCL RM RFC JMUCP JCE GQ CLMSEF RF?R GR AMSJB EGTC ? @?JJ ? QGELGDGA?LR TCJMAGRW @W RP?LQDCPPGLE QMKC MD RFGQ CLCPEW GL ? IGAI.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: #MLQCPT?RGML ,?UQ
!LESJ?P KMKCLRSK, JGIC CLCPEW ?LB JGLC?P KMKCLRSK, GQ AMLQCPTCB. 4FGQ SLGTCPQ?JJW ?NNJGA?@JC J?U GQ ?LMRFCP QGEL MD SLBCPJWGLE SLGRW GL
NFWQGA?J J?UQ. !LESJ?P KMKCLRSK GQ AMLQCPTCB UFCL LCR CVRCPL?J RMPOSC GQ XCPM, HSQR ?Q JGLC?P KMKCLRSK GQ AMLQCPTCB UFCL RFC LCR CVRCPL?J
DMPAC GQ XCPM.
#MLQCPT?RGML MD !LESJ?P -MKCLRSK
7C A?L LMU SLBCPQR?LB UFW %?PRF ICCNQ ML QNGLLGLE. !Q UC Q?U GL RFC NPCTGMSQ CV?KNJC, L = (net )t . 4FGQ COS?RGML KC?LQ RF?R, RM AF?LEC
?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK, ? RMPOSC KSQR ?AR MTCP QMKC NCPGMB MD RGKC. "CA?SQC %?PRF F?Q ? J?PEC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK, ? J?PEC RMPOSC ?ARGLE MTCP ? JMLE
RGKC GQ LCCBCB RM AF?LEC GRQ P?RC MD QNGL. 3M UF?R CVRCPL?J RMPOSCQ ?PC RFCPC? 4GB?J DPGARGML CVCPRQ RMPOSC RF?R GQ QJMUGLE %?PRFtQ PMR?RGML, @SR RCLQ MD
KGJJGMLQ MD WC?PQ KSQR N?QQ @CDMPC RFC AF?LEC GQ TCPW QGELGDGA?LR. 2CACLR PCQC?PAF GLBGA?RCQ RFC JCLERF MD RFC B?W U?Q 18 F QMKC 900 KGJJGML WC?PQ
?EM. /LJW RFC RGBCQ CVCPR QGELGDGA?LR PCR?PBGLE RMPOSCQ ML %?PRF, ?LB QM GR UGJJ AMLRGLSC RM QNGL, ?JRFMSEF CTCP KMPC QJMUJW, DMP K?LW @GJJGMLQ MD WC?PQ.
7F?R UC F?TC FCPC GQ, GL D?AR, ?LMRFCP AMLQCPT?RGML J?U. )D RFC LCR RMPOSC GQ M8EB, RFCL ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK GQ AMLQR?LR MP 6BAF8EI87. 7C A?L QCC RFGQ
PGEMPMSQJW @W AMLQGBCPGLE net =
L
t
DMP RFC QGRS?RGML GL UFGAF RFC LCR RMPOSC GQ XCPM. )L RF?R A?QC,
(10.108) net = 0
GKNJWGLE RF?R
(10.109) L
t
= 0.
)D RFC AF?LEC GL ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK L GQ XCPM, RFCL RFC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK GQ AMLQR?LR; RFSQ,
(10.110)
L = constant (net = 0)
MP
(10.111)
L = L(net = 0).
4FCQC CVNPCQQGMLQ ?PC RFC B7M E< 9EDI;HL7J?ED E< 7D=KB7H CEC;DJKC. #MLQCPT?RGML J?UQ ?PC ?Q QA?PAC ?Q RFCW ?PC GKNMPR?LR.
!L CV?KNJC MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK GQ QCCL GL F?=KH; 10.23, GL UFGAF ?L GAC QI?RCP GQ CVCASRGLE ? QNGL. 4FC LCR RMPOSC ML FCP GQ TCPW
AJMQC RM XCPM, @CA?SQC RFCPC GQ PCJ?RGTCJW JGRRJC DPGARGML @CRUCCL FCP QI?RCQ ?LB RFC GAC ?LB @CA?SQC RFC DPGARGML GQ CVCPRCB TCPW AJMQC RM RFC NGTMR NMGLR.
("MRF F ?LB r ?PC QK?JJ, ?LB QM GQ LCEJGEG@JW QK?JJ.) #MLQCOSCLRJW, QFC A?L QNGL DMP OSGRC QMKC RGKC. 3FC A?L BM QMKCRFGLE CJQC, RMM. 3FC A?L
GLAPC?QC FCP P?RC MD QNGL @W NSJJGLE FCP ?PKQ ?LB JCEQ GL. 7FW BMCQ NSJJGLE FCP ?PKQ ?LB JCEQ GL GLAPC?QC FCP P?RC MD QNGL? 4FC ?LQUCP GQ RF?R FCP
?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK GQ AMLQR?LR, QM RF?R
(10.112)
L = L.
%VNPCQQGLE RFGQ COS?RGML GL RCPKQ MD RFC KMKCLR MD GLCPRG?,
(10.113)
I = I,
UFCPC RFC NPGKCB OS?LRGRGCQ PCDCP RM AMLBGRGMLQ ?DRCP QFC F?Q NSJJCB GL FCP ?PKQ ?LB PCBSACB FCP KMKCLR MD GLCPRG?. "CA?SQC I GQ QK?JJCP, RFC
?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW KSQR GLAPC?QC RM ICCN RFC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK AMLQR?LR. 4FC AF?LEC A?L @C BP?K?RGA, ?Q RFC DMJJMUGLE CV?KNJC QFMUQ.
#(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45- 341
F?=KH; 10.23 (?) !L GAC QI?RCP GQ QNGLLGLE ML RFC RGN MD FCP QI?RC UGRF FCP ?PKQ CVRCLBCB. (CP ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK GQ AMLQCPTCB @CA?SQC RFC LCR RMPOSC ML FCP GQ LCEJGEG@JW
QK?JJ. )L RFC LCVR GK?EC, FCP P?RC MD QNGL GLAPC?QCQ EPC?RJW UFCL QFC NSJJQ GL FCP ?PKQ, BCAPC?QGLE FCP KMKCLR MD GLCPRG?. 4FC UMPI QFC BMCQ RM NSJJ GL FCP ?PKQ PCQSJRQ GL ?L
GLAPC?QC GL PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW.
EN7CFB; 10.14 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; AD=KB7H &EC;DJKC E< 7 ,F?DD?D= ,A7J;H
3SNNMQC ?L GAC QI?RCP, QSAF ?Q RFC MLC GL F?=KH; 10.23, GQ QNGLLGLE ?R 0.800 PCT/ Q UGRF FCP ?PKQ CVRCLBCB. 3FC F?Q ? KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? MD
2.34 kg m
2
UGRF FCP ?PKQ CVRCLBCB ?LB MD 0.363 kg m
2
UGRF FCP ?PKQ AJMQC RM FCP @MBW. (4FCQC KMKCLRQ MD GLCPRG? ?PC @?QCB ML
PC?QML?@JC ?QQSKNRGMLQ ?@MSR ? 60.0-IE QI?RCP.) (?) 7F?R GQ FCP ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW GL PCTMJSRGMLQ NCP QCAMLB ?DRCP QFC NSJJQ GL FCP ?PKQ? (@) 7F?R
GQ FCP PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW @CDMPC ?LB ?DRCP QFC BMCQ RFGQ?
,JH7J;=O
)L RFC DGPQR N?PR MD RFC NPM@JCK, UC ?PC JMMIGLE DMP RFC QI?RCPtQ ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW ?DRCP QFC F?Q NSJJCB GL FCP ?PKQ. 4M DGLB RFGQ OS?LRGRW, UC SQC
RFC AMLQCPT?RGML MD ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK ?LB LMRC RF?R RFC KMKCLRQ MD GLCPRG? ?LB GLGRG?J ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW ?PC EGTCL. 4M DGLB RFC GLGRG?J ?LB DGL?J
IGLCRGA CLCPEGCQ, UC SQC RFC BCDGLGRGML MD PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW EGTCL @W
(10.114)
KE
rot
=
1
2
I
2
.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
"CA?SQC RMPOSC GQ LCEJGEG@JC (?Q BGQASQQCB ?@MTC), RFC AMLQCPT?RGML MD ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK EGTCL GL I = I GQ ?NNJGA?@JC. 4FSQ,
(10.115)
L = L
MP
(10.116)
I = I
3MJTGLE DMP ?LB QS@QRGRSRGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC PCQSJRGLE COS?RGML EGTCQ
(10.117)
=
I
I
=

2.34 kg m
2
0.363 kg m
2
(0.800 rev/s)
= 5.16 rev/s.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
2MR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ EGTCL @W
(10.118)
KE
rot
=
1
2
I
2
.
4FC GLGRG?J T?JSC GQ DMSLB @W QS@QRGRSRGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC COS?RGML ?LB AMLTCPRGLE RFC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW RM P?B/Q:
(10.119)
KE
rot
= (0.5)
2.34 kg m
2
(0.800 rev/s)(2 rad/rev)
2
= 29.6 J.
4FC DGL?J PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ
(10.120)
KE
rot
=
1
2
I
2
.
3S@QRGRSRGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFGQ COS?RGML EGTCQ
(10.121)
KE
rot
= (0.5)
0.363 kg m
2
(5.16 rev/s)(2 rad/rev)
2
= 191 J.
D?I9KII?ED
)L @MRF N?PRQ, RFCPC GQ ?L GKNPCQQGTC GLAPC?QC. &GPQR, RFC DGL?J ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW GQ J?PEC, ?JRFMSEF KMQR UMPJB-AJ?QQ QI?RCPQ A?L ?AFGCTC QNGL P?RCQ
?@MSR RFGQ EPC?R. 3CAMLB, RFC DGL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ KSAF EPC?RCP RF?L RFC GLGRG?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW. 4FC GLAPC?QC GL PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW AMKCQ
DPMK UMPI BMLC @W RFC QI?RCP GL NSJJGLE GL FCP ?PKQ. 4FGQ UMPI GQ GLRCPL?J UMPI RF?R BCNJCRCQ QMKC MD RFC QI?RCPtQ DMMB CLCPEW.
342 #(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45-
4FCPC ?PC QCTCP?J MRFCP CV?KNJCQ MD M@HCARQ RF?R GLAPC?QC RFCGP P?RC MD QNGL @CA?SQC QMKCRFGLE PCBSACB RFCGP KMKCLR MD GLCPRG?. 4MPL?BMCQ ?PC MLC
CV?KNJC. 3RMPK QWQRCKQ RF?R APC?RC RMPL?BMCQ ?PC QJMUJW PMR?RGLE. 7FCL RFC P?BGSQ MD PMR?RGML L?PPMUQ, CTCL GL ? JMA?J PCEGML, ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW
GLAPC?QCQ, QMKCRGKCQ RM RFC DSPGMSQ JCTCJ MD ? RMPL?BM. %?PRF GQ ?LMRFCP CV?KNJC. /SP NJ?LCR U?Q @MPL DPMK ? FSEC AJMSB MD E?Q ?LB BSQR, RFC PMR?RGML
MD UFGAF A?KC DPMK RSP@SJCLAC GL ?L CTCL J?PECP AJMSB. 'P?TGR?RGML?J DMPACQ A?SQCB RFC AJMSB RM AMLRP?AR, ?LB RFC PMR?RGML P?RC GLAPC?QCB ?Q ? PCQSJR.
(3CC F?=KH; 10.24.)
F?=KH; 10.24 4FC 3MJ?P 3WQRCK AM?JCQACB DPMK ? AJMSB MD E?Q ?LB BSQR RF?R U?Q MPGEGL?JJW PMR?RGLE. 4FC MP@GR?J KMRGMLQ ?LB QNGLQ MD RFC NJ?LCRQ ?PC GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q
RFC MPGEGL?J QNGL ?LB AMLQCPTC RFC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK MD RFC N?PCLR AJMSB.
)L A?QC MD FSK?L KMRGML, MLC UMSJB LMR CVNCAR ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK RM @C AMLQCPTCB UFCL ? @MBW GLRCP?ARQ UGRF RFC CLTGPMLKCLR ?Q GRQ DMMR NSQFCQ
MDD RFC EPMSLB. !QRPML?SRQ DJM?RGLE GL QN?AC ?@M?PB RFC )LRCPL?RGML?J 3N?AC 3R?RGML F?TC LM ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK PCJ?RGTC RM RFC GLQGBC MD RFC QFGN GD RFCW
?PC KMRGMLJCQQ. 4FCGP @MBGCQ UGJJ AMLRGLSC RM F?TC RFGQ XCPM T?JSC LM K?RRCP FMU RFCW RUGQR ?@MSR ?Q JMLE ?Q RFCW BM LMR EGTC RFCKQCJTCQ ? NSQF MDD
RFC QGBC MD RFC TCQQCJ.
C>;9A 2EKH .D:;IJ7D:?D=
)Q ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK AMKNJCRCJW ?L?JMEMSQ RM JGLC?P KMKCLRSK? 7F?R, GD ?LW, ?PC RFCGP BGDDCPCLACQ?
,EBKJ?ED
9CQ, ?LESJ?P ?LB JGLC?P KMKCLRSKQ ?PC AMKNJCRCJW ?L?JMEMSQ. 7FGJC RFCW ?PC CV?AR ?L?JMEQ RFCW F?TC BGDDCPCLR SLGRQ ?LB ?PC LMR BGPCARJW GLRCP-
AMLTCPRG@JC JGIC DMPKQ MD CLCPEW ?PC.
10.6 CEBB?I?EDI E< ENJ;D:;: BE:?;I ?D -ME D?C;DI?EDI
"MUJGLE NGLQ ?PC QCLR DJWGLE ?LB QNGLLGLE UFCL FGR @W ? @MUJGLE @?JJr?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK ?Q UCJJ ?Q JGLC?P KMKCLRSK ?LB CLCPEW F?TC @CCL
GKN?PRCB RM RFC NGLQ. (3CC F?=KH; 10.25). -?LW AMJJGQGMLQ GLTMJTC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK. #?PQ, DMP CV?KNJC, K?W QNGL ?LB AMJJGBC ML GAC MP ? UCR
QSPD?AC. "?QC@?JJ NGRAFCPQ RFPMU ASPTCQ @W NSRRGLE QNGL ML RFC @?QC@?JJ. ! RCLLGQ NJ?WCP A?L NSR ? JMR MD RMN QNGL ML RFC RCLLGQ @?JJ UFGAF A?SQCQ GR RM
BGTC BMUL MLRM RFC AMSPR MLAC GR APMQQCQ RFC LCR. 7C LMU R?IC ? @PGCD JMMI ?R UF?R F?NNCLQ UFCL M@HCARQ RF?R A?L PMR?RC AMJJGBC.
#MLQGBCP RFC PCJ?RGTCJW QGKNJC AMJJGQGML QFMUL GL F?=KH; 10.26, GL UFGAF ? BGQI QRPGICQ ?LB ?BFCPCQ RM ?L GLGRG?JJW KMRGMLJCQQ QRGAI L?GJCB ?R MLC CLB RM
? DPGARGMLJCQQ QSPD?AC. !DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML, RFC RUM PMR?RC ?@MSR RFC L?GJ. 4FCPC GQ ?L SL@?J?LACB CVRCPL?J DMPAC ML RFC QWQRCK ?R RFC L?GJ. 4FGQ DMPAC
CVCPRQ LM RMPOSC @CA?SQC GRQ JCTCP ?PK r GQ XCPM. !LESJ?P KMKCLRSK GQ RFCPCDMPC AMLQCPTCB GL RFC AMJJGQGML. +GLCRGA CLCPEW GQ LMR AMLQCPTCB,
@CA?SQC RFC AMJJGQGML GQ GLCJ?QRGA. )R GQ NMQQG@JC RF?R KMKCLRSK GQ LMR AMLQCPTCB CGRFCP @CA?SQC RFC DMPAC ?R RFC L?GJ K?W F?TC ? AMKNMLCLR GL RFC
BGPCARGML MD RFC BGQItQ GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW. ,CR SQ CV?KGLC ? A?QC MD PMR?RGML GL ? AMJJGQGML GL EN7CFB; 10.15.
F?=KH; 10.25 4FC @MUJGLE @?JJ A?SQCQ RFC NGLQ RM DJW, QMKC MD RFCK QNGLLGLE TGMJCLRJW. (APCBGR: 4GLMS "?M, &JGAIP)
#(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45- 343
F?=KH; 10.26 (?) ! BGQI QJGBCQ RMU?PB ? KMRGMLJCQQ QRGAI ML ? DPGARGMLJCQQ QSPD?AC. (@) 4FC BGQI FGRQ RFC QRGAI ?R MLC CLB ?LB ?BFCPCQ RM GR, ?LB RFCW PMR?RC RMECRFCP, NGTMRGLE
?PMSLB RFC L?GJ. !LESJ?P KMKCLRSK GQ AMLQCPTCB DMP RFGQ GLCJ?QRGA AMJJGQGML @CA?SQC RFC QSPD?AC GQ DPGARGMLJCQQ ?LB RFC SL@?J?LACB CVRCPL?J DMPAC ?R RFC L?GJ CVCPRQ LM RMPOSC.
EN7CFB; 10.15 +EJ7J?ED ?D 7 CEBB?I?ED
3SNNMQC RFC BGQI GL F?=KH; 10.26 F?Q ? K?QQ MD 50.0 E ?LB ?L GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW MD 30.0 K/Q UFCL GR QRPGICQ RFC QRGAI RF?R GQ 1.20 K JMLE ?LB 2.00 IE.
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW MD RFC RUM ?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML?
(@) 7F?R GQ RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW @CDMPC ?LB ?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML?
(A) 7F?R GQ RFC RMR?J JGLC?P KMKCLRSK @CDMPC ?LB ?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML?
,JH7J;=O <EH (7)
7C A?L ?LQUCP RFC DGPQR OSCQRGML SQGLE AMLQCPT?RGML MD ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK ?Q LMRCB. "CA?SQC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK GQ I, UC A?L QMJTC DMP
?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
#MLQCPT?RGML MD ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK QR?RCQ
(10.122)
L = L,
UFCPC NPGKCB OS?LRGRGCQ QR?LB DMP AMLBGRGMLQ ?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML ?LB @MRF KMKCLR? ?PC A?JASJ?RCB PCJ?RGTC RM RFC NGTMR NMGLR. 4FC GLGRG?J ?LESJ?P
KMKCLRSK MD RFC QWQRCK MD QRGAI-BGQI GQ RF?R MD RFC BGQI HSQR @CDMPC GR QRPGICQ RFC QRGAI. 4F?R GQ,
(10.123) L = I,
UFCPC I GQ RFC KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? MD RFC BGQI ?LB GQ GRQ ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW ?PMSLB RFC NGTMR NMGLR. .MU, I = mr
2
(R?IGLE RFC BGQI RM @C
?NNPMVGK?RCJW ? NMGLR K?QQ) ?LB = v / r , QM RF?R
(10.124)
L = mr
2v
r
= mvr.
!DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML,
(10.125)
L = I.
)R GQ RF?R UC UGQF RM DGLB. #MLQCPT?RGML MD ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK EGTCQ
(10.126)
I = mvr.
2C?PP?LEGLE RFC COS?RGML WGCJBQ
(10.127)
=
mvr
I
,
UFCPC I GQ RFC KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? MD RFC QRGAI ?LB BGQI QRSAI RMECRFCP, UFGAF GQ RFC QSK MD RFCGP GLBGTGBS?J KMKCLRQ MD GLCPRG? ?@MSR RFC L?GJ.
F?=KH; 10.12 EGTCQ RFC DMPKSJ? DMP ? PMB PMR?RGLE ?PMSLB MLC CLB RM @C I = Mr
2
/ 3 . 4FSQ,
(10.128)
I = mr
2
+
Mr
2
3
=

m +
M
3
r
2
.
%LRCPGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ GL RFGQ COS?RGML WGCJBQ,
(10.129)
I =

0.0500 kg + 0.667 kg
(1.20 m)
2
= 1.032 kg m
2
.
4FC T?JSC MD I GQ LMU CLRCPCB GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP , UFGAF WGCJBQ
(10.130)
=
mvr
I
=

0.0500 kg
(30.0 m/s)(1.20 m)
1.032 kg m
2
= 1.744 rad/s 1.74 rad/s.
,JH7J;=O <EH (8)
4FC IGLCRGA CLCPEW @CDMPC RFC AMJJGQGML GQ RFC GLAMKGLE BGQItQ RP?LQJ?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW, ?LB ?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML, GR GQ RFC PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW
MD RFC RUM QRSAI RMECRFCP.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
344 #(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45-
&GPQR, UC A?JASJ?RC RFC RP?LQJ?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW @W CLRCPGLE EGTCL T?JSCQ DMP RFC K?QQ ?LB QNCCB MD RFC GLAMKGLE BGQI.
(10.131)
KE =
1
2
mv
2
= (0.500)
0.0500 kg
(30.0 m/s)
2
= 22.5 J
!DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML, RFC PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW A?L @C DMSLB @CA?SQC UC LMU ILMU RFC DGL?J ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW ?LB RFC DGL?J KMKCLR MD GLCPRG?.
4FSQ, CLRCPGLE RFC T?JSCQ GLRM RFC PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW COS?RGML EGTCQ
(10.132)
KE =
1
2
I
2
= (0.5)
1.032 kg m
2
1.744
rad
s

2
= 1.57 J.
,JH7J;=O <EH (9)
4FC JGLC?P KMKCLRSK @CDMPC RFC AMJJGQGML GQ RF?R MD RFC BGQI. !DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML, GR GQ RFC QSK MD RFC BGQItQ KMKCLRSK ?LB RF?R MD RFC ACLRCP MD
K?QQ MD RFC QRGAI.
,EBKJ?ED E< (9)
"CDMPC RFC AMJJGQGML, RFCL, JGLC?P KMKCLRSK GQ
(10.133)
p = mv =

0.0500 kg
(30.0 m/s) = 1.50 kg m/s.

!DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML, RFC BGQI ?LB RFC QRGAItQ ACLRCP MD K?QQ KMTC GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML. 4FC RMR?J JGLC?P KMKCLRSK GQ RF?R MD RFC BGQI KMTGLE ?R ?
LCU TCJMAGRW v = r NJSQ RF?R MD RFC QRGAItQ ACLRCP MD K?QQ,
UFGAF KMTCQ ?R F?JD RFGQ QNCCB @CA?SQC v
CM
=

r
2
=
v
2
. 4FSQ,
(10.134)
p = mv + Mv
CM
= mv +
Mv
2
.
'?RFCPGLE QGKGJ?P RCPKQ GL RFC COS?RGML WGCJBQ,
(10.135)
p =

m +
M
2
v
QM RF?R
(10.136)
p =

m +
M
2
r.
3S@QRGRSRGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC COS?RGML,
(10.137)
p =

1.050 kg
(1.20 m)(1.744 rad/s) = 2.20 kg m/s.

D?I9KII?ED
&GPQR LMRC RF?R RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ JCQQ ?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML, ?Q NPCBGARCB, @CA?SQC RFC AMJJGQGML GQ GLCJ?QRGA. -MPC QSPNPGQGLE GQ RF?R RFC KMKCLRSK
?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML GQ ?ARS?JJW EPC?RCP RF?L @CDMPC RFC AMJJGQGML. 4FGQ PCQSJR A?L @C SLBCPQRMMB GD WMS AMLQGBCP FMU RFC L?GJ ?DDCARQ RFC QRGAI ?LB TGAC
TCPQ?. !NN?PCLRJW, RFC QRGAI NSQFCQ @?AIU?PB ML RFC L?GJ UFCL DGPQR QRPSAI @W RFC BGQI. 4FC L?GJtQ PC?ARGML (AMLQGQRCLR UGRF .CURMLtQ RFGPB J?U) GQ RM
NSQF DMPU?PB ML RFC QRGAI, GKN?PRGLE KMKCLRSK RM GR GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML GL UFGAF RFC BGQI U?Q GLGRG?JJW KMTGLE, RFCPC@W GLAPC?QGLE RFC
KMKCLRSK MD RFC QWQRCK.
4FC ?@MTC CV?KNJC F?Q MRFCP GKNJGA?RGMLQ. &MP CV?KNJC, UF?R UMSJB F?NNCL GD RFC BGQI FGR TCPW AJMQC RM RFC L?GJ? /@TGMSQJW, ? DMPAC UMSJB @C CVCPRCB
ML RFC L?GJ GL RFC DMPU?PB BGPCARGML. 3M, UFCL RFC QRGAI GQ QRPSAI ?R RFC CLB D?PRFCQR DPMK RFC L?GJ, ? @?AIU?PB DMPAC GQ CVCPRCB ML RFC L?GJ, ?LB UFCL GR GQ
FGR ?R RFC CLB LC?PCQR RFC L?GJ, ? DMPU?PB DMPAC GQ CVCPRCB ML RFC L?GJ. 4FSQ, QRPGIGLE GR ?R ? ACPR?GL NMGLR GL @CRUCCL NPMBSACQ LM DMPAC ML RFC L?GJ. 4FGQ
GLRCPKCBG?RC NMGLR GQ ILMUL ?Q RFC C8E6HFF<BA CB<AG.
!L ?L?JMEMSQ QGRS?RGML MAASPQ GL RCLLGQ ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 10.27. )D WMS FGR ? @?JJ UGRF RFC CLB MD WMSP P?AOSCR, RFC F?LBJC GQ NSJJCB ?U?W DPMK WMSP
F?LB. )D WMS FGR ? @?JJ KSAF D?PRFCP BMUL, DMP CV?KNJC, ML RFC QF?DR MD RFC P?AOSCR, RFC F?LBJC GQ NSQFCB GLRM WMSP N?JK. !LB GD WMS FGR RFC @?JJ ?R RFC
P?AOSCRtQ NCPASQQGML NMGLR (UF?R QMKC NCMNJC A?JJ RFC uQUCCR QNMRv), RFCL JGRRJC MP AB DMPAC GQ CVCPRCB ML WMSP F?LB, ?LB RFCPC GQ JCQQ TG@P?RGML,
PCBSAGLE AF?LACQ MD ? RCLLGQ CJ@MU. 4FC Q?KC CDDCAR MAASPQ DMP ? @?QC@?JJ @?R.
#(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45- 345
F?=KH; 10.27 ! BGQI FGRRGLE ? QRGAI GQ AMKN?PCB RM ? RCLLGQ @?JJ @CGLE FGR @W ? P?AOSCR. (?) 7FCL RFC @?JJ QRPGICQ RFC P?AOSCR LC?P RFC CLB, ? @?AIU?PB DMPAC GQ CVCPRCB ML RFC
F?LB. (@) 7FCL RFC P?AOSCR GQ QRPSAI KSAF D?PRFCP BMUL, ? DMPU?PB DMPAC GQ CVCPRCB ML RFC F?LB. (A) 7FCL RFC P?AOSCR GQ QRPSAI ?R RFC NCPASQQGML NMGLR, LM DMPAC GQ BCJGTCPCB RM
RFC F?LB.
)Q PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW ? TCARMP? *SQRGDW WMSP ?LQUCP.
,EBKJ?ED
.M, CLCPEW GQ ?JU?WQ QA?J?P UFCRFCP KMRGML GQ GLTMJTCB MP LMR. .M DMPK MD CLCPEW F?Q ? BGPCARGML GL QN?AC ?LB WMS A?L QCC RF?R PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA
CLCPEW BMCQ LMR BCNCLB ML RFC BGPCARGML MD KMRGML HSQR ?Q JGLC?P IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ GLBCNCLBCLR MD RFC BGPCARGML MD KMRGML.
10.7 OHEI9EF?9 E<<;9JI: /;9JEH AIF;9JI E< AD=KB7H &EC;DJKC
!LESJ?P KMKCLRSK GQ ? TCARMP ?LB, RFCPCDMPC, ;4F 7<E86G<BA 4F J8?? 4F @4:A<GH78. 4MPOSC ?DDCARQ @MRF RFC BGPCARGML ?LB RFC K?ELGRSBC MD ?LESJ?P
KMKCLRSK. 7F?R GQ RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK MD ? PMR?RGLE M@HCAR JGIC RFC BGQI GL F?=KH; 10.28? 4FC DGESPC QFMUQ RFC H?=>J->7D: HKB;
SQCB RM DGLB RFC BGPCARGML MD @MRF ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK ?LB ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW. "MRF L ?LB ?PC TCARMPQrC?AF F?Q BGPCARGML ?LB K?ELGRSBC. "MRF A?L
346 #(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45-
@C PCNPCQCLRCB @W ?PPMUQ. 4FC PGEFR-F?LB PSJC BCDGLCQ @MRF RM @C NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC NJ?LC MD PMR?RGML GL RFC BGPCARGML QFMUL. "CA?SQC ?LESJ?P
KMKCLRSK GQ PCJ?RCB RM ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW @W L = I, RFC BGPCARGML MD L GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC BGPCARGML MD . .MRGAC GL RFC DGESPC RF?R @MRF NMGLR ?JMLE
RFC ?VGQ MD PMR?RGML.
F?=KH; 10.28 &GESPC (?) QFMUQ ? BGQI GQ PMR?RGLE AMSLRCPAJMAIUGQC UFCL TGCUCB DPMK ?@MTC. &GESPC (@) QFMUQ RFC PGEFR-F?LB PSJC. 4FC BGPCARGML MD ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW QGXC ?LB
?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK L ?PC BCDGLCB RM @C RFC BGPCARGML GL UFGAF RFC RFSK@ MD WMSP PGEFR F?LB NMGLRQ UFCL WMS ASPJ WMSP DGLECPQ GL RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC BGQItQ PMR?RGML ?Q QFMUL.
.MU, PCA?JJ RF?R RMPOSC AF?LECQ ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK ?Q CVNPCQQCB @W
(10.138)
net =
L
t
.
4FGQ COS?RGML KC?LQ RF?R RFC BGPCARGML MD L GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC RMPOSC RF?R APC?RCQ GR. 4FGQ PCQSJR GQ GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 10.29,
UFGAF QFMUQ RFC BGPCARGML MD RMPOSC ?LB RFC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK GR APC?RCQ.
,CR SQ LMU AMLQGBCP ? @GAWAJC UFCCJ UGRF ? AMSNJC MD F?LBJCQ ?RR?AFCB RM GR, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 10.30. (4FGQ BCTGAC GQ NMNSJ?P GL BCKMLQRP?RGMLQ
?KMLE NFWQGAGQRQ, @CA?SQC GR BMCQ SLCVNCARCB RFGLEQ.) 7GRF RFC UFCCJ PMR?RGLE ?Q QFMUL, GRQ ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK GQ RM RFC UMK?L'Q JCDR. 3SNNMQC RFC
NCPQML FMJBGLE RFC UFCCJ RPGCQ RM PMR?RC GR ?Q GL RFC DGESPC. (CP L?RSP?J CVNCAR?RGML GQ RF?R RFC UFCCJ UGJJ PMR?RC GL RFC BGPCARGML QFC NSQFCQ GRr@SR UF?R
F?NNCLQ GQ OSGRC BGDDCPCLR. 4FC DMPACQ CVCPRCB APC?RC ? RMPOSC RF?R GQ FMPGXMLR?J RMU?PB RFC NCPQML, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 10.30(?). 4FGQ RMPOSC APC?RCQ ?
AF?LEC GL ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK L GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML, NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC MPGEGL?J ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK L, RFSQ AF?LEGLE RFC BGPCARGML MD L @SR
LMR RFC K?ELGRSBC MD L. F?=KH; 10.30 QFMUQ FMU L ?LB L ?BB, EGTGLE ? LCU ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK UGRF BGPCARGML RF?R GQ GLAJGLCB KMPC RMU?PB RFC
NCPQML RF?L @CDMPC. 4FC ?VGQ MD RFC UFCCJ F?Q RFSQ KMTCB C8EC8A7<6H?4E GB G;8 9BE68F 8K8EG87 BA <G, GLQRC?B MD GL RFC CVNCARCB BGPCARGML.
F?=KH; 10.29 )L DGESPC (?), RFC RMPOSC GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC NJ?LC DMPKCB @W r ?LB F ?LB GQ RFC BGPCARGML WMSP PGEFR RFSK@ UMSJB NMGLR RM GD WMS ASPJCB WMSP DGLECPQ GL RFC
BGPCARGML MD F . &GESPC (@) QFMUQ RF?R RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC RMPOSC GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q RF?R MD RFC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK GR NPMBSACQ.
#(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45- 347
7D=KB7H 799;B;H7J?ED:
F?=KH; 10.30 )L DGESPC (?), ? NCPQML FMJBGLE RFC QNGLLGLE @GIC UFCCJ JGDRQ GR UGRF FCP PGEFR F?LB ?LB NSQFCQ BMUL UGRF FCP JCDR F?LB GL ?L ?RRCKNR RM PMR?RC RFC UFCCJ. 4FGQ ?ARGML
APC?RCQ ? RMPOSC BGPCARJW RMU?PB FCP. 4FGQ RMPOSC A?SQCQ ? AF?LEC GL ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK L GL CV?ARJW RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML. &GESPC (@) QFMUQ ? TCARMP BG?EP?K BCNGARGLE FMU
L ?LB L ?BB, NPMBSAGLE ? LCU ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK NMGLRGLE KMPC RMU?PB RFC NCPQML. 4FC UFCCJ KMTCQ RMU?PB RFC NCPQML, NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC DMPACQ QFC CVCPRQ ML GR.
4FGQ Q?KC JMEGA CVNJ?GLQ RFC @CF?TGMP MD EWPMQAMNCQ. F?=KH; 10.31 QFMUQ RFC RUM DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML ? QNGLLGLE EWPMQAMNC. 4FC RMPOSC NPMBSACB GQ
NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK, RFSQ RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC RMPOSC GQ AF?LECB, @SR LMR GRQ K?ELGRSBC. 4FC EWPMQAMNC CE868FF8F ?PMSLB ?
TCPRGA?J ?VGQ, QGLAC RFC RMPOSC GQ ?JU?WQ FMPGXMLR?J ?LB NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM L. )D RFC EWPMQAMNC GQ ABG QNGLLGLE, GR ?AOSGPCQ ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK GL RFC
BGPCARGML MD RFC RMPOSC ( L = L), ?LB GR PMR?RCQ ?PMSLB ? FMPGXMLR?J ?VGQ, D?JJGLE MTCP HSQR ?Q UC UMSJB CVNCAR.
%?PRF GRQCJD ?ARQ JGIC ? EGE?LRGA EWPMQAMNC. )RQ ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK GQ ?JMLE GRQ ?VGQ ?LB NMGLRQ ?R 0MJ?PGQ, RFC .MPRF 3R?P. "SR %?PRF GQ QJMUJW NPCACQQGLE
(MLAC GL ?@MSR 26,000 WC?PQ) BSC RM RFC RMPOSC MD RFC 3SL ?LB RFC -MML ML GRQ LMLQNFCPGA?J QF?NC.
F?=KH; 10.31 !Q QCCL GL DGESPC (?), RFC DMPACQ ML ? QNGLLGLE EWPMQAMNC ?PC GRQ UCGEFR ?LB RFC QSNNMPRGLE DMPAC DPMK RFC QR?LB. 4FCQC DMPACQ APC?RC ? FMPGXMLR?J RMPOSC ML RFC
EWPMQAMNC, UFGAF APC?RC ? AF?LEC GL ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK L RF?R GQ ?JQM FMPGXMLR?J. )L DGESPC (@), L ?LB L ?BB RM NPMBSAC ? LCU ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK UGRF RFC Q?KC
K?ELGRSBC, @SR BGDDCPCLR BGPCARGML, QM RF?R RFC EWPMQAMNC NPCACQQCQ GL RFC BGPCARGML QFMUL GLQRC?B MD D?JJGLE MTCP.
2MR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK? $MCQ RF?R KC?L RF?R PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ ? TCARMP?
,EBKJ?ED
.M, CLCPEW GQ ?JU?WQ ? QA?J?P UFCRFCP KMRGML GQ GLTMJTCB MP LMR. .M DMPK MD CLCPEW F?Q ? BGPCARGML GL QN?AC ?LB WMS A?L QCC RF?R PMR?RGML?J
IGLCRGA CLCPEW BMCQ LMR BCNCLB ML RFC BGPCARGML MD KMRGML HSQR ?Q JGLC?P IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ GLBCNCLBCLR MD RFC BGPCARGML MD KMRGML.
BEII7HO
RFC P?RC MD AF?LEC MD ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW UGRF RGKC
348 #(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45-
7D=KB7H CEC;DJKC:
9>7D=; ?D 7D=KB7H L;BE9?JO:
A?D;C7J?9I E< HEJ7J?ED7B CEJ?ED:
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H?=>J->7D: HKB;:
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HEJ7J?ED7B A?D;J?9 ;D;H=O:
J7D=;DJ?7B 799;B;H7J?ED:
JEHGK;:
MEHA-;D;H=O J>;EH;C:
RFC NPMBSAR MD KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? ?LB ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW
RFC BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL DGL?J ?LB GLGRG?J T?JSCQ MD ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW
BCQAPG@CQ RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ ?KMLE PMR?RGML ?LEJC, ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW, ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML, ?LB RGKC
?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK GQ AMLQCPTCB, G.C., RFC GLGRG?J ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK GQ COS?J RM RFC DGL?J ?LESJ?P
KMKCLRSK UFCL LM CVRCPL?J RMPOSC GQ ?NNJGCB RM RFC QWQRCK
K?QQ RGKCQ RFC QOS?PC MD NCPNCLBGASJ?P BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC PMR?RGML ?VGQ; DMP ? NMGLR K?QQ, GR GQ I = mr
2
?LB, @CA?SQC ?LW
M@HCAR A?L @C @SGJR SN DPMK ? AMJJCARGML MD NMGLR K?QQCQ, RFGQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN GQ RFC @?QGQ DMP ?JJ MRFCP KMKCLRQ MD GLCPRG?
BGPCARGML MD ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW p ?LB ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK , GL UFGAF RFC RFSK@ MD WMSP PGEFR F?LB NMGLRQ UFCL WMS ASPJ WMSP DGLECPQ
GL RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC BGQItQ PMR?RGML
PCQGQR?LAC RM AF?LEC MD PMR?RGML. 4FC KMPC PMR?RGML?J GLCPRG? ?L M@HCAR F?Q, RFC F?PBCP GR GQ RM PMR?RC
RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW BSC RM RFC PMR?RGML MD ?L M@HCAR. 4FGQ GQ N?PR MD GRQ RMR?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW
RFC ?AACJCP?RGML GL ? BGPCARGML R?LECLR RM RFC AGPAJC ?R RFC NMGLR MD GLRCPCQR GL AGPASJ?P KMRGML
RFC RSPLGLE CDDCARGTCLCQQ MD ? DMPAC
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w )D UC CVCPR ? DMPAC F ML ? NMGLR K?QQ m RF?R GQ ?R ? BGQR?LAC r DPMK ? NGTMR NMGLR ?LB @CA?SQC RFC DMPAC GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM r , ?L
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#(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45- 349
w 4MPOSC GQ RFC RSPLGLE CDDCARGTCLCQQ MD ? DMPAC. )L RFGQ A?QC, @CA?SQC F GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM r , RMPOSC GQ QGKNJW = rF . )D UC KSJRGNJW @MRF QGBCQ
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w 4FC EWPMQAMNC NPCACQQCQ ?PMSLB ? TCPRGA?J ?VGQ, QGLAC RFC RMPOSC GQ ?JU?WQ FMPGXMLR?J ?LB NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM L. )D RFC EWPMQAMNC GQ LMR QNGLLGLE,
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1. !L?JMEGCQ CVGQR @CRUCCL PMR?RGML?J ?LB RP?LQJ?RGML?J NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ. )BCLRGDW RFC PMR?RGML?J RCPK ?L?JMEMSQ RM C?AF MD RFC DMJJMUGLE: ?AACJCP?RGML,
DMPAC, K?QQ, UMPI, RP?LQJ?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW, JGLC?P KMKCLRSK, GKNSJQC.
2. %VNJ?GL UFW ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML AF?LECQ RFC BGPCARGML MD TCJMAGRW GL AGPASJ?P KMRGML @SR LMR GRQ K?ELGRSBC.
3. )L AGPASJ?P KMRGML, ? R?LECLRG?J ?AACJCP?RGML A?L AF?LEC RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC TCJMAGRW @SR LMR GRQ BGPCARGML. %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP.
4. 3SNNMQC ? NGCAC MD DMMB GQ ML RFC CBEC MD ? PMR?RGLE KGAPMU?TC MTCL NJ?RC. $MCQ GR CVNCPGCLAC LMLXCPM R?LECLRG?J ?AACJCP?RGML, ACLRPGNCR?J
?AACJCP?RGML, MP @MRF UFCL: (?) 4FC NJ?RC QR?PRQ RM QNGL? (@) 4FC NJ?RC PMR?RCQ ?R AMLQR?LR ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW? (A) 4FC NJ?RC QJMUQ RM ? F?JR?
350 #(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45-
5. 4FC KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? MD ? JMLE PMB QNSL ?PMSLB ?L ?VGQ RFPMSEF MLC CLB NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM GRQ JCLERF GQ ML
2
/3 . 7FW GQ RFGQ KMKCLR MD GLCPRG?
EPC?RCP RF?L GR UMSJB @C GD WMS QNSL ? NMGLR K?QQ M ?R RFC JMA?RGML MD RFC ACLRCP MD K?QQ MD RFC PMB (?R L / 2 )? (4F?R UMSJB @C ML
2
/4 .)
6. 7FW GQ RFC KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? MD ? FMMN RF?R F?Q ? K?QQ M ?LB ? P?BGSQ R EPC?RCP RF?L RFC KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? MD ? BGQI RF?R F?Q RFC Q?KC K?QQ
?LB P?BGSQ? 7FW GQ RFC KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? MD ? QNFCPGA?J QFCJJ RF?R F?Q ? K?QQ M ?LB ? P?BGSQ R EPC?RCP RF?L RF?R MD ? QMJGB QNFCPC RF?R F?Q RFC
Q?KC K?QQ ?LB P?BGSQ?
7. 'GTC ?L CV?KNJC GL UFGAF ? QK?JJ DMPAC CVCPRQ ? J?PEC RMPOSC. 'GTC ?LMRFCP CV?KNJC GL UFGAF ? J?PEC DMPAC CVCPRQ ? QK?JJ RMPOSC.
8. 7FGJC PCBSAGLE RFC K?QQ MD ? P?AGLE @GIC, RFC EPC?RCQR @CLCDGR GQ PC?JGXCB DPMK PCBSAGLE RFC K?QQ MD RFC RGPCQ ?LB UFCCJ PGKQ. 7FW BMCQ RFGQ ?JJMU ?
P?ACP RM ?AFGCTC EPC?RCP ?AACJCP?RGMLQ RF?L UMSJB ?L GBCLRGA?J PCBSARGML GL RFC K?QQ MD RFC @GAWAJCtQ DP?KC?
F?=KH; 10.32 4FC GK?EC QFMUQ ? QGBC TGCU MD ? P?AGLE @GAWAJC. #?L WMS QCC CTGBCLAC GL RFC BCQGEL MD RFC UFCCJQ ML RFGQ P?AGLE @GAWAJC RF?R RFCGP KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? F?Q @CCL
NSPNMQCJW PCBSACB? (APCBGR: *CQhQ 2MBPGESCX)
9. ! @?JJ QJGBCQ SN ? DPGARGMLJCQQ P?KN. )R GQ RFCL PMJJCB UGRFMSR QJGNNGLE ?LB UGRF RFC Q?KC GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW SN ?LMRFCP DPGARGMLJCQQ P?KN (UGRF RFC Q?KC
QJMNC ?LEJC). )L UFGAF A?QC BMCQ GR PC?AF ? EPC?RCP FCGEFR, ?LB UFW?
10. $CQAPG@C RFC CLCPEW RP?LQDMPK?RGMLQ GLTMJTCB UFCL ? WM-WM GQ RFPMUL BMULU?PB ?LB RFCL AJGK@Q @?AI SN GRQ QRPGLE RM @C A?SEFR GL RFC SQCPtQ
F?LB.
11. 7F?R CLCPEW RP?LQDMPK?RGMLQ ?PC GLTMJTCB UFCL ? BP?EQRCP CLEGLC GQ PCTTCB, GRQ AJSRAF JCR MSR P?NGBJW, GRQ RGPCQ QNSL, ?LB GR QR?PRQ RM ?AACJCP?RC
DMPU?PB? $CQAPG@C RFC QMSPAC ?LB RP?LQDMPK?RGML MD CLCPEW ?R C?AF QRCN.
12. 4FC %?PRF F?Q KMPC PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW LMU RF?L BGB RFC AJMSB MD E?Q ?LB BSQR DPMK UFGAF GR DMPKCB. 7FCPC BGB RFGQ CLCPEW AMKC DPMK?
F?=KH; 10.33 !L GKKCLQC AJMSB MD PMR?RGLE E?Q ?LB BSQR AMLRP?ARCB SLBCP RFC GLDJSCLAC MD EP?TGRW RM DMPK RFC %?PRF ?LB GL RFC NPMACQQ PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GLAPC?QCB.
(APCBGR: .!3!)
13. 7FCL WMS QR?PR RFC CLEGLC MD WMSP A?P UGRF RFC RP?LQKGQQGML GL LCSRP?J, WMS LMRGAC RF?R RFC A?P PMAIQ GL RFC MNNMQGRC QCLQC MD RFC CLEGLCtQ PMR?RGML.
%VNJ?GL GL RCPKQ MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK. )Q RFC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK MD RFC A?P AMLQCPTCB DMP JMLE (DMP KMPC RF?L ? DCU QCAMLBQ)?
14. 3SNNMQC ? AFGJB U?JIQ DPMK RFC MSRCP CBEC MD ? PMR?RGLE KCPPW-EM PMSLB RM RFC GLQGBC. $MCQ RFC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW MD RFC KCPPW-EM-PMSLB GLAPC?QC,
BCAPC?QC, MP PCK?GL RFC Q?KC? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP.
#(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45- 351
F?=KH; 10.34 ! AFGJB K?W HSKN MDD ? KCPPW-EM-PMSLB GL ? T?PGCRW MD BGPCARGMLQ.
15. 3SNNMQC ? AFGJB ECRQ MDD ? PMR?RGLE KCPPW-EM-PMSLB. $MCQ RFC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW MD RFC KCPPW-EM-PMSLB GLAPC?QC, BCAPC?QC, MP PCK?GL RFC Q?KC GD:
(?) (C HSKNQ MDD P?BG?JJW? (@) (C HSKNQ @?AIU?PB RM J?LB KMRGMLJCQQ? (A) (C HSKNQ QRP?GEFR SN ?LB F?LEQ MLRM ?L MTCPFC?B RPCC @P?LAF? (B) (C
HSKNQ MDD DMPU?PB, R?LECLRG?J RM RFC CBEC? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCPQ. (2CDCP RM F?=KH; 10.34).
16. (CJGAMNRCPQ F?TC ? QK?JJ NPMNCJJCP ML RFCGP R?GJ RM ICCN RFCK DPMK PMR?RGLE GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML MD RFCGP K?GL JGDRGLE @J?BCQ. %VNJ?GL GL RCPKQ MD
.CURMLtQ RFGPB J?U UFW RFC FCJGAMNRCP @MBW PMR?RCQ GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML RM RFC @J?BCQ.
17. 7FCLCTCP ? FCJGAMNRCP F?Q RUM QCRQ MD JGDRGLE @J?BCQ, RFCW PMR?RC GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ (?LB RFCPC UGJJ @C LM R?GJ NPMNCJJCP). %VNJ?GL UFW GR GQ @CQR RM
F?TC RFC @J?BCQ PMR?RC GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ.
18. $CQAPG@C FMU UMPI GQ BMLC @W ? QI?RCP NSJJGLE GL FCP ?PKQ BSPGLE ? QNGL. )L N?PRGASJ?P, GBCLRGDW RFC DMPAC QFC CVCPRQ ML C?AF ?PK RM NSJJ GR GL ?LB RFC
BGQR?LAC C?AF KMTCQ, LMRGLE RF?R ? AMKNMLCLR MD RFC DMPAC GQ GL RFC BGPCARGML KMTCB. 7FW GQ ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK LMR GLAPC?QCB @W RFGQ ?ARGML?
19. 7FCL RFCPC GQ ? EJM@?J FC?RGLE RPCLB ML %?PRF, RFC ?RKMQNFCPC CVN?LBQ ?LB RFC JCLERF MD RFC B?W GLAPC?QCQ TCPW QJGEFRJW. %VNJ?GL UFW RFC JCLERF
MD ? B?W GLAPC?QCQ.
20. .C?PJW ?JJ AMLTCLRGML?J NGQRML CLEGLCQ F?TC DJWUFCCJQ ML RFCK RM QKMMRF MSR CLEGLC TG@P?RGMLQ A?SQCB @W RFC RFPSQR MD GLBGTGBS?J NGQRML DGPGLEQ.
7FW BMCQ RFC DJWUFCCJ F?TC RFGQ CDDCAR?
21. *CR RSP@GLCQ QNGL P?NGBJW. 4FCW ?PC BCQGELCB RM DJW ?N?PR GD QMKCRFGLE K?ICQ RFCK QCGXC QSBBCLJW, P?RFCP RF?L RP?LQDCP ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK RM RFC
NJ?LCtQ UGLE, NMQQG@JW RC?PGLE GR MDD. %VNJ?GL FMU DJWGLE ?N?PR AMLQCPTCQ ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK UGRFMSR RP?LQDCPPGLE GR RM RFC UGLE.
22. !L ?QRPML?SR RGEFRCLQ ? @MJR ML ? Q?RCJJGRC GL MP@GR. (C PMR?RCQ GL ? BGPCARGML MNNMQGRC RM RF?R MD RFC @MJR, ?LB RFC Q?RCJJGRC PMR?RCQ GL RFC Q?KC
BGPCARGML ?Q RFC @MJR. %VNJ?GL UFW. )D ? F?LBFMJB GQ ?T?GJ?@JC ML RFC Q?RCJJGRC, A?L RFGQ AMSLRCP-PMR?RGML @C NPCTCLRCB? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP.
23. #MKNCRGRGTC BGTCPQ NSJJ RFCGP JGK@Q GL ?LB ASPJ SN RFCGP @MBGCQ UFCL RFCW BM DJGNQ. *SQR @CDMPC CLRCPGLE RFC U?RCP, RFCW DSJJW CVRCLB RFCGP JGK@Q RM
CLRCP QRP?GEFR BMUL. %VNJ?GL RFC CDDCAR MD @MRF ?ARGMLQ ML RFCGP ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRGCQ. !JQM CVNJ?GL RFC CDDCAR ML RFCGP ?LESJ?P KMKCLR?.
F?=KH; 10.35 4FC BGTCP QNGLQ P?NGBJW UFCL ASPJCB SN ?LB QJMUQ UFCL QFC CVRCLBQ FCP JGK@Q @CDMPC CLRCPGLE RFC U?RCP.
24. $P?U ? DPCC @MBW BG?EP?K RM QFMU FMU ? BGTCP E?GLQ ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK UFCL JC?TGLE RFC BGTGLE @M?PB.
25. )L RCPKQ MD ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK, UF?R GQ RFC ?BT?LR?EC MD EGTGLE ? DMMR@?JJ MP ? PGDJC @SJJCR ? QNGL UFCL RFPMUGLE MP PCJC?QGLE GR?
352 #(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45-
F?=KH; 10.36 4FC GK?EC QFMUQ ? TGCU BMUL RFC @?PPCJ MD ? A?LLML, CKNF?QGXGLE GRQ PGDJGLE. 2GDJGLE GL RFC @?PPCJ MD ? A?LML A?SQCQ RFC NPMHCARGJC RM QNGL HSQR ?Q GQ RFC A?QC DMP
PGDJCQ (FCLAC RFC L?KC DMP RFC EPMMTCQ GL RFC @?PPCJ). (APCBGR: %JQGC CQO., &JGAIP)
26. $CQAPG@C RUM BGDDCPCLR AMJJGQGMLQrMLC GL UFGAF ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK GQ AMLQCPTCB, ?LB RFC MRFCP GL UFGAF GR GQ LMR. 7FGAF AMLBGRGML BCRCPKGLCQ
UFCRFCP MP LMR ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK GQ AMLQCPTCB GL ? AMJJGQGML?
27. 3SNNMQC ?L GAC FMAICW NSAI QRPGICQ ? FMAICW QRGAI RF?R JGCQ DJ?R ML RFC GAC ?LB GQ DPCC RM KMTC GL ?LW BGPCARGML. 7FGAF OS?LRGRGCQ ?PC JGICJW RM @C
AMLQCPTCB: ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK, JGLC?P KMKCLRSK, MP IGLCRGA CLCPEW (?QQSKGLE RFC NSAI ?LB QRGAI ?PC TCPW PCQGJGCLR)?
28. 7FGJC BPGTGLE FGQ KMRMPAWAJC ?R FGEFU?W QNCCB, ? NFWQGAQ QRSBCLR LMRGACQ RF?R NSJJGLE @?AI JGEFRJW ML RFC PGEFR F?LBJC@?P RGNQ RFC AWAJC RM RFC JCDR
?LB NPMBSACQ ? JCDR RSPL. %VNJ?GL UFW RFGQ F?NNCLQ.
29. 7FGJC BPGTGLE FGQ KMRMPAWAJC ?R FGEFU?W QNCCB, ? NFWQGAQ QRSBCLR LMRGACQ RF?R NSJJGLE @?AI JGEFRJW ML RFC PGEFR F?LBJC@?P RGNQ RFC AWAJC RM RFC JCDR
?LB NPMBSACQ ? JCDR RSPL. %VNJ?GL UFW RFGQ F?NNCLQ.
30. 'WPMQAMNCQ SQCB GL ESGB?LAC QWQRCKQ RM GLBGA?RC BGPCARGMLQ GL QN?AC KSQR F?TC ?L ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK RF?R BMCQ LMR AF?LEC GL BGPCARGML. 9CR
RFCW ?PC MDRCL QS@HCARCB RM J?PEC DMPACQ ?LB ?AACJCP?RGMLQ. (MU A?L RFC BGPCARGML MD RFCGP ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK @C AMLQR?LR UFCL RFCW ?PC ?AACJCP?RCB?
#(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45- 353
31. !R GRQ NC?I, ? RMPL?BM GQ 60.0 K GL BG?KCRCP ?LB A?PPGCQ 500 IK/F
UGLBQ. 7F?R GQ GRQ ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW GL PCTMJSRGMLQ NCP QCAMLB?
!L SJRP?ACLRPGDSEC ?AACJCP?RCQ DPMK PCQR RM 100,000 PNK GL 2.00 KGL. (?)
7F?R GQ GRQ ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML GL rad/s
2
? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC R?LECLRG?J
?AACJCP?RGML MD ? NMGLR 9.50 AK DPMK RFC ?VGQ MD PMR?RGML? (A) 7F?R GQ RFC
P?BG?J ?AACJCP?RGML GL m/s
2
?LB KSJRGNJCQ MD g MD RFGQ NMGLR ?R DSJJ PNK?
9MS F?TC ? EPGLBQRMLC (? BGQI) RF?R GQ 90.0 IE, F?Q ? 0.340-K P?BGSQ, ?LB
GQ RSPLGLE ?R 90.0 PNK, ?LB WMS NPCQQ ? QRCCJ ?VC ?E?GLQR GR UGRF ? P?BG?J
DMPAC MD 20.0 .. (?) !QQSKGLE RFC IGLCRGA AMCDDGAGCLR MD DPGARGML @CRUCCL
QRCCJ ?LB QRMLC GQ 0.20, A?JASJ?RC RFC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML MD RFC
EPGLBQRMLC. (@) (MU K?LW RSPLQ UGJJ RFC QRMLC K?IC @CDMPC AMKGLE RM
PCQR?
9MS ?PC RMJB RF?R ? @?QICR@?JJ NJ?WCP QNGLQ RFC @?JJ UGRF ?L ?LESJ?P
?AACJCP?RGML MD 100 rad/s
2
. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC @?JJtQ DGL?J ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW GD
RFC @?JJ QR?PRQ DPMK PCQR ?LB RFC ?AACJCP?RGML J?QRQ 2.00 Q? (@) 7F?R GQ
SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFC PCQSJR? (A) 7FGAF NPCKGQCQ ?PC SLPC?QML?@JC MP
GLAMLQGQRCLR?
35. 7GRF RFC ?GB MD ? QRPGLE, ? EWPMQAMNC GQ ?AACJCP?RCB DPMK PCQR RM 32
P?B/Q GL 0.40 Q.
(?) 7F?R GQ GRQ ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML GL P?B/Q
2
?
(@) (MU K?LW PCTMJSRGMLQ BMCQ GR EM RFPMSEF GL RFC NPMACQQ?
36. 3SNNMQC ? NGCAC MD BSQR DGLBQ GRQCJD ML ? #$. )D RFC QNGL P?RC MD RFC #$
GQ 500 PNK, ?LB RFC NGCAC MD BSQR GQ 4.3 AK DPMK RFC ACLRCP, UF?R GQ RFC
RMR?J BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB @W RFC BSQR GL 3 KGLSRCQ? ()ELMPC ?AACJCP?RGMLQ
BSC RM ECRRGLE RFC #$ PMR?RGLE.)
37. ! EWPMQAMNC QJMUQ DPMK ?L GLGRG?J P?RC MD 32.0 P?B/Q ?R ? P?RC MD
0.700 rad/s
2
.
(?) (MU JMLE BMCQ GR R?IC RM AMKC RM PCQR?
(@) (MU K?LW PCTMJSRGMLQ BMCQ GR K?IC @CDMPC QRMNNGLE?
38. $SPGLE ? TCPW OSGAI QRMN, ? A?P BCACJCP?RCQ ?R 7.00 m/s
2
.
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML MD GRQ 0.280-K-P?BGSQ RGPCQ, ?QQSKGLE
RFCW BM LMR QJGN ML RFC N?TCKCLR?
(@) (MU K?LW PCTMJSRGMLQ BM RFC RGPCQ K?IC @CDMPC AMKGLE RM PCQR, EGTCL
RFCGP GLGRG?J ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW GQ 95.0 rad/s ?
(A) (MU JMLE BMCQ RFC A?P R?IC RM QRMN AMKNJCRCJW?
(B) 7F?R BGQR?LAC BMCQ RFC A?P RP?TCJ GL RFGQ RGKC?
(C) 7F?R U?Q RFC A?PtQ GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW?
(D) $M RFC T?JSCQ M@R?GLCB QCCK PC?QML?@JC, AMLQGBCPGLE RF?R RFGQ QRMN
F?NNCLQ TCPW OSGAIJW?
F?=KH; 10.37 9M-WMQ ?PC ?KSQGLE RMWQ RF?R BGQNJ?W QGELGDGA?LR NFWQGAQ ?LB ?PC
CLEGLCCPCB RM CLF?LAC NCPDMPK?LAC @?QCB ML NFWQGA?J J?UQ. (APCBGR: "CWMLB .CML,
&JGAIP)
39. %TCPWB?W ?NNJGA?RGML: 3SNNMQC ? WM-WM F?Q ? ACLRCP QF?DR RF?R F?Q ?
0.250 AK P?BGSQ ?LB RF?R GRQ QRPGLE GQ @CGLE NSJJCB.
(?) )D RFC QRPGLE GQ QR?RGML?PW ?LB RFC WM-WM ?AACJCP?RCQ ?U?W DPMK GR ?R ?
P?RC MD 1.50 m/s
2
, UF?R GQ RFC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML MD RFC WM-WM?
(@) 7F?R GQ RFC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW ?DRCP 0.750 Q GD GR QR?PRQ DPMK PCQR?
(A) 4FC MSRQGBC P?BGSQ MD RFC WM-WM GQ 3.50 AK. 7F?R GQ RFC R?LECLRG?J
?AACJCP?RGML MD ? NMGLR ML GRQ CBEC?
40. 4FGQ NPM@JCK AMLQGBCPQ ?BBGRGML?J ?QNCARQ MD CV?KNJC C7B9KB7J?D=
J>; E<<;9J E< &7II D?IJH?8KJ?ED ED 7 &;HHO-E-+EKD:. (?) (MU JMLE
BMCQ GR R?IC RFC D?RFCP RM EGTC RFC KCPPW-EM-PMSLB ?LB AFGJB ?L ?LESJ?P
TCJMAGRW MD 1.50 P?B/Q? (@) (MU K?LW PCTMJSRGMLQ KSQR FC EM RFPMSEF RM
ECLCP?RC RFGQ TCJMAGRW? (A) )D FC CVCPRQ ? QJMUGLE DMPAC MD 300 . ?R ?
P?BGSQ MD 1.35 K, FMU JMLE UMSJB GR R?IC FGK RM QRMN RFCK?
41. #?JASJ?RC RFC KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? MD ? QI?RCP EGTCL RFC DMJJMUGLE
GLDMPK?RGML. (?) 4FC 60.0-IE QI?RCP GQ ?NNPMVGK?RCB ?Q ? AWJGLBCP RF?R F?Q
? 0.110-K P?BGSQ. (@) 4FC QI?RCP UGRF ?PKQ CVRCLBCB GQ ?NNPMVGK?RCJW ?
AWJGLBCP RF?R GQ 52.5 IE, F?Q ? 0.110-K P?BGSQ, ?LB F?Q RUM 0.900-K-JMLE
?PKQ UFGAF ?PC 3.75 IE C?AF ?LB CVRCLB QRP?GEFR MSR DPMK RFC AWJGLBCP
JGIC PMBQ PMR?RCB ?@MSR RFCGP CLBQ.
42. 4FC RPGACNQ KSQAJC GL RFC @?AI MD RFC SNNCP ?PK CVRCLBQ RFC DMPC?PK.
4FGQ KSQAJC GL ? NPMDCQQGML?J @MVCP CVCPRQ ? DMPAC MD 2.0010
3
N UGRF
?L CDDCARGTC NCPNCLBGASJ?P JCTCP ?PK MD 3.00 AK, NPMBSAGLE ?L ?LESJ?P
?AACJCP?RGML MD RFC DMPC?PK MD 120 rad/s
2
. 7F?R GQ RFC KMKCLR MD GLCPRG?
MD RFC @MVCPtQ DMPC?PK?
43. ! QMAACP NJ?WCP CVRCLBQ FCP JMUCP JCE GL ? IGAIGLE KMRGML @W CVCPRGLE
? DMPAC UGRF RFC KSQAJC ?@MTC RFC ILCC GL RFC DPMLR MD FCP JCE. 3FC
NPMBSACQ ?L ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML MD 30.00 rad/s
2
?LB FCP JMUCP JCE F?Q
? KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? MD 0.750 kg m
2
. 7F?R GQ RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB @W RFC
KSQAJC GD GRQ CDDCARGTC NCPNCLBGASJ?P JCTCP ?PK GQ 1.90 AK?
44. 3SNNMQC WMS CVCPR ? DMPAC MD 180 . R?LECLRG?J RM ? 0.280-K-P?BGSQ
75.0-IE EPGLBQRMLC (? QMJGB BGQI).
(?)7F?R RMPOSC GQ CVCPRCB? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML ?QQSKGLE
LCEJGEG@JC MNNMQGLE DPGARGML? (A) 7F?R GQ RFC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML GD RFCPC
GQ ?L MNNMQGLE DPGARGML?J DMPAC MD 20.0 . CVCPRCB 1.50 AK DPMK RFC ?VGQ?
45. #MLQGBCP RFC 12.0 IE KMRMPAWAJC UFCCJ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 10.38.
!QQSKC GR RM @C ?NNPMVGK?RCJW ?L ?LLSJ?P PGLE UGRF ?L GLLCP P?BGSQ MD
0.280 K ?LB ?L MSRCP P?BGSQ MD 0.330 K. 4FC KMRMPAWAJC GQ ML GRQ ACLRCP
QR?LB, QM RF?R RFC UFCCJ A?L QNGL DPCCJW. (?) )D RFC BPGTC AF?GL CVCPRQ ?
DMPAC MD 2200 . ?R ? P?BGSQ MD 5.00 AK, UF?R GQ RFC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML MD
RFC UFCCJ? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC R?LECLRG?J ?AACJCP?RGML MD ? NMGLR ML RFC MSRCP
CBEC MD RFC RGPC? (A) (MU JMLE, QR?PRGLE DPMK PCQR, BMCQ GR R?IC RM PC?AF ?L
?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW MD 80.0 P?B/Q?
354 #(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45-
F?=KH; 10.38 ! KMRMPAWAJC UFCCJ F?Q ? KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? ?NNPMVGK?RCJW RF?R MD ?L
?LLSJ?P PGLE.
46. :MPAF, ?L ?PAFCLCKW MD 3SNCPK?L, BCAGBCQ RM QJMU %?PRFtQ PMR?RGML
RM MLAC NCP 28.0 F @W CVCPRGLE ?L MNNMQGLE DMPAC ?R ?LB N?P?JJCJ RM RFC
COS?RMP. 3SNCPK?L GQ LMR GKKCBG?RCJW AMLACPLCB, @CA?SQC FC ILMUQ
:MPAF A?L MLJW CVCPR ? DMPAC MD 4.0010
7
N (? JGRRJC EPC?RCP RF?L ?
3?RSPL 6 PMAICRtQ RFPSQR). (MU JMLE KSQR :MPAF NSQF UGRF RFGQ DMPAC RM
?AAMKNJGQF FGQ EM?J? (4FGQ NCPGMB EGTCQ 3SNCPK?L RGKC RM BCTMRC RM
MRFCP TGJJ?GLQ.) %VNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU RFC QRCNQ DMSLB GL
)HE8B;C-,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=O <EH +EJ7J?ED7B DOD7C?9I.
47. !L ?SRMKM@GJC CLEGLC A?L NPMBSAC 200 . _ K MD RMPOSC. #?JASJ?RC RFC
?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML NPMBSACB GD 95.0% MD RFGQ RMPOSC GQ ?NNJGCB RM RFC
BPGTC QF?DR, ?VJC, ?LB PC?P UFCCJQ MD ? A?P, EGTCL RFC DMJJMUGLE GLDMPK?RGML.
4FC A?P GQ QSQNCLBCB QM RF?R RFC UFCCJQ A?L RSPL DPCCJW. %?AF UFCCJ ?ARQ
JGIC ? 15.0 IE BGQI RF?R F?Q ? 0.180 K P?BGSQ. 4FC U?JJQ MD C?AF RGPC ?AR
JGIC ? 2.00-IE ?LLSJ?P PGLE RF?R F?Q GLQGBC P?BGSQ MD 0.180 K ?LB MSRQGBC
P?BGSQ MD 0.320 K. 4FC RPC?B MD C?AF RGPC ?ARQ JGIC ? 10.0-IE FMMN MD
P?BGSQ 0.330 K. 4FC 14.0-IE ?VJC ?ARQ JGIC ? PMB RF?R F?Q ? 2.00-AK
P?BGSQ. 4FC 30.0-IE BPGTC QF?DR ?ARQ JGIC ? PMB RF?R F?Q ? 3.20-AK P?BGSQ.
48. 3R?PRGLE UGRF RFC DMPKSJ? DMP RFC KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? MD ? PMB PMR?RCB
?PMSLB ?L ?VGQ RFPMSEF MLC CLB NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM GRQ JCLERF
I = M
2
/ 3
, NPMTC RF?R RFC KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? MD ? PMB PMR?RCB ?@MSR

?L ?VGQ RFPMSEF GRQ ACLRCP NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM GRQ JCLERF GQ I = M
2
/ 12 .
9MS UGJJ DGLB RFC EP?NFGAQ GL F?=KH; 10.12 SQCDSJ GL TGQS?JGXGLE RFCQC
PMR?RGMLQ.
! EWKL?QR BMGLE ? DMPU?PB DJGN J?LBQ ML RFC K?R ?LB CVCPRQ ? 500-. _ K
RMPOSC RM QJMU ?LB RFCL PCTCPQC FCP ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW. (CP GLGRG?J ?LESJ?P
TCJMAGRW GQ 10.0 P?B/Q, ?LB FCP KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? GQ 0.050 kg m
2
. (?)
7F?R RGKC GQ PCOSGPCB DMP FCP RM CV?ARJW PCTCPQC FCP QNGL? (@) 7F?R GQ
SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFC PCQSJR? (A) 7FGAF NPCKGQCQ ?PC SLPC?QML?@JC MP
GLAMLQGQRCLR?
!L ?BTCPRGQCKCLR AJ?GKQ RF?R ?L 800-IE A?P GQ ?GBCB @W GRQ 20.0-IE
DJWUFCCJ, UFGAF A?L ?AACJCP?RC RFC A?P DPMK PCQR RM ? QNCCB MD 30.0 K/Q.
4FC DJWUFCCJ GQ ? BGQI UGRF ? 0.150-K P?BGSQ. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC ?LESJ?P
TCJMAGRW RFC DJWUFCCJ KSQR F?TC GD 95.0% MD GRQ PMR?RGML?J CLCPEW GQ SQCB RM
ECR RFC A?P SN RM QNCCB. (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFC PCQSJR? (A)
7FGAF NPCKGQC GQ SLPC?QML?@JC MP UFGAF NPCKGQCQ ?PC GLAMLQGQRCLR?
10.4 +EJ7J?ED7B $?D;J?9 ED;H=O: 0EHA 7D: ED;H=O
+;L?I?J;:
51. 4FGQ NPM@JCK AMLQGBCPQ CLCPEW ?LB UMPI ?QNCARQ MD EN7CFB;
10.7rSQC B?R? DPMK RF?R CV?KNJC ?Q LCCBCB. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC PMR?RGML?J
IGLCRGA CLCPEW GL RFC KCPPW-EM-PMSLB NJSQ AFGJB UFCL RFCW F?TC ?L
?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW MD 20.0 PNK. (@) 5QGLE CLCPEW AMLQGBCP?RGMLQ, DGLB RFC
LSK@CP MD PCTMJSRGMLQ RFC D?RFCP UGJJ F?TC RM NSQF RM ?AFGCTC RFGQ ?LESJ?P
TCJMAGRW QR?PRGLE DPMK PCQR. (A) !E?GL, SQGLE CLCPEW AMLQGBCP?RGMLQ,
A?JASJ?RC RFC DMPAC RFC D?RFCP KSQR CVCPR RM QRMN RFC KCPPW-EM-PMSLB GL
RUM PCTMJSRGMLQ
52. 7F?R GQ RFC DGL?J TCJMAGRW MD ? FMMN RF?R PMJJQ UGRFMSR QJGNNGLE BMUL ?
5.00-K-FGEF FGJJ, QR?PRGLE DPMK PCQR?
53. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD %?PRF ML GRQ ?VGQ. (@)
7F?R GQ RFC PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD %?PRF GL GRQ MP@GR ?PMSLB RFC 3SL?
54. #?JASJ?RC RFC PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GL RFC KMRMPAWAJC UFCCJ
(F?=KH; 10.38) GD GRQ ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW GQ 120 P?B/Q.
55. ! @?QC@?JJ NGRAFCP RFPMUQ RFC @?JJ GL ? KMRGML UFCPC RFCPC GQ PMR?RGML
MD RFC DMPC?PK ?@MSR RFC CJ@MU HMGLR ?Q UCJJ ?Q MRFCP KMTCKCLRQ. )D RFC
JGLC?P TCJMAGRW MD RFC @?JJ PCJ?RGTC RM RFC CJ@MU HMGLR GQ 20.0 K/Q ?R ?
BGQR?LAC MD 0.480 K DPMK RFC HMGLR ?LB RFC KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? MD RFC
DMPC?PK GQ 0.500 kg m
2
, UF?R GQ RFC PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD RFC
DMPC?PK?
56. 7FGJC NSLRGLE ? DMMR@?JJ, ? IGAICP PMR?RCQ FGQ JCE ?@MSR RFC FGN HMGLR.
4FC KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? MD RFC JCE GQ 3.75 kg m
2
?LB GRQ PMR?RGML?J
IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ 175 *. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW MD RFC JCE? (@)
7F?R GQ RFC TCJMAGRW MD RGN MD RFC NSLRCPtQ QFMC GD GR GQ 1.05 K DPMK RFC FGN
HMGLR? (A) %VNJ?GL FMU RFC DMMR@?JJ A?L @C EGTCL ? TCJMAGRW EPC?RCP RF?L RFC
RGN MD RFC QFMC (LCACQQ?PW DMP ? BCACLR IGAI BGQR?LAC).
57. ! @SQ AMLR?GLQ ? 1500 IE DJWUFCCJ (? BGQI RF?R F?Q ? 0.600 K P?BGSQ)
?LB F?Q ? RMR?J K?QQ MD 10,000 IE. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW RFC
DJWUFCCJ KSQR F?TC RM AMLR?GL CLMSEF CLCPEW RM R?IC RFC @SQ DPMK PCQR RM
? QNCCB MD 20.0 K/Q, ?QQSKGLE 90.0% MD RFC PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW A?L
@C RP?LQDMPKCB GLRM RP?LQJ?RGML?J CLCPEW. (@) (MU FGEF ? FGJJ A?L RFC @SQ
AJGK@ UGRF RFGQ QRMPCB CLCPEW ?LB QRGJJ F?TC ? QNCCB MD 3.00 K/Q ?R RFC RMN
MD RFC FGJJ? %VNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU RFC QRCNQ GL RFC )HE8B;C-
,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=O <EH +EJ7J?ED7B ED;H=O.
58. ! @?JJ UGRF ?L GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW MD 8.00 K/Q PMJJQ SN ? FGJJ UGRFMSR QJGNNGLE.
4PC?RGLE RFC @?JJ ?Q ? QNFCPGA?J QFCJJ, A?JASJ?RC RFC TCPRGA?J FCGEFR GR
PC?AFCQ. (@) 2CNC?R RFC A?JASJ?RGML DMP RFC Q?KC @?JJ GD GR QJGBCQ SN RFC FGJJ
UGRFMSR PMJJGLE.
59. 7FGJC CVCPAGQGLE GL ? DGRLCQQ ACLRCP, ? K?L JGCQ D?AC BMUL ML ? @CLAF
?LB JGDRQ ? UCGEFR UGRF MLC JMUCP JCE @W AMLR?ARGLE RFC KSQAJCQ GL RFC
@?AI MD RFC SNNCP JCE. (?) &GLB RFC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML NPMBSACB EGTCL
RFC K?QQ JGDRCB GQ 10.0 IE ?R ? BGQR?LAC MD 28.0 AK DPMK RFC ILCC HMGLR, RFC
KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? MD RFC JMUCP JCE GQ 0.900 kg m
2
, RFC KSQAJC DMPAC GQ
1500 ., ?LB GRQ CDDCARGTC NCPNCLBGASJ?P JCTCP ?PK GQ 3.00 AK. (@) (MU
KSAF UMPI GQ BMLC GD RFC JCE PMR?RCQ RFPMSEF ?L ?LEJC MD 20.0 UGRF ?
AMLQR?LR DMPAC CVCPRCB @W RFC KSQAJC?
60. 4M BCTCJMN KSQAJC RMLC, ? UMK?L JGDRQ ? 2.00-IE UCGEFR FCJB GL FCP
F?LB. 3FC SQCQ FCP @GACNQ KSQAJC RM DJCV RFC JMUCP ?PK RFPMSEF ?L ?LEJC
MD 60.0 . (?) 7F?R GQ RFC ?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML GD RFC UCGEFR GQ 24.0 AK
DPMK RFC CJ@MU HMGLR, FCP DMPC?PK F?Q ? KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? MD
0.250 kg m
2
, ?LB RFC LCR DMPAC QFC CVCPRQ GQ 750 . ?R ?L CDDCARGTC
NCPNCLBGASJ?P JCTCP ?PK MD 2.00 AK? (@) (MU KSAF UMPI BMCQ QFC BM?
61. #MLQGBCP RUM AWJGLBCPQ RF?R QR?PR BMUL GBCLRGA?J GLAJGLCQ DPMK PCQR
CVACNR RF?R MLC GQ DPGARGMLJCQQ. 4FSQ MLC AWJGLBCP PMJJQ UGRFMSR QJGNNGLE,
UFGJC RFC MRFCP QJGBCQ DPGARGMLJCQQJW UGRFMSR PMJJGLE. 4FCW @MRF RP?TCJ ? QFMPR
BGQR?LAC ?R RFC @MRRMK ?LB RFCL QR?PR SN ?LMRFCP GLAJGLC. (?) 3FMU RF?R
RFCW @MRF PC?AF RFC Q?KC FCGEFR ML RFC MRFCP GLAJGLC, ?LB RF?R RFGQ FCGEFR
GQ COS?J RM RFCGP MPGEGL?J FCGEFR. (@) &GLB RFC P?RGM MD RFC RGKC RFC PMJJGLE
AWJGLBCP R?ICQ RM PC?AF RFC FCGEFR ML RFC QCAMLB GLAJGLC RM RFC RGKC RFC
QJGBGLE AWJGLBCP R?ICQ RM PC?AF RFC FCGEFR ML RFC QCAMLB GLAJGLC. (A)
%VNJ?GL UFW RFC RGKC DMP RFC PMJJGLE KMRGML GQ EPC?RCP RF?L RF?R DMP RFC
QJGBGLE KMRGML.
62. 7F?R GQ RFC KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? MD ?L M@HCAR RF?R PMJJQ UGRFMSR QJGNNGLE
BMUL ? 2.00-K-FGEF GLAJGLC QR?PRGLE DPMK PCQR, ?LB F?Q ? DGL?J TCJMAGRW MD
6.00 K/Q? %VNPCQQ RFC KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? ?Q ? KSJRGNJC MD MR
2
, UFCPC
M GQ RFC K?QQ MD RFC M@HCAR ?LB R GQ GRQ P?BGSQ.
63. 3SNNMQC ? 200-IE KMRMPAWAJC F?Q RUM UFCCJQ JGIC, J>; ED;
:;I9H?8;: ?D )HE8B;C 10.15 ?LB GQ FC?BGLE RMU?PB ? FGJJ ?R ? QNCCB MD
#(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45- 355
30.0 K/Q. (?) (MU FGEF A?L GR AM?QR SN RFC FGJJ, GD WMS LCEJCAR DPGARGML? (@)
(MU KSAF CLCPEW GQ JMQR RM DPGARGML GD RFC KMRMPAWAJC MLJW E?GLQ ?L ?JRGRSBC
MD 35.0 K @CDMPC AMKGLE RM PCQR?
64. )L QMDR@?JJ, RFC NGRAFCP RFPMUQ UGRF RFC ?PK DSJJW CVRCLBCB (QRP?GEFR ?R
RFC CJ@MU). )L ? D?QR NGRAF RFC @?JJ JC?TCQ RFC F?LB UGRF ? QNCCB MD 139
IK/F. (?) &GLB RFC PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD RFC NGRAFCPtQ ?PK EGTCL GRQ
KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? GQ 0.720 kg m
2
?LB RFC @?JJ JC?TCQ RFC F?LB ?R ?
BGQR?LAC MD 0.600 K DPMK RFC NGTMR ?R RFC QFMSJBCP. (@) 7F?R DMPAC BGB RFC
KSQAJCQ CVCPR RM A?SQC RFC ?PK RM PMR?RC GD RFCGP CDDCARGTC NCPNCLBGASJ?P
JCTCP ?PK GQ 4.00 AK ?LB RFC @?JJ GQ 0.156 IE?
#MLQGBCP RFC UMPI BMLC @W ? QNGLLGLE QI?RCP NSJJGLE FCP ?PKQ GL RM
GLAPC?QC FCP P?RC MD QNGL. #MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS A?JASJ?RC RFC
UMPI BMLC UGRF ? uDMPAC KSJRGNJGCB @W BGQR?LACv A?JASJ?RGML ?LB AMKN?PC GR
RM RFC QI?RCPtQ GLAPC?QC GL IGLCRGA CLCPEW.
66. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK MD RFC %?PRF GL GRQ MP@GR ?PMSLB
RFC 3SL.
(@) #MKN?PC RFGQ ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK UGRF RFC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK MD
%?PRF ML GRQ ?VGQ.
67. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK MD RFC -MML GL GRQ MP@GR ?PMSLB
%?PRF?
(@) (MU BMCQ RFGQ ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK AMKN?PC UGRF RFC ?LESJ?P
KMKCLRSK MD RFC -MML ML GRQ ?VGQ? 2CKCK@CP RF?R RFC -MML ICCNQ MLC
QGBC RMU?PB %?PRF ?R ?JJ RGKCQ.
(A) $GQASQQ UFCRFCP RFC T?JSCQ DMSLB GL N?PRQ (?) ?LB (@) QCCK AMLQGQRCLR
UGRF RFC D?AR RF?R RGB?J CDDCARQ UGRF %?PRF F?TC A?SQCB RFC -MML RM PMR?RC
UGRF MLC QGBC ?JU?WQ D?AGLE %?PRF.
68. 3SNNMQC WMS QR?PR ?L ?LRGOSC A?P @W CVCPRGLE ? DMPAC MD 300 . ML GRQ
AP?LI DMP 0.250 Q. 7F?R ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK GQ EGTCL RM RFC CLEGLC GD RFC
F?LBJC MD RFC AP?LI GQ 0.300 K DPMK RFC NGTMR ?LB RFC DMPAC GQ CVCPRCB RM
APC?RC K?VGKSK RMPOSC RFC CLRGPC RGKC?
69. ! NJ?WEPMSLB KCPPW-EM-PMSLB F?Q ? K?QQ MD 120 IE ?LB ? P?BGSQ MD
1.80 K ?LB GR GQ PMR?RGLE UGRF ?L ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW MD 0.500 PCT/Q. 7F?R GQ
GRQ ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW ?DRCP ? 22.0-IE AFGJB ECRQ MLRM GR @W EP?@@GLE GRQ MSRCP
CBEC? 4FC AFGJB GQ GLGRG?JJW ?R PCQR.
70. 4FPCC AFGJBPCL ?PC PGBGLE ML RFC CBEC MD ? KCPPW-EM-PMSLB RF?R GQ 100
IE, F?Q ? 1.60-K P?BGSQ, ?LB GQ QNGLLGLE ?R 20.0 PNK. 4FC AFGJBPCL F?TC
K?QQCQ MD 22.0, 28.0, ?LB 33.0 IE. )D RFC AFGJB UFM F?Q ? K?QQ MD 28.0 IE
KMTCQ RM RFC ACLRCP MD RFC KCPPW-EM-PMSLB, UF?R GQ RFC LCU ?LESJ?P
TCJMAGRW GL PNK?
71. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK MD ?L GAC QI?RCP QNGLLGLE ?R 6.00
PCT/Q EGTCL FGQ KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? GQ 0.400 kg m
2
. (@) (C PCBSACQ FGQ
P?RC MD QNGL (FGQ ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW) @W CVRCLBGLE FGQ ?PKQ ?LB GLAPC?QGLE
FGQ KMKCLR MD GLCPRG?. &GLB RFC T?JSC MD FGQ KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? GD FGQ
?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW BCAPC?QCQ RM 1.25 PCT/Q. (A) 3SNNMQC GLQRC?B FC ICCNQ
FGQ ?PKQ GL ?LB ?JJMUQ DPGARGML MD RFC GAC RM QJMU FGK RM 3.00 PCT/Q. 7F?R
?TCP?EC RMPOSC U?Q CVCPRCB GD RFGQ R?ICQ 15.0 Q?
72. #MLQGBCP RFC %?PRF--MML QWQRCK. #MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS
A?JASJ?RC RFC RMR?J ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK MD RFC QWQRCK GLAJSBGLE RFC QNGLQ MD
RFC %?PRF ?LB RFC -MML ML RFCGP ?VCQ ?LB RFC MP@GR?J ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK
MD RFC %?PRF--MML QWQRCK GL GRQ LC?PJW KMLRFJW PMR?RGML. #?JASJ?RC UF?R
F?NNCLQ RM RFC -MMLtQ MP@GR?J P?BGSQ GD RFC %?PRFtQ PMR?RGML BCAPC?QCQ BSC
RM RGB?J BP?E. !KMLE RFC RFGLEQ RM @C AMLQGBCPCB ?PC RFC ?KMSLR @W UFGAF
RFC %?PRFtQ PMR?RGML QJMUQ ?LB RFC D?AR RF?R RFC -MML UGJJ AMLRGLSC RM F?TC
MLC QGBC ?JU?WQ D?AGLE RFC %?PRF.
73. 2CNC?R EN7CFB; 10.15 GL UFGAF RFC BGQI QRPGICQ ?LB ?BFCPCQ RM RFC
QRGAI 0.100 K DPMK RFC L?GJ.
74. 2CNC?R EN7CFB; 10.15 GL UFGAF RFC BGQI MPGEGL?JJW QNGLQ AJMAIUGQC ?R
1000 PNK ?LB F?Q ? P?BGSQ MD 1.50 AK.
75. 4UGL QI?RCPQ ?NNPM?AF MLC ?LMRFCP ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 10.39 ?LB
JMAI F?LBQ. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFCGP DGL?J ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW, EGTCL C?AF F?B ?L
GLGRG?J QNCCB MD 2.50 K/Q PCJ?RGTC RM RFC GAC. %?AF F?Q ? K?QQ MD 70.0 IE,
?LB C?AF F?Q ? ACLRCP MD K?QQ JMA?RCB 0.800 K DPMK RFCGP JMAICB F?LBQ.
9MS K?W ?NNPMVGK?RC RFCGP KMKCLRQ MD GLCPRG? RM @C RF?R MD NMGLR K?QQCQ
?R RFGQ P?BGSQ. (@) #MKN?PC RFC GLGRG?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?LB DGL?J IGLCRGA
CLCPEW.
F?=KH; 10.39 4UGL QI?RCPQ ?NNPM?AF C?AF MRFCP UGRF GBCLRGA?J QNCCBQ. 4FCL, RFC
QI?RCPQ JMAI F?LBQ ?LB QNGL.
76. 3SNNMQC ? 0.250-IE @?JJ GQ RFPMUL ?R 15.0 K/Q RM ? KMRGMLJCQQ NCPQML
QR?LBGLE ML GAC UFM A?RAFCQ GR UGRF ?L MSRQRPCRAFCB ?PK ?Q QFMUL GL
F?=KH; 10.40.
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC DGL?J JGLC?P TCJMAGRW MD RFC NCPQML, EGTCL FGQ K?QQ GQ 70.0
IE.
(@) 7F?R GQ FGQ ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW GD C?AF ?PK GQ 5.00 IE? 9MS K?W RPC?R RFC
@?JJ ?Q ? NMGLR K?QQ ?LB RPC?R RFC NCPQML'Q ?PKQ ?Q SLGDMPK PMBQ (C?AF
F?Q ? JCLERF MD 0.900 K) ?LB RFC PCQR MD FGQ @MBW ?Q ? SLGDMPK AWJGLBCP MD
P?BGSQ 0.180 K. .CEJCAR RFC CDDCAR MD RFC @?JJ ML FGQ ACLRCP MD K?QQ QM
RF?R FGQ ACLRCP MD K?QQ PCK?GLQ GL FGQ ECMKCRPGA?J ACLRCP.
(A) #MKN?PC RFC GLGRG?J ?LB DGL?J RMR?J IGLCRGA CLCPEGCQ.
F?=KH; 10.40 4FC DGESPC QFMUQ RFC MTCPFC?B TGCU MD ? NCPQML QR?LBGLE KMRGMLJCQQ ML
GAC ?@MSR RM A?RAF ? @?JJ. "MRF ?PKQ ?PC MSRQRPCRAFCB. !DRCP A?RAFGLE RFC @?JJ, RFC
QI?RCP PCAMGJQ ?LB PMR?RCQ.
77. 2CNC?R EN7CFB; 10.15 GL UFGAF RFC QRGAI GQ DPCC RM F?TC RP?LQJ?RGML?J
KMRGML ?Q UCJJ ?Q PMR?RGML?J KMRGML.
10.7 OHEI9EF?9 E<<;9JI: /;9JEH AIF;9JI E< AD=KB7H
&EC;DJKC
4FC ?VGQ MD %?PRF K?ICQ ? 23.5\ ?LEJC UGRF ? BGPCARGML NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM
RFC NJ?LC MD %?PRFtQ MP@GR. !Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 10.41, RFGQ ?VGQ NPCACQQCQ,
K?IGLE MLC AMKNJCRC PMR?RGML GL 25,780 W.
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC AF?LEC GL ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK GL F?JD RFGQ RGKC.
(@) 7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC RMPOSC NPMBSAGLE RFGQ AF?LEC GL ?LESJ?P
KMKCLRSK?
(A) )D RFGQ RMPOSC UCPC APC?RCB @W ? QGLEJC DMPAC (GR GQ LMR) ?ARGLE ?R RFC
KMQR CDDCARGTC NMGLR ML RFC COS?RMP, UF?R UMSJB GRQ K?ELGRSBC @C?
356 #(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45-
F?=KH; 10.41 4FC %?PRFtQ ?VGQ QJMUJW NPCACQQCQ, ?JU?WQ K?IGLE ?L ?LEJC MD 23.5\ UGRF
RFC BGPCARGML NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC NJ?LC MD %?PRFtQ MP@GR. 4FC AF?LEC GL ?LESJ?P
KMKCLRSK DMP RFC RUM QFMUL NMQGRGMLQ GQ OSGRC J?PEC, ?JRFMSEF RFC K?ELGRSBC L GQ
SLAF?LECB.
#(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45- 357
358 #(!04%2 10 Y 2/4!4)/.!, -/4)/. !.$ !.'5,!2 -/-%.45-
11 &,5)$ 34!4)#3
F?=KH; 11.1 4FC DJSGB CQQCLRG?J RM ?JJ JGDC F?Q ? @C?SRW MD GRQ MUL. )R ?JQM FCJNQ QSNNMPR RFC UCGEFR MD RFGQ QUGKKCP. (APCBGR: 4CPPCL, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
,C?PLGLE /@HCARGTCQ
11.1. 0>7J "I 7 FBK?:?
11.2. D;DI?JO
11.3. )H;IIKH;
11.4. /7H?7J?ED E< )H;IIKH; M?J> D;FJ> ?D 7 FBK?:
11.5. )7I97BXI )H?D9?FB;
11.6. 7K=; )H;IIKH;, A8IEBKJ; )H;IIKH;, 7D: )H;IIKH; &;7IKH;C;DJ
11.7. AH9>?C;:;IX )H?D9?FB;
11.8. CE>;I?ED 7D: A:>;I?ED ?D %?GK?:I: ,KH<79; -;DI?ED 7D: C7F?BB7HO A9J?ED
11.9. )H;IIKH;I ?D J>; BE:O
"DJHE:K9J?ED JE FBK?: ,J7J?9I
-SAF MD UF?R UC T?JSC GL JGDC GQ DJSGB: ? @PC?RF MD DPCQF UGLRCP ?GP; RFC FMR @JSC DJ?KC GL MSP E?Q AMMICP; RFC U?RCP UC BPGLI, QUGK GL, ?LB @?RFC GL; RFC
@JMMB GL MSP TCGLQ. 7F?R CV?ARJW GQ ? DJSGB? #?L UC SLBCPQR?LB DJSGBQ UGRF RFC J?UQ ?JPC?BW NPCQCLRCB, MP UGJJ LCU J?UQ CKCPEC DPMK RFCGP QRSBW? 4FC
NFWQGA?J AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD QR?RGA MP QR?RGML?PW DJSGBQ ?LB QMKC MD RFC J?UQ RF?R EMTCPL RFCGP @CF?TGMP ?PC RFC RMNGAQ MD RFGQ AF?NRCP. FBK?: DOD7C?9I
7D: "JI B?EBE=?97B 7D: &;:?97B AFFB?97J?EDI CVNJMPCQ ?QNCARQ MD DJSGB DJMU.
11.1 0>7J "I 7 FBK?:?
-?RRCP KMQR AMKKMLJW CVGQRQ ?Q ? QMJGB, JGOSGB, MP E?Q; RFCQC QR?RCQ ?PC ILMUL ?Q RFC RFPCC AMKKML C;4F8F B9 @4GG8E. 3MJGBQ F?TC ? BCDGLGRC QF?NC
?LB ? QNCAGDGA TMJSKC, JGOSGBQ F?TC ? BCDGLGRC TMJSKC @SR RFCGP QF?NC AF?LECQ BCNCLBGLE ML RFC AMLR?GLCP GL UFGAF RFCW ?PC FCJB, ?LB E?QCQ F?TC
LCGRFCP ? BCDGLGRC QF?NC LMP ? QNCAGDGA TMJSKC ?Q RFCGP KMJCASJCQ KMTC RM DGJJ RFC AMLR?GLCP GL UFGAF RFCW ?PC FCJB. (3CC F?=KH; 11.2.) ,GOSGBQ ?LB
E?QCQ ?PC AMLQGBCPCB RM @C DJSGBQ @CA?SQC RFCW WGCJB RM QFC?PGLE DMPACQ, UFCPC?Q QMJGBQ PCQGQR RFCK. .MRC RF?R RFC CVRCLR RM UFGAF DJSGBQ WGCJB RM
QFC?PGLE DMPACQ (?LB FCLAC DJMU C?QGJW ?LB OSGAIJW) BCNCLBQ ML ? OS?LRGRW A?JJCB RFC TGQAMQGRW UFGAF GQ BGQASQQCB GL BCR?GJ GL /?I9EI?JO 7D: %7C?D7H
FBEM; )E?I;K?BB;XI %7M. 7C A?L SLBCPQR?LB RFC NF?QCQ MD K?RRCP ?LB UF?R AMLQRGRSRCQ ? DJSGB @W AMLQGBCPGLE RFC DMPACQ @CRUCCL ?RMKQ RF?R K?IC SN
K?RRCP GL RFC RFPCC NF?QCQ.
#(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3 359
F?=KH; 11.2 (?) !RMKQ GL ? QMJGB ?JU?WQ F?TC RFC Q?KC LCGEF@MPQ, FCJB LC?P FMKC @W DMPACQ PCNPCQCLRCB FCPC @W QNPGLEQ. 4FCQC ?RMKQ ?PC CQQCLRG?JJW GL AMLR?AR UGRF MLC
?LMRFCP. ! PMAI GQ ?L CV?KNJC MD ? QMJGB. 4FGQ PMAI PCR?GLQ GRQ QF?NC @CA?SQC MD RFC DMPACQ FMJBGLE GRQ ?RMKQ RMECRFCP. (@) !RMKQ GL ? JGOSGB ?PC ?JQM GL AJMQC AMLR?AR @SR A?L
QJGBC MTCP MLC ?LMRFCP. &MPACQ @CRUCCL RFCK QRPMLEJW PCQGQR ?RRCKNRQ RM NSQF RFCK AJMQCP RMECRFCP ?LB ?JQM FMJB RFCK GL AJMQC AMLR?AR. 7?RCP GQ ?L CV?KNJC MD ? JGOSGB. 7?RCP
A?L DJMU, @SR GR ?JQM PCK?GLQ GL ?L MNCL AMLR?GLCP @CA?SQC MD RFC DMPACQ @CRUCCL GRQ ?RMKQ. (A) !RMKQ GL ? E?Q ?PC QCN?P?RCB @W BGQR?LACQ RF?R ?PC AMLQGBCP?@JW J?PECP RF?L RFC
QGXC MD RFC ?RMKQ RFCKQCJTCQ, ?LB RFCW KMTC ?@MSR DPCCJW. ! E?Q KSQR @C FCJB GL ? AJMQCB AMLR?GLCP RM NPCTCLR GR DPMK KMTGLE MSR DPCCJW.
!RMKQ GL FB?<7F ?PC GL AJMQC AMLR?AR, UGRF DMPACQ @CRUCCL RFCK RF?R ?JJMU RFC ?RMKQ RM TG@P?RC @SR LMR RM AF?LEC NMQGRGMLQ UGRF LCGEF@MPGLE ?RMKQ.
(4FCQC DMPACQ A?L @C RFMSEFR MD ?Q QNPGLEQ RF?R A?L @C QRPCRAFCB MP AMKNPCQQCB, @SR LMR C?QGJW @PMICL.) 4FSQ ? QMJGB E8F<FGF ?JJ RWNCQ MD QRPCQQ. !
QMJGB A?LLMR @C C?QGJW BCDMPKCB @CA?SQC RFC ?RMKQ RF?R K?IC SN RFC QMJGB ?PC LMR ?@JC RM KMTC ?@MSR DPCCJW. 3MJGBQ ?JQM PCQGQR AMKNPCQQGML, @CA?SQC
RFCGP ?RMKQ DMPK N?PR MD ? J?RRGAC QRPSARSPC GL UFGAF RFC ?RMKQ ?PC ? PCJ?RGTCJW DGVCB BGQR?LAC ?N?PR. 5LBCP AMKNPCQQGML, RFC ?RMKQ UMSJB @C DMPACB GLRM
MLC ?LMRFCP. -MQR MD RFC CV?KNJCQ UC F?TC QRSBGCB QM D?P F?TC GLTMJTCB QMJGB M@HCARQ UFGAF BCDMPK TCPW JGRRJC UFCL QRPCQQCB.
#MLLCARGMLQ: 3S@KGAPMQAMNGA %VNJ?L?RGML MD 3MJGBQ ?LB ,GOSGBQ
!RMKGA ?LB KMJCASJ?P AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ CVNJ?GL ?LB SLBCPJGC RFC K?APMQAMNGA AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD QMJGBQ ?LB DJSGBQ. 4FGQ QS@KGAPMQAMNGA CVNJ?L?RGML
GQ MLC RFCKC MD RFGQ RCVR ?LB GQ FGEFJGEFRCB GL RFC 4FGLEQ 'PC?R ?LB 3K?JJ DC?RSPCQ GL CEDI;HL7J?ED E< &EC;DJKC. 3CC, DMP CV?KNJC,
KGAPMQAMNGA BCQAPGNRGML MD AMJJGQGMLQ ?LB KMKCLRSK MP KGAPMQAMNGA BCQAPGNRGML MD NPCQQSPC GL ? E?Q. 4FGQ NPCQCLR QCARGML GQ BCTMRCB CLRGPCJW RM
RFC QS@KGAPMQAMNGA CVNJ?L?RGML MD QMJGBQ ?LB JGOSGBQ.
)L AMLRP?QR, ?<DH<7F BCDMPK C?QGJW UFCL QRPCQQCB ?LB BM LMR QNPGLE @?AI RM RFCGP MPGEGL?J QF?NC MLAC RFC DMPAC GQ PCKMTCB @CA?SQC RFC ?RMKQ ?PC DPCC
RM QJGBC ?@MSR ?LB AF?LEC LCGEF@MPQrRF?R GQ, RFCW 9?BJ (QM RFCW ?PC ? RWNC MD DJSGB), UGRF RFC KMJCASJCQ FCJB RMECRFCP @W RFCGP KSRS?J ?RRP?ARGML. 7FCL
? JGOSGB GQ NJ?ACB GL ? AMLR?GLCP UGRF LM JGB ML, GR PCK?GLQ GL RFC AMLR?GLCP (NPMTGBGLE RFC AMLR?GLCP F?Q LM FMJCQ @CJMU RFC QSPD?AC MD RFC JGOSGB!).
"CA?SQC RFC ?RMKQ ?PC AJMQCJW N?AICB, JGOSGBQ, JGIC QMJGBQ, PCQGQR AMKNPCQQGML.
!RMKQ GL :4F8F ?PC QCN?P?RCB @W BGQR?LACQ RF?R ?PC J?PEC AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC QGXC MD RFC ?RMKQ. 4FC DMPACQ @CRUCCL E?Q ?RMKQ ?PC RFCPCDMPC TCPW
UC?I, CVACNR UFCL RFC ?RMKQ AMJJGBC UGRF MLC ?LMRFCP. '?QCQ RFSQ LMR MLJW DJMU (?LB ?PC RFCPCDMPC AMLQGBCPCB RM @C DJSGBQ) @SR RFCW ?PC PCJ?RGTCJW
C?QW RM AMKNPCQQ @CA?SQC RFCPC GQ KSAF QN?AC ?LB JGRRJC DMPAC @CRUCCL ?RMKQ. 7FCL NJ?ACB GL ?L MNCL AMLR?GLCP E?QCQ, SLJGIC JGOSGBQ, UGJJ CQA?NC.
4FC K?HMP BGQRGLARGML GQ RF?R E?QCQ ?PC C?QGJW AMKNPCQQCB, UFCPC?Q JGOSGBQ ?PC LMR. 7C QF?JJ ECLCP?JJW PCDCP RM @MRF E?QCQ ?LB JGOSGBQ QGKNJW ?Q
<BK?:I, ?LB K?IC ? BGQRGLARGML @CRUCCL RFCK MLJW UFCL RFCW @CF?TC BGDDCPCLRJW.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: 3R?RCQ MD -?RRCPr"?QGAQ
(C?R, AMMJ, ?LB AMKNPCQQ ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ ?LB U?RAF ?Q RFCW AF?LEC @CRUCCL QMJGB, JGOSGB, ?LB E?Q NF?QCQ.
F?=KH; 11.3 ,J7J;I E< &7JJ;H: B7I?9I (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42186/1.4/IJ7J;I-E<-C7JJ;H-87I?9I6;D.@7H)
11.2 D;DI?JO
7FGAF UCGEFQ KMPC, ? RML MD DC?RFCPQ MP ? RML MD @PGAIQ? 4FGQ MJB PGBBJC NJ?WQ UGRF RFC BGQRGLARGML @CRUCCL K?QQ ?LB BCLQGRW. ! RML GQ ? RML, MD AMSPQC;
@SR @PGAIQ F?TC KSAF EPC?RCP BCLQGRW RF?L DC?RFCPQ, ?LB QM UC ?PC RCKNRCB RM RFGLI MD RFCK ?Q FC?TGCP. (3CC F?=KH; 11.4.)
D;DI?JO, ?Q WMS UGJJ QCC, GQ ?L GKNMPR?LR AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MD QS@QR?LACQ. )R GQ APSAG?J, DMP CV?KNJC, GL BCRCPKGLGLE UFCRFCP ?L M@HCAR QGLIQ MP DJM?RQ GL ?
DJSGB. $CLQGRW GQ RFC K?QQ NCP SLGR TMJSKC MD ? QS@QR?LAC MP M@HCAR. )L COS?RGML DMPK, BCLQGRW GQ BCDGLCB ?Q
(11.1)
=
m
V
,
UFCPC RFC 'PCCI JCRRCP (PFM) GQ RFC QWK@MJ DMP BCLQGRW, m GQ RFC K?QQ, ?LB V GQ RFC TMJSKC MAASNGCB @W RFC QS@QR?LAC.
$CLQGRW
$CLQGRW GQ K?QQ NCP SLGR TMJSKC.
(11.2)
=
m
V
,
UFCPC GQ RFC QWK@MJ DMP BCLQGRW, m GQ RFC K?QQ, ?LB V GQ RFC TMJSKC MAASNGCB @W RFC QS@QR?LAC.
360 #(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3
)L RFC PGBBJC PCE?PBGLE RFC DC?RFCPQ ?LB @PGAIQ, RFC K?QQCQ ?PC RFC Q?KC, @SR RFC TMJSKC MAASNGCB @W RFC DC?RFCPQ GQ KSAF EPC?RCP, QGLAC RFCGP BCLQGRW
GQ KSAF JMUCP. 4FC 3) SLGR MD BCLQGRW GQ kg/m
3
, PCNPCQCLR?RGTC T?JSCQ ?PC EGTCL GL -78B; 11.1. 4FC KCRPGA QWQRCK U?Q MPGEGL?JJW BCTGQCB QM RF?R U?RCP
UMSJB F?TC ? BCLQGRW MD 1 g/cm
3
, COSGT?JCLR RM 10
3
kg/m
3
. 4FSQ RFC @?QGA K?QQ SLGR, RFC IGJMEP?K, U?Q DGPQR BCTGQCB RM @C RFC K?QQ MD 1000 K,
MD U?RCP, UFGAF F?Q ? TMJSKC MD 1000 AK
3
.
4?@JC 11.1 $CLQGRGCQ MD 6?PGMSQ 3S@QR?LACQ
,K8IJ7D9; (10
3
kg/m
3
or g/mL) ,K8IJ7D9; (10
3
kg/m
3
or g/mL) ,K8IJ7D9; (10
3
kg/m
3
or g/mL)
,EB?:I %?GK?:I 7I;I
!JSKGLSK 2.7 7?RCP (4`#) 1.000 !GP 1.2910
3
"P?QQ 8.44 "JMMB 1.05
#?P@ML
BGMVGBC
1.9810
3
#MNNCP (?TCP?EC) 8.8 3C? U?RCP 1.025
#?P@ML
KMLMVGBC
1.2510
3
'MJB 19.32 -CPASPW 13.6 (WBPMECL 0.09010
3
)PML MP QRCCJ 7.8 %RFWJ ?JAMFMJ 0.79 (CJGSK 0.1810
3
,C?B 11.3 0CRPMJ 0.68 -CRF?LC 0.7210
3
0MJWQRWPCLC 0.10 'JWACPGL 1.26 .GRPMECL 1.2510
3
4SLEQRCL 19.30 /JGTC MGJ 0.92 .GRPMSQ MVGBC 1.9810
3
5P?LGSK 18.70 /VWECL 1.4310
3
#MLAPCRC 2.30q3.0
3RC?K
(100 C)
0.6010
3
#MPI 0.24
'J?QQ, AMKKML
(?TCP?EC)
2.6
'P?LGRC 2.7
%?PRFtQ APSQR 3.3
7MMB 0.3q0.9
)AC (0\#) 0.917
"MLC 1.7q2.0
F?=KH; 11.4 ! RML MD DC?RFCPQ ?LB ? RML MD @PGAIQ F?TC RFC Q?KC K?QQ, @SR RFC DC?RFCPQ K?IC ? KSAF @GEECP NGJC @CA?SQC RFCW F?TC ? KSAF JMUCP BCLQGRW.
!Q WMS A?L QCC @W CV?KGLGLE -78B; 11.1, RFC BCLQGRW MD ?L M@HCAR K?W FCJN GBCLRGDW GRQ AMKNMQGRGML. 4FC BCLQGRW MD EMJB, DMP CV?KNJC, GQ ?@MSR 2.5
RGKCQ RFC BCLQGRW MD GPML, UFGAF GQ ?@MSR 2.5 RGKCQ RFC BCLQGRW MD ?JSKGLSK. $CLQGRW ?JQM PCTC?JQ QMKCRFGLE ?@MSR RFC NF?QC MD RFC K?RRCP ?LB GRQ
QS@QRPSARSPC. .MRGAC RF?R RFC BCLQGRGCQ MD JGOSGBQ ?LB QMJGBQ ?PC PMSEFJW AMKN?P?@JC, AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC D?AR RF?R RFCGP ?RMKQ ?PC GL AJMQC AMLR?AR. 4FC
BCLQGRGCQ MD E?QCQ ?PC KSAF JCQQ RF?L RFMQC MD JGOSGBQ ?LB QMJGBQ, @CA?SQC RFC ?RMKQ GL E?QCQ ?PC QCN?P?RCB @W J?PEC ?KMSLRQ MD CKNRW QN?AC.
4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR 3SE?P ?LB 3?JR
! NGJC MD QSE?P ?LB ? NGJC MD Q?JR JMMI NPCRRW QGKGJ?P, @SR UFGAF UCGEFQ KMPC? )D RFC TMJSKCQ MD @MRF NGJCQ ?PC RFC Q?KC, ?LW BGDDCPCLAC GL K?QQ GQ
BSC RM RFCGP BGDDCPCLR BCLQGRGCQ (GLAJSBGLE RFC ?GP QN?AC @CRUCCL APWQR?JQ). 7FGAF BM WMS RFGLI F?Q RFC EPC?RCP BCLQGRW? 7F?R T?JSCQ BGB WMS DGLB?
7F?R KCRFMB BGB WMS SQC RM BCRCPKGLC RFCQC T?JSCQ?
#(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3 361
EN7CFB; 11.1 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; &7II E< 7 +;I;HLE?H FHEC "JI /EBKC;
! PCQCPTMGP F?Q ? QSPD?AC ?PC? MD 50.0 km
2
?LB ?L ?TCP?EC BCNRF MD 40.0 K. 7F?R K?QQ MD U?RCP GQ FCJB @CFGLB RFC B?K? (3CC F?=KH; 11.5 DMP
? TGCU MD ? J?PEC PCQCPTMGPrRFC 4FPCC 'MPECQ $?K QGRC ML RFC 9?LERXC 2GTCP GL ACLRP?J #FGL?.)
,JH7J;=O
7C A?L A?JASJ?RC RFC TMJSKC V MD RFC PCQCPTMGP DPMK GRQ BGKCLQGMLQ, ?LB DGLB RFC BCLQGRW MD U?RCP GL -78B; 11.1. 4FCL RFC K?QQ m A?L @C
DMSLB DPMK RFC BCDGLGRGML MD BCLQGRW
(11.3)
=
m
V
.
,EBKJ?ED
3MJTGLE COS?RGML = m/ V DMP m EGTCQ m = V .
4FC TMJSKC V MD RFC PCQCPTMGP GQ GRQ QSPD?AC ?PC? A RGKCQ GRQ ?TCP?EC BCNRF h :
(11.4)
V = Ah =

50.0 km
2
(40.0 m)
=
50.0 km
2
10
3
m
1 km
(40.0 m) = 2.0010
9
m
3
4FC BCLQGRW MD U?RCP DPMK -78B; 11.1 GQ 1.00010
3
kg/m
3
. 3S@QRGRSRGLE V ?LB GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP K?QQ EGTCQ
(11.5)
m =

1.0010
3
kg/m
3
2.0010
9
m
3
= 2.0010
12
kg.
D?I9KII?ED
! J?PEC PCQCPTMGP AMLR?GLQ ? TCPW J?PEC K?QQ MD U?RCP. )L RFGQ CV?KNJC, RFC UCGEFR MD RFC U?RCP GL RFC PCQCPTMGP GQ mg = 1.9610
13
N, UFCPC g
GQ RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM RFC %?PRFtQ EP?TGRW (?@MSR 9.80 m/s
2
). )R GQ PC?QML?@JC RM ?QI UFCRFCP RFC B?K KSQR QSNNJW ? DMPAC COS?J RM RFGQ
RPCKCLBMSQ UCGEFR. 4FC ?LQUCP GQ LM. !Q UC QF?JJ QCC GL RFC DMJJMUGLE QCARGMLQ, RFC DMPAC RFC B?K KSQR QSNNJW A?L @C KSAF QK?JJCP RF?L RFC
UCGEFR MD RFC U?RCP GR FMJBQ @?AI.
F?=KH; 11.5 4FPCC 'MPECQ $?K GL ACLRP?J #FGL?. 7FCL AMKNJCRCB GL 2008, RFGQ @CA?KC RFC UMPJBtQ J?PECQR FWBPMCJCARPGA NJ?LR, ECLCP?RGLE NMUCP COSGT?JCLR RM RF?R ECLCP?RCB
@W 22 ?TCP?EC-QGXCB LSAJC?P NMUCP NJ?LRQ. 4FC AMLAPCRC B?K GQ 181 K FGEF ?LB 2.3 IK ?APMQQ. 4FC PCQCPTMGP K?BC @W RFGQ B?K GQ 660 IK JMLE. /TCP 1 KGJJGML NCMNJC UCPC
BGQNJ?ACB @W RFC APC?RGML MD RFC PCQCPTMGP. (APCBGR: ,C 'P?LB 0MPR?EC)
11.3 )H;IIKH;
9MS F?TC LM BMS@R FC?PB RFC UMPB FH;IIKH; @CGLE SQCB GL PCJ?RGML RM @JMMB (FGEF MP JMU @JMMB NPCQQSPC) ?LB GL PCJ?RGML RM RFC UC?RFCP (FGEF- ?LB
JMU-NPCQQSPC UC?RFCP QWQRCKQ). 4FCQC ?PC MLJW RUM MD K?LW CV?KNJCQ MD NPCQQSPCQ GL DJSGBQ. 0PCQQSPC P GQ BCDGLCB ?Q
(11.6)
P =
F
A
UFCPC F GQ ? DMPAC ?NNJGCB RM ?L ?PC? A RF?R GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC DMPAC.
0PCQQSPC
0PCQQSPC GQ BCDGLCB ?Q RFC DMPAC BGTGBCB @W RFC ?PC? NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC DMPAC MTCP UFGAF RFC DMPAC GQ ?NNJGCB, MP
362 #(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3
(11.7)
P =
F
A
.
! EGTCL DMPAC A?L F?TC ? QGELGDGA?LRJW BGDDCPCLR CDDCAR BCNCLBGLE ML RFC ?PC? MTCP UFGAF RFC DMPAC GQ CVCPRCB, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 11.6. 4FC 3) SLGR DMP
NPCQQSPC GQ RFC C4F64?, UFCPC
(11.8)
1 Pa = 1 N/m
2
.
)L ?BBGRGML RM RFC N?QA?J, RFCPC ?PC K?LW MRFCP SLGRQ DMP NPCQQSPC RF?R ?PC GL AMKKML SQC. )L KCRCMPMJMEW, ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC GQ MDRCL BCQAPG@CB GL
SLGRQ MD KGJJG@?P (K@), UFCPC
(11.9)
100 mb = 110
5
Pa .
0MSLBQ NCP QOS?PC GLAF

lb/in
2
or psi
GQ QRGJJ QMKCRGKCQ SQCB ?Q ? KC?QSPC MD RGPC NPCQQSPC, ?LB KGJJGKCRCPQ MD KCPASPW (KK (E) GQ QRGJJ MDRCL SQCB
GL RFC KC?QSPCKCLR MD @JMMB NPCQQSPC. 0PCQQSPC GQ BCDGLCB DMP ?JJ QR?RCQ MD K?RRCP @SR GQ N?PRGASJ?PJW GKNMPR?LR UFCL BGQASQQGLE DJSGBQ.
F?=KH; 11.6 (?) 7FGJC RFC NCPQML @CGLE NMICB UGRF RFC DGLECP KGEFR @C GPPGR?RCB, RFC DMPAC F?Q JGRRJC J?QRGLE CDDCAR. (@) )L AMLRP?QR, RFC Q?KC DMPAC ?NNJGCB RM ?L ?PC? RFC QGXC MD RFC
QF?PN CLB MD ? LCCBJC GQ EPC?R CLMSEF RM @PC?I RFC QIGL.
EN7CFB; 11.2 C7B9KB7J?D= FEH9; EN;HJ;: 8O J>; A?H: 0>7J FEH9; DE;I 7 )H;IIKH; EN;HJ?
!L ?QRPML?SR GQ UMPIGLE MSRQGBC RFC )LRCPL?RGML?J 3N?AC 3R?RGML UFCPC RFC ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC GQ CQQCLRG?JJW XCPM. 4FC NPCQQSPC E?SEC ML FCP
?GP R?LI PC?BQ 6.9010
6
Pa . 7F?R DMPAC BMCQ RFC ?GP GLQGBC RFC R?LI CVCPR ML RFC DJ?R CLB MD RFC AWJGLBPGA?J R?LI, ? BGQI 0.150 K GL BG?KCRCP?
,JH7J;=O
7C A?L DGLB RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB DPMK RFC BCDGLGRGML MD NPCQQSPC EGTCL GL P =
F
A
, NPMTGBCB UC A?L DGLB RFC ?PC? A ?ARCB SNML.
,EBKJ?ED
"W PC?PP?LEGLE RFC BCDGLGRGML MD NPCQQSPC RM QMJTC DMP DMPAC, UC QCC RF?R
(11.10) F = PA.
(CPC, RFC NPCQQSPC P GQ EGTCL, ?Q GQ RFC ?PC? MD RFC CLB MD RFC AWJGLBCP A , EGTCL @W A = r
2
. 4FSQ,
(11.11)
F =

6.9010
6
N/m
2
(3.14)(0.0750 m)
2
= 1.2210
5
N.
D?I9KII?ED
7MU! .M UMLBCP RFC R?LI KSQR @C QRPMLE. 3GLAC UC DMSLB F = PA , UC QCC RF?R RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB @W ? NPCQQSPC GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC
?PC? ?ARCB SNML ?Q UCJJ ?Q RFC NPCQQSPC GRQCJD.
4FC DMPAC CVCPRCB ML RFC CLB MD RFC R?LI GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM GRQ GLQGBC QSPD?AC. 4FGQ BGPCARGML GQ @CA?SQC RFC DMPAC GQ CVCPRCB @W ? QR?RGA MP QR?RGML?PW
DJSGB. 7C F?TC ?JPC?BW QCCL RF?R DJSGBQ A?LLMR J<G;FG4A7 QFC?PGLE (QGBCU?WQ) DMPACQ; RFCW A?LLMR 8K8EG QFC?PGLE DMPACQ, CGRFCP. &JSGB NPCQQSPC F?Q LM
BGPCARGML, @CGLE ? QA?J?P OS?LRGRW. 4FC DMPACQ BSC RM NPCQQSPC F?TC UCJJ-BCDGLCB BGPCARGMLQ: RFCW ?PC ?JU?WQ CVCPRCB NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM ?LW QSPD?AC. (3CC
RFC RGPC GL F?=KH; 11.7, DMP CV?KNJC.) &GL?JJW, LMRC RF?R NPCQQSPC GQ CVCPRCB ML ?JJ QSPD?ACQ. 3UGKKCPQ, ?Q UCJJ ?Q RFC RGPC, DCCJ NPCQQSPC ML ?JJ QGBCQ.
(3CC F?=KH; 11.8.)
#(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3 363
F?=KH; 11.7 0PCQQSPC GLQGBC RFGQ RGPC CVCPRQ DMPACQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM ?JJ QSPD?ACQ GR AMLR?ARQ. 4FC ?PPMUQ EGTC PCNPCQCLR?RGTC BGPCARGMLQ ?LB K?ELGRSBCQ MD RFC DMPACQ CVCPRCB ?R
T?PGMSQ NMGLRQ. .MRC RF?R QR?RGA DJSGBQ BM LMR CVCPR QFC?PGLE DMPACQ.
F?=KH; 11.8 0PCQQSPC GQ CVCPRCB ML ?JJ QGBCQ MD RFGQ QUGKKCP, QGLAC RFC U?RCP UMSJB DJMU GLRM RFC QN?AC FC MAASNGCQ GD FC UCPC LMR RFCPC. 4FC ?PPMUQ PCNPCQCLR RFC BGPCARGMLQ
?LB K?ELGRSBCQ MD RFC DMPACQ CVCPRCB ?R T?PGMSQ NMGLRQ ML RFC QUGKKCP. .MRC RF?R RFC DMPACQ ?PC J?PECP SLBCPLC?RF, BSC RM EPC?RCP BCNRF, EGTGLE ? LCR SNU?PB MP @SMW?LR DMPAC
RF?R GQ @?J?LACB @W RFC UCGEFR MD RFC QUGKKCP.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: '?Q 0PMNCPRGCQ
0SKN E?Q KMJCASJCQ RM ? @MV ?LB QCC UF?R F?NNCLQ ?Q WMS AF?LEC RFC TMJSKC, ?BB MP PCKMTC FC?R, AF?LEC EP?TGRW, ?LB KMPC. -C?QSPC RFC
RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB NPCQQSPC, ?LB BGQAMTCP FMU RFC NPMNCPRGCQ MD RFC E?Q T?PW GL PCJ?RGML RM C?AF MRFCP.
F?=KH; 11.9 7I )HEF;HJ?;I (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42189/1.4/=7I-FHEF;HJ?;I6;D.@7H)
11.4 /7H?7J?ED E< )H;IIKH; M?J> D;FJ> ?D 7 FBK?:
)D WMSP C?PQ F?TC CTCP NMNNCB ML ? NJ?LC DJGEFR MP ?AFCB BSPGLE ? BCCN BGTC GL ? QUGKKGLE NMMJ, WMS F?TC CVNCPGCLACB RFC CDDCAR MD BCNRF ML
NPCQQSPC GL ? DJSGB. !R RFC %?PRFtQ QSPD?AC, RFC ?GP NPCQQSPC CVCPRCB ML WMS GQ ? PCQSJR MD RFC UCGEFR MD ?GP ?@MTC WMS. 4FGQ NPCQQSPC GQ PCBSACB ?Q WMS
AJGK@ SN GL ?JRGRSBC ?LB RFC UCGEFR MD ?GP ?@MTC WMS BCAPC?QCQ. 5LBCP U?RCP, RFC NPCQQSPC CVCPRCB ML WMS GLAPC?QCQ UGRF GLAPC?QGLE BCNRF. )L RFGQ
A?QC, RFC NPCQQSPC @CGLE CVCPRCB SNML WMS GQ ? PCQSJR MD @MRF RFC UCGEFR MD U?RCP ?@MTC WMS 4A7 RF?R MD RFC ?RKMQNFCPC ?@MTC WMS. 9MS K?W LMRGAC
?L ?GP NPCQQSPC AF?LEC ML ?L CJCT?RMP PGBC RF?R RP?LQNMPRQ WMS K?LW QRMPGCQ, @SR WMS LCCB MLJW BGTC ? KCRCP MP QM @CJMU RFC QSPD?AC MD ? NMMJ RM DCCJ ?
NPCQQSPC GLAPC?QC. 4FC BGDDCPCLAC GQ RF?R U?RCP GQ KSAF BCLQCP RF?L ?GP, ?@MSR 775 RGKCQ ?Q BCLQC.
#MLQGBCP RFC AMLR?GLCP GL F?=KH; 11.10. )RQ @MRRMK QSNNMPRQ RFC UCGEFR MD RFC DJSGB GL GR. ,CR SQ A?JASJ?RC RFC NPCQQSPC CVCPRCB ML RFC @MRRMK @W RFC
UCGEFR MD RFC DJSGB. 4F?R FH;IIKH; GQ RFC UCGEFR MD RFC DJSGB mg BGTGBCB @W RFC ?PC? A QSNNMPRGLE GR (RFC ?PC? MD RFC @MRRMK MD RFC AMLR?GLCP):
(11.12)
P =
mg
A
.
7C A?L DGLB RFC K?QQ MD RFC DJSGB DPMK GRQ TMJSKC ?LB BCLQGRW:
(11.13) m = V.
4FC TMJSKC MD RFC DJSGB V GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC BGKCLQGMLQ MD RFC AMLR?GLCP. )R GQ
(11.14)
V = Ah,
364 #(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3
UFCPC A GQ RFC APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? ?LB h GQ RFC BCNRF. #MK@GLGLE RFC J?QR RUM COS?RGMLQ EGTCQ
(11.15)
m = Ah.
)D UC CLRCP RFGQ GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP NPCQQSPC, UC M@R?GL
(11.16)
P =

Ah
g
A
.
4FC ?PC? A?LACJQ, ?LB PC?PP?LEGLE RFC T?PG?@JCQ WGCJBQ
(11.17)
P = hg.
4FGQ T?JSC GQ RFC CE8FFHE8 7H8 GB G;8 J8<:;G B9 4 9?H<7. 4FC COS?RGML F?Q ECLCP?J T?JGBGRW @CWMLB RFC QNCAG?J AMLBGRGMLQ SLBCP UFGAF GR GQ BCPGTCB FCPC.
%TCL GD RFC AMLR?GLCP UCPC LMR RFCPC, RFC QSPPMSLBGLE DJSGB UMSJB QRGJJ CVCPR RFGQ NPCQQSPC, ICCNGLE RFC DJSGB QR?RGA. 4FSQ RFC COS?RGML P = hg
PCNPCQCLRQ RFC NPCQQSPC BSC RM RFC UCGEFR MD ?LW DJSGB MD 4I8E4:8 78AF<GL ?R ?LW BCNRF h @CJMU GRQ QSPD?AC. &MP JGOSGBQ, UFGAF ?PC LC?PJW
GLAMKNPCQQG@JC, RFGQ COS?RGML FMJBQ RM EPC?R BCNRFQ. &MP E?QCQ, UFGAF ?PC OSGRC AMKNPCQQG@JC, MLC A?L ?NNJW RFGQ COS?RGML ?Q JMLE ?Q RFC BCLQGRW
AF?LECQ ?PC QK?JJ MTCP RFC BCNRF AMLQGBCPCB. EN7CFB; 11.4 GJJSQRP?RCQ RFGQ QGRS?RGML.
F?=KH; 11.10 4FC @MRRMK MD RFGQ AMLR?GLCP QSNNMPRQ RFC CLRGPC UCGEFR MD RFC DJSGB GL GR. 4FC TCPRGA?J QGBCQ A?LLMR CVCPR ?L SNU?PB DMPAC ML RFC DJSGB (QGLAC GR A?LLMR UGRFQR?LB ?
QFC?PGLE DMPAC), ?LB QM RFC @MRRMK KSQR QSNNMPR GR ?JJ.
EN7CFB; 11.3 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; AL;H7=; )H;IIKH; 7D: FEH9; EN;HJ;:: 0>7J FEH9; &KIJ 7 D7C 0?J>IJ7D:?
)L EN7CFB; 11.1, UC A?JASJ?RCB RFC K?QQ MD U?RCP GL ? J?PEC PCQCPTMGP. 7C UGJJ LMU AMLQGBCP RFC NPCQQSPC ?LB DMPAC ?ARGLE ML RFC B?K PCR?GLGLE
U?RCP. (3CC F?=KH; 11.11.) 4FC B?K GQ 500 K UGBC, ?LB RFC U?RCP GQ 80.0 K BCCN ?R RFC B?K. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC NPCQQSPC ML RFC B?K BSC
RM RFC U?RCP? (@) #?JASJ?RC RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB ?E?GLQR RFC B?K ?LB AMKN?PC GR UGRF RFC UCGEFR MD U?RCP GL RFC B?K (NPCTGMSQJW DMSLB RM @C
1.9610
13
N).
,JH7J;=O <EH (7)
4FC ?TCP?EC NPCQQSPC P
BSC RM RFC UCGEFR MD RFC U?RCP GQ RFC NPCQQSPC ?R RFC ?TCP?EC BCNRF h
MD 40.0 K, QGLAC NPCQQSPC GLAPC?QCQ JGLC?PJW

UGRF BCNRF.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
4FC ?TCP?EC NPCQQSPC BSC RM RFC UCGEFR MD ? DJSGB GQ
(11.18)
P
= h
g.
%LRCPGLE RFC BCLQGRW MD U?RCP DPMK -78B; 11.1 ?LB R?IGLE h
RM @C RFC ?TCP?EC BCNRF MD 40.0 K, UC M@R?GL

(11.19)
P
= (40.0 m)
10
3
kg
m
3
9.80
m
s
2
= 3.9210
5 N
m
2
= 392 kPa.
,JH7J;=O <EH (8)
4FC DMPAC CVCPRCB ML RFC B?K @W RFC U?RCP GQ RFC ?TCP?EC NPCQQSPC RGKCQ RFC ?PC? MD AMLR?AR:
(11.20)
F = P
A.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
7C F?TC ?JPC?BW DMSLB RFC T?JSC DMP P
. 4FC ?PC? MD RFC B?K GQ A = 80.0 m500 m = 4.0010

4
m
2
, QM RF?R
#(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3 365
(11.21)
F = (3.9210
5
N/m
2
)(4.0010
4
m
2
)
= 1.5710
10
N.
D?I9KII?ED
!JRFMSEF RFGQ DMPAC QCCKQ J?PEC, GR GQ QK?JJ AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC 1.9610
13
N UCGEFR MD RFC U?RCP GL RFC PCQCPTMGPrGL D?AR, GR GQ MLJW 0.0800% MD
RFC UCGEFR. .MRC RF?R RFC NPCQQSPC DMSLB GL N?PR (?) GQ AMKNJCRCJW GLBCNCLBCLR MD RFC UGBRF ?LB JCLERF MD RFC J?ICrGR BCNCLBQ MLJW ML GRQ ?TCP?EC
BCNRF ?R RFC B?K. 4FSQ RFC DMPAC BCNCLBQ MLJW ML RFC U?RCPtQ ?TCP?EC BCNRF ?LB RFC BGKCLQGMLQ MD RFC B?K, ABG ML RFC FMPGXMLR?J CVRCLR MD RFC
PCQCPTMGP. )L RFC BG?EP?K, RFC RFGAILCQQ MD RFC B?K GLAPC?QCQ UGRF BCNRF RM @?J?LAC RFC GLAPC?QGLE DMPAC BSC RM RFC GLAPC?QGLE NPCQQSPC.CNRF RM
@?J?LAC RFC GLAPC?QGLE DMPAC BSC RM RFC GLAPC?QGLE NPCQQSPC.
F?=KH; 11.11 4FC B?K KSQR UGRFQR?LB RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB ?E?GLQR GR @W RFC U?RCP GR PCR?GLQ. 4FGQ DMPAC GQ QK?JJ AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC UCGEFR MD RFC U?RCP @CFGLB RFC B?K.
AG@BFC;8E<6 CE8FFHE8 GQ ?LMRFCP CV?KNJC MD NPCQQSPC BSC RM RFC UCGEFR MD ? DJSGB, GL RFGQ A?QC BSC RM RFC UCGEFR MD 4<E ?@MTC ? EGTCL FCGEFR. 4FC
?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC ?R RFC %?PRFtQ QSPD?AC T?PGCQ ? JGRRJC BSC RM RFC J?PEC-QA?JC DJMU MD RFC ?RKMQNFCPC GLBSACB @W RFC %?PRFtQ PMR?RGML (RFGQ APC?RCQ
UC?RFCP uFGEFQv ?LB uJMUQv). (MUCTCP, RFC ?TCP?EC NPCQQSPC ?R QC? JCTCJ GQ EGTCL @W RFC FG4A74E7 4G@BFC;8E<6 CE8FFHE8 P
atm
, KC?QSPCB RM @C
(11.22)
1 atmosphere (atm) = P
atm
= 1.0110
5
N/m
2
= 101 kPa.
4FGQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN KC?LQ RF?R, ML ?TCP?EC, ?R QC? JCTCJ, ? AMJSKL MD ?GP ?@MTC 1.00 m
2
MD RFC %?PRFtQ QSPD?AC F?Q ? UCGEFR MD 1.0110
5
N,
COSGT?JCLR RM 1 atm. (3CC F?=KH; 11.12.)
F?=KH; 11.12 !RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC ?R QC? JCTCJ ?TCP?ECQ 1.0110
5
Pa (COSGT?JCLR RM 1 ?RK), QGLAC RFC AMJSKL MD ?GP MTCP RFGQ 1 m
2
, CVRCLBGLE RM RFC RMN MD RFC
?RKMQNFCPC, UCGEFQ 1.0110
5
N.
EN7CFB; 11.4 C7B9KB7J?D= AL;H7=; D;DI?JO: !EM D;DI; "I J>; A?H?
#?JASJ?RC RFC ?TCP?EC BCLQGRW MD RFC ?RKMQNFCPC, EGTCL RF?R GR CVRCLBQ RM ?L ?JRGRSBC MD 120 IK. #MKN?PC RFGQ BCLQGRW UGRF RF?R MD ?GP JGQRCB GL
-78B; 11.1.
,JH7J;=O
)D UC QMJTC P = hg DMP BCLQGRW, UC QCC RF?R
366 #(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3
(11.23)
=
P
hg
.
7C RFCL R?IC P RM @C ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC, h GQ EGTCL, ?LB g GQ ILMUL, ?LB QM UC A?L SQC RFGQ RM A?JASJ?RC
.
,EBKJ?ED
%LRCPGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP
WGCJBQ
(11.24)
=
1.0110
5
N/m
2
(12010
3
m)(9.80 m/s
2
)
= 8.5910
2
kg/m
3
.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ PCQSJR GQ RFC ?TCP?EC BCLQGRW MD ?GP @CRUCCL RFC %?PRFtQ QSPD?AC ?LB RFC RMN MD RFC %?PRFtQ ?RKMQNFCPC, UFGAF CQQCLRG?JJW CLBQ ?R 120 IK.
4FC BCLQGRW MD ?GP ?R QC? JCTCJ GQ EGTCL GL -78B; 11.1 ?Q 1.29 kg/m
3
r?@MSR 15 RGKCQ GRQ ?TCP?EC T?JSC. "CA?SQC ?GP GQ QM AMKNPCQQG@JC, GRQ
BCLQGRW F?Q GRQ FGEFCQR T?JSC LC?P RFC %?PRFtQ QSPD?AC ?LB BCAJGLCQ P?NGBJW UGRF ?JRGRSBC.
EN7CFB; 11.5 C7B9KB7J?D= D;FJ> B;BEM J>; ,KH<79; E< 07J;H: 0>7J D;FJ> E< 07J;H CH;7J;I J>; ,7C; )H;IIKH;
7I J>; EDJ?H; AJCEIF>;H;?
#?JASJ?RC RFC BCNRF @CJMU RFC QSPD?AC MD U?RCP ?R UFGAF RFC NPCQQSPC BSC RM RFC UCGEFR MD RFC U?RCP COS?JQ 1.00 ?RK.
,JH7J;=O
7C @CEGL @W QMJTGLE RFC COS?RGML P = hg DMP BCNRF h :
(11.25)
h =
P
g
.
4FCL UC R?IC P RM @C 1.00 ?RK ?LB RM @C RFC BCLQGRW MD RFC U?RCP RF?R APC?RCQ RFC NPCQQSPC.
,EBKJ?ED
%LRCPGLE RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP h EGTCQ
(11.26)
h =
1.0110
5
N/m
2
(1.0010
3
kg/m
3
)(9.80 m/s
2
)
= 10.3 m.
D?I9KII?ED
*SQR 10.3 K MD U?RCP APC?RCQ RFC Q?KC NPCQQSPC ?Q 120 IK MD ?GP. 3GLAC U?RCP GQ LC?PJW GLAMKNPCQQG@JC, UC A?L LCEJCAR ?LW AF?LEC GL GRQ BCLQGRW
MTCP RFGQ BCNRF.
7F?R BM WMS QSNNMQC GQ RFC GBG4? NPCQQSPC ?R ? BCNRF MD 10.3 K GL ? QUGKKGLE NMMJ? $MCQ RFC ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC ML RFC U?RCPtQ QSPD?AC ?DDCAR RFC
NPCQQSPC @CJMU? 4FC ?LQUCP GQ WCQ. 4FGQ QCCKQ MLJW JMEGA?J, QGLAC @MRF RFC U?RCPtQ UCGEFR ?LB RFC ?RKMQNFCPCtQ UCGEFR KSQR @C QSNNMPRCB. 3M RFC
GBG4? NPCQQSPC ?R ? BCNRF MD 10.3 K GQ 2 ?RKrF?JD DPMK RFC U?RCP ?@MTC ?LB F?JD DPMK RFC ?GP ?@MTC. 7C QF?JJ QCC GL )7I97BXI )H?D9?FB; RF?R DJSGB
NPCQQSPCQ ?JU?WQ ?BB GL RFGQ U?W.
11.5 )7I97BXI )H?D9?FB;
)H;IIKH; GQ BCDGLCB ?Q DMPAC NCP SLGR ?PC?. #?L NPCQQSPC @C GLAPC?QCB GL ? DJSGB @W NSQFGLE BGPCARJW ML RFC DJSGB? 9CQ, @SR GR GQ KSAF C?QGCP GD RFC DJSGB
GQ CLAJMQCB. 4FC FC?PR, DMP CV?KNJC, GLAPC?QCQ @JMMB NPCQQSPC @W NSQFGLE BGPCARJW ML RFC @JMMB GL ?L CLAJMQCB QWQRCK (T?JTCQ AJMQCB GL ? AF?K@CP). )D
WMS RPW RM NSQF ML ? DJSGB GL ?L MNCL QWQRCK, QSAF ?Q ? PGTCP, RFC DJSGB DJMUQ ?U?W. !L CLAJMQCB DJSGB A?LLMR DJMU ?U?W, ?LB QM NPCQQSPC GQ KMPC C?QGJW
GLAPC?QCB @W ?L ?NNJGCB DMPAC.
7F?R F?NNCLQ RM ? NPCQQSPC GL ?L CLAJMQCB DJSGB? 3GLAC ?RMKQ GL ? DJSGB ?PC DPCC RM KMTC ?@MSR, RFCW RP?LQKGR RFC NPCQQSPC RM ?JJ N?PRQ MD RFC DJSGB ?LB
RM RFC U?JJQ MD RFC AMLR?GLCP. 2CK?PI?@JW, RFC NPCQQSPC GQ RP?LQKGRRCB HA7<@<A<F;87. 4FGQ NFCLMKCLML GQ A?JJCB )7I97BXI FH?D9?FB;, @CA?SQC GR U?Q
DGPQR AJC?PJW QR?RCB @W RFC &PCLAF NFGJMQMNFCP ?LB QAGCLRGQR "J?GQC 0?QA?J (1623q1662): ! AF?LEC GL NPCQQSPC ?NNJGCB RM ?L CLAJMQCB DJSGB GQ
RP?LQKGRRCB SLBGKGLGQFCB RM ?JJ NMPRGMLQ MD RFC DJSGB ?LB RM RFC U?JJQ MD GRQ AMLR?GLCP.
0?QA?JtQ 0PGLAGNJC
! AF?LEC GL NPCQQSPC ?NNJGCB RM ?L CLAJMQCB DJSGB GQ RP?LQKGRRCB SLBGKGLGQFCB RM ?JJ NMPRGMLQ MD RFC DJSGB ?LB RM RFC U?JJQ MD GRQ AMLR?GLCP.
0?QA?JtQ NPGLAGNJC, ?L CVNCPGKCLR?JJW TCPGDGCB D?AR, GQ UF?R K?ICQ NPCQQSPC QM GKNMPR?LR GL DJSGBQ. 3GLAC ? AF?LEC GL NPCQQSPC GQ RP?LQKGRRCB
SLBGKGLGQFCB GL ?L CLAJMQCB DJSGB, UC MDRCL ILMU KMPC ?@MSR NPCQQSPC RF?L MRFCP NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ GL DJSGBQ. -MPCMTCP, 0?QA?JtQ NPGLAGNJC GKNJGCQ
RF?R G;8 GBG4? CE8FFHE8 <A 4 9?H<7 <F G;8 FH@ B9 G;8 CE8FFHE8F 9EB@ 7<998E8AG FBHE68F. 7C QF?JJ DGLB RFGQ D?ARrRF?R NPCQQSPCQ ?BBrTCPW SQCDSJ.
"J?GQC 0?QA?J F?B ?L GLRCPCQRGLE JGDC GL RF?R FC U?Q FMKC-QAFMMJCB @W FGQ D?RFCP UFM PCKMTCB ?JJ MD RFC K?RFCK?RGAQ RCVR@MMIQ DPMK FGQ FMSQC ?LB
DMP@?BC FGK RM QRSBW K?RFCK?RGAQ SLRGJ RFC ?EC MD 15. 4FGQ, MD AMSPQC, P?GQCB RFC @MWtQ ASPGMQGRW, ?LB @W RFC ?EC MD 12, FC QR?PRCB RM RC?AF FGKQCJD
ECMKCRPW. $CQNGRC RFGQ C?PJW BCNPGT?RGML, 0?QA?J UCLR ML RM K?IC K?HMP AMLRPG@SRGMLQ GL RFC K?RFCK?RGA?J DGCJBQ MD NPM@?@GJGRW RFCMPW, LSK@CP RFCMPW,
#(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3 367
?LB ECMKCRPW. (C GQ ?JQM UCJJ ILMUL DMP @CGLE RFC GLTCLRMP MD RFC DGPQR KCAF?LGA?J BGEGR?J A?JASJ?RMP, GL ?BBGRGML RM FGQ AMLRPG@SRGMLQ GL RFC DGCJB MD DJSGB
QR?RGAQ.
!NNJGA?RGML MD 0?QA?JtQ 0PGLAGNJC
/LC MD RFC KMQR GKNMPR?LR RCAFLMJMEGA?J ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD 0?QA?JtQ NPGLAGNJC GQ DMSLB GL ? ;L7E4H?<6 FLFG8@, UFGAF GQ ?L CLAJMQCB DJSGB QWQRCK SQCB RM
CVCPR DMPACQ. 4FC KMQR AMKKML FWBP?SJGA QWQRCKQ ?PC RFMQC RF?R MNCP?RC A?P @P?ICQ. ,CR SQ DGPQR AMLQGBCP RFC QGKNJC FWBP?SJGA QWQRCK QFMUL GL
F?=KH; 11.13.
F?=KH; 11.13 ! RWNGA?J FWBP?SJGA QWQRCK UGRF RUM DJSGB-DGJJCB AWJGLBCPQ, A?NNCB UGRF NGQRMLQ ?LB AMLLCARCB @W ? RS@C A?JJCB ? FWBP?SJGA JGLC. ! BMULU?PB DMPAC F
1
ML RFC JCDR
NGQRML APC?RCQ ? NPCQQSPC RF?R GQ RP?LQKGRRCB SLBGKGLGQFCB RM ?JJ N?PRQ MD RFC CLAJMQCB DJSGB. 4FGQ PCQSJRQ GL ?L SNU?PB DMPAC F
2
ML RFC PGEFR NGQRML RF?R GQ J?PECP RF?L F
1
@CA?SQC RFC PGEFR NGQRML F?Q ? J?PECP ?PC?.
2CJ?RGMLQFGN "CRUCCL &MPACQ GL ? (WBP?SJGA 3WQRCK
7C A?L BCPGTC ? PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL RFC DMPACQ GL RFC QGKNJC FWBP?SJGA QWQRCK QFMUL GL F?=KH; 11.13 @W ?NNJWGLE 0?QA?JtQ NPGLAGNJC. .MRC DGPQR RF?R
RFC RUM NGQRMLQ GL RFC QWQRCK ?PC ?R RFC Q?KC FCGEFR, ?LB QM RFCPC UGJJ @C LM BGDDCPCLAC GL NPCQQSPC BSC RM ? BGDDCPCLAC GL BCNRF. .MU RFC NPCQQSPC
BSC RM F
1
?ARGLE ML ?PC? A
1
GQ QGKNJW P
1
=
F
1
A
1
, ?Q BCDGLCB @W P =
F
A
. !AAMPBGLE RM 0?QA?JtQ NPGLAGNJC, RFGQ NPCQQSPC GQ RP?LQKGRRCB
SLBGKGLGQFCB RFPMSEFMSR RFC DJSGB ?LB RM ?JJ U?JJQ MD RFC AMLR?GLCP. 4FSQ, ? NPCQQSPC P
2
GQ DCJR ?R RFC MRFCP NGQRML RF?R GQ COS?J RM P
1
. 4F?R GQ
P
1
= P
2
.
"SR QGLAC P
2
=
F
2
A
2
, UC QCC RF?R
F
1
A
1
=
F
2
A
2
.
4FGQ COS?RGML PCJ?RCQ RFC P?RGMQ MD DMPAC RM ?PC? GL ?LW FWBP?SJGA QWQRCK, NPMTGBGLE RFC NGQRMLQ ?PC ?R RFC Q?KC TCPRGA?J FCGEFR ?LB RF?R DPGARGML GL RFC
QWQRCK GQ LCEJGEG@JC. (WBP?SJGA QWQRCKQ A?L GLAPC?QC MP BCAPC?QC RFC DMPAC ?NNJGCB RM RFCK. 4M K?IC RFC DMPAC J?PECP, RFC NPCQQSPC GQ ?NNJGCB RM ?
J?PECP ?PC?. &MP CV?KNJC, GD ? 100-. DMPAC GQ ?NNJGCB RM RFC JCDR AWJGLBCP GL F?=KH; 11.13 ?LB RFC PGEFR MLC F?Q ?L ?PC? DGTC RGKCQ EPC?RCP, RFCL RFC DMPAC
MSR GQ 500 .. (WBP?SJGA QWQRCKQ ?PC ?L?JMEMSQ RM QGKNJC JCTCPQ, @SR RFCW F?TC RFC ?BT?LR?EC RF?R NPCQQSPC A?L @C QCLR RFPMSEF RMPRSMSQJW ASPTCB
JGLCQ RM QCTCP?J NJ?ACQ ?R MLAC.
EN7CFB; 11.6 C7B9KB7J?D= FEH9; E< ,B7L; COB?D:;HI: )7I97B )KJI ED J>; BH7A;I
#MLQGBCP RFC ?SRMKM@GJC FWBP?SJGA QWQRCK QFMUL GL F?=KH; 11.14.
368 #(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3
F?=KH; 11.14 (WBP?SJGA @P?ICQ SQC 0?QA?JtQ NPGLAGNJC. 4FC BPGTCP CVCPRQ ? DMPAC MD 100 . ML RFC @P?IC NCB?J. 4FGQ DMPAC GQ GLAPC?QCB @W RFC QGKNJC JCTCP ?LB ?E?GL @W RFC
FWBP?SJGA QWQRCK. %?AF MD RFC GBCLRGA?J QJ?TC AWJGLBCPQ PCACGTCQ RFC Q?KC NPCQQSPC ?LB, RFCPCDMPC, APC?RCQ RFC Q?KC DMPAC MSRNSR F
2
. 4FC AGPASJ?P APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC?Q
MD RFC K?QRCP ?LB QJ?TC AWJGLBCPQ ?PC PCNPCQCLRCB @W A
1
?LB A
2
, PCQNCARGTCJW
! DMPAC MD 100 . GQ ?NNJGCB RM RFC @P?IC NCB?J, UFGAF ?ARQ ML RFC AWJGLBCPrA?JJCB RFC K?QRCPrRFPMSEF ? JCTCP. ! DMPAC MD 500 . GQ CVCPRCB ML RFC
K?QRCP AWJGLBCP. (4FC PC?BCP A?L TCPGDW RF?R RFC DMPAC GQ 500 . SQGLE RCAFLGOSCQ MD QR?RGAQ DPMK AFFB?97J?EDI E< ,J7J?9I, "D9BK:?D= )HE8B;C-
,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=?;I.) 0PCQQSPC APC?RCB GL RFC K?QRCP AWJGLBCP GQ RP?LQKGRRCB RM DMSP QM-A?JJCB QJ?TC AWJGLBCPQ. 4FC K?QRCP AWJGLBCP F?Q ? BG?KCRCP
MD 0.500 AK, ?LB C?AF QJ?TC AWJGLBCP F?Q ? BG?KCRCP MD 2.50 AK. #?JASJ?RC RFC DMPAC F
2
APC?RCB ?R C?AF MD RFC QJ?TC AWJGLBCPQ.
,JH7J;=O
7C ?PC EGTCL RFC DMPAC F
1
RF?R GQ ?NNJGCB RM RFC K?QRCP AWJGLBCP. 4FC APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC?Q A
1
?LB A
2
A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB DPMK RFCGP EGTCL
BG?KCRCPQ. 4FCL
F
1
A
1
=
F
2
A
2
A?L @C SQCB RM DGLB RFC DMPAC F
2
. -?LGNSJ?RC RFGQ ?JEC@P?GA?JJW RM ECR F
2
ML MLC QGBC ?LB QS@QRGRSRC ILMUL T?JSCQ:
,EBKJ?ED
0?QA?JtQ NPGLAGNJC ?NNJGCB RM FWBP?SJGA QWQRCKQ GQ EGTCL @W
F
1
A
1
=
F
2
A
2
:
(11.27)
F
2
=
A
2
A
1
F
1
=
r
2
2
r
1
2
F
1
=
(1.25 cm)
2
(0.250 cm)
2
500 N = 1.2510
4
N.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ T?JSC GQ RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB @W C?AF MD RFC DMSP QJ?TC AWJGLBCPQ. .MRC RF?R UC A?L ?BB ?Q K?LW QJ?TC AWJGLBCPQ ?Q UC UGQF. )D C?AF F?Q ?
2.50-AK BG?KCRCP, C?AF UGJJ CVCPR 1.2510
4
N.
! QGKNJC FWBP?SJGA QWQRCK, QSAF ?Q ? QGKNJC K?AFGLC, A?L GLAPC?QC DMPAC @SR A?LLMR BM KMPC UMPI RF?L BMLC ML GR. 7MPI GQ DMPAC RGKCQ BGQR?LAC
KMTCB, ?LB RFC QJ?TC AWJGLBCP KMTCQ RFPMSEF ? QK?JJCP BGQR?LAC RF?L RFC K?QRCP AWJGLBCP. &SPRFCPKMPC, RFC KMPC QJ?TCQ ?BBCB, RFC QK?JJCP RFC
BGQR?LAC C?AF KMTCQ. -?LW FWBP?SJGA QWQRCKQrQSAF ?Q NMUCP @P?ICQ ?LB RFMQC GL @SJJBMXCPQrF?TC ? KMRMPGXCB NSKN RF?R ?ARS?JJW BMCQ KMQR MD
RFC UMPI GL RFC QWQRCK. 4FC KMTCKCLR MD RFC JCEQ MD ? QNGBCP GQ ?AFGCTCB N?PRJW @W FWBP?SJGAQ. 5QGLE FWBP?SJGAQ, ? HSKNGLE QNGBCP A?L APC?RC ? DMPAC
RF?R K?ICQ GR A?N?@JC MD HSKNGLE 25 RGKCQ GRQ JCLERF!
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: #MLQCPT?RGML MD %LCPEW
#MLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW ?NNJGCB RM ? FWBP?SJGA QWQRCK RCJJQ SQ RF?R RFC QWQRCK A?LLMR BM KMPC UMPI RF?L GQ BMLC ML GR. 7MPI RP?LQDCPQ CLCPEW, ?LB
QM RFC UMPI MSRNSR A?LLMR CVACCB RFC UMPI GLNSR. 0MUCP @P?ICQ ?LB MRFCP QGKGJ?P FWBP?SJGA QWQRCKQ SQC NSKNQ RM QSNNJW CVRP? CLCPEW UFCL
LCCBCB.
#(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3 369
11.6 7K=; )H;IIKH;, A8IEBKJ; )H;IIKH;, 7D: )H;IIKH; &;7IKH;C;DJ
)D WMS JGKN GLRM ? E?Q QR?RGML UGRF ? LC?PJW DJ?R RGPC, WMS UGJJ LMRGAC RFC RGPC E?SEC ML RFC ?GPJGLC PC?BQ LC?PJW XCPM UFCL WMS @CEGL RM DGJJ GR. )L D?AR, GD RFCPC
UCPC ? E?NGLE FMJC GL WMSP RGPC, RFC E?SEC UMSJB PC?B XCPM, CTCL RFMSEF ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC CVGQRQ GL RFC RGPC. 7FW BMCQ RFC E?SEC PC?B XCPM?
4FCPC GQ LM KWQRCPW FCPC. 4GPC E?SECQ ?PC QGKNJW BCQGELCB RM PC?B XCPM ?R ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC ?LB NMQGRGTC UFCL NPCQQSPC GQ EPC?RCP RF?L
?RKMQNFCPGA.
3GKGJ?PJW, ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC ?BBQ RM @JMMB NPCQQSPC GL CTCPW N?PR MD RFC AGPASJ?RMPW QWQRCK. (!Q LMRCB GL )7I97BXI )H?D9?FB;, RFC RMR?J NPCQQSPC GL ?
DJSGB GQ RFC QSK MD RFC NPCQQSPCQ DPMK BGDDCPCLR QMSPACQrFCPC, RFC FC?PR ?LB RFC ?RKMQNFCPC.) "SR ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC F?Q LM LCR CDDCAR ML @JMMB
DJMU QGLAC GR ?BBQ RM RFC NPCQQSPC AMKGLE MSR MD RFC FC?PR ?LB EMGLE @?AI GLRM GR, RMM. 7F?R GQ GKNMPR?LR GQ FMU KSAF :E84G8E @JMMB NPCQQSPC GQ RF?L
?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC. "JMMB NPCQQSPC KC?QSPCKCLRQ, JGIC RGPC NPCQQSPCQ, ?PC RFSQ K?BC PCJ?RGTC RM ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC.
)L @PGCD, GR GQ TCPW AMKKML DMP NPCQQSPC E?SECQ RM GELMPC ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPCrRF?R GQ, RM PC?B XCPM ?R ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC. 7C RFCPCDMPC BCDGLC
=7K=; FH;IIKH; RM @C RFC NPCQQSPC PCJ?RGTC RM ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC. '?SEC NPCQQSPC GQ NMQGRGTC DMP NPCQQSPCQ ?@MTC ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC, ?LB
LCE?RGTC DMP NPCQQSPCQ @CJMU GR.
'?SEC 0PCQQSPC
'?SEC NPCQQSPC GQ RFC NPCQQSPC PCJ?RGTC RM ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC. '?SEC NPCQQSPC GQ NMQGRGTC DMP NPCQQSPCQ ?@MTC ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC, ?LB
LCE?RGTC DMP NPCQQSPCQ @CJMU GR.
)L D?AR, ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC BMCQ ?BB RM RFC NPCQQSPC GL ?LW DJSGB LMR CLAJMQCB GL ? PGEGB AMLR?GLCP. 4FGQ F?NNCLQ @CA?SQC MD 0?QA?JtQ NPGLAGNJC. 4FC
RMR?J NPCQQSPC, MP 78IEBKJ; FH;IIKH;, GQ RFSQ RFC QSK MD E?SEC NPCQQSPC ?LB ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC: P
abs
= P
g
+ P
atm
UFCPC P
abs
GQ ?@QMJSRC
NPCQQSPC, P
g
GQ E?SEC NPCQQSPC, ?LB P
atm
GQ ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC. &MP CV?KNJC, GD WMSP RGPC E?SEC PC?BQ 34 NQG (NMSLBQ NCP QOS?PC GLAF), RFCL RFC
?@QMJSRC NPCQQSPC GQ 34 NQG NJSQ 14.7 NQG ( P
atm
GL NQG), MP 48.7 NQG (COSGT?JCLR RM 336 I0?).
!@QMJSRC 0PCQQSPC
!@QMJSRC NPCQQSPC GQ RFC QSK MD E?SEC NPCQQSPC ?LB ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC.
&MP PC?QMLQ UC UGJJ CVNJMPC J?RCP, GL KMQR A?QCQ RFC ?@QMJSRC NPCQQSPC GL DJSGBQ A?LLMR @C LCE?RGTC. &JSGBQ NSQF P?RFCP RF?L NSJJ, QM RFC QK?JJCQR
?@QMJSRC NPCQQSPC GQ XCPM. (! LCE?RGTC ?@QMJSRC NPCQQSPC GQ ? NSJJ.) 4FSQ RFC QK?JJCQR NMQQG@JC E?SEC NPCQQSPC GQ P
g
= P
atm
(RFGQ K?ICQ P
abs
XCPM). 4FCPC GQ LM RFCMPCRGA?J JGKGR RM FMU J?PEC ? E?SEC NPCQQSPC A?L @C.
4FCPC ?PC ? FMQR MD BCTGACQ DMP KC?QSPGLE NPCQQSPC, P?LEGLE DPMK RGPC E?SECQ RM @JMMB NPCQQSPC ASDDQ. 0?QA?JtQ NPGLAGNJC GQ MD K?HMP GKNMPR?LAC GL
RFCQC BCTGACQ. 4FC SLBGKGLGQFCB RP?LQKGQQGML MD NPCQQSPC RFPMSEF ? DJSGB ?JJMUQ NPCAGQC PCKMRC QCLQGLE MD NPCQQSPCQ. 2CKMRC QCLQGLE GQ MDRCL KMPC
AMLTCLGCLR RF?L NSRRGLE ? KC?QSPGLE BCTGAC GLRM ? QWQRCK, QSAF ?Q ? NCPQMLtQ ?PRCPW.
F?=KH; 11.15 QFMUQ MLC MD RFC K?LW RWNCQ MD KCAF?LGA?J NPCQQSPC E?SECQ GL SQC RMB?W. )L ?JJ KCAF?LGA?J NPCQQSPC E?SECQ, NPCQQSPC PCQSJRQ GL ?
DMPAC RF?R GQ AMLTCPRCB (MP RP?LQBSACB) GLRM QMKC RWNC MD PC?BMSR.
F?=KH; 11.15 4FGQ ?LCPMGB E?SEC SRGJGXCQ DJCVG@JC @CJJMUQ AMLLCARCB RM ? KCAF?LGA?J GLBGA?RMP RM KC?QSPC NPCQQSPC.
!L CLRGPC AJ?QQ MD E?SECQ SQCQ RFC NPMNCPRW RF?R NPCQQSPC BSC RM RFC UCGEFR MD ? DJSGB GQ EGTCL @W P = hg. #MLQGBCP RFC 5-QF?NCB RS@C QFMUL GL
F?=KH; 11.16, DMP CV?KNJC. 4FGQ QGKNJC RS@C GQ A?JJCB ? @4AB@8G8E. )L F?=KH; 11.16(?), @MRF QGBCQ MD RFC RS@C ?PC MNCL RM RFC ?RKMQNFCPC.
!RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC RFCPCDMPC NSQFCQ BMUL ML C?AF QGBC COS?JJW QM GRQ CDDCAR A?LACJQ. )D RFC DJSGB GQ BCCNCP ML MLC QGBC, RFCPC GQ ? EPC?RCP NPCQQSPC
ML RFC BCCNCP QGBC, ?LB RFC DJSGB DJMUQ ?U?W DPMK RF?R QGBC SLRGJ RFC BCNRFQ ?PC COS?J.
,CR SQ CV?KGLC FMU ? K?LMKCRCP GQ SQCB RM KC?QSPC NPCQQSPC. 3SNNMQC MLC QGBC MD RFC 5-RS@C GQ AMLLCARCB RM QMKC QMSPAC MD NPCQQSPC P
abs
QSAF ?Q RFC RMW @?JJMML GL F?=KH; 11.16(@) MP RFC T?ASSK-N?AICB NC?LSR H?P QFMUL GL F?=KH; 11.16(A). 0PCQQSPC GQ RP?LQKGRRCB SLBGKGLGQFCB RM RFC
K?LMKCRCP, ?LB RFC DJSGB JCTCJQ ?PC LM JMLECP COS?J. )L F?=KH; 11.16(@), P
abs
GQ EPC?RCP RF?L ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC, UFCPC?Q GL F?=KH; 11.16(A),
P
abs
GQ JCQQ RF?L ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC. )L @MRF A?QCQ, P
abs
BGDDCPQ DPMK ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC @W ?L ?KMSLR hg , UFCPC GQ RFC BCLQGRW MD RFC
DJSGB GL RFC K?LMKCRCP. )L F?=KH; 11.16(@), P
abs
A?L QSNNMPR ? AMJSKL MD DJSGB MD FCGEFR h , ?LB QM GR KSQR CVCPR ? NPCQQSPC hg EPC?RCP RF?L
?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC (RFC E?SEC NPCQQSPC P
g
GQ NMQGRGTC). )L F?=KH; 11.16(A), ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC A?L QSNNMPR ? AMJSKL MD DJSGB MD FCGEFR h , ?LB
370 #(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3
QM P
abs
GQ JCQQ RF?L ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC @W ?L ?KMSLR hg (RFC E?SEC NPCQQSPC P
g
GQ LCE?RGTC). ! K?LMKCRCP UGRF MLC QGBC MNCL RM RFC
?RKMQNFCPC GQ ?L GBC?J BCTGAC DMP KC?QSPGLE E?SEC NPCQQSPCQ. 4FC E?SEC NPCQQSPC GQ P
g
= hg ?LB GQ DMSLB @W KC?QSPGLE h .
F?=KH; 11.16 !L MNCL-RS@C K?LMKCRCP F?Q MLC QGBC MNCL RM RFC ?RKMQNFCPC. (?) &JSGB BCNRF KSQR @C RFC Q?KC ML @MRF QGBCQ, MP RFC NPCQQSPC C?AF QGBC CVCPRQ ?R RFC @MRRMK
UGJJ @C SLCOS?J ?LB RFCPC UGJJ @C DJMU DPMK RFC BCCNCP QGBC. (@) ! NMQGRGTC E?SEC NPCQQSPC P
g
= hg RP?LQKGRRCB RM MLC QGBC MD RFC K?LMKCRCP A?L QSNNMPR ? AMJSKL MD DJSGB
MD FCGEFR h . (A) 3GKGJ?PJW, ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC GQ EPC?RCP RF?L ? LCE?RGTC E?SEC NPCQQSPC P
g
@W ?L ?KMSLR hg . 4FC H?PtQ PGEGBGRW NPCTCLRQ ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC DPMK
@CGLE RP?LQKGRRCB RM RFC NC?LSRQ.
-CPASPW K?LMKCRCPQ ?PC MDRCL SQCB RM KC?QSPC ?PRCPG?J @JMMB NPCQQSPC. !L GLDJ?R?@JC ASDD GQ NJ?ACB ML RFC SNNCP ?PK ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 11.17. "W
QOSCCXGLE RFC @SJ@, RFC NCPQML K?IGLE RFC KC?QSPCKCLR CVCPRQ NPCQQSPC, UFGAF GQ RP?LQKGRRCB SLBGKGLGQFCB RM @MRF RFC K?GL ?PRCPW GL RFC ?PK ?LB
RFC K?LMKCRCP. 7FCL RFGQ ?NNJGCB NPCQQSPC CVACCBQ @JMMB NPCQQSPC, @JMMB DJMU @CJMU RFC ASDD GQ ASR MDD. 4FC NCPQML K?IGLE RFC KC?QSPCKCLR RFCL
QJMUJW JMUCPQ RFC ?NNJGCB NPCQQSPC ?LB JGQRCLQ DMP @JMMB DJMU RM PCQSKC. "JMMB NPCQQSPC NSJQ?RCQ @CA?SQC MD RFC NSKNGLE ?ARGML MD RFC FC?PR,
PC?AFGLE ? K?VGKSK, A?JJCB IOIJEB?9 FH;IIKH;, ?LB ? KGLGKSK, A?JJCB :?7IJEB?9 FH;IIKH;, UGRF C?AF FC?PR@C?R. 3WQRMJGA NPCQQSPC GQ KC?QSPCB @W
LMRGLE RFC T?JSC MD h UFCL @JMMB DJMU DGPQR @CEGLQ ?Q ASDD NPCQQSPC GQ JMUCPCB. $G?QRMJGA NPCQQSPC GQ KC?QSPCB @W LMRGLE h UFCL @JMMB DJMUQ UGRFMSR
GLRCPPSNRGML. 4FC RWNGA?J @JMMB NPCQQSPC MD ? WMSLE ?BSJR P?GQCQ RFC KCPASPW RM ? FCGEFR MD 120 KK ?R QWQRMJGA ?LB 80 KK ?R BG?QRMJGA. 4FGQ GQ
AMKKMLJW OSMRCB ?Q 120 MTCP 80, MP 120/80. 4FC DGPQR NPCQQSPC GQ PCNPCQCLR?RGTC MD RFC K?VGKSK MSRNSR MD RFC FC?PR; RFC QCAMLB GQ BSC RM RFC
CJ?QRGAGRW MD RFC ?PRCPGCQ GL K?GLR?GLGLE RFC NPCQQSPC @CRUCCL @C?RQ. 4FC BCLQGRW MD RFC KCPASPW DJSGB GL RFC K?LMKCRCP GQ 13.6 RGKCQ EPC?RCP RF?L
U?RCP, QM RFC FCGEFR MD RFC DJSGB UGJJ @C 1/13.6 MD RF?R GL ? U?RCP K?LMKCRCP. 4FGQ PCBSACB FCGEFR A?L K?IC KC?QSPCKCLRQ BGDDGASJR, QM KCPASPW
K?LMKCRCPQ ?PC SQCB RM KC?QSPC J?PECP NPCQQSPCQ, QSAF ?Q @JMMB NPCQQSPC. 4FC BCLQGRW MD KCPASPW GQ QSAF RF?R 1.0 mm Hg = 133 Pa .
3WQRMJGA 0PCQQSPC
3WQRMJGA NPCQQSPC GQ RFC K?VGKSK @JMMB NPCQQSPC.
$G?QRMJGA 0PCQQSPC
$G?QRMJGA NPCQQSPC GQ RFC KGLGKSK @JMMB NPCQQSPC.
#(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3 371
F?=KH; 11.17 )L PMSRGLC @JMMB NPCQQSPC KC?QSPCKCLRQ, ?L GLDJ?R?@JC ASDD GQ NJ?ACB ML RFC SNNCP ?PK ?R RFC Q?KC JCTCJ ?Q RFC FC?PR. "JMMB DJMU GQ BCRCARCB HSQR @CJMU RFC ASDD,
?LB AMPPCQNMLBGLE NPCQQSPCQ ?PC RP?LQKGRRCB RM ? KCPASPW-DGJJCB K?LMKCRCP. (APCBGR: 5.3. !PKW NFMRM @W 3NA. -GA?F %. #J?PC<44( "#4)
EN7CFB; 11.7 C7B9KB7J?D= !;?=>J E< "/ B7=: BBEE: )H;IIKH; 7D: "DJH7L;DEKI "D<KI?EDI
)LRP?TCLMSQ GLDSQGMLQ ?PC SQS?JJW K?BC UGRF RFC FCJN MD RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC. !QQSKGLE RF?R RFC BCLQGRW MD RFC DJSGB @CGLE ?BKGLGQRCPCB GQ 1.00
E/KJ, ?R UF?R FCGEFR QFMSJB RFC )6 @?E @C NJ?ACB ?@MTC RFC CLRPW NMGLR QM RF?R RFC DJSGB HSQR CLRCPQ RFC TCGL GD RFC @JMMB NPCQQSPC GL RFC TCGL GQ 18
KK (E ?@MTC ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC? !QQSKC RF?R RFC )6 @?E GQ AMJJ?NQG@JC.
,JH7J;=O <EH (7)
&MP RFC DJSGB RM HSQR CLRCP RFC TCGL, GRQ NPCQQSPC ?R CLRPW KSQR CVACCB RFC @JMMB NPCQQSPC GL RFC TCGL (18 KK (E ?@MTC ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC). 7C
RFCPCDMPC LCCB RM DGLB RFC FCGEFR MD DJSGB RF?R AMPPCQNMLBQ RM RFGQ E?SEC NPCQQSPC.
,EBKJ?ED
7C DGPQR LCCB RM AMLTCPR RFC NPCQQSPC GLRM 3) SLGRQ. 3GLAC 1.0 mm Hg = 133 Pa ,
(11.28)
P = 18 mm Hg
133 Pa
1.0 mm Hg
= 2400 Pa.
2C?PP?LEGLE P
g
= hg DMP h EGTCQ h =
P
g
g
. 3S@QRGRSRGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFGQ COS?RGML EGTCQ
(11.29)
h =
2400 N/m
2
1.010
3
kg/m
3
9.80 m/s
2
= 0.24 m.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC )6 @?E KSQR @C NJ?ACB ?R 0.24 K ?@MTC RFC CLRPW NMGLR GLRM RFC ?PK DMP RFC DJSGB RM HSQR CLRCP RFC ?PK. 'CLCP?JJW, )6 @?EQ ?PC NJ?ACB FGEFCP
RF?L RFGQ. 9MS K?W F?TC LMRGACB RF?R RFC @?EQ SQCB DMP @JMMB AMJJCARGML ?PC NJ?ACB @CJMU RFC BMLMP RM ?JJMU @JMMB RM DJMU C?QGJW DPMK RFC ?PK RM
RFC @?E, UFGAF GQ RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML MD DJMU RF?L PCOSGPCB GL RFC CV?KNJC NPCQCLRCB FCPC.
! 54EB@8G8E GQ ? BCTGAC RF?R KC?QSPCQ ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC. ! KCPASPW @?PMKCRCP GQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 11.18. 4FGQ BCTGAC KC?QSPCQ ?RKMQNFCPGA
NPCQQSPC, P?RFCP RF?L E?SEC NPCQQSPC, @CA?SQC RFCPC GQ ? LC?PJW NSPC T?ASSK ?@MTC RFC KCPASPW GL RFC RS@C. 4FC FCGEFR MD RFC KCPASPW GQ QSAF RF?R
hg = P
atm
. 7FCL ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC T?PGCQ, RFC KCPASPW PGQCQ MP D?JJQ, EGTGLE GKNMPR?LR AJSCQ RM UC?RFCP DMPCA?QRCPQ. 4FC @?PMKCRCP A?L ?JQM
@C SQCB ?Q ?L ?JRGKCRCP, QGLAC ?TCP?EC ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC T?PGCQ UGRF ?JRGRSBC. -CPASPW @?PMKCRCPQ ?LB K?LMKCRCPQ ?PC QM AMKKML RF?R SLGRQ MD
372 #(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3
KK (E ?PC MDRCL OSMRCB DMP ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC ?LB @JMMB NPCQQSPCQ. -78B; 11.2 EGTCQ AMLTCPQGML D?ARMPQ DMP QMKC MD RFC KMPC AMKKMLJW SQCB
SLGRQ MD NPCQQSPC.
F?=KH; 11.18 ! KCPASPW @?PMKCRCP KC?QSPCQ ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC. 4FC NPCQQSPC BSC RM RFC KCPASPWtQ UCGEFR, hg , COS?JQ ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC. 4FC ?RKMQNFCPC GQ ?@JC
RM DMPAC KCPASPW GL RFC RS@C RM ? FCGEFR h @CA?SQC RFC NPCQQSPC ?@MTC RFC KCPASPW GQ XCPM.
4?@JC 11.2 #MLTCPQGML &?ARMPQ DMP 6?PGMSQ 0PCQQSPC 5LGRQ
CEDL;HI?ED JE '/C
2
()7)
CEDL;HI?ED <HEC 7JC
1.0 atm = 1.01310
5
N/m
2
1.0 atm = 1.01310
5
N/m
2
1.0 dyne/cm
2
= 0.10 N/m
2
1.0 atm = 1.01310
6
dyne/cm
2
1.0 kg/cm
2
= 9.810
4
N/m
2
1.0 atm = 1.013 kg/cm
2
1.0 lb/in.
2
= 6.9010
3
N/m
2
1.0 atm = 14.7 lb/in.
2
1.0 mm Hg = 133 N/m
2
1.0 atm = 760 mm Hg
1.0 cm Hg = 1.3310
3
N/m
2
1.0 atm = 76.0 cm Hg
1.0 cm water = 98.1 N/m
2
1.0 atm = 1.0310
3
cm water
1.0 bar = 1.00010
5
N/m
2
1.0 atm = 1.013 bar
1.0 millibar = 1.00010
2
N/m
2
1.0 atm = 1013 millibar
11.7 AH9>?C;:;IX )H?D9?FB;
7FCL WMS PGQC DPMK JMSLEGLE GL ? U?PK @?RF, WMSP ?PKQ DCCJ QRP?LECJW FC?TW. 4FGQ GQ @CA?SQC WMS LM JMLECP F?TC RFC @SMW?LR QSNNMPR MD RFC U?RCP.
7FCPC BMCQ RFGQ @SMW?LR DMPAC AMKC DPMK? 7FW GQ GR RF?R QMKC RFGLEQ DJM?R ?LB MRFCPQ BM LMR? $M M@HCARQ RF?R QGLI ECR ?LW QSNNMPR ?R ?JJ DPMK RFC
DJSGB? )Q WMSP @MBW @SMWCB @W RFC ?RKMQNFCPC, MP ?PC MLJW FCJGSK @?JJMMLQ ?DDCARCB? (3CC F?=KH; 11.19.)
F?=KH; 11.19 (?) %TCL M@HCARQ RF?R QGLI, JGIC RFGQ ?LAFMP, ?PC N?PRJW QSNNMPRCB @W U?RCP UFCL QS@KCPECB. (@) 3S@K?PGLCQ F?TC ?BHSQR?@JC BCLQGRW (@?JJ?QR R?LIQ) QM RF?R RFCW
K?W DJM?R MP QGLI ?Q BCQGPCB. (APCBGR: !JJGCB .?TW) (A) (CJGSK-DGJJCB @?JJMMLQ RSE SNU?PB ML RFCGP QRPGLEQ, BCKMLQRP?RGLE ?GPtQ @SMW?LR CDDCAR. (APCBGR: #PWQRJ)
#(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3 373
!LQUCPQ RM ?JJ RFCQC OSCQRGMLQ, ?LB K?LW MRFCPQ, ?PC @?QCB ML RFC D?AR RF?R NPCQQSPC GLAPC?QCQ UGRF BCNRF GL ? DJSGB. 4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R RFC SNU?PB
DMPAC ML RFC @MRRMK MD ?L M@HCAR GL ? DJSGB GQ EPC?RCP RF?L RFC BMULU?PB DMPAC ML RFC RMN MD RFC M@HCAR. 4FCPC GQ ? LCR SNU?PB, MP 8KEO7DJ <EH9; ML ?LW
M@HCAR GL ?LW DJSGB. (3CC F?=KH; 11.20.) )D RFC @SMW?LR DMPAC GQ EPC?RCP RF?L RFC M@HCARtQ UCGEFR, RFC M@HCAR UGJJ PGQC RM RFC QSPD?AC ?LB DJM?R. )D RFC
@SMW?LR DMPAC GQ JCQQ RF?L RFC M@HCARtQ UCGEFR, RFC M@HCAR UGJJ QGLI. )D RFC @SMW?LR DMPAC COS?JQ RFC M@HCARtQ UCGEFR, RFC M@HCAR UGJJ PCK?GL QSQNCLBCB ?R
RF?R BCNRF. 4FC @SMW?LR DMPAC GQ ?JU?WQ NPCQCLR UFCRFCP RFC M@HCAR DJM?RQ, QGLIQ, MP GQ QSQNCLBCB GL ? DJSGB.
"SMW?LR &MPAC
4FC @SMW?LR DMPAC GQ RFC LCR SNU?PB DMPAC ML ?LW M@HCAR GL ?LW DJSGB.
F?=KH; 11.20 0PCQQSPC BSC RM RFC UCGEFR MD ? DJSGB GLAPC?QCQ UGRF BCNRF QGLAC P = hg . 4FGQ NPCQQSPC ?LB ?QQMAG?RCB SNU?PB DMPAC ML RFC @MRRMK MD RFC AWJGLBCP ?PC EPC?RCP
RF?L RFC BMULU?PB DMPAC ML RFC RMN MD RFC AWJGLBCP. 4FCGP BGDDCPCLAC GQ RFC @SMW?LR DMPAC F
B
. ((MPGXMLR?J DMPACQ A?LACJ.)
*SQR FMU EPC?R GQ RFGQ @SMW?LR DMPAC? 4M ?LQUCP RFGQ OSCQRGML, RFGLI ?@MSR UF?R F?NNCLQ UFCL ? QS@KCPECB M@HCAR GQ PCKMTCB DPMK ? DJSGB, ?Q GL
F?=KH; 11.21.
F?=KH; 11.21 (?) !L M@HCAR QS@KCPECB GL ? DJSGB CVNCPGCLACQ ? @SMW?LR DMPAC F
B
. )D F
B
GQ EPC?RCP RF?L RFC UCGEFR MD RFC M@HCAR, RFC M@HCAR UGJJ PGQC. )D F
B
GQ JCQQ RF?L RFC
UCGEFR MD RFC M@HCAR, RFC M@HCAR UGJJ QGLI. (@) )D RFC M@HCAR GQ PCKMTCB, GR GQ PCNJ?ACB @W DJSGB F?TGLE UCGEFR w
f
. 3GLAC RFGQ UCGEFR GQ QSNNMPRCB @W QSPPMSLBGLE DJSGB, RFC @SMW?LR
DMPAC KSQR COS?J RFC UCGEFR MD RFC DJSGB BGQNJ?ACB. 4F?R GQ, F
B
= w
f
,? QR?RCKCLR MD !PAFGKCBCQt NPGLAGNJC.
4FC QN?AC GR MAASNGCB GQ DGJJCB @W DJSGB F?TGLE ? UCGEFR w
f
. 4FGQ UCGEFR GQ QSNNMPRCB @W RFC QSPPMSLBGLE DJSGB, ?LB QM RFC @SMW?LR DMPAC KSQR COS?J
w
f
, RFC UCGEFR MD RFC DJSGB BGQNJ?ACB @W RFC M@HCAR. )R GQ ? RPG@SRC RM RFC ECLGSQ MD RFC 'PCCI K?RFCK?RGAG?L ?LB GLTCLRMP !PAFGKCBCQ (A?. 287q212
".#.) RF?R FC QR?RCB RFGQ NPGLAGNJC JMLE @CDMPC AMLACNRQ MD DMPAC UCPC UCJJ CQR?@JGQFCB. 3R?RCB GL UMPBQ, AH9>?C;:;IX FH?D9?FB; GQ ?Q DMJJMUQ: 4FC
@SMW?LR DMPAC ML ?L M@HCAR COS?JQ RFC UCGEFR MD RFC DJSGB GR BGQNJ?ACQ. )L COS?RGML DMPK, !PAFGKCBCQt NPGLAGNJC GQ
(11.30) F
B
= w
f
,
374 #(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3
UFCPC F
B
GQ RFC @SMW?LR DMPAC ?LB w
f
GQ RFC UCGEFR MD RFC DJSGB BGQNJ?ACB @W RFC M@HCAR. !PAFGKCBCQt NPGLAGNJC GQ T?JGB GL ECLCP?J, DMP ?LW M@HCAR GL
?LW DJSGB, UFCRFCP N?PRG?JJW MP RMR?JJW QS@KCPECB.
!PAFGKCBCQt 0PGLAGNJC
!AAMPBGLE RM RFGQ NPGLAGNJC RFC @SMW?LR DMPAC ML ?L M@HCAR COS?JQ RFC UCGEFR MD RFC DJSGB GR BGQNJ?ACQ. )L COS?RGML DMPK, !PAFGKCBCQt NPGLAGNJC GQ
(11.31) F
B
= w
f
,
UFCPC F
B
GQ RFC @SMW?LR DMPAC ?LB w
f
GQ RFC UCGEFR MD RFC DJSGB BGQNJ?ACB @W RFC M@HCAR.
HH@@ Y(GEF-RCAF @MBW QUGKQSGRQ UCPC GLRPMBSACB GL 2008 GL NPCN?P?RGML DMP RFC "CGHGLE /JWKNGAQ. /LC AMLACPL (?LB GLRCPL?RGML?J PSJC) U?Q RF?R
RFCQC QSGRQ QFMSJB LMR NPMTGBC ?LW @SMW?LAW ?BT?LR?EC. (MU BM WMS RFGLI RF?R RFGQ PSJC AMSJB @C TCPGDGCB?
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 4?IC-(MKC )LTCQRGE?RGML
4FC BCLQGRW MD ?JSKGLSK DMGJ GQ 2.7 RGKCQ RFC BCLQGRW MD U?RCP. 4?IC ? NGCAC MD DMGJ, PMJJ GR SN GLRM ? @?JJ ?LB BPMN GR GLRM U?RCP. $MCQ GR QGLI? 7FW MP
UFW LMR? #?L WMS K?IC GR QGLI?
&JM?RGLE ?LB 3GLIGLE
$PMN ? JSKN MD AJ?W GL U?RCP. )R UGJJ QGLI. 4FCL KMJB RFC JSKN MD AJ?W GLRM RFC QF?NC MD ? @M?R, ?LB GR UGJJ DJM?R. "CA?SQC MD GRQ QF?NC, RFC @M?R BGQNJ?ACQ
KMPC U?RCP RF?L RFC JSKN ?LB CVNCPGCLACQ ? EPC?RCP @SMW?LR DMPAC. 4FC Q?KC GQ RPSC MD QRCCJ QFGNQ.
EN7CFB; 11.8 C7B9KB7J?D= 8KEO7DJ <EH9;: :;F;D:;D9O ED I>7F;
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC @SMW?LR DMPAC ML 10,000 KCRPGA RMLQ (1.0010
7
kg) MD QMJGB QRCCJ AMKNJCRCJW QS@KCPECB GL U?RCP, ?LB AMKN?PC RFGQ UGRF RFC
QRCCJtQ UCGEFR. (@) 7F?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK @SMW?LR DMPAC RF?R U?RCP AMSJB CVCPR ML RFGQ Q?KC QRCCJ GD GR UCPC QF?NCB GLRM ? @M?R RF?R AMSJB BGQNJ?AC
1.0010
5
m
3
MD U?RCP?
,JH7J;=O <EH (7)
4M DGLB RFC @SMW?LR DMPAC, UC KSQR DGLB RFC UCGEFR MD U?RCP BGQNJ?ACB. 7C A?L BM RFGQ @W SQGLE RFC BCLQGRGCQ MD U?RCP ?LB QRCCJ EGTCL GL -78B;
11.1. 7C LMRC RF?R, QGLAC RFC QRCCJ GQ AMKNJCRCJW QS@KCPECB, GRQ TMJSKC ?LB RFC U?RCPtQ TMJSKC ?PC RFC Q?KC. /LAC UC ILMU RFC TMJSKC MD
U?RCP, UC A?L DGLB GRQ K?QQ ?LB UCGEFR.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
&GPQR, UC SQC RFC BCDGLGRGML MD BCLQGRW =
m
V
RM DGLB RFC QRCCJtQ TMJSKC, ?LB RFCL UC QS@QRGRSRC T?JSCQ DMP K?QQ ?LB BCLQGRW. 4FGQ EGTCQ
(11.32)
V
st
=
m
st
st
=
1.0010
7
kg
7.810
3
kg/m
3
= 1.2810
3
m
3
.
"CA?SQC RFC QRCCJ GQ AMKNJCRCJW QS@KCPECB, RFGQ GQ ?JQM RFC TMJSKC MD U?RCP BGQNJ?ACB, V
w
. 7C A?L LMU DGLB RFC K?QQ MD U?RCP BGQNJ?ACB DPMK
RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL GRQ TMJSKC ?LB BCLQGRW, @MRF MD UFGAF ?PC ILMUL. 4FGQ EGTCQ
(11.33)
m
w
=
w
V
w
= (1.00010
3
kg/m
3
)(1.2810
3
m
3
)
= 1.2810
6
kg.
"W !PAFGKCBCQt NPGLAGNJC, RFC UCGEFR MD U?RCP BGQNJ?ACB GQ m
w
g , QM RFC @SMW?LR DMPAC GQ
(11.34)
F
B
= w
w
= m
w
g =

1.2810
6
kg
9.80 m/s
2
= 1.310
7
N.
4FC QRCCJtQ UCGEFR GQ m
w
g = 9.8010
7
N, UFGAF GQ KSAF EPC?RCP RF?L RFC @SMW?LR DMPAC, QM RFC QRCCJ UGJJ PCK?GL QS@KCPECB. .MRC RF?R RFC
@SMW?LR DMPAC GQ PMSLBCB RM RUM BGEGRQ @CA?SQC RFC BCLQGRW MD QRCCJ GQ EGTCL RM MLJW RUM BGEGRQ.
,JH7J;=O <EH (8)
(CPC UC ?PC EGTCL RFC K?VGKSK TMJSKC MD U?RCP RFC QRCCJ @M?R A?L BGQNJ?AC. 4FC @SMW?LR DMPAC GQ RFC UCGEFR MD RFGQ TMJSKC MD U?RCP.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
4FC K?QQ MD U?RCP BGQNJ?ACB GQ DMSLB DPMK GRQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN RM BCLQGRW ?LB TMJSKC, @MRF MD UFGAF ?PC ILMUL. 4F?R GQ,
(11.35)
m
w
=
w
V
w
=

1.00010
3
kg/m
3
1.0010
5
m
3
= 1.0010
8
kg.
4FC K?VGKSK @SMW?LR DMPAC GQ RFC UCGEFR MD RFGQ KSAF U?RCP, MP
#(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3 375
(11.36)
F
B
= w
w
= m
w
g =

1.0010
8
kg
9.80 m/s
2
= 9.8010
8
N.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC K?VGKSK @SMW?LR DMPAC GQ RCL RGKCQ RFC UCGEFR MD RFC QRCCJ, KC?LGLE RFC QFGN A?L A?PPW ? JM?B LGLC RGKCQ GRQ MUL UCGEFR UGRFMSR QGLIGLE.
! NGCAC MD FMSQCFMJB ?JSKGLSK DMGJ GQ 0.016 KK RFGAI. 5QC ? NGCAC MD DMGJ RF?R KC?QSPCQ 10 AK @W 15 AK. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC K?QQ MD RFGQ ?KMSLR MD
DMGJ? (@) )D RFC DMGJ GQ DMJBCB RM EGTC GR DMSP QGBCQ, ?LB N?NCP AJGNQ MP U?QFCPQ ?PC ?BBCB RM RFGQ u@M?R,v UF?R QF?NC MD RFC @M?R UMSJB ?JJMU GR RM FMJB
RFC KMQR uA?PEMv UFCL NJ?ACB GL U?RCP? 4CQR WMSP NPCBGARGML.
$CLQGRW ?LB !PAFGKCBCQt 0PGLAGNJC
$CLQGRW NJ?WQ ? APSAG?J PMJC GL !PAFGKCBCQt NPGLAGNJC. 4FC ?TCP?EC BCLQGRW MD ?L M@HCAR GQ UF?R SJRGK?RCJW BCRCPKGLCQ UFCRFCP GR DJM?RQ. )D GRQ ?TCP?EC
BCLQGRW GQ JCQQ RF?L RF?R MD RFC QSPPMSLBGLE DJSGB, GR UGJJ DJM?R. 4FGQ GQ @CA?SQC RFC DJSGB, F?TGLE ? FGEFCP BCLQGRW, AMLR?GLQ KMPC K?QQ ?LB FCLAC KMPC
UCGEFR GL RFC Q?KC TMJSKC. 4FC @SMW?LR DMPAC, UFGAF COS?JQ RFC UCGEFR MD RFC DJSGB BGQNJ?ACB, GQ RFSQ EPC?RCP RF?L RFC UCGEFR MD RFC M@HCAR. ,GICUGQC,
?L M@HCAR BCLQCP RF?L RFC DJSGB UGJJ QGLI.
4FC CVRCLR RM UFGAF ? DJM?RGLE M@HCAR GQ QS@KCPECB BCNCLBQ ML FMU RFC M@HCARtQ BCLQGRW GQ PCJ?RCB RM RF?R MD RFC DJSGB. )L F?=KH; 11.22, DMP CV?KNJC, RFC
SLJM?BCB QFGN F?Q ? JMUCP BCLQGRW ?LB JCQQ MD GR GQ QS@KCPECB AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC Q?KC QFGN JM?BCB. 7C A?L BCPGTC ? OS?LRGR?RGTC CVNPCQQGML DMP RFC
DP?ARGML QS@KCPECB @W AMLQGBCPGLE BCLQGRW. 4FC DP?ARGML QS@KCPECB GQ RFC P?RGM MD RFC TMJSKC QS@KCPECB RM RFC TMJSKC MD RFC M@HCAR, MP
(11.37)
fraction submerged =
V
sub
V
obj
=
V
f
V
obj
.
4FC TMJSKC QS@KCPECB COS?JQ RFC TMJSKC MD DJSGB BGQNJ?ACB, UFGAF UC A?JJ V
f
. .MU UC A?L M@R?GL RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL RFC BCLQGRGCQ @W
QS@QRGRSRGLE =
m
V
GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML. 4FGQ EGTCQ
(11.38) V
f
V
obj
=
m
f
/
f
m
obj
/
obj
,
UFCPC
obj
GQ RFC ?TCP?EC BCLQGRW MD RFC M@HCAR ?LB
f
GQ RFC BCLQGRW MD RFC DJSGB. 3GLAC RFC M@HCAR DJM?RQ, GRQ K?QQ ?LB RF?R MD RFC BGQNJ?ACB DJSGB
?PC COS?J, ?LB QM RFCW A?LACJ DPMK RFC COS?RGML, JC?TGLE
(11.39)

obj
f
.
F?=KH; 11.22 !L SLJM?BCB QFGN (?) DJM?RQ FGEFCP GL RFC U?RCP RF?L ? JM?BCB QFGN (@).
7C SQC RFGQ J?QR PCJ?RGMLQFGN RM KC?QSPC BCLQGRGCQ. 4FGQ GQ BMLC @W KC?QSPGLE RFC DP?ARGML MD ? DJM?RGLE M@HCAR RF?R GQ QS@KCPECBrDMP CV?KNJC, UGRF ?
FWBPMKCRCP. )R GQ SQCDSJ RM BCDGLC RFC P?RGM MD RFC BCLQGRW MD ?L M@HCAR RM ? DJSGB (SQS?JJW U?RCP) ?Q IF;9?<?9 =H7L?JO:
(11.40)
specifc gravity =

w
,
UFCPC
GQ RFC ?TCP?EC BCLQGRW MD RFC M@HCAR MP QS@QR?LAC ?LB

w
GQ RFC BCLQGRW MD U?RCP ?R 4.00\#. 3NCAGDGA EP?TGRW GQ BGKCLQGMLJCQQ, GLBCNCLBCLR
MD UF?RCTCP SLGRQ ?PC SQCB DMP . )D ?L M@HCAR DJM?RQ, GRQ QNCAGDGA EP?TGRW GQ JCQQ RF?L MLC. )D GR QGLIQ, GRQ QNCAGDGA EP?TGRW GQ EPC?RCP RF?L MLC. -MPCMTCP,
RFC DP?ARGML MD ? DJM?RGLE M@HCAR RF?R GQ QS@KCPECB COS?JQ GRQ QNCAGDGA EP?TGRW. )D ?L M@HCARtQ QNCAGDGA EP?TGRW GQ CV?ARJW 1, RFCL GR UGJJ PCK?GL QSQNCLBCB GL
RFC DJSGB, LCGRFCP QGLIGLE LMP DJM?RGLE. 3AS@? BGTCPQ RPW RM M@R?GL RFGQ QR?RC QM RF?R RFCW A?L FMTCP GL RFC U?RCP. 7C KC?QSPC RFC QNCAGDGA EP?TGRW MD DJSGBQ,
QSAF ?Q @?RRCPW ?AGB, P?BG?RMP DJSGB, ?LB SPGLC, ?Q ?L GLBGA?RMP MD RFCGP AMLBGRGML. /LC BCTGAC DMP KC?QSPGLE QNCAGDGA EP?TGRW GQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 11.23.
3NCAGDGA 'P?TGRW
3NCAGDGA EP?TGRW GQ RFC P?RGM MD RFC BCLQGRW MD ?L M@HCAR RM ? DJSGB (SQS?JJW U?RCP).
376 #(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3
F?=KH; 11.23 4FGQ FWBPMKCRCP GQ DJM?RGLE GL ? DJSGB MD QNCAGDGA EP?TGRW 0.87. 4FC EJ?QQ FWBPMKCRCP GQ DGJJCB UGRF ?GP ?LB UCGEFRCB UGRF JC?B ?R RFC @MRRMK. )R DJM?RQ FGEFCQR GL RFC
BCLQCQR DJSGBQ ?LB F?Q @CCL A?JG@P?RCB ?LB J?@CJCB QM RF?R QNCAGDGA EP?TGRW A?L @C PC?B DPMK GR BGPCARJW.
EN7CFB; 11.9 C7B9KB7J?D= AL;H7=; D;DI?JO: FBE7J?D= 0EC7D
3SNNMQC ? 60.0-IE UMK?L DJM?RQ GL DPCQFU?RCP UGRF 97.0% MD FCP TMJSKC QS@KCPECB UFCL FCP JSLEQ ?PC DSJJ MD ?GP. 7F?R GQ FCP ?TCP?EC
BCLQGRW?
,JH7J;=O
7C A?L DGLB RFC UMK?LtQ BCLQGRW @W QMJTGLE RFC COS?RGML
(11.41)

obj
f
DMP RFC BCLQGRW MD RFC M@HCAR. 4FGQ WGCJBQ
(11.42)
obj
=
person
= (fraction submerged)
f
.
7C ILMU @MRF RFC DP?ARGML QS@KCPECB ?LB RFC BCLQGRW MD U?RCP, ?LB QM UC A?L A?JASJ?RC RFC UMK?LtQ BCLQGRW.
,EBKJ?ED
%LRCPGLE RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP FCP BCLQGRW, UC M@R?GL
(11.43)
person
= 0.970

10
3
kg
m
3
= 970
kg
m
3
.
D?I9KII?ED
(CP BCLQGRW GQ JCQQ RF?L RFC DJSGB BCLQGRW. 7C CVNCAR RFGQ @CA?SQC QFC DJM?RQ. "MBW BCLQGRW GQ MLC GLBGA?RMP MD ? NCPQMLtQ NCPACLR @MBW D?R, MD
GLRCPCQR GL KCBGA?J BG?ELMQRGAQ ?LB ?RFJCRGA RP?GLGLE. (3CC F?=KH; 11.24.)
#(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3 377
F?=KH; 11.24 3S@HCAR GL ? uD?R R?LI,v UFCPC FC GQ UCGEFCB UFGJC AMKNJCRCJW QS@KCPECB ?Q N?PR MD ? @MBW BCLQGRW BCRCPKGL?RGML. 4FC QS@HCAR KSQR AMKNJCRCJW CKNRW FGQ JSLEQ
?LB FMJB ? KCR?J UCGEFR GL MPBCP RM QGLI. #MPPCARGMLQ ?PC K?BC DMP RFC PCQGBS?J ?GP GL FGQ JSLEQ (KC?QSPCB QCN?P?RCJW) ?LB RFC KCR?J UCGEFR. (GQ AMPPCARCB QS@KCPECB UCGEFR,
FGQ UCGEFR GL ?GP, ?LB NGLAF RCQRQ MD QRP?RCEGA D?RRW ?PC?Q ?PC SQCB RM A?JASJ?RC FGQ NCPACLR @MBW D?R.
4FCPC ?PC K?LW M@TGMSQ CV?KNJCQ MD JMUCP-BCLQGRW M@HCARQ MP QS@QR?LACQ DJM?RGLE GL FGEFCP-BCLQGRW DJSGBQrMGJ ML U?RCP, ? FMR-?GP @?JJMML, ? @GR MD AMPI
GL UGLC, ?L GAC@CPE, ?LB FMR U?V GL ? uJ?T? J?KN,v RM L?KC ? DCU. ,CQQ M@TGMSQ CV?KNJCQ GLAJSBC J?T? PGQGLE GL ? TMJA?LM ?LB KMSLR?GL P?LECQ
DJM?RGLE ML RFC FGEFCP-BCLQGRW APSQR ?LB K?LRJC @CLC?RF RFCK. %TCL QCCKGLEJW QMJGB %?PRF F?Q DJSGB AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ.
-MPC $CLQGRW -C?QSPCKCLRQ
/LC MD RFC KMQR AMKKML RCAFLGOSCQ DMP BCRCPKGLGLE BCLQGRW GQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 11.25.
F?=KH; 11.25 (?) ! AMGL GQ UCGEFCB GL ?GP. (@) 4FC ?NN?PCLR UCGEFR MD RFC AMGL GQ BCRCPKGLCB UFGJC GR GQ AMKNJCRCJW QS@KCPECB GL ? DJSGB MD ILMUL BCLQGRW. 4FCQC RUM
KC?QSPCKCLRQ ?PC SQCB RM A?JASJ?RC RFC BCLQGRW MD RFC AMGL.
!L M@HCAR, FCPC ? AMGL, GQ UCGEFCB GL ?GP ?LB RFCL UCGEFCB ?E?GL UFGJC QS@KCPECB GL ? JGOSGB. 4FC BCLQGRW MD RFC AMGL, ?L GLBGA?RGML MD GRQ ?SRFCLRGAGRW,
A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB GD RFC DJSGB BCLQGRW GQ ILMUL. 4FGQ Q?KC RCAFLGOSC A?L ?JQM @C SQCB RM BCRCPKGLC RFC BCLQGRW MD RFC DJSGB GD RFC BCLQGRW MD RFC AMGL GQ
ILMUL. !JJ MD RFCQC A?JASJ?RGMLQ ?PC @?QCB ML !PAFGKCBCQt NPGLAGNJC.
!PAFGKCBCQt NPGLAGNJC QR?RCQ RF?R RFC @SMW?LR DMPAC ML RFC M@HCAR COS?JQ RFC UCGEFR MD RFC DJSGB BGQNJ?ACB. 4FGQ, GL RSPL, KC?LQ RF?R RFC M@HCAR 4CC84EF
RM UCGEF JCQQ UFCL QS@KCPECB; UC A?JJ RFGQ KC?QSPCKCLR RFC M@HCARtQ 4CC4E8AG J8<:;G. 4FC M@HCAR QSDDCPQ ?L 4CC4E8AG J8<:;G ?BFF COS?J RM RFC
UCGEFR MD RFC DJSGB BGQNJ?ACB. !JRCPL?RGTCJW, ML @?J?LACQ RF?R KC?QSPC K?QQ, RFC M@HCAR QSDDCPQ ?L 4CC4E8AG @4FF ?BFF COS?J RM RFC K?QQ MD DJSGB
BGQNJ?ACB. 4F?R GQ
(11.44)
apparent weight loss = weight of fuid displaced
MP
(11.45)
apparent mass loss = mass of fuid displaced.
4FC LCVR CV?KNJC GJJSQRP?RCQ RFC SQC MD RFGQ RCAFLGOSC.
378 #(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3
EN7CFB; 11.10 C7B9KB7J?D= D;DI?JO: "I J>; CE?D AKJ>;DJ?9?
4FC K?QQ MD ?L ?LAGCLR 'PCCI AMGL GQ BCRCPKGLCB GL ?GP RM @C 8.630 E. 7FCL RFC AMGL GQ QS@KCPECB GL U?RCP ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 11.25, GRQ
?NN?PCLR K?QQ GQ 7.800 E. #?JASJ?RC GRQ BCLQGRW, EGTCL RF?R U?RCP F?Q ? BCLQGRW MD 1.000 g/cm
3
?LB RF?R CDDCARQ A?SQCB @W RFC UGPC QSQNCLBGLE
RFC AMGL ?PC LCEJGEG@JC.
,JH7J;=O
4M A?JASJ?RC RFC AMGLtQ BCLQGRW, UC LCCB GRQ K?QQ (UFGAF GQ EGTCL) ?LB GRQ TMJSKC. 4FC TMJSKC MD RFC AMGL COS?JQ RFC TMJSKC MD U?RCP BGQNJ?ACB.
4FC TMJSKC MD U?RCP BGQNJ?ACB V
w
A?L @C DMSLB @W QMJTGLE RFC COS?RGML DMP BCLQGRW =
m
V
DMP V .
,EBKJ?ED
4FC TMJSKC MD U?RCP GQ V
w
=
m
w
w
UFCPC m
w
GQ RFC K?QQ MD U?RCP BGQNJ?ACB. !Q LMRCB, RFC K?QQ MD RFC U?RCP BGQNJ?ACB COS?JQ RFC ?NN?PCLR
K?QQ JMQQ, UFGAF GQ m
w
= 8.630 g7.800 g = 0.830 g . 4FSQ RFC TMJSKC MD U?RCP GQ V
w
=
0.830 g
1.000 g/cm
3
= 0.830 cm
3
. 4FGQ GQ ?JQM RFC
TMJSKC MD RFC AMGL, QGLAC GR GQ AMKNJCRCJW QS@KCPECB. 7C A?L LMU DGLB RFC BCLQGRW MD RFC AMGL SQGLE RFC BCDGLGRGML MD BCLQGRW:
(11.46)
c
=
m
c
V
c
=
8.630 g
0.830 cm
3
= 10.4 g/cm
3
.
D?I9KII?ED
9MS A?L QCC DPMK -78B; 11.1 RF?R RFGQ BCLQGRW GQ TCPW AJMQC RM RF?R MD NSPC QGJTCP, ?NNPMNPG?RC DMP RFGQ RWNC MD ?LAGCLR AMGL. -MQR KMBCPL
AMSLRCPDCGRQ ?PC LMR NSPC QGJTCP.
4FGQ @PGLEQ SQ @?AI RM !PAFGKCBCQt NPGLAGNJC ?LB FMU GR A?KC GLRM @CGLE. !Q RFC QRMPW EMCQ, RFC IGLE MD 3WP?ASQC E?TC !PAFGKCBCQ RFC R?QI MD
BCRCPKGLGLE UFCRFCP RFC PMW?J APMUL K?ICP U?Q QSNNJWGLE ? APMUL MD NSPC EMJB. 4FC NSPGRW MD EMJB GQ BGDDGASJR RM BCRCPKGLC @W AMJMP (GR A?L @C BGJSRCB
UGRF MRFCP KCR?JQ ?LB QRGJJ JMMI ?Q WCJJMU ?Q NSPC EMJB), ?LB MRFCP ?L?JWRGA?J RCAFLGOSCQ F?B LMR WCR @CCL AMLACGTCB. %TCL ?LAGCLR NCMNJCQ, FMUCTCP,
PC?JGXCB RF?R RFC BCLQGRW MD EMJB U?Q EPC?RCP RF?L RF?R MD ?LW MRFCP RFCL-ILMUL QS@QR?LAC. !PAFGKCBCQ NSPNMPRCBJW ?EMLGXCB MTCP FGQ R?QI ?LB F?B
FGQ GLQNGP?RGML MLC B?W UFGJC ?R RFC NS@JGA @?RFQ, NMLBCPGLE RFC QSNNMPR RFC U?RCP E?TC FGQ @MBW. (C A?KC SN UGRF FGQ LMU-D?KMSQ NPGLAGNJC, Q?U FMU
RM ?NNJW GR RM BCRCPKGLC BCLQGRW, ?LB P?L L?ICB BMUL RFC QRPCCRQ MD 3WP?ASQC APWGLE u%SPCI?!v ('PCCI DMP u) F?TC DMSLB GRv). 3GKGJ?P @CF?TGMP A?L @C
M@QCPTCB GL AMLRCKNMP?PW NFWQGAGQRQ DPMK RGKC RM RGKC!
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: "SMW?LAW
7FCL UGJJ M@HCARQ DJM?R ?LB UFCL UGJJ RFCW QGLI? ,C?PL FMU @SMW?LAW UMPIQ UGRF @JMAIQ. !PPMUQ QFMU RFC ?NNJGCB DMPACQ, ?LB WMS A?L KMBGDW RFC
NPMNCPRGCQ MD RFC @JMAIQ ?LB RFC DJSGB.
F?=KH; 11.26 BKEO7D9O (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42196/1.8/8KEO7D9O6;D.@7H)
11.8 CE>;I?ED 7D: A:>;I?ED ?D %?GK?:I: ,KH<79; -;DI?ED 7D: C7F?BB7HO A9J?ED
#MFCQGML ?LB !BFCQGML GL ,GOSGBQ
#FGJBPCL @JMU QM?N @S@@JCQ ?LB NJ?W GL RFC QNP?W MD ? QNPGLIJCP ML ? FMR QSKKCP B?W. (3CC F?=KH; 11.27.) !L SLBCPU?RCP QNGBCP ICCNQ FGQ ?GP QSNNJW
GL ? QFGLW @S@@JC FC A?PPGCQ UP?NNCB ?PMSLB FGK. ! RCAFLGAG?L BP?UQ @JMMB GLRM ? QK?JJ-BG?KCRCP RS@C HSQR @W RMSAFGLE GR RM ? BPMN ML ? NPGAICB DGLECP.
! NPCK?RSPC GLD?LR QRPSEEJCQ RM GLDJ?RC FCP JSLEQ. 7F?R GQ RFC AMKKML RFPC?B? !JJ RFCQC ?ARGTGRGCQ ?PC BMKGL?RCB @W RFC ?RRP?ARGTC DMPACQ @CRUCCL
?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ GL JGOSGBQr@MRF UGRFGL ? JGOSGB ?LB @CRUCCL RFC JGOSGB ?LB GRQ QSPPMSLBGLEQ.
!RRP?ARGTC DMPACQ @CRUCCL KMJCASJCQ MD RFC Q?KC RWNC ?PC A?JJCB 9E>;I?L; <EH9;I. ,GOSGBQ A?L, DMP CV?KNJC, @C FCJB GL MNCL AMLR?GLCPQ @CA?SQC
AMFCQGTC DMPACQ FMJB RFC KMJCASJCQ RMECRFCP. !RRP?ARGTC DMPACQ @CRUCCL KMJCASJCQ MD BGDDCPCLR RWNCQ ?PC A?JJCB 7:>;I?L; <EH9;I. 3SAF DMPACQ A?SQC
JGOSGB BPMNQ RM AJGLE RM UGLBMU N?LCQ, DMP CV?KNJC. )L RFGQ QCARGML UC CV?KGLC CDDCARQ BGPCARJW ?RRPG@SR?@JC RM AMFCQGTC ?LB ?BFCQGTC DMPACQ GL JGOSGBQ.
#MFCQGTC &MPACQ
!RRP?ARGTC DMPACQ @CRUCCL KMJCASJCQ MD RFC Q?KC RWNC ?PC A?JJCB AMFCQGTC DMPACQ.
!BFCQGTC &MPACQ
!RRP?ARGTC DMPACQ @CRUCCL KMJCASJCQ MD BGDDCPCLR RWNCQ ?PC A?JJCB ?BFCQGTC DMPACQ.
#(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3 379
F?=KH; 11.27 4FC QM?N @S@@JCQ GL RFGQ NFMRMEP?NF ?PC A?SQCB @W AMFCQGTC DMPACQ ?KMLE KMJCASJCQ GL JGOSGBQ. (APCBGR: 3RCTC &MPB %JJGMRR)
3SPD?AC 4CLQGML
#MFCQGTC DMPACQ @CRUCCL KMJCASJCQ A?SQC RFC QSPD?AC MD ? JGOSGB RM AMLRP?AR RM RFC QK?JJCQR NMQQG@JC QSPD?AC ?PC?. 4FGQ ECLCP?J CDDCAR GQ A?JJCB
IKH<79; J;DI?ED. -MJCASJCQ ML RFC QSPD?AC ?PC NSJJCB GLU?PB @W AMFCQGTC DMPACQ, PCBSAGLE RFC QSPD?AC ?PC?. -MJCASJCQ GLQGBC RFC JGOSGB CVNCPGCLAC
XCPM LCR DMPAC, QGLAC RFCW F?TC LCGEF@MPQ ML ?JJ QGBCQ.
3SPD?AC 4CLQGML
#MFCQGTC DMPACQ @CRUCCL KMJCASJCQ A?SQC RFC QSPD?AC MD ? JGOSGB RM AMLRP?AR RM RFC QK?JJCQR NMQQG@JC QSPD?AC ?PC?. 4FGQ ECLCP?J CDDCAR GQ A?JJCB
QSPD?AC RCLQGML.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 3SPD?AC 4CLQGML
&MPACQ @CRUCCL ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ SLBCPJGC RFC K?APMQAMNGA CDDCAR A?JJCB QSPD?AC RCLQGML. 4FCQC ?RRP?ARGTC DMPACQ NSJJ RFC KMJCASJCQ AJMQCP
RMECRFCP ?LB RCLB RM KGLGKGXC RFC QSPD?AC ?PC?. 4FGQ GQ ?LMRFCP CV?KNJC MD ? QS@KGAPMQAMNGA CVNJ?L?RGML DMP ? K?APMQAMNGA NFCLMKCLML.
4FC KMBCJ MD ? JGOSGB QSPD?AC ?ARGLE JGIC ? QRPCRAFCB CJ?QRGA QFCCR A?L CDDCARGTCJW CVNJ?GL QSPD?AC RCLQGML CDDCARQ. &MP CV?KNJC, QMKC GLQCARQ A?L U?JI
ML U?RCP (?Q MNNMQCB RM DJM?RGLE GL GR) ?Q UC UMSJB U?JI ML ? RP?KNMJGLCrRFCW BCLR RFC QSPD?AC ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 11.28(?). F?=KH; 11.28(@) QFMUQ
?LMRFCP CV?KNJC, UFCPC ? LCCBJC PCQRQ ML ? U?RCP QSPD?AC. 4FC GPML LCCBJC A?LLMR, ?LB BMCQ LMR, DJM?R, @CA?SQC GRQ BCLQGRW GQ EPC?RCP RF?L RF?R MD
U?RCP. 2?RFCP, GRQ UCGEFR GQ QSNNMPRCB @W DMPACQ GL RFC QRPCRAFCB QSPD?AC RF?R RPW RM K?IC RFC QSPD?AC QK?JJCP MP DJ?RRCP. )D RFC LCCBJC UCPC NJ?ACB NMGLR
BMUL ML RFC QSPD?AC, GRQ UCGEFR ?ARGLE ML ? QK?JJCP ?PC? UMSJB @PC?I RFC QSPD?AC, ?LB GR UMSJB QGLI.
F?=KH; 11.28 3SPD?AC RCLQGML QSNNMPRGLE RFC UCGEFR MD ?L GLQCAR ?LB ?L GPML LCCBJC, @MRF MD UFGAF PCQR ML RFC QSPD?AC UGRFMSR NCLCRP?RGLE GR. 4FCW ?PC LMR DJM?RGLE; P?RFCP, RFCW
?PC QSNNMPRCB @W RFC QSPD?AC MD RFC JGOSGB. (?) !L GLQCAR JCE BCLRQ RFC U?RCP QSPD?AC. F
ST
GQ ? PCQRMPGLE DMPAC (QSPD?AC RCLQGML) N?P?JJCJ RM RFC QSPD?AC. (@) !L GPML LCCBJC
QGKGJ?PJW BCLRQ ? U?RCP QSPD?AC SLRGJ RFC PCQRMPGLE DMPAC (QSPD?AC RCLQGML) EPMUQ RM COS?J GRQ UCGEFR.
380 #(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3
3SPD?AC RCLQGML GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC QRPCLERF MD RFC AMFCQGTC DMPAC, UFGAF T?PGCQ UGRF RFC RWNC MD JGOSGB. 3SPD?AC RCLQGML GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC DMPAC
F NCP SLGR JCLERF L CVCPRCB @W ? QRPCRAFCB JGOSGB KCK@P?LC:
(11.47)
=
F
L
.
-78B; 11.3 JGQRQ T?JSCQ MD DMP QMKC JGOSGBQ. &MP RFC GLQCAR MD F?=KH; 11.28(?), GRQ UCGEFR w GQ QSNNMPRCB @W RFC SNU?PB AMKNMLCLRQ MD RFC QSPD?AC
RCLQGML DMPAC: w = L sin , UFCPC L GQ RFC AGPASKDCPCLAC MD RFC GLQCARtQ DMMR GL AMLR?AR UGRF RFC U?RCP. F?=KH; 11.29 QFMUQ MLC U?W RM KC?QSPC
QSPD?AC RCLQGML. 4FC JGOSGB DGJK CVCPRQ ? DMPAC ML RFC KMT?@JC UGPC GL ?L ?RRCKNR RM PCBSAC GRQ QSPD?AC ?PC?. 4FC K?ELGRSBC MD RFGQ DMPAC BCNCLBQ ML
RFC QSPD?AC RCLQGML MD RFC JGOSGB ?LB A?L @C KC?QSPCB ?AASP?RCJW.
3SPD?AC RCLQGML GQ RFC PC?QML UFW JGOSGBQ DMPK @S@@JCQ ?LB BPMNJCRQ. 4FC GLU?PB QSPD?AC RCLQGML DMPAC A?SQCQ @S@@JCQ RM @C ?NNPMVGK?RCJW QNFCPGA?J
?LB P?GQCQ RFC NPCQQSPC MD RFC E?Q RP?NNCB GLQGBC PCJ?RGTC RM ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC MSRQGBC. )R A?L @C QFMUL RF?R RFC E?SEC NPCQQSPC P GLQGBC ?
QNFCPGA?J @S@@JC GQ EGTCL @W
(11.48)
P =
4
r
,
UFCPC r GQ RFC P?BGSQ MD RFC @S@@JC. 4FSQ RFC NPCQQSPC GLQGBC ? @S@@JC GQ EPC?RCQR UFCL RFC @S@@JC GQ RFC QK?JJCQR. !LMRFCP @GR MD CTGBCLAC DMP RFGQ GQ
GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 11.30. 7FCL ?GP GQ ?JJMUCB RM DJMU @CRUCCL RUM @?JJMMLQ MD SLCOS?J QGXC, RFC QK?JJCP @?JJMML RCLBQ RM AMJJ?NQC, DGJJGLE RFC J?PECP
@?JJMML.
F?=KH; 11.29 3JGBGLE UGPC BCTGAC SQCB DMP KC?QSPGLE QSPD?AC RCLQGML; RFC BCTGAC CVCPRQ ? DMPAC RM PCBSAC RFC DGJKtQ QSPD?AC ?PC?. 4FC DMPAC LCCBCB RM FMJB RFC UGPC GL NJ?AC GQ
F = L = (2l) , QGLAC RFCPC ?PC GJB JGOSGB QSPD?ACQ ?RR?AFCB RM RFC UGPC. 4FGQ DMPAC PCK?GLQ LC?PJW AMLQR?LR ?Q RFC DGJK GQ QRPCRAFCB, SLRGJ RFC DGJK ?NNPM?AFCQ GRQ @PC?IGLE
NMGLR.
F?=KH; 11.30 7GRF RFC T?JTC AJMQCB, RUM @?JJMMLQ MD BGDDCPCLR QGXCQ ?PC ?RR?AFCB RM C?AF CLB MD ? RS@C. 5NML MNCLGLE RFC T?JTC, RFC QK?JJCP @?JJMML BCAPC?QCQ GL QGXC UGRF RFC
?GP KMTGLE RM DGJJ RFC J?PECP @?JJMML. 4FC NPCQQSPC GL ? QNFCPGA?J @?JJMML GQ GLTCPQCJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM GRQ P?BGSQ, QM RF?R RFC QK?JJCP @?JJMML F?Q ? EPC?RCP GLRCPL?J NPCQQSPC RF?L RFC
J?PECP @?JJMML, PCQSJRGLE GL RFGQ DJMU.
#(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3 381
4?@JC 11.3 3SPD?AC 4CLQGML MD 3MKC ,GOSGBQ
;1=
%?GK?: ,KH<79; J;DI?ED T('/C)
7?RCP ?R 0C 0.0756
7?RCP ?R 20C 0.0728
7?RCP ?R 100C 0.0589
3M?NW U?RCP (RWNGA?J) 0.0370
%RFWJ ?JAMFMJ 0.0223
'JWACPGL 0.0631
-CPASPW 0.465
/JGTC MGJ 0.032
4GQQSC DJSGBQ (RWNGA?J) 0.050
"JMMB, UFMJC ?R 37C 0.058
"JMMB NJ?QK? ?R 37C 0.073
'MJB ?R 1070C 1.000
/VWECL ?R 193C 0.0157
(CJGSK ?R 269C 0.00012
EN7CFB; 11.11 ,KH<79; -;DI?ED: )H;IIKH; "DI?:; 7 BK88B;
#?JASJ?RC RFC E?SEC NPCQQSPC GLQGBC ? QM?N @S@@JC 2.0010
4
m GL P?BGSQ SQGLE RFC QSPD?AC RCLQGML DMP QM?NW U?RCP GL -78B; 11.3. #MLTCPR
RFGQ NPCQQSPC RM KK (E.
,JH7J;=O
4FC P?BGSQ GQ EGTCL ?LB RFC QSPD?AC RCLQGML A?L @C DMSLB GL -78B; 11.3, ?LB QM P A?L @C DMSLB BGPCARJW DPMK RFC COS?RGML P =
4
r
.
,EBKJ?ED
3S@QRGRSRGLE r ?LB g GLRM RFC COS?RGML P =
4
r
, UC M@R?GL
(11.49)
P =
4
r
=
4(0.037 N/m)
2.0010
4
m
= 740 N/m
2
= 740 Pa.
7C SQC ? AMLTCPQGML D?ARMP RM ECR RFGQ GLRM SLGRQ MD KK (E:
(11.50)
P =

740 N/m
2
1.00 mm Hg
133 N/m
2
= 5.56 mm Hg.
D?I9KII?ED
.MRC RF?R GD ? FMJC UCPC RM @C K?BC GL RFC @S@@JC, RFC ?GP UMSJB @C DMPACB MSR, RFC @S@@JC UMSJB BCAPC?QC GL P?BGSQ, ?LB RFC NPCQQSPC GLQGBC
UMSJB <A6E84F8 RM ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC (760 KK (E).
/SP JSLEQ AMLR?GL FSLBPCBQ MD KGJJGMLQ MD KSASQ-JGLCB Q?AQ A?JJCB 4?I8B?<, UFGAF ?PC TCPW QGKGJ?P GL QGXC, ?LB ?@MSR 0.1 KK GL BG?KCRCP. (3CC F?=KH;
11.31.) 9MS A?L CVF?JC UGRFMSR KSQAJC ?ARGML @W ?JJMUGLE QSPD?AC RCLQGML RM AMLRP?AR RFCQC Q?AQ. -CBGA?J N?RGCLRQ UFMQC @PC?RFGLE GQ ?GBCB @W ?
NMQGRGTC NPCQQSPC PCQNGP?RMP F?TC ?GP @JMUL GLRM RFC JSLEQ, @SR ?PC ECLCP?JJW ?JJMUCB RM CVF?JC ML RFCGP MUL. %TCL GD RFCPC GQ N?P?JWQGQ, QSPD?AC RCLQGML
GL RFC ?JTCMJG UGJJ CVNCJ ?GP DPMK RFC JSLEQ. 3GLAC NPCQQSPC GLAPC?QCQ ?Q RFC P?BGG MD RFC ?JTCMJG BCAPC?QC, ?L MAA?QGML?J BCCN AJC?LQGLE @PC?RF GQ
LCCBCB RM DSJJW PCGLDJ?RC RFC ?JTCMJG. 2CQNGP?RMPQ ?PC NPMEP?KKCB RM BM RFGQ ?LB UC DGLB GR L?RSP?J, ?Q BM MSP AMKN?LGML BMEQ ?LB A?RQ, RM R?IC ?
AJC?LQGLE @PC?RF @CDMPC QCRRJGLE GLRM ? L?N.
1. !R 20`# SLJCQQ MRFCPUGQC QR?RCB.
382 #(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3
F?=KH; 11.31 "PMLAFG?J RS@CQ GL RFC JSLEQ @P?LAF GLRM CTCP-QK?JJCP QRPSARSPCQ, DGL?JJW CLBGLE GL ?JTCMJG. 4FC ?JTCMJG ?AR JGIC RGLW @S@@JCQ. 4FC QSPD?AC RCLQGML MD RFCGP KSAMSQ
JGLGLE ?GBQ GL CVF?J?RGML ?LB A?L NPCTCLR GLF?J?RGML GD RMM EPC?R.
4FC RCLQGML GL RFC U?JJQ MD RFC ?JTCMJG PCQSJRQ DPMK RFC KCK@P?LC RGQQSC ?LB ? JGOSGB ML RFC U?JJQ MD RFC ?JTCMJG AMLR?GLGLE ? JMLE JGNMNPMRCGL RF?R ?ARQ
?Q ? QSPD?AR?LR (? QSPD?AC-RCLQGML PCBSAGLE QS@QR?LAC). 4FC LCCB DMP RFC QSPD?AR?LR PCQSJRQ DPMK RFC RCLBCLAW MD QK?JJ ?JTCMJG RM AMJJ?NQC ?LB RFC ?GP
RM DGJJ GLRM RFC J?PECP ?JTCMJG K?IGLE RFCK CTCL J?PECP (?Q BCKMLQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 11.30). $SPGLE GLF?J?RGML, RFC JGNMNPMRCGL KMJCASJCQ ?PC NSJJCB ?N?PR
?LB RFC U?JJ RCLQGML GLAPC?QCQ ?Q RFC P?BGSQ GLAPC?QCQ (GLAPC?QCB QSPD?AC RCLQGML). $SPGLE CVF?J?RGML, RFC KMJCASJCQ QJGBC @?AI RMECRFCP ?LB RFC
QSPD?AC RCLQGML BCAPC?QCQ, FCJNGLE RM NPCTCLR ? AMJJ?NQC MD RFC ?JTCMJG. 4FC QSPD?AR?LR RFCPCDMPC QCPTCQ RM AF?LEC RFC U?JJ RCLQGML QM RF?R QK?JJ
?JTCMJG BMLtR AMJJ?NQC ?LB J?PEC ?JTCMJG ?PC NPCTCLRCB DPMK CVN?LBGLE RMM KSAF. 4FGQ RCLQGML AF?LEC GQ ? SLGOSC NPMNCPRW MD RFCQC QSPD?AR?LRQ, ?LB GQ
LMR QF?PCB @W BCRCPECLRQ (UFGAF QGKNJW JMUCP QSPD?AC RCLQGML). (3CC F?=KH; 11.32.)
F?=KH; 11.32 3SPD?AC RCLQGML ?Q ? DSLARGML MD QSPD?AC ?PC?. 4FC QSPD?AC RCLQGML DMP JSLE QSPD?AR?LR BCAPC?QCQ UGRF BCAPC?QGLE ?PC?. 4FGQ CLQSPCQ RF?R QK?JJ ?JTCMJG BMLtR
AMJJ?NQC ?LB J?PEC ?JTCMJG ?PC LMR ?@JC RM MTCP CVN?LB.
)D U?RCP ECRQ GLRM RFC JSLEQ, RFC QSPD?AC RCLQGML GQ RMM EPC?R ?LB WMS A?LLMR GLF?JC. 4FGQ GQ ? QCTCPC NPM@JCK GL PCQSQAGR?RGLE BPMULGLE TGARGKQ. !
QGKGJ?P NPM@JCK MAASPQ GL LCU@MPL GLD?LRQ UFM ?PC @MPL UGRFMSR RFGQ QSPD?AR?LRrRFCGP JSLEQ ?PC TCPW BGDDGASJR RM GLDJ?RC. 4FGQ AMLBGRGML GQ ILMUL ?Q
;L4?<A8 @8@5E4A8 7<F84F8 ?LB GQ ? JC?BGLE A?SQC MD BC?RF DMP GLD?LRQ, N?PRGASJ?PJW GL NPCK?RSPC @GPRFQ. 3MKC QSAACQQ F?Q @CCL ?AFGCTCB GL RPC?RGLE
FW?JGLC KCK@P?LC BGQC?QC @W QNP?WGLE ? QSPD?AR?LR GLRM RFC GLD?LRtQ @PC?RFGLE N?QQ?ECQ. %KNFWQCK? NPMBSACQ RFC MNNMQGRC NPM@JCK UGRF ?JTCMJG.
!JTCMJ?P U?JJQ MD CKNFWQCK? TGARGKQ BCRCPGMP?RC, ?LB RFC Q?AQ AMK@GLC RM DMPK J?PECP Q?AQ. "CA?SQC NPCQQSPC NPMBSACB @W QSPD?AC RCLQGML
BCAPC?QCQ UGRF GLAPC?QGLE P?BGSQ, RFCQC J?PECP Q?AQ NPMBSAC QK?JJCP NPCQQSPC, PCBSAGLE RFC ?@GJGRW MD CKNFWQCK? TGARGKQ RM CVF?JC. ! AMKKML RCQR
DMP CKNFWQCK? GQ RM KC?QSPC RFC NPCQQSPC ?LB TMJSKC MD ?GP RF?R A?L @C CVF?JCB.
(1) 4PW DJM?RGLE ? QCUGLE LCCBJC ML U?RCP. )L MPBCP DMP RFGQ ?ARGTGRW RM UMPI, RFC LCCBJC LCCBQ RM @C TCPW AJC?L ?Q CTCL RFC MGJ DPMK WMSP DGLECPQ A?L
@C QSDDGAGCLR RM ?DDCAR RFC QSPD?AC NPMNCPRGCQ MD RFC LCCBJC. (2) 0J?AC RFC @PGQRJCQ MD ? N?GLR @PSQF GLRM U?RCP. 0SJJ RFC @PSQF MSR ?LB LMRGAC RF?R DMP ?
QFMPR UFGJC, RFC @PGQRJCQ UGJJ QRGAI RMECRFCP. 4FC QSPD?AC RCLQGML MD RFC U?RCP QSPPMSLBGLE RFC @PGQRJCQ GQ QSDDGAGCLR RM FMJB RFC @PGQRJCQ RMECRFCP. !Q
RFC @PGQRJCQ BPW MSR, RFC QSPD?AC RCLQGML CDDCAR BGQQGN?RCQ. (3) 0J?AC ? JMMN MD RFPC?B ML RFC QSPD?AC MD QRGJJ U?RCP GL QSAF ? U?W RF?R ?JJ MD RFC RFPC?B
GQ GL AMLR?AR UGRF RFC U?RCP. .MRC RFC QF?NC MD RFC JMMN. .MU NJ?AC ? BPMN MD BCRCPECLR GLRM RFC KGBBJC MD RFC JMMN. 7F?R F?NNCLQ RM RFC QF?NC MD
RFC JMMN? 7FW? (4) 3NPGLIJC NCNNCP MLRM RFC QSPD?AC MD U?RCP. !BB ? BPMN MD BCRCPECLR. 7F?R F?NNCLQ? 7FW? (5) &JM?R RUM K?RAFCQ N?P?JJCJ RM
C?AF MRFCP ?LB ?BB ? BPMN MD BCRCPECLR @CRUCCL RFCK. 7F?R F?NNCLQ? .MRC: &MP C?AF LCU CVNCPGKCLR, RFC U?RCP LCCBQ RM @C PCNJ?ACB ?LB RFC
@MUJ U?QFCB RM DPCC GR MD ?LW PCQGBS?J BCRCPECLR.
!BFCQGML ?LB #?NGJJ?PW !ARGML
7FW GQ GR RF?R U?RCP @C?BQ SN ML ? U?VCB A?P @SR BMCQ LMR ML @?PC N?GLR? 4FC ?LQUCP GQ RF?R RFC ?BFCQGTC DMPACQ @CRUCCL U?RCP ?LB U?V ?PC KSAF
QK?JJCP RF?L RFMQC @CRUCCL U?RCP ?LB N?GLR. #MKNCRGRGML @CRUCCL RFC DMPACQ MD ?BFCQGML ?LB AMFCQGML ?PC GKNMPR?LR GL RFC K?APMQAMNGA @CF?TGMP MD
JGOSGBQ. !L GKNMPR?LR D?ARMP GL QRSBWGLE RFC PMJCQ MD RFCQC RUM DMPACQ GQ RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL RFC R?LECLR RM RFC JGOSGB QSPD?AC ?LB RFC QSPD?AC. (3CC
F?=KH; 11.33.) 4FC 9EDJ79J 7D=B; GQ BGPCARJW PCJ?RCB RM RFC PCJ?RGTC QRPCLERF MD RFC AMFCQGTC ?LB ?BFCQGTC DMPACQ. 4FC J?PECP RFC QRPCLERF MD RFC
AMFCQGTC DMPAC PCJ?RGTC RM RFC ?BFCQGTC DMPAC, RFC J?PECP GQ, ?LB RFC KMPC RFC JGOSGB RCLBQ RM DMPK ? BPMNJCR. 4FC QK?JJCP GQ, RFC QK?JJCP RFC
PCJ?RGTC QRPCLERF, QM RF?R RFC ?BFCQGTC DMPAC GQ ?@JC RM DJ?RRCL RFC BPMN. -78B; 11.4 JGQRQ AMLR?AR ?LEJCQ DMP QCTCP?J AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD JGOSGBQ ?LB QMJGBQ.
#(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3 383
#MLR?AR !LEJC
4FC ?LEJC @CRUCCL RFC R?LECLR RM RFC JGOSGB QSPD?AC ?LB RFC QSPD?AC GQ A?JJCB RFC AMLR?AR ?LEJC.
F?=KH; 11.33 )L RFC NFMRMEP?NF, U?RCP @C?BQ ML RFC U?VCB A?P N?GLR ?LB DJ?RRCLQ ML RFC SLU?VCB N?GLR. (?) 7?RCP DMPKQ @C?BQ ML RFC U?VCB QSPD?AC @CA?SQC RFC AMFCQGTC
DMPACQ PCQNMLQG@JC DMP QSPD?AC RCLQGML ?PC J?PECP RF?L RFC ?BFCQGTC DMPACQ, UFGAF RCLB RM DJ?RRCL RFC BPMN. (@) 7?RCP @C?BQ ML @?PC N?GLR ?PC DJ?RRCLCB AMLQGBCP?@JW @CA?SQC RFC
?BFCQGTC DMPACQ @CRUCCL U?RCP ?LB N?GLR ?PC QRPMLE, MTCPAMKGLE QSPD?AC RCLQGML. 4FC AMLR?AR ?LEJC GQ BGPCARJW PCJ?RCB RM RFC PCJ?RGTC QRPCLERFQ MD RFC AMFCQGTC ?LB
?BFCQGTC DMPACQ. 4FC J?PECP GQ, RFC J?PECP RFC P?RGM MD AMFCQGTC RM ?BFCQGTC DMPACQ. (APCBGR: 0. 0. 5PMLC)
/LC GKNMPR?LR NFCLMKCLML PCJ?RCB RM RFC PCJ?RGTC QRPCLERF MD AMFCQGTC ?LB ?BFCQGTC DMPACQ GQ 97F?BB7HO 79J?EDrRFC RCLBCLAW MD ? DJSGB RM @C P?GQCB
MP QSNNPCQQCB GL ? L?PPMU RS@C, MP 64C<??4EL GH58. 4FGQ ?ARGML A?SQCQ @JMMB RM @C BP?UL GLRM ? QK?JJ-BG?KCRCP RS@C UFCL RFC RS@C RMSAFCQ ? BPMN.
#?NGJJ?PW !ARGML
4FC RCLBCLAW MD ? DJSGB RM @C P?GQCB MP QSNNPCQQCB GL ? L?PPMU RS@C, MP A?NGJJ?PW RS@C, GQ A?JJCB A?NGJJ?PW ?ARGML.
)D ? A?NGJJ?PW RS@C GQ NJ?ACB TCPRGA?JJW GLRM ? JGOSGB, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 11.34, A?NGJJ?PW ?ARGML UGJJ P?GQC MP QSNNPCQQ RFC JGOSGB GLQGBC RFC RS@C BCNCLBGLE
ML RFC AMK@GL?RGML MD QS@QR?LACQ. 4FC ?ARS?J CDDCAR BCNCLBQ ML RFC PCJ?RGTC QRPCLERF MD RFC AMFCQGTC ?LB ?BFCQGTC DMPACQ ?LB, RFSQ, RFC AMLR?AR
?LEJC EGTCL GL RFC R?@JC. )D GQ JCQQ RF?L 90 , RFCL RFC DJSGB UGJJ @C P?GQCB; GD GQ EPC?RCP RF?L 90 , GR UGJJ @C QSNNPCQQCB. -CPASPW, DMP CV?KNJC,
F?Q ? TCPW J?PEC QSPD?AC RCLQGML ?LB ? J?PEC AMLR?AR ?LEJC UGRF EJ?QQ. 7FCL NJ?ACB GL ? RS@C, RFC QSPD?AC MD ? AMJSKL MD KCPASPW ASPTCQ BMULU?PB,
QMKCUF?R JGIC ? BPMN. 4FC ASPTCB QSPD?AC MD ? DJSGB GL ? RS@C GQ A?JJCB ? C;D?I9KI. 4FC RCLBCLAW MD QSPD?AC RCLQGML GQ ?JU?WQ RM PCBSAC RFC QSPD?AC
?PC?. 3SPD?AC RCLQGML RFSQ DJ?RRCLQ RFC ASPTCB JGOSGB QSPD?AC GL ? A?NGJJ?PW RS@C. 4FGQ PCQSJRQ GL ? BMULU?PB DMPAC GL KCPASPW ?LB ?L SNU?PB DMPAC GL
U?RCP, ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 11.34.
F?=KH; 11.34 (?) -CPASPW GQ QSNNPCQQCB GL ? EJ?QQ RS@C @CA?SQC GRQ AMLR?AR ?LEJC GQ EPC?RCP RF?L 90 . 3SPD?AC RCLQGML CVCPRQ ? BMULU?PB DMPAC ?Q GR DJ?RRCLQ RFC KCPASPW,
QSNNPCQQGLE GR GL RFC RS@C. 4FC B?QFCB JGLC QFMUQ RFC QF?NC RFC KCPASPW QSPD?AC UMSJB F?TC UGRFMSR RFC DJ?RRCLGLE CDDCAR MD QSPD?AC RCLQGML. (@) 7?RCP GQ P?GQCB GL ? EJ?QQ RS@C
@CA?SQC GRQ AMLR?AR ?LEJC GQ LC?PJW 0 . 3SPD?AC RCLQGML RFCPCDMPC CVCPRQ ?L SNU?PB DMPAC UFCL GR DJ?RRCLQ RFC QSPD?AC RM PCBSAC GRQ ?PC?.
384 #(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3
4?@JC 11.4 #MLR?AR !LEJCQ MD 3MKC 3S@QR?LACQ
"DJ;H<79; CEDJ79J 7D=B; S
-CPASPWqEJ?QQ 140
7?RCPqEJ?QQ 0
7?RCPqN?P?DDGL 107
7?RCPqQGJTCP 90
/PE?LGA JGOSGBQ (KMQR)qEJ?QQ 0
%RFWJ ?JAMFMJqEJ?QQ 0
+CPMQCLCqEJ?QQ 26
#?NGJJ?PW ?ARGML A?L KMTC JGOSGBQ FMPGXMLR?JJW MTCP TCPW J?PEC BGQR?LACQ, @SR RFC FCGEFR RM UFGAF GR A?L P?GQC MP QSNNPCQQ ? JGOSGB GL ? RS@C GQ JGKGRCB @W
GRQ UCGEFR. )R A?L @C QFMUL RF?R RFGQ FCGEFR h GQ EGTCL @W
(11.51)
h =
2 cos
gr
.
)D UC JMMI ?R RFC BGDDCPCLR D?ARMPQ GL RFGQ CVNPCQQGML, UC KGEFR QCC FMU GR K?ICQ EMMB QCLQC. 4FC FCGEFR GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC QSPD?AC RCLQGML
, UFGAF GQ GRQ BGPCAR A?SQC. &SPRFCPKMPC, RFC FCGEFR GQ GLTCPQCJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RS@C P?BGSQrRFC QK?JJCP RFC P?BGSQ r , RFC FGEFCP RFC DJSGB A?L @C
P?GQCB, QGLAC ? QK?JJCP RS@C FMJBQ JCQQ K?QQ. 4FC FCGEFR GQ ?JQM GLTCPQCJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM DJSGB BCLQGRW , QGLAC ? J?PECP BCLQGRW KC?LQ ? EPC?RCP K?QQ
GL RFC Q?KC TMJSKC. (3CC F?=KH; 11.35.)
F?=KH; 11.35 (?) #?NGJJ?PW ?ARGML BCNCLBQ ML RFC P?BGSQ MD ? RS@C. 4FC QK?JJCP RFC RS@C, RFC EPC?RCP RFC FCGEFR PC?AFCB. 4FC FCGEFR GQ LCEJGEG@JC DMP J?PEC-P?BGSQ RS@CQ. (@) !
BCLQCP DJSGB GL RFC Q?KC RS@C PGQCQ RM ? QK?JJCP FCGEFR, ?JJ MRFCP D?ARMPQ @CGLE RFC Q?KC.
EN7CFB; 11.12 C7B9KB7J?D= +7:?KI E< 7 C7F?BB7HO -K8;: C7F?BB7HO A9J?ED: -H;; ,7F
#?L A?NGJJ?PW ?ARGML @C QMJCJW PCQNMLQG@JC DMP Q?N PGQGLE GL RPCCQ? 4M ?LQUCP RFGQ OSCQRGML, A?JASJ?RC RFC P?BGSQ MD ? A?NGJJ?PW RS@C RF?R UMSJB P?GQC
Q?N 100 K RM RFC RMN MD ? EG?LR PCBUMMB, ?QQSKGLE RF?R Q?NtQ BCLQGRW GQ 1050 kg/m
3
, GRQ AMLR?AR ?LEJC GQ XCPM, ?LB GRQ QSPD?AC RCLQGML GQ RFC
Q?KC ?Q RF?R MD U?RCP ?R 20.0 C.
,JH7J;=O
4FC FCGEFR RM UFGAF ? JGOSGB UGJJ PGQC ?Q ? PCQSJR MD A?NGJJ?PW ?ARGML GQ EGTCL @W h =
2 cos
gr
, ?LB CTCPW OS?LRGRW GQ ILMUL CVACNR DMP r .
,EBKJ?ED
3MJTGLE DMP r ?LB QS@QRGRSRGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ NPMBSACQ
(11.52)
r =
2 cos
gh
=
2(0.0728 N/m)cos(0)
1050 kg/m
3
9.80 m/s
2
(100 m)
= 1.4110
7
m.
D?I9KII?ED
#(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3 385
4FGQ PCQSJR GQ SLPC?QML?@JC. 3?N GL RPCCQ KMTCQ RFPMSEF RFC KL?8@, UFGAF DMPKQ RS@CQ UGRF P?BGG ?Q QK?JJ ?Q 2.510
5
m. 4FGQ T?JSC GQ ?@MSR
180 RGKCQ ?Q J?PEC ?Q RFC P?BGSQ DMSLB LCACQQ?PW FCPC RM P?GQC Q?N 100 m. 4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R A?NGJJ?PW ?ARGML ?JMLC A?LLMR @C QMJCJW PCQNMLQG@JC
DMP Q?N ECRRGLE RM RFC RMNQ MD RPCCQ.
(MU 7B8F Q?N ECR RM RFC RMNQ MD R?JJ RPCCQ? (2CA?JJ RF?R ? AMJSKL MD U?RCP A?L MLJW PGQC RM ? FCGEFR MD 10 K UFCL RFCPC GQ ? T?ASSK ?R RFC RMNrQCC
EN7CFB; 11.5.) 4FC OSCQRGML F?Q LMR @CCL AMKNJCRCJW PCQMJTCB, @SR GR ?NNC?PQ RF?R GR GQ NSJJCB SN JGIC ? AF?GL FCJB RMECRFCP @W AMFCQGTC DMPACQ. !Q
C?AF KMJCASJC MD Q?N CLRCPQ ? JC?D ?LB CT?NMP?RCQ (? NPMACQQ A?JJCB RP?LQNGP?RGML), RFC CLRGPC AF?GL GQ NSJJCB SN ? LMRAF. 3M ? LCE?RGTC NPCQQSPC
APC?RCB @W U?RCP CT?NMP?RGML KSQR @C NPCQCLR RM NSJJ RFC Q?N SN RFPMSEF RFC VWJCK TCQQCJQ. )L KMQR QGRS?RGMLQ, 9?H<7F 64A CHF; 5HG 64A 8K8EG BA?L
A8:?<:<5?8 CH??, @CA?SQC RFC AMFCQGTC DMPACQ QCCK RM @C RMM QK?JJ RM FMJB RFC KMJCASJCQ RGEFRJW RMECRFCP. "SR GL RFGQ A?QC, RFC AMFCQGTC DMPAC MD U?RCP
KMJCASJCQ NPMTGBCQ ? TCPW QRPMLE NSJJ. F?=KH; 11.36 QFMUQ MLC BCTGAC DMP QRSBWGLE LCE?RGTC NPCQQSPC. 3MKC CVNCPGKCLRQ F?TC BCKMLQRP?RCB RF?R
LCE?RGTC NPCQQSPCQ QSDDGAGCLR RM NSJJ Q?N RM RFC RMNQ MD RFC R?JJCQR RPCCQ 64A @C ?AFGCTCB.
F?=KH; 11.36 (?) 7FCL RFC NGQRML GQ P?GQCB, GR QRPCRAFCQ RFC JGOSGB QJGEFRJW, NSRRGLE GR SLBCP RCLQGML ?LB APC?RGLE ? LCE?RGTC ?@QMJSRC NPCQQSPC P = F / A . (@) 4FC JGOSGB
CTCLRS?JJW QCN?P?RCQ, EGTGLE ?L CVNCPGKCLR?J JGKGR RM LCE?RGTC NPCQQSPC GL RFGQ JGOSGB.
11.9 )H;IIKH;I ?D J>; BE:O
0PCQQSPC GL RFC "MBW
.CVR RM R?IGLE ? NCPQMLtQ RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB UCGEFR, KC?QSPGLE @JMMB NPCQQSPC GQ RFC KMQR AMKKML MD ?JJ KCBGA?J CV?KGL?RGMLQ. #MLRPMJ MD FGEF @JMMB
NPCQQSPC GQ J?PECJW PCQNMLQG@JC DMP RFC QGELGDGA?LR BCAPC?QCQ GL FC?PR ?RR?AI ?LB QRPMIC D?R?JGRGCQ ?AFGCTCB GL RFC J?QR RFPCC BCA?BCQ. 4FC NPCQQSPCQ GL
T?PGMSQ N?PRQ MD RFC @MBW A?L @C KC?QSPCB ?LB MDRCL NPMTGBC T?JS?@JC KCBGA?J GLBGA?RMPQ. )L RFGQ QCARGML, UC AMLQGBCP ? DCU CV?KNJCQ RMECRFCP UGRF
QMKC MD RFC NFWQGAQ RF?R ?AAMKN?LGCQ RFCK.
-78B; 11.5 JGQRQ QMKC MD RFC KC?QSPCB NPCQQSPCQ GL KK (E, RFC SLGRQ KMQR AMKKMLJW OSMRCB.
386 #(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3
4?@JC 11.5 4WNGA?J 0PCQQSPCQ GL (SK?LQ
BE:O IOIJ;C 7K=; FH;IIKH; ?D CC !=
"JMMB NPCQQSPCQ GL J?PEC ?PRCPGCQ (PCQRGLE)
$4K<@H@ (FLFGB?<6) 100q140
$<A<@H@ (7<4FGB?<6) 60q90
"JMMB NPCQQSPC GL J?PEC TCGLQ 4q15
%WC 12q24
"P?GL ?LB QNGL?J DJSGB (JWGLE BMUL) 5q12
"J?BBCP
.;<?8 9<??<A: 0q25
.;8A 9H?? 100q150
#FCQR A?TGRW @CRUCCL JSLEQ ?LB PG@Q {8 RM {4
)LQGBC JSLEQ {2 RM +3
$GECQRGTC RP?AR
EFBC;4:HF {2
*GB@46; 0q20
AG8FG<A8F 10q20
-GBBJC C?P <1
"JMMB 0PCQQSPC
#MKKML ?PRCPG?J @JMMB NPCQQSPC KC?QSPCKCLRQ RWNGA?JJW NPMBSAC T?JSCQ MD 120 KK (E ?LB 80 KK (E, PCQNCARGTCJW, DMP QWQRMJGA ?LB BG?QRMJGA
NPCQQSPCQ. "MRF NPCQQSPCQ F?TC FC?JRF GKNJGA?RGMLQ. 7FCL QWQRMJGA NPCQQSPC GQ AFPMLGA?JJW FGEF, RFC PGQI MD QRPMIC ?LB FC?PR ?RR?AI GQ GLAPC?QCB. )D,
FMUCTCP, GR GQ RMM JMU, D?GLRGLE GQ ? NPM@JCK. ,OIJEB?9 FH;IIKH; GLAPC?QCQ BP?K?RGA?JJW BSPGLE CVCPAGQC RM GLAPC?QC @JMMB DJMU ?LB PCRSPLQ RM LMPK?J
?DRCPU?PB. 4FGQ AF?LEC NPMBSACQ LM GJJ CDDCARQ ?LB, GL D?AR, K?W @C @CLCDGAG?J RM RFC RMLC MD RFC AGPASJ?RMPW QWQRCK. D?7IJEB?9 FH;IIKH; A?L @C ?L
GLBGA?RMP MD DJSGB @?J?LAC. 7FCL JMU, GR K?W GLBGA?RC RF?R ? NCPQML GQ FCKMPPF?EGLE GLRCPL?JJW ?LB LCCBQ ? RP?LQDSQGML. #MLTCPQCJW, FGEF BG?QRMJGA
NPCQQSPC GLBGA?RCQ ? @?JJMMLGLE MD RFC @JMMB TCQQCJQ, UFGAF K?W @C BSC RM RFC RP?LQDSQGML MD RMM KSAF DJSGB GLRM RFC AGPASJ?RMPW QWQRCK. (GEF BG?QRMJGA
NPCQQSPC GQ ?JQM ?L GLBGA?RGML RF?R @JMMB TCQQCJQ ?PC LMR BGJ?RGLE NPMNCPJW RM N?QQ @JMMB RFPMSEF. 4FGQ A?L QCPGMSQJW QRP?GL RFC FC?PR GL GRQ ?RRCKNR RM
NSKN @JMMB.
"JMMB JC?TCQ RFC FC?PR ?R ?@MSR 120 KK (E @SR GRQ NPCQQSPC AMLRGLSCQ RM BCAPC?QC (RM ?JKMQR 0) ?Q GR EMCQ DPMK RFC ?MPR? RM QK?JJCP ?PRCPGCQ RM QK?JJ
TCGLQ (QCC F?=KH; 11.37). 4FC NPCQQSPC BGDDCPCLACQ GL RFC AGPASJ?RGML QWQRCK ?PC A?SQCB @W @JMMB DJMU RFPMSEF RFC QWQRCK ?Q UCJJ ?Q RFC NMQGRGML MD
RFC NCPQML. &MP ? NCPQML QR?LBGLE SN, RFC NPCQQSPC GL RFC DCCR UGJJ @C J?PECP RF?L ?R RFC FC?PR BSC RM RFC UCGEFR MD RFC @JMMB (P = hg) . )D UC
?QQSKC RF?R RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC FC?PR ?LB RFC DCCR MD ? NCPQML GL ?L SNPGEFR NMQGRGML GQ 1.4 K, RFCL RFC GLAPC?QC GL NPCQQSPC GL RFC DCCR PCJ?RGTC
RM RF?R GL RFC FC?PR (DMP ? QR?RGA AMJSKL MD @JMMB) GQ EGTCL @W
(11.53)
P = hg = (1.4 m)
1050 kg/m
3
9.80 m/s
2
= 1.410
4
Pa = 108 mm Hg.
)LAPC?QC GL 0PCQQSPC GL RFC &CCR MD ? 0CPQML
(11.54)
P = hg = (1.4 m)
1050 kg/m
3
9.80 m/s
2
= 1.410
4
Pa = 108 mm Hg.
3R?LBGLE ? JMLE RGKC A?L JC?B RM ?L ?AASKSJ?RGML MD @JMMB GL RFC JCEQ ?LB QUCJJGLE. 4FGQ GQ RFC PC?QML UFW QMJBGCPQ UFM ?PC PCOSGPCB RM QR?LB QRGJJ DMP
JMLE NCPGMBQ MD RGKC F?TC @CCL ILMUL RM D?GLR. %J?QRGA @?LB?ECQ ?PMSLB RFC A?JD A?L FCJN NPCTCLR RFGQ ?AASKSJ?RGML ?LB A?L ?JQM FCJN NPMTGBC
GLAPC?QCB NPCQQSPC RM CL?@JC RFC TCGLQ RM QCLB @JMMB @?AI SN RM RFC FC?PR. &MP QGKGJ?P PC?QMLQ, BMARMPQ PCAMKKCLB RGEFR QRMAIGLEQ DMP JMLE-F?SJ
DJGEFRQ.
"JMMB NPCQQSPC K?W ?JQM @C KC?QSPCB GL RFC K?HMP TCGLQ, RFC FC?PR AF?K@CPQ, ?PRCPGCQ RM RFC @P?GL, ?LB RFC JSLEQ. "SR RFCQC NPCQQSPCQ ?PC SQS?JJW
MLJW KMLGRMPCB BSPGLE QSPECPW MP DMP N?RGCLRQ GL GLRCLQGTC A?PC QGLAC RFC KC?QSPCKCLRQ ?PC GLT?QGTC. 4M M@R?GL RFCQC NPCQQSPC KC?QSPCKCLRQ,
OS?JGDGCB FC?JRF A?PC UMPICPQ RFPC?B RFGL RS@CQ, A?JJCB A?RFCRCPQ, GLRM ?NNPMNPG?RC JMA?RGMLQ RM RP?LQKGR NPCQQSPCQ RM CVRCPL?J KC?QSPGLE BCTGACQ.
4FC FC?PR AMLQGQRQ MD RUM NSKNQrRFC PGEFR QGBC DMPAGLE @JMMB RFPMSEF RFC JSLEQ ?LB RFC JCDR A?SQGLE @JMMB RM DJMU RFPMSEF RFC PCQR MD RFC @MBW
(F?=KH; 11.37). 2GEFR-FC?PR D?GJSPC, DMP CV?KNJC, PCQSJRQ GL ? PGQC GL RFC NPCQQSPC GL RFC TCL? A?T?C ?LB ? BPMN GL NPCQQSPC GL RFC ?PRCPGCQ RM RFC JSLEQ.
,CDR-FC?PR D?GJSPC PCQSJRQ GL ? PGQC GL RFC NPCQQSPC CLRCPGLE RFC JCDR QGBC MD RFC FC?PR ?LB ? BPMN GL ?MPR?J NPCQQSPC. )KNJGA?RGMLQ MD RFCQC ?LB MRFCP
NPCQQSPCQ ML DJMU GL RFC AGPASJ?RMPW QWQRCK UGJJ @C BGQASQQCB GL KMPC BCR?GJ GL FBK?: DOD7C?9I 7D: "JI B?EBE=?97B 7D: &;:?97B AFFB?97J?EDI.
4UM 0SKNQ MD RFC (C?PR
4FC FC?PR AMLQGQRQ MD RUM NSKNQrRFC PGEFR QGBC DMPAGLE @JMMB RFPMSEF RFC JSLEQ ?LB RFC JCDR A?SQGLE @JMMB RM DJMU RFPMSEF RFC PCQR MD RFC @MBW.
#(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3 387
F?=KH; 11.37 3AFCK?RGA MD RFC AGPASJ?RMPW QWQRCK QFMUGLE RWNGA?J NPCQQSPCQ. 4FC RUM NSKNQ GL RFC FC?PR GLAPC?QC NPCQQSPC ?LB RF?R NPCQQSPC GQ PCBSACB ?Q RFC @JMMB DJMUQ
RFPMSEF RFC @MBW. ,MLE-RCPK BCTG?RGMLQ DPMK RFCQC NPCQQSPCQ F?TC KCBGA?J GKNJGA?RGMLQ BGQASQQCB GL QMKC BCR?GJ GL RFC FBK?: DOD7C?9I 7D: "JI B?EBE=?97B 7D: &;:?97B
AFFB?97J?EDI. /LJW ?MPR?J MP ?PRCPG?J @JMMB NPCQQSPC A?L @C KC?QSPCB LMLGLT?QGTCJW.
0PCQQSPC GL RFC %WC
4FC QF?NC MD RFC CWC GQ K?GLR?GLCB @W DJSGB NPCQQSPC, A?JJCB ?DJH7E9KB7H FH;IIKH;, UFGAF GQ LMPK?JJW GL RFC P?LEC MD 12.0 RM 24.0 KK (E. 7FCL RFC
AGPASJ?RGML MD DJSGB GL RFC CWC GQ @JMAICB, GR A?L JC?B RM ? @SGJBSN GL NPCQQSPC, ? AMLBGRGML A?JJCB =B7K9EC7. 4FC LCR NPCQQSPC A?L @CAMKC ?Q EPC?R ?Q
85.0 KK (E, ?L ?@LMPK?JJW J?PEC NPCQQSPC RF?R A?L NCPK?LCLRJW B?K?EC RFC MNRGA LCPTC. 4M ECR ?L GBC? MD RFC DMPAC GLTMJTCB, QSNNMQC RFC @?AI MD
RFC CWC F?Q ?L ?PC? MD 6.0 cm
2
, ?LB RFC LCR NPCQQSPC GQ 85.0 KK (E. &MPAC GQ EGTCL @W F = PA . 4M ECR F GL LCURMLQ, UC AMLTCPR RFC ?PC? RM
m
2
( 1 m
2
= 10
4
cm
2
). 4FCL UC A?JASJ?RC ?Q DMJJMUQ:
(11.55)
F = hgA =

85.010
3
m
13.610
3
kg/m
3
9.80 m/s
2
6.010
4
m
2
= 6.8 N.
%WC 0PCQQSPC
4FC QF?NC MD RFC CWC GQ K?GLR?GLCB @W DJSGB NPCQQSPC, A?JJCB GLRP?MASJ?P NPCQQSPC. 7FCL RFC AGPASJ?RGML MD DJSGB GL RFC CWC GQ @JMAICB, GR A?L JC?B RM
? @SGJBSN GL NPCQQSPC, ? AMLBGRGML A?JJCB EJ?SAMK?. 4FC DMPAC GQ A?JASJ?RCB ?Q
(11.56)
F = hgA =

85.010
3
m
13.610
3
kg/m
3
9.80 m/s
2
6.010
4
m
2
= 6.8 N.
4FGQ DMPAC GQ RFC UCGEFR MD ?@MSR ? 680-E K?QQ. ! K?QQ MD 680 E PCQRGLE ML RFC CWC (GK?EGLC 1.5 J@ PCQRGLE ML WMSP CWC) UMSJB @C QSDDGAGCLR RM A?SQC GR
B?K?EC. (! LMPK?J DMPAC FCPC UMSJB @C RFC UCGEFR MD ?@MSR 120 E, JCQQ RF?L MLC-OS?PRCP MD MSP GLGRG?J T?JSC.)
0CMNJC MTCP 40 WC?PQ MD ?EC ?PC ?R EPC?RCQR PGQI MD BCTCJMNGLE EJ?SAMK? ?LB QFMSJB F?TC RFCGP GLRP?MASJ?P NPCQQSPC RCQRCB PMSRGLCJW. -MQR
KC?QSPCKCLRQ GLTMJTC CVCPRGLE ? DMPAC ML RFC (?LCQRFCRGXCB) CWC MTCP QMKC ?PC? (? NPCQQSPC) ?LB M@QCPTGLE RFC CWCtQ PCQNMLQC. ! LMLAMLR?AR
?NNPM?AF SQCQ ? NSDD MD ?GP ?LB ? KC?QSPCKCLR GQ K?BC MD RFC DMPAC LCCBCB RM GLBCLR RFC CWC (F?=KH; 11.38). )D RFC GLRP?MASJ?P NPCQQSPC GQ FGEF, RFC
CWC UGJJ BCDMPK JCQQ ?LB PC@MSLB KMPC TGEMPMSQJW RF?L LMPK?J. %VACQQGTC GLRP?MASJ?P NPCQQSPCQ A?L @C BCRCARCB PCJG?@JW ?LB QMKCRGKCQ AMLRPMJJCB
CDDCARGTCJW.
388 #(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3
F?=KH; 11.38 4FC GLRP?MASJ?P CWC NPCQQSPC A?L @C PC?B UGRF ? RMLMKCRCP. (APCBGR: $CTCJMN!JJ ?R RFC 7GIGNCBG? 0PMHCAR.)
EN7CFB; 11.13 C7B9KB7J?D= 7K=; )H;IIKH; 7D: D;FJ>: D7C7=; JE J>; E7H:HKC
3SNNMQC ? 3.00-. DMPAC A?L PSNRSPC ?L C?PBPSK. (?) )D RFC C?PBPSK F?Q ?L ?PC? MD 1.00 cm
2
, A?JASJ?RC RFC K?VGKSK RMJCP?@JC E?SEC NPCQQSPC
ML RFC C?PBPSK GL LCURMLQ NCP KCRCP QOS?PCB ?LB AMLTCPR GR RM KGJJGKCRCPQ MD KCPASPW. (@) !R UF?R BCNRF GL DPCQFU?RCP UMSJB RFGQ NCPQMLtQ
C?PBPSK PSNRSPC, ?QQSKGLE RFC E?SEC NPCQQSPC GL RFC KGBBJC C?P GQ XCPM?
,JH7J;=O <EH (7)
4FC NPCQQSPC A?L @C DMSLB BGPCARJW DPMK GRQ BCDGLGRGML QGLAC UC ILMU RFC DMPAC ?LB ?PC?. 7C ?PC JMMIGLE DMP RFC E?SEC NPCQQSPC.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
(11.57)
P
g
= F / A = 3.00 N/ (1.0010
4
m
2
) = 3.0010
4
N/m
2
.
7C LMU LCCB RM AMLTCPR RFGQ RM SLGRQ MD KK (E:
(11.58)
P
g
= 3.010
4
N/m
2
1.0 mm Hg
133 N/m
2
= 226 mm Hg.
,JH7J;=O <EH (8)
(CPC UC UGJJ SQC RFC D?AR RF?R RFC U?RCP NPCQQSPC T?PGCQ JGLC?PJW UGRF BCNRF h @CJMU RFC QSPD?AC.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
P = hg ?LB RFCPCDMPC h = P/ g . 5QGLE RFC T?JSC ?@MTC DMP P , UC F?TC
(11.59)
h =
3.010
4
N/m
2
(1.0010
3
kg/m
3
)(9.80 m/s
2
)
= 3.06 m.
D?I9KII?ED
3GKGJ?PJW, GLAPC?QCB NPCQQSPC CVCPRCB SNML RFC C?PBPSK DPMK RFC KGBBJC C?P A?L ?PGQC UFCL ?L GLDCARGML A?SQCQ ? DJSGB @SGJBSN.
0PCQQSPC !QQMAG?RCB UGRF RFC ,SLEQ
4FC NPCQQSPC GLQGBC RFC JSLEQ GLAPC?QCQ ?LB BCAPC?QCQ UGRF C?AF @PC?RF. 4FC NPCQQSPC BPMNQ RM @CJMU ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC (LCE?RGTC E?SEC
NPCQQSPC) UFCL WMS GLF?JC, A?SQGLE ?GP RM DJMU GLRM RFC JSLEQ. )R GLAPC?QCQ ?@MTC ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC (NMQGRGTC E?SEC NPCQQSPC) UFCL WMS CVF?JC,
DMPAGLE ?GP MSR.
,SLE NPCQQSPC GQ AMLRPMJJCB @W QCTCP?J KCAF?LGQKQ. -SQAJC ?ARGML GL RFC BG?NFP?EK ?LB PG@ A?EC GQ LCACQQ?PW DMP GLF?J?RGML; RFGQ KSQAJC ?ARGML
GLAPC?QCQ RFC TMJSKC MD RFC JSLEQ RFCPC@W PCBSAGLE RFC NPCQQSPC UGRFGL RFCK F?=KH; 11.39. 3SPD?AC RCLQGML GL RFC ?JTCMJG APC?RCQ ? NMQGRGTC NPCQQSPC
MNNMQGLE GLF?J?RGML. (3CC CE>;I?ED 7D: A:>;I?ED ?D %?GK?:I: ,KH<79; -;DI?ED 7D: C7F?BB7HO A9J?ED.) 9MS A?L CVF?JC UGRFMSR KSQAJC ?ARGML @W
JCRRGLE QSPD?AC RCLQGML GL RFC ?JTCMJG APC?RC GRQ MUL NMQGRGTC NPCQQSPC. -SQAJC ?ARGML A?L ?BB RM RFGQ NMQGRGTC NPCQQSPC RM NPMBSAC DMPACB CVF?J?RGML,
QSAF ?Q UFCL WMS @JMU SN ? @?JJMML, @JMU MSR ? A?LBJC, MP AMSEF.
4FC JSLEQ, GL D?AR, UMSJB AMJJ?NQC BSC RM RFC QSPD?AC RCLQGML GL RFC ?JTCMJG, GD RFCW UCPC LMR ?RR?AFCB RM RFC GLQGBC MD RFC AFCQR U?JJ @W JGOSGB ?BFCQGML.
4FC E?SEC NPCQQSPC GL RFC JGOSGB ?RR?AFGLE RFC JSLEQ RM RFC GLQGBC MD RFC AFCQR U?JJ GQ RFSQ LCE?RGTC, P?LEGLE DPMK 4 RM 8 mm Hg BSPGLE
CVF?J?RGML ?LB GLF?J?RGML, PCQNCARGTCJW. )D ?GP GQ ?JJMUCB RM CLRCP RFC AFCQR A?TGRW, GR @PC?IQ RFC ?RR?AFKCLR, ?LB MLC MP @MRF JSLEQ K?W AMJJ?NQC.
3SARGML GQ ?NNJGCB RM RFC AFCQR A?TGRW MD QSPECPW N?RGCLRQ ?LB RP?SK? TGARGKQ RM PCCQR?@JGQF LCE?RGTC NPCQQSPC ?LB GLDJ?RC RFC JSLEQ.
#(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3 389
AH9>?C;:;IX FH?D9?FB;:
78IEBKJ; FH;IIKH;:
7:>;I?L; <EH9;I:
8KEO7DJ <EH9;:
97F?BB7HO 79J?ED:
9E>;I?L; <EH9;I:
9EDJ79J 7D=B;:
:;DI?JO:
F?=KH; 11.39 (?) $SPGLE GLF?J?RGML, KSQAJCQ CVN?LB RFC AFCQR, ?LB RFC BG?NFP?EK KMTCQ BMULU?PB, PCBSAGLE NPCQQSPC GLQGBC RFC JSLEQ RM JCQQ RF?L ?RKMQNFCPGA (LCE?RGTC
E?SEC NPCQQSPC). 0PCQQSPC @CRUCCL RFC JSLEQ ?LB AFCQR U?JJ GQ CTCL JMUCP RM MTCPAMKC RFC NMQGRGTC NPCQQSPC APC?RCB @W QSPD?AC RCLQGML GL RFC JSLEQ. (@) $SPGLE ECLRJC
CVF?J?RGML, RFC KSQAJCQ QGKNJW PCJ?V ?LB QSPD?AC RCLQGML GL RFC ?JTCMJG APC?RCQ ? NMQGRGTC NPCQQSPC GLQGBC RFC JSLEQ, DMPAGLE ?GP MSR. 0PCQQSPC @CRUCCL RFC AFCQR U?JJ ?LB JSLEQ
PCK?GLQ LCE?RGTC RM ICCN RFCK ?RR?AFCB RM RFC AFCQR U?JJ, @SR GR GQ JCQQ LCE?RGTC RF?L BSPGLE GLF?J?RGML.
/RFCP 0PCQQSPCQ GL RFC "MBW
,F?D7B CEBKCD 7D: ,AKBB
.MPK?JJW, RFCPC GQ ? 5- RM12-KK (E NPCQQSPC GL RFC DJSGB QSPPMSLBGLE RFC @P?GL ?LB DGJJGLE RFC QNGL?J AMJSKL. 4FGQ ACPC@PMQNGL?J DJSGB QCPTCQ K?LW
NSPNMQCQ, MLC MD UFGAF GQ RM QSNNJW DJMR?RGML RM RFC @P?GL. 4FC @SMW?LR DMPAC QSNNJGCB @W RFC DJSGB LC?PJW COS?JQ RFC UCGEFR MD RFC @P?GL, QGLAC RFCGP
BCLQGRGCQ ?PC LC?PJW COS?J. )D RFCPC GQ ? JMQQ MD DJSGB, RFC @P?GL PCQRQ ML RFC GLQGBC MD RFC QISJJ, A?SQGLE QCTCPC FC?B?AFCQ, AMLQRPGARCB @JMMB DJMU, ?LB
QCPGMSQ B?K?EC. 3NGL?J DJSGB NPCQQSPC GQ KC?QSPCB @W KC?LQ MD ? LCCBJC GLQCPRCB @CRUCCL TCPRC@P?C RF?R RP?LQKGRQ RFC NPCQQSPC RM ? QSGR?@JC
KC?QSPGLE BCTGAC.
BB7::;H )H;IIKH;
4FGQ @MBGJW NPCQQSPC GQ MLC MD UFGAF UC ?PC MDRCL ?U?PC. )L D?AR, RFCPC GQ ? PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL MSP ?U?PCLCQQ MD RFGQ NPCQQSPC ?LB ? QS@QCOSCLR
GLAPC?QC GL GR. "J?BBCP NPCQQSPC AJGK@Q QRC?BGJW DPMK XCPM RM ?@MSR 25 KK (E ?Q RFC @J?BBCP DGJJQ RM GRQ LMPK?J A?N?AGRW MD 500 cm
3
. 4FGQ NPCQQSPC
RPGEECPQ RFC C?9JKH?J?ED H;<B;N, UFGAF QRGKSJ?RCQ RFC DCCJGLE MD LCCBGLE RM SPGL?RC. 7F?R GQ KMPC, GR ?JQM A?SQCQ KSQAJCQ ?PMSLB RFC @J?BBCP RM
AMLRP?AR, P?GQGLE RFC NPCQQSPC RM MTCP 100 KK (E, ?AACLRS?RGLE RFC QCLQ?RGML. #MSEFGLE, QRP?GLGLE, RCLQGLE GL AMJB UC?RFCP, UC?PGLE RGEFR AJMRFCQ, ?LB
CVNCPGCLAGLE QGKNJC LCPTMSQ RCLQGML ?JJ A?L GLAPC?QC @J?BBCP NPCQQSPC ?LB RPGEECP RFGQ PCDJCV. 3M A?L RFC UCGEFR MD ? NPCEL?LR UMK?LtQ DCRSQ,
CQNCAG?JJW GD GR GQ IGAIGLE TGEMPMSQJW MP NSQFGLE BMUL UGRF GRQ FC?B! "J?BBCP NPCQQSPC A?L @C KC?QSPCB @W ? A?RFCRCP MP @W GLQCPRGLE ? LCCBJC RFPMSEF
RFC @J?BBCP U?JJ ?LB RP?LQKGRRGLE RFC NPCQQSPC RM ?L ?NNPMNPG?RC KC?QSPGLE BCTGAC. /LC F?X?PB MD FGEF @J?BBCP NPCQQSPC (QMKCRGKCQ APC?RCB @W ?L
M@QRPSARGML), GQ RF?R QSAF NPCQQSPC A?L DMPAC SPGLC @?AI GLRM RFC IGBLCWQ, A?SQGLE NMRCLRG?JJW QCTCPC B?K?EC.
)H;IIKH;I ?D J>; ,A;B;J7B ,OIJ;C
4FCQC NPCQQSPCQ ?PC RFC J?PECQR GL RFC @MBW, BSC @MRF RM RFC FGEF T?JSCQ MD GLGRG?J DMPAC, ?LB RFC QK?JJ ?PC?Q RM UFGAF RFGQ DMPAC GQ ?NNJGCB, QSAF ?Q GL
RFC HMGLRQ.. &MP CV?KNJC, UFCL ? NCPQML JGDRQ ?L M@HCAR GKNPMNCPJW, ? DMPAC MD 5000 . K?W @C APC?RCB @CRUCCL TCPRC@P?C GL RFC QNGLC, ?LB RFGQ K?W @C
?NNJGCB RM ?L ?PC? ?Q QK?JJ ?Q 10 cm
2
. 4FC NPCQQSPC APC?RCB GQ P = F / A = (5000 N) / (10
3
m
2
) = 5.010
6
N/m
2
MP ?@MSR 50 ?RK! 4FGQ
NPCQQSPC A?L B?K?EC @MRF RFC QNGL?J BGQAQ (RFC A?PRGJ?EC @CRUCCL TCPRC@P?C), ?Q UCJJ ?Q RFC @MLW TCPRC@P?C RFCKQCJTCQ. %TCL SLBCP LMPK?J
AGPASKQR?LACQ, DMPACQ @CRUCCL TCPRC@P?C GL RFC QNGLC ?PC J?PEC CLMSEF RM APC?RC NPCQQSPCQ MD QCTCP?J ?RKMQNFCPCQ. -MQR A?SQCQ MD CVACQQGTC
NPCQQSPC GL RFC QICJCR?J QWQRCK A?L @C ?TMGBCB @W JGDRGLE NPMNCPJW ?LB ?TMGBGLE CVRPCKC NFWQGA?J ?ARGTGRW. (3CC FEH9;I 7D: -EHGK;I ?D &KI9B;I 7D:
#E?DJI.)
4FCPC ?PC K?LW MRFCP GLRCPCQRGLE ?LB KCBGA?JJW QGELGDGA?LR NPCQQSPCQ GL RFC @MBW. &MP CV?KNJC, NPCQQSPC A?SQCB @W T?PGMSQ KSQAJC ?ARGMLQ BPGTCQ
DMMB ?LB U?QRC RFPMSEF RFC BGECQRGTC QWQRCK. 3RMK?AF NPCQQSPC @CF?TCQ KSAF JGIC @J?BBCP NPCQQSPC ?LB GQ RGCB RM RFC QCLQ?RGML MD FSLECP. 0PCQQSPC
GL RFC PCJ?VCB CQMNF?ESQ GQ LMPK?JJW LCE?RGTC @CA?SQC NPCQQSPC GL RFC AFCQR A?TGRW GQ LMPK?JJW LCE?RGTC. 0MQGRGTC NPCQQSPC GL RFC QRMK?AF K?W RFSQ
DMPAC ?AGB GLRM RFC CQMNF?ESQ, A?SQGLE uFC?PR@SPL.v 0PCQQSPC GL RFC KGBBJC C?P A?L PCQSJR GL QGELGDGA?LR DMPAC ML RFC C?PBPSK GD GR BGDDCPQ EPC?RJW DPMK
?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC, QSAF ?Q UFGJC QAS@? BGTGLE. 4FC BCAPC?QC GL CVRCPL?J NPCQQSPC GQ ?JQM LMRGAC?@JC BSPGLE NJ?LC DJGEFRQ (BSC RM ? BCAPC?QC GL RFC
UCGEFR MD ?GP ?@MTC PCJ?RGTC RM RF?R ?R RFC %?PRFtQ QSPD?AC). 4FC %SQR?AFG?L RS@CQ AMLLCAR RFC KGBBJC C?P RM RFC RFPM?R ?LB ?JJMU SQ RM COS?JGXC
NPCQQSPC GL RFC KGBBJC C?P RM ?TMGB ?L GK@?J?LAC MD DMPAC ML RFC C?PBPSK.
-?LW NPCQQSPCQ GL RFC FSK?L @MBW ?PC ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF RFC DJMU MD DJSGBQ. &JSGB DJMU UGJJ @C BGQASQQCB GL BCR?GJ GL RFC FBK?: DOD7C?9I 7D: "JI
B?EBE=?97B 7D: &;:?97B AFFB?97J?EDI.
BEII7HO
RFC @SMW?LR DMPAC ML ?L M@HCAR COS?JQ RFC UCGEFR MD RFC DJSGB GR BGQNJ?ACQ
RFC QSK MD E?SEC NPCQQSPC ?LB ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC
RFC ?RRP?ARGTC DMPACQ @CRUCCL KMJCASJCQ MD BGDDCPCLR RWNCQ
RFC LCR SNU?PB DMPAC ML ?LW M@HCAR GL ?LW DJSGB
RFC RCLBCLAW MD ? DJSGB RM @C P?GQCB MP JMUCPCB GL ? L?PPMU RS@C
RFC ?RRP?ARGTC DMPACQ @CRUCCL KMJCASJCQ MD RFC Q?KC RWNC
RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL RFC R?LECLR RM RFC JGOSGB QSPD?AC ?LB RFC QSPD?AC
RFC K?QQ NCP SLGR TMJSKC MD ? QS@QR?LAC MP M@HCAR
390 #(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3
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FH;IIKH;:
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IOIJEB?9 FH;IIKH;:
IOIJEB?9 FH;IIKH;:
RFC KGLGKSK @JMMB NPCQQSPC GL RFC ?PRCPW
KGLGKSK ?PRCPG?J @JMMB NPCQQSPC; GLBGA?RMP DMP RFC DJSGB @?J?LAC
JGOSGBQ ?LB E?QCQ; ? DJSGB GQ ? QR?RC MD K?RRCP RF?R WGCJBQ RM QFC?PGLE DMPACQ
RFC NPCQQSPC PCJ?RGTC RM ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC
AMLBGRGML A?SQCB @W RFC @SGJBSN MD DJSGB NPCQQSPC GL RFC CWC
DJSGB NPCQQSPC GL RFC CWC
QRGKSJ?RCQ RFC DCCJGLE MD LCCBGLE RM SPGL?RC, RPGEECPCB @W @J?BBCP NPCQQSPC
? AF?LEC GL NPCQQSPC ?NNJGCB RM ?L CLAJMQCB DJSGB GQ RP?LQKGRRCB SLBGKGLGQFCB RM ?JJ NMPRGMLQ MD RFC DJSGB ?LB RM RFC U?JJQ MD GRQ
AMLR?GLCP
RFC DMPAC NCP SLGR ?PC? NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC DMPAC, MTCP UFGAF RFC DMPAC ?ARQ
RFC UCGEFR MD RFC DJSGB BGTGBCB @W RFC ?PC? QSNNMPRGLE GR
RFC P?RGM MD RFC BCLQGRW MD ?L M@HCAR RM ? DJSGB (SQS?JJW U?RCP)
RFC AMFCQGTC DMPACQ @CRUCCL KMJCASJCQ UFGAF A?SQC RFC QSPD?AC MD ? JGOSGB RM AMLRP?AR RM RFC QK?JJCQR NMQQG@JC QSPD?AC ?PC?
RFC K?VGKSK @JMMB NPCQQSPC GL RFC ?PRCPW
K?VGKSK ?PRCPG?J @JMMB NPCQQSPC; GLBGA?RMP DMP RFC @JMMB DJMU
,;9J?ED ,KCC7HO
11.1 0>7J "I 7 FBK?:?
w ! DJSGB GQ ? QR?RC MD K?RRCP RF?R WGCJBQ RM QGBCU?WQ MP QFC?PGLE DMPACQ. ,GOSGBQ ?LB E?QCQ ?PC @MRF DJSGBQ. &JSGB QR?RGAQ GQ RFC NFWQGAQ MD QR?RGML?PW
DJSGBQ.
11.2 D;DI?JO
w $CLQGRW GQ RFC K?QQ NCP SLGR TMJSKC MD ? QS@QR?LAC MP M@HCAR. )L COS?RGML DMPK, BCLQGRW GQ BCDGLCB ?Q
=
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.
w 4FC 3) SLGR MD BCLQGRW GQ kg/m
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P =
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w 4FC 3) SLGR MD NPCQQSPC GQ N?QA?J ?LB 1 Pa = 1 N/m
2
.
w 0PCQQSPC GQ RFC UCGEFR MD RFC DJSGB mg BGTGBCB @W RFC ?PC? A QSNNMPRGLE GR (RFC ?PC? MD RFC @MRRMK MD RFC AMLR?GLCP):
P =
mg
A
.
w 0PCQQSPC BSC RM RFC UCGEFR MD ? JGOSGB GQ EGTCL @W
P = hg,
UFCPC P GQ RFC NPCQQSPC, h GQ RFC FCGEFR MD RFC JGOSGB, GQ RFC BCLQGRW MD RFC JGOSGB, ?LB g GQ RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW.
11.5 )7I97BXI )H?D9?FB;
w 0PCQQSPC GQ DMPAC NCP SLGR ?PC?.
w ! AF?LEC GL NPCQQSPC ?NNJGCB RM ?L CLAJMQCB DJSGB GQ RP?LQKGRRCB SLBGKGLGQFCB RM ?JJ NMPRGMLQ MD RFC DJSGB ?LB RM RFC U?JJQ MD GRQ AMLR?GLCP.
w ! FWBP?SJGA QWQRCK GQ ?L CLAJMQCB DJSGB QWQRCK SQCB RM CVCPR DMPACQ.
w '?SEC NPCQQSPC GQ RFC NPCQQSPC PCJ?RGTC RM ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC.
w !@QMJSRC NPCQQSPC GQ RFC QSK MD E?SEC NPCQQSPC ?LB ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC.
w !LCPMGB E?SEC KC?QSPCQ NPCQQSPC SQGLE ? @CJJMUQ-?LB-QNPGLE ?PP?LECKCLR AMLLCARCB RM RFC NMGLRCP MD ? A?JG@P?RCB QA?JC.
w /NCL-RS@C K?LMKCRCPQ F?TC 5-QF?NCB RS@CQ ?LB MLC CLB GQ ?JU?WQ MNCL. )R GQ SQCB RM KC?QSPC NPCQQSPC.
w ! KCPASPW @?PMKCRCP GQ ? BCTGAC RF?R KC?QSPCQ ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC.
11.7 AH9>?C;:;IX )H?D9?FB;
w "SMW?LR DMPAC GQ RFC LCR SNU?PB DMPAC ML ?LW M@HCAR GL ?LW DJSGB. )D RFC @SMW?LR DMPAC GQ EPC?RCP RF?L RFC M@HCARtQ UCGEFR, RFC M@HCAR UGJJ PGQC RM RFC
QSPD?AC ?LB DJM?R. )D RFC @SMW?LR DMPAC GQ JCQQ RF?L RFC M@HCARtQ UCGEFR, RFC M@HCAR UGJJ QGLI. )D RFC @SMW?LR DMPAC COS?JQ RFC M@HCARtQ UCGEFR, RFC
M@HCAR UGJJ PCK?GL QSQNCLBCB ?R RF?R BCNRF. 4FC @SMW?LR DMPAC GQ ?JU?WQ NPCQCLR UFCRFCP RFC M@HCAR DJM?RQ, QGLIQ, MP GQ QSQNCLBCB GL ? DJSGB.
#(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3 391
w !PAFGKCBCQt NPGLAGNJC QR?RCQ RF?R RFC @SMW?LR DMPAC ML ?L M@HCAR COS?JQ RFC UCGEFR MD RFC DJSGB GR BGQNJ?ACQ.
w 3NCAGDGA EP?TGRW GQ RFC P?RGM MD RFC BCLQGRW MD ?L M@HCAR RM ? DJSGB (SQS?JJW U?RCP).
w !RRP?ARGTC DMPACQ @CRUCCL KMJCASJCQ MD RFC Q?KC RWNC ?PC A?JJCB AMFCQGTC DMPACQ.
w !RRP?ARGTC DMPACQ @CRUCCL KMJCASJCQ MD BGDDCPCLR RWNCQ ?PC A?JJCB ?BFCQGTC DMPACQ.
w #MFCQGTC DMPACQ @CRUCCL KMJCASJCQ A?SQC RFC QSPD?AC MD ? JGOSGB RM AMLRP?AR RM RFC QK?JJCQR NMQQG@JC QSPD?AC ?PC?. 4FGQ ECLCP?J CDDCAR GQ A?JJCB
QSPD?AC RCLQGML.
w #?NGJJ?PW ?ARGML GQ RFC RCLBCLAW MD ? DJSGB RM @C P?GQCB MP QSNNPCQQCB GL ? L?PPMU RS@C, MP A?NGJJ?PW RS@C UFGAF GQ BSC RM RFC PCJ?RGTC QRPCLERF MD
AMFCQGTC ?LB ?BFCQGTC DMPACQ.
w -C?QSPGLE @JMMB NPCQQSPC GQ ?KMLE RFC KMQR AMKKML MD ?JJ KCBGA?J CV?KGL?RGMLQ.
w 4FC NPCQQSPCQ GL T?PGMSQ N?PRQ MD RFC @MBW A?L @C KC?QSPCB ?LB MDRCL NPMTGBC T?JS?@JC KCBGA?J GLBGA?RMPQ.
w 4FC QF?NC MD RFC CWC GQ K?GLR?GLCB @W DJSGB NPCQQSPC, A?JJCB GLRP?MASJ?P NPCQQSPC.
w 7FCL RFC AGPASJ?RGML MD DJSGB GL RFC CWC GQ @JMAICB, GR A?L JC?B RM ? @SGJBSN GL NPCQQSPC, ? AMLBGRGML A?JJCB EJ?SAMK?.
w 3MKC MD RFC MRFCP NPCQQSPCQ GL RFC @MBW ?PC QNGL?J ?LB QISJJ NPCQQSPCQ, @J?BBCP NPCQQSPC, NPCQQSPCQ GL RFC QICJCR?J QWQRCK.
11.1 0>7J "I 7 FBK?:?
1. 7F?R NFWQGA?J AF?P?ARCPGQRGA BGQRGLESGQFCQ ? DJSGB DPMK ? QMJGB?
2. 7FGAF MD RFC DMJJMUGLE QS@QR?LACQ ?PC DJSGBQ ?R PMMK RCKNCP?RSPC: ?GP, KCPASPW, U?RCP, EJ?QQ?
3. 7FW ?PC E?QCQ C?QGCP RM AMKNPCQQ RF?L JGOSGBQ ?LB QMJGBQ?
4. (MU BM E?QCQ BGDDCP DPMK JGOSGBQ?
11.2 D;DI?JO
5. !NNPMVGK?RCJW FMU BMCQ RFC BCLQGRW MD ?GP T?PW UGRF ?JRGRSBC?
6. 'GTC ?L CV?KNJC GL UFGAF BCLQGRW GQ SQCB RM GBCLRGDW RFC QS@QR?LAC AMKNMQGLE ?L M@HCAR. 7MSJB GLDMPK?RGML GL ?BBGRGML RM ?TCP?EC BCLQGRW @C
LCCBCB RM GBCLRGDW RFC QS@QR?LACQ GL ?L M@HCAR AMKNMQCB MD KMPC RF?L MLC K?RCPG?J?
7. F?=KH; 11.40 QFMUQ ? EJ?QQ MD GAC U?RCP DGJJCB RM RFC @PGK. 7GJJ RFC U?RCP MTCPDJMU UFCL RFC GAC KCJRQ? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP.
F?=KH; 11.40
11.3 )H;IIKH;
8. (MU GQ NPCQQSPC PCJ?RCB RM RFC QF?PNLCQQ MD ? ILGDC ?LB GRQ ?@GJGRW RM ASR?
9. 7FW BMCQ ? BSJJ FWNMBCPKGA LCCBJC FSPR KMPC RF?L ? QF?PN MLC?
10. 4FC MSRU?PB DMPAC ML MLC CLB MD ?L ?GP R?LI U?Q A?JASJ?RCB GL EN7CFB; 11.2. (MU GQ RFGQ DMPAC @?J?LACB? (4FC R?LI BMCQ LMR ?AACJCP?RC, QM RFC
DMPAC KSQR @C @?J?LACB.)
11. 7FW GQ DMPAC CVCPRCB @W QR?RGA DJSGBQ ?JU?WQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM ? QSPD?AC?
12. )L ? PCKMRC JMA?RGML LC?P RFC .MPRF 0MJC, ?L GAC@CPE DJM?RQ GL ? J?IC. .CVR RM RFC J?IC (?QQSKC GR GQ LMR DPMXCL) QGRQ ? AMKN?P?@JW QGXCB EJ?AGCP
QGRRGLE ML J?LB. )D @MRF AFSLIQ MD GAC QFMSJB KCJR BSC RM PGQGLE EJM@?J RCKNCP?RSPCQ (?LB RFC KCJRCB GAC ?JJ EMCQ GLRM RFC J?IC), UFGAF GAC AFSLI UMSJB
EGTC RFC EPC?RCQR GLAPC?QC GL RFC JCTCJ MD RFC J?IC U?RCP, GD ?LW?
13. (MU BM HMEEGLE ML QMDR EPMSLB ?LB UC?PGLE N?BBCB QFMCQ PCBSAC RFC NPCQQSPCQ RM UFGAF RFC DCCR ?LB JCEQ ?PC QS@HCARCB?
14. 4MC B?LAGLE (?Q GL @?JJCR) GQ KSAF F?PBCP ML RMCQ RF?L LMPK?J B?LAGLE MP U?JIGLE. %VNJ?GL GL RCPKQ MD NPCQQSPC.
15. (MU BM WMS AMLTCPR NPCQQSPC SLGRQ JGIC KGJJGKCRCPQ MD KCPASPW, ACLRGKCRCPQ MD U?RCP, ?LB GLAFCQ MD KCPASPW GLRM SLGRQ JGIC LCURMLQ NCP KCRCP
QOS?PCB UGRFMSR PCQMPRGLE RM ? R?@JC MD NPCQQSPC AMLTCPQGML D?ARMPQ?
16. !RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC CVCPRQ ? J?PEC DMPAC (COS?J RM RFC UCGEFR MD RFC ?RKMQNFCPC ?@MTC WMSP @MBWr?@MSR 10 RMLQ) ML RFC RMN MD WMSP @MBW UFCL
WMS ?PC JWGLE ML RFC @C?AF QSL@?RFGLE. 7FW ?PC WMS ?@JC RM ECR SN?
17. 7FW BMCQ ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC BCAPC?QC KMPC P?NGBJW RF?L JGLC?PJW UGRF ?JRGRSBC?
392 #(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3
18. 7F?R ?PC RUM PC?QMLQ UFW KCPASPW P?RFCP RF?L U?RCP GQ SQCB GL @?PMKCRCPQ?
19. F?=KH; 11.41 QFMUQ FMU Q?LB@?EQ NJ?ACB ?PMSLB ? JC?I MSRQGBC ? PGTCP JCTCC A?L CDDCARGTCJW QRMN RFC DJMU MD U?RCP SLBCP RFC JCTCC. %VNJ?GL FMU
RFC QK?JJ ?KMSLR MD U?RCP GLQGBC RFC AMJSKL DMPKCB @W RFC Q?LB@?EQ GQ ?@JC RM @?J?LAC RFC KSAF J?PECP @MBW MD U?RCP @CFGLB RFC JCTCC.
F?=KH; 11.41 "CA?SQC RFC PGTCP JCTCJ GQ TCPW FGEF, GR F?Q QR?PRCB RM JC?I SLBCP RFC JCTCC. 3?LB@?EQ ?PC NJ?ACB ?PMSLB RFC JC?I, ?LB RFC U?RCP FCJB @W RFCK PGQCQ SLRGJ GR GQ RFC
Q?KC JCTCJ ?Q RFC PGTCP, ?R UFGAF NMGLR RFC U?RCP RFCPC QRMNQ PGQGLE.
20. 7FW GQ GR BGDDGASJR RM QUGK SLBCP U?RCP GL RFC 'PC?R 3?JR ,?IC?
21. )Q RFCPC ? LCR DMPAC ML ? B?K BSC RM ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP.
22. $MCQ ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC ?BB RM RFC E?Q NPCQQSPC GL ? PGEGB R?LI? )L ? RMW @?JJMML? 7FCL, GL ECLCP?J, BMCQ ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC ABG ?DDCAR RFC
RMR?J NPCQQSPC GL ? DJSGB?
23. 9MS A?L @PC?I ? QRPMLE UGLC @MRRJC @W NMSLBGLE ? AMPI GLRM GR UGRF WMSP DGQR, @SR RFC AMPI KSQR NPCQQ BGPCARJW ?E?GLQR RFC JGOSGB DGJJGLE RFC
@MRRJCrRFCPC A?L @C LM ?GP @CRUCCL RFC AMPI ?LB JGOSGB. %VNJ?GL UFW RFC @MRRJC @PC?IQ, ?LB UFW GR UGJJ LMR GD RFCPC GQ ?GP @CRUCCL RFC AMPI ?LB JGOSGB.
11.5 )7I97BXI )H?D9?FB;
24. 3SNNMQC RFC K?QRCP AWJGLBCP GL ? FWBP?SJGA QWQRCK GQ ?R ? EPC?RCP FCGEFR RF?L RFC QJ?TC AWJGLBCP. %VNJ?GL FMU RFGQ UGJJ ?DDCAR RFC DMPAC NPMBSACB ?R
RFC QJ?TC AWJGLBCP.
25. %VNJ?GL UFW RFC DJSGB PC?AFCQ COS?J JCTCJQ ML CGRFCP QGBC MD ? K?LMKCRCP GD @MRF QGBCQ ?PC MNCL RM RFC ?RKMQNFCPC, CTCL GD RFC RS@CQ ?PC MD
BGDDCPCLR BG?KCRCPQ.
26. F?=KH; 11.17 QFMUQ FMU ? AMKKML KC?QSPCKCLR MD ?PRCPG?J @JMMB NPCQQSPC GQ K?BC. )Q RFCPC ?LW CDDCAR ML RFC KC?QSPCB NPCQQSPC GD RFC
K?LMKCRCP GQ JMUCPCB? 7F?R GQ RFC CDDCAR MD P?GQGLE RFC ?PK ?@MTC RFC QFMSJBCP? 7F?R GQ RFC CDDCAR MD NJ?AGLE RFC ASDD ML RFC SNNCP JCE UGRF RFC
NCPQML QR?LBGLE? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCPQ GL RCPKQ MD NPCQQSPC APC?RCB @W RFC UCGEFR MD ? DJSGB.
27. #MLQGBCPGLE RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RWNGA?J ?PRCPG?J @JMMB NPCQQSPCQ, UFW ?PC KCPASPW P?RFCP RF?L U?RCP K?LMKCRCPQ SQCB DMP RFCQC KC?QSPCKCLRQ?
11.7 AH9>?C;:;IX )H?D9?FB;
28. -MPC DMPAC GQ PCOSGPCB RM NSJJ RFC NJSE GL ? DSJJ @?RFRS@ RF?L UFCL GR GQ CKNRW. $MCQ RFGQ AMLRP?BGAR !PAFGKCBCQt NPGLAGNJC? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP.
29. $M DJSGBQ CVCPR @SMW?LR DMPACQ GL ? uUCGEFRJCQQv CLTGPMLKCLR, QSAF ?Q GL RFC QN?AC QFSRRJC? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP.
30. 7GJJ RFC Q?KC QFGN DJM?R FGEFCP GL Q?JR U?RCP RF?L GL DPCQFU?RCP? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP.
31. -?P@JCQ BPMNNCB GLRM ? N?PRG?JJW DGJJCB @?RFRS@ QGLI RM RFC @MRRMK. 0?PR MD RFCGP UCGEFR GQ QSNNMPRCB @W @SMW?LR DMPAC, WCR RFC BMULU?PB DMPAC ML RFC
@MRRMK MD RFC RS@ GLAPC?QCQ @W CV?ARJW RFC UCGEFR MD RFC K?P@JCQ. %VNJ?GL UFW.
32. 4FC BCLQGRW MD MGJ GQ JCQQ RF?L RF?R MD U?RCP, WCR ? JM?BCB MGJ R?LICP QGRQ JMUCP GL RFC U?RCP RF?L ?L CKNRW MLC. 7FW?
33. )Q QSPD?AC RCLQGML BSC RM AMFCQGTC MP ?BFCQGTC DMPACQ, MP @MRF?
34. )Q A?NGJJ?PW ?ARGML BSC RM AMFCQGTC MP ?BFCQGTC DMPACQ, MP @MRF?
35. "GPBQ QSAF ?Q BSAIQ, ECCQC, ?LB QU?LQ F?TC EPC?RCP BCLQGRGCQ RF?L U?RCP, WCR RFCW ?PC ?@JC RM QGR ML GRQ QSPD?AC. %VNJ?GL RFGQ ?@GJGRW, LMRGLE RF?R
U?RCP BMCQ LMR UCR RFCGP DC?RFCPQ ?LB RF?R RFCW A?LLMR QGR ML QM?NW U?RCP.
36. 7?RCP @C?BQ SN ML ?L MGJW QSL@?RFCP, @SR LMR ML FCP LCGEF@MP, UFMQC QIGL GQ LMR MGJCB. %VNJ?GL GL RCPKQ MD AMFCQGTC ?LB ?BFCQGTC DMPACQ.
37. #MSJB A?NGJJ?PW ?ARGML @C SQCB RM KMTC DJSGBQ GL ? uUCGEFRJCQQv CLTGPMLKCLR, QSAF ?Q GL ?L MP@GRGLE QN?AC NPM@C?
38. 7F?R CDDCAR BMCQ A?NGJJ?PW ?ARGML F?TC ML RFC PC?BGLE MD ? K?LMKCRCP UGRF SLGDMPK BG?KCRCP? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP.
39. 0PCQQSPC @CRUCCL RFC GLQGBC AFCQR U?JJ ?LB RFC MSRQGBC MD RFC JSLEQ LMPK?JJW PCK?GLQ LCE?RGTC. %VNJ?GL FMU NPCQQSPC GLQGBC RFC JSLEQ A?L
@CAMKC NMQGRGTC (RM A?SQC CVF?J?RGML) UGRFMSR KSQAJC ?ARGML.
#(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3 393
11.2 D;DI?JO
40. 'MJB GQ QMJB @W RFC RPMW MSLAC (31.103 E). 7F?R GQ RFC TMJSKC MD 1
RPMW MSLAC MD NSPC EMJB?
41. -CPASPW GQ AMKKMLJW QSNNJGCB GL DJ?QIQ AMLR?GLGLE 34.5 IE (?@MSR 76
J@). 7F?R GQ RFC TMJSKC GL JGRCPQ MD RFGQ KSAF KCPASPW?
42. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC K?QQ MD ? BCCN @PC?RF MD ?GP F?TGLE ? TMJSKC MD 2.00
,? (@) $GQASQQ RFC CDDCAR R?IGLE QSAF ? @PC?RF F?Q ML WMSP @MBWtQ TMJSKC
?LB BCLQGRW.
43. ! QRP?GEFRDMPU?PB KCRFMB MD DGLBGLE RFC BCLQGRW MD ?L M@HCAR GQ RM
KC?QSPC GRQ K?QQ ?LB RFCL KC?QSPC GRQ TMJSKC @W QS@KCPEGLE GR GL ?
EP?BS?RCB AWJGLBCP. 7F?R GQ RFC BCLQGRW MD ? 240-E PMAI RF?R BGQNJ?ACQ
89.0 cm
3
MD U?RCP? (.MRC RF?R RFC ?AASP?AW ?LB NP?ARGA?J ?NNJGA?RGMLQ
MD RFGQ RCAFLGOSC ?PC KMPC JGKGRCB RF?L ? T?PGCRW MD MRFCPQ RF?R ?PC @?QCB
ML !PAFGKCBCQt NPGLAGNJC.)
44. 3SNNMQC WMS F?TC ? AMDDCC KSE UGRF ? AGPASJ?P APMQQ QCARGML ?LB
TCPRGA?J QGBCQ (SLGDMPK P?BGSQ). 7F?R GQ GRQ GLQGBC P?BGSQ GD GR FMJBQ 375 E MD
AMDDCC UFCL DGJJCB RM ? BCNRF MD 7.50 AK? !QQSKC AMDDCC F?Q RFC Q?KC
BCLQGRW ?Q U?RCP.
45. (?) ! PCAR?LESJ?P E?QMJGLC R?LI A?L FMJB 50.0 IE MD E?QMJGLC UFCL DSJJ.
7F?R GQ RFC BCNRF MD RFC R?LI GD GR GQ 0.500-K UGBC @W 0.900-K JMLE? (@)
$GQASQQ UFCRFCP RFGQ E?Q R?LI F?Q ? PC?QML?@JC TMJSKC DMP ? N?QQCLECP
A?P.
46. ! RP?QF AMKN?ARMP A?L PCBSAC RFC TMJSKC MD GRQ AMLRCLRQ RM 0.350
RFCGP MPGEGL?J T?JSC. .CEJCARGLE RFC K?QQ MD ?GP CVNCJJCB, @W UF?R D?ARMP GQ
RFC BCLQGRW MD RFC PS@@GQF GLAPC?QCB?
47. ! 2.50-IE QRCCJ E?QMJGLC A?L FMJBQ 20.0 , MD E?QMJGLC UFCL DSJJ. 7F?R
GQ RFC ?TCP?EC BCLQGRW MD RFC DSJJ E?Q A?L, R?IGLE GLRM ?AAMSLR RFC TMJSKC
MAASNGCB @W QRCCJ ?Q UCJJ ?Q @W E?QMJGLC?
48. 7F?R GQ RFC BCLQGRW MD 18.0-I?P?R EMJB RF?R GQ ? KGVRSPC MD 18 N?PRQ
EMJB, 5 N?PRQ QGJTCP, ?LB 1 N?PR AMNNCP? (4FCQC T?JSCQ ?PC N?PRQ @W K?QQ,
LMR TMJSKC.) !QQSKC RF?R RFGQ GQ ? QGKNJC KGVRSPC F?TGLE ?L ?TCP?EC
BCLQGRW COS?J RM RFC UCGEFRCB BCLQGRGCQ MD GRQ AMLQRGRSCLRQ.
49. 4FCPC GQ PCJ?RGTCJW JGRRJC CKNRW QN?AC @CRUCCL ?RMKQ GL QMJGBQ ?LB
JGOSGBQ, QM RF?R RFC ?TCP?EC BCLQGRW MD ?L ?RMK GQ ?@MSR RFC Q?KC ?Q
K?RRCP ML ? K?APMQAMNGA QA?JCr?NNPMVGK?RCJW 10
3
kg/m
3
. 4FC
LSAJCSQ MD ?L ?RMK F?Q ? P?BGSQ ?@MSR 10
5
RF?R MD RFC ?RMK ?LB
AMLR?GLQ LC?PJW ?JJ RFC K?QQ MD RFC CLRGPC ?RMK. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC
?NNPMVGK?RC BCLQGRW MD ? LSAJCSQ? (@) /LC PCKL?LR MD ? QSNCPLMT?,
A?JJCB ? LCSRPML QR?P, A?L F?TC RFC BCLQGRW MD ? LSAJCSQ. 7F?R UMSJB @C
RFC P?BGSQ MD ? LCSRPML QR?P UGRF ? K?QQ 10 RGKCQ RF?R MD MSP 3SL (RFC
P?BGSQ MD RFC 3SL GQ 710
8
m)?
11.3 )H;IIKH;
50. !Q ? UMK?L U?JIQ, FCP CLRGPC UCGEFR GQ KMKCLR?PGJW NJ?ACB ML MLC
FCCJ MD FCP FGEF-FCCJCB QFMCQ. #?JASJ?RC RFC NPCQQSPC CVCPRCB ML RFC
DJMMP @W RFC FCCJ GD GR F?Q ?L ?PC? MD 1.50 cm
2
?LB RFC UMK?LtQ K?QQ GQ
55.0 IE. %VNPCQQ RFC NPCQQSPC GL 0?. ()L RFC C?PJW B?WQ MD AMKKCPAG?J
DJGEFR, UMKCL UCPC LMR ?JJMUCB RM UC?P FGEF-FCCJCB QFMCQ @CA?SQC
?GPAP?DR DJMMPQ UCPC RMM RFGL RM UGRFQR?LB QSAF J?PEC NPCQQSPCQ.)
51. 4FC NPCQQSPC CVCPRCB @W ? NFMLMEP?NF LCCBJC ML ? PCAMPB GQ
QSPNPGQGLEJW J?PEC. )D RFC COSGT?JCLR MD 1.00 E GQ QSNNMPRCB @W ? LCCBJC, RFC
RGN MD UFGAF GQ ? AGPAJC 0.200 KK GL P?BGSQ, UF?R NPCQQSPC GQ CVCPRCB ML
RFC PCAMPB GL N/m
2
?
52. .?GJ RGNQ CVCPR RPCKCLBMSQ NPCQQSPCQ UFCL RFCW ?PC FGR @W F?KKCPQ
@CA?SQC RFCW CVCPR ? J?PEC DMPAC MTCP ? QK?JJ ?PC?. 7F?R DMPAC KSQR @C
CVCPRCB ML ? L?GJ UGRF ? AGPASJ?P RGN MD 1.00 KK BG?KCRCP RM APC?RC ?
NPCQQSPC MD 3.0010
9
N/m
2
? (4FGQ FGEF NPCQQSPC GQ NMQQG@JC @CA?SQC
RFC F?KKCP QRPGIGLE RFC L?GJ GQ @PMSEFR RM PCQR GL QSAF ? QFMPR BGQR?LAC.)
53. 7F?R BCNRF MD KCPASPW APC?RCQ ? NPCQQSPC MD 1.00 ?RK?
54. 4FC EPC?RCQR MAC?L BCNRFQ ML RFC %?PRF ?PC DMSLB GL RFC -?PG?L?Q
4PCLAF LC?P RFC 0FGJGNNGLCQ. #?JASJ?RC RFC NPCQQSPC BSC RM RFC MAC?L ?R
RFC @MRRMK MD RFGQ RPCLAF, EGTCL GRQ BCNRF GQ 11.0 IK ?LB ?QQSKGLE RFC
BCLQGRW MD QC?U?RCP GQ AMLQR?LR ?JJ RFC U?W BMUL.
55. 6CPGDW RF?R RFC 3) SLGR MD hg GQ N/m
2
.
56. 7?RCP RMUCPQ QRMPC U?RCP ?@MTC RFC JCTCJ MD AMLQSKCPQ DMP RGKCQ MD
FC?TW SQC, CJGKGL?RGLE RFC LCCB DMP FGEF-QNCCB NSKNQ. (MU FGEF ?@MTC
? SQCP KSQR RFC U?RCP JCTCJ @C RM APC?RC ? E?SEC NPCQQSPC MD
3.0010
5
N/m
2
?
57. 4FC ?OSCMSQ FSKMP GL ? NCPQMLtQ CWC GQ CVCPRGLE ? DMPAC MD 0.300 .
ML RFC 1.10-cm
2
?PC? MD RFC AMPLC?. (?) 7F?R NPCQQSPC GQ RFGQ GL KK
(E? (@) )Q RFGQ T?JSC UGRFGL RFC LMPK?J P?LEC DMP NPCQQSPCQ GL RFC CWC?
58. (MU KSAF DMPAC GQ CVCPRCB ML MLC QGBC MD ?L 8.50 AK @W 11.0 AK
QFCCR MD N?NCP @W RFC ?RKMQNFCPC? (MU A?L RFC N?NCP UGRFQR?LB QSAF ?
DMPAC?
59. 7F?R NPCQQSPC GQ CVCPRCB ML RFC @MRRMK MD ? 0.500-K-UGBC @W
0.900-K-JMLE E?Q R?LI RF?R A?L FMJB 50.0 IE MD E?QMJGLC @W RFC UCGEFR MD
RFC E?QMJGLC GL GR UFCL GR GQ DSJJ?
60. #?JASJ?RC RFC ?TCP?EC NPCQQSPC CVCPRCB ML RFC N?JK MD ? QFMR-NSRRCPtQ
F?LB @W RFC QFMR GD RFC ?PC? MD AMLR?AR GQ 50.0 cm
2
?LB FC CVCPRQ ?
DMPAC MD 800 . ML GR. %VNPCQQ RFC NPCQQSPC GL N/m
2
?LB AMKN?PC GR UGRF
RFC 1.0010
6
Pa NPCQQSPCQ QMKCRGKCQ CLAMSLRCPCB GL RFC QICJCR?J
QWQRCK.
61. 4FC JCDR QGBC MD RFC FC?PR APC?RCQ ? NPCQQSPC MD 120 KK (E @W
CVCPRGLE ? DMPAC BGPCARJW ML RFC @JMMB MTCP ?L CDDCARGTC ?PC? MD
15.0 cm
2
. 7F?R DMPAC BMCQ GR CVCPR RM ?AAMKNJGQF RFGQ?
62. 3FMU RF?R RFC RMR?J DMPAC ML ? PCAR?LESJ?P B?K BSC RM RFC U?RCP
@CFGLB GR GLAPC?QCQ UGRF RFC FDH4E8 MD RFC U?RCP BCNRF. )L N?PRGASJ?P, QFMU
RF?R RFGQ DMPAC GQ EGTCL @W F = gh
2
L / 2 , UFCPC GQ RFC BCLQGRW MD
U?RCP, h GQ GRQ BCNRF ?R RFC B?K, ?LB L GQ RFC JCLERF MD RFC B?K. 9MS
K?W ?QQSKC RFC D?AC MD RFC B?K GQ TCPRGA?J. ((GLR: #?JASJ?RC RFC ?TCP?EC
NPCQQSPC CVCPRCB ?LB KSJRGNJW RFGQ @W RFC ?PC? GL AMLR?AR UGRF RFC U?RCP.
(3CC F?=KH; 11.42.)
F?=KH; 11.42
11.5 )7I97BXI )H?D9?FB;
63. (MU KSAF NPCQQSPC GQ RP?LQKGRRCB GL RFC FWBP?SJGA QWQRCK AMLQGBCPCB
GL EN7CFB; 11.6? %VNPCQQ WMSP ?LQUCP GL N?QA?JQ ?LB GL ?RKMQNFCPCQ.
64. 7F?R DMPAC KSQR @C CVCPRCB ML RFC K?QRCP AWJGLBCP MD ? FWBP?SJGA JGDR
RM QSNNMPR RFC UCGEFR MD ? 2000-IE A?P (? J?PEC A?P) PCQRGLE ML RFC QJ?TC
AWJGLBCP? 4FC K?QRCP AWJGLBCP F?Q ? 2.00-AK BG?KCRCP ?LB RFC QJ?TC F?Q
? 24.0-AK BG?KCRCP.
65. ! AP?QQ FMQR NMSPQ RFC PCKL?LRQ MD QCTCP?J @MRRJCQ MD UGLC GLRM ? HSE
?DRCP ? N?PRW. (C RFCL GLQCPRQ ? AMPI UGRF ? 2.00-AK BG?KCRCP GLRM RFC
@MRRJC, NJ?AGLE GR GL BGPCAR AMLR?AR UGRF RFC UGLC. (C GQ ?K?XCB UFCL FC
394 #(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3
NMSLBQ RFC AMPI GLRM NJ?AC ?LB RFC @MRRMK MD RFC HSE (UGRF ? 14.0-AK
BG?KCRCP) @PC?IQ ?U?W. #?JASJ?RC RFC CVRP? DMPAC CVCPRCB ?E?GLQR RFC
@MRRMK GD FC NMSLBCB RFC AMPI UGRF ? 120-. DMPAC.
66. ! ACPR?GL FWBP?SJGA QWQRCK GQ BCQGELCB RM CVCPR ? DMPAC 100 RGKCQ ?Q
J?PEC ?Q RFC MLC NSR GLRM GR. (?) 7F?R KSQR @C RFC P?RGM MD RFC ?PC? MD RFC
QJ?TC AWJGLBCP RM RFC ?PC? MD RFC K?QRCP AWJGLBCP? (@) 7F?R KSQR @C RFC
P?RGM MD RFCGP BG?KCRCPQ? (A) "W UF?R D?ARMP GQ RFC BGQR?LAC RFPMSEF UFGAF
RFC MSRNSR DMPAC KMTCQ PCBSACB PCJ?RGTC RM RFC BGQR?LAC RFPMSEF UFGAF RFC
GLNSR DMPAC KMTCQ? !QQSKC LM JMQQCQ RM DPGARGML.
67. (?) 6CPGDW RF?R UMPI GLNSR COS?JQ UMPI MSRNSR DMP ? FWBP?SJGA QWQRCK
?QQSKGLE LM JMQQCQ RM DPGARGML. $M RFGQ @W QFMUGLE RF?R RFC BGQR?LAC RFC
MSRNSR DMPAC KMTCQ GQ PCBSACB @W RFC Q?KC D?ARMP RF?R RFC MSRNSR DMPAC GQ
GLAPC?QCB. !QQSKC RFC TMJSKC MD RFC DJSGB GQ AMLQR?LR. (@) 7F?R CDDCAR
UMSJB DPGARGML UGRFGL RFC DJSGB ?LB @CRUCCL AMKNMLCLRQ GL RFC QWQRCK
F?TC ML RFC MSRNSR DMPAC? (MU UMSJB RFGQ BCNCLB ML UFCRFCP MP LMR RFC
DJSGB GQ KMTGLE?
11.6 7K=; )H;IIKH;, A8IEBKJ; )H;IIKH;, 7D: )H;IIKH;
&;7IKH;C;DJ
68. &GLB RFC E?SEC ?LB ?@QMJSRC NPCQQSPCQ GL RFC @?JJMML ?LB NC?LSR H?P
QFMUL GL F?=KH; 11.16, ?QQSKGLE RFC K?LMKCRCP AMLLCARCB RM RFC
@?JJMML SQCQ U?RCP UFCPC?Q RFC K?LMKCRCP AMLLCARCB RM RFC H?P AMLR?GLQ
KCPASPW. %VNPCQQ GL SLGRQ MD ACLRGKCRCPQ MD U?RCP DMP RFC @?JJMML ?LB
KGJJGKCRCPQ MD KCPASPW DMP RFC H?P, R?IGLE h = 0.0500 m DMP C?AF.
69. (?) #MLTCPR LMPK?J @JMMB NPCQQSPC PC?BGLEQ MD 120 MTCP 80 KK (E RM
LCURMLQ NCP KCRCP QOS?PCB SQGLE RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN DMP NPCQQSPC BSC RM RFC
UCGEFR MD ? DJSGB (P = hg) P?RFCP RF?L ? AMLTCPQGML D?ARMP. (@) $GQASQQ
UFW @JMMB NPCQQSPCQ DMP ?L GLD?LR AMSJB @C QK?JJCP RF?L RFMQC DMP ?L
?BSJR. 3NCAGDGA?JJW, AMLQGBCP RFC QK?JJCP FCGEFR RM UFGAF @JMMB KSQR @C
NSKNCB.
70. (MU R?JJ KSQR ? U?RCP-DGJJCB K?LMKCRCP @C RM KC?QSPC @JMMB
NPCQQSPCQ ?Q FGEF ?Q 300 KK (E?
71. 0PCQQSPC AMMICPQ F?TC @CCL ?PMSLB DMP KMPC RF?L 300 WC?PQ,
?JRFMSEF RFCGP SQC F?Q QRPMLEJW BCAJGLCB GL PCACLR WC?PQ (C?PJW KMBCJQ
F?B ? L?QRW F?@GR MD CVNJMBGLE). (MU KSAF DMPAC KSQR RFC J?RAFCQ FMJBGLE
RFC JGB MLRM ? NPCQQSPC AMMICP @C ?@JC RM UGRFQR?LB GD RFC AGPASJ?P JGB GQ
25.0 cm GL BG?KCRCP ?LB RFC E?SEC NPCQQSPC GLQGBC GQ 300 ?RK? .CEJCAR
RFC UCGEFR MD RFC JGB.
72. 3SNNMQC WMS KC?QSPC ? QR?LBGLE NCPQMLtQ @JMMB NPCQQSPC @W NJ?AGLE
RFC ASDD ML FGQ JCE 0.500 K @CJMU RFC FC?PR. #?JASJ?RC RFC NPCQQSPC WMS
UMSJB M@QCPTC (GL SLGRQ MD KK (E) GD RFC NPCQQSPC ?R RFC FC?PR UCPC 120
MTCP 80 KK (E. !QQSKC RF?R RFCPC GQ LM JMQQ MD NPCQQSPC BSC RM
PCQGQR?LAC GL RFC AGPASJ?RMPW QWQRCK (? PC?QML?@JC ?QQSKNRGML, QGLAC
K?HMP ?PRCPGCQ ?PC J?PEC).
73. ! QS@K?PGLC GQ QRP?LBCB ML RFC @MRRMK MD RFC MAC?L UGRF GRQ F?RAF
25.0 K @CJMU RFC QSPD?AC. #?JASJ?RC RFC DMPAC LCCBCB RM MNCL RFC F?RAF
DPMK RFC GLQGBC, EGTCL GR GQ AGPASJ?P ?LB 0.450 K GL BG?KCRCP. !GP NPCQQSPC
GLQGBC RFC QS@K?PGLC GQ 1.00 ?RK.
74. !QQSKGLE @GAWAJC RGPCQ ?PC NCPDCARJW DJCVG@JC ?LB QSNNMPR RFC UCGEFR MD
@GAWAJC ?LB PGBCP @W NPCQQSPC ?JMLC, A?JASJ?RC RFC RMR?J ?PC? MD RFC RGPCQ GL
AMLR?AR UGRF RFC EPMSLB. 4FC @GAWAJC NJSQ PGBCP F?Q ? K?QQ MD 80.0 IE,
?LB RFC E?SEC NPCQQSPC GL RFC RGPCQ GQ 3.5010
5
Pa .
11.7 AH9>?C;:;IX )H?D9?FB;
75. 7F?R DP?ARGML MD GAC GQ QS@KCPECB UFCL GR DJM?RQ GL DPCQFU?RCP, EGTCL
RFC BCLQGRW MD U?RCP ?R 0\# GQ TCPW AJMQC RM 1000 kg/m
3
?
76. ,MEQ QMKCRGKCQ DJM?R TCPRGA?JJW GL ? J?IC @CA?SQC MLC CLB F?Q
@CAMKC U?RCP-JMEECB ?LB BCLQCP RF?L RFC MRFCP. 7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC
BCLQGRW MD ? SLGDMPK-BG?KCRCP JME RF?R DJM?RQ UGRF 20.0% MD GRQ JCLERF
?@MTC U?RCP?
77. &GLB RFC BCLQGRW MD ? DJSGB GL UFGAF ? FWBPMKCRCP F?TGLE ? BCLQGRW MD
0.750 g/mL DJM?RQ UGRF 92.0% MD GRQ TMJSKC QS@KCPECB.
78. )D WMSP @MBW F?Q ? BCLQGRW MD 995 kg/m
3
, UF?R DP?ARGML MD WMS UGJJ @C
QS@KCPECB UFCL DJM?RGLE ECLRJW GL: (?) &PCQFU?RCP? (@) 3?JR U?RCP, UFGAF
F?Q ? BCLQGRW MD 1027 kg/m
3
?
79. "GPB @MLCQ F?TC ?GP NMAICRQ GL RFCK RM PCBSAC RFCGP UCGEFRrRFGQ ?JQM
EGTCQ RFCK ?L ?TCP?EC BCLQGRW QGELGDGA?LRJW JCQQ RF?L RF?R MD RFC @MLCQ MD
MRFCP ?LGK?JQ. 3SNNMQC ?L MPLGRFMJMEGQR UCGEFQ ? @GPB @MLC GL ?GP ?LB GL
U?RCP ?LB DGLBQ GRQ K?QQ GQ 45.0 g ?LB GRQ ?NN?PCLR K?QQ UFCL
QS@KCPECB GQ 3.60 g (RFC @MLC GQ U?RCPRGEFR). (?) 7F?R K?QQ MD U?RCP GQ
BGQNJ?ACB? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC TMJSKC MD RFC @MLC? (A) 7F?R GQ GRQ ?TCP?EC
BCLQGRW?
80. ! PMAI UGRF ? K?QQ MD 540 E GL ?GP GQ DMSLB RM F?TC ?L ?NN?PCLR K?QQ
MD 342 E UFCL QS@KCPECB GL U?RCP. (?) 7F?R K?QQ MD U?RCP GQ BGQNJ?ACB?
(@) 7F?R GQ RFC TMJSKC MD RFC PMAI? (A) 7F?R GQ GRQ ?TCP?EC BCLQGRW? )Q
RFGQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC T?JSC DMP EP?LGRC?
81. !PAFGKCBCQt NPGLAGNJC A?L @C SQCB RM A?JASJ?RC RFC BCLQGRW MD ? DJSGB
?Q UCJJ ?Q RF?R MD ? QMJGB. 3SNNMQC ? AFSLI MD GPML UGRF ? K?QQ MD 390.0 E
GL ?GP GQ DMSLB RM F?TC ?L ?NN?PCLR K?QQ MD 350.5 E UFCL AMKNJCRCJW
QS@KCPECB GL ?L SLILMUL JGOSGB. (?) 7F?R K?QQ MD DJSGB BMCQ RFC GPML
BGQNJ?AC? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC TMJSKC MD GPML, SQGLE GRQ BCLQGRW ?Q EGTCL GL
-78B; 11.1 (A) #?JASJ?RC RFC DJSGBtQ BCLQGRW ?LB GBCLRGDW GR.
82. )L ?L GKKCPQGML KC?QSPCKCLR MD ? UMK?LtQ BCLQGRW, QFC GQ DMSLB RM
F?TC ? K?QQ MD 62.0 IE GL ?GP ?LB ?L ?NN?PCLR K?QQ MD 0.0850 IE UFCL
AMKNJCRCJW QS@KCPECB UGRF JSLEQ CKNRW. (?) 7F?R K?QQ MD U?RCP BMCQ
QFC BGQNJ?AC? (@) 7F?R GQ FCP TMJSKC? (A) #?JASJ?RC FCP BCLQGRW. (B) )D FCP
JSLE A?N?AGRW GQ 1.75 ,, GQ QFC ?@JC RM DJM?R UGRFMSR RPC?BGLE U?RCP UGRF FCP
JSLEQ DGJJCB UGRF ?GP?
83. 3MKC DGQF F?TC ? BCLQGRW QJGEFRJW JCQQ RF?L RF?R MD U?RCP ?LB KSQR
CVCPR ? DMPAC (QUGK) RM QR?W QS@KCPECB. 7F?R DMPAC KSQR ?L 85.0-IE
EPMSNCP CVCPR RM QR?W QS@KCPECB GL Q?JR U?RCP GD GRQ @MBW BCLQGRW GQ
1015 kg/m
3
?
84. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC @SMW?LR DMPAC ML ? 2.00-, FCJGSK @?JJMML. (@) 'GTCL
RFC K?QQ MD RFC PS@@CP GL RFC @?JJMML GQ 1.50 E, UF?R GQ RFC LCR TCPRGA?J
DMPAC ML RFC @?JJMML GD GR GQ JCR EM? 9MS A?L LCEJCAR RFC TMJSKC MD RFC
PS@@CP.
85. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC BCLQGRW MD ? UMK?L UFM DJM?RQ GL DPCQFU?RCP UGRF
4.00% MD FCP TMJSKC ?@MTC RFC QSPD?AC? 4FGQ AMSJB @C KC?QSPCB @W
NJ?AGLE FCP GL ? R?LI UGRF K?PIQ ML RFC QGBC RM KC?QSPC FMU KSAF U?RCP
QFC BGQNJ?ACQ UFCL DJM?RGLE ?LB UFCL FCJB SLBCP U?RCP (@PGCDJW). (@)
7F?R NCPACLR MD FCP TMJSKC GQ ?@MTC RFC QSPD?AC UFCL QFC DJM?RQ GL
QC?U?RCP?
86. ! ACPR?GL K?L F?Q ? K?QQ MD 80 IE ?LB ? BCLQGRW MD 955 kg/m
3
(CVAJSBGLE RFC ?GP GL FGQ JSLEQ). (?) #?JASJ?RC FGQ TMJSKC. (@) &GLB RFC
@SMW?LR DMPAC ?GP CVCPRQ ML FGK. (A) 7F?R GQ RFC P?RGM MD RFC @SMW?LR DMPAC
RM FGQ UCGEFR?
87. ! QGKNJC AMKN?QQ A?L @C K?BC @W NJ?AGLE ? QK?JJ @?P K?ELCR ML ?
AMPI DJM?RGLE GL U?RCP. (?) 7F?R DP?ARGML MD ? NJ?GL AMPI UGJJ @C QS@KCPECB
UFCL DJM?RGLE GL U?RCP? (@) )D RFC AMPI F?Q ? K?QQ MD 10.0 E ?LB ? 20.0-E
K?ELCR GQ NJ?ACB ML GR, UF?R DP?ARGML MD RFC AMPI UGJJ @C QS@KCPECB? (A)
7GJJ RFC @?P K?ELCR ?LB AMPI DJM?R GL CRFWJ ?JAMFMJ?
88. 7F?R DP?ARGML MD ?L GPML ?LAFMPtQ UCGEFR UGJJ @C QSNNMPRCB @W @SMW?LR
DMPAC UFCL QS@KCPECB GL Q?JRU?RCP?
89. 3ASPPGJMSQ AML ?PRGQRQ F?TC @CCL ILMUL RM PCNPCQCLR EMJB-NJ?RCB
RSLEQRCL GLEMRQ ?Q NSPC EMJB ?LB QCJJ RFCK RM RFC EPCCBW ?R NPGACQ KSAF
@CJMU EMJB T?JSC @SR BCQCPTCBJW D?P ?@MTC RFC AMQR MD RSLEQRCL. 7GRF
UF?R ?AASP?AW KSQR WMS @C ?@JC RM KC?QSPC RFC K?QQ MD QSAF ?L GLEMR GL
?LB MSR MD U?RCP RM RCJJ RF?R GR GQ ?JKMQR NSPC RSLEQRCL P?RFCP RF?L NSPC
EMJB?
90. ! RUGL-QGXCB ?GP K?RRPCQQ SQCB DMP A?KNGLE F?Q BGKCLQGMLQ MD 100 AK
@W 200 AK @W 15 AK UFCL @JMUL SN. 4FC UCGEFR MD RFC K?RRPCQQ GQ 2 IE.
(MU FC?TW ? NCPQML AMSJB RFC ?GP K?RRPCQQ FMJB GD GR GQ NJ?ACB GL
DPCQFU?RCP?
91. 2CDCPPGLE RM F?=KH; 11.21, NPMTC RF?R RFC @SMW?LR DMPAC ML RFC
AWJGLBCP GQ COS?J RM RFC UCGEFR MD RFC DJSGB BGQNJ?ACB (!PAFGKCBCQt
#(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3 395
NPGLAGNJC). 9MS K?W ?QQSKC RF?R RFC @SMW?LR DMPAC GQ F
2
F
1
?LB RF?R
RFC CLBQ MD RFC AWJGLBCP F?TC COS?J ?PC?Q A . .MRC RF?R RFC TMJSKC MD RFC
AWJGLBCP (?LB RF?R MD RFC DJSGB GR BGQNJ?ACQ) COS?JQ (h
2
h
1
)A .
92. (?) ! 75.0-IE K?L DJM?RQ GL DPCQFU?RCP UGRF 3.00% MD FGQ TMJSKC
?@MTC U?RCP UFCL FGQ JSLEQ ?PC CKNRW, ?LB 5.00% MD FGQ TMJSKC ?@MTC
U?RCP UFCL FGQ JSLEQ ?PC DSJJ. #?JASJ?RC RFC TMJSKC MD ?GP FC
GLF?JCQrA?JJCB FGQ JSLE A?N?AGRWrGL JGRCPQ. (@) $MCQ RFGQ JSLE TMJSKC
QCCK PC?QML?@JC?
11.8 CE>;I?ED 7D: A:>;I?ED ?D %?GK?:I: ,KH<79;
-;DI?ED 7D: C7F?BB7HO A9J?ED
93. 7F?R GQ RFC NPCQQSPC GLQGBC ?L ?JTCMJSQ F?TGLE ? P?BGSQ MD
2.5010
4
m GD RFC QSPD?AC RCLQGML MD RFC DJSGB-JGLCB U?JJ GQ RFC Q?KC
?Q DMP QM?NW U?RCP? 9MS K?W ?QQSKC RFC NPCQQSPC GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q RF?R
APC?RCB @W ? QNFCPGA?J @S@@JC.
94. (?) 4FC NPCQQSPC GLQGBC ?L ?JTCMJSQ UGRF ? 2.0010
4
-K P?BGSQ GQ
1.4010
3
Pa , BSC RM GRQ DJSGB-JGLCB U?JJQ. !QQSKGLE RFC ?JTCMJSQ ?ARQ
JGIC ? QNFCPGA?J @S@@JC, UF?R GQ RFC QSPD?AC RCLQGML MD RFC DJSGB? (@)
)BCLRGDW RFC JGICJW DJSGB. (9MS K?W LCCB RM CVRP?NMJ?RC @CRUCCL T?JSCQ GL
-78B; 11.3.)
95. 7F?R GQ RFC E?SEC NPCQQSPC GL KGJJGKCRCPQ MD KCPASPW GLQGBC ? QM?N
@S@@JC 0.100 K GL BG?KCRCP?
96. #?JASJ?RC RFC DMPAC ML RFC QJGBC UGPC GL F?=KH; 11.29 GD GR GQ 3.50 AK
JMLE ?LB RFC DJSGB GQ CRFWJ ?JAMFMJ.
97. F?=KH; 11.35(?) QFMUQ RFC CDDCAR MD RS@C P?BGSQ ML RFC FCGEFR RM UFGAF
A?NGJJ?PW ?ARGML A?L P?GQC ? DJSGB. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC FCGEFR h DMP U?RCP GL ?
EJ?QQ RS@C UGRF ? P?BGSQ MD 0.900 AKr? P?RFCP J?PEC RS@C JGIC RFC MLC ML
RFC JCDR. (@) 7F?R GQ RFC P?BGSQ MD RFC EJ?QQ RS@C ML RFC PGEFR GD GR P?GQCQ
U?RCP RM 4.00 AK?
98. 7C QR?RCB GL EN7CFB; 11.12 RF?R ? VWJCK RS@C GQ MD P?BGSQ
2.5010
5
m. 6CPGDW RF?R QSAF ? RS@C P?GQCQ Q?N JCQQ RF?L ? KCRCP @W
DGLBGLE h DMP GR, K?IGLE RFC Q?KC ?QQSKNRGMLQ RF?R Q?NtQ BCLQGRW GQ
1050 kg/m
3
, GRQ AMLR?AR ?LEJC GQ XCPM, ?LB GRQ QSPD?AC RCLQGML GQ RFC
Q?KC ?Q RF?R MD U?RCP ?R 20.0 C.
99. 7F?R DJSGB GQ GL RFC BCTGAC QFMUL GL F?=KH; 11.29 GD RFC DMPAC GQ
3.1610
3
N ?LB RFC JCLERF MD RFC UGPC GQ 2.50 AK? #?JASJ?RC RFC
QSPD?AC RCLQGML ?LB DGLB ? JGICJW K?RAF DPMK -78B; 11.3.
100. )D RFC E?SEC NPCQQSPC GLQGBC ? PS@@CP @?JJMML UGRF ? 10.0-AK P?BGSQ
GQ 1.50 AK MD U?RCP, UF?R GQ RFC CDDCARGTC QSPD?AC RCLQGML MD RFC @?JJMML?
101. #?JASJ?RC RFC E?SEC NPCQQSPCQ GLQGBC 2.00-AK-P?BGSQ @S@@JCQ MD
U?RCP, ?JAMFMJ, ?LB QM?NW U?RCP. 7FGAF JGOSGB DMPKQ RFC KMQR QR?@JC
@S@@JCQ, LCEJCARGLE ?LW CDDCARQ MD CT?NMP?RGML?
102. 3SNNMQC U?RCP GQ P?GQCB @W A?NGJJ?PW ?ARGML RM ? FCGEFR MD 5.00 AK GL
? EJ?QQ RS@C. (?) 4M UF?R FCGEFR UGJJ GR @C P?GQCB GL ? N?P?DDGL RS@C MD RFC
Q?KC P?BGSQ? (@) )L ? QGJTCP RS@C MD RFC Q?KC P?BGSQ?
103. #?JASJ?RC RFC AMLR?AR ?LEJC DMP MJGTC MGJ GD A?NGJJ?PW ?ARGML P?GQCQ GR
RM ? FCGEFR MD 7.07 AK GL ? EJ?QQ RS@C UGRF ? P?BGSQ MD 0.100 KK. )Q RFGQ
T?JSC AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RF?R DMP KMQR MPE?LGA JGOSGBQ?
104. 7FCL RUM QM?N @S@@JCQ RMSAF, RFC J?PECP GQ GLDJ?RCB @W RFC QK?JJCP
SLRGJ RFCW DMPK ? QGLEJC @S@@JC. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC E?SEC NPCQQSPC GLQGBC ?
QM?N @S@@JC UGRF ? 1.50-AK P?BGSQ? (@) )LQGBC ? 4.00-AK-P?BGSQ QM?N
@S@@JC? (A) )LQGBC RFC QGLEJC @S@@JC RFCW DMPK GD LM ?GP GQ JMQR UFCL RFCW
RMSAF?
105. #?JASJ?RC RFC P?RGM MD RFC FCGEFRQ RM UFGAF U?RCP ?LB KCPASPW ?PC
P?GQCB @W A?NGJJ?PW ?ARGML GL RFC Q?KC EJ?QQ RS@C.
106. 7F?R GQ RFC P?RGM MD FCGEFRQ RM UFGAF CRFWJ ?JAMFMJ ?LB U?RCP ?PC
P?GQCB @W A?NGJJ?PW ?ARGML GL RFC Q?KC EJ?QQ RS@C?
107. $SPGLE DMPACB CVF?J?RGML, QSAF ?Q UFCL @JMUGLE SN ? @?JJMML, RFC
BG?NFP?EK ?LB AFCQR KSQAJCQ APC?RC ? NPCQQSPC MD 60.0 KK (E @CRUCCL
RFC JSLEQ ?LB AFCQR U?JJ. 7F?R DMPAC GL LCURMLQ BMCQ RFGQ NPCQQSPC
APC?RC ML RFC 600 cm
2
QSPD?AC ?PC? MD RFC BG?NFP?EK?
108. 9MS A?L AFCU RFPMSEF TCPW RMSEF M@HCARQ UGRF WMSP GLAGQMPQ @CA?SQC
RFCW CVCPR ? J?PEC DMPAC ML RFC QK?JJ ?PC? MD ? NMGLRCB RMMRF. 7F?R
NPCQQSPC GL N?QA?JQ A?L WMS APC?RC @W CVCPRGLE ? DMPAC MD 500 N UGRF
WMSP RMMRF ML ?L ?PC? MD 1.00 mm
2
?
109. /LC U?W RM DMPAC ?GP GLRM ?L SLAMLQAGMSQ NCPQMLtQ JSLEQ GQ RM
QOSCCXC ML ? @?JJMML ?NNPMNPG?RCJW AMLLCARCB RM RFC QS@HCAR. 7F?R DMPAC
KSQR WMS CVCPR ML RFC @?JJMML UGRF WMSP F?LBQ RM APC?RC ? E?SEC
NPCQQSPC MD 4.00 AK U?RCP, ?QQSKGLE WMS QOSCCXC ML ?L CDDCARGTC ?PC? MD
50.0 cm
2
?
110. (CPMCQ GL KMTGCQ FGBC @CLC?RF U?RCP ?LB @PC?RFC RFPMSEF ? FMJJMU
PCCB (TGJJ?GLQ LCTCP A?RAF ML RM RFGQ RPGAI). )L NP?ARGAC, WMS A?LLMR GLF?JC GL
RFGQ K?LLCP GD WMSP JSLEQ ?PC KMPC RF?L 60.0 AK @CJMU RFC QSPD?AC. 7F?R
GQ RFC K?VGKSK LCE?RGTC E?SEC NPCQQSPC WMS A?L APC?RC GL WMSP JSLEQ ML
BPW J?LB, ?QQSKGLE WMS A?L ?AFGCTC 3.00 cm U?RCP NPCQQSPC UGRF
WMSP JSLEQ 60.0 AK @CJMU RFC QSPD?AC?
111. '?SEC NPCQQSPC GL RFC DJSGB QSPPMSLBGLE ?L GLD?LRtQ @P?GL K?W PGQC ?Q
FGEF ?Q 85.0 KK (E (5 RM 12 KK (E GQ LMPK?J), APC?RGLE ?L MSRU?PB
DMPAC J?PEC CLMSEF RM K?IC RFC QISJJ EPMU ?@LMPK?JJW J?PEC. (?) #?JASJ?RC
RFGQ MSRU?PB DMPAC GL LCURMLQ ML C?AF QGBC MD ?L GLD?LRtQ QISJJ GD RFC
CDDCARGTC ?PC? MD C?AF QGBC GQ 70.0 cm
2
. (@) 7F?R GQ RFC LCR DMPAC ?ARGLE
ML RFC QISJJ?
112. ! DSJJ-RCPK DCRSQ RWNGA?JJW F?Q ? K?QQ MD 3.50 IE. (?) 7F?R NPCQQSPC
BMCQ RFC UCGEFR MD QSAF ? DCRSQ APC?RC GD GR PCQRQ ML RFC KMRFCPtQ @J?BBCP,
QSNNMPRCB ML ?L ?PC? MD 90.0 cm
2
? (@) #MLTCPR RFGQ NPCQQSPC RM
KGJJGKCRCPQ MD KCPASPW ?LB BCRCPKGLC GD GR ?JMLC GQ EPC?R CLMSEF RM RPGEECP
RFC KGARSPGRGML PCDJCV (GR UGJJ ?BB RM ?LW NPCQQSPC ?JPC?BW CVGQRGLE GL RFC
@J?BBCP).
113. )D RFC NPCQQSPC GL RFC CQMNF?ESQ GQ 2.00 mm Hg UFGJC RF?R GL RFC
QRMK?AF GQ +20.0 mm Hg , RM UF?R FCGEFR AMSJB QRMK?AF DJSGB PGQC GL
RFC CQMNF?ESQ, ?QQSKGLE ? BCLQGRW MD 1.10 E/K,? (4FGQ KMTCKCLR UGJJ
LMR MAASP GD RFC KSQAJC AJMQGLE RFC JMUCP CLB MD RFC CQMNF?ESQ GQ UMPIGLE
NPMNCPJW.)
114. 0PCQQSPC GL RFC QNGL?J DJSGB GQ KC?QSPCB ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 11.43. )D
RFC NPCQQSPC GL RFC QNGL?J DJSGB GQ 10.0 KK (E: (?) 7F?R GQ RFC PC?BGLE MD
RFC U?RCP K?LMKCRCP GL AK U?RCP? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC PC?BGLE GD RFC NCPQML
QGRQ SN, NJ?AGLE RFC RMN MD RFC DJSGB 60 AK ?@MTC RFC R?N? 4FC DJSGB BCLQGRW
GQ 1.05 E/K,.
F?=KH; 11.43 ! U?RCP K?LMKCRCP SQCB RM KC?QSPC NPCQQSPC GL RFC QNGL?J DJSGB. 4FC
FCGEFR MD RFC DJSGB GL RFC K?LMKCRCP GQ KC?QSPCB PCJ?RGTC RM RFC QNGL?J AMJSKL, ?LB RFC
K?LMKCRCP GQ MNCL RM RFC ?RKMQNFCPC. 4FC KC?QSPCB NPCQQSPC UGJJ @C AMLQGBCP?@JW
EPC?RCP GD RFC NCPQML QGRQ SN.
115. #?JASJ?RC RFC K?VGKSK DMPAC GL LCURMLQ CVCPRCB @W RFC @JMMB ML ?L
?LCSPWQK, MP @?JJMMLGLE, GL ? K?HMP ?PRCPW, EGTCL RFC K?VGKSK @JMMB
NPCQQSPC DMP RFGQ NCPQML GQ 150 KK (E ?LB RFC CDDCARGTC ?PC? MD RFC
?LCSPWQK GQ 20.0 cm
2
. .MRC RF?R RFGQ DMPAC GQ EPC?R CLMSEF RM A?SQC
DSPRFCP CLJ?PECKCLR ?LB QS@QCOSCLRJW EPC?RCP DMPAC ML RFC CTCP-RFGLLCP
TCQQCJ U?JJ.
116. $SPGLE FC?TW JGDRGLE, ? BGQI @CRUCCL QNGL?J TCPRC@P?C GQ QS@HCARCB RM
? 5000-. AMKNPCQQGML?J DMPAC. (?) 7F?R NPCQQSPC GQ APC?RCB, ?QQSKGLE
RF?R RFC BGQI F?Q ? SLGDMPK AGPASJ?P APMQQ QCARGML 2.00 AK GL P?BGSQ? (@)
7F?R BCDMPK?RGML GQ NPMBSACB GD RFC BGQI GQ 0.800 AK RFGAI ?LB F?Q ?
9MSLEtQ KMBSJSQ MD 1.510
9
N/m
2
?
396 #(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3
117. 7FCL ? NCPQML QGRQ CPCAR, GLAPC?QGLE RFC TCPRGA?J NMQGRGML MD RFCGP
@P?GL @W 36.0 AK, RFC FC?PR KSQR AMLRGLSC RM NSKN @JMMB RM RFC @P?GL ?R
RFC Q?KC P?RC. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC E?GL GL EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW DMP
100 K, MD @JMMB P?GQCB 36.0 AK? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC BPMN GL NPCQQSPC,
LCEJCARGLE ?LW JMQQCQ BSC RM DPGARGML? (A) $GQASQQ FMU RFC E?GL GL
EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW ?LB RFC BCAPC?QC GL NPCQQSPC ?PC PCJ?RCB.
118. (?) (MU FGEF UGJJ U?RCP PGQC GL ? EJ?QQ A?NGJJ?PW RS@C UGRF ? 0.500-KK
P?BGSQ? (@) (MU KSAF EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW BMCQ RFC U?RCP E?GL?
(A) $GQASQQ NMQQG@JC QMSPACQ MD RFGQ CLCPEW.
119. ! LCE?RGTC NPCQQSPC MD 25.0 ?RK A?L QMKCRGKCQ @C ?AFGCTCB UGRF
RFC BCTGAC GL F?=KH; 11.44 @CDMPC RFC U?RCP QCN?P?RCQ. (?) 4M UF?R FCGEFR
AMSJB QSAF ? LCE?RGTC E?SEC NPCQQSPC P?GQC U?RCP? (@) (MU KSAF UMSJB
? QRCCJ UGPC MD RFC Q?KC BG?KCRCP ?LB JCLERF ?Q RFGQ A?NGJJ?PW QRPCRAF GD
QSQNCLBCB DPMK ?@MTC?
F?=KH; 11.44 (?) 7FCL RFC NGQRML GQ P?GQCB, GR QRPCRAFCQ RFC JGOSGB QJGEFRJW, NSRRGLE GR
SLBCP RCLQGML ?LB APC?RGLE ? LCE?RGTC ?@QMJSRC NPCQQSPC P = F / A (@) 4FC
JGOSGB CTCLRS?JJW QCN?P?RCQ, EGTGLE ?L CVNCPGKCLR?J JGKGR RM LCE?RGTC NPCQQSPC GL RFGQ
JGOSGB.
120. 3SNNMQC WMS FGR ? QRCCJ L?GJ UGRF ? 0.500-IE F?KKCP, GLGRG?JJW KMTGLE
?R 15.0 m/s ?LB @PMSEFR RM PCQR GL 2.80 KK. (?) 7F?R ?TCP?EC DMPAC GQ
CVCPRCB ML RFC L?GJ? (@) (MU KSAF GQ RFC L?GJ AMKNPCQQCB GD GR GQ 2.50 KK
GL BG?KCRCP ?LB 6.00-AK JMLE? (A) 7F?R NPCQQSPC GQ APC?RCB ML RFC
1.00-KK-BG?KCRCP RGN MD RFC L?GJ?
121. #?JASJ?RC RFC NPCQQSPC BSC RM RFC MAC?L ?R RFC @MRRMK MD RFC
-?PG?L?Q 4PCLAF LC?P RFC 0FGJGNNGLCQ, EGTCL GRQ BCNRF GQ 11.0 km ?LB
?QQSKGLE RFC BCLQGRW MD QC? U?RCP GQ AMLQR?LR ?JJ RFC U?W BMUL. (@)
#?JASJ?RC RFC NCPACLR BCAPC?QC GL TMJSKC MD QC? U?RCP BSC RM QSAF ?
NPCQQSPC, ?QQSKGLE GRQ @SJI KMBSJSQ GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q U?RCP ?LB GQ
AMLQR?LR. (A) 7F?R UMSJB @C RFC NCPACLR GLAPC?QC GL GRQ BCLQGRW? )Q RFC
?QQSKNRGML MD AMLQR?LR BCLQGRW T?JGB? 7GJJ RFC ?ARS?J NPCQQSPC @C EPC?RCP
MP QK?JJCP RF?L RF?R A?JASJ?RCB SLBCP RFGQ ?QQSKNRGML?
122. 4FC FWBP?SJGA QWQRCK MD ? @?AIFMC GQ SQCB RM JGDR ? JM?B ?Q QFMUL GL
F?=KH; 11.45. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC DMPAC F RFC QJ?TC AWJGLBCP KSQR CVCPR RM
QSNNMPR RFC 400-IE JM?B ?LB RFC 150-IE @P?AC ?LB QFMTCJ. (@) 7F?R GQ RFC
NPCQQSPC GL RFC FWBP?SJGA DJSGB GD RFC QJ?TC AWJGLBCP GQ 2.50 AK GL BG?KCRCP?
(A) 7F?R DMPAC UMSJB WMS F?TC RM CVCPR ML ? JCTCP UGRF ? KCAF?LGA?J
?BT?LR?EC MD 5.00 ?ARGLE ML ? K?QRCP AWJGLBCP 0.800 AK GL BG?KCRCP RM
APC?RC RFGQ NPCQQSPC?
F?=KH; 11.45 (WBP?SJGA ?LB KCAF?LGA?J JCTCP QWQRCKQ ?PC SQCB GL FC?TW K?AFGLCPW
QSAF ?Q RFGQ @?AI FMC.
123. 3MKC KGLCPQ UGQF RM PCKMTC U?RCP DPMK ? KGLC QF?DR. ! NGNC GQ
JMUCPCB RM RFC U?RCP 90 K @CJMU, ?LB ? LCE?RGTC NPCQQSPC GQ ?NNJGCB RM
P?GQC RFC U?RCP. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC NPCQQSPC LCCBCB RM P?GQC RFC U?RCP. (@)
7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ NPCQQSPC? (A) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC
?@MSR RFC NPCKGQC?
124. 9MS ?PC NSKNGLE SN ? @GAWAJC RGPC UGRF ? F?LB NSKN, RFC NGQRML MD
UFGAF F?Q ? 2.00-AK P?BGSQ.
(?) 7F?R DMPAC GL LCURMLQ KSQR WMS CVCPR RM APC?RC ? NPCQQSPC MD
6.9010
5
Pa (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ (?) PCQSJR? (A) 7FGAF
NPCKGQCQ ?PC SLPC?QML?@JC MP GLAMLQGQRCLR?
125. #MLQGBCP ? EPMSN MD NCMNJC RPWGLE RM QR?W ?DJM?R ?DRCP RFCGP @M?R
QRPGICQ ? JME GL ? J?IC. #MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS A?JASJ?RC RFC
LSK@CP MD NCMNJC RF?R A?L AJGLE RM RFC JME ?LB ICCN RFCGP FC?BQ MSR MD RFC
U?RCP. !KMLE RFC T?PG?@JCQ RM @C AMLQGBCPCB ?PC RFC QGXC ?LB BCLQGRW MD
RFC JME, ?LB UF?R GQ LCCBCB RM ICCN ? NCPQMLtQ FC?B ?LB ?PKQ ?@MTC
U?RCP UGRFMSR QUGKKGLE MP RPC?BGLE U?RCP.
126. 4FC ?JTCMJG GL CKNFWQCK? TGARGKQ ?PC B?K?ECB ?LB CDDCARGTCJW DMPK
J?PECP Q?AQ. #MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS A?JASJ?RC RFC JMQQ MD
NPCQQSPC BSC RM QSPD?AC RCLQGML GL RFC ?JTCMJG @CA?SQC MD RFCGP J?PECP
?TCP?EC BG?KCRCPQ. (0?PR MD RFC JSLEtQ ?@GJGRW RM CVNCJ ?GP PCQSJRQ DPMK
NPCQQSPC APC?RCB @W QSPD?AC RCLQGML GL RFC ?JTCMJG.) !KMLE RFC RFGLEQ RM
AMLQGBCP ?PC RFC LMPK?J QSPD?AC RCLQGML MD RFC DJSGB JGLGLE RFC ?JTCMJG, RFC
?TCP?EC ?JTCMJ?P P?BGSQ GL LMPK?J GLBGTGBS?JQ ?LB GRQ ?TCP?EC GL
CKNFWQCK? QSDDCPCPQ.
#(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3 397
398 #(!04%2 11 Y &,5)$ 34!4)#3
12 &,5)$ $9.!-)#3 !.$ )43 ")/,/')#!, !.$
-%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3
F?=KH; 12.1 -?LW DJSGBQ ?PC DJMUGLE GL RFGQ QACLC. 7?RCP DPMK RFC FMQC ?LB QKMIC DPMK RFC DGPC ?PC TGQG@JC DJMUQ. ,CQQ TGQG@JC ?PC RFC DJMU MD ?GP ?LB RFC DJMU MD DJSGBQ ML RFC
EPMSLB ?LB UGRFGL RFC NCMNJC DGEFRGLE RFC DGPC. %VNJMPC ?JJ RWNCQ MD DJMU, QSAF ?Q TGQG@JC, GKNJGCB, RSP@SJCLR, J?KGL?P, ?LB QM ML, NPCQCLR GL RFGQ QACLC. -?IC ? JGQR ?LB BGQASQQ RFC
PCJ?RGTC CLCPEGCQ GLTMJTCB GL RFC T?PGMSQ DJMUQ, GLAJSBGLE RFC JCTCJ MD AMLDGBCLAC GL WMSP CQRGK?RCQ. (APCBGR: !LBPCU -?EGJJ, &JGAIP)
,C?PLGLE /@HCARGTCQ
12.1. FBEM +7J; 7D: "JI +;B7J?ED JE /;BE9?JO
12.2. B;HDEKBB?XI EGK7J?ED
12.3. ->; &EIJ ;D;H7B AFFB?97J?EDI E< B;HDEKBB?XI EGK7J?ED
12.4. /?I9EI?JO 7D: %7C?D7H FBEM; )E?I;K?BB;XI %7M
12.5. ->; (DI;J E< -KH8KB;D9;
12.6. &EJ?ED E< 7D (8@;9J ?D 7 /?I9EKI FBK?:
12.7. &EB;9KB7H -H7DIFEHJ )>;DEC;D7: D?<<KI?ED, (ICEI?I, 7D: +;B7J;: )HE9;II;I
"DJHE:K9J?ED JE FBK?: DOD7C?9I 7D: "JI B?EBE=?97B 7D: &;:?97B AFFB?97J?EDI
7C F?TC BC?JR UGRF K?LW QGRS?RGMLQ GL UFGAF DJSGBQ ?PC QR?RGA. "SR @W RFCGP TCPW BCDGLGRGML, DJSGBQ DJMU. %V?KNJCQ AMKC C?QGJWr? AMJSKL MD QKMIC PGQCQ
DPMK ? A?KN DGPC, U?RCP QRPC?KQ DPMK ? DGPC FMQC, @JMMB AMSPQCQ RFPMSEF WMSP TCGLQ. 7FW BMCQ PGQGLE QKMIC ASPJ ?LB RUGQR? (MU BMCQ ? LMXXJC
GLAPC?QC RFC QNCCB MD U?RCP CKCPEGLE DPMK ? FMQC? (MU BMCQ RFC @MBW PCESJ?RC @JMMB DJMU? 4FC NFWQGAQ MD DJSGBQ GL KMRGMLr <BK?:
:OD7C?9Ir?JJMUQ SQ RM ?LQUCP RFCQC ?LB K?LW MRFCP OSCQRGMLQ.
12.1 FBEM +7J; 7D: "JI +;B7J?ED JE /;BE9?JO
FBEM H7J; Q GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC TMJSKC MD DJSGB N?QQGLE @W QMKC JMA?RGML RFPMSEF ?L ?PC? BSPGLE ? NCPGMB MD RGKC, ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 12.2. )L
QWK@MJQ, RFGQ A?L @C UPGRRCL ?Q
(12.1)
Q =
V
t
,
UFCPC V GQ RFC TMJSKC ?LB t GQ RFC CJ?NQCB RGKC.
4FC 3) SLGR DMP DJMU P?RC GQ m
3
/s , @SR ? LSK@CP MD MRFCP SLGRQ DMP Q ?PC GL AMKKML SQC. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC FC?PR MD ? PCQRGLE ?BSJR NSKNQ @JMMB ?R ?
P?RC MD 5.00 JGRCPQ NCP KGLSRC (,/KGL). .MRC RF?R ? B?J;H (,) GQ 1/1000 MD ? AS@GA KCRCP MP 1000 AS@GA ACLRGKCRCPQ ( 10
3
m
3
MP 10
3
cm
3
). )L RFGQ RCVR
UC QF?JJ SQC UF?RCTCP KCRPGA SLGRQ ?PC KMQR AMLTCLGCLR DMP ? EGTCL QGRS?RGML.
#(!04%2 12 Y &,5)$ $9.!-)#3 !.$ )43 ")/,/')#!, !.$ -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 399
F?=KH; 12.2 &JMU P?RC GQ RFC TMJSKC MD DJSGB NCP SLGR RGKC DJMUGLE N?QR ? NMGLR RFPMSEF RFC ?PC? A . (CPC RFC QF?BCB AWJGLBCP MD DJSGB DJMUQ N?QR NMGLR P GL ? SLGDMPK NGNC GL
RGKC t . 4FC TMJSKC MD RFC AWJGLBCP GQ Ad ?LB RFC ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW GQ v
= d / t QM RF?R RFC DJMU P?RC GQ Q = Ad / t = Av
.
EN7CFB; 12.1 C7B9KB7J?D= /EBKC; <HEC FBEM +7J;: ->; !;7HJ )KCFI 7 %EJ E< BBEE: ?D 7 %?<;J?C;
(MU K?LW AS@GA KCRCPQ MD @JMMB BMCQ RFC FC?PR NSKN GL ? 75-WC?P JGDCRGKC, ?QQSKGLE RFC ?TCP?EC DJMU P?RC GQ 5.00 ,/KGL?
,JH7J;=O
4GKC ?LB DJMU P?RC Q ?PC EGTCL, ?LB QM RFC TMJSKC V A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB DPMK RFC BCDGLGRGML MD DJMU P?RC.
,EBKJ?ED
3MJTGLE Q = V / t DMP TMJSKC EGTCQ
(12.2) V = Qt.
(12.3)
V =

5.00 L
1 min
(75 y)
1 m
3
10
3
L
5.2610
5min
y

= 2.010
5
m
3
.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ ?KMSLR GQ ?@MSR 200,000 RMLQ MD @JMMB. &MP AMKN?PGQML, RFGQ T?JSC GQ COSGT?JCLR RM ?@MSR 200 RGKCQ RFC TMJSKC MD U?RCP AMLR?GLCB GL ?
6-J?LC 50-K J?N NMMJ.
&JMU P?RC ?LB TCJMAGRW ?PC PCJ?RCB, @SR OSGRC BGDDCPCLR, NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ. 4M K?IC RFC BGQRGLARGML AJC?P, RFGLI ?@MSR RFC DJMU P?RC MD ? PGTCP. 4FC EPC?RCP
RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC U?RCP, RFC EPC?RCP RFC DJMU P?RC MD RFC PGTCP. "SR DJMU P?RC ?JQM BCNCLBQ ML RFC QGXC MD RFC PGTCP. ! P?NGB KMSLR?GL QRPC?K A?PPGCQ D?P
JCQQ U?RCP RF?L RFC !K?XML 2GTCP GL "P?XGJ, DMP CV?KNJC. 4FC NPCAGQC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL DJMU P?RC Q ?LB TCJMAGRW v
GQ
(12.4)
Q = Av
,
UFCPC A GQ RFC APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? ?LB v
GQ RFC ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW. 4FGQ COS?RGML QCCKQ JMEGA?J CLMSEF. 4FC PCJ?RGMLQFGN RCJJQ SQ RF?R DJMU P?RC GQ
BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM @MRF RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW (FCPC?DRCP PCDCPPCB RM ?Q RFC QNCCB) ?LB RFC QGXC MD ? PGTCP, NGNC, MP MRFCP AMLBSGR.
4FC J?PECP RFC AMLBSGR, RFC EPC?RCP GRQ APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC?. F?=KH; 12.2 GJJSQRP?RCQ FMU RFGQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN GQ M@R?GLCB. 4FC QF?BCB AWJGLBCP F?Q ?
TMJSKC
(12.5)
V = Ad,
UFGAF DJMUQ N?QR RFC NMGLR P GL ? RGKC t . $GTGBGLE @MRF QGBCQ MD RFGQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN @W t EGTCQ
(12.6)
V
t
=
Ad
t
.
7C LMRC RF?R Q = V / t ?LB RFC ?TCP?EC QNCCB GQ v
= d / t . 4FSQ RFC COS?RGML @CAMKCQ Q = Av
.
F?=KH; 12.3 QFMUQ ?L GLAMKNPCQQG@JC DJSGB DJMUGLE ?JMLE ? NGNC MD BCAPC?QGLE P?BGSQ. "CA?SQC RFC DJSGB GQ GLAMKNPCQQG@JC, RFC Q?KC ?KMSLR MD DJSGB
KSQR DJMU N?QR ?LW NMGLR GL RFC RS@C GL ? EGTCL RGKC RM CLQSPC AMLRGLSGRW MD DJMU. )L RFGQ A?QC, @CA?SQC RFC APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? MD RFC NGNC BCAPC?QCQ,
RFC TCJMAGRW KSQR LCACQQ?PGJW GLAPC?QC. 4FGQ JMEGA A?L @C CVRCLBCB RM Q?W RF?R RFC DJMU P?RC KSQR @C RFC Q?KC ?R ?JJ NMGLRQ ?JMLE RFC NGNC. )L N?PRGASJ?P,
DMP NMGLRQ 1 ?LB 2,
(12.7)
Q
1
= Q
2
A
1
v
1
= A
2
v
.
4FGQ GQ A?JJCB RFC COS?RGML MD AMLRGLSGRW ?LB GQ T?JGB DMP ?LW GLAMKNPCQQG@JC DJSGB. 4FC AMLQCOSCLACQ MD RFC COS?RGML MD AMLRGLSGRW A?L @C M@QCPTCB
UFCL U?RCP DJMUQ DPMK ? FMQC GLRM ? L?PPMU QNP?W LMXXJC: GR CKCPECQ UGRF ? J?PEC QNCCBrRF?R GQ RFC NSPNMQC MD RFC LMXXJC. #MLTCPQCJW, UFCL ? PGTCP
CKNRGCQ GLRM MLC CLB MD ? PCQCPTMGP, RFC U?RCP QJMUQ AMLQGBCP?@JW, NCPF?NQ NGAIGLE SN QNCCB ?E?GL UFCL GR JC?TCQ RFC MRFCP CLB MD RFC PCQCPTMGP. )L
MRFCP UMPBQ, QNCCB GLAPC?QCQ UFCL APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? BCAPC?QCQ, ?LB QNCCB BCAPC?QCQ UFCL APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? GLAPC?QCQ.
400 #(!04%2 12 Y &,5)$ $9.!-)#3 !.$ )43 ")/,/')#!, !.$ -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3
F?=KH; 12.3 7FCL ? RS@C L?PPMUQ, RFC Q?KC TMJSKC MAASNGCQ ? EPC?RCP JCLERF. &MP RFC Q?KC TMJSKC RM N?QQ NMGLRQ 1 ?LB 2 GL ? EGTCL RGKC, RFC QNCCB KSQR @C EPC?RCP ?R NMGLR
2. 4FC NPMACQQ GQ CV?ARJW PCTCPQG@JC. )D RFC DJSGB DJMUQ GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML, GRQ QNCCB UGJJ BCAPC?QC UFCL RFC RS@C UGBCLQ. (.MRC RF?R RFC PCJ?RGTC TMJSKCQ MD RFC RUM AWJGLBCPQ
?LB RFC AMPPCQNMLBGLE TCJMAGRW TCARMP ?PPMUQ ?PC LMR BP?UL RM QA?JC.)
3GLAC JGOSGBQ ?PC CQQCLRG?JJW GLAMKNPCQQG@JC, RFC COS?RGML MD AMLRGLSGRW GQ T?JGB DMP ?JJ JGOSGBQ. (MUCTCP, E?QCQ ?PC AMKNPCQQG@JC, ?LB QM RFC COS?RGML
KSQR @C ?NNJGCB UGRF A?SRGML RM E?QCQ GD RFCW ?PC QS@HCARCB RM AMKNPCQQGML MP CVN?LQGML.
EN7CFB; 12.2 C7B9KB7J?D= FBK?: ,F;;:: ,F;;: "D9H;7I;I 0>;D 7 -K8; '7HHEMI
! LMXXJC UGRF ? P?BGSQ MD 0.250 AK GQ ?RR?AFCB RM ? E?PBCL FMQC UGRF ? P?BGSQ MD 0.900 AK. 4FC DJMU P?RC RFPMSEF FMQC ?LB LMXXJC GQ 0.500 ,/Q.
#?JASJ?RC RFC QNCCB MD RFC U?RCP (?) GL RFC FMQC ?LB (@) GL RFC LMXXJC.
,JH7J;=O
7C A?L SQC RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL DJMU P?RC ?LB QNCCB RM DGLB @MRF TCJMAGRGCQ. 7C UGJJ SQC RFC QS@QAPGNR 1 DMP RFC FMQC ?LB 2 DMP RFC LMXXJC.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
&GPQR, UC QMJTC Q = Av
DMP v
1
?LB LMRC RF?R RFC APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? GQ A = r
2
, WGCJBGLE
(12.8)
v
1
=
Q
A
1
=
Q
r
1
2
.
3S@QRGRSRGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ ?LB K?IGLE ?NNPMNPG?RC SLGR AMLTCPQGMLQ WGCJBQ
(12.9)
v
1
=
(0.500 L/s)(10
3
m
3
/ L)
(9.0010
3
m)
2
= 1.96 m/s.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
7C AMSJB PCNC?R RFGQ A?JASJ?RGML RM DGLB RFC QNCCB GL RFC LMXXJC v
2
, @SR UC UGJJ SQC RFC COS?RGML MD AMLRGLSGRW RM EGTC ? QMKCUF?R BGDDCPCLR
GLQGEFR. 5QGLE RFC COS?RGML UFGAF QR?RCQ
(12.10)
A
1
v
1
= A
2
v
2
,
QMJTGLE DMP v
2
?LB QS@QRGRSRGLE r
2
DMP RFC APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? WGCJBQ
(12.11)
v
2
=
A
1
A
2
v
1
=
r
1
2
r
2
2
v
1
=
r
1
2
r
2
2
v
1
.
(12.12)
v
2
=
(0.900 cm)
2
(0.250 cm)
2
1.96 m/s = 25.5 m/s.
D?I9KII?ED
! QNCCB MD 1.96 K/Q GQ ?@MSR PGEFR DMP U?RCP CKCPEGLE DPMK ? LMXXJCJCQQ FMQC. 4FC LMXXJC NPMBSACQ ? AMLQGBCP?@JW D?QRCP QRPC?K KCPCJW @W
AMLQRPGARGLE RFC DJMU RM ? L?PPMUCP RS@C.
4FC QMJSRGML RM RFC J?QR N?PR MD RFC CV?KNJC QFMUQ RF?R QNCCB GQ GLTCPQCJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC FDH4E8 MD RFC P?BGSQ MD RFC RS@C, K?IGLE DMP J?PEC CDDCARQ
UFCL P?BGSQ T?PGCQ. 7C A?L @JMU MSR ? A?LBJC ?R OSGRC ? BGQR?LAC, DMP CV?KNJC, @W NSPQGLE MSP JGNQ, UFCPC?Q @JMUGLE ML ? A?LBJC UGRF MSP KMSRF UGBC
MNCL GQ OSGRC GLCDDCARGTC.
)L K?LW QGRS?RGMLQ, GLAJSBGLE GL RFC A?PBGMT?QASJ?P QWQRCK, @P?LAFGLE MD RFC DJMU MAASPQ. 4FC @JMMB GQ NSKNCB DPMK RFC FC?PR GLRM ?PRCPGCQ RF?R
QS@BGTGBC GLRM QK?JJCP ?PRCPGCQ (?PRCPGMJCQ) UFGAF @P?LAF GLRM TCPW DGLC TCQQCJQ A?JJCB A?NGJJ?PGCQ. )L RFGQ QGRS?RGML, AMLRGLSGRW MD DJMU GQ K?GLR?GLCB @SR GR
GQ RFC FH@ MD RFC DJMU P?RCQ GL C?AF MD RFC @P?LAFCQ GL ?LW NMPRGML ?JMLE RFC RS@C RF?R GQ K?GLR?GLCB. 4FC COS?RGML MD AMLRGLSGRW GL ? KMPC ECLCP?J DMPK
@CAMKCQ
(12.13)
n
1
A
1
v
1
= n
2
A
2
v
2
,
UFCPC n
1
?LB n
2
?PC RFC LSK@CP MD @P?LAFCQ GL C?AF MD RFC QCARGMLQ ?JMLE RFC RS@C.
#(!04%2 12 Y &,5)$ $9.!-)#3 !.$ )43 ")/,/')#!, !.$ -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 401
EN7CFB; 12.3 C7B9KB7J?D= FBEM ,F;;: 7D: /;II;B D?7C;J;H: BH7D9>?D= ?D J>; C7H:?EL7I9KB7H ,OIJ;C
4FC ?MPR? GQ RFC NPGLAGN?J @JMMB TCQQCJ RFPMSEF UFGAF @JMMB JC?TCQ RFC FC?PR GL MPBCP RM AGPASJ?RC ?PMSLB RFC @MBW. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC ?TCP?EC
QNCCB MD RFC @JMMB GL RFC ?MPR? GD RFC DJMU P?RC GQ 5.0 ,/KGL. 4FC ?MPR? F?Q ? P?BGSQ MD 10 KK. (@) "JMMB ?JQM DJMUQ RFPMSEF QK?JJCP @JMMB TCQQCJQ
ILMUL ?Q A?NGJJ?PGCQ. 7FCL RFC P?RC MD @JMMB DJMU GL RFC ?MPR? GQ 5.0 ,/KGL, RFC QNCCB MD @JMMB GL RFC A?NGJJ?PGCQ GQ ?@MSR 0.33 KK/Q. 'GTCL RF?R RFC
?TCP?EC BG?KCRCP MD ? A?NGJJ?PW GQ 8.0 m, A?JASJ?RC RFC LSK@CP MD A?NGJJ?PGCQ GL RFC @JMMB AGPASJ?RMPW QWQRCK.
,JH7J;=O
7C A?L SQC Q = Av
RM A?JASJ?RC RFC QNCCB MD DJMU GL RFC ?MPR? ?LB RFCL SQC RFC ECLCP?J DMPK MD RFC COS?RGML MD AMLRGLSGRW RM A?JASJ?RC RFC
LSK@CP MD A?NGJJ?PGCQ ?Q ?JJ MD RFC MRFCP T?PG?@JCQ ?PC ILMUL.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
4FC DJMU P?RC GQ EGTCL @W Q = Av
MP v
=
Q
r
2
DMP ? AWJGLBPGA?J TCQQCJ.
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ (AMLTCPRCB RM SLGRQ MD KCRCPQ ?LB QCAMLBQ) EGTCQ
(12.14)
v
=
(5.0 L/min)
10
3
m
3
/L
(1 min/60 s)
(0.010 m)
2
= 0.27 m/s.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
5QGLE n
1
A
1
v
1
= n
2
A
2
v
1
, ?QQGELGLE RFC QS@QAPGNR 1 RM RFC ?MPR? ?LB 2 RM RFC A?NGJJ?PGCQ, ?LB QMJTGLE DMP n
2
(RFC LSK@CP MD A?NGJJ?PGCQ) EGTCQ
n
2
=
n
1
A
1
v
1
A
2
v
2
. #MLTCPRGLE ?JJ OS?LRGRGCQ RM SLGRQ MD KCRCPQ ?LB QCAMLBQ ?LB QS@QRGRSRGLE GLRM RFC COS?RGML ?@MTC EGTCQ
(12.15)
n
2
=
(1)()
1010
3
m
2
(0.27 m/s)
()
4.010
6
m
0.3310
3
m/s
= 5.010
9
capillaries.
D?I9KII?ED
.MRC RF?R RFC QNCCB MD DJMU GL RFC A?NGJJ?PGCQ GQ AMLQGBCP?@JW PCBSACB PCJ?RGTC RM RFC QNCCB GL RFC ?MPR? BSC RM RFC QGELGDGA?LR GLAPC?QC GL RFC RMR?J
APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? ?R RFC A?NGJJ?PGCQ. 4FGQ JMU QNCCB GQ RM ?JJMU QSDDGAGCLR RGKC DMP CDDCARGTC CVAF?LEC RM MAASP ?JRFMSEF GR GQ COS?JJW GKNMPR?LR DMP
RFC DJMU LMR RM @CAMKC QR?RGML?PW GL MPBCP RM ?TMGB RFC NMQQG@GJGRW MD AJMRRGLE. $MCQ RFGQ J?PEC LSK@CP MD A?NGJJ?PGCQ GL RFC @MBW QCCK PC?QML?@JC?
)L ?ARGTC KSQAJC, MLC DGLBQ ?@MSR 200 A?NGJJ?PGCQ NCP mm
3
, MP ?@MSR 20010
6
NCP 1 IE MD KSQAJC. &MP 20 IE MD KSQAJC, RFGQ ?KMSLRQ RM ?@MSR
410
9
A?NGJJ?PGCQ.
12.2 B;HDEKBB?XI EGK7J?ED
7FCL ? DJSGB DJMUQ GLRM ? L?PPMUCP AF?LLCJ, GRQ QNCCB GLAPC?QCQ. 4F?R KC?LQ GRQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?JQM GLAPC?QCQ. 7FCPC BMCQ RF?R AF?LEC GL IGLCRGA
CLCPEW AMKC DPMK? 4FC GLAPC?QCB IGLCRGA CLCPEW AMKCQ DPMK RFC LCR UMPI BMLC ML RFC DJSGB RM NSQF GR GLRM RFC AF?LLCJ ?LB RFC UMPI BMLC ML RFC DJSGB
@W RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC, GD RFC DJSGB AF?LECQ TCPRGA?J NMQGRGML. 2CA?JJ RFC UMPI-CLCPEW RFCMPCK,
(12.16)
W
net
=
1
2
mv
2
1
2
mv
0
2
.
4FCPC GQ ? NPCQQSPC BGDDCPCLAC UFCL RFC AF?LLCJ L?PPMUQ. 4FGQ NPCQQSPC BGDDCPCLAC PCQSJRQ GL ? LCR DMPAC ML RFC DJSGB: PCA?JJ RF?R NPCQQSPC RGKCQ ?PC?
COS?JQ DMPAC. 4FC LCR UMPI BMLC GLAPC?QCQ RFC DJSGBtQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW. !Q ? PCQSJR, RFC CE8FFHE8 J<?? 7EBC <A 4 E4C<7?L-@BI<A: 9?H<7, UFCRFCP MP LMR RFC
DJSGB GQ AMLDGLCB RM ? RS@C.
4FCPC ?PC ? LSK@CP MD AMKKML CV?KNJCQ MD NPCQQSPC BPMNNGLE GL P?NGBJW-KMTGLE DJSGBQ. 3FMUCP ASPR?GLQ F?TC ? BGQ?EPCC?@JC F?@GR MD @SJEGLE GLRM
RFC QFMUCP QR?JJ UFCL RFC QFMUCP GQ ML. 4FC FGEF-TCJMAGRW QRPC?K MD U?RCP ?LB ?GP APC?RCQ ? PCEGML MD JMUCP NPCQQSPC GLQGBC RFC QFMUCP, ?LB QR?LB?PB
?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC ML RFC MRFCP QGBC. 4FC NPCQQSPC BGDDCPCLAC PCQSJRQ GL ? LCR DMPAC GLU?PB NSQFGLE RFC ASPR?GL GL. 9MS K?W ?JQM F?TC LMRGACB RF?R
UFCL N?QQGLE ? RPSAI ML RFC FGEFU?W, WMSP A?P RCLBQ RM TCCP RMU?PB GR. 4FC PC?QML GQ RFC Q?KCrRFC FGEF TCJMAGRW MD RFC ?GP @CRUCCL RFC A?P ?LB RFC
RPSAI APC?RCQ ? PCEGML MD JMUCP NPCQQSPC, ?LB RFC TCFGAJCQ ?PC NSQFCB RMECRFCP @W EPC?RCP NPCQQSPC ML RFC MSRQGBC. (3CC F?=KH; 12.4.) 4FGQ CDDCAR U?Q
M@QCPTCB ?Q D?P @?AI ?Q RFC KGB-1800Q, UFCL GR U?Q DMSLB RF?R RP?GLQ N?QQGLE GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ RGNNCB NPCA?PGMSQJW RMU?PB MLC ?LMRFCP.
402 #(!04%2 12 Y &,5)$ $9.!-)#3 !.$ )43 ")/,/')#!, !.$ -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3
F?=KH; 12.4 !L MTCPFC?B TGCU MD ? A?P N?QQGLE ? RPSAI ML ? FGEFU?W. !GP N?QQGLE @CRUCCL RFC TCFGAJCQ DJMUQ GL ? L?PPMUCP AF?LLCJ ?LB KSQR GLAPC?QC GRQ QNCCB ( v
2
GQ
EPC?RCP RF?L v
1
), A?SQGLE RFC NPCQQSPC @CRUCCL RFCK RM BPMN ( P
i
GQ JCQQ RF?L P
o
). 'PC?RCP NPCQQSPC ML RFC MSRQGBC NSQFCQ RFC A?P ?LB RPSAI RMECRFCP.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 4?IC-(MKC )LTCQRGE?RGML UGRF ? 3FCCR MD 0?NCP
(MJB RFC QFMPR CBEC MD ? QFCCR MD N?NCP N?P?JJCJ RM WMSP KMSRF UGRF MLC F?LB ML C?AF QGBC MD WMSP KMSRF. 4FC N?EC QFMSJB QJ?LR BMULU?PB MTCP
WMSP F?LBQ. "JMU MTCP RFC RMN MD RFC N?EC. $CQAPG@C UF?R F?NNCLQ ?LB CVNJ?GL RFC PC?QML DMP RFGQ @CF?TGMP.
"CPLMSJJGtQ %OS?RGML
4FC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL NPCQQSPC ?LB TCJMAGRW GL DJSGBQ GQ BCQAPG@CB OS?LRGR?RGTCJW @W B;HDEKBB?XI ;GK7J?ED, L?KCB ?DRCP GRQ BGQAMTCPCP, RFC 3UGQQ
QAGCLRGQR $?LGCJ "CPLMSJJG (1700q1782). "CPLMSJJGtQ COS?RGML QR?RCQ RF?R DMP ?L GLAMKNPCQQG@JC, DPGARGMLJCQQ DJSGB, RFC DMJJMUGLE QSK GQ AMLQR?LR:
(12.17)
P +
1
2
v
2
+ gh = constant,
UFCPC P GQ RFC ?@QMJSRC NPCQQSPC, GQ RFC DJSGB BCLQGRW, v GQ RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC DJSGB, h GQ RFC FCGEFR ?@MTC QMKC PCDCPCLAC NMGLR, ?LB g GQ RFC
?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW. )D UC DMJJMU ? QK?JJ TMJSKC MD DJSGB ?JMLE GRQ N?RF, T?PGMSQ OS?LRGRGCQ GL RFC QSK K?W AF?LEC, @SR RFC RMR?J PCK?GLQ
AMLQR?LR. ,CR RFC QS@QAPGNRQ 1 ?LB 2 PCDCP RM ?LW RUM NMGLRQ ?JMLE RFC N?RF RF?R RFC @GR MD DJSGB DMJJMUQ; "CPLMSJJGtQ COS?RGML @CAMKCQ
(12.18)
P
1
+
1
2
v
1
2
+ gh
1
= P
2
+
1
2
v
2
2
+gh
2
.
"CPLMSJJGtQ COS?RGML GQ ? DMPK MD RFC AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW NPGLAGNJC. .MRC RF?R RFC QCAMLB ?LB RFGPB RCPKQ ?PC RFC IGLCRGA ?LB NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW UGRF
m PCNJ?ACB @W . )L D?AR, C?AF RCPK GL RFC COS?RGML F?Q SLGRQ MD CLCPEW NCP SLGR TMJSKC. 7C A?L NPMTC RFGQ DMP RFC QCAMLB RCPK @W QS@QRGRSRGLE
= m/ V GLRM GR ?LB E?RFCPGLE RCPKQ:
(12.19)
1
2
v
2
=
1
2
mv
2
V
=
KE
V
.
3M
1
2
v
2
GQ RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW NCP SLGR TMJSKC. -?IGLE RFC Q?KC QS@QRGRSRGML GLRM RFC RFGPB RCPK GL RFC COS?RGML, UC DGLB
(12.20)
gh =
mgh
V
=
PE
g
V
,
QM gh GQ RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW NCP SLGR TMJSKC. .MRC RF?R NPCQQSPC P F?Q SLGRQ MD CLCPEW NCP SLGR TMJSKC, RMM. 3GLAC P = F / A , GRQ
SLGRQ ?PC N/m
2
. )D UC KSJRGNJW RFCQC @W K/K, UC M@R?GL N m/m
3
= J/m
3
, MP CLCPEW NCP SLGR TMJSKC. "CPLMSJJGtQ COS?RGML GQ, GL D?AR, HSQR ?
AMLTCLGCLR QR?RCKCLR MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW DMP ?L GLAMKNPCQQG@JC DJSGB GL RFC ?@QCLAC MD DPGARGML.
#MLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW ?NNJGCB RM DJSGB DJMU NPMBSACQ "CPLMSJJGtQ COS?RGML. 4FC LCR UMPI BMLC @W RFC DJSGBtQ NPCQQSPC PCQSJRQ GL AF?LECQ GL RFC
DJSGBtQ KE ?LB PE
g
NCP SLGR TMJSKC. )D MRFCP DMPKQ MD CLCPEW ?PC GLTMJTCB GL DJSGB DJMU, "CPLMSJJGtQ COS?RGML A?L @C KMBGDGCB RM R?IC RFCQC DMPKQ
GLRM ?AAMSLR. 3SAF DMPKQ MD CLCPEW GLAJSBC RFCPK?J CLCPEW BGQQGN?RCB @CA?SQC MD DJSGB TGQAMQGRW.
4FC ECLCP?J DMPK MD "CPLMSJJGtQ COS?RGML F?Q RFPCC RCPKQ GL GR, ?LB GR GQ @PM?BJW ?NNJGA?@JC. 4M SLBCPQR?LB GR @CRRCP, UC UGJJ JMMI ?R ? LSK@CP MD QNCAGDGA
QGRS?RGMLQ RF?R QGKNJGDW ?LB GJJSQRP?RC GRQ SQC ?LB KC?LGLE.
"CPLMSJJGtQ %OS?RGML DMP 3R?RGA &JSGBQ
,CR SQ DGPQR AMLQGBCP RFC TCPW QGKNJC QGRS?RGML UFCPC RFC DJSGB GQ QR?RGArRF?R GQ, v
1
= v
2
= 0 . "CPLMSJJGtQ COS?RGML GL RF?R A?QC GQ
#(!04%2 12 Y &,5)$ $9.!-)#3 !.$ )43 ")/,/')#!, !.$ -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 403
(12.21)
P
1
+ gh
1
= P
2
+ gh
2
.
7C A?L DSPRFCP QGKNJGDW RFC COS?RGML @W R?IGLE h
2
= 0 (UC A?L ?JU?WQ AFMMQC QMKC FCGEFR RM @C XCPM, HSQR ?Q UC MDRCL F?TC BMLC DMP MRFCP
QGRS?RGMLQ GLTMJTGLE RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC, ?LB R?IC ?JJ MRFCP FCGEFRQ RM @C PCJ?RGTC RM RFGQ). )L RF?R A?QC, UC ECR
(12.22)
P
2
= P
1
+ gh
1
.
4FGQ COS?RGML RCJJQ SQ RF?R, GL QR?RGA DJSGBQ, NPCQQSPC GLAPC?QCQ UGRF BCNRF. !Q UC EM DPMK NMGLR 1 RM NMGLR 2 GL RFC DJSGB, RFC BCNRF GLAPC?QCQ @W h
1
, ?LB
AMLQCOSCLRJW, P
2
GQ EPC?RCP RF?L P
1
@W ?L ?KMSLR gh
1
. )L RFC TCPW QGKNJCQR A?QC, P
1
GQ XCPM ?R RFC RMN MD RFC DJSGB, ?LB UC ECR RFC D?KGJG?P
PCJ?RGMLQFGN P = gh . (2CA?JJ RF?R P = gh ?LB PE
g
= mgh. ) "CPLMSJJGtQ COS?RGML GLAJSBCQ RFC D?AR RF?R RFC NPCQQSPC BSC RM RFC UCGEFR MD ?
DJSGB GQ gh . !JRFMSEF UC GLRPMBSAC "CPLMSJJGtQ COS?RGML DMP DJSGB DJMU, GR GLAJSBCQ KSAF MD UF?R UC QRSBGCB DMP QR?RGA DJSGBQ GL RFC NPCACBGLE AF?NRCP.
"CPLMSJJGtQ 0PGLAGNJCr"CPLMSJJGtQ %OS?RGML ?R #MLQR?LR $CNRF
!LMRFCP GKNMPR?LR QGRS?RGML GQ MLC GL UFGAF RFC DJSGB KMTCQ @SR GRQ BCNRF GQ AMLQR?LRrRF?R GQ, h
1
= h
2
. 5LBCP RF?R AMLBGRGML, "CPLMSJJGtQ COS?RGML
@CAMKCQ
(12.23)
P
1
+
1
2
v
1
2
= P
2
+
1
2
v
2
2
.
3GRS?RGMLQ GL UFGAF DJSGB DJMUQ ?R ? AMLQR?LR BCNRF ?PC QM GKNMPR?LR RF?R RFGQ COS?RGML GQ MDRCL A?JJCB B;HDEKBB?XI FH?D9?FB;. )R GQ "CPLMSJJGtQ COS?RGML DMP
DJSGBQ ?R AMLQR?LR BCNRF. (.MRC ?E?GL RF?R RFGQ ?NNJGCQ RM ? QK?JJ TMJSKC MD DJSGB ?Q UC DMJJMU GR ?JMLE GRQ N?RF.) !Q UC F?TC HSQR BGQASQQCB, NPCQQSPC
BPMNQ ?Q QNCCB GLAPC?QCQ GL ? KMTGLE DJSGB. 7C A?L QCC RFGQ DPMK "CPLMSJJGtQ NPGLAGNJC. &MP CV?KNJC, GD v
2
GQ EPC?RCP RF?L v
1
GL RFC COS?RGML, RFCL
P
2
KSQR @C JCQQ RF?L P
1
DMP RFC COS?JGRW RM FMJB.
EN7CFB; 12.4 C7B9KB7J?D= )H;IIKH;: )H;IIKH; DHEFI 7I 7 FBK?: ,F;;:I .F
)L EN7CFB; 12.2, UC DMSLB RF?R RFC QNCCB MD U?RCP GL ? FMQC GLAPC?QCB DPMK 1.96 K/Q RM 25.5 K/Q EMGLE DPMK RFC FMQC RM RFC LMXXJC. #?JASJ?RC
RFC NPCQQSPC GL RFC FMQC, EGTCL RF?R RFC ?@QMJSRC NPCQQSPC GL RFC LMXXJC GQ 1.0110
5
N/m
2
(?RKMQNFCPGA, ?Q GR KSQR @C) ?LB ?QQSKGLE JCTCJ,
DPGARGMLJCQQ DJMU.
,JH7J;=O
,CTCJ DJMU KC?LQ AMLQR?LR BCNRF, QM "CPLMSJJGtQ NPGLAGNJC ?NNJGCQ. 7C SQC RFC QS@QAPGNR 1 DMP T?JSCQ GL RFC FMQC ?LB 2 DMP RFMQC GL RFC LMXXJC. 7C
?PC RFSQ ?QICB RM DGLB P
1
.
,EBKJ?ED
3MJTGLE "CPLMSJJGtQ NPGLAGNJC DMP P
1
WGCJBQ
(12.24)
P
1
= P
2
+
1
2
v
2
2
1
2
v
1
2
= P
2
+
1
2
(v
2
2
v
1
2
).
(12.25)
P
1
= 1.0110
5
N/m
2
+
1
2
(10
3
kg/m
3
)
(25.5 m/s)
2
(1.96 m/s)
2
= 4.2410
5
N/m
2
.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ ?@QMJSRC NPCQQSPC GL RFC FMQC GQ EPC?RCP RF?L GL RFC LMXXJC, ?Q CVNCARCB QGLAC v GQ EPC?RCP GL RFC LMXXJC. 4FC NPCQQSPC P
2
GL RFC LMXXJC
KSQR @C ?RKMQNFCPGA QGLAC GR CKCPECQ GLRM RFC ?RKMQNFCPC UGRFMSR MRFCP AF?LECQ GL AMLBGRGMLQ.
!NNJGA?RGMLQ MD "CPLMSJJGtQ 0PGLAGNJC
4FCPC ?PC ? LSK@CP MD BCTGACQ ?LB QGRS?RGMLQ GL UFGAF DJSGB DJMUQ ?R ? AMLQR?LR FCGEFR ?LB, RFSQ, A?L @C ?L?JWXCB UGRF "CPLMSJJGtQ NPGLAGNJC.
EDJH7?DC;DJ
0CMNJC F?TC JMLE NSR RFC "CPLMSJJG NPGLAGNJC RM UMPI @W SQGLE PCBSACB NPCQQSPC GL FGEF-TCJMAGRW DJSGBQ RM KMTC RFGLEQ ?@MSR. 7GRF ? FGEFCP NPCQQSPC ML
RFC MSRQGBC, RFC FGEF-TCJMAGRW DJSGB DMPACQ MRFCP DJSGBQ GLRM RFC QRPC?K. 4FGQ NPMACQQ GQ A?JJCB 8AGE4<A@8AG. %LRP?GLKCLR BCTGACQ F?TC @CCL GL SQC QGLAC
?LAGCLR RGKCQ, N?PRGASJ?PJW ?Q NSKNQ RM P?GQC U?RCP QK?JJ FCGEFRQ, ?Q GL BP?GLGLE QU?KNQ, DGCJBQ, MP MRFCP JMU-JWGLE ?PC?Q. 3MKC MRFCP BCTGACQ RF?R SQC
RFC AMLACNR MD CLRP?GLKCLR ?PC QFMUL GL F?=KH; 12.5.
404 #(!04%2 12 Y &,5)$ $9.!-)#3 !.$ )43 ")/,/')#!, !.$ -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3
F?=KH; 12.5 %V?KNJCQ MD CLRP?GLKCLR BCTGACQ RF?R SQC GLAPC?QCB DJSGB QNCCB RM APC?RC JMU NPCQQSPCQ, UFGAF RFCL CLRP?GL MLC DJSGB GLRM ?LMRFCP. (?) ! "SLQCL @SPLCP SQCQ ?L
?BHSQR?@JC E?Q LMXXJC, CLRP?GLGLE ?GP DMP NPMNCP AMK@SQRGML. (@) !L ?RMKGXCP SQCQ ? QOSCCXC @SJ@ RM APC?RC ? HCR MD ?GP RF?R CLRP?GLQ BPMNQ MD NCPDSKC. 0?GLR QNP?WCPQ ?LB
A?P@SPCRMPQ SQC TCPW QGKGJ?P RCAFLGOSCQ RM KMTC RFCGP PCQNCARGTC JGOSGBQ. (A) ! AMKKML ?QNGP?RMP SQCQ ? FGEF-QNCCB QRPC?K MD U?RCP RM APC?RC ? PCEGML MD JMUCP NPCQQSPC.
!QNGP?RMPQ K?W @C SQCB ?Q QSARGML NSKNQ GL BCLR?J ?LB QSPEGA?J QGRS?RGMLQ MP DMP BP?GLGLE ? DJMMBCB @?QCKCLR MP NPMBSAGLE ? PCBSACB NPCQQSPC GL ? TCQQCJ. (B) 4FC AFGKLCW MD
? U?RCP FC?RCP GQ BCQGELCB RM CLRP?GL ?GP GLRM RFC NGNC JC?BGLE RFPMSEF RFC ACGJGLE.
0?D=I 7D: ,7?BI
4FC ?GPNJ?LC UGLE GQ ? @C?SRGDSJ CV?KNJC MD "CPLMSJJGtQ NPGLAGNJC GL ?ARGML. F?=KH; 12.6(?) QFMUQ RFC AF?P?ARCPGQRGA QF?NC MD ? UGLE. 4FC UGLE GQ RGJRCB
SNU?PB ?R ? QK?JJ ?LEJC ?LB RFC SNNCP QSPD?AC GQ JMLECP, A?SQGLE ?GP RM DJMU D?QRCP MTCP GR. 4FC NPCQQSPC ML RMN MD RFC UGLE GQ RFCPCDMPC PCBSACB,
APC?RGLE ? LCR SNU?PB DMPAC MP JGDR. (7GLEQ A?L ?JQM E?GL JGDR @W NSQFGLE ?GP BMULU?PB, SRGJGXGLE RFC AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK NPGLAGNJC. 4FC BCDJCARCB
?GP KMJCASJCQ PCQSJR GL ?L SNU?PB DMPAC ML RFC UGLE r .CURMLtQ RFGPB J?U.) 3?GJQ ?JQM F?TC RFC AF?P?ARCPGQRGA QF?NC MD ? UGLE. (3CC F?=KH; 12.6(@).)
4FC NPCQQSPC ML RFC DPMLR QGBC MD RFC Q?GJ, P
front
, GQ JMUCP RF?L RFC NPCQQSPC ML RFC @?AI MD RFC Q?GJ, P
back
. 4FGQ PCQSJRQ GL ? DMPU?PB DMPAC ?LB CTCL
?JJMUQ WMS RM Q?GJ GLRM RFC UGLB.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 4?IC-(MKC )LTCQRGE?RGML UGRF 4UM 3RPGNQ MD 0?NCP
&MP ? EMMB GJJSQRP?RGML MD "CPLMSJJGtQ NPGLAGNJC, K?IC RUM QRPGNQ MD N?NCP, C?AF ?@MSR 15 AK JMLE ?LB 4 AK UGBC. (MJB RFC QK?JJ CLB MD MLC QRPGN SN
RM WMSP JGNQ ?LB JCR GR BP?NC MTCP WMSP DGLECP. "JMU ?APMQQ RFC N?NCP. 7F?R F?NNCLQ? .MU FMJB RUM QRPGNQ MD N?NCP SN RM WMSP JGNQ, QCN?P?RCB @W
WMSP DGLECPQ. "JMU @CRUCCL RFC QRPGNQ. 7F?R F?NNCLQ?
/;BE9?JO C;7IKH;C;DJ
F?=KH; 12.7 QFMUQ RUM BCTGACQ RF?R KC?QSPC DJSGB TCJMAGRW @?QCB ML "CPLMSJJGtQ NPGLAGNJC. 4FC K?LMKCRCP GL F?=KH; 12.7(?) GQ AMLLCARCB RM RUM RS@CQ
RF?R ?PC QK?JJ CLMSEF LMR RM ?NNPCAG?@JW BGQRSP@ RFC DJMU. 4FC RS@C D?AGLE RFC MLAMKGLE DJSGB APC?RCQ ? BC?B QNMR F?TGLE XCPM TCJMAGRW ( v
1
= 0 ) GL
DPMLR MD GR, UFGJC DJSGB N?QQGLE RFC MRFCP RS@C F?Q TCJMAGRW v
2
. 4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R "CPLMSJJGtQ NPGLAGNJC ?Q QR?RCB GL P
1
+
1
2
v
1
2
= P
2
+
1
2
v
2
2
@CAMKCQ
(12.26)
P
1
= P
2
+
1
2
v
2
2
.
F?=KH; 12.6 (?) 4FC "CPLMSJJG NPGLAGNJC FCJNQ CVNJ?GL JGDR ECLCP?RCB @W ? UGLE. (@) 3?GJQ SQC RFC Q?KC RCAFLGOSC RM ECLCP?RC N?PR MD RFCGP RFPSQR.
4FSQ NPCQQSPC P
2
MTCP RFC QCAMLB MNCLGLE GQ PCBSACB @W
1
2
v
2
2
, ?LB QM RFC DJSGB GL RFC K?LMKCRCP PGQCQ @W h ML RFC QGBC AMLLCARCB RM RFC QCAMLB
MNCLGLE, UFCPC
(12.27)
h
1
2
v
2
2
.
(2CA?JJ RF?R RFC QWK@MJ KC?LQ uNPMNMPRGML?J RM.v) 3MJTGLE DMP v
2
, UC QCC RF?R
#(!04%2 12 Y &,5)$ $9.!-)#3 !.$ )43 ")/,/')#!, !.$ -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 405
(12.28)
v
2
h.
F?=KH; 12.7(@) QFMUQ ? TCPQGML MD RFGQ BCTGAC RF?R GQ GL AMKKML SQC DMP KC?QSPGLE T?PGMSQ DJSGB TCJMAGRGCQ; QSAF BCTGACQ ?PC DPCOSCLRJW SQCB ?Q ?GP
QNCCB GLBGA?RMPQ GL ?GPAP?DR.
F?=KH; 12.7 -C?QSPCKCLR MD DJSGB QNCCB @?QCB ML "CPLMSJJGtQ NPGLAGNJC. (?) ! K?LMKCRCP GQ AMLLCARCB RM RUM RS@CQ RF?R ?PC AJMQC RMECRFCP ?LB QK?JJ CLMSEF LMR RM BGQRSP@ RFC
DJMU. 4S@C 1 GQ MNCL ?R RFC CLB D?AGLE RFC DJMU. ! BC?B QNMR F?TGLE XCPM QNCCB GQ APC?RCB RFCPC. 4S@C 2 F?Q ?L MNCLGLE ML RFC QGBC, ?LB QM RFC DJSGB F?Q ? QNCCB v ?APMQQ RFC
MNCLGLE; RFSQ, NPCQQSPC RFCPC BPMNQ. 4FC BGDDCPCLAC GL NPCQQSPC ?R RFC K?LMKCRCP GQ
1
2
v
2
2
, ?LB QM h GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM
1
2
v
2
2
. (@) 4FGQ RWNC MD TCJMAGRW KC?QSPGLE BCTGAC
GQ ? 0P?LBRJ RS@C, ?JQM ILMUL ?Q ? NGRMR RS@C.
12.3 ->; &EIJ ;D;H7B AFFB?97J?EDI E< B;HDEKBB?XI EGK7J?ED
4MPPGACJJGtQ 4FCMPCK
F?=KH; 12.8 QFMUQ U?RCP ESQFGLE DPMK ? J?PEC RS@C RFPMSEF ? B?K. 7F?R GQ GRQ QNCCB ?Q GR CKCPECQ? )LRCPCQRGLEJW, GD PCQGQR?LAC GQ LCEJGEG@JC, RFC
QNCCB GQ HSQR UF?R GR UMSJB @C GD RFC U?RCP DCJJ ? BGQR?LAC h DPMK RFC QSPD?AC MD RFC PCQCPTMGP; RFC U?RCPtQ QNCCB GQ GLBCNCLBCLR MD RFC QGXC MD RFC
MNCLGLE. ,CR SQ AFCAI RFGQ MSR. "CPLMSJJGtQ COS?RGML KSQR @C SQCB QGLAC RFC BCNRF GQ LMR AMLQR?LR. 7C AMLQGBCP U?RCP DJMUGLE DPMK RFC QSPD?AC (NMGLR
1) RM RFC RS@CtQ MSRJCR (NMGLR 2). "CPLMSJJGtQ COS?RGML ?Q QR?RCB GL NPCTGMSQJW GQ
(12.29)
P
1
+
1
2
v
1
2
+ gh
1
= P
2
+
1
2
v
2
2
+ gh
2
.
"MRF P
1
?LB P
2
COS?J ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC ( P
1
GQ ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC @CA?SQC GR GQ RFC NPCQQSPC ?R RFC RMN MD RFC PCQCPTMGP. P
2
KSQR @C
?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC, QGLAC RFC CKCPEGLE U?RCP GQ QSPPMSLBCB @W RFC ?RKMQNFCPC ?LB A?LLMR F?TC ? NPCQQSPC BGDDCPCLR DPMK ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC.)
?LB QS@RP?AR MSR MD RFC COS?RGML, JC?TGLE
(12.30) 1
2
v
1
2
+ gh
1
=
1
2
v
2
2
+ gh
2
.
3MJTGLE RFGQ COS?RGML DMP v
2
2
, LMRGLE RF?R RFC BCLQGRW A?LACJQ (@CA?SQC RFC DJSGB GQ GLAMKNPCQQG@JC), WGCJBQ
(12.31)
v
2
2
= v
1
2
+ 2g(h
1
h
2
).
7C JCR h = h
1
h
2
; RFC COS?RGML RFCL @CAMKCQ
(12.32)
v
2
2
= v
1
2
+ 2gh
UFCPC h GQ RFC FCGEFR BPMNNCB @W RFC U?RCP. 4FGQ GQ QGKNJW ? IGLCK?RGA COS?RGML DMP ?LW M@HCAR D?JJGLE ? BGQR?LAC h UGRF LCEJGEG@JC PCQGQR?LAC. )L
DJSGBQ, RFGQ J?QR COS?RGML GQ A?JJCB +BEE<68??<VF G;8BE8@. .MRC RF?R RFC PCQSJR GQ GLBCNCLBCLR MD RFC TCJMAGRWtQ BGPCARGML, HSQR ?Q UC DMSLB UFCL ?NNJWGLE
AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW RM D?JJGLE M@HCARQ.
406 #(!04%2 12 Y &,5)$ $9.!-)#3 !.$ )43 ")/,/')#!, !.$ -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3
F?=KH; 12.8 (?) 7?RCP ESQFCQ DPMK RFC @?QC MD RFC 3RSBCL +J?BCLCRX B?K GL "SJE?PG?. (APCBGR: +GPGJ +?NSQRGL; FRRN://UUU.)K?ECQ&PMK"SJE?PG?.AMK) (@) )L RFC ?@QCLAC MD
QGELGDGA?LR PCQGQR?LAC, U?RCP DJMUQ DPMK RFC PCQCPTMGP UGRF RFC Q?KC QNCCB GR UMSJB F?TC GD GR DCJJ RFC BGQR?LAC h UGRFMSR DPGARGML. 4FGQ GQ ?L CV?KNJC MD 4MPPGACJJGtQ RFCMPCK.
F?=KH; 12.9 0PCQQSPC GL RFC LMXXJC MD RFGQ DGPC FMQC GQ JCQQ RF?L ?R EPMSLB JCTCJ DMP RUM PC?QMLQ: RFC U?RCP F?Q RM EM SNFGJJ RM ECR RM RFC LMXXJC, ?LB QNCCB GLAPC?QCQ GL RFC
LMXXJC. )L QNGRC MD GRQ JMUCPCB NPCQQSPC, RFC U?RCP A?L CVCPR ? J?PEC DMPAC ML ?LWRFGLE GR QRPGICQ, @W TGPRSC MD GRQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW. 0PCQQSPC GL RFC U?RCP QRPC?K @CAMKCQ COS?J RM
?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC MLAC GR CKCPECQ GLRM RFC ?GP.
!JJ NPCACBGLE ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD "CPLMSJJGtQ COS?RGML GLTMJTCB QGKNJGDWGLE AMLBGRGMLQ, QSAF ?Q AMLQR?LR FCGEFR MP AMLQR?LR NPCQQSPC. 4FC LCVR CV?KNJC GQ ?
KMPC ECLCP?J ?NNJGA?RGML MD "CPLMSJJGtQ COS?RGML GL UFGAF NPCQQSPC, TCJMAGRW, ?LB FCGEFR ?JJ AF?LEC. (3CC F?=KH; 12.9.)
#(!04%2 12 Y &,5)$ $9.!-)#3 !.$ )43 ")/,/')#!, !.$ -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 407
EN7CFB; 12.5 C7B9KB7J?D= )H;IIKH;: A F?H; !EI; 'EPPB;
&GPC FMQCQ SQCB GL K?HMP QRPSARSPC DGPCQ F?TC GLQGBC BG?KCRCPQ MD 6.40 AK. 3SNNMQC QSAF ? FMQC A?PPGCQ ? DJMU MD 40.0 ,/Q QR?PRGLE ?R ? E?SEC
NPCQQSPC MD 1.6210
6
N/m
2
. 4FC FMQC EMCQ 10.0 K SN ? J?BBCP RM ? LMXXJC F?TGLE ?L GLQGBC BG?KCRCP MD 3.00 AK. !QQSKGLE LCEJGEG@JC
PCQGQR?LAC, UF?R GQ RFC NPCQQSPC GL RFC LMXXJC?
,JH7J;=O
(CPC UC KSQR SQC "CPLMSJJGtQ COS?RGML RM QMJTC DMP RFC NPCQQSPC, QGLAC BCNRF GQ LMR AMLQR?LR.
,EBKJ?ED
"CPLMSJJGtQ COS?RGML QR?RCQ
(12.33)
P
1
+
1
2
v
1
2
+ gh
1
= P
2
+
1
2
v
2
2
+ gh
2
,
UFCPC RFC QS@QAPGNRQ 1 ?LB 2 PCDCP RM RFC GLGRG?J AMLBGRGMLQ ?R EPMSLB JCTCJ ?LB RFC DGL?J AMLBGRGMLQ GLQGBC RFC LMXXJC, PCQNCARGTCJW. 7C KSQR DGPQR
DGLB RFC QNCCBQ v
1
?LB v
2
. 3GLAC Q = A
1
v
1
, UC ECR
(12.34)
v
1
=
Q
A
1
=
40.010
3
m
3
/s
(3.2010
2
m)
2
= 12.4 m/s.
3GKGJ?PJW, UC DGLB
(12.35)
v
2
= 56.6 m/s.
(4FGQ P?RFCP J?PEC QNCCB GQ FCJNDSJ GL PC?AFGLE RFC DGPC.) .MU, R?IGLE h
1
RM @C XCPM, UC QMJTC "CPLMSJJGtQ COS?RGML DMP P
2
:
(12.36)
P
2
= P
1
+
1
2
v
1
2
v
2
2
gh
2
.
(12.37)
P
2
= 1.6210
6
N/m
2
+
1
2
(1000 kg/m
3
)
(12.4 m/s)
2
(56.6 m/s)
2
(1000 kg/m
3
)(9.80 m/s
2
)(10.0 m) = 0.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ T?JSC GQ ? E?SEC NPCQQSPC, QGLAC RFC GLGRG?J NPCQQSPC U?Q EGTCL ?Q ? E?SEC NPCQQSPC. 4FSQ RFC LMXXJC NPCQQSPC COS?JQ ?RKMQNFCPGA
NPCQQSPC, ?Q GR KSQR @CA?SQC RFC U?RCP CVGRQ GLRM RFC ?RKMQNFCPC UGRFMSR AF?LECQ GL GRQ AMLBGRGMLQ.
0MUCP GL &JSGB &JMU
0MUCP GQ RFC E4G8 ?R UFGAF UMPI GQ BMLC MP CLCPEW GL ?LW DMPK GQ SQCB MP QSNNJGCB. 4M QCC RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN MD NMUCP RM DJSGB DJMU, AMLQGBCP "CPLMSJJGtQ
COS?RGML:
(12.38)
P +
1
2
v
2
+ gh = constant.
!JJ RFPCC RCPKQ F?TC SLGRQ MD CLCPEW NCP SLGR TMJSKC, ?Q BGQASQQCB GL RFC NPCTGMSQ QCARGML. .MU, AMLQGBCPGLE SLGRQ, GD UC KSJRGNJW CLCPEW NCP SLGR
TMJSKC @W DJMU P?RC (TMJSKC NCP SLGR RGKC), UC ECR SLGRQ MD NMUCP. 4F?R GQ, (E / V)(V / t) = E / t . 4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R GD UC KSJRGNJW "CPLMSJJGtQ COS?RGML
@W DJMU P?RC Q, UC ECR NMUCP. )L COS?RGML DMPK, RFGQ GQ
(12.39)
P +
1
2
v
2
+ gh
Q = power.
%?AF RCPK F?Q ? AJC?P NFWQGA?J KC?LGLE. &MP CV?KNJC, PQ GQ RFC NMUCP QSNNJGCB RM ? DJSGB, NCPF?NQ @W ? NSKN, RM EGTC GR GRQ NPCQQSPC P . 3GKGJ?PJW,
1
2
v
2
Q GQ RFC NMUCP QSNNJGCB RM ? DJSGB RM EGTC GR GRQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW. !LB ghQ GQ RFC NMUCP EMGLE RM EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 0MUCP
0MUCP GQ BCDGLCB ?Q RFC P?RC MD CLCPEW RP?LQDCPPCB, MP E / t . &JSGB DJMU GLTMJTCQ QCTCP?J RWNCQ MD NMUCP. %?AF RWNC MD NMUCP GQ GBCLRGDGCB UGRF ?
QNCAGDGA RWNC MD CLCPEW @CGLE CVNCLBCB MP AF?LECB GL DMPK.
EN7CFB; 12.6 C7B9KB7J?D= )EM;H ?D 7 &EL?D= FBK?:
3SNNMQC RFC DGPC FMQC GL RFC NPCTGMSQ CV?KNJC GQ DCB @W ? NSKN RF?R PCACGTCQ U?RCP RFPMSEF ? FMQC UGRF ? 6.40-AK BG?KCRCP AMKGLE DPMK ?
FWBP?LR UGRF ? NPCQQSPC MD 0.70010
6
N/m
2
. 7F?R NMUCP BMCQ RFC NSKN QSNNJW RM RFC U?RCP?
,JH7J;=O
(CPC UC KSQR AMLQGBCP CLCPEW DMPKQ ?Q UCJJ ?Q FMU RFCW PCJ?RC RM DJSGB DJMU. 3GLAC RFC GLNSR ?LB MSRNSR FMQCQ F?TC RFC Q?KC BG?KCRCPQ ?LB ?PC
?R RFC Q?KC FCGEFR, RFC NSKN BMCQ LMR AF?LEC RFC QNCCB MD RFC U?RCP LMP GRQ FCGEFR, ?LB QM RFC U?RCPtQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?LB EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J
408 #(!04%2 12 Y &,5)$ $9.!-)#3 !.$ )43 ")/,/')#!, !.$ -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3
CLCPEW ?PC SLAF?LECB. 4F?R KC?LQ RFC NSKN MLJW QSNNJGCQ NMUCP RM GLAPC?QC U?RCP NPCQQSPC @W 0.9210
6
N/m
2
(DPMK 0.70010
6
N/m
2
RM 1.6210
6
N/m
2
).
,EBKJ?ED
!Q BGQASQQCB ?@MTC, RFC NMUCP ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF NPCQQSPC GQ
(12.40) power = PQ
=

0.92010
6
N/m
2
40.010
3
m
3
/s
.
= 3.6810
4
W = 36.8 kW
D?I9KII?ED
3SAF ? QS@QR?LRG?J ?KMSLR MD NMUCP PCOSGPCQ ? J?PEC NSKN, QSAF ?Q GQ DMSLB ML QMKC DGPC RPSAIQ. (4FGQ IGJMU?RR T?JSC AMLTCPRQ RM ?@MSR 50 FN.)
4FC NSKN GL RFGQ CV?KNJC GLAPC?QCQ MLJW RFC U?RCPtQ NPCQQSPC. )D ? NSKNrQSAF ?Q RFC FC?PRrBGPCARJW GLAPC?QCQ TCJMAGRW ?LB FCGEFR ?Q UCJJ ?Q
NPCQQSPC, UC UMSJB F?TC RM A?JASJ?RC ?JJ RFPCC RCPKQ RM DGLB RFC NMUCP GR QSNNJGCQ.
12.4 /?I9EI?JO 7D: %7C?D7H FBEM; )E?I;K?BB;XI %7M
,?KGL?P &JMU ?LB 6GQAMQGRW
7FCL WMS NMSP WMSPQCJD ? EJ?QQ MD HSGAC, RFC JGOSGB DJMUQ DPCCJW ?LB OSGAIJW. "SR UFCL WMS NMSP QWPSN ML WMSP N?LA?ICQ, RF?R JGOSGB DJMUQ QJMUJW ?LB
QRGAIQ RM RFC NGRAFCP. 4FC BGDDCPCLAC GQ DJSGB DPGARGML, @MRF UGRFGL RFC DJSGB GRQCJD ?LB @CRUCCL RFC DJSGB ?LB GRQ QSPPMSLBGLEQ. 7C A?JJ RFGQ NPMNCPRW MD DJSGBQ
I<F6BF<GL. *SGAC F?Q JMU TGQAMQGRW, UFCPC?Q QWPSN F?Q FGEF TGQAMQGRW. )L RFC NPCTGMSQ QCARGMLQ UC F?TC AMLQGBCPCB GBC?J DJSGBQ UGRF JGRRJC MP LM TGQAMQGRW.
)L RFGQ QCARGML, UC UGJJ GLTCQRGE?RC UF?R D?ARMPQ, GLAJSBGLE TGQAMQGRW, ?DDCAR RFC P?RC MD DJSGB DJMU.
4FC NPCAGQC BCDGLGRGML MD TGQAMQGRW GQ @?QCB ML ?4@<A4E, MP LMLRSP@SJCLR, DJMU. "CDMPC UC A?L BCDGLC TGQAMQGRW, RFCL, UC LCCB RM BCDGLC J?KGL?P DJMU ?LB
RSP@SJCLR DJMU. F?=KH; 12.10 QFMUQ @MRF RWNCQ MD DJMU. %7C?D7H DJMU GQ AF?P?ARCPGXCB @W RFC QKMMRF DJMU MD RFC DJSGB GL J?WCPQ RF?R BM LMR KGV.
4SP@SJCLR DJMU, MP JKH8KB;D9;, GQ AF?P?ARCPGXCB @W CBBGCQ ?LB QUGPJQ RF?R KGV J?WCPQ MD DJSGB RMECRFCP.
F?=KH; 12.10 3KMIC PGQCQ QKMMRFJW DMP ? UFGJC ?LB RFCL @CEGLQ RM DMPK QUGPJQ ?LB CBBGCQ. 4FC QKMMRF DJMU GQ A?JJCB J?KGL?P DJMU, UFCPC?Q RFC QUGPJQ ?LB CBBGCQ RWNGDW
RSP@SJCLR DJMU. )D WMS U?RAF RFC QKMIC (@CGLE A?PCDSJ LMR RM @PC?RFC ML GR), WMS UGJJ LMRGAC RF?R GR PGQCQ KMPC P?NGBJW UFCL DJMUGLE QKMMRFJW RF?L ?DRCP GR @CAMKCQ RSP@SJCLR,
GKNJWGLE RF?R RSP@SJCLAC NMQCQ KMPC PCQGQR?LAC RM DJMU. (APCBGR: #PC?RGTGRW103)
F?=KH; 12.11 QFMUQ QAFCK?RGA?JJW FMU J?KGL?P ?LB RSP@SJCLR DJMU BGDDCP. ,?WCPQ DJMU UGRFMSR KGVGLE UFCL DJMU GQ J?KGL?P. 7FCL RFCPC GQ RSP@SJCLAC,
RFC J?WCPQ KGV, ?LB RFCPC ?PC QGELGDGA?LR TCJMAGRGCQ GL BGPCARGMLQ MRFCP RF?L RFC MTCP?JJ BGPCARGML MD DJMU. 4FC JGLCQ RF?R ?PC QFMUL GL K?LW GJJSQRP?RGMLQ
?PC RFC N?RFQ DMJJMUCB @W QK?JJ TMJSKCQ MD DJSGBQ. 4FCQC ?PC A?JJCB FGE84@?<A8F. 3RPC?KJGLCQ ?PC QKMMRF ?LB AMLRGLSMSQ UFCL DJMU GQ J?KGL?P, @SR
@PC?I SN ?LB KGV UFCL DJMU GQ RSP@SJCLR. 4SP@SJCLAC F?Q RUM K?GL A?SQCQ. &GPQR, ?LW M@QRPSARGML MP QF?PN AMPLCP, QSAF ?Q GL ? D?SACR, APC?RCQ
RSP@SJCLAC @W GKN?PRGLE TCJMAGRGCQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC DJMU. 3CAMLB, FGEF QNCCBQ A?SQC RSP@SJCLAC. 4FC BP?E @MRF @CRUCCL ?BH?ACLR J?WCPQ MD DJSGB
?LB @CRUCCL RFC DJSGB ?LB GRQ QSPPMSLBGLEQ DMPKQ QUGPJQ ?LB CBBGCQ, GD RFC QNCCB GQ EPC?R CLMSEF. 7C QF?JJ AMLACLRP?RC ML J?KGL?P DJMU DMP RFC
PCK?GLBCP MD RFGQ QCARGML, JC?TGLE ACPR?GL ?QNCARQ MD RSP@SJCLAC DMP J?RCP QCARGMLQ.
#(!04%2 12 Y &,5)$ $9.!-)#3 !.$ )43 ")/,/')#!, !.$ -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 409
F?=KH; 12.11 (?) ,?KGL?P DJMU MAASPQ GL J?WCPQ UGRFMSR KGVGLE. .MRGAC RF?R TGQAMQGRW A?SQCQ BP?E @CRUCCL J?WCPQ ?Q UCJJ ?Q UGRF RFC DGVCB QSPD?AC. (@) !L M@QRPSARGML GL RFC
TCQQCJ NPMBSACQ RSP@SJCLAC. 4SP@SJCLR DJMU KGVCQ RFC DJSGB. 4FCPC GQ KMPC GLRCP?ARGML, EPC?RCP FC?RGLE, ?LB KMPC PCQGQR?LAC RF?L GL J?KGL?P DJMU.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR: 'M $MUL RM RFC 2GTCP
4PW BPMNNGLE QGKSJR?LCMSQJW RUM QRGAIQ GLRM ? DJMUGLE PGTCP, MLC LC?P RFC CBEC MD RFC PGTCP ?LB MLC LC?P RFC KGBBJC. 7FGAF MLC RP?TCJQ D?QRCP?
7FW?
F?=KH; 12.12 QFMUQ FMU TGQAMQGRW GQ KC?QSPCB DMP ? DJSGB. 4UM N?P?JJCJ NJ?RCQ F?TC RFC QNCAGDGA DJSGB @CRUCCL RFCK. 4FC @MRRMK NJ?RC GQ FCJB DGVCB,
UFGJC RFC RMN NJ?RC GQ KMTCB RM RFC PGEFR, BP?EEGLE DJSGB UGRF GR. 4FC J?WCP (MP J?KGL?) MD DJSGB GL AMLR?AR UGRF CGRFCP NJ?RC BMCQ LMR KMTC PCJ?RGTC RM RFC
NJ?RC, ?LB QM RFC RMN J?WCP KMTCQ ?R v UFGJC RFC @MRRMK J?WCP PCK?GLQ ?R PCQR. %?AF QSAACQQGTC J?WCP DPMK RFC RMN BMUL CVCPRQ ? DMPAC ML RFC MLC
@CJMU GR, RPWGLE RM BP?E GR ?JMLE, NPMBSAGLE ? AMLRGLSMSQ T?PG?RGML GL QNCCB DPMK v RM 0 ?Q QFMUL. #?PC GQ R?ICL RM GLQSPC RF?R RFC DJMU GQ J?KGL?P; RF?R
GQ, RFC J?WCPQ BM LMR KGV. 4FC KMRGML GL F?=KH; 12.12 GQ JGIC ? AMLRGLSMSQ QFC?PGLE KMRGML. &JSGBQ F?TC XCPM QFC?P QRPCLERF, @SR RFC E4G8 ?R UFGAF RFCW
?PC QFC?PCB GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC Q?KC ECMKCRPGA?J D?ARMPQ A ?LB L ?Q GQ QFC?P BCDMPK?RGML DMP QMJGBQ.
F?=KH; 12.12 4FC EP?NFGA QFMUQ J?KGL?P DJMU MD DJSGB @CRUCCL RUM NJ?RCQ MD ?PC? A . 4FC @MRRMK NJ?RC GQ DGVCB. 7FCL RFC RMN NJ?RC GQ NSQFCB RM RFC PGEFR, GR BP?EQ RFC DJSGB
?JMLE UGRF GR.
! DMPAC F GQ PCOSGPCB RM ICCN RFC RMN NJ?RC GL F?=KH; 12.12 KMTGLE ?R ? AMLQR?LR TCJMAGRW v , ?LB CVNCPGKCLRQ F?TC QFMUL RF?R RFGQ DMPAC BCNCLBQ ML
DMSP D?ARMPQ. &GPQR, F GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM v (SLRGJ RFC QNCCB GQ QM FGEF RF?R RSP@SJCLAC MAASPQrRFCL ? KSAF J?PECP DMPAC GQ LCCBCB, ?LB GR F?Q ?
KMPC AMKNJGA?RCB BCNCLBCLAC ML v ). 3CAMLB, F GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC ?PC? A MD RFC NJ?RC. 4FGQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN QCCKQ PC?QML?@JC, QGLAC A GQ BGPCARJW
NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC ?KMSLR MD DJSGB @CGLE KMTCB. 4FGPB, F GQ GLTCPQCJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ L . 4FGQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN GQ ?JQM
PC?QML?@JC; L GQ JGIC ? JCTCP ?PK, ?LB RFC EPC?RCP RFC JCTCP ?PK, RFC JCQQ DMPAC RF?R GQ LCCBCB. &MSPRF, F GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM G;8 6B899<6<8AG B9
I<F6BF<GL, . 4FC EPC?RCP RFC TGQAMQGRW, RFC EPC?RCP RFC DMPAC PCOSGPCB. 4FCQC BCNCLBCLAGCQ ?PC AMK@GLCB GLRM RFC COS?RGML
(12.41)
F =
vA
L
,
UFGAF EGTCQ SQ ? UMPIGLE BCDGLGRGML MD DJSGB L?I9EI?JO . 3MJTGLE DMP EGTCQ
(12.42)
=
FL
vA
,
UFGAF BCDGLCQ TGQAMQGRW GL RCPKQ MD FMU GR GQ KC?QSPCB. 4FC 3) SLGR MD TGQAMQGRW GQ N m/[(m/s)m
2
] = (N/m
2
)s or Pa s . -78B; 12.1 JGQRQ RFC
AMCDDGAGCLRQ MD TGQAMQGRW DMP T?PGMSQ DJSGBQ.
6GQAMQGRW T?PGCQ DPMK MLC DJSGB RM ?LMRFCP @W QCTCP?J MPBCPQ MD K?ELGRSBC. !Q WMS KGEFR CVNCAR, RFC TGQAMQGRGCQ MD E?QCQ ?PC KSAF JCQQ RF?L RFMQC MD
JGOSGBQ, ?LB RFCQC TGQAMQGRGCQ ?PC MDRCL RCKNCP?RSPC BCNCLBCLR. 4FC TGQAMQGRW MD @JMMB A?L @C PCBSACB @W ?QNGPGL AMLQSKNRGML, ?JJMUGLE GR RM DJMU KMPC
C?QGJW ?PMSLB RFC @MBW. (7FCL SQCB MTCP RFC JMLE RCPK GL JMU BMQCQ, ?QNGPGL A?L FCJN NPCTCLR FC?PR ?RR?AIQ, ?LB PCBSAC RFC PGQI MD @JMMB AJMRRGLE.)
,?KGL?P &JMU #MLDGLCB RM 4S@CQr0MGQCSGJJCtQ ,?U
7F?R A?SQCQ DJMU? 4FC ?LQUCP, LMR QSPNPGQGLEJW, GQ NPCQQSPC BGDDCPCLAC. )L D?AR, RFCPC GQ ? TCPW QGKNJC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL FMPGXMLR?J DJMU ?LB
NPCQQSPC. &JMU P?RC Q GQ GL RFC BGPCARGML DPMK FGEF RM JMU NPCQQSPC. 4FC EPC?RCP RFC NPCQQSPC BGDDCPCLRG?J @CRUCCL RUM NMGLRQ, RFC EPC?RCP RFC DJMU
P?RC. 4FGQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN A?L @C QR?RCB ?Q
410 #(!04%2 12 Y &,5)$ $9.!-)#3 !.$ )43 ")/,/')#!, !.$ -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3
(12.43)
Q =
P
2
P
1
R
,
UFCPC P
1
?LB P
2
?PC RFC NPCQQSPCQ ?R RUM NMGLRQ, QSAF ?Q ?R CGRFCP CLB MD ? RS@C, ?LB R GQ RFC PCQGQR?LAC RM DJMU. 4FC PCQGQR?LAC R GLAJSBCQ
CTCPWRFGLE, CVACNR NPCQQSPC, RF?R ?DDCARQ DJMU P?RC. &MP CV?KNJC, R GQ EPC?RCP DMP ? JMLE RS@C RF?L DMP ? QFMPR MLC. 4FC EPC?RCP RFC TGQAMQGRW MD ? DJSGB,
RFC EPC?RCP RFC T?JSC MD R . 4SP@SJCLAC EPC?RJW GLAPC?QCQ R , UFCPC?Q GLAPC?QGLE RFC BG?KCRCP MD ? RS@C BCAPC?QCQ R .
)D TGQAMQGRW GQ XCPM, RFC DJSGB GQ DPGARGMLJCQQ ?LB RFC PCQGQR?LAC RM DJMU GQ ?JQM XCPM. #MKN?PGLE DPGARGMLJCQQ DJMU GL ? RS@C RM TGQAMSQ DJMU, ?Q GL F?=KH;
12.13, UC QCC RF?R DMP ? TGQAMSQ DJSGB, QNCCB GQ EPC?RCQR ?R KGBQRPC?K @CA?SQC MD BP?E ?R RFC @MSLB?PGCQ. 7C A?L QCC RFC CDDCAR MD TGQAMQGRW GL ?
"SLQCL @SPLCP DJ?KC, CTCL RFMSEF RFC TGQAMQGRW MD L?RSP?J E?Q GQ QK?JJ.
4FC PCQGQR?LAC R RM J?KGL?P DJMU MD ?L GLAMKNPCQQG@JC DJSGB F?TGLE TGQAMQGRW RFPMSEF ? FMPGXMLR?J RS@C MD SLGDMPK P?BGSQ r ?LB JCLERF l , QSAF ?Q
RFC MLC GL F?=KH; 12.14, GQ EGTCL @W
(12.44)
R =
8l
r
4
.
4FGQ COS?RGML GQ A?JJCB )E?I;K?BB;XI B7M <EH H;I?IJ7D9; ?DRCP RFC &PCLAF QAGCLRGQR *. ,. 0MGQCSGJJC (1799q1869), UFM BCPGTCB GR GL ?L ?RRCKNR RM
SLBCPQR?LB RFC DJMU MD @JMMB, ?L MDRCL RSP@SJCLR DJSGB.
F?=KH; 12.13 (?) )D DJSGB DJMU GL ? RS@C F?Q LCEJGEG@JC PCQGQR?LAC, RFC QNCCB GQ RFC Q?KC ?JJ ?APMQQ RFC RS@C. (@) 7FCL ? TGQAMSQ DJSGB DJMUQ RFPMSEF ? RS@C, GRQ QNCCB ?R RFC U?JJQ
GQ XCPM, GLAPC?QGLE QRC?BGJW RM GRQ K?VGKSK ?R RFC ACLRCP MD RFC RS@C. (A) 4FC QF?NC MD RFC "SLQCL @SPLCP DJ?KC GQ BSC RM RFC TCJMAGRW NPMDGJC ?APMQQ RFC RS@C. (APCBGR: *?QML
7MMBFC?B)
,CR SQ CV?KGLC 0MGQCSGJJCtQ CVNPCQQGML DMP R RM QCC GD GR K?ICQ EMMB GLRSGRGTC QCLQC. 7C QCC RF?R PCQGQR?LAC GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM @MRF DJSGB
TGQAMQGRW ?LB RFC JCLERF l MD ? RS@C. !DRCP ?JJ, @MRF MD RFCQC BGPCARJW ?DDCAR RFC ?KMSLR MD DPGARGML CLAMSLRCPCBrRFC EPC?RCP CGRFCP GQ, RFC EPC?RCP RFC
PCQGQR?LAC ?LB RFC QK?JJCP RFC DJMU. 4FC P?BGSQ r MD ? RS@C ?DDCARQ RFC PCQGQR?LAC, UFGAF ?E?GL K?ICQ QCLQC, @CA?SQC RFC EPC?RCP RFC P?BGSQ, RFC
EPC?RCP RFC DJMU (?JJ MRFCP D?ARMPQ PCK?GLGLE RFC Q?KC). "SR GR GQ QSPNPGQGLE RF?R r GQ P?GQCB RM RFC 9BHEG; NMUCP GL 0MGQCSGJJCtQ J?U. 4FGQ CVNMLCLR
KC?LQ RF?R ?LW AF?LEC GL RFC P?BGSQ MD ? RS@C F?Q ? TCPW J?PEC CDDCAR ML PCQGQR?LAC. &MP CV?KNJC, BMS@JGLE RFC P?BGSQ MD ? RS@C BCAPC?QCQ PCQGQR?LAC
@W ? D?ARMP MD 2
4
= 16 .
4?ICL RMECRFCP, Q =
P
2
P
1
R
?LB R =
8l
r
4
EGTC RFC DMJJMUGLE CVNPCQQGML DMP DJMU P?RC:
(12.45)
Q =
(P
2
P
1
)r
4
8l
.
4FGQ COS?RGML BCQAPG@CQ J?KGL?P DJMU RFPMSEF ? RS@C. )R GQ QMKCRGKCQ A?JJCB 0MGQCSGJJCtQ J?U DMP J?KGL?P DJMU, MP QGKNJW )E?I;K?BB;XI B7M.
EN7CFB; 12.7 .I?D= FBEM +7J;: )B7GK; D;FEI?JI +;:K9; BBEE: FBEM
3SNNMQC RFC DJMU P?RC MD @JMMB GL ? AMPML?PW ?PRCPW F?Q @CCL PCBSACB RM F?JD GRQ LMPK?J T?JSC @W NJ?OSC BCNMQGRQ. "W UF?R D?ARMP F?Q RFC P?BGSQ
MD RFC ?PRCPW @CCL PCBSACB, ?QQSKGLE LM RSP@SJCLAC MAASPQ?
,JH7J;=O
!QQSKGLE J?KGL?P DJMU, 0MGQCSGJJCtQ J?U QR?RCQ RF?R
(12.46)
Q =
(P
2
P
1
)r
4
8l
.
#(!04%2 12 Y &,5)$ $9.!-)#3 !.$ )43 ")/,/')#!, !.$ -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 411
7C LCCB RM AMKN?PC RFC ?PRCPW P?BGSQ @CDMPC ?LB ?DRCP RFC DJMU P?RC PCBSARGML.
,EBKJ?ED
7GRF ? AMLQR?LR NPCQQSPC BGDDCPCLAC ?QQSKCB ?LB RFC Q?KC JCLERF ?LB TGQAMQGRW, ?JMLE RFC ?PRCPW UC F?TC
(12.47) Q
1
r
1
4
=
Q
2
r
2
4
.
3M, EGTCL RF?R Q
2
= 0.5Q
1
, UC DGLB RF?R r
2
4
= 0.5r
1
4
.
4FCPCDMPC, r
2
= (0.5)
0.25
r
1
= 0.841r
1
, ? BCAPC?QC GL RFC ?PRCPW P?BGSQ MD 16%.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ BCAPC?QC GL P?BGSQ GQ QSPNPGQGLEJW QK?JJ DMP RFGQ QGRS?RGML. 4M PCQRMPC RFC @JMMB DJMU GL QNGRC MD RFGQ @SGJBSN UMSJB PCOSGPC ?L GLAPC?QC GL RFC
NPCQQSPC BGDDCPCLAC

P
2
P
1
MD ? D?ARMP MD RUM, UGRF QS@QCOSCLR QRP?GL ML RFC FC?PR.

4?@JC 12.1 #MCDDGAGCLRQ MD 6GQAMQGRW MD 6?PGMSQ &JSGBQ
FBK?: -;CF;H7JKH; (RC)
/?I9EI?JO (mPas)
G"3&3
0 0.0171
20 0.0181
40 0.0190
!GP
100 0.0218
!KKMLG? 20 0.00974
#?P@ML BGMVGBC 20 0.0147
(CJGSK 20 0.0196
(WBPMECL 0 0.0090
-CPASPW 20 0.0450
/VWECL 20 0.0203
3RC?K 100 0.0130
L*15*%3
0 1.792
20 1.002
37 0.6947
40 0.653
7?RCP
100 0.282
20 3.015
7FMJC @JMMB
;1=
37 2.084
20 1.810
"JMMB NJ?QK?
;2=
37 1.257
%RFWJ ?JAMFMJ 20 1.20
-CRF?LMJ 20 0.584
/GJ (FC?TW K?AFGLC) 20 660
/GJ (KMRMP, 3!% 10) 30 200
/GJ (MJGTC) 20 138
'JWACPGL 20 1500
(MLCW 20 2000q10000
-?NJC 3WPSN 20 2000q3000
-GJI 20 3.0
/GJ (#MPL) 20 65
1. 4FC P?RGMQ MD RFC TGQAMQGRGCQ MD @JMMB RM U?RCP ?PC LC?PJW AMLQR?LR @CRUCCL 0\# ?LB 37\#.
2. 3CC LMRC ML 7FMJC "JMMB.
412 #(!04%2 12 Y &,5)$ $9.!-)#3 !.$ )43 ")/,/')#!, !.$ -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3
4FC AGPASJ?RMPW QWQRCK NPMTGBCQ K?LW CV?KNJCQ MD 0MGQCSGJJCtQ J?U GL ?ARGMLrUGRF @JMMB DJMU PCESJ?RCB @W AF?LECQ GL TCQQCJ QGXC ?LB @JMMB
NPCQQSPC. "JMMB TCQQCJQ ?PC LMR PGEGB @SR CJ?QRGA. !BHSQRKCLRQ RM @JMMB DJMU ?PC NPGK?PGJW K?BC @W T?PWGLE RFC QGXC MD RFC TCQQCJQ, QGLAC RFC PCQGQR?LAC
GQ QM QCLQGRGTC RM RFC P?BGSQ. $SPGLE TGEMPMSQ CVCPAGQC, @JMMB TCQQCJQ ?PC QCJCARGTCJW BGJ?RCB RM GKNMPR?LR KSQAJCQ ?LB MPE?LQ ?LB @JMMB NPCQQSPC
GLAPC?QCQ. 4FGQ APC?RCQ @MRF EPC?RCP MTCP?JJ @JMMB DJMU ?LB GLAPC?QCB DJMU RM QNCAGDGA ?PC?Q. #MLTCPQCJW, BCAPC?QCQ GL TCQQCJ P?BGG, NCPF?NQ DPMK
NJ?OSCQ GL RFC ?PRCPGCQ, A?L EPC?RJW PCBSAC @JMMB DJMU. )D ? TCQQCJtQ P?BGSQ GQ PCBSACB @W MLJW 5% (RM 0.95 MD GRQ MPGEGL?J T?JSC), RFC DJMU P?RC GQ PCBSACB
RM ?@MSR (0.95)
4
= 0.81 MD GRQ MPGEGL?J T?JSC. ! 19% BCAPC?QC GL DJMU GQ A?SQCB @W ? 5% BCAPC?QC GL P?BGSQ. 4FC @MBW K?W AMKNCLQ?RC @W
GLAPC?QGLE @JMMB NPCQQSPC @W 19%, @SR RFGQ NPCQCLRQ F?X?PBQ RM RFC FC?PR ?LB ?LW TCQQCJ RF?R F?Q UC?ICLCB U?JJQ. !LMRFCP CV?KNJC AMKCQ DPMK
?SRMKM@GJC CLEGLC MGJ. )D WMS F?TC ? A?P UGRF ?L MGJ NPCQQSPC E?SEC, WMS K?W LMRGAC RF?R MGJ NPCQQSPC GQ FGEF UFCL RFC CLEGLC GQ AMJB. -MRMP MGJ F?Q
EPC?RCP TGQAMQGRW UFCL AMJB RF?L UFCL U?PK, ?LB QM NPCQQSPC KSQR @C EPC?RCP RM NSKN RFC Q?KC ?KMSLR MD AMJB MGJ.
F?=KH; 12.14 0MGQCSGJJCtQ J?U ?NNJGCQ RM J?KGL?P DJMU MD ?L GLAMKNPCQQG@JC DJSGB MD TGQAMQGRW RFPMSEF ? RS@C MD JCLERF l ?LB P?BGSQ r . 4FC BGPCARGML MD DJMU GQ DPMK EPC?RCP RM
JMUCP NPCQQSPC. &JMU P?RC Q GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC NPCQQSPC BGDDCPCLAC P
2
P
1
, ?LB GLTCPQCJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC JCLERF l MD RFC RS@C ?LB TGQAMQGRW MD RFC DJSGB.
&JMU P?RC GLAPC?QCQ UGRF r
4
, RFC DMSPRF NMUCP MD RFC P?BGSQ.
EN7CFB; 12.8 0>7J )H;IIKH; )HE:K9;I ->?I FBEM +7J;?
!L GLRP?TCLMSQ ()6) QWQRCK GQ QSNNJWGLE Q?JGLC QMJSRGML RM ? N?RGCLR ?R RFC P?RC MD 0.120 cm
3
/s RFPMSEF ? LCCBJC MD P?BGSQ 0.150 KK ?LB JCLERF
2.50 AK. 7F?R NPCQQSPC GQ LCCBCB ?R RFC CLRP?LAC MD RFC LCCBJC RM A?SQC RFGQ DJMU, ?QQSKGLE RFC TGQAMQGRW MD RFC Q?JGLC QMJSRGML RM @C RFC Q?KC
?Q RF?R MD U?RCP? 4FC E?SEC NPCQQSPC MD RFC @JMMB GL RFC N?RGCLRtQ TCGL GQ 8.00 KK (E. (!QQSKC RF?R RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GQ 20C .)
,JH7J;=O
!QQSKGLE J?KGL?P DJMU, 0MGQCSGJJCtQ J?U ?NNJGCQ. 4FGQ GQ EGTCL @W
(12.48)
Q =
(P
2
P
1
)r
4
8l
,
UFCPC P
2
GQ RFC NPCQQSPC ?R RFC CLRP?LAC MD RFC LCCBJC ?LB P
1
GQ RFC NPCQQSPC GL RFC TCGL. 4FC MLJW SLILMUL GQ P
2
.
,EBKJ?ED
3MJTGLE DMP P
2
WGCJBQ
(12.49)
P
2
=
8l
r
4
Q + P
1.
P
1
GQ EGTCL ?Q 8.00 KK (E, UFGAF AMLTCPRQ RM 1.06610
3
N/m
2
. 3S@QRGRSRGLE RFGQ ?LB RFC MRFCP ILMUL T?JSCQ WGCJBQ
(12.50)
P
2
=

8(1.0010
3
N s/m
2
)(2.5010
2
m)
(0.15010
3
m)
4
(1.2010
7
m
3
/s) + 1.06610
3
N/m
2
= 1.6210
4
N/m
2
.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ NPCQQSPC AMSJB @C QSNNJGCB @W ?L )6 @MRRJC UGRF RFC QSPD?AC MD RFC Q?JGLC QMJSRGML 1.61 K ?@MTC RFC CLRP?LAC RM RFC LCCBJC (RFGQ GQ JCDR DMP WMS
RM QMJTC GL RFGQ AF?NRCPtQ 0PM@JCKQ ?LB %VCPAGQCQ), ?QQSKGLE RF?R RFCPC GQ LCEJGEG@JC NPCQQSPC BPMN GL RFC RS@GLE JC?BGLE RM RFC LCCBJC.
&JMU ?LB 2CQGQR?LAC ?Q #?SQCQ MD 0PCQQSPC $PMNQ
9MS K?W F?TC LMRGACB RF?R U?RCP NPCQQSPC GL WMSP FMKC KGEFR @C JMUCP RF?L LMPK?J ML FMR QSKKCP B?WQ UFCL RFCPC GQ KMPC SQC. 4FGQ NPCQQSPC BPMN
MAASPQ GL RFC U?RCP K?GL @CDMPC GR PC?AFCQ WMSP FMKC. ,CR SQ AMLQGBCP DJMU RFPMSEF RFC U?RCP K?GL ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 12.15. 7C A?L SLBCPQR?LB
UFW RFC NPCQQSPC P
1
RM RFC FMKC BPMNQ BSPGLE RGKCQ MD FC?TW SQC @W PC?PP?LEGLE
(12.51)
Q =
P
2
P
1
R
RM
(12.52) P
2
P
1
= RQ,
#(!04%2 12 Y &,5)$ $9.!-)#3 !.$ )43 ")/,/')#!, !.$ -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 413
UFCPC, GL RFGQ A?QC, P
2
GQ RFC NPCQQSPC ?R RFC U?RCP UMPIQ ?LB R GQ RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC U?RCP K?GL. $SPGLE RGKCQ MD FC?TW SQC, RFC DJMU P?RC Q GQ
J?PEC. 4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R P
2
P
1
KSQR ?JQM @C J?PEC. 4FSQ P
1
KSQR BCAPC?QC. )R GQ AMPPCAR RM RFGLI MD DJMU ?LB PCQGQR?LAC ?Q A?SQGLE RFC NPCQQSPC RM
BPMN DPMK P
2
RM P
1
. P
2
P
1
= RQ GQ T?JGB DMP @MRF J?KGL?P ?LB RSP@SJCLR DJMUQ.
F?=KH; 12.15 $SPGLE RGKCQ MD FC?TW SQC, RFCPC GQ ? QGELGDGA?LR NPCQQSPC BPMN GL ? U?RCP K?GL, ?LB P
1
QSNNJGCB RM SQCPQ GQ QGELGDGA?LRJW JCQQ RF?L P
2
APC?RCB ?R RFC U?RCP
UMPIQ. )D RFC DJMU GQ TCPW QK?JJ, RFCL RFC NPCQQSPC BPMN GQ LCEJGEG@JC, ?LB P
2
P
1
.
7C A?L SQC P
2
P
1
= RQ RM ?L?JWXC NPCQQSPC BPMNQ MAASPPGLE GL KMPC AMKNJCV QWQRCKQ GL UFGAF RFC RS@C P?BGSQ GQ LMR RFC Q?KC CTCPWUFCPC.
2CQGQR?LAC UGJJ @C KSAF EPC?RCP GL L?PPMU NJ?ACQ, QSAF ?Q ?L M@QRPSARCB AMPML?PW ?PRCPW. &MP ? EGTCL DJMU P?RC Q, RFC NPCQQSPC BPMN UGJJ @C EPC?RCQR
UFCPC RFC RS@C GQ KMQR L?PPMU. 4FGQ GQ FMU U?RCP D?SACRQ AMLRPMJ DJMU. !BBGRGML?JJW, R GQ EPC?RJW GLAPC?QCB @W RSP@SJCLAC, ?LB ? AMLQRPGARGML RF?R
APC?RCQ RSP@SJCLAC EPC?RJW PCBSACQ RFC NPCQQSPC BMULQRPC?K. 0J?OSC GL ?L ?PRCPW PCBSACQ NPCQQSPC ?LB FCLAC DJMU, @MRF @W GRQ PCQGQR?LAC ?LB @W RFC
RSP@SJCLAC GR APC?RCQ.
F?=KH; 12.16 GQ ? QAFCK?RGA MD RFC FSK?L AGPASJ?RMPW QWQRCK, QFMUGLE ?TCP?EC @JMMB NPCQQSPCQ GL GRQ K?HMP N?PRQ DMP ?L ?BSJR ?R PCQR. 0PCQQSPC
APC?RCB @W RFC FC?PRtQ RUM NSKNQ, RFC PGEFR ?LB JCDR TCLRPGAJCQ, GQ PCBSACB @W RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC @JMMB TCQQCJQ ?Q RFC @JMMB DJMUQ RFPMSEF RFCK. 4FC
JCDR TCLRPGAJC GLAPC?QCQ ?PRCPG?J @JMMB NPCQQSPC RF?R BPGTCQ RFC DJMU MD @JMMB RFPMSEF ?JJ N?PRQ MD RFC @MBW CVACNR RFC JSLEQ. 4FC PGEFR TCLRPGAJC PCACGTCQ
RFC JMUCP NPCQQSPC @JMMB DPMK RUM K?HMP TCGLQ ?LB NSKNQ GR RFPMSEF RFC JSLEQ DMP E?Q CVAF?LEC UGRF ?RKMQNFCPGA E?QCQ q RFC BGQNMQ?J MD A?P@ML
BGMVGBC DPMK RFC @JMMB ?LB RFC PCNJCLGQFKCLR MD MVWECL. /LJW MLC K?HMP MPE?L GQ QFMUL QAFCK?RGA?JJW, UGRF RWNGA?J @P?LAFGLE MD ?PRCPGCQ RM CTCP
QK?JJCP TCQQCJQ, RFC QK?JJCQR MD UFGAF ?PC RFC A?NGJJ?PGCQ, ?LB PCHMGLGLE MD QK?JJ TCGLQ GLRM J?PECP MLCQ. 3GKGJ?P @P?LAFGLE R?ICQ NJ?AC GL ? T?PGCRW MD
MPE?LQ GL RFC @MBW, ?LB RFC AGPASJ?RMPW QWQRCK F?Q AMLQGBCP?@JC DJCVG@GJGRW GL DJMU PCESJ?RGML RM RFCQC MPE?LQ @W RFC BGJ?RGML ?LB AMLQRPGARGML MD RFC
?PRCPGCQ JC?BGLE RM RFCK ?LB RFC A?NGJJ?PGCQ UGRFGL RFCK. 4FC QCLQGRGTGRW MD DJMU RM RS@C P?BGSQ K?ICQ RFGQ DJCVG@GJGRW NMQQG@JC MTCP ? J?PEC P?LEC MD DJMU
P?RCQ.
414 #(!04%2 12 Y &,5)$ $9.!-)#3 !.$ )43 ")/,/')#!, !.$ -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3
F?=KH; 12.16 3AFCK?RGA MD RFC AGPASJ?RMPW QWQRCK. 0PCQQSPC BGDDCPCLAC GQ APC?RCB @W RFC RUM NSKNQ GL RFC FC?PR ?LB GQ PCBSACB @W PCQGQR?LAC GL RFC TCQQCJQ. "P?LAFGLE MD
TCQQCJQ GLRM A?NGJJ?PGCQ ?JJMUQ @JMMB RM PC?AF GLBGTGBS?J ACJJQ ?LB CVAF?LEC QS@QR?LACQ, QSAF ?Q MVWECL ?LB U?QRC NPMBSARQ, UGRF RFCK. 4FC QWQRCK F?Q ?L GKNPCQQGTC ?@GJGRW
RM PCESJ?RC DJMU RM GLBGTGBS?J MPE?LQ, ?AAMKNJGQFCB J?PECJW @W T?PWGLE TCQQCJ BG?KCRCPQ.
%?AF @P?LAFGLE MD J?PECP TCQQCJQ GLRM QK?JJCP TCQQCJQ GLAPC?QCQ RFC RMR?J APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? MD RFC RS@CQ RFPMSEF UFGAF RFC @JMMB DJMUQ. &MP
CV?KNJC, ?L ?PRCPW UGRF ? APMQQ QCARGML MD 1 cm
2
K?W @P?LAF GLRM 20 QK?JJCP ?PRCPGCQ, C?AF UGRF APMQQ QCARGMLQ MD 0.5 cm
2
, UGRF ? RMR?J MD 10 cm
2
. )L RF?R K?LLCP, RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC @P?LAFGLEQ GQ PCBSACB QM RF?R NPCQQSPC GQ LMR CLRGPCJW JMQR. -MPCMTCP, @CA?SQC Q = Av
?LB A GLAPC?QCQ
RFPMSEF @P?LAFGLE, RFC ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW MD RFC @JMMB GL RFC QK?JJCP TCQQCJQ GQ PCBSACB. 4FC @JMMB TCJMAGRW GL RFC ?MPR? ( diameter = 1 cm) GQ ?@MSR
25 AK/Q, UFGJC GL RFC A?NGJJ?PGCQ ( 20m GL BG?KCRCP) RFC TCJMAGRW GQ ?@MSR 1 KK/Q. 4FGQ PCBSACB TCJMAGRW ?JJMUQ RFC @JMMB RM CVAF?LEC QS@QR?LACQ
UGRF RFC ACJJQ GL RFC A?NGJJ?PGCQ ?LB ?JTCMJG GL N?PRGASJ?P.
12.5 ->; (DI;J E< -KH8KB;D9;
3MKCRGKCQ UC A?L NPCBGAR GD DJMU UGJJ @C J?KGL?P MP RSP@SJCLR. 7C ILMU RF?R DJMU GL ? TCPW QKMMRF RS@C MP ?PMSLB ? QKMMRF, QRPC?KJGLCB M@HCAR UGJJ @C
J?KGL?P ?R JMU TCJMAGRW. 7C ?JQM ILMU RF?R ?R FGEF TCJMAGRW, CTCL DJMU GL ? QKMMRF RS@C MP ?PMSLB ? QKMMRF M@HCAR UGJJ CVNCPGCLAC RSP@SJCLAC. )L
@CRUCCL, GR GQ KMPC BGDDGASJR RM NPCBGAR. )L D?AR, ?R GLRCPKCBG?RC TCJMAGRGCQ, DJMU K?W MQAGJJ?RC @?AI ?LB DMPRF GLBCDGLGRCJW @CRUCCL J?KGL?P ?LB RSP@SJCLR.
!L MAAJSQGML, MP L?PPMUGLE, MD ?L ?PRCPW, QSAF ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 12.17, GQ JGICJW RM A?SQC RSP@SJCLAC @CA?SQC MD RFC GPPCESJ?PGRW MD RFC @JMAI?EC, ?Q
UCJJ ?Q RFC AMKNJCVGRW MD @JMMB ?Q ? DJSGB. 4SP@SJCLAC GL RFC AGPASJ?RMPW QWQRCK GQ LMGQW ?LB A?L QMKCRGKCQ @C BCRCARCB UGRF ? QRCRFMQAMNC, QSAF ?Q
UFCL KC?QSPGLE BG?QRMJGA NPCQQSPC GL RFC SNNCP ?PKtQ N?PRG?JJW AMJJ?NQCB @P?AFG?J ?PRCPW. 4FCQC RSP@SJCLR QMSLBQ, ?R RFC MLQCR MD @JMMB DJMU UFCL RFC
ASDD NPCQQSPC @CAMKCQ QSDDGAGCLRJW QK?JJ, ?PC A?JJCB "BEBG>B99 FBHA7F. !LCSPWQKQ, MP @?JJMMLGLE MD ?PRCPGCQ, APC?RC QGELGDGA?LR RSP@SJCLAC ?LB A?L
QMKCRGKCQ @C BCRCARCB UGRF ? QRCRFMQAMNC. (C?PR KSPKSPQ, AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFCGP L?KC, ?PC QMSLBQ NPMBSACB @W RSP@SJCLR DJMU ?PMSLB B?K?ECB ?LB
GLQSDDGAGCLRJW AJMQCB FC?PR T?JTCQ. 5JRP?QMSLB A?L ?JQM @C SQCB RM BCRCAR RSP@SJCLAC ?Q ? KCBGA?J GLBGA?RMP GL ? NPMACQQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM $MNNJCP-QFGDR
P?B?P SQCB RM BCRCAR QRMPKQ.
F?=KH; 12.17 &JMU GQ J?KGL?P GL RFC J?PEC N?PR MD RFGQ @JMMB TCQQCJ ?LB RSP@SJCLR GL RFC N?PR L?PPMUCB @W NJ?OSC, UFCPC TCJMAGRW GQ FGEF. )L RFC RP?LQGRGML PCEGML, RFC DJMU A?L
MQAGJJ?RC AF?MRGA?JJW @CRUCCL J?KGL?P ?LB RSP@SJCLR DJMU.
#(!04%2 12 Y &,5)$ $9.!-)#3 !.$ )43 ")/,/')#!, !.$ -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 415
!L GLBGA?RMP A?JJCB RFC +;ODEB:I DKC8;H N
R
A?L PCTC?J UFCRFCP DJMU GQ J?KGL?P MP RSP@SJCLR. &MP DJMU GL ? RS@C MD SLGDMPK BG?KCRCP, RFC 2CWLMJBQ
LSK@CP GQ BCDGLCB ?Q
(12.53)
N
R
=
2vr
(fow in tube),
UFCPC GQ RFC DJSGB BCLQGRW, v GRQ QNCCB, GRQ TGQAMQGRW, ?LB r RFC RS@C P?BGSQ. 4FC 2CWLMJBQ LSK@CP GQ ? SLGRJCQQ OS?LRGRW. %VNCPGKCLRQ F?TC
PCTC?JCB RF?R N
R
GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC MLQCR MD RSP@SJCLAC. &MP N
R
@CJMU ?@MSR 2000, DJMU GQ J?KGL?P. &MP N
R
?@MTC ?@MSR 3000, DJMU GQ RSP@SJCLR. &MP
T?JSCQ MD N
R
@CRUCCL ?@MSR 2000 ?LB 3000, DJMU GQ SLQR?@JCrRF?R GQ, GR A?L @C J?KGL?P, @SR QK?JJ M@QRPSARGMLQ ?LB QSPD?AC PMSEFLCQQ A?L K?IC GR
RSP@SJCLR, ?LB GR K?W MQAGJJ?RC P?LBMKJW @CRUCCL @CGLE J?KGL?P ?LB RSP@SJCLR. 4FC @JMMB DJMU RFPMSEF KMQR MD RFC @MBW GQ ? OSGCR, J?KGL?P DJMU. 4FC
CVACNRGML GQ GL RFC ?MPR?, UFCPC RFC QNCCB MD RFC @JMMB DJMU PGQCQ ?@MTC ? APGRGA?J T?JSC MD 35 K/Q ?LB @CAMKCQ RSP@SJCLR.
EN7CFB; 12.9 "I ->?I FBEM %7C?D7H EH -KH8KB;DJ?
#?JASJ?RC RFC 2CWLMJBQ LSK@CP DMP DJMU GL RFC LCCBJC AMLQGBCPCB GL EN7CFB; 12.8 RM TCPGDW RFC ?QQSKNRGML RF?R RFC DJMU GQ J?KGL?P. !QQSKC RF?R
RFC BCLQGRW MD RFC Q?JGLC QMJSRGML GQ 1025 kg/m
3
.
,JH7J;=O
7C F?TC ?JJ MD RFC GLDMPK?RGML LCCBCB, CVACNR RFC DJSGB QNCCB v , UFGAF A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB DPMK v
= Q/ A = 1.70 m/s (TCPGDGA?RGML MD RFGQ GQ GL

RFGQ AF?NRCPtQ 0PM@JCKQ ?LB %VCPAGQCQ).
,EBKJ?ED
%LRCPGLE RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM N
R
=
2vr
EGTCQ
(12.54)
N
R
=
2vr
=
2(1025 kg/m
3
)(1.70 m/s)(0.15010
3
m)
1.0010
3
N s/m
2
= 523.
D?I9KII?ED
3GLAC N
R
GQ UCJJ @CJMU 2000, RFC DJMU QFMSJB GLBCCB @C J?KGL?P.
4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR: )LF?J?RGML
5LBCP RFC AMLBGRGMLQ MD LMPK?J ?ARGTGRW, ?L ?BSJR GLF?JCQ ?@MSR 1 , MD ?GP BSPGLE C?AF GLF?J?RGML. 7GRF RFC ?GB MD ? U?RAF, BCRCPKGLC RFC RGKC DMP
MLC MD WMSP MUL GLF?J?RGMLQ @W RGKGLE QCTCP?J @PC?RFQ ?LB BGTGBGLE RFC RMR?J JCLERF @W RFC LSK@CP MD @PC?RFQ. #?JASJ?RC RFC ?TCP?EC DJMU P?RC Q
MD ?GP RP?TCJGLE RFPMSEF RFC RP?AFC? BSPGLE C?AF GLF?J?RGML.
4FC RMNGA MD AF?MQ F?Q @CAMKC OSGRC NMNSJ?P MTCP RFC J?QR DCU BCA?BCQ. ! QWQRCK GQ BCDGLCB RM @C 6;4BG<6 UFCL GRQ @CF?TGMP GQ QM QCLQGRGTC RM QMKC
D?ARMP RF?R GR GQ CVRPCKCJW BGDDGASJR RM NPCBGAR. 4FC DGCJB MD 6;4BF GQ RFC QRSBW MD AF?MRGA @CF?TGMP. ! EMMB CV?KNJC MD AF?MRGA @CF?TGMP GQ RFC DJMU MD ?
DJSGB UGRF ? 2CWLMJBQ LSK@CP @CRUCCL 2000 ?LB 3000. 7FCRFCP MP LMR RFC DJMU GQ RSP@SJCLR GQ BGDDGASJR, @SR LMR GKNMQQG@JC, RM NPCBGARrRFC BGDDGASJRW JGCQ
GL RFC CVRPCKCJW QCLQGRGTC BCNCLBCLAC ML D?ARMPQ JGIC PMSEFLCQQ ?LB M@QRPSARGMLQ ML RFC L?RSPC MD RFC DJMU. ! RGLW T?PG?RGML GL MLC D?ARMP F?Q ?L
CV?EECP?RCB (MP LMLJGLC?P) CDDCAR ML RFC DJMU. 0FCLMKCL? ?Q BGQN?P?RC ?Q RSP@SJCLAC, RFC MP@GR MD 0JSRM, ?LB RFC MLQCR MD GPPCESJ?P FC?PR@C?RQ ?PC
AF?MRGA ?LB A?L @C ?L?JWXCB UGRF QGKGJ?P RCAFLGOSCQ.
12.6 &EJ?ED E< 7D (8@;9J ?D 7 /?I9EKI FBK?:
! KMTGLE M@HCAR GL ? TGQAMSQ DJSGB GQ COSGT?JCLR RM ? QR?RGML?PW M@HCAR GL ? DJMUGLE DJSGB QRPC?K. (&MP CV?KNJC, UFCL WMS PGBC ? @GAWAJC ?R 10 K/Q GL QRGJJ
?GP, WMS DCCJ RFC ?GP GL WMSP D?AC CV?ARJW ?Q GD WMS UCPC QR?RGML?PW GL ? 10-K/Q UGLB.) &JMU MD RFC QR?RGML?PW DJSGB ?PMSLB ? KMTGLE M@HCAR K?W @C
J?KGL?P, RSP@SJCLR, MP ? AMK@GL?RGML MD RFC RUM. *SQR ?Q UGRF DJMU GL RS@CQ, GR GQ NMQQG@JC RM NPCBGAR UFCL ? KMTGLE M@HCAR APC?RCQ RSP@SJCLAC. 7C SQC
?LMRFCP DMPK MD RFC 2CWLMJBQ LSK@CP N
R
, BCDGLCB DMP ?L M@HCAR KMTGLE GL ? DJSGB RM @C
(12.55)
N
R
=
vL
(object in fuid),
UFCPC L GQ ? AF?P?ARCPGQRGA JCLERF MD RFC M@HCAR (? QNFCPCtQ BG?KCRCP, DMP CV?KNJC), RFC DJSGB BCLQGRW, GRQ TGQAMQGRW, ?LB v RFC M@HCARtQ QNCCB GL
RFC DJSGB. )D N
R
GQ JCQQ RF?L ?@MSR 1, DJMU ?PMSLB RFC M@HCAR A?L @C J?KGL?P, N?PRGASJ?PJW GD RFC M@HCAR F?Q ? QKMMRF QF?NC. 4FC RP?LQGRGML RM RSP@SJCLR
DJMU MAASPQ DMP N
R
@CRUCCL 1 ?LB ?@MSR 10, BCNCLBGLE ML QSPD?AC PMSEFLCQQ ?LB QM ML. $CNCLBGLE ML RFC QSPD?AC, RFCPC A?L @C ? GHE5H?8AG J4>8
@CFGLB RFC M@HCAR UGRF QMKC J?KGL?P DJMU MTCP GRQ QSPD?AC. &MP ?L N
R
@CRUCCL 10 ?LB 10
6
, RFC DJMU K?W @C CGRFCP J?KGL?P MP RSP@SJCLR ?LB K?W
416 #(!04%2 12 Y &,5)$ $9.!-)#3 !.$ )43 ")/,/')#!, !.$ -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3
MQAGJJ?RC @CRUCCL RFC RUM. &MP N
R
EPC?RCP RF?L ?@MSR 10
6
, RFC DJMU GQ CLRGPCJW RSP@SJCLR, CTCL ?R RFC QSPD?AC MD RFC M@HCAR. (3CC F?=KH; 12.18.)
,?KGL?P DJMU MAASPQ KMQRJW UFCL RFC M@HCARQ GL RFC DJSGB ?PC QK?JJ, QSAF ?Q P?GLBPMNQ, NMJJCL, ?LB @JMMB ACJJQ GL NJ?QK?.
EN7CFB; 12.10 DE;I 7 B7BB !7L; 7 -KH8KB;DJ 07A;?
#?JASJ?RC RFC 2CWLMJBQ LSK@CP N
R
DMP ? @?JJ UGRF ? 7.40-AK BG?KCRCP RFPMUL ?R 40.0 K/Q.
,JH7J;=O
7C A?L SQC N
R
=
vL
RM A?JASJ?RC N
R
, QGLAC ?JJ T?JSCQ GL GR ?PC CGRFCP EGTCL MP A?L @C DMSLB GL R?@JCQ MD BCLQGRW ?LB TGQAMQGRW.
,EBKJ?ED
3S@QRGRSRGLE T?JSCQ GLRM RFC COS?RGML DMP N
R
WGCJBQ
(12.56)
N
R
=
vL
=
(1.29 kg/m
3
)(40.0 m/s)(0.0740 m)
1.8110
5
1.00 Pa s
= 2.1110
5
.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ T?JSC GQ QSDDGAGCLRJW FGEF RM GKNJW ? RSP@SJCLR U?IC. -MQR J?PEC M@HCARQ, QSAF ?Q ?GPNJ?LCQ ?LB Q?GJ@M?RQ, APC?RC QGELGDGA?LR RSP@SJCLAC ?Q RFCW
KMTC. !Q LMRCB @CDMPC, RFC "CPLMSJJG NPGLAGNJC EGTCQ MLJW OS?JGR?RGTCJW-AMPPCAR PCQSJRQ GL QSAF QGRS?RGMLQ.
/LC MD RFC AMLQCOSCLACQ MD TGQAMQGRW GQ ? PCQGQR?LAC DMPAC A?JJCB L?I9EKI :H7= F
V
RF?R GQ CVCPRCB ML ? KMTGLE M@HCAR. 4FGQ DMPAC RWNGA?JJW BCNCLBQ
ML RFC M@HCARtQ QNCCB (GL AMLRP?QR UGRF QGKNJC DPGARGML). %VNCPGKCLRQ F?TC QFMUL RF?R DMP J?KGL?P DJMU ( N
R
JCQQ RF?L ?@MSR MLC) TGQAMSQ BP?E GQ
NPMNMPRGML?J RM QNCCB, UFCPC?Q DMP N
R
@CRUCCL ?@MSR 10 ?LB 10
6
, TGQAMSQ BP?E GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM QNCCB QOS?PCB. (4FGQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN GQ ? QRPMLE
BCNCLBCLAC ?LB GQ NCPRGLCLR RM @GAWAJC P?AGLE, UFCPC CTCL ? QK?JJ FC?BUGLB A?SQCQ QGELGDGA?LRJW GLAPC?QCB BP?E ML RFC P?ACP. #WAJGQRQ R?IC RSPLQ
@CGLE RFC JC?BCP GL RFC N?AI DMP RFGQ PC?QML.) &MP N
R
EPC?RCP RF?L 10
6
, BP?E GLAPC?QCQ BP?K?RGA?JJW ?LB @CF?TCQ UGRF EPC?RCP AMKNJCVGRW. &MP
J?KGL?P DJMU ?PMSLB ? QNFCPC, F
V
GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM DJSGB TGQAMQGRW , RFC M@HCARtQ AF?P?ARCPGQRGA QGXC L , ?LB GRQ QNCCB v . !JJ MD UFGAF K?ICQ
QCLQCrRFC KMPC TGQAMSQ RFC DJSGB ?LB RFC J?PECP RFC M@HCAR, RFC KMPC BP?E UC CVNCAR. 2CA?JJ 3RMICtQ J?U F
S
= 6rv . &MP RFC QNCAG?J A?QC MD ?
QK?JJ QNFCPC MD P?BGSQ R KMTGLE QJMUJW GL ? DJSGB MD TGQAMQGRW , RFC BP?E DMPAC F
S
GQ EGTCL @W
(12.57)
F
S
= 6Rv.
F?=KH; 12.18 (?) -MRGML MD RFGQ QNFCPC RM RFC PGEFR GQ COSGT?JCLR RM DJSGB DJMU RM RFC JCDR. (CPC RFC DJMU GQ J?KGL?P UGRF N
R
JCQQ RF?L 1. 4FCPC GQ ? DMPAC, A?JJCB TGQAMSQ BP?E
F
V
, RM RFC JCDR ML RFC @?JJ BSC RM RFC DJSGBtQ TGQAMQGRW. (@) !R ? FGEFCP QNCCB, RFC DJMU @CAMKCQ N?PRG?JJW RSP@SJCLR, APC?RGLE ? U?IC QR?PRGLE UFCPC RFC DJMU JGLCQ QCN?P?RC DPMK
RFC QSPD?AC. 0PCQQSPC GL RFC U?IC GQ JCQQ RF?L GL DPMLR MD RFC QNFCPC, @CA?SQC DJSGB QNCCB GQ JCQQ, APC?RGLE ? LCR DMPAC RM RFC JCDR F
V
RF?R GQ QGELGDGA?LRJW EPC?RCP RF?L DMP
J?KGL?P DJMU. (CPC N
R
GQ EPC?RCP RF?L 10. (A) !R KSAF FGEFCP QNCCBQ, UFCPC N
R
GQ EPC?RCP RF?L 10
6
, DJMU @CAMKCQ RSP@SJCLR CTCPWUFCPC ML RFC QSPD?AC ?LB @CFGLB RFC
QNFCPC. $P?E GLAPC?QCQ BP?K?RGA?JJW.
!L GLRCPCQRGLE AMLQCOSCLAC MD RFC GLAPC?QC GL F
V
UGRF QNCCB GQ RF?R ?L M@HCAR D?JJGLE RFPMSEF ? DJSGB UGJJ LMR AMLRGLSC RM ?AACJCP?RC GLBCDGLGRCJW (?Q GR
UMSJB GD UC LCEJCAR ?GP PCQGQR?LAC, DMP CV?KNJC). )LQRC?B, TGQAMSQ BP?E GLAPC?QCQ, QJMUGLE ?AACJCP?RGML, SLRGJ ? APGRGA?J QNCCB, A?JJCB RFC J;HC?D7B
IF;;:, GQ PC?AFCB ?LB RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD RFC M@HCAR @CAMKCQ XCPM. /LAC RFGQ F?NNCLQ, RFC M@HCAR AMLRGLSCQ RM D?JJ ?R AMLQR?LR QNCCB (RFC RCPKGL?J
QNCCB). 4FGQ GQ RFC A?QC DMP N?PRGAJCQ MD Q?LB D?JJGLE GL RFC MAC?L, ACJJQ D?JJGLE GL ? ACLRPGDSEC, ?LB QIW BGTCPQ D?JJGLE RFPMSEF RFC ?GP. F?=KH; 12.19
QFMUQ QMKC MD RFC D?ARMPQ RF?R ?DDCAR RCPKGL?J QNCCB. 4FCPC GQ ? TGQAMSQ BP?E ML RFC M@HCAR RF?R BCNCLBQ ML RFC TGQAMQGRW MD RFC DJSGB ?LB RFC QGXC MD
RFC M@HCAR. "SR RFCPC GQ ?JQM ? @SMW?LR DMPAC RF?R BCNCLBQ ML RFC BCLQGRW MD RFC M@HCAR PCJ?RGTC RM RFC DJSGB. 4CPKGL?J QNCCB UGJJ @C EPC?RCQR DMP JMU-
TGQAMQGRW DJSGBQ ?LB M@HCARQ UGRF FGEF BCLQGRGCQ ?LB QK?JJ QGXCQ. 4FSQ ? QIWBGTCP D?JJQ KMPC QJMUJW UGRF MSRQNPC?B JGK@Q RF?L UFCL RFCW ?PC GL ? NGIC
NMQGRGMLrFC?B DGPQR UGRF F?LBQ ?R RFCGP QGBC ?LB JCEQ RMECRFCP.
#(!04%2 12 Y &,5)$ $9.!-)#3 !.$ )43 ")/,/')#!, !.$ -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 417
4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR: $MLtR ,MQC 9MSP -?P@JCQ
"W KC?QSPGLE RFC RCPKGL?J QNCCB MD ? QJMUJW KMTGLE QNFCPC GL ? TGQAMSQ DJSGB, MLC A?L DGLB RFC TGQAMQGRW MD RF?R DJSGB (?R RF?R RCKNCP?RSPC). )R A?L
@C BGDDGASJR RM DGLB QK?JJ @?JJ @C?PGLEQ ?PMSLB RFC FMSQC, @SR ? QK?JJ K?P@JC UGJJ BM. '?RFCP RUM MP RFPCC DJSGBQ (QWPSN, KMRMP MGJ, FMLCW, MJGTC MGJ,
CRA.) ?LB ? RFGAI, R?JJ AJC?P EJ?QQ MP T?QC. $PMN RFC K?P@JC GLRM RFC ACLRCP MD RFC DJSGB ?LB RGKC GRQ D?JJ (?DRCP JCRRGLE GR BPMN ? JGRRJC RM PC?AF GRQ
RCPKGL?J QNCCB). #MKN?PC WMSP T?JSCQ DMP RFC RCPKGL?J QNCCB ?LB QCC GD RFCW ?PC GLTCPQCJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC TGQAMQGRGCQ ?Q JGQRCB GL -78B; 12.1.
$MCQ GR K?IC ? BGDDCPCLAC GD RFC K?P@JC GQ BPMNNCB LC?P RFC QGBC MD RFC EJ?QQ?
+LMUJCBEC MD RCPKGL?J QNCCB GQ SQCDSJ DMP CQRGK?RGLE QCBGKCLR?RGML P?RCQ MD QK?JJ N?PRGAJCQ. 7C ILMU DPMK U?RAFGLE KSB QCRRJC MSR MD BGPRW U?RCP RF?R
QCBGKCLR?RGML GQ SQS?JJW ? QJMU NPMACQQ. #CLRPGDSECQ ?PC SQCB RM QNCCB QCBGKCLR?RGML @W APC?RGLE ?AACJCP?RCB DP?KCQ GL UFGAF EP?TGR?RGML?J
?AACJCP?RGML GQ PCNJ?ACB @W ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML, UFGAF A?L @C KSAF EPC?RCP, GLAPC?QGLE RFC RCPKGL?J QNCCB.
F?=KH; 12.19 4FCPC ?PC RFPCC DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML ?L M@HCAR D?JJGLE RFPMSEF ? TGQAMSQ DJSGB: GRQ UCGEFR w, RFC TGQAMSQ BP?E F
V
, ?LB RFC @SMW?LR DMPAC F
B
.
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(12.58)
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GQ GLTCPQCJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM KMJCASJ?P K?QQ. 4FSQ RFC KMPC K?QQGTC KMJCASJCQ BGDDSQC KMPC QJMUJW. !LMRFCP GLRCPCQRGLE NMGLR GQ RF?R D DMP MVWECL GL
?GP GQ KSAF EPC?RCP RF?L D DMP MVWECL GL U?RCP. )L U?RCP, ?L MVWECL KMJCASJC K?ICQ K?LW KMPC AMJJGQGMLQ GL GRQ P?LBMK U?JI ?LB GQ QJMUCB
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RFC Q?KC CTCPWUFCPC. 4FGQ RWNC MD BGDDSQGML GQ A?JJCB DPCC BGDDSQGML, @CA?SQC RFCPC ?PC LM @?PPGCPQ GLFG@GRGLE GR. ,CR SQ CV?KGLC GRQ BGPCARGML ?LB P?RC.
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GR. 4FC LCR P?RC MD BGDDSQGML GQ FGEFCP GLGRG?JJW RF?L ?DRCP RFC NPMACQQ GQ N?PRG?JJW AMKNJCRCB. (3CC F?=KH; 12.21.)
F?=KH; 12.21 $GDDSQGML NPMACCBQ DPMK ? PCEGML MD FGEFCP AMLACLRP?RGML RM ? JMUCP MLC. 4FC LCR P?RC MD KMTCKCLR GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC BGDDCPCLAC GL AMLACLRP?RGML.
4FC P?RC MD BGDDSQGML GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC AMLACLRP?RGML BGDDCPCLAC. -?LW KMPC KMJCASJCQ UGJJ JC?TC ? PCEGML MD FGEF AMLACLRP?RGML RF?L UGJJ CLRCP GR
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JC?TC RFC PCEGML MD FGEF AMLACLRP?RGML. -?LW MD RFC D?ARMPQ RF?R ?DDCAR RFC P?RC ?PC FGBBCL GL RFC BGDDSQGML AMLQR?LR D. &MP CV?KNJC, RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB
AMFCQGTC ?LB ?BFCQGTC DMPACQ ?JJ ?DDCAR T?JSCQ MD D.
$GDDSQGML GQ RFC BMKGL?LR KCAF?LGQK @W UFGAF RFC CVAF?LEC MD LSRPGCLRQ ?LB U?QRC NPMBSARQ MAASP @CRUCCL RFC @JMMB ?LB RGQQSC, ?LB @CRUCCL ?GP
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@SR ?JQM AFCKGQRPW ?LB NFWQGAQ.
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AJC?LQC RFC @JMMB.
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@W MQKMQGQ DPMK RFC JCDR GLRM RFC PCEGML ML RFC PGEFR, UFCPC GR GQ JCQQ AMLACLRP?RCB, A?SQGLE RFC QMJSRGML ML RFC PGEFR RM PGQC. 4FGQ KMTCKCLR UGJJ
AMLRGLSC SLRGJ RFC NPCQQSPC gh APC?RCB @W RFC CVRP? FCGEFR MD DJSGB ML RFC PGEFR GQ J?PEC CLMSEF RM QRMN DSPRFCP MQKMQGQ. 4FGQ NPCQQSPC GQ A?JJCB ?
546> CE8FFHE8. 4FC @?AI NPCQQSPC gh RF?R QRMNQ MQKMQGQ GQ ?JQM A?JJCB RFC H;B7J?L; EICEJ?9 FH;IIKH; GD LCGRFCP QMJSRGML GQ NSPC U?RCP, ?LB GR GQ
A?JJCB RFC EICEJ?9 FH;IIKH; GD MLC QMJSRGML GQ NSPC U?RCP. /QKMRGA NPCQQSPC A?L @C J?PEC, BCNCLBGLE ML RFC QGXC MD RFC AMLACLRP?RGML BGDDCPCLAC. &MP
CV?KNJC, GD NSPC U?RCP ?LB QC? U?RCP ?PC QCN?P?RCB @W ? QCKGNCPKC?@JC KCK@P?LC RF?R N?QQCQ LM Q?JR, MQKMRGA NPCQQSPC UGJJ @C 25.9 ?RK. 4FGQ
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NPCQQSPC ?E?GLQR RFC ACJJ U?JJ. 4FGQ NPCQQSPC EGTCQ RFC NJ?LR QSNNMPR. $G?JWQGQ A?L QGKGJ?PJW A?SQC QS@QR?LRG?J NPCQQSPCQ.
F?=KH; 12.23 (?) 4UM QSE?P-U?RCP QMJSRGMLQ MD BGDDCPCLR AMLACLRP?RGMLQ, QCN?P?RCB @W ? QCKGNCPKC?@JC KCK@P?LC RF?R N?QQCQ U?RCP @SR LMR QSE?P. /QKMQGQ UGJJ @C RM RFC PGEFR,
QGLAC U?RCP GQ JCQQ AMLACLRP?RCB RFCPC. (@) 4FC DJSGB JCTCJ PGQCQ SLRGJ RFC @?AI NPCQQSPC gh COS?JQ RFC PCJ?RGTC MQKMRGA NPCQQSPC; RFCL, RFC LCR RP?LQDCP MD U?RCP GQ XCPM.
+;L;HI; EICEI?I ?LB H;L;HI; :?7BOI?I (?JQM A?JJCB DGJRP?RGML) ?PC NPMACQQCQ RF?R MAASP UFCL @?AI NPCQQSPC GQ QSDDGAGCLR RM PCTCPQC RFC LMPK?J
BGPCARGML MD QS@QR?LACQ RFPMSEF KCK@P?LCQ. "?AI NPCQQSPC A?L @C APC?RCB L?RSP?JJW ?Q ML RFC PGEFR QGBC MD F?=KH; 12.23. (! NGQRML A?L ?JQM APC?RC
RFGQ NPCQQSPC.) 2CTCPQC MQKMQGQ A?L @C SQCB RM BCQ?JGL?RC U?RCP @W QGKNJW DMPAGLE GR RFPMSEF ? KCK@P?LC RF?R UGJJ LMR N?QQ Q?JR. 3GKGJ?PJW, PCTCPQC
BG?JWQGQ A?L @C SQCB RM DGJRCP MSR ?LW QS@QR?LAC RF?R ? EGTCL KCK@P?LC UGJJ LMR N?QQ.
/LC DSPRFCP CV?KNJC MD RFC KMTCKCLR MD QS@QR?LACQ RFPMSEF KCK@P?LCQ BCQCPTCQ KCLRGML. 7C QMKCRGKCQ DGLB RF?R QS@QR?LACQ N?QQ GL RFC
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?LB MSR MD @JMMB. )L D?AR, GR GQ CQRGK?RCB RF?R ?R JC?QR 25% MD RFC @MBWtQ CLCPEW GQ CVNCLBCB ML ?ARGTC RP?LQNMPR MD QS@QR?LACQ ?R RFC ACJJSJ?P JCTCJ. 4FC
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RFC NPMACQQ GL UFGAF ? JGTGLE KCK@P?LC CVNCLBQ CLCPEW RM KMTC QS@QR?LACQ ?APMQQ
RFC COS?RGML PCQSJRGLE DPMK ?NNJWGLE AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW RM ?L GLAMKNPCQQG@JC DPGARGMLJCQQ DJSGB: ' + 1/2CI
2
+ C:; =
AMLQR?LR , RFPMSEF RFC DJSGB
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2
= '2 + 1/2CI2
2
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AMLACLRP?RGML
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? SLGR MD TMJSKC, COS?J RM 10
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v
.
w "CPLMSJJGtQ COS?RGML QR?RCQ RF?R RFC QSK ML C?AF QGBC MD RFC DMJJMUGLE COS?RGML GQ AMLQR?LR, MP RFC Q?KC ?R ?LW RUM NMGLRQ GL ?L GLAMKNPCQQG@JC
DPGARGMLJCQQ DJSGB:
P
1
+
1
2
v
1
2
+ gh
1
= P
2
+
1
2
v
2
2
+ gh
2
.
w "CPLMSJJGtQ NPGLAGNJC GQ "CPLMSJJGtQ COS?RGML ?NNJGCB RM QGRS?RGMLQ GL UFGAF BCNRF GQ AMLQR?LR. 4FC RCPKQ GLTMJTGLE BCNRF (MP FCGEFR ; ) QS@RP?AR MSR,
WGCJBGLE
P
1
+
1
2
v
1
2
= P
2
+
1
2
v
2
2
.
w "CPLMSJJGtQ NPGLAGNJC F?Q K?LW ?NNJGA?RGMLQ, GLAJSBGLE CLRP?GLKCLR, UGLEQ ?LB Q?GJQ, ?LB TCJMAGRW KC?QSPCKCLR.
w 0MUCP GL DJSGB DJMU GQ EGTCL @W RFC COS?RGML

P
1
+
1
2
v
2
+ gh
Q = power, UFCPC RFC DGPQR RCPK GQ NMUCP ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF NPCQQSPC, RFC
QCAMLB GQ NMUCP ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF TCJMAGRW, ?LB RFC RFGPB GQ NMUCP ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF FCGEFR.
w ,?KGL?P DJMU GQ AF?P?ARCPGXCB @W QKMMRF DJMU MD RFC DJSGB GL J?WCPQ RF?R BM LMR KGV.
w 4SP@SJCLAC GQ AF?P?ARCPGXCB @W CBBGCQ ?LB QUGPJQ RF?R KGV J?WCPQ MD DJSGB RMECRFCP.
w &JSGB TGQAMQGRW GQ BSC RM DPGARGML UGRFGL ? DJSGB. 2CNPCQCLR?RGTC T?JSCQ ?PC EGTCL GL -78B; 12.1. 6GQAMQGRW F?Q SLGRQ MD (N/m
2
)s MP Pa s .
w &JMU GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM NPCQQSPC BGDDCPCLAC ?LB GLTCPQCJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM PCQGQR?LAC:
Q =
P
2
P
1
R
.
w &MP J?KGL?P DJMU GL ? RS@C, 0MGQCSGJJCtQ J?U DMP PCQGQR?LAC QR?RCQ RF?R
R =
8l
r
4
.
w 0MGQCSGJJCtQ J?U DMP DJMU GL ? RS@C GQ
Q =
(P
2
P
1
)r
4
8l
.
w 4FC NPCQQSPC BPMN A?SQCB @W DJMU ?LB PCQGQR?LAC GQ EGTCL @W
422 #(!04%2 12 Y &,5)$ $9.!-)#3 !.$ )43 ")/,/')#!, !.$ -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3
P
2
P
1
= RQ.
12.5 ->; (DI;J E< -KH8KB;D9;
w 4FC 2CWLMJBQ LSK@CP N
R
A?L PCTC?J UFCRFCP DJMU GQ J?KGL?P MP RSP@SJCLR. )R GQ
N
R
=
2vr
.
w &MP N
R
@CJMU ?@MSR 2000, DJMU GQ J?KGL?P. &MP N
R
?@MTC ?@MSR 3000, DJMU GQ RSP@SJCLR. &MP T?JSCQ MD N
R
@CRUCCL 2000 ?LB 3000, GR K?W @C
CGRFCP MP @MRF.
w 7FCL ?L M@HCAR KMTCQ GL ? DJSGB, RFCPC GQ ? BGDDCPCLR DMPK MD RFC 2CWLMJBQ LSK@CP N
R
=
vL
(object in fuid), UFGAF GLBGA?RCQ UFCRFCP DJMU

GQ J?KGL?P MP RSP@SJCLR.
w &MP N
R
JCQQ RF?L ?@MSR MLC, DJMU GQ J?KGL?P.
w &MP N
R
EPC?RCP RF?L 10
6
, DJMU GQ CLRGPCJW RSP@SJCLR.
w $GDDSQGML GQ RFC KMTCKCLR MD QS@QR?LACQ BSC RM P?LBMK RFCPK?J KMJCASJ?P KMRGML.
w 4FC ?TCP?EC BGQR?LAC x
rms
? KMJCASJC RP?TCJQ @W BGDDSQGML GL ? EGTCL ?KMSLR MD RGKC GQ EGTCL @W
x
rms
= 2Dt,
UFCPC D GQ RFC BGDDSQGML AMLQR?LR, PCNPCQCLR?RGTC T?JSCQ MD UFGAF ?PC DMSLB GL -78B; 12.2.
w /QKMQGQ GQ RFC RP?LQNMPR MD U?RCP RFPMSEF ? QCKGNCPKC?@JC KCK@P?LC DPMK ? PCEGML MD FGEF AMLACLRP?RGML RM ? PCEGML MD JMU AMLACLRP?RGML.
w $G?JWQGQ GQ RFC RP?LQNMPR MD ?LW MRFCP KMJCASJC RFPMSEF ? QCKGNCPKC?@JC KCK@P?LC BSC RM GRQ AMLACLRP?RGML BGDDCPCLAC.
w "MRF NPMACQQCQ A?L @C PCTCPQCB @W @?AI NPCQQSPC.
w !ARGTC RP?LQNMPR GQ ? NPMACQQ GL UFGAF ? JGTGLE KCK@P?LC CVNCLBQ CLCPEW RM KMTC QS@QR?LACQ ?APMQQ GR.
1. 7F?R GQ RFC BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL DJMU P?RC ?LB DJSGB TCJMAGRW? (MU ?PC RFCW PCJ?RCB?
2. -?LW DGESPCQ GL RFC RCVR QFMU QRPC?KJGLCQ. %VNJ?GL UFW DJSGB TCJMAGRW GQ EPC?RCQR UFCPC QRPC?KJGLCQ ?PC AJMQCQR RMECRFCP. ((GLR: #MLQGBCP RFC
PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL DJSGB TCJMAGRW ?LB RFC APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? RFPMSEF UFGAF GR DJMUQ.)
3. )BCLRGDW QMKC QS@QR?LACQ RF?R ?PC GLAMKNPCQQG@JC ?LB QMKC RF?R ?PC LMR.
4. 9MS A?L QOSGPR U?RCP ? AMLQGBCP?@JW EPC?RCP BGQR?LAC @W NJ?AGLE WMSP RFSK@ MTCP RFC CLB MD ? E?PBCL FMQC ?LB RFCL PCJC?QGLE, RF?L @W JC?TGLE GR
AMKNJCRCJW SLAMTCPCB. %VNJ?GL FMU RFGQ UMPIQ.
5. 7?RCP GQ QFMR LC?PJW TCPRGA?JJW SNU?PB GL ? BCAMP?RGTC DMSLR?GL ?LB RFC QRPC?K GQ M@QCPTCB RM @PM?BCL ?Q GR PGQCQ. #MLTCPQCJW, ? QRPC?K MD U?RCP
D?JJGLE QRP?GEFR BMUL DPMK ? D?SACR L?PPMUQ. %VNJ?GL UFW, ?LB BGQASQQ UFCRFCP QSPD?AC RCLQGML CLF?LACQ MP PCBSACQ RFC CDDCAR GL C?AF A?QC.
6. ,MMI @?AI RM F?=KH; 12.4. !LQUCP RFC DMJJMUGLE RUM OSCQRGMLQ. 7FW GQ P
o
JCQQ RF?L ?RKMQNFCPGA? 7FW GQ P
o
EPC?RCP RF?L P
i
?
7. 'GTC ?L CV?KNJC MD CLRP?GLKCLR LMR KCLRGMLCB GL RFC RCVR.
8. -?LW CLRP?GLKCLR BCTGACQ F?TC ? AMLQRPGARGML, A?JJCB ? 6CLRSPG, QSAF ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 12.24. (MU BMCQ RFGQ @MJQRCP CLRP?GLKCLR?
F?=KH; 12.24 ! RS@C UGRF ? L?PPMU QCEKCLR BCQGELCB RM CLF?LAC CLRP?GLKCLR GQ A?JJCB ? 6CLRSPG. 4FCQC ?PC TCPW AMKKMLJW SQCB GL A?P@SPCRMPQ ?LB ?QNGP?RMPQ.
9. 3MKC AFGKLCW NGNCQ F?TC ? 4-QF?NC, UGRF ? APMQQNGCAC ML RMN RF?R FCJNQ BP?U SN E?QCQ UFCLCTCP RFCPC GQ CTCL ? QJGEFR @PCCXC. %VNJ?GL FMU RFGQ
UMPIQ GL RCPKQ MD "CPLMSJJGtQ NPGLAGNJC.
10. )Q RFCPC ? JGKGR RM RFC FCGEFR RM UFGAF ?L CLRP?GLKCLR BCTGAC A?L P?GQC ? DJSGB? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP.
11. 7FW GQ GR NPCDCP?@JC DMP ?GPNJ?LCQ RM R?IC MDD GLRM RFC UGLB P?RFCP RF?L UGRF RFC UGLB?
12. 2MMDQ ?PC QMKCRGKCQ NSQFCB MDD TCPRGA?JJW BSPGLE ? RPMNGA?J AWAJMLC, ?LB @SGJBGLEQ QMKCRGKCQ CVNJMBC MSRU?PB UFCL FGR @W ? RMPL?BM. 5QC
"CPLMSJJGtQ NPGLAGNJC RM CVNJ?GL RFCQC NFCLMKCL?.
13. 7FW BMCQ ? Q?GJ@M?R LCCB ? ICCJ?
#(!04%2 12 Y &,5)$ $9.!-)#3 !.$ )43 ")/,/')#!, !.$ -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 423
14. )R GQ B?LECPMSQ RM QR?LB AJMQC RM P?GJPM?B RP?AIQ UFCL ? P?NGBJW KMTGLE AMKKSRCP RP?GL N?QQCQ. %VNJ?GL UFW ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC UMSJB NSQF WMS
RMU?PB RFC KMTGLE RP?GL.
15. 7?RCP NPCQQSPC GLQGBC ? FMQC LMXXJC A?L @C JCQQ RF?L ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC BSC RM RFC "CPLMSJJG CDDCAR. %VNJ?GL GL RCPKQ MD CLCPEW FMU RFC U?RCP
A?L CKCPEC DPMK RFC LMXXJC ?E?GLQR RFC MNNMQGLE ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC.
16. ! NCPDSKC @MRRJC MP ?RMKGXCP QNP?WQ ? DJSGB RF?R GQ GL RFC @MRRJC. (F?=KH; 12.25.) (MU BMCQ RFC DJSGB PGQC SN GL RFC TCPRGA?J RS@C GL RFC @MRRJC?
F?=KH; 12.25 !RMKGXCP: NCPDSKC @MRRJC UGRF RS@C RM A?PPW NCPDSKC SN RFPMSEF RFC @MRRJC. (APCBGR: !LRMLG? &MW, &JGAIP)
17. )D WMS JMUCP RFC UGLBMU ML ? A?P UFGJC KMTGLE, ?L CKNRW NJ?QRGA @?E A?L QMKCRGKCQ DJW MSR RFC UGLBMU. 7FW BMCQ RFGQ F?NNCL?
18. "?QCB ML "CPLMSJJGtQ COS?RGML, UF?R ?PC RFPCC DMPKQ MD CLCPEW GL ? DJSGB? (.MRC RF?R RFCQC DMPKQ ?PC AMLQCPT?RGTC, SLJGIC FC?R RP?LQDCP ?LB MRFCP
BGQQGN?RGTC DMPKQ LMR GLAJSBCB GL "CPLMSJJGtQ COS?RGML.)
19. 7?RCP RF?R F?Q CKCPECB DPMK ? FMQC GLRM RFC ?RKMQNFCPC F?Q ? E?SEC NPCQQSPC MD XCPM. 7FW? 7FCL WMS NSR WMSP F?LB GL DPMLR MD RFC CKCPEGLE
QRPC?K WMS DCCJ ? DMPAC, WCR RFC U?RCPtQ E?SEC NPCQQSPC GQ XCPM. %VNJ?GL UFCPC RFC DMPAC AMKCQ DPMK GL RCPKQ MD CLCPEW.
20. 4FC MJB PS@@CP @MMR QFMUL GL F?=KH; 12.26 F?Q RUM JC?IQ. 4M UF?R K?VGKSK FCGEFR A?L RFC U?RCP QOSGPR DPMK ,C?I 1? (MU BMCQ RFC TCJMAGRW MD
U?RCP CKCPEGLE DPMK ,C?I 2 BGDDCP DPMK RF?R MD JC?I 1? %VNJ?GL WMSP PCQNMLQCQ GL RCPKQ MD CLCPEW.
F?=KH; 12.26 7?RCP CKCPECQ DPMK RUM JC?IQ GL ?L MJB @MMR.
21. 7?RCP NPCQQSPC GLQGBC ? FMQC LMXXJC A?L @C JCQQ RF?L ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC BSC RM RFC "CPLMSJJG CDDCAR. %VNJ?GL GL RCPKQ MD CLCPEW FMU RFC U?RCP
A?L CKCPEC DPMK RFC LMXXJC ?E?GLQR RFC MNNMQGLE ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC.
22. %VNJ?GL UFW RFC TGQAMQGRW MD ? JGOSGB BCAPC?QCQ UGRF RCKNCP?RSPCrRF?R GQ, FMU KGEFR GLAPC?QCB RCKNCP?RSPC PCBSAC RFC CDDCARQ MD AMFCQGTC DMPACQ
GL ? JGOSGB? !JQM CVNJ?GL UFW RFC TGQAMQGRW MD ? E?Q GLAPC?QCQ UGRF RCKNCP?RSPCrRF?R GQ, FMU BMCQ GLAPC?QCB E?Q RCKNCP?RSPC APC?RC KMPC AMJJGQGMLQ
@CRUCCL ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ?
23. 7FCL N?BBJGLE ? A?LMC SNQRPC?K, GR GQ UGQCQR RM RP?TCJ ?Q LC?P RM RFC QFMPC ?Q NMQQG@JC. 7FCL A?LMCGLE BMULQRPC?K, GR K?W @C @CQR RM QR?W LC?P
RFC KGBBJC. %VNJ?GL UFW.
24. 7FW BMCQ DJMU BCAPC?QC GL WMSP QFMUCP UFCL QMKCMLC DJSQFCQ RFC RMGJCR?
25. 0JSK@GLE SQS?JJW GLAJSBCQ ?GP-DGJJCB RS@CQ LC?P U?RCP D?SACRQ, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 12.27. %VNJ?GL UFW RFCW ?PC LCCBCB ?LB FMU RFCW UMPI.
424 #(!04%2 12 Y &,5)$ $9.!-)#3 !.$ )43 ")/,/')#!, !.$ -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3
F?=KH; 12.27 4FC TCPRGA?J RS@C LC?P RFC U?RCP R?N PCK?GLQ DSJJ MD ?GP ?LB QCPTCQ ? SQCDSJ NSPNMQC.
12.5 ->; (DI;J E< -KH8KB;D9;
26. $MNNJCP SJRP?QMSLB A?L @C SQCB RM KC?QSPC RFC QNCCB MD @JMMB GL RFC @MBW. )D RFCPC GQ ? N?PRG?J AMLQRPGARGML MD ?L ?PRCPW, UFCPC UMSJB WMS CVNCAR
@JMMB QNCCB RM @C EPC?RCQR, ?R MP LC?P@W RFC AMLQRPGARGML? 7F?R ?PC RFC RUM BGQRGLAR A?SQCQ MD FGEFCP PCQGQR?LAC GL RFC AMLQRPGARGML?
27. 3GLI BP?GLQ MDRCL F?TC ? BCTGAC QSAF ?Q RF?R QFMUL GL F?=KH; 12.28 RM FCJN QNCCB RFC DJMU MD U?RCP. (MU BMCQ RFGQ UMPI?
F?=KH; 12.28 9MS UGJJ DGLB BCTGACQ QSAF ?Q RFGQ GL K?LW BP?GLQ. 4FCW QGELGDGA?LRJW GLAPC?QC DJMU P?RC.
28. 3MKC ACGJGLE D?LQ F?TC BCAMP?RGTC UGAICP PCCBQ ML RFCGP @J?BCQ. $GQASQQ UFCRFCP RFCQC D?LQ ?PC ?Q OSGCR ?LB CDDGAGCLR ?Q RFMQC UGRF QKMMRF
@J?BCQ.
29. 7F?R BGPCARGML UGJJ ? FCJGSK @?JJMML KMTC GLQGBC ? A?P RF?R GQ QJMUGLE BMULrRMU?PB RFC DPMLR MP @?AI? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP.
30. 7GJJ GBCLRGA?J P?GLBPMNQ D?JJ KMPC P?NGBJW GL 5 C ?GP MP 25 C ?GP, LCEJCARGLE ?LW BGDDCPCLACQ GL ?GP BCLQGRW? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP.
31. )D WMS RMMI RUM K?P@JCQ MD BGDDCPCLR QGXCQ, UF?R UMSJB WMS CVNCAR RM M@QCPTC ?@MSR RFC PCJ?RGTC K?ELGRSBCQ MD RFCGP RCPKGL?J TCJMAGRGCQ?
32. 7FW UMSJB WMS CVNCAR RFC P?RC MD BGDDSQGML RM GLAPC?QC UGRF RCKNCP?RSPC? #?L WMS EGTC ?L CV?KNJC, QSAF ?Q RFC D?AR RF?R WMS A?L BGQQMJTC QSE?P
KMPC P?NGBJW GL FMR U?RCP?
33. (MU ?PC MQKMQGQ ?LB BG?JWQGQ QGKGJ?P? (MU BM RFCW BGDDCP?
#(!04%2 12 Y &,5)$ $9.!-)#3 !.$ )43 ")/,/')#!, !.$ -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 425
34. 7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC DJMU P?RC GL cm
3
/s MD E?QMJGLC RM RFC CLEGLC MD
? A?P RP?TCJGLE ?R 100 IK/F GD GR ?TCP?ECQ 10.0 IK/,?
35. 4FC FC?PR MD ? PCQRGLE ?BSJR NSKNQ @JMMB ?R ? P?RC MD 5.00 ,/KGL. (?)
#MLTCPR RFGQ RM cm
3
/s . (@) 7F?R GQ RFGQ P?RC GL m
3
/s ?
36. "JMMB GQ NSKNCB DPMK RFC FC?PR ?R ? P?RC MD 5.0 ,/KGL GLRM RFC ?MPR?
(MD P?BGSQ 1.0 AK). $CRCPKGLC RFC QNCCB MD @JMMB RFPMSEF RFC ?MPR?.
37. "JMMB GQ DJMUGLE RFPMSEF ?L ?PRCPW MD P?BGSQ 2 KK ?R ? P?RC MD 40 AK/Q.
$CRCPKGLC RFC DJMU P?RC ?LB RFC TMJSKC RF?R N?QQCQ RFPMSEF RFC ?PRCPW GL
? NCPGMB MD 30 Q.
38. 4FC (SI? &?JJQ ML RFC 7?GI?RM 2GTCP GQ MLC MD .CU :C?J?LBtQ KMQR
TGQGRCB L?RSP?J RMSPGQR ?RRP?ARGMLQ (QCC F?=KH; 12.29). /L ?TCP?EC RFC PGTCP
F?Q ? DJMU P?RC MD ?@MSR 300,000 ,/Q. !R RFC EMPEC, RFC PGTCP L?PPMUQ RM 20
K UGBC ?LB ?TCP?ECQ 20 K BCCN. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC QNCCB MD RFC
PGTCP GL RFC EMPEC? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC QNCCB MD RFC U?RCP GL RFC PGTCP
BMULQRPC?K MD RFC D?JJQ UFCL GR UGBCLQ RM 60 K ?LB GRQ BCNRF GLAPC?QCQ RM
?L ?TCP?EC MD 40 K?
F?=KH; 12.29 4FC (SI? &?JJQ GL 4?SNM, .CU :C?J?LB, BCKMLQRP?RC DJMU P?RC. (APCBGR:
2?TG'MEL?, &JGAIP)
39. ! K?HMP ?PRCPW UGRF ? APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? MD 1.00 cm
2
@P?LAFCQ
GLRM 18 QK?JJCP ?PRCPGCQ, C?AF UGRF ?L ?TCP?EC APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? MD
0.400 cm
2
. "W UF?R D?ARMP GQ RFC ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW MD RFC @JMMB PCBSACB
UFCL GR N?QQCQ GLRM RFCQC @P?LAFCQ?
40. (?) !Q @JMMB N?QQCQ RFPMSEF RFC A?NGJJ?PW @CB GL ?L MPE?L, RFC
A?NGJJ?PGCQ HMGL RM DMPK TCLSJCQ (QK?JJ TCGLQ). )D RFC @JMMB QNCCB GLAPC?QCQ
@W ? D?ARMP MD 4.00 ?LB RFC RMR?J APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? MD RFC TCLSJCQ GQ
10.0 cm
2
, UF?R GQ RFC RMR?J APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? MD RFC A?NGJJ?PGCQ
DCCBGLE RFCQC TCLSJCQ? (@) (MU K?LW A?NGJJ?PGCQ ?PC GLTMJTCB GD RFCGP
?TCP?EC BG?KCRCP GQ 10.0 m?
41. 4FC FSK?L AGPASJ?RGML QWQRCK F?Q ?NNPMVGK?RCJW 110
9
A?NGJJ?PW
TCQQCJQ. %?AF TCQQCJ F?Q ? BG?KCRCP MD ?@MSR 8 m. !QQSKGLE A?PBG?A
MSRNSR GQ 5 ,/KGL, BCRCPKGLC RFC ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW MD @JMMB DJMU RFPMSEF
C?AF A?NGJJ?PW TCQQCJ.
42. (?) %QRGK?RC RFC RGKC GR UMSJB R?IC RM DGJJ ? NPGT?RC QUGKKGLE NMMJ UGRF
? A?N?AGRW MD 80,000 , SQGLE ? E?PBCL FMQC BCJGTCPGLE 60 ,/KGL. (@) (MU
JMLE UMSJB GR R?IC RM DGJJ GD WMS AMSJB BGTCPR ? KMBCP?RC QGXC PGTCP, DJMUGLE ?R
5000 m
3
/s , GLRM GR?
43. 4FC DJMU P?RC MD @JMMB RFPMSEF ? 2.0010
6
-m -P?BGSQ A?NGJJ?PW GQ
3.8010
9
cm
3
/s . (?) 7F?R GQ RFC QNCCB MD RFC @JMMB DJMU? (4FGQ QK?JJ
QNCCB ?JJMUQ RGKC DMP BGDDSQGML MD K?RCPG?JQ RM ?LB DPMK RFC @JMMB.) (@)
!QQSKGLE ?JJ RFC @JMMB GL RFC @MBW N?QQCQ RFPMSEF A?NGJJ?PGCQ, FMU K?LW
MD RFCK KSQR RFCPC @C RM A?PPW ? RMR?J DJMU MD 90.0 cm
3
/s ? (4FC J?PEC
LSK@CP M@R?GLCB GQ ?L MTCPCQRGK?RC, @SR GR GQ QRGJJ PC?QML?@JC.)
44. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC DJSGB QNCCB GL ? DGPC FMQC UGRF ? 9.00-AK BG?KCRCP
A?PPWGLE 80.0 , MD U?RCP NCP QCAMLB? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC DJMU P?RC GL AS@GA
KCRCPQ NCP QCAMLB? (A) 7MSJB WMSP ?LQUCPQ @C BGDDCPCLR GD Q?JR U?RCP
PCNJ?ACB RFC DPCQF U?RCP GL RFC DGPC FMQC?
45. 4FC K?GL SNR?IC ?GP BSAR MD ? DMPACB ?GP E?Q FC?RCP GQ 0.300 K GL
BG?KCRCP. 7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC QNCCB MD ?GP GL RFC BSAR GD GR A?PPGCQ ?
TMJSKC COS?J RM RF?R MD RFC FMSQCtQ GLRCPGMP CTCPW 15 KGL? 4FC GLQGBC
TMJSKC MD RFC FMSQC GQ COSGT?JCLR RM ? PCAR?LESJ?P QMJGB 13.0 K UGBC @W
20.0 K JMLE @W 2.75 K FGEF.
46. 7?RCP GQ KMTGLE ?R ? TCJMAGRW MD 2.00 K/Q RFPMSEF ? FMQC UGRF ?L
GLRCPL?J BG?KCRCP MD 1.60 AK. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC DJMU P?RC GL JGRCPQ NCP
QCAMLB? (@) 4FC DJSGB TCJMAGRW GL RFGQ FMQCtQ LMXXJC GQ 15.0 K/Q. 7F?R GQ
RFC LMXXJCtQ GLQGBC BG?KCRCP?
47. 0PMTC RF?R RFC QNCCB MD ?L GLAMKNPCQQG@JC DJSGB RFPMSEF ?
AMLQRPGARGML, QSAF ?Q GL ? 6CLRSPG RS@C, GLAPC?QCQ @W ? D?ARMP COS?J RM RFC
QOS?PC MD RFC D?ARMP @W UFGAF RFC BG?KCRCP BCAPC?QCQ. (4FC AMLTCPQC
?NNJGCQ DMP DJMU MSR MD ? AMLQRPGARGML GLRM ? J?PECP-BG?KCRCP PCEGML.)
48. 7?RCP CKCPECQ QRP?GEFR BMUL DPMK ? D?SACR UGRF ? 1.80-AK BG?KCRCP
?R ? QNCCB MD 0.500 K/Q. ("CA?SQC MD RFC AMLQRPSARGML MD RFC D?SACR, RFCPC
GQ LM T?PG?RGML GL QNCCB ?APMQQ RFC QRPC?K.) (?) 7F?R GQ RFC DJMU P?RC GL
cm
3
/s ? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC BG?KCRCP MD RFC QRPC?K 0.200 K @CJMU RFC
D?SACR? .CEJCAR ?LW CDDCARQ BSC RM QSPD?AC RCLQGML.
! KMSLR?GL QRPC?K GQ 10.0 K UGBC ?LB ?TCP?ECQ 2.00 K GL BCNRF. $SPGLE
RFC QNPGLE PSLMDD, RFC DJMU GL RFC QRPC?K PC?AFCQ 100,000 m
3
/s . (?)
7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW MD RFC QRPC?K SLBCP RFCQC AMLBGRGMLQ? (@)
7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ TCJMAGRW? (A) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC MP
GLAMLQGQRCLR ?@MSR RFC NPCKGQCQ?
50. 6CPGDW RF?R NPCQQSPC F?Q SLGRQ MD CLCPEW NCP SLGR TMJSKC.
51. 3SNNMQC WMS F?TC ? UGLB QNCCB E?SEC JGIC RFC NGRMR RS@C QFMUL GL
EN7CFB; 12.2(@). "W UF?R D?ARMP KSQR UGLB QNCCB GLAPC?QC RM BMS@JC RFC
T?JSC MD h GL RFC K?LMKCRCP? )Q RFGQ GLBCNCLBCLR MD RFC KMTGLE DJSGB ?LB
RFC DJSGB GL RFC K?LMKCRCP?
52. )D RFC NPCQQSPC PC?BGLE MD WMSP NGRMR RS@C GQ 15.0 KK (E ?R ? QNCCB MD
200 IK/F, UF?R UGJJ GR @C ?R 700 IK/F ?R RFC Q?KC ?JRGRSBC?
53. #?JASJ?RC RFC K?VGKSK FCGEFR RM UFGAF U?RCP AMSJB @C QOSGPRCB UGRF
RFC FMQC GL EN7CFB; 12.2 CV?KNJC GD GR: (?) %KCPECQ DPMK RFC LMXXJC. (@)
%KCPECQ UGRF RFC LMXXJC PCKMTCB, ?QQSKGLE RFC Q?KC DJMU P?RC.
54. %TCPW DCU WC?PQ, UGLBQ GL "MSJBCP, #MJMP?BM, ?RR?GL QSQR?GLCB QNCCBQ
MD 45.0 K/Q (?@MSR 100 KG/F) UFCL RFC HCR QRPC?K BCQACLBQ BSPGLE C?PJW
QNPGLE. !NNPMVGK?RCJW UF?R GQ RFC DMPAC BSC RM RFC "CPLMSJJG CDDCAR ML ?
PMMD F?TGLE ?L ?PC? MD 220 m
2
? 4WNGA?J ?GP BCLQGRW GL "MSJBCP GQ
1.14 kg/m
3
, ?LB RFC AMPPCQNMLBGLE ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC GQ
8.8910
4
N/m
2
. ("CPLMSJJGtQ NPGLAGNJC ?Q QR?RCB GL RFC RCVR ?QQSKCQ
J?KGL?P DJMU. 5QGLE RFC NPGLAGNJC FCPC NPMBSACQ MLJW ?L ?NNPMVGK?RC
PCQSJR, @CA?SQC RFCPC GQ QGELGDGA?LR RSP@SJCLAC.)
55. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC ?NNPMVGK?RC DMPAC ML ? QOS?PC KCRCP MD Q?GJ, EGTCL
RFC FMPGXMLR?J TCJMAGRW MD RFC UGLB GQ 6.00 K/Q N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ DPMLR QSPD?AC
?LB 3.50 K/Q ?JMLE GRQ @?AI QSPD?AC. 4?IC RFC BCLQGRW MD ?GP RM @C
1.29 kg/m
3
. (4FC A?JASJ?RGML, @?QCB ML "CPLMSJJGtQ NPGLAGNJC, GQ
?NNPMVGK?RC BSC RM RFC CDDCARQ MD RSP@SJCLAC.) (@) $GQASQQ UFCRFCP RFGQ
DMPAC GQ EPC?R CLMSEF RM @C CDDCARGTC DMP NPMNCJJGLE ? Q?GJ@M?R.
56. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC NPCQQSPC BPMN BSC RM RFC "CPLMSJJG CDDCAR ?Q U?RCP
EMCQ GLRM ? 3.00-AK-BG?KCRCP LMXXJC DPMK ? 9.00-AK-BG?KCRCP DGPC FMQC
UFGJC A?PPWGLE ? DJMU MD 40.0 ,/Q? (@) 4M UF?R K?VGKSK FCGEFR ?@MTC RFC
LMXXJC A?L RFGQ U?RCP PGQC? (4FC ?ARS?J FCGEFR UGJJ @C QGELGDGA?LRJW QK?JJCP
BSC RM ?GP PCQGQR?LAC.)
426 #(!04%2 12 Y &,5)$ $9.!-)#3 !.$ )43 ")/,/')#!, !.$ -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3
57. (?) 5QGLE "CPLMSJJGtQ COS?RGML, QFMU RF?R RFC KC?QSPCB DJSGB QNCCB v
DMP ? NGRMR RS@C, JGIC RFC MLC GL F?=KH; 12.7(@), GQ EGTCL @W
v =

2gh
1 / 2
,
UFCPC h GQ RFC FCGEFR MD RFC K?LMKCRCP DJSGB, GQ RFC BCLQGRW MD RFC
K?LMKCRCP DJSGB, GQ RFC BCLQGRW MD RFC KMTGLE DJSGB, ?LB g GQ RFC
?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW. (.MRC RF?R v GQ GLBCCB NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC
QOS?PC PMMR MD h , ?Q QR?RCB GL RFC RCVR.) (@) #?JASJ?RC v DMP KMTGLE ?GP GD
? KCPASPW K?LMKCRCPtQ h GQ 0.200 K.
12.3 ->; &EIJ ;D;H7B AFFB?97J?EDI E< B;HDEKBB?XI
EGK7J?ED
58. (MMTCP $?K ML RFC #MJMP?BM 2GTCP GQ RFC FGEFCQR B?K GL RFC 5LGRCB
3R?RCQ ?R 221 K, UGRF ?L MSRNSR MD 1300 -7. 4FC B?K ECLCP?RCQ
CJCARPGAGRW UGRF U?RCP R?ICL DPMK ? BCNRF MD 150 K ?LB ?L ?TCP?EC DJMU
P?RC MD 650 m
3
/s . (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC NMUCP GL RFGQ DJMU. (@) 7F?R GQ RFC
P?RGM MD RFGQ NMUCP RM RFC D?AGJGRWtQ ?TCP?EC MD 680 -7?
59. ! DPCOSCLRJW OSMRCB PSJC MD RFSK@ GL ?GPAP?DR BCQGEL GQ RF?R UGLEQ
QFMSJB NPMBSAC ?@MSR 1000 . MD JGDR NCP QOS?PC KCRCP MD UGLE. (4FC D?AR
RF?R ? UGLE F?Q ? RMN ?LB @MRRMK QSPD?AC BMCQ LMR BMS@JC GRQ ?PC?.) (?) !R
R?ICMDD, ?L ?GPAP?DR RP?TCJQ ?R 60.0 K/Q, QM RF?R RFC ?GP QNCCB PCJ?RGTC RM RFC
@MRRMK MD RFC UGLE GQ 60.0 K/Q. 'GTCL RFC QC? JCTCJ BCLQGRW MD ?GP RM @C
1.29 kg/m
3
, FMU D?QR KSQR GR KMTC MTCP RFC SNNCP QSPD?AC RM APC?RC RFC
GBC?J JGDR? (@) (MU D?QR KSQR ?GP KMTC MTCP RFC SNNCP QSPD?AC ?R ? APSGQGLE
QNCCB MD 245 K/Q ?LB ?R ?L ?JRGRSBC UFCPC ?GP BCLQGRW GQ MLC-DMSPRF RF?R ?R
QC? JCTCJ? (.MRC RF?R RFGQ GQ LMR ?JJ MD RFC ?GPAP?DRtQ JGDRrQMKC AMKCQ DPMK
RFC @MBW MD RFC NJ?LC, QMKC DPMK CLEGLC RFPSQR, ?LB QM ML. &SPRFCPKMPC,
"CPLMSJJGtQ NPGLAGNJC EGTCQ ?L ?NNPMVGK?RC ?LQUCP @CA?SQC DJMU MTCP RFC
UGLE APC?RCQ RSP@SJCLAC.)
60. 4FC JCDR TCLRPGAJC MD ? PCQRGLE ?BSJRtQ FC?PR NSKNQ @JMMB ?R ? DJMU P?RC
MD 83.0 cm
3
/s , GLAPC?QGLE GRQ NPCQQSPC @W 110 KK (E, GRQ QNCCB DPMK
XCPM RM 30.0 AK/Q, ?LB GRQ FCGEFR @W 5.00 AK. (!JJ LSK@CPQ ?PC ?TCP?ECB
MTCP RFC CLRGPC FC?PR@C?R.) #?JASJ?RC RFC RMR?J NMUCP MSRNSR MD RFC JCDR
TCLRPGAJC. .MRC RF?R KMQR MD RFC NMUCP GQ SQCB RM GLAPC?QC @JMMB NPCQQSPC.
61. ! QSKN NSKN (SQCB RM BP?GL U?RCP DPMK RFC @?QCKCLR MD FMSQCQ @SGJR
@CJMU RFC U?RCP R?@JC) GQ BP?GLGLE ? DJMMBCB @?QCKCLR ?R RFC P?RC MD 0.750
,/Q, UGRF ?L MSRNSR NPCQQSPC MD 3.0010
5
N/m
2
. (?) 4FC U?RCP CLRCPQ ?
FMQC UGRF ? 3.00-AK GLQGBC BG?KCRCP ?LB PGQCQ 2.50 K ?@MTC RFC NSKN.
7F?R GQ GRQ NPCQQSPC ?R RFGQ NMGLR? (@) 4FC FMQC EMCQ MTCP RFC DMSLB?RGML
U?JJ, JMQGLE 0.500 K GL FCGEFR, ?LB UGBCLQ RM 4.00 AK GL BG?KCRCP. 7F?R GQ
RFC NPCQQSPC LMU? 9MS K?W LCEJCAR DPGARGML?J JMQQCQ GL @MRF N?PRQ MD RFC
NPM@JCK.
62. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC PCR?PBGLE DMPAC BSC RM RFC TGQAMQGRW MD RFC ?GP J?WCP
@CRUCCL ? A?PR ?LB ? JCTCJ ?GP RP?AI EGTCL RFC DMJJMUGLE GLDMPK?RGMLr?GP
RCKNCP?RSPC GQ 20 C, RFC A?PR GQ KMTGLE ?R 0.400 K/Q, GRQ QSPD?AC ?PC? GQ
2.5010
2
m
2
, ?LB RFC RFGAILCQQ MD RFC ?GP J?WCP GQ 6.0010
5
m.
(@) 7F?R GQ RFC P?RGM MD RFGQ DMPAC RM RFC UCGEFR MD RFC 0.300-IE A?PR?
63. 7F?R DMPAC GQ LCCBCB RM NSJJ MLC KGAPMQAMNC QJGBC MTCP ?LMRFCP ?R ?
QNCCB MD 1.00 AK/Q, GD RFCPC GQ ? 0.500-KK-RFGAI J?WCP MD 20 C U?RCP
@CRUCCL RFCK ?LB RFC AMLR?AR ?PC? GQ 8.00 cm
2
?
64. ! EJSAMQC QMJSRGML @CGLE ?BKGLGQRCPCB UGRF ?L )6 F?Q ? DJMU P?RC MD
4.00 cm
3
/min . 7F?R UGJJ RFC LCU DJMU P?RC @C GD RFC EJSAMQC GQ PCNJ?ACB
@W UFMJC @JMMB F?TGLE RFC Q?KC BCLQGRW @SR ? TGQAMQGRW 2.50 RGKCQ RF?R MD
RFC EJSAMQC? !JJ MRFCP D?ARMPQ PCK?GL AMLQR?LR.
65. 4FC NPCQQSPC BPMN ?JMLE ? JCLERF MD ?PRCPW GQ 100 0?, RFC P?BGSQ GQ 10
KK, ?LB RFC DJMU GQ J?KGL?P. 4FC ?TCP?EC QNCCB MD RFC @JMMB GQ 15 KK/Q.
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC LCR DMPAC ML RFC @JMMB GL RFGQ QCARGML MD ?PRCPW? (@) 7F?R GQ
RFC NMUCP CVNCLBCB K?GLR?GLGLE RFC DJMU?
66. ! QK?JJ ?PRCPW F?Q ? JCLERF MD 1.110
3
m ?LB ? P?BGSQ MD
2.510
5
m. )D RFC NPCQQSPC BPMN ?APMQQ RFC ?PRCPW GQ 1.3 I0?, UF?R GQ
RFC DJMU P?RC RFPMSEF RFC ?PRCPW? (!QQSKC RF?R RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GQ 37 C
.)
67. &JSGB MPGEGL?JJW DJMUQ RFPMSEF ? RS@C ?R ? P?RC MD 100 cm
3
/s . 4M
GJJSQRP?RC RFC QCLQGRGTGRW MD DJMU P?RC RM T?PGMSQ D?ARMPQ, A?JASJ?RC RFC LCU
DJMU P?RC DMP RFC DMJJMUGLE AF?LECQ UGRF ?JJ MRFCP D?ARMPQ PCK?GLGLE RFC
Q?KC ?Q GL RFC MPGEGL?J AMLBGRGMLQ. (?) 0PCQQSPC BGDDCPCLAC GLAPC?QCQ @W ?
D?ARMP MD 1.50. (@) ! LCU DJSGB UGRF 3.00 RGKCQ EPC?RCP TGQAMQGRW GQ
QS@QRGRSRCB. (A) 4FC RS@C GQ PCNJ?ACB @W MLC F?TGLE 4.00 RGKCQ RFC JCLERF.
(B) !LMRFCP RS@C GQ SQCB UGRF ? P?BGSQ 0.100 RGKCQ RFC MPGEGL?J. (C) 9CR
?LMRFCP RS@C GQ QS@QRGRSRCB UGRF ? P?BGSQ 0.100 RGKCQ RFC MPGEGL?J ?LB F?JD
RFC JCLERF, 4A7 RFC NPCQQSPC BGDDCPCLAC GQ GLAPC?QCB @W ? D?ARMP MD 1.50.
68. 4FC ?PRCPGMJCQ (QK?JJ ?PRCPGCQ) JC?BGLE RM ?L MPE?L, AMLQRPGAR GL MPBCP
RM BCAPC?QC DJMU RM RFC MPE?L. 4M QFSR BMUL ?L MPE?L, @JMMB DJMU GQ
PCBSACB L?RSP?JJW RM 1.00% MD GRQ MPGEGL?J T?JSC. "W UF?R D?ARMP BGB RFC
P?BGG MD RFC ?PRCPGMJCQ AMLQRPGAR? 0CLESGLQ BM RFGQ UFCL RFCW QR?LB ML GAC
RM PCBSAC RFC @JMMB DJMU RM RFCGP DCCR.
69. !LEGMNJ?QRW GQ ? RCAFLGOSC GL UFGAF ?PRCPGCQ N?PRG?JJW @JMAICB UGRF
NJ?OSC ?PC BGJ?RCB RM GLAPC?QC @JMMB DJMU. "W UF?R D?ARMP KSQR RFC P?BGSQ
MD ?L ?PRCPW @C GLAPC?QCB GL MPBCP RM GLAPC?QC @JMMB DJMU @W ? D?ARMP MD
10?
70. (?) 3SNNMQC ? @JMMB TCQQCJtQ P?BGSQ GQ BCAPC?QCB RM 90.0% MD GRQ
MPGEGL?J T?JSC @W NJ?OSC BCNMQGRQ ?LB RFC @MBW AMKNCLQ?RCQ @W
GLAPC?QGLE RFC NPCQQSPC BGDDCPCLAC ?JMLE RFC TCQQCJ RM ICCN RFC DJMU P?RC
AMLQR?LR. "W UF?R D?ARMP KSQR RFC NPCQQSPC BGDDCPCLAC GLAPC?QC? (@) )D
RSP@SJCLAC GQ APC?RCB @W RFC M@QRPSARGML, UF?R ?BBGRGML?J CDDCAR UMSJB GR
F?TC ML RFC DJMU P?RC?
71. ! QNFCPGA?J N?PRGAJC D?JJGLE ?R ? RCPKGL?J QNCCB GL ? JGOSGB KSQR F?TC
RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC @?J?LACB @W RFC BP?E DMPAC ?LB RFC @SMW?LR DMPAC.
4FC @SMW?LR DMPAC GQ COS?J RM RFC UCGEFR MD RFC BGQNJ?ACB DJSGB, UFGJC RFC
BP?E DMPAC GQ ?QQSKCB RM @C EGTCL @W 3RMICQ ,?U, F
s
= 6rv . 3FMU
RF?R RFC RCPKGL?J QNCCB GQ EGTCL @W v =
2R
2
g
9
(
s

1
),
UFCPC R GQ RFC P?BGSQ MD RFC QNFCPC,
s
GQ GRQ BCLQGRW, ?LB
1
GQ RFC
BCLQGRW MD RFC DJSGB ?LB RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD TGQAMQGRW.
72. 5QGLE RFC COS?RGML MD RFC NPCTGMSQ NPM@JCK, DGLB RFC TGQAMQGRW MD
KMRMP MGJ GL UFGAF ? QRCCJ @?JJ MD P?BGSQ 0.8 KK D?JJQ UGRF ? RCPKGL?J QNCCB
MD 4.32 AK/Q. 4FC BCLQGRGCQ MD RFC @?JJ ?LB RFC MGJ ?PC 7.86 ?LB 0.88 E/K,,
PCQNCARGTCJW.
73. ! QIWBGTCP UGJJ PC?AF ? RCPKGL?J TCJMAGRW UFCL RFC ?GP BP?E COS?JQ RFCGP
UCGEFR. &MP ? QIWBGTCP UGRF FGEF QNCCB ?LB ? J?PEC @MBW, RSP@SJCLAC GQ ?
D?ARMP. 4FC BP?E DMPAC RFCL GQ ?NNPMVGK?RCJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC QOS?PC MD
RFC TCJMAGRW. 4?IGLE RFC BP?E DMPAC RM @C F
D
=
1
2
Av
2
?LB QCRRGLE RFGQ
COS?J RM RFC NCPQMLtQ UCGEFR, DGLB RFC RCPKGL?J QNCCB DMP ? NCPQML D?JJGLE
uQNPC?B C?EJC.v &GLB @MRF ? DMPKSJ? ?LB ? LSK@CP DMP v
t
, UGRF
?QQSKNRGMLQ ?Q RM QGXC.
74. ! J?WCP MD MGJ 1.50 KK RFGAI GQ NJ?ACB @CRUCCL RUM KGAPMQAMNC QJGBCQ.
2CQC?PAFCPQ DGLB RF?R ? DMPAC MD 5.5010
4
N GQ PCOSGPCB RM EJGBC MLC
MTCP RFC MRFCP ?R ? QNCCB MD 1.00 AK/Q UFCL RFCGP AMLR?AR ?PC? GQ
6.00 cm
2
. 7F?R GQ RFC MGJtQ TGQAMQGRW? 7F?R RWNC MD MGJ KGEFR GR @C?
75. (?) 6CPGDW RF?R ? 19.0% BCAPC?QC GL J?KGL?P DJMU RFPMSEF ? RS@C GQ
A?SQCB @W ? 5.00% BCAPC?QC GL P?BGSQ, ?QQSKGLE RF?R ?JJ MRFCP D?ARMPQ
PCK?GL AMLQR?LR, ?Q QR?RCB GL RFC RCVR. (@) 7F?R GLAPC?QC GL DJMU GQ
M@R?GLCB DPMK ? 5.00% GLAPC?QC GL P?BGSQ, ?E?GL ?QQSKGLE ?JJ MRFCP
D?ARMPQ PCK?GL AMLQR?LR?
76. EN7CFB; 12.8 BC?JR UGRF RFC DJMU MD Q?JGLC QMJSRGML GL ?L )6 QWQRCK.
(?) 6CPGDW RF?R ? NPCQQSPC MD 1.6210
4
N/m
2
GQ APC?RCB ?R ? BCNRF MD
1.61 K GL ? Q?JGLC QMJSRGML, ?QQSKGLE GRQ BCLQGRW RM @C RF?R MD QC? U?RCP.
(@) #?JASJ?RC RFC LCU DJMU P?RC GD RFC FCGEFR MD RFC Q?JGLC QMJSRGML GQ
#(!04%2 12 Y &,5)$ $9.!-)#3 !.$ )43 ")/,/')#!, !.$ -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 427
BCAPC?QCB RM 1.50 K. (A) !R UF?R FCGEFR UMSJB RFC BGPCARGML MD DJMU @C
PCTCPQCB? (4FGQ PCTCPQ?J A?L @C ? NPM@JCK UFCL N?RGCLRQ QR?LB SN.)
77. 7FCL NFWQGAG?LQ BG?ELMQC ?PRCPG?J @JMAI?ECQ, RFCW OSMRC RFC
PCBSARGML GL DJMU P?RC. )D RFC DJMU P?RC GL ?L ?PRCPW F?Q @CCL PCBSACB RM
10.0% MD GRQ LMPK?J T?JSC @W ? @JMMB AJMR ?LB RFC ?TCP?EC NPCQQSPC
BGDDCPCLAC F?Q GLAPC?QCB @W 20.0%, @W UF?R D?ARMP F?Q RFC AJMR PCBSACB
RFC P?BGSQ MD RFC ?PRCPW?
78. $SPGLE ? K?P?RFML P?AC, ? PSLLCPtQ @JMMB DJMU GLAPC?QCQ RM 10.0 RGKCQ
FCP PCQRGLE P?RC. (CP @JMMBtQ TGQAMQGRW F?Q BPMNNCB RM 95.0% MD GRQ LMPK?J
T?JSC, ?LB RFC @JMMB NPCQQSPC BGDDCPCLAC ?APMQQ RFC AGPASJ?RMPW QWQRCK
F?Q GLAPC?QCB @W 50.0%. "W UF?R D?ARMP F?Q RFC ?TCP?EC P?BGG MD FCP
@JMMB TCQQCJQ GLAPC?QCB?
79. 7?RCP QSNNJGCB RM ? FMSQC @W ? U?RCP K?GL F?Q ? NPCQQSPC MD
3.0010
5
N/m
2
C?PJW ML ? QSKKCP B?W UFCL LCGEF@MPFMMB SQC GQ
JMU. 4FGQ NPCQQSPC NPMBSACQ ? DJMU MD 20.0 ,/KGL RFPMSEF ? E?PBCL FMQC.
,?RCP GL RFC B?W, NPCQQSPC ?R RFC CVGR MD RFC U?RCP K?GL ?LB CLRP?LAC RM
RFC FMSQC BPMNQ, ?LB ? DJMU MD MLJW 8.00 ,/KGL GQ M@R?GLCB RFPMSEF RFC
Q?KC FMQC. (?) 7F?R NPCQQSPC GQ LMU @CGLE QSNNJGCB RM RFC FMSQC,
?QQSKGLE PCQGQR?LAC GQ AMLQR?LR? (@) "W UF?R D?ARMP BGB RFC DJMU P?RC GL
RFC U?RCP K?GL GLAPC?QC GL MPBCP RM A?SQC RFGQ BCAPC?QC GL BCJGTCPCB
NPCQQSPC? 4FC NPCQQSPC ?R RFC CLRP?LAC MD RFC U?RCP K?GL GQ
5.0010
5
N/m
2
, ?LB RFC MPGEGL?J DJMU P?RC U?Q 200 ,/KGL. (A) (MU
K?LW KMPC SQCPQ ?PC RFCPC, ?QQSKGLE C?AF UMSJB AMLQSKC 20.0 ,/KGL GL
RFC KMPLGLE?
80. !L MGJ ESQFCP QFMMRQ APSBC MGJ 25.0 K GLRM RFC ?GP RFPMSEF ? NGNC UGRF
? 0.100-K BG?KCRCP. .CEJCARGLE ?GP PCQGQR?LAC @SR LMR RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD
RFC NGNC, ?LB ?QQSKGLE J?KGL?P DJMU, A?JASJ?RC RFC E?SEC NPCQQSPC ?R RFC
CLRP?LAC MD RFC 50.0-K-JMLE TCPRGA?J NGNC. 4?IC RFC BCLQGRW MD RFC MGJ RM @C
900 kg/m
3
?LB GRQ TGQAMQGRW RM @C 1.00 (N/m
2
) s (MP 1.00 Pa s ).
.MRC RF?R WMS KSQR R?IC GLRM ?AAMSLR RFC NPCQQSPC BSC RM RFC 50.0-K
AMJSKL MD MGJ GL RFC NGNC.
81. #MLAPCRC GQ NSKNCB DPMK ? ACKCLR KGVCP RM RFC NJ?AC GR GQ @CGLE J?GB,
GLQRC?B MD @CGLE A?PPGCB GL UFCCJ@?PPMUQ. 4FC DJMU P?RC GQ 200.0 ,/KGL
RFPMSEF ? 50.0-K-JMLE, 8.00-AK-BG?KCRCP FMQC, ?LB RFC NPCQQSPC ?R RFC
NSKN GQ 8.0010
6
N/m
2
. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC FMQC. (@)
7F?R GQ RFC TGQAMQGRW MD RFC AMLAPCRC, ?QQSKGLE RFC DJMU GQ J?KGL?P? (A)
(MU KSAF NMUCP GQ @CGLE QSNNJGCB, ?QQSKGLE RFC NMGLR MD SQC GQ ?R RFC
Q?KC JCTCJ ?Q RFC NSKN? 9MS K?W LCEJCAR RFC NMUCP QSNNJGCB RM
GLAPC?QC RFC AMLAPCRCtQ TCJMAGRW.
#MLQGBCP ? AMPML?PW ?PRCPW AMLQRPGARCB @W ?PRCPGMQAJCPMQGQ. #MLQRPSAR ?
NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS A?JASJ?RC RFC ?KMSLR @W UFGAF RFC BG?KCRCP MD RFC
?PRCPW GQ BCAPC?QCB, @?QCB ML ?L ?QQCQQKCLR MD RFC BCAPC?QC GL DJMU
P?RC.
83. #MLQGBCP ? PGTCP RF?R QNPC?BQ MSR GL ? BCJR? PCEGML ML GRQ U?W RM RFC
QC?. #MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS A?JASJ?RC RFC ?TCP?EC QNCCB ?R
UFGAF U?RCP KMTCQ GL RFC BCJR? PCEGML, @?QCB ML RFC QNCCB ?R UFGAF GR
U?Q KMTGLE SN PGTCP. !KMLE RFC RFGLEQ RM AMLQGBCP ?PC RFC QGXC ?LB DJMU
P?RC MD RFC PGTCP @CDMPC GR QNPC?BQ MSR ?LB GRQ QGXC MLAC GR F?Q QNPC?B MSR.
9MS A?L AMLQRPSAR RFC NPM@JCK DMP RFC PGTCP QNPC?BGLE MSR GLRM MLC J?PEC
PGTCP MP GLRM KSJRGNJC QK?JJCP PGTCPQ.
12.5 ->; (DI;J E< -KH8KB;D9;
84. 6CPGDW RF?R RFC DJMU MD MGJ GQ J?KGL?P (@?PCJW) DMP ?L MGJ ESQFCP RF?R
QFMMRQ APSBC MGJ 25.0 K GLRM RFC ?GP RFPMSEF ? NGNC UGRF ? 0.100-K
BG?KCRCP. 4FC TCPRGA?J NGNC GQ 50 K JMLE. 4?IC RFC BCLQGRW MD RFC MGJ RM @C
900 kg/m
3
?LB GRQ TGQAMQGRW RM @C 1.00 (N/m
2
) s (MP 1.00 Pa s ).
85. 3FMU RF?R RFC 2CWLMJBQ LSK@CP N
R
GQ SLGRJCQQ @W QS@QRGRSRGLE SLGRQ
DMP ?JJ RFC OS?LRGRGCQ GL GRQ BCDGLGRGML ?LB A?LACJJGLE.
86. #?JASJ?RC RFC 2CWLMJBQ LSK@CPQ DMP RFC DJMU MD U?RCP RFPMSEF (?) ?
LMXXJC UGRF ? P?BGSQ MD 0.250 AK ?LB (@) ? E?PBCL FMQC UGRF ? P?BGSQ MD
0.900 AK, UFCL RFC LMXXJC GQ ?RR?AFCB RM RFC FMQC. 4FC DJMU P?RC RFPMSEF
FMQC ?LB LMXXJC GQ 0.500 ,/Q. #?L RFC DJMU GL CGRFCP NMQQG@JW @C J?KGL?P?
87. ! DGPC FMQC F?Q ?L GLQGBC BG?KCRCP MD 6.40 AK. 3SNNMQC QSAF ? FMQC
A?PPGCQ ? DJMU MD 40.0 ,/Q QR?PRGLE ?R ? E?SEC NPCQQSPC MD
1.6210
6
N/m
2
. 4FC FMQC EMCQ 10.0 K SN ? J?BBCP RM ? LMXXJC F?TGLE
?L GLQGBC BG?KCRCP MD 3.00 AK. #?JASJ?RC RFC 2CWLMJBQ LSK@CPQ DMP DJMU
GL RFC DGPC FMQC ?LB LMXXJC RM QFMU RF?R RFC DJMU GL C?AF KSQR @C
RSP@SJCLR.
88. #MLAPCRC GQ NSKNCB DPMK ? ACKCLR KGVCP RM RFC NJ?AC GR GQ @CGLE J?GB,
GLQRC?B MD @CGLE A?PPGCB GL UFCCJ@?PPMUQ. 4FC DJMU P?RC GQ 200.0 ,/KGL
RFPMSEF ? 50.0-K-JMLE, 8.00-AK-BG?KCRCP FMQC, ?LB RFC NPCQQSPC ?R RFC
NSKN GQ 8.0010
6
N/m
2
. 6CPGDW RF?R RFC DJMU MD AMLAPCRC GQ J?KGL?P
R?IGLE AMLAPCRCtQ TGQAMQGRW RM @C 48.0 (N/m
2
) s , ?LB EGTCL GRQ BCLQGRW
GQ 2300 kg/m
3
.
89. !R UF?R DJMU P?RC KGEFR RSP@SJCLAC @CEGL RM BCTCJMN GL ? U?RCP K?GL
UGRF ? 0.200-K BG?KCRCP? !QQSKC ? 20 C RCKNCP?RSPC.
90. 7F?R GQ RFC EPC?RCQR ?TCP?EC QNCCB MD @JMMB DJMU ?R 37 C GL ?L
?PRCPW MD P?BGSQ 2.00 KK GD RFC DJMU GQ RM PCK?GL J?KGL?P? 7F?R GQ RFC
AMPPCQNMLBGLE DJMU P?RC? 4?IC RFC BCLQGRW MD @JMMB RM @C 1025 kg / m
3
.
91. )L -7A;-!EC; ENF;H?C;DJ: "D>7B7J?ED, UC KC?QSPCB RFC ?TCP?EC
DJMU P?RC Q MD ?GP RP?TCJGLE RFPMSEF RFC RP?AFC? BSPGLE C?AF GLF?J?RGML.
.MU A?JASJ?RC RFC ?TCP?EC ?GP QNCCB GL KCRCPQ NCP QCAMLB RFPMSEF WMSP
RP?AFC? BSPGLE C?AF GLF?J?RGML. 4FC P?BGSQ MD RFC RP?AFC? GL ?BSJR FSK?LQ
GQ ?NNPMVGK?RCJW 10
2
m. &PMK RFC B?R? ?@MTC, A?JASJ?RC RFC 2CWLMJBQ
LSK@CP DMP RFC ?GP DJMU GL RFC RP?AFC? BSPGLE GLF?J?RGML. $M WMS CVNCAR RFC
?GP DJMU RM @C J?KGL?P MP RSP@SJCLR?
92. '?QMJGLC GQ NGNCB SLBCPEPMSLB DPMK PCDGLCPGCQ RM K?HMP SQCPQ. 4FC
DJMU P?RC GQ 3.0010
2
m
3
/s (?@MSR 500 E?J/KGL), RFC TGQAMQGRW MD
E?QMJGLC GQ 1.0010
3
(N/m
2
) s , ?LB GRQ BCLQGRW GQ 680 kg/m
3
. (?)
7F?R KGLGKSK BG?KCRCP KSQR RFC NGNC F?TC GD RFC 2CWLMJBQ LSK@CP GQ RM
@C JCQQ RF?L 2000? (@) 7F?R NPCQQSPC BGDDCPCLAC KSQR @C K?GLR?GLCB
?JMLE C?AF IGJMKCRCP MD RFC NGNC RM K?GLR?GL RFGQ DJMU P?RC?
93. !QQSKGLE RF?R @JMMB GQ ?L GBC?J DJSGB, A?JASJ?RC RFC APGRGA?J DJMU P?RC ?R
UFGAF RSP@SJCLAC GQ ? ACPR?GLRW GL RFC ?MPR?. 4?IC RFC BG?KCRCP MD RFC ?MPR?
RM @C 2.50 AK. (4SP@SJCLAC UGJJ ?ARS?JJW MAASP ?R JMUCP ?TCP?EC DJMU P?RCQ,
@CA?SQC @JMMB GQ LMR ?L GBC?J DJSGB. &SPRFCPKMPC, QGLAC @JMMB DJMU NSJQCQ,
RSP@SJCLAC K?W MAASP BSPGLE MLJW RFC FGEF-TCJMAGRW N?PR MD C?AF
FC?PR@C?R.)
! D?GPJW J?PEC E?PBCL FMQC F?Q ?L GLRCPL?J P?BGSQ MD 0.600 AK ?LB ? JCLERF
MD 23.0 K. 4FC LMXXJCJCQQ FMPGXMLR?J FMQC GQ ?RR?AFCB RM ? D?SACR, ?LB GR
BCJGTCPQ 50.0 ,/Q. (?) 7F?R U?RCP NPCQQSPC GQ QSNNJGCB @W RFC D?SACR? (@)
7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ NPCQQSPC? (A) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC
?@MSR RFC NPCKGQC? (B) 7F?R GQ RFC 2CWLMJBQ LSK@CP DMP RFC EGTCL DJMU?
(4?IC RFC TGQAMQGRW MD U?RCP ?Q 1.00510
3
N/ m
2
s .)
12.7 &EB;9KB7H -H7DIFEHJ )>;DEC;D7: D?<<KI?ED,
(ICEI?I, 7D: +;B7J;: )HE9;II;I
95. 9MS A?L QKCJJ NCPDSKC TCPW QFMPRJW ?DRCP MNCLGLE RFC @MRRJC. 4M QFMU
RF?R GR GQ LMR PC?AFGLE WMSP LMQC @W BGDDSQGML, A?JASJ?RC RFC ?TCP?EC
BGQR?LAC ? NCPDSKC KMJCASJC KMTCQ GL MLC QCAMLB GL ?GP, EGTCL GRQ
BGDDSQGML AMLQR?LR D RM @C 1.0010
6
m
2
/s .
96. 7F?R GQ RFC P?RGM MD RFC ?TCP?EC BGQR?LACQ RF?R MVWECL UGJJ BGDDSQC GL ?
EGTCL RGKC GL ?GP ?LB U?RCP? 7FW GQ RFGQ BGQR?LAC JCQQ GL U?RCP
(COSGT?JCLRJW, UFW GQ D JCQQ GL U?RCP)?
97. /VWECL PC?AFCQ RFC TCGLJCQQ AMPLC? MD RFC CWC @W BGDDSQGLE RFPMSEF
GRQ RC?P J?WCP, UFGAF GQ 0.500-KK RFGAI. (MU JMLE BMCQ GR R?IC RFC ?TCP?EC
MVWECL KMJCASJC RM BM RFGQ?
98. (?) &GLB RFC ?TCP?EC RGKC PCOSGPCB DMP ?L MVWECL KMJCASJC RM BGDDSQC
RFPMSEF ? 0.200-KK-RFGAI RC?P J?WCP ML RFC AMPLC?. (@) (MU KSAF RGKC GQ
428 #(!04%2 12 Y &,5)$ $9.!-)#3 !.$ )43 ")/,/')#!, !.$ -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3
PCOSGPCB RM BGDDSQC 0.500 cm
3
MD MVWECL RM RFC AMPLC? GD GRQ QSPD?AC ?PC?
GQ 1.00 cm
2
?
99. 3SNNMQC FWBPMECL ?LB MVWECL ?PC BGDDSQGLE RFPMSEF ?GP. ! QK?JJ
?KMSLR MD C?AF GQ PCJC?QCB QGKSJR?LCMSQJW. (MU KSAF RGKC N?QQCQ
@CDMPC RFC FWBPMECL GQ 1.00 Q ?FC?B MD RFC MVWECL? 3SAF BGDDCPCLACQ GL
?PPGT?J RGKCQ ?PC SQCB ?Q ?L ?L?JWRGA?J RMMJ GL E?Q AFPMK?RMEP?NFW.
#(!04%2 12 Y &,5)$ $9.!-)#3 !.$ )43 ")/,/')#!, !.$ -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 429
430 #(!04%2 12 Y &,5)$ $9.!-)#3 !.$ )43 ")/,/')#!, !.$ -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3
13 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(%
'!3 ,!73
F?=KH; 13.1 4FC UCJBCPtQ EJMTCQ ?LB FCJKCR NPMRCAR FGK DPMK RFC CJCARPGA ?PA RF?R RP?LQDCPQ CLMSEF RFCPK?J CLCPEW RM KCJR RFC PMB, QNP?W QN?PIQ, ?LB @SPL RFC PCRGL? MD ?L
SLNPMRCARCB CWC. 4FC RFCPK?J CLCPEW A?L @C DCJR ML CVNMQCB QIGL ? DCU KCRCPQ ?U?W, ?LB GRQ JGEFR A?L @C QCCL DMP IGJMKCRCPQ. (APCBGR: +CTGL 3. /t"PGCL/5.3. .?TW)
,C?PLGLE /@HCARGTCQ
13.1. -;CF;H7JKH;
13.2. ->;HC7B ENF7DI?ED E< ,EB?:I 7D: %?GK?:I
13.3. ->; ":;7B 7I %7M
13.4. $?D;J?9 ->;EHO: AJEC?9 7D: &EB;9KB7H ENFB7D7J?ED E< )H;IIKH; 7D: -;CF;H7JKH;
13.5. )>7I; C>7D=;I
13.6. !KC?:?JO, EL7FEH7J?ED, 7D: BE?B?D=
"DJHE:K9J?ED JE -;CF;H7JKH;, $?D;J?9 ->;EHO, 7D: J>; 7I %7MI
(C?R GQ QMKCRFGLE D?KGJG?P RM C?AF MD SQ. 7C DCCJ RFC U?PKRF MD RFC QSKKCP 3SL, RFC AFGJJ MD ? AJC?P QSKKCP LGEFR, RFC FC?R MD AMDDCC ?DRCP ? UGLRCP
QRPMJJ, ?LB RFC AMMJGLE CDDCAR MD MSP QUC?R. (C?R RP?LQDCP GQ K?GLR?GLCB @W RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLACQ. -?LGDCQR?RGMLQ MD >;7J JH7DI<;HrRFC KMTCKCLR MD
FC?R CLCPEW DPMK MLC NJ?AC MP K?RCPG?J RM ?LMRFCPr?PC ?NN?PCLR RFPMSEFMSR RFC SLGTCPQC. (C?R DPMK @CLC?RF %?PRFtQ QSPD?AC GQ @PMSEFR RM RFC
QSPD?AC GL DJMUQ MD GLA?LBCQACLR J?T?. 4FC 3SL U?PKQ %?PRFtQ QSPD?AC ?LB GQ RFC QMSPAC MD KSAF MD RFC CLCPEW UC DGLB ML GR. 2GQGLE JCTCJQ MD
?RKMQNFCPGA A?P@ML BGMVGBC RFPC?RCL RM RP?N KMPC MD RFC 3SLtQ CLCPEW, NCPF?NQ DSLB?KCLR?JJW ?JRCPGLE RFC CAMQNFCPC. )L QN?AC, QSNCPLMT?Q CVNJMBC,
@PGCDJW P?BG?RGLE KMPC FC?R RF?L ?L CLRGPC E?J?VW BMCQ.
7F?R GQ FC?R? (MU BM UC BCDGLC GR? (MU GQ GR PCJ?RCB RM RCKNCP?RSPC? 7F?R ?PC FC?RtQ CDDCARQ? (MU GQ GR PCJ?RCB RM MRFCP DMPKQ MD CLCPEW ?LB RM UMPI?
7C UGJJ DGLB RF?R, GL QNGRC MD RFC PGAFLCQQ MD RFC NFCLMKCL?, RFCPC GQ ? QK?JJ QCR MD SLBCPJWGLE NFWQGA?J NPGLAGNJCQ RF?R SLGRC RFC QS@HCARQ ?LB RGC RFCK RM
MRFCP DGCJBQ.
F?=KH; 13.2 )L ? RWNGA?J RFCPKMKCRCP JGIC RFGQ MLC, RFC ?JAMFMJ, UGRF ? PCB BWC, CVN?LBQ KMPC P?NGBJW RF?L RFC EJ?QQ AMLR?GLGLE GR. 7FCL RFC RFCPKMKCRCPtQ RCKNCP?RSPC
GLAPC?QCQ, RFC JGOSGB DPMK RFC @SJ@ GQ DMPACB GLRM RFC L?PPMU RS@C, NPMBSAGLE ? J?PEC AF?LEC GL RFC JCLERF MD RFC AMJSKL DMP ? QK?JJ AF?LEC GL RCKNCP?RSPC. (APCBGR: #FCKGA?J
%LEGLCCP, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
13.1 -;CF;H7JKH;
4FC AMLACNR MD RCKNCP?RSPC F?Q CTMJTCB DPMK RFC AMKKML AMLACNRQ MD FMR ?LB AMJB. (SK?L NCPACNRGML MD UF?R DCCJQ FMR MP AMJB GQ ? PCJ?RGTC MLC. &MP
CV?KNJC, GD WMS NJ?AC MLC F?LB GL FMR U?RCP ?LB RFC MRFCP GL AMJB U?RCP, ?LB RFCL NJ?AC @MRF F?LBQ GL RCNGB U?RCP, RFC RCNGB U?RCP UGJJ DCCJ AMMJ RM RFC
#(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73 431
F?LB RF?R U?Q GL FMR U?RCP, ?LB U?PK RM RFC MLC RF?R U?Q GL AMJB U?RCP. 4FC QAGCLRGDGA BCDGLGRGML MD RCKNCP?RSPC GQ JCQQ ?K@GESMSQ RF?L WMSP QCLQCQ MD
FMR ?LB AMJB. -;CF;H7JKH; GQ MNCP?RGML?JJW BCDGLCB RM @C UF?R UC KC?QSPC UGRF ? RFCPKMKCRCP. (-?LW NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ ?PC BCDGLCB QMJCJW GL RCPKQ
MD FMU RFCW ?PC KC?QSPCB. 7C QF?JJ QCC J?RCP FMU RCKNCP?RSPC GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEGCQ MD ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ, ? KMPC NFWQGA?J
CVNJ?L?RGML.) 4UM ?AASP?RC RFCPKMKCRCPQ, MLC NJ?ACB GL FMR U?RCP ?LB RFC MRFCP GL AMJB U?RCP, UGJJ QFMU RFC FMR U?RCP RM F?TC ? FGEFCP RCKNCP?RSPC.
)D RFCW ?PC RFCL NJ?ACB GL RFC RCNGB U?RCP, @MRF UGJJ EGTC GBCLRGA?J PC?BGLEQ (UGRFGL KC?QSPCKCLR SLACPR?GLRGCQ). )L RFGQ QCARGML, UC BGQASQQ RCKNCP?RSPC,
GRQ KC?QSPCKCLR @W RFCPKMKCRCPQ, ?LB GRQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN RM RFCPK?J COSGJG@PGSK. !E?GL, RCKNCP?RSPC GQ RFC OS?LRGRW KC?QSPCB @W ? RFCPKMKCRCP.
-GQAMLACNRGML !JCPR: (SK?L 0CPACNRGML TQ. 2C?JGRW
/L ? AMJB UGLRCP KMPLGLE, RFC UMMB ML ? NMPAF DCCJQ U?PKCP RF?L RFC KCR?J MD WMSP @GIC. 4FC UMMB ?LB @GAWAJC ?PC GL RFCPK?J COSGJG@PGSK UGRF
RFC MSRQGBC ?GP, ?LB ?PC RFSQ RFC Q?KC RCKNCP?RSPC. 4FCW 988? BGDDCPCLR @CA?SQC MD RFC BGDDCPCLAC GL RFC U?W RF?R RFCW AMLBSAR FC?R ?U?W DPMK
WMSP QIGL. 4FC KCR?J AMLBSARQ FC?R ?U?W DPMK WMSP @MBW D?QRCP RF?L RFC UMMB BMCQ (QCC KMPC ?@MSR AMLBSARGTGRW GL CED:K9J?ED). 4FGQ GQ HSQR
MLC CV?KNJC BCKMLQRP?RGLE RF?R RFC FSK?L QCLQC MD FMR ?LB AMJB GQ LMR BCRCPKGLCB @W RCKNCP?RSPC ?JMLC.
!LMRFCP D?ARMP RF?R ?DDCARQ MSP NCPACNRGML MD RCKNCP?RSPC GQ FSKGBGRW. -MQR NCMNJC DCCJ KSAF FMRRCP ML FMR, FSKGB B?WQ RF?L ML FMR, BPW B?WQ. 4FGQ
GQ @CA?SQC ML FSKGB B?WQ, QUC?R BMCQ LMR CT?NMP?RC DPMK RFC QIGL ?Q CDDGAGCLRJW ?Q GR BMCQ ML BPW B?WQ. )R GQ RFC CT?NMP?RGML MD QUC?R (MP U?RCP
DPMK ? QNPGLIJCP MP NMMJ) RF?R AMMJQ SQ MDD.
!LW NFWQGA?J NPMNCPRW RF?R BCNCLBQ ML RCKNCP?RSPC, ?LB UFMQC PCQNMLQC RM RCKNCP?RSPC GQ PCNPMBSAG@JC, A?L @C SQCB ?Q RFC @?QGQ MD ? RFCPKMKCRCP.
"CA?SQC K?LW NFWQGA?J NPMNCPRGCQ BCNCLB ML RCKNCP?RSPC, RFC T?PGCRW MD RFCPKMKCRCPQ GQ PCK?PI?@JC. &MP CV?KNJC, TMJSKC GLAPC?QCQ UGRF
RCKNCP?RSPC DMP KMQR QS@QR?LACQ. 4FGQ NPMNCPRW GQ RFC @?QGQ DMP RFC AMKKML ?JAMFMJ RFCPKMKCRCP, RFC MJB KCPASPW RFCPKMKCRCP, ?LB RFC @GKCR?JJGA
QRPGN (F?=KH; 13.3). /RFCP NPMNCPRGCQ SQCB RM KC?QSPC RCKNCP?RSPC GLAJSBC CJCARPGA?J PCQGQR?LAC ?LB AMJMP, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 13.4, ?LB RFC CKGQQGML
MD GLDP?PCB P?BG?RGML, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 13.5.
F?=KH; 13.3 4FC ASPT?RSPC MD ? @GKCR?JJGA QRPGN BCNCLBQ ML RCKNCP?RSPC. (?) 4FC QRPGN GQ QRP?GEFR ?R RFC QR?PRGLE RCKNCP?RSPC, UFCPC GRQ RUM AMKNMLCLRQ F?TC RFC Q?KC JCLERF.
(@) !R ? FGEFCP RCKNCP?RSPC, RFGQ QRPGN @CLBQ RM RFC PGEFR, @CA?SQC RFC KCR?J ML RFC JCDR F?Q CVN?LBCB KMPC RF?L RFC KCR?J ML RFC PGEFR.
F?=KH; 13.4 %?AF MD RFC QGV QOS?PCQ ML RFGQ NJ?QRGA (JGOSGB APWQR?J) RFCPKMKCRCP AMLR?GLQ ? DGJK MD ? BGDDCPCLR FC?R-QCLQGRGTC JGOSGB APWQR?J K?RCPG?J. "CJMU 95F , ?JJ QGV QOS?PCQ
?PC @J?AI. 7FCL RFC NJ?QRGA RFCPKMKCRCP GQ CVNMQCB RM RCKNCP?RSPC RF?R GLAPC?QCQ RM 95F , RFC DGPQR JGOSGB APWQR?J QOS?PC AF?LECQ AMJMP. 7FCL RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QCQ
?@MTC 96.8F RFC QCAMLB JGOSGB APWQR?J QOS?PC ?JQM AF?LECQ AMJMP, ?LB QM DMPRF. (APCBGR: !PIPGQFL?, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
432 #(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73
F?=KH; 13.5 &GPCK?L *?QML /PK?LB SQCQ ? NWPMKCRCP RM AFCAI RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD ?L ?GPAP?DR A?PPGCPtQ TCLRGJ?RGML QWQRCK. )LDP?PCB P?BG?RGML (UFMQC CKGQQGML T?PGCQ UGRF
RCKNCP?RSPC) DPMK RFC TCLR GQ KC?QSPCB ?LB ? RCKNCP?RSPC PC?BMSR GQ OSGAIJW NPMBSACB. )LDP?PCB KC?QSPCKCLRQ ?PC ?JQM DPCOSCLRJW SQCB ?Q ? KC?QSPC MD @MBW RCKNCP?RSPC.
4FCQC KMBCPL RFCPKMKCRCPQ, NJ?ACB GL RFC C?P A?L?J, ?PC KMPC ?AASP?RC RF?L ?JAMFMJ RFCPKMKCRCPQ NJ?ACB SLBCP RFC RMLESC MP GL RFC ?PKNGR. (APCBGR: ,?KCJ *. (GLRML/5.3.
.?TW)
4CKNCP?RSPC 3A?JCQ
4FCPKMKCRCPQ ?PC SQCB RM KC?QSPC RCKNCP?RSPC ?AAMPBGLE RM UCJJ-BCDGLCB QA?JCQ MD KC?QSPCKCLR, UFGAF SQC NPC-BCDGLCB PCDCPCLAC NMGLRQ RM FCJN
AMKN?PC OS?LRGRGCQ. 4FC RFPCC KMQR AMKKML RCKNCP?RSPC QA?JCQ ?PC RFC &?FPCLFCGR, #CJQGSQ, ?LB +CJTGL QA?JCQ. ! RCKNCP?RSPC QA?JC A?L @C APC?RCB
@W GBCLRGDWGLE RUM C?QGJW PCNPMBSAG@JC RCKNCP?RSPCQ. 4FC DPCCXGLE ?LB @MGJGLE RCKNCP?RSPCQ MD U?RCP ?R QR?LB?PB ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC ?PC AMKKMLJW
SQCB.
4FC C;BI?KI QA?JC (UFGAF PCNJ?ACB RFC QJGEFRJW BGDDCPCLR 68AG<:E478 QA?JC) F?Q RFC DPCCXGLE NMGLR MD U?RCP ?R 0C ?LB RFC @MGJGLE NMGLR ?R 100C. )RQ
SLGR GQ RFC :;=H;; C;BI?KI (C) . /L RFC F7>H;D>;?J QA?JC (QRGJJ RFC KMQR DPCOSCLRJW SQCB GL RFC 5LGRCB 3R?RCQ), RFC DPCCXGLE NMGLR MD U?RCP GQ ?R 32F
?LB RFC @MGJGLE NMGLR GQ ?R 212F . 4FC SLGR MD RCKNCP?RSPC ML RFGQ QA?JC GQ RFC :;=H;; F7>H;D>;?J (F) . .MRC RF?R ? RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLAC MD MLC
BCEPCC #CJQGSQ GQ EPC?RCP RF?L ? RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLAC MD MLC BCEPCC &?FPCLFCGR. /LJW 100 #CJQGSQ BCEPCCQ QN?L RFC Q?KC P?LEC ?Q 180 &?FPCLFCGR
BCEPCCQ, RFSQ MLC BCEPCC ML RFC #CJQGSQ QA?JC GQ 1.8 RGKCQ J?PECP RF?L MLC BCEPCC ML RFC &?FPCLFCGR QA?JC 180 / 100 = 9 / 5.
4FC $;BL?D QA?JC GQ RFC RCKNCP?RSPC QA?JC RF?R GQ AMKKMLJW SQCB GL QAGCLAC. )R GQ ?L 45FB?HG8 G8@C8E4GHE8 QA?JC BCDGLCB RM F?TC 0 + ?R RFC JMUCQR
NMQQG@JC RCKNCP?RSPC, A?JJCB 78IEBKJ; P;HE. 4FC MDDGAG?J RCKNCP?RSPC SLGR ML RFGQ QA?JC GQ RFC >8?I<A, UFGAF GQ ?@@PCTG?RCB +, ?LB GQ LMR ?AAMKN?LGCB
@W ? BCEPCC QGEL. 4FC DPCCXGLE ?LB @MGJGLE NMGLRQ MD U?RCP ?PC 273.15 + ?LB 373.15 +, PCQNCARGTCJW. 4FSQ, RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLACQ GQ
RFC Q?KC GL SLGRQ MD ICJTGLQ ?LB BCEPCCQ #CJQGSQ. 5LJGIC MRFCP RCKNCP?RSPC QA?JCQ, RFC +CJTGL QA?JC GQ ?L ?@QMJSRC QA?JC. )R GQ SQCB CVRCLQGTCJW GL
QAGCLRGDGA UMPI @CA?SQC ? LSK@CP MD NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ, QSAF ?Q RFC TMJSKC MD ?L GBC?J E?Q, ?PC BGPCARJW PCJ?RCB RM ?@QMJSRC RCKNCP?RSPC. 4FC ICJTGL GQ
RFC 3) SLGR SQCB GL QAGCLRGDGA UMPI.
F?=KH; 13.6 2CJ?RGMLQFGNQ @CRUCCL RFC &?FPCLFCGR, #CJQGSQ, ?LB +CJTGL RCKNCP?RSPC QA?JCQ, PMSLBCB RM RFC LC?PCQR BCEPCC. 4FC PCJ?RGTC QGXCQ MD RFC QA?JCQ ?PC ?JQM QFMUL.
4FC PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ @CRUCCL RFC RFPCC AMKKML RCKNCP?RSPC QA?JCQ GQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 13.6. 4CKNCP?RSPCQ ML RFCQC QA?JCQ A?L @C AMLTCPRCB SQGLE RFC
COS?RGMLQ GL -78B; 13.1.
#(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73 433
4?@JC 13.1 4CKNCP?RSPC #MLTCPQGMLQ
-E 9EDL;HJ <HEC . . . .I; J>?I ;GK7J?ED . . . ABIE MH?JJ;D 7I . . .
#CJQGSQ RM &?FPCLFCGR
T(F) =
9
5
T(C) + 32 T
F
=
9
5
T
C
+ 32
&?FPCLFCGR RM #CJQGSQ
T(C) =
5
9
T(F) 32
T
C
=
5
9
T
F
32
#CJQGSQ RM +CJTGL
T(K) = T(C) + 273.15 T
K
= T
C
+ 273.15
+CJTGL RM #CJQGSQ
T(C) = T(K) 273.15 T
C
= T
K
273.15
&?FPCLFCGR RM +CJTGL
T(K) =
5
9
T(F) 32
+ 273.15 T
K
=
5
9
T
F
32
+ 273.15
+CJTGL RM &?FPCLFCGR
T(F) =
9
5
T(K) 273.15
+ 32 T
F
=
9
5
T
K
273.15
+ 32
.MRGAC RF?R RFC AMLTCPQGMLQ @CRUCCL &?FPCLFCGR ?LB +CJTGL JMMI OSGRC AMKNJGA?RCB. )L D?AR, RFCW ?PC QGKNJC AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD RFC AMLTCPQGMLQ @CRUCCL
&?FPCLFCGR ?LB #CJQGSQ, ?LB RFC AMLTCPQGMLQ @CRUCCL #CJQGSQ ?LB +CJTGL.
EN7CFB; 13.1 CEDL;HJ?D= 8;JM;;D -;CF;H7JKH; ,97B;I: +EEC -;CF;H7JKH;
u2MMK RCKNCP?RSPCv GQ ECLCP?JJW BCDGLCB RM @C 25C. (?) 7F?R GQ PMMK RCKNCP?RSPC GL F ? (@) 7F?R GQ GR GL +?
,JH7J;=O
4M ?LQUCP RFCQC OSCQRGMLQ, ?JJ UC LCCB RM BM GQ AFMMQC RFC AMPPCAR AMLTCPQGML COS?RGMLQ ?LB NJSE GL RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
1. #FMMQC RFC PGEFR COS?RGML. 4M AMLTCPR DPMK C RM F , SQC RFC COS?RGML
(13.1)
T
F
=
9
5
T
C
+ 32.
2. 0JSE RFC ILMUL T?JSC GLRM RFC COS?RGML ?LB QMJTC:
(13.2)
T
F
=
9
5
25C + 32 = 77F.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
1. #FMMQC RFC PGEFR COS?RGML. 4M AMLTCPR DPMK C RM +, SQC RFC COS?RGML
(13.3)
T
K
= T
C
+ 273.15.
(13.4)
T
K
= 25C + 273.15 = 298K.
EN7CFB; 13.2 CEDL;HJ?D= 8;JM;;D -;CF;H7JKH; ,97B;I: J>; +;7KCKH ,97B;
4FC 2C?SKSP QA?JC GQ ? RCKNCP?RSPC QA?JC RF?R U?Q SQCB UGBCJW GL %SPMNC GL RFC 18RF ?LB 19RF ACLRSPGCQ. /L RFC 2C?SKSP RCKNCP?RSPC QA?JC,
RFC DPCCXGLE NMGLR MD U?RCP GQ 0R ?LB RFC @MGJGLE RCKNCP?RSPC GQ 80R. )D uPMMK RCKNCP?RSPCv GQ 25C ML RFC #CJQGSQ QA?JC, UF?R GQ GR ML RFC
2C?SKSP QA?JC?
,JH7J;=O
4M ?LQUCP RFGQ OSCQRGML, UC KSQR AMKN?PC RFC 2C?SKSP QA?JC RM RFC #CJQGSQ QA?JC. 4FC BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL RFC DPCCXGLE NMGLR ?LB @MGJGLE NMGLR
MD U?RCP ML RFC 2C?SKSP QA?JC GQ 80R. /L RFC #CJQGSQ QA?JC GR GQ 100C. 4FCPCDMPC 100C = 80R. "MRF QA?JCQ QR?PR ?R 0 DMP DPCCXGLE, QM
UC A?L BCPGTC ? QGKNJC DMPKSJ? RM AMLTCPR @CRUCCL RCKNCP?RSPCQ ML RFC RUM QA?JCQ.
,EBKJ?ED
1. $CPGTC ? DMPKSJ? RM AMLTCPR DPMK MLC QA?JC RM RFC MRFCP:
(13.5)
T
R
=
0.8R
C
T
C
.
(13.6)
T
R
=
0.8R
C
25C = 20R.
434 #(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73
4CKNCP?RSPC 2?LECQ GL RFC 5LGTCPQC
F?=KH; 13.8 QFMUQ RFC UGBC P?LEC MD RCKNCP?RSPCQ DMSLB GL RFC SLGTCPQC. (SK?L @CGLEQ F?TC @CCL ILMUL RM QSPTGTC UGRF @MBW RCKNCP?RSPCQ UGRFGL ?
QK?JJ P?LEC, DPMK 24C RM 44C (75F RM 111F ). 4FC ?TCP?EC LMPK?J @MBW RCKNCP?RSPC GQ SQS?JJW EGTCL ?Q 37.0C ( 98.6F ), ?LB T?PG?RGMLQ
GL RFGQ RCKNCP?RSPC A?L GLBGA?RC ? KCBGA?J AMLBGRGML: ? DCTCP, ?L GLDCARGML, ? RSKMP, MP AGPASJ?RMPW NPM@JCKQ (QCC F?=KH; 13.7).
F?=KH; 13.7 4FGQ GK?EC MD P?BG?RGML DPMK ? NCPQMLtQ @MBW (?L GLDP?PCB RFCPKMEP?NF) QFMUQ RFC JMA?RGML MD RCKNCP?RSPC ?@LMPK?JGRGCQ GL RFC SNNCP @MBW. $?PI @JSC AMPPCQNMLBQ
RM AMJB ?PC?Q ?LB PCB RM UFGRC AMPPCQNMLBQ RM FMR ?PC?Q. !L CJCT?RCB RCKNCP?RSPC KGEFR @C ?L GLBGA?RGML MD K?JGEL?LR RGQQSC (? A?LACPMSQ RSKMP GL RFC @PC?QR, DMP CV?KNJC),
UFGJC ? BCNPCQQCB RCKNCP?RSPC KGEFR @C BSC RM ? BCAJGLC GL @JMMB DJMU DPMK ? AJMR. )L RFGQ A?QC, RFC ?@LMPK?JGRGCQ ?PC A?SQCB @W ? AMLBGRGML A?JJCB FWNCPFGBPMQGQ. (APCBGR:
0MPACJGL?81, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
4FC JMUCQR RCKNCP?RSPCQ CTCP PCAMPBCB F?TC @CCL KC?QSPCB BSPGLE J?@MP?RMPW CVNCPGKCLRQ: 4.510
10
K ?R RFC -?QQ?AFSQCRRQ )LQRGRSRC MD
4CAFLMJMEW (53!), ?LB 1.010
10
K ?R (CJQGLIG 5LGTCPQGRW MD 4CAFLMJMEW (&GLJ?LB). )L AMKN?PGQML, RFC AMJBCQR PCAMPBCB NJ?AC ML %?PRFtQ QSPD?AC GQ
6MQRMI, !LR?PARGA? ?R 183 + (89C) , ?LB RFC AMJBCQR NJ?AC (MSRQGBC RFC J?@) ILMUL GL RFC SLGTCPQC GQ RFC "MMKCP?LE .C@SJ?, UGRF ? RCKNCP?RSPC MD
1 +.
#(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73 435
F?=KH; 13.8 %?AF GLAPCKCLR ML RFGQ JME?PGRFKGA QA?JC GLBGA?RCQ ?L GLAPC?QC @W ? D?ARMP MD RCL, ?LB RFSQ GJJSQRP?RCQ RFC RPCKCLBMSQ P?LEC MD RCKNCP?RSPCQ GL L?RSPC. .MRC RF?R
XCPM ML ? JME?PGRFKGA QA?JC UMSJB MAASP MDD RFC @MRRMK MD RFC N?EC ?R GLDGLGRW.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: !@QMJSRC :CPM
7F?R GQ ?@QMJSRC XCPM? !@QMJSRC XCPM GQ RFC RCKNCP?RSPC ?R UFGAF ?JJ KMJCASJ?P KMRGML F?Q AC?QCB. 4FC AMLACNR MD ?@QMJSRC XCPM ?PGQCQ DPMK RFC
@CF?TGMP MD E?QCQ. F?=KH; 13.9 QFMUQ FMU RFC NPCQQSPC MD E?QCQ ?R ? AMLQR?LR TMJSKC BCAPC?QCQ ?Q RCKNCP?RSPC BCAPC?QCQ. 6?PGMSQ QAGCLRGQRQ
F?TC LMRCB RF?R RFC NPCQQSPCQ MD E?QCQ CVRP?NMJ?RC RM XCPM ?R RFC Q?KC RCKNCP?RSPC, 273.15C. 4FGQ CVRP?NMJ?RGML GKNJGCQ RF?R RFCPC GQ ?
JMUCQR RCKNCP?RSPC. 4FGQ RCKNCP?RSPC GQ A?JJCB 45FB?HG8 M8EB. 4MB?W UC ILMU RF?R KMQR E?QCQ DGPQR JGOSCDW ?LB RFCL DPCCXC, ?LB GR GQ LMR ?ARS?JJW
NMQQG@JC RM PC?AF ?@QMJSRC XCPM. 4FC LSKCPGA?J T?JSC MD ?@QMJSRC XCPM RCKNCP?RSPC GQ 273.15C MP 0 +.
436 #(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73
F?=KH; 13.9 'P?NF MD NPCQQSPC TCPQSQ RCKNCP?RSPC DMP T?PGMSQ E?QCQ ICNR ?R ? AMLQR?LR TMJSKC. .MRC RF?R ?JJ MD RFC EP?NFQ CVRP?NMJ?RC RM XCPM NPCQQSPC ?R RFC Q?KC
RCKNCP?RSPC.
->;HC7B EGK?B?8H?KC 7D: J>; 3;HEJ> %7M E< ->;HCE:OD7C?9I
4FCPKMKCRCPQ ?ARS?JJW R?IC RFCGP BJA RCKNCP?RSPC, LMR RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC M@HCAR RFCW ?PC KC?QSPGLE. 4FGQ P?GQCQ RFC OSCQRGML MD FMU UC A?L @C
ACPR?GL RF?R ? RFCPKMKCRCP KC?QSPCQ RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC M@HCAR UGRF UFGAF GR GQ GL AMLR?AR. )R GQ @?QCB ML RFC D?AR RF?R ?LW RUM QWQRCKQ NJ?ACB GL
G;8E@4? 6BAG46G (KC?LGLE FC?R RP?LQDCP A?L MAASP @CRUCCL RFCK) UGJJ PC?AF RFC Q?KC RCKNCP?RSPC. 4F?R GQ, FC?R UGJJ DJMU DPMK RFC FMRRCP M@HCAR RM RFC
AMMJCP MLC SLRGJ RFCW F?TC CV?ARJW RFC Q?KC RCKNCP?RSPC. 4FC M@HCARQ ?PC RFCL GL J>;HC7B ;GK?B?8H?KC, ?LB LM DSPRFCP AF?LECQ UGJJ MAASP. 4FC
QWQRCKQ GLRCP?AR ?LB AF?LEC @CA?SQC RFCGP RCKNCP?RSPCQ BGDDCP, ?LB RFC AF?LECQ QRMN MLAC RFCGP RCKNCP?RSPCQ ?PC RFC Q?KC. 4FSQ, GD CLMSEF RGKC GQ
?JJMUCB DMP RFGQ RP?LQDCP MD FC?R RM PSL GRQ AMSPQC, RFC RCKNCP?RSPC ? RFCPKMKCRCP PCEGQRCPQ 7B8F PCNPCQCLR RFC QWQRCK UGRF UFGAF GR GQ GL RFCPK?J
COSGJG@PGSK. 4FCPK?J COSGJG@PGSK GQ CQR?@JGQFCB UFCL RUM @MBGCQ ?PC GL AMLR?AR UGRF C?AF MRFCP ?LB A?L DPCCJW CVAF?LEC CLCPEW.
&SPRFCPKMPC, CVNCPGKCLR?RGML F?Q QFMUL RF?R GD RUM QWQRCKQ, ! ?LB ", ?PC GL RFCPK?J COSGJG@PGSK UGRF C?AF ?LMRFCP, ?LB " GQ GL RFCPK?J COSGJG@PGSK
UGRF ? RFGPB QWQRCK #, RFCL ! GQ ?JQM GL RFCPK?J COSGJG@PGSK UGRF #. 4FGQ AMLAJSQGML K?W QCCK M@TGMSQ, @CA?SQC ?JJ RFPCC F?TC RFC Q?KC RCKNCP?RSPC,
@SR GR GQ @?QGA RM RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ. )R GQ A?JJCB RFC P;HEJ> B7M E< J>;HCE:OD7C?9I.
4FC :CPMRF ,?U MD 4FCPKMBWL?KGAQ
)D RUM QWQRCKQ, ! ?LB ", ?PC GL RFCPK?J COSGJG@PGSK UGRF C?AF MRFCP, ?LB " GQ GL RFCPK?J COSGJG@PGSK UGRF ? RFGPB QWQRCK, #, RFCL ! GQ ?JQM GL
RFCPK?J COSGJG@PGSK UGRF #.
4FGQ J?U U?Q NMQRSJ?RCB GL RFC 1930Q, ?DRCP RFC DGPQR ?LB QCAMLB J?UQ MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ F?B @CCL BCTCJMNCB ?LB L?KCB. )R GQ A?JJCB RFC M8EBG; ?4J
@CA?SQC GR AMKCQ JMEGA?JJW @CDMPC RFC DGPQR ?LB QCAMLB J?UQ (BGQASQQCB GL ->;HCE:OD7C?9I). !L CV?KNJC MD RFGQ J?U GL ?ARGML GQ QCCL GL @?@GCQ GL
GLAS@?RMPQ: @?@GCQ GL GLAS@?RMPQ LMPK?JJW F?TC TCPW DCU AJMRFCQ ML, QM RM ?L M@QCPTCP RFCW JMMI ?Q GD RFCW K?W LMR @C U?PK CLMSEF. (MUCTCP, RFC
RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC ?GP, RFC AMR, ?LB RFC @?@W GQ RFC Q?KC, @CA?SQC RFCW ?PC GL RFCPK?J COSGJG@PGSK, UFGAF GQ ?AAMKNJGQFCB @W K?GLR?GLGLE ?GP
RCKNCP?RSPC RM ICCN RFC @?@W AMKDMPR?@JC.
$MCQ RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD ? @MBW BCNCLB ML GRQ QGXC?
,EBKJ?ED
.M, RFC QWQRCK A?L @C BGTGBCB GLRM QK?JJCP N?PRQ C?AF MD UFGAF GQ ?R RFC Q?KC RCKNCP?RSPC. 7C Q?W RF?R RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GQ ?L <AG8AF<I8 OS?LRGRW.
)LRCLQGTC OS?LRGRGCQ ?PC GLBCNCLBCLR MD QGXC.
#(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73 437
13.2 ->;HC7B ENF7DI?ED E< ,EB?:I 7D: %?GK?:I
F?=KH; 13.10 4FCPK?J CVN?LQGML HMGLRQ JGIC RFCQC GL RFC !SAIJ?LB (?P@MSP "PGBEC GL .CU :C?J?LB ?JJMU @PGBECQ RM AF?LEC JCLERF UGRFMSR @SAIJGLE. (APCBGR: )LEMJDQML,
7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
4FC CVN?LQGML MD ?JAMFMJ GL ? RFCPKMKCRCP GQ MLC MD K?LW AMKKMLJW CLAMSLRCPCB CV?KNJCQ MD J>;HC7B ;NF7DI?ED, RFC AF?LEC GL QGXC MP TMJSKC MD
? EGTCL K?QQ UGRF RCKNCP?RSPC. (MR ?GP PGQCQ @CA?SQC GRQ TMJSKC GLAPC?QCQ, UFGAF A?SQCQ RFC FMR ?GPtQ BCLQGRW RM @C QK?JJCP RF?L RFC BCLQGRW MD
QSPPMSLBGLE ?GP, A?SQGLE ? @SMW?LR (SNU?PB) DMPAC ML RFC FMR ?GP. 4FC Q?KC F?NNCLQ GL ?JJ JGOSGBQ ?LB E?QCQ, BPGTGLE L?RSP?J FC?R RP?LQDCP SNU?PBQ GL
FMKCQ, MAC?LQ, ?LB UC?RFCP QWQRCKQ. 3MJGBQ ?JQM SLBCPEM RFCPK?J CVN?LQGML. 2?GJPM?B RP?AIQ ?LB @PGBECQ, DMP CV?KNJC, F?TC CVN?LQGML HMGLRQ RM
?JJMU RFCK RM DPCCJW CVN?LB ?LB AMLRP?AR UGRF RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LECQ.
7F?R ?PC RFC @?QGA NPMNCPRGCQ MD RFCPK?J CVN?LQGML? &GPQR, RFCPK?J CVN?LQGML GQ AJC?PJW PCJ?RCB RM RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LEC. 4FC EPC?RCP RFC RCKNCP?RSPC
AF?LEC, RFC KMPC ? @GKCR?JJGA QRPGN UGJJ @CLB. 3CAMLB, GR BCNCLBQ ML RFC K?RCPG?J. )L ? RFCPKMKCRCP, DMP CV?KNJC, RFC CVN?LQGML MD ?JAMFMJ GQ KSAF
EPC?RCP RF?L RFC CVN?LQGML MD RFC EJ?QQ AMLR?GLGLE GR.
7F?R GQ RFC SLBCPJWGLE A?SQC MD RFCPK?J CVN?LQGML? !Q GQ BGQASQQCB GL $?D;J?9 ->;EHO: AJEC?9 7D: &EB;9KB7H ENFB7D7J?ED E< )H;IIKH; 7D:
-;CF;H7JKH;, ?L GLAPC?QC GL RCKNCP?RSPC GKNJGCQ ?L GLAPC?QC GL RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD RFC GLBGTGBS?J ?RMKQ. )L ? QMJGB, SLJGIC GL ? E?Q, RFC ?RMKQ MP
KMJCASJCQ ?PC AJMQCJW N?AICB RMECRFCP, @SR RFCGP IGLCRGA CLCPEW (GL RFC DMPK MD QK?JJ, P?NGB TG@P?RGMLQ) NSQFCQ LCGEF@MPGLE ?RMKQ MP KMJCASJCQ ?N?PR
DPMK C?AF MRFCP. 4FGQ LCGEF@MP-RM-LCGEF@MP NSQFGLE PCQSJRQ GL ? QJGEFRJW EPC?RCP BGQR?LAC, ML ?TCP?EC, @CRUCCL LCGEF@MPQ, ?LB ?BBQ SN RM ? J?PECP QGXC
DMP RFC UFMJC @MBW. &MP KMQR QS@QR?LACQ SLBCP MPBGL?PW AMLBGRGMLQ, RFCPC GQ LM NPCDCPPCB BGPCARGML, ?LB ?L GLAPC?QC GL RCKNCP?RSPC UGJJ GLAPC?QC RFC
QMJGBtQ QGXC @W ? ACPR?GL DP?ARGML GL C?AF BGKCLQGML.
,GLC?P 4FCPK?J %VN?LQGMLr4FCPK?J %VN?LQGML GL /LC $GKCLQGML
4FC AF?LEC GL JCLERF L GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM JCLERF L . 4FC BCNCLBCLAC MD RFCPK?J CVN?LQGML ML RCKNCP?RSPC, QS@QR?LAC, ?LB JCLERF GQ
QSKK?PGXCB GL RFC COS?RGML
(13.7) L = LT,
UFCPC L GQ RFC AF?LEC GL JCLERF L , T GQ RFC AF?LEC GL RCKNCP?RSPC, ?LB GQ RFC 9E;<<?9?;DJ E< B?D;7H ;NF7DI?ED, UFGAF T?PGCQ QJGEFRJW
UGRF RCKNCP?RSPC.
-78B; 13.2 JGQRQ PCNPCQCLR?RGTC T?JSCQ MD RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD JGLC?P CVN?LQGML, UFGAF K?W F?TC SLGRQ MD 1 / C MP 1/+. "CA?SQC RFC QGXC MD ? ICJTGL ?LB ?
BCEPCC #CJQGSQ ?PC RFC Q?KC, @MRF ?LB T A?L @C CVNPCQQCB GL SLGRQ MD ICJTGLQ MP BCEPCCQ #CJQGSQ. 4FC COS?RGML L = LT GQ ?AASP?RC DMP
QK?JJ AF?LECQ GL RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB A?L @C SQCB DMP J?PEC AF?LECQ GL RCKNCP?RSPC GD ?L ?TCP?EC T?JSC MD GQ SQCB.
438 #(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73
4?@JC 13.2 4FCPK?J %VN?LQGML #MCDDGAGCLRQ ?R 20C
;1=
&7J;H?7B
CE;<<?9?;DJ E< B?D;7H ;NF7DI?ED
(1 / C)
CE;<<?9?;DJ E< LEBKC; ;NF7DI?ED
(1 / C)
,EB?:I
!JSKGLSK 2510
6
7510
6
"P?QQ 1910
6
5610
6
#MNNCP 1710
6
5110
6
'MJB 1410
6
4210
6
)PML MP 3RCCJ 1210
6
3510
6
)LT?P (.GAICJ-GPML ?JJMW) 0.910
6
2.710
6
,C?B 2910
6
8710
6
3GJTCP 1810
6
5410
6
'J?QQ (MPBGL?PW) 910
6
2710
6
'J?QQ (0WPCV[) 310
6
910
6
1S?PRX 0.410
6
110
6
#MLAPCRC, "PGAI ~1210
6
~3610
6
-?P@JC (?TCP?EC) 2.510
6
7.510
6
%?GK?:I
%RFCP 165010
6
%RFWJ ?JAMFMJ 110010
6
0CRPMJ 95010
6
'JWACPGL 50010
6
-CPASPW 18010
6
7?RCP 21010
6
7I;I
!GP ?LB KMQR MRFCP E?QCQ ?R ?RKMQNFCPGA
NPCQQSPC
340010
6
EN7CFB; 13.3 C7B9KB7J?D= %?D;7H ->;HC7B ENF7DI?ED: ->; EB:;D 7J; BH?:=;
4FC K?GL QN?L MD 3?L &P?LAGQAMtQ 'MJBCL '?RC "PGBEC GQ 1275 K JMLE ?R GRQ AMJBCQR. 4FC @PGBEC GQ CVNMQCB RM RCKNCP?RSPCQ P?LEGLE DPMK
15C RM 40C. 7F?R GQ GRQ AF?LEC GL JCLERF @CRUCCL RFCQC RCKNCP?RSPCQ? !QQSKC RF?R RFC @PGBEC GQ K?BC CLRGPCJW MD QRCCJ.
,JH7J;=O
5QC RFC COS?RGML DMP JGLC?P RFCPK?J CVN?LQGML L = LT RM A?JASJ?RC RFC AF?LEC GL JCLERF , L . 5QC RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD JGLC?P CVN?LQGML, ,
DMP QRCCJ DPMK -78B; 13.2, ?LB LMRC RF?R RFC AF?LEC GL RCKNCP?RSPC, T , GQ 55C.
,EBKJ?ED
0JSE ?JJ MD RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC COS?RGML RM QMJTC DMP L .
(13.8)
L = LT =

1210
6
C
(1275 m)(55C) = 0.84 m.

D?I9KII?ED
1. 6?JSCQ DMP JGOSGBQ ?LB E?QCQ ?PC ?NNPMVGK?RC.
#(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73 439
!JRFMSEF LMR J?PEC AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC JCLERF MD RFC @PGBEC, RFGQ AF?LEC GL JCLERF GQ M@QCPT?@JC. )R GQ ECLCP?JJW QNPC?B MTCP K?LW CVN?LQGML HMGLRQ
QM RF?R RFC CVN?LQGML ?R C?AF HMGLR GQ QK?JJ.
4FCPK?J %VN?LQGML GL 4UM ?LB 4FPCC $GKCLQGMLQ
/@HCARQ CVN?LB GL ?JJ BGKCLQGMLQ, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 13.11. 4F?R GQ, RFCGP ?PC?Q ?LB TMJSKCQ, ?Q UCJJ ?Q RFCGP JCLERFQ, GLAPC?QC UGRF RCKNCP?RSPC.
(MJCQ ?JQM ECR J?PECP UGRF RCKNCP?RSPC. )D WMS ASR ? FMJC GL ? KCR?J NJ?RC, RFC PCK?GLGLE K?RCPG?J UGJJ CVN?LB CV?ARJW ?Q GR UMSJB GD RFC NJSE U?Q QRGJJ GL
NJ?AC. 4FC NJSE UMSJB ECR @GEECP, ?LB QM RFC FMJC KSQR ECR @GEECP RMM. (4FGLI MD RFC PGLE MD LCGEF@MPGLE ?RMKQ MP KMJCASJCQ ML RFC U?JJ MD RFC FMJC ?Q
NSQFGLE C?AF MRFCP D?PRFCP ?N?PR ?Q RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QCQ. /@TGMSQJW, RFC PGLE MD LCGEF@MPQ KSQR ECR QJGEFRJW J?PECP, QM RFC FMJC ECRQ QJGEFRJW J?PECP).
4FCPK?J %VN?LQGML GL 4UM $GKCLQGMLQ
&MP QK?JJ RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LECQ, RFC AF?LEC GL ?PC? A GQ EGTCL @W
(13.9) A = 2AT,
UFCPC A GQ RFC AF?LEC GL ?PC? A , T GQ RFC AF?LEC GL RCKNCP?RSPC, ?LB GQ RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD JGLC?P CVN?LQGML, UFGAF T?PGCQ QJGEFRJW UGRF
RCKNCP?RSPC.
F?=KH; 13.11 )L ECLCP?J, M@HCARQ CVN?LB GL ?JJ BGPCARGMLQ ?Q RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QCQ. )L RFCQC BP?UGLEQ, RFC MPGEGL?J @MSLB?PGCQ MD RFC M@HCARQ ?PC QFMUL UGRF QMJGB JGLCQ, ?LB RFC
CVN?LBCB @MSLB?PGCQ UGRF B?QFCB JGLCQ. (?) !PC? GLAPC?QCQ @CA?SQC @MRF JCLERF ?LB UGBRF GLAPC?QC. 4FC ?PC? MD ? AGPASJ?P NJSE ?JQM GLAPC?QCQ. (@) )D RFC NJSE GQ PCKMTCB, RFC
FMJC GR JC?TCQ @CAMKCQ J?PECP UGRF GLAPC?QGLE RCKNCP?RSPC, HSQR ?Q GD RFC CVN?LBGLE NJSE UCPC QRGJJ GL NJ?AC. (A) 6MJSKC ?JQM GLAPC?QCQ, @CA?SQC ?JJ RFPCC BGKCLQGMLQ GLAPC?QC.
4FCPK?J %VN?LQGML GL 4FPCC $GKCLQGMLQ
4FC AF?LEC GL TMJSKC V GQ TCPW LC?PJW V = 3VT . 4FGQ COS?RGML GQ SQS?JJW UPGRRCL ?Q
(13.10)
V = VT,
UFCPC GQ RFC 9E;<<?9?;DJ E< LEBKC; ;NF7DI?ED ?LB 3 . .MRC RF?R RFC T?JSCQ MD GL -78B; 13.2 ?PC ?JKMQR CV?ARJW COS?J RM 3 .
)L ECLCP?J, M@HCARQ UGJJ CVN?LB UGRF GLAPC?QGLE RCKNCP?RSPC. 7?RCP GQ RFC KMQR GKNMPR?LR CVACNRGML RM RFGQ PSJC. 7?RCP CVN?LBQ UGRF GLAPC?QGLE
RCKNCP?RSPC (GRQ BCLQGRW 786E84F8F) UFCL GR GQ ?R RCKNCP?RSPCQ EPC?RCP RF?L 4C(40F) . (MUCTCP, GR CVN?LBQ UGRF 786E84F<A: RCKNCP?RSPC UFCL GR GQ
@CRUCCL +4C ?LB 0C (40F RM 32F) . 7?RCP GQ BCLQCQR ?R +4C. (3CC F?=KH; 13.12.) 0CPF?NQ RFC KMQR QRPGIGLE CDDCAR MD RFGQ NFCLMKCLML GQ
RFC DPCCXGLE MD U?RCP GL ? NMLB. 7FCL U?RCP LC?P RFC QSPD?AC AMMJQ BMUL RM 4C GR GQ BCLQCP RF?L RFC PCK?GLGLE U?RCP ?LB RFSQ UGJJ QGLI RM RFC
@MRRMK. 4FGQ uRSPLMTCPv PCQSJRQ GL ? J?WCP MD U?PKCP U?RCP LC?P RFC QSPD?AC, UFGAF GQ RFCL AMMJCB. %TCLRS?JJW RFC NMLB F?Q ? SLGDMPK RCKNCP?RSPC MD
4C. )D RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GL RFC QSPD?AC J?WCP BPMNQ @CJMU 4C, RFC U?RCP GQ JCQQ BCLQC RF?L RFC U?RCP @CJMU, ?LB RFSQ QR?WQ LC?P RFC RMN. !Q ? PCQSJR,
RFC NMLB QSPD?AC A?L AMKNJCRCJW DPCCXC MTCP. 4FC GAC ML RMN MD JGOSGB U?RCP NPMTGBCQ ?L GLQSJ?RGLE J?WCP DPMK UGLRCPtQ F?PQF CVRCPGMP ?GP RCKNCP?RSPCQ.
&GQF ?LB MRFCP ?OS?RGA JGDC A?L QSPTGTC GL 4C U?RCP @CLC?RF GAC, BSC RM RFGQ SLSQS?J AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MD U?RCP. )R ?JQM NPMBSACQ AGPASJ?RGML MD U?RCP GL
RFC NMLB RF?R GQ LCACQQ?PW DMP ? FC?JRFW CAMQWQRCK MD RFC @MBW MD U?RCP.
440 #(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73
F?=KH; 13.12 4FC BCLQGRW MD U?RCP ?Q ? DSLARGML MD RCKNCP?RSPC. .MRC RF?R RFC RFCPK?J CVN?LQGML GQ ?ARS?JJW TCPW QK?JJ. 4FC K?VGKSK BCLQGRW ?R +4C GQ MLJW 0.0075%
EPC?RCP RF?L RFC BCLQGRW ?R 2C, ?LB 0.012% EPC?RCP RF?L RF?R ?R 0C.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 2C?J-7MPJB #MLLCARGMLQr&GJJGLE RFC 4?LI
$GDDCPCLACQ GL RFC RFCPK?J CVN?LQGML MD K?RCPG?JQ A?L JC?B RM GLRCPCQRGLE CDDCARQ ?R RFC E?Q QR?RGML. /LC CV?KNJC GQ RFC BPGNNGLE MD E?QMJGLC DPMK ?
DPCQFJW DGJJCB R?LI ML ? FMR B?W. '?QMJGLC QR?PRQ MSR ?R RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC EPMSLB SLBCP RFC E?Q QR?RGML, UFGAF GQ AMMJCP RF?L RFC ?GP
RCKNCP?RSPC ?@MTC. 4FC E?QMJGLC AMMJQ RFC QRCCJ R?LI UFCL GR GQ DGJJCB. "MRF E?QMJGLC ?LB QRCCJ R?LI CVN?LB ?Q RFCW U?PK RM ?GP RCKNCP?RSPC, @SR
E?QMJGLC CVN?LBQ KSAF KMPC RF?L QRCCJ, ?LB QM GR K?W MTCPDJMU.
4FGQ BGDDCPCLAC GL CVN?LQGML A?L ?JQM A?SQC NPM@JCKQ UFCL GLRCPNPCRGLE RFC E?QMJGLC E?SEC. 4FC ?ARS?J ?KMSLR (K?QQ) MD E?QMJGLC JCDR GL RFC
R?LI UFCL RFC E?SEC FGRQ uCKNRWv GQ ? JMR JCQQ GL RFC QSKKCP RF?L GL RFC UGLRCP. 4FC E?QMJGLC F?Q RFC Q?KC TMJSKC ?Q GR BMCQ GL RFC UGLRCP UFCL
RFC u?BB DSCJv JGEFR EMCQ ML, @SR @CA?SQC RFC E?QMJGLC F?Q CVN?LBCB, RFCPC GQ JCQQ K?QQ. )D WMS ?PC SQCB RM ECRRGLE ?LMRFCP 40 KGJCQ ML uCKNRWv GL
RFC UGLRCP, @CU?PCrWMS UGJJ NPM@?@JW PSL MSR KSAF KMPC OSGAIJW GL RFC QSKKCP.
F?=KH; 13.13 "CA?SQC RFC E?Q CVN?LBQ KMPC RF?L RFC E?Q R?LI UGRF GLAPC?QGLE RCKNCP?RSPC, WMS A?LtR BPGTC ?Q K?LW KGJCQ ML uCKNRWv GL RFC QSKKCP ?Q WMS A?L GL RFC
UGLRCP. (APCBGR: (CARMP !JCH?LBPM, &JGAIP)
EN7CFB; 13.4 C7B9KB7J?D= ->;HC7B ENF7DI?ED: 7I LI. 7I -7DA
3SNNMQC WMSP 60.0-, (15.9-E?J) QRCCJ E?QMJGLC R?LI GQ DSJJ MD E?Q, QM @MRF RFC R?LI ?LB RFC E?QMJGLC F?TC ? RCKNCP?RSPC MD 15.0C. (MU KSAF
E?QMJGLC F?Q QNGJJCB @W RFC RGKC RFCW U?PK RM 35.0C?
,JH7J;=O
4FC R?LI ?LB E?QMJGLC GLAPC?QC GL TMJSKC, @SR RFC E?QMJGLC GLAPC?QCQ KMPC, QM RFC ?KMSLR QNGJJCB GQ RFC BGDDCPCLAC GL RFCGP TMJSKC AF?LECQ. (4FC
E?QMJGLC R?LI A?L @C RPC?RCB ?Q QMJGB QRCCJ.) 7C A?L SQC RFC COS?RGML DMP TMJSKC CVN?LQGML RM A?JASJ?RC RFC AF?LEC GL TMJSKC MD RFC E?QMJGLC
?LB MD RFC R?LI.
,EBKJ?ED
1. 5QC RFC COS?RGML DMP TMJSKC CVN?LQGML RM A?JASJ?RC RFC GLAPC?QC GL TMJSKC MD RFC QRCCJ R?LI:
(13.11)
V
s
=
s
V
s
T.
2. 4FC GLAPC?QC GL TMJSKC MD RFC E?QMJGLC GQ EGTCL @W RFGQ COS?RGML:
(13.12)
V
gas
=
gas
V
gas
T.
3. &GLB RFC BGDDCPCLAC GL TMJSKC RM BCRCPKGLC RFC ?KMSLR QNGJJCB ?Q
#(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73 441
(13.13) V
spill
= V
gas
V
s
.
!JRCPL?RGTCJW, UC A?L AMK@GLC RFCQC RFPCC COS?RGMLQ GLRM ? QGLEJC COS?RGML. (.MRC RF?R RFC MPGEGL?J TMJSKCQ ?PC COS?J.)
(13.14)
V
spill
=

gas

s
VT
=

(950 35)10
6
/ C
(60.0 L)(20.0C)
= 1.10 L.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ ?KMSLR GQ QGELGDGA?LR, N?PRGASJ?PJW DMP ? 60.0-, R?LI. 4FC CDDCAR GQ QM QRPGIGLE @CA?SQC RFC E?QMJGLC ?LB QRCCJ CVN?LB OSGAIJW. 4FC P?RC MD
AF?LEC GL RFCPK?J NPMNCPRGCQ GQ BGQASQQCB GL !;7J 7D: !;7J -H7DI<;H &;J>E:I.
)D WMS RPW RM A?N RFC R?LI RGEFRJW RM NPCTCLR MTCPDJMU, WMS UGJJ DGLB RF?R GR JC?IQ ?LWU?W, CGRFCP ?PMSLB RFC A?N MP @W @SPQRGLE RFC R?LI. 4GEFRJW
AMLQRPGARGLE RFC CVN?LBGLE E?Q GQ COSGT?JCLR RM AMKNPCQQGLE GR, ?LB @MRF JGOSGBQ ?LB QMJGBQ PCQGQR @CGLE AMKNPCQQCB UGRF CVRPCKCJW J?PEC DMPACQ.
4M ?TMGB PSNRSPGLE PGEGB AMLR?GLCPQ, RFCQC AMLR?GLCPQ F?TC ?GP E?NQ, UFGAF ?JJMU RFCK RM CVN?LB ?LB AMLRP?AR UGRFMSR QRPCQQGLE RFCK.
4FCPK?J 3RPCQQ
->;HC7B IJH;II GQ APC?RCB @W RFCPK?J CVN?LQGML MP AMLRP?ARGML (QCC EB7IJ?9?JO: ,JH;II 7D: ,JH7?D DMP ? BGQASQQGML MD QRPCQQ ?LB QRP?GL). 4FCPK?J
QRPCQQ A?L @C BCQRPSARGTC, QSAF ?Q UFCL CVN?LBGLE E?QMJGLC PSNRSPCQ ? R?LI. )R A?L ?JQM @C SQCDSJ, DMP CV?KNJC, UFCL RUM N?PRQ ?PC HMGLCB RMECRFCP @W
FC?RGLE MLC GL K?LSD?ARSPGLE, RFCL QJGNNGLE GR MTCP RFC MRFCP ?LB ?JJMUGLE RFC AMK@GL?RGML RM AMMJ. 4FCPK?J QRPCQQ A?L CVNJ?GL K?LW NFCLMKCL?,
QSAF ?Q RFC UC?RFCPGLE MD PMAIQ ?LB N?TCKCLR @W RFC CVN?LQGML MD GAC UFCL GR DPCCXCQ.
EN7CFB; 13.5 C7B9KB7J?D= ->;HC7B ,JH;II: 7I )H;IIKH;
7F?R NPCQQSPC UMSJB @C APC?RCB GL RFC E?QMJGLC R?LI AMLQGBCPCB GL EN7CFB; 13.4, GD RFC E?QMJGLC GLAPC?QCQ GL RCKNCP?RSPC DPMK 15.0C RM
35.0C UGRFMSR @CGLE ?JJMUCB RM CVN?LB? !QQSKC RF?R RFC @SJI KMBSJSQ B DMP E?QMJGLC GQ 1.0010
9
N/m
2
. (&MP KMPC ML @SJI KMBSJSQ, QCC
EB7IJ?9?JO: ,JH;II 7D: ,JH7?D.)
,JH7J;=O
4M QMJTC RFGQ NPM@JCK, UC KSQR SQC RFC DMJJMUGLE COS?RGML, UFGAF PCJ?RCQ ? AF?LEC GL TMJSKC V RM NPCQQSPC:
(13.15)
V =
1
B
F
A
V
0
,
UFCPC F / A GQ NPCQQSPC, V
0
GQ RFC MPGEGL?J TMJSKC, ?LB B GQ RFC @SJI KMBSJSQ MD RFC K?RCPG?J GLTMJTCB. 7C UGJJ SQC RFC ?KMSLR QNGJJCB GL
EN7CFB; 13.4 ?Q RFC AF?LEC GL TMJSKC, V .
,EBKJ?ED
1. 2C?PP?LEC RFC COS?RGML DMP A?JASJ?RGLE NPCQQSPC:
(13.16)
P =
F
A
=
V
V
0
B.
2. )LQCPR RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ. 4FC @SJI KMBSJSQ DMP E?QMJGLC GQ B = 1.0010
9
N/m
2
. )L RFC NPCTGMSQ CV?KNJC, RFC AF?LEC GL TMJSKC
V = 1.10 L GQ RFC ?KMSLR RF?R UMSJB QNGJJ. (CPC, V
0
= 60.0 L GQ RFC MPGEGL?J TMJSKC MD RFC E?QMJGLC. 3S@QRGRSRGLE RFCQC T?JSCQ GLRM RFC
COS?RGML, UC M@R?GL
(13.17)
P =
1.10 L
60.0 L
1.0010
9
Pa
= 1.8310
7
Pa.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ NPCQQSPC GQ ?@MSR 2500 lb/in
2
, @H6; KMPC RF?L ? E?QMJGLC R?LI A?L F?LBJC.
&MPACQ ?LB NPCQQSPCQ APC?RCB @W RFCPK?J QRPCQQ ?PC RWNGA?JJW ?Q EPC?R ?Q RF?R GL RFC CV?KNJC ?@MTC. 2?GJPM?B RP?AIQ ?LB PM?BU?WQ A?L @SAIJC ML FMR
B?WQ GD RFCW J?AI QSDDGAGCLR CVN?LQGML HMGLRQ. (3CC F?=KH; 13.14.) 0MUCP JGLCQ Q?E KMPC GL RFC QSKKCP RF?L GL RFC UGLRCP, ?LB UGJJ QL?N GL AMJB UC?RFCP
GD RFCPC GQ GLQSDDGAGCLR QJ?AI. #P?AIQ MNCL ?LB AJMQC GL NJ?QRCP U?JJQ ?Q ? FMSQC U?PKQ ?LB AMMJQ. 'J?QQ AMMIGLE N?LQ UGJJ AP?AI GD AMMJCB P?NGBJW MP
SLCTCLJW, @CA?SQC MD BGDDCPCLRG?J AMLRP?ARGML ?LB RFC QRPCQQCQ GR APC?RCQ. (0WPCV[ GQ JCQQ QSQACNRG@JC @CA?SQC MD GRQ QK?JJ AMCDDGAGCLR MD RFCPK?J
CVN?LQGML.) .SAJC?P PC?ARMP NPCQQSPC TCQQCJQ ?PC RFPC?RCLCB @W MTCPJW P?NGB AMMJGLE, ?LB ?JRFMSEF LMLC F?TC D?GJCB, QCTCP?J F?TC @CCL AMMJCB D?QRCP
RF?L AMLQGBCPCB BCQGP?@JC. "GMJMEGA?J ACJJQ ?PC PSNRSPCB UFCL DMMBQ ?PC DPMXCL, BCRP?ARGLE DPMK RFCGP R?QRC. 2CNC?RCB RF?UGLE ?LB DPCCXGLE ?AACLRS?RC
RFC B?K?EC. %TCL RFC MAC?LQ A?L @C ?DDCARCB. ! QGELGDGA?LR NMPRGML MD RFC PGQC GL QC? JCTCJ RF?R GQ PCQSJRGLE DPMK EJM@?J U?PKGLE GQ BSC RM RFC RFCPK?J
CVN?LQGML MD QC? U?RCP.
442 #(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73
F?=KH; 13.14 4FCPK?J QRPCQQ AMLRPG@SRCQ RM RFC DMPK?RGML MD NMRFMJCQ. (APCBGR: %BGRMP5807, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
-CR?J GQ PCESJ?PJW SQCB GL RFC FSK?L @MBW DMP FGN ?LB ILCC GKNJ?LRQ. -MQR GKNJ?LRQ LCCB RM @C PCNJ?ACB MTCP RGKC @CA?SQC, ?KMLE MRFCP RFGLEQ,
KCR?J BMCQ LMR @MLB UGRF @MLC. 2CQC?PAFCPQ ?PC RPWGLE RM DGLB @CRRCP KCR?J AM?RGLEQ RF?R UMSJB ?JJMU KCR?J-RM-@MLC @MLBGLE. /LC AF?JJCLEC GQ RM DGLB
? AM?RGLE RF?R F?Q ?L CVN?LQGML AMCDDGAGCLR QGKGJ?P RM RF?R MD KCR?J. )D RFC CVN?LQGML AMCDDGAGCLRQ ?PC RMM BGDDCPCLR, RFC RFCPK?J QRPCQQCQ BSPGLE RFC
K?LSD?ARSPGLE NPMACQQ JC?B RM AP?AIQ ?R RFC AM?RGLE-KCR?J GLRCPD?AC.
!LMRFCP CV?KNJC MD RFCPK?J QRPCQQ GQ DMSLB GL RFC KMSRF. $CLR?J DGJJGLEQ A?L CVN?LB BGDDCPCLRJW DPMK RMMRF CL?KCJ. )R A?L EGTC N?GL UFCL C?RGLE GAC
APC?K MP F?TGLE ? FMR BPGLI. #P?AIQ KGEFR MAASP GL RFC DGJJGLE. -CR?J DGJJGLEQ (EMJB, QGJTCP, CRA.) ?PC @CGLE PCNJ?ACB @W AMKNMQGRC DGJJGLEQ (NMPACJ?GL),
UFGAF F?TC QK?JJCP AMCDDGAGCLRQ MD CVN?LQGML, ?LB ?PC AJMQCP RM RFMQC MD RCCRF.
4UM @JMAIQ, ! ?LB ", ?PC K?BC MD RFC Q?KC K?RCPG?J. "JMAI ! F?Q BGKCLQGMLQ lwh = L2LL ?LB "JMAI " F?Q BGKCLQGMLQ 2L2L2L .
)D RFC RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LECQ, UF?R GQ (?) RFC AF?LEC GL RFC TMJSKC MD RFC RUM @JMAIQ, (@) RFC AF?LEC GL RFC APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? lw, ?LB (A) RFC
AF?LEC GL RFC FCGEFR h MD RFC RUM @JMAIQ?
F?=KH; 13.15
,EBKJ?ED
(?) 4FC AF?LEC GL TMJSKC GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC MPGEGL?J TMJSKC. "JMAI ! F?Q ? TMJSKC MD L2LL = 2L
3
.
.
"JMAI " F?Q ? TMJSKC MD
2L2L2L = 8L
3
, UFGAF GQ 4 RGKCQ RF?R MD "JMAI !. 4FSQ RFC AF?LEC GL TMJSKC MD "JMAI " QFMSJB @C 4 RGKCQ RFC AF?LEC GL TMJSKC MD "JMAI
!.
(@) 4FC AF?LEC GL ?PC? GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC ?PC?. 4FC APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? MD "JMAI ! GQ L2L = 2L
2
, UFGJC RF?R MD "JMAI " GQ
2L2L = 4L
2
. "CA?SQC APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? MD "JMAI " GQ RUGAC RF?R MD "JMAI !, RFC AF?LEC GL RFC APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? MD "JMAI " GQ RUGAC RF?R
MD "JMAI !.
(A) 4FC AF?LEC GL FCGEFR GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC MPGEGL?J FCGEFR. "CA?SQC RFC MPGEGL?J FCGEFR MD "JMAI " GQ RUGAC RF?R MD !, RFC AF?LEC GL RFC FCGEFR MD
"JMAI " GQ RUGAC RF?R MD "JMAI !.
#(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73 443
13.3 ->; ":;7B 7I %7M
F?=KH; 13.16 4FC ?GP GLQGBC RFGQ FMR ?GP @?JJMML DJWGLE MTCP 0SRP?H?W?, -?J?WQG?, GQ FMRRCP RF?L RFC ?K@GCLR ?GP. !Q ? PCQSJR, RFC @?JJMML CVNCPGCLACQ ? @SMW?LR DMPAC NSQFGLE GR
SNU?PB. (APCBGR: +CTGL 0MF, &JGAIP)
)L RFGQ QCARGML, UC AMLRGLSC RM CVNJMPC RFC RFCPK?J @CF?TGMP MD E?QCQ. )L N?PRGASJ?P, UC CV?KGLC RFC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ RF?R
AMKNMQC E?QCQ. (-MQR E?QCQ, DMP CV?KNJC LGRPMECL, N
2
, ?LB MVWECL, O
2
, ?PC AMKNMQCB MD RUM MP KMPC ?RMKQ. 7C UGJJ NPGK?PGJW SQC RFC RCPK
uKMJCASJCv GL BGQASQQGLE ? E?Q @CA?SQC RFC RCPK A?L ?JQM @C ?NNJGCB RM KML?RMKGA E?QCQ, QSAF ?Q FCJGSK.)
'?QCQ ?PC C?QGJW AMKNPCQQCB. 7C A?L QCC CTGBCLAC MD RFGQ GL -78B; 13.2, UFCPC WMS UGJJ LMRC RF?R E?QCQ F?TC RFC ?4E:8FG AMCDDGAGCLRQ MD TMJSKC
CVN?LQGML. 4FC J?PEC AMCDDGAGCLRQ KC?L RF?R E?QCQ CVN?LB ?LB AMLRP?AR TCPW P?NGBJW UGRF RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LECQ. )L ?BBGRGML, WMS UGJJ LMRC RF?R KMQR
E?QCQ CVN?LB ?R RFC F4@8 P?RC, MP F?TC RFC Q?KC . 4FGQ P?GQCQ RFC OSCQRGML ?Q RM UFW E?QCQ QFMSJB ?JJ ?AR GL LC?PJW RFC Q?KC U?W, UFCL JGOSGBQ
?LB QMJGBQ F?TC UGBCJW T?PWGLE CVN?LQGML P?RCQ.
4FC ?LQUCP JGCQ GL RFC J?PEC QCN?P?RGML MD ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ GL E?QCQ, AMKN?PCB RM RFCGP QGXCQ, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 13.17. "CA?SQC ?RMKQ ?LB
KMJCASJCQ F?TC J?PEC QCN?P?RGMLQ, DMPACQ @CRUCCL RFCK A?L @C GELMPCB, CVACNR UFCL RFCW AMJJGBC UGRF C?AF MRFCP BSPGLE AMJJGQGMLQ. 4FC KMRGML MD
?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ (?R RCKNCP?RSPCQ UCJJ ?@MTC RFC @MGJGLE RCKNCP?RSPC) GQ D?QR, QSAF RF?R RFC E?Q MAASNGCQ ?JJ MD RFC ?AACQQG@JC TMJSKC ?LB RFC
CVN?LQGML MD E?QCQ GQ P?NGB. )L AMLRP?QR, GL JGOSGBQ ?LB QMJGBQ, ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ ?PC AJMQCP RMECRFCP ?LB ?PC OSGRC QCLQGRGTC RM RFC DMPACQ @CRUCCL
RFCK.
F?=KH; 13.17 !RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ GL ? E?Q ?PC RWNGA?JJW UGBCJW QCN?P?RCB, ?Q QFMUL. "CA?SQC RFC DMPACQ @CRUCCL RFCK ?PC OSGRC UC?I ?R RFCQC BGQR?LACQ, RFC NPMNCPRGCQ MD ?
E?Q BCNCLB KMPC ML RFC LSK@CP MD ?RMKQ NCP SLGR TMJSKC ?LB ML RCKNCP?RSPC RF?L ML RFC RWNC MD ?RMK.
4M ECR QMKC GBC? MD FMU NPCQQSPC, RCKNCP?RSPC, ?LB TMJSKC MD ? E?Q ?PC PCJ?RCB RM MLC ?LMRFCP, AMLQGBCP UF?R F?NNCLQ UFCL WMS NSKN ?GP GLRM ?L
GLGRG?JJW BCDJ?RCB RGPC. 4FC RGPCtQ TMJSKC DGPQR GLAPC?QCQ GL BGPCAR NPMNMPRGML RM RFC ?KMSLR MD ?GP GLHCARCB, UGRFMSR KSAF GLAPC?QC GL RFC RGPC NPCQQSPC.
/LAC RFC RGPC F?Q CVN?LBCB RM LC?PJW GRQ DSJJ QGXC, RFC U?JJQ JGKGR TMJSKC CVN?LQGML. )D UC AMLRGLSC RM NSKN ?GP GLRM GR, RFC NPCQQSPC GLAPC?QCQ. 4FC
NPCQQSPC UGJJ DSPRFCP GLAPC?QC UFCL RFC A?P GQ BPGTCL ?LB RFC RGPCQ KMTC. -MQR K?LSD?ARSPCPQ QNCAGDW MNRGK?J RGPC NPCQQSPC DMP AMJB RGPCQ. (3CC F?=KH;
13.18.)
F?=KH; 13.18 (?) 7FCL ?GP GQ NSKNCB GLRM ? BCDJ?RCB RGPC, GRQ TMJSKC DGPQR GLAPC?QCQ UGRFMSR KSAF GLAPC?QC GL NPCQQSPC. (@) 7FCL RFC RGPC GQ DGJJCB RM ? ACPR?GL NMGLR, RFC RGPC U?JJQ
PCQGQR DSPRFCP CVN?LQGML ?LB RFC NPCQQSPC GLAPC?QCQ UGRF KMPC ?GP. (A) /LAC RFC RGPC GQ GLDJ?RCB, GRQ NPCQQSPC GLAPC?QCQ UGRF RCKNCP?RSPC.
!R PMMK RCKNCP?RSPCQ, AMJJGQGMLQ @CRUCCL ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ A?L @C GELMPCB. )L RFGQ A?QC, RFC E?Q GQ A?JJCB ?L GBC?J E?Q, GL UFGAF A?QC RFC
PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL RFC NPCQQSPC, TMJSKC, ?LB RCKNCP?RSPC GQ EGTCL @W RFC COS?RGML MD QR?RC A?JJCB RFC GBC?J E?Q J?U.
444 #(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73
)BC?J '?Q ,?U
4FC ?:;7B =7I B7M QR?RCQ RF?R
(13.18)
PV = NkT,
UFCPC P GQ RFC ?@QMJSRC NPCQQSPC MD ? E?Q, V GQ RFC TMJSKC GR MAASNGCQ, N GQ RFC LSK@CP MD ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ GL RFC E?Q, ?LB T GQ GRQ
?@QMJSRC RCKNCP?RSPC. 4FC AMLQR?LR k GQ A?JJCB RFC BEBJPC7DD 9EDIJ7DJ GL FMLMP MD !SQRPG?L NFWQGAGQR ,SBUGE "MJRXK?LL (1844q1906) ?LB F?Q
RFC T?JSC
(13.19)
k = 1.3810
23
J / K.
4FC GBC?J E?Q J?U A?L @C BCPGTCB DPMK @?QGA NPGLAGNJCQ, @SR U?Q MPGEGL?JJW BCBSACB DPMK CVNCPGKCLR?J KC?QSPCKCLRQ MD #F?PJCQt J?U (RF?R TMJSKC
MAASNGCB @W ? E?Q GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RCKNCP?RSPC ?R ? DGVCB NPCQQSPC) ?LB DPMK "MWJCtQ J?U (RF?R DMP ? DGVCB RCKNCP?RSPC, RFC NPMBSAR PV GQ ?
AMLQR?LR). )L RFC GBC?J E?Q KMBCJ, RFC TMJSKC MAASNGCB @W GRQ ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ GQ ? LCEJGEG@JC DP?ARGML MD V . 4FC GBC?J E?Q J?U BCQAPG@CQ RFC
@CF?TGMP MD PC?J E?QCQ SLBCP KMQR AMLBGRGMLQ. (.MRC, DMP CV?KNJC, RF?R N GQ RFC RMR?J LSK@CP MD ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ, GLBCNCLBCLR MD RFC RWNC MD
E?Q.)
,CR SQ QCC FMU RFC GBC?J E?Q J?U GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC @CF?TGMP MD DGJJGLE RFC RGPC UFCL GR GQ NSKNCB QJMUJW ?LB RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GQ AMLQR?LR. !R DGPQR, RFC
NPCQQSPC P GQ CQQCLRG?JJW COS?J RM ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC, ?LB RFC TMJSKC V GLAPC?QCQ GL BGPCAR NPMNMPRGML RM RFC LSK@CP MD ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ
N NSR GLRM RFC RGPC. /LAC RFC TMJSKC MD RFC RGPC GQ AMLQR?LR, RFC COS?RGML PV = NkT NPCBGARQ RF?R RFC NPCQQSPC QFMSJB GLAPC?QC GL NPMNMPRGML RM G;8
AH@58E % B9 4GB@F 4A7 @B?86H?8F.
EN7CFB; 13.6 C7B9KB7J?D= )H;IIKH; C>7D=;I DK; JE -;CF;H7JKH; C>7D=;I: -?H; )H;IIKH;
3SNNMQC WMSP @GAWAJC RGPC GQ DSJJW GLDJ?RCB, UGRF ?L ?@QMJSRC NPCQQSPC MD 7.0010
5
Pa (? E?SEC NPCQQSPC MD HSQR SLBCP 90.0 lb/in
2
) ?R ?
RCKNCP?RSPC MD 18.0C. 7F?R GQ RFC NPCQQSPC ?DRCP GRQ RCKNCP?RSPC F?Q PGQCL RM 35.0C? !QQSKC RF?R RFCPC ?PC LM ?NNPCAG?@JC JC?IQ MP
AF?LECQ GL TMJSKC.
,JH7J;=O
4FC NPCQQSPC GL RFC RGPC GQ AF?LEGLE MLJW @CA?SQC MD AF?LECQ GL RCKNCP?RSPC. &GPQR UC LCCB RM GBCLRGDW UF?R UC ILMU ?LB UF?R UC U?LR RM ILMU,
?LB RFCL GBCLRGDW ?L COS?RGML RM QMJTC DMP RFC SLILMUL.
7C ILMU RFC GLGRG?J NPCQQSPC P
0
= 7.0010
5
Pa , RFC GLGRG?J RCKNCP?RSPC T
0
= 18.0C, ?LB RFC DGL?J RCKNCP?RSPC T
f
= 35.0C. 7C KSQR
DGLB RFC DGL?J NPCQQSPC P
f
. (MU A?L UC SQC RFC COS?RGML PV = NkT ? !R DGPQR, GR K?W QCCK RF?R LMR CLMSEF GLDMPK?RGML GQ EGTCL, @CA?SQC RFC
TMJSKC V ?LB LSK@CP MD ?RMKQ N ?PC LMR QNCAGDGCB. 7F?R UC A?L BM GQ SQC RFC COS?RGML RUGAC: P
0
V
0
= NkT
0
?LB P
f
V
f
= NkT
f
. )D UC
BGTGBC P
f
V
f
@W P
0
V
0
UC A?L AMKC SN UGRF ?L COS?RGML RF?R ?JJMUQ SQ RM QMJTC DMP P
f
.
(13.20)
P
f
V
f
P
0
V
0
=
N
f
kT
f
N
0
kT
0
3GLAC RFC TMJSKC GQ AMLQR?LR, V
f
?LB V
0
?PC RFC Q?KC ?LB RFCW A?LACJ MSR. 4FC Q?KC GQ RPSC DMP N
f
?LB N
0
, ?LB k , UFGAF GQ ? AMLQR?LR.
4FCPCDMPC,
(13.21) P
f
P
0
=
T
f
T
0
.
7C A?L RFCL PC?PP?LEC RFGQ RM QMJTC DMP P
f
:
(13.22)
P
f
= P
0
T
f
T
0
,
UFCPC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC KSQR @C GL SLGRQ MD ICJTGLQ, @CA?SQC T
0
?LB T
f
?PC ?@QMJSRC RCKNCP?RSPCQ.
,EBKJ?ED
1. #MLTCPR RCKNCP?RSPCQ DPMK #CJQGSQ RM +CJTGL.
(13.23)
T
0
= (18.0 + 273)K = 291 K
T
f
= (35.0 + 273)K = 308 K
2. 3S@QRGRSRC RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC COS?RGML.
(13.24)
P
f
= P
0
T
f
T
0
= 7.0010
5
Pa
308 K
291 K
= 7.4110
5
Pa
D?I9KII?ED
#(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73 445
4FC DGL?J RCKNCP?RSPC GQ ?@MSR 6% EPC?RCP RF?L RFC MPGEGL?J RCKNCP?RSPC, QM RFC DGL?J NPCQQSPC GQ ?@MSR 6% EPC?RCP ?Q UCJJ. .MRC RF?R 45FB?HG8
NPCQQSPC ?LB 45FB?HG8 RCKNCP?RSPC KSQR @C SQCB GL RFC GBC?J E?Q J?U.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLRr2CDPGECP?RGLE ? "?JJMML
)LDJ?RC ? @?JJMML ?R PMMK RCKNCP?RSPC. ,C?TC RFC GLDJ?RCB @?JJMML GL RFC PCDPGECP?RMP MTCPLGEFR. 7F?R F?NNCLQ RM RFC @?JJMML, ?LB UFW?
EN7CFB; 13.7 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; 'KC8;H E< &EB;9KB;I ?D 7 CK8?9 &;J;H E< 7I
(MU K?LW KMJCASJCQ ?PC GL ? RWNGA?J M@HCAR, QSAF ?Q E?Q GL ? RGPC MP U?RCP GL ? BPGLI? 7C A?L SQC RFC GBC?J E?Q J?U RM EGTC SQ ?L GBC? MD FMU
J?PEC N RWNGA?JJW GQ.
#?JASJ?RC RFC LSK@CP MD KMJCASJCQ GL ? AS@GA KCRCP MD E?Q ?R QR?LB?PB RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB NPCQQSPC (340), UFGAF GQ BCDGLCB RM @C 0C ?LB
?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC.
,JH7J;=O
"CA?SQC NPCQQSPC, TMJSKC, ?LB RCKNCP?RSPC ?PC ?JJ QNCAGDGCB, UC A?L SQC RFC GBC?J E?Q J?U PV = NkT , RM DGLB N .
,EBKJ?ED
1. )BCLRGDW RFC ILMULQ.
(13.25) T = 0C = 273 K
P = 1.0110
5
Pa
V = 1.00 m
3
k = 1.3810
23
J/K
2. )BCLRGDW RFC SLILMUL: LSK@CP MD KMJCASJCQ, N .
3. 2C?PP?LEC RFC GBC?J E?Q J?U RM QMJTC DMP N .
(13.26)
PV = NkT
N =
PV
kT
4. 3S@QRGRSRC RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC COS?RGML ?LB QMJTC DMP N .
(13.27)
N =
PV
kT
=
1.0110
5
Pa
1.00 m
3
1.3810
23
J/K
(273 K)
= 2.6810
25
molecules
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ LSK@CP GQ SLBCLG?@JW J?PEC, AMLQGBCPGLE RF?R ? E?Q GQ KMQRJW CKNRW QN?AC. N GQ FSEC, CTCL GL QK?JJ TMJSKCQ. &MP CV?KNJC, 1 cm
3
MD ?
E?Q ?R 340 F?Q 2.6810
19
KMJCASJCQ GL GR. /LAC ?E?GL, LMRC RF?R N GQ RFC Q?KC DMP ?JJ RWNCQ MP KGVRSPCQ MD E?QCQ.
-MJCQ ?LB !TME?BPMtQ .SK@CP
)R GQ QMKCRGKCQ AMLTCLGCLR RM UMPI UGRF ? SLGR MRFCP RF?L KMJCASJCQ UFCL KC?QSPGLE RFC ?KMSLR MD QS@QR?LAC. ! CEB; (?@@PCTG?RCB KMJ) GQ BCDGLCB RM
@C RFC ?KMSLR MD ? QS@QR?LAC RF?R AMLR?GLQ ?Q K?LW ?RMKQ MP KMJCASJCQ ?Q RFCPC ?PC ?RMKQ GL CV?ARJW 12 EP?KQ (0.012 IE) MD A?P@ML-12. 4FC ?ARS?J
LSK@CP MD ?RMKQ MP KMJCASJCQ GL MLC KMJC GQ A?JJCB ALE=7:HEXI DKC8;H (N
A
) , GL PCAMELGRGML MD )R?JG?L QAGCLRGQR !KCBCM !TME?BPM (1776q1856).
(C BCTCJMNCB RFC AMLACNR MD RFC KMJC, @?QCB ML RFC FWNMRFCQGQ RF?R COS?J TMJSKCQ MD E?Q, ?R RFC Q?KC NPCQQSPC ?LB RCKNCP?RSPC, AMLR?GL COS?J
LSK@CPQ MD KMJCASJCQ. 4F?R GQ, RFC LSK@CP GQ GLBCNCLBCLR MD RFC RWNC MD E?Q. 4FGQ FWNMRFCQGQ F?Q @CCL AMLDGPKCB, ?LB RFC T?JSC MD !TME?BPMtQ
LSK@CP GQ
(13.28)
N
A
= 6.0210
23
mol
1
.
!TME?BPMtQ .SK@CP
/LC KMJC ?JU?WQ AMLR?GLQ 6.0210
23
N?PRGAJCQ (?RMKQ MP KMJCASJCQ), GLBCNCLBCLR MD RFC CJCKCLR MP QS@QR?LAC. ! KMJC MD ?LW QS@QR?LAC F?Q
? K?QQ GL EP?KQ COS?J RM GRQ KMJCASJ?P K?QQ, UFGAF A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB DPMK RFC ?RMKGA K?QQCQ EGTCL GL RFC NCPGMBGA R?@JC MD CJCKCLRQ.
(13.29)
N
A
= 6.0210
23
mol
1
446 #(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73
F?=KH; 13.19 (MU @GE GQ ? KMJC? /L ? K?APMQAMNGA JCTCJ, MLC KMJC MD R?@JC RCLLGQ @?JJQ UMSJB AMTCP RFC %?PRF RM ? BCNRF MD ?@MSR 40 IK.
4FC ?ARGTC GLEPCBGCLR GL ? 4WJCLMJ NGJJ GQ 325 KE MD ?ACR?KGLMNFCL (C
8
H
9
NO
2
) . &GLB RFC LSK@CP MD ?ARGTC KMJCASJCQ MD ?ACR?KGLMNFCL GL ?
QGLEJC NGJJ.
,EBKJ?ED
7C DGPQR LCCB RM A?JASJ?RC RFC KMJ?P K?QQ (RFC K?QQ MD MLC KMJC) MD ?ACR?KGLMNFCL. 4M BM RFGQ, UC LCCB RM KSJRGNJW RFC LSK@CP MD ?RMKQ MD C?AF
CJCKCLR @W RFC CJCKCLRtQ ?RMKGA K?QQ.
(13.30)
(8 moles of carbon)(12 grams/mole) + (9 moles hydrogen)(1 gram/mole)
+(1 mole nitrogen)(14 grams/mole) + (2 moles oxygen)(16 grams/mole) = 151 g
4FCL UC LCCB RM A?JASJ?RC RFC LSK@CP MD KMJCQ GL 325 KE.
(13.31)
325 mg
151 grams/mole
1 gram
1000 mg
= 2.1510
3
moles
4FCL SQC !TME?BPMtQ LSK@CP RM A?JASJ?RC RFC LSK@CP MD KMJCASJCQ.
(13.32)
N =

2.1510
3
moles
6.0210
23
molecules/mole
= 1.3010
21
molecules
EN7CFB; 13.8 C7B9KB7J?D= &EB;I F;H CK8?9 &;J;H 7D: %?J;HI F;H &EB;
#?JASJ?RC: (?) RFC LSK@CP MD KMJCQ GL 1.00 m
3
MD E?Q ?R 340, ?LB (@) RFC LSK@CP MD JGRCPQ MD E?Q NCP KMJC.
,JH7J;=O 7D: ,EBKJ?ED
(?) 7C ?PC ?QICB RM DGLB RFC LSK@CP MD KMJCQ NCP AS@GA KCRCP, ?LB UC ILMU DPMK EN7CFB; 13.7 RF?R RFC LSK@CP MD KMJCASJCQ NCP AS@GA KCRCP ?R
340 GQ 2.6810
25
. 4FC LSK@CP MD KMJCQ A?L @C DMSLB @W BGTGBGLE RFC LSK@CP MD KMJCASJCQ @W !TME?BPMtQ LSK@CP. 7C JCR n QR?LB DMP RFC
LSK@CP MD KMJCQ,
(13.33)
n mol/m
3
=
N molecules/m
3
6.0210
23
molecules/mol
=
2.6810
25
molecules/m
3
6.0210
23
molecules/mol
= 44.5 mol/m
3
.
(@) 5QGLE RFC T?JSC M@R?GLCB DMP RFC LSK@CP MD KMJCQ GL ? AS@GA KCRCP, ?LB AMLTCPRGLE AS@GA KCRCPQ RM JGRCPQ, UC M@R?GL
(13.34)
10
3
L/m
3
44.5 mol/m
3
= 22.5 L/mol.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ T?JSC GQ TCPW AJMQC RM RFC ?AACNRCB T?JSC MD 22.4 ,/KMJ. 4FC QJGEFR BGDDCPCLAC GQ BSC RM PMSLBGLE CPPMPQ A?SQCB @W SQGLE RFPCC-BGEGR GLNSR.
!E?GL RFGQ LSK@CP GQ RFC Q?KC DMP ?JJ E?QCQ. )L MRFCP UMPBQ, GR GQ GLBCNCLBCLR MD RFC E?Q.
4FC (?TCP?EC) KMJ?P UCGEFR MD ?GP (?NNPMVGK?RCJW 80% N
2
?LB 20% O
2
GQ M = 28.8 g. 4FSQ RFC K?QQ MD MLC AS@GA KCRCP MD ?GP GQ 1.28 IE. )D
? JGTGLE PMMK F?Q BGKCLQGMLQ 5 m5 m3 m, RFC K?QQ MD ?GP GLQGBC RFC PMMK GQ 96 IE, UFGAF GQ RFC RWNGA?J K?QQ MD ? FSK?L.
4FC BCLQGRW MD ?GP ?R QR?LB?PB AMLBGRGMLQ (P = 1 atm ?LB T = 20C) GQ 1.28 kg/m
3
. !R UF?R NPCQQSPC GQ RFC BCLQGRW 0.64 kg/m
3
GD RFC
RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB LSK@CP MD KMJCASJCQ ?PC ICNR AMLQR?LR?
,EBKJ?ED
#(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73 447
4FC @CQR U?W RM ?NNPM?AF RFGQ OSCQRGML GQ RM RFGLI ?@MSR UF?R GQ F?NNCLGLE. )D RFC BCLQGRW BPMNQ RM F?JD GRQ MPGEGL?J T?JSC ?LB LM KMJCASJCQ ?PC
JMQR, RFCL RFC TMJSKC KSQR BMS@JC. )D UC JMMI ?R RFC COS?RGML PV = NkT , UC QCC RF?R UFCL RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GQ AMLQR?LR, RFC NPCQQSPC GQ
GLTCPQCJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM TMJSKC. 4FCPCDMPC, GD RFC TMJSKC BMS@JCQ, RFC NPCQQSPC KSQR BPMN RM F?JD GRQ MPGEGL?J T?JSC, ?LB P
f
= 0.50 atm.
4FC )BC?J '?Q ,?U 2CQR?RCB 5QGLE -MJCQ
! TCPW AMKKML CVNPCQQGML MD RFC GBC?J E?Q J?U SQCQ RFC LSK@CP MD KMJCQ, n , P?RFCP RF?L RFC LSK@CP MD ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ, N . 7C QR?PR DPMK RFC
GBC?J E?Q J?U,
(13.35)
PV = NkT,
?LB KSJRGNJW ?LB BGTGBC RFC COS?RGML @W !TME?BPMtQ LSK@CP N
A
. 4FGQ EGTCQ
(13.36)
PV =
N
N
A
N
A
kT.
.MRC RF?R n = N / N
A
GQ RFC LSK@CP MD KMJCQ. 7C BCDGLC RFC SLGTCPQ?J E?Q AMLQR?LR R = N
A
k , ?LB M@R?GL RFC GBC?J E?Q J?U GL RCPKQ MD KMJCQ.
)BC?J '?Q ,?U (GL RCPKQ MD KMJCQ)
4FC GBC?J E?Q J?U (GL RCPKQ MD KMJCQ) GQ
(13.37) PV = nRT.
4FC LSKCPGA?J T?JSC MD R GL 3) SLGRQ GQ
(13.38)
R = N
A
k =

6.0210
23
mol
1
1.3810
23
J/K
= 8.31 J / mol K.
)L MRFCP SLGRQ,
(13.39)
R = 1.99 cal/mol K
R = 0.0821 L atm/mol K.
9MS A?L SQC UFGAFCTCP T?JSC MD R GQ KMQR AMLTCLGCLR DMP ? N?PRGASJ?P NPM@JCK.
EN7CFB; 13.9 C7B9KB7J?D= 'KC8;H E< &EB;I: 7I ?D 7 B?A; -?H;
(MU K?LW KMJCQ MD E?Q ?PC GL ? @GIC RGPC UGRF ? TMJSKC MD 2.0010
3
m
3
(2.00 L), ? NPCQQSPC MD 7.0010
5
Pa (? E?SEC NPCQQSPC MD HSQR
SLBCP 90.0 lb/in
2
), ?LB ?R ? RCKNCP?RSPC MD 18.0C?
,JH7J;=O
)BCLRGDW RFC ILMULQ ?LB SLILMULQ, ?LB AFMMQC ?L COS?RGML RM QMJTC DMP RFC SLILMUL. )L RFGQ A?QC, UC QMJTC RFC GBC?J E?Q J?U, PV = nRT , DMP
RFC LSK@CP MD KMJCQ n .
,EBKJ?ED
(13.40)
P = 7.0010
5
Pa
V = 2.0010
3
m
3
T = 18.0C = 291 K
R = 8.31 J/mol K
2. 2C?PP?LEC RFC COS?RGML RM QMJTC DMP n ?LB QS@QRGRSRC ILMUL T?JSCQ.
(13.41)
n =
PV
RT
=
7.0010
5
Pa
2.0010
3
m
3
(8.31 J/mol K)(291 K)

= 0.579 mol
D?I9KII?ED
4FC KMQR AMLTCLGCLR AFMGAC DMP R GL RFGQ A?QC GQ 8.31 J/mol K, @CA?SQC MSP ILMUL OS?LRGRGCQ ?PC GL 3) SLGRQ. 4FC NPCQQSPC ?LB RCKNCP?RSPC
?PC M@R?GLCB DPMK RFC GLGRG?J AMLBGRGMLQ GL EN7CFB; 13.6, @SR UC UMSJB ECR RFC Q?KC ?LQUCP GD UC SQCB RFC DGL?J T?JSCQ.
4FC GBC?J E?Q J?U A?L @C AMLQGBCPCB RM @C ?LMRFCP K?LGDCQR?RGML MD RFC J?U MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW (QCC CEDI;HL7J?ED E< ED;H=O). 7MPI BMLC ML
? E?Q PCQSJRQ GL ?L GLAPC?QC GL GRQ CLCPEW, GLAPC?QGLE NPCQQSPC ?LB/MP RCKNCP?RSPC, MP BCAPC?QGLE TMJSKC. 4FGQ GLAPC?QCB CLCPEW A?L ?JQM @C TGCUCB
?Q GLAPC?QCB GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW, EGTCL RFC E?QtQ ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ.
448 #(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73
4FC )BC?J '?Q ,?U ?LB %LCPEW
,CR SQ LMU CV?KGLC RFC PMJC MD CLCPEW GL RFC @CF?TGMP MD E?QCQ. 7FCL WMS GLDJ?RC ? @GIC RGPC @W F?LB, WMS BM UMPI @W PCNC?RCBJW CVCPRGLE ? DMPAC
RFPMSEF ? BGQR?LAC. 4FGQ CLCPEW EMCQ GLRM GLAPC?QGLE RFC NPCQQSPC MD ?GP GLQGBC RFC RGPC ?LB GLAPC?QGLE RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC NSKN ?LB RFC ?GP.
4FC GBC?J E?Q J?U GQ AJMQCJW PCJ?RCB RM CLCPEW: RFC SLGRQ ML @MRF QGBCQ ?PC HMSJCQ. 4FC PGEFR-F?LB QGBC MD RFC GBC?J E?Q J?U GL PV = NkT GQ NkT .
4FGQ RCPK GQ PMSEFJW RFC ?KMSLR MD RP?LQJ?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD N ?RMKQ MP KMJCASJCQ ?R ?L ?@QMJSRC RCKNCP?RSPC T , ?Q UC QF?JJ QCC DMPK?JJW GL
$?D;J?9 ->;EHO: AJEC?9 7D: &EB;9KB7H ENFB7D7J?ED E< )H;IIKH; 7D: -;CF;H7JKH;. 4FC JCDR-F?LB QGBC MD RFC GBC?J E?Q J?U GQ PV , UFGAF ?JQM F?Q
RFC SLGRQ MD HMSJCQ. 7C ILMU DPMK MSP QRSBW MD DJSGBQ RF?R NPCQQSPC GQ MLC RWNC MD NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW NCP SLGR TMJSKC, QM NPCQQSPC KSJRGNJGCB @W TMJSKC GQ
CLCPEW. 4FC GKNMPR?LR NMGLR GQ RF?R RFCPC GQ CLCPEW GL ? E?Q PCJ?RCB RM @MRF GRQ NPCQQSPC ?LB GRQ TMJSKC. 4FC CLCPEW A?L @C AF?LECB UFCL RFC E?Q GQ
BMGLE UMPI ?Q GR CVN?LBQrQMKCRFGLE UC CVNJMPC GL !;7J 7D: !;7J -H7DI<;H &;J>E:IrQGKGJ?P RM UF?R MAASPQ GL E?QMJGLC MP QRC?K CLEGLCQ ?LB
RSP@GLCQ.
0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE 3RP?RCEW: 4FC )BC?J '?Q ,?U
,J;F 1 %V?KGLC RFC QGRS?RGML RM BCRCPKGLC RF?R ?L GBC?J E?Q GQ GLTMJTCB. -MQR E?QCQ ?PC LC?PJW GBC?J.
,J;F 2 -?IC ? JGQR MD UF?R OS?LRGRGCQ ?PC EGTCL, MP A?L @C GLDCPPCB DPMK RFC NPM@JCK ?Q QR?RCB (GBCLRGDW RFC ILMUL OS?LRGRGCQ). #MLTCPR ILMUL
T?JSCQ GLRM NPMNCP 3) SLGRQ (+ DMP RCKNCP?RSPC, 0? DMP NPCQQSPC, m
3
DMP TMJSKC, KMJCASJCQ DMP N , ?LB KMJCQ DMP n ).
,J;F 3 )BCLRGDW CV?ARJW UF?R LCCBQ RM @C BCRCPKGLCB GL RFC NPM@JCK (GBCLRGDW RFC SLILMUL OS?LRGRGCQ). ! UPGRRCL JGQR GQ SQCDSJ.
,J;F 4 $CRCPKGLC UFCRFCP RFC LSK@CP MD KMJCASJCQ MP RFC LSK@CP MD KMJCQ GQ ILMUL, GL MPBCP RM BCAGBC UFGAF DMPK MD RFC GBC?J E?Q J?U RM SQC.
4FC DGPQR DMPK GQ PV = NkT ?LB GLTMJTCQ N , RFC LSK@CP MD ?RMKQ MP KMJCASJCQ. 4FC QCAMLB DMPK GQ PV = nRT ?LB GLTMJTCQ n , RFC LSK@CP
MD KMJCQ.
,J;F 5 3MJTC RFC GBC?J E?Q J?U DMP RFC OS?LRGRW RM @C BCRCPKGLCB (RFC SLILMUL OS?LRGRW). 9MS K?W LCCB RM R?IC ? P?RGM MD DGL?J QR?RCQ RM GLGRG?J
QR?RCQ RM CJGKGL?RC RFC SLILMUL OS?LRGRGCQ RF?R ?PC ICNR DGVCB.
,J;F 6 3S@QRGRSRC RFC ILMUL OS?LRGRGCQ, ?JMLE UGRF RFCGP SLGRQ, GLRM RFC ?NNPMNPG?RC COS?RGML, ?LB M@R?GL LSKCPGA?J QMJSRGMLQ AMKNJCRC UGRF SLGRQ.
"C ACPR?GL RM SQC ?@QMJSRC RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB ?@QMJSRC NPCQQSPC.
,J;F 7 #FCAI RFC ?LQUCP RM QCC GD GR GQ PC?QML?@JC: $MCQ GR K?IC QCLQC?
,GOSGBQ ?LB QMJGBQ F?TC BCLQGRGCQ ?@MSR 1000 RGKCQ EPC?RCP RF?L E?QCQ. %VNJ?GL FMU RFGQ GKNJGCQ RF?R RFC BGQR?LACQ @CRUCCL ?RMKQ ?LB
KMJCASJCQ GL E?QCQ ?PC ?@MSR 10 RGKCQ EPC?RCP RF?L RFC QGXC MD RFCGP ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ.
,EBKJ?ED
!RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ ?PC AJMQC RMECRFCP GL QMJGBQ ?LB JGOSGBQ. )L E?QCQ RFCW ?PC QCN?P?RCB @W CKNRW QN?AC. 4FSQ E?QCQ F?TC JMUCP BCLQGRGCQ
RF?L JGOSGBQ ?LB QMJGBQ. $CLQGRW GQ K?QQ NCP SLGR TMJSKC, ?LB TMJSKC GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC QGXC MD ? @MBW (QSAF ?Q ? QNFCPC) AS@CB. 3M GD RFC BGQR?LAC
@CRUCCL ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ GLAPC?QCQ @W ? D?ARMP MD 10, RFCL RFC TMJSKC MAASNGCB GLAPC?QCQ @W ? D?ARMP MD 1000, ?LB RFC BCLQGRW BCAPC?QCQ
@W ? D?ARMP MD 1000.
13.4 $?D;J?9 ->;EHO: AJEC?9 7D: &EB;9KB7H ENFB7D7J?ED E< )H;IIKH; 7D: -;CF;H7JKH;
7C F?TC BCTCJMNCB K?APMQAMNGA BCDGLGRGMLQ MD NPCQQSPC ?LB RCKNCP?RSPC. 0PCQQSPC GQ RFC DMPAC BGTGBCB @W RFC ?PC? ML UFGAF RFC DMPAC GQ CVCPRCB, ?LB
RCKNCP?RSPC GQ KC?QSPCB UGRF ? RFCPKMKCRCP. 7C E?GL ? @CRRCP SLBCPQR?LBGLE MD NPCQQSPC ?LB RCKNCP?RSPC DPMK RFC IGLCRGA RFCMPW MD E?QCQ, UFGAF
?QQSKCQ RF?R ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ ?PC GL AMLRGLSMSQ P?LBMK KMRGML.
#(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73 449
F?=KH; 13.20 7FCL ? KMJCASJC AMJJGBCQ UGRF ? PGEGB U?JJ, RFC AMKNMLCLR MD GRQ KMKCLRSK NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC U?JJ GQ PCTCPQCB. ! DMPAC GQ RFSQ CVCPRCB ML RFC U?JJ, APC?RGLE
NPCQQSPC.
F?=KH; 13.20 QFMUQ ?L CJ?QRGA AMJJGQGML MD ? E?Q KMJCASJC UGRF RFC U?JJ MD ? AMLR?GLCP, QM RF?R GR CVCPRQ ? DMPAC ML RFC U?JJ (@W .CURMLtQ RFGPB J?U).
"CA?SQC ? FSEC LSK@CP MD KMJCASJCQ UGJJ AMJJGBC UGRF RFC U?JJ GL ? QFMPR RGKC, UC M@QCPTC ?L ?TCP?EC DMPAC NCP SLGR ?PC?. 4FCQC AMJJGQGMLQ ?PC RFC
QMSPAC MD NPCQQSPC GL ? E?Q. !Q RFC LSK@CP MD KMJCASJCQ GLAPC?QCQ, RFC LSK@CP MD AMJJGQGMLQ ?LB RFSQ RFC NPCQQSPC GLAPC?QC. 3GKGJ?PJW, RFC E?Q
NPCQQSPC GQ FGEFCP GD RFC ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW MD KMJCASJCQ GQ FGEFCP. 4FC ?ARS?J PCJ?RGMLQFGN GQ BCPGTCB GL RFC ->?D=I H;7J 7D: ,C7BB DC?RSPC @CJMU. 4FC
DMJJMUGLE PCJ?RGMLQFGN GQ DMSLB:
(13.42)
PV =
1
3
Nmv
2
,
UFCPC P GQ RFC NPCQQSPC (?TCP?EC DMPAC NCP SLGR ?PC?), V GQ RFC TMJSKC MD E?Q GL RFC AMLR?GLCP, N GQ RFC LSK@CP MD KMJCASJCQ GL RFC AMLR?GLCP, m
GQ RFC K?QQ MD ? KMJCASJC, ?LB v
2
GQ RFC ?TCP?EC MD RFC KMJCASJ?P QNCCB QOS?PCB.
7F?R A?L UC JC?PL DPMK RFGQ ?RMKGA ?LB KMJCASJ?P TCPQGML MD RFC GBC?J E?Q J?U? 7C A?L BCPGTC ? PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB RFC ?TCP?EC
RP?LQJ?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD KMJCASJCQ GL ? E?Q. 2CA?JJ RFC NPCTGMSQ CVNPCQQGML MD RFC GBC?J E?Q J?U:
(13.43)
PV = NkT.
%OS?RGLE RFC PGEFR-F?LB QGBC MD RFGQ COS?RGML UGRF RFC PGEFR-F?LB QGBC MD PV =
1
3
Nmv
2
EGTCQ
(13.44)
1
3
Nmv
2
= NkT.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 4FGLEQ 'PC?R ?LB 3K?JJr!RMKGA ?LB -MJCASJ?P /PGEGL MD 0PCQQSPC GL ? '?Q
F?=KH; 13.21 QFMUQ ? @MV DGJJCB UGRF ? E?Q. 7C ILMU DPMK MSP NPCTGMSQ BGQASQQGMLQ RF?R NSRRGLE KMPC E?Q GLRM RFC @MV NPMBSACQ EPC?RCP
NPCQQSPC, ?LB RF?R GLAPC?QGLE RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC E?Q ?JQM NPMBSACQ ? EPC?RCP NPCQQSPC. "SR UFW QFMSJB GLAPC?QGLE RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC E?Q
GLAPC?QC RFC NPCQQSPC GL RFC @MV? ! JMMI ?R RFC ?RMKGA ?LB KMJCASJ?P QA?JC EGTCQ SQ QMKC ?LQUCPQ, ?LB ?L ?JRCPL?RGTC CVNPCQQGML DMP RFC GBC?J
E?Q J?U.
4FC DGESPC QFMUQ ?L CVN?LBCB TGCU MD ?L CJ?QRGA AMJJGQGML MD ? E?Q KMJCASJC UGRF RFC U?JJ MD ? AMLR?GLCP. #?JASJ?RGLE RFC ?TCP?EC DMPAC CVCPRCB @W
QSAF KMJCASJCQ UGJJ JC?B SQ RM RFC GBC?J E?Q J?U, ?LB RM RFC AMLLCARGML @CRUCCL RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB KMJCASJ?P IGLCRGA CLCPEW. 7C ?QQSKC RF?R ?
KMJCASJC GQ QK?JJ AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC QCN?P?RGML MD KMJCASJCQ GL RFC E?Q, ?LB RF?R GRQ GLRCP?ARGML UGRF MRFCP KMJCASJCQ A?L @C GELMPCB. 7C ?JQM
?QQSKC RFC U?JJ GQ PGEGB ?LB RF?R RFC KMJCASJCtQ BGPCARGML AF?LECQ, @SR RF?R GRQ QNCCB PCK?GLQ AMLQR?LR (?LB FCLAC GRQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?LB RFC
K?ELGRSBC MD GRQ KMKCLRSK PCK?GL AMLQR?LR ?Q UCJJ). 4FGQ ?QQSKNRGML GQ LMR ?JU?WQ T?JGB, @SR RFC Q?KC PCQSJR GQ M@R?GLCB UGRF ? KMPC BCR?GJCB
BCQAPGNRGML MD RFC KMJCASJCtQ CVAF?LEC MD CLCPEW ?LB KMKCLRSK UGRF RFC U?JJ.
450 #(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73
F?=KH; 13.21 '?Q GL ? @MV CVCPRQ ?L MSRU?PB NPCQQSPC ML GRQ U?JJQ. ! KMJCASJC AMJJGBGLE UGRF ? PGEGB U?JJ F?Q RFC BGPCARGML MD GRQ TCJMAGRW ?LB KMKCLRSK GL RFC x -BGPCARGML
PCTCPQCB. 4FGQ BGPCARGML GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC U?JJ. 4FC AMKNMLCLRQ MD GRQ TCJMAGRW KMKCLRSK GL RFC y - ?LB z -BGPCARGMLQ ?PC LMR AF?LECB, UFGAF KC?LQ RFCPC GQ LM
DMPAC N?P?JJCJ RM RFC U?JJ.
)D RFC KMJCASJCtQ TCJMAGRW AF?LECQ GL RFC x -BGPCARGML, GRQ KMKCLRSK AF?LECQ DPMK mv
x
RM +mv
x
. 4FSQ, GRQ AF?LEC GL KMKCLRSK GQ
mv = +mv
x
(mv
x
) = 2mv
x
. 4FC DMPAC CVCPRCB ML RFC KMJCASJC GQ EGTCL @W
(13.45)
F =
p
t
=
2mv
x
t
.
4FCPC GQ LM DMPAC @CRUCCL RFC U?JJ ?LB RFC KMJCASJC SLRGJ RFC KMJCASJC FGRQ RFC U?JJ. $SPGLE RFC QFMPR RGKC MD RFC AMJJGQGML, RFC DMPAC @CRUCCL RFC
KMJCASJC ?LB U?JJ GQ PCJ?RGTCJW J?PEC. 7C ?PC JMMIGLE DMP ?L ?TCP?EC DMPAC; UC R?IC t RM @C RFC ?TCP?EC RGKC @CRUCCL AMJJGQGMLQ MD RFC KMJCASJC
UGRF RFGQ U?JJ. )R GQ RFC RGKC GR UMSJB R?IC RFC KMJCASJC RM EM ?APMQQ RFC @MV ?LB @?AI (? BGQR?LAC 2l) ?R ? QNCCB MD v
x
. 4FSQ t = 2l / v
x
, ?LB
RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP RFC DMPAC @CAMKCQ
(13.46)
F =
2mv
x
2l / v
x
=
mv
x
2
l
.
4FGQ DMPAC GQ BSC RM BA8 KMJCASJC. 7C KSJRGNJW @W RFC LSK@CP MD KMJCASJCQ N ?LB SQC RFCGP ?TCP?EC QOS?PCB TCJMAGRW RM DGLB RFC DMPAC
(13.47)
F = N
mv
x
2
l
,
UFCPC RFC @?P MTCP ? OS?LRGRW KC?LQ GRQ ?TCP?EC T?JSC. 7C UMSJB JGIC RM F?TC RFC DMPAC GL RCPKQ MD RFC QNCCB v , P?RFCP RF?L RFC x -AMKNMLCLR
MD RFC TCJMAGRW. 7C LMRC RF?R RFC RMR?J TCJMAGRW QOS?PCB GQ RFC QSK MD RFC QOS?PCQ MD GRQ AMKNMLCLRQ, QM RF?R
(13.48)
v
2
= v
x
2
+ v
y
2
+ v
z
2
.
"CA?SQC RFC TCJMAGRGCQ ?PC P?LBMK, RFCGP ?TCP?EC AMKNMLCLRQ GL ?JJ BGPCARGMLQ ?PC RFC Q?KC:
(13.49)
v
x
2
= v
y
2
= v
z
2
.
4FSQ,
(13.50)
v
2
= 3v
x
2
,
MP
(13.51)
v
x
2
=
1
3
v
2
.
3S@QRGRSRGLE
1
3
v
2
GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP F EGTCQ
#(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73 451
(13.52)
F = N
mv
2
3l
.
4FC NPCQQSPC GQ F / A, QM RF?R UC M@R?GL
(13.53)
P =
F
A
= N
mv
2
3Al
=
1
3
Nmv
2
V
,
UFCPC UC SQCB V = Al DMP RFC TMJSKC. 4FGQ EGTCQ RFC GKNMPR?LR PCQSJR.
(13.54)
PV =
1
3
Nmv
2
4FGQ COS?RGML GQ ?LMRFCP CVNPCQQGML MD RFC GBC?J E?Q J?U.
7C A?L ECR RFC ?TCP?EC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD ? KMJCASJC,
1
2
mv
2
, DPMK RFC JCDR-F?LB QGBC MD RFC COS?RGML @W A?LACJGLE N ?LB KSJRGNJWGLE @W 3/2. 4FGQ
A?JASJ?RGML NPMBSACQ RFC PCQSJR RF?R RFC ?TCP?EC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD ? KMJCASJC GQ BGPCARJW PCJ?RCB RM ?@QMJSRC RCKNCP?RSPC.
(13.55)
KE =
1
2
mv
2
=
3
2
kT
4FC ?TCP?EC RP?LQJ?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD ? KMJCASJC, KE , GQ A?JJCB J>;HC7B ;D;H=O. 4FC COS?RGML KE =
1
2
mv
2
=
3
2
kT GQ ? KMJCASJ?P
GLRCPNPCR?RGML MD RCKNCP?RSPC, ?LB GR F?Q @CCL DMSLB RM @C T?JGB DMP E?QCQ ?LB PC?QML?@JW ?AASP?RC GL JGOSGBQ ?LB QMJGBQ. )R GQ ?LMRFCP BCDGLGRGML MD
RCKNCP?RSPC @?QCB ML ?L CVNPCQQGML MD RFC KMJCASJ?P CLCPEW.
)R GQ QMKCRGKCQ SQCDSJ RM PC?PP?LEC KE =
1
2
mv
2
=
3
2
kT , ?LB QMJTC DMP RFC ?TCP?EC QNCCB MD KMJCASJCQ GL ? E?Q GL RCPKQ MD RCKNCP?RSPC,
(13.56)
v
2
= v
rms
=
3kT
m
,
UFCPC v
rms
QR?LBQ DMP PMMR-KC?L-QOS?PC (PKQ) QNCCB.
EN7CFB; 13.10 C7B9KB7J?D= $?D;J?9 ED;H=O 7D: ,F;;: E< 7 7I &EB;9KB;
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD ? E?Q KMJCASJC ?R 20.0C (PMMK RCKNCP?RSPC)? (@) &GLB RFC PKQ QNCCB MD ? LGRPMECL KMJCASJC (N
2
)
?R RFGQ RCKNCP?RSPC.
,JH7J;=O <EH (7)
4FC ILMUL GL RFC COS?RGML DMP RFC ?TCP?EC IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ RFC RCKNCP?RSPC.
(13.57)
KE =
1
2
mv
2
=
3
2
kT
"CDMPC QS@QRGRSRGLE T?JSCQ GLRM RFGQ COS?RGML, UC KSQR AMLTCPR RFC EGTCL RCKNCP?RSPC RM ICJTGLQ. 4FGQ AMLTCPQGML EGTCQ
T = (20.0 + 273) K = 293 K.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
4FC RCKNCP?RSPC ?JMLC GQ QSDDGAGCLR RM DGLB RFC ?TCP?EC RP?LQJ?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW. 3S@QRGRSRGLE RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GLRM RFC RP?LQJ?RGML?J IGLCRGA
CLCPEW COS?RGML EGTCQ
(13.58)
KE =
3
2
kT =
3
2
1.3810
23
J/K
(293 K) = 6.0710
21
J.
,JH7J;=O <EH (8)
&GLBGLE RFC PKQ QNCCB MD ? LGRPMECL KMJCASJC GLTMJTCQ ? QRP?GEFRDMPU?PB A?JASJ?RGML SQGLE RFC COS?RGML
(13.59)
v
2
= v
rms
=
3kT
m
,
@SR UC KSQR DGPQR DGLB RFC K?QQ MD ? LGRPMECL KMJCASJC. 5QGLE RFC KMJCASJ?P K?QQ MD LGRPMECL N
2
DPMK RFC NCPGMBGA R?@JC,
(13.60)
m =
2(14.0067)10
3
kg/mol
6.0210
23
mol
1
= 4.6510
26
kg.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
452 #(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFGQ K?QQ ?LB RFC T?JSC DMP k GLRM RFC COS?RGML DMP v
rms
WGCJBQ
(13.61)
v
rms
=
3kT
m
=
3
1.3810
23
J/K
(293 K)
4.6510
26
kg
= 511 m/s.
D?I9KII?ED
.MRC RF?R RFC ?TCP?EC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD RFC KMJCASJC GQ GLBCNCLBCLR MD RFC RWNC MD KMJCASJC. 4FC ?TCP?EC RP?LQJ?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW BCNCLBQ
MLJW ML ?@QMJSRC RCKNCP?RSPC. 4FC IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ TCPW QK?JJ AMKN?PCB RM K?APMQAMNGA CLCPEGCQ, QM RF?R UC BM LMR DCCJ UFCL ?L ?GP KMJCASJC GQ
FGRRGLE MSP QIGL. 4FC PKQ TCJMAGRW MD RFC LGRPMECL KMJCASJC GQ QSPNPGQGLEJW J?PEC. 4FCQC J?PEC KMJCASJ?P TCJMAGRGCQ BM LMR WGCJB K?APMQAMNGA
KMTCKCLR MD ?GP, QGLAC RFC KMJCASJCQ KMTC GL ?JJ BGPCARGMLQ UGRF COS?J JGICJGFMMB. 4FC @84A 9E88 C4G; (RFC BGQR?LAC ? KMJCASJC A?L KMTC ML
?TCP?EC @CRUCCL AMJJGQGMLQ) MD KMJCASJCQ GL ?GP GQ TCPW QK?JJ, ?LB QM RFC KMJCASJCQ KMTC P?NGBJW @SR BM LMR ECR TCPW D?P GL ? QCAMLB. 4FC FGEF
T?JSC DMP PKQ QNCCB GQ PCDJCARCB GL RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB, FMUCTCP, UFGAF GQ ?@MSR 340 K/Q ?R PMMK RCKNCP?RSPC. 4FC D?QRCP RFC PKQ QNCCB MD ?GP
KMJCASJCQ, RFC D?QRCP RF?R QMSLB TG@P?RGMLQ A?L @C RP?LQDCPPCB RFPMSEF RFC ?GP. 4FC QNCCB MD QMSLB GLAPC?QCQ UGRF RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB GQ EPC?RCP GL
E?QCQ UGRF QK?JJ KMJCASJ?P K?QQCQ, QSAF ?Q FCJGSK. (3CC F?=KH; 13.22.)
F?=KH; 13.22 (?) 4FCPC ?PC K?LW KMJCASJCQ KMTGLE QM D?QR GL ?L MPBGL?PW E?Q RF?R RFCW AMJJGBC ? @GJJGML RGKCQ CTCPW QCAMLB. (@) )LBGTGBS?J KMJCASJCQ BM LMR KMTC TCPW D?P GL ?
QK?JJ ?KMSLR MD RGKC, @SR BGQRSP@?LACQ JGIC QMSLB U?TCQ ?PC RP?LQKGRRCB ?R QNCCBQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC KMJCASJ?P QNCCBQ.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: (GQRMPGA?J .MRCr+GLCRGA 4FCMPW MD '?QCQ
4FC IGLCRGA RFCMPW MD E?QCQ U?Q BCTCJMNCB @W $?LGCJ "CPLMSJJG (1700q1782), UFM GQ @CQR ILMUL GL NFWQGAQ DMP FGQ UMPI ML DJSGB DJMU
(FWBPMBWL?KGAQ). "CPLMSJJGtQ UMPI NPCB?RCQ RFC ?RMKGQRGA TGCU MD K?RRCP CQR?@JGQFCB @W $?JRML.
$GQRPG@SRGML MD -MJCASJ?P 3NCCBQ
4FC KMRGML MD KMJCASJCQ GL ? E?Q GQ P?LBMK GL K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML DMP GLBGTGBS?J KMJCASJCQ, @SR ? E?Q MD K?LW KMJCASJCQ F?Q ? NPCBGAR?@JC
BGQRPG@SRGML MD KMJCASJ?P QNCCBQ. 4FGQ BGQRPG@SRGML GQ A?JJCB RFC $4KJ8??-BB?GM@4AA 7<FGE<5HG<BA, ?DRCP GRQ MPGEGL?RMPQ, UFM A?JASJ?RCB GR @?QCB ML IGLCRGA
RFCMPW, ?LB F?Q QGLAC @CCL AMLDGPKCB CVNCPGKCLR?JJW. (3CC F?=KH; 13.23.) 4FC BGQRPG@SRGML F?Q ? JMLE R?GJ, @CA?SQC ? DCU KMJCASJCQ K?W EM QCTCP?J
RGKCQ RFC PKQ QNCCB. 4FC KMQR NPM@?@JC QNCCB v
p
GQ JCQQ RF?L RFC PKQ QNCCB v
rms
. F?=KH; 13.24 QFMUQ RF?R RFC ASPTC GQ QFGDRCB RM FGEFCP QNCCBQ
?R FGEFCP RCKNCP?RSPCQ, UGRF ? @PM?BCP P?LEC MD QNCCBQ.
F?=KH; 13.23 4FC -?VUCJJ-"MJRXK?LL BGQRPG@SRGML MD KMJCASJ?P QNCCBQ GL ?L GBC?J E?Q. 4FC KMQR JGICJW QNCCB v
p
GQ JCQQ RF?L RFC PKQ QNCCB v
rms
. !JRFMSEF TCPW FGEF
QNCCBQ ?PC NMQQG@JC, MLJW ? RGLW DP?ARGML MD RFC KMJCASJCQ F?TC QNCCBQ RF?R ?PC ?L MPBCP MD K?ELGRSBC EPC?RCP RF?L v
rms
.
4FC BGQRPG@SRGML MD RFCPK?J QNCCBQ BCNCLBQ QRPMLEJW ML RCKNCP?RSPC. !Q RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QCQ, RFC QNCCBQ ?PC QFGDRCB RM FGEFCP T?JSCQ ?LB RFC
BGQRPG@SRGML GQ @PM?BCLCB.
#(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73 453
F?=KH; 13.24 4FC -?VUCJJ-"MJRXK?LL BGQRPG@SRGML GQ QFGDRCB RM FGEFCP QNCCBQ ?LB GQ @PM?BCLCB ?R FGEFCP RCKNCP?RSPCQ.
7F?R GQ RFC GKNJGA?RGML MD RFC AF?LEC GL BGQRPG@SRGML UGRF RCKNCP?RSPC QFMUL GL F?=KH; 13.24 DMP FSK?LQ? !JJ MRFCP RFGLEQ @CGLE COS?J, GD ? NCPQML F?Q
? DCTCP, FC MP QFC GQ JGICJW RM JMQC KMPC U?RCP KMJCASJCQ, N?PRGASJ?PJW DPMK JGLGLEQ ?JMLE KMGQR A?TGRGCQ QSAF ?Q RFC JSLEQ ?LB KMSRF, APC?RGLE ? BPW
QCLQ?RGML GL RFC KMSRF.
EN7CFB; 13.11 C7B9KB7J?D= -;CF;H7JKH;: EI97F; /;BE9?JO E< !;B?KC AJECI
)L MPBCP RM CQA?NC %?PRFtQ EP?TGRW, ?L M@HCAR LC?P RFC RMN MD RFC ?RKMQNFCPC (?R ?L ?JRGRSBC MD 100 IK) KSQR RP?TCJ ?U?W DPMK %?PRF ?R 11.1 IK/Q.
4FGQ QNCCB GQ A?JJCB RFC 8F64C8 I8?B6<GL. !R UF?R RCKNCP?RSPC UMSJB FCJGSK ?RMKQ F?TC ?L PKQ QNCCB COS?J RM RFC CQA?NC TCJMAGRW?
,JH7J;=O
)BCLRGDW RFC ILMULQ ?LB SLILMULQ ?LB BCRCPKGLC UFGAF COS?RGMLQ RM SQC RM QMJTC RFC NPM@JCK.
,EBKJ?ED
1. )BCLRGDW RFC ILMULQ: v GQ RFC CQA?NC TCJMAGRW, 11.1 IK/Q.
2. )BCLRGDW RFC SLILMULQ: 7C LCCB RM QMJTC DMP RCKNCP?RSPC, T . 7C ?JQM LCCB RM QMJTC DMP RFC K?QQ m MD RFC FCJGSK ?RMK.
3. $CRCPKGLC UFGAF COS?RGMLQ ?PC LCCBCB.
w 4M QMJTC DMP K?QQ m MD RFC FCJGSK ?RMK, UC A?L SQC GLDMPK?RGML DPMK RFC NCPGMBGA R?@JC:
(13.62)
m =
molar mass
number of atoms per mole
.
w 4M QMJTC DMP RCKNCP?RSPC T , UC A?L PC?PP?LEC CGRFCP
(13.63)
KE =
1
2
mv
2
=
3
2
kT
MP
(13.64)
v
2
= v
rms
=
3kT
m
RM WGCJB
(13.65)
T =
mv
2
3k
,
UFCPC k GQ RFC "MJRXK?LL AMLQR?LR ?LB m GQ RFC K?QQ MD ? FCJGSK ?RMK.
4. 0JSE RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC COS?RGMLQ ?LB QMJTC DMP RFC SLILMULQ.
(13.66)
m =
molar mass
number of atoms per mole
=
4.002610
3
kg/mol
6.0210
23
mol
= 6.6510
27
kg
(13.67)
T =
6.6510
27
kg
11.110
3
m/s
2
3
1.3810
23
J/K
= 1.9810
4
K
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ RCKNCP?RSPC GQ KSAF FGEFCP RF?L ?RKMQNFCPGA RCKNCP?RSPC, UFGAF GQ ?NNPMVGK?RCJW 250 + (25C MP 10F) ?R FGEF ?JRGRSBC. 6CPW DCU
FCJGSK ?RMKQ ?PC JCDR GL RFC ?RKMQNFCPC, @SR RFCPC UCPC K?LW UFCL RFC ?RKMQNFCPC U?Q DMPKCB. 4FC PC?QML DMP RFC JMQQ MD FCJGSK ?RMKQ GQ RF?R
RFCPC ?PC ? QK?JJ LSK@CP MD FCJGSK ?RMKQ UGRF QNCCBQ FGEFCP RF?L %?PRFtQ CQA?NC TCJMAGRW CTCL ?R LMPK?J RCKNCP?RSPCQ. 4FC QNCCB MD ? FCJGSK
?RMK AF?LECQ DPMK MLC GLQR?LR RM RFC LCVR, QM RF?R ?R ?LW GLQR?LR, RFCPC GQ ? QK?JJ, @SR LMLXCPM AF?LAC RF?R RFC QNCCB GQ EPC?RCP RF?L RFC CQA?NC
QNCCB ?LB RFC KMJCASJC CQA?NCQ DPMK %?PRFtQ EP?TGR?RGML?J NSJJ. (C?TGCP KMJCASJCQ, QSAF ?Q MVWECL, LGRPMECL, ?LB U?RCP (TCPW JGRRJC MD UFGAF
PC?AF ? TCPW FGEF ?JRGRSBC), F?TC QK?JJCP PKQ QNCCBQ, ?LB QM GR GQ KSAF JCQQ JGICJW RF?R ?LW MD RFCK UGJJ F?TC QNCCBQ EPC?RCP RF?L RFC CQA?NC
TCJMAGRW. )L D?AR, QM DCU F?TC QNCCBQ ?@MTC RFC CQA?NC TCJMAGRW RF?R @GJJGMLQ MD WC?PQ ?PC PCOSGPCB RM JMQC QGELGDGA?LR ?KMSLRQ MD RFC ?RKMQNFCPC.
454 #(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73
F?=KH; 13.25 QFMUQ RFC GKN?AR MD ? J?AI MD ?L ?RKMQNFCPC ML RFC -MML. "CA?SQC RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J NSJJ MD RFC -MML GQ KSAF UC?ICP, GR F?Q JMQR
?JKMQR GRQ CLRGPC ?RKMQNFCPC. 4FC AMKN?PGQML @CRUCCL %?PRF ?LB RFC -MML GQ BGQASQQCB GL RFGQ AF?NRCPtQ 0PM@JCKQ ?LB %VCPAGQCQ.
F?=KH; 13.25 4FGQ NFMRMEP?NF MD !NMJJM 17 #MKK?LBCP %SECLC #CPL?L BPGTGLE RFC JSL?P PMTCP ML RFC -MML GL 1972 JMMIQ ?Q RFMSEF GR U?Q R?ICL ?R LGEFR UGRF ? J?PEC QNMRJGEFR.
)L D?AR, RFC JGEFR GQ AMKGLE DPMK RFC 3SL. "CA?SQC RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW ML RFC -MML GQ QM JMU (?@MSR 1/6 RF?R MD %?PRF), RFC -MMLtQ CQA?NC TCJMAGRW GQ KSAF QK?JJCP.
!Q ? PCQSJR, E?Q KMJCASJCQ CQA?NC TCPW C?QGJW DPMK RFC -MML, JC?TGLE GR UGRF TGPRS?JJW LM ?RKMQNFCPC. %TCL BSPGLE RFC B?WRGKC, RFC QIW GQ @J?AI @CA?SQC RFCPC GQ LM E?Q RM
QA?RRCP QSLJGEFR. (APCBGR: (?PPGQML (. 3AFKGRR/.!3!)
)D WMS AMLQGBCP ? TCPW QK?JJ M@HCAR QSAF ?Q ? EP?GL MD NMJJCL, GL ? E?Q, RFCL RFC LSK@CP MD ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ QRPGIGLE GRQ QSPD?AC UMSJB ?JQM @C
PCJ?RGTCJW QK?JJ. 7MSJB RFC EP?GL MD NMJJCL CVNCPGCLAC ?LW DJSARS?RGMLQ GL NPCQQSPC BSC RM QR?RGQRGA?J DJSARS?RGMLQ GL RFC LSK@CP MD E?Q ?RMKQ ?LB
KMJCASJCQ QRPGIGLE GR GL ? EGTCL ?KMSLR MD RGKC?
,EBKJ?ED
9CQ. 3SAF DJSARS?RGMLQ ?ARS?JJW MAASP DMP ? @MBW MD ?LW QGXC GL ? E?Q, @SR QGLAC RFC LSK@CPQ MD ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ ?PC GKKCLQC DMP
K?APMQAMNGA @MBGCQ, RFC DJSARS?RGMLQ ?PC ? RGLW NCPACLR?EC MD RFC LSK@CP MD AMJJGQGMLQ, ?LB RFC ?TCP?ECQ QNMICL MD GL RFGQ QCARGML T?PW
GKNCPACNRG@JW. 2MSEFJW QNC?IGLE RFC DJSARS?RGMLQ ?PC NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC GLTCPQC QOS?PC PMMR MD RFC LSK@CP MD AMJJGQGMLQ, QM DMP QK?JJ @MBGCQ RFCW
A?L @CAMKC QGELGDGA?LR. 4FGQ U?Q ?ARS?JJW M@QCPTCB GL RFC 19RF ACLRSPW DMP NMJJCL EP?GLQ GL U?RCP, ?LB GQ ILMUL ?Q RFC "PMULG?L CDDCAR.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: '?Q 0PMNCPRGCQ
0SKN E?Q KMJCASJCQ GLRM ? @MV ?LB QCC UF?R F?NNCLQ ?Q WMS AF?LEC RFC TMJSKC, ?BB MP PCKMTC FC?R, AF?LEC EP?TGRW, ?LB KMPC. -C?QSPC RFC
RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB NPCQQSPC, ?LB BGQAMTCP FMU RFC NPMNCPRGCQ MD RFC E?Q T?PW GL PCJ?RGML RM C?AF MRFCP.
F?=KH; 13.26 7I )HEF;HJ?;I (>JJF://F>;J.9EBEH7:E.;:K/;D/I?CKB7J?ED/=7I-FHEF;HJ?;I)
13.5 )>7I; C>7D=;I
5N RM LMU, UC F?TC AMLQGBCPCB RFC @CF?TGMP MD GBC?J E?QCQ. 2C?J E?QCQ ?PC JGIC GBC?J E?QCQ ?R FGEF RCKNCP?RSPCQ. !R JMUCP RCKNCP?RSPCQ, FMUCTCP,
RFC GLRCP?ARGMLQ @CRUCCL RFC KMJCASJCQ ?LB RFCGP TMJSKCQ A?LLMR @C GELMPCB. 4FC KMJCASJCQ ?PC TCPW AJMQC (AMLBCLQ?RGML MAASPQ) ?LB RFCPC GQ ?
BP?K?RGA BCAPC?QC GL TMJSKC, ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 13.27. 4FC QS@QR?LAC AF?LECQ DPMK ? E?Q RM ? JGOSGB. 7FCL ? JGOSGB GQ AMMJCB RM CTCL JMUCP
RCKNCP?RSPCQ, GR @CAMKCQ ? QMJGB. 4FC TMJSKC LCTCP PC?AFCQ XCPM @CA?SQC MD RFC DGLGRC TMJSKC MD RFC KMJCASJCQ.
#(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73 455
F?=KH; 13.27 ! QICRAF MD TMJSKC TCPQSQ RCKNCP?RSPC DMP ? PC?J E?Q ?R AMLQR?LR NPCQQSPC. 4FC JGLC?P (QRP?GEFR JGLC) N?PR MD RFC EP?NF PCNPCQCLRQ GBC?J E?Q @CF?TGMPrTMJSKC ?LB
RCKNCP?RSPC ?PC BGPCARJW ?LB NMQGRGTCJW PCJ?RCB ?LB RFC JGLC CVRP?NMJ?RCQ RM XCPM TMJSKC ?R 273.15C, MP ?@QMJSRC XCPM. 7FCL RFC E?Q @CAMKCQ ? JGOSGB, FMUCTCP, RFC
TMJSKC ?ARS?JJW BCAPC?QCQ NPCAGNGRMSQJW ?R RFC JGOSCD?ARGML NMGLR. 4FC TMJSKC BCAPC?QCQ QJGEFRJW MLAC RFC QS@QR?LAC GQ QMJGB, @SR GR LCTCP @CAMKCQ XCPM.
(GEF NPCQQSPC K?W ?JQM A?SQC ? E?Q RM AF?LEC NF?QC RM ? JGOSGB. #?P@ML BGMVGBC, DMP CV?KNJC, GQ ? E?Q ?R PMMK RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB ?RKMQNFCPGA
NPCQQSPC, @SR @CAMKCQ ? JGOSGB SLBCP QSDDGAGCLRJW FGEF NPCQQSPC. )D RFC NPCQQSPC GQ PCBSACB, RFC RCKNCP?RSPC BPMNQ ?LB RFC JGOSGB A?P@ML BGMVGBC
QMJGBGDGCQ GLRM ? QLMU-JGIC QS@QR?LAC ?R RFC RCKNCP?RSPC 78C. 3MJGB CO
2
GQ A?JJCB uBPW GAC.v !LMRFCP CV?KNJC MD ? E?Q RF?R A?L @C GL ? JGOSGB
NF?QC GQ JGOSGB LGRPMECL (LN
2
) . LN
2
GQ K?BC @W JGOSCD?ARGML MD ?RKMQNFCPGA ?GP (RFPMSEF AMKNPCQQGML ?LB AMMJGLE). )R @MGJQ ?R 77 + (196C) ?R
?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC. LN
2
GQ SQCDSJ ?Q ? PCDPGECP?LR ?LB ?JJMUQ DMP RFC NPCQCPT?RGML MD @JMMB, QNCPK, ?LB MRFCP @GMJMEGA?J K?RCPG?JQ. )R GQ ?JQM SQCB
RM PCBSAC LMGQC GL CJCARPMLGA QCLQMPQ ?LB COSGNKCLR, ?LB RM FCJN AMMJ BMUL RFCGP ASPPCLR-A?PPWGLE UGPCQ. )L BCPK?RMJMEW, LN
2
GQ SQCB RM DPCCXC ?LB
N?GLJCQQJW PCKMTC U?PRQ ?LB MRFCP EPMURFQ DPMK RFC QIGL.
'- $G?EP?KQ
7C A?L CV?KGLC ?QNCARQ MD RFC @CF?TGMP MD ? QS@QR?LAC @W NJMRRGLE ? EP?NF MD NPCQQSPC TCPQSQ TMJSKC, A?JJCB ? PV :?7=H7C. 7FCL RFC QS@QR?LAC
@CF?TCQ JGIC ?L GBC?J E?Q, RFC GBC?J E?Q J?U BCQAPG@CQ RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL GRQ NPCQQSPC ?LB TMJSKC. 4F?R GQ,
(13.68)
PV = NkT (ideal gas).
.MU, ?QQSKGLE RFC LSK@CP MD KMJCASJCQ ?LB RFC RCKNCP?RSPC ?PC DGVCB,
(13.69)
PV = constant (ideal gas, constant temperature).
&MP CV?KNJC, RFC TMJSKC MD RFC E?Q UGJJ BCAPC?QC ?Q RFC NPCQQSPC GLAPC?QCQ. )D WMS NJMR RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN PV = constant ML ? PV BG?EP?K, WMS DGLB
? FWNCP@MJ?. F?=KH; 13.28 QFMUQ ? EP?NF MD NPCQQSPC TCPQSQ TMJSKC. 4FC FWNCP@MJ?Q PCNPCQCLR GBC?J-E?Q @CF?TGMP ?R T?PGMSQ DGVCB RCKNCP?RSPCQ,
?LB ?PC A?JJCB <FBG;8E@F. !R JMUCP RCKNCP?RSPCQ, RFC ASPTCQ @CEGL RM JMMI JCQQ JGIC FWNCP@MJ?QrRFC E?Q GQ LMR @CF?TGLE GBC?JJW ?LB K?W CTCL AMLR?GL
JGOSGB. 4FCPC GQ ? 9H?J?97B FE?DJrRF?R GQ, ? 9H?J?97B J;CF;H7JKH;r?@MTC UFGAF JGOSGB A?LLMR CVGQR. !R QSDDGAGCLRJW FGEF NPCQQSPC ?@MTC RFC APGRGA?J NMGLR,
RFC E?Q UGJJ F?TC RFC BCLQGRW MD ? JGOSGB @SR UGJJ LMR AMLBCLQC. #?P@ML BGMVGBC, DMP CV?KNJC, A?LLMR @C JGOSCDGCB ?R ? RCKNCP?RSPC ?@MTC 31.0C.
CH?J?97B FH;IIKH; GQ RFC KGLGKSK NPCQQSPC LCCBCB DMP JGOSGB RM CVGQR ?R RFC APGRGA?J RCKNCP?RSPC. -78B; 13.3 JGQRQ PCNPCQCLR?RGTC APGRGA?J RCKNCP?RSPCQ
?LB NPCQQSPCQ.
456 #(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73
F?=KH; 13.28 PV BG?EP?KQ. (?) %?AF ASPTC (GQMRFCPK) PCNPCQCLRQ RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL P ?LB V ?R ? DGVCB RCKNCP?RSPC; RFC SNNCP ASPTCQ ?PC ?R FGEFCP RCKNCP?RSPCQ.
4FC JMUCP ASPTCQ ?PC LMR FWNCP@MJ?Q, @CA?SQC RFC E?Q GQ LM JMLECP ?L GBC?J E?Q. (@) !L CVN?LBCB NMPRGML MD RFC PV BG?EP?K DMP JMU RCKNCP?RSPCQ, UFCPC RFC NF?QC A?L
AF?LEC DPMK ? E?Q RM ? JGOSGB. 4FC RCPK uT?NMPv PCDCPQ RM RFC E?Q NF?QC UFCL GR CVGQRQ ?R ? RCKNCP?RSPC @CJMU RFC @MGJGLE RCKNCP?RSPC.
4?@JC 13.3 #PGRGA?J 4CKNCP?RSPCQ ?LB 0PCQQSPCQ
,K8IJ7D9; CH?J?97B J;CF;H7JKH; CH?J?97B FH;IIKH;
K C Pa atm
7?RCP 647.4 374.3 22.1210
6
219.0
3SJDSP BGMVGBC 430.7 157.6 7.8810
6
78.0
!KKMLG? 405.5 132.4 11.2810
6
111.7
#?P@ML BGMVGBC 304.2 31.1 7.3910
6
73.2
/VWECL 154.8 {118.4 5.0810
6
50.3
.GRPMECL 126.2 {146.9 3.3910
6
33.6
(WBPMECL 33.3 {239.9 1.3010
6
12.9
(CJGSK 5.3 {267.9 0.22910
6
2.27
0F?QC $G?EP?KQ
4FC NJMRQ MD NPCQQSPC TCPQSQ RCKNCP?RSPCQ NPMTGBC AMLQGBCP?@JC GLQGEFR GLRM RFCPK?J NPMNCPRGCQ MD QS@QR?LACQ. 4FCPC ?PC UCJJ-BCDGLCB PCEGMLQ ML
RFCQC EP?NFQ RF?R AMPPCQNMLB RM T?PGMSQ NF?QCQ MD K?RRCP, QM PT EP?NFQ ?PC A?JJCB F>7I; :?7=H7CI. F?=KH; 13.29 QFMUQ RFC NF?QC BG?EP?K DMP
U?RCP. 5QGLE RFC EP?NF, GD WMS ILMU RFC NPCQQSPC ?LB RCKNCP?RSPC WMS A?L BCRCPKGLC RFC NF?QC MD U?RCP. 4FC QMJGB JGLCQr@MSLB?PGCQ @CRUCCL
NF?QCQrGLBGA?RC RCKNCP?RSPCQ ?LB NPCQQSPCQ ?R UFGAF RFC NF?QCQ AMCVGQR (RF?R GQ, RFCW CVGQR RMECRFCP GL P?RGMQ, BCNCLBGLE ML NPCQQSPC ?LB
RCKNCP?RSPC). &MP CV?KNJC, RFC @MGJGLE NMGLR MD U?RCP GQ 100C ?R 1.00 ?RK. !Q RFC NPCQQSPC GLAPC?QCQ, RFC @MGJGLE RCKNCP?RSPC PGQCQ QRC?BGJW RM
374C ?R ? NPCQQSPC MD 218 ?RK. ! NPCQQSPC AMMICP (MP CTCL ? AMTCPCB NMR) UGJJ AMMI DMMB D?QRCP @CA?SQC RFC U?RCP A?L CVGQR ?Q ? JGOSGB ?R
RCKNCP?RSPCQ EPC?RCP RF?L 100C UGRFMSR ?JJ @MGJGLE ?U?W. 4FC ASPTC CLBQ ?R ? NMGLR A?JJCB RFC 6E<G<64? CB<AG, @CA?SQC ?R FGEFCP RCKNCP?RSPCQ RFC
JGOSGB NF?QC BMCQ LMR CVGQR ?R ?LW NPCQQSPC. 4FC APGRGA?J NMGLR MAASPQ ?R RFC APGRGA?J RCKNCP?RSPC, ?Q WMS A?L QCC DMP U?RCP DPMK -78B; 13.3. 4FC APGRGA?J
RCKNCP?RSPC DMP MVWECL GQ 118C, QM MVWECL A?LLMR @C JGOSCDGCB ?@MTC RFGQ RCKNCP?RSPC.
#(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73 457
F?=KH; 13.29 4FC NF?QC BG?EP?K ( PT EP?NF) DMP U?RCP. .MRC RF?R RFC ?VCQ ?PC LMLJGLC?P ?LB RFC EP?NF GQ LMR RM QA?JC. 4FGQ EP?NF GQ QGKNJGDGCBrRFCPC ?PC QCTCP?J MRFCP CVMRGA
NF?QCQ MD GAC ?R FGEFCP NPCQQSPCQ.
3GKGJ?PJW, RFC ASPTC @CRUCCL RFC QMJGB ?LB JGOSGB PCEGMLQ GL F?=KH; 13.29 EGTCQ RFC KCJRGLE RCKNCP?RSPC ?R T?PGMSQ NPCQQSPCQ. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC KCJRGLE
NMGLR GQ 0C ?R 1.00 ?RK, ?Q CVNCARCB. .MRC RF?R, ?R ? DGVCB RCKNCP?RSPC, WMS A?L AF?LEC RFC NF?QC DPMK QMJGB (GAC) RM JGOSGB (U?RCP) @W GLAPC?QGLE RFC
NPCQQSPC. )AC KCJRQ DPMK NPCQQSPC GL RFC F?LBQ MD ? QLMU@?JJ K?ICP. &PMK RFC NF?QC BG?EP?K, UC A?L ?JQM Q?W RF?R RFC KCJRGLE RCKNCP?RSPC MD GAC
PGQCQ UGRF GLAPC?QCB NPCQQSPC. 7FCL ? A?P GQ BPGTCL MTCP QLMU, RFC GLAPC?QCB NPCQQSPC DPMK RFC RGPCQ KCJRQ RFC QLMUDJ?ICQ; ?DRCPU?PBQ RFC U?RCP
PCDPCCXCQ ?LB DMPKQ ?L GAC J?WCP.
!R QSDDGAGCLRJW JMU NPCQQSPCQ RFCPC GQ LM JGOSGB NF?QC, @SR RFC QS@QR?LAC A?L CVGQR ?Q CGRFCP E?Q MP QMJGB. &MP U?RCP, RFCPC GQ LM JGOSGB NF?QC ?R
NPCQQSPCQ @CJMU 0.00600 ?RK. 4FC NF?QC AF?LEC DPMK QMJGB RM E?Q GQ A?JJCB IK8B?C7J?ED. )R ?AAMSLRQ DMP J?PEC JMQQCQ MD QLMU N?AI RF?R LCTCP K?IC
GR GLRM ? PGTCP, RFC PMSRGLC ?SRMK?RGA BCDPMQRGLE MD ? DPCCXCP, ?LB RFC DPCCXC-BPWGLE NPMACQQ ?NNJGCB RM K?LW DMMBQ. #?P@ML BGMVGBC, ML RFC MRFCP F?LB,
QS@JGK?RCQ ?R QR?LB?PB ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC MD 1 ?RK. (4FC QMJGB DMPK MD CO
2
GQ ILMUL ?Q BPW GAC @CA?SQC GR BMCQ LMR KCJR. )LQRC?B, GR KMTCQ
BGPCARJW DPMK RFC QMJGB RM RFC E?Q QR?RC.)
!JJ RFPCC ASPTCQ ML RFC NF?QC BG?EP?K KCCR ?R ? QGLEJC NMGLR, RFC JH?FB; FE?DJ, UFCPC ?JJ RFPCC NF?QCQ CVGQR GL COSGJG@PGSK. &MP U?RCP, RFC RPGNJC NMGLR
MAASPQ ?R 273.16 + (0.01C) , ?LB GQ ? KMPC ?AASP?RC A?JG@P?RGML RCKNCP?RSPC RF?L RFC KCJRGLE NMGLR MD U?RCP ?R 1.00 ?RK, MP 273.15 + (0.0C) . 3CC
-78B; 13.4 DMP RFC RPGNJC NMGLR T?JSCQ MD MRFCP QS@QR?LACQ.
%OSGJG@PGSK
,GOSGB ?LB E?Q NF?QCQ ?PC GL COSGJG@PGSK ?R RFC @MGJGLE RCKNCP?RSPC. (3CC F?=KH; 13.30.) )D ? QS@QR?LAC GQ GL ? AJMQCB AMLR?GLCP ?R RFC @MGJGLE NMGLR,
RFCL RFC JGOSGB GQ @MGJGLE ?LB RFC E?Q GQ AMLBCLQGLE ?R RFC Q?KC P?RC UGRFMSR LCR AF?LEC GL RFCGP PCJ?RGTC ?KMSLR. -MJCASJCQ GL RFC JGOSGB CQA?NC ?Q ?
E?Q ?R RFC Q?KC P?RC ?R UFGAF E?Q KMJCASJCQ QRGAI RM RFC JGOSGB, MP DMPK BPMNJCRQ ?LB @CAMKC N?PR MD RFC JGOSGB NF?QC. 4FC AMK@GL?RGML MD RCKNCP?RSPC
?LB NPCQQSPC F?Q RM @C uHSQR PGEFRv; GD RFC RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB NPCQQSPC ?PC GLAPC?QCB, COSGJG@PGSK GQ K?GLR?GLCB @W RFC Q?KC GLAPC?QC MD @MGJGLE ?LB
AMLBCLQ?RGML P?RCQ.
F?=KH; 13.30 %OSGJG@PGSK @CRUCCL JGOSGB ?LB E?Q ?R RUM BGDDCPCLR @MGJGLE NMGLRQ GLQGBC ? AJMQCB AMLR?GLCP. (?) 4FC P?RCQ MD @MGJGLE ?LB AMLBCLQ?RGML ?PC COS?J ?R RFGQ
AMK@GL?RGML MD RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB NPCQQSPC, QM RFC JGOSGB ?LB E?Q NF?QCQ ?PC GL COSGJG@PGSK. (@) !R ? FGEFCP RCKNCP?RSPC, RFC @MGJGLE P?RC GQ D?QRCP ?LB RFC P?RCQ ?R UFGAF
KMJCASJCQ JC?TC RFC JGOSGB ?LB CLRCP RFC E?Q ?PC ?JQM D?QRCP. "CA?SQC RFCPC ?PC KMPC KMJCASJCQ GL RFC E?Q, RFC E?Q NPCQQSPC GQ FGEFCP ?LB RFC P?RC ?R UFGAF E?Q KMJCASJCQ
AMLBCLQC ?LB CLRCP RFC JGOSGB GQ D?QRCP. !Q ? PCQSJR RFC E?Q ?LB JGOSGB ?PC GL COSGJG@PGSK ?R RFGQ FGEFCP RCKNCP?RSPC.
458 #(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73
4?@JC 13.4 4PGNJC 0MGLR 4CKNCP?RSPCQ ?LB 0PCQQSPCQ
,K8IJ7D9; -;CF;H7JKH; )H;IIKH;
K C Pa atm
7?RCP 273.16 0.01 6.1010
2
0.00600
#?P@ML BGMVGBC 216.55 {56.60 5.1610
5
5.11
3SJDSP BGMVGBC 197.68 {75.47 1.6710
3
0.0167
!KKMLG? 195.40 {77.75 6.0610
3
0.0600
.GRPMECL 63.18 {210.0 1.2510
4
0.124
/VWECL 54.36 {218.8 1.5210
2
0.00151
(WBPMECL 13.84 {259.3 7.0410
3
0.0697
/LC CV?KNJC MD COSGJG@PGSK @CRUCCL JGOSGB ?LB E?Q GQ RF?R MD U?RCP ?LB QRC?K ?R 100C ?LB 1.00 ?RK. 4FGQ RCKNCP?RSPC GQ RFC @MGJGLE NMGLR ?R RF?R
NPCQQSPC, QM RFCW QFMSJB CVGQR GL COSGJG@PGSK. 7FW BMCQ ?L MNCL NMR MD U?RCP ?R 100C @MGJ AMKNJCRCJW ?U?W? 4FC E?Q QSPPMSLBGLE ?L MNCL NMR GQ
LMR NSPC U?RCP: GR GQ KGVCB UGRF ?GP. )D NSPC U?RCP ?LB QRC?K ?PC GL ? AJMQCB AMLR?GLCP ?R 100C ?LB 1.00 ?RK, RFCW UMSJB AMCVGQRr@SR UGRF ?GP MTCP
RFC NMR, RFCPC ?PC DCUCP U?RCP KMJCASJCQ RM AMLBCLQC, ?LB U?RCP @MGJQ. 7F?R ?@MSR U?RCP ?R 20.0C ?LB 1.00 ?RK? 4FGQ RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB NPCQQSPC
AMPPCQNMLB RM RFC JGOSGB PCEGML, WCR ?L MNCL EJ?QQ MD U?RCP ?R RFGQ RCKNCP?RSPC UGJJ AMKNJCRCJW CT?NMP?RC. !E?GL, RFC E?Q ?PMSLB GR GQ ?GP ?LB LMR NSPC
U?RCP T?NMP, QM RF?R RFC PCBSACB CT?NMP?RGML P?RC GQ EPC?RCP RF?L RFC AMLBCLQ?RGML P?RC MD U?RCP DPMK BPW ?GP. )D RFC EJ?QQ GQ QC?JCB, RFCL RFC JGOSGB
NF?QC PCK?GLQ. 7C A?JJ RFC E?Q NF?QC ? L7FEH UFCL GR CVGQRQ, ?Q GR BMCQ DMP U?RCP ?R 20.0C, ?R ? RCKNCP?RSPC @CJMU RFC @MGJGLE RCKNCP?RSPC.
%VNJ?GL UFW ? ASN MD U?RCP (MP QMB?) UGRF GAC AS@CQ QR?WQ ?R 0C, CTCL ML ? FMR QSKKCP B?W.
,EBKJ?ED
4FC GAC ?LB JGOSGB U?RCP ?PC GL RFCPK?J COSGJG@PGSK, QM RF?R RFC RCKNCP?RSPC QR?WQ ?R RFC DPCCXGLE RCKNCP?RSPC ?Q JMLE ?Q GAC PCK?GLQ GL RFC JGOSGB.
(/LAC ?JJ MD RFC GAC KCJRQ, RFC U?RCP RCKNCP?RSPC UGJJ QR?PR RM PGQC.)
6?NMP 0PCQQSPC, 0?PRG?J 0PCQQSPC, ?LB $?JRMLtQ ,?U
/7FEH FH;IIKH; GQ BCDGLCB ?Q RFC NPCQQSPC ?R UFGAF ? E?Q AMCVGQRQ UGRF GRQ QMJGB MP JGOSGB NF?QC. 6?NMP NPCQQSPC GQ APC?RCB @W D?QRCP KMJCASJCQ RF?R
@PC?I ?U?W DPMK RFC JGOSGB MP QMJGB ?LB CLRCP RFC E?Q NF?QC. 4FC T?NMP NPCQQSPC MD ? QS@QR?LAC BCNCLBQ ML @MRF RFC QS@QR?LAC ?LB GRQ
RCKNCP?RSPCr?L GLAPC?QC GL RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QCQ RFC T?NMP NPCQQSPC.
)7HJ?7B FH;IIKH; GQ BCDGLCB ?Q RFC NPCQQSPC ? E?Q UMSJB APC?RC GD GR MAASNGCB RFC RMR?J TMJSKC ?T?GJ?@JC. )L ? KGVRSPC MD E?QCQ, G;8 GBG4? CE8FFHE8 <F
G;8 FH@ B9 C4EG<4? CE8FFHE8F B9 G;8 6B@CBA8AG :4F8F, ?QQSKGLE GBC?J E?Q @CF?TGMP ?LB LM AFCKGA?J PC?ARGMLQ @CRUCCL RFC AMKNMLCLRQ. 4FGQ J?U GQ
ILMUL ?Q D7BJEDXI B7M E< F7HJ?7B FH;IIKH;I, ?DRCP RFC %LEJGQF QAGCLRGQR *MFL $?JRML (1766q1844), UFM NPMNMQCB GR. $?JRMLtQ J?U GQ @?QCB ML IGLCRGA
RFCMPW, UFCPC C?AF E?Q APC?RCQ GRQ NPCQQSPC @W KMJCASJ?P AMJJGQGMLQ, GLBCNCLBCLR MD MRFCP E?QCQ NPCQCLR. )R GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC D?AR RF?R NPCQQSPCQ
?BB ?AAMPBGLE RM )7I97BXI )H?D9?FB;. 4FSQ U?RCP CT?NMP?RCQ ?LB GAC QS@JGK?RCQ UFCL RFCGP T?NMP NPCQQSPCQ CVACCB RFC N?PRG?J NPCQQSPC MD U?RCP
T?NMP GL RFC QSPPMSLBGLE KGVRSPC MD E?QCQ. )D RFCGP T?NMP NPCQQSPCQ ?PC JCQQ RF?L RFC N?PRG?J NPCQQSPC MD U?RCP T?NMP GL RFC QSPPMSLBGLE E?Q, JGOSGB
BPMNJCRQ MP GAC APWQR?JQ (DPMQR) DMPK.
)Q CLCPEW RP?LQDCP GLTMJTCB GL ? NF?QC AF?LEC? )D QM, UGJJ CLCPEW F?TC RM @C QSNNJGCB RM AF?LEC NF?QC DPMK QMJGB RM JGOSGB ?LB JGOSGB RM E?Q? 7F?R
?@MSR E?Q RM JGOSGB ?LB JGOSGB RM QMJGB? 7FW BM RFCW QNP?W RFC MP?LEC RPCCQ UGRF U?RCP GL &JMPGB? UFCL RFC RCKNCP?RSPCQ ?PC LC?P MP HSQR @CJMU
DPCCXGLE?
,EBKJ?ED
9CQ, CLCPEW RP?LQDCP GQ GLTMJTCB GL ? NF?QC AF?LEC. 7C ILMU RF?R ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ GL QMJGBQ ?LB JGOSGBQ ?PC @MSLB RM C?AF MRFCP @CA?SQC UC
ILMU RF?R DMPAC GQ PCOSGPCB RM QCN?P?RC RFCK. 3M GL ? NF?QC AF?LEC DPMK QMJGB RM JGOSGB ?LB JGOSGB RM E?Q, ? DMPAC KSQR @C CVCPRCB, NCPF?NQ @W
AMJJGQGML, RM QCN?P?RC ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ. &MPAC CVCPRCB RFPMSEF ? BGQR?LAC GQ UMPI, ?LB CLCPEW GQ LCCBCB RM BM UMPI RM EM DPMK QMJGB RM JGOSGB
?LB JGOSGB RM E?Q. 4FGQ GQ GLRSGRGTCJW AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC LCCB DMP CLCPEW RM KCJR GAC MP @MGJ U?RCP. 4FC AMLTCPQC GQ ?JQM RPSC. 'MGLE DPMK E?Q RM
JGOSGB MP JGOSGB RM QMJGB GLTMJTCQ ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ NSQFGLE RMECRFCP, BMGLE UMPI ?LB PCJC?QGLE CLCPEW.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: 3R?RCQ MD -?RRCPr"?QGAQ
(C?R, AMMJ, ?LB AMKNPCQQ ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ ?LB U?RAF ?Q RFCW AF?LEC @CRUCCL QMJGB, JGOSGB, ?LB E?Q NF?QCQ.
#(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73 459
F?=KH; 13.31 ,J7J;I E< &7JJ;H: B7I?9I (>JJF://F>;J.9EBEH7:E.;:K/;D/I?CKB7J?ED/IJ7J;I-E<-C7JJ;H-87I?9I)
13.6 !KC?:?JO, EL7FEH7J?ED, 7D: BE?B?D=
F?=KH; 13.32 $CU BPMNQ JGIC RFCQC, ML ? @?L?L? JC?D NFMRMEP?NFCB HSQR ?DRCP QSLPGQC, DMPK UFCL RFC ?GP RCKNCP?RSPC BPMNQ RM MP @CJMU RFC BCU NMGLR. !R RFC BCU NMGLR, RFC ?GP
A?L LM JMLECP FMJB ?JJ MD RFC U?RCP T?NMP GR FCJB ?R FGEFCP RCKNCP?RSPCQ, ?LB QMKC MD RFC U?RCP AMLBCLQCQ RM DMPK BPMNJCRQ. (APCBGR: !?PML %QAM@?P, &JGAIP)
4FC CVNPCQQGML uGRtQ LMR RFC FC?R, GRtQ RFC FSKGBGRWv K?ICQ ? T?JGB NMGLR. 7C ICCN AMMJ GL FMR UC?RFCP @W CT?NMP?RGLE QUC?R DPMK MSP QIGL ?LB U?RCP
DPMK MSP @PC?RFGLE N?QQ?ECQ. "CA?SQC CT?NMP?RGML GQ GLFG@GRCB @W FGEF FSKGBGRW, UC DCCJ FMRRCP ?R ? EGTCL RCKNCP?RSPC UFCL RFC FSKGBGRW GQ FGEF. ,MU
FSKGBGRW, ML RFC MRFCP F?LB, A?L A?SQC BGQAMKDMPR DPMK CVACQQGTC BPWGLE MD KSAMSQ KCK@P?LCQ ?LB A?L JC?B RM ?L GLAPC?QCB PGQI MD PCQNGP?RMPW
GLDCARGMLQ.
7FCL UC Q?W FSKGBGRW, UC PC?JJW KC?L H;B7J?L; >KC?:?JO. 2CJ?RGTC FSKGBGRW RCJJQ SQ FMU KSAF U?RCP T?NMP GQ GL RFC ?GP AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC K?VGKSK
NMQQG@JC. !R GRQ K?VGKSK, BCLMRCB ?Q I7JKH7J?ED, RFC PCJ?RGTC FSKGBGRW GQ 100%, ?LB CT?NMP?RGML GQ GLFG@GRCB. 4FC ?KMSLR MD U?RCP T?NMP RFC ?GP A?L
FMJB BCNCLBQ ML GRQ RCKNCP?RSPC. &MP CV?KNJC, PCJ?RGTC FSKGBGRW PGQCQ GL RFC CTCLGLE, ?Q ?GP RCKNCP?RSPC BCAJGLCQ, QMKCRGKCQ PC?AFGLE RFC :;M
FE?DJ. !R RFC BCU NMGLR RCKNCP?RSPC, PCJ?RGTC FSKGBGRW GQ 100%, ?LB DME K?W PCQSJR DPMK RFC AMLBCLQ?RGML MD U?RCP BPMNJCRQ GD RFCW ?PC QK?JJ CLMSEF RM
QR?W GL QSQNCLQGML. #MLTCPQCJW, GD WMS UGQF RM BPW QMKCRFGLE (NCPF?NQ WMSP F?GP), GR GQ KMPC CDDCARGTC RM @JMU FMR ?GP MTCP GR P?RFCP RF?L AMJB ?GP,
@CA?SQC, ?KMLE MRFCP RFGLEQ, FMR ?GP A?L FMJB KMPC U?RCP T?NMP.
4FC A?N?AGRW MD ?GP RM FMJB U?RCP T?NMP GQ @?QCB ML T?NMP NPCQQSPC MD U?RCP. 4FC JGOSGB ?LB QMJGB NF?QCQ ?PC AMLRGLSMSQJW EGTGLE MDD T?NMP @CA?SQC
QMKC MD RFC KMJCASJCQ F?TC FGEF CLMSEF QNCCBQ RM CLRCP RFC E?Q NF?QC; QCC F?=KH; 13.33(?). )D ? JGB GQ NJ?ACB MTCP RFC AMLR?GLCP, ?Q GL F?=KH;
13.33(@), CT?NMP?RGML AMLRGLSCQ, GLAPC?QGLE RFC NPCQQSPC, SLRGJ QSDDGAGCLR T?NMP F?Q @SGJR SN DMP AMLBCLQ?RGML RM @?J?LAC CT?NMP?RGML. 4FCL COSGJG@PGSK
F?Q @CCL ?AFGCTCB, ?LB RFC T?NMP NPCQQSPC GQ COS?J RM RFC N?PRG?J NPCQQSPC MD U?RCP GL RFC AMLR?GLCP. 6?NMP NPCQQSPC GLAPC?QCQ UGRF RCKNCP?RSPC
@CA?SQC KMJCASJ?P QNCCBQ ?PC FGEFCP ?Q RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QCQ. -78B; 13.5 EGTCQ PCNPCQCLR?RGTC T?JSCQ MD U?RCP T?NMP NPCQQSPC MTCP ? P?LEC MD
RCKNCP?RSPCQ.
F?=KH; 13.33 (?) "CA?SQC MD RFC BGQRPG@SRGML MD QNCCBQ ?LB IGLCRGA CLCPEGCQ, QMKC U?RCP KMJCASJCQ A?L @PC?I ?U?W RM RFC T?NMP NF?QC CTCL ?R RCKNCP?RSPCQ @CJMU RFC
MPBGL?PW @MGJGLE NMGLR. (@) )D RFC AMLR?GLCP GQ QC?JCB, CT?NMP?RGML UGJJ AMLRGLSC SLRGJ RFCPC GQ CLMSEF T?NMP BCLQGRW DMP RFC AMLBCLQ?RGML P?RC RM COS?J RFC CT?NMP?RGML P?RC. 4FGQ
T?NMP BCLQGRW ?LB RFC N?PRG?J NPCQQSPC GR APC?RCQ ?PC RFC Q?RSP?RGML T?JSCQ. 4FCW GLAPC?QC UGRF RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB ?PC GLBCNCLBCLR MD RFC NPCQCLAC MD MRFCP E?QCQ, QSAF ?Q ?GP.
4FCW BCNCLB MLJW ML RFC T?NMP NPCQQSPC MD U?RCP.
2CJ?RGTC FSKGBGRW GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC N?PRG?J NPCQQSPC MD U?RCP T?NMP GL RFC ?GP. !R 100% FSKGBGRW, RFC N?PRG?J NPCQQSPC GQ COS?J RM RFC T?NMP NPCQQSPC, ?LB
LM KMPC U?RCP A?L CLRCP RFC T?NMP NF?QC. )D RFC N?PRG?J NPCQQSPC GQ JCQQ RF?L RFC T?NMP NPCQQSPC, RFCL CT?NMP?RGML UGJJ R?IC NJ?AC, ?Q FSKGBGRW GQ JCQQ
RF?L 100%. )D RFC N?PRG?J NPCQQSPC GQ EPC?RCP RF?L RFC T?NMP NPCQQSPC, AMLBCLQ?RGML R?ICQ NJ?AC. 4FC A?N?AGRW MD ?GP RM uFMJBv U?RCP T?NMP GQ
BCRCPKGLCB @W RFC T?NMP NPCQQSPC MD U?RCP ?LB F?Q LMRFGLE RM BM UGRF RFC NPMNCPRGCQ MD ?GP.
460 #(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73
4?@JC 13.5 3?RSP?RGML 6?NMP $CLQGRW MD 7?RCP
-;CF;H7JKH; (C)
/7FEH FH;IIKH; ()7)
,7JKH7J?ED L7FEH :;DI?JO (=/C
3
)
{50 4.0 0.039
{20 1.0410
2
0.89
{10 2.6010
2
2.36
0 6.1010
2
4.84
5 8.6810
2
6.80
10 1.1910
3
9.40
15 1.6910
3
12.8
20 2.3310
3
17.2
25 3.1710
3
23.0
30 4.2410
3
30.4
37 6.3110
3
44.0
40 7.3410
3
51.1
50 1.2310
4
82.4
60 1.9910
4
130
70 3.1210
4
197
80 4.7310
4
294
90 7.0110
4
418
95 8.5910
4
505
100 1.0110
5
598
120 1.9910
5
1095
150 4.7610
5
2430
200 1.5510
6
7090
220 2.3210
6
10,200
EN7CFB; 13.12 C7B9KB7J?D= D;DI?JO .I?D= /7FEH )H;IIKH;
-78B; 13.5 EGTCQ RFC T?NMP NPCQQSPC MD U?RCP ?R 20.0C ?Q 2.3310
3
Pa. 5QC RFC GBC?J E?Q J?U RM A?JASJ?RC RFC BCLQGRW MD U?RCP T?NMP GL
g / m
3
RF?R UMSJB APC?RC ? N?PRG?J NPCQQSPC COS?J RM RFGQ T?NMP NPCQQSPC. #MKN?PC RFC PCQSJR UGRF RFC Q?RSP?RGML T?NMP BCLQGRW EGTCL GL RFC R?@JC.
,JH7J;=O
4M QMJTC RFGQ NPM@JCK, UC LCCB RM @PC?I GR BMUL GLRM ? RUM QRCNQ. 4FC N?PRG?J NPCQQSPC DMJJMUQ RFC GBC?J E?Q J?U,
(13.70) PV = nRT,
UFCPC n GQ RFC LSK@CP MD KMJCQ. )D UC QMJTC RFGQ COS?RGML DMP n / V RM A?JASJ?RC RFC LSK@CP MD KMJCQ NCP AS@GA KCRCP, UC A?L RFCL AMLTCPR RFGQ
OS?LRGRW RM EP?KQ NCP AS@GA KCRCP ?Q PCOSCQRCB. 4M BM RFGQ, UC LCCB RM SQC RFC KMJCASJ?P K?QQ MD U?RCP, UFGAF GQ EGTCL GL RFC NCPGMBGA R?@JC.
,EBKJ?ED
1. )BCLRGDW RFC ILMULQ ?LB AMLTCPR RFCK RM RFC NPMNCP SLGRQ:
?. RCKNCP?RSPC T = 20C=293 K
@. T?NMP NPCQQSPC P MD U?RCP ?R 20C GQ 2.3310
3
Pa
#(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73 461
A. KMJCASJ?P K?QQ MD U?RCP GQ 18.0 g/mol
2. 3MJTC RFC GBC?J E?Q J?U DMP n / V .
(13.71) n
V
=
P
RT
3. 3S@QRGRSRC ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC COS?RGML ?LB QMJTC DMP n / V .
(13.72)
n
V
=
P
RT
=
2.3310
3
Pa
(8.31 J/mol K)(293 K)
= 0.957 mol/m
3
4. #MLTCPR RFC BCLQGRW GL KMJCQ NCP AS@GA KCRCP RM EP?KQ NCP AS@GA KCRCP.
(13.73)
=

0.957
mol
m
3
18.0 g
mol
= 17.2 g/m
3
D?I9KII?ED
4FC BCLQGRW GQ M@R?GLCB @W ?QQSKGLE ? NPCQQSPC COS?J RM RFC T?NMP NPCQQSPC MD U?RCP ?R 20.0C. 4FC BCLQGRW DMSLB GQ GBCLRGA?J RM RFC T?JSC GL
-78B; 13.5, UFGAF KC?LQ RF?R ? T?NMP BCLQGRW MD 17.2 g/m
3
?R 20.0C APC?RCQ ? N?PRG?J NPCQQSPC MD 2.3310
3
Pa, COS?J RM RFC T?NMP
NPCQQSPC MD U?RCP ?R RF?R RCKNCP?RSPC. )D RFC N?PRG?J NPCQQSPC GQ COS?J RM RFC T?NMP NPCQQSPC, RFCL RFC JGOSGB ?LB T?NMP NF?QCQ ?PC GL COSGJG@PGSK,
?LB RFC PCJ?RGTC FSKGBGRW GQ 100%. 4FSQ, RFCPC A?L @C LM KMPC RF?L 17.2 E MD U?RCP T?NMP NCP m
3
?R 20.0C, QM RF?R RFGQ T?JSC GQ RFC Q?RSP?RGML
T?NMP BCLQGRW ?R RF?R RCKNCP?RSPC. 4FGQ CV?KNJC GJJSQRP?RCQ FMU U?RCP T?NMP @CF?TCQ JGIC ?L GBC?J E?Q: RFC NPCQQSPC ?LB BCLQGRW ?PC AMLQGQRCLR
UGRF RFC GBC?J E?Q J?U (?QQSKGLE RFC BCLQGRW GL RFC R?@JC GQ AMPPCAR). 4FC Q?RSP?RGML T?NMP BCLQGRGCQ JGQRCB GL -78B; 13.5 ?PC RFC K?VGKSK
?KMSLRQ MD U?RCP T?NMP RF?R ?GP A?L FMJB ?R T?PGMSQ RCKNCP?RSPCQ.
0CPACLR 2CJ?RGTC (SKGBGRW
7C BCDGLC F;H9;DJ H;B7J?L; >KC?:?JO ?Q RFC P?RGM MD T?NMP BCLQGRW RM Q?RSP?RGML T?NMP BCLQGRW, MP
(13.74)
percent relative humidity =
vapor density
saturation vapor density
100
7C A?L SQC RFGQ ?LB RFC B?R? GL -78B; 13.5 RM BM ? T?PGCRW MD GLRCPCQRGLE A?JASJ?RGMLQ, ICCNGLE GL KGLB RF?R PCJ?RGTC FSKGBGRW GQ @?QCB ML RFC
AMKN?PGQML MD RFC N?PRG?J NPCQQSPC MD U?RCP T?NMP GL ?GP ?LB GAC.
EN7CFB; 13.13 C7B9KB7J?D= !KC?:?JO 7D: D;M )E?DJ
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC NCPACLR PCJ?RGTC FSKGBGRW ML ? B?W UFCL RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GQ 25.0C ?LB RFC ?GP AMLR?GLQ 9.40 E MD U?RCP T?NMP NCP m
3
. (@) !R
UF?R RCKNCP?RSPC UGJJ RFGQ ?GP PC?AF 100% PCJ?RGTC FSKGBGRW (RFC Q?RSP?RGML BCLQGRW)? 4FGQ RCKNCP?RSPC GQ RFC BCU NMGLR. (A) 7F?R GQ RFC FSKGBGRW
UFCL RFC ?GP RCKNCP?RSPC GQ 25.0C ?LB RFC BCU NMGLR GQ 10.0C?
,JH7J;=O 7D: ,EBKJ?ED
(?) 0CPACLR PCJ?RGTC FSKGBGRW GQ BCDGLCB ?Q RFC P?RGM MD T?NMP BCLQGRW RM Q?RSP?RGML T?NMP BCLQGRW.
(13.75)
vapor density
100
4FC DGPQR GQ EGTCL RM @C 9.40 g/m
3
, ?LB RFC QCAMLB GQ DMSLB GL -78B; 13.5 RM @C 23.0 g/m
3
. 4FSQ,
(13.76)
9.40 g/m
3
23.0 g/m
3
100 = 40.9.%
(@) 4FC ?GP AMLR?GLQ 9.40 g/m
3
MD U?RCP T?NMP. 4FC PCJ?RGTC FSKGBGRW UGJJ @C 100% ?R ? RCKNCP?RSPC UFCPC 9.40 g/m
3
GQ RFC Q?RSP?RGML BCLQGRW.
)LQNCARGML MD -78B; 13.5 PCTC?JQ RFGQ RM @C RFC A?QC ?R 10.0C, UFCPC RFC PCJ?RGTC FSKGBGRW UGJJ @C 100%. 4F?R RCKNCP?RSPC GQ A?JJCB RFC BCU
NMGLR DMP ?GP UGRF RFGQ AMLACLRP?RGML MD U?RCP T?NMP.
(A) (CPC, RFC BCU NMGLR RCKNCP?RSPC GQ EGTCL RM @C 10.0C. 5QGLE -78B; 13.5, UC QCC RF?R RFC T?NMP BCLQGRW GQ 2.36 g/m
3
, @CA?SQC RFGQ
T?JSC GQ RFC Q?RSP?RGML T?NMP BCLQGRW ?R 10.0C. 4FC Q?RSP?RGML T?NMP BCLQGRW ?R 25.0C GQ QCCL RM @C 23.0 g/m
3
. 4FSQ, RFC PCJ?RGTC
FSKGBGRW ?R 25.0C GQ
(13.77)
2.36 g/m
3
23.0 g/m
3
100 = 10.3%.
D?I9KII?ED
462 #(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73
ALE=7:HEXI DKC8;H:
78IEBKJ; P;HE:
BEBJPC7DD 9EDIJ7DJ:
C;BI?KI I97B;:
4FC GKNMPR?LAC MD BCU NMGLR GQ RF?R ?GP RCKNCP?RSPC A?LLMR BPMN @CJMU 10.0C GL N?PR (@), MP 10.0C GL N?PR (A), UGRFMSR U?RCP T?NMP
AMLBCLQGLE MSR MD RFC ?GP. )D AMLBCLQ?RGML MAASPQ, AMLQGBCP?@JC RP?LQDCP MD FC?R MAASPQ (BGQASQQCB GL !;7J 7D: !;7J -H7DI<;H &;J>E:I), UFGAF
NPCTCLRQ RFC RCKNCP?RSPC DPMK DSPRFCP BPMNNGLE. 7FCL BCU NMGLRQ ?PC @CJMU 0C, DPCCXGLE RCKNCP?RSPCQ ?PC ? EPC?RCP NMQQG@GJGRW, UFGAF CVNJ?GLQ
UFW D?PKCPQ ICCN RP?AI MD RFC BCU NMGLR. ,MU FSKGBGRW GL BCQCPRQ KC?LQ JMU BCU-NMGLR RCKNCP?RSPCQ. 4FSQ AMLBCLQ?RGML GQ SLJGICJW. )D RFC
RCKNCP?RSPC BPMNQ, T?NMP BMCQ LMR AMLBCLQC GL JGOSGB BPMNQ. "CA?SQC LM FC?R GQ PCJC?QCB GLRM RFC ?GP, RFC ?GP RCKNCP?RSPC BPMNQ KMPC P?NGBJW
AMKN?PCB RM ?GP UGRF FGEFCP FSKGBGRW. ,GICUGQC, ?R FGEF RCKNCP?RSPCQ, JGOSGB BPMNJCRQ BM LMR CT?NMP?RC, QM RF?R LM FC?R GQ PCKMTCB DPMK RFC E?Q RM
RFC JGOSGB NF?QC. 4FGQ CVNJ?GLQ RFC J?PEC P?LEC MD RCKNCP?RSPC GL ?PGB PCEGMLQ.
7FW BMCQ U?RCP @MGJ ?R 100C? 9MS UGJJ LMRC DPMK -78B; 13.5 RF?R RFC T?NMP NPCQQSPC MD U?RCP ?R 100C GQ 1.0110
5
Pa , MP 1.00 ?RK. 4FSQ, GR
A?L CT?NMP?RC UGRFMSR JGKGR ?R RFGQ RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB NPCQQSPC. "SR UFW BMCQ GR DMPK @S@@JCQ UFCL GR @MGJQ? 4FGQ GQ @CA?SQC U?RCP MPBGL?PGJW AMLR?GLQ
QGELGDGA?LR ?KMSLRQ MD BGQQMJTCB ?GP ?LB MRFCP GKNSPGRGCQ, UFGAF ?PC M@QCPTCB ?Q QK?JJ @S@@JCQ MD ?GP GL ? EJ?QQ MD U?RCP. )D ? @S@@JC QR?PRQ MSR ?R RFC
@MRRMK MD RFC AMLR?GLCP ?R 20C, GR AMLR?GLQ U?RCP T?NMP (?@MSR 2.30%). 4FC NPCQQSPC GLQGBC RFC @S@@JC GQ DGVCB ?R 1.00 ?RK (UC GELMPC RFC QJGEFR
NPCQQSPC CVCPRCB @W RFC U?RCP ?PMSLB GR). !Q RFC RCKNCP?RSPC PGQCQ, RFC ?KMSLR MD ?GP GL RFC @S@@JC QR?WQ RFC Q?KC, @SR RFC U?RCP T?NMP GLAPC?QCQ; RFC
@S@@JC CVN?LBQ RM ICCN RFC NPCQQSPC ?R 1.00 ?RK. !R 100C, U?RCP T?NMP CLRCPQ RFC @S@@JC AMLRGLSMSQJW QGLAC RFC N?PRG?J NPCQQSPC MD U?RCP GQ COS?J
RM 1.00 ?RK GL COSGJG@PGSK. )R A?LLMR PC?AF RFGQ NPCQQSPC, FMUCTCP, QGLAC RFC @S@@JC ?JQM AMLR?GLQ ?GP ?LB RMR?J NPCQQSPC GQ 1.00 ?RK. 4FC @S@@JC EPMUQ
GL QGXC ?LB RFCPC@W GLAPC?QCQ RFC @SMW?LR DMPAC. 4FC @S@@JC @PC?IQ ?U?W ?LB PGQCQ P?NGBJW RM RFC QSPD?ACrUC A?JJ RFGQ @MGJGLE! (3CC F?=KH; 13.34.)
F?=KH; 13.34 (?) !L ?GP @S@@JC GL U?RCP QR?PRQ MSR Q?RSP?RCB UGRF U?RCP T?NMP ?R 20C. (@) !Q RFC RCKNCP?RSPC PGQCQ, U?RCP T?NMP CLRCPQ RFC @S@@JC @CA?SQC GRQ T?NMP
NPCQQSPC GLAPC?QCQ. 4FC @S@@JC CVN?LBQ RM ICCN GRQ NPCQQSPC ?R 1.00 ?RK. (A) !R 100C, U?RCP T?NMP CLRCPQ RFC @S@@JC AMLRGLSMSQJW @CA?SQC U?RCPtQ T?NMP NPCQQSPC
CVACCBQ GRQ N?PRG?J NPCQQSPC GL RFC @S@@JC, UFGAF KSQR @C JCQQ RF?L 1.00 ?RK. 4FC @S@@JC EPMUQ ?LB PGQCQ RM RFC QSPD?AC.
&PCCXC BPWGLE GQ ? NPMACQQ GL UFGAF QS@QR?LACQ, QSAF ?Q DMMBQ, ?PC BPGCB @W NJ?AGLE RFCK GL ? T?ASSK AF?K@CP ?LB JMUCPGLE RFC ?RKMQNFCPGA
NPCQQSPC ?PMSLB RFCK. (MU BMCQ RFC JMUCPCB ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC QNCCB RFC BPWGLE NPMACQQ, ?LB UFW BMCQ GR A?SQC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC
DMMB RM BPMN?
,EBKJ?ED
$CAPC?QCB RFC ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC PCQSJRQ GL BCAPC?QCB N?PRG?J NPCQQSPC MD U?RCP, FCLAC ? JMUCP FSKGBGRW. 3M CT?NMP?RGML MD U?RCP DPMK DMMB,
DMP CV?KNJC, UGJJ @C CLF?LACB. 4FC KMJCASJCQ MD U?RCP KMQR JGICJW RM @PC?I ?U?W DPMK RFC DMMB UGJJ @C RFMQC UGRF RFC EPC?RCQR TCJMAGRGCQ. 4FMQC
PCK?GLGLE RFSQ F?TC ? JMUCP ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW ?LB ? JMUCP RCKNCP?RSPC. 4FGQ A?L (?LB BMCQ) PCQSJR GL RFC DPCCXGLE ?LB BPWGLE MD RFC DMMB; FCLAC
RFC NPMACQQ GQ ?NRJW L?KCB DPCCXC BPWGLE.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: 3R?RCQ MD -?RRCP
7?RAF BGDDCPCLR RWNCQ MD KMJCASJCQ DMPK ? QMJGB, JGOSGB, MP E?Q. !BB MP PCKMTC FC?R ?LB U?RAF RFC NF?QC AF?LEC. #F?LEC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MP
TMJSKC MD ? AMLR?GLCP ?LB QCC ? NPCQQSPC-RCKNCP?RSPC BG?EP?K PCQNMLB GL PC?J RGKC. 2CJ?RC RFC GLRCP?ARGML NMRCLRG?J RM RFC DMPACQ @CRUCCL
KMJCASJCQ.
F?=KH; 13.35 ,J7J;I E< &7JJ;H: B7I?9I (>JJF://F>;J.9EBEH7:E.;:K/;D/I?CKB7J?ED/IJ7J;I-E<-C7JJ;H)
BEII7HO
N
A
, RFC LSK@CP MD KMJCASJCQ MP ?RMKQ GL MLC KMJC MD ? QS@QR?LAC; N
A
= 6.0210
23
N?PRGAJCQ/KMJC
RFC JMUCQR NMQQG@JC RCKNCP?RSPC; RFC RCKNCP?RSPC ?R UFGAF ?JJ KMJCASJ?P KMRGML AC?QCQ
k , ? NFWQGA?J AMLQR?LR RF?R PCJ?RCQ CLCPEW RM RCKNCP?RSPC; k = 1.3810
23
J/K
RCKNCP?RSPC QA?JC GL UFGAF RFC DPCCXGLE NMGLR MD U?RCP GQ 0C ?LB RFC @MGJGLE NMGLR MD U?RCP GQ 100C
#(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73 463
9E;<<?9?;DJ E< B?D;7H ;NF7DI?ED:
9E;<<?9?;DJ E< LEBKC; ;NF7DI?ED:
9H?J?97B FE?DJ:
9H?J?97B FH;IIKH;:
9H?J?97B J;CF;H7JKH;:
D7BJEDXI B7M E< F7HJ?7B FH;IIKH;I:
:;=H;; C;BI?KI:
:;=H;; F7>H;D>;?J:
:;M FE?DJ:
F7>H;D>;?J I97B;:
?:;7B =7I B7M:
$;BL?D I97B;:
CEB;:
)/ :?7=H7C:
F7HJ?7B FH;IIKH;:
F;H9;DJ H;B7J?L; >KC?:?JO:
F>7I; :?7=H7C:
H;B7J?L; >KC?:?JO:
I7JKH7J?ED:
IK8B?C7J?ED:
J;CF;H7JKH;:
J>;HC7B ;D;H=O:
J>;HC7B ;GK?B?8H?KC:
J>;HC7B ;NF7DI?ED:
J>;HC7B IJH;II:
JH?FB; FE?DJ:
L7FEH FH;IIKH;:
L7FEH:
P;HEJ> B7M E< J>;HCE:OD7C?9I:
, RFC AF?LEC GL JCLERF, NCP SLGR JCLERF, NCP 1C AF?LEC GL RCKNCP?RSPC; ? AMLQR?LR SQCB GL RFC A?JASJ?RGML MD
JGLC?P CVN?LQGML; RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD JGLC?P CVN?LQGML BCNCLBQ ML RFC K?RCPG?J ?LB RM QMKC BCEPCC ML RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC K?RCPG?J
, RFC AF?LEC GL TMJSKC, NCP SLGR TMJSKC, NCP 1C AF?LEC GL RCKNCP?RSPC
RFC RCKNCP?RSPC ?@MTC UFGAF ? JGOSGB A?LLMR CVGQR
RFC KGLGKSK NPCQQSPC LCCBCB DMP ? JGOSGB RM CVGQR ?R RFC APGRGA?J RCKNCP?RSPC
RFC RCKNCP?RSPC ?@MTC UFGAF ? JGOSGB A?LLMR CVGQR
RFC NFWQGA?J J?U RF?R QR?RCQ RF?R RFC RMR?J NPCQQSPC MD ? E?Q GQ RFC QSK MD N?PRG?J NPCQQSPCQ MD RFC AMKNMLCLR
E?QCQ
SLGR ML RFC #CJQGSQ RCKNCP?RSPC QA?JC
SLGR ML RFC &?FPCLFCGR RCKNCP?RSPC QA?JC
RFC RCKNCP?RSPC ?R UFGAF PCJ?RGTC FSKGBGRW GQ 100%; RFC RCKNCP?RSPC ?R UFGAF U?RCP QR?PRQ RM AMLBCLQC MSR MD RFC ?GP
RCKNCP?RSPC QA?JC GL UFGAF RFC DPCCXGLE NMGLR MD U?RCP GQ 32F ?LB RFC @MGJGLE NMGLR MD U?RCP GQ 212F
RFC NFWQGA?J J?U RF?R PCJ?RCQ RFC NPCQQSPC ?LB TMJSKC MD ? E?Q RM RFC LSK@CP MD E?Q KMJCASJCQ MP LSK@CP MD KMJCQ MD E?Q ?LB RFC
RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC E?Q
RCKNCP?RSPC QA?JC GL UFGAF 0 + GQ RFC JMUCQR NMQQG@JC RCKNCP?RSPC, PCNPCQCLRGLE ?@QMJSRC XCPM
RFC OS?LRGRW MD ? QS@QR?LAC UFMQC K?QQ (GL EP?KQ) GQ COS?J RM GRQ KMJCASJ?P K?QQ
? EP?NF MD NPCQQSPC TQ. TMJSKC
RFC NPCQQSPC ? E?Q UMSJB APC?RC GD GR MAASNGCB RFC RMR?J TMJSKC MD QN?AC ?T?GJ?@JC
RFC P?RGM MD T?NMP BCLQGRW RM Q?RSP?RGML T?NMP BCLQGRW
? EP?NF MD NPCQQSPC TQ. RCKNCP?RSPC MD ? N?PRGASJ?P QS@QR?LAC, QFMUGLE ?R UFGAF NPCQQSPCQ ?LB RCKNCP?RSPCQ RFC RFPCC NF?QCQ MD
RFC QS@QR?LAC MAASP
RFC ?KMSLR MD U?RCP GL RFC ?GP PCJ?RGTC RM RFC K?VGKSK ?KMSLR RFC ?GP A?L FMJB
RFC AMLBGRGML MD 100% PCJ?RGTC FSKGBGRW
RFC NF?QC AF?LEC DPMK QMJGB RM E?Q
RFC OS?LRGRW KC?QSPCB @W ? RFCPKMKCRCP
KE , RFC ?TCP?EC RP?LQJ?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD ? KMJCASJC
RFC AMLBGRGML GL UFGAF FC?R LM JMLECP DJMUQ @CRUCCL RUM M@HCARQ RF?R ?PC GL AMLR?AR; RFC RUM M@HCARQ F?TC RFC Q?KC
RCKNCP?RSPC
RFC AF?LEC GL QGXC MP TMJSKC MD ?L M@HCAR UGRF AF?LEC GL RCKNCP?RSPC
QRPCQQ A?SQCB @W RFCPK?J CVN?LQGML MP AMLRP?ARGML
RFC NPCQQSPC ?LB RCKNCP?RSPC ?R UFGAF ? QS@QR?LAC CVGQRQ GL COSGJG@PGSK ?Q ? QMJGB, JGOSGB, ?LB E?Q
RFC NPCQQSPC ?R UFGAF ? E?Q AMCVGQRQ UGRF GRQ QMJGB MP JGOSGB NF?QC
? E?Q ?R ? RCKNCP?RSPC @CJMU RFC @MGJGLE RCKNCP?RSPC
J?U RF?R QR?RCQ RF?R GD RUM M@HCARQ ?PC GL RFCPK?J COSGJG@PGSK, ?LB ? RFGPB M@HCAR GQ GL RFCPK?J COSGJG@PGSK UGRF MLC
MD RFMQC M@HCARQ, GR GQ ?JQM GL RFCPK?J COSGJG@PGSK UGRF RFC MRFCP M@HCAR
,;9J?ED ,KCC7HO
13.1 -;CF;H7JKH;
w 4CKNCP?RSPC GQ RFC OS?LRGRW KC?QSPCB @W ? RFCPKMKCRCP.
w 4CKNCP?RSPC GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC ?TCP?EC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ GL ? QWQRCK.
w !@QMJSRC XCPM GQ RFC RCKNCP?RSPC ?R UFGAF RFCPC GQ LM KMJCASJ?P KMRGML.
w 4FCPC ?PC RFPCC K?GL RCKNCP?RSPC QA?JCQ: #CJQGSQ, &?FPCLFCGR, ?LB +CJTGL.
w 4CKNCP?RSPCQ ML MLC QA?JC A?L @C AMLTCPRCB RM RCKNCP?RSPCQ ML ?LMRFCP QA?JC SQGLE RFC DMJJMUGLE COS?RGMLQ:
T
F
=
9
5
T
C
+ 32
464 #(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73
T
C
=
5
9
T
F
32
T
K
= T
C
+ 273.15
T
C
= T
K
273.15
w 3WQRCKQ ?PC GL RFCPK?J COSGJG@PGSK UFCL RFCW F?TC RFC Q?KC RCKNCP?RSPC.
w 4FCPK?J COSGJG@PGSK MAASPQ UFCL RUM @MBGCQ ?PC GL AMLR?AR UGRF C?AF MRFCP ?LB A?L DPCCJW CVAF?LEC CLCPEW.
w 4FC XCPMRF J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ QR?RCQ RF?R UFCL RUM QWQRCKQ, ! ?LB ", ?PC GL RFCPK?J COSGJG@PGSK UGRF C?AF MRFCP, ?LB " GQ GL RFCPK?J
COSGJG@PGSK UGRF ? RFGPB QWQRCK, #, RFCL ! GQ ?JQM GL RFCPK?J COSGJG@PGSK UGRF #.
w 4FCPK?J CVN?LQGML GQ RFC GLAPC?QC, MP BCAPC?QC, MD RFC QGXC (JCLERF, ?PC?, MP TMJSKC) MD ? @MBW BSC RM ? AF?LEC GL RCKNCP?RSPC.
w 4FCPK?J CVN?LQGML GQ J?PEC DMP E?QCQ, ?LB PCJ?RGTCJW QK?JJ, @SR LMR LCEJGEG@JC, DMP JGOSGBQ ?LB QMJGBQ.
w ,GLC?P RFCPK?J CVN?LQGML GQ
L = LT,
UFCPC L GQ RFC AF?LEC GL JCLERF L , T GQ RFC AF?LEC GL RCKNCP?RSPC, ?LB GQ RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD JGLC?P CVN?LQGML, UFGAF T?PGCQ QJGEFRJW UGRF
RCKNCP?RSPC.
w 4FC AF?LEC GL ?PC? BSC RM RFCPK?J CVN?LQGML GQ
A = 2AT,
UFCPC A GQ RFC AF?LEC GL ?PC?.
w 4FC AF?LEC GL TMJSKC BSC RM RFCPK?J CVN?LQGML GQ
V = VT,
UFCPC GQ RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD TMJSKC CVN?LQGML ?LB 3 . 4FCPK?J QRPCQQ GQ APC?RCB UFCL RFCPK?J CVN?LQGML GQ AMLQRP?GLCB.
13.3 ->; ":;7B 7I %7M
w 4FC GBC?J E?Q J?U PCJ?RCQ RFC NPCQQSPC ?LB TMJSKC MD ? E?Q RM RFC LSK@CP MD E?Q KMJCASJCQ ?LB RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC E?Q.
w 4FC GBC?J E?Q J?U A?L @C UPGRRCL GL RCPKQ MD RFC LSK@CP MD KMJCASJCQ MD E?Q:
PV = NkT,
UFCPC P GQ NPCQQSPC, V GQ TMJSKC, T GQ RCKNCP?RSPC, N GQ LSK@CP MD KMJCASJCQ, ?LB k GQ RFC "MJRXK?LL AMLQR?LR
k = 1.3810
23
J/K.
w ! KMJC GQ RFC LSK@CP MD ?RMKQ GL ? 12-E Q?KNJC MD A?P@ML-12.
w 4FC LSK@CP MD KMJCASJCQ GL ? KMJC GQ A?JJCB !TME?BPMtQ LSK@CP N
A
,
N
A
= 6.0210
23
mol
1
.
w ! KMJC MD ?LW QS@QR?LAC F?Q ? K?QQ GL EP?KQ COS?J RM GRQ KMJCASJ?P UCGEFR, UFGAF A?L @C BCRCPKGLCB DPMK RFC NCPGMBGA R?@JC MD CJCKCLRQ.
w 4FC GBC?J E?Q J?U A?L ?JQM @C UPGRRCL ?LB QMJTCB GL RCPKQ MD RFC LSK@CP MD KMJCQ MD E?Q:
PV = nRT,
UFCPC n GQ LSK@CP MD KMJCQ ?LB R GQ RFC SLGTCPQ?J E?Q AMLQR?LR,
R = 8.31 J/mol K.
w 4FC GBC?J E?Q J?U GQ ECLCP?JJW T?JGB ?R RCKNCP?RSPCQ UCJJ ?@MTC RFC @MGJGLE RCKNCP?RSPC.
w +GLCRGA RFCMPW GQ RFC ?RMKGQRGA BCQAPGNRGML MD E?QCQ ?Q UCJJ ?Q JGOSGBQ ?LB QMJGBQ.
w +GLCRGA RFCMPW KMBCJQ RFC NPMNCPRGCQ MD K?RRCP GL RCPKQ MD AMLRGLSMSQ P?LBMK KMRGML MD ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ.
w 4FC GBC?J E?Q J?U A?L ?JQM @C CVNPCQQCB ?Q
PV =
1
3
Nmv
2
,
UFCPC P GQ RFC NPCQQSPC (?TCP?EC DMPAC NCP SLGR ?PC?), V GQ RFC TMJSKC MD E?Q GL RFC AMLR?GLCP, N GQ RFC LSK@CP MD KMJCASJCQ GL RFC AMLR?GLCP,
m GQ RFC K?QQ MD ? KMJCASJC, ?LB v
2
GQ RFC ?TCP?EC MD RFC KMJCASJ?P QNCCB QOS?PCB.
w 4FCPK?J CLCPEW GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC ?TCP?EC RP?LQJ?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW KE MD ?L ?RMK MP KMJCASJC.
w 4FC RCKNCP?RSPC MD E?QCQ GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC ?TCP?EC RP?LQJ?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ.
KE =
1
2
mv
2
=
3
2
kT
MP
v
2
= v
rms
=
3kT
m
.
w 4FC KMRGML MD GLBGTGBS?J KMJCASJCQ GL ? E?Q GQ P?LBMK GL K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML. (MUCTCP, ? E?Q MD K?LW KMJCASJCQ F?Q ? NPCBGAR?@JC
BGQRPG@SRGML MD KMJCASJ?P QNCCBQ, ILMUL ?Q RFC $4KJ8??-BB?GM@4AA 7<FGE<5HG<BA.
13.5 )>7I; C>7D=;I
w -MQR QS@QR?LACQ F?TC RFPCC BGQRGLAR NF?QCQ: E?Q, JGOSGB, ?LB QMJGB.
w 0F?QC AF?LECQ ?KMLE RFC T?PGMSQ NF?QCQ MD K?RRCP BCNCLB ML RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB NPCQQSPC.
#(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73 465
w 4FC CVGQRCLAC MD RFC RFPCC NF?QCQ UGRF PCQNCAR RM NPCQQSPC ?LB RCKNCP?RSPC A?L @C BCQAPG@CB GL ? NF?QC BG?EP?K.
w 4UM NF?QCQ AMCVGQR (G.C., RFCW ?PC GL RFCPK?J COSGJG@PGSK) ?R ? QCR MD NPCQQSPCQ ?LB RCKNCP?RSPCQ. 4FCQC ?PC BCQAPG@CB ?Q ? JGLC ML ? NF?QC
BG?EP?K.
w 4FC RFPCC NF?QCQ AMCVGQR ?R ? QGLEJC NPCQQSPC ?LB RCKNCP?RSPC. 4FGQ GQ ILMUL ?Q RFC RPGNJC NMGLR ?LB GQ BCQAPG@CB @W ? QGLEJC NMGLR ML ? NF?QC
BG?EP?K.
w ! E?Q ?R ? RCKNCP?RSPC @CJMU GRQ @MGJGLE NMGLR GQ A?JJCB ? T?NMP.
w 6?NMP NPCQQSPC GQ RFC NPCQQSPC ?R UFGAF ? E?Q AMCVGQRQ UGRF GRQ QMJGB MP JGOSGB NF?QC.
w 0?PRG?J NPCQQSPC GQ RFC NPCQQSPC ? E?Q UMSJB APC?RC GD GR CVGQRCB ?JMLC.
w $?JRMLtQ J?U QR?RCQ RF?R RFC RMR?J NPCQQSPC GQ RFC QSK MD RFC N?PRG?J NPCQQSPCQ MD ?JJ MD RFC E?QCQ NPCQCLR.
w 2CJ?RGTC FSKGBGRW GQ RFC DP?ARGML MD U?RCP T?NMP GL ? E?Q AMKN?PCB RM RFC Q?RSP?RGML T?JSC.
w 4FC Q?RSP?RGML T?NMP BCLQGRW A?L @C BCRCPKGLCB DPMK RFC T?NMP NPCQQSPC DMP ? EGTCL RCKNCP?RSPC.
w 0CPACLR PCJ?RGTC FSKGBGRW GQ BCDGLCB RM @C
vapor density
100.
w 4FC BCU NMGLR GQ RFC RCKNCP?RSPC ?R UFGAF ?GP PC?AFCQ 100% PCJ?RGTC FSKGBGRW.
13.1 -;CF;H7JKH;
1. 7F?R BMCQ GR KC?L RM Q?W RF?R RUM QWQRCKQ ?PC GL RFCPK?J COSGJG@PGSK?
2. 'GTC ?L CV?KNJC MD ? NFWQGA?J NPMNCPRW RF?R T?PGCQ UGRF RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB BCQAPG@C FMU GR GQ SQCB RM KC?QSPC RCKNCP?RSPC.
3. 7FCL ? AMJB ?JAMFMJ RFCPKMKCRCP GQ NJ?ACB GL ? FMR JGOSGB, RFC AMJSKL MD ?JAMFMJ EMCQ 7BJA QJGEFRJW @CDMPC EMGLE SN. %VNJ?GL UFW.
4. )D WMS ?BB @MGJGLE U?RCP RM ? ASN ?R PMMK RCKNCP?RSPC, UF?R UMSJB WMS CVNCAR RFC DGL?J COSGJG@PGSK RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC SLGR RM @C? 9MS UGJJ LCCB RM
GLAJSBC RFC QSPPMSLBGLEQ ?Q N?PR MD RFC QWQRCK. #MLQGBCP RFC XCPMRF J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ.
5. 4FCPK?J QRPCQQCQ A?SQCB @W SLCTCL AMMJGLE A?L C?QGJW @PC?I EJ?QQ AMMIU?PC. %VNJ?GL UFW 0WPCV[, ? EJ?QQ UGRF ? QK?JJ AMCDDGAGCLR MD JGLC?P
CVN?LQGML, GQ JCQQ QSQACNRG@JC.
6. 7?RCP CVN?LBQ QGELGDGA?LRJW UFCL GR DPCCXCQ: ? TMJSKC GLAPC?QC MD ?@MSR 9% MAASPQ. !Q ? PCQSJR MD RFGQ CVN?LQGML ?LB @CA?SQC MD RFC DMPK?RGML ?LB
EPMURF MD APWQR?JQ ?Q U?RCP DPCCXCQ, ?LWUFCPC DPMK 10% RM 30% MD @GMJMEGA?J ACJJQ ?PC @SPQR UFCL ?LGK?J MP NJ?LR K?RCPG?J GQ DPMXCL. $GQASQQ RFC
GKNJGA?RGMLQ MD RFGQ ACJJ B?K?EC DMP RFC NPMQNCAR MD NPCQCPTGLE FSK?L @MBGCQ @W DPCCXGLE QM RF?R RFCW A?L @C RF?UCB ?R QMKC DSRSPC B?RC UFCL GR GQ
FMNCB RF?R ?JJ BGQC?QCQ ?PC ASP?@JC.
7. /LC KCRFMB MD ECRRGLE ? RGEFR DGR, Q?W MD ? KCR?J NCE GL ? FMJC GL ? KCR?J @JMAI, GQ RM K?LSD?ARSPC RFC NCE QJGEFRJW J?PECP RF?L RFC FMJC. 4FC NCE GQ
RFCL GLQCPRCB UFCL ?R ? BGDDCPCLR RCKNCP?RSPC RF?L RFC @JMAI. 3FMSJB RFC @JMAI @C FMRRCP MP AMJBCP RF?L RFC NCE BSPGLE GLQCPRGML? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP.
8. $MCQ GR PC?JJW FCJN RM PSL FMR U?RCP MTCP ? RGEFR KCR?J JGB ML ? EJ?QQ H?P @CDMPC RPWGLE RM MNCL GR? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP.
9. ,GOSGBQ ?LB QMJGBQ CVN?LB UGRF GLAPC?QGLE RCKNCP?RSPC, @CA?SQC RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD ? @MBWtQ ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ GLAPC?QCQ. %VNJ?GL UFW QMKC
K?RCPG?JQ F;E<A> UGRF GLAPC?QGLE RCKNCP?RSPC.
13.3 ->; ":;7B 7I %7M
10. &GLB MSR RFC FSK?L NMNSJ?RGML MD %?PRF. )Q RFCPC ? KMJC MD NCMNJC GLF?@GRGLE %?PRF? )D RFC ?TCP?EC K?QQ MD ? NCPQML GQ 60 IE, A?JASJ?RC RFC K?QQ
MD ? KMJC MD NCMNJC. (MU BMCQ RFC K?QQ MD ? KMJC MD NCMNJC AMKN?PC UGRF RFC K?QQ MD %?PRF?
11. 5LBCP UF?R AGPASKQR?LACQ UMSJB WMS CVNCAR ? E?Q RM @CF?TC QGELGDGA?LRJW BGDDCPCLRJW RF?L NPCBGARCB @W RFC GBC?J E?Q J?U?
12. ! AMLQR?LR-TMJSKC E?Q RFCPKMKCRCP AMLR?GLQ ? DGVCB ?KMSLR MD E?Q. 7F?R NPMNCPRW MD RFC E?Q GQ KC?QSPCB RM GLBGA?RC GRQ RCKNCP?RSPC?
13. (MU GQ KMKCLRSK PCJ?RCB RM RFC NPCQQSPC CVCPRCB @W ? E?Q? %VNJ?GL ML RFC ?RMKGA ?LB KMJCASJ?P JCTCJ, AMLQGBCPGLE RFC @CF?TGMP MD ?RMKQ ?LB
KMJCASJCQ.
13.5 )>7I; C>7D=;I
14. ! NPCQQSPC AMMICP AMLR?GLQ U?RCP ?LB QRC?K GL COSGJG@PGSK ?R ? NPCQQSPC EPC?RCP RF?L ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC. (MU BMCQ RFGQ EPC?RCP NPCQQSPC
GLAPC?QC AMMIGLE QNCCB?
15. 7FW BMCQ AMLBCLQ?RGML DMPK KMQR P?NGBJW ML RFC AMJBCQR M@HCAR GL ? PMMKrDMP CV?KNJC, ML ? EJ?QQ MD GAC U?RCP?
16. 7F?R GQ RFC T?NMP NPCQQSPC MD QMJGB A?P@ML BGMVGBC (BPW GAC) ?R 78.5C?
466 #(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73
F?=KH; 13.36 4FC NF?QC BG?EP?K DMP A?P@ML BGMVGBC. 4FC ?VCQ ?PC LMLJGLC?P, ?LB RFC EP?NF GQ LMR RM QA?JC. $PW GAC GQ QMJGB A?P@ML BGMVGBC ?LB F?Q ? QS@JGK?RGML RCKNCP?RSPC MD
78.5C.
17. #?L A?P@ML BGMVGBC @C JGOSCDGCB ?R PMMK RCKNCP?RSPC ( 20C)? )D QM, FMU? )D LMR, UFW LMR? (3CC F?=KH; 13.36.)
18. /VWECL A?LLMR @C JGOSCDGCB ?R PMMK RCKNCP?RSPC @W NJ?AGLE GR SLBCP ? J?PEC CLMSEF NPCQQSPC RM DMPAC GRQ KMJCASJCQ RMECRFCP. %VNJ?GL UFW RFGQ GQ.
19. 7F?R GQ RFC BGQRGLARGML @CRUCCL E?Q ?LB T?NMP?
20. "CA?SQC FSKGBGRW BCNCLBQ MLJW ML U?RCPtQ T?NMP NPCQQSPC ?LB RCKNCP?RSPC, ?PC RFC Q?RSP?RGML T?NMP BCLQGRGCQ JGQRCB GL -78B; 13.5 T?JGB GL ?L
?RKMQNFCPC MD FCJGSK ?R ? NPCQQSPC MD 1.0110
5
N/m
2
, P?RFCP RF?L ?GP? !PC RFMQC T?JSCQ ?DDCARCB @W ?JRGRSBC ML %?PRF?
21. 7FW BMCQ ? @C?ICP MD 40.0C U?RCP NJ?ACB GL ? T?ASSK AF?K@CP QR?PR RM @MGJ ?Q RFC AF?K@CP GQ CT?AS?RCB (?GP GQ NSKNCB MSR MD RFC AF?K@CP)?
!R UF?R NPCQQSPC BMCQ RFC @MGJGLE @CEGL? 7MSJB DMMB AMMI ?LW D?QRCP GL QSAF ? @C?ICP?
22. 7FW BMCQ PS@@GLE ?JAMFMJ CT?NMP?RC KSAF KMPC P?NGBJW RF?L U?RCP ?R 340 (QR?LB?PB RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB NPCQQSPC)?
#(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73 467
13.1 -;CF;H7JKH;
23. 7F?R GQ RFC &?FPCLFCGR RCKNCP?RSPC MD ? NCPQML UGRF ? 39.0C
DCTCP?
24. &PMQR B?K?EC RM KMQR NJ?LRQ MAASPQ ?R RCKNCP?RSPCQ MD 28.0F MP
JMUCP. 7F?R GQ RFGQ RCKNCP?RSPC ML RFC +CJTGL QA?JC?
25. 4M AMLQCPTC CLCPEW, PMMK RCKNCP?RSPCQ ?PC ICNR ?R 68.0F GL RFC
UGLRCP ?LB 78.0F GL RFC QSKKCP. 7F?R ?PC RFCQC RCKNCP?RSPCQ ML RFC
#CJQGSQ QA?JC?
26. ! RSLEQRCL JGEFR @SJ@ DGJ?KCLR K?W MNCP?RC ?R 2900 +. 7F?R GQ GRQ
&?FPCLFCGR RCKNCP?RSPC? 7F?R GQ RFGQ ML RFC #CJQGSQ QA?JC?
27. 4FC QSPD?AC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC 3SL GQ ?@MSR 5750 +. 7F?R GQ RFGQ
RCKNCP?RSPC ML RFC &?FPCLFCGR QA?JC?
28. /LC MD RFC FMRRCQR RCKNCP?RSPCQ CTCP PCAMPBCB ML RFC QSPD?AC MD
%?PRF U?Q 134F GL $C?RF 6?JJCW, #!. 7F?R GQ RFGQ RCKNCP?RSPC GL
#CJQGSQ BCEPCCQ? 7F?R GQ RFGQ RCKNCP?RSPC GL +CJTGL?
29. (?) 3SNNMQC ? AMJB DPMLR @JMUQ GLRM WMSP JMA?JC ?LB BPMNQ RFC
RCKNCP?RSPC @W 40.0 &?FPCLFCGR BCEPCCQ. (MU K?LW BCEPCCQ #CJQGSQ
BMCQ RFC RCKNCP?RSPC BCAPC?QC UFCL RFCPC GQ ? 40.0F BCAPC?QC GL
RCKNCP?RSPC? (@) 3FMU RF?R ?LW AF?LEC GL RCKNCP?RSPC GL &?FPCLFCGR
BCEPCCQ GQ LGLC-DGDRFQ RFC AF?LEC GL #CJQGSQ BCEPCCQ.
30. (?) !R UF?R RCKNCP?RSPC BM RFC &?FPCLFCGR ?LB #CJQGSQ QA?JCQ F?TC
RFC Q?KC LSKCPGA?J T?JSC? (@) !R UF?R RCKNCP?RSPC BM RFC &?FPCLFCGR
?LB +CJTGL QA?JCQ F?TC RFC Q?KC LSKCPGA?J T?JSC?
31. 4FC FCGEFR MD RFC 7?QFGLERML -MLSKCLR GQ KC?QSPCB RM @C 170 K ML
? B?W UFCL RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GQ 35.0C. 7F?R UGJJ GRQ FCGEFR @C ML ? B?W
UFCL RFC RCKNCP?RSPC D?JJQ RM 10.0C? !JRFMSEF RFC KMLSKCLR GQ
K?BC MD JGKCQRMLC, ?QQSKC RF?R GRQ RFCPK?J AMCDDGAGCLR MD CVN?LQGML GQ RFC
Q?KC ?Q K?P@JCtQ.
32. (MU KSAF R?JJCP BMCQ RFC %GDDCJ 4MUCP @CAMKC ?R RFC CLB MD ? B?W
UFCL RFC RCKNCP?RSPC F?Q GLAPC?QCB @W 15C? )RQ MPGEGL?J FCGEFR GQ 321
K ?LB WMS A?L ?QQSKC GR GQ K?BC MD QRCCJ.
33. 7F?R GQ RFC AF?LEC GL JCLERF MD ? 3.00-AK-JMLE AMJSKL MD KCPASPW GD
GRQ RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LECQ DPMK 37.0C RM 40.0C, ?QQSKGLE RFC
KCPASPW GQ SLAMLQRP?GLCB?
34. (MU J?PEC ?L CVN?LQGML E?N QFMSJB @C JCDR @CRUCCL QRCCJ P?GJPM?B
P?GJQ GD RFCW K?W PC?AF ? K?VGKSK RCKNCP?RSPC 35.0C EPC?RCP RF?L
UFCL RFCW UCPC J?GB? 4FCGP MPGEGL?J JCLERF GQ 10.0 K.
35. 9MS ?PC JMMIGLE RM NSPAF?QC ? QK?JJ NGCAC MD J?LB GL (MLE +MLE. 4FC
NPGAC GQ uMLJWv $60,000 NCP QOS?PC KCRCP! 4FC J?LB RGRJC Q?WQ RFC
BGKCLQGMLQ ?PC 20 m 30 m. "W FMU KSAF UMSJB RFC RMR?J NPGAC
AF?LEC GD WMS KC?QSPCB RFC N?PACJ UGRF ? QRCCJ R?NC KC?QSPC ML ? B?W
UFCL RFC RCKNCP?RSPC U?Q 20C ?@MTC LMPK?J?
36. 'JM@?J U?PKGLE UGJJ NPMBSAC PGQGLE QC? JCTCJQ N?PRJW BSC RM KCJRGLE GAC
A?NQ @SR ?JQM BSC RM RFC CVN?LQGML MD U?RCP ?Q ?TCP?EC MAC?L
RCKNCP?RSPCQ PGQC. 4M ECR QMKC GBC? MD RFC QGXC MD RFGQ CDDCAR, A?JASJ?RC
RFC AF?LEC GL JCLERF MD ? AMJSKL MD U?RCP 1.00 IK FGEF DMP ? RCKNCP?RSPC
GLAPC?QC MD 1.00C. .MRC RF?R RFGQ A?JASJ?RGML GQ MLJW ?NNPMVGK?RC
@CA?SQC MAC?L U?PKGLE GQ LMR SLGDMPK UGRF BCNRF.
37. 3FMU RF?R 60.0 , MD E?QMJGLC MPGEGL?JJW ?R 15.0C UGJJ CVN?LB RM 61.1
, UFCL GR U?PKQ RM 35.0C, ?Q AJ?GKCB GL EN7CFB; 13.4.
38. (?) 3SNNMQC ? KCRCP QRGAI K?BC MD QRCCJ ?LB MLC K?BC MD GLT?P (?L
?JJMW MD GPML ?LB LGAICJ) ?PC RFC Q?KC JCLERF ?R 0C. 7F?R GQ RFCGP
BGDDCPCLAC GL JCLERF ?R 22.0C? (@) 2CNC?R RFC A?JASJ?RGML DMP RUM
30.0-K-JMLE QSPTCWMPtQ R?NCQ.
39. (?) )D ? 500-K, EJ?QQ @C?ICP GQ DGJJCB RM RFC @PGK UGRF CRFWJ ?JAMFMJ ?R ?
RCKNCP?RSPC MD 5.00C, FMU KSAF UGJJ MTCPDJMU UFCL GRQ RCKNCP?RSPC
PC?AFCQ 22.0C? (@) (MU KSAF JCQQ U?RCP UMSJB MTCPDJMU SLBCP RFC
Q?KC AMLBGRGMLQ?
40. -MQR ?SRMKM@GJCQ F?TC ? AMMJ?LR PCQCPTMGP RM A?RAF P?BG?RMP DJSGB RF?R
K?W MTCPDJMU UFCL RFC CLEGLC GQ FMR. ! P?BG?RMP GQ K?BC MD AMNNCP ?LB GQ
DGJJCB RM GRQ 16.0-, A?N?AGRW UFCL ?R 10.0C. 7F?R TMJSKC MD P?BG?RMP
DJSGB UGJJ MTCPDJMU UFCL RFC P?BG?RMP ?LB DJSGB PC?AF RFCGP 95.0C
MNCP?RGLE RCKNCP?RSPC, EGTCL RF?R RFC DJSGBtQ TMJSKC AMCDDGAGCLR MD
CVN?LQGML GQ = 40010
6
/ C? .MRC RF?R RFGQ AMCDDGAGCLR GQ
?NNPMVGK?RC, @CA?SQC KMQR A?P P?BG?RMPQ F?TC MNCP?RGLE RCKNCP?RSPCQ MD
EPC?RCP RF?L 95.0C.
41. ! NFWQGAGQR K?ICQ ? ASN MD GLQR?LR AMDDCC ?LB LMRGACQ RF?R, ?Q RFC
AMDDCC AMMJQ, GRQ JCTCJ BPMNQ 3.00 KK GL RFC EJ?QQ ASN. 3FMU RF?R RFGQ
BCAPC?QC A?LLMR @C BSC RM RFCPK?J AMLRP?ARGML @W A?JASJ?RGLE RFC
BCAPC?QC GL JCTCJ GD RFC 350 cm
3
MD AMDDCC GQ GL ? 7.00-AK-BG?KCRCP ASN
?LB BCAPC?QCQ GL RCKNCP?RSPC DPMK 95.0C RM 45.0C. (-MQR MD RFC
BPMN GL JCTCJ GQ ?ARS?JJW BSC RM CQA?NGLE @S@@JCQ MD ?GP.)
42. (?) 4FC BCLQGRW MD U?RCP ?R 0C GQ TCPW LC?PJW 1000 kg/m
3
(GR GQ
?ARS?JJW 999.84 kg/m
3
), UFCPC?Q RFC BCLQGRW MD GAC ?R 0C GQ
917 kg/m
3
. #?JASJ?RC RFC NPCQQSPC LCACQQ?PW RM ICCN GAC DPMK
CVN?LBGLE UFCL GR DPCCXCQ, LCEJCARGLE RFC CDDCAR QSAF ? J?PEC NPCQQSPC
UMSJB F?TC ML RFC DPCCXGLE RCKNCP?RSPC. (4FGQ NPM@JCK EGTCQ WMS MLJW ?L
GLBGA?RGML MD FMU J?PEC RFC DMPACQ ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF DPCCXGLE U?RCP KGEFR
@C.) (@) 7F?R ?PC RFC GKNJGA?RGMLQ MD RFGQ PCQSJR DMP @GMJMEGA?J ACJJQ RF?R ?PC
DPMXCL?
43. 3FMU RF?R 3, @W A?JASJ?RGLE RFC AF?LEC GL TMJSKC V MD ?
AS@C UGRF QGBCQ MD JCLERF L.
13.3 ->; ":;7B 7I %7M
44. 4FC E?SEC NPCQQSPC GL WMSP A?P RGPCQ GQ 2.5010
5
N/m
2
?R ?
RCKNCP?RSPC MD 35.0C UFCL WMS BPGTC GR MLRM ? DCPPW @M?R RM !J?QI?.
7F?R GQ RFCGP E?SEC NPCQQSPC J?RCP, UFCL RFCGP RCKNCP?RSPC F?Q BPMNNCB
RM 40.0C?
45. #MLTCPR ?L ?@QMJSRC NPCQQSPC MD 7.0010
5
N/m
2
RM E?SEC
NPCQQSPC GL lb/in
2
. (4FGQ T?JSC U?Q QR?RCB RM @C HSQR JCQQ RF?L
90.0 lb/in
2
GL EN7CFB; 13.9. )Q GR?)
46. 3SNNMQC ? E?Q-DGJJCB GLA?LBCQACLR JGEFR @SJ@ GQ K?LSD?ARSPCB QM RF?R
RFC E?Q GLQGBC RFC @SJ@ GQ ?R ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC UFCL RFC @SJ@ F?Q ?
RCKNCP?RSPC MD 20.0C. (?) &GLB RFC E?SEC NPCQQSPC GLQGBC QSAF ? @SJ@
UFCL GR GQ FMR, ?QQSKGLE GRQ ?TCP?EC RCKNCP?RSPC GQ 60.0C (?L
?NNPMVGK?RGML) ?LB LCEJCARGLE ?LW AF?LEC GL TMJSKC BSC RM RFCPK?J
CVN?LQGML MP E?Q JC?IQ. (@) 4FC ?ARS?J DGL?J NPCQQSPC DMP RFC JGEFR @SJ@ UGJJ
@C JCQQ RF?L A?JASJ?RCB GL N?PR (?) @CA?SQC RFC EJ?QQ @SJ@ UGJJ CVN?LB.
7F?R UGJJ RFC ?ARS?J DGL?J NPCQQSPC @C, R?IGLE RFGQ GLRM ?AAMSLR? )Q RFGQ ?
LCEJGEG@JC BGDDCPCLAC?
47. ,?PEC FCJGSK-DGJJCB @?JJMMLQ ?PC SQCB RM JGDR QAGCLRGDGA COSGNKCLR RM
FGEF ?JRGRSBCQ. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC NPCQQSPC GLQGBC QSAF ? @?JJMML GD GR QR?PRQ
MSR ?R QC? JCTCJ UGRF ? RCKNCP?RSPC MD 10.0C ?LB PGQCQ RM ?L ?JRGRSBC
UFCPC GRQ TMJSKC GQ RUCLRW RGKCQ RFC MPGEGL?J TMJSKC ?LB GRQ RCKNCP?RSPC
GQ 50.0C? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC E?SEC NPCQQSPC? (!QQSKC ?RKMQNFCPGA
NPCQQSPC GQ AMLQR?LR.)
48. #MLDGPK RF?R RFC SLGRQ MD nRT ?PC RFMQC MD CLCPEW DMP C?AF T?JSC MD
R : (?) 8.31 J/mol K, (@) 1.99 cal/mol K, ?LB (A)
0.0821 L atm/mol K.
468 #(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73
49. )L RFC RCVR, GR U?Q QFMUL RF?R N / V = 2.6810
25
m
3
DMP E?Q ?R
340. (?) 3FMU RF?R RFGQ OS?LRGRW GQ COSGT?JCLR RM
N / V = 2.6810
19
cm
3
, ?Q QR?RCB. (@) !@MSR FMU K?LW ?RMKQ ?PC
RFCPC GL MLC m
3
(? AS@GA KGAPMKCRCP) ?R 340? (A) 7F?R BMCQ WMSP
?LQUCP RM N?PR (@) GKNJW ?@MSR RFC QCN?P?RGML MD ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ?
50. #?JASJ?RC RFC LSK@CP MD KMJCQ GL RFC 2.00-, TMJSKC MD ?GP GL RFC JSLEQ
MD RFC ?TCP?EC NCPQML. .MRC RF?R RFC ?GP GQ ?R 37.0C (@MBW
RCKNCP?RSPC).
51. !L ?GPNJ?LC N?QQCLECP F?Q 100 cm
3
MD ?GP GL FGQ QRMK?AF HSQR
@CDMPC RFC NJ?LC R?ICQ MDD DPMK ? QC?-JCTCJ ?GPNMPR. 7F?R TMJSKC UGJJ RFC
?GP F?TC ?R APSGQGLE ?JRGRSBC GD A?@GL NPCQQSPC BPMNQ RM
7.5010
4
N/m
2
?
52. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC TMJSKC (GL km
3
) MD !TME?BPMtQ LSK@CP MD Q?LB
EP?GLQ GD C?AF EP?GL GQ ? AS@C ?LB F?Q QGBCQ RF?R ?PC 1.0 KK JMLE? (@)
(MU K?LW IGJMKCRCPQ MD @C?AFCQ GL JCLERF UMSJB RFGQ AMTCP GD RFC @C?AF
?TCP?ECQ 100 K GL UGBRF ?LB 10.0 K GL BCNRF? .CEJCAR ?GP QN?ACQ
@CRUCCL EP?GLQ.
53. !L CVNCLQGTC T?ASSK QWQRCK A?L ?AFGCTC ? NPCQQSPC ?Q JMU ?Q
1.0010
7
N/m
2
?R 20C. (MU K?LW ?RMKQ ?PC RFCPC GL ? AS@GA
ACLRGKCRCP ?R RFGQ NPCQQSPC ?LB RCKNCP?RSPC?
54. 4FC LSK@CP BCLQGRW MD E?Q ?RMKQ ?R ? ACPR?GL JMA?RGML GL RFC QN?AC
?@MTC MSP NJ?LCR GQ ?@MSR 1.0010
11
m
3
, ?LB RFC NPCQQSPC GQ
2.7510
10
N/m
2
GL RFGQ QN?AC. 7F?R GQ RFC RCKNCP?RSPC RFCPC?
55. ! @GAWAJC RGPC F?Q ? NPCQQSPC MD 7.0010
5
N/m
2
?R ? RCKNCP?RSPC
MD 18.0C ?LB AMLR?GLQ 2.00 , MD E?Q. 7F?R UGJJ GRQ NPCQQSPC @C GD WMS JCR
MSR ?L ?KMSLR MD ?GP RF?R F?Q ? TMJSKC MD 100 cm
3
?R ?RKMQNFCPGA
NPCQQSPC? !QQSKC RGPC RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB TMJSKC PCK?GL AMLQR?LR.
56. ! FGEF-NPCQQSPC E?Q AWJGLBCP AMLR?GLQ 50.0 , MD RMVGA E?Q ?R ?
NPCQQSPC MD 1.4010
7
N/m
2
?LB ? RCKNCP?RSPC MD 25.0C. )RQ T?JTC
JC?IQ ?DRCP RFC AWJGLBCP GQ BPMNNCB. 4FC AWJGLBCP GQ AMMJCB RM BPW GAC
RCKNCP?RSPC (78.5C) RM PCBSAC RFC JC?I P?RC ?LB NPCQQSPC QM RF?R GR
A?L @C Q?DCJW PCN?GPCB. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC DGL?J NPCQQSPC GL RFC R?LI,
?QQSKGLE ? LCEJGEG@JC ?KMSLR MD E?Q JC?IQ UFGJC @CGLE AMMJCB ?LB RF?R
RFCPC GQ LM NF?QC AF?LEC? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC DGL?J NPCQQSPC GD MLC-RCLRF MD
RFC E?Q CQA?NCQ? (A) 4M UF?R RCKNCP?RSPC KSQR RFC R?LI @C AMMJCB RM
PCBSAC RFC NPCQQSPC RM 1.00 ?RK (?QQSKGLE RFC E?Q BMCQ LMR AF?LEC
NF?QC ?LB RF?R RFCPC GQ LM JC?I?EC BSPGLE AMMJGLE)? (B) $MCQ AMMJGLE RFC
R?LI ?NNC?P RM @C ? NP?ARGA?J QMJSRGML?
57. &GLB RFC LSK@CP MD KMJCQ GL 2.00 , MD E?Q ?R 35.0C ?LB SLBCP
7.4110
7
N/m
2
MD NPCQQSPC.
58. #?JASJ?RC RFC BCNRF RM UFGAF !TME?BPMtQ LSK@CP MD R?@JC RCLLGQ @?JJQ
UMSJB AMTCP %?PRF. %?AF @?JJ F?Q ? BG?KCRCP MD 3.75 AK. !QQSKC RFC
QN?AC @CRUCCL @?JJQ ?BBQ ?L CVRP? 25.0% RM RFCGP TMJSKC ?LB ?QQSKC
RFCW ?PC LMR APSQFCB @W RFCGP MUL UCGEFR.
59. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC E?SEC NPCQQSPC GL ? 25.0C A?P RGPC AMLR?GLGLE 3.60
KMJ MD E?Q GL ? 30.0 , TMJSKC? (@) 7F?R UGJJ GRQ E?SEC NPCQQSPC @C GD WMS
?BB 1.00 , MD E?Q MPGEGL?JJW ?R ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC ?LB 25.0C?
!QQSKC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC PCRSPLQ RM 25.0C ?LB RFC TMJSKC PCK?GLQ
AMLQR?LR.
60. (?) )L RFC BCCN QN?AC @CRUCCL E?J?VGCQ, RFC BCLQGRW MD ?RMKQ GQ ?Q
JMU ?Q 10
6
atoms/m
3
, ?LB RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GQ ? DPGEGB 2.7 +. 7F?R GQ
RFC NPCQQSPC? (@) 7F?R TMJSKC (GL m
3
) GQ MAASNGCB @W 1 KMJ MD E?Q? (A)
)D RFGQ TMJSKC GQ ? AS@C, UF?R GQ RFC JCLERF MD GRQ QGBCQ GL IGJMKCRCPQ?
13.4 $?D;J?9 ->;EHO: AJEC?9 7D: &EB;9KB7H ENFB7D7J?ED
E< )H;IIKH; 7D: -;CF;H7JKH;
61. 3MKC GLA?LBCQACLR JGEFR @SJ@Q ?PC DGJJCB UGRF ?PEML E?Q. 7F?R GQ
v
rms
DMP ?PEML ?RMKQ LC?P RFC DGJ?KCLR, ?QQSKGLE RFCGP RCKNCP?RSPC GQ
2500 +?
62. !TCP?EC ?RMKGA ?LB KMJCASJ?P QNCCBQ (v
rms
) ?PC J?PEC, CTCL ?R JMU
RCKNCP?RSPCQ. 7F?R GQ v
rms
DMP FCJGSK ?RMKQ ?R 5.00 +, HSQR MLC BCEPCC
?@MTC FCJGSKtQ JGOSCD?ARGML RCKNCP?RSPC?
63. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC IGLCRGA CLCPEW GL HMSJCQ MD FWBPMECL ?RMKQ ML
RFC 5500C QSPD?AC MD RFC 3SL? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC IGLCRGA CLCPEW
MD FCJGSK ?RMKQ GL ? PCEGML MD RFC QMJ?P AMPML? UFCPC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GQ
6.0010
5
K?
64. 4FC CQA?NC TCJMAGRW MD ?LW M@HCAR DPMK %?PRF GQ 11.2 IK/Q. (?)
%VNPCQQ RFGQ QNCCB GL K/Q ?LB IK/F. (@) !R UF?R RCKNCP?RSPC UMSJB
MVWECL KMJCASJCQ (KMJCASJ?P K?QQ GQ COS?J RM 32.0 E/KMJ) F?TC ?L
?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW v
rms
COS?J RM %?PRFtQ CQA?NC TCJMAGRW MD 11.1 IK/Q?
65. 4FC CQA?NC TCJMAGRW DPMK RFC -MML GQ KSAF QK?JJCP RF?L DPMK %?PRF
?LB GQ MLJW 2.38 IK/Q. !R UF?R RCKNCP?RSPC UMSJB FWBPMECL KMJCASJCQ
(KMJCASJ?P K?QQ GQ COS?J RM 2.016 E/KMJ) F?TC ?L ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW v
rms
COS?J RM RFC -MMLtQ CQA?NC TCJMAGRW?
66. .SAJC?P DSQGML, RFC CLCPEW QMSPAC MD RFC 3SL, FWBPMECL @MK@Q, ?LB
DSQGML PC?ARMPQ, MAASPQ KSAF KMPC PC?BGJW UFCL RFC ?TCP?EC IGLCRGA
CLCPEW MD RFC ?RMKQ GQ FGEFrRF?R GQ, ?R FGEF RCKNCP?RSPCQ. 3SNNMQC WMS
U?LR RFC ?RMKQ GL WMSP DSQGML CVNCPGKCLR RM F?TC ?TCP?EC IGLCRGA
CLCPEGCQ MD 6.4010
14
J . 7F?R RCKNCP?RSPC GQ LCCBCB?
67. 3SNNMQC RF?R RFC ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW (v
rms
) MD A?P@ML BGMVGBC
KMJCASJCQ (KMJCASJ?P K?QQ GQ COS?J RM 44.0 E/KMJ) GL ? DJ?KC GQ DMSLB RM
@C 1.0510
5
m/s . 7F?R RCKNCP?RSPC BMCQ RFGQ PCNPCQCLR?
68. (WBPMECL KMJCASJCQ (KMJCASJ?P K?QQ GQ COS?J RM 2.016 E/KMJ) F?TC
?L ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW v
rms
COS?J RM 193 K/Q. 7F?R GQ RFC RCKNCP?RSPC?
69. -SAF MD RFC E?Q LC?P RFC 3SL GQ ?RMKGA FWBPMECL. )RQ RCKNCP?RSPC
UMSJB F?TC RM @C 1.510
7
K DMP RFC ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW v
rms
RM COS?J
RFC CQA?NC TCJMAGRW DPMK RFC 3SL. 7F?R GQ RF?R TCJMAGRW?
70. 4FCPC ?PC RUM GKNMPR?LR GQMRMNCQ MD SP?LGSKr
235
U ?LB
238
U;
RFCQC GQMRMNCQ ?PC LC?PJW GBCLRGA?J AFCKGA?JJW @SR F?TC BGDDCPCLR ?RMKGA
K?QQCQ. /LJW
235
U GQ TCPW SQCDSJ GL LSAJC?P PC?ARMPQ. /LC MD RFC
RCAFLGOSCQ DMP QCN?P?RGLE RFCK (E?Q BGDDSQGML) GQ @?QCB ML RFC BGDDCPCLR
?TCP?EC TCJMAGRGCQ v
rms
MD SP?LGSK FCV?DJSMPGBC E?Q, UF
6
. (?) 4FC
KMJCASJ?P K?QQCQ DMP
235
U UF
6
?LB
238
U UF
6
?PC 349.0 E/KMJ
?LB 352.0 E/KMJ, PCQNCARGTCJW. 7F?R GQ RFC P?RGM MD RFCGP ?TCP?EC
TCJMAGRGCQ? (@) !R UF?R RCKNCP?RSPC UMSJB RFCGP ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRGCQ BGDDCP
@W 1.00 K/Q? (A) $M WMSP ?LQUCPQ GL RFGQ NPM@JCK GKNJW RF?R RFGQ
RCAFLGOSC K?W @C BGDDGASJR?
71. $PW ?GP GQ 78.1% LGRPMECL. 7F?R GQ RFC N?PRG?J NPCQQSPC MD LGRPMECL
UFCL RFC ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC GQ 1.0110
5
N/m
2
?
72. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC T?NMP NPCQQSPC MD U?RCP ?R 20.0C? (@) 7F?R
NCPACLR?EC MD ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC BMCQ RFGQ AMPPCQNMLB RM? (A) 7F?R
NCPACLR MD 20.0C ?GP GQ U?RCP T?NMP GD GR F?Q 100% PCJ?RGTC FSKGBGRW?
(4FC BCLQGRW MD BPW ?GP ?R 20.0C GQ 1.20 kg/m
3
.)
73. 0PCQQSPC AMMICPQ GLAPC?QC AMMIGLE QNCCB @W P?GQGLE RFC @MGJGLE
RCKNCP?RSPC MD U?RCP ?@MTC GRQ T?JSC ?R ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC. (?) 7F?R
NPCQQSPC GQ LCACQQ?PW RM P?GQC RFC @MGJGLE NMGLR RM 120.0C? (@) 7F?R
E?SEC NPCQQSPC BMCQ RFGQ AMPPCQNMLB RM?
74. (?) !R UF?R RCKNCP?RSPC BMCQ U?RCP @MGJ ?R ?L ?JRGRSBC MD 1500 K
(?@MSR 5000 DR) ML ? B?W UFCL ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC GQ
#(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73 469
8.5910
4
N/m
2
? (@) 7F?R ?@MSR ?R ?L ?JRGRSBC MD 3000 K (?@MSR
10,000 DR) UFCL ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC GQ 7.0010
4
N/m
2
?
75. 7F?R GQ RFC ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC ML RMN MD -R. %TCPCQR ML ? B?W
UFCL U?RCP @MGJQ RFCPC ?R ? RCKNCP?RSPC MD 70.0C?
76. !R ? QNMR GL RFC FGEF !LBCQ, U?RCP @MGJQ ?R 80.0C, EPC?RJW PCBSAGLE
RFC AMMIGLE QNCCB MD NMR?RMCQ, DMP CV?KNJC. 7F?R GQ ?RKMQNFCPGA
NPCQQSPC ?R RFGQ JMA?RGML?
77. 7F?R GQ RFC PCJ?RGTC FSKGBGRW ML ? 25.0C B?W UFCL RFC ?GP AMLR?GLQ
18.0 g/m
3
MD U?RCP T?NMP?
78. 7F?R GQ RFC BCLQGRW MD U?RCP T?NMP GL g/m
3
ML ? FMR BPW B?W GL RFC
BCQCPR UFCL RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GQ 40.0C ?LB RFC PCJ?RGTC FSKGBGRW GQ
6.00%?
79. ! BCCN-QC? BGTCP QFMSJB @PC?RFC ? E?Q KGVRSPC RF?R F?Q RFC Q?KC
MVWECL N?PRG?J NPCQQSPC ?Q ?R QC? JCTCJ, UFCPC BPW ?GP AMLR?GLQ 20.9%
MVWECL ?LB F?Q ? RMR?J NPCQQSPC MD 1.0110
5
N/m
2
. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC
N?PRG?J NPCQQSPC MD MVWECL ?R QC? JCTCJ? (@) )D RFC BGTCP @PC?RFCQ ? E?Q
KGVRSPC ?R ? NPCQQSPC MD 2.0010
6
N/m
2
, UF?R NCPACLR MVWECL QFMSJB
GR @C RM F?TC RFC Q?KC MVWECL N?PRG?J NPCQQSPC ?Q ?R QC? JCTCJ?
80. 4FC T?NMP NPCQQSPC MD U?RCP ?R 40.0C GQ 7.3410
3
N/m
2
. 5QGLE
RFC GBC?J E?Q J?U, A?JASJ?RC RFC BCLQGRW MD U?RCP T?NMP GL g/m
3
RF?R
APC?RCQ ? N?PRG?J NPCQQSPC COS?J RM RFGQ T?NMP NPCQQSPC. 4FC PCQSJR QFMSJB
@C RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC Q?RSP?RGML T?NMP BCLQGRW ?R RF?R RCKNCP?RSPC
(51.1 g/m
3
).
81. !GP GL FSK?L JSLEQ F?Q ? RCKNCP?RSPC MD 37.0C ?LB ? Q?RSP?RGML
T?NMP BCLQGRW MD 44.0 g/m
3
. (?) )D 2.00 , MD ?GP GQ CVF?JCB ?LB TCPW BPW
?GP GLF?JCB, UF?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK JMQQ MD U?RCP T?NMP @W RFC NCPQML? (@)
#?JASJ?RC RFC N?PRG?J NPCQQSPC MD U?RCP T?NMP F?TGLE RFGQ BCLQGRW, ?LB
AMKN?PC GR UGRF RFC T?NMP NPCQQSPC MD 6.3110
3
N/m
2
.
82. )D RFC PCJ?RGTC FSKGBGRW GQ 90.0% ML ? KSEEW QSKKCP KMPLGLE UFCL
RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GQ 20.0C, UF?R UGJJ GR @C J?RCP GL RFC B?W UFCL RFC
RCKNCP?RSPC GQ 30.0C, ?QQSKGLE RFC U?RCP T?NMP BCLQGRW PCK?GLQ
AMLQR?LR?
83. ,?RC ML ?L ?SRSKL B?W, RFC PCJ?RGTC FSKGBGRW GQ 45.0% ?LB RFC
RCKNCP?RSPC GQ 20.0C. 7F?R UGJJ RFC PCJ?RGTC FSKGBGRW @C RF?R CTCLGLE
UFCL RFC RCKNCP?RSPC F?Q BPMNNCB RM 10.0C, ?QQSKGLE AMLQR?LR U?RCP
T?NMP BCLQGRW?
84. !RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC ?RMN -R. %TCPCQR GQ 3.3010
4
N/m
2
. (?)
7F?R GQ RFC N?PRG?J NPCQQSPC MD MVWECL RFCPC GD GR GQ 20.9% MD RFC ?GP? (@)
7F?R NCPACLR MVWECL QFMSJB ? KMSLR?GL AJGK@CP @PC?RFC QM RF?R GRQ
N?PRG?J NPCQQSPC GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q ?R QC? JCTCJ, UFCPC ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC
GQ 1.0110
5
N/m
2
? (A) /LC MD RFC KMQR QCTCPC NPM@JCKQ DMP RFMQC
AJGK@GLE TCPW FGEF KMSLR?GLQ GQ RFC CVRPCKC BPWGLE MD @PC?RFGLE
N?QQ?ECQ. 7FW BMCQ RFGQ BPWGLE MAASP?
85. 7F?R GQ RFC BCU NMGLR (RFC RCKNCP?RSPC ?R UFGAF 100% PCJ?RGTC
FSKGBGRW UMSJB MAASP) ML ? B?W UFCL PCJ?RGTC FSKGBGRW GQ 39.0% ?R ?
RCKNCP?RSPC MD 20.0C?
86. /L ? ACPR?GL B?W, RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GQ 25.0C ?LB RFC PCJ?RGTC
FSKGBGRW GQ 90.0%. (MU K?LW EP?KQ MD U?RCP KSQR AMLBCLQC MSR MD C?AF
AS@GA KCRCP MD ?GP GD RFC RCKNCP?RSPC D?JJQ RM 15.0C? 3SAF ? BPMN GL
RCKNCP?RSPC A?L, RFSQ, NPMBSAC FC?TW BCU MP DME.
4FC @MGJGLE NMGLR MD U?RCP GLAPC?QCQ UGRF BCNRF @CA?SQC NPCQQSPC
GLAPC?QCQ UGRF BCNRF. !R UF?R BCNRF UGJJ DPCQF U?RCP F?TC ? @MGJGLE NMGLR
MD 150C, GD RFC QSPD?AC MD RFC U?RCP GQ ?R QC? JCTCJ?
(?) !R UF?R BCNRF GL DPCQF U?RCP GQ RFC APGRGA?J NPCQQSPC MD U?RCP PC?AFCB,
EGTCL RF?R RFC QSPD?AC GQ ?R QC? JCTCJ? (@) !R UF?R RCKNCP?RSPC UGJJ RFGQ
U?RCP @MGJ? (A) )Q ? QGELGDGA?LRJW FGEFCP RCKNCP?RSPC LCCBCB RM @MGJ U?RCP
?R ? EPC?RCP BCNRF?
4M ECR ?L GBC? MD RFC QK?JJ CDDCAR RF?R RCKNCP?RSPC F?Q ML !PAFGKCBCQt
NPGLAGNJC, A?JASJ?RC RFC DP?ARGML MD ? AMNNCP @JMAItQ UCGEFR RF?R GQ
QSNNMPRCB @W RFC @SMW?LR DMPAC GL 0C U?RCP ?LB AMKN?PC RFGQ DP?ARGML
UGRF RFC DP?ARGML QSNNMPRCB GL 95.0C U?RCP.
)D WMS U?LR RM AMMI GL U?RCP ?R 150C, WMS LCCB ? NPCQQSPC AMMICP RF?R
A?L UGRFQR?LB RFC LCACQQ?PW NPCQQSPC. (?) 7F?R NPCQQSPC GQ PCOSGPCB DMP
RFC @MGJGLE NMGLR MD U?RCP RM @C RFGQ FGEF? (@) )D RFC JGB MD RFC NPCQQSPC
AMMICP GQ ? BGQI 25.0 AK GL BG?KCRCP, UF?R DMPAC KSQR GR @C ?@JC RM
UGRFQR?LB ?R RFGQ NPCQQSPC?
(?) (MU K?LW KMJCQ NCP AS@GA KCRCP MD ?L GBC?J E?Q ?PC RFCPC ?R ?
NPCQQSPC MD 1.0010
14
N/m
2
?LB ?R 0C? (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC
?@MSR RFGQ PCQSJR? (A) 7FGAF NPCKGQC MP ?QQSKNRGML GQ PCQNMLQG@JC?
(?) !L ?SRMKM@GJC KCAF?LGA AJ?GKQ RF?R ?L ?JSKGLSK PMB DGRQ JMMQCJW GLRM
GRQ FMJC ML ?L ?JSKGLSK CLEGLC @JMAI @CA?SQC RFC CLEGLC GQ FMR ?LB RFC
PMB GQ AMJB. )D RFC FMJC GQ 10.0% @GEECP GL BG?KCRCP RF?L RFC 22.0C PMB,
?R UF?R RCKNCP?RSPC UGJJ RFC PMB @C RFC Q?KC QGXC ?Q RFC FMJC? (@) 7F?R
GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ RCKNCP?RSPC? (A) 7FGAF NPCKGQC GQ
PCQNMLQG@JC?
4FC RCKNCP?RSPC GLQGBC ? QSNCPLMT? CVNJMQGML GQ Q?GB RM @C
2.0010
13
K. (?) 7F?R UMSJB RFC ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW v
rms
MD FWBPMECL
?RMKQ @C? (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ TCJMAGRW? (A) 7FGAF
NPCKGQC MP ?QQSKNRGML GQ PCQNMLQG@JC?
3SNNMQC RFC PCJ?RGTC FSKGBGRW GQ 80% ML ? B?W UFCL RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GQ
30.0C. (?) 7F?R UGJJ RFC PCJ?RGTC FSKGBGRW @C GD RFC ?GP AMMJQ RM 25.0C
?LB RFC T?NMP BCLQGRW PCK?GLQ AMLQR?LR? (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR
RFGQ PCQSJR? (A) 7FGAF NPCKGQC GQ PCQNMLQG@JC?
470 #(!04%2 13 Y 4%-0%2!452%, +).%4)# 4(%/29, !.$ 4(% '!3 ,!73
14 (%!4 !.$ (%!4 42!.3&%2 -%4(/$3
F?=KH; 14.1 (?) 4FC AFGJJGLE CDDCAR MD ? AJC?P @PCCXW LGEFR GQ NPMBSACB @W RFC UGLB ?LB @W P?BG?RGTC FC?R RP?LQDCP RM AMJB MSRCP QN?AC. (@) 4FCPC U?Q MLAC EPC?R AMLRPMTCPQW
?@MSR RFC %?PRFtQ ?EC, @SR GR GQ LMU ECLCP?JJW ?AACNRCB RM @C ?@MSR 4.5 @GJJGML WC?PQ MJB. -SAF MD RFC BC@?RC GQ ACLRCPCB ML RFC %?PRFtQ KMJRCL GLRCPGMP. !AAMPBGLE RM MSP
SLBCPQR?LBGLE MD FC?R RP?LQDCP, GD RFC %?PRF GQ PC?JJW RF?R MJB, GRQ ACLRCP QFMSJB F?TC AMMJCB MDD JMLE ?EM. 4FC BGQAMTCPW MD P?BGM?ARGTGRW GL PMAIQ PCTC?JCB RFC QMSPAC MD CLCPEW
RF?R ICCNQ RFC %?PRFtQ GLRCPGMP KMJRCL, BCQNGRC FC?R RP?LQDCP RM RFC QSPD?AC, ?LB DPMK RFCPC RM AMJB MSRCP QN?AC.
,C?PLGLE /@HCARGTCQ
14.1. !;7J
14.2. -;CF;H7JKH; C>7D=; 7D: !;7J C7F79?JO
14.3. )>7I; C>7D=; 7D: %7J;DJ !;7J
14.4. !;7J -H7DI<;H &;J>E:I
14.5. CED:K9J?ED
14.6. CEDL;9J?ED
14.7. +7:?7J?ED
"DJHE:K9J?ED JE !;7J 7D: !;7J -H7DI<;H &;J>E:I
%LCPEW A?L CVGQR GL K?LW DMPKQ ?LB FC?R GQ MLC MD RFC KMQR GLRPGESGLE. (C?R GQ MDRCL FGBBCL, ?Q GR MLJW CVGQRQ UFCL GL RP?LQGR, ?LB GQ RP?LQDCPPCB @W ?
LSK@CP MD BGQRGLARJW BGDDCPCLR KCRFMBQ. (C?R RP?LQDCP RMSAFCQ CTCPW ?QNCAR MD MSP JGTCQ ?LB FCJNQ SQ SLBCPQR?LB FMU RFC SLGTCPQC DSLARGMLQ. )R
CVNJ?GLQ RFC AFGJJ UC DCCJ ML ? AJC?P @PCCXW LGEFR, MP UFW %?PRFtQ AMPC F?Q WCR RM AMMJ. 4FGQ AF?NRCP BCDGLCQ ?LB CVNJMPCQ FC?R RP?LQDCP, GRQ CDDCARQ, ?LB
RFC KCRFMBQ @W UFGAF FC?R GQ RP?LQDCPPCB. 4FCQC RMNGAQ ?PC DSLB?KCLR?J, ?Q UCJJ ?Q NP?ARGA?J, ?LB UGJJ MDRCL @C PCDCPPCB RM GL RFC AF?NRCPQ ?FC?B.
14.1 !;7J
)L 0EHA, ED;H=O, 7D: ED;H=O +;IEKH9;I, UC BCDGLCB UMPI ?Q DMPAC RGKCQ BGQR?LAC ?LB JC?PLCB RF?R UMPI BMLC ML ?L M@HCAR AF?LECQ GRQ IGLCRGA
CLCPEW. 7C ?JQM Q?U GL -;CF;H7JKH;, $?D;J?9 ->;EHO, 7D: J>; 7I %7MI RF?R RCKNCP?RSPC GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC (?TCP?EC) IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD ?RMKQ
?LB KMJCASJCQ. 7C Q?W RF?R ? RFCPK?J QWQRCK F?Q ? ACPR?GL GLRCPL?J CLCPEW: GRQ GLRCPL?J CLCPEW GQ FGEFCP GD RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GQ FGEFCP. )D RUM M@HCARQ ?R
BGDDCPCLR RCKNCP?RSPCQ ?PC @PMSEFR GL AMLR?AR UGRF C?AF MRFCP, CLCPEW GQ RP?LQDCPPCB DPMK RFC FMRRCP RM RFC AMJBCP M@HCAR SLRGJ COSGJG@PGSK GQ PC?AFCB ?LB
RFC @MBGCQ PC?AF RFCPK?J COSGJG@PGSK (G.C., RFCW ?PC ?R RFC Q?KC RCKNCP?RSPC). .M UMPI GQ BMLC @W CGRFCP M@HCAR, @CA?SQC LM DMPAC ?ARQ RFPMSEF ?
BGQR?LAC. 4FC RP?LQDCP MD CLCPEW GQ A?SQCB @W RFC RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLAC, ?LB AC?QCQ MLAC RFC RCKNCP?RSPCQ ?PC COS?J. 4FCQC M@QCPT?RGMLQ JC?B RM
RFC DMJJMUGLE BCDGLGRGML MD >;7J: (C?R GQ RFC QNMLR?LCMSQ RP?LQDCP MD CLCPEW BSC RM ? RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLAC.
#(!04%2 14 Y (%!4 !.$ (%!4 42!.3&%2 -%4(/$3 471
!Q LMRCB GL -;CF;H7JKH;, $?D;J?9 ->;EHO, 7D: J>; 7I %7MI, FC?R GQ MDRCL AMLDSQCB UGRF RCKNCP?RSPC. &MP CV?KNJC, UC K?W Q?W RFC FC?R U?Q
SL@C?P?@JC, UFCL UC ?ARS?JJW KC?L RF?R RFC RCKNCP?RSPC U?Q FGEF. (C?R GQ ? DMPK MD CLCPEW, UFCPC?Q RCKNCP?RSPC GQ LMR. 4FC KGQAMLACNRGML ?PGQCQ
@CA?SQC UC ?PC QCLQGRGTC RM RFC DJMU MD FC?R, P?RFCP RF?L RFC RCKNCP?RSPC.
/UGLE RM RFC D?AR RF?R FC?R GQ ? DMPK MD CLCPEW, GR F?Q RFC 3) SLGR MD =BH?8 (*). 4FC 64?BE<8 (A?J) GQ ? AMKKML SLGR MD CLCPEW, BCDGLCB ?Q RFC CLCPEW
LCCBCB RM AF?LEC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD 1.00 E MD U?RCP @W 1.00C rQNCAGDGA?JJW, @CRUCCL 14.5C ?LB 15.5C, QGLAC RFCPC GQ ? QJGEFR RCKNCP?RSPC
BCNCLBCLAC. 0CPF?NQ RFC KMQR AMKKML SLGR MD FC?R GQ RFC A?BE97BEH?; (IA?J), UFGAF GQ RFC CLCPEW LCCBCB RM AF?LEC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD 1.00 IE MD
U?RCP @W 1.00C. 3GLAC K?QQ GQ KMQR MDRCL QNCAGDGCB GL IGJMEP?KQ, IGJMA?JMPGC GQ AMKKMLJW SQCB. &MMB A?JMPGCQ (EGTCL RFC LMR?RGML #?J, ?LB
QMKCRGKCQ A?JJCB u@GE A?JMPGCv) ?PC ?ARS?JJW IGJMA?JMPGCQ ( 1 kilocalorie = 1000 calories ), ? D?AR LMR C?QGJW BCRCPKGLCB DPMK N?AI?EC J?@CJGLE.
F?=KH; 14.2 )L DGESPC (?) RFC QMDR BPGLI ?LB RFC GAC F?TC BGDDCPCLR RCKNCP?RSPCQ, T
1
?LB T
2
, ?LB ?PC LMR GL RFCPK?J COSGJG@PGSK. )L DGESPC (@), UFCL RFC QMDR BPGLI ?LB GAC ?PC
?JJMUCB RM GLRCP?AR, CLCPEW GQ RP?LQDCPPCB SLRGJ RFCW PC?AF RFC Q?KC RCKNCP?RSPC T , ?AFGCTGLE COSGJG@PGSK. (C?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ BSC RM RFC BGDDCPCLAC GL RCKNCP?RSPCQ. )L D?AR,
QGLAC RFC QMDR BPGLI ?LB GAC ?PC @MRF GL AMLR?AR UGRF RFC QSPPMSLBGLE ?GP ?LB @CLAF, RFC COSGJG@PGSK RCKNCP?RSPC UGJJ @C RFC Q?KC DMP @MRF.
-CAF?LGA?J %OSGT?JCLR MD (C?R
)R GQ ?JQM NMQQG@JC RM AF?LEC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD ? QS@QR?LAC @W BMGLE UMPI. 7MPI A?L RP?LQDCP CLCPEW GLRM MP MSR MD ? QWQRCK. 4FGQ PC?JGX?RGML FCJNCB
CQR?@JGQF RFC D?AR RF?R FC?R GQ ? DMPK MD CLCPEW. *?KCQ 0PCQAMRR *MSJC (1818q1889) NCPDMPKCB K?LW CVNCPGKCLRQ RM CQR?@JGQF RFC C;9>7D?97B
;GK?L7B;DJ E< >;7JrG;8 JBE> A88787 GB CEB7H68 G;8 F4@8 89986GF 4F ;84G GE4AF98E. )L RCPKQ MD RFC SLGRQ SQCB DMP RFCQC RUM RCPKQ, RFC @CQR KMBCPL
T?JSC DMP RFGQ COSGT?JCLAC GQ
(14.1)
1.000 kcal = 4186 J.
7C AMLQGBCP RFGQ COS?RGML ?Q RFC AMLTCPQGML @CRUCCL RUM BGDDCPCLR SLGRQ MD CLCPEW.
F?=KH; 14.3 3AFCK?RGA BCNGARGML MD *MSJCtQ CVNCPGKCLR RF?R CQR?@JGQFCB RFC COSGT?JCLAC MD FC?R ?LB UMPI.
4FC DGESPC ?@MTC QFMUQ MLC MD *MSJCtQ KMQR D?KMSQ CVNCPGKCLR?J QCRSNQ DMP BCKMLQRP?RGLE RFC KCAF?LGA?J COSGT?JCLR MD FC?R. )R BCKMLQRP?RCB RF?R
UMPI ?LB FC?R A?L NPMBSAC RFC Q?KC CDDCARQ, ?LB FCJNCB CQR?@JGQF RFC NPGLAGNJC MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW. 'P?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW (0%) (UMPI
BMLC @W RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC) GQ AMLTCPRCB GLRM IGLCRGA CLCPEW (+%), ?LB RFCL P?LBMKGXCB @W TGQAMQGRW ?LB RSP@SJCLAC GLRM GLAPC?QCB ?TCP?EC IGLCRGA
472 #(!04%2 14 Y (%!4 !.$ (%!4 42!.3&%2 -%4(/$3
CLCPEW MD ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ GL RFC QWQRCK, NPMBSAGLE ? RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QC. (GQ AMLRPG@SRGMLQ RM RFC DGCJB MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ UCPC QM QGELGDGA?LR
RF?R RFC 3) SLGR MD CLCPEW U?Q L?KCB ?DRCP FGK.
(C?R ?BBCB MP PCKMTCB DPMK ? QWQRCK AF?LECQ GRQ GLRCPL?J CLCPEW ?LB RFSQ GRQ RCKNCP?RSPC. 3SAF ? RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QC GQ M@QCPTCB UFGJC AMMIGLE.
(MUCTCP, ?BBGLE FC?R BMCQ LMR LCACQQ?PGJW GLAPC?QC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC. !L CV?KNJC GQ KCJRGLE MD GAC; RF?R GQ, UFCL ? QS@QR?LAC AF?LECQ DPMK MLC
NF?QC RM ?LMRFCP. 7MPI BMLC ML RFC QWQRCK MP @W RFC QWQRCK A?L ?JQM AF?LEC RFC GLRCPL?J CLCPEW MD RFC QWQRCK. *MSJC BCKMLQRP?RCB RF?R RFC
RCKNCP?RSPC MD ? QWQRCK A?L @C GLAPC?QCB @W QRGPPGLE. )D ?L GAC AS@C GQ PS@@CB ?E?GLQR ? PMSEF QSPD?AC, UMPI GQ BMLC @W RFC DPGARGML?J DMPAC. ! QWQRCK
F?Q ? UCJJ-BCDGLCB GLRCPL?J CLCPEW, @SR UC A?LLMR Q?W RF?R GR F?Q ? ACPR?GL uFC?R AMLRCLRv MP uUMPI AMLRCLRv. 7C SQC RFC NFP?QC uFC?R RP?LQDCPv RM
CKNF?QGXC GRQ L?RSPC.
4UM Q?KNJCQ (! ?LB ") MD RFC Q?KC QS@QR?LAC ?PC ICNR GL ? J?@. 3MKCMLC ?BBQ 10 IGJMHMSJCQ (I*) MD FC?R RM MLC Q?KNJC, UFGJC 10 I* MD UMPI GQ
BMLC ML RFC MRFCP Q?KNJC. (MU A?L WMS RCJJ RM UFGAF Q?KNJC RFC FC?R U?Q ?BBCB?
,EBKJ?ED
(C?R ?LB UMPI @MRF AF?LEC RFC GLRCPL?J CLCPEW MD RFC QS@QR?LAC. (MUCTCP, RFC NPMNCPRGCQ MD RFC Q?KNJC MLJW BCNCLB ML RFC GLRCPL?J CLCPEW QM
RF?R GR GQ GKNMQQG@JC RM RCJJ UFCRFCP FC?R U?Q ?BBCB RM Q?KNJC ! MP ".
14.2 -;CF;H7JKH; C>7D=; 7D: !;7J C7F79?JO
/LC MD RFC K?HMP CDDCARQ MD FC?R RP?LQDCP GQ RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LEC: FC?RGLE GLAPC?QCQ RFC RCKNCP?RSPC UFGJC AMMJGLE BCAPC?QCQ GR. 7C ?QQSKC RF?R RFCPC
GQ LM NF?QC AF?LEC ?LB RF?R LM UMPI GQ BMLC ML MP @W RFC QWQRCK. %VNCPGKCLRQ QFMU RF?R RFC RP?LQDCPPCB FC?R BCNCLBQ ML RFPCC D?ARMPQrRFC AF?LEC
GL RCKNCP?RSPC, RFC K?QQ MD RFC QWQRCK, ?LB RFC QS@QR?LAC ?LB NF?QC MD RFC QS@QR?LAC.
F?=KH; 14.4 4FC FC?R Q RP?LQDCPPCB RM A?SQC ? RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LEC BCNCLBQ ML RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LEC, RFC K?QQ MD RFC QWQRCK, ?LB RFC QS@QR?LAC ?LB
NF?QC GLTMJTCB. (?) 4FC ?KMSLR MD FC?R RP?LQDCPPCB GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LEC. 4M BMS@JC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LEC MD ? K?QQ m, WMS LCCB RM ?BB RUGAC
RFC FC?R. (@) 4FC ?KMSLR MD FC?R RP?LQDCPPCB GQ ?JQM BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC K?QQ. 4M A?SQC ?L COSGT?JCLR RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LEC GL ? BMS@JCB K?QQ, WMS LCCB RM ?BB RUGAC RFC
FC?R. (A) 4FC ?KMSLR MD FC?R RP?LQDCPPCB BCNCLBQ ML RFC QS@QR?LAC ?LB GRQ NF?QC. )D GR R?ICQ ?L ?KMSLR Q MD FC?R RM A?SQC ? RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LEC T GL ? EGTCL K?QQ MD
AMNNCP, GR UGJJ R?IC 10.8 RGKCQ RF?R ?KMSLR MD FC?R RM A?SQC RFC COSGT?JCLR RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LEC GL RFC Q?KC K?QQ MD U?RCP ?QQSKGLE LM NF?QC AF?LEC GL CGRFCP QS@QR?LAC.
4FC BCNCLBCLAC ML RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LEC ?LB K?QQ ?PC C?QGJW SLBCPQRMMB. /UGLE RM RFC D?AR RF?R RFC (?TCP?EC) IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD ?L ?RMK MP KMJCASJC
GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC ?@QMJSRC RCKNCP?RSPC, RFC GLRCPL?J CLCPEW MD ? QWQRCK GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC ?@QMJSRC RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB RFC LSK@CP MD ?RMKQ MP
KMJCASJCQ. /UGLE RM RFC D?AR RF?R RFC RP?LQDCPPCB FC?R GQ COS?J RM RFC AF?LEC GL RFC GLRCPL?J CLCPEW, RFC FC?R GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC K?QQ MD RFC
QS@QR?LAC ?LB RFC RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LEC. 4FC RP?LQDCPPCB FC?R ?JQM BCNCLBQ ML RFC QS@QR?LAC QM RF?R, DMP CV?KNJC, RFC FC?R LCACQQ?PW RM P?GQC RFC
RCKNCP?RSPC GQ JCQQ DMP ?JAMFMJ RF?L DMP U?RCP. &MP RFC Q?KC QS@QR?LAC, RFC RP?LQDCPPCB FC?R ?JQM BCNCLBQ ML RFC NF?QC (E?Q, JGOSGB, MP QMJGB).
(C?R 4P?LQDCP ?LB 4CKNCP?RSPC #F?LEC
4FC OS?LRGR?RGTC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL FC?R RP?LQDCP ?LB RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LEC AMLR?GLQ ?JJ RFPCC D?ARMPQ:
(14.2) Q = mcT,
UFCPC Q GQ RFC QWK@MJ DMP FC?R RP?LQDCP, m GQ RFC K?QQ MD RFC QS@QR?LAC, ?LB T GQ RFC AF?LEC GL RCKNCP?RSPC. 4FC QWK@MJ c QR?LBQ DMP
IF;9?<?9 >;7J ?LB BCNCLBQ ML RFC K?RCPG?J ?LB NF?QC. 4FC QNCAGDGA FC?R GQ RFC ?KMSLR MD FC?R LCACQQ?PW RM AF?LEC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD 1.00 IE
MD K?QQ @W 1.00C. 4FC QNCAGDGA FC?R c GQ ? NPMNCPRW MD RFC QS@QR?LAC; GRQ 3) SLGR GQ J/(kg K) MP J/(kgC). 2CA?JJ RF?R RFC RCKNCP?RSPC
AF?LEC (T) GQ RFC Q?KC GL SLGRQ MD ICJTGL ?LB BCEPCCQ #CJQGSQ. )D FC?R RP?LQDCP GQ KC?QSPCB GL IGJMA?JMPGCQ, RFCL G;8 HA<G B9 FC86<9<6 ;84G GQ
kcal/(kgC).
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6?JSCQ MD QNCAGDGA FC?R KSQR ECLCP?JJW @C JMMICB SN GL R?@JCQ, @CA?SQC RFCPC GQ LM QGKNJC U?W RM A?JASJ?RC RFCK. )L ECLCP?J, RFC QNCAGDGA FC?R ?JQM
BCNCLBQ ML RFC RCKNCP?RSPC. -78B; 14.1 JGQRQ PCNPCQCLR?RGTC T?JSCQ MD QNCAGDGA FC?R DMP T?PGMSQ QS@QR?LACQ. %VACNR DMP E?QCQ, RFC RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB
TMJSKC BCNCLBCLAC MD RFC QNCAGDGA FC?R MD KMQR QS@QR?LACQ GQ UC?I. 7C QCC DPMK RFGQ R?@JC RF?R RFC QNCAGDGA FC?R MD U?RCP GQ DGTC RGKCQ RF?R MD EJ?QQ
?LB RCL RGKCQ RF?R MD GPML, UFGAF KC?LQ RF?R GR R?ICQ DGTC RGKCQ ?Q KSAF FC?R RM P?GQC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD U?RCP RFC Q?KC ?KMSLR ?Q DMP EJ?QQ ?LB RCL
RGKCQ ?Q KSAF FC?R RM P?GQC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD U?RCP ?Q DMP GPML. )L D?AR, U?RCP F?Q MLC MD RFC J?PECQR QNCAGDGA FC?RQ MD ?LW K?RCPG?J, UFGAF GQ GKNMPR?LR
DMP QSQR?GLGLE JGDC ML %?PRF.
EN7CFB; 14.1 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; +;GK?H;: !;7J: !;7J?D= 07J;H ?D 7D ABKC?DKC )7D
! 0.500 IE ?JSKGLSK N?L ML ? QRMTC GQ SQCB RM FC?R 0.250 JGRCPQ MD U?RCP DPMK 20.0C RM 80.0C. (?) (MU KSAF FC?R GQ PCOSGPCB? 7F?R
NCPACLR?EC MD RFC FC?R GQ SQCB RM P?GQC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD (@) RFC N?L ?LB (A) RFC U?RCP?
,JH7J;=O
4FC N?L ?LB RFC U?RCP ?PC ?JU?WQ ?R RFC Q?KC RCKNCP?RSPC. 7FCL WMS NSR RFC N?L ML RFC QRMTC, RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC U?RCP ?LB RFC N?L GQ
GLAPC?QCB @W RFC Q?KC ?KMSLR. 7C SQC RFC COS?RGML DMP RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP DMP RFC EGTCL RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LEC ?LB K?QQ MD U?RCP ?LB ?JSKGLSK.
4FC QNCAGDGA FC?R T?JSCQ DMP U?RCP ?LB ?JSKGLSK ?PC EGTCL GL -78B; 14.1.
,EBKJ?ED
"CA?SQC U?RCP GQ GL RFCPK?J AMLR?AR UGRF RFC ?JSKGLSK, RFC N?L ?LB RFC U?RCP ?PC ?R RFC Q?KC RCKNCP?RSPC.
1. #?JASJ?RC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLAC:
(14.3)
T = T
f
T
i
= 60.0C.
2. #?JASJ?RC RFC K?QQ MD U?RCP. "CA?SQC RFC BCLQGRW MD U?RCP GQ 1000 kg/m
3
, MLC JGRCP MD U?RCP F?Q ? K?QQ MD 1 IE, ?LB RFC K?QQ MD 0.250
JGRCPQ MD U?RCP GQ m
w
= 0.250 kg .
3. #?JASJ?RC RFC FC?R RP?LQDCPPCB RM RFC U?RCP. 5QC RFC QNCAGDGA FC?R MD U?RCP GL -78B; 14.1:
(14.4)
Q
w
= m
w
c
w
T =

0.250 kg
4186 J/kgC
(60.0C) = 62.8 kJ.

4. #?JASJ?RC RFC FC?R RP?LQDCPPCB RM RFC ?JSKGLSK. 5QC RFC QNCAGDGA FC?R DMP ?JSKGLSK GL -78B; 14.1:
(14.5)
Q
Al
= m
Al
c
Al
T =

0.500 kg
900 J/kgC
(60.0C)= 27.0 10
4
J = 27.0 kJ.
5. #MKN?PC RFC NCPACLR?EC MD FC?R EMGLE GLRM RFC N?L TCPQSQ RF?R EMGLE GLRM RFC U?RCP. &GPQR, DGLB RFC RMR?J RP?LQDCPPCB FC?R:
(14.6)
Q
Total
= Q
W
+ Q
Al
= 62.8 kJ + 27.0 kJ = 89.8 kJ.
4FSQ, RFC ?KMSLR MD FC?R EMGLE GLRM FC?RGLE RFC N?L GQ
(14.7)
27.0 kJ
89.8 kJ
100% = 30.1%,
?LB RFC ?KMSLR EMGLE GLRM FC?RGLE RFC U?RCP GQ
(14.8)
62.8 kJ
89.8 kJ
100% = 69.9%.
D?I9KII?ED
)L RFGQ CV?KNJC, RFC FC?R RP?LQDCPPCB RM RFC AMLR?GLCP GQ ? QGELGDGA?LR DP?ARGML MD RFC RMR?J RP?LQDCPPCB FC?R. !JRFMSEF RFC K?QQ MD RFC N?L GQ RUGAC
RF?R MD RFC U?RCP, RFC QNCAGDGA FC?R MD U?RCP GQ MTCP DMSP RGKCQ EPC?RCP RF?L RF?R MD ?JSKGLSK. 4FCPCDMPC, GR R?ICQ ? @GR KMPC RF?L RUGAC RFC FC?R RM
?AFGCTC RFC EGTCL RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LEC DMP RFC U?RCP ?Q AMKN?PCB RM RFC ?JSKGLSK N?L.
F?=KH; 14.5 4FC QKMIGLE @P?ICQ ML RFGQ RPSAI ?PC ? TGQG@JC CTGBCLAC MD RFC KCAF?LGA?J COSGT?JCLR MD FC?R.
474 #(!04%2 14 Y (%!4 !.$ (%!4 42!.3&%2 -%4(/$3
EN7CFB; 14.2 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; -;CF;H7JKH; "D9H;7I; <HEC J>; 0EHA DED; ED 7 ,K8IJ7D9;: -HK9A BH7A;I
(L;H>;7J ED DEMD>?BB +KDI
4PSAI @P?ICQ SQCB RM AMLRPMJ QNCCB ML ? BMULFGJJ PSL BM UMPI, AMLTCPRGLE EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW GLRM GLAPC?QCB GLRCPL?J CLCPEW (FGEFCP
RCKNCP?RSPC) MD RFC @P?IC K?RCPG?J. 4FGQ AMLTCPQGML NPCTCLRQ RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW DPMK @CGLE AMLTCPRCB GLRM IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD RFC
RPSAI. 4FC NPM@JCK GQ RF?R RFC K?QQ MD RFC RPSAI GQ J?PEC AMKN?PCB UGRF RF?R MD RFC @P?IC K?RCPG?J ?@QMP@GLE RFC CLCPEW, ?LB RFC RCKNCP?RSPC
GLAPC?QC K?W MAASP RMM D?QR DMP QSDDGAGCLR FC?R RM RP?LQDCP DPMK RFC @P?ICQ RM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR.
#?JASJ?RC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QC MD 100 IE MD @P?IC K?RCPG?J UGRF ?L ?TCP?EC QNCAGDGA FC?R MD 800 J/kg C GD RFC K?RCPG?J PCR?GLQ 10% MD RFC
CLCPEW DPMK ? 10,000-IE RPSAI BCQACLBGLE 75.0 K (GL TCPRGA?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR) ?R ? AMLQR?LR QNCCB.
,JH7J;=O
)D RFC @P?ICQ ?PC LMR ?NNJGCB, EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW GQ AMLTCPRCB GLRM IGLCRGA CLCPEW. 7FCL @P?ICQ ?PC ?NNJGCB, EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J
CLCPEW GQ AMLTCPRCB GLRM GLRCPL?J CLCPEW MD RFC @P?IC K?RCPG?J. 7C DGPQR A?JASJ?RC RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW (Mgh) RF?R RFC CLRGPC RPSAI
JMQCQ GL GRQ BCQACLR ?LB RFCL DGLB RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QC NPMBSACB GL RFC @P?IC K?RCPG?J ?JMLC.
,EBKJ?ED
1. #?JASJ?RC RFC AF?LEC GL EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW ?Q RFC RPSAI EMCQ BMULFGJJ
(14.9)
Mgh =

10,000 kg
9.80 m/s
2
(75.0 m) = 7.3510
6
J.
2. #?JASJ?RC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC DPMK RFC FC?R RP?LQDCPPCB SQGLE Q=Mgh ?LB
(14.10)
T =
Q
mc
,
UFCPC m GQ RFC K?QQ MD RFC @P?IC K?RCPG?J. )LQCPR RFC T?JSCQ m = 100 kg ?LB c = 800 J/kg C RM DGLB
(14.11)
T =
7.3510
6
J
100 kg
800 J/kgC
= 92C.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ RCKNCP?RSPC GQ AJMQC RM RFC @MGJGLE NMGLR MD U?RCP. )D RFC RPSAI F?B @CCL RP?TCJGLE DMP QMKC RGKC, RFCL HSQR @CDMPC RFC BCQACLR, RFC @P?IC
RCKNCP?RSPC UMSJB JGICJW @C FGEFCP RF?L RFC ?K@GCLR RCKNCP?RSPC. 4FC RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QC GL RFC BCQACLR UMSJB JGICJW P?GQC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD
RFC @P?IC K?RCPG?J ?@MTC RFC @MGJGLE NMGLR MD U?RCP, QM RFGQ RCAFLGOSC GQ LMR NP?ARGA?J. (MUCTCP, RFC Q?KC GBC? SLBCPJGCQ RFC PCACLR FW@PGB
RCAFLMJMEW MD A?PQ, UFCPC KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW (EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW) GQ AMLTCPRCB @W RFC @P?ICQ GLRM CJCARPGA?J CLCPEW (@?RRCPW).
#(!04%2 14 Y (%!4 !.$ (%!4 42!.3&%2 -%4(/$3 475
4?@JC 14.1 3NCAGDGA (C?RQ
;1=
MD 6?PGMSQ 3S@QR?LACQ
,K8IJ7D9;I ,F;9?<?9 >;7J ($)
3MJGBQ */IE`# IA?J/IE`#
;2=
!JSKGLSK 900 0.215
!Q@CQRMQ 800 0.19
#MLAPCRC, EP?LGRC (?TCP?EC) 840 0.20
#MNNCP 387 0.0924
'J?QQ 840 0.20
'MJB 129 0.0308
(SK?L @MBW (?TCP?EC ?R 37 \#) 3500 0.83
)AC (?TCP?EC, -50\# RM 0\#) 2090 0.50
)PML, QRCCJ 452 0.108
,C?B 128 0.0305
3GJTCP 235 0.0562
7MMB 1700 0.4
#<DH<7F
"CLXCLC 1740 0.415
%RF?LMJ 2450 0.586
'JWACPGL 2410 0.576
-CPASPW 139 0.0333
7?RCP (15.0 \#) 4186 1.000
G4F8F
;3=
!GP (BPW) 721 (1015) 0.172 (0.242)
!KKMLG? 1670 (2190) 0.399 (0.523)
#?P@ML BGMVGBC 638 (833) 0.152 (0.199)
.GRPMECL 739 (1040) 0.177 (0.248)
/VWECL 651 (913) 0.156 (0.218)
3RC?K (100\#) 1520 (2020) 0.363 (0.482)
.MRC RF?R EN7CFB; 14.2 GQ ?L GJJSQRP?RGML MD RFC KCAF?LGA?J COSGT?JCLR MD FC?R. !JRCPL?RGTCJW, RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QC AMSJB @C NPMBSACB @W ? @JMU
RMPAF GLQRC?B MD KCAF?LGA?JJW.
EN7CFB; 14.3 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; F?D7B -;CF;H7JKH; 0>;D !;7J "I -H7DI<;HH;: B;JM;;D -ME BE:?;I: )EKH?D= CEB:
07J;H ?D 7 !EJ )7D
3SNNMQC WMS NMSP 0.250 IE MD 20.0C U?RCP (?@MSR ? ASN) GLRM ? 0.500-IE ?JSKGLSK N?L MDD RFC QRMTC UGRF ? RCKNCP?RSPC MD 150C. !QQSKC
RF?R RFC N?L GQ NJ?ACB ML ?L GLQSJ?RCB N?B ?LB RF?R ? LCEJGEG@JC ?KMSLR MD U?RCP @MGJQ MDD. 7F?R GQ RFC RCKNCP?RSPC UFCL RFC U?RCP ?LB N?L PC?AF
RFCPK?J COSGJG@PGSK ? QFMPR RGKC J?RCP?
,JH7J;=O
4FC N?L GQ NJ?ACB ML ?L GLQSJ?RCB N?B QM RF?R JGRRJC FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ UGRF RFC QSPPMSLBGLEQ. /PGEGL?JJW RFC N?L ?LB U?RCP ?PC LMR GL RFCPK?J
COSGJG@PGSK: RFC N?L GQ ?R ? FGEFCP RCKNCP?RSPC RF?L RFC U?RCP. (C?R RP?LQDCP RFCL PCQRMPCQ RFCPK?J COSGJG@PGSK MLAC RFC U?RCP ?LB N?L ?PC GL
AMLR?AR. "CA?SQC FC?R RP?LQDCP @CRUCCL RFC N?L ?LB U?RCP R?ICQ NJ?AC P?NGBJW, RFC K?QQ MD CT?NMP?RCB U?RCP GQ LCEJGEG@JC ?LB RFC K?ELGRSBC MD
RFC FC?R JMQR @W RFC N?L GQ COS?J RM RFC FC?R E?GLCB @W RFC U?RCP. 4FC CVAF?LEC MD FC?R QRMNQ MLAC ? RFCPK?J COSGJG@PGSK @CRUCCL RFC N?L ?LB
RFC U?RCP GQ ?AFGCTCB. 4FC FC?R CVAF?LEC A?L @C UPGRRCL ?Q Q
hot
= Q
cold
.
,EBKJ?ED
1. 5QC RFC COS?RGML DMP FC?R RP?LQDCP Q = mcT RM CVNPCQQ RFC FC?R JMQR @W RFC ?JSKGLSK N?L GL RCPKQ MD RFC K?QQ MD RFC N?L, RFC QNCAGDGA
FC?R MD ?JSKGLSK, RFC GLGRG?J RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC N?L, ?LB RFC DGL?J RCKNCP?RSPC:
(14.12)
Q
hot
= m
Al
c
Al
T
f
150C
.
1. 4FC T?JSCQ DMP QMJGBQ ?LB JGOSGBQ ?PC ?R AMLQR?LR TMJSKC ?LB ?R 25C, CVACNR ?Q LMRCB.
2. 4FCQC T?JSCQ ?PC GBCLRGA?J GL SLGRQ MD cal/gC.
3. c
v
?R AMLQR?LR TMJSKC ?LB ?R 20.0C, CVACNR ?Q LMRCB, ?LB ?R 1.00 ?RK ?TCP?EC NPCQQSPC. 6?JSCQ GL N?PCLRFCQCQ ?PC c
p
?R ? AMLQR?LR NPCQQSPC MD
1.00 ?RK.
476 #(!04%2 14 Y (%!4 !.$ (%!4 42!.3&%2 -%4(/$3
2. %VNPCQQ RFC FC?R E?GLCB @W RFC U?RCP GL RCPKQ MD RFC K?QQ MD RFC U?RCP, RFC QNCAGDGA FC?R MD U?RCP, RFC GLGRG?J RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC U?RCP ?LB
RFC DGL?J RCKNCP?RSPC:
(14.13)
Q
cold
= m
W
c
W
T
f
20.0C
.
3. .MRC RF?R Q
hot
< 0 ?LB Q
cold
> 0 ?LB RF?R RFCW KSQR QSK RM XCPM @CA?SQC RFC FC?R JMQR @W RFC FMR N?L KSQR @C RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC FC?R
E?GLCB @W RFC AMJB U?RCP:
(14.14) Q
cold
+Q
hot
= 0,
Q
cold
= Q
hot
,
m
W
c
W
T
f
20.0C
= m
Al
c
Al
T
f
150C.
4. 4FGQ ?L COS?RGML DMP RFC SLILMUL DGL?J RCKNCP?RSPC, T

f
5. "PGLE ?JJ RCPKQ GLTMJTGLE T
f
ML RFC JCDR F?LB QGBC ?LB ?JJ MRFCP RCPKQ ML RFC PGEFR F?LB QGBC. 3MJTC DMP T
f
,
(14.15)
T
f
=
m
Al
c
Al
(150C) + m
W
c
W
(20.0C)
m
Al
c
Al
+ m
W
c
W
,
?LB GLQCPR RFC LSKCPGA?J T?JSCQ:
(14.16)
T
f
=

0.500 kg
900 J/kgC
(150C)+
0.250 kg
4186 J/kgC
(20.0C)
0.500 kg
900 J/kgC
+

0.250 kg
4186 J/kgC
=
88430 J
1496.5 J/C
= 59.1C.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ GQ ? RWNGA?J 64?BE<@8GEL NPM@JCKrRUM @MBGCQ ?R BGDDCPCLR RCKNCP?RSPCQ ?PC @PMSEFR GL AMLR?AR UGRF C?AF MRFCP ?LB CVAF?LEC FC?R SLRGJ ?
AMKKML RCKNCP?RSPC GQ PC?AFCB. 7FW GQ RFC DGL?J RCKNCP?RSPC QM KSAF AJMQCP RM 20.0C RF?L 150C? 4FC PC?QML GQ RF?R U?RCP F?Q ? EPC?RCP
QNCAGDGA FC?R RF?L KMQR AMKKML QS@QR?LACQ ?LB RFSQ SLBCPEMCQ ? QK?JJ RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LEC DMP ? EGTCL FC?R RP?LQDCP. ! J?PEC @MBW MD U?RCP,
QSAF ?Q ? J?IC, PCOSGPCQ ? J?PEC ?KMSLR MD FC?R RM GLAPC?QC GRQ RCKNCP?RSPC ?NNPCAG?@JW. 4FGQ CVNJ?GLQ UFW RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD ? J?IC QR?WQ
PCJ?RGTCJW AMLQR?LR BSPGLE ? B?W CTCL UFCL RFC RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LEC MD RFC ?GP GQ J?PEC. (MUCTCP, RFC U?RCP RCKNCP?RSPC BMCQ AF?LEC MTCP JMLECP
RGKCQ (C.E., QSKKCP RM UGLRCP).
4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR: 4CKNCP?RSPC #F?LEC MD ,?LB ?LB 7?RCP
7F?R FC?RQ D?QRCP, J?LB MP U?RCP?
4M QRSBW BGDDCPCLACQ GL FC?R A?N?AGRW:
w 0J?AC COS?J K?QQCQ MD BPW Q?LB (MP QMGJ) ?LB U?RCP ?R RFC Q?KC RCKNCP?RSPC GLRM RUM QK?JJ H?PQ. (4FC ?TCP?EC BCLQGRW MD QMGJ MP Q?LB GQ
?@MSR 1.6 RGKCQ RF?R MD U?RCP, QM WMS A?L ?AFGCTC ?NNPMVGK?RCJW COS?J K?QQCQ @W SQGLE 50% KMPC U?RCP @W TMJSKC.)
w (C?R @MRF (SQGLE ?L MTCL MP ? FC?R J?KN) DMP RFC Q?KC ?KMSLR MD RGKC.
w 2CAMPB RFC DGL?J RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC RUM K?QQCQ.
w .MU @PGLE @MRF H?PQ RM RFC Q?KC RCKNCP?RSPC @W FC?RGLE DMP ? JMLECP NCPGMB MD RGKC.
w 2CKMTC RFC H?PQ DPMK RFC FC?R QMSPAC ?LB KC?QSPC RFCGP RCKNCP?RSPC CTCPW 5 KGLSRCQ DMP ?@MSR 30 KGLSRCQ.
7FGAF Q?KNJC AMMJQ MDD RFC D?QRCQR? 4FGQ ?ARGTGRW PCNJGA?RCQ RFC NFCLMKCL? PCQNMLQG@JC DMP J?LB @PCCXCQ ?LB QC? @PCCXCQ.
)D 25 I* GQ LCACQQ?PW RM P?GQC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD ? @JMAI DPMK 25C RM 30C, FMU KSAF FC?R GQ LCACQQ?PW RM FC?R RFC @JMAI DPMK 45C RM
50C?
,EBKJ?ED
4FC FC?R RP?LQDCP BCNCLBQ MLJW ML RFC RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLAC. 3GLAC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLACQ ?PC RFC Q?KC GL @MRF A?QCQ, RFC Q?KC 25 I* GQ
LCACQQ?PW GL RFC QCAMLB A?QC.
14.3 )>7I; C>7D=; 7D: %7J;DJ !;7J
3M D?P UC F?TC BGQASQQCB RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LEC BSC RM FC?R RP?LQDCP. .M RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LEC MAASPQ DPMK FC?R RP?LQDCP GD GAC KCJRQ ?LB @CAMKCQ JGOSGB
U?RCP (G.C., BSPGLE ? NF?QC AF?LEC). &MP CV?KNJC, AMLQGBCP U?RCP BPGNNGLE DPMK GAGAJCQ KCJRGLE ML ? PMMD U?PKCB @W RFC 3SL. #MLTCPQCJW, U?RCP
DPCCXCQ GL ?L GAC RP?W AMMJCB @W JMUCP-RCKNCP?RSPC QSPPMSLBGLEQ.
#(!04%2 14 Y (%!4 !.$ (%!4 42!.3&%2 -%4(/$3 477
F?=KH; 14.6 (C?R DPMK RFC ?GP RP?LQDCPQ RM RFC GAC A?SQGLE GR RM KCJR. (APCBGR: -GIC "P?LB)
%LCPEW GQ PCOSGPCB RM KCJR ? QMJGB @CA?SQC RFC AMFCQGTC @MLBQ @CRUCCL RFC KMJCASJCQ GL RFC QMJGB KSQR @C @PMICL ?N?PR QSAF RF?R, GL RFC JGOSGB, RFC
KMJCASJCQ A?L KMTC ?PMSLB ?R AMKN?P?@JC IGLCRGA CLCPEGCQ; RFSQ, RFCPC GQ LM PGQC GL RCKNCP?RSPC. 3GKGJ?PJW, CLCPEW GQ LCCBCB RM T?NMPGXC ? JGOSGB,
@CA?SQC KMJCASJCQ GL ? JGOSGB GLRCP?AR UGRF C?AF MRFCP TG? ?RRP?ARGTC DMPACQ. 4FCPC GQ LM RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LEC SLRGJ ? NF?QC AF?LEC GQ AMKNJCRC. 4FC
RCKNCP?RSPC MD ? ASN MD QMB? GLGRG?JJW ?R 0C QR?WQ ?R 0C SLRGJ ?JJ RFC GAC F?Q KCJRCB. #MLTCPQCJW, CLCPEW GQ PCJC?QCB BSPGLE DPCCXGLE ?LB
AMLBCLQ?RGML, SQS?JJW GL RFC DMPK MD RFCPK?J CLCPEW. 7MPI GQ BMLC @W AMFCQGTC DMPACQ UFCL KMJCASJCQ ?PC @PMSEFR RMECRFCP. 4FC AMPPCQNMLBGLE
CLCPEW KSQR @C EGTCL MDD (BGQQGN?RCB) RM ?JJMU RFCK RM QR?W RMECRFCP F?=KH; 14.7.
4FC CLCPEW GLTMJTCB GL ? NF?QC AF?LEC BCNCLBQ ML RUM K?HMP D?ARMPQ: RFC LSK@CP ?LB QRPCLERF MD @MLBQ MP DMPAC N?GPQ. 4FC LSK@CP MD @MLBQ GQ
NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC LSK@CP MD KMJCASJCQ ?LB RFSQ RM RFC K?QQ MD RFC Q?KNJC. 4FC QRPCLERF MD DMPACQ BCNCLBQ ML RFC RWNC MD KMJCASJCQ. 4FC FC?R Q
PCOSGPCB RM AF?LEC RFC NF?QC MD ? Q?KNJC MD K?QQ m GQ EGTCL @W
(14.17)
Q = mL
f
(melting/freezing),
(14.18)
Q = mL
v
(vaporization/condensation),
UFCPC RFC J?RCLR FC?R MD DSQGML, L
f
, ?LB J?RCLR FC?R MD T?NMPGX?RGML, L
v
, ?PC K?RCPG?J AMLQR?LRQ RF?R ?PC BCRCPKGLCB CVNCPGKCLR?JJW. 3CC (-78B;
14.2).
F?=KH; 14.7 (?) %LCPEW GQ PCOSGPCB RM N?PRG?JJW MTCPAMKC RFC ?RRP?ARGTC DMPACQ @CRUCCL KMJCASJCQ GL ? QMJGB RM DMPK ? JGOSGB. 4F?R Q?KC CLCPEW KSQR @C PCKMTCB DMP DPCCXGLE RM
R?IC NJ?AC. (@) -MJCASJCQ ?PC QCN?P?RCB @W J?PEC BGQR?LACQ UFCL EMGLE DPMK JGOSGB RM T?NMP, PCOSGPGLE QGELGDGA?LR CLCPEW RM MTCPAMKC KMJCASJ?P ?RRP?ARGML. 4FC Q?KC CLCPEW
KSQR @C PCKMTCB DMP AMLBCLQ?RGML RM R?IC NJ?AC. 4FCPC GQ LM RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LEC SLRGJ ? NF?QC AF?LEC GQ AMKNJCRC.
478 #(!04%2 14 Y (%!4 !.$ (%!4 42!.3&%2 -%4(/$3
,?RCLR FC?R GQ KC?QSPCB GL SLGRQ MD */IE. "MRF L
f
?LB L
v
BCNCLB ML RFC QS@QR?LAC, N?PRGASJ?PJW ML RFC QRPCLERF MD GRQ KMJCASJ?P DMPACQ ?Q LMRCB
C?PJGCP. L
f
?LB L
v
?PC AMJJCARGTCJW A?JJCB B7J;DJ >;7J 9E;<<?9?;DJI. 4FCW ?PC ?4G8AG, MP FGBBCL, @CA?SQC GL NF?QC AF?LECQ, CLCPEW CLRCPQ MP JC?TCQ ?
QWQRCK UGRFMSR A?SQGLE ? RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LEC GL RFC QWQRCK; QM, GL CDDCAR, RFC CLCPEW GQ FGBBCL. -78B; 14.2 JGQRQ PCNPCQCLR?RGTC T?JSCQ MD L
f
?LB L
v
, RMECRFCP UGRF KCJRGLE ?LB @MGJGLE NMGLRQ.
4FC R?@JC QFMUQ RF?R QGELGDGA?LR ?KMSLRQ MD CLCPEW ?PC GLTMJTCB GL NF?QC AF?LECQ. ,CR SQ JMMI, DMP CV?KNJC, ?R FMU KSAF CLCPEW GQ LCCBCB RM KCJR ?
IGJMEP?K MD GAC ?R 0C RM NPMBSAC ? IGJMEP?K MD U?RCP ?R 0C. 5QGLE RFC COS?RGML DMP ? AF?LEC GL RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB RFC T?JSC DMP U?RCP DPMK -78B;
14.2, UC DGLB RF?R Q = mL
f
= (1.0 kg)(334 kJ/kg) = 334 kJ GQ RFC CLCPEW RM KCJR ? IGJMEP?K MD GAC. 4FGQ GQ ? JMR MD CLCPEW ?Q GR PCNPCQCLRQ RFC
Q?KC ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW LCCBCB RM P?GQC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD 1 IE MD JGOSGB U?RCP DPMK 0C RM 79.8C. %TCL KMPC CLCPEW GQ PCOSGPCB RM T?NMPGXC
U?RCP; GR UMSJB R?IC 2256 I* RM AF?LEC 1 IE MD JGOSGB U?RCP ?R RFC LMPK?J @MGJGLE NMGLR ( 100C ?R ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC) RM QRC?K (U?RCP T?NMP). 4FGQ
CV?KNJC QFMUQ RF?R RFC CLCPEW DMP ? NF?QC AF?LEC GQ CLMPKMSQ AMKN?PCB RM CLCPEW ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LECQ UGRFMSR ? NF?QC AF?LEC.
4?@JC 14.2 (C?RQ MD &SQGML ?LB 6?NMPGX?RGML
;4=
L' L6
,K8IJ7D9; &;BJ?D= FE?DJ (RC) A#/A= A97B/A= BE?B?D= FE?DJ (QC) A#/A= A97B/A=
(CJGSK {269.7 5.23 1.25 {268.9 20.9 4.99
(WBPMECL {259.3 58.6 14.0 {252.9 452 108
.GRPMECL {210.0 25.5 6.09 {195.8 201 48.0
/VWECL {218.8 13.8 3.30 {183.0 213 50.9
%RF?LMJ {114 104 24.9 78.3 854 204
!KKMLG? {75 108 {33.4 1370 327
-CPASPW {38.9 11.8 2.82 357 272 65.0
7?RCP 0.00 334 79.8 100.0 2256
;5=
539
;6=
3SJDSP 119 38.1 9.10 444.6 326 77.9
,C?B 327 24.5 5.85 1750 871 208
!LRGKMLW 631 165 39.4 1440 561 134
!JSKGLSK 660 380 90 2450 11400 2720
3GJTCP 961 88.3 21.1 2193 2336 558
'MJB 1063 64.5 15.4 2660 1578 377
#MNNCP 1083 134 32.0 2595 5069 1211
5P?LGSK 1133 84 20 3900 1900 454
4SLEQRCL 3410 184 44 5900 4810 1150
0F?QC AF?LECQ A?L F?TC ? RPCKCLBMSQ QR?@GJGXGLE CDDCAR CTCL ML RCKNCP?RSPCQ RF?R ?PC LMR LC?P RFC KCJRGLE ?LB @MGJGLE NMGLRQ, @CA?SQC CT?NMP?RGML
?LB AMLBCLQ?RGML (AMLTCPQGML MD ? E?Q GLRM ? JGOSGB QR?RC) MAASP CTCL ?R RCKNCP?RSPCQ @CJMU RFC @MGJGLE NMGLR. 4?IC, DMP CV?KNJC, RFC D?AR RF?R ?GP
RCKNCP?RSPCQ GL FSKGB AJGK?RCQ P?PCJW EM ?@MTC 35.0C, UFGAF GQ @CA?SQC KMQR FC?R RP?LQDCP EMCQ GLRM CT?NMP?RGLE U?RCP GLRM RFC ?GP. 3GKGJ?PJW,
RCKNCP?RSPCQ GL FSKGB UC?RFCP P?PCJW D?JJ @CJMU RFC BCU NMGLR @CA?SQC CLMPKMSQ FC?R GQ PCJC?QCB UFCL U?RCP T?NMP AMLBCLQCQ.
7C CV?KGLC RFC CDDCARQ MD NF?QC AF?LEC KMPC NPCAGQCJW @W AMLQGBCPGLE ?BBGLE FC?R GLRM ? Q?KNJC MD GAC ?R 20C (F?=KH; 14.8). 4FC RCKNCP?RSPC
MD RFC GAC PGQCQ JGLC?PJW, ?@QMP@GLE FC?R ?R ? AMLQR?LR P?RC MD 0.50 cal/gC SLRGJ GR PC?AFCQ 0C. /LAC ?R RFGQ RCKNCP?RSPC, RFC GAC @CEGLQ RM KCJR
SLRGJ ?JJ RFC GAC F?Q KCJRCB, ?@QMP@GLE 79.8 A?J/E MD FC?R. 4FC RCKNCP?RSPC PCK?GLQ AMLQR?LR ?R 0C BSPGLE RFGQ NF?QC AF?LEC. /LAC ?JJ RFC GAC F?Q
KCJRCB, RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC JGOSGB U?RCP PGQCQ, ?@QMP@GLE FC?R ?R ? LCU AMLQR?LR P?RC MD 1.00 cal/gC. !R 100C, RFC U?RCP @CEGLQ RM @MGJ ?LB
RFC RCKNCP?RSPC ?E?GL PCK?GLQ AMLQR?LR UFGJC RFC U?RCP ?@QMP@Q 539 A?J/E MD FC?R BSPGLE RFGQ NF?QC AF?LEC. 7FCL ?JJ RFC JGOSGB F?Q @CAMKC QRC?K
T?NMP, RFC RCKNCP?RSPC PGQCQ ?E?GL, ?@QMP@GLE FC?R ?R ? P?RC MD 0.482 cal/gC.
4. 6?JSCQ OSMRCB ?R RFC LMPK?J KCJRGLE ?LB @MGJGLE RCKNCP?RSPCQ ?R QR?LB?PB ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC (1 ?RK).
5. !R 37.0C (@MBW RCKNCP?RSPC), RFC FC?R MD T?NMPGX?RGML L
v
DMP U?RCP GQ 2430 I*/IE MP 580 IA?J/IE
6. !R 37.0C (@MBW RCKNCP?RSPC), RFC FC?R MD T?NMPGX?RGML L
v
DMP U?RCP GQ 2430 I*/IE MP 580 IA?J/IE
#(!04%2 14 Y (%!4 !.$ (%!4 42!.3&%2 -%4(/$3 479
F?=KH; 14.8 ! EP?NF MD RCKNCP?RSPC TCPQSQ CLCPEW ?BBCB. 4FC QWQRCK GQ AMLQRPSARCB QM RF?R LM T?NMP CT?NMP?RCQ UFGJC GAC U?PKQ RM @CAMKC JGOSGB U?RCP, ?LB QM RF?R, UFCL
T?NMPGX?RGML MAASPQ, RFC T?NMP PCK?GLQ GL MD RFC QWQRCK. 4FC JMLE QRPCRAFCQ MD AMLQR?LR RCKNCP?RSPC T?JSCQ ?R 0C ?LB 100C PCDJCAR RFC J?PEC J?RCLR FC?R MD KCJRGLE ?LB
T?NMPGX?RGML, PCQNCARGTCJW.
7?RCP A?L CT?NMP?RC ?R RCKNCP?RSPCQ @CJMU RFC @MGJGLE NMGLR. -MPC CLCPEW GQ PCOSGPCB RF?L ?R RFC @MGJGLE NMGLR, @CA?SQC RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD U?RCP
KMJCASJCQ ?R RCKNCP?RSPCQ @CJMU 100C GQ JCQQ RF?L RF?R ?R 100C, FCLAC JCQQ CLCPEW GQ ?T?GJ?@JC DPMK P?LBMK RFCPK?J KMRGMLQ. 4?IC, DMP
CV?KNJC, RFC D?AR RF?R, ?R @MBW RCKNCP?RSPC, NCPQNGP?RGML DPMK RFC QIGL PCOSGPCQ ? FC?R GLNSR MD 2428 I*/IE, UFGAF GQ ?@MSR 10 NCPACLR FGEFCP RF?L RFC
J?RCLR FC?R MD T?NMPGX?RGML ?R 100C. 4FGQ FC?R AMKCQ DPMK RFC QIGL, ?LB RFSQ NPMTGBCQ ?L CDDCARGTC AMMJGLE KCAF?LGQK GL FMR UC?RFCP. (GEF FSKGBGRW
GLFG@GRQ CT?NMP?RGML, QM RF?R @MBW RCKNCP?RSPC KGEFR PGQC, JC?TGLE SLCT?NMP?RCB QUC?R ML WMSP @PMU.
EN7CFB; 14.4 C7B9KB7J; F?D7B -;CF;H7JKH; <HEC )>7I; C>7D=;: CEEB?D= ,E:7 M?J> "9; CK8;I
4FPCC GAC AS@CQ ?PC SQCB RM AFGJJ ? QMB? ?R 20C UGRF K?QQ m
soda
= 0.25 kg . 4FC GAC GQ ?R 0C ?LB C?AF GAC AS@C F?Q ? K?QQ MD 6.0 E.
!QQSKC RF?R RFC QMB? GQ ICNR GL ? DM?K AMLR?GLCP QM RF?R FC?R JMQQ A?L @C GELMPCB. !QQSKC RFC QMB? F?Q RFC Q?KC FC?R A?N?AGRW ?Q U?RCP. &GLB
RFC DGL?J RCKNCP?RSPC UFCL ?JJ GAC F?Q KCJRCB.
,JH7J;=O
4FC GAC AS@CQ ?PC ?R RFC KCJRGLE RCKNCP?RSPC MD 0C. (C?R GQ RP?LQDCPPCB DPMK RFC QMB? RM RFC GAC DMP KCJRGLE. -CJRGLE MD GAC MAASPQ GL RUM QRCNQ:
DGPQR RFC NF?QC AF?LEC MAASPQ ?LB QMJGB (GAC) RP?LQDMPKQ GLRM JGOSGB U?RCP ?R RFC KCJRGLE RCKNCP?RSPC, RFCL RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFGQ U?RCP PGQCQ.
-CJRGLE WGCJBQ U?RCP ?R 0C, QM KMPC FC?R GQ RP?LQDCPPCB DPMK RFC QMB? RM RFGQ U?RCP SLRGJ RFC U?RCP NJSQ QMB? QWQRCK PC?AFCQ RFCPK?J
COSGJG@PGSK,
(14.19) Q
ice
= Q
soda
.
4FC FC?R RP?LQDCPPCB RM RFC GAC GQ Q
ice
= m
ice
L
f
+ m
ice
c
W
(T
f
0C) . 4FC FC?R EGTCL MDD @W RFC QMB? GQ Q
soda
= m
soda
c
W
(T
f
20C) .
3GLAC LM FC?R GQ JMQR, Q
ice
= Q
soda
, QM RF?R
(14.20)
m
ice
L
f
+ m
ice
c
W
T
f
0C
= - m
soda
c
W
T
f
20C
.
"PGLE ?JJ RCPKQ GLTMJTGLE T
f
ML RFC JCDR-F?LB-QGBC ?LB ?JJ MRFCP RCPKQ ML RFC PGEFR-F?LB-QGBC. 3MJTC DMP RFC SLILMUL OS?LRGRW T
f
:
(14.21)
T
f
=
m
soda
c
W
(20C) m
ice
L
f
(m
soda
+ m
ice
)c
W
.
,EBKJ?ED
1. )BCLRGDW RFC ILMUL OS?LRGRGCQ. 4FC K?QQ MD GAC GQ m
ice
= 36.0 g = 0.018 kg ?LB RFC K?QQ MD QMB? GQ m
soda
= 0.25 kg .
2. #?JASJ?RC RFC RCPKQ GL RFC LSKCP?RMP:
(14.22)
m
soda
c
W
(20C) =

0.25 kg
4186 J/kgC
(20C) = 20,930 J
?LB
(14.23)
m
ice
L
f
=

0.018 kg
334,000 J/kg
=6012 J.
3. #?JASJ?RC RFC BCLMKGL?RMP:
(14.24)
(m
soda
+ m
ice
)c
W
=

0.25 kg + 0.018 kg
4186 K/(kgC
=1122 J/C.
4. #?JASJ?RC RFC DGL?J RCKNCP?RSPC:
(14.25)
T
f
=
20,930 J 6012 J
1122 J/C
= 13C.
D?I9KII?ED
480 #(!04%2 14 Y (%!4 !.$ (%!4 42!.3&%2 -%4(/$3
4FGQ CV?KNJC GJJSQRP?RCQ RFC CLMPKMSQ CLCPEGCQ GLTMJTCB BSPGLE ? NF?QC AF?LEC. 4FC K?QQ MD GAC GQ ?@MSR 7 NCPACLR RFC K?QQ MD U?RCP @SR JC?BQ
RM ? LMRGAC?@JC AF?LEC GL RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD QMB?. !JRFMSEF UC ?QQSKCB RF?R RFC GAC U?Q ?R RFC DPCCXGLE RCKNCP?RSPC, RFGQ GQ GLAMPPCAR: RFC
RWNGA?J RCKNCP?RSPC GQ 6C. (MUCTCP, RFGQ AMPPCARGML EGTCQ ? DGL?J RCKNCP?RSPC RF?R GQ CQQCLRG?JJW GBCLRGA?J RM RFC PCQSJR UC DMSLB. #?L WMS
CVNJ?GL UFW?
7C F?TC QCCL RF?R T?NMPGX?RGML PCOSGPCQ FC?R RP?LQDCP RM ? JGOSGB DPMK RFC QSPPMSLBGLEQ, QM RF?R CLCPEW GQ PCJC?QCB @W RFC QSPPMSLBGLEQ.
#MLBCLQ?RGML GQ RFC PCTCPQC NPMACQQ, GLAPC?QGLE RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC QSPPMSLBGLEQ. 4FGQ GLAPC?QC K?W QCCK QSPNPGQGLE, QGLAC UC ?QQMAG?RC
AMLBCLQ?RGML UGRF AMJB M@HCARQrRFC EJ?QQ GL RFC DGESPC, DMP CV?KNJC. (MUCTCP, CLCPEW KSQR @C PCKMTCB DPMK RFC AMLBCLQGLE KMJCASJCQ RM K?IC ?
T?NMP AMLBCLQC. 4FC CLCPEW GQ CV?ARJW RFC Q?KC ?Q RF?R PCOSGPCB RM K?IC RFC NF?QC AF?LEC GL RFC MRFCP BGPCARGML, DPMK JGOSGB RM T?NMP, ?LB QM GR A?L
@C A?JASJ?RCB DPMK Q = mL
v
.
F?=KH; 14.9 #MLBCLQ?RGML DMPKQ ML RFGQ EJ?QQ MD GACB RC? @CA?SQC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC LC?P@W ?GP GQ PCBSACB RM @CJMU RFC BCU NMGLR. 4FC ?GP A?LLMR FMJB ?Q KSAF U?RCP ?Q GR
BGB ?R PMMK RCKNCP?RSPC, ?LB QM U?RCP AMLBCLQCQ. %LCPEW GQ PCJC?QCB UFCL RFC U?RCP AMLBCLQCQ, QNCCBGLE RFC KCJRGLE MD RFC GAC GL RFC EJ?QQ. (APCBGR: *CLLW $MULGLE)
2C?J-7MPJB !NNJGA?RGML
%LCPEW GQ ?JQM PCJC?QCB UFCL ? JGOSGB DPCCXCQ. 4FGQ NFCLMKCLML GQ SQCB @W DPSGR EPMUCPQ GL &JMPGB? RM NPMRCAR MP?LECQ UFCL RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GQ
AJMQC RM RFC DPCCXGLE NMGLR (0C) . 'PMUCPQ QNP?W U?RCP ML RFC NJ?LRQ GL MPAF?PBQ QM RF?R RFC U?RCP DPCCXCQ ?LB FC?R GQ PCJC?QCB RM RFC EPMUGLE
MP?LECQ ML RFC RPCCQ. 4FGQ NPCTCLRQ RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GLQGBC RFC MP?LEC DPMK BPMNNGLE @CJMU DPCCXGLE, UFGAF UMSJB B?K?EC RFC DPSGR.
F?=KH; 14.10 4FC GAC ML RFCQC RPCCQ PCJC?QCB J?PEC ?KMSLRQ MD CLCPEW UFCL GR DPMXC, FCJNGLE RM NPCTCLR RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC RPCCQ DPMK BPMNNGLE @CJMU 0C. 7?RCP GQ
GLRCLRGML?JJW QNP?WCB ML MPAF?PBQ RM FCJN NPCTCLR F?PB DPMQRQ. (APCBGR: (CPK?LL (?KKCP)
,K8B?C7J?ED GQ RFC RP?LQGRGML DPMK QMJGB RM T?NMP NF?QC. 9MS K?W F?TC LMRGACB RF?R QLMU A?L BGQ?NNC?P GLRM RFGL ?GP UGRFMSR ? RP?AC MD JGOSGB U?RCP, MP
RFC BGQ?NNC?P?LAC MD GAC AS@CQ GL ? DPCCXCP. 4FC PCTCPQC GQ ?JQM RPSC: &PMQR A?L DMPK ML TCPW AMJB UGLBMUQ UGRFMSR EMGLE RFPMSEF RFC JGOSGB QR?EC. !
NMNSJ?P CDDCAR GQ RFC K?IGLE MD uQKMICv DPMK BPW GAC, UFGAF GQ QMJGB A?P@ML BGMVGBC. 3S@JGK?RGML MAASPQ @CA?SQC RFC COSGJG@PGSK T?NMP NPCQQSPC MD
QMJGBQ GQ LMR XCPM. #CPR?GL ?GP DPCQFCLCPQ SQC RFC QS@JGK?RGML MD ? QMJGB RM GLHCAR ? NCPDSKC GLRM RFC PMMK. -MRF @?JJQ ?PC ? QJGEFRJW RMVGA CV?KNJC MD ?
NFCLMJ (?L MPE?LGA AMKNMSLB) RF?R QS@JGK?RCQ, UFGJC QMKC QMJGBQ, QSAF ?Q MQKGSK RCRPMVGBC, ?PC QM RMVGA RF?R RFCW KSQR @C ICNR GL QC?JCB AMLR?GLCPQ
RM NPCTCLR FSK?L CVNMQSPC RM RFCGP QS@JGK?RGML-NPMBSACB T?NMPQ.
#(!04%2 14 Y (%!4 !.$ (%!4 42!.3&%2 -%4(/$3 481
F?=KH; 14.11 $GPCAR RP?LQGRGMLQ @CRUCCL QMJGB ?LB T?NMP ?PC AMKKML, QMKCRGKCQ SQCDSJ, ?LB CTCL @C?SRGDSJ. (?) $PW GAC QS@JGK?RCQ BGPCARJW RM A?P@ML BGMVGBC E?Q. 4FC TGQG@JC
T?NMP GQ K?BC MD U?RCP BPMNJCRQ. (APCBGR: 7GLBCJJ /QI?W) (@) &PMQR DMPKQ N?RRCPLQ ML ? TCPW AMJB UGLBMU, ?L CV?KNJC MD ? QMJGB DMPKCB BGPCARJW DPMK ? T?NMP. (APCBGR: ,GX 7CQR)
!JJ NF?QC RP?LQGRGMLQ GLTMJTC FC?R. )L RFC A?QC MD BGPCAR QMJGB-T?NMP RP?LQGRGMLQ, RFC CLCPEW PCOSGPCB GQ EGTCL @W RFC COS?RGML Q = mL
s
, UFCPC L
s
GQ
RFC >;7J E< IK8B?C7J?ED, UFGAF GQ RFC CLCPEW PCOSGPCB RM AF?LEC 1.00 IE MD ? QS@QR?LAC DPMK RFC QMJGB NF?QC RM RFC T?NMP NF?QC. L
s
GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM
L
f
?LB L
v
, ?LB GRQ T?JSC BCNCLBQ ML RFC QS@QR?LAC. 3S@JGK?RGML PCOSGPCQ CLCPEW GLNSR, QM RF?R BPW GAC GQ ?L CDDCARGTC AMMJ?LR, UFCPC?Q RFC PCTCPQC
NPMACQQ (G.C., DPMQRGLE) PCJC?QCQ CLCPEW. 4FC ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW PCOSGPCB DMP QS@JGK?RGML GQ MD RFC Q?KC MPBCP MD K?ELGRSBC ?Q RF?R DMP MRFCP NF?QC
RP?LQGRGMLQ.
4FC K?RCPG?J NPCQCLRCB GL RFGQ QCARGML ?LB RFC NPCACBGLE QCARGML ?JJMUQ SQ RM A?JASJ?RC ?LW LSK@CP MD CDDCARQ PCJ?RCB RM RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB NF?QC
AF?LEC. )L C?AF A?QC, GR GQ LCACQQ?PW RM GBCLRGDW UFGAF RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB NF?QC AF?LECQ ?PC R?IGLE NJ?AC ?LB RFCL RM ?NNJW RFC ?NNPMNPG?RC COS?RGML.
+CCN GL KGLB RF?R FC?R RP?LQDCP ?LB UMPI A?L A?SQC @MRF RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB NF?QC AF?LECQ.
0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE 3RP?RCEGCQ DMP RFC %DDCARQ MD (C?R 4P?LQDCP
1. EK4@<A8 G;8 F<GH4G<BA GB 78G8E@<A8 G;4G G;8E8 <F 4 6;4A:8 <A G;8 G8@C8E4GHE8 BE C;4F8. F G;8E8 ;84G GE4AF98E <AGB BE BHG B9 G;8 FLFG8@? 7FCL
RFC NPCQCLAC MP ?@QCLAC MD ? NF?QC AF?LEC GQ LMR M@TGMSQ, WMS K?W UGQF RM DGPQR QMJTC RFC NPM@JCK ?Q GD RFCPC UCPC LM NF?QC AF?LECQ, ?LB
CV?KGLC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LEC M@R?GLCB. )D GR GQ QSDDGAGCLR RM R?IC WMS N?QR ? @MGJGLE MP KCJRGLE NMGLR, WMS QFMSJB RFCL EM @?AI ?LB BM RFC
NPM@JCK GL QRCNQrRCKNCP?RSPC AF?LEC, NF?QC AF?LEC, QS@QCOSCLR RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LEC, ?LB QM ML.
2. 78AG<9L 4A7 ?<FG 4?? B5=86GF G;4G 6;4A:8 G8@C8E4GHE8 4A7 C;4F8.
3. 78AG<9L 8K46G?L J;4G A887F GB 58 78G8E@<A87 <A G;8 CEB5?8@ (<78AG<9L G;8 HA>ABJAF). ! UPGRRCL JGQR GQ SQCDSJ.
4. $4>8 4 ?<FG B9 J;4G <F :<I8A BE J;4G 64A 58 <A98EE87 9EB@ G;8 CEB5?8@ 4F FG4G87 (<78AG<9L G;8 >ABJAF).
5. *B?I8 G;8 4CCEBCE<4G8 8DH4G<BA 9BE G;8 DH4AG<GL GB 58 78G8E@<A87 (G;8 HA>ABJA). )D RFCPC GQ ? RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LEC, RFC RP?LQDCPPCB FC?R BCNCLBQ
ML RFC QNCAGDGA FC?R (QCC -78B; 14.1) UFCPC?Q, DMP ? NF?QC AF?LEC, RFC RP?LQDCPPCB FC?R BCNCLBQ ML RFC J?RCLR FC?R. 3CC -78B; 14.2.
6. *H5FG<GHG8 G;8 >ABJAF 4?BA: J<G; G;8<E HA<GF <AGB G;8 4CCEBCE<4G8 8DH4G<BA 4A7 B5G4<A AH@8E<64? FB?HG<BAF 6B@C?8G8 J<G; HA<GF. 9MS UGJJ LCCB RM
BM RFGQ GL QRCNQ GD RFCPC GQ KMPC RF?L MLC QR?EC RM RFC NPMACQQ (QSAF ?Q ? RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LEC DMJJMUCB @W ? NF?QC AF?LEC).
7. C;86> G;8 4AFJ8E GB F88 <9 <G <F E84FBA45?8: DB8F <G @4>8 F8AF8? !Q ?L CV?KNJC, @C ACPR?GL RF?R RFC RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LEC BMCQ LMR ?JQM A?SQC ?
NF?QC AF?LEC RF?R WMS F?TC LMR R?ICL GLRM ?AAMSLR.
7FW BMCQ QLMU PCK?GL ML KMSLR?GL QJMNCQ CTCL UFCL B?WRGKC RCKNCP?RSPCQ ?PC FGEFCP RF?L RFC DPCCXGLE RCKNCP?RSPC?
,EBKJ?ED
3LMU GQ DMPKCB DPMK GAC APWQR?JQ ?LB RFSQ GQ RFC QMJGB NF?QC MD U?RCP. "CA?SQC CLMPKMSQ FC?R GQ LCACQQ?PW DMP NF?QC AF?LECQ, GR R?ICQ ? ACPR?GL
?KMSLR MD RGKC DMP RFGQ FC?R RM @C ?AASKSJ?RCB DPMK RFC ?GP, CTCL GD RFC ?GP GQ ?@MTC 0C. 4FC U?PKCP RFC ?GP GQ, RFC D?QRCP RFGQ FC?R CVAF?LEC
MAASPQ ?LB RFC D?QRCP RFC QLMU KCJRQ.
14.4 !;7J -H7DI<;H &;J>E:I
%OS?JJW ?Q GLRCPCQRGLE ?Q RFC CDDCARQ MD FC?R RP?LQDCP ML ? QWQRCK ?PC RFC KCRFMBQ @W UFGAF RFGQ MAASPQ. 7FCLCTCP RFCPC GQ ? RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLAC,
FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ. (C?R RP?LQDCP K?W MAASP P?NGBJW, QSAF ?Q RFPMSEF ? AMMIGLE N?L, MP QJMUJW, QSAF ?Q RFPMSEF RFC U?JJQ MD ? NGALGA GAC AFCQR. 7C
A?L AMLRPMJ P?RCQ MD FC?R RP?LQDCP @W AFMMQGLE K?RCPG?JQ (QSAF ?Q RFGAI UMMJ AJMRFGLE DMP RFC UGLRCP), AMLRPMJJGLE ?GP KMTCKCLR (QSAF ?Q RFC SQC MD
UC?RFCP QRPGNNGLE ?PMSLB BMMPQ), MP @W AFMGAC MD AMJMP (QSAF ?Q ? UFGRC PMMD RM PCDJCAR QSKKCP QSLJGEFR). 3M K?LW NPMACQQCQ GLTMJTC FC?R RP?LQDCP, QM
RF?R GR GQ F?PB RM GK?EGLC ? QGRS?RGML UFCPC LM FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ. 9CR CTCPW NPMACQQ GLTMJTGLE FC?R RP?LQDCP R?ICQ NJ?AC @W MLJW RFPCC KCRFMBQ:
482 #(!04%2 14 Y (%!4 !.$ (%!4 42!.3&%2 -%4(/$3
1. CED:K9J?ED GQ FC?R RP?LQDCP RFPMSEF QR?RGML?PW K?RRCP @W NFWQGA?J AMLR?AR. (4FC K?RRCP GQ QR?RGML?PW ML ? K?APMQAMNGA QA?JCrUC ILMU RFCPC GQ
RFCPK?J KMRGML MD RFC ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ ?R ?LW RCKNCP?RSPC ?@MTC ?@QMJSRC XCPM.) (C?R RP?LQDCPPCB @CRUCCL RFC CJCARPGA @SPLCP MD ? QRMTC
?LB RFC @MRRMK MD ? N?L GQ RP?LQDCPPCB @W AMLBSARGML.
2. CEDL;9J?ED GQ RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP @W RFC K?APMQAMNGA KMTCKCLR MD ? DJSGB. 4FGQ RWNC MD RP?LQDCP R?ICQ NJ?AC GL ? DMPACB-?GP DSPL?AC ?LB GL UC?RFCP
QWQRCKQ, DMP CV?KNJC.
3. (C?R RP?LQDCP @W H7:?7J?ED MAASPQ UFCL KGAPMU?TCQ, GLDP?PCB P?BG?RGML, TGQG@JC JGEFR, MP ?LMRFCP DMPK MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML GQ CKGRRCB MP
?@QMP@CB. !L M@TGMSQ CV?KNJC GQ RFC U?PKGLE MD RFC %?PRF @W RFC 3SL. ! JCQQ M@TGMSQ CV?KNJC GQ RFCPK?J P?BG?RGML DPMK RFC FSK?L @MBW.
F?=KH; 14.12 )L ? DGPCNJ?AC, FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ @W ?JJ RFPCC KCRFMBQ: AMLBSARGML, AMLTCARGML, ?LB P?BG?RGML. 2?BG?RGML GQ PCQNMLQG@JC DMP KMQR MD RFC FC?R RP?LQDCPPCB GLRM RFC
PMMK. (C?R RP?LQDCP ?JQM MAASPQ RFPMSEF AMLBSARGML GLRM RFC PMMK, @SR ?R ? KSAF QJMUCP P?RC. (C?R RP?LQDCP @W AMLTCARGML ?JQM MAASPQ RFPMSEF AMJB ?GP CLRCPGLE RFC PMMK ?PMSLB
UGLBMUQ ?LB FMR ?GP JC?TGLE RFC PMMK @W PGQGLE SN RFC AFGKLCW.
7C CV?KGLC RFCQC KCRFMBQ GL QMKC BCR?GJ GL RFC RFPCC DMJJMUGLE KMBSJCQ. %?AF KCRFMB F?Q SLGOSC ?LB GLRCPCQRGLE AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ, @SR ?JJ RFPCC BM
F?TC MLC RFGLE GL AMKKML: RFCW RP?LQDCP FC?R QMJCJW @CA?SQC MD ? RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLAC F?=KH; 14.12.
.?KC ?L CV?KNJC DPMK B?GJW JGDC (BGDDCPCLR DPMK RFC RCVR) DMP C?AF KCAF?LGQK MD FC?R RP?LQDCP.
,EBKJ?ED
#MLBSARGML: (C?R RP?LQDCPQ GLRM WMSP F?LBQ ?Q WMS FMJB ? FMR ASN MD AMDDCC.
#MLTCARGML: (C?R RP?LQDCPQ ?Q RFC @?PGQR? uQRC?KQv AMJB KGJI RM K?IC FMR 6B6B4.
2?BG?RGML: 2CFC?RGLE ? AMJB ASN MD AMDDCC GL ? KGAPMU?TC MTCL.
14.5 CED:K9J?ED
F?=KH; 14.13 )LQSJ?RGML GQ SQCB RM JGKGR RFC AMLBSARGML MD FC?R DPMK RFC GLQGBC RM RFC MSRQGBC (GL UGLRCPQ) ?LB DPMK RFC MSRQGBC RM RFC GLQGBC (GL QSKKCPQ). (APCBGR: 'GJCQ $MSEJ?Q)
9MSP DCCR DCCJ AMJB ?Q WMS U?JI @?PCDMMR ?APMQQ RFC JGTGLE PMMK A?PNCR GL WMSP AMJB FMSQC ?LB RFCL QRCN MLRM RFC IGRAFCL RGJC DJMMP. 4FGQ PCQSJR GQ
GLRPGESGLE, QGLAC RFC A?PNCR ?LB RGJC DJMMP ?PC @MRF ?R RFC Q?KC RCKNCP?RSPC. 4FC BGDDCPCLR QCLQ?RGML WMS DCCJ GQ CVNJ?GLCB @W RFC BGDDCPCLR P?RCQ MD FC?R
RP?LQDCP: RFC FC?R JMQQ BSPGLE RFC Q?KC RGKC GLRCPT?J GQ EPC?RCP DMP QIGL GL AMLR?AR UGRF RFC RGJCQ RF?L UGRF RFC A?PNCR, QM RFC RCKNCP?RSPC BPMN GQ EPC?RCP
ML RFC RGJCQ.
3MKC K?RCPG?JQ AMLBSAR RFCPK?J CLCPEW D?QRCP RF?L MRFCPQ. )L ECLCP?J, EMMB AMLBSARMPQ MD CJCARPGAGRW (KCR?JQ JGIC AMNNCP, ?JSKGLSK, EMJB, ?LB QGJTCP)
?PC ?JQM EMMB FC?R AMLBSARMPQ, UFCPC?Q GLQSJ?RMPQ MD CJCARPGAGRW (UMMB, NJ?QRGA, ?LB PS@@CP) ?PC NMMP FC?R AMLBSARMPQ. F?=KH; 14.14 QFMUQ KMJCASJCQ
#(!04%2 14 Y (%!4 !.$ (%!4 42!.3&%2 -%4(/$3 483
GL RUM @MBGCQ ?R BGDDCPCLR RCKNCP?RSPCQ. 4FC (?TCP?EC) IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD ? KMJCASJC GL RFC FMR @MBW GQ FGEFCP RF?L GL RFC AMJBCP @MBW. )D RUM KMJCASJCQ
AMJJGBC, ?L CLCPEW RP?LQDCP DPMK RFC FMR RM RFC AMJB KMJCASJC MAASPQ. 4FC ASKSJ?RGTC CDDCAR DPMK ?JJ AMJJGQGMLQ PCQSJRQ GL ? LCR DJSV MD FC?R DPMK RFC FMR
@MBW RM RFC AMJBCP @MBW. 4FC FC?R DJSV RFSQ BCNCLBQ ML RFC RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLAC =
hot
T
cold
. 4FCPCDMPC, WMS UGJJ ECR ? KMPC QCTCPC @SPL
DPMK @MGJGLE U?RCP RF?L DPMK FMR R?N U?RCP. #MLTCPQCJW, GD RFC RCKNCP?RSPCQ ?PC RFC Q?KC, RFC LCR FC?R RP?LQDCP P?RC D?JJQ RM XCPM, ?LB COSGJG@PGSK GQ
?AFGCTCB. /UGLE RM RFC D?AR RF?R RFC LSK@CP MD AMJJGQGMLQ GLAPC?QCQ UGRF GLAPC?QGLE ?PC?, FC?R AMLBSARGML BCNCLBQ ML RFC APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC?. )D WMS
RMSAF ? AMJB U?JJ UGRF WMSP N?JK, WMSP F?LB AMMJQ D?QRCP RF?L GD WMS HSQR RMSAF GR UGRF WMSP DGLECPRGN.
F?=KH; 14.14 4FC KMJCASJCQ GL RUM @MBGCQ ?R BGDDCPCLR RCKNCP?RSPCQ F?TC BGDDCPCLR ?TCP?EC IGLCRGA CLCPEGCQ. #MJJGQGMLQ MAASPPGLE ?R RFC AMLR?AR QSPD?AC RCLB RM RP?LQDCP CLCPEW
DPMK FGEF-RCKNCP?RSPC PCEGMLQ RM JMU-RCKNCP?RSPC PCEGMLQ. )L RFGQ GJJSQRP?RGML, ? KMJCASJC GL RFC JMUCP RCKNCP?RSPC PCEGML (PGEFR QGBC) F?Q JMU CLCPEW @CDMPC AMJJGQGML, @SR GRQ
CLCPEW GLAPC?QCQ ?DRCP AMJJGBGLE UGRF RFC AMLR?AR QSPD?AC. )L AMLRP?QR, ? KMJCASJC GL RFC FGEFCP RCKNCP?RSPC PCEGML (JCDR QGBC) F?Q FGEF CLCPEW @CDMPC AMJJGQGML, @SR GRQ CLCPEW
BCAPC?QCQ ?DRCP AMJJGBGLE UGRF RFC AMLR?AR QSPD?AC.
! RFGPB D?ARMP GL RFC KCAF?LGQK MD AMLBSARGML GQ RFC RFGAILCQQ MD RFC K?RCPG?J RFPMSEF UFGAF FC?R RP?LQDCPQ. 4FC DGESPC @CJMU QFMUQ ? QJ?@ MD K?RCPG?J
UGRF BGDDCPCLR RCKNCP?RSPCQ ML CGRFCP QGBC. 3SNNMQC RF?R T
2
GQ EPC?RCP RF?L T
1
, QM RF?R FC?R GQ RP?LQDCPPCB DPMK JCDR RM PGEFR. (C?R RP?LQDCP DPMK RFC
JCDR QGBC RM RFC PGEFR QGBC GQ ?AAMKNJGQFCB @W ? QCPGCQ MD KMJCASJ?P AMJJGQGMLQ. 4FC RFGAICP RFC K?RCPG?J, RFC KMPC RGKC GR R?ICQ RM RP?LQDCP RFC Q?KC
?KMSLR MD FC?R. 4FGQ KMBCJ CVNJ?GLQ UFW RFGAI AJMRFGLE GQ U?PKCP RF?L RFGL AJMRFGLE GL UGLRCPQ, ?LB UFW !PARGA K?KK?JQ NPMRCAR RFCKQCJTCQ UGRF RFGAI
@JS@@CP.
F?=KH; 14.15 (C?R AMLBSARGML MAASPQ RFPMSEF ?LW K?RCPG?J, PCNPCQCLRCB FCPC @W ? PCAR?LESJ?P @?P, UFCRFCP UGLBMU EJ?QQ MP U?JPSQ @JS@@CP. 4FC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC K?RCPG?J GQ
T
2
ML RFC JCDR ?LB T
1
ML RFC PGEFR, UFCPC T
2
GQ EPC?RCP RF?L T
1
. 4FC P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP @W AMLBSARGML GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC QSPD?AC ?PC? A , RFC RCKNCP?RSPC
BGDDCPCLAC T
2
T
1
, ?LB RFC QS@QR?LACtQ AMLBSARGTGRW k . 4FC P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP GQ GLTCPQCJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC RFGAILCQQ d .
,?QRJW, RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP P?RC BCNCLBQ ML RFC K?RCPG?J NPMNCPRGCQ BCQAPG@CB @W RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD RFCPK?J AMLBSARGTGRW. !JJ DMSP D?ARMPQ ?PC GLAJSBCB GL ?
QGKNJC COS?RGML RF?R U?Q BCBSACB DPMK ?LB GQ AMLDGPKCB @W CVNCPGKCLRQ. 4FC H7J; E< 9ED:K9J?L; >;7J JH7DI<;H RFPMSEF ? QJ?@ MD K?RCPG?J, QSAF ?Q
RFC MLC GL F?=KH; 14.15, GQ EGTCL @W
(14.26)
Q
t
=
kA(T
2
T
1
)
d
,
UFCPC Q/ t GQ RFC P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP GL U?RRQ MP IGJMA?JMPGCQ NCP QCAMLB, k GQ RFC J>;HC7B 9ED:K9J?L?JO MD RFC K?RCPG?J, A ?LB d ?PC GRQ QSPD?AC
?PC? ?LB RFGAILCQQ, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 14.15, ?LB (T
2
T
1
) GQ RFC RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLAC ?APMQQ RFC QJ?@. -78B; 14.3 EGTCQ PCNPCQCLR?RGTC T?JSCQ
MD RFCPK?J AMLBSARGTGRW.
484 #(!04%2 14 Y (%!4 !.$ (%!4 42!.3&%2 -%4(/$3
EN7CFB; 14.5 C7B9KB7J?D= !;7J -H7DI<;H ->HEK=> CED:K9J?ED: CED:K9J?ED +7J; ->HEK=> 7D "9; BEN
! 3RWPMDM?K GAC @MV F?Q ? RMR?J ?PC? MD 0.950 m
2
?LB U?JJQ UGRF ?L ?TCP?EC RFGAILCQQ MD 2.50 AK. 4FC @MV AMLR?GLQ GAC, U?RCP, ?LB A?LLCB
@CTCP?ECQ ?R 0C. 4FC GLQGBC MD RFC @MV GQ ICNR AMJB @W KCJRGLE GAC. (MU KSAF GAC KCJRQ GL MLC B?W GD RFC GAC @MV GQ ICNR GL RFC RPSLI MD ? A?P ?R
35.0C?
,JH7J;=O
4FGQ OSCQRGML GLTMJTCQ @MRF FC?R DMP ? NF?QC AF?LEC (KCJRGLE MD GAC) ?LB RFC RP?LQDCP MD FC?R @W AMLBSARGML. 4M DGLB RFC ?KMSLR MD GAC KCJRCB, UC
KSQR DGLB RFC LCR FC?R RP?LQDCPPCB. 4FGQ T?JSC A?L @C M@R?GLCB @W A?JASJ?RGLE RFC P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP @W AMLBSARGML ?LB KSJRGNJWGLE @W RGKC.
,EBKJ?ED
(14.27)
A = 0.950 m
2
; d = 2.50 cm = 0.0250 m; T
1
= 0C; T
2
= 35.0C, t = 1 day = 24 hours = 86,400 s.
2. )BCLRGDW RFC SLILMULQ. 7C LCCB RM QMJTC DMP RFC K?QQ MD RFC GAC, m. 7C UGJJ ?JQM LCCB RM QMJTC DMP RFC LCR FC?R RP?LQDCPPCB RM KCJR RFC GAC,
Q.
3. $CRCPKGLC UFGAF COS?RGMLQ RM SQC. 4FC P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP @W AMLBSARGML GQ EGTCL @W
(14.28)
Q
t
=
kA(T
2
T
1
)
d
.
4. 4FC FC?R GQ SQCB RM KCJR RFC GAC: Q = mL
f
.
5. )LQCPR RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ:
(14.29)
Q
t
=
(0.010 J/s mC)
0.950 m
2
(35.0C 0C)
0.0250 m
= 13.3 J/s.
6. -SJRGNJW RFC P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP @W RFC RGKC ( 1 day = 86,400 s ):
(14.30)
Q =

Q/ t
t = (13.3 J/s)(86,400 s) = 1.1510

6
J.
7. 3CR RFGQ COS?J RM RFC FC?R RP?LQDCPPCB RM KCJR RFC GAC: Q = mL
f
. 3MJTC DMP RFC K?QQ m:
(14.31)
m =
Q
L
f
=
1.1510
6
J
334 10
3
J/kg
= 3.44kg.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC PCQSJR MD 3.44 IE, MP ?@MSR 7.6 J@Q, QCCKQ ?@MSR PGEFR, @?QCB ML CVNCPGCLAC. 9MS KGEFR CVNCAR RM SQC ?@MSR ? 4 IE (7q10 J@) @?E MD GAC NCP
B?W. ! JGRRJC CVRP? GAC GQ PCOSGPCB GD WMS ?BB ?LW U?PK DMMB MP @CTCP?ECQ.
)LQNCARGLE RFC AMLBSARGTGRGCQ GL -78B; 14.3 QFMUQ RF?R 3RWPMDM?K GQ ? TCPW NMMP AMLBSARMP ?LB RFSQ ? EMMB GLQSJ?RMP. /RFCP EMMB GLQSJ?RMPQ
GLAJSBC DG@CPEJ?QQ, UMMJ, ?LB EMMQC-BMUL DC?RFCPQ. ,GIC 3RWPMDM?K, RFCQC ?JJ GLAMPNMP?RC K?LW QK?JJ NMAICRQ MD ?GP, R?IGLE ?BT?LR?EC MD ?GPtQ
NMMP RFCPK?J AMLBSARGTGRW.
#(!04%2 14 Y (%!4 !.$ (%!4 42!.3&%2 -%4(/$3 485
4?@JC 14.3 4FCPK?J #MLBSARGTGRGCQ MD #MKKML 3S@QR?LACQ
;7=
,K8IJ7D9;
->;HC7B 9ED:K9J?L?JO k (J/smC)
3GJTCP 420
#MNNCP 390
'MJB 318
!JSKGLSK 220
3RCCJ GPML 80
3RCCJ (QR?GLJCQQ) 14
)AC 2.2
'J?QQ (?TCP?EC) 0.84
#MLAPCRC @PGAI 0.84
7?RCP 0.6
&?RRW RGQQSC (UGRFMSR @JMMB) 0.2
!Q@CQRMQ 0.16
0J?QRCP@M?PB 0.16
7MMB 0.08q0.16
3LMU (BPW) 0.10
#MPI 0.042
'J?QQ UMMJ 0.042
7MMJ 0.04
$MUL DC?RFCPQ 0.025
!GP 0.023
3RWPMDM?K 0.010
! AMK@GL?RGML MD K?RCPG?J ?LB RFGAILCQQ GQ MDRCL K?LGNSJ?RCB RM BCTCJMN EMMB GLQSJ?RMPQrRFC QK?JJCP RFC AMLBSARGTGRW k ?LB RFC J?PECP RFC RFGAILCQQ
d , RFC @CRRCP. 4FC P?RGM MD d / k UGJJ RFSQ @C J?PEC DMP ? EMMB GLQSJ?RMP. 4FC P?RGM d / k GQ A?JJCB RFC R <79JEH. 4FC P?RC MD AMLBSARGTC FC?R RP?LQDCP GQ
GLTCPQCJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM R . 4FC J?PECP RFC T?JSC MD R , RFC @CRRCP RFC GLQSJ?RGML. R D?ARMPQ ?PC KMQR AMKKMLJW OSMRCB DMP FMSQCFMJB GLQSJ?RGML,
PCDPGECP?RMPQ, ?LB RFC JGICrSLDMPRSL?RCJW, GR GQ QRGJJ GL LML-KCRPGA SLGRQ MD DR
2
_\&_F/"RS, ?JRFMSEF RFC SLGR SQS?JJW EMCQ SLQR?RCB (1 "PGRGQF RFCPK?J SLGR
;"RS= GQ RFC ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW LCCBCB RM AF?LEC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD 1.0 J@ MD U?RCP @W 1.0 \&). ! AMSNJC MD PCNPCQCLR?RGTC T?JSCQ ?PC ?L R D?ARMP MD 11
DMP 3.5-GL-RFGAI DG@CPEJ?QQ @?RRQ (NGCACQ) MD GLQSJ?RGML ?LB ?L R D?ARMP MD 19 DMP 6.5-GL-RFGAI DG@CPEJ?QQ @?RRQ. 7?JJQ ?PC SQS?JJW GLQSJ?RCB UGRF 3.5-GL
@?RRQ, UFGJC ACGJGLEQ ?PC SQS?JJW GLQSJ?RCB UGRF 6.5-GL @?RRQ. )L AMJB AJGK?RCQ, RFGAICP @?RRQ K?W @C SQCB GL ACGJGLEQ ?LB U?JJQ.
F?=KH; 14.16 4FC DG@CPEJ?QQ @?RR GQ SQCB DMP GLQSJ?RGML MD U?JJQ ?LB ACGJGLEQ RM NPCTCLR FC?R RP?LQDCP @CRUCCL RFC GLQGBC MD RFC @SGJBGLE ?LB RFC MSRQGBC CLTGPMLKCLR.
.MRC RF?R GL -78B; 14.3, RFC @CQR RFCPK?J AMLBSARMPQrQGJTCP, AMNNCP, EMJB, ?LB ?JSKGLSKr?PC ?JQM RFC @CQR CJCARPGA?J AMLBSARMPQ, ?E?GL PCJ?RCB RM RFC
BCLQGRW MD DPCC CJCARPMLQ GL RFCK. #MMIGLE SRCLQGJQ ?PC RWNGA?JJW K?BC DPMK EMMB AMLBSARMPQ.
EN7CFB; 14.6 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; -;CF;H7JKH; D?<<;H;D9; &7?DJ7?D;: 8O 7 !;7J -H7DI<;H: CED:K9J?ED ->HEK=> 7D
ABKC?DKC )7D
7?RCP GQ @MGJGLE GL ?L ?JSKGLSK N?L NJ?ACB ML ?L CJCARPGA?J CJCKCLR ML ? QRMTCRMN. 4FC Q?SAC N?L F?Q ? @MRRMK RF?R GQ 0.800 AK RFGAI ?LB 14.0
AK GL BG?KCRCP. 4FC @MGJGLE U?RCP GQ CT?NMP?RGLE ?R RFC P?RC MD 1.00 E/Q. 7F?R GQ RFC RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLAC ?APMQQ (RFPMSEF) RFC @MRRMK MD RFC
N?L?
,JH7J;=O
#MLBSARGML RFPMSEF RFC ?JSKGLSK GQ RFC NPGK?PW KCRFMB MD FC?R RP?LQDCP FCPC, ?LB QM UC SQC RFC COS?RGML DMP RFC P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP ?LB QMJTC
DMP RFC RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLAC.
7. !R RCKNCP?RSPCQ LC?P 0`#.
486 #(!04%2 14 Y (%!4 !.$ (%!4 42!.3&%2 -%4(/$3
(14.32)
T
2
T
1
=
Q
t

d
kA
.
,EBKJ?ED
1. )BCLRGDW RFC ILMULQ ?LB AMLTCPR RFCK RM RFC 3) SLGRQ.
4FC RFGAILCQQ MD RFC N?L, d = 0.800 cm = 8.010
3
m, RFC ?PC? MD RFC N?L, A = (0.14 / 2)
2
m
2
= 1.5410
2
m
2
, ?LB RFC
RFCPK?J AMLBSARGTGRW, k = 220 J/s mC.
2. #?JASJ?RC RFC LCACQQ?PW FC?R MD T?NMPGX?RGML MD 1 E MD U?RCP:
(14.33)
Q = mL
v
=

1.0010
3
kg
225610
3
J/kg
= 2256 J.
3. #?JASJ?RC RFC P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP EGTCL RF?R 1 E MD U?RCP KCJRQ GL MLC QCAMLB:
(14.34)
Q/ t = 2256 J/s or 2.26 kW.
4. )LQCPR RFC ILMULQ GLRM RFC COS?RGML ?LB QMJTC DMP RFC RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLAC:
(14.35)
T
2
T
1
=
Q
t

d
kA
= (2256 J/s)
8.00 10
3
m
(220 J/s mC)
1.5410
2
m
2
= 5.33C.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC T?JSC DMP RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP Q/ t = 2.26kW or 2256 J/s GQ RWNGA?J DMP ?L CJCARPGA QRMTC. 4FGQ T?JSC EGTCQ ? PCK?PI?@JW QK?JJ RCKNCP?RSPC
BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL RFC QRMTC ?LB RFC N?L. #MLQGBCP RF?R RFC QRMTC @SPLCP GQ PCB FMR UFGJC RFC GLQGBC MD RFC N?L GQ LC?PJW 100C @CA?SQC MD GRQ
AMLR?AR UGRF @MGJGLE U?RCP. 4FGQ AMLR?AR CDDCARGTCJW AMMJQ RFC @MRRMK MD RFC N?L GL QNGRC MD GRQ NPMVGKGRW RM RFC TCPW FMR QRMTC @SPLCP. !JSKGLSK GQ
QSAF ? EMMB AMLBSARMP RF?R GR MLJW R?ICQ RFGQ QK?JJ RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLAC RM NPMBSAC ? FC?R RP?LQDCP MD 2.26 I7 GLRM RFC N?L.
#MLBSARGML GQ A?SQCB @W RFC P?LBMK KMRGML MD ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ. !Q QSAF, GR GQ ?L GLCDDCARGTC KCAF?LGQK DMP FC?R RP?LQNMPR MTCP K?APMQAMNGA
BGQR?LACQ ?LB QFMPR RGKC BGQR?LACQ. 4?IC, DMP CV?KNJC, RFC RCKNCP?RSPC ML RFC %?PRF, UFGAF UMSJB @C SL@C?P?@JW AMJB BSPGLE RFC LGEFR ?LB
CVRPCKCJW FMR BSPGLE RFC B?W GD FC?R RP?LQNMPR GL RFC ?RKMQNFCPC U?Q RM @C MLJW RFPMSEF AMLBSARGML. )L ?LMRFCP CV?KNJC, A?P CLEGLCQ UMSJB
MTCPFC?R SLJCQQ RFCPC U?Q ? KMPC CDDGAGCLR U?W RM PCKMTC CVACQQ FC?R DPMK RFC NGQRMLQ.
(MU BMCQ RFC P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP @W AMLBSARGML AF?LEC UFCL ?JJ QN?RG?J BGKCLQGMLQ ?PC BMS@JCB?
,EBKJ?ED
"CA?SQC ?PC? GQ RFC NPMBSAR MD RUM QN?RG?J BGKCLQGMLQ, GR GLAPC?QCQ @W ? D?ARMP MD DMSP UFCL C?AF BGKCLQGML GQ BMS@JCB
A
fnal
= (2d)
2
= 4d
2
= 4A
initial
. 4FC BGQR?LAC, FMUCTCP, QGKNJW BMS@JCQ. "CA?SQC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLAC ?LB RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD RFCPK?J
AMLBSARGTGRW ?PC GLBCNCLBCLR MD RFC QN?RG?J BGKCLQGMLQ, RFC P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP @W AMLBSARGML GLAPC?QCQ @W ? D?ARMP MD DMSP BGTGBCB @W RUM, MP
RUM:
(14.36)
Q
t
fnal
=
kA
fnal
T
2
T
1
d
fnal
=
k
4A
initial
T
2
T
1
2d
initial
= 2
kA
initial
T
2
T
1
d
initial
= 2
Q
t
initial
.
14.6 CEDL;9J?ED
#MLTCARGML GQ BPGTCL @W J?PEC-QA?JC DJMU MD K?RRCP. )L RFC A?QC MD %?PRF, RFC ?RKMQNFCPGA AGPASJ?RGML GQ A?SQCB @W RFC DJMU MD FMR ?GP DPMK RFC RPMNGAQ RM
RFC NMJCQ, ?LB RFC DJMU MD AMJB ?GP DPMK RFC NMJCQ RMU?PB RFC RPMNGAQ. (.MRC RF?R %?PRFtQ PMR?RGML A?SQCQ RFC M@QCPTCB C?QRCPJW DJMU MD ?GP GL RFC LMPRFCPL
FCKGQNFCPC). #?P CLEGLCQ ?PC ICNR AMMJ @W RFC DJMU MD U?RCP GL RFC AMMJGLE QWQRCK, UGRF RFC U?RCP NSKN K?GLR?GLGLE ? DJMU MD AMMJ U?RCP RM RFC
NGQRMLQ. 4FC AGPASJ?RMPW QWQRCK GQ SQCB RFC @MBW: UFCL RFC @MBW MTCPFC?RQ, RFC @JMMB TCQQCJQ GL RFC QIGL CVN?LB (BGJ?RC), UFGAF GLAPC?QCQ RFC @JMMB
DJMU RM RFC QIGL UFCPC GR A?L @C AMMJCB @W QUC?RGLE. 4FCQC TCQQCJQ @CAMKC QK?JJCP UFCL GR GQ AMJB MSRQGBC ?LB J?PECP UFCL GR GQ FMR (QM KMPC DJSGB
DJMUQ, ?LB KMPC CLCPEW GQ RP?LQDCPPCB).
4FC @MBW ?JQM JMQCQ ? QGELGDGA?LR DP?ARGML MD GRQ FC?R RFPMSEF RFC @PC?RFGLE NPMACQQ.
7FGJC AMLTCARGML GQ SQS?JJW KMPC AMKNJGA?RCB RF?L AMLBSARGML, UC A?L BCQAPG@C AMLTCARGML ?LB BM QMKC QRP?GEFRDMPU?PB, PC?JGQRGA A?JASJ?RGMLQ MD GRQ
CDDCARQ. .?RSP?J AMLTCARGML GQ BPGTCL @W @SMW?LR DMPACQ: FMR ?GP PGQCQ @CA?SQC BCLQGRW BCAPC?QCQ ?Q RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QCQ. 4FC FMSQC GL F?=KH; 14.17
GQ ICNR U?PK GL RFGQ K?LLCP, ?Q GQ RFC NMR MD U?RCP ML RFC QRMTC GL F?=KH; 14.18. /AC?L ASPPCLRQ ?LB J?PEC-QA?JC ?RKMQNFCPGA AGPASJ?RGML RP?LQDCP
CLCPEW DPMK MLC N?PR MD RFC EJM@C RM ?LMRFCP. "MRF ?PC CV?KNJCQ MD L?RSP?J AMLTCARGML.
#(!04%2 14 Y (%!4 !.$ (%!4 42!.3&%2 -%4(/$3 487
F?=KH; 14.17 !GP FC?RCB @W RFC QM-A?JJCB EP?TGRW DSPL?AC CVN?LBQ ?LB PGQCQ, DMPKGLE ? AMLTCARGTC JMMN RF?R RP?LQDCPQ CLCPEW RM MRFCP N?PRQ MD RFC PMMK. !Q RFC ?GP GQ AMMJCB ?R
RFC ACGJGLE ?LB MSRQGBC U?JJQ, GR AMLRP?ARQ, CTCLRS?JJW @CAMKGLE BCLQCP RF?L PMMK ?GP ?LB QGLIGLE RM RFC DJMMP. ! NPMNCPJW BCQGELCB FC?RGLE QWQRCK SQGLE L?RSP?J AMLTCARGML, JGIC
RFGQ MLC, A?L @C OSGRC CDDGAGCLR GL SLGDMPKJW FC?RGLE ? FMKC.
F?=KH; 14.18 #MLTCARGML NJ?WQ ?L GKNMPR?LR PMJC GL FC?R RP?LQDCP GLQGBC RFGQ NMR MD U?RCP. /LAC AMLBSARCB RM RFC GLQGBC, FC?R RP?LQDCP RM MRFCP N?PRQ MD RFC NMR GQ KMQRJW @W
AMLTCARGML. 4FC FMRRCP U?RCP CVN?LBQ, BCAPC?QCQ GL BCLQGRW, ?LB PGQCQ RM RP?LQDCP FC?R RM MRFCP PCEGMLQ MD RFC U?RCP, UFGJC AMJBCP U?RCP QGLIQ RM RFC @MRRMK. 4FGQ NPMACQQ ICCNQ
PCNC?RGLE.
4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR: #MLTCARGML 2MJJQ GL ? (C?RCB 0?L
4?IC RUM QK?JJ NMRQ MD U?RCP ?LB SQC ?L CWC BPMNNCP RM NJ?AC ? BPMN MD DMMB AMJMPGLE LC?P RFC @MRRMK MD C?AF. ,C?TC MLC ML ? @CLAF RMN ?LB
FC?R RFC MRFCP MTCP ? QRMTCRMN. 7?RAF FMU RFC AMJMP QNPC?BQ ?LB FMU JMLE GR R?ICQ RFC AMJMP RM PC?AF RFC RMN. 7?RAF FMU AMLTCARGTC JMMNQ DMPK.
EN7CFB; 14.7 C7B9KB7J?D= !;7J -H7DI<;H 8O CEDL;9J?ED: CEDL;9J?ED E< A?H ->HEK=> J>; 07BBI E< 7 !EKI;
-MQR FMSQCQ ?PC LMR ?GPRGEFR: ?GP EMCQ GL ?LB MSR ?PMSLB BMMPQ ?LB UGLBMUQ, RFPMSEF AP?AIQ ?LB APCTGACQ, DMJJMUGLE UGPGLE RM QUGRAFCQ ?LB
MSRJCRQ, ?LB QM ML. 4FC ?GP GL ? RWNGA?J FMSQC GQ AMKNJCRCJW PCNJ?ACB GL JCQQ RF?L ?L FMSP. 3SNNMQC RF?R ? KMBCP?RCJW-QGXCB FMSQC F?Q GLQGBC
BGKCLQGMLQ 12.0m18.0m3.00m FGEF, ?LB RF?R ?JJ ?GP GQ PCNJ?ACB GL 30.0 KGL. #?JASJ?RC RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP NCP SLGR RGKC GL U?RRQ LCCBCB RM
U?PK RFC GLAMKGLE AMJB ?GP @W 10.0C, RFSQ PCNJ?AGLE RFC FC?R RP?LQDCPPCB @W AMLTCARGML ?JMLC.
,JH7J;=O
(C?R GQ SQCB RM P?GQC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD ?GP QM RF?R Q = mcT . 4FC P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP GQ RFCL Q/ t , UFCPC t GQ RFC RGKC DMP ?GP RSPLMTCP. 7C
?PC EGTCL RF?R T GQ 10.0C, @SR UC KSQR QRGJJ DGLB T?JSCQ DMP RFC K?QQ MD ?GP ?LB GRQ QNCAGDGA FC?R @CDMPC UC A?L A?JASJ?RC Q. 4FC QNCAGDGA
FC?R MD ?GP GQ ? UCGEFRCB ?TCP?EC MD RFC QNCAGDGA FC?RQ MD LGRPMECL ?LB MVWECL, UFGAF EGTCQ c = c
p
1000 J/kgC DPMK -78B; 14.4 (LMRC RF?R
RFC QNCAGDGA FC?R ?R AMLQR?LR NPCQQSPC KSQR @C SQCB DMP RFGQ NPMACQQ).
,EBKJ?ED
1. $CRCPKGLC RFC K?QQ MD ?GP DPMK GRQ BCLQGRW ?LB RFC EGTCL TMJSKC MD RFC FMSQC. 4FC BCLQGRW GQ EGTCL DPMK RFC BCLQGRW ?LB RFC TMJSKC
(14.37)
m = V =

1.29 kg/m
3
(12.0 m18.0 m3.00 m) = 836 kg.

2. #?JASJ?RC RFC FC?R RP?LQDCPPCB DPMK RFC AF?LEC GL ?GP RCKNCP?RSPC: Q = mcT QM RF?R
(14.38)
Q =

836 kg
1000 J/kgC
(10.0C)= 8.3610
6
J.
3. #?JASJ?RC RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK RFC FC?R Q ?LB RFC RSPLMTCP RGKC t . 3GLAC ?GP GQ RSPLCB MTCP GL t = 0.500 h = 1800 s , RFC FC?R
RP?LQDCPPCB NCP SLGR RGKC GQ
(14.39)
Q
t
=
8.3610
6
J
1800 s
= 4.64 kW.
488 #(!04%2 14 Y (%!4 !.$ (%!4 42!.3&%2 -%4(/$3
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP GQ COS?J RM RFC NMUCP AMLQSKCB @W ?@MSR DMPRW-QGV 100-7 JGEFR @SJ@Q. .CUJW AMLQRPSARCB FMKCQ ?PC BCQGELCB DMP ?
RSPLMTCP RGKC MD 2 FMSPQ MP KMPC, P?RFCP RF?L 30 KGLSRCQ DMP RFC FMSQC MD RFGQ CV?KNJC. 7C?RFCP QRPGNNGLE, A?SJIGLE, ?LB GKNPMTCB UGLBMU QC?JQ
?PC AMKKMLJW CKNJMWCB. -MPC CVRPCKC KC?QSPCQ ?PC QMKCRGKCQ R?ICL GL TCPW AMJB (MP FMR) AJGK?RCQ RM ?AFGCTC ? RGEFR QR?LB?PB MD KMPC RF?L 6
FMSPQ DMP MLC ?GP RSPLMTCP. 3RGJJ JMLECP RSPLMTCP RGKCQ ?PC SLFC?JRFW, @CA?SQC ? KGLGKSK ?KMSLR MD DPCQF ?GP GQ LCACQQ?PW RM QSNNJW MVWECL DMP
@PC?RFGLE ?LB RM BGJSRC FMSQCFMJB NMJJSR?LRQ. 4FC RCPK SQCB DMP RFC NPMACQQ @W UFGAF MSRQGBC ?GP JC?IQ GLRM RFC FMSQC DPMK AP?AIQ ?PMSLB
UGLBMUQ, BMMPQ, ?LB RFC DMSLB?RGML GQ A?JJCB u?GP GLDGJRP?RGML.v
! AMJB UGLB GQ KSAF KMPC AFGJJGLE RF?L QRGJJ AMJB ?GP, @CA?SQC AMLTCARGML AMK@GLCQ UGRF AMLBSARGML GL RFC @MBW RM GLAPC?QC RFC P?RC ?R UFGAF CLCPEW GQ
RP?LQDCPPCB ?U?W DPMK RFC @MBW. 4FC R?@JC @CJMU EGTCQ ?NNPMVGK?RC UGLB-AFGJJ D?ARMPQ, UFGAF ?PC RFC RCKNCP?RSPCQ MD QRGJJ ?GP RF?R NPMBSAC RFC Q?KC
P?RC MD AMMJGLE ?Q ?GP MD ? EGTCL RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB QNCCB. 7GLB-AFGJJ D?ARMPQ ?PC ? BP?K?RGA PCKGLBCP MD AMLTCARGMLtQ ?@GJGRW RM RP?LQDCP FC?R D?QRCP RF?L
AMLBSARGML. &MP CV?KNJC, ? 15.0 K/Q UGLB ?R 0C F?Q RFC AFGJJGLE COSGT?JCLR MD QRGJJ ?GP ?R ?@MSR 18C.
4?@JC 14.4 7GLB-#FGJJ &?ARMPQ
&EL?D= 7?H J;CF;H7JKH; 0?D: IF;;: (C/I)
(C) 2 5 10 15 20
5 3 1 8 10 12
2 0 7 12 16 18
0 2 9 15 18 20
5 7 15 22 26 29
10 12 21 29 34 36
20 23 34 44 50 52
10 12 21 29 34 36
20 23 34 44 50 52
40 44 59 73 82 84
!JRFMSEF ?GP A?L RP?LQDCP FC?R P?NGBJW @W AMLTCARGML, GR GQ ? NMMP AMLBSARMP ?LB RFSQ ? EMMB GLQSJ?RMP. 4FC ?KMSLR MD ?T?GJ?@JC QN?AC DMP ?GPDJMU
BCRCPKGLCQ UFCRFCP ?GP ?ARQ ?Q ?L GLQSJ?RMP MP AMLBSARMP. 4FC QN?AC @CRUCCL RFC GLQGBC ?LB MSRQGBC U?JJQ MD ? FMSQC, DMP CV?KNJC, GQ ?@MSR 9 AK (3.5
GL) rJ?PEC CLMSEF DMP AMLTCARGML RM UMPI CDDCARGTCJW. 4FC ?BBGRGML MD U?JJ GLQSJ?RGML NPCTCLRQ ?GPDJMU, QM FC?R JMQQ (MP E?GL) GQ BCAPC?QCB. 3GKGJ?PJW, RFC
E?N @CRUCCL RFC RUM N?LCQ MD ? BMS@JC-N?LCB UGLBMU GQ ?@MSR 1 AK, UFGAF NPCTCLRQ AMLTCARGML ?LB R?ICQ ?BT?LR?EC MD ?GPtQ JMU AMLBSARGTGRW RM
NPCTCLR EPC?RCP JMQQ. &SP, DG@CP, ?LB DG@CPEJ?QQ ?JQM R?IC ?BT?LR?EC MD RFC JMU AMLBSARGTGRW MD ?GP @W RP?NNGLE GR GL QN?ACQ RMM QK?JJ RM QSNNMPR
AMLTCARGML, ?Q QFMUL GL RFC DGESPC. &SP ?LB DC?RFCPQ ?PC JGEFRUCGEFR ?LB RFSQ GBC?J DMP RFC NPMRCARGML MD ?LGK?JQ.
F?=KH; 14.19 &SP GQ DGJJCB UGRF ?GP, @PC?IGLE GR SN GLRM K?LW QK?JJ NMAICRQ. #MLTCARGML GQ TCPW QJMU FCPC, @CA?SQC RFC JMMNQ ?PC QM QK?JJ. 4FC JMU AMLBSARGTGRW MD ?GP K?ICQ DSP ?
TCPW EMMB JGEFRUCGEFR GLQSJ?RMP.
3MKC GLRCPCQRGLE NFCLMKCL? F?NNCL J;8A 6BAI86G<BA <F 466B@C4A<87 5L 4 C;4F8 6;4A:8. )R ?JJMUQ SQ RM AMMJ MDD @W QUC?RGLE, CTCL GD RFC
RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC QSPPMSLBGLE ?GP CVACCBQ @MBW RCKNCP?RSPC. (C?R DPMK RFC QIGL GQ PCOSGPCB DMP QUC?R RM CT?NMP?RC DPMK RFC QIGL, @SR UGRFMSR ?GP DJMU,
RFC ?GP @CAMKCQ Q?RSP?RCB ?LB CT?NMP?RGML QRMNQ. !GP DJMU A?SQCB @W AMLTCARGML PCNJ?ACQ RFC Q?RSP?RCB ?GP @W BPW ?GP ?LB CT?NMP?RGML AMLRGLSCQ.
#(!04%2 14 Y (%!4 !.$ (%!4 42!.3&%2 -%4(/$3 489
EN7CFB; 14.8 C7B9KB7J; J>; FBEM E< &7II :KH?D= CEDL;9J?ED: ,M;7J-!;7J -H7DI<;H 7M7O <HEC J>; BE:O
4FC ?TCP?EC NCPQML NPMBSACQ FC?R ?R RFC P?RC MD ?@MSR 120 7 UFCL ?R PCQR. !R UF?R P?RC KSQR U?RCP CT?NMP?RC DPMK RFC @MBW RM ECR PGB MD ?JJ RFGQ
CLCPEW? (4FGQ CT?NMP?RGML KGEFR MAASP UFCL ? NCPQML GQ QGRRGLE GL RFC QF?BC ?LB QSPPMSLBGLE RCKNCP?RSPCQ ?PC RFC Q?KC ?Q QIGL RCKNCP?RSPC,
CJGKGL?RGLE FC?R RP?LQDCP @W MRFCP KCRFMBQ.)
,JH7J;=O
%LCPEW GQ LCCBCB DMP ? NF?QC AF?LEC ( Q = mL
v
). 4FSQ, RFC CLCPEW JMQQ NCP SLGR RGKC GQ
(14.40) Q
t
=
mL
v
t
= 120 W = 120 J/s.
7C BGTGBC @MRF QGBCQ MD RFC COS?RGML @W L
v
RM DGLB RF?R RFC K?QQ CT?NMP?RCB NCP SLGR RGKC GQ
(14.41)
m
t
=
120 J/s
L
v
.
,EBKJ?ED
(1) )LQCPR RFC T?JSC MD RFC J?RCLR FC?R DPMK -78B; 14.2, L
v
= 2430 kJ/kg = 2430 J/g . 4FGQ WGCJBQ
(14.42)
m
t
=
120 J/s
2430 J/g
= 0.0494 g/s = 2.96 g/min.
D?I9KII?ED
%T?NMP?RGLE ?@MSR 3 E/KGL QCCKQ PC?QML?@JC. 4FGQ UMSJB @C ?@MSR 180 E (?@MSR 7 MX) NCP FMSP. )D RFC ?GP GQ TCPW BPW, RFC QUC?R K?W CT?NMP?RC
UGRFMSR CTCL @CGLE LMRGACB. ! QGELGDGA?LR ?KMSLR MD CT?NMP?RGML ?JQM R?ICQ NJ?AC GL RFC JSLEQ ?LB @PC?RFGLE N?QQ?ECQ.
!LMRFCP GKNMPR?LR CV?KNJC MD RFC AMK@GL?RGML MD NF?QC AF?LEC ?LB AMLTCARGML MAASPQ UFCL U?RCP CT?NMP?RCQ DPMK RFC MAC?LQ. (C?R GQ PCKMTCB
DPMK RFC MAC?L UFCL U?RCP CT?NMP?RCQ. )D RFC U?RCP T?NMP AMLBCLQCQ GL JGOSGB BPMNJCRQ ?Q AJMSBQ DMPK, FC?R GQ PCJC?QCB GL RFC ?RKMQNFCPC. 4FSQ,
RFCPC GQ ?L MTCP?JJ RP?LQDCP MD FC?R DPMK RFC MAC?L RM RFC ?RKMQNFCPC. 4FGQ NPMACQQ GQ RFC BPGTGLE NMUCP @CFGLB RFSLBCPFC?BQ, RFMQC EPC?R ASKSJSQ
AJMSBQ RF?R PGQC ?Q KSAF ?Q 20.0 IK GLRM RFC QRP?RMQNFCPC. 7?RCP T?NMP A?PPGCB GL @W AMLTCARGML AMLBCLQCQ, PCJC?QGLE RPCKCLBMSQ ?KMSLRQ MD
CLCPEW. 4FGQ CLCPEW A?SQCQ RFC ?GP RM CVN?LB ?LB PGQC, UFCPC GR GQ AMJBCP. -MPC AMLBCLQ?RGML MAASPQ GL RFCQC AMJBCP PCEGMLQ, UFGAF GL RSPL BPGTCQ RFC
AJMSB CTCL FGEFCP. 3SAF ? KCAF?LGQK GQ A?JJCB NMQGRGTC DCCB@?AI, QGLAC RFC NPMACQQ PCGLDMPACQ ?LB ?AACJCP?RCQ GRQCJD. 4FCQC QWQRCKQ QMKCRGKCQ
NPMBSAC TGMJCLR QRMPKQ, UGRF JGEFRLGLE ?LB F?GJ, ?LB AMLQRGRSRC RFC KCAF?LGQK BPGTGLE FSPPGA?LCQ.
F?=KH; 14.20 #SKSJSQ AJMSBQ ?PC A?SQCB @W U?RCP T?NMP RF?R PGQCQ @CA?SQC MD AMLTCARGML. 4FC PGQC MD AJMSBQ GQ BPGTCL @W ? NMQGRGTC DCCB@?AI KCAF?LGQK. (APCBGR: -GIC ,MTC)
490 #(!04%2 14 Y (%!4 !.$ (%!4 42!.3&%2 -%4(/$3
F?=KH; 14.21 #MLTCARGML ?AAMKN?LGCB @W ? NF?QC AF?LEC PCJC?QCQ RFC CLCPEW LCCBCB RM BPGTC RFGQ RFSLBCPFC?B GLRM RFC QRP?RMQNFCPC. (APCBGR: 'CP?PBM '?PAe? -MPCRRG )
F?=KH; 14.22 4FC NF?QC AF?LEC RF?R MAASPQ UFCL RFGQ GAC@CPE KCJRQ GLTMJTCQ RPCKCLBMSQ FC?R RP?LQDCP. (APCBGR: $MKGLGA !JTCQ)
4FC KMTCKCLR MD GAC@CPEQ GQ ?LMRFCP CV?KNJC MD AMLTCARGML ?AAMKN?LGCB @W ? NF?QC AF?LEC. 3SNNMQC ?L GAC@CPE BPGDRQ DPMK 'PCCLJ?LB GLRM
U?PKCP !RJ?LRGA U?RCPQ. (C?R GQ PCKMTCB DPMK RFC U?PK MAC?L U?RCP UFCL RFC GAC KCJRQ ?LB FC?R GQ PCJC?QCB RM RFC J?LB K?QQ UFCL RFC GAC@CPE
DMPKQ ML 'PCCLJ?LB.
%VNJ?GL UFW SQGLE ? D?L GL RFC QSKKCP DCCJQ PCDPCQFGLE!
,EBKJ?ED
5QGLE ? D?L GLAPC?QCQ RFC DJMU MD ?GP: U?PK ?GP LC?P WMSP @MBW GQ PCNJ?ACB @W AMMJCP ?GP DPMK CJQCUFCPC. #MLTCARGML GLAPC?QCQ RFC P?RC MD FC?R
RP?LQDCP QM RF?R KMTGLE ?GP uDCCJQv AMMJCP RF?L QRGJJ ?GP.
14.7 +7:?7J?ED
9MS A?L DCCJ RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK ? DGPC ?LB DPMK RFC 3SL. 3GKGJ?PJW, WMS A?L QMKCRGKCQ RCJJ RF?R RFC MTCL GQ FMR UGRFMSR RMSAFGLE GRQ BMMP MP JMMIGLE
GLQGBCrGR K?W HSQR U?PK WMS ?Q WMS U?JI @W. 4FC QN?AC @CRUCCL RFC %?PRF ?LB RFC 3SL GQ J?PECJW CKNRW, UGRFMSR ?LW NMQQG@GJGRW MD FC?R RP?LQDCP @W
AMLTCARGML MP AMLBSARGML. )L RFCQC CV?KNJCQ, FC?R GQ RP?LQDCPPCB @W P?BG?RGML. 4F?R GQ, RFC FMR @MBW CKGRQ CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ RF?R ?PC ?@QMP@CB @W
MSP QIGL: LM KCBGSK GQ PCOSGPCB DMP CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ RM NPMN?E?RC. $GDDCPCLR L?KCQ ?PC SQCB DMP CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ MD BGDDCPCLR
U?TCJCLERFQ: P?BGM U?TCQ, KGAPMU?TCQ, GLDP?PCB H7:?7J?ED, TGQG@JC JGEFR, SJRP?TGMJCR P?BG?RGML, 8-P?WQ, ?LB E?KK? P?WQ.
#(!04%2 14 Y (%!4 !.$ (%!4 42!.3&%2 -%4(/$3 491
F?=KH; 14.23 -MQR MD RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK RFGQ DGPC RM RFC M@QCPTCPQ GQ RFPMSEF GLDP?PCB P?BG?RGML. 4FC TGQG@JC JGEFR, ?JRFMSEF BP?K?RGA, RP?LQDCPQ PCJ?RGTCJW JGRRJC RFCPK?J CLCPEW.
#MLTCARGML RP?LQDCPQ CLCPEW ?U?W DPMK RFC M@QCPTCPQ ?Q FMR ?GP PGQCQ, UFGJC AMLBSARGML GQ LCEJGEG@JW QJMU FCPC. 3IGL GQ TCPW QCLQGRGTC RM GLDP?PCB P?BG?RGML, QM RF?R WMS A?L
QCLQC RFC NPCQCLAC MD ? DGPC UGRFMSR JMMIGLE ?R GR BGPCARJW. (APCBGR: $?LGCJ 8. /t.CGJ)
4FC CLCPEW MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML BCNCLBQ ML RFC U?TCJCLERF (AMJMP) ?LB T?PGCQ MTCP ? UGBC P?LEC: ? QK?JJCP U?TCJCLERF (MP FGEFCP DPCOSCLAW)
AMPPCQNMLBQ RM ? FGEFCP CLCPEW. "CA?SQC KMPC FC?R GQ P?BG?RCB ?R FGEFCP RCKNCP?RSPCQ, ? RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LEC GQ ?AAMKN?LGCB @W ? AMJMP AF?LEC.
4?IC, DMP CV?KNJC, ?L CJCARPGA?J CJCKCLR ML ? QRMTC, UFGAF EJMUQ DPMK PCB RM MP?LEC, UFGJC RFC FGEFCP-RCKNCP?RSPC QRCCJ GL ? @J?QR DSPL?AC EJMUQ DPMK
WCJJMU RM UFGRC. 4FC P?BG?RGML WMS DCCJ GQ KMQRJW GLDP?PCB, UFGAF AMPPCQNMLBQ RM ? JMUCP RCKNCP?RSPC RF?L RF?R MD RFC CJCARPGA?J CJCKCLR ?LB RFC QRCCJ.
4FC P?BG?RCB CLCPEW BCNCLBQ ML GRQ GLRCLQGRW, UFGAF GQ PCNPCQCLRCB GL RFC DGESPC @CJMU @W RFC FCGEFR MD RFC BGQRPG@SRGML.
EB;9JHEC7=D;J?9 07L;I CVNJ?GLQ KMPC ?@MSR RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA QNCARPSK ?LB "DJHE:K9J?ED JE *K7DJKC )>OI?9I BGQASQQCQ FMU RFC BCAPC?QC GL
U?TCJCLERF AMPPCQNMLBQ RM ?L GLAPC?QC GL CLCPEW.
F?=KH; 14.24 (?) ! EP?NF MD RFC QNCARP? MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ CKGRRCB DPMK ?L GBC?J P?BG?RMP ?R RFPCC BGDDCPCLR RCKNCP?RSPCQ. 4FC GLRCLQGRW MP P?RC MD P?BG?RGML CKGQQGML
GLAPC?QCQ BP?K?RGA?JJW UGRF RCKNCP?RSPC, ?LB RFC QNCARPSK QFGDRQ RMU?PB RFC TGQG@JC ?LB SJRP?TGMJCR N?PRQ MD RFC QNCARPSK. 4FC QF?BCB NMPRGML BCLMRCQ RFC TGQG@JC N?PR MD RFC
QNCARPSK. )R GQ ?NN?PCLR RF?R RFC QFGDR RMU?PB RFC SJRP?TGMJCR UGRF RCKNCP?RSPC K?ICQ RFC TGQG@JC ?NNC?P?LAC QFGDR DPMK PCB RM UFGRC RM @JSC ?Q RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QCQ. (@) .MRC RFC
T?PG?RGMLQ GL AMJMP AMPPCQNMLBGLE RM T?PG?RGMLQ GL DJ?KC RCKNCP?RSPC. (APCBGR: 4SMFGPSJJ?)
!JJ M@HCARQ ?@QMP@ ?LB CKGR CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML. 4FC P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP @W P?BG?RGML GQ J?PECJW BCRCPKGLCB @W RFC AMJMP MD RFC M@HCAR. "J?AI GQ
RFC KMQR CDDCARGTC, ?LB UFGRC GQ RFC JC?QR CDDCARGTC. 0CMNJC JGTGLE GL FMR AJGK?RCQ ECLCP?JJW ?TMGB UC?PGLE @J?AI AJMRFGLE, DMP GLQR?LAC (QCC -7A;-!EC;
ENF;H?C;DJ: -;CF;H7JKH; ?D J>; ,KD). 3GKGJ?PJW, @J?AI ?QNF?JR GL ? N?PIGLE JMR UGJJ @C FMRRCP RF?L ?BH?ACLR EP?W QGBCU?JI ML ? QSKKCP B?W, @CA?SQC
@J?AI ?@QMP@Q @CRRCP RF?L EP?W. 4FC PCTCPQC GQ ?JQM RPSCr@J?AI P?BG?RCQ @CRRCP RF?L EP?W. 4FSQ, ML ? AJC?P QSKKCP LGEFR, RFC ?QNF?JR UGJJ @C AMJBCP
RF?L RFC EP?W QGBCU?JI, @CA?SQC @J?AI P?BG?RCQ RFC CLCPEW KMPC P?NGBJW RF?L EP?W. !L <784? E47<4GBE GQ RFC Q?KC AMJMP ?Q ?L <784? 45FBE58E, ?LB
A?NRSPCQ ?JJ RFC P?BG?RGML RF?R D?JJQ ML GR. )L AMLRP?QR, UFGRC GQ ? NMMP ?@QMP@CP ?LB GQ ?JQM ? NMMP P?BG?RMP. ! UFGRC M@HCAR PCDJCARQ ?JJ P?BG?RGML, JGIC ?
KGPPMP. (! NCPDCAR, NMJGQFCB UFGRC QSPD?AC GQ KGPPMP-JGIC GL ?NNC?P?LAC, ?LB ? APSQFCB KGPPMP JMMIQ UFGRC.)
F?=KH; 14.25 4FGQ GJJSQRP?RGML QFMUQ RF?R RFC B?PICP N?TCKCLR GQ FMRRCP RF?L RFC JGEFRCP N?TCKCLR (KSAF KMPC MD RFC GAC ML RFC PGEFR F?Q KCJRCB), ?JRFMSEF @MRF F?TC @CCL GL
RFC QSLJGEFR DMP RFC Q?KC RGKC. 4FC RFCPK?J AMLBSARGTGRGCQ MD RFC N?TCKCLRQ ?PC RFC Q?KC.
492 #(!04%2 14 Y (%!4 !.$ (%!4 42!.3&%2 -%4(/$3
'P?W M@HCARQ F?TC ? SLGDMPK ?@GJGRW RM ?@QMP@ ?JJ N?PRQ MD RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA QNCARPSK. #MJMPCB M@HCARQ @CF?TC GL QGKGJ?P @SR KMPC AMKNJCV U?WQ,
UFGAF EGTCQ RFCK ? N?PRGASJ?P AMJMP GL RFC TGQG@JC P?LEC ?LB K?W K?IC RFCK QNCAG?J GL MRFCP P?LECQ MD RFC LMLTGQG@JC QNCARPSK. 4?IC, DMP CV?KNJC, RFC
QRPMLE ?@QMPNRGML MD GLDP?PCB P?BG?RGML @W RFC QIGL, UFGAF ?JJMUQ SQ RM @C TCPW QCLQGRGTC RM GR.
F?=KH; 14.26 ! @J?AI M@HCAR GQ ? EMMB ?@QMP@CP ?LB ? EMMB P?BG?RMP, UFGJC ? UFGRC (MP QGJTCP) M@HCAR GQ ? NMMP ?@QMP@CP ?LB ? NMMP P?BG?RMP. )R GQ ?Q GD P?BG?RGML DPMK RFC GLQGBC GQ
PCDJCARCB @?AI GLRM RFC QGJTCP M@HCAR, UFCPC?Q P?BG?RGML DPMK RFC GLQGBC MD RFC @J?AI M@HCAR GQ u?@QMP@CBv UFCL GR FGRQ RFC QSPD?AC ?LB DGLBQ GRQCJD ML RFC MSRQGBC ?LB GQ QRPMLEJW
CKGRRCB.
4FC P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP @W CKGRRCB P?BG?RGML GQ BCRCPKGLCB @W RFC ,J;<7D-BEBJPC7DD B7M E< H7:?7J?ED:
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GQ RFC 3RCD?L-"MJRXK?LL AMLQR?LR, A GQ RFC QSPD?AC ?PC? MD RFC M@HCAR, ?LB T GQ GRQ ?@QMJSRC RCKNCP?RSPC GL
ICJTGL. 4FC QWK@MJ e QR?LBQ DMP RFC ;C?II?L?JO MD RFC M@HCAR, UFGAF GQ ? KC?QSPC MD FMU UCJJ GR P?BG?RCQ. !L GBC?J HCR-@J?AI (MP @J?AI @MBW) P?BG?RMP
F?Q e = 1 , UFCPC?Q ? NCPDCAR PCDJCARMP F?Q e = 0 . 2C?J M@HCARQ D?JJ @CRUCCL RFCQC RUM T?JSCQ. 4?IC, DMP CV?KNJC, RSLEQRCL JGEFR @SJ@ DGJ?KCLRQ
UFGAF F?TC ?L e MD ?@MSR 0.5 , ?LB A?P@ML @J?AI (? K?RCPG?J SQCB GL NPGLRCP RMLCP), UFGAF F?Q RFC (EPC?RCQR ILMUL) CKGQQGTGRW MD ?@MSR 0.99 .
4FC P?BG?RGML P?RC GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC 9BHEG; CBJ8E MD RFC ?@QMJSRC RCKNCP?RSPCr? PCK?PI?@JW QRPMLE RCKNCP?RSPC BCNCLBCLAC.
&SPRFCPKMPC, RFC P?BG?RCB FC?R GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC QSPD?AC ?PC? MD RFC M@HCAR. )D WMS ILMAI ?N?PR RFC AM?JQ MD ? DGPC, RFCPC GQ ? LMRGAC?@JC GLAPC?QC GL
P?BG?RGML BSC RM ?L GLAPC?QC GL P?BG?RGLE QSPD?AC ?PC?.
F?=KH; 14.27 ! RFCPKMEP?NF MD N?PR MD ? @SGJBGLE QFMUQ RCKNCP?RSPC T?PG?RGMLQ, GLBGA?RGLE UFCPC FC?R RP?LQDCP RM RFC MSRQGBC GQ KMQR QCTCPC. 7GLBMUQ ?PC ? K?HMP PCEGML MD
FC?R RP?LQDCP RM RFC MSRQGBC MD FMKCQ. (APCBGR: 5.3. !PKW)
3IGL GQ ? PCK?PI?@JW EMMB ?@QMP@CP ?LB CKGRRCP MD GLDP?PCB P?BG?RGML, F?TGLE ?L CKGQQGTGRW MD 0.97 GL RFC GLDP?PCB QNCARPSK. 4FSQ, UC ?PC ?JJ LC?PJW
(HCR) @J?AI GL RFC GLDP?PCB, GL QNGRC MD RFC M@TGMSQ T?PG?RGMLQ GL QIGL AMJMP. 4FGQ FGEF GLDP?PCB CKGQQGTGRW GQ UFW UC A?L QM C?QGJW DCCJ P?BG?RGML ML MSP QIGL.
)R GQ ?JQM RFC @?QGQ DMP RFC SQC MD LGEFR QAMNCQ SQCB @W J?U CLDMPACKCLR ?LB RFC KGJGR?PW RM BCRCAR FSK?L @CGLEQ. %TCL QK?JJ RCKNCP?RSPC T?PG?RGMLQ
A?L @C BCRCARCB @CA?SQC MD RFC T
4
BCNCLBCLAC. )K?ECQ, A?JJCB G;8E@B:E4C;F, A?L @C SQCB KCBGA?JJW RM BCRCAR PCEGMLQ MD ?@LMPK?JJW FGEF
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RCKNCP?RSPC GL RFC @MBW, NCPF?NQ GLBGA?RGTC MD BGQC?QC. 3GKGJ?P RCAFLGOSCQ A?L @C SQCB RM BCRCAR FC?R JC?IQ GL FMKCQ F?=KH; 14.27, MNRGKGXC
NCPDMPK?LAC MD @J?QR DSPL?ACQ, GKNPMTC AMKDMPR JCTCJQ GL UMPI CLTGPMLKCLRQ, ?LB CTCL PCKMRCJW K?N RFC %?PRFtQ RCKNCP?RSPC NPMDGJC.
!JJ M@HCARQ CKGR ?LB ?@QMP@ P?BG?RGML. 4FC A8G P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP @W P?BG?RGML (?@QMPNRGML KGLSQ CKGQQGML) GQ PCJ?RCB RM @MRF RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC
M@HCAR ?LB RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD GRQ QSPPMSLBGLEQ. !QQSKGLE RF?R ?L M@HCAR UGRF ? RCKNCP?RSPC T
1
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UFCPC e GQ RFC CKGQQGTGRW MD RFC M@HCAR ?JMLC. )L MRFCP UMPBQ, GR BMCQ LMR K?RRCP UFCRFCP RFC QSPPMSLBGLEQ ?PC UFGRC, EP?W, MP @J?AI; RFC @?J?LAC MD
P?BG?RGML GLRM ?LB MSR MD RFC M@HCAR BCNCLBQ ML FMU UCJJ GR CKGRQ ?LB ?@QMP@Q P?BG?RGML. 7FCL T
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LCR FC?R RP?LQDCP GQ DPMK FMR RM AMJB.
4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR: 4CKNCP?RSPC GL RFC 3SL
0J?AC ? RFCPKMKCRCP MSR GL RFC QSLQFGLC ?LB QFGCJB GR DPMK BGPCAR QSLJGEFR SQGLE ?L ?JSKGLSK DMGJ. 7F?R GQ RFC PC?BGLE? .MU PCKMTC RFC QFGCJB,
?LB LMRC UF?R RFC RFCPKMKCRCP PC?BQ. 4?IC ? F?LBICPAFGCD QM?ICB GL L?GJ NMJGQF PCKMTCP, UP?N GR ?PMSLB RFC RFCPKMKCRCP ?LB NJ?AC GR GL RFC
QSLQFGLC. 7F?R BMCQ RFC RFCPKMKCRCP PC?B?
EN7CFB; 14.9 C7B9KB7J; J>; ';J !;7J -H7DI<;H E< 7 );HIED: !;7J -H7DI<;H 8O +7:?7J?ED
7F?R GQ RFC P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP @W P?BG?RGML, UGRF ?L SLAJMRFCB NCPQML QR?LBGLE GL ? B?PI PMMK UFMQC ?K@GCLR RCKNCP?RSPC GQ 22.0C. 4FC
NCPQML F?Q ? LMPK?J QIGL RCKNCP?RSPC MD 33.0C ?LB ? QSPD?AC ?PC? MD 1.50 m
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P?BG?RGML R?ICQ NJ?AC.
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4FGQ T?JSC GQ ? QGELGDGA?LR P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP RM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR (LMRC RFC KGLSQ QGEL), AMLQGBCPGLE RF?R ? NCPQML ?R PCQR K?W NPMBSAC CLCPEW ?R
RFC P?RC MD 125 7 ?LB RF?R AMLBSARGML ?LB AMLTCARGML UGJJ ?JQM @C RP?LQDCPPGLE CLCPEW RM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR. )LBCCB, UC UMSJB NPM@?@JW CVNCAR RFGQ
NCPQML RM DCCJ AMJB. #JMRFGLE QGELGDGA?LRJW PCBSACQ FC?R RP?LQDCP RM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR @W K?LW KCRFMBQ, @CA?SQC AJMRFGLE QJMUQ BMUL @MRF
AMLBSARGML ?LB AMLTCARGML, ?LB F?Q ? JMUCP CKGQQGTGRW (CQNCAG?JJW GD GR GQ UFGRC) RF?L QIGL.
4FC %?PRF PCACGTCQ ?JKMQR ?JJ GRQ CLCPEW DPMK P?BG?RGML MD RFC 3SL ?LB PCDJCARQ QMKC MD GR @?AI GLRM MSRCP QN?AC. "CA?SQC RFC 3SL GQ FMRRCP RF?L RFC
%?PRF, RFC LCR CLCPEW DJSV GQ DPMK RFC 3SL RM RFC %?PRF. (MUCTCP, RFC P?RC MD CLCPEW RP?LQDCP GQ JCQQ RF?L RFC COS?RGML DMP RFC P?BG?RGTC FC?R RP?LQDCP
UMSJB NPCBGAR @CA?SQC RFC 3SL BMCQ LMR DGJJ RFC QIW. 4FC ?TCP?EC CKGQQGTGRW ( e ) MD RFC %?PRF GQ ?@MSR 0.65, @SR RFC A?JASJ?RGML MD RFGQ T?JSC GQ
AMKNJGA?RCB @W RFC D?AR RF?R RFC FGEFJW PCDJCARGTC AJMSB AMTCP?EC T?PGCQ EPC?RJW DPMK B?W RM B?W. 4FCPC GQ ? LCE?RGTC DCCB@?AI (MLC GL UFGAF ? AF?LEC
NPMBSACQ ?L CDDCAR RF?R MNNMQCQ RF?R AF?LEC) @CRUCCL AJMSBQ ?LB FC?R RP?LQDCP; EPC?RCP RCKNCP?RSPCQ CT?NMP?RC KMPC U?RCP RM DMPK KMPC AJMSBQ,
UFGAF PCDJCAR KMPC P?BG?RGML @?AI GLRM QN?AC, PCBSAGLE RFC RCKNCP?RSPC. 4FC MDRCL KCLRGMLCB =H;;D>EKI; ;<<;9J GQ BGPCARJW PCJ?RCB RM RFC T?PG?RGML MD
RFC %?PRFtQ CKGQQGTGRW UGRF P?BG?RGML RWNC (QCC RFC DGESPC EGTCL @CJMU). 4FC EPCCLFMSQC CDDCAR GQ ? L?RSP?J NFCLMKCLML PCQNMLQG@JC DMP NPMTGBGLE
RCKNCP?RSPCQ QSGR?@JC DMP JGDC ML %?PRF. 4FC %?PRFtQ PCJ?RGTCJW AMLQR?LR RCKNCP?RSPC GQ ? PCQSJR MD RFC CLCPEW @?J?LAC @CRUCCL RFC GLAMKGLE QMJ?P
P?BG?RGML ?LB RFC CLCPEW P?BG?RCB DPMK RFC %?PRF. -MQR MD RFC GLDP?PCB P?BG?RGML CKGRRCB DPMK RFC %?PRF GQ ?@QMP@CB @W A?P@ML BGMVGBC ( CO
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RCKNCP?RSPC ?@MSR 40C FGEFCP RF?L GR UMSJB @C GD RFCPC U?Q LM ?RKMQNFCPC, QGKGJ?P RM RFC U?W EJ?QQ GLAPC?QCQ RCKNCP?RSPCQ GL ? EPCCLFMSQC.
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JGIC UGLBMU EJ?QQ, GQ RP?LQN?PCLR RM GLAMKGLE TGQG@JC P?BG?RGML ?LB KMQR MD RFC 3SLtQ GLDP?PCB. 4FCQC U?TCJCLERFQ ?PC ?@QMP@CB @W RFC %?PRF ?LB PC-CKGRRCB ?Q GLDP?PCB. 3GLAC
%?PRFtQ RCKNCP?RSPC GQ KSAF JMUCP RF?L RF?R MD RFC 3SL, RFC GLDP?PCB P?BG?RCB @W RFC %?PRF F?Q ? KSAF JMLECP U?TCJCLERF. 4FC ?RKMQNFCPC, JGIC EJ?QQ, RP?NQ RFCQC JMLECP
GLDP?PCB P?WQ, ICCNGLE RFC %?PRF U?PKCP RF?L GR UMSJB MRFCPUGQC @C. 4FC ?KMSLR MD RP?NNGLE BCNCLBQ ML AMLACLRP?RGMLQ MD RP?AC E?QCQ JGIC A?P@ML BGMVGBC, ?LB ? AF?LEC GL RFC
AMLACLRP?RGML MD RFCQC E?QCQ GQ @CJGCTCB RM ?DDCAR RFC %?PRFtQ QSPD?AC RCKNCP?RSPC.
4FC EPCCLFMSQC CDDCAR GQ ?JQM ACLRP?J RM RFC BGQASQQGML MD EJM@?J U?PKGLE BSC RM CKGQQGML MD A?P@ML BGMVGBC ?LB KCRF?LC (?LB MRFCP QM-A?JJCB
EPCCLFMSQC E?QCQ) GLRM RFC %?PRFtQ ?RKMQNFCPC DPMK GLBSQRPG?J NPMBSARGML ?LB D?PKGLE. #F?LECQ GL EJM@?J AJGK?RC AMSJB JC?B RM KMPC GLRCLQC QRMPKQ,
NPCAGNGR?RGML AF?LECQ (?DDCARGLE ?EPGASJRSPC), PCBSARGML GL P?GL DMPCQR @GMBGTCPQGRW, ?LB PGQGLE QC? JCTCJQ.
(C?RGLE ?LB AMMJGLE ?PC MDRCL QGELGDGA?LR AMLRPG@SRMPQ RM CLCPEW SQC GL GLBGTGBS?J FMKCQ. #SPPCLR PCQC?PAF CDDMPRQ GLRM BCTCJMNGLE CLTGPMLKCLR?JJW
DPGCLBJW FMKCQ OSGRC MDRCL DMASQ ML PCBSAGLE AMLTCLRGML?J FC?RGLE ?LB AMMJGLE RFPMSEF @CRRCP @SGJBGLE K?RCPG?JQ, QRP?RCEGA?JJW NMQGRGMLGLE UGLBMUQ RM
MNRGKGXC P?BG?RGML E?GL DPMK RFC 3SL, ?LB MNCLGLE QN?ACQ RM ?JJMU AMLTCARGML. )R GQ NMQQG@JC RM @SGJB ? XCPM-CLCPEW FMSQC RF?R ?JJMUQ DMP AMKDMPR?@JC
JGTGLE GL KMQR N?PRQ MD RFC 5LGRCB 3R?RCQ UGRF FMR ?LB FSKGB QSKKCPQ ?LB AMJB UGLRCPQ.
F?=KH; 14.29 4FGQ QGKNJC @SR CDDCARGTC QMJ?P AMMICP SQCQ RFC EPCCLFMSQC CDDCAR ?LB PCDJCARGTC K?RCPG?J RM RP?N ?LB PCR?GL QMJ?P CLCPEW. -?BC MD GLCVNCLQGTC, BSP?@JC K?RCPG?JQ,
GR Q?TCQ KMLCW ?LB J?@MP, ?LB GQ MD N?PRGASJ?P CAMLMKGA T?JSC GL CLCPEW-NMMP BCTCJMNGLE AMSLRPGCQ. (APCBGR: %.". +?S?G)
#MLTCPQCJW, B?PI QN?AC GQ TCPW AMJB, ?@MSR 3K(454F) , QM RF?R RFC %?PRF P?BG?RCQ CLCPEW GLRM RFC B?PI QIW. /UGLE RM RFC D?AR RF?R AJMSBQ F?TC
JMUCP CKGQQGTGRW RF?L CGRFCP MAC?LQ MP J?LB K?QQCQ, RFCW PCDJCAR QMKC MD RFC P?BG?RGML @?AI RM RFC QSPD?AC, EPC?RJW PCBSAGLE FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM B?PI
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RF?R DPMQR K?W MAASP ML AJC?P QSKKCP CTCLGLEQ, CTCL GL U?PK J?RGRSBCQ.
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FC?R RP?LQDCP @W RFC K?APMQAMNGA KMTCKCLR MD DJSGB
KC?QSPC MD FMU UCJJ ?L M@HCAR P?BG?RCQ
U?PKGLE MD RFC %?PRF RF?R GQ BSC RM E?QCQ QSAF ?Q A?P@ML BGMVGBC ?LB KCRF?LC RF?R ?@QMP@ GLDP?PCB P?BG?RGML DPMK RFC %?PRFtQ
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RFC CLCPEW PCOSGPCB RM AF?LEC ? QS@QR?LAC DPMK RFC QMJGB NF?QC RM RFC T?NMP NF?QC
RFC QNMLR?LCMSQ RP?LQDCP MD CLCPEW BSC RM ? RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLAC
1 kilocalorie = 1000 calories
? NFWQGA?J AMLQR?LR COS?J RM RFC ?KMSLR MD FC?R RP?LQDCPPCB DMP CTCPW 1 IE MD ? QS@QR?LAC BSPGLE RFC AF?LEC GL NF?QC MD
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w (C?R GQ CLCPEW RP?LQDCPPCB QMJCJW BSC RM ? RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLAC.
w !LW CLCPEW SLGR A?L @C SQCB DMP FC?R RP?LQDCP, ?LB RFC KMQR AMKKML ?PC IGJMA?JMPGC (IA?J) ?LB HMSJC (*).
w +GJMA?JMPGC GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC CLCPEW LCCBCB RM AF?LEC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD 1.00 IE MD U?RCP @CRUCCL 14.5C ?LB 15.5C.
w 4FC KCAF?LGA?J COSGT?JCLR MD RFGQ FC?R RP?LQDCP GQ 1.00 kcal = 4186 J.
14.2 -;CF;H7JKH; C>7D=; 7D: !;7J C7F79?JO
w 4FC RP?LQDCP MD FC?R Q RF?R JC?BQ RM ? AF?LEC T GL RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD ? @MBW UGRF K?QQ m GQ Q = mcT , UFCPC c GQ RFC QNCAGDGA FC?R MD
RFC K?RCPG?J. 4FGQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN A?L ?JQM @C AMLQGBCPCB ?Q RFC BCDGLGRGML MD QNCAGDGA FC?R.
14.3 )>7I; C>7D=; 7D: %7J;DJ !;7J
496 #(!04%2 14 Y (%!4 !.$ (%!4 42!.3&%2 -%4(/$3
w -MQR QS@QR?LACQ A?L CVGQR CGRFCP GL QMJGB, JGOSGB, ?LB E?Q DMPKQ, UFGAF ?PC PCDCPPCB RM ?Q uNF?QCQ.v
w 0F?QC AF?LECQ MAASP ?R DGVCB RCKNCP?RSPCQ DMP ? EGTCL QS@QR?LAC ?R ? EGTCL NPCQQSPC, ?LB RFCQC RCKNCP?RSPCQ ?PC A?JJCB @MGJGLE ?LB DPCCXGLE
(MP KCJRGLE) NMGLRQ.
w $SPGLE NF?QC AF?LECQ, FC?R ?@QMP@CB MP PCJC?QCB GQ EGTCL @W:
Q = mL,
UFCPC L GQ RFC J?RCLR FC?R AMCDDGAGCLR.
14.4 !;7J -H7DI<;H &;J>E:I
w (C?R GQ RP?LQDCPPCB @W RFPCC BGDDCPCLR KCRFMBQ: AMLBSARGML, AMLTCARGML, ?LB P?BG?RGML.
14.5 CED:K9J?ED
w (C?R AMLBSARGML GQ RFC RP?LQDCP MD FC?R @CRUCCL RUM M@HCARQ GL BGPCAR AMLR?AR UGRF C?AF MRFCP.
w 4FC P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP Q/ t (CLCPEW NCP SLGR RGKC) GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLAC T
2
T
1
?LB RFC AMLR?AR ?PC? A ?LB
GLTCPQCJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC BGQR?LAC d @CRUCCL RFC M@HCARQ:
Q
t
=
kA
T
2
T
1
d
.
14.6 CEDL;9J?ED
w #MLTCARGML GQ FC?R RP?LQDCP @W RFC K?APMQAMNGA KMTCKCLR MD K?QQ. #MLTCARGML A?L @C L?RSP?J MP DMPACB ?LB ECLCP?JJW RP?LQDCPQ RFCPK?J CLCPEW
D?QRCP RF?L AMLBSARGML. -78B; 14.4 EGTCQ UGLB-AFGJJ D?ARMPQ, GLBGA?RGLE RF?R KMTGLE ?GP F?Q RFC Q?KC AFGJJGLE CDDCAR MD KSAF AMJBCP QR?RGML?PW ?GP.
CBAI86G<BA G;4G B66HEF 4?BA: J<G; 4 C;4F8 6;4A:8 A?L RP?LQDCP CLCPEW DPMK AMJB PCEGMLQ RM U?PK MLCQ.
14.7 +7:?7J?ED
w 2?BG?RGML GQ RFC P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP RFPMSEF RFC CKGQQGML MP ?@QMPNRGML MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ.
w 4FC P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP BCNCLBQ ML RFC QSPD?AC ?PC? ?LB RFC DMSPRF NMUCP MD RFC ?@QMJSRC RCKNCP?RSPC:
Q
t
= eAT
4
,
UFCPC = 5.6710
8
J/s m
2
K
4
GQ RFC 3RCD?L-"MJRXK?LL AMLQR?LR ?LB e GQ RFC CKGQQGTGRW MD RFC @MBW. &MP ? @J?AI @MBW, e = 1
UFCPC?Q ? QFGLW UFGRC MP NCPDCAR PCDJCARMP F?Q e = 0 , UGRF PC?J M@HCARQ F?TGLE T?JSCQ MD e @CRUCCL 1 ?LB 0. 4FC LCR P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP @W
P?BG?RGML GQ
Q
net
t
= eA
T
2
4
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1
4
UFCPC T
1
GQ RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD ?L M@HCAR QSPPMSLBCB @W ?L CLTGPMLKCLR UGRF SLGDMPK RCKNCP?RSPC T
2
?LB e GQ RFC CKGQQGTGRW MD RFC B5=86G.
14.1 !;7J
1. (MU GQ FC?R RP?LQDCP PCJ?RCB RM RCKNCP?RSPC?
2. $CQAPG@C ? QGRS?RGML GL UFGAF FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ. 7F?R ?PC RFC PCQSJRGLE DMPKQ MD CLCPEW?
3. 7FCL FC?R RP?LQDCPQ GLRM ? QWQRCK, GQ RFC CLCPEW QRMPCB ?Q FC?R? %VNJ?GL @PGCDJW.
14.2 -;CF;H7JKH; C>7D=; 7D: !;7J C7F79?JO
4. 7F?R RFPCC D?ARMPQ ?DDCAR RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP RF?R GQ LCACQQ?PW RM AF?LEC ?L M@HCARtQ RCKNCP?RSPC?
5. 4FC @P?ICQ GL ? A?P GLAPC?QC GL RCKNCP?RSPC @W T UFCL @PGLEGLE RFC A?P RM PCQR DPMK ? QNCCB v . (MU KSAF EPC?RCP UMSJB T @C GD RFC A?P
GLGRG?JJW F?B RUGAC RFC QNCCB? 9MS K?W ?QQSKC RFC A?P RM QRMN QSDDGAGCLRJW D?QR QM RF?R LM FC?R RP?LQDCPQ MSR MD RFC @P?ICQ.
14.3 )>7I; C>7D=; 7D: %7J;DJ !;7J
6. (C?R RP?LQDCP A?L A?SQC RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB NF?QC AF?LECQ. 7F?R CJQC A?L A?SQC RFCQC AF?LECQ?
7. (MU BMCQ RFC J?RCLR FC?R MD DSQGML MD U?RCP FCJN QJMU RFC BCAPC?QC MD ?GP RCKNCP?RSPCQ, NCPF?NQ NPCTCLRGLE RCKNCP?RSPCQ DPMK D?JJGLE QGELGDGA?LRJW
@CJMU 0C, GL RFC TGAGLGRW MD J?PEC @MBGCQ MD U?RCP?
8. 7F?R GQ RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD GAC PGEFR ?DRCP GR GQ DMPKCB @W DPCCXGLE U?RCP?
9. )D WMS NJ?AC 0C GAC GLRM 0C U?RCP GL ?L GLQSJ?RCB AMLR?GLCP, UF?R UGJJ F?NNCL? 7GJJ QMKC GAC KCJR, UGJJ KMPC U?RCP DPCCXC, MP UGJJ LCGRFCP R?IC
NJ?AC?
10. 7F?R CDDCAR BMCQ AMLBCLQ?RGML ML ? EJ?QQ MD GAC U?RCP F?TC ML RFC P?RC ?R UFGAF RFC GAC KCJRQ? 7GJJ RFC AMLBCLQ?RGML QNCCB SN RFC KCJRGLE
NPMACQQ MP QJMU GR BMUL?
11. )L TCPW FSKGB AJGK?RCQ UFCPC RFCPC ?PC LSKCPMSQ @MBGCQ MD U?RCP, QSAF ?Q GL &JMPGB?, GR GQ SLSQS?J DMP RCKNCP?RSPCQ RM PGQC ?@MTC ?@MSR
35C(95F) . )L BCQCPRQ, FMUCTCP, RCKNCP?RSPCQ A?L PGQC D?P ?@MTC RFGQ. %VNJ?GL FMU RFC CT?NMP?RGML MD U?RCP FCJNQ JGKGR FGEF RCKNCP?RSPCQ GL FSKGB
AJGK?RCQ.
12. )L UGLRCPQ, GR GQ MDRCL U?PKCP GL 3?L &P?LAGQAM RF?L GL LC?P@W 3?AP?KCLRM, 150 IK GLJ?LB. )L QSKKCPQ, GR GQ LC?PJW ?JU?WQ FMRRCP GL 3?AP?KCLRM.
%VNJ?GL FMU RFC @MBGCQ MD U?RCP QSPPMSLBGLE 3?L &P?LAGQAM KMBCP?RC GRQ CVRPCKC RCKNCP?RSPCQ.
13. 0SRRGLE ? JGB ML ? @MGJGLE NMR EPC?RJW PCBSACQ RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP LCACQQ?PW RM ICCN GR @MGJGLE. %VNJ?GL UFW.
#(!04%2 14 Y (%!4 !.$ (%!4 42!.3&%2 -%4(/$3 497
14. &PCCXC-BPGCB DMMBQ F?TC @CCL BCFWBP?RCB GL ? T?ASSK. $SPGLE RFC NPMACQQ, RFC DMMB DPCCXCQ ?LB KSQR @C FC?RCB RM D?AGJGR?RC BCFWBP?RGML.
%VNJ?GL @MRF FMU RFC T?ASSK QNCCBQ SN BCFWBP?RGML ?LB UFW RFC DMMB DPCCXCQ ?Q ? PCQSJR.
15. 7FCL QRGJJ ?GP AMMJQ @W P?BG?RGLE ?R LGEFR, GR GQ SLSQS?J DMP RCKNCP?RSPCQ RM D?JJ @CJMU RFC BCU NMGLR. %VNJ?GL UFW.
16. )L ? NFWQGAQ AJ?QQPMMK BCKMLQRP?RGML, ?L GLQRPSARMP GLDJ?RCQ ? @?JJMML @W KMSRF ?LB RFCL AMMJQ GR GL JGOSGB LGRPMECL. 7FCL AMJB, RFC QFPSLICL
@?JJMML F?Q ? QK?JJ ?KMSLR MD JGEFR @JSC JGOSGB GL GR, ?Q UCJJ ?Q QMKC QLMU-JGIC APWQR?JQ. !Q GR U?PKQ SN, RFC JGOSGB @MGJQ, ?LB N?PR MD RFC APWQR?JQ
QS@JGK?RC, UGRF QMKC APWQR?JQ JGLECPGLE DMP ?UFGJC ?LB RFCL NPMBSAGLE ? JGOSGB. )BCLRGDW RFC @JSC JGOSGB ?LB RFC RUM QMJGBQ GL RFC AMJB @?JJMML. *SQRGDW
WMSP GBCLRGDGA?RGMLQ SQGLE B?R? DPMK -78B; 14.2.
14.4 !;7J -H7DI<;H &;J>E:I
17. 7F?R ?PC RFC K?GL KCRFMBQ MD FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK RFC FMR AMPC MD %?PRF RM GRQ QSPD?AC? &PMK %?PRFtQ QSPD?AC RM MSRCP QN?AC?
7FCL MSP @MBGCQ ECR RMM U?PK, RFCW PCQNMLB @W QUC?RGLE ?LB GLAPC?QGLE @JMMB AGPASJ?RGML RM RFC QSPD?AC RM RP?LQDCP RFCPK?J CLCPEW ?U?W DPMK RFC
AMPC. 7F?R CDDCAR UGJJ RFGQ F?TC ML ? NCPQML GL ? 40.0C FMR RS@?
F?=KH; 14.30 QFMUQ ? ASR-?U?W BP?UGLE MD ? RFCPKMQ @MRRJC (?JQM ILMUL ?Q ? $CU?P DJ?QI), UFGAF GQ ? BCTGAC BCQGELCB QNCAGDGA?JJW RM QJMU BMUL ?JJ
DMPKQ MD FC?R RP?LQDCP. %VNJ?GL RFC DSLARGMLQ MD RFC T?PGMSQ N?PRQ, QSAF ?Q RFC T?ASSK, RFC QGJTCPGLE MD RFC U?JJQ, RFC RFGL-U?JJCB JMLE EJ?QQ LCAI, RFC
PS@@CP QSNNMPR, RFC ?GP J?WCP, ?LB RFC QRMNNCP.
F?=KH; 14.30 4FC AMLQRPSARGML MD ? RFCPKMQ @MRRJC GQ BCQGELCB RM GLFG@GR ?JJ KCRFMBQ MD FC?R RP?LQDCP.
14.5 CED:K9J?ED
18. 3MKC CJCARPGA QRMTCQ F?TC ? DJ?R ACP?KGA QSPD?AC UGRF FC?RGLE CJCKCLRQ FGBBCL @CLC?RF. ! NMR NJ?ACB MTCP ? FC?RGLE CJCKCLR UGJJ @C FC?RCB, UFGJC
GR GQ Q?DC RM RMSAF RFC QSPD?AC MLJW ? DCU ACLRGKCRCPQ ?U?W. 7FW GQ ACP?KGA, UGRF ? AMLBSARGTGRW JCQQ RF?L RF?R MD ? KCR?J @SR EPC?RCP RF?L RF?R MD ?
EMMB GLQSJ?RMP, ?L GBC?J AFMGAC DMP RFC QRMTC RMN?
19. ,MMQC-DGRRGLE UFGRC AJMRFGLE AMTCPGLE KMQR MD RFC @MBW GQ GBC?J DMP BCQCPR BUCJJCPQ, @MRF GL RFC FMR 3SL ?LB BSPGLE AMJB CTCLGLEQ. %VNJ?GL FMU QSAF
AJMRFGLE GQ ?BT?LR?ECMSQ BSPGLE @MRF B?W ?LB LGEFR.
F?=KH; 14.31 ! HCJJ?@GW? GQ UMPL @W K?LW KCL GL %EWNR. (APCBGR: :CPGB?)
14.6 CEDL;9J?ED
498 #(!04%2 14 Y (%!4 !.$ (%!4 42!.3&%2 -%4(/$3
20. /LC U?W RM K?IC ? DGPCNJ?AC KMPC CLCPEW CDDGAGCLR GQ RM F?TC ?L CVRCPL?J ?GP QSNNJW DMP RFC AMK@SQRGML MD GRQ DSCJ. !LMRFCP GQ RM F?TC PMMK ?GP
AGPASJ?RC ?PMSLB RFC MSRQGBC MD RFC DGPC @MV ?LB @?AI GLRM RFC PMMK. $CR?GJ RFC KCRFMBQ MD FC?R RP?LQDCP GLTMJTCB GL C?AF.
21. /L AMJB, AJC?P LGEFRQ FMPQCQ UGJJ QJCCN SLBCP RFC AMTCP MD J?PEC RPCCQ. (MU BMCQ RFGQ FCJN RFCK ICCN U?PK?
14.7 +7:?7J?ED
22. 7FCL U?RAFGLE ? B?WRGKC AGPASQ GL ? J?PEC, B?PI-AMJMPCB RCLR, WMS QCLQC QGELGDGA?LR FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK RFC RCLR. %VNJ?GL UFW RFGQ MAASPQ.
23. 3?RCJJGRCQ BCQGELCB RM M@QCPTC RFC P?BG?RGML DPMK AMJB (3 +) B?PI QN?AC F?TC QCLQMPQ RF?R ?PC QF?BCB DPMK RFC 3SL, %?PRF, ?LB -MML ?LB RF?R ?PC
AMMJCB RM TCPW JMU RCKNCP?RSPCQ. 7FW KSQR RFC QCLQMPQ @C ?R JMU RCKNCP?RSPC?
24. 7FW ?PC AJMSBW LGEFRQ ECLCP?JJW U?PKCP RF?L AJC?P MLCQ?
25. 7FW ?PC RFCPKMKCRCPQ RF?R ?PC SQCB GL UC?RFCP QR?RGMLQ QFGCJBCB DPMK RFC QSLQFGLC? 7F?R BMCQ ? RFCPKMKCRCP KC?QSPC GD GR GQ QFGCJBCB DPMK RFC
QSLQFGLC ?LB ?JQM GD GR GQ LMR?
26. /L ?TCP?EC, UMSJB %?PRF @C U?PKCP MP AMMJCP UGRFMSR RFC ?RKMQNFCPC? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP.
#(!04%2 14 Y (%!4 !.$ (%!4 42!.3&%2 -%4(/$3 499
14.2 -;CF;H7JKH; C>7D=; 7D: !;7J C7F79?JO
27. /L ? FMR B?W, RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD ?L 80,000-, QUGKKGLE NMMJ
GLAPC?QCQ @W 1.50C. 7F?R GQ RFC LCR FC?R RP?LQDCP BSPGLE RFGQ FC?RGLE?
)ELMPC ?LW AMKNJGA?RGMLQ, QSAF ?Q JMQQ MD U?RCP @W CT?NMP?RGML.
28. 3FMU RF?R 1 cal/g C = 1 kcal/kg C.
29. 4M QRCPGJGXC ? 50.0-E EJ?QQ @?@W @MRRJC, UC KSQR P?GQC GRQ RCKNCP?RSPC
DPMK 22.0C RM 95.0C. (MU KSAF FC?R RP?LQDCP GQ PCOSGPCB?
30. 4FC Q?KC FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM GBCLRGA?J K?QQCQ MD BGDDCPCLR QS@QR?LACQ
NPMBSACQ BGDDCPCLR RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LECQ. #?JASJ?RC RFC DGL?J RCKNCP?RSPC
UFCL 1.00 IA?J MD FC?R RP?LQDCPQ GLRM 1.00 IE MD RFC DMJJMUGLE, MPGEGL?JJW ?R
20.0C: (?) U?RCP; (@) AMLAPCRC; (A) QRCCJ; ?LB (B) KCPASPW.
31. 2S@@GLE WMSP F?LBQ RMECRFCP U?PKQ RFCK @W AMLTCPRGLE UMPI GLRM
RFCPK?J CLCPEW. )D ? UMK?L PS@Q FCP F?LBQ @?AI ?LB DMPRF DMP ? RMR?J MD
20 PS@Q, ?R ? BGQR?LAC MD 7.50 AK NCP PS@, ?LB UGRF ?L ?TCP?EC DPGARGML?J
DMPAC MD 40.0 ., UF?R GQ RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QC? 4FC K?QQ MD RGQQSCQ
U?PKCB GQ MLJW 0.100 IE, KMQRJW GL RFC N?JKQ ?LB DGLECPQ.
32. ! 0.250-IE @JMAI MD ? NSPC K?RCPG?J GQ FC?RCB DPMK 20.0C RM
65.0C @W RFC ?BBGRGML MD 4.35 I* MD CLCPEW. #?JASJ?RC GRQ QNCAGDGA FC?R
?LB GBCLRGDW RFC QS@QR?LAC MD UFGAF GR GQ KMQR JGICJW AMKNMQCB.
33. 3SNNMQC GBCLRGA?J ?KMSLRQ MD FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM BGDDCPCLR K?QQCQ MD
AMNNCP ?LB U?RCP, A?SQGLE GBCLRGA?J AF?LECQ GL RCKNCP?RSPC. 7F?R GQ RFC
P?RGM MD RFC K?QQ MD AMNNCP RM U?RCP?
34. (?) 4FC LSK@CP MD IGJMA?JMPGCQ GL DMMB GQ BCRCPKGLCB @W A?JMPGKCRPW
RCAFLGOSCQ GL UFGAF RFC DMMB GQ @SPLCB ?LB RFC ?KMSLR MD FC?R RP?LQDCP GQ
KC?QSPCB. (MU K?LW IGJMA?JMPGCQ NCP EP?K ?PC RFCPC GL ? 5.00-E NC?LSR
GD RFC CLCPEW DPMK @SPLGLE GR GQ RP?LQDCPPCB RM 0.500 IE MD U?RCP FCJB GL ?
0.100-IE ?JSKGLSK ASN, A?SQGLE ? 54.9C RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QC? (@)
#MKN?PC WMSP ?LQUCP RM J?@CJGLE GLDMPK?RGML DMSLB ML ? N?AI?EC MD
NC?LSRQ ?LB AMKKCLR ML UFCRFCP RFC T?JSCQ ?PC AMLQGQRCLR.
35. &MJJMUGLE TGEMPMSQ CVCPAGQC, RFC @MBW RCKNCP?RSPC MD ?L 80.0-IE
NCPQML GQ 40.0C. !R UF?R P?RC GL U?RRQ KSQR RFC NCPQML RP?LQDCP RFCPK?J
CLCPEW RM PCBSAC RFC RFC @MBW RCKNCP?RSPC RM 37.0C GL 30.0 KGL,
?QQSKGLE RFC @MBW AMLRGLSCQ RM NPMBSAC CLCPEW ?R RFC P?RC MD 150 7?
1 watt = 1 joule/second or 1 W = 1 J/s

.
36. %TCL UFCL QFSR BMUL ?DRCP ? NCPGMB MD LMPK?J SQC, ? J?PEC
AMKKCPAG?J LSAJC?P PC?ARMP RP?LQDCPQ RFCPK?J CLCPEW ?R RFC P?RC MD 150
-7 @W RFC P?BGM?ARGTC BCA?W MD DGQQGML NPMBSARQ. 4FGQ FC?R RP?LQDCP
A?SQCQ ? P?NGB GLAPC?QC GL RCKNCP?RSPC GD RFC AMMJGLE QWQRCK D?GJQ
(1 watt = 1 joule/second or 1 W = 1 J/s and 1 MW = 1 megawatt)
. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC P?RC MD RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QC GL BCEPCCQ #CJQGSQ NCP
QCAMLB (C/s) GD RFC K?QQ MD RFC PC?ARMP AMPC GQ 1.6010
5
kg ?LB GR
F?Q ?L ?TCP?EC QNCAGDGA FC?R MD 0.3349 kJ/kg C. (@) (MU JMLE UMSJB
GR R?IC RM M@R?GL ? RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QC MD 2000C, UFGAF AMSJB A?SQC
QMKC KCR?JQ FMJBGLE RFC P?BGM?ARGTC K?RCPG?JQ RM KCJR? (4FC GLGRG?J P?RC MD
RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QC UMSJB @C EPC?RCP RF?L RF?R A?JASJ?RCB FCPC @CA?SQC
RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP GQ AMLACLRP?RCB GL ? QK?JJCP K?QQ. ,?RCP, FMUCTCP, RFC
RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QC UMSJB QJMU BMUL @CA?SQC RFC 510
5
-kg QRCCJ
AMLR?GLKCLR TCQQCJ UMSJB ?JQM @CEGL RM FC?R SN.)
F?=KH; 14.32 2?BGM?ARGTC QNCLR-DSCJ NMMJ ?R ? LSAJC?P NMUCP NJ?LR. 3NCLR DSCJ QR?WQ
FMR DMP ? JMLE RGKC. (APCBGR: 5.3. $CN?PRKCLR MD %LCPEW)
14.3 )>7I; C>7D=; 7D: %7J;DJ !;7J
37. (MU KSAF FC?R RP?LQDCP (GL IGJMA?JMPGCQ) GQ PCOSGPCB RM RF?U ?
0.450-IE N?AI?EC MD DPMXCL TCECR?@JCQ MPGEGL?JJW ?R 0C GD RFCGP FC?R MD
DSQGML GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q RF?R MD U?RCP?
38. ! @?E AMLR?GLGLE 0C GAC GQ KSAF KMPC CDDCARGTC GL ?@QMP@GLE
CLCPEW RF?L MLC AMLR?GLGLE RFC Q?KC ?KMSLR MD 0C U?RCP.
?. (MU KSAF FC?R RP?LQDCP GQ LCACQQ?PW RM P?GQC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD
0.800 IE MD U?RCP DPMK 0C RM 30.0C?
@. (MU KSAF FC?R RP?LQDCP GQ PCOSGPCB RM DGPQR KCJR 0.800 IE MD 0C GAC
?LB RFCL P?GQC GRQ RCKNCP?RSPC?
A. %VNJ?GL FMU WMSP ?LQUCP QSNNMPRQ RFC AMLRCLRGML RF?R RFC GAC GQ
KMPC CDDCARGTC.
39. (?) (MU KSAF FC?R RP?LQDCP GQ PCOSGPCB RM P?GQC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD ?
0.750-IE ?JSKGLSK NMR AMLR?GLGLE 2.50 IE MD U?RCP DPMK 30.0C RM RFC
@MGJGLE NMGLR ?LB RFCL @MGJ ?U?W 0.750 IE MD U?RCP? (@) (MU JMLE BMCQ
RFGQ R?IC GD RFC P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP GQ 500 7
1 watt = 1 joule/second (1 W = 1 J/s) ?
40. 4FC DMPK?RGML MD AMLBCLQ?RGML ML ? EJ?QQ MD GAC U?RCP A?SQCQ RFC GAC
RM KCJR D?QRCP RF?L GR UMSJB MRFCPUGQC. )D 8.00 E MD AMLBCLQ?RGML DMPKQ ML
? EJ?QQ AMLR?GLGLE @MRF U?RCP ?LB 200 E MD GAC, FMU K?LW EP?KQ MD RFC
GAC UGJJ KCJR ?Q ? PCQSJR? !QQSKC LM MRFCP FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ.
41. /L ? RPGN, WMS LMRGAC RF?R ? 3.50-IE @?E MD GAC J?QRQ ?L ?TCP?EC MD MLC
B?W GL WMSP AMMJCP. 7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC NMUCP GL U?RRQ CLRCPGLE RFC GAC GD
GR QR?PRQ ?R 0C ?LB AMKNJCRCJW KCJRQ RM 0C U?RCP GL CV?ARJW MLC B?W
1 watt = 1 joule/second (1 W = 1 J/s) ?
42. /L ? ACPR?GL BPW QSLLW B?W, ? QUGKKGLE NMMJtQ RCKNCP?RSPC UMSJB
PGQC @W 1.50C GD LMR DMP CT?NMP?RGML. 7F?R DP?ARGML MD RFC U?RCP KSQR
CT?NMP?RC RM A?PPW ?U?W NPCAGQCJW CLMSEF CLCPEW RM ICCN RFC
RCKNCP?RSPC AMLQR?LR?
43. (?) (MU KSAF FC?R RP?LQDCP GQ LCACQQ?PW RM P?GQC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD ?
0.200-IE NGCAC MD GAC DPMK 20.0C RM 130C, GLAJSBGLE RFC CLCPEW
LCCBCB DMP NF?QC AF?LECQ?
(@) (MU KSAF RGKC GQ PCOSGPCB DMP C?AF QR?EC, ?QQSKGLE ? AMLQR?LR 20.0
I*/Q P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP?
(A) -?IC ? EP?NF MD RCKNCP?RSPC TCPQSQ RGKC DMP RFGQ NPMACQQ.
44. )L 1986, ? E?PE?LRS?L GAC@CPE @PMIC ?U?W DPMK RFC 2MQQ )AC 3FCJD GL
!LR?PARGA?. )R U?Q ?NNPMVGK?RCJW ? PCAR?LEJC 160 IK JMLE, 40.0 IK UGBC,
?LB 250 K RFGAI.
500 #(!04%2 14 Y (%!4 !.$ (%!4 42!.3&%2 -%4(/$3
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC K?QQ MD RFGQ GAC@CPE, EGTCL RF?R RFC BCLQGRW MD GAC GQ
917 kg/m
3
?
(@) (MU KSAF FC?R RP?LQDCP (GL HMSJCQ) GQ LCCBCB RM KCJR GR?
(A) (MU K?LW WC?PQ UMSJB GR R?IC QSLJGEFR ?JMLC RM KCJR GAC RFGQ RFGAI, GD
RFC GAC ?@QMP@Q ?L ?TCP?EC MD 100 W/m
2
, 12.00 F NCP B?W?
45. (MU K?LW EP?KQ MD AMDDCC KSQR CT?NMP?RC DPMK 350 E MD AMDDCC GL ?
100-E EJ?QQ ASN RM AMMJ RFC AMDDCC DPMK 95.0C RM 45.0C? 9MS K?W
?QQSKC RFC AMDDCC F?Q RFC Q?KC RFCPK?J NPMNCPRGCQ ?Q U?RCP ?LB RF?R RFC
?TCP?EC FC?R MD T?NMPGX?RGML GQ 2340 I*/IE (560 A?J/E). (9MS K?W LCEJCAR
RFC AF?LEC GL K?QQ MD RFC AMDDCC ?Q GR AMMJQ, UFGAF UGJJ EGTC WMS ?L
?LQUCP RF?R GQ QJGEFRJW J?PECP RF?L AMPPCAR.)
46. (?) )R GQ BGDDGASJR RM CVRGLESGQF ? DGPC ML ? APSBC MGJ R?LICP, @CA?SQC
C?AF JGRCP MD APSBC MGJ PCJC?QCQ 2.8010
7
J MD CLCPEW UFCL @SPLCB. 4M
GJJSQRP?RC RFGQ BGDDGASJRW, A?JASJ?RC RFC LSK@CP MD JGRCPQ MD U?RCP RF?R KSQR @C
CVNCLBCB RM ?@QMP@ RFC CLCPEW PCJC?QCB @W @SPLGLE 1.00 , MD APSBC MGJ, GD
RFC U?RCP F?Q GRQ RCKNCP?RSPC P?GQCB DPMK 20.0C RM 100C, GR @MGJQ,
?LB RFC PCQSJRGLE QRC?K GQ P?GQCB RM 300C. (@) $GQASQQ ?BBGRGML?J
AMKNJGA?RGMLQ A?SQCB @W RFC D?AR RF?R APSBC MGJ F?Q ? QK?JJCP BCLQGRW RF?L
U?RCP.
47. 4FC CLCPEW PCJC?QCB DPMK AMLBCLQ?RGML GL RFSLBCPQRMPKQ A?L @C TCPW
J?PEC. #?JASJ?RC RFC CLCPEW PCJC?QCB GLRM RFC ?RKMQNFCPC DMP ? QK?JJ
QRMPK MD P?BGSQ 1 IK, ?QQSKGLE RF?R 1.0 AK MD P?GL GQ NPCAGNGR?RCB
SLGDMPKJW MTCP RFGQ ?PC?.
48. 4M FCJN NPCTCLR DPMQR B?K?EC, 4.00 IE MD 0C U?RCP GQ QNP?WCB MLRM
? DPSGR RPCC.
(?) (MU KSAF FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ ?Q RFC U?RCP DPCCXCQ?
(@) (MU KSAF UMSJB RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC 200-IE RPCC BCAPC?QC GD RFGQ
?KMSLR MD FC?R RP?LQDCPPCB DPMK RFC RPCC? 4?IC RFC QNCAGDGA FC?R RM @C
3.35 kJ/kgC, ?LB ?QQSKC RF?R LM NF?QC AF?LEC MAASPQ.
49. ! 0.250-IE ?JSKGLSK @MUJ FMJBGLE 0.800 IE MD QMSN ?R 25.0C GQ
NJ?ACB GL ? DPCCXCP. 7F?R GQ RFC DGL?J RCKNCP?RSPC GD 377 I* MD CLCPEW GQ
RP?LQDCPPCB DPMK RFC @MUJ ?LB QMSN, ?QQSKGLE RFC QMSNtQ RFCPK?J
NPMNCPRGCQ ?PC RFC Q?KC ?Q RF?R MD U?RCP? %VNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU
RFC QRCNQ GL )HE8B;C-,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=?;I <EH J>; E<<;9JI E< !;7J
-H7DI<;H.
50. ! 0.0500-IE GAC AS@C ?R 30.0C GQ NJ?ACB GL 0.400 IE MD 35.0C
U?RCP GL ? TCPW UCJJ-GLQSJ?RCB AMLR?GLCP. 7F?R GQ RFC DGL?J RCKNCP?RSPC?
51. )D WMS NMSP 0.0100 IE MD 20.0C U?RCP MLRM ? 1.20-IE @JMAI MD GAC
(UFGAF GQ GLGRG?JJW ?R 15.0C), UF?R GQ RFC DGL?J RCKNCP?RSPC? 9MS K?W
?QQSKC RF?R RFC U?RCP AMMJQ QM P?NGBJW RF?R CDDCARQ MD RFC QSPPMSLBGLEQ
?PC LCEJGEG@JC.
52. )LBGECLMSQ NCMNJC QMKCRGKCQ AMMI GL U?RCPRGEFR @?QICRQ @W NJ?AGLE
FMR PMAIQ GLRM U?RCP RM @PGLE GR RM ? @MGJ. 7F?R K?QQ MD 500C PMAI KSQR
@C NJ?ACB GL 4.00 IE MD 15.0C U?RCP RM @PGLE GRQ RCKNCP?RSPC RM 100C
, GD 0.0250 IE MD U?RCP CQA?NCQ ?Q T?NMP DPMK RFC GLGRG?J QGXXJC? 9MS K?W
LCEJCAR RFC CDDCARQ MD RFC QSPPMSLBGLEQ ?LB R?IC RFC ?TCP?EC QNCAGDGA FC?R
MD RFC PMAIQ RM @C RF?R MD EP?LGRC.
53. 7F?R UMSJB @C RFC DGL?J RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC N?L ?LB U?RCP GL
C7B9KB7J?D= J>; F?D7B -;CF;H7JKH; 0>;D !;7J "I -H7DI<;HH;:
B;JM;;D -ME BE:?;I: )EKH?D= CEB: 07J;H ?D 7 !EJ )7D GD 0.260 IE MD
U?RCP U?Q NJ?ACB GL RFC N?L ?LB 0.0100 IE MD RFC U?RCP CT?NMP?RCB
GKKCBG?RCJW, JC?TGLE RFC PCK?GLBCP RM AMKC RM ? AMKKML RCKNCP?RSPC
UGRF RFC N?L?
54. )L QMKC AMSLRPGCQ, JGOSGB LGRPMECL GQ SQCB ML B?GPW RPSAIQ GLQRC?B MD
KCAF?LGA?J PCDPGECP?RMPQ. ! 3.00-FMSP BCJGTCPW RPGN PCOSGPCQ 200 , MD JGOSGB
LGRPMECL, UFGAF F?Q ? BCLQGRW MD 808 kg/m
3
.
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP LCACQQ?PW RM CT?NMP?RC RFGQ ?KMSLR MD
JGOSGB LGRPMECL ?LB P?GQC GRQ RCKNCP?RSPC RM 3.00C. (5QC c
p
?LB
?QQSKC GR GQ AMLQR?LR MTCP RFC RCKNCP?RSPC P?LEC.) 4FGQ T?JSC GQ RFC
?KMSLR MD AMMJGLE RFC JGOSGB LGRPMECL QSNNJGCQ.
(@) 7F?R GQ RFGQ FC?R RP?LQDCP P?RC GL IGJMU?RR-FMSPQ?
(A) #MKN?PC RFC ?KMSLR MD AMMJGLE M@R?GLCB DPMK KCJRGLE ?L GBCLRGA?J
K?QQ MD 0C GAC UGRF RF?R DPMK CT?NMP?RGLE RFC JGOSGB LGRPMECL.
55. 3MKC ESL D?LAGCPQ K?IC RFCGP MUL @SJJCRQ, UFGAF GLTMJTCQ KCJRGLE
?LB A?QRGLE RFC JC?B QJSEQ. (MU KSAF FC?R RP?LQDCP GQ LCCBCB RM P?GQC
RFC RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB KCJR 0.500 IE MD JC?B, QR?PRGLE DPMK 25.0C?
14.5 CED:K9J?ED
56. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC P?RC MD FC?R AMLBSARGML RFPMSEF FMSQC U?JJQ RF?R ?PC
13.0 AK RFGAI ?LB RF?R F?TC ?L ?TCP?EC RFCPK?J AMLBSARGTGRW RUGAC RF?R MD
EJ?QQ UMMJ. !QQSKC RFCPC ?PC LM UGLBMUQ MP BMMPQ. 4FC QSPD?AC ?PC? MD
RFC U?JJQ GQ 120 m
2
?LB RFCGP GLQGBC QSPD?AC GQ ?R 18.0C, UFGJC RFCGP
MSRQGBC QSPD?AC GQ ?R 5.00C. (@) (MU K?LW 1-I7 PMMK FC?RCPQ UMSJB
@C LCCBCB RM @?J?LAC RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP BSC RM AMLBSARGML?
57. 4FC P?RC MD FC?R AMLBSARGML MSR MD ? UGLBMU ML ? UGLRCP B?W GQ P?NGB
CLMSEF RM AFGJJ RFC ?GP LCVR RM GR. 4M QCC HSQR FMU P?NGBJW RFC UGLBMUQ
RP?LQDCP FC?R @W AMLBSARGML, A?JASJ?RC RFC P?RC MD AMLBSARGML GL U?RRQ
RFPMSEF ? 3.00-m
2
UGLBMU RF?R GQ 0.635 cm RFGAI (1/4 GL) GD RFC
RCKNCP?RSPCQ MD RFC GLLCP ?LB MSRCP QSPD?ACQ ?PC 5.00C ?LB 10.0C
, PCQNCARGTCJW. 4FGQ P?NGB P?RC UGJJ LMR @C K?GLR?GLCBrRFC GLLCP QSPD?AC
UGJJ AMMJ, ?LB CTCL PCQSJR GL DPMQR DMPK?RGML.
58. #?JASJ?RC RFC P?RC MD FC?R AMLBSARGML MSR MD RFC FSK?L @MBW,
?QQSKGLE RF?R RFC AMPC GLRCPL?J RCKNCP?RSPC GQ 37.0C, RFC QIGL
RCKNCP?RSPC GQ 34.0C, RFC RFGAILCQQ MD RFC RGQQSCQ @CRUCCL ?TCP?ECQ
1.00 cm, ?LB RFC QSPD?AC ?PC? GQ 1.40 m
2
.
59. 3SNNMQC WMS QR?LB UGRF MLC DMMR ML ACP?KGA DJMMPGLE ?LB MLC DMMR ML
? UMMJ A?PNCR, K?IGLE AMLR?AR MTCP ?L ?PC? MD 80.0 cm
2
UGRF C?AF DMMR.
"MRF RFC ACP?KGA ?LB RFC A?PNCR ?PC 2.00 AK RFGAI ?LB ?PC 10.0C ML
RFCGP @MRRMK QGBCQ. !R UF?R P?RC KSQR FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASP DPMK C?AF DMMR
RM ICCN RFC RMN MD RFC ACP?KGA ?LB A?PNCR ?R 33.0C?
60. ! K?L AMLQSKCQ 3000 IA?J MD DMMB GL MLC B?W, AMLTCPRGLE KMQR MD GR
RM K?GLR?GL @MBW RCKNCP?RSPC. )D FC JMQCQ F?JD RFGQ CLCPEW @W CT?NMP?RGLE
U?RCP (RFPMSEF @PC?RFGLE ?LB QUC?RGLE), FMU K?LW IGJMEP?KQ MD U?RCP
CT?NMP?RC?
61. (?) ! DGPCU?JICP PSLQ ?APMQQ ? @CB MD FMR AM?JQ UGRFMSR QSQR?GLGLE
@SPLQ. #?JASJ?RC RFC FC?R RP?LQDCPPCB @W AMLBSARGML GLRM RFC QMJC MD MLC
DMMR MD ? DGPCU?JICP EGTCL RF?R RFC @MRRMK MD RFC DMMR GQ ? 3.00-KK-RFGAI
A?JJSQ UGRF ? AMLBSARGTGRW ?R RFC JMU CLB MD RFC P?LEC DMP UMMB ?LB GRQ
BCLQGRW GQ 300 kg/m
3
. 4FC ?PC? MD AMLR?AR GQ 25.0 cm
2
, RFC
RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC AM?JQ GQ 700C, ?LB RFC RGKC GL AMLR?AR GQ 1.00 Q.
(@) 7F?R RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QC GQ NPMBSACB GL RFC 25.0 cm
3
MD RGQQSC
?DDCARCB?
(A) 7F?R CDDCAR BM WMS RFGLI RFGQ UGJJ F?TC ML RFC RGQQSC, ICCNGLE GL KGLB
RF?R ? A?JJSQ GQ K?BC MD BC?B ACJJQ?
62. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC P?RC MD FC?R AMLBSARGML RFPMSEF RFC 3.00-AK-RFGAI DSP
MD ? J?PEC ?LGK?J F?TGLE ? 1.40-m
2
QSPD?AC ?PC?? !QQSKC RF?R RFC
?LGK?JtQ QIGL RCKNCP?RSPC GQ 32.0C, RF?R RFC ?GP RCKNCP?RSPC GQ
5.00C, ?LB RF?R DSP F?Q RFC Q?KC RFCPK?J AMLBSARGTGRW ?Q ?GP. (@)
7F?R DMMB GLR?IC UGJJ RFC ?LGK?J LCCB GL MLC B?W RM PCNJ?AC RFGQ FC?R
RP?LQDCP?
63. ! U?JPSQ RP?LQDCPQ CLCPEW @W AMLBSARGML RFPMSEF GRQ @JS@@CP ?R RFC
P?RC MD 150 7 UFCL GKKCPQCB GL 1.00C U?RCP. 4FC U?JPSQtQ GLRCPL?J
AMPC RCKNCP?RSPC GQ 37.0C, ?LB GR F?Q ? QSPD?AC ?PC? MD 2.00 m
2
.
7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC RFGAILCQQ MD GRQ @JS@@CP, UFGAF F?Q RFC AMLBSARGTGRW
MD D?RRW RGQQSCQ UGRFMSR @JMMB?
#(!04%2 14 Y (%!4 !.$ (%!4 42!.3&%2 -%4(/$3 501
F?=KH; 14.33 7?JPSQ ML GAC. (APCBGR: #?NR?GL "SBB #FPGQRK?L, ./!! #MPNQ)
64. #MKN?PC RFC P?RC MD FC?R AMLBSARGML RFPMSEF ? 13.0-AK-RFGAI U?JJ
RF?R F?Q ?L ?PC? MD 10.0 m
2
?LB ? RFCPK?J AMLBSARGTGRW RUGAC RF?R MD
EJ?QQ UMMJ UGRF RFC P?RC MD FC?R AMLBSARGML RFPMSEF ? UGLBMU RF?R GQ
0.750 AK RFGAI ?LB RF?R F?Q ?L ?PC? MD 2.00 m
2
, ?QQSKGLE RFC Q?KC
RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLAC ?APMQQ C?AF.
65. 3SNNMQC ? NCPQML GQ AMTCPCB FC?B RM DMMR @W UMMJ AJMRFGLE UGRF
?TCP?EC RFGAILCQQ MD 2.00 AK ?LB GQ RP?LQDCPPGLE CLCPEW @W AMLBSARGML
RFPMSEF RFC AJMRFGLE ?R RFC P?RC MD 50.0 7. 7F?R GQ RFC RCKNCP?RSPC
BGDDCPCLAC ?APMQQ RFC AJMRFGLE, EGTCL RFC QSPD?AC ?PC? GQ 1.40 m
2
?
66. 3MKC QRMTC RMNQ ?PC QKMMRF ACP?KGA DMP C?QW AJC?LGLE. )D RFC
ACP?KGA GQ 0.600 AK RFGAI ?LB FC?R AMLBSARGML MAASPQ RFPMSEF RFC Q?KC
?PC? ?LB ?R RFC Q?KC P?RC ?Q AMKNSRCB GL EN7CFB; 14.6, UF?R GQ RFC
RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLAC ?APMQQ GR? #CP?KGA F?Q RFC Q?KC RFCPK?J
AMLBSARGTGRW ?Q EJ?QQ ?LB @PGAI.
67. /LC C?QW U?W RM PCBSAC FC?RGLE (?LB AMMJGLE) AMQRQ GQ RM ?BB CVRP?
GLQSJ?RGML GL RFC ?RRGA MD ? FMSQC. 3SNNMQC RFC FMSQC ?JPC?BW F?B 15 AK
MD DG@CPEJ?QQ GLQSJ?RGML GL RFC ?RRGA ?LB GL ?JJ RFC CVRCPGMP QSPD?ACQ. )D WMS
?BBCB ?L CVRP? 8.0 AK MD DG@CPEJ?QQ RM RFC ?RRGA, RFCL @W UF?R NCPACLR?EC
UMSJB RFC FC?RGLE AMQR MD RFC FMSQC BPMN? 4?IC RFC QGLEJC QRMPW FMSQC RM
@C MD BGKCLQGMLQ 10 K @W 15 K @W 3.0 K. )ELMPC ?GP GLDGJRP?RGML ?LB FC?R
JMQQ RFPMSEF UGLBMUQ ?LB BMMPQ.
68. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC P?RC MD FC?R AMLBSARGML RFPMSEF ? BMS@JC-N?LCB
UGLBMU RF?R F?Q ? 1.50-m
2
?PC? ?LB GQ K?BC MD RUM N?LCQ MD
0.800-AK-RFGAI EJ?QQ QCN?P?RCB @W ? 1.00-AK ?GP E?N. 4FC GLQGBC QSPD?AC
RCKNCP?RSPC GQ 15.0C, UFGJC RF?R ML RFC MSRQGBC GQ 10.0C. ((GLR:
4FCPC ?PC GBCLRGA?J RCKNCP?RSPC BPMNQ ?APMQQ RFC RUM EJ?QQ N?LCQ. &GPQR
DGLB RFCQC ?LB RFCL RFC RCKNCP?RSPC BPMN ?APMQQ RFC ?GP E?N. 4FGQ
NPM@JCK GELMPCQ RFC GLAPC?QCB FC?R RP?LQDCP GL RFC ?GP E?N BSC RM
AMLTCARGML.)
(@) #?JASJ?RC RFC P?RC MD FC?R AMLBSARGML RFPMSEF ? 1.60-AK-RFGAI UGLBMU
MD RFC Q?KC ?PC? ?LB UGRF RFC Q?KC RCKNCP?RSPCQ. #MKN?PC WMSP ?LQUCP
UGRF RF?R DMP N?PR (?).
69. -?LW BCAGQGMLQ ?PC K?BC ML RFC @?QGQ MD RFC N?W@?AI NCPGMB: RFC
RGKC GR UGJJ R?IC RFPMSEF Q?TGLEQ RM COS?J RFC A?NGR?J AMQR MD ?L GLTCQRKCLR.
!AACNR?@JC N?W@?AI RGKCQ BCNCLB SNML RFC @SQGLCQQ MP NFGJMQMNFW MLC
F?Q. (&MP QMKC GLBSQRPGCQ, ? N?W@?AI NCPGMB GQ ?Q QK?JJ ?Q RUM WC?PQ.)
3SNNMQC WMS UGQF RM GLQR?JJ RFC CVRP? GLQSJ?RGML GL EN;H9?I; 14.67. )D
CLCPEW AMQR $1.00 NCP KGJJGML HMSJCQ ?LB RFC GLQSJ?RGML U?Q $4.00 NCP
QOS?PC KCRCP, RFCL A?JASJ?RC RFC QGKNJC N?W@?AI RGKC. 4?IC RFC ?TCP?EC
T DMP RFC 120 B?W FC?RGLE QC?QML RM @C 15.0C.
70. &MP RFC FSK?L @MBW, UF?R GQ RFC P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP @W AMLBSARGML
RFPMSEF RFC @MBWtQ RGQQSC UGRF RFC DMJJMUGLE AMLBGRGMLQ: RFC RGQQSC
RFGAILCQQ GQ 3.00 AK, RFC AF?LEC GL RCKNCP?RSPC GQ 2.00C, ?LB RFC QIGL
?PC? GQ 1.50 m
2
. (MU BMCQ RFGQ AMKN?PC UGRF RFC ?TCP?EC FC?R RP?LQDCP
P?RC RM RFC @MBW PCQSJRGLE DPMK ?L CLCPEW GLR?IC MD ?@MSR 2400 IA?J NCP
B?W? (.M CVCPAGQC GQ GLAJSBCB.)
14.6 CEDL;9J?ED
71. !R UF?R UGLB QNCCB BMCQ 10C ?GP A?SQC RFC Q?KC AFGJJ D?ARMP ?Q
QRGJJ ?GP ?R 29C?
72. !R UF?R RCKNCP?RSPC BMCQ QRGJJ ?GP A?SQC RFC Q?KC AFGJJ D?ARMP ?Q
5C ?GP KMTGLE ?R 15 K/Q?
73. 4FC uQRC?Kv ?@MTC ? DPCQFJW K?BC ASN MD GLQR?LR AMDDCC GQ PC?JJW U?RCP
T?NMP BPMNJCRQ AMLBCLQGLE ?DRCP CT?NMP?RGLE DPMK RFC FMR AMDDCC. 7F?R GQ
RFC DGL?J RCKNCP?RSPC MD 250 E MD FMR AMDDCC GLGRG?JJW ?R 90.0C GD 2.00 E
CT?NMP?RCQ DPMK GR? 4FC AMDDCC GQ GL ? 3RWPMDM?K ASN, QM MRFCP KCRFMBQ
MD FC?R RP?LQDCP A?L @C LCEJCARCB.
74. (?) (MU K?LW IGJMEP?KQ MD U?RCP KSQR CT?NMP?RC DPMK ? 60.0-IE
UMK?L RM JMUCP FCP @MBW RCKNCP?RSPC @W 0.750C?
(@) )Q RFGQ ? PC?QML?@JC ?KMSLR MD U?RCP RM CT?NMP?RC GL RFC DMPK MD
NCPQNGP?RGML, ?QQSKGLE RFC PCJ?RGTC FSKGBGRW MD RFC QSPPMSLBGLE ?GP GQ JMU?
75. /L ? FMR BPW B?W, CT?NMP?RGML DPMK ? J?IC F?Q HSQR CLMSEF FC?R
RP?LQDCP RM @?J?LAC RFC 1.00 kW/m
2
MD GLAMKGLE FC?R DPMK RFC 3SL.
7F?R K?QQ MD U?RCP CT?NMP?RCQ GL 1.00 F DPMK C?AF QOS?PC KCRCP?
%VNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU RFC QRCNQ GL RFC )HE8B;C-,EBL?D=
,JH7J;=?;I <EH J>; E<<;9JI E< !;7J -H7DI<;H.
76. /LC UGLRCP B?W, RFC AJGK?RC AMLRPMJ QWQRCK MD ? J?PEC SLGTCPQGRW
AJ?QQPMMK @SGJBGLE K?JDSLARGMLQ. !Q ? PCQSJR, 500 m
3
MD CVACQQ AMJB ?GP
GQ @PMSEFR GL C?AF KGLSRC. !R UF?R P?RC GL IGJMU?RRQ KSQR FC?R RP?LQDCP
MAASP RM U?PK RFGQ ?GP @W 10.0C (RF?R GQ, RM @PGLE RFC ?GP RM PMMK
RCKNCP?RSPC)?
77. 4FC +GJ?SC? TMJA?LM GL (?U?GG GQ RFC UMPJBtQ KMQR ?ARGTC, BGQEMPEGLE
?@MSR 510
5
m
3
MD 1200C J?T? NCP B?W. 7F?R GQ RFC P?RC MD FC?R
RP?LQDCP MSR MD %?PRF @W AMLTCARGML GD RFGQ J?T? F?Q ? BCLQGRW MD
2700 kg/m
3
?LB CTCLRS?JJW AMMJQ RM 30C? !QQSKC RF?R RFC QNCAGDGA
FC?R MD J?T? GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q RF?R MD EP?LGRC.
F?=KH; 14.34 ,?T? DJMU ML +GJ?SC? TMJA?LM GL (?U?GG. (APCBGR: *. 0. %?RML, 5.3.
'CMJMEGA?J 3SPTCW)
78. $SPGLE FC?TW CVCPAGQC, RFC @MBW NSKNQ 2.00 , MD @JMMB NCP KGLSRC RM
RFC QSPD?AC, UFCPC GR GQ AMMJCB @W 2.00C. 7F?R GQ RFC P?RC MD FC?R
RP?LQDCP DPMK RFGQ DMPACB AMLTCARGML ?JMLC, ?QQSKGLE @JMMB F?Q RFC Q?KC
QNCAGDGA FC?R ?Q U?RCP ?LB GRQ BCLQGRW GQ 1050 kg/m
3
?
79. ! NCPQML GLF?JCQ ?LB CVF?JCQ 2.00 , MD 37.0C ?GP, CT?NMP?RGLE
4.0010
2
g MD U?RCP DPMK RFC JSLEQ ?LB @PC?RFGLE N?QQ?ECQ UGRF
C?AF @PC?RF.
(?) (MU KSAF FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ BSC RM CT?NMP?RGML GL C?AF @PC?RF?
(@) 7F?R GQ RFC P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP GL U?RRQ GD RFC NCPQML GQ @PC?RFGLE ?R ?
KMBCP?RC P?RC MD 18.0 @PC?RFQ NCP KGLSRC?
(A) )D RFC GLF?JCB ?GP F?B ? RCKNCP?RSPC MD 20.0C, UF?R GQ RFC P?RC MD
FC?R RP?LQDCP DMP U?PKGLE RFC ?GP?
(B) $GQASQQ RFC RMR?J P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP ?Q GR PCJ?RCQ RM RWNGA?J KCR?@MJGA
P?RCQ. 7GJJ RFGQ @PC?RFGLE @C ? K?HMP DMPK MD FC?R RP?LQDCP DMP RFGQ NCPQML?
502 #(!04%2 14 Y (%!4 !.$ (%!4 42!.3&%2 -%4(/$3
80. ! EJ?QQ AMDDCC NMR F?Q ? AGPASJ?P @MRRMK UGRF ? 9.00-AK BG?KCRCP GL
AMLR?AR UGRF ? FC?RGLE CJCKCLR RF?R ICCNQ RFC AMDDCC U?PK UGRF ?
AMLRGLSMSQ FC?R RP?LQDCP P?RC MD 50.0 7
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC @MRRMK MD RFC NMR, GD GR GQ 3.00 KK RFGAI
?LB RFC GLQGBC RCKNCP?RSPC GQ 60.0C?
(@) )D RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC AMDDCC PCK?GLQ AMLQR?LR ?LB ?JJ MD RFC FC?R
RP?LQDCP GQ PCKMTCB @W CT?NMP?RGML, FMU K?LW EP?KQ NCP KGLSRC
CT?NMP?RC? 4?IC RFC FC?R MD T?NMPGX?RGML RM @C 2340 I*/IE.
14.7 +7:?7J?ED
81. !R UF?R LCR P?RC BMCQ FC?R P?BG?RC DPMK ? 275-m
2
@J?AI PMMD ML ?
LGEFR UFCL RFC PMMDtQ RCKNCP?RSPC GQ 30.0C ?LB RFC QSPPMSLBGLE
RCKNCP?RSPC GQ 15.0C? 4FC CKGQQGTGRW MD RFC PMMD GQ 0.900.
82. (?) #FCPPW-PCB CK@CPQ GL ? DGPCNJ?AC ?PC ?R 850C ?LB F?TC ?L
CVNMQCB ?PC? MD 0.200 m
2
?LB ?L CKGQQGTGRW MD 0.980. 4FC QSPPMSLBGLE
PMMK F?Q ? RCKNCP?RSPC MD 18.0C. )D 50% MD RFC P?BG?LR CLCPEW CLRCPQ
RFC PMMK, UF?R GQ RFC LCR P?RC MD P?BG?LR FC?R RP?LQDCP GL IGJMU?RRQ? (@)
$MCQ WMSP ?LQUCP QSNNMPR RFC AMLRCLRGML RF?R KMQR MD RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP
GLRM ? PMMK @W ? DGPCNJ?AC AMKCQ DPMK GLDP?PCB P?BG?RGML?
83. 2?BG?RGML K?ICQ GR GKNMQQG@JC RM QR?LB AJMQC RM ? FMR J?T? DJMU.
#?JASJ?RC RFC P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP @W P?BG?RGML DPMK 1.00 m
2
MD
1200C DPCQF J?T? GLRM 30.0C QSPPMSLBGLEQ, ?QQSKGLE J?T?tQ
CKGQQGTGRW GQ 1.00.
84. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP @W P?BG?RGML DPMK ? A?P P?BG?RMP
?R 110C GLRM ? 50.0C CLTGPMLKCLR, GD RFC P?BG?RMP F?Q ?L CKGQQGTGRW
MD 0.750 ?LB ? 1.20-m
2
QSPD?AC ?PC?. (@) )Q RFGQ ? QGELGDGA?LR DP?ARGML MD
RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP @W ?L ?SRMKM@GJC CLEGLC? 4M ?LQUCP RFGQ, ?QQSKC ?
FMPQCNMUCP MD 200 hp (1.5 kW) ?LB RFC CDDGAGCLAW MD ?SRMKM@GJC
CLEGLCQ ?Q 25%.
85. &GLB RFC LCR P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP @W P?BG?RGML DPMK ? QIGCP QR?LBGLE GL
RFC QF?BC, EGTCL RFC DMJJMUGLE. 3FC GQ AMKNJCRCJW AJMRFCB GL UFGRC (FC?B
RM DMMR, GLAJSBGLE ? QIG K?QI), RFC AJMRFCQ F?TC ?L CKGQQGTGRW MD 0.200 ?LB
? QSPD?AC RCKNCP?RSPC MD 10.0C, RFC QSPPMSLBGLEQ ?PC ?R 15.0C,
?LB FCP QSPD?AC ?PC? GQ 1.60 m
2
.
86. 3SNNMQC WMS U?JI GLRM ? Q?SL? RF?R F?Q ?L ?K@GCLR RCKNCP?RSPC MD
50.0C. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP RM WMS @W P?BG?RGML EGTCL
WMSP QIGL RCKNCP?RSPC GQ 37.0C, RFC CKGQQGTGRW MD QIGL GQ 0.98, ?LB RFC
QSPD?AC ?PC? MD WMSP @MBW GQ 1.50 m
2
. (@) )D ?JJ MRFCP DMPKQ MD FC?R
RP?LQDCP ?PC @?J?LACB (RFC LCR FC?R RP?LQDCP GQ XCPM), ?R UF?R P?RC UGJJ WMSP
@MBW RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QC GD WMSP K?QQ GQ 75.0 IE?
87. 4FCPKMEP?NFW GQ ? RCAFLGOSC DMP KC?QSPGLE P?BG?LR FC?R ?LB
BCRCARGLE T?PG?RGMLQ GL QSPD?AC RCKNCP?RSPCQ RF?R K?W @C KCBGA?JJW,
CLTGPMLKCLR?JJW, MP KGJGR?PGJW KC?LGLEDSJ.(?) 7F?R GQ RFC NCPACLR GLAPC?QC
GL RFC P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP @W P?BG?RGML DPMK ? EGTCL ?PC? ?R ?
RCKNCP?RSPC MD 34.0C AMKN?PCB UGRF RF?R ?R 33.0C, QSAF ?Q ML ?
NCPQMLtQ QIGL? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC NCPACLR GLAPC?QC GL RFC P?RC MD FC?R
RP?LQDCP @W P?BG?RGML DPMK ? EGTCL ?PC? ?R ? RCKNCP?RSPC MD 34.0C
AMKN?PCB UGRF RF?R ?R 20.0C, QSAF ?Q DMP U?PK ?LB AMMJ ?SRMKM@GJC
FMMBQ?
F?=KH; 14.35 !PRGQRtQ PCLBGRGML MD ? RFCPKMEP?NF MD ? N?RGCLRtQ SNNCP @MBW, QFMUGLE
RFC BGQRPG@SRGML MD FC?R PCNPCQCLRCB @W BGDDCPCLR AMJMPQ.
88. 4FC 3SL P?BG?RCQ JGIC ? NCPDCAR @J?AI @MBW UGRF ?L CKGQQGTGRW MD
CV?ARJW 1. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC QSPD?AC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC 3SL, EGTCL RF?R GR
GQ ? QNFCPC UGRF ? 7.0010
8
-m P?BGSQ RF?R P?BG?RCQ 3.8010
26
W
GLRM 3-+ QN?AC. (@) (MU KSAF NMUCP BMCQ RFC 3SL P?BG?RC NCP QOS?PC
KCRCP MD GRQ QSPD?AC? (A) (MU KSAF NMUCP GL U?RRQ NCP QOS?PC KCRCP GQ
RF?R T?JSC ?R RFC BGQR?LAC MD %?PRF, 1.5010
11
m ?U?W? (4FGQ LSK@CP
GQ A?JJCB RFC QMJ?P AMLQR?LR.)
89. ! J?PEC @MBW MD J?T? DPMK ? TMJA?LM F?Q QRMNNCB DJMUGLE ?LB GQ QJMUJW
AMMJGLE. 4FC GLRCPGMP MD RFC J?T? GQ ?R 1200C, GRQ QSPD?AC GQ ?R 450C,
?LB RFC QSPPMSLBGLEQ ?PC ?R 27.0C. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC P?RC ?R UFGAF
CLCPEW GQ RP?LQDCPPCB @W P?BG?RGML DPMK 1.00 m
2
MD QSPD?AC J?T? GLRM RFC
QSPPMSLBGLEQ, ?QQSKGLE RFC CKGQQGTGRW GQ 1.00. (@) 3SNNMQC FC?R
AMLBSARGML RM RFC QSPD?AC MAASPQ ?R RFC Q?KC P?RC. 7F?R GQ RFC RFGAILCQQ
MD RFC J?T? @CRUCCL RFC 450C QSPD?AC ?LB RFC 1200C GLRCPGMP,
?QQSKGLE RF?R RFC J?T?tQ AMLBSARGTGRW GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q RF?R MD @PGAI?
90. #?JASJ?RC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC RFC CLRGPC QIW UMSJB F?TC RM @C GL MPBCP RM
RP?LQDCP CLCPEW @W P?BG?RGML ?R 1000 W/m
2
r?@MSR RFC P?RC ?R UFGAF
RFC 3SL P?BG?RCQ UFCL GR GQ BGPCARJW MTCPFC?B ML ? AJC?P B?W. 4FGQ T?JSC GQ
RFC CDDCARGTC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC QIW, ? IGLB MD ?TCP?EC RF?R R?ICQ ?AAMSLR
MD RFC D?AR RF?R RFC 3SL MAASNGCQ MLJW ? QK?JJ N?PR MD RFC QIW @SR GQ KSAF
FMRRCP RF?L RFC PCQR. !QQSKC RF?R RFC @MBW PCACGTGLE RFC CLCPEW F?Q ?
RCKNCP?RSPC MD 27.0C.
91. (?) ! QFGPRJCQQ PGBCP SLBCP ? AGPASQ RCLR DCCJQ RFC FC?R P?BG?RGLE DPMK
RFC QSLJGR NMPRGML MD RFC RCLR. #?JASJ?RC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC RCLR A?LT?Q
@?QCB ML RFC DMJJMUGLE GLDMPK?RGML: 4FC QFGPRJCQQ PGBCPtQ QIGL RCKNCP?RSPC
GQ 34.0C ?LB F?Q ?L CKGQQGTGRW MD 0.970. 4FC CVNMQCB ?PC? MD QIGL GQ
0.400 m
2
. (C PCACGTCQ P?BG?RGML ?R RFC P?RC MD 20.0 7rF?JD UF?R WMS
UMSJB A?JASJ?RC GD RFC CLRGPC PCEGML @CFGLB FGK U?Q FMR. 4FC PCQR MD RFC
QSPPMSLBGLEQ ?PC ?R 34.0C. (@) $GQASQQ FMU RFGQ QGRS?RGML UMSJB
AF?LEC GD RFC QSLJGR QGBC MD RFC RCLR U?Q LC?PJW NSPC UFGRC ?LB GD RFC PGBCP
U?Q AMTCPCB @W ? UFGRC RSLGA.
/LC 30.0C B?W RFC PCJ?RGTC FSKGBGRW GQ 75.0%, ?LB RF?R CTCLGLE RFC
RCKNCP?RSPC BPMNQ RM 20.0C, UCJJ @CJMU RFC BCU NMGLR. (?) (MU K?LW
EP?KQ MD U?RCP AMLBCLQC DPMK C?AF AS@GA KCRCP MD ?GP? (@) (MU KSAF
FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ @W RFGQ AMLBCLQ?RGML? (A) 7F?R RCKNCP?RSPC
GLAPC?QC AMSJB RFGQ A?SQC GL BPW ?GP?
,?PEC KCRCMPQ QMKCRGKCQ QRPGIC RFC %?PRF, AMLTCPRGLE KMQR MD RFCGP
IGLCRGA CLCPEW GLRM RFCPK?J CLCPEW. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD ?
10
9
kg KCRCMP KMTGLE ?R 25.0 IK/Q? (@) )D RFGQ KCRCMP J?LBQ GL ? BCCN
MAC?L ?LB 80% MD GRQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW EMCQ GLRM FC?RGLE U?RCP, FMU K?LW
IGJMEP?KQ MD U?RCP AMSJB GR P?GQC @W 5.0C? (A) $GQASQQ FMU RFC CLCPEW
#(!04%2 14 Y (%!4 !.$ (%!4 42!.3&%2 -%4(/$3 503
MD RFC KCRCMP GQ KMPC JGICJW RM @C BCNMQGRCB GL RFC MAC?L ?LB RFC JGICJW
CDDCARQ MD RF?R CLCPEW.
&PMXCL U?QRC DPMK ?GPNJ?LC RMGJCRQ F?Q QMKCRGKCQ @CCL ?AAGBCLR?JJW
CHCARCB ?R FGEF ?JRGRSBC. /PBGL?PGJW GR @PC?IQ SN ?LB BGQNCPQCQ MTCP ? J?PEC
?PC?, @SR QMKCRGKCQ GR FMJBQ RMECRFCP ?LB QRPGICQ RFC EPMSLB. #?JASJ?RC
RFC K?QQ MD 0C GAC RF?R A?L @C KCJRCB @W RFC AMLTCPQGML MD IGLCRGA ?LB
EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW UFCL ? 20.0 kg NGCAC MD DPMXCL U?QRC GQ
PCJC?QCB ?R 12.0 IK ?JRGRSBC UFGJC KMTGLE ?R 250 K/Q ?LB QRPGICQ RFC
EPMSLB ?R 100 K/Q (QGLAC JCQQ RF?L 20.0 IE KCJRQ, ? QGELGDGA?LR KCQQ
PCQSJRQ).
(?) ! J?PEC CJCARPGA?J NMUCP D?AGJGRW NPMBSACQ 1600 -7 MD uU?QRC FC?R,v
UFGAF GQ BGQQGN?RCB RM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR GL AMMJGLE RMUCPQ @W U?PKGLE ?GP
DJMUGLE RFPMSEF RFC RMUCPQ @W 5.00C. 7F?R GQ RFC LCACQQ?PW DJMU P?RC
MD ?GP GL m
3
/s ? (@) )Q WMSP PCQSJR AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC J?PEC AMMJGLE RMUCPQ
SQCB @W K?LW J?PEC CJCARPGA?J NMUCP NJ?LRQ?
(?) 3SNNMQC WMS QR?PR ? UMPIMSR ML ? 3R?GPK?QRCP, NPMBSAGLE NMUCP ?R RFC
Q?KC P?RC ?Q AJGK@GLE 116 QR?GPQ NCP KGLSRC. !QQSKGLE WMSP K?QQ GQ 76.0
IE ?LB WMSP CDDGAGCLAW GQ 20.0%, FMU JMLE UGJJ GR R?IC DMP WMSP @MBW
RCKNCP?RSPC RM PGQC 1.00C GD ?JJ MRFCP DMPKQ MD FC?R RP?LQDCP GL ?LB MSR
MD WMSP @MBW ?PC @?J?LACB? (@) )Q RFGQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF WMSP CVNCPGCLAC GL
ECRRGLE U?PK UFGJC CVCPAGQGLE?
! 76.0-IE NCPQML QSDDCPGLE DPMK FWNMRFCPKG? AMKCQ GLBMMPQ ?LB QFGTCPQ
TGEMPMSQJW. (MU JMLE BMCQ GR R?IC RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP RM GLAPC?QC RFC
NCPQMLtQ @MBW RCKNCP?RSPC @W 2.00C GD ?JJ MRFCP DMPKQ MD FC?R RP?LQDCP
?PC @?J?LACB?
)L ACPR?GL J?PEC ECMEP?NFGA PCEGMLQ, RFC SLBCPJWGLE PMAI GQ FMR. 7CJJQ A?L
@C BPGJJCB ?LB U?RCP AGPASJ?RCB RFPMSEF RFC PMAI DMP FC?R RP?LQDCP DMP RFC
ECLCP?RGML MD CJCARPGAGRW. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP RF?R A?L @C
CVRP?ARCB @W AMMJGLE 1.00 km
3
MD EP?LGRC @W 100C. (@) (MU JMLE UGJJ
GR R?IC DMP FC?R RP?LQDCP ?R RFC P?RC MD 300 -7, ?QQSKGLE LM FC?R RP?LQDCPQ
@?AI GLRM RFC 1.00 km
3
MD PMAI @W GRQ QSPPMSLBGLEQ?
(C?R RP?LQDCPQ DPMK WMSP JSLEQ ?LB @PC?RFGLE N?QQ?ECQ @W CT?NMP?RGLE
U?RCP. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC K?VGKSK LSK@CP MD EP?KQ MD U?RCP RF?R A?L @C
CT?NMP?RCB UFCL WMS GLF?JC 1.50 , MD 37C ?GP UGRF ?L MPGEGL?J PCJ?RGTC
FSKGBGRW MD 40.0%. (!QQSKC RF?R @MBW RCKNCP?RSPC GQ ?JQM 37C.) (@)
(MU K?LW HMSJCQ MD CLCPEW ?PC PCOSGPCB RM CT?NMP?RC RFGQ ?KMSLR? (A)
7F?R GQ RFC P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP GL U?RRQ DPMK RFGQ KCRFMB, GD WMS @PC?RFC
?R ? LMPK?J PCQRGLE P?RC MD 10.0 @PC?RFQ NCP KGLSRC?
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QC MD U?RCP D?JJGLE 55.0 K MTCP .G?E?P?
&?JJQ? (@) 7F?R DP?ARGML KSQR CT?NMP?RC RM ICCN RFC RCKNCP?RSPC
AMLQR?LR?
(MR ?GP PGQCQ @CA?SQC GR F?Q CVN?LBCB. )R RFCL BGQNJ?ACQ ? EPC?RCP TMJSKC
MD AMJB ?GP, UFGAF GLAPC?QCQ RFC @SMW?LR DMPAC ML GR. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC P?RGM
MD RFC @SMW?LR DMPAC RM RFC UCGEFR MD 50.0C ?GP QSPPMSLBCB @W 20.0C
?GP. (@) 7F?R CLCPEW GQ LCCBCB RM A?SQC 1.00 m
3
MD ?GP RM EM DPMK
20.0C RM 50.0C? (A) 7F?R EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW GQ E?GLCB @W
RFGQ TMJSKC MD ?GP GD GR PGQCQ 1.00 K? 7GJJ RFGQ A?SQC ? QGELGDGA?LR AMMJGLE MD
RFC ?GP?
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QC MD ?L 80.0 IE NCPQML UFM
AMLQSKCQ 2500 IA?J MD DMMB GL MLC B?W UGRF 95.0% MD RFC CLCPEW
RP?LQDCPPCB ?Q FC?R RM RFC @MBW? (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ
PCQSJR? (A) 7FGAF NPCKGQC MP ?QQSKNRGML GQ PCQNMLQG@JC?
! QJGEFRJW BCP?LECB !PARGA GLTCLRMP QSPPMSLBCB @W GAC RFGLIQ GR UMSJB @C
KSAF JCQQ KCAF?LGA?JJW AMKNJCV RM AMMJ ? A?P CLEGLC @W KCJRGLE GAC ML GR
RF?L @W F?TGLE ? U?RCP-AMMJCB QWQRCK UGRF ? P?BG?RMP, U?RCP NSKN,
?LRGDPCCXC, ?LB QM ML. (?) )D 80.0% MD RFC CLCPEW GL 1.00 E?J MD E?QMJGLC
GQ AMLTCPRCB GLRM uU?QRC FC?Rv GL ? A?P CLEGLC, FMU K?LW IGJMEP?KQ MD
0C GAC AMSJB GR KCJR? (@) )Q RFGQ ? PC?QML?@JC ?KMSLR MD GAC RM A?PPW
?PMSLB RM AMMJ RFC CLEGLC DMP 1.00 E?J MD E?QMJGLC AMLQSKNRGML? (A) 7F?R
NPCKGQCQ MP ?QQSKNRGMLQ ?PC SLPC?QML?@JC?
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP @W AMLBSARGML RFPMSEF ? UGLBMU
UGRF ?L ?PC? MD 1.00 m
2
RF?R GQ 0.750 AK RFGAI, GD GRQ GLLCP QSPD?AC GQ ?R
22.0C ?LB GRQ MSRCP QSPD?AC GQ ?R 35.0C. (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC
?@MSR RFGQ PCQSJR? (A) 7FGAF NPCKGQC MP ?QQSKNRGML GQ PCQNMLQG@JC?
! KCRCMPGRC 1.20 AK GL BG?KCRCP GQ QM FMR GKKCBG?RCJW ?DRCP NCLCRP?RGLE
RFC ?RKMQNFCPC RF?R GR P?BG?RCQ 20.0 I7 MD NMUCP. (?) 7F?R GQ GRQ
RCKNCP?RSPC, GD RFC QSPPMSLBGLEQ ?PC ?R 20.0C ?LB GR F?Q ?L CKGQQGTGRW
MD 0.800? (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ PCQSJR? (A) 7FGAF NPCKGQC
MP ?QQSKNRGML GQ PCQNMLQG@JC?
#MLQGBCP ? LCU KMBCJ MD AMKKCPAG?J ?GPNJ?LC F?TGLE GRQ @P?ICQ RCQRCB ?Q
? N?PR MD RFC GLGRG?J DJGEFR NCPKGQQGML NPMACBSPC. 4FC ?GPNJ?LC GQ @PMSEFR RM
R?ICMDD QNCCB ?LB RFCL QRMNNCB UGRF RFC @P?ICQ ?JMLC. #MLQRPSAR ?
NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS A?JASJ?RC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QC MD RFC @P?ICQ
BSPGLE RFGQ NPMACQQ. 9MS K?W ?QQSKC KMQR MD RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD RFC
?GPNJ?LC GQ AMLTCPRCB RM RFCPK?J CLCPEW GL RFC @P?ICQ ?LB QSPPMSLBGLE
K?RCPG?JQ, ?LB RF?R JGRRJC CQA?NCQ. .MRC RF?R RFC @P?ICQ ?PC CVNCARCB RM
@CAMKC QM FMR GL RFGQ NPMACBSPC RF?R RFCW GELGRC ?LB, GL MPBCP RM N?QQ RFC
RCQR, RFC ?GPNJ?LC KSQR @C ?@JC RM UGRFQR?LB RFC DGPC DMP QMKC RGKC UGRFMSR
? ECLCP?J AMLDJ?EP?RGML.
#MLQGBCP ? NCPQML MSRBMMPQ ML ? AMJB LGEFR. #MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL
UFGAF WMS A?JASJ?RC RFC P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK RFC NCPQML @W ?JJ RFPCC
FC?R RP?LQDCP KCRFMBQ. -?IC RFC GLGRG?J AGPASKQR?LACQ QSAF RF?R ?R PCQR
RFC NCPQML UGJJ F?TC ? LCR FC?R RP?LQDCP ?LB RFCL BCAGBC FMU KSAF
NFWQGA?J ?ARGTGRW MD ? AFMQCL RWNC GQ LCACQQ?PW RM @?J?LAC RFC P?RC MD FC?R
RP?LQDCP. !KMLE RFC RFGLEQ RM AMLQGBCP ?PC RFC QGXC MD RFC NCPQML, RWNC MD
AJMRFGLE, GLGRG?J KCR?@MJGA P?RC, QIW AMLBGRGMLQ, ?KMSLR MD U?RCP
CT?NMP?RCB, ?LB TMJSKC MD ?GP @PC?RFCB. /D AMSPQC, RFCPC ?PC K?LW MRFCP
D?ARMPQ RM AMLQGBCP ?LB WMSP GLQRPSARMP K?W UGQF RM ESGBC WMS GL RFC
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NPCQCLRGLE WMSP PCQSJRQ.
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MD RFC .?RGML?J 3ACLGA "WU?WQ 0PMEP?K. (APCBGR: $CLLGQ !B?KQ)
,C?PLGLE /@HCARGTCQ
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DMPKQrGLRM RFC A?PtQ IGLCRGA MP EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW; GLRM CJCARPGA?J CLCPEW RM PSL RFC QN?PI NJSEQ, P?BGM, ?LB JGEFRQ; ?LB @?AI GLRM QRMPCB
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PCJC?QCB GLRM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR, GKNJWGLE RF?R RFC CLEGLC GQ OSGRC GLCDDGAGCLR.
)R GQ MDRCL Q?GB RF?R KMBCPL E?QMJGLC CLEGLCQ A?LLMR @C K?BC RM @C QGELGDGA?LRJW KMPC CDDGAGCLR. 7C FC?P RFC Q?KC ?@MSR FC?R RP?LQDCP RM CJCARPGA?J
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!ARS?JJW, RFC RPSRF GQ KMPC GLRCPCQRGLE, ?LB PCTC?JQ KSAF ?@MSR RFC L?RSPC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP.
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!Q RFC CLRGPC QWQRCK ECRQ FMRRCP, UMPI GQ BMLCrDPMK RFC CT?NMP?RGML MD RFC U?RCP RM RFC UFGQRJGLE MD RFC ICRRJC. (APCBGR: 'GL? (?KGJRML)
)D UC ?PC GLRCPCQRCB GL FMU FC?R RP?LQDCP GQ AMLTCPRCB GLRM BMGLE UMPI, RFCL RFC AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW NPGLAGNJC GQ GKNMPR?LR. 4FC DGPQR J?U MD
RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ ?NNJGCQ RFC AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW NPGLAGNJC RM QWQRCKQ UFCPC FC?R RP?LQDCP ?LB BMGLE UMPI ?PC RFC KCRFMBQ MD RP?LQDCPPGLE CLCPEW
GLRM ?LB MSR MD RFC QWQRCK. 4FC <?HIJ B7M E< J>;HCE:OD7C?9I QR?RCQ RF?R RFC AF?LEC GL GLRCPL?J CLCPEW MD ? QWQRCK COS?JQ RFC LCR FC?R RP?LQDCP <AGB
RFC QWQRCK KGLSQ RFC LCR UMPI BMLC 5L RFC QWQRCK. )L COS?RGML DMPK, RFC DGPQR J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ GQ
(15.1) U = Q W.
(CPC U GQ RFC 6;4A:8 <A <AG8EA4? 8A8E:L U MD RFC QWQRCK. Q GQ RFC A8G ;84G GE4AF98EE87 <AGB G;8 FLFG8@rRF?R GQ, Q GQ RFC QSK MD ?JJ FC?R
RP?LQDCP GLRM ?LB MSR MD RFC QWQRCK. W GQ RFC A8G JBE> 7BA8 5L G;8 FLFG8@rRF?R GQ, W GQ RFC QSK MD ?JJ UMPI BMLC ML MP @W RFC QWQRCK. 7C SQC RFC
DMJJMUGLE QGEL AMLTCLRGMLQ: GD Q GQ NMQGRGTC, RFCL RFCPC GQ ? LCR FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM RFC QWQRCK; GD W GQ NMQGRGTC, RFCL RFCPC GQ LCR UMPI BMLC @W RFC
QWQRCK. 3M NMQGRGTC Q ?BBQ CLCPEW RM RFC QWQRCK ?LB NMQGRGTC W R?ICQ CLCPEW DPMK RFC QWQRCK. 4FSQ U = Q W . .MRC ?JQM RF?R GD KMPC FC?R
RP?LQDCP GLRM RFC QWQRCK MAASPQ RF?L UMPI BMLC, RFC BGDDCPCLAC GQ QRMPCB ?Q GLRCPL?J CLCPEW. (C?R CLEGLCQ ?PC ? EMMB CV?KNJC MD RFGQrFC?R RP?LQDCP
GLRM RFCK R?ICQ NJ?AC QM RF?R RFCW A?L BM UMPI. (3CC F?=KH; 15.3.) 7C UGJJ LMU CV?KGLC Q, W , ?LB U DSPRFCP.
F?=KH; 15.3 4FC DGPQR J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ GQ RFC AMLQCPT?RGML-MD-CLCPEW NPGLAGNJC QR?RCB DMP ? QWQRCK UFCPC FC?R ?LB UMPI ?PC RFC KCRFMBQ MD RP?LQDCPPGLE CLCPEW DMP ?
QWQRCK GL RFCPK?J COSGJG@PGSK. Q PCNPCQCLRQ RFC LCR FC?R RP?LQDCPrGR GQ RFC QSK MD ?JJ FC?R RP?LQDCPQ GLRM ?LB MSR MD RFC QWQRCK. Q GQ NMQGRGTC DMP LCR FC?R RP?LQDCP <AGB RFC
QWQRCK. W GQ RFC RMR?J UMPI BMLC ML ?LB @W RFC QWQRCK. W GQ NMQGRGTC UFCL KMPC UMPI GQ BMLC 5L RFC QWQRCK RF?L ML GR. 4FC AF?LEC GL RFC GLRCPL?J CLCPEW MD RFC QWQRCK,
U , GQ PCJ?RCB RM FC?R ?LB UMPI @W RFC DGPQR J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ, U = Q W .
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: ,?U MD 4FCPKMBWL?KGAQ ?LB ,?U MD #MLQCPT?RGML MD %LCPEW
4FC DGPQR J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ GQ ?ARS?JJW RFC J?U MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW QR?RCB GL ? DMPK KMQR SQCDSJ GL RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ. 4FC DGPQR J?U EGTCQ
RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL FC?R RP?LQDCP, UMPI BMLC, ?LB RFC AF?LEC GL GLRCPL?J CLCPEW MD ? QWQRCK.
(C?R ( ?LB 7MPI .
(C?R RP?LQDCP ( Q) ?LB BMGLE UMPI ( W ) ?PC RFC RUM CTCPWB?W KC?LQ MD @PGLEGLE CLCPEW GLRM MP R?IGLE CLCPEW MSR MD ? QWQRCK. 4FC NPMACQQCQ ?PC
OSGRC BGDDCPCLR. (C?R RP?LQDCP, ? JCQQ MPE?LGXCB NPMACQQ, GQ BPGTCL @W RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLACQ. 7MPI, ? OSGRC MPE?LGXCB NPMACQQ, GLTMJTCQ ?
K?APMQAMNGA DMPAC CVCPRCB RFPMSEF ? BGQR?LAC. .CTCPRFCJCQQ, FC?R ?LB UMPI A?L NPMBSAC GBCLRGA?J PCQSJRQ.&MP CV?KNJC, @MRF A?L A?SQC ? RCKNCP?RSPC
GLAPC?QC. (C?R RP?LQDCP GLRM ? QWQRCK, QSAF ?Q UFCL RFC 3SL U?PKQ RFC ?GP GL ? @GAWAJC RGPC, A?L GLAPC?QC GRQ RCKNCP?RSPC, ?LB QM A?L UMPI BMLC ML
RFC QWQRCK, ?Q UFCL RFC @GAWAJGQR NSKNQ ?GP GLRM RFC RGPC. /LAC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QC F?Q MAASPPCB, GR GQ GKNMQQG@JC RM RCJJ UFCRFCP GR U?Q A?SQCB @W
506 #(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3
FC?R RP?LQDCP MP @W BMGLE UMPI. 4FGQ SLACPR?GLRW GQ ?L GKNMPR?LR NMGLR. (C?R RP?LQDCP ?LB UMPI ?PC @MRF CLCPEW GL RP?LQGRrLCGRFCP GQ QRMPCB ?Q QSAF GL ?
QWQRCK. (MUCTCP, @MRF A?L AF?LEC RFC GLRCPL?J CLCPEW U MD ? QWQRCK. )LRCPL?J CLCPEW GQ ? DMPK MD CLCPEW AMKNJCRCJW BGDDCPCLR DPMK CGRFCP FC?R MP
UMPI.
)LRCPL?J %LCPEW ,
7C A?L RFGLI ?@MSR RFC GLRCPL?J CLCPEW MD ? QWQRCK GL RUM BGDDCPCLR @SR AMLQGQRCLR U?WQ. 4FC DGPQR GQ RFC ?RMKGA ?LB KMJCASJ?P TGCU, UFGAF CV?KGLCQ
RFC QWQRCK ML RFC ?RMKGA ?LB KMJCASJ?P QA?JC. 4FC ?DJ;HD7B ;D;H=O U MD ? QWQRCK GQ RFC QSK MD RFC IGLCRGA ?LB NMRCLRG?J CLCPEGCQ MD GRQ ?RMKQ ?LB
KMJCASJCQ. 2CA?JJ RF?R IGLCRGA NJSQ NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW GQ A?JJCB KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW. 4FSQ GLRCPL?J CLCPEW GQ RFC QSK MD ?RMKGA ?LB KMJCASJ?P KCAF?LGA?J
CLCPEW. "CA?SQC GR GQ GKNMQQG@JC RM ICCN RP?AI MD ?JJ GLBGTGBS?J ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ, UC KSQR BC?J UGRF ?TCP?ECQ ?LB BGQRPG@SRGMLQ. ! QCAMLB U?W RM
TGCU RFC GLRCPL?J CLCPEW MD ? QWQRCK GQ GL RCPKQ MD GRQ K?APMQAMNGA AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ, UFGAF ?PC TCPW QGKGJ?P RM ?RMKGA ?LB KMJCASJ?P ?TCP?EC T?JSCQ.
-?APMQAMNGA?JJW, UC BCDGLC RFC AF?LEC GL GLRCPL?J CLCPEW U RM @C RF?R EGTCL @W RFC DGPQR J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ:
(15.2) U = Q W.
-?LW BCR?GJCB CVNCPGKCLRQ F?TC TCPGDGCB RF?R U = Q W , UFCPC U GQ RFC AF?LEC GL RMR?J IGLCRGA ?LB NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW MD ?JJ ?RMKQ ?LB
KMJCASJCQ GL ? QWQRCK. )R F?Q ?JQM @CCL BCRCPKGLCB CVNCPGKCLR?JJW RF?R RFC GLRCPL?J CLCPEW U MD ? QWQRCK BCNCLBQ MLJW ML RFC QR?RC MD RFC QWQRCK
?LB ABG ;BJ <G E846;87 G;4G FG4G8. -MPC QNCAGDGA?JJW, U GQ DMSLB RM @C ? DSLARGML MD ? DCU K?APMQAMNGA OS?LRGRGCQ (NPCQQSPC, TMJSKC, ?LB RCKNCP?RSPC,
DMP CV?KNJC), GLBCNCLBCLR MD N?QR FGQRMPW QSAF ?Q UFCRFCP RFCPC F?Q @CCL FC?R RP?LQDCP MP UMPI BMLC. 4FGQ GLBCNCLBCLAC KC?LQ RF?R GD UC ILMU RFC
QR?RC MD ? QWQRCK, UC A?L A?JASJ?RC AF?LECQ GL GRQ GLRCPL?J CLCPEW U DPMK ? DCU K?APMQAMNGA T?PG?@JCQ.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: -?APMQAMNGA ?LB -GAPMQAMNGA
)L RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ, UC MDRCL SQC RFC K?APMQAMNGA NGARSPC UFCL K?IGLE A?JASJ?RGMLQ MD FMU ? QWQRCK @CF?TCQ, UFGJC RFC ?RMKGA ?LB KMJCASJ?P
NGARSPC EGTCQ SLBCPJWGLE CVNJ?L?RGMLQ GL RCPKQ MD ?TCP?ECQ ?LB BGQRPG@SRGMLQ. 7C QF?JJ QCC RFGQ ?E?GL GL J?RCP QCARGMLQ MD RFGQ AF?NRCP. &MP
CV?KNJC, GL RFC RMNGA MD CLRPMNW, A?JASJ?RGMLQ UGJJ @C K?BC SQGLE RFC ?RMKGA ?LB KMJCASJ?P TGCU.
4M ECR ? @CRRCP GBC? MD FMU RM RFGLI ?@MSR RFC GLRCPL?J CLCPEW MD ? QWQRCK, JCR SQ CV?KGLC ? QWQRCK EMGLE DPMK 3R?RC 1 RM 3R?RC 2. 4FC QWQRCK F?Q
GLRCPL?J CLCPEW U
1
GL 3R?RC 1, ?LB GR F?Q GLRCPL?J CLCPEW U
2
GL 3R?RC 2, LM K?RRCP FMU GR EMR RM CGRFCP QR?RC. 3M RFC AF?LEC GL GLRCPL?J CLCPEW
U = U
2
U
1
GQ GLBCNCLBCLR MD UF?R A?SQCB RFC AF?LEC. )L MRFCP UMPBQ, U <F <A78C8A78AG B9 C4G;. "W N?RF, UC KC?L RFC KCRFMB MD ECRRGLE
DPMK RFC QR?PRGLE NMGLR RM RFC CLBGLE NMGLR. 7FW GQ RFGQ GLBCNCLBCLAC GKNMPR?LR? .MRC RF?R U = Q W . "MRF Q ?LB W 78C8A7 BA C4G;, @SR
U BMCQ LMR. 4FGQ N?RF GLBCNCLBCLAC KC?LQ RF?R GLRCPL?J CLCPEW U GQ C?QGCP RM AMLQGBCP RF?L CGRFCP FC?R RP?LQDCP MP UMPI BMLC.
EN7CFB; 15.1 C7B9KB7J?D= C>7D=; ?D "DJ;HD7B ED;H=O: ->; ,7C; C>7D=; ?D U ?I )HE:K9;: 8O -ME D?<<;H;DJ
)HE9;II;I
(?) 3SNNMQC RFCPC GQ FC?R RP?LQDCP MD 40.00 * RM ? QWQRCK, UFGJC RFC QWQRCK BMCQ 10.00 * MD UMPI. ,?RCP, RFCPC GQ FC?R RP?LQDCP MD 25.00 * MSR MD RFC
QWQRCK UFGJC 4.00 * MD UMPI GQ BMLC ML RFC QWQRCK. 7F?R GQ RFC LCR AF?LEC GL GLRCPL?J CLCPEW MD RFC QWQRCK?
(@) 7F?R GQ RFC AF?LEC GL GLRCPL?J CLCPEW MD ? QWQRCK UFCL ? RMR?J MD 150.00 * MD FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ MSR MD (DPMK) RFC QWQRCK ?LB 159.00 * MD
UMPI GQ BMLC ML RFC QWQRCK? (3CC F?=KH; 15.4).
,JH7J;=O
)L N?PR (?), UC KSQR DGPQR DGLB RFC LCR FC?R RP?LQDCP ?LB LCR UMPI BMLC DPMK RFC EGTCL GLDMPK?RGML. 4FCL RFC DGPQR J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ
U = Q W
A?L @C SQCB RM DGLB RFC AF?LEC GL GLRCPL?J CLCPEW. )L N?PR (@), RFC LCR FC?R RP?LQDCP ?LB UMPI BMLC ?PC EGTCL, QM RFC COS?RGML
A?L @C SQCB BGPCARJW.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
4FC LCR FC?R RP?LQDCP GQ RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM RFC QWQRCK KGLSQ RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP MSR MD RFC QWQRCK, MP
(15.3)
Q = 40.00 J 25.00 J = 15.00 J.
3GKGJ?PJW, RFC RMR?J UMPI GQ RFC UMPI BMLC @W RFC QWQRCK KGLSQ RFC UMPI BMLC ML RFC QWQRCK, MP
(15.4)
W = 10.00 J 4.00 J = 6.00 J.
4FSQ RFC AF?LEC GL GLRCPL?J CLCPEW GQ EGTCL @W RFC DGPQR J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ:
(15.5)
U = Q W = 15.00 J 6.00 J = 9.00 J.
7C A?L ?JQM DGLB RFC AF?LEC GL GLRCPL?J CLCPEW DMP C?AF MD RFC RUM QRCNQ. &GPQR, AMLQGBCP 40.00 * MD FC?R RP?LQDCP GL ?LB 10.00 * MD UMPI MSR, MP
(15.6) U
1
= Q
1
W
1
= 40.00 J 10.00 J = 30.00 J.
.MU AMLQGBCP 25.00 * MD FC?R RP?LQDCP MSR ?LB 4.00 * MD UMPI GL, MP
(15.7)
U
2
= Q
2
W
2
= - 25.00 J ( 4.00 J ) = 21.00 J.
4FC RMR?J AF?LEC GQ RFC QSK MD RFCQC RUM QRCNQ, MP
(15.8)
U = U
1
+ U
2
= 30.00 J + (21.00 J ) = 9.00 J.
#(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3 507
D?I9KII?ED ED (7)
.M K?RRCP UFCRFCP WMS JMMI ?R RFC MTCP?JJ NPMACQQ MP @PC?I GR GLRM QRCNQ, RFC AF?LEC GL GLRCPL?J CLCPEW GQ RFC Q?KC.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
(CPC RFC LCR FC?R RP?LQDCP ?LB RMR?J UMPI ?PC EGTCL BGPCARJW RM @C Q = 150.00 J ?LB W = 159.00 J , QM RF?R
(15.9)
U = Q W = 150.00 J ( 159.00 J) = 9.00 J.
D?I9KII?ED ED (8)
! TCPW BGDDCPCLR NPMACQQ GL N?PR (@) NPMBSACQ RFC Q?KC 9.00-* AF?LEC GL GLRCPL?J CLCPEW ?Q GL N?PR (?). .MRC RF?R RFC AF?LEC GL RFC QWQRCK GL @MRF
N?PRQ GQ PCJ?RCB RM U ?LB LMR RM RFC GLBGTGBS?J QQ MP W Q GLTMJTCB. 4FC QWQRCK CLBQ SN GL RFC F4@8 QR?RC GL @MRF (?) ?LB (@). 0?PRQ (?) ?LB
(@) NPCQCLR RUM BGDDCPCLR N?RFQ DMP RFC QWQRCK RM DMJJMU @CRUCCL RFC Q?KC QR?PRGLE ?LB CLBGLE NMGLRQ, ?LB RFC AF?LEC GL GLRCPL?J CLCPEW DMP C?AF
GQ RFC Q?KCrGR GQ GLBCNCLBCLR MD N?RF.
F?=KH; 15.4 4UM BGDDCPCLR NPMACQQCQ NPMBSAC RFC Q?KC AF?LEC GL ? QWQRCK. (?) ! RMR?J MD 15.00 * MD FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ GLRM RFC QWQRCK, UFGJC UMPI R?ICQ MSR ? RMR?J MD 6.00 *.
4FC AF?LEC GL GLRCPL?J CLCPEW GQ U = Q W = 9.00 J . (@) (C?R RP?LQDCP PCKMTCQ 150.00 * DPMK RFC QWQRCK UFGJC UMPI NSRQ 159.00 * GLRM GR, NPMBSAGLE ?L GLAPC?QC MD
9.00 * GL GLRCPL?J CLCPEW. )D RFC QWQRCK QR?PRQ MSR GL RFC Q?KC QR?RC GL (?) ?LB (@), GR UGJJ CLB SN GL RFC Q?KC DGL?J QR?RC GL CGRFCP A?QCrGRQ DGL?J QR?RC GQ PCJ?RCB RM GLRCPL?J CLCPEW,
LMR FMU RF?R CLCPEW U?Q ?AOSGPCB.
!KC7D &;J78EB?IC 7D: J>; F?HIJ %7M E< ->;HCE:OD7C?9I
!KC7D C;J78EB?IC GQ RFC AMLTCPQGML MD DMMB GLRM FC?R RP?LQDCP, UMPI, ?LB QRMPCB D?R. -CR?@MJGQK GQ ?L GLRCPCQRGLE CV?KNJC MD RFC DGPQR J?U MD
RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ GL ?ARGML. 7C LMU R?IC ?LMRFCP JMMI ?R RFCQC RMNGAQ TG? RFC DGPQR J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ. #MLQGBCPGLE RFC @MBW ?Q RFC QWQRCK MD
GLRCPCQR, UC A?L SQC RFC DGPQR J?U RM CV?KGLC FC?R RP?LQDCP, BMGLE UMPI, ?LB GLRCPL?J CLCPEW GL ?ARGTGRGCQ P?LEGLE DPMK QJCCN RM FC?TW CVCPAGQC. 7F?R
?PC QMKC MD RFC K?HMP AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD FC?R RP?LQDCP, BMGLE UMPI, ?LB CLCPEW GL RFC @MBW? &MP MLC, @MBW RCKNCP?RSPC GQ LMPK?JJW ICNR AMLQR?LR @W
FC?R RP?LQDCP RM RFC QSPPMSLBGLEQ. 4FGQ KC?LQ Q GQ LCE?RGTC. !LMRFCP D?AR GQ RF?R RFC @MBW SQS?JJW BMCQ UMPI ML RFC MSRQGBC UMPJB. 4FGQ KC?LQ W GQ
NMQGRGTC. )L QSAF QGRS?RGMLQ, RFCL, RFC @MBW JMQCQ GLRCPL?J CLCPEW, QGLAC U = Q W GQ LCE?RGTC.
.MU AMLQGBCP RFC CDDCARQ MD C?RGLE. %?RGLE GLAPC?QCQ RFC GLRCPL?J CLCPEW MD RFC @MBW @W ?BBGLE AFCKGA?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW (RFGQ GQ ?L SLPMK?LRGA TGCU
MD ? EMMB QRC?I). 4FC @MBW @8G45B?<M8F ?JJ RFC DMMB UC AMLQSKC. "?QGA?JJW, KCR?@MJGQK GQ ?L MVGB?RGML NPMACQQ GL UFGAF RFC AFCKGA?J NMRCLRG?J
CLCPEW MD DMMB GQ PCJC?QCB. 4FGQ GKNJGCQ RF?R DMMB GLNSR GQ GL RFC DMPK MD UMPI. &MMB CLCPEW GQ PCNMPRCB GL ? QNCAG?J SLGR, ILMUL ?Q RFC #?JMPGC. 4FGQ
CLCPEW GQ KC?QSPCB @W @SPLGLE DMMB GL ? A?JMPGKCRCP, UFGAF GQ FMU RFC SLGRQ ?PC BCRCPKGLCB.
)L AFCKGQRPW ?LB @GMAFCKGQRPW, MLC A?JMPGC (QNCJJCB UGRF ? ?BJ8E64F8 A) GQ BCDGLCB ?Q RFC CLCPEW (MP FC?R RP?LQDCP) PCOSGPCB RM P?GQC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD
MLC EP?K MD NSPC U?RCP @W MLC BCEPCC #CJQGSQ. .SRPGRGMLGQRQ ?LB UCGEFR-U?RAFCPQ RCLB RM SQC RFC 7<8G4EL A?JMPGC, UFGAF GQ DPCOSCLRJW A?JJCB ? #?JMPGC
(QNCJJCB UGRF ? 64C<G4? #). /LC DMMB #?JMPGC GQ RFC CLCPEW LCCBCB RM P?GQC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD MLC ><?B:E4@ MD U?RCP @W MLC BCEPCC #CJQGSQ. 4FGQ
KC?LQ RF?R MLC BGCR?PW #?JMPGC GQ COS?J RM MLC IGJMA?JMPGC DMP RFC AFCKGQR, ?LB MLC KSQR @C A?PCDSJ RM ?TMGB AMLDSQGML @CRUCCL RFC RUM.
508 #(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3
!E?GL, AMLQGBCP RFC GLRCPL?J CLCPEW RFC @MBW F?Q JMQR. 4FCPC ?PC RFPCC NJ?ACQ RFGQ GLRCPL?J CLCPEW A?L EMrRM FC?R RP?LQDCP, RM BMGLE UMPI, ?LB RM
QRMPCB D?R (? RGLW DP?ARGML ?JQM EMCQ RM ACJJ PCN?GP ?LB EPMURF). (C?R RP?LQDCP ?LB BMGLE UMPI R?IC GLRCPL?J CLCPEW MSR MD RFC @MBW, ?LB DMMB NSRQ GR @?AI.
)D WMS C?R HSQR RFC PGEFR ?KMSLR MD DMMB, RFCL WMSP ?TCP?EC GLRCPL?J CLCPEW PCK?GLQ AMLQR?LR. 7F?RCTCP WMS JMQC RM FC?R RP?LQDCP ?LB BMGLE UMPI GQ
PCNJ?ACB @W DMMB, QM RF?R, GL RFC JMLE PSL, U = 0 . )D WMS MTCPC?R PCNC?RCBJW, RFCL U GQ ?JU?WQ NMQGRGTC, ?LB WMSP @MBW QRMPCQ RFGQ CVRP? GLRCPL?J
CLCPEW ?Q D?R. 4FC PCTCPQC GQ RPSC GD WMS C?R RMM JGRRJC. )D U GQ LCE?RGTC DMP ? DCU B?WQ, RFCL RFC @MBW KCR?@MJGXCQ GRQ MUL D?R RM K?GLR?GL @MBW
RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB BM UMPI RF?R R?ICQ CLCPEW DPMK RFC @MBW. 4FGQ NPMACQQ GQ FMU BGCRGLE NPMBSACQ UCGEFR JMQQ.
,GDC GQ LMR ?JU?WQ RFGQ QGKNJC, ?Q ?LW BGCRCP ILMUQ. 4FC @MBW QRMPCQ D?R MP KCR?@MJGXCQ GR MLJW GD CLCPEW GLR?IC AF?LECQ DMP ? NCPGMB MD QCTCP?J B?WQ.
/LAC WMS F?TC @CCL ML ? K?HMP BGCR, RFC LCVR MLC GQ JCQQ QSAACQQDSJ @CA?SQC WMSP @MBW ?JRCPQ RFC U?W GR PCQNMLBQ RM JMU CLCPEW GLR?IC. 9MSP @?Q?J
KCR?@MJGA P?RC ("-2) GQ RFC P?RC ?R UFGAF DMMB GQ AMLTCPRCB GLRM FC?R RP?LQDCP ?LB UMPI BMLC UFGJC RFC @MBW GQ ?R AMKNJCRC PCQR. 4FC @MBW ?BHSQRQ GRQ
@?Q?J KCR?@MJGA P?RC RM N?PRG?JJW AMKNCLQ?RC DMP MTCP-C?RGLE MP SLBCP-C?RGLE. 4FC @MBW UGJJ BCAPC?QC RFC KCR?@MJGA P?RC P?RFCP RF?L CJGKGL?RC GRQ MUL
D?R RM PCNJ?AC JMQR DMMB GLR?IC. 9MS UGJJ AFGJJ KMPC C?QGJW ?LB DCCJ JCQQ CLCPECRGA ?Q ? PCQSJR MD RFC JMUCP KCR?@MJGA P?RC, ?LB WMS UGJJ LMR JMQC UCGEFR ?Q
D?QR ?Q @CDMPC. %VCPAGQC FCJNQ RM JMQC UCGEFR, @CA?SQC GR NPMBSACQ @MRF FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK WMSP @MBW ?LB UMPI, ?LB P?GQCQ WMSP KCR?@MJGA P?RC CTCL
UFCL WMS ?PC ?R PCQR. 7CGEFR JMQQ GQ ?JQM ?GBCB @W RFC OSGRC JMU CDDGAGCLAW MD RFC @MBW GL AMLTCPRGLE GLRCPL?J CLCPEW RM UMPI, QM RF?R RFC JMQQ MD GLRCPL?J
CLCPEW PCQSJRGLE DPMK BMGLE UMPI GQ KSAF EPC?RCP RF?L RFC UMPI BMLC.)R QFMSJB @C LMRCB, FMUCTCP, RF?R JGTGLE QWQRCKQ ?PC LMR GL RFCPK?JCOSGJG@PGSK.
4FC @MBW NPMTGBCQ SQ UGRF ?L CVACJJCLR GLBGA?RGML RF?R K?LW RFCPKMBWL?KGA NPMACQQCQ ?PC <EE8I8EF<5?8. !L GPPCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQ A?L EM GL MLC
BGPCARGML @SR LMR RFC PCTCPQC, SLBCP ? EGTCL QCR MD AMLBGRGMLQ. &MP CV?KNJC, ?JRFMSEF @MBW D?R A?L @C AMLTCPRCB RM BM UMPI ?LB NPMBSAC FC?R RP?LQDCP,
UMPI BMLC ML RFC @MBW ?LB FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM GR A?LLMR @C AMLTCPRCB RM @MBW D?R. /RFCPUGQC, UC AMSJB QIGN JSLAF @W QSLLGLE MSPQCJTCQ MP @W U?JIGLE
BMUL QR?GPQ. !LMRFCP CV?KNJC MD ?L GPPCTCPQG@JC RFCPKMBWL?KGA NPMACQQ GQ NFMRMQWLRFCQGQ. 4FGQ NPMACQQ GQ RFC GLR?IC MD MLC DMPK MD
CLCPEWrJGEFRr@W NJ?LRQ ?LB GRQ AMLTCPQGML RM AFCKGA?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW. "MRF ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD RFC DGPQR J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ ?PC GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH;
15.5. /LC EPC?R ?BT?LR?EC MD AMLQCPT?RGML J?UQ QSAF ?Q RFC DGPQR J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ GQ RF?R RFCW ?AASP?RCJW BCQAPG@C RFC @CEGLLGLE ?LB CLBGLE
NMGLRQ MD AMKNJCV NPMACQQCQ, QSAF ?Q KCR?@MJGQK ?LB NFMRMQWLRFCQGQ, UGRFMSR PCE?PB RM RFC AMKNJGA?RGMLQ GL @CRUCCL. -78B; 15.1 NPCQCLRQ ?
QSKK?PW MD RCPKQ PCJCT?LR RM RFC DGPQR J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ.
F?=KH; 15.5 (?) 4FC DGPQR J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ ?NNJGCB RM KCR?@MJGQK. (C?R RP?LQDCPPCB MSR MD RFC @MBW ( Q) ?LB UMPI BMLC @W RFC @MBW ( W ) PCKMTC GLRCPL?J CLCPEW, UFGJC
DMMB GLR?IC PCNJ?ACQ GR. (&MMB GLR?IC K?W @C AMLQGBCPCB ?Q UMPI BMLC ML RFC @MBW.) (@) 0J?LRQ AMLTCPR N?PR MD RFC P?BG?LR FC?R RP?LQDCP GL QSLJGEFR RM QRMPCB AFCKGA?J CLCPEW, ?
NPMACQQ A?JJCB NFMRMQWLRFCQGQ.
4?@JC 15.1 3SKK?PW MD 4CPKQ DMP RFC &GPQR ,?U MD 4FCPKMBWL?KGAQ, O,=(Z.
-;HC D;<?D?J?ED
U
)LRCPL?J CLCPEWrRFC QSK MD RFC IGLCRGA ?LB NMRCLRG?J CLCPEGCQ MD ? QWQRCKtQ ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ. #?L @C BGTGBCB GLRM K?LW
QS@A?RCEMPGCQ, QSAF ?Q RFCPK?J ?LB AFCKGA?J CLCPEW. $CNCLBQ MLJW ML RFC QR?RC MD ? QWQRCK (QSAF ?Q GRQ P , V , ?LB T ), LMR ML FMU RFC
CLCPEW CLRCPCB RFC QWQRCK. #F?LEC GL GLRCPL?J CLCPEW GQ N?RF GLBCNCLBCLR.
Q
(C?RrCLCPEW RP?LQDCPPCB @CA?SQC MD ? RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLAC. #F?P?ARCPGXCB @W P?LBMK KMJCASJ?P KMRGML. (GEFJW BCNCLBCLR ML N?RF.
Q CLRCPGLE ? QWQRCK GQ NMQGRGTC.
W
7MPIrCLCPEW RP?LQDCPPCB @W ? DMPAC KMTGLE RFPMSEF ? BGQR?LAC. !L MPE?LGXCB, MPBCPJW NPMACQQ. 0?RF BCNCLBCLR. W BMLC @W ? QWQRCK
(CGRFCP ?E?GLQR ?L CVRCPL?J DMPAC MP RM GLAPC?QC RFC TMJSKC MD RFC QWQRCK) GQ NMQGRGTC.
#(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3 509
15.2 ->; F?HIJ %7M E< ->;HCE:OD7C?9I 7D: ,EC; ,?CFB; )HE9;II;I
F?=KH; 15.6 "CEGLLGLE UGRF RFC )LBSQRPG?J 2CTMJSRGML, FSK?LQ F?TC F?PLCQQCB NMUCP RFPMSEF RFC SQC MD RFC DGPQR J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ, @CDMPC UC CTCL SLBCPQRMMB GR
AMKNJCRCJW. 4FGQ NFMRM, MD ? QRC?K CLEGLC ?R RFC 4SP@GLG? 7MPIQ, B?RCQ DPMK 1911, ? KCPC 61 WC?PQ ?DRCP RFC DGPQR CVNJGAGR QR?RCKCLR MD RFC DGPQR J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ @W
2SBMJNF #J?SQGSQ. (APCBGR: NS@JGA BMK?GL; ?SRFMP SLILMUL)
/LC MD RFC KMQR GKNMPR?LR RFGLEQ UC A?L BM UGRF FC?R RP?LQDCP GQ RM SQC GR RM BM UMPI DMP SQ. 3SAF ? BCTGAC GQ A?JJCB ? >;7J ;D=?D;. #?P CLEGLCQ ?LB
QRC?K RSP@GLCQ RF?R ECLCP?RC CJCARPGAGRW ?PC CV?KNJCQ MD FC?R CLEGLCQ. F?=KH; 15.7 QFMUQ QAFCK?RGA?JJW FMU RFC DGPQR J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ ?NNJGCQ
RM RFC RWNGA?J FC?R CLEGLC.
F?=KH; 15.7 3AFCK?RGA PCNPCQCLR?RGML MD ? FC?R CLEGLC, EMTCPLCB, MD AMSPQC, @W RFC DGPQR J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ. )R GQ GKNMQQG@JC RM BCTGQC ? QWQRCK UFCPC Q
out
= 0 , RF?R
GQ, GL UFGAF LM FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ RM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR.
510 #(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3
F?=KH; 15.8 (?) (C?R RP?LQDCP RM RFC E?Q GL ? AWJGLBCP GLAPC?QCQ RFC GLRCPL?J CLCPEW MD RFC E?Q, APC?RGLE FGEFCP NPCQQSPC ?LB RCKNCP?RSPC. (@) 4FC DMPAC CVCPRCB ML RFC KMT?@JC
AWJGLBCP BMCQ UMPI ?Q RFC E?Q CVN?LBQ. '?Q NPCQQSPC ?LB RCKNCP?RSPC BCAPC?QC UFCL GR CVN?LBQ, GLBGA?RGLE RF?R RFC E?QtQ GLRCPL?J CLCPEW F?Q @CCL BCAPC?QCB @W BMGLE UMPI.
(A) (C?R RP?LQDCP RM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR DSPRFCP PCBSACQ NPCQQSPC GL RFC E?Q QM RF?R RFC NGQRML A?L @C KMPC C?QGJW PCRSPLCB RM GRQ QR?PRGLE NMQGRGML.
4FC GJJSQRP?RGMLQ ?@MTC QFMU MLC MD RFC U?WQ GL UFGAF FC?R RP?LQDCP BMCQ UMPI. &SCJ AMK@SQRGML NPMBSACQ FC?R RP?LQDCP RM ? E?Q GL ? AWJGLBCP,
GLAPC?QGLE RFC NPCQQSPC MD RFC E?Q ?LB RFCPC@W RFC DMPAC GR CVCPRQ ML ? KMT?@JC NGQRML. 4FC E?Q BMCQ UMPI ML RFC MSRQGBC UMPJB, ?Q RFGQ DMPAC KMTCQ
RFC NGQRML RFPMSEF QMKC BGQR?LAC. (C?R RP?LQDCP RM RFC E?Q AWJGLBCP PCQSJRQ GL UMPI @CGLE BMLC. 4M PCNC?R RFGQ NPMACQQ, RFC NGQRML LCCBQ RM @C PCRSPLCB
RM GRQ QR?PRGLE NMGLR. (C?R RP?LQDCP LMU MAASPQ DPMK RFC E?Q RM RFC QSPPMSLBGLEQ QM RF?R GRQ NPCQQSPC BCAPC?QCQ, ?LB ? DMPAC GQ CVCPRCB @W RFC
QSPPMSLBGLEQ RM NSQF RFC NGQRML @?AI RFPMSEF QMKC BGQR?LAC. 6?PG?RGMLQ MD RFGQ NPMACQQ ?PC CKNJMWCB B?GJW GL FSLBPCBQ MD KGJJGMLQ MD FC?R CLEGLCQ.
7C UGJJ CV?KGLC FC?R CLEGLCQ GL BCR?GJ GL RFC LCVR QCARGML. )L RFGQ QCARGML, UC AMLQGBCP QMKC MD RFC QGKNJCP SLBCPJWGLE NPMACQQCQ ML UFGAF FC?R
CLEGLCQ ?PC @?QCB.
'- $G?EP?KQ ?LB RFCGP 2CJ?RGMLQFGN RM 7MPI $MLC ML MP @W ? '?Q
! NPMACQQ @W UFGAF ? E?Q BMCQ UMPI ML ? NGQRML ?R AMLQR?LR NPCQQSPC GQ A?JJCB ?L ?IE87H?9 FHE9;II. 3GLAC RFC NPCQQSPC GQ AMLQR?LR, RFC DMPAC
CVCPRCB GQ AMLQR?LR ?LB RFC UMPI BMLC GQ EGTCL ?Q
(15.10) PV.
#(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3 511
F?=KH; 15.9 !L GQM@?PGA CVN?LQGML MD ? E?Q PCOSGPCQ FC?R RP?LQDCP RM ICCN RFC NPCQQSPC AMLQR?LR. 3GLAC NPCQQSPC GQ AMLQR?LR, RFC UMPI BMLC GQ PV .
(15.11)
W = Fd
3CC RFC QWK@MJQ ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 15.9. .MU F = PA , ?LB QM
(15.12)
W = PAd.
"CA?SQC RFC TMJSKC MD ? AWJGLBCP GQ GRQ APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? A RGKCQ GRQ JCLERF d , UC QCC RF?R Ad = V , RFC AF?LEC GL TMJSKC; RFSQ,
(15.13)
W = PV (isobaric process).
.MRC RF?R GD V GQ NMQGRGTC, RFCL W GQ NMQGRGTC, KC?LGLE RF?R UMPI GQ BMLC 5L RFC E?Q ML RFC MSRQGBC UMPJB.
(.MRC RF?R RFC NPCQQSPC GLTMJTCB GL RFGQ UMPI RF?R UCtTC A?JJCB P GQ RFC NPCQQSPC MD RFC E?Q <AF<78 RFC R?LI. )D UC A?JJ RFC NPCQQSPC MSRQGBC RFC R?LI
P
ext
, ?L CVN?LBGLE E?Q UMSJB @C UMPIGLE 4:4<AFG RFC CVRCPL?J NPCQQSPC; RFC UMPI BMLC UMSJB RFCPCDMPC @C W = P
ext
V (GQM@?PGA NPMACQQ).
-?LW RCVRQ SQC RFGQ BCDGLGRGML MD UMPI, ?LB LMR RFC BCDGLGRGML @?QCB ML GLRCPL?J NPCQQSPC, ?Q RFC @?QGQ MD RFC &GPQR ,?U MD 4FCPKMBWL?KGAQ. 4FGQ
BCDGLGRGML PCTCPQCQ RFC QGEL AMLTCLRGMLQ DMP UMPI, ?LB PCQSJRQ GL ? QR?RCKCLR MD RFC DGPQR J?U RF?R @CAMKCQ U = Q + W .)
)R GQ LMR QSPNPGQGLE RF?R W = PV , QGLAC UC F?TC ?JPC?BW LMRCB GL MSP RPC?RKCLR MD DJSGBQ RF?R NPCQQSPC GQ ? RWNC MD NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW NCP SLGR TMJSKC
?LB RF?R NPCQQSPC GL D?AR F?Q SLGRQ MD CLCPEW BGTGBCB @W TMJSKC. 7C ?JQM LMRCB GL MSP BGQASQQGML MD RFC GBC?J E?Q J?U RF?R PV F?Q SLGRQ MD CLCPEW. )L
RFGQ A?QC, QMKC MD RFC CLCPEW ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF NPCQQSPC @CAMKCQ UMPI.
F?=KH; 15.10 QFMUQ ? EP?NF MD NPCQQSPC TCPQSQ TMJSKC (RF?R GQ, ? PV BG?EP?K DMP ?L GQM@?PGA NPMACQQ. 9MS A?L QCC GL RFC DGESPC RF?R RFC UMPI BMLC
GQ RFC ?PC? SLBCP RFC EP?NF. 4FGQ NPMNCPRW MD PV BG?EP?KQ GQ TCPW SQCDSJ ?LB @PM?BJW ?NNJGA?@JC: G;8 JBE> 7BA8 BA BE 5L 4 FLFG8@ <A :B<A: 9EB@ BA8
FG4G8 GB 4ABG;8E 8DH4?F G;8 4E84 HA78E G;8 6HEI8 BA 4 PV 7<4:E4@.
F?=KH; 15.10 ! EP?NF MD NPCQQSPC TCPQSQ TMJSKC DMP ? AMLQR?LR-NPCQQSPC, MP GQM@?PGA, NPMACQQ, QSAF ?Q RFC MLC QFMUL GL F?=KH; 15.9. 4FC ?PC? SLBCP RFC ASPTC COS?JQ RFC
UMPI BMLC @W RFC E?Q, QGLAC W = PV .
512 #(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3
F?=KH; 15.11 (?) ! PV BG?EP?K GL UFGAF NPCQQSPC T?PGCQ ?Q UCJJ ?Q TMJSKC. 4FC UMPI BMLC DMP C?AF GLRCPT?J GQ GRQ ?TCP?EC NPCQQSPC RGKCQ RFC AF?LEC GL TMJSKC, MP RFC ?PC?
SLBCP RFC ASPTC MTCP RF?R GLRCPT?J. 4FSQ RFC RMR?J ?PC? SLBCP RFC ASPTC COS?JQ RFC RMR?J UMPI BMLC. (@) 7MPI KSQR @C BMLC ML RFC QWQRCK RM DMJJMU RFC PCTCPQC N?RF. 4FGQ GQ
GLRCPNPCRCB ?Q ? LCE?RGTC ?PC? SLBCP RFC ASPTC.
7C A?L QCC UFCPC RFGQ JC?BQ @W AMLQGBCPGLE F?=KH; 15.11(?), UFGAF QFMUQ ? KMPC ECLCP?J NPMACQQ GL UFGAF @MRF NPCQQSPC ?LB TMJSKC AF?LEC. 4FC
?PC? SLBCP RFC ASPTC GQ AJMQCJW ?NNPMVGK?RCB @W BGTGBGLE GR GLRM QRPGNQ, C?AF F?TGLE ?L ?TCP?EC AMLQR?LR NPCQQSPC P
i(ave)
. 4FC UMPI BMLC GQ
W
i
= P
i(ave)
V
i
DMP C?AF QRPGN, ?LB RFC RMR?J UMPI BMLC GQ RFC QSK MD RFC W
i
. 4FSQ RFC RMR?J UMPI BMLC GQ RFC RMR?J ?PC? SLBCP RFC ASPTC. )D RFC N?RF
GQ PCTCPQCB, ?Q GL F?=KH; 15.11(@), RFCL UMPI GQ BMLC ML RFC QWQRCK. 4FC ?PC? SLBCP RFC ASPTC GL RF?R A?QC GQ LCE?RGTC, @CA?SQC V GQ LCE?RGTC.
PV BG?EP?KQ AJC?PJW GJJSQRP?RC RF?R G;8 JBE> 7BA8 78C8A7F BA G;8 C4G; G4>8A 4A7 ABG =HFG G;8 8A7CB<AGF. 4FGQ N?RF BCNCLBCLAC GQ QCCL GL F?=KH;
15.12(?), UFCPC KMPC UMPI GQ BMLC GL EMGLE DPMK ! RM # @W RFC N?RF TG? NMGLR " RF?L @W RFC N?RF TG? NMGLR $. 4FC TCPRGA?J N?RFQ, UFCPC TMJSKC GQ
AMLQR?LR, ?PC A?JJCB ?IE9>EH?9 NPMACQQCQ. 3GLAC TMJSKC GQ AMLQR?LR, V = 0 , ?LB LM UMPI GQ BMLC GL ?L GQMAFMPGA NPMACQQ. .MU, GD RFC QWQRCK
DMJJMUQ RFC AWAJGA?J N?RF !"#$!, ?Q GL F?=KH; 15.12(@), RFCL RFC RMR?J UMPI BMLC GQ RFC ?PC? GLQGBC RFC JMMN. 4FC LCE?RGTC ?PC? @CJMU N?RF #$
QS@RP?ARQ, JC?TGLE MLJW RFC ?PC? GLQGBC RFC PCAR?LEJC. )L D?AR, RFC UMPI BMLC GL ?LW AWAJGA?J NPMACQQ (MLC RF?R PCRSPLQ RM GRQ QR?PRGLE NMGLR) GQ RFC ?PC?
GLQGBC RFC JMMN GR DMPKQ ML ? PV BG?EP?K, ?Q F?=KH; 15.12(A) GJJSQRP?RCQ DMP ? ECLCP?J AWAJGA?J NPMACQQ. .MRC RF?R RFC JMMN KSQR @C RP?TCPQCB GL RFC
AJMAIUGQC BGPCARGML DMP UMPI RM @C NMQGRGTCrRF?R GQ, DMP RFCPC RM @C ? LCR UMPI MSRNSR.
#(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3 513
F?=KH; 15.12 (?) 4FC UMPI BMLC GL EMGLE DPMK ! RM # BCNCLBQ ML N?RF. 4FC UMPI GQ EPC?RCP DMP RFC N?RF !"# RF?L DMP RFC N?RF !$#, @CA?SQC RFC DMPKCP GQ ?R FGEFCP NPCQQSPC.
)L @MRF A?QCQ, RFC UMPI BMLC GQ RFC ?PC? SLBCP RFC N?RF. 4FGQ ?PC? GQ EPC?RCP DMP N?RF !"#. (@) 4FC RMR?J UMPI BMLC GL RFC AWAJGA?J NPMACQQ !"#$! GQ RFC ?PC? GLQGBC RFC JMMN,
QGLAC RFC LCE?RGTC ?PC? @CJMU #$ QS@RP?ARQ MSR, JC?TGLE HSQR RFC ?PC? GLQGBC RFC PCAR?LEJC. (4FC T?JSCQ EGTCL DMP RFC NPCQQSPCQ ?LB RFC AF?LEC GL TMJSKC ?PC GLRCLBCB DMP SQC
GL RFC CV?KNJC @CJMU.) (A) 4FC ?PC? GLQGBC ?LW AJMQCB JMMN GQ RFC UMPI BMLC GL RFC AWAJGA?J NPMACQQ. )D RFC JMMN GQ RP?TCPQCB GL ? AJMAIUGQC BGPCARGML, W GQ NMQGRGTCrGR GQ UMPI
BMLC ML RFC MSRQGBC CLTGPMLKCLR. )D RFC JMMN GQ RP?TCJCB GL ? AMSLRCP-AJMAIUGQC BGPCARGML, W GQ LCE?RGTCrGR GQ UMPI RF?R GQ BMLC RM RFC QWQRCK.
EN7CFB; 15.2 -EJ7B 0EHA DED; ?D 7 CO9B?97B )HE9;II EGK7BI J>; AH;7 "DI?:; J>; CBEI;: %EEF ED 7 PV D?7=H7C
#?JASJ?RC RFC RMR?J UMPI BMLC GL RFC AWAJGA?J NPMACQQ !"#$! QFMUL GL F?=KH; 15.12(@) @W RFC DMJJMUGLE RUM KCRFMBQ RM TCPGDW RF?R UMPI COS?JQ
RFC ?PC? GLQGBC RFC AJMQCB JMMN ML RFC PV BG?EP?K. (4?IC RFC B?R? GL RFC DGESPC RM @C NPCAGQC RM RFPCC QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ.) (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC UMPI
BMLC ?JMLE C?AF QCEKCLR MD RFC N?RF ?LB ?BB RFCQC T?JSCQ RM ECR RFC RMR?J UMPI. (@) #?JASJ?RC RFC ?PC? GLQGBC RFC PCAR?LEJC !"#$!.
,JH7J;=O
4M DGLB RFC UMPI ?JMLE ?LW N?RF ML ? PV BG?EP?K, WMS SQC RFC D?AR RF?R UMPI GQ NPCQQSPC RGKCQ AF?LEC GL TMJSKC, MP W = PV . 3M GL N?PR
(?), RFGQ T?JSC GQ A?JASJ?RCB DMP C?AF JCE MD RFC N?RF ?PMSLB RFC AJMQCB JMMN.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
4FC UMPI ?JMLE N?RF !" GQ
(15.14) W
AB
= P
AB
V
AB
= (1.5010
6
N/m
2
)(5.0010
4
m
3
) = 750 J.
3GLAC RFC N?RF "# GQ GQMAFMPGA, V
BC
= 0 , ?LB QM W
BC
= 0 . 4FC UMPI ?JMLE N?RF #$ GQ LCE?RGTC, QGLAC V
CD
GQ LCE?RGTC (RFC TMJSKC
BCAPC?QCQ). 4FC UMPI GQ
514 #(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3
(15.15) W
CD
= P
CD
V
CD
= (2.0010
5
N/m
2
)(5.0010
4
m
3
) = 100 J.
!E?GL, QGLAC RFC N?RF $! GQ GQMAFMPGA, V
DA
= 0 , ?LB QM W
DA
= 0 . .MU RFC RMR?J UMPI GQ
(15.16) W = W
AB
+ W
BC
+ W
CD
+ W
DA
= 750 J+0 + ( 100J) + 0 = 650 J.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
4FC ?PC? GLQGBC RFC PCAR?LEJC GQ GRQ FCGEFR RGKCQ GRQ UGBRF, MP
(15.17) area = (P
AB
P
CD
)V
=

(1.5010
6
N/m
2
) (2.0010
5
N/m
2
)
(5.0010
4
m
3
)
= 650 J.
4FSQ,
(15.18)
area = 650 J = W.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC PCQSJR, ?Q ?LRGAGN?RCB, GQ RF?R RFC ?PC? GLQGBC RFC AJMQCB JMMN COS?JQ RFC UMPI BMLC. 4FC ?PC? GQ MDRCL C?QGCP RM A?JASJ?RC RF?L GQ RFC UMPI
BMLC ?JMLE C?AF N?RF. )R GQ ?JQM AMLTCLGCLR RM TGQS?JGXC RFC ?PC? GLQGBC BGDDCPCLR ASPTCQ ML PV BG?EP?KQ GL MPBCP RM QCC UFGAF NPMACQQCQ KGEFR
NPMBSAC RFC KMQR UMPI. 2CA?JJ RF?R UMPI A?L @C BMLC RM RFC QWQRCK, MP @W RFC QWQRCK, BCNCLBGLE ML RFC QGEL MD W . ! NMQGRGTC W GQ UMPI RF?R
GQ BMLC @W RFC QWQRCK ML RFC MSRQGBC CLTGPMLKCLR; ? LCE?RGTC W PCNPCQCLRQ UMPI BMLC @W RFC CLTGPMLKCLR ML RFC QWQRCK.
F?=KH; 15.13(?) QFMUQ RUM MRFCP GKNMPR?LR NPMACQQCQ ML ? PV BG?EP?K. &MP AMKN?PGQML, @MRF ?PC QFMUL QR?PRGLE DPMK RFC Q?KC NMGLR !. 4FC
SNNCP ASPTC CLBGLE ?R NMGLR " GQ ?L ?IEJ>;HC7B NPMACQQrRF?R GQ, MLC GL UFGAF RCKNCP?RSPC GQ ICNR AMLQR?LR. )D RFC E?Q @CF?TCQ JGIC ?L GBC?J E?Q,
?Q GQ MDRCL RFC A?QC, ?LB GD LM NF?QC AF?LEC MAASPQ, RFCL PV = nRT . 3GLAC T GQ AMLQR?LR, PV GQ ? AMLQR?LR DMP ?L GQMRFCPK?J NPMACQQ. 7C
MPBGL?PGJW CVNCAR RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD ? E?Q RM BCAPC?QC ?Q GR CVN?LBQ, ?LB QM UC AMPPCARJW QSQNCAR RF?R FC?R RP?LQDCP KSQR MAASP DPMK RFC
QSPPMSLBGLEQ RM RFC E?Q RM ICCN RFC RCKNCP?RSPC AMLQR?LR BSPGLE ?L GQMRFCPK?J CVN?LQGML. 4M QFMU RFGQ KMPC PGEMPMSQJW DMP RFC QNCAG?J A?QC MD ?
KML?RMKGA GBC?J E?Q, UC LMRC RF?R RFC ?TCP?EC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD ?L ?RMK GL QSAF ? E?Q GQ EGTCL @W
(15.19)
1
2
m v
2
=
3
2
kT.
4FC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD RFC ?RMKQ GL ? KML?RMKGA GBC?J E?Q GQ GRQ MLJW DMPK MD GLRCPL?J CLCPEW, ?LB QM GRQ RMR?J GLRCPL?J CLCPEW U GQ
(15.20)
U = N
1
2
m v
2
=
3
2
NkT, (monatomic ideal gas),
UFCPC N GQ RFC LSK@CP MD ?RMKQ GL RFC E?Q. 4FGQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN KC?LQ RF?R RFC GLRCPL?J CLCPEW MD ?L GBC?J KML?RMKGA E?Q GQ AMLQR?LR BSPGLE ?L
GQMRFCPK?J NPMACQQrRF?R GQ, U = 0 . )D RFC GLRCPL?J CLCPEW BMCQ LMR AF?LEC, RFCL RFC LCR FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM RFC E?Q KSQR COS?J RFC LCR UMPI
BMLC @W RFC E?Q. 4F?R GQ, @CA?SQC U = Q W = 0 FCPC, Q = W . 7C KSQR F?TC HSQR CLMSEF FC?R RP?LQDCP RM PCNJ?AC RFC UMPI BMLC. !L
GQMRFCPK?J NPMACQQ GQ GLFCPCLRJW QJMU, @CA?SQC FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ AMLRGLSMSQJW RM ICCN RFC E?Q RCKNCP?RSPC AMLQR?LR ?R ?JJ RGKCQ ?LB KSQR @C
?JJMUCB RM QNPC?B RFPMSEF RFC E?Q QM RF?R RFCPC ?PC LM FMR MP AMJB PCEGMLQ.
!JQM QFMUL GL F?=KH; 15.13(?) GQ ? ASPTC !# DMP ?L 7:?787J?9 NPMACQQ, BCDGLCB RM @C MLC GL UFGAF RFCPC GQ LM FC?R RP?LQDCPrRF?R GQ, Q = 0 .
0PMACQQCQ RF?R ?PC LC?PJW ?BG?@?RGA A?L @C ?AFGCTCB CGRFCP @W SQGLE TCPW CDDCARGTC GLQSJ?RGML MP @W NCPDMPKGLE RFC NPMACQQ QM D?QR RF?R RFCPC GQ
JGRRJC RGKC DMP FC?R RP?LQDCP. 4CKNCP?RSPC KSQR BCAPC?QC BSPGLE ?L ?BG?@?RGA NPMACQQ, QGLAC UMPI GQ BMLC ?R RFC CVNCLQC MD GLRCPL?J CLCPEW:
(15.21)
U =
3
2
NkT.
(9MS KGEFR F?TC LMRCB RF?R ? E?Q PCJC?QCB GLRM ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC DPMK ? NPCQQSPGXCB AWJGLBCP GQ QS@QR?LRG?JJW AMJBCP RF?L RFC E?Q GL RFC
AWJGLBCP.) )L D?AR, @CA?SQC Q = 0, U = W DMP ?L ?BG?@?RGA NPMACQQ. ,MUCP RCKNCP?RSPC PCQSJRQ GL JMUCP NPCQQSPC ?JMLE RFC U?W, QM RF?R
ASPTC !# GQ JMUCP RF?L ASPTC !", ?LB JCQQ UMPI GQ BMLC. )D RFC N?RF !"#! AMSJB @C DMJJMUCB @W AMMJGLE RFC E?Q DPMK " RM # ?R AMLQR?LR TMJSKC
(GQMAFMPGA?JJW), F?=KH; 15.13(@), RFCPC UMSJB @C ? LCR UMPI MSRNSR.
#(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3 515
F?=KH; 15.13 (?) 4FC SNNCP ASPTC GQ ?L GQMRFCPK?J NPMACQQ ( T = 0 ), UFCPC?Q RFC JMUCP ASPTC GQ ?L ?BG?@?RGA NPMACQQ ( Q = 0 ). "MRF QR?PR DPMK RFC Q?KC NMGLR !,
@SR RFC GQMRFCPK?J NPMACQQ BMCQ KMPC UMPI RF?L RFC ?BG?@?RGA @CA?SQC FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM RFC E?Q R?ICQ NJ?AC RM ICCN GRQ RCKNCP?RSPC AMLQR?LR. 4FGQ ICCNQ RFC NPCQQSPC
FGEFCP ?JJ ?JMLE RFC GQMRFCPK?J N?RF RF?L ?JMLE RFC ?BG?@?RGA N?RF, NPMBSAGLE KMPC UMPI. 4FC ?BG?@?RGA N?RF RFSQ CLBQ SN UGRF ? JMUCP NPCQQSPC ?LB RCKNCP?RSPC ?R NMGLR
#, CTCL RFMSEF RFC DGL?J TMJSKC GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q DMP RFC GQMRFCPK?J NPMACQQ. (@) 4FC AWAJC !"#! NPMBSACQ ? LCR UMPI MSRNSR.
2CTCPQG@JC 0PMACQQCQ
"MRF GQMRFCPK?J ?LB ?BG?@?RGA NPMACQQCQ QSAF ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 15.13 ?PC PCTCPQG@JC GL NPGLAGNJC. ! H;L;HI?8B; FHE9;II GQ MLC GL UFGAF @MRF RFC
QWQRCK ?LB GRQ CLTGPMLKCLR A?L PCRSPL RM CV?ARJW RFC QR?RCQ RFCW UCPC GL @W DMJJMUGLE RFC PCTCPQC N?RF. 4FC PCTCPQC GQMRFCPK?J ?LB ?BG?@?RGA N?RFQ
?PC "! ?LB #!, PCQNCARGTCJW. 2C?J K?APMQAMNGA NPMACQQCQ ?PC LCTCP CV?ARJW PCTCPQG@JC. )L RFC NPCTGMSQ CV?KNJCQ, MSP QWQRCK GQ ? E?Q (JGIC RF?R GL
F?=KH; 15.9), ?LB GRQ CLTGPMLKCLR GQ RFC NGQRML, AWJGLBCP, ?LB RFC PCQR MD RFC SLGTCPQC. )D RFCPC ?PC ?LW CLCPEW-BGQQGN?RGLE KCAF?LGQKQ, QSAF ?Q DPGARGML
MP RSP@SJCLAC, RFCL FC?R RP?LQDCP RM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR MAASPQ DMP CGRFCP BGPCARGML MD RFC NGQRML. 3M, DMP CV?KNJC, GD RFC N?RF "! GQ DMJJMUCB ?LB RFCPC GQ
DPGARGML, RFCL RFC E?Q UGJJ @C PCRSPLCB RM GRQ MPGEGL?J QR?RC @SR RFC CLTGPMLKCLR UGJJ LMRrGR UGJJ F?TC @CCL FC?RCB GL @MRF BGPCARGMLQ. 2CTCPQG@GJGRW PCOSGPCQ
RFC BGPCARGML MD FC?R RP?LQDCP RM PCTCPQC DMP RFC PCTCPQC N?RF. 3GLAC BGQQGN?RGTC KCAF?LGQKQ A?LLMR @C AMKNJCRCJW CJGKGL?RCB, PC?J NPMACQQCQ A?LLMR
@C PCTCPQG@JC.
4FCPC KSQR @C PC?QMLQ RF?R PC?J K?APMQAMNGA NPMACQQCQ A?LLMR @C PCTCPQG@JC. 7C A?L GK?EGLC RFCK EMGLE GL PCTCPQC. &MP CV?KNJC, FC?R RP?LQDCP
MAASPQ QNMLR?LCMSQJW DPMK FMR RM AMJB ?LB LCTCP QNMLR?LCMSQJW RFC PCTCPQC. 9CR GR UMSJB LMR TGMJ?RC RFC DGPQR J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ DMP RFGQ RM
F?NNCL. )L D?AR, ?JJ QNMLR?LCMSQ NPMACQQCQ, QSAF ?Q @S@@JCQ @SPQRGLE, LCTCP EM GL PCTCPQC. 4FCPC GQ ? QCAMLB RFCPKMBWL?KGA J?U RF?R DMP@GBQ RFCK
DPMK EMGLE GL PCTCPQC. 7FCL UC QRSBW RFGQ J?U, UC UGJJ JC?PL QMKCRFGLE ?@MSR L?RSPC ?LB ?JQM DGLB RF?R QSAF ? J?U JGKGRQ RFC CDDGAGCLAW MD FC?R CLEGLCQ.
7C UGJJ DGLB RF?R FC?R CLEGLCQ UGRF RFC EPC?RCQR NMQQG@JC RFCMPCRGA?J CDDGAGCLAW UMSJB F?TC RM SQC PCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQCQ, ?LB CTCL RFCW A?LLMR AMLTCPR
?JJ FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM BMGLE UMPI. -78B; 15.2 QSKK?PGXCQ RFC QGKNJCP RFCPKMBWL?KGA NPMACQQCQ ?LB RFCGP BCDGLGRGMLQ.
4?@JC 15.2 3SKK?PW MD 3GKNJC
4FCPKMBWL?KGA 0PMACQQCQ
)QM@?PGA #MLQR?LR NPCQQSPC W = PV
)QMAFMPGA #MLQR?LR TMJSKC W = 0
)QMRFCPK?J
#MLQR?LR RCKNCP?RSPC Q = W
!BG?@?RGA
.M FC?R RP?LQDCP Q = 0
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: 3R?RCQ MD -?RRCP
7?RAF BGDDCPCLR RWNCQ MD KMJCASJCQ DMPK ? QMJGB, JGOSGB, MP E?Q. !BB MP PCKMTC FC?R ?LB U?RAF RFC NF?QC AF?LEC. #F?LEC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MP
TMJSKC MD ? AMLR?GLCP ?LB QCC ? NPCQQSPC-RCKNCP?RSPC BG?EP?K PCQNMLB GL PC?J RGKC. 2CJ?RC RFC GLRCP?ARGML NMRCLRG?J RM RFC DMPACQ @CRUCCL
KMJCASJCQ.
516 #(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3
F?=KH; 15.14 ,J7J;I E< &7JJ;H (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42233/1.5/IJ7J;I-E<-C7JJ;H6;D.@7H)
15.3 "DJHE:K9J?ED JE J>; ,;9ED: %7M E< ->;HCE:OD7C?9I: !;7J ED=?D;I 7D: ->;?H E<<?9?;D9O
F?=KH; 15.15 4FCQC GAC DJMCQ KCJR BSPGLE RFC !PARGA QSKKCP. 3MKC MD RFCK PCDPCCXC GL RFC UGLRCP, @SR RFC QCAMLB J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ NPCBGARQ RF?R GR UMSJB @C CVRPCKCJW
SLJGICJW DMP RFC U?RCP KMJCASJCQ AMLR?GLCB GL RFCQC N?PRGASJ?P DJMCQ RM PCDMPK RFC BGQRGLARGTC ?JJGE?RMP-JGIC QF?NC RFCW DMPKCB UFCL RFC NGARSPC U?Q R?ICL GL RFC QSKKCP MD 2009.
(APCBGR: 0?RPGAI +CJJCW, 5.3. #M?QR 'S?PB, 5.3. 'CMJMEGA?J 3SPTCW)
4FC QCAMLB J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ BC?JQ UGRF RFC BGPCARGML R?ICL @W QNMLR?LCMSQ NPMACQQCQ. -?LW NPMACQQCQ MAASP QNMLR?LCMSQJW GL MLC BGPCARGML
MLJWrRF?R GQ, RFCW ?PC GPPCTCPQG@JC, SLBCP ? EGTCL QCR MD AMLBGRGMLQ. !JRFMSEF GPPCTCPQG@GJGRW GQ QCCL GL B?W-RM-B?W JGDCr? @PMICL EJ?QQ BMCQ LMR PCQSKC
GRQ MPGEGL?J QR?RC, DMP GLQR?LACrAMKNJCRC GPPCTCPQG@GJGRW GQ ? QR?RGQRGA?J QR?RCKCLR RF?R A?LLMR @C QCCL BSPGLE RFC JGDCRGKC MD RFC SLGTCPQC. -MPC NPCAGQCJW,
?L ?HH;L;HI?8B; FHE9;II GQ MLC RF?R BCNCLBQ ML N?RF. )D RFC NPMACQQ A?L EM GL MLJW MLC BGPCARGML, RFCL RFC PCTCPQC N?RF BGDDCPQ DSLB?KCLR?JJW ?LB RFC
NPMACQQ A?LLMR @C PCTCPQG@JC. &MP CV?KNJC, ?Q LMRCB GL RFC NPCTGMSQ QCARGML, FC?R GLTMJTCQ RFC RP?LQDCP MD CLCPEW DPMK FGEFCP RM JMUCP RCKNCP?RSPC. !
AMJB M@HCAR GL AMLR?AR UGRF ? FMR MLC LCTCP ECRQ AMJBCP, RP?LQDCPPGLE FC?R RM RFC FMR M@HCAR ?LB K?IGLE GR FMRRCP. &SPRFCPKMPC, KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW, QSAF
?Q IGLCRGA CLCPEW, A?L @C AMKNJCRCJW AMLTCPRCB RM RFCPK?J CLCPEW @W DPGARGML, @SR RFC PCTCPQC GQ GKNMQQG@JC. ! FMR QR?RGML?PW M@HCAR LCTCP
QNMLR?LCMSQJW AMMJQ MDD ?LB QR?PRQ KMTGLE. 9CR ?LMRFCP CV?KNJC GQ RFC CVN?LQGML MD ? NSDD MD E?Q GLRPMBSACB GLRM MLC AMPLCP MD ? T?ASSK AF?K@CP.
4FC E?Q CVN?LBQ RM DGJJ RFC AF?K@CP, @SR GR LCTCP PCEPMSNQ GL RFC AMPLCP. 4FC P?LBMK KMRGML MD RFC E?Q KMJCASJCQ AMSJB R?IC RFCK ?JJ @?AI RM RFC
AMPLCP, @SR RFGQ GQ LCTCP M@QCPTCB RM F?NNCL. (3CC F?=KH; 15.16.)
#(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3 517
F?=KH; 15.16 %V?KNJCQ MD MLC-U?W NPMACQQCQ GL L?RSPC. (?) (C?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ QNMLR?LCMSQJW DPMK FMR RM AMJB ?LB LMR DPMK AMJB RM FMR. (@) 4FC @P?ICQ MD RFGQ A?P AMLTCPR GRQ
IGLCRGA CLCPEW RM FC?R RP?LQDCP RM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR. 4FC PCTCPQC NPMACQQ GQ GKNMQQG@JC. (A) 4FC @SPQR MD E?Q JCR GLRM RFGQ T?ASSK AF?K@CP OSGAIJW CVN?LBQ RM SLGDMPKJW DGJJ CTCPW
N?PR MD RFC AF?K@CP. 4FC P?LBMK KMRGMLQ MD RFC E?Q KMJCASJCQ UGJJ LCTCP PCRSPL RFCK RM RFC AMPLCP.
4FC D?AR RF?R ACPR?GL NPMACQQCQ LCTCP MAASP QSEECQRQ RF?R RFCPC GQ ? J?U DMP@GBBGLE RFCK RM MAASP. 4FC DGPQR J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ UMSJB ?JJMU RFCK
RM MAASPrLMLC MD RFMQC NPMACQQCQ TGMJ?RC AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW. 4FC J?U RF?R DMP@GBQ RFCQC NPMACQQCQ GQ A?JJCB RFC QCAMLB J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ.
7C QF?JJ QCC RF?R RFC QCAMLB J?U A?L @C QR?RCB GL K?LW U?WQ RF?R K?W QCCK BGDDCPCLR, @SR UFGAF GL D?AR ?PC COSGT?JCLR. ,GIC ?JJ L?RSP?J J?UQ, RFC
QCAMLB J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ EGTCQ GLQGEFRQ GLRM L?RSPC, ?LB GRQ QCTCP?J QR?RCKCLRQ GKNJW RF?R GR GQ @PM?BJW ?NNJGA?@JC, DSLB?KCLR?JJW ?DDCARGLE K?LW
?NN?PCLRJW BGQN?P?RC NPMACQQCQ.
4FC ?JPC?BW D?KGJG?P BGPCARGML MD FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK FMR RM AMJB GQ RFC @?QGQ MD MSP DGPQR TCPQGML MD RFC I;9ED: B7M E< J>;HCE:OD7C?9I.
4FC 3CAMLB ,?U MD 4FCPKMBWL?KGAQ (DGPQR CVNPCQQGML)
(C?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ QNMLR?LCMSQJW DPMK FGEFCP- RM JMUCP-RCKNCP?RSPC @MBGCQ @SR LCTCP QNMLR?LCMSQJW GL RFC PCTCPQC BGPCARGML.
!LMRFCP U?W MD QR?RGLE RFGQ: )R GQ GKNMQQG@JC DMP ?LW NPMACQQ RM F?TC ?Q GRQ QMJC PCQSJR FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK ? AMMJCP RM ? FMRRCP M@HCAR.
(C?R %LEGLCQ
.MU JCR SQ AMLQGBCP ? BCTGAC RF?R SQCQ FC?R RP?LQDCP RM BM UMPI. !Q LMRCB GL RFC NPCTGMSQ QCARGML, QSAF ? BCTGAC GQ A?JJCB ? FC?R CLEGLC, ?LB MLC GQ
QFMUL QAFCK?RGA?JJW GL F?=KH; 15.17(@). '?QMJGLC ?LB BGCQCJ CLEGLCQ, HCR CLEGLCQ, ?LB QRC?K RSP@GLCQ ?PC ?JJ FC?R CLEGLCQ RF?R BM UMPI @W SQGLE N?PR
MD RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK QMKC QMSPAC. (C?R RP?LQDCP DPMK RFC FMR M@HCAR (MP FMR PCQCPTMGP) GQ BCLMRCB ?Q Q
h
, UFGJC FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM RFC AMJB M@HCAR
(MP AMJB PCQCPTMGP) GQ Q
c
, ?LB RFC UMPI BMLC @W RFC CLEGLC GQ W . 4FC RCKNCP?RSPCQ MD RFC FMR ?LB AMJB PCQCPTMGPQ ?PC T
h
?LB T
c
, PCQNCARGTCJW.
518 #(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3
F?=KH; 15.17 (?) (C?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ QNMLR?LCMSQJW DPMK ? FMR M@HCAR RM ? AMJB MLC, AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC QCAMLB J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ. (@) ! FC?R CLEGLC, PCNPCQCLRCB FCPC
@W ? AGPAJC, SQCQ N?PR MD RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP RM BM UMPI. 4FC FMR ?LB AMJB M@HCARQ ?PC A?JJCB RFC FMR ?LB AMJB PCQCPTMGPQ. Q
h
GQ RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP MSR MD RFC FMR PCQCPTMGP, W GQ
RFC UMPI MSRNSR, ?LB Q
c
GQ RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM RFC AMJB PCQCPTMGP.
"CA?SQC RFC FMR PCQCPTMGP GQ FC?RCB CVRCPL?JJW, UFGAF GQ CLCPEW GLRCLQGTC, GR GQ GKNMPR?LR RF?R RFC UMPI GQ BMLC ?Q CDDGAGCLRJW ?Q NMQQG@JC. )L D?AR, UC
UMSJB JGIC W RM COS?J Q
h
, ?LB DMP RFCPC RM @C LM FC?R RP?LQDCP RM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR ( Q
c
= 0 ). 5LDMPRSL?RCJW, RFGQ GQ GKNMQQG@JC. 4FC I;9ED: B7M E<
J>;HCE:OD7C?9I ?JQM QR?RCQ, UGRF PCE?PB RM SQGLE FC?R RP?LQDCP RM BM UMPI (RFC QCAMLB CVNPCQQGML MD RFC QCAMLB J?U):
4FC 3CAMLB ,?U MD 4FCPKMBWL?KGAQ (QCAMLB CVNPCQQGML)
)R GQ GKNMQQG@JC GL ?LW QWQRCK DMP FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK ? PCQCPTMGP RM AMKNJCRCJW AMLTCPR RM UMPI GL ? AWAJGA?J NPMACQQ GL UFGAF RFC QWQRCK PCRSPLQ RM
GRQ GLGRG?J QR?RC.
! 9O9B?97B FHE9;II @PGLEQ ? QWQRCK, QSAF ?Q RFC E?Q GL ? AWJGLBCP, @?AI RM GRQ MPGEGL?J QR?RC ?R RFC CLB MD CTCPW AWAJC. -MQR FC?R CLEGLCQ, QSAF ?Q
PCAGNPMA?RGLE NGQRML CLEGLCQ ?LB PMR?RGLE RSP@GLCQ, SQC AWAJGA?J NPMACQQCQ. 4FC QCAMLB J?U, HSQR QR?RCB GL GRQ QCAMLB DMPK, AJC?PJW QR?RCQ RF?R QSAF
CLEGLCQ A?LLMR F?TC NCPDCAR AMLTCPQGML MD FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM UMPI BMLC. "CDMPC EMGLE GLRM RFC SLBCPJWGLE PC?QMLQ DMP RFC JGKGRQ ML AMLTCPRGLE FC?R
RP?LQDCP GLRM UMPI, UC LCCB RM CVNJMPC RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ ?KMLE W , Q
h
, ?LB Q
c
, ?LB RM BCDGLC RFC CDDGAGCLAW MD ? AWAJGA?J FC?R CLEGLC. !Q LMRCB, ?
AWAJGA?J NPMACQQ @PGLEQ RFC QWQRCK @?AI RM GRQ MPGEGL?J AMLBGRGML ?R RFC CLB MD CTCPW AWAJC. 3SAF ? QWQRCKtQ GLRCPL?J CLCPEW U GQ RFC Q?KC ?R RFC
@CEGLLGLE ?LB CLB MD CTCPW AWAJCrRF?R GQ, U = 0 . 4FC DGPQR J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ QR?RCQ RF?R
(15.22) U = Q W,
UFCPC Q GQ RFC A8G FC?R RP?LQDCP BSPGLE RFC AWAJC ( Q = Q
h
Q
c
) ?LB W GQ RFC LCR UMPI BMLC @W RFC QWQRCK. 3GLAC U = 0 DMP ? AMKNJCRC
AWAJC, UC F?TC
(15.23) 0 = Q W,
QM RF?R
(15.24) W = Q.
4FSQ RFC LCR UMPI BMLC @W RFC QWQRCK COS?JQ RFC LCR FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM RFC QWQRCK, MP
(15.25)
W = Q
h
Q
c
(cyclical process),
HSQR ?Q QFMUL QAFCK?RGA?JJW GL F?=KH; 15.17(@). 4FC NPM@JCK GQ RF?R GL ?JJ NPMACQQCQ, RFCPC GQ QMKC FC?R RP?LQDCP Q
c
RM RFC CLTGPMLKCLRr?LB
SQS?JJW ? TCPW QGELGDGA?LR ?KMSLR ?R RF?R.
)L RFC AMLTCPQGML MD CLCPEW RM UMPI, UC ?PC ?JU?WQ D?ACB UGRF RFC NPM@JCK MD ECRRGLE JCQQ MSR RF?L UC NSR GL. 7C BCDGLC 6BAI8EF<BA 899<6<8A6L Ef RM
@C RFC P?RGM MD SQCDSJ UMPI MSRNSR RM RFC CLCPEW GLNSR (MP, GL MRFCP UMPBQ, RFC P?RGM MD UF?R UC ECR RM UF?R UC QNCLB). )L RF?R QNGPGR, UC BCDGLC RFC
CDDGAGCLAW MD ? FC?R CLEGLC RM @C GRQ LCR UMPI MSRNSR W BGTGBCB @W FC?R RP?LQDCP RM RFC CLEGLC Q
h
; RF?R GQ,
(15.26)
Ef =
W
Q
h
.
3GLAC W = Q
h
Q
c
GL ? AWAJGA?J NPMACQQ, UC A?L ?JQM CVNPCQQ RFGQ ?Q
(15.27)
Ef =
Q
h
Q
c
Q
h
= 1
Q
c
Q
h
(cyclical process),
#(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3 519
K?IGLE GR AJC?P RF?R ?L CDDGAGCLAW MD 1, MP 100%, GQ NMQQG@JC MLJW GD RFCPC GQ LM FC?R RP?LQDCP RM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR ( Q
c
= 0 ). .MRC RF?R ?JJ QQ ?PC
NMQGRGTC. 4FC BGPCARGML MD FC?R RP?LQDCP GQ GLBGA?RCB @W ? NJSQ MP KGLSQ QGEL. &MP CV?KNJC, Q
c
GQ MSR MD RFC QWQRCK ?LB QM GQ NPCACBCB @W ? KGLSQ
QGEL.
EN7CFB; 15.3 D7?BO 0EHA DED; 8O 7 CE7B-F?H;: )EM;H ,J7J?ED, "JI E<<?9?;D9O 7D: C7H8ED D?EN?:; EC?II?EDI
! AM?J-DGPCB NMUCP QR?RGML GQ ? FSEC FC?R CLEGLC. )R SQCQ FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK @SPLGLE AM?J RM BM UMPI RM RSPL RSP@GLCQ, UFGAF ?PC SQCB RM ECLCP?RC
CJCARPGAGRW. )L ? QGLEJC B?W, ? J?PEC AM?J NMUCP QR?RGML F?Q 2.5010
14
J MD FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK AM?J ?LB 1.4810
14
J MD FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM RFC
CLTGPMLKCLR. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC UMPI BMLC @W RFC NMUCP QR?RGML? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC CDDGAGCLAW MD RFC NMUCP QR?RGML? (A) )L RFC AMK@SQRGML NPMACQQ, RFC
DMJJMUGLE AFCKGA?J PC?ARGML MAASPQ: C + O
2
CO
2
. 4FGQ GKNJGCQ RF?R CTCPW 12 IE MD AM?J NSRQ 12 IE + 16 IE + 16 IE = 44 IE MD A?P@ML BGMVGBC
GLRM RFC ?RKMQNFCPC. !QQSKGLE RF?R 1 IE MD AM?J A?L NPMTGBC 2.510
6
J MD FC?R RP?LQDCP SNML AMK@SQRGML, FMU KSAF CO
2
GQ CKGRRCB NCP B?W
@W RFGQ NMUCP NJ?LR?
,JH7J;=O <EH (7)
7C A?L SQC W = Q
h
Q
c
RM DGLB RFC UMPI MSRNSR W , ?QQSKGLE ? AWAJGA?J NPMACQQ GQ SQCB GL RFC NMUCP QR?RGML. )L RFGQ NPMACQQ, U?RCP GQ
@MGJCB SLBCP NPCQQSPC RM DMPK FGEF-RCKNCP?RSPC QRC?K, UFGAF GQ SQCB RM PSL QRC?K RSP@GLC-ECLCP?RMPQ, ?LB RFCL AMLBCLQCB @?AI RM U?RCP RM QR?PR
RFC AWAJC ?E?GL.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
7MPI MSRNSR GQ EGTCL @W:
(15.28) W = Q
h
Q
c
.
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFC EGTCL T?JSCQ:
(15.29)
W = 2.5010
14
J 1.4810
14
J
= 1.0210
14
J.
,JH7J;=O <EH (8)
4FC CDDGAGCLAW A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB UGRF Ef =
W
Q
h
QGLAC Q
h
GQ EGTCL ?LB UMPI W U?Q DMSLB GL RFC DGPQR N?PR MD RFGQ CV?KNJC.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
%DDGAGCLAW GQ EGTCL @W: Ef =
W
Q
h
. 4FC UMPI W U?Q HSQR DMSLB RM @C 1.02 10
14
J , ?LB Q
h
GQ EGTCL, QM RFC CDDGAGCLAW GQ
(15.30)
Ef =
1.0210
14
J
2.5010
14
J
= 0.408, or 40.8%
,JH7J;=O <EH (9)
4FC B?GJW AMLQSKNRGML MD AM?J GQ A?JASJ?RCB SQGLE RFC GLDMPK?RGML RF?R C?AF B?W RFCPC GQ 2.5010
14
J MD FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK AM?J. )L RFC
AMK@SQRGML NPMACQQ, UC F?TC C + O
2
CO
2
. 3M CTCPW 12 IE MD AM?J NSRQ 12 IE + 16 IE + 16 IE = 44 IE MD CO
2
GLRM RFC ?RKMQNFCPC.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (9)
4FC B?GJW AM?J AMLQSKNRGML GQ
(15.31)
2.5010
14
J
2.5010
6
J/kg
= 1.010
8
kg.
!QQSKGLE RF?R RFC AM?J GQ NSPC ?LB RF?R ?JJ RFC AM?J EMCQ RMU?PB NPMBSAGLE A?P@ML BGMVGBC, RFC A?P@ML BGMVGBC NPMBSACB NCP B?W GQ
(15.32)
1.010
8
kg coal
44 kg CO
2
12 kg coal
= 3.710
8
kg CO
2
.
4FGQ GQ 370,000 KCRPGA RMLQ MD CO
2
NPMBSACB CTCPW B?W.
D?I9KII?ED
)D ?JJ RFC UMPI MSRNSR GQ AMLTCPRCB RM CJCARPGAGRW GL ? NCPGMB MD MLC B?W, RFC ?TCP?EC NMUCP MSRNSR GQ 1180 -7 (RFGQ GQ JCDR RM WMS ?Q ?L CLB-MD-
AF?NRCP NPM@JCK). 4FGQ T?JSC GQ ?@MSR RFC QGXC MD ? J?PEC-QA?JC AMLTCLRGML?J NMUCP NJ?LR. 4FC CDDGAGCLAW DMSLB GQ ?AACNR?@JW AJMQC RM RFC T?JSC MD
42% EGTCL DMP AM?J NMUCP QR?RGMLQ. )R KC?LQ RF?R DSJJW 59.2% MD RFC CLCPEW GQ FC?R RP?LQDCP RM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR, UFGAF SQS?JJW PCQSJRQ GL U?PKGLE
J?ICQ, PGTCPQ, MP RFC MAC?L LC?P RFC NMUCP QR?RGML, ?LB GQ GKNJGA?RCB GL ? U?PKGLE NJ?LCR ECLCP?JJW. 7FGJC RFC J?UQ MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ JGKGR RFC
CDDGAGCLAW MD QSAF NJ?LRQrGLAJSBGLE NJ?LRQ DGPCB @W LSAJC?P DSCJ, MGJ, ?LB L?RSP?J E?QrRFC FC?R RP?LQDCP RM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR AMSJB @C, ?LB
QMKCRGKCQ GQ, SQCB DMP FC?RGLE FMKCQ MP DMP GLBSQRPG?J NPMACQQCQ. 4FC ECLCP?JJW JMU AMQR MD CLCPEW F?Q LMR K?BC GR CAMLMKGA?J RM K?IC @CRRCP
SQC MD RFC U?QRC FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK KMQR FC?R CLEGLCQ. #M?J-DGPCB NMUCP NJ?LRQ NPMBSAC RFC EPC?RCQR ?KMSLR MD CO
2
NCP SLGR CLCPEW MSRNSR
(AMKN?PCB RM L?RSP?J E?Q MP MGJ), K?IGLE AM?J RFC JC?QR CDDGAGCLR DMQQGJ DSCJ.
520 #(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3
7GRF RFC GLDMPK?RGML EGTCL GL EN7CFB; 15.3, UC A?L DGLB AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ QSAF ?Q RFC CDDGAGCLAW MD ? FC?R CLEGLC UGRFMSR ?LW ILMUJCBEC MD FMU RFC
FC?R CLEGLC MNCP?RCQ, @SR JMMIGLE DSPRFCP GLRM RFC KCAF?LGQK MD RFC CLEGLC UGJJ EGTC SQ EPC?RCP GLQGEFR. F?=KH; 15.18 GJJSQRP?RCQ RFC MNCP?RGML MD RFC
AMKKML DMSP-QRPMIC E?QMJGLC CLEGLC. 4FC DMSP QRCNQ QFMUL AMKNJCRC RFGQ FC?R CLEGLCtQ AWAJC, @PGLEGLE RFC E?QMJGLC-?GP KGVRSPC @?AI RM GRQ MPGEGL?J
AMLBGRGML.
4FC (JJE 9O9B; QFMUL GL F?=KH; 15.19(?) GQ SQCB GL DMSP-QRPMIC GLRCPL?J AMK@SQRGML CLEGLCQ, ?JRFMSEF GL D?AR RFC RPSC /RRM AWAJC N?RFQ BM LMR
AMPPCQNMLB CV?ARJW RM RFC QRPMICQ MD RFC CLEGLC.
4FC ?BG?@?RGA NPMACQQ !" AMPPCQNMLBQ RM RFC LC?PJW ?BG?@?RGA AMKNPCQQGML QRPMIC MD RFC E?QMJGLC CLEGLC. )L @MRF A?QCQ, UMPI GQ BMLC ML RFC QWQRCK
(RFC E?Q KGVRSPC GL RFC AWJGLBCP), GLAPC?QGLE GRQ RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB NPCQQSPC. !JMLE N?RF "# MD RFC /RRM AWAJC, FC?R RP?LQDCP Q
h
GLRM RFC E?Q MAASPQ ?R
AMLQR?LR TMJSKC, A?SQGLE ? DSPRFCP GLAPC?QC GL NPCQQSPC ?LB RCKNCP?RSPC. 4FGQ NPMACQQ AMPPCQNMLBQ RM @SPLGLE DSCJ GL ?L GLRCPL?J AMK@SQRGML CLEGLC,
?LB R?ICQ NJ?AC QM P?NGBJW RF?R RFC TMJSKC GQ LC?PJW AMLQR?LR. 0?RF #$ GL RFC /RRM AWAJC GQ ?L ?BG?@?RGA CVN?LQGML RF?R BMCQ UMPI ML RFC MSRQGBC
UMPJB, HSQR ?Q RFC NMUCP QRPMIC MD ?L GLRCPL?J AMK@SQRGML CLEGLC BMCQ GL GRQ LC?PJW ?BG?@?RGA CVN?LQGML. 4FC UMPI BMLC @W RFC QWQRCK ?JMLE N?RF #$
GQ EPC?RCP RF?L RFC UMPI BMLC ML RFC QWQRCK ?JMLE N?RF !", @CA?SQC RFC NPCQQSPC GQ EPC?RCP, ?LB QM RFCPC GQ ? LCR UMPI MSRNSR. !JMLE N?RF $! GL RFC
/RRM AWAJC, FC?R RP?LQDCP Q
c
DPMK RFC E?Q ?R AMLQR?LR TMJSKC PCBSACQ GRQ RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB NPCQQSPC, PCRSPLGLE GR RM GRQ MPGEGL?J QR?RC. )L ?L GLRCPL?J
AMK@SQRGML CLEGLC, RFGQ NPMACQQ AMPPCQNMLBQ RM RFC CVF?SQR MD FMR E?QCQ ?LB RFC GLR?IC MD ?L ?GP-E?QMJGLC KGVRSPC ?R ? AMLQGBCP?@JW JMUCP
RCKNCP?RSPC. )L @MRF A?QCQ, FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR MAASPQ ?JMLE RFGQ DGL?J N?RF.
4FC LCR UMPI BMLC @W ? AWAJGA?J NPMACQQ GQ RFC ?PC? GLQGBC RFC AJMQCB N?RF ML ? PV BG?EP?K, QSAF ?Q RF?R GLQGBC N?RF !"#$! GL F?=KH; 15.19. .MRC
RF?R GL CTCPW GK?EGL?@JC AWAJGA?J NPMACQQ, GR GQ ?@QMJSRCJW LCACQQ?PW DMP FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK RFC QWQRCK RM MAASP GL MPBCP RM ECR ? LCR UMPI MSRNSR. )L RFC
/RRM AWAJC, FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ ?JMLE N?RF $!. )D LM FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ, RFCL RFC PCRSPL N?RF GQ RFC Q?KC, ?LB RFC LCR UMPI MSRNSR GQ XCPM. 4FC JMUCP
RFC RCKNCP?RSPC ML RFC N?RF !", RFC JCQQ UMPI F?Q RM @C BMLC RM AMKNPCQQ RFC E?Q. 4FC ?PC? GLQGBC RFC AJMQCB N?RF GQ RFCL EPC?RCP, ?LB QM RFC
CLEGLC BMCQ KMPC UMPI ?LB GQ RFSQ KMPC CDDGAGCLR. 3GKGJ?PJW, RFC FGEFCP RFC RCKNCP?RSPC ?JMLE N?RF #$, RFC KMPC UMPI MSRNSR RFCPC GQ. (3CC F?=KH;
15.20.) 3M CDDGAGCLAW GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC RCKNCP?RSPCQ MD RFC FMR ?LB AMJB PCQCPTMGPQ. )L RFC LCVR QCARGML, UC QF?JJ QCC UF?R RFC ?@QMJSRC JGKGR RM RFC
CDDGAGCLAW MD ? FC?R CLEGLC GQ, ?LB FMU GR GQ PCJ?RCB RM RCKNCP?RSPC.
F?=KH; 15.18 )L RFC DMSP-QRPMIC GLRCPL?J AMK@SQRGML E?QMJGLC CLEGLC, FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM UMPI R?ICQ NJ?AC GL RFC AWAJGA?J NPMACQQ QFMUL FCPC. 4FC NGQRML GQ AMLLCARCB RM ?
PMR?RGLE AP?LIQF?DR, UFGAF @MRF R?ICQ UMPI MSR MD ?LB BMCQ UMPI ML RFC E?Q GL RFC AWJGLBCP. (?) !GP GQ KGVCB UGRF DSCJ BSPGLE RFC GLR?IC QRPMIC. (@) $SPGLE RFC AMKNPCQQGML QRPMIC,
RFC ?GP-DSCJ KGVRSPC GQ P?NGBJW AMKNPCQQCB GL ? LC?PJW ?BG?@?RGA NPMACQQ, ?Q RFC NGQRML PGQCQ UGRF RFC T?JTCQ AJMQCB. 7MPI GQ BMLC ML RFC E?Q. (A) 4FC NMUCP QRPMIC F?Q RUM
BGQRGLAR N?PRQ. &GPQR, RFC ?GP-DSCJ KGVRSPC GQ GELGRCB, AMLTCPRGLE AFCKGA?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW GLRM RFCPK?J CLCPEW ?JKMQR GLQR?LR?LCMSQJW, UFGAF JC?BQ RM ? EPC?R GLAPC?QC GL NPCQQSPC.
4FCL RFC NGQRML BCQACLBQ, ?LB RFC E?Q BMCQ UMPI @W CVCPRGLE ? DMPAC RFPMSEF ? BGQR?LAC GL ? LC?PJW ?BG?@?RGA NPMACQQ. (B) 4FC CVF?SQR QRPMIC CVNCJQ RFC FMR E?Q RM NPCN?PC
RFC CLEGLC DMP ?LMRFCP AWAJC, QR?PRGLE ?E?GL UGRF RFC GLR?IC QRPMIC.
F?=KH; 15.19 PV BG?EP?K DMP ? QGKNJGDGCB /RRM AWAJC, ?L?JMEMSQ RM RF?R CKNJMWCB GL ?L GLRCPL?J AMK@SQRGML CLEGLC. 0MGLR ! AMPPCQNMLBQ RM RFC QR?PR MD RFC AMKNPCQQGML
QRPMIC MD ?L GLRCPL?J AMK@SQRGML CLEGLC. 0?RFQ !" ?LB #$ ?PC ?BG?@?RGA ?LB AMPPCQNMLB RM RFC AMKNPCQQGML ?LB NMUCP QRPMICQ MD ?L GLRCPL?J AMK@SQRGML CLEGLC, PCQNCARGTCJW.
0?RFQ "# ?LB $! ?PC GQMAFMPGA ?LB ?AAMKNJGQF QGKGJ?P PCQSJRQ RM RFC GELGRGML ?LB CVF?SQR-GLR?IC NMPRGMLQ, PCQNCARGTCJW, MD RFC GLRCPL?J AMK@SQRGML CLEGLCtQ AWAJC. 7MPI GQ BMLC
ML RFC E?Q ?JMLE N?RF !", @SR KMPC UMPI GQ BMLC @W RFC E?Q ?JMLE N?RF #$, QM RF?R RFCPC GQ ? LCR UMPI MSRNSR.
#(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3 521
F?=KH; 15.20 4FGQ /RRM AWAJC NPMBSACQ ? EPC?RCP UMPI MSRNSR RF?L RFC MLC GL F?=KH; 15.19, @CA?SQC RFC QR?PRGLE RCKNCP?RSPC MD N?RF #$ GQ FGEFCP ?LB RFC QR?PRGLE RCKNCP?RSPC
MD N?RF !" GQ JMUCP. 4FC ?PC? GLQGBC RFC JMMN GQ EPC?RCP, AMPPCQNMLBGLE RM EPC?RCP LCR UMPI MSRNSR.
15.4 C7HDEJXI );H<;9J !;7J ED=?D;: ->; ,;9ED: %7M E< ->;HCE:OD7C?9I +;IJ7J;:
F?=KH; 15.21 4FGQ LMTCJRW RMW, ILMUL ?Q RFC BPGLIGLE @GPB, GQ ?L CV?KNJC MD #?PLMRtQ CLEGLC. )R AMLR?GLQ KCRFWJCLC AFJMPGBC (KGVCB UGRF ? BWC) GL RFC ?@BMKCL, UFGAF @MGJQ ?R ?
TCPW JMU RCKNCP?RSPCr?@MSR 100F . 4M MNCP?RC, MLC ECRQ RFC @GPBtQ FC?B UCR. !Q RFC U?RCP CT?NMP?RCQ, DJSGB KMTCQ SN GLRM RFC FC?B, A?SQGLE RFC @GPB RM @CAMKC RMN-FC?TW
?LB BGN DMPU?PB @?AI GLRM RFC U?RCP. 4FGQ AMMJQ BMUL RFC KCRFWJCLC AFJMPGBC GL RFC FC?B, ?LB GR KMTCQ @?AI GLRM RFC ?@BMKCL, A?SQGLE RFC @GPB RM @CAMKC @MRRMK FC?TW ?LB
RGN SN. %VACNR DMP ? TCPW QK?JJ GLNSR MD CLCPEWrRFC MPGEGL?J FC?B-UCRRGLErRFC @GPB @CAMKCQ ? NCPNCRS?J KMRGML K?AFGLC MD QMPRQ. (APCBGR: !P?@CQI.LJ, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
7C ILMU DPMK RFC QCAMLB J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ RF?R ? FC?R CLEGLC A?LLMR @C 100% CDDGAGCLR, QGLAC RFCPC KSQR ?JU?WQ @C QMKC FC?R RP?LQDCP Q
c
RM
RFC CLTGPMLKCLR, UFGAF GQ MDRCL A?JJCB U?QRC FC?R. (MU CDDGAGCLR, RFCL, A?L ? FC?R CLEGLC @C? 4FGQ OSCQRGML U?Q ?LQUCPCB ?R ? RFCMPCRGA?J JCTCJ GL
1824 @W ? WMSLE &PCLAF CLEGLCCP, 3?BG #?PLMR (1796q1832), GL FGQ QRSBW MD RFC RFCL-CKCPEGLE FC?R CLEGLC RCAFLMJMEW APSAG?J RM RFC )LBSQRPG?J
2CTMJSRGML. (C BCTGQCB ? RFCMPCRGA?J AWAJC, LMU A?JJCB RFC C7HDEJ 9O9B;, UFGAF GQ RFC KMQR CDDGAGCLR AWAJGA?J NPMACQQ NMQQG@JC. 4FC QCAMLB J?U MD
RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ A?L @C PCQR?RCB GL RCPKQ MD RFC #?PLMR AWAJC, ?LB QM UF?R #?PLMR ?ARS?JJW BGQAMTCPCB U?Q RFGQ DSLB?KCLR?J J?U. !LW FC?R CLEGLC
CKNJMWGLE RFC #?PLMR AWAJC GQ A?JJCB ? C7HDEJ ;D=?D;.
7F?R GQ APSAG?J RM RFC #?PLMR AWAJCr?LB, GL D?AR, BCDGLCQ GRrGQ RF?R MLJW PCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQCQ ?PC SQCB. )PPCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQCQ GLTMJTC BGQQGN?RGTC
D?ARMPQ, QSAF ?Q DPGARGML ?LB RSP@SJCLAC. 4FGQ GLAPC?QCQ FC?R RP?LQDCP Q
c
RM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR ?LB PCBSACQ RFC CDDGAGCLAW MD RFC CLEGLC. /@TGMSQJW,
RFCL, PCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQCQ ?PC QSNCPGMP.
#?PLMR %LEGLC
3R?RCB GL RCPKQ MD PCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQCQ, RFC I;9ED: B7M E< J>;HCE:OD7C?9I F?Q ? RFGPB DMPK:
! #?PLMR CLEGLC MNCP?RGLE @CRUCCL RUM EGTCL RCKNCP?RSPCQ F?Q RFC EPC?RCQR NMQQG@JC CDDGAGCLAW MD ?LW FC?R CLEGLC MNCP?RGLE @CRUCCL RFCQC RUM
RCKNCP?RSPCQ. &SPRFCPKMPC, ?JJ CLEGLCQ CKNJMWGLE MLJW PCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQCQ F?TC RFGQ Q?KC K?VGKSK CDDGAGCLAW UFCL MNCP?RGLE @CRUCCL RFC
Q?KC EGTCL RCKNCP?RSPCQ.
F?=KH; 15.22 QFMUQ RFC PV BG?EP?K DMP ? #?PLMR AWAJC. 4FC AWAJC AMKNPGQCQ RUM GQMRFCPK?J ?LB RUM ?BG?@?RGA NPMACQQCQ. 2CA?JJ RF?R @MRF
GQMRFCPK?J ?LB ?BG?@?RGA NPMACQQCQ ?PC, GL NPGLAGNJC, PCTCPQG@JC.
#?PLMR ?JQM BCRCPKGLCB RFC CDDGAGCLAW MD ? NCPDCAR FC?R CLEGLCrRF?R GQ, ? #?PLMR CLEGLC. )R GQ ?JU?WQ RPSC RF?R RFC CDDGAGCLAW MD ? AWAJGA?J FC?R CLEGLC GQ
EGTCL @W:
522 #(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3
(15.33)
Ef =
Q
h
Q
c
Q
h
= 1
Q
c
Q
h
.
7F?R #?PLMR DMSLB U?Q RF?R DMP ? NCPDCAR FC?R CLEGLC, RFC P?RGM Q
c
/ Q
h
COS?JQ RFC P?RGM MD RFC ?@QMJSRC RCKNCP?RSPCQ MD RFC FC?R PCQCPTMGPQ. 4F?R GQ,
Q
c
/ Q
h
= T
c
/ T
h
DMP ? #?PLMR CLEGLC, QM RF?R RFC K?VGKSK MP C7HDEJ ;<<?9?;D9O Ef
C
GQ EGTCL @W
(15.34)
Ef
C
= 1
T
c
T
h
,
UFCPC T
h
?LB T
c
?PC GL ICJTGLQ (MP ?LW MRFCP ?@QMJSRC RCKNCP?RSPC QA?JC). .M PC?J FC?R CLEGLC A?L BM ?Q UCJJ ?Q RFC #?PLMR CDDGAGCLAWr?L ?ARS?J
CDDGAGCLAW MD ?@MSR 0.7 MD RFGQ K?VGKSK GQ SQS?JJW RFC @CQR RF?R A?L @C ?AAMKNJGQFCB. "SR RFC GBC?J #?PLMR CLEGLC, JGIC RFC BPGLIGLE @GPB ?@MTC, UFGJC ?
D?QAGL?RGLE LMTCJRW, F?Q XCPM NMUCP. 4FGQ K?ICQ GR SLPC?JGQRGA DMP ?LW ?NNJGA?RGMLQ.
#?PLMRtQ GLRCPCQRGLE PCQSJR GKNJGCQ RF?R 100% CDDGAGCLAW UMSJB @C NMQQG@JC MLJW GD T
c
= 0 K rRF?R GQ, MLJW GD RFC AMJB PCQCPTMGP UCPC ?R ?@QMJSRC XCPM,
? NP?ARGA?J ?LB RFCMPCRGA?J GKNMQQG@GJGRW. "SR RFC NFWQGA?J GKNJGA?RGML GQ RFGQrRFC MLJW U?W RM F?TC ?JJ FC?R RP?LQDCP EM GLRM BMGLE UMPI GQ RM PCKMTC 4??
RFCPK?J CLCPEW, ?LB RFGQ PCOSGPCQ ? AMJB PCQCPTMGP ?R ?@QMJSRC XCPM.
)R GQ ?JQM ?NN?PCLR RF?R RFC EPC?RCQR CDDGAGCLAGCQ ?PC M@R?GLCB UFCL RFC P?RGM T
c
/ T
h
GQ ?Q QK?JJ ?Q NMQQG@JC. *SQR ?Q BGQASQQCB DMP RFC /RRM AWAJC GL
RFC NPCTGMSQ QCARGML, RFGQ KC?LQ RF?R CDDGAGCLAW GQ EPC?RCQR DMP RFC FGEFCQR NMQQG@JC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC FMR PCQCPTMGP ?LB JMUCQR NMQQG@JC RCKNCP?RSPC
MD RFC AMJB PCQCPTMGP. (4FGQ QCRSN GLAPC?QCQ RFC ?PC? GLQGBC RFC AJMQCB JMMN ML RFC PV BG?EP?K; ?JQM, GR QCCKQ PC?QML?@JC RF?R RFC EPC?RCP RFC
RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLAC, RFC C?QGCP GR GQ RM BGTCPR RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP RM UMPI.) 4FC ?ARS?J PCQCPTMGP RCKNCP?RSPCQ MD ? FC?R CLEGLC ?PC SQS?JJW PCJ?RCB RM
RFC RWNC MD FC?R QMSPAC ?LB RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC CLTGPMLKCLR GLRM UFGAF FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ. #MLQGBCP RFC DMJJMUGLE CV?KNJC.
F?=KH; 15.22 PV BG?EP?K DMP ? #?PLMR AWAJC, CKNJMWGLE MLJW PCTCPQG@JC GQMRFCPK?J ?LB ?BG?@?RGA NPMACQQCQ. (C?R RP?LQDCP Q
h
MAASPQ GLRM RFC UMPIGLE QS@QR?LAC BSPGLE RFC
GQMRFCPK?J N?RF !", UFGAF R?ICQ NJ?AC ?R AMLQR?LR RCKNCP?RSPC T
h
. (C?R RP?LQDCP Q
c
MAASPQ MSR MD RFC UMPIGLE QS@QR?LAC BSPGLE RFC GQMRFCPK?J N?RF #$, UFGAF R?ICQ NJ?AC
?R AMLQR?LR RCKNCP?RSPC T
c
. 4FC LCR UMPI MSRNSR W COS?JQ RFC ?PC? GLQGBC RFC N?RF !"#$!. !JQM QFMUL GQ ? QAFCK?RGA MD ? #?PLMR CLEGLC MNCP?RGLE @CRUCCL FMR ?LB AMJB
PCQCPTMGPQ ?R RCKNCP?RSPCQ T
h
?LB T
c
. !LW FC?R CLEGLC SQGLE PCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQCQ ?LB MNCP?RGLE @CRUCCL RFCQC RUM RCKNCP?RSPCQ UGJJ F?TC RFC Q?KC K?VGKSK CDDGAGCLAW
?Q RFC #?PLMR CLEGLC.
EN7CFB; 15.4 &7N?CKC ->;EH;J?97B E<<?9?;D9O <EH 7 'K9B;7H +;79JEH
! LSAJC?P NMUCP PC?ARMP F?Q NPCQQSPGXCB U?RCP ?R 300C. ((GEFCP RCKNCP?RSPCQ ?PC RFCMPCRGA?JJW NMQQG@JC @SR NP?ARGA?JJW LMR, BSC RM JGKGR?RGMLQ
UGRF K?RCPG?JQ SQCB GL RFC PC?ARMP.) (C?R RP?LQDCP DPMK RFGQ U?RCP GQ ? AMKNJCV NPMACQQ (QCC F?=KH; 15.23). 3RC?K, NPMBSACB GL RFC QRC?K
ECLCP?RMP, GQ SQCB RM BPGTC RFC RSP@GLC-ECLCP?RMPQ. %TCLRS?JJW RFC QRC?K GQ AMLBCLQCB RM U?RCP ?R 27C ?LB RFCL FC?RCB ?E?GL RM QR?PR RFC AWAJC
MTCP. #?JASJ?RC RFC K?VGKSK RFCMPCRGA?J CDDGAGCLAW DMP ? FC?R CLEGLC MNCP?RGLE @CRUCCL RFCQC RUM RCKNCP?RSPCQ.
#(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3 523
F?=KH; 15.23 3AFCK?RGA BG?EP?K MD ? NPCQQSPGXCB U?RCP LSAJC?P PC?ARMP ?LB RFC QRC?K RSP@GLCQ RF?R AMLTCPR UMPI GLRM CJCARPGA?J CLCPEW. (C?R CVAF?LEC GQ SQCB RM
ECLCP?RC QRC?K, GL N?PR RM ?TMGB AMLR?KGL?RGML MD RFC ECLCP?RMPQ UGRF P?BGM?ARGTGRW. 4UM RSP@GLCQ ?PC SQCB @CA?SQC RFGQ GQ JCQQ CVNCLQGTC RF?L MNCP?RGLE ? QGLEJC ECLCP?RMP
RF?R NPMBSACQ RFC Q?KC ?KMSLR MD CJCARPGA?J CLCPEW. 4FC QRC?K GQ AMLBCLQCB RM JGOSGB @CDMPC @CGLE PCRSPLCB RM RFC FC?R CVAF?LECP, RM ICCN CVGR QRC?K NPCQQSPC JMU ?LB
?GB RFC DJMU MD QRC?K RFPMSEF RFC RSP@GLCQ (COSGT?JCLR RM SQGLE ? JMUCP-RCKNCP?RSPC AMJB PCQCPTMGP). 4FC AMLQGBCP?@JC CLCPEW ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF AMLBCLQ?RGML KSQR @C
BGQQGN?RCB GLRM RFC JMA?J CLTGPMLKCLR; GL RFGQ CV?KNJC, ? AMMJGLE RMUCP GQ SQCB QM RFCPC GQ LM BGPCAR FC?R RP?LQDCP RM ?L ?OS?RGA CLTGPMLKCLR. (.MRC RF?R RFC U?RCP EMGLE RM
RFC AMMJGLE RMUCP BMCQ LMR AMKC GLRM AMLR?AR UGRF RFC QRC?K DJMUGLE MTCP RFC RSP@GLCQ.)
,JH7J;=O
3GLAC RCKNCP?RSPCQ ?PC EGTCL DMP RFC FMR ?LB AMJB PCQCPTMGPQ MD RFGQ FC?R CLEGLC, Ef
C
= 1
T
c
T
h
A?L @C SQCB RM A?JASJ?RC RFC #?PLMR (K?VGKSK
RFCMPCRGA?J) CDDGAGCLAW. 4FMQC RCKNCP?RSPCQ KSQR DGPQR @C AMLTCPRCB RM ICJTGLQ.
,EBKJ?ED
4FC FMR ?LB AMJB PCQCPTMGP RCKNCP?RSPCQ ?PC EGTCL ?Q 300C ?LB 27.0C, PCQNCARGTCJW. )L ICJTGLQ, RFCL, T
h
= 573 K ?LB T
c
= 300 K, QM
RF?R RFC K?VGKSK CDDGAGCLAW GQ
(15.35)
Ef
C
= 1
T
c
T
h
.
4FSQ,
(15.36)
Ef
C
= 1
300 K
573 K
= 0.476, or 47.6%.
D?I9KII?ED
! RWNGA?J LSAJC?P NMUCP QR?RGMLtQ ?ARS?J CDDGAGCLAW GQ ?@MSR 35%, ? JGRRJC @CRRCP RF?L 0.7 RGKCQ RFC K?VGKSK NMQQG@JC T?JSC, ? RPG@SRC RM QSNCPGMP
CLEGLCCPGLE. %JCARPGA?J NMUCP QR?RGMLQ DGPCB @W AM?J, MGJ, ?LB L?RSP?J E?Q F?TC EPC?RCP ?ARS?J CDDGAGCLAGCQ (?@MSR 42%), @CA?SQC RFCGP @MGJCPQ A?L
PC?AF FGEFCP RCKNCP?RSPCQ ?LB NPCQQSPCQ. 4FC AMJB PCQCPTMGP RCKNCP?RSPC GL ?LW MD RFCQC NMUCP QR?RGMLQ GQ JGKGRCB @W RFC JMA?J CLTGPMLKCLR.
F?=KH; 15.24 QFMUQ (?) RFC CVRCPGMP MD ? LSAJC?P NMUCP QR?RGML ?LB (@) RFC CVRCPGMP MD ? AM?J-DGPCB NMUCP QR?RGML. "MRF F?TC AMMJGLE RMUCPQ GLRM
UFGAF U?RCP DPMK RFC AMLBCLQCP CLRCPQ RFC RMUCP LC?P RFC RMN ?LB GQ QNP?WCB BMULU?PB, AMMJCB @W CT?NMP?RGML.
524 #(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3
F?=KH; 15.24 (?) ! LSAJC?P NMUCP QR?RGML (APCBGR: "J?R?LR7MPJB.AMK) ?LB (@) ? AM?J-DGPCB NMUCP QR?RGML. "MRF F?TC AMMJGLE RMUCPQ GL UFGAF U?RCP CT?NMP?RCQ GLRM RFC
CLTGPMLKCLR, PCNPCQCLRGLE Q
c
. 4FC LSAJC?P PC?ARMP, UFGAF QSNNJGCQ Q
h
, GQ FMSQCB GLQGBC RFC BMKC-QF?NCB AMLR?GLKCLR @SGJBGLEQ. (APCBGR: 2M@CPR & -GF?CJ? 6GAMJ,
NS@JGANFMRM.MPE)
3GLAC ?JJ PC?J NPMACQQCQ ?PC GPPCTCPQG@JC, RFC ?ARS?J CDDGAGCLAW MD ? FC?R CLEGLC A?L LCTCP @C ?Q EPC?R ?Q RF?R MD ? #?PLMR CLEGLC, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL
F?=KH; 15.25(?). %TCL UGRF RFC @CQR FC?R CLEGLC NMQQG@JC, RFCPC ?PC ?JU?WQ BGQQGN?RGTC NPMACQQCQ GL NCPGNFCP?J COSGNKCLR, QSAF ?Q CJCARPGA?J
RP?LQDMPKCPQ MP A?P RP?LQKGQQGMLQ. 4FCQC DSPRFCP PCBSAC RFC MTCP?JJ CDDGAGCLAW @W AMLTCPRGLE QMKC MD RFC CLEGLCtQ UMPI MSRNSR @?AI GLRM FC?R RP?LQDCP,
?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 15.25(@).
F?=KH; 15.25 2C?J FC?R CLEGLCQ ?PC JCQQ CDDGAGCLR RF?L #?PLMR CLEGLCQ. (?) 2C?J CLEGLCQ SQC GPPCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQCQ, PCBSAGLE RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP RM UMPI. 3MJGB JGLCQ PCNPCQCLR
RFC ?ARS?J NPMACQQ; RFC B?QFCB JGLCQ ?PC UF?R ? #?PLMR CLEGLC UMSJB BM @CRUCCL RFC Q?KC RUM PCQCPTMGPQ. (@) &PGARGML ?LB MRFCP BGQQGN?RGTC NPMACQQCQ GL RFC MSRNSR
KCAF?LGQKQ MD ? FC?R CLEGLC AMLTCPR QMKC MD GRQ UMPI MSRNSR GLRM FC?R RP?LQDCP RM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR.
#(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3 525
15.5 AFFB?97J?EDI E< ->;HCE:OD7C?9I: !;7J )KCFI 7D: +;<H?=;H7JEHI
F?=KH; 15.26 !JKMQR CTCPW FMKC AMLR?GLQ ? PCDPGECP?RMP. -MQR NCMNJC BMLtR PC?JGXC RFCW ?PC ?JQM QF?PGLE RFCGP FMKCQ UGRF ? FC?R NSKN. (APCBGR: )B1337V, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
(C?R NSKNQ, ?GP AMLBGRGMLCPQ, ?LB PCDPGECP?RMPQ SRGJGXC FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK AMJB RM FMR. 4FCW ?PC FC?R CLEGLCQ PSL @?AIU?PB. 7C Q?W @?AIU?PB, P?RFCP
RF?L PCTCPQC, @CA?SQC CVACNR DMP #?PLMR CLEGLCQ, ?JJ FC?R CLEGLCQ, RFMSEF RFCW A?L @C PSL @?AIU?PB, A?LLMR RPSJW @C PCTCPQCB. (C?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ
DPMK ? AMJB PCQCPTMGP Q
c
?LB GLRM ? FMR MLC. 4FGQ PCOSGPCQ UMPI GLNSR W , UFGAF GQ ?JQM AMLTCPRCB RM FC?R RP?LQDCP. 4FSQ RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP RM RFC FMR
PCQCPTMGP GQ Q
h
= Q
c
+ W . (.MRC RF?R Q
h
, Q
c
, ?LB W ?PC NMQGRGTC, UGRF RFCGP BGPCARGMLQ GLBGA?RCB ML QAFCK?RGAQ P?RFCP RF?L @W QGEL.) ! FC?R
NSKNtQ KGQQGML GQ DMP FC?R RP?LQDCP Q
h
RM MAASP GLRM ? U?PK CLTGPMLKCLR, QSAF ?Q ? FMKC GL RFC UGLRCP. 4FC KGQQGML MD ?GP AMLBGRGMLCPQ ?LB
PCDPGECP?RMPQ GQ DMP FC?R RP?LQDCP Q
c
RM MAASP DPMK ? AMMJ CLTGPMLKCLR, QSAF ?Q AFGJJGLE ? PMMK MP ICCNGLE DMMB ?R JMUCP RCKNCP?RSPCQ RF?L RFC
CLTGPMLKCLR. (!ARS?JJW, ? FC?R NSKN A?L @C SQCB @MRF RM FC?R ?LB AMMJ ? QN?AC. )R GQ CQQCLRG?JJW ?L ?GP AMLBGRGMLCP ?LB ? FC?RGLE SLGR ?JJ GL MLC. )L RFGQ
QCARGML UC UGJJ AMLACLRP?RC ML GRQ FC?RGLE KMBC.)
F?=KH; 15.27 (C?R NSKNQ, ?GP AMLBGRGMLCPQ, ?LB PCDPGECP?RMPQ ?PC FC?R CLEGLCQ MNCP?RCB @?AIU?PB. 4FC MLC QFMUL FCPC GQ @?QCB ML ? #?PLMR (PCTCPQG@JC) CLEGLC. (?)
3AFCK?RGA BG?EP?K QFMUGLE FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK ? AMJB PCQCPTMGP RM ? U?PK PCQCPTMGP UGRF ? FC?R NSKN. 4FC BGPCARGMLQ MD W, Q
h
, ?LB Q
c
?PC MNNMQGRC UF?R RFCW UMSJB @C
GL ? FC?R CLEGLC. (@) PV BG?EP?K DMP ? #?PLMR AWAJC QGKGJ?P RM RF?R GL F?=KH; 15.28 @SR PCTCPQCB, DMJJMUGLE N?RF !$#"!. 4FC ?PC? GLQGBC RFC JMMN GQ LCE?RGTC, KC?LGLE RFCPC
GQ ? LCR UMPI GLNSR. 4FCPC GQ FC?R RP?LQDCP Q
c
GLRM RFC QWQRCK DPMK ? AMJB PCQCPTMGP ?JMLE N?RF $#, ?LB FC?R RP?LQDCP Q
h
MSR MD RFC QWQRCK GLRM ? FMR PCQCPTMGP ?JMLE N?RF
"!.
(C?R 0SKNQ
4FC EPC?R ?BT?LR?EC MD SQGLE ? FC?R NSKN RM ICCN WMSP FMKC U?PK, P?RFCP RF?L HSQR @SPLGLE DSCJ, GQ RF?R ? FC?R NSKN QSNNJGCQ Q
h
= Q
c
+ W .
(C?R RP?LQDCP GQ DPMK RFC MSRQGBC ?GP, CTCL ?R ? RCKNCP?RSPC @CJMU DPCCXGLE, RM RFC GLBMMP QN?AC. 9MS MLJW N?W DMP W , ?LB WMS ECR ?L ?BBGRGML?J FC?R
RP?LQDCP MD Q
c
DPMK RFC MSRQGBC ?R LM AMQR; GL K?LW A?QCQ, ?R JC?QR RUGAC ?Q KSAF CLCPEW GQ RP?LQDCPPCB RM RFC FC?RCB QN?AC ?Q GQ SQCB RM PSL RFC FC?R
NSKN. 7FCL WMS @SPL DSCJ RM ICCN U?PK, WMS N?W DMP ?JJ MD GR. 4FC BGQ?BT?LR?EC GQ RF?R RFC UMPI GLNSR (PCOSGPCB @W RFC QCAMLB J?U MD
RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ) GQ QMKCRGKCQ KMPC CVNCLQGTC RF?L QGKNJW @SPLGLE DSCJ, CQNCAG?JJW GD RFC UMPI GQ BMLC @W CJCARPGA?J CLCPEW.
4FC @?QGA AMKNMLCLRQ MD ? FC?R NSKN GL GRQ FC?RGLE KMBC ?PC QFMUL GL F?=KH; 15.28. ! UMPIGLE DJSGB QSAF ?Q ? LML-#&# PCDPGECP?LR GQ SQCB. )L RFC
MSRBMMP AMGJQ (RFC CT?NMP?RMP), FC?R RP?LQDCP Q
c
MAASPQ RM RFC UMPIGLE DJSGB DPMK RFC AMJB MSRBMMP ?GP, RSPLGLE GR GLRM ? E?Q.
526 #(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3
F?=KH; 15.28 ! QGKNJC FC?R NSKN F?Q DMSP @?QGA AMKNMLCLRQ: (1) AMLBCLQCP, (2) CVN?LQGML T?JTC, (3) CT?NMP?RMP, ?LB (4) AMKNPCQQMP. )L RFC FC?RGLE KMBC, FC?R RP?LQDCP Q
c
MAASPQ RM RFC UMPIGLE DJSGB GL RFC CT?NMP?RMP (3) DPMK RFC AMJBCP MSRBMMP ?GP, RSPLGLE GR GLRM ? E?Q. 4FC CJCARPGA?JJW BPGTCL AMKNPCQQMP (4) GLAPC?QCQ RFC RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB NPCQQSPC
MD RFC E?Q ?LB DMPACQ GR GLRM RFC AMLBCLQCP AMGJQ (1) GLQGBC RFC FC?RCB QN?AC. "CA?SQC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC E?Q GQ FGEFCP RF?L RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GL RFC PMMK, FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK
RFC E?Q RM RFC PMMK MAASPQ ?Q RFC E?Q AMLBCLQCQ RM ? JGOSGB. 4FC UMPIGLE DJSGB GQ RFCL AMMJCB ?Q GR DJMUQ @?AI RFPMSEF ?L CVN?LQGML T?JTC (2) RM RFC MSRBMMP CT?NMP?RMP AMGJQ.
4FC CJCARPGA?JJW BPGTCL AMKNPCQQMP (UMPI GLNSR W ) P?GQCQ RFC RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB NPCQQSPC MD RFC E?Q ?LB DMPACQ GR GLRM RFC AMLBCLQCP AMGJQ RF?R ?PC
GLQGBC RFC FC?RCB QN?AC. "CA?SQC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC E?Q GQ FGEFCP RF?L RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GLQGBC RFC PMMK, FC?R RP?LQDCP RM RFC PMMK MAASPQ ?LB RFC
E?Q AMLBCLQCQ RM ? JGOSGB. 4FC JGOSGB RFCL DJMUQ @?AI RFPMSEF ? NPCQQSPC-PCBSAGLE T?JTC RM RFC MSRBMMP CT?NMP?RMP AMGJQ, @CGLE AMMJCB RFPMSEF
CVN?LQGML. ()L ? AMMJGLE AWAJC, RFC CT?NMP?RMP ?LB AMLBCLQCP AMGJQ CVAF?LEC PMJCQ ?LB RFC DJMU BGPCARGML MD RFC DJSGB GQ PCTCPQCB.)
4FC OS?JGRW MD ? FC?R NSKN GQ HSBECB @W FMU KSAF FC?R RP?LQDCP Q
h
MAASPQ GLRM RFC U?PK QN?AC AMKN?PCB UGRF FMU KSAF UMPI GLNSR W GQ
PCOSGPCB. )L RFC QNGPGR MD R?IGLE RFC P?RGM MD UF?R WMS ECR RM UF?R WMS QNCLB, UC BCDGLC ? >;7J FKCFXI 9E;<<?9?;DJ E< F;H<EHC7D9; ( COP
hp
) RM @C
(15.37)
COP
hp
=
Q
h
W
.
3GLAC RFC CDDGAGCLAW MD ? FC?R CLEGLC GQ Ef = W / Q
h
, UC QCC RF?R COP
hp
= 1 / Ef , ?L GKNMPR?LR ?LB GLRCPCQRGLE D?AR. &GPQR, QGLAC RFC CDDGAGCLAW MD
?LW FC?R CLEGLC GQ JCQQ RF?L 1, GR KC?LQ RF?R COP
hp
GQ ?JU?WQ EPC?RCP RF?L 1rRF?R GQ, ? FC?R NSKN ?JU?WQ F?Q KMPC FC?R RP?LQDCP Q
h
RF?L UMPI
NSR GLRM GR. 3CAMLB, GR KC?LQ RF?R FC?R NSKNQ UMPI @CQR UFCL RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLACQ ?PC QK?JJ. 4FC CDDGAGCLAW MD ? NCPDCAR, MP #?PLMR, CLEGLC GQ
Ef
C
= 1

T
c
/ T
h
; RFSQ, RFC QK?JJCP RFC RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLAC, RFC QK?JJCP RFC CDDGAGCLAW ?LB RFC EPC?RCP RFC COP
hp
(@CA?SQC
COP
hp
= 1 / Ef ). )L MRFCP UMPBQ, FC?R NSKNQ BM LMR UMPI ?Q UCJJ GL TCPW AMJB AJGK?RCQ ?Q RFCW BM GL KMPC KMBCP?RC AJGK?RCQ.
&PGARGML ?LB MRFCP GPPCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQCQ PCBSAC FC?R CLEGLC CDDGAGCLAW, @SR RFCW BM ABG @CLCDGR RFC MNCP?RGML MD ? FC?R NSKNrGLQRC?B, RFCW PCBSAC
RFC UMPI GLNSR @W AMLTCPRGLE N?PR MD GR RM FC?R RP?LQDCP @?AI GLRM RFC AMJB PCQCPTMGP @CDMPC GR ECRQ GLRM RFC FC?R NSKN.
#(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3 527
F?=KH; 15.29 7FCL ? PC?J FC?R CLEGLC GQ PSL @?AIU?PB, QMKC MD RFC GLRCLBCB UMPI GLNSR (W) EMCQ GLRM FC?R RP?LQDCP @CDMPC GR ECRQ GLRM RFC FC?R CLEGLC, RFCPC@W PCBSAGLE GRQ
AMCDDGAGCLR MD NCPDMPK?LAC COP
hp
. )L RFGQ DGESPC, W' PCNPCQCLRQ RFC NMPRGML MD W RF?R EMCQ GLRM RFC FC?R NSKN, UFGJC RFC PCK?GLBCP MD W GQ JMQR GL RFC DMPK MD DPGARGML?J
FC?R

Q
f
RM RFC AMJB PCQCPTMGP. )D ?JJ MD W F?B EMLC GLRM RFC FC?R NSKN, RFCL Q
h
UMSJB F?TC @CCL EPC?RCP. 4FC @CQR FC?R NSKN SQCQ ?BG?@?RGA ?LB GQMRFCPK?J NPMACQQCQ,
QGLAC, GL RFCMPW, RFCPC UMSJB @C LM BGQQGN?RGTC NPMACQQCQ RM PCBSAC RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP RM RFC FMR PCQCPTMGP.
EN7CFB; 15.5 ->; B;IJ COP
>F
E< 7 !;7J )KCF <EH !EC; .I;
! FC?R NSKN SQCB RM U?PK ? FMKC KSQR CKNJMW ? AWAJC RF?R NPMBSACQ ? UMPIGLE DJSGB ?R RCKNCP?RSPCQ EPC?RCP RF?L RWNGA?J GLBMMP RCKNCP?RSPC QM
RF?R FC?R RP?LQDCP RM RFC GLQGBC A?L R?IC NJ?AC. 3GKGJ?PJW, GR KSQR NPMBSAC ? UMPIGLE DJSGB ?R RCKNCP?RSPCQ RF?R ?PC AMJBCP RF?L RFC MSRBMMP
RCKNCP?RSPC QM RF?R FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ DPMK MSRQGBC. )RQ FMR ?LB AMJB PCQCPTMGP RCKNCP?RSPCQ RFCPCDMPC A?LLMR @C RMM AJMQC, NJ?AGLE ? JGKGR ML GRQ
COP
hp
. (3CC F?=KH; 15.30.) 7F?R GQ RFC @CQR AMCDDGAGCLR MD NCPDMPK?LAC NMQQG@JC DMP QSAF ? FC?R NSKN, GD GR F?Q ? FMR PCQCPTMGP RCKNCP?RSPC MD
45.0C ?LB ? AMJB PCQCPTMGP RCKNCP?RSPC MD 15.0C?
,JH7J;=O
! #?PLMR CLEGLC PCTCPQCB UGJJ EGTC RFC @CQR NMQQG@JC NCPDMPK?LAC ?Q ? FC?R NSKN. !Q LMRCB ?@MTC, COP
hp
= 1 / Ef , QM RF?R UC LCCB RM DGPQR
A?JASJ?RC RFC #?PLMR CDDGAGCLAW RM QMJTC RFGQ NPM@JCK.
,EBKJ?ED
#?PLMR CDDGAGCLAW GL RCPKQ MD ?@QMJSRC RCKNCP?RSPC GQ EGTCL @W:
(15.38)
Ef
C
= 1
T
c
T
h
.
4FC RCKNCP?RSPCQ GL ICJTGLQ ?PC T
h
= 318 K ?LB T
c
= 258 K, QM RF?R
(15.39)
Ef
C
= 1
258 K
318 K
= 0.1887.
4FSQ, DPMK RFC BGQASQQGML ?@MTC,
(15.40)
COP
hp
=
1
Ef
=
1
0.1887
= 5.30,
MP
(15.41)
COP
hp
=
Q
h
W
= 5.30,
QM RF?R
(15.42)
Q
h
= 5.30 W.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ PCQSJR KC?LQ RF?R RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP @W RFC FC?R NSKN GQ 5.30 RGKCQ ?Q KSAF ?Q RFC UMPI NSR GLRM GR. )R UMSJB AMQR 5.30 RGKCQ ?Q KSAF DMP RFC
Q?KC FC?R RP?LQDCP @W ?L CJCARPGA PMMK FC?RCP ?Q GR BMCQ DMP RF?R NPMBSACB @W RFGQ FC?R NSKN. 4FGQ GQ LMR ? TGMJ?RGML MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW.
#MJB ?K@GCLR ?GP NPMTGBCQ 4.3 * NCP 1 * MD UMPI DPMK RFC CJCARPGA?J MSRJCR.
528 #(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3
F?=KH; 15.30 (C?R RP?LQDCP DPMK RFC MSRQGBC RM RFC GLQGBC, ?JMLE UGRF UMPI BMLC RM PSL RFC NSKN, R?ICQ NJ?AC GL RFC FC?R NSKN MD RFC CV?KNJC ?@MTC. .MRC RF?R RFC AMJB
RCKNCP?RSPC NPMBSACB @W RFC FC?R NSKN GQ JMUCP RF?L RFC MSRQGBC RCKNCP?RSPC, QM RF?R FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM RFC UMPIGLE DJSGB MAASPQ. 4FC NSKNtQ AMKNPCQQMP NPMBSACQ ?
RCKNCP?RSPC EPC?RCP RF?L RFC GLBMMP RCKNCP?RSPC GL MPBCP DMP FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM RFC FMSQC RM MAASP.
2C?J FC?R NSKNQ BM LMR NCPDMPK OSGRC ?Q UCJJ ?Q RFC GBC?J MLC GL RFC NPCTGMSQ CV?KNJC; RFCGP T?JSCQ MD COP
hp
P?LEC DPMK ?@MSR 2 RM 4. 4FGQ P?LEC
KC?LQ RF?R RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP Q
h
DPMK RFC FC?R NSKNQ GQ 2 RM 4 RGKCQ ?Q EPC?R ?Q RFC UMPI W NSR GLRM RFCK. 4FCGP CAMLMKGA?J DC?QG@GJGRW GQ QRGJJ
JGKGRCB, FMUCTCP, QGLAC W GQ SQS?JJW QSNNJGCB @W CJCARPGA?J CLCPEW RF?R AMQRQ KMPC NCP HMSJC RF?L FC?R RP?LQDCP @W @SPLGLE DSCJQ JGIC L?RSP?J E?Q.
&SPRFCPKMPC, RFC GLGRG?J AMQR MD ? FC?R NSKN GQ EPC?RCP RF?L RF?R MD K?LW DSPL?ACQ, QM RF?R ? FC?R NSKN KSQR J?QR JMLECP DMP GRQ AMQR RM @C PCAMTCPCB.
(C?R NSKNQ ?PC KMQR JGICJW RM @C CAMLMKGA?JJW QSNCPGMP UFCPC UGLRCP RCKNCP?RSPCQ ?PC KGJB, CJCARPGAGRW GQ PCJ?RGTCJW AFC?N, ?LB MRFCP DSCJQ ?PC
PCJ?RGTCJW CVNCLQGTC. !JQM, QGLAC RFCW A?L AMMJ ?Q UCJJ ?Q FC?R ? QN?AC, RFCW F?TC ?BT?LR?ECQ UFCPC AMMJGLE GL QSKKCP KMLRFQ GQ ?JQM BCQGPCB. 4FSQ
QMKC MD RFC @CQR JMA?RGMLQ DMP FC?R NSKNQ ?PC GL U?PK QSKKCP AJGK?RCQ UGRF AMMJ UGLRCPQ. F?=KH; 15.31 QFMUQ ? FC?R NSKN, A?JJCB ? uE8I8EF8 6L6?8X
MP uFC?<G-FLFG8@ 6BB?8EX GL QMKC AMSLRPGCQ.
F?=KH; 15.31 )L FMR UC?RFCP, FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ DPMK ?GP GLQGBC RFC PMMK RM ?GP MSRQGBC, AMMJGLE RFC PMMK. )L AMMJ UC?RFCP, FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ DPMK ?GP MSRQGBC RM ?GP GLQGBC,
U?PKGLE RFC PMMK. 4FGQ QUGRAFGLE GQ ?AFGCTCB @W PCTCPQGLE RFC BGPCARGML MD DJMU MD RFC UMPIGLE DJSGB.
!GP #MLBGRGMLCPQ ?LB 2CDPGECP?RMPQ
!GP AMLBGRGMLCPQ ?LB PCDPGECP?RMPQ ?PC BCQGELCB RM AMMJ QMKCRFGLE BMUL GL ? U?PK CLTGPMLKCLR. !Q UGRF FC?R NSKNQ, UMPI GLNSR GQ PCOSGPCB DMP FC?R
RP?LQDCP DPMK AMJB RM FMR, ?LB RFGQ GQ CVNCLQGTC. 4FC OS?JGRW MD ?GP AMLBGRGMLCPQ ?LB PCDPGECP?RMPQ GQ HSBECB @W FMU KSAF FC?R RP?LQDCP Q
c
MAASPQ DPMK
? AMJB CLTGPMLKCLR AMKN?PCB UGRF FMU KSAF UMPI GLNSR W GQ PCOSGPCB. 7F?R GQ AMLQGBCPCB RFC @CLCDGR GL ? FC?R NSKN GQ AMLQGBCPCB U?QRC FC?R GL ?
PCDPGECP?RMP. 7C RFSQ BCDGLC RFC 9E;<<?9?;DJ E< F;H<EHC7D9; (COP
ref
) MD ?L ?GP AMLBGRGMLCP MP PCDPGECP?RMP RM @C
(15.43)
COP
ref
=
Q
c
W
.
.MRGLE ?E?GL RF?R Q
h
= Q
c
+ W , UC A?L QCC RF?R ?L ?GP AMLBGRGMLCP UGJJ F?TC ? JMUCP AMCDDGAGCLR MD NCPDMPK?LAC RF?L ? FC?R NSKN, @CA?SQC
COP
hp
= Q
h
/ W ?LB Q
h
GQ EPC?RCP RF?L Q
c
. )L RFGQ KMBSJCtQ 0PM@JCKQ ?LB %VCPAGQCQ, WMS UGJJ QFMU RF?R
(15.44) COP
ref
= COP
hp
1
DMP ? FC?R CLEGLC SQCB ?Q CGRFCP ?L ?GP AMLBGRGMLCP MP ? FC?R NSKN MNCP?RGLE @CRUCCL RFC Q?KC RUM RCKNCP?RSPCQ. 2C?J ?GP AMLBGRGMLCPQ ?LB
PCDPGECP?RMPQ RWNGA?JJW BM PCK?PI?@JW UCJJ, F?TGLE T?JSCQ MD COP
ref
P?LEGLE DPMK 2 RM 6. 4FCQC LSK@CPQ ?PC @CRRCP RF?L RFC COP
hp
T?JSCQ DMP RFC
FC?R NSKNQ KCLRGMLCB ?@MTC, @CA?SQC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLACQ ?PC QK?JJCP, @SR RFCW ?PC JCQQ RF?L RFMQC DMP #?PLMR CLEGLCQ MNCP?RGLE @CRUCCL
RFC Q?KC RUM RCKNCP?RSPCQ.
! RWNC MD COP P?RGLE QWQRCK A?JJCB RFC uCLCPEW CDDGAGCLAW P?RGLEv ( EER ) F?Q @CCL BCTCJMNCB. 4FGQ P?RGLE GQ ?L CV?KNJC UFCPC LML-3) SLGRQ ?PC
QRGJJ SQCB ?LB PCJCT?LR RM AMLQSKCPQ. 4M K?IC GR C?QGCP DMP RFC AMLQSKCP, !SQRP?JG?, #?L?B?, .CU :C?J?LB, ?LB RFC 5.3. SQC ?L %LCPEW 3R?P 2?RGLE
#(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3 529
MSR MD 5 QR?PQrRFC KMPC QR?PQ, RFC KMPC CLCPEW CDDGAGCLR RFC ?NNJG?LAC. EERs ?PC CVNPCQQCB GL KGVCB SLGRQ MD "PGRGQF RFCPK?J SLGRQ ("RS) NCP FMSP MD
FC?RGLE MP AMMJGLE BGTGBCB @W RFC NMUCP GLNSR GL U?RRQ. 2MMK ?GP AMLBGRGMLCPQ ?PC PC?BGJW ?T?GJ?@JC UGRF EERs P?LEGLE DPMK 6 RM 12. !JRFMSEF LMR RFC
Q?KC ?Q RFC COPs HSQR BCQAPG@CB, RFCQC EERs ?PC EMMB DMP AMKN?PGQML NSPNMQCQrRFC EPC?RCP RFC EER , RFC AFC?NCP ?L ?GP AMLBGRGMLCP GQ RM
MNCP?RC (@SR RFC FGEFCP GRQ NSPAF?QC NPGAC GQ JGICJW RM @C).
4FC EER MD ?L ?GP AMLBGRGMLCP MP PCDPGECP?RMP A?L @C CVNPCQQCB ?Q
(15.45)
EER =
Q
c
/ t
1
W / t
2
,
UFCPC Q
c
GQ RFC ?KMSLR MD FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK ? AMJB CLTGPMLKCLR GL "PGRGQF RFCPK?J SLGRQ, t
1
GQ RGKC GL FMSPQ, W GQ RFC UMPI GLNSR GL HMSJCQ, ?LB t
2
GQ RGKC GL QCAMLBQ.
0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE 3RP?RCEGCQ DMP 4FCPKMBWL?KGAQ
1. EK4@<A8 G;8 F<GH4G<BA GB 78G8E@<A8 J;8G;8E ;84G, JBE>, BE <AG8EA4? 8A8E:L 4E8 <AIB?I87. ,MMI DMP ?LW QWQRCK UFCPC RFC NPGK?PW KCRFMBQ MD
RP?LQDCPPGLE CLCPEW ?PC FC?R ?LB UMPI. (C?R CLEGLCQ, FC?R NSKNQ, PCDPGECP?RMPQ, ?LB ?GP AMLBGRGMLCPQ ?PC CV?KNJCQ MD QSAF QWQRCKQ.
2. 78AG<9L G;8 FLFG8@ B9 <AG8E8FG 4A7 7E4J 4 ?458?87 7<4:E4@ B9 G;8 FLFG8@ F;BJ<A: 8A8E:L 9?BJ.
3. 78AG<9L 8K46G?L J;4G A887F GB 58 78G8E@<A87 <A G;8 CEB5?8@ (<78AG<9L G;8 HA>ABJAF). ! UPGRRCL JGQR GQ SQCDSJ. -?VGKSK CDDGAGCLAW KC?LQ ?
#?PLMR CLEGLC GQ GLTMJTCB. %DDGAGCLAW GQ LMR RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD NCPDMPK?LAC.
4. $4>8 4 ?<FG B9 J;4G <F :<I8A BE 64A 58 <A98EE87 9EB@ G;8 CEB5?8@ 4F FG4G87 (<78AG<9L G;8 >ABJAF). "C QSPC RM BGQRGLESGQF FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM ?
QWQRCK DPMK FC?R RP?LQDCP MSR MD RFC QWQRCK, ?Q UCJJ ?Q UMPI GLNSR DPMK UMPI MSRNSR. )L K?LW QGRS?RGMLQ, GR GQ SQCDSJ RM BCRCPKGLC RFC RWNC MD
NPMACQQ, QSAF ?Q GQMRFCPK?J MP ?BG?@?RGA.
5. *B?I8 G;8 4CCEBCE<4G8 8DH4G<BA 9BE G;8 DH4AG<GL GB 58 78G8E@<A87 (G;8 HA>ABJA).
6. *H5FG<GHG8 G;8 >ABJA DH4AG<G<8F 4?BA: J<G; G;8<E HA<GF <AGB G;8 4CCEBCE<4G8 8DH4G<BA 4A7 B5G4<A AH@8E<64? FB?HG<BAF 6B@C?8G8 J<G; HA<GF.
7. C;86> G;8 4AFJ8E GB F88 <9 <G <F E84FBA45?8: DB8F <G @4>8 F8AF8? &MP CV?KNJC, CDDGAGCLAW GQ ?JU?WQ JCQQ RF?L 1, UFCPC?Q AMCDDGAGCLRQ MD
NCPDMPK?LAC ?PC EPC?RCP RF?L 1.
15.6 EDJHEFO 7D: J>; ,;9ED: %7M E< ->;HCE:OD7C?9I: D?IEH:;H 7D: J>; .D7L7?B78?B?JO E<
ED;H=O
F?=KH; 15.32 4FC GAC GL RFGQ BPGLI GQ QJMUJW KCJRGLE. %TCLRS?JJW RFC JGOSGB UGJJ PC?AF RFCPK?J COSGJG@PGSK, ?Q NPCBGARCB @W RFC QCAMLB J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ. (APCBGR: *ML 3SJJGT?L,
0$0FMRM.MPE)
4FCPC GQ WCR ?LMRFCP U?W MD CVNPCQQGLE RFC QCAMLB J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ. 4FGQ TCPQGML PCJ?RCQ RM ? AMLACNR A?JJCB ;DJHEFO. "W CV?KGLGLE GR, UC
QF?JJ QCC RF?R RFC BGPCARGMLQ ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF RFC QCAMLB J?UrFC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK FMR RM AMJB, DMP CV?KNJCr?PC PCJ?RCB RM RFC RCLBCLAW GL L?RSPC DMP
QWQRCKQ RM @CAMKC BGQMPBCPCB ?LB DMP JCQQ CLCPEW RM @C ?T?GJ?@JC DMP SQC ?Q UMPI. 4FC CLRPMNW MD ? QWQRCK A?L GL D?AR @C QFMUL RM @C ? KC?QSPC MD
GRQ BGQMPBCP ?LB MD RFC SL?T?GJ?@GJGRW MD CLCPEW RM BM UMPI.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: %LRPMNW, %LCPEW, ?LB 7MPI
2CA?JJ RF?R RFC QGKNJC BCDGLGRGML MD CLCPEW GQ RFC ?@GJGRW RM BM UMPI. %LRPMNW GQ ? KC?QSPC MD FMU KSAF CLCPEW GQ LMR ?T?GJ?@JC RM BM UMPI.
!JRFMSEF ?JJ DMPKQ MD CLCPEW ?PC GLRCPAMLTCPRG@JC, ?LB ?JJ A?L @C SQCB RM BM UMPI, GR GQ LMR ?JU?WQ NMQQG@JC, CTCL GL NPGLAGNJC, RM AMLTCPR RFC CLRGPC
?T?GJ?@JC CLCPEW GLRM UMPI. 4F?R SL?T?GJ?@JC CLCPEW GQ MD GLRCPCQR GL RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ, @CA?SQC RFC DGCJB MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ ?PMQC DPMK CDDMPRQ RM
AMLTCPR FC?R RM UMPI.
7C A?L QCC FMU CLRPMNW GQ BCDGLCB @W PCA?JJGLE MSP BGQASQQGML MD RFC #?PLMR CLEGLC. 7C LMRCB RF?R DMP ? #?PLMR AWAJC, ?LB FCLAC DMP ?LW PCTCPQG@JC
NPMACQQCQ, Q
c
/ Q
h
= T
c
/ T
h
. 2C?PP?LEGLE RCPKQ WGCJBQ
530 #(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3
(15.46)
Q
c
T
c
=
Q
h
T
h
DMP ?LW PCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQ. Q
c
?LB Q
h
?PC ?@QMJSRC T?JSCQ MD RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP ?R RCKNCP?RSPCQ T
c
?LB T
h
, PCQNCARGTCJW. 4FGQ P?RGM MD Q/ T GQ
BCDGLCB RM @C RFC 9>7D=; ?D ;DJHEFO S DMP ? PCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQ,
(15.47)
S =

Q
T
rev
,
UFCPC Q GQ RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP, UFGAF GQ NMQGRGTC DMP FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM ?LB LCE?RGTC DMP FC?R RP?LQDCP MSR MD, ?LB T GQ RFC ?@QMJSRC RCKNCP?RSPC ?R
UFGAF RFC PCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQ R?ICQ NJ?AC. 4FC 3) SLGR DMP CLRPMNW GQ HMSJCQ NCP ICJTGL (*/+). )D RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LECQ BSPGLE RFC NPMACQQ, RFCL GR GQ
SQS?JJW ? EMMB ?NNPMVGK?RGML (DMP QK?JJ AF?LECQ GL RCKNCP?RSPC) RM R?IC T RM @C RFC ?TCP?EC RCKNCP?RSPC, ?TMGBGLE RFC LCCB RM SQC GLRCEP?J A?JASJSQ
RM DGLB S .
4FC BCDGLGRGML MD S GQ QRPGARJW T?JGB MLJW DMP PCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQCQ, QSAF ?Q SQCB GL ? #?PLMR CLEGLC. (MUCTCP, UC A?L DGLB S NPCAGQCJW CTCL DMP
PC?J, GPPCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQCQ. 4FC PC?QML GQ RF?R RFC CLRPMNW S MD ? QWQRCK, JGIC GLRCPL?J CLCPEW U , BCNCLBQ MLJW ML RFC QR?RC MD RFC QWQRCK ?LB LMR
FMU GR PC?AFCB RF?R AMLBGRGML. %LRPMNW GQ ? NPMNCPRW MD QR?RC. 4FSQ RFC AF?LEC GL CLRPMNW S MD ? QWQRCK @CRUCCL QR?RC 1 ?LB QR?RC 2 GQ RFC Q?KC LM
K?RRCP FMU RFC AF?LEC MAASPQ. 7C HSQR LCCB RM DGLB MP GK?EGLC ? PCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQ RF?R R?ICQ SQ DPMK QR?RC 1 RM QR?RC 2 ?LB A?JASJ?RC S DMP RF?R
NPMACQQ. 4F?R UGJJ @C RFC AF?LEC GL CLRPMNW DMP ?LW NPMACQQ EMGLE DPMK QR?RC 1 RM QR?RC 2. (3CC F?=KH; 15.33.)
F?=KH; 15.33 7FCL ? QWQRCK EMCQ DPMK QR?RC 1 RM QR?RC 2, GRQ CLRPMNW AF?LECQ @W RFC Q?KC ?KMSLR S , UFCRFCP ? FWNMRFCRGA?J PCTCPQG@JC N?RF GQ DMJJMUCB MP ? PC?J
GPPCTCPQG@JC N?RF GQ R?ICL.
.MU JCR SQ R?IC ? JMMI ?R RFC AF?LEC GL CLRPMNW MD ? #?PLMR CLEGLC ?LB GRQ FC?R PCQCPTMGPQ DMP MLC DSJJ AWAJC. 4FC FMR PCQCPTMGP F?Q ? JMQQ MD CLRPMNW
S
h
= Q
h
/ T
h
, @CA?SQC FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ MSR MD GR (PCKCK@CP RF?R UFCL FC?R RP?LQDCPQ MSR, RFCL Q F?Q ? LCE?RGTC QGEL). 4FC AMJB PCQCPTMGP
F?Q ? E?GL MD CLRPMNW S
c
= Q
c
/ T
c
, @CA?SQC FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ GLRM GR. (7C ?QQSKC RFC PCQCPTMGPQ ?PC QSDDGAGCLRJW J?PEC RF?R RFCGP RCKNCP?RSPCQ
?PC AMLQR?LR.) 3M RFC RMR?J AF?LEC GL CLRPMNW GQ
(15.48) S
tot
= S
h
+ S
c
.
4FSQ, QGLAC UC ILMU RF?R Q
h
/ T
h
= Q
c
/ T
c
DMP ? #?PLMR CLEGLC,
(15.49)
S
tot
=
Q
h
T
h
+
Q
c
T
c
= 0.
4FGQ PCQSJR, UFGAF F?Q ECLCP?J T?JGBGRW, KC?LQ RF?R G;8 GBG4? 6;4A:8 <A 8AGEBCL 9BE 4 FLFG8@ <A 4AL E8I8EF<5?8 CEB68FF <F M8EB.
4FC CLRPMNW MD T?PGMSQ N?PRQ MD RFC QWQRCK K?W AF?LEC, @SR RFC RMR?J AF?LEC GQ XCPM. &SPRFCPKMPC, RFC QWQRCK BMCQ LMR ?DDCAR RFC CLRPMNW MD GRQ
QSPPMSLBGLEQ, QGLAC FC?R RP?LQDCP @CRUCCL RFCK BMCQ LMR MAASP. 4FSQ RFC PCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQ AF?LECQ LCGRFCP RFC RMR?J CLRPMNW MD RFC QWQRCK LMP RFC
CLRPMNW MD GRQ QSPPMSLBGLEQ. 3MKCRGKCQ RFGQ GQ QR?RCB ?Q DMJJMUQ: )8I8EF<5?8 CEB68FF8F 7B ABG 49986G G;8 GBG4? 8AGEBCL B9 G;8 HA<I8EF8. 2C?J NPMACQQCQ
?PC LMR PCTCPQG@JC, RFMSEF, ?LB RFCW BM AF?LEC RMR?J CLRPMNW. 7C A?L, FMUCTCP, SQC FWNMRFCRGA?J PCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQCQ RM BCRCPKGLC RFC T?JSC MD
CLRPMNW GL PC?J, GPPCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQCQ. 4FC DMJJMUGLE CV?KNJC GJJSQRP?RCQ RFGQ NMGLR.
EN7CFB; 15.6 EDJHEFO "D9H;7I;I ?D 7D "HH;L;HI?8B; (+;7B) )HE9;II
3NMLR?LCMSQ FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK FMR RM AMJB GQ ?L GPPCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQ. #?JASJ?RC RFC RMR?J AF?LEC GL CLRPMNW GD 4000 * MD FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ DPMK
? FMR PCQCPTMGP ?R T
h
= 600 K(327 C) RM ? AMJB PCQCPTMGP ?R T
c
= 250 K(23 C) , ?QQSKGLE RFCPC GQ LM RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LEC GL CGRFCP
PCQCPTMGP. (3CC F?=KH; 15.34.)
,JH7J;=O
#(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3 531
(MU A?L UC A?JASJ?RC RFC AF?LEC GL CLRPMNW DMP ?L GPPCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQ UFCL S
tot
= S
h
+ S
c
GQ T?JGB MLJW DMP PCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQCQ?
2CKCK@CP RF?R RFC RMR?J AF?LEC GL CLRPMNW MD RFC FMR ?LB AMJB PCQCPTMGPQ UGJJ @C RFC Q?KC UFCRFCP ? PCTCPQG@JC MP GPPCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQ GQ GLTMJTCB
GL FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK FMR RM AMJB. 3M UC A?L A?JASJ?RC RFC AF?LEC GL CLRPMNW MD RFC FMR PCQCPTMGP DMP ? FWNMRFCRGA?J PCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQ GL UFGAF
4000 * MD FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ DPMK GR; RFCL UC BM RFC Q?KC DMP ? FWNMRFCRGA?J PCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQ GL UFGAF 4000 * MD FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ RM RFC
AMJB PCQCPTMGP. 4FGQ NPMBSACQ RFC Q?KC AF?LECQ GL RFC FMR ?LB AMJB PCQCPTMGPQ RF?R UMSJB MAASP GD RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP UCPC ?JJMUCB RM MAASP
GPPCTCPQG@JW @CRUCCL RFCK, ?LB QM GR ?JQM NPMBSACQ RFC Q?KC AF?LECQ GL CLRPMNW.
,EBKJ?ED
7C LMU A?JASJ?RC RFC RUM AF?LECQ GL CLRPMNW SQGLE S
tot
= S
h
+ S
c
. &GPQR, DMP RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK RFC FMR PCQCPTMGP,
(15.50)
S
h
=
Q
h
T
h
=
4000 J
600 K
= 6.67 J/K.
!LB DMP RFC AMJB PCQCPTMGP,
(15.51)
S
c
=
Q
c
T
c
=
4000 J
250 K
= 16.0 J/K.
4FSQ RFC RMR?J GQ
(15.52) S
tot
= S
h
+ S
c
= ( 6.67 +16.0) J/K
= 9.33 J/K.
D?I9KII?ED
4FCPC GQ ?L <A6E84F8 GL CLRPMNW DMP RFC QWQRCK MD RUM FC?R PCQCPTMGPQ SLBCPEMGLE RFGQ GPPCTCPQG@JC FC?R RP?LQDCP. 7C UGJJ QCC RF?R RFGQ KC?LQ RFCPC
GQ ? JMQQ MD ?@GJGRW RM BM UMPI UGRF RFGQ RP?LQDCPPCB CLCPEW. %LRPMNW F?Q GLAPC?QCB, ?LB CLCPEW F?Q @CAMKC SL?T?GJ?@JC RM BM UMPI.
F?=KH; 15.34 (?) (C?R RP?LQDCP DPMK ? FMR M@HCAR RM ? AMJB MLC GQ ?L GPPCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQ RF?R NPMBSACQ ?L MTCP?JJ GLAPC?QC GL CLRPMNW. (@) 4FC Q?KC DGL?J QR?RC ?LB, RFSQ,
RFC Q?KC AF?LEC GL CLRPMNW GQ ?AFGCTCB DMP RFC M@HCARQ GD PCTCPQG@JC FC?R RP?LQDCP NPMACQQCQ MAASP @CRUCCL RFC RUM M@HCARQ UFMQC RCKNCP?RSPCQ ?PC RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC
RCKNCP?RSPCQ MD RFC AMPPCQNMLBGLE M@HCARQ GL RFC GPPCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQ.
)R GQ PC?QML?@JC RF?R CLRPMNW GLAPC?QCQ DMP FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK FMR RM AMJB. 3GLAC RFC AF?LEC GL CLRPMNW GQ Q/ T , RFCPC GQ ? J?PECP AF?LEC ?R JMUCP
RCKNCP?RSPCQ. 4FC BCAPC?QC GL CLRPMNW MD RFC FMR M@HCAR GQ RFCPCDMPC JCQQ RF?L RFC GLAPC?QC GL CLRPMNW MD RFC AMJB M@HCAR, NPMBSAGLE ?L MTCP?JJ
GLAPC?QC, HSQR ?Q GL RFC NPCTGMSQ CV?KNJC. 4FGQ PCQSJR GQ TCPW ECLCP?J:
+;8E8 <F 4A <A6E84F8 <A 8AGEBCL 9BE 4AL FLFG8@ HA78E:B<A: 4A <EE8I8EF<5?8 CEB68FF.
7GRF PCQNCAR RM CLRPMNW, RFCPC ?PC MLJW RUM NMQQG@GJGRGCQ: CLRPMNW GQ AMLQR?LR DMP ? PCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQ, ?LB GR GLAPC?QCQ DMP ?L GPPCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQ.
4FCPC GQ ? DMSPRF TCPQGML MD J>; I;9ED: B7M E< J>;HCE:OD7C?9I IJ7J;: ?D J;HCI E< ;DJHEFO:
+;8 GBG4? 8AGEBCL B9 4 FLFG8@ 8<G;8E <A6E84F8F BE E8@4<AF 6BAFG4AG <A 4AL CEB68FF; <G A8I8E 786E84F8F.
&MP CV?KNJC, FC?R RP?LQDCP A?LLMR MAASP QNMLR?LCMSQJW DPMK AMJB RM FMR, @CA?SQC CLRPMNW UMSJB BCAPC?QC.
%LRPMNW GQ TCPW BGDDCPCLR DPMK CLCPEW. %LRPMNW GQ ABG AMLQCPTCB @SR GLAPC?QCQ GL ?JJ PC?J NPMACQQCQ. 2CTCPQG@JC NPMACQQCQ (QSAF ?Q GL #?PLMR CLEGLCQ)
?PC RFC NPMACQQCQ GL UFGAF RFC KMQR FC?R RP?LQDCP RM UMPI R?ICQ NJ?AC ?LB ?PC ?JQM RFC MLCQ RF?R ICCN CLRPMNW AMLQR?LR. 4FSQ UC ?PC JCB RM K?IC ?
AMLLCARGML @CRUCCL CLRPMNW ?LB RFC ?T?GJ?@GJGRW MD CLCPEW RM BM UMPI.
532 #(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3
%LRPMNW ?LB RFC 5L?T?GJ?@GJGRW MD %LCPEW RM $M 7MPI
7F?R BMCQ ? AF?LEC GL CLRPMNW KC?L, ?LB UFW QFMSJB UC @C GLRCPCQRCB GL GR? /LC PC?QML GQ RF?R CLRPMNW GQ BGPCARJW PCJ?RCB RM RFC D?AR RF?R LMR ?JJ FC?R
RP?LQDCP A?L @C AMLTCPRCB GLRM UMPI. 4FC LCVR CV?KNJC EGTCQ QMKC GLBGA?RGML MD FMU ?L GLAPC?QC GL CLRPMNW PCQSJRQ GL JCQQ FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM UMPI.
EN7CFB; 15.7 %;II 0EHA ?I )HE:K9;: 8O 7 ?L;D !;7J -H7DI<;H 0>;D EDJHEFO C>7D=; ?I H;7J;H
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC UMPI MSRNSR MD ? #?PLMR CLEGLC MNCP?RGLE @CRUCCL RCKNCP?RSPCQ MD 600 + ?LB 100 + DMP 4000 * MD FC?R RP?LQDCP RM RFC CLEGLC.
(@) .MU QSNNMQC RF?R RFC 4000 * MD FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ DGPQR DPMK RFC 600 + PCQCPTMGP RM ? 250 + PCQCPTMGP (UGRFMSR BMGLE ?LW UMPI, ?LB RFGQ
NPMBSACQ RFC GLAPC?QC GL CLRPMNW A?JASJ?RCB ?@MTC) @CDMPC RP?LQDCPPGLE GLRM ? #?PLMR CLEGLC MNCP?RGLE @CRUCCL 250 + ?LB 100 +. 7F?R UMPI
MSRNSR GQ NPMBSACB? (3CC F?=KH; 15.35.)
,JH7J;=O
)L @MRF N?PRQ, UC KSQR DGPQR A?JASJ?RC RFC #?PLMR CDDGAGCLAW ?LB RFCL RFC UMPI MSRNSR.
,EBKJ?ED (7)
4FC #?PLMR CDDGAGCLAW GQ EGTCL @W
(15.53)
Ef
C
= 1
T
c
T
h
.
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFC EGTCL RCKNCP?RSPCQ WGCJBQ
(15.54)
Ef
C
= 1
100 K
600 K
= 0.833.
.MU RFC UMPI MSRNSR A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB SQGLE RFC BCDGLGRGML MD CDDGAGCLAW DMP ?LW FC?R CLEGLC ?Q EGTCL @W
(15.55)
Ef =
W
Q
h
.
3MJTGLE DMP W ?LB QS@QRGRSRGLE ILMUL RCPKQ EGTCQ
(15.56)
W = Ef
C
Q
h
= (0.833)(4000 J) = 3333 J.
,EBKJ?ED (8)
3GKGJ?PJW,
(15.57)
Ef
C
= 1
T
c
T
c
=
100 K
250 K
= 0.600,
QM RF?R
(15.58)
W = Ef
C
Q
h
= (0.600)(4000 J) = 2400 J.
D?I9KII?ED
4FCPC GQ 933 * JCQQ UMPI DPMK RFC Q?KC FC?R RP?LQDCP GL RFC QCAMLB NPMACQQ. 4FGQ PCQSJR GQ GKNMPR?LR. 4FC Q?KC FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM RUM NCPDCAR
CLEGLCQ NPMBSACQ BGDDCPCLR UMPI MSRNSRQ, @CA?SQC RFC CLRPMNW AF?LEC BGDDCPQ GL RFC RUM A?QCQ. )L RFC QCAMLB A?QC, CLRPMNW GQ EPC?RCP ?LB JCQQ
UMPI GQ NPMBSACB. %LRPMNW GQ ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF RFC HA?T?GJ?@GJGRW MD CLCPEW RM BM UMPI.
F?=KH; 15.35 (?) ! #?PLMR CLEGLC UMPIGLE ?R @CRUCCL 600 + ?LB 100 + F?Q 4000 * MD FC?R RP?LQDCP ?LB NCPDMPKQ 3333 * MD UMPI. (@) 4FC 4000 * MD FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ
DGPQR GPPCTCPQG@JW RM ? 250 + PCQCPTMGP ?LB RFCL EMCQ GLRM ? #?PLMR CLEGLC. 4FC GLAPC?QC GL CLRPMNW A?SQCB @W RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP RM ? AMJBCP PCQCPTMGP PCQSJRQ GL ? QK?JJCP
UMPI MSRNSR MD 2400 *. 4FCPC GQ ? NCPK?LCLR JMQQ MD 933 * MD CLCPEW DMP RFC NSPNMQC MD BMGLE UMPI.
7FCL CLRPMNW GLAPC?QCQ, ? ACPR?GL ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW @CAMKCQ C8E@4A8AG?L SL?T?GJ?@JC RM BM UMPI. 4FC CLCPEW GQ LMR JMQR, @SR GRQ AF?P?ARCP GQ
AF?LECB, QM RF?R QMKC MD GR A?L LCTCP @C AMLTCPRCB RM BMGLE UMPIrRF?R GQ, RM ?L MPE?LGXCB DMPAC ?ARGLE RFPMSEF ? BGQR?LAC. &MP GLQR?LAC, GL RFC
#(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3 533
NPCTGMSQ CV?KNJC, 933 * JCQQ UMPI U?Q BMLC ?DRCP ?L GLAPC?QC GL CLRPMNW MD 9.33 */+ MAASPPCB GL RFC 4000 * FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK RFC 600 + PCQCPTMGP RM
RFC 250 + PCQCPTMGP. )R A?L @C QFMUL RF?R RFC ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW RF?R @CAMKCQ SL?T?GJ?@JC DMP UMPI GQ
(15.59) W
unavail
= S T
0
,
UFCPC T
0
GQ RFC JMUCQR RCKNCP?RSPC SRGJGXCB. )L RFC NPCTGMSQ CV?KNJC,
(15.60)
W
unavail
= (9.33 J/K)(100 K) = 933 J
?Q DMSLB.
(C?R $C?RF MD RFC 5LGTCPQC: !L /TCPBMQC MD %LRPMNW
)L RFC C?PJW, CLCPECRGA SLGTCPQC, ?JJ K?RRCP ?LB CLCPEW UCPC C?QGJW GLRCPAF?LEC?@JC ?LB GBCLRGA?J GL L?RSPC. 'P?TGRW NJ?WCB ? TGR?J PMJC GL RFC WMSLE
SLGTCPQC. !JRFMSEF GR K?W F?TC F88@87 BGQMPBCPJW, ?LB RFCPCDMPC, QSNCPDGAG?JJW CLRPMNGA, GL D?AR, RFCPC U?Q CLMPKMSQ NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW ?T?GJ?@JC RM BM
UMPIr?JJ RFC DSRSPC CLCPEW GL RFC SLGTCPQC.
!Q RFC SLGTCPQC K?RSPCB, RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLACQ ?PMQC, UFGAF APC?RCB KMPC MNNMPRSLGRW DMP UMPI. 3R?PQ ?PC FMRRCP RF?L NJ?LCRQ, DMP CV?KNJC, UFGAF
?PC U?PKCP RF?L GAW ?QRCPMGBQ, UFGAF ?PC U?PKCP QRGJJ RF?L RFC T?ASSK MD RFC QN?AC @CRUCCL RFCK.
-MQR MD RFCQC ?PC AMMJGLE BMUL DPMK RFCGP SQS?JJW TGMJCLR @GPRFQ, ?R UFGAF RGKC RFCW UCPC NPMTGBCB UGRF CLCPEW MD RFCGP MULrLSAJC?P CLCPEW GL RFC
A?QC MD QR?PQ, TMJA?LGA CLCPEW ML %?PRF ?LB MRFCP NJ?LCRQ, ?LB QM ML. 7GRFMSR ?BBGRGML?J CLCPEW GLNSR, FMUCTCP, RFCGP B?WQ ?PC LSK@CPCB.
!Q CLRPMNW GLAPC?QCQ, JCQQ ?LB JCQQ CLCPEW GL RFC SLGTCPQC GQ ?T?GJ?@JC RM BM UMPI. /L %?PRF, UC QRGJJ F?TC EPC?R QRMPCQ MD CLCPEW QSAF ?Q DMQQGJ ?LB
LSAJC?P DSCJQ; J?PEC-QA?JC RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLACQ, UFGAF A?L NPMTGBC UGLB CLCPEW; ECMRFCPK?J CLCPEGCQ BSC RM BGDDCPCLACQ GL RCKNCP?RSPC GL %?PRFtQ
J?WCPQ; ?LB RGB?J CLCPEGCQ MUGLE RM MSP ?@SLB?LAC MD JGOSGB U?RCP. !Q RFCQC ?PC SQCB, ? ACPR?GL DP?ARGML MD RFC CLCPEW RFCW AMLR?GL A?L LCTCP @C
AMLTCPRCB GLRM BMGLE UMPI. %TCLRS?JJW, ?JJ DSCJQ UGJJ @C CVF?SQRCB, ?JJ RCKNCP?RSPCQ UGJJ COS?JGXC, ?LB GR UGJJ @C GKNMQQG@JC DMP FC?R CLEGLCQ RM DSLARGML,
MP DMP UMPI RM @C BMLC.
%LRPMNW GLAPC?QCQ GL ? AJMQCB QWQRCK, QSAF ?Q RFC SLGTCPQC. "SR GL N?PRQ MD RFC SLGTCPQC, DMP GLQR?LAC, GL RFC 3MJ?P QWQRCK, GR GQ LMR ? JMA?JJW AJMQCB
QWQRCK. %LCPEW DJMUQ DPMK RFC 3SL RM RFC NJ?LCRQ, PCNJCLGQFGLE %?PRFtQ QRMPCQ MD CLCPEW. 4FC 3SL UGJJ AMLRGLSC RM QSNNJW SQ UGRF CLCPEW DMP ?@MSR
?LMRFCP DGTC @GJJGML WC?PQ. 7C UGJJ CLHMW BGPCAR QMJ?P CLCPEW, ?Q UCJJ ?Q QGBC CDDCARQ MD QMJ?P CLCPEW, QSAF ?Q UGLB NMUCP ?LB @GMK?QQ CLCPEW DPMK
NFMRMQWLRFCRGA NJ?LRQ. 4FC CLCPEW DPMK RFC 3SL UGJJ ICCN MSP U?RCP ?R RFC JGOSGB QR?RC, ?LB RFC -MMLtQ EP?TGR?RGML?J NSJJ UGJJ AMLRGLSC RM NPMTGBC RGB?J
CLCPEW. "SR %?PRFtQ ECMRFCPK?J CLCPEW UGJJ QJMUJW PSL BMUL ?LB UMLtR @C PCNJCLGQFCB.
"SR GL RCPKQ MD RFC SLGTCPQC, ?LB RFC TCPW JMLE-RCPK, TCPW J?PEC-QA?JC NGARSPC, RFC CLRPMNW MD RFC SLGTCPQC GQ GLAPC?QGLE, ?LB QM RFC ?T?GJ?@GJGRW MD
CLCPEW RM BM UMPI GQ AMLQR?LRJW BCAPC?QGLE. %TCLRS?JJW, UFCL ?JJ QR?PQ F?TC BGCB, ?JJ DMPKQ MD NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW F?TC @CCL SRGJGXCB, ?LB ?JJ
RCKNCP?RSPCQ F?TC COS?JGXCB (BCNCLBGLE ML RFC K?QQ MD RFC SLGTCPQC, CGRFCP ?R ? TCPW FGEF RCKNCP?RSPC DMJJMUGLE ? SLGTCPQ?J AMLRP?ARGML, MP ? TCPW
JMU MLC, HSQR @CDMPC ?JJ ?ARGTGRW AC?QCQ) RFCPC UGJJ @C LM NMQQG@GJGRW MD BMGLE UMPI.
%GRFCP U?W, RFC SLGTCPQC GQ BCQRGLCB DMP RFCPKMBWL?KGA COSGJG@PGSKrK?VGKSK CLRPMNW. 4FGQ GQ MDRCL A?JJCB RFC ;84G 784G; B9 G;8 HA<I8EF8, ?LB UGJJ
KC?L RFC CLB MD ?JJ ?ARGTGRW. (MUCTCP, UFCRFCP RFC SLGTCPQC AMLRP?ARQ ?LB FC?RQ SN, MP AMLRGLSCQ RM CVN?LB ?LB AMMJQ BMUL, RFC CLB GQ LMR LC?P.
#?JASJ?RGMLQ MD @J?AI FMJCQ QSEECQR RF?R CLRPMNW A?L C?QGJW AMLRGLSC DMP ?R JC?QR 10
100
WC?PQ.
/PBCP RM $GQMPBCP
%LRPMNW GQ PCJ?RCB LMR MLJW RM RFC SL?T?GJ?@GJGRW MD CLCPEW RM BM UMPIrGR GQ ?JQM ? KC?QSPC MD BGQMPBCP. 4FGQ LMRGML U?Q GLGRG?JJW NMQRSJ?RCB @W ,SBUGE
"MJRXK?LL GL RFC 1800Q. &MP CV?KNJC, KCJRGLE ? @JMAI MD GAC KC?LQ R?IGLE ? FGEFJW QRPSARSPCB ?LB MPBCPJW QWQRCK MD U?RCP KMJCASJCQ ?LB AMLTCPRGLE GR
GLRM ? BGQMPBCPJW JGOSGB GL UFGAF KMJCASJCQ F?TC LM DGVCB NMQGRGMLQ. (3CC F?=KH; 15.36.) 4FCPC GQ ? J?PEC GLAPC?QC GL CLRPMNW GL RFC NPMACQQ, ?Q QCCL GL
RFC DMJJMUGLE CV?KNJC.
EN7CFB; 15.8 EDJHEFO AIIE9?7J;: M?J> D?IEH:;H
&GLB RFC GLAPC?QC GL CLRPMNW MD 1.00 IE MD GAC MPGEGL?JJW ?R 0 C RF?R GQ KCJRCB RM DMPK U?RCP ?R 0 C.
,JH7J;=O
!Q @CDMPC, RFC AF?LEC GL CLRPMNW A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB DPMK RFC BCDGLGRGML MD S MLAC UC DGLB RFC CLCPEW Q LCCBCB RM KCJR RFC GAC.
,EBKJ?ED
4FC AF?LEC GL CLRPMNW GQ BCDGLCB ?Q:
(15.61)
S =
Q
T
.
(CPC Q GQ RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP LCACQQ?PW RM KCJR 1.00 IE MD GAC ?LB GQ EGTCL @W
(15.62) Q = mL
f,
UFCPC m GQ RFC K?QQ ?LB L
f
GQ RFC J?RCLR FC?R MD DSQGML. L
f
= 334 kJ/kg DMP U?RCP, QM RF?R
(15.63)
Q = (1.00 kg)(334 kJ/kg) = 3.3410
5
J.
.MU RFC AF?LEC GL CLRPMNW GQ NMQGRGTC, QGLAC FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ GLRM RFC GAC RM A?SQC RFC NF?QC AF?LEC; RFSQ,
(15.64)
S =
Q
T
=
3.3410
5
J
T
.
534 #(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3
T GQ RFC KCJRGLE RCKNCP?RSPC MD GAC. 4F?R GQ, T = 0C=273 K. 3M RFC AF?LEC GL CLRPMNW GQ
(15.65)
S =
3.3410
5
J
273 K
= 1.2210
3
J/K.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ GQ ? QGELGDGA?LR GLAPC?QC GL CLRPMNW ?AAMKN?LWGLE ?L GLAPC?QC GL BGQMPBCP.
F?=KH; 15.36 7FCL GAC KCJRQ, GR @CAMKCQ KMPC BGQMPBCPCB ?LB JCQQ QRPSARSPCB. 4FC QWQRCK?RGA ?PP?LECKCLR MD KMJCASJCQ GL ? APWQR?J QRPSARSPC GQ PCNJ?ACB @W ? KMPC P?LBMK
?LB JCQQ MPBCPJW KMTCKCLR MD KMJCASJCQ UGRFMSR DGVCB JMA?RGMLQ MP MPGCLR?RGMLQ. )RQ CLRPMNW GLAPC?QCQ @CA?SQC FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ GLRM GR. %LRPMNW GQ ? KC?QSPC MD BGQMPBCP.
)L ?LMRFCP C?QGJW GK?EGLCB CV?KNJC, QSNNMQC UC KGV COS?J K?QQCQ MD U?RCP MPGEGL?JJW ?R RUM BGDDCPCLR RCKNCP?RSPCQ, Q?W 20.0 C ?LB 40.0 C. 4FC
PCQSJR GQ U?RCP ?R ?L GLRCPKCBG?RC RCKNCP?RSPC MD 30.0 C. 4FPCC MSRAMKCQ F?TC PCQSJRCB: CLRPMNW F?Q GLAPC?QCB, QMKC CLCPEW F?Q @CAMKC
SL?T?GJ?@JC RM BM UMPI, ?LB RFC QWQRCK F?Q @CAMKC JCQQ MPBCPJW. ,CR SQ RFGLI ?@MSR C?AF MD RFCQC PCQSJRQ.
&GPQR, CLRPMNW F?Q GLAPC?QCB DMP RFC Q?KC PC?QML RF?R GR BGB GL RFC CV?KNJC ?@MTC. -GVGLE RFC RUM @MBGCQ MD U?RCP F?Q RFC Q?KC CDDCAR ?Q FC?R RP?LQDCP
DPMK RFC FMR MLC ?LB RFC Q?KC FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM RFC AMJB MLC. 4FC KGVGLE BCAPC?QCQ RFC CLRPMNW MD RFC FMR U?RCP @SR GLAPC?QCQ RFC CLRPMNW MD RFC
AMJB U?RCP @W ? EPC?RCP ?KMSLR, NPMBSAGLE ?L MTCP?JJ GLAPC?QC GL CLRPMNW.
3CAMLB, MLAC RFC RUM K?QQCQ MD U?RCP ?PC KGVCB, RFCPC GQ MLJW MLC RCKNCP?RSPCrWMS A?LLMR PSL ? FC?R CLEGLC UGRF RFCK. 4FC CLCPEW RF?R AMSJB
F?TC @CCL SQCB RM PSL ? FC?R CLEGLC GQ LMU SL?T?GJ?@JC RM BM UMPI.
4FGPB, RFC KGVRSPC GQ JCQQ MPBCPJW, MP RM SQC ?LMRFCP RCPK, JCQQ QRPSARSPCB. 2?RFCP RF?L F?TGLE RUM K?QQCQ ?R BGDDCPCLR RCKNCP?RSPCQ ?LB UGRF BGDDCPCLR
BGQRPG@SRGMLQ MD KMJCASJ?P QNCCBQ, UC LMU F?TC ? QGLEJC K?QQ UGRF ? SLGDMPK RCKNCP?RSPC.
4FCQC RFPCC PCQSJRQrCLRPMNW, SL?T?GJ?@GJGRW MD CLCPEW, ?LB BGQMPBCPr?PC LMR MLJW PCJ?RCB @SR ?PC GL D?AR CQQCLRG?JJW COSGT?JCLR.
,GDC, %TMJSRGML, ?LB RFC 3CAMLB ,?U MD 4FCPKMBWL?KGAQ
3MKC NCMNJC KGQSLBCPQR?LB RFC QCAMLB J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ, QR?RCB GL RCPKQ MD CLRPMNW, RM Q?W RF?R RFC NPMACQQ MD RFC CTMJSRGML MD JGDC TGMJ?RCQ RFGQ
J?U. /TCP RGKC, AMKNJCV MPE?LGQKQ CTMJTCB DPMK KSAF QGKNJCP ?LACQRMPQ, PCNPCQCLRGLE ? J?PEC BCAPC?QC GL CLRPMNW MD RFC %?PRFtQ @GMQNFCPC. )R GQ ?
D?AR RF?R JGTGLE MPE?LGQKQ F?TC CTMJTCB RM @C FGEFJW QRPSARSPCB, ?LB KSAF JMUCP GL CLRPMNW RF?L RFC QS@QR?LACQ DPMK UFGAF RFCW EPMU. "SR GR GQ 4?J4LF
NMQQG@JC DMP RFC CLRPMNW MD MLC N?PR MD RFC SLGTCPQC RM BCAPC?QC, NPMTGBCB RFC RMR?J AF?LEC GL CLRPMNW MD RFC SLGTCPQC GLAPC?QCQ. )L COS?RGML DMPK, UC
A?L UPGRC RFGQ ?Q
(15.66) S
tot
= S
syst
+ S
envir
> 0.
4FSQ S
syst
A?L @C LCE?RGTC ?Q JMLE ?Q S
envir
GQ NMQGRGTC ?LB EPC?RCP GL K?ELGRSBC.
(MU GQ GR NMQQG@JC DMP ? QWQRCK RM BCAPC?QC GRQ CLRPMNW? %LCPEW RP?LQDCP GQ LCACQQ?PW. )D ) NGAI SN K?P@JCQ RF?R ?PC QA?RRCPCB ?@MSR RFC PMMK ?LB NSR
RFCK GLRM ? ASN, KW UMPI F?Q BCAPC?QCB RFC CLRPMNW MD RF?R QWQRCK. )D ) E?RFCP GPML MPC DPMK RFC EPMSLB ?LB AMLTCPR GR GLRM QRCCJ ?LB @SGJB ? @PGBEC,
KW UMPI F?Q BCAPC?QCB RFC CLRPMNW MD RF?R QWQRCK. %LCPEW AMKGLE DPMK RFC 3SL A?L BCAPC?QC RFC CLRPMNW MD JMA?J QWQRCKQ ML %?PRFrRF?R GQ,
S
syst
GQ LCE?RGTC. "SR RFC MTCP?JJ CLRPMNW MD RFC PCQR MD RFC SLGTCPQC GLAPC?QCQ @W ? EPC?RCP ?KMSLRrRF?R GQ, S
envir
GQ NMQGRGTC ?LB EPC?RCP GL
K?ELGRSBC. 4FSQ, S
tot
= S
syst
+ S
envir
> 0 , ?LB RFC QCAMLB J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ GQ ABG TGMJ?RCB.
%TCPW RGKC ? NJ?LR QRMPCQ QMKC QMJ?P CLCPEW GL RFC DMPK MD AFCKGA?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW, MP ?L SNBP?DR MD U?PK ?GP JGDRQ ? QM?PGLE @GPB, RFC %?PRF A?L @C
TGCUCB ?Q ? FC?R CLEGLC MNCP?RGLE @CRUCCL ? FMR PCQCPTMGP QSNNJGCB @W RFC 3SL ?LB ? AMJB PCQCPTMGP QSNNJGCB @W B?PI MSRCP QN?ACr? FC?R CLEGLC MD
FGEF AMKNJCVGRW, A?SQGLE JMA?J BCAPC?QCQ GL CLRPMNW ?Q GR SQCQ N?PR MD RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK RFC 3SL GLRM BCCN QN?AC. 4FCPC GQ ? J?PEC RMR?J GLAPC?QC GL
CLRPMNW PCQSJRGLE DPMK RFGQ K?QQGTC FC?R RP?LQDCP. ! QK?JJ N?PR MD RFGQ FC?R RP?LQDCP GQ QRMPCB GL QRPSARSPCB QWQRCKQ ML %?PRF, NPMBSAGLE KSAF QK?JJCP
JMA?J BCAPC?QCQ GL CLRPMNW. (3CC F?=KH; 15.37.)
#(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3 535
F?=KH; 15.37 %?PRFtQ CLRPMNW K?W BCAPC?QC GL RFC NPMACQQ MD GLRCPACNRGLE ? QK?JJ N?PR MD RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK RFC 3SL GLRM BCCN QN?AC. %LRPMNW DMP RFC CLRGPC NPMACQQ
GLAPC?QCQ EPC?RJW UFGJC %?PRF @CAMKCQ KMPC QRPSARSPCB UGRF JGTGLE QWQRCKQ ?LB QRMPCB CLCPEW GL T?PGMSQ DMPKQ.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: 2CTCPQG@JC 2C?ARGMLQ
7?RAF ? PC?ARGML NPMACCB MTCP RGKC. (MU BMCQ RMR?J CLCPEW ?DDCAR ? PC?ARGML P?RC? 6?PW RCKNCP?RSPC, @?PPGCP FCGEFR, ?LB NMRCLRG?J CLCPEGCQ.
2CAMPB AMLACLRP?RGMLQ ?LB RGKC GL MPBCP RM CVRP?AR P?RC AMCDDGAGCLRQ. $M RCKNCP?RSPC BCNCLBCLR QRSBGCQ RM CVRP?AR !PPFCLGSQ N?P?KCRCPQ. 4FGQ
QGKSJ?RGML GQ @CQR SQCB UGRF RC?AFCP ESGB?LAC @CA?SQC GR NPCQCLRQ ?L ?L?JMEW MD AFCKGA?J PC?ARGMLQ.
F?=KH; 15.38 +;L;HI?8B; +;79J?EDI (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42237/1.6/H;L;HI?8B;-H;79J?EDI6;D.@7H)
15.7 ,J7J?IJ?97B "DJ;HFH;J7J?ED E< EDJHEFO 7D: J>; ,;9ED: %7M E< ->;HCE:OD7C?9I: ->;
.D:;HBO?D= ENFB7D7J?ED
F?=KH; 15.39 7FCL WMS RMQQ ? AMGL ? J?PEC LSK@CP MD RGKCQ, FC?BQ ?LB R?GJQ RCLB RM AMKC SN GL PMSEFJW COS?J LSK@CPQ. 7FW BMCQLtR FC?BQ AMKC SN 100, 90, MP CTCL 80% MD
RFC RGKC? (APCBGR: *ML 3SJJGT?L, 0$0FMRM.MPE)
4FC T?PGMSQ U?WQ MD DMPKSJ?RGLE RFC QCAMLB J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ RCJJ UF?R F?NNCLQ P?RFCP RF?L UFW GR F?NNCLQ. 7FW QFMSJB FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASP
MLJW DPMK FMR RM AMJB? 7FW QFMSJB CLCPEW @CAMKC CTCP JCQQ ?T?GJ?@JC RM BM UMPI? 7FW QFMSJB RFC SLGTCPQC @CAMKC GLAPC?QGLEJW BGQMPBCPJW? 4FC
?LQUCP GQ RF?R GR GQ ? K?RRCP MD MTCPUFCJKGLE NPM@?@GJGRW. $GQMPBCP GQ QGKNJW T?QRJW KMPC JGICJW RF?L MPBCP.
7FCL WMS U?RAF ?L CKCPEGLE P?GL QRMPK @CEGL RM UCR RFC EPMSLB, WMS UGJJ LMRGAC RF?R RFC BPMNQ D?JJ GL ? BGQMPE?LGXCB K?LLCP @MRF GL RGKC ?LB GL
QN?AC. 3MKC D?JJ AJMQC RMECRFCP, QMKC D?P ?N?PR, @SR RFCW LCTCP D?JJ GL QRP?GEFR, MPBCPJW PMUQ. )R GQ LMR GKNMQQG@JC DMP P?GL RM D?JJ GL ?L MPBCPJW N?RRCPL, HSQR
FGEFJW SLJGICJW, @CA?SQC RFCPC ?PC K?LW KMPC BGQMPBCPJW U?WQ RF?L MPBCPJW MLCQ. 4M GJJSQRP?RC RFGQ D?AR, UC UGJJ CV?KGLC QMKC P?LBMK NPMACQQCQ,
QR?PRGLE UGRF AMGL RMQQCQ.
#MGL 4MQQCQ
7F?R ?PC RFC NMQQG@JC MSRAMKCQ MD RMQQGLE 5 AMGLQ? %?AF AMGL A?L J?LB CGRFCP FC?BQ MP R?GJQ. /L RFC J?PEC QA?JC, UC ?PC AMLACPLCB MLJW UGRF RFC RMR?J
FC?BQ ?LB R?GJQ ?LB LMR UGRF RFC MPBCP GL UFGAF FC?BQ ?LB R?GJQ ?NNC?P. 4FC DMJJMUGLE NMQQG@GJGRGCQ CVGQR:
536 #(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3
(15.67)
5 heads, 0 tails
4 heads, 1 tail
3 heads, 2 tails
2 heads, 3 tails
1 head, 4 tails
0 head, 5 tails
4FCQC ?PC UF?R UC A?JJ K?APMQR?RCQ. ! C79HEIJ7J; GQ ?L MTCP?JJ NPMNCPRW MD ? QWQRCK. )R BMCQ LMR QNCAGDW RFC BCR?GJQ MD RFC QWQRCK, QSAF ?Q RFC MPBCP
GL UFGAF FC?BQ ?LB R?GJQ MAASP MP UFGAF AMGLQ ?PC FC?BQ MP R?GJQ.
5QGLE RFGQ LMKCLAJ?RSPC, ? QWQRCK MD 5 AMGLQ F?Q RFC 6 NMQQG@JC K?APMQR?RCQ HSQR JGQRCB. 3MKC K?APMQR?RCQ ?PC KMPC JGICJW RM MAASP RF?L MRFCPQ. &MP
GLQR?LAC, RFCPC GQ MLJW MLC U?W RM ECR 5 FC?BQ, @SR RFCPC ?PC QCTCP?J U?WQ RM ECR 3 FC?BQ ?LB 2 R?GJQ, K?IGLE RFC J?RRCP K?APMQR?RC KMPC NPM@?@JC.
-78B; 15.3 JGQRQ MD ?JJ RFC U?WQ GL UFGAF 5 AMGLQ A?L @C RMQQCB, R?IGLE GLRM ?AAMSLR RFC MPBCP GL UFGAF FC?BQ ?LB R?GJQ MAASP. %?AF QCOSCLAC GQ A?JJCB
? C?9HEIJ7J;r? BCR?GJCB BCQAPGNRGML MD CTCPW CJCKCLR MD ? QWQRCK.
4?@JC 15.3 5-#MGL 4MQQ
"D:?L?:K7B C?9HEIJ7J;I 'KC8;H E< C?9HEIJ7J;I
5 FC?BQ, 0 R?GJQ ((((( 1
4 FC?BQ, 1 R?GJ ((((4, (((4(, ((4((, (4(((, 4(((( 5
3 FC?BQ, 2 R?GJQ (4(4(, 4(4((, (4((4, 4((4(, 4(((4 (4(4(, 4(4((, (4((4, 4((4(, 4(((4 10
2 FC?BQ, 3 R?GJQ 444((, 44((4, 4((44, ((444, 44(4(, 4(4(4, (4(44, 4(44(, (44(4, (444( 10
1 FC?B, 4 R?GJQ 4444(, 444(4, 44(44, 4(444, (4444 5
0 FC?BQ, 5 R?GJQ 44444 1
4MR?J: 32
4FC K?APMQR?RC MD 3 FC?BQ ?LB 2 R?GJQ A?L @C ?AFGCTCB GL 10 U?WQ ?LB GQ RFSQ 10 RGKCQ KMPC NPM@?@JC RF?L RFC MLC F?TGLE 5 FC?BQ. .MR QSPNPGQGLEJW,
GR GQ COS?JJW NPM@?@JC RM F?TC RFC PCTCPQC, 2 FC?BQ ?LB 3 R?GJQ. 3GKGJ?PJW, GR GQ COS?JJW NPM@?@JC RM ECR 5 R?GJQ ?Q GR GQ RM ECR 5 FC?BQ. .MRC RF?R ?JJ MD RFCQC
AMLAJSQGMLQ ?PC @?QCB ML RFC APSAG?J ?QQSKNRGML RF?R C?AF KGAPMQR?RC GQ COS?JJW NPM@?@JC. 7GRF AMGL RMQQCQ, RFGQ PCOSGPCQ RF?R RFC AMGLQ LMR @C
?QWKKCRPGA GL ? U?W RF?R D?TMPQ MLC QGBC MTCP RFC MRFCP, ?Q UGRF JM?BCB BGAC. 7GRF ?LW QWQRCK, RFC ?QQSKNRGML RF?R ?JJ KGAPMQR?RCQ ?PC COS?JJW
NPM@?@JC KSQR @C T?JGB, MP RFC ?L?JWQGQ UGJJ @C CPPMLCMSQ.
4FC RUM KMQR MPBCPJW NMQQG@GJGRGCQ ?PC 5 FC?BQ MP 5 R?GJQ. (4FCW ?PC KMPC QRPSARSPCB RF?L RFC MRFCPQ.) 4FCW ?PC ?JQM RFC JC?QR JGICJW, MLJW 2 MSR MD 32
NMQQG@GJGRGCQ. 4FC KMQR BGQMPBCPJW NMQQG@GJGRGCQ ?PC 3 FC?BQ ?LB 2 R?GJQ ?LB GRQ PCTCPQC. (4FCW ?PC RFC JC?QR QRPSARSPCB.) 4FC KMQR BGQMPBCPJW NMQQG@GJGRGCQ
?PC ?JQM RFC KMQR JGICJW, UGRF 20 MSR MD 32 NMQQG@GJGRGCQ DMP RFC 3 FC?BQ ?LB 2 R?GJQ ?LB GRQ PCTCPQC. )D UC QR?PR UGRF ?L MPBCPJW ?PP?W JGIC 5 FC?BQ ?LB RMQQ
RFC AMGLQ, GR GQ TCPW JGICJW RF?R UC UGJJ ECR ? JCQQ MPBCPJW ?PP?W ?Q ? PCQSJR, QGLAC 30 MSR MD RFC 32 NMQQG@GJGRGCQ ?PC JCQQ MPBCPJW. 3M CTCL GD WMS QR?PR UGRF
?L MPBCPJW QR?RC, RFCPC GQ ? QRPMLE RCLBCLAW RM EM DPMK MPBCP RM BGQMPBCP, DPMK JMU CLRPMNW RM FGEF CLRPMNW. 4FC PCTCPQC A?L F?NNCL, @SR GR GQ SLJGICJW.
#(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3 537
4?@JC 15.4 100-#MGL 4MQQ
&79HEIJ7J; 'KC8;H E< C?9HEIJ7J;I
(C?BQ 4?GJQ (.)
100 0 1
99 1 1.010
2
95 5 7.510
7
90 10 1.710
13
75 25 2.410
23
60 40 1.410
28
55 45 6.110
28
51 49 9.910
28
50 50 1.010
29
49 51 9.910
28
45 55 6.110
28
40 60 1.410
28
25 75 2.410
23
10 90 1.710
13
5 95 7.510
7
1 99 1.010
2
0 100 1
4MR?J: 1.2710
30
4FGQ PCQSJR @CAMKCQ BP?K?RGA DMP J?PECP QWQRCKQ. #MLQGBCP UF?R F?NNCLQ GD WMS F?TC 100 AMGLQ GLQRC?B MD HSQR 5. 4FC KMQR MPBCPJW ?PP?LECKCLRQ
(KMQR QRPSARSPCB) ?PC 100 FC?BQ MP 100 R?GJQ. 4FC JC?QR MPBCPJW (JC?QR QRPSARSPCB) GQ RF?R MD 50 FC?BQ ?LB 50 R?GJQ. 4FCPC GQ MLJW 1 U?W (1 KGAPMQR?RC) RM
ECR RFC KMQR MPBCPJW ?PP?LECKCLR MD 100 FC?BQ. 4FCPC ?PC 100 U?WQ (100 KGAPMQR?RCQ) RM ECR RFC LCVR KMQR MPBCPJW ?PP?LECKCLR MD 99 FC?BQ ?LB 1
R?GJ (?JQM 100 RM ECR GRQ PCTCPQC). !LB RFCPC ?PC 1.010
29
U?WQ RM ECR 50 FC?BQ ?LB 50 R?GJQ, RFC JC?QR MPBCPJW ?PP?LECKCLR. -78B; 15.4 GQ ?L
?@@PCTG?RCB JGQR MD RFC T?PGMSQ K?APMQR?RCQ ?LB RFC LSK@CP MD KGAPMQR?RCQ DMP C?AF K?APMQR?RC. 4FC RMR?J LSK@CP MD KGAPMQR?RCQrRFC RMR?J LSK@CP MD
BGDDCPCLR U?WQ 100 AMGLQ A?L @C RMQQCBrGQ ?L GKNPCQQGTCJW J?PEC 1.2710
30
. .MU, GD UC QR?PR UGRF ?L MPBCPJW K?APMQR?RC JGIC 100 FC?BQ ?LB RMQQ
RFC AMGLQ, RFCPC GQ ? TGPRS?J ACPR?GLRW RF?R UC UGJJ ECR ? JCQQ MPBCPJW K?APMQR?RC. )D UC ICCN RMQQGLE RFC AMGLQ, GR GQ NMQQG@JC, @SR CVACCBGLEJW SLJGICJW, RF?R
UC UGJJ CTCP ECR @?AI RM RFC KMQR MPBCPJW K?APMQR?RC. )D WMS RMQQCB RFC AMGLQ MLAC C?AF QCAMLB, WMS AMSJB CVNCAR RM ECR CGRFCP 100 FC?BQ MP 100 R?GJQ
MLAC GL 210
22
WC?PQ! 4FGQ NCPGMB GQ 1 RPGJJGML ( 10
12
) RGKCQ JMLECP RF?L RFC ?EC MD RFC SLGTCPQC, ?LB QM RFC AF?LACQ ?PC CQQCLRG?JJW XCPM. )L
AMLRP?QR, RFCPC GQ ?L 8% AF?LAC MD ECRRGLE 50 FC?BQ, ? 73% AF?LAC MD ECRRGLE DPMK 45 RM 55 FC?BQ, ?LB ? 96% AF?LAC MD ECRRGLE DPMK 40 RM 60 FC?BQ.
$GQMPBCP GQ FGEFJW JGICJW.
$GQMPBCP GL ? '?Q
4FC D?LR?QRGA EPMURF GL RFC MBBQ D?TMPGLE BGQMPBCP RF?R UC QCC GL EMGLE DPMK 5 RM 100 AMGLQ AMLRGLSCQ ?Q RFC LSK@CP MD CLRGRGCQ GL RFC QWQRCK
GLAPC?QCQ. ,CR SQ LMU GK?EGLC ?NNJWGLE RFGQ ?NNPM?AF RM NCPF?NQ ? QK?JJ Q?KNJC MD E?Q. "CA?SQC AMSLRGLE KGAPMQR?RCQ ?LB K?APMQR?RCQ GLTMJTCQ
QR?RGQRGAQ, RFGQ GQ A?JJCB IJ7J?IJ?97B 7D7BOI?I. 4FC K?APMQR?RCQ MD ? E?Q AMPPCQNMLB RM GRQ K?APMQAMNGA NPMNCPRGCQ, QSAF ?Q TMJSKC, RCKNCP?RSPC, ?LB
NPCQQSPC; ?LB GRQ KGAPMQR?RCQ AMPPCQNMLB RM RFC BCR?GJCB BCQAPGNRGML MD RFC NMQGRGMLQ ?LB TCJMAGRGCQ MD GRQ ?RMKQ. %TCL ? QK?JJ ?KMSLR MD E?Q F?Q ?
FSEC LSK@CP MD ?RMKQ: 1.0 cm
3
MD ?L GBC?J E?Q ?R 1.0 ?RK ?LB 0 C F?Q 2.710
19
?RMKQ. 3M C?AF K?APMQR?RC F?Q ?L GKKCLQC LSK@CP MD
KGAPMQR?RCQ. )L NJ?GL J?LES?EC, RFGQ KC?LQ RF?R RFCPC ?PC ?L GKKCLQC LSK@CP MD U?WQ GL UFGAF RFC ?RMKQ GL ? E?Q A?L @C ?PP?LECB, UFGJC QRGJJ F?TGLE
RFC Q?KC NPCQQSPC, RCKNCP?RSPC, ?LB QM ML.
4FC KMQR JGICJW AMLBGRGMLQ (MP K?APMQR?RCQ) DMP ? E?Q ?PC RFMQC UC QCC ?JJ RFC RGKCr? P?LBMK BGQRPG@SRGML MD ?RMKQ GL QN?AC UGRF ? -?VUCJJ-
"MJRXK?LL BGQRPG@SRGML MD QNCCBQ GL P?LBMK BGPCARGMLQ, ?Q NPCBGARCB @W IGLCRGA RFCMPW. 4FGQ GQ RFC KMQR BGQMPBCPJW ?LB JC?QR QRPSARSPCB AMLBGRGML UC
A?L GK?EGLC. )L AMLRP?QR, MLC RWNC MD TCPW MPBCPJW ?LB QRPSARSPCB K?APMQR?RC F?Q ?JJ MD RFC ?RMKQ GL MLC AMPLCP MD ? AMLR?GLCP UGRF GBCLRGA?J TCJMAGRGCQ.
4FCPC ?PC TCPW DCU U?WQ RM ?AAMKNJGQF RFGQ (TCPW DCU KGAPMQR?RCQ AMPPCQNMLBGLE RM GR), ?LB QM GR GQ CVACCBGLEJW SLJGICJW CTCP RM MAASP. (3CC F?=KH;
15.40(@).) )LBCCB, GR GQ QM SLJGICJW RF?R UC F?TC ? J?U Q?WGLE RF?R GR GQ GKNMQQG@JC, UFGAF F?Q LCTCP @CCL M@QCPTCB RM @C TGMJ?RCBrRFC QCAMLB J?U MD
RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ.
538 #(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3
F?=KH; 15.40 (?) 4FC MPBGL?PW QR?RC MD E?Q GL ? AMLR?GLCP GQ ? BGQMPBCPJW, P?LBMK BGQRPG@SRGML MD ?RMKQ MP KMJCASJCQ UGRF ? -?VUCJJ-"MJRXK?LL BGQRPG@SRGML MD QNCCBQ. )R GQ QM
SLJGICJW RF?R RFCQC ?RMKQ MP KMJCASJCQ UMSJB CTCP CLB SN GL MLC AMPLCP MD RFC AMLR?GLCP RF?R GR KGEFR ?Q UCJJ @C GKNMQQG@JC. (@) 7GRF CLCPEW RP?LQDCP, RFC E?Q A?L @C DMPACB GLRM
MLC AMPLCP ?LB GRQ CLRPMNW EPC?RJW PCBSACB. "SR JCDR ?JMLC, GR UGJJ QNMLR?LCMSQJW GLAPC?QC GRQ CLRPMNW ?LB PCRSPL RM RFC LMPK?J AMLBGRGMLQ, @CA?SQC RFCW ?PC GKKCLQCJW KMPC
JGICJW.
4FC BGQMPBCPCB AMLBGRGML GQ MLC MD FGEF CLRPMNW, ?LB RFC MPBCPCB MLC F?Q JMU CLRPMNW. 7GRF ? RP?LQDCP MD CLCPEW DPMK ?LMRFCP QWQRCK, UC AMSJB DMPAC
?JJ MD RFC ?RMKQ GLRM MLC AMPLCP ?LB F?TC ? JMA?J BCAPC?QC GL CLRPMNW, @SR ?R RFC AMQR MD ?L MTCP?JJ GLAPC?QC GL CLRPMNW MD RFC SLGTCPQC. )D RFC ?RMKQ
QR?PR MSR GL MLC AMPLCP, RFCW UGJJ OSGAIJW BGQNCPQC ?LB @CAMKC SLGDMPKJW BGQRPG@SRCB ?LB UGJJ LCTCP PCRSPL RM RFC MPBCPJW MPGEGL?J QR?RC (F?=KH; 15.40(@)).
%LRPMNW UGJJ GLAPC?QC. 7GRF QSAF ? J?PEC Q?KNJC MD ?RMKQ, GR GQ NMQQG@JCr@SR SLGK?EGL?@JW SLJGICJWrDMP CLRPMNW RM BCAPC?QC. $GQMPBCP GQ T?QRJW KMPC
JGICJW RF?L MPBCP.
4FC ?PESKCLRQ RF?R BGQMPBCP ?LB FGEF CLRPMNW ?PC RFC KMQR NPM@?@JC QR?RCQ ?PC OSGRC AMLTGLAGLE. 4FC EPC?R !SQRPG?L NFWQGAGQR ,SBUGE "MJRXK?LL
(1844q1906)rUFM, ?JMLE UGRF -?VUCJJ, K?BC QM K?LW AMLRPG@SRGMLQ RM IGLCRGA RFCMPWrNPMTCB RF?R RFC CLRPMNW MD ? QWQRCK GL ? EGTCL QR?RC (?
K?APMQR?RC) A?L @C UPGRRCL ?Q
(15.68)
S = klnW,
UFCPC k = 1.3810
23
J/K GQ "MJRXK?LLtQ AMLQR?LR, ?LB lnW GQ RFC L?RSP?J JME?PGRFK MD RFC LSK@CP MD KGAPMQR?RCQ W AMPPCQNMLBGLE RM RFC
EGTCL K?APMQR?RC. W GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC NPM@?@GJGRW RF?R RFC K?APMQR?RC UGJJ MAASP. 4FSQ CLRPMNW GQ BGPCARJW PCJ?RCB RM RFC NPM@?@GJGRW MD ? QR?RCrRFC
KMPC JGICJW RFC QR?RC, RFC EPC?RCP GRQ CLRPMNW. "MJRXK?LL NPMTCB RF?R RFGQ CVNPCQQGML DMP S GQ COSGT?JCLR RM RFC BCDGLGRGML S = Q/ T , UFGAF UC F?TC
SQCB CVRCLQGTCJW.
4FSQ RFC QCAMLB J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ GQ CVNJ?GLCB ML ? TCPW @?QGA JCTCJ: CLRPMNW CGRFCP PCK?GLQ RFC Q?KC MP GLAPC?QCQ GL CTCPW NPMACQQ. 4FGQ
NFCLMKCLML GQ BSC RM RFC CVRP?MPBGL?PGJW QK?JJ NPM@?@GJGRW MD ? BCAPC?QC, @?QCB ML RFC CVRP?MPBGL?PGJW J?PECP LSK@CP MD KGAPMQR?RCQ GL QWQRCKQ UGRF
EPC?RCP CLRPMNW. %LRPMNW 64A BCAPC?QC, @SR DMP ?LW K?APMQAMNGA QWQRCK, RFGQ MSRAMKC GQ QM SLJGICJW RF?R GR UGJJ LCTCP @C M@QCPTCB.
EN7CFB; 15.9 EDJHEFO "D9H;7I;I ?D 7 CE?D -EII
3SNNMQC WMS RMQQ 100 AMGLQ QR?PRGLE UGRF 60 FC?BQ ?LB 40 R?GJQ, ?LB WMS ECR RFC KMQR JGICJW PCQSJR, 50 FC?BQ ?LB 50 R?GJQ. 7F?R GQ RFC AF?LEC GL
CLRPMNW?
,JH7J;=O
.MRGLE RF?R RFC LSK@CP MD KGAPMQR?RCQ GQ J?@CJCB W GL -78B; 15.4 DMP RFC 100-AMGL RMQQ, UC A?L SQC S = S
f
S
i
= klnW
f
- klnW
i
RM
A?JASJ?RC RFC AF?LEC GL CLRPMNW.
,EBKJ?ED
4FC AF?LEC GL CLRPMNW GQ
(15.69)
S = S
f
S
i
= klnW
f
klnW
i,
UFCPC RFC QS@QAPGNR G QR?LBQ DMP RFC GLGRG?J 60 FC?BQ ?LB 40 R?GJQ QR?RC, ?LB RFC QS@QAPGNR D DMP RFC DGL?J 50 FC?BQ ?LB 50 R?GJQ QR?RC. 3S@QRGRSRGLE RFC
T?JSCQ DMP W DPMK -78B; 15.4 EGTCQ
(15.70)
S = (1.3810
23
J/K)[ln(1.010
29
) ln(1.410
28
)]
= 2.710
23
J/K
#(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3 539
7:?787J?9 FHE9;II:
C7HDEJ 9O9B;:
C7HDEJ ;<<?9?;D9O:
C7HDEJ ;D=?D;:
9>7D=; ?D ;DJHEFO:
9E;<<?9?;DJ E< F;H<EHC7D9;:
9O9B?97B FHE9;II:
;DJHEFO:
<?HIJ B7M E< J>;HCE:OD7C?9I:
>;7J ;D=?D;:
>;7J FKCF:
>KC7D C;J78EB?IC:
?DJ;HD7B ;D;H=O:
?HH;L;HI?8B; FHE9;II:
?IE87H?9 FHE9;II:
?IE9>EH?9 FHE9;II:
?IEJ>;HC7B FHE9;II:
C79HEIJ7J;:
C?9HEIJ7J;:
(JJE 9O9B;:
H;L;HI?8B; FHE9;II:
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ GLAPC?QC GL CLRPMNW KC?LQ UC F?TC KMTCB RM ? JCQQ MPBCPJW QGRS?RGML. )R GQ LMR GKNMQQG@JC DMP DSPRFCP RMQQCQ RM NPMBSAC RFC GLGRG?J QR?RC MD 60
FC?BQ ?LB 40 R?GJQ, @SR GR GQ JCQQ JGICJW. 4FCPC GQ ?@MSR ? 1 GL 90 AF?LAC DMP RF?R BCAPC?QC GL CLRPMNW ( 2.710
23
J/K) RM MAASP. )D UC
A?JASJ?RC RFC BCAPC?QC GL CLRPMNW RM KMTC RM RFC KMQR MPBCPJW QR?RC, UC ECR S = 9210
23
J/K. 4FCPC GQ ?@MSR ? 1 in 10
30
AF?LAC MD
RFGQ AF?LEC MAASPPGLE. 3M UFGJC TCPW QK?JJ BCAPC?QCQ GL CLRPMNW ?PC SLJGICJW, QJGEFRJW EPC?RCP BCAPC?QCQ ?PC GKNMQQG@JW SLJGICJW. 4FCQC
NPM@?@GJGRGCQ GKNJW, ?E?GL, RF?R DMP ? K?APMQAMNGA QWQRCK, ? BCAPC?QC GL CLRPMNW GQ GKNMQQG@JC. &MP CV?KNJC, DMP FC?R RP?LQDCP RM MAASP
QNMLR?LCMSQJW DPMK 1.00 IE MD 0C GAC RM GRQ 0C CLTGPMLKCLR, RFCPC UMSJB @C ? BCAPC?QC GL CLRPMNW MD 1.2210
3
J/K. 'GTCL RF?R ?
S of 10
21
J/K AMPPCQNMLBQ RM ?@MSR ? 1 in 10
30
AF?LAC, ? BCAPC?QC MD RFGQ QGXC ( 10
3
J/K) GQ ?L HGG8E GKNMQQG@GJGRW. %TCL DMP ? KGJJGEP?K
MD KCJRCB GAC RM QNMLR?LCMSQJW PCDPCCXC GQ GKNMQQG@JC.
0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE 3RP?RCEGCQ DMP %LRPMNW
1. EK4@<A8 G;8 F<GH4G<BA GB 78G8E@<A8 <9 8AGEBCL <F <AIB?I87.
2. 78AG<9L G;8 FLFG8@ B9 <AG8E8FG 4A7 7E4J 4 ?458?87 7<4:E4@ B9 G;8 FLFG8@ F;BJ<A: 8A8E:L 9?BJ.
3. 78AG<9L 8K46G?L J;4G A887F GB 58 78G8E@<A87 <A G;8 CEB5?8@ (<78AG<9L G;8 HA>ABJAF). ! UPGRRCL JGQR GQ SQCDSJ.
4. $4>8 4 ?<FG B9 J;4G <F :<I8A BE 64A 58 <A98EE87 9EB@ G;8 CEB5?8@ 4F FG4G87 (<78AG<9L G;8 >ABJAF). 9MS KSQR A?PCDSJJW GBCLRGDW RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP,
GD ?LW, ?LB RFC RCKNCP?RSPC ?R UFGAF RFC NPMACQQ R?ICQ NJ?AC. )R GQ ?JQM GKNMPR?LR RM GBCLRGDW RFC GLGRG?J ?LB DGL?J QR?RCQ.
5. *B?I8 G;8 4CCEBCE<4G8 8DH4G<BA 9BE G;8 DH4AG<GL GB 58 78G8E@<A87 (G;8 HA>ABJA). .MRC RF?R RFC AF?LEC GL CLRPMNW A?L @C BCRCPKGLCB
@CRUCCL ?LW QR?RCQ @W A?JASJ?RGLE GR DMP ? PCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQ.
6. *H5FG<GHG8 G;8 >ABJA I4?H8 4?BA: J<G; G;8<E HA<GF <AGB G;8 4CCEBCE<4G8 8DH4G<BA, 4A7 B5G4<A AH@8E<64? FB?HG<BAF 6B@C?8G8 J<G; HA<GF.
7. +B F88 <9 <G <F E84FBA45?8: DB8F <G @4>8 F8AF8? &MP CV?KNJC, RMR?J CLRPMNW QFMSJB GLAPC?QC DMP ?LW PC?J NPMACQQ MP @C AMLQR?LR DMP ?
PCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQ. $GQMPBCPCB QR?RCQ QFMSJB @C KMPC NPM@?@JC ?LB F?TC EPC?RCP CLRPMNW RF?L MPBCPCB QR?RCQ.
BEII7HO
? NPMACQQ GL UFGAF LM FC?R RP?LQDCP R?ICQ NJ?AC
? AWAJGA?J NPMACQQ RF?R SQCQ MLJW PCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQCQ, RFC ?BG?@?RGA ?LB GQMRFCPK?J NPMACQQCQ
RFC K?VGKSK RFCMPCRGA?J CDDGAGCLAW DMP ? FC?R CLEGLC
? FC?R CLEGLC RF?R SQCQ ? #?PLMR AWAJC
RFC P?RGM MD FC?R RP?LQDCP RM RCKNCP?RSPC Q/ T
DMP ? FC?R NSKN, GR GQ RFC P?RGM MD FC?R RP?LQDCP ?R RFC MSRNSR (RFC FMR PCQCPTMGP) RM RFC UMPI QSNNJGCB; DMP ? PCDPGECP?RMP
MP ?GP AMLBGRGMLCP, GR GQ RFC P?RGM MD FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK RFC AMJB PCQCPTMGP RM RFC UMPI QSNNJGCB
? NPMACQQ GL UFGAF RFC N?RF PCRSPLQ RM GRQ MPGEGL?J QR?RC ?R RFC CLB MD CTCPW AWAJC
? KC?QSPCKCLR MD ? QWQRCK'Q BGQMPBCP ?LB GRQ GL?@GJGRW RM BM UMPI GL ? QWQRCK
QR?RCQ RF?R RFC AF?LEC GL GLRCPL?J CLCPEW MD ? QWQRCK COS?JQ RFC LCR FC?R RP?LQDCP <AGB RFC QWQRCK KGLSQ RFC LCR
UMPI BMLC 5L RFC QWQRCK
? K?AFGLC RF?R SQCQ FC?R RP?LQDCP RM BM UMPI
? K?AFGLC RF?R ECLCP?RCQ FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK AMJB RM FMR
AMLTCPQGML MD DMMB GLRM FC?R RP?LQDCP, UMPI, ?LB QRMPCB D?R
RFC QSK MD RFC IGLCRGA ?LB NMRCLRG?J CLCPEGCQ MD ? QWQRCKtQ ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ
?LW NPMACQQ RF?R BCNCLBQ ML N?RF BGPCARGML
AMLQR?LR-NPCQQSPC NPMACQQ GL UFGAF ? E?Q BMCQ UMPI
? AMLQR?LR-TMJSKC NPMACQQ
? AMLQR?LR-RCKNCP?RSPC NPMACQQ
?L MTCP?JJ NPMNCPRW MD ? QWQRCK
C?AF QCOSCLAC UGRFGL ? J?PECP K?APMQR?RC
? RFCPKMBWL?KGA AWAJC, AMLQGQRGLE MD ? N?GP MD ?BG?@?RGA NPMACQQCQ ?LB ? N?GP MD GQMAFMPGA NPMACQQCQ, RF?R AMLTCPRQ FC?R GLRM UMPI,
C.E., RFC DMSP-QRPMIC CLEGLC AWAJC MD GLR?IC, AMKNPCQQGML, GELGRGML, ?LB CVF?SQR
? NPMACQQ GL UFGAF @MRF RFC FC?R CLEGLC QWQRCK ?LB RFC CVRCPL?J CLTGPMLKCLR RFCMPCRGA?JJW A?L @C PCRSPLCB RM RFCGP MPGEGL?J
QR?RCQ
540 #(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3
I;9ED: B7M E< J>;HCE:OD7C?9I IJ7J;: ?D J;HCI E< ;DJHEFO:
I;9ED: B7M E< J>;HCE:OD7C?9I:
IJ7J?IJ?97B 7D7BOI?I:
RFC RMR?J CLRPMNW MD ? QWQRCK CGRFCP GLAPC?QCQ MP PCK?GLQ AMLQR?LR; GR LCTCP
BCAPC?QCQ
FC?R RP?LQDCP DJMUQ DPMK ? FMRRCP RM ? AMMJCP M@HCAR, LCTCP RFC PCTCPQC, ?LB QMKC FC?R CLCPEW GL ?LW NPMACQQ GQ
JMQR RM ?T?GJ?@JC UMPI GL ? AWAJGA?J NPMACQQ
SQGLE QR?RGQRGAQ RM CV?KGLC B?R?, QSAF ?Q AMSLRGLE KGAPMQR?RCQ ?LB K?APMQR?RCQ
,;9J?ED ,KCC7HO
15.1 ->; F?HIJ %7M E< ->;HCE:OD7C?9I
w 4FC DGPQR J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ GQ EGTCL ?Q U = Q W , UFCPC U GQ RFC AF?LEC GL GLRCPL?J CLCPEW MD ? QWQRCK, Q GQ RFC LCR FC?R
RP?LQDCP (RFC QSK MD ?JJ FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM ?LB MSR MD RFC QWQRCK), ?LB W GQ RFC LCR UMPI BMLC (RFC QSK MD ?JJ UMPI BMLC ML MP @W RFC QWQRCK).
w "MRF Q ?LB W ?PC CLCPEW GL RP?LQGR; MLJW U PCNPCQCLRQ ?L GLBCNCLBCLR OS?LRGRW A?N?@JC MD @CGLE QRMPCB.
w 4FC GLRCPL?J CLCPEW U MD ? QWQRCK BCNCLBQ MLJW ML RFC QR?RC MD RFC QWQRCK ?LB LMR FMU GR PC?AFCB RF?R QR?RC.
w -CR?@MJGQK MD JGTGLE MPE?LGQKQ, ?LB NFMRMQWLRFCQGQ MD NJ?LRQ, ?PC QNCAG?JGXCB RWNCQ MD FC?R RP?LQDCP, BMGLE UMPI, ?LB GLRCPL?J CLCPEW MD QWQRCKQ.
w /LC MD RFC GKNMPR?LR GKNJGA?RGMLQ MD RFC DGPQR J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ GQ RF?R K?AFGLCQ A?L @C F?PLCQQCB RM BM UMPI RF?R FSK?LQ NPCTGMSQJW BGB
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? FC?R CLEGLC.
w 4FCPC ?PC QCTCP?J QGKNJC NPMACQQCQ, SQCB @W FC?R CLEGLCQ, RF?R DJMU DPMK RFC DGPQR J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ. !KMLE RFCK ?PC RFC GQM@?PGA,
GQMAFMPGA, GQMRFCPK?J ?LB ?BG?@?RGA NPMACQQCQ.
w 4FCQC NPMACQQCQ BGDDCP DPMK MLC ?LMRFCP @?QCB ML FMU RFCW ?DDCAR NPCQQSPC, TMJSKC, RCKNCP?RSPC, ?LB FC?R RP?LQDCP.
w )D RFC UMPI BMLC GQ NCPDMPKCB ML RFC MSRQGBC CLTGPMLKCLR, UMPI ( W ) UGJJ @C ? NMQGRGTC T?JSC. )D RFC UMPI BMLC GQ BMLC RM RFC FC?R CLEGLC
QWQRCK, UMPI ( W ) UGJJ @C ? LCE?RGTC T?JSC.
w 3MKC RFCPKMBWL?KGA NPMACQQCQ, GLAJSBGLE GQMRFCPK?J ?LB ?BG?@?RGA NPMACQQCQ, ?PC PCTCPQG@JC GL RFCMPW; RF?R GQ, @MRF RFC RFCPKMBWL?KGA
QWQRCK ?LB RFC CLTGPMLKCLR A?L @C PCRSPLCB RM RFCGP GLGRG?J QR?RCQ. (MUCTCP, @CA?SQC MD JMQQ MD CLCPEW MUGLE RM RFC QCAMLB J?U MD
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w 4FC RUM CVNPCQQGMLQ MD RFC QCAMLB J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ ?PC: (G) (C?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ QNMLR?LCMSQJW DPMK FGEFCP- RM JMUCP-RCKNCP?RSPC @MBGCQ
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QR?RC ?R RFC CLB MD CTCPW AWAJC.
w )L ? AWAJGA?J NPMACQQ, QSAF ?Q ? FC?R CLEGLC, RFC LCR UMPI BMLC @W RFC QWQRCK COS?JQ RFC LCR FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM RFC QWQRCK, MP W = Q
h
Q
c
, UFCPC Q
h
GQ RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK RFC FMR M@HCAR (FMR PCQCPTMGP), ?LB Q
c
GQ RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM RFC AMJB M@HCAR (AMJB PCQCPTMGP).
w %DDGAGCLAW A?L @C CVNPCQQCB ?Q Ef =
W
Q
h
, RFC P?RGM MD UMPI MSRNSR BGTGBCB @W RFC ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW GLNSR.
w 4FC DMSP-QRPMIC E?QMJGLC CLEGLC GQ MDRCL CVNJ?GLCB GL RCPKQ MD RFC /RRM AWAJC, UFGAF GQ ? PCNC?RGLE QCOSCLAC MD NPMACQQCQ RF?R AMLTCPR FC?R GLRM
UMPI.
w 4FC #?PLMR AWAJC GQ ? RFCMPCRGA?J AWAJC RF?R GQ RFC KMQR CDDGAGCLR AWAJGA?J NPMACQQ NMQQG@JC. !LW CLEGLC SQGLE RFC #?PLMR AWAJC, UFGAF SQCQ MLJW
PCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQCQ (?BG?@?RGA ?LB GQMRFCPK?J), GQ ILMUL ?Q ? #?PLMR CLEGLC.
w !LW CLEGLC RF?R SQCQ RFC #?PLMR AWAJC CLHMWQ RFC K?VGKSK RFCMPCRGA?J CDDGAGCLAW.
w 7FGJC #?PLMR CLEGLCQ ?PC GBC?J CLEGLCQ, GL PC?JGRW, LM CLEGLC ?AFGCTCQ #?PLMRtQ RFCMPCRGA?J K?VGKSK CDDGAGCLAW, QGLAC BGQQGN?RGTC NPMACQQCQ,
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w !L ?PRGD?AR MD RFC QCAMLB J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ GQ RFC ?@GJGRW RM FC?R ?L GLRCPGMP QN?AC SQGLE ? FC?R NSKN. (C?R NSKNQ AMKNPCQQ AMJB ?K@GCLR
?GP ?LB, GL QM BMGLE, FC?R GR RM PMMK RCKNCP?RSPC UGRFMSR TGMJ?RGML MD AMLQCPT?RGML NPGLAGNJCQ.
w 4M A?JASJ?RC RFC FC?R NSKNtQ AMCDDGAGCLR MD NCPDMPK?LAC, SQC RFC COS?RGML COP
hp
=
Q
h
W
.
w ! PCDPGECP?RMP GQ ? FC?R NSKN; GR R?ICQ U?PK ?K@GCLR ?GP ?LB CVN?LBQ GR RM AFGJJ GR.
15.6 EDJHEFO 7D: J>; ,;9ED: %7M E< ->;HCE:OD7C?9I: D?IEH:;H 7D: J>; .D7L7?B78?B?JO E< ED;H=O
w %LRPMNW GQ RFC JMQQ MD CLCPEW ?T?GJ?@JC RM BM UMPI.
w !LMRFCP DMPK MD RFC QCAMLB J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ QR?RCQ RF?R RFC RMR?J CLRPMNW MD ? QWQRCK CGRFCP GLAPC?QCQ MP PCK?GLQ AMLQR?LR; GR LCTCP
BCAPC?QCQ.
w %LRPMNW GQ XCPM GL ? PCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQ; GR GLAPC?QCQ GL ?L GPPCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQ.
w 4FC SJRGK?RC D?RC MD RFC SLGTCPQC GQ JGICJW RM @C RFCPKMBWL?KGA COSGJG@PGSK, UFCPC RFC SLGTCPQ?J RCKNCP?RSPC GQ AMLQR?LR ?LB LM CLCPEW GQ
?T?GJ?@JC RM BM UMPI.
w %LRPMNW GQ ?JQM ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF RFC RCLBCLAW RMU?PB BGQMPBCP GL ? AJMQCB QWQRCK.
15.7 ,J7J?IJ?97B "DJ;HFH;J7J?ED E< EDJHEFO 7D: J>; ,;9ED: %7M E< ->;HCE:OD7C?9I: ->; .D:;HBO?D= ENFB7D7J?ED
w $GQMPBCP GQ D?P KMPC JGICJW RF?L MPBCP, UFGAF A?L @C QCCL QR?RGQRGA?JJW.
#(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3 541
w 4FC CLRPMNW MD ? QWQRCK GL ? EGTCL QR?RC (? K?APMQR?RC) A?L @C UPGRRCL ?Q
S = klnW,
UFCPC k = 1.3810
23
J/K GQ "MJRXK?LLtQ AMLQR?LR, ?LB lnW GQ RFC L?RSP?J JME?PGRFK MD RFC LSK@CP MD KGAPMQR?RCQ W AMPPCQNMLBGLE RM
RFC EGTCL K?APMQR?RC.
15.1 ->; F?HIJ %7M E< ->;HCE:OD7C?9I
1. $CQAPG@C RFC NFMRM MD RFC RC? ICRRJC ?R RFC @CEGLLGLE MD RFGQ QCARGML GL RCPKQ MD FC?R RP?LQDCP, UMPI BMLC, ?LB GLRCPL?J CLCPEW. (MU GQ FC?R @CGLE
RP?LQDCPPCB? 7F?R GQ RFC UMPI BMLC ?LB UF?R GQ BMGLE GR? (MU BMCQ RFC ICRRJC K?GLR?GL GRQ GLRCPL?J CLCPEW?
2. 4FC DGPQR J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ ?LB RFC AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW, ?Q BGQASQQCB GL CEDI;HL7J?ED E< ED;H=O, ?PC AJC?PJW PCJ?RCB. (MU BM RFCW BGDDCP
GL RFC RWNCQ MD CLCPEW AMLQGBCPCB?
3. (C?R RP?LQDCP Q ?LB UMPI BMLC W ?PC ?JU?WQ CLCPEW GL RP?LQGR, UFCPC?Q GLRCPL?J CLCPEW U GQ CLCPEW QRMPCB GL ? QWQRCK. 'GTC ?L CV?KNJC MD
C?AF RWNC MD CLCPEW, ?LB QR?RC QNCAGDGA?JJW FMU GR GQ CGRFCP GL RP?LQGR MP PCQGBCQ GL ? QWQRCK.
4. (MU BM FC?R RP?LQDCP ?LB GLRCPL?J CLCPEW BGDDCP? )L N?PRGASJ?P, UFGAF A?L @C QRMPCB ?Q QSAF GL ? QWQRCK ?LB UFGAF A?LLMR?
5. )D WMS PSL BMUL QMKC QR?GPQ ?LB QRMN, UF?R F?NNCLQ RM WMSP IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?LB WMSP GLGRG?J EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW?
6. 'GTC ?L CVNJ?L?RGML MD FMU DMMB CLCPEW (A?JMPGCQ) A?L @C TGCUCB ?Q KMJCASJ?P NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW (AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC ?RMKGA ?LB KMJCASJ?P BCDGLGRGML
MD GLRCPL?J CLCPEW).
7. )BCLRGDW RFC RWNC MD CLCPEW RP?LQDCPPCB RM WMSP @MBW GL C?AF MD RFC DMJJMUGLE ?Q CGRFCP GLRCPL?J CLCPEW, FC?R RP?LQDCP, MP BMGLE UMPI: (?) @?QIGLE GL
QSLJGEFR; (@) C?RGLE DMMB; (A) PGBGLE ?L CJCT?RMP RM ? FGEFCP DJMMP.
8. ! EPC?R BC?J MD CDDMPR, RGKC, ?LB KMLCW F?Q @CCL QNCLR GL RFC OSCQR DMP RFC QM-A?JJCB NCPNCRS?J-KMRGML K?AFGLC, UFGAF GQ BCDGLCB ?Q ? FWNMRFCRGA?J
K?AFGLC RF?R MNCP?RCQ MP NPMBSACQ SQCDSJ UMPI GLBCDGLGRCJW ?LB/MP ? FWNMRFCRGA?J K?AFGLC RF?R NPMBSACQ KMPC UMPI MP CLCPEW RF?L GR AMLQSKCQ.
%VNJ?GL, GL RCPKQ MD FC?R CLEGLCQ ?LB RFC DGPQR J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ, UFW MP UFW LMR QSAF ? K?AFGLC GQ JGICJW RM @C AMLQRPSARCB.
9. /LC KCRFMB MD AMLTCPRGLE FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM BMGLE UMPI GQ DMP FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM ? E?Q RM R?IC NJ?AC, UFGAF CVN?LBQ, BMGLE UMPI ML ? NGQRML, ?Q
QFMUL GL RFC DGESPC @CJMU. (?) )Q RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP AMLTCPRCB BGPCARJW RM UMPI GL ?L GQM@?PGA NPMACQQ, MP BMCQ GR EM RFPMSEF ?LMRFCP DMPK DGPQR? %VNJ?GL
WMSP ?LQUCP. (@) 7F?R ?@MSR GL ?L GQMRFCPK?J NPMACQQ? (A) 7F?R ?@MSR GL ?L ?BG?@?RGA NPMACQQ (UFCPC FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPPCB NPGMP RM RFC ?BG?@?RGA
NPMACQQ)?
F?=KH; 15.41
542 #(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3
10. 7MSJB RFC NPCTGMSQ OSCQRGML K?IC ?LW QCLQC DMP ?L GQMAFMPGA NPMACQQ? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP.
11. 7C MPBGL?PGJW Q?W RF?R U = 0 DMP ?L GQMRFCPK?J NPMACQQ. $MCQ RFGQ ?QQSKC LM NF?QC AF?LEC R?ICQ NJ?AC? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP.
12. 4FC RCKNCP?RSPC MD ? P?NGBJW CVN?LBGLE E?Q BCAPC?QCQ. %VNJ?GL UFW GL RCPKQ MD RFC DGPQR J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ. ((GLR: #MLQGBCP UFCRFCP RFC E?Q
BMCQ UMPI ?LB UFCRFCP FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ P?NGBJW GLRM RFC E?Q RFPMSEF AMLBSARGML.)
13. 7FGAF AWAJGA?J NPMACQQ PCNPCQCLRCB @W RFC RUM AJMQCB JMMNQ, !"#&! ?LB !"$%!, ML RFC PV BG?EP?K GL RFC DGESPC @CJMU NPMBSACQ RFC EPC?RCQR
A8G UMPI? )Q RF?R NPMACQQ ?JQM RFC MLC UGRF RFC QK?JJCQR UMPI GLNSR PCOSGPCB RM PCRSPL GR RM NMGLR !? %VNJ?GL WMSP PCQNMLQCQ.
F?=KH; 15.42 4FC RUM AWAJGA?J NPMACQQCQ QFMUL ML RFGQ PV BG?EP?K QR?PR UGRF ?LB PCRSPL RFC QWQRCK RM RFC AMLBGRGMLQ ?R NMGLR !, @SR RFCW DMJJMU BGDDCPCLR N?RFQ ?LB NPMBSAC
BGDDCPCLR ?KMSLRQ MD UMPI.
14. ! PC?J NPMACQQ K?W @C LC?PJW ?BG?@?RGA GD GR MAASPQ MTCP ? TCPW QFMPR RGKC. (MU BMCQ RFC QFMPR RGKC QN?L FCJN RFC NPMACQQ RM @C ?BG?@?RGA?
15. )R GQ SLJGICJW RF?R ? NPMACQQ A?L @C GQMRFCPK?J SLJCQQ GR GQ ? TCPW QJMU NPMACQQ. %VNJ?GL UFW. )Q RFC Q?KC RPSC DMP GQM@?PGA ?LB GQMAFMPGA NPMACQQCQ?
%VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP.
16. )K?EGLC WMS ?PC BPGTGLE ? A?P SN 0GICtQ 0C?I GL #MJMP?BM. 4M P?GQC ? A?P UCGEFGLE 1000 IGJMEP?KQ ? BGQR?LAC MD 100 KCRCPQ UMSJB PCOSGPC ?@MSR ?
KGJJGML HMSJCQ. 9MS AMSJB P?GQC ? A?P 12.5 IGJMKCRCPQ UGRF RFC CLCPEW GL ? E?JJML MD E?Q. $PGTGLE SN 0GIC'Q 0C?I (? KCPC 3000-KCRCP AJGK@) QFMSJB
AMLQSKC ? JGRRJC JCQQ RF?L ? OS?PR MD E?Q. "SR MRFCP AMLQGBCP?RGMLQ F?TC RM @C R?ICL GLRM ?AAMSLR. %VNJ?GL, GL RCPKQ MD CDDGAGCLAW, UF?R D?ARMPQ K?W
ICCN WMS DPMK PC?JGXGLE WMSP GBC?J CLCPEW SQC ML RFGQ RPGN.
17. )Q ? RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLAC LCACQQ?PW RM MNCP?RC ? FC?R CLEGLC? 3R?RC UFW MP UFW LMR.
18. $CDGLGRGMLQ MD CDDGAGCLAW T?PW BCNCLBGLE ML FMU CLCPEW GQ @CGLE AMLTCPRCB. #MKN?PC RFC BCDGLGRGMLQ MD CDDGAGCLAW DMP RFC FSK?L @MBW ?LB FC?R
CLEGLCQ. (MU BMCQ RFC BCDGLGRGML MD CDDGAGCLAW GL C?AF PCJ?RC RM RFC RWNC MD CLCPEW @CGLE AMLTCPRCB GLRM BMGLE UMPI?
19. 7FWrMRFCP RF?L RFC D?AR RF?R RFC QCAMLB J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ Q?WQ PCTCPQG@JC CLEGLCQ ?PC RFC KMQR CDDGAGCLRrQFMSJB FC?R CLEGLCQ CKNJMWGLE
PCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQCQ @C KMPC CDDGAGCLR RF?L RFMQC CKNJMWGLE GPPCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQCQ? #MLQGBCP RF?R BGQQGN?RGTC KCAF?LGQKQ ?PC MLC A?SQC MD
GPPCTCPQG@GJGRW.
20. 4FGLI ?@MSR RFC BPGLIGLE @GPB ?R RFC @CEGLLGLE MD RFGQ QCARGML (F?=KH; 15.21). !JRFMSEF RFC @GPB CLHMWQ RFC RFCMPCRGA?J K?VGKSK CDDGAGCLAW NMQQG@JC,
GD JCDR RM GRQ MUL BCTGACQ MTCP RGKC, RFC @GPB UGJJ AC?QC uBPGLIGLE.v 7F?R ?PC QMKC MD RFC BGQQGN?RGTC NPMACQQCQ RF?R KGEFR A?SQC RFC @GPBtQ KMRGML RM
AC?QC?
21. #?L GKNPMTCB CLEGLCCPGLE ?LB K?RCPG?JQ @C CKNJMWCB GL FC?R CLEGLCQ RM PCBSAC FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR? #?L RFCW CJGKGL?RC FC?R
RP?LQDCP GLRM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR CLRGPCJW?
22. $MCQ RFC QCAMLB J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ ?JRCP RFC AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW NPGLAGNJC?
23. %VNJ?GL UFW FC?R NSKNQ BM LMR UMPI ?Q UCJJ GL TCPW AMJB AJGK?RCQ ?Q RFCW BM GL KGJBCP MLCQ. )Q RFC Q?KC RPSC MD PCDPGECP?RMPQ?
24. )L QMKC .MPRFCPL %SPMNC?L L?RGMLQ, FMKCQ ?PC @CGLE @SGJR UGRFMSR FC?RGLE QWQRCKQ MD ?LW RWNC. 4FCW ?PC TCPW UCJJ GLQSJ?RCB ?LB ?PC ICNR U?PK
@W RFC @MBW FC?R MD RFC PCQGBCLRQ. (MUCTCP, UFCL RFC PCQGBCLRQ ?PC LMR ?R FMKC, GR GQ QRGJJ U?PK GL RFCQC FMSQCQ. 7F?R GQ ? NMQQG@JC CVNJ?L?RGML?
25. 7FW BM PCDPGECP?RMPQ, ?GP AMLBGRGMLCPQ, ?LB FC?R NSKNQ MNCP?RC KMQR AMQR-CDDCARGTCJW DMP AWAJCQ UGRF ? QK?JJ BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL T
h
?LB T
c
?
(.MRC RF?R RFC RCKNCP?RSPCQ MD RFC AWAJC CKNJMWCB ?PC APSAG?J RM GRQ COP .)
26. 'PMACPW QRMPC K?L?ECPQ AMLRCLB RF?R RFCPC GQ ?8FF RMR?J CLCPEW AMLQSKNRGML GL RFC QSKKCP GD RFC QRMPC GQ ICNR ?R ? ?BJ RCKNCP?RSPC. -?IC
?PESKCLRQ RM QSNNMPR MP PCDSRC RFGQ AJ?GK, R?IGLE GLRM ?AAMSLR RF?R RFCPC ?PC LSKCPMSQ PCDPGECP?RMPQ ?LB DPCCXCPQ GL RFC QRMPC.
27. #?L WMS AMMJ ? IGRAFCL @W JC?TGLE RFC PCDPGECP?RMP BMMP MNCL?
15.6 EDJHEFO 7D: J>; ,;9ED: %7M E< ->;HCE:OD7C?9I: D?IEH:;H 7D: J>; .D7L7?B78?B?JO E< ED;H=O
28. ! UMK?L QFSRQ FCP QSKKCP AMRR?EC SN GL 3CNRCK@CP ?LB PCRSPLQ GL *SLC. .M MLC F?Q CLRCPCB RFC AMRR?EC GL RFC KC?LRGKC. %VNJ?GL UF?R QFC GQ
JGICJW RM DGLB, GL RCPKQ MD RFC QCAMLB J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ.
29. #MLQGBCP ? QWQRCK UGRF ? ACPR?GL CLCPEW AMLRCLR, DPMK UFGAF UC UGQF RM CVRP?AR ?Q KSAF UMPI ?Q NMQQG@JC. 3FMSJB RFC QWQRCKtQ CLRPMNW @C FGEF
MP JMU? )Q RFGQ MPBCPJW MP BGQMPBCPJW? 3RPSARSPCB MP SLGDMPK? %VNJ?GL @PGCDJW.
#(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3 543
30. $MCQ ? E?Q @CAMKC KMPC MPBCPJW UFCL GR JGOSCDGCQ? $MCQ GRQ CLRPMNW AF?LEC? )D QM, BMCQ RFC CLRPMNW GLAPC?QC MP BCAPC?QC? %VNJ?GL WMSP
?LQUCP.
31. %VNJ?GL FMU U?RCPtQ CLRPMNW A?L BCAPC?QC UFCL GR DPCCXCQ UGRFMSR TGMJ?RGLE RFC QCAMLB J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ. 3NCAGDGA?JJW, CVNJ?GL UF?R
F?NNCLQ RM RFC CLRPMNW MD GRQ QSPPMSLBGLEQ.
32. )Q ? SLGDMPK-RCKNCP?RSPC E?Q KMPC MP JCQQ MPBCPJW RF?L MLC UGRF QCTCP?J BGDDCPCLR RCKNCP?RSPCQ? 7FGAF GQ KMPC QRPSARSPCB? )L UFGAF A?L FC?R
RP?LQDCP PCQSJR GL UMPI BMLC UGRFMSR FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK ?LMRFCP QWQRCK?
33. 'GTC ?L CV?KNJC MD ? QNMLR?LCMSQ NPMACQQ GL UFGAF ? QWQRCK @CAMKCQ JCQQ MPBCPCB ?LB CLCPEW @CAMKCQ JCQQ ?T?GJ?@JC RM BM UMPI. 7F?R
F?NNCLQ RM RFC QWQRCKtQ CLRPMNW GL RFGQ NPMACQQ?
34. 7F?R GQ RFC AF?LEC GL CLRPMNW GL ?L ?BG?@?RGA NPMACQQ? $MCQ RFGQ GKNJW RF?R ?BG?@?RGA NPMACQQCQ ?PC PCTCPQG@JC? #?L ? NPMACQQ @C NPCAGQCJW
?BG?@?RGA DMP ? K?APMQAMNGA QWQRCK?
35. $MCQ RFC CLRPMNW MD ? QR?P GLAPC?QC MP BCAPC?QC ?Q GR P?BG?RCQ? $MCQ RFC CLRPMNW MD RFC QN?AC GLRM UFGAF GR P?BG?RCQ (UFGAF F?Q ? RCKNCP?RSPC MD
?@MSR 3 +) GLAPC?QC MP BCAPC?QC? 7F?R BMCQ RFGQ BM RM RFC CLRPMNW MD RFC SLGTCPQC?
36. %VNJ?GL UFW ? @SGJBGLE K?BC MD @PGAIQ F?Q QK?JJCP CLRPMNW RF?L RFC Q?KC @PGAIQ GL ? BGQMPE?LGXCB NGJC. $M RFGQ @W AMLQGBCPGLE RFC LSK@CP MD U?WQ
RF?R C?AF AMSJB @C DMPKCB (RFC LSK@CP MD KGAPMQR?RCQ GL C?AF K?APMQR?RC).
15.7 ,J7J?IJ?97B "DJ;HFH;J7J?ED E< EDJHEFO 7D: J>; ,;9ED: %7M E< ->;HCE:OD7C?9I: ->; .D:;HBO?D= ENFB7D7J?ED
37. %VNJ?GL UFW ? @SGJBGLE K?BC MD @PGAIQ F?Q QK?JJCP CLRPMNW RF?L RFC Q?KC @PGAIQ GL ? BGQMPE?LGXCB NGJC. $M RFGQ @W AMLQGBCPGLE RFC LSK@CP MD U?WQ
RF?R C?AF AMSJB @C DMPKCB (RFC LSK@CP MD KGAPMQR?RCQ GL C?AF K?APMQR?RC).
544 #(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3
15.1 ->; F?HIJ %7M E< ->;HCE:OD7C?9I
38. 7F?R GQ RFC AF?LEC GL GLRCPL?J CLCPEW MD ? A?P GD WMS NSR 12.0 E?J MD
E?QMJGLC GLRM GRQ R?LI? 4FC CLCPEW AMLRCLR MD E?QMJGLC GQ 1.310
8
J/gal .
!JJ MRFCP D?ARMPQ, QSAF ?Q RFC A?PtQ RCKNCP?RSPC, ?PC AMLQR?LR.
39. (MU KSAF FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ DPMK ? QWQRCK, GD GRQ GLRCPL?J CLCPEW
BCAPC?QCB @W 150 * UFGJC GR U?Q BMGLE 30.0 * MD UMPI?
40. ! QWQRCK BMCQ 1.8010
8
J MD UMPI UFGJC 7.5010
8
J MD FC?R
RP?LQDCP MAASPQ RM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR. 7F?R GQ RFC AF?LEC GL GLRCPL?J CLCPEW
MD RFC QWQRCK ?QQSKGLE LM MRFCP AF?LECQ (QSAF ?Q GL RCKNCP?RSPC MP @W
RFC ?BBGRGML MD DSCJ)?
41. 7F?R GQ RFC AF?LEC GL GLRCPL?J CLCPEW MD ? QWQRCK UFGAF BMCQ
4.5010
5
J MD UMPI UFGJC 3.0010
6
J MD FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ GLRM RFC
QWQRCK, ?LB 8.0010
6
J MD FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ RM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR?
42. 3SNNMQC ? UMK?L BMCQ 500 * MD UMPI ?LB 9500 * MD FC?R RP?LQDCP
MAASPQ GLRM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR GL RFC NPMACQQ. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC BCAPC?QC GL
FCP GLRCPL?J CLCPEW, ?QQSKGLE LM AF?LEC GL RCKNCP?RSPC MP AMLQSKNRGML
MD DMMB? (4F?R GQ, RFCPC GQ LM MRFCP CLCPEW RP?LQDCP.) (@) 7F?R GQ FCP
CDDGAGCLAW?
43. (?) (MU KSAF DMMB CLCPEW UGJJ ? K?L KCR?@MJGXC GL RFC NPMACQQ MD
BMGLE 35.0 I* MD UMPI UGRF ?L CDDGAGCLAW MD 5.00%? (@) (MU KSAF FC?R
RP?LQDCP MAASPQ RM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR RM ICCN FGQ RCKNCP?RSPC AMLQR?LR?
%VNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU RFC QRCNQ GL RFC 0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE 3RP?RCEW
DMP RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ DMSLB GL )HE8B;C-,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=?;I <EH
->;HCE:OD7C?9I.
44. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC KCR?@MJGA P?RC GL U?RRQ MD ? K?L UFM
KCR?@MJGXCQ 10,500 I* MD DMMB CLCPEW GL MLC B?W? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC
K?VGKSK ?KMSLR MD UMPI GL HMSJCQ FC A?L BM UGRFMSR @PC?IGLE BMUL D?R,
?QQSKGLE ? K?VGKSK CDDGAGCLAW MD 20.0%? (A) #MKN?PC FGQ UMPI MSRNSR
UGRF RFC B?GJW MSRNSR MD ? 187-7 (0.250-FMPQCNMUCP) KMRMP.
45. (?) (MU JMLE UGJJ RFC CLCPEW GL ? 1470-I* (350-IA?J) ASN MD WMESPR J?QR
GL ? UMK?L BMGLE UMPI ?R RFC P?RC MD 150 7 UGRF ?L CDDGAGCLAW MD 20.0%
(QSAF ?Q GL JCGQSPCJW AJGK@GLE QR?GPQ)? (@) $MCQ RFC RGKC DMSLB GL N?PR (?)
GKNJW RF?R GR GQ C?QW RM AMLQSKC KMPC DMMB CLCPEW RF?L WMS A?L
PC?QML?@JW CVNCAR RM UMPI MDD UGRF CVCPAGQC?
46. (?) ! UMK?L AJGK@GLE RFC 7?QFGLERML -MLSKCLR KCR?@MJGXCQ
6.0010
2
kJ MD DMMB CLCPEW. )D FCP CDDGAGCLAW GQ 18.0%, FMU KSAF FC?R
RP?LQDCP MAASPQ RM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR RM ICCN FCP RCKNCP?RSPC AMLQR?LR? (@)
$GQASQQ RFC ?KMSLR MD FC?R RP?LQDCP DMSLB GL (?). )Q GR AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC
D?AR RF?R WMS OSGAIJW U?PK SN UFCL CVCPAGQGLE?
15.2 ->; F?HIJ %7M E< ->;HCE:OD7C?9I 7D: ,EC;
,?CFB; )HE9;II;I
47. ! A?P RGPC AMLR?GLQ 0.0380 m
3
MD ?GP ?R ? NPCQQSPC MD
2.2010
5
N/m
2
(?@MSR 32 NQG). (MU KSAF KMPC GLRCPL?J CLCPEW BMCQ
RFGQ E?Q F?TC RF?L RFC Q?KC TMJSKC F?Q ?R XCPM E?SEC NPCQQSPC (UFGAF
GQ COSGT?JCLR RM LMPK?J ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC)?
48. ! FCJGSK-DGJJCB RMW @?JJMML F?Q ? E?SEC NPCQQSPC MD 0.200 ?RK ?LB ?
TMJSKC MD 10.0 ,. (MU KSAF EPC?RCP GQ RFC GLRCPL?J CLCPEW MD RFC FCJGSK
GL RFC @?JJMML RF?L GR UMSJB @C ?R XCPM E?SEC NPCQQSPC?
49. 3RC?K RM BPGTC ?L MJB-D?QFGMLCB QRC?K JMAMKMRGTC GQ QSNNJGCB ?R ?
AMLQR?LR E?SEC NPCQQSPC MD 1.7510
6
N/m
2
(?@MSR 250 NQG) RM ?
NGQRML UGRF ? 0.200-K P?BGSQ. (?) "W A?JASJ?RGLE PV , DGLB RFC UMPI
BMLC @W RFC QRC?K UFCL RFC NGQRML KMTCQ 0.800 K. .MRC RF?R RFGQ GQ RFC
LCR UMPI MSRNSR, QGLAC E?SEC NPCQQSPC GQ SQCB. (@) .MU DGLB RFC ?KMSLR
MD UMPI @W A?JASJ?RGLE RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB RGKCQ RFC BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB. )Q RFC
?LQUCP RFC Q?KC ?Q GL N?PR (?)?
50. ! F?LB-BPGTCL RGPC NSKN F?Q ? NGQRML UGRF ? 2.50-AK BG?KCRCP ?LB ?
K?VGKSK QRPMIC MD 30.0 AK. (?) (MU KSAF UMPI BM WMS BM GL MLC QRPMIC
GD RFC ?TCP?EC E?SEC NPCQQSPC GQ 2.4010
5
N/m
2
(?@MSR 35 NQG)? (@)
7F?R ?TCP?EC DMPAC BM WMS CVCPR ML RFC NGQRML, LCEJCARGLE DPGARGML ?LB
EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC?
51. #?JASJ?RC RFC LCR UMPI MSRNSR MD ? FC?R CLEGLC DMJJMUGLE N?RF !"#$!
GL RFC DGESPC @CJMU.
F?=KH; 15.43
52. 7F?R GQ RFC LCR UMPI MSRNSR MD ? FC?R CLEGLC RF?R DMJJMUQ N?RF !"$!
GL RFC DGESPC ?@MTC, UGRF ? QRP?GEFR JGLC DPMK " RM $? 7FW GQ RFC UMPI
MSRNSR JCQQ RF?L DMP N?RF !"#$!? %VNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU RFC
QRCNQ GL RFC )HE8B;C-,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=?;I <EH ->;HCE:OD7C?9I.
7F?R GQ UPMLE UGRF RFC AJ?GK RF?R ? AWAJGA?J FC?R CLEGLC BMCQ 4.00 I* MD
UMPI ML ?L GLNSR MD 24.0 I* MD FC?R RP?LQDCP UFGJC 16.0 I* MD FC?R RP?LQDCPQ
RM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR?
54. (?) ! AWAJGA?J FC?R CLEGLC, MNCP?RGLE @CRUCCL RCKNCP?RSPCQ MD
450 C ?LB 150 C NPMBSACQ 4.00 -* MD UMPI ML ? FC?R RP?LQDCP MD
5.00 -* GLRM RFC CLEGLC. (MU KSAF FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ RM RFC
CLTGPMLKCLR? (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFC CLEGLC? (A) 7FGAF
NPCKGQC GQ SLPC?QML?@JC?
#MLQGBCP ? A?PtQ E?QMJGLC CLEGLC. #MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS
A?JASJ?RC RFC K?VGKSK CDDGAGCLAW RFGQ CLEGLC A?L F?TC. !KMLE RFC RFGLEQ
RM AMLQGBCP ?PC RFC CDDCARGTC FMR ?LB AMJB PCQCPTMGP RCKNCP?RSPCQ.
#MKN?PC WMSP A?JASJ?RCB CDDGAGCLAW UGRF RFC ?ARS?J CDDGAGCLAW MD A?P
CLEGLCQ.
#MLQGBCP ? A?P RPGN GLRM RFC KMSLR?GLQ. #MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS
A?JASJ?RC RFC MTCP?JJ CDDGAGCLAW MD RFC A?P DMP RFC RPGN ?Q ? P?RGM MD IGLCRGA
?LB NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW E?GLCB RM DSCJ AMLQSKCB. #MKN?PC RFGQ CDDGAGCLAW RM
RFC RFCPKMBWL?KGA CDDGAGCLAW OSMRCB DMP E?QMJGLC CLEGLCQ ?LB BGQASQQ
UFW RFC RFCPKMBWL?KGA CDDGAGCLAW GQ QM KSAF EPC?RCP. !KMLE RFC D?ARMPQ
RM @C AMLQGBCPCB ?PC RFC E?GL GL ?JRGRSBC ?LB QNCCB, RFC K?QQ MD RFC A?P,
RFC BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB, ?LB RWNGA?J DSCJ CAMLMKW.
15.3 "DJHE:K9J?ED JE J>; ,;9ED: %7M E<
->;HCE:OD7C?9I: !;7J ED=?D;I 7D: ->;?H E<<?9?;D9O
57. ! ACPR?GL FC?R CLEGLC BMCQ 10.0 I* MD UMPI ?LB 8.50 I* MD FC?R
RP?LQDCP MAASPQ RM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR GL ? AWAJGA?J NPMACQQ. (?) 7F?R U?Q RFC
FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM RFGQ CLEGLC? (@) 7F?R U?Q RFC CLEGLCtQ CDDGAGCLAW?
58. 7GRF 2.5610
6
J MD FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM RFGQ CLEGLC, ? EGTCL AWAJGA?J
FC?R CLEGLC A?L BM MLJW 1.5010
5
J MD UMPI. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC CLEGLCtQ
CDDGAGCLAW? (@) (MU KSAF FC?R RP?LQDCP RM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR R?ICQ NJ?AC?
59. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC UMPI MSRNSR MD ? AWAJGA?J FC?R CLEGLC F?TGLE ? 22.0%
CDDGAGCLAW ?LB 6.0010
9
J MD FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM RFC CLEGLC? (@) (MU
KSAF FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ RM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR?
#(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3 545
60. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC CDDGAGCLAW MD ? AWAJGA?J FC?R CLEGLC GL UFGAF 75.0 I* MD
FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ RM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR DMP CTCPW 95.0 I* MD FC?R RP?LQDCP
GLRM RFC CLEGLC? (@) (MU KSAF UMPI BMCQ GR NPMBSAC DMP 100 I* MD FC?R
RP?LQDCP GLRM RFC CLEGLC?
61. 4FC CLEGLC MD ? J?PEC QFGN BMCQ 2.0010
8
J MD UMPI UGRF ?L
CDDGAGCLAW MD 5.00%. (?) (MU KSAF FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ RM RFC
CLTGPMLKCLR? (@) (MU K?LW @?PPCJQ MD DSCJ ?PC AMLQSKCB, GD C?AF @?PPCJ
NPMBSACQ 6.0010
9
J MD FC?R RP?LQDCP UFCL @SPLCB?
62. (?) (MU KSAF FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ RM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR @W ?L CJCARPGA?J
NMUCP QR?RGML RF?R SQCQ 1.2510
14
J MD FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM RFC CLEGLC
UGRF ?L CDDGAGCLAW MD 42.0%? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC P?RGM MD FC?R RP?LQDCP RM RFC
CLTGPMLKCLR RM UMPI MSRNSR? (A) (MU KSAF UMPI GQ BMLC?
63. !QQSKC RF?R RFC RSP@GLCQ ?R ? AM?J-NMUCPCB NMUCP NJ?LR UCPC
SNEP?BCB, PCQSJRGLE GL ?L GKNPMTCKCLR GL CDDGAGCLAW MD 3.32%. !QQSKC
RF?R NPGMP RM RFC SNEP?BC RFC NMUCP QR?RGML F?B ?L CDDGAGCLAW MD 36% ?LB
RF?R RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM RFC CLEGLC GL MLC B?W GQ QRGJJ RFC Q?KC ?R
2.5010
14
J . (?) (MU KSAF KMPC CJCARPGA?J CLCPEW GQ NPMBSACB BSC RM
RFC SNEP?BC? (@) (MU KSAF JCQQ FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ RM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR
BSC RM RFC SNEP?BC?
64. 4FGQ NPM@JCK AMKN?PCQ RFC CLCPEW MSRNSR ?LB FC?R RP?LQDCP RM RFC
CLTGPMLKCLR @W RUM BGDDCPCLR RWNCQ MD LSAJC?P NMUCP QR?RGMLQrMLC UGRF
RFC LMPK?J CDDGAGCLAW MD 34.0%, ?LB ?LMRFCP UGRF ?L GKNPMTCB CDDGAGCLAW
MD 40.0%. 3SNNMQC @MRF F?TC RFC Q?KC FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM RFC CLEGLC GL
MLC B?W, 2.5010
14
J . (?) (MU KSAF KMPC CJCARPGA?J CLCPEW GQ
NPMBSACB @W RFC KMPC CDDGAGCLR NMUCP QR?RGML? (@) (MU KSAF JCQQ FC?R
RP?LQDCP MAASPQ RM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR @W RFC KMPC CDDGAGCLR NMUCP QR?RGML?
(/LC RWNC MD KMPC CDDGAGCLR LSAJC?P NMUCP QR?RGML, RFC E?Q-AMMJCB PC?ARMP,
F?Q LMR @CCL PCJG?@JC CLMSEF RM @C CAMLMKGA?JJW DC?QG@JC GL QNGRC MD GRQ
EPC?RCP CDDGAGCLAW.)
15.4 C7HDEJXI );H<;9J !;7J ED=?D;: ->; ,;9ED: %7M E<
->;HCE:OD7C?9I +;IJ7J;:
65. ! ACPR?GL E?QMJGLC CLEGLC F?Q ?L CDDGAGCLAW MD 30.0%. 7F?R UMSJB RFC
FMR PCQCPTMGP RCKNCP?RSPC @C DMP ? #?PLMR CLEGLC F?TGLE RF?R CDDGAGCLAW, GD
GR MNCP?RCQ UGRF ? AMJB PCQCPTMGP RCKNCP?RSPC MD 200C?
66. ! E?Q-AMMJCB LSAJC?P PC?ARMP MNCP?RCQ @CRUCCL FMR ?LB AMJB
PCQCPTMGP RCKNCP?RSPCQ MD 700C ?LB 27.0C. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC
K?VGKSK CDDGAGCLAW MD ? FC?R CLEGLC MNCP?RGLE @CRUCCL RFCQC
RCKNCP?RSPCQ? (@) &GLB RFC P?RGM MD RFGQ CDDGAGCLAW RM RFC #?PLMR CDDGAGCLAW
MD ? QR?LB?PB LSAJC?P PC?ARMP (DMSLB GL EN7CFB; 15.4).
67. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC FMR PCQCPTMGP RCKNCP?RSPC MD ? #?PLMR CLEGLC RF?R F?Q
?L CDDGAGCLAW MD 42.0% ?LB ? AMJB PCQCPTMGP RCKNCP?RSPC MD 27.0C? (@)
7F?R KSQR RFC FMR PCQCPTMGP RCKNCP?RSPC @C DMP ? PC?J FC?R CLEGLC RF?R
?AFGCTCQ 0.700 MD RFC K?VGKSK CDDGAGCLAW, @SR QRGJJ F?Q ?L CDDGAGCLAW MD
42.0% (?LB ? AMJB PCQCPTMGP ?R 27.0C)? (A) $MCQ WMSP ?LQUCP GKNJW
NP?ARGA?J JGKGRQ RM RFC CDDGAGCLAW MD A?P E?QMJGLC CLEGLCQ?
68. 3RC?K JMAMKMRGTCQ F?TC ?L CDDGAGCLAW MD 17.0% ?LB MNCP?RC UGRF ?
FMR QRC?K RCKNCP?RSPC MD 425C. (?) 7F?R UMSJB RFC AMJB PCQCPTMGP
RCKNCP?RSPC @C GD RFGQ UCPC ? #?PLMR CLEGLC? (@) 7F?R UMSJB RFC
K?VGKSK CDDGAGCLAW MD RFGQ QRC?K CLEGLC @C GD GRQ AMJB PCQCPTMGP
RCKNCP?RSPC UCPC 150C?
69. 0P?ARGA?J QRC?K CLEGLCQ SRGJGXC 450C QRC?K, UFGAF GQ J?RCP
CVF?SQRCB ?R 270C. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK CDDGAGCLAW RF?R QSAF ?
FC?R CLEGLC A?L F?TC? (@) 3GLAC 270C QRC?K GQ QRGJJ OSGRC FMR, ?
QCAMLB QRC?K CLEGLC GQ QMKCRGKCQ MNCP?RCB SQGLE RFC CVF?SQR MD RFC
DGPQR. 7F?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK CDDGAGCLAW MD RFC QCAMLB CLEGLC GD GRQ CVF?SQR
F?Q ? RCKNCP?RSPC MD 150C? (A) 7F?R GQ RFC MTCP?JJ CDDGAGCLAW MD RFC
RUM CLEGLCQ? (B) 3FMU RF?R RFGQ GQ RFC Q?KC CDDGAGCLAW ?Q ? QGLEJC #?PLMR
CLEGLC MNCP?RGLE @CRUCCL 450C ?LB 150C. %VNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU WMS
DMJJMU RFC QRCNQ GL RFC )HE8B;C-,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=?;I <EH
->;HCE:OD7C?9I.
70. ! AM?J-DGPCB CJCARPGA?J NMUCP QR?RGML F?Q ?L CDDGAGCLAW MD 38%. 4FC
RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC QRC?K JC?TGLE RFC @MGJCP GQ 550C. 7F?R NCPACLR?EC
MD RFC K?VGKSK CDDGAGCLAW BMCQ RFGQ QR?RGML M@R?GL? (!QQSKC RFC
RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC CLTGPMLKCLR GQ 20C.)
71. 7MSJB WMS @C UGJJGLE RM DGL?LAG?JJW @?AI ?L GLTCLRMP UFM GQ K?PICRGLE
? BCTGAC RF?R QFC AJ?GKQ F?Q 25 I* MD FC?R RP?LQDCP ?R 600 +, F?Q FC?R
RP?LQDCP RM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR ?R 300 +, ?LB BMCQ 12 I* MD UMPI? %VNJ?GL
WMSP ?LQUCP.
(?) 3SNNMQC WMS U?LR RM BCQGEL ? QRC?K CLEGLC RF?R F?Q FC?R RP?LQDCP RM
RFC CLTGPMLKCLR ?R 270C ?LB F?Q ? #?PLMR CDDGAGCLAW MD 0.800. 7F?R
RCKNCP?RSPC MD FMR QRC?K KSQR WMS SQC? (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR
RFC RCKNCP?RSPC? (A) 7FGAF NPCKGQC GQ SLPC?QML?@JC?
#?JASJ?RC RFC AMJB PCQCPTMGP RCKNCP?RSPC MD ? QRC?K CLEGLC RF?R SQCQ FMR
QRC?K ?R 450C ?LB F?Q ? #?PLMR CDDGAGCLAW MD 0.700. (@) 7F?R GQ
SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFC RCKNCP?RSPC? (A) 7FGAF NPCKGQC GQ
SLPC?QML?@JC?
15.5 AFFB?97J?EDI E< ->;HCE:OD7C?9I: !;7J )KCFI 7D:
+;<H?=;H7JEHI
74. 7F?R GQ RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD NCPDMPK?LAC MD ?L GBC?J FC?R NSKN RF?R F?Q
FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK ? AMJB RCKNCP?RSPC MD 25.0C RM ? FMR RCKNCP?RSPC
MD 40.0C?
75. 3SNNMQC WMS F?TC ?L GBC?J PCDPGECP?RMP RF?R AMMJQ ?L CLTGPMLKCLR ?R
20.0C ?LB F?Q FC?R RP?LQDCP RM ?LMRFCP CLTGPMLKCLR ?R 50.0C.
7F?R GQ GRQ AMCDDGAGCLR MD NCPDMPK?LAC?
76. 7F?R GQ RFC @CQR AMCDDGAGCLR MD NCPDMPK?LAC NMQQG@JC DMP ? FWNMRFCRGA?J
PCDPGECP?RMP RF?R AMSJB K?IC JGOSGB LGRPMECL ?R 200C ?LB F?Q FC?R
RP?LQDCP RM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR ?R 35.0C?
77. )L ? TCPW KGJB UGLRCP AJGK?RC, ? FC?R NSKN F?Q FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK ?L
CLTGPMLKCLR ?R 5.00C RM MLC ?R 35.0C. 7F?R GQ RFC @CQR NMQQG@JC
AMCDDGAGCLR MD NCPDMPK?LAC DMP RFCQC RCKNCP?RSPCQ? %VNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU
WMS DMJJMU RFC QRCNQ GL RFC )HE8B;C-,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=?;I <EH
->;HCE:OD7C?9I.
78. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC @CQR AMCDDGAGCLR MD NCPDMPK?LAC DMP ? FC?R NSKN RF?R
F?Q ? FMR PCQCPTMGP RCKNCP?RSPC MD 50.0C ?LB ? AMJB PCQCPTMGP
RCKNCP?RSPC MD 20.0C? (@) (MU KSAF FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ GLRM RFC
U?PK CLTGPMLKCLR GD 3.6010
7
J MD UMPI ( 10.0kW h ) GQ NSR GLRM GR?
(A) )D RFC AMQR MD RFGQ UMPI GLNSR GQ 10.0 cents/kW h , FMU BMCQ GRQ AMQR
AMKN?PC UGRF RFC BGPCAR FC?R RP?LQDCP ?AFGCTCB @W @SPLGLE L?RSP?J E?Q ?R
? AMQR MD 85.0 ACLRQ NCP RFCPK. (! RFCPK GQ ? AMKKML SLGR MD CLCPEW DMP
L?RSP?J E?Q ?LB COS?JQ 1.05510
8
J .)
79. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC @CQR AMCDDGAGCLR MD NCPDMPK?LAC DMP ? PCDPGECP?RMP RF?R
AMMJQ ?L CLTGPMLKCLR ?R 30.0C ?LB F?Q FC?R RP?LQDCP RM ?LMRFCP
CLTGPMLKCLR ?R 45.0C? (@) (MU KSAF UMPI GL HMSJCQ KSQR @C BMLC DMP
? FC?R RP?LQDCP MD 4186 I* DPMK RFC AMJB CLTGPMLKCLR? (A) 7F?R GQ RFC
AMQR MD BMGLE RFGQ GD RFC UMPI AMQRQ 10.0 ACLRQ NCP 3.6010
6
J (?
IGJMU?RR-FMSP)? (B) (MU K?LW I* MD FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ GLRM RFC U?PK
CLTGPMLKCLR? (C) $GQASQQ UF?R RWNC MD PCDPGECP?RMP KGEFR MNCP?RC
@CRUCCL RFCQC RCKNCP?RSPCQ.
80. 3SNNMQC WMS U?LR RM MNCP?RC ?L GBC?J PCDPGECP?RMP UGRF ? AMJB
RCKNCP?RSPC MD 10.0C, ?LB WMS UMSJB JGIC GR RM F?TC ? AMCDDGAGCLR MD
NCPDMPK?LAC MD 7.00. 7F?R GQ RFC FMR PCQCPTMGP RCKNCP?RSPC DMP QSAF ?
PCDPGECP?RMP?
81. !L GBC?J FC?R NSKN GQ @CGLE AMLQGBCPCB DMP SQC GL FC?RGLE ?L
CLTGPMLKCLR UGRF ? RCKNCP?RSPC MD 22.0C. 7F?R GQ RFC AMJB PCQCPTMGP
RCKNCP?RSPC GD RFC NSKN GQ RM F?TC ? AMCDDGAGCLR MD NCPDMPK?LAC MD 12.0?
546 #(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3
82. ! 4-RML ?GP AMLBGRGMLCP PCKMTCQ 5.0610
7
J (48,000 "PGRGQF RFCPK?J
SLGRQ) DPMK ? AMJB CLTGPMLKCLR GL 1.00 F. (?) 7F?R CLCPEW GLNSR GL HMSJCQ
GQ LCACQQ?PW RM BM RFGQ GD RFC ?GP AMLBGRGMLCP F?Q ?L CLCPEW CDDGAGCLAW
P?RGLE ( EER ) MD 12.0? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC AMQR MD BMGLE RFGQ GD RFC UMPI AMQRQ
10.0 ACLRQ NCP 3.6010
6
J (MLC IGJMU?RR-FMSP)? (A) $GQASQQ UFCRFCP
RFGQ AMQR QCCKQ PC?JGQRGA. .MRC RF?R RFC CLCPEW CDDGAGCLAW P?RGLE ( EER ) MD
?L ?GP AMLBGRGMLCP MP PCDPGECP?RMP GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC LSK@CP MD "PGRGQF
RFCPK?J SLGRQ MD FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK ? AMJB CLTGPMLKCLR NCP FMSP BGTGBCB @W
RFC U?RRQ MD NMUCP GLNSR.
83. 3FMU RF?R RFC AMCDDGAGCLRQ MD NCPDMPK?LAC MD PCDPGECP?RMPQ ?LB FC?R
NSKNQ ?PC PCJ?RCB @W COP
ref
= COP
hp
1 .
3R?PR UGRF RFC BCDGLGRGMLQ MD RFC COP Q ?LB RFC AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW
PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL Q
h
, Q
c
, ?LB W .
15.6 EDJHEFO 7D: J>; ,;9ED: %7M E< ->;HCE:OD7C?9I:
D?IEH:;H 7D: J>; .D7L7?B78?B?JO E< ED;H=O
84. (?) /L ? UGLRCP B?W, ? ACPR?GL FMSQC JMQCQ 5.0010
8
J MD FC?R RM
RFC MSRQGBC (?@MSR 500,000 "RS). 7F?R GQ RFC RMR?J AF?LEC GL CLRPMNW BSC
RM RFGQ FC?R RP?LQDCP ?JMLC, ?QQSKGLE ?L ?TCP?EC GLBMMP RCKNCP?RSPC MD
21.0 C ?LB ?L ?TCP?EC MSRBMMP RCKNCP?RSPC MD 5.00 C? (@) 4FGQ
J?PEC AF?LEC GL CLRPMNW GKNJGCQ ? J?PEC ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW F?Q @CAMKC
SL?T?GJ?@JC RM BM UMPI. 7FCPC BM UC DGLB KMPC CLCPEW UFCL QSAF
CLCPEW GQ JMQR RM SQ?
85. /L ? FMR QSKKCP B?W, 4.0010
6
J MD FC?R RP?LQDCP GLRM ? N?PICB
A?P R?ICQ NJ?AC, GLAPC?QGLE GRQ RCKNCP?RSPC DPMK 35.0 C RM 45.0 C.
7F?R GQ RFC GLAPC?QC GL CLRPMNW MD RFC A?P BSC RM RFGQ FC?R RP?LQDCP ?JMLC?
86. ! FMR PMAI CHCARCB DPMK ? TMJA?LMtQ J?T? DMSLR?GL AMMJQ DPMK
1100 C RM 40.0 C, ?LB GRQ CLRPMNW BCAPC?QCQ @W 950 */+. (MU KSAF
FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ DPMK RFC PMAI?
87. 7FCL 1.6010
5
J MD FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ GLRM ? KC?R NGC GLGRG?JJW ?R
20.0 C, GRQ CLRPMNW GLAPC?QCQ @W 480 */+. 7F?R GQ GRQ DGL?J RCKNCP?RSPC?
88. 4FC 3SL P?BG?RCQ CLCPEW ?R RFC P?RC MD 3.8010
26
W DPMK GRQ
5500 C QSPD?AC GLRM B?PI CKNRW QN?AC (? LCEJGEG@JC DP?ARGML P?BG?RCQ
MLRM %?PRF ?LB RFC MRFCP NJ?LCRQ). 4FC CDDCARGTC RCKNCP?RSPC MD BCCN
QN?AC GQ 270 C. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC GLAPC?QC GL CLRPMNW GL MLC B?W BSC RM
RFGQ FC?R RP?LQDCP? (@) (MU KSAF UMPI GQ K?BC SL?T?GJ?@JC?
89. (?) )L PC?AFGLE COSGJG@PGSK, FMU KSAF FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ DPMK 1.00
IE MD U?RCP ?R 40.0 C UFCL GR GQ NJ?ACB GL AMLR?AR UGRF 1.00 IE MD
20.0 C U?RCP GL PC?AFGLE COSGJG@PGSK? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC AF?LEC GL
CLRPMNW BSC RM RFGQ FC?R RP?LQDCP? (A) (MU KSAF UMPI GQ K?BC
SL?T?GJ?@JC, R?IGLE RFC JMUCQR RCKNCP?RSPC RM @C 20.0 C? %VNJGAGRJW
QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU RFC QRCNQ GL RFC )HE8B;C-,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=?;I <EH
EDJHEFO.
90. 7F?R GQ RFC BCAPC?QC GL CLRPMNW MD 25.0 E MD U?RCP RF?R AMLBCLQCQ ML
? @?RFPMMK KGPPMP ?R ? RCKNCP?RSPC MD 35.0 C, ?QQSKGLE LM AF?LEC GL
RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB EGTCL RFC J?RCLR FC?R MD T?NMPGX?RGML RM @C 2450 I*/IE?
91. &GLB RFC GLAPC?QC GL CLRPMNW MD 1.00 IE MD JGOSGB LGRPMECL RF?R QR?PRQ ?R
GRQ @MGJGLE RCKNCP?RSPC, @MGJQ, ?LB U?PKQ RM 20.0 C ?R AMLQR?LR
NPCQQSPC.
92. ! J?PEC CJCARPGA?J NMUCP QR?RGML ECLCP?RCQ 1000 -7 MD CJCARPGAGRW UGRF
?L CDDGAGCLAW MD 35.0%. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP RM RFC NMUCP
QR?RGML, Q
h
, GL MLC B?W. (@) (MU KSAF FC?R RP?LQDCP Q
c
MAASPQ RM RFC
CLTGPMLKCLR GL MLC B?W? (A) )D RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP GL RFC AMMJGLE RMUCPQ GQ
DPMK 35.0 C U?RCP GLRM RFC JMA?J ?GP K?QQ, UFGAF GLAPC?QCQ GL
RCKNCP?RSPC DPMK 18.0 C RM 20.0 C, UF?R GQ RFC RMR?J GLAPC?QC GL
CLRPMNW BSC RM RFGQ FC?R RP?LQDCP? (B) (MU KSAF CLCPEW @CAMKCQ
SL?T?GJ?@JC RM BM UMPI @CA?SQC MD RFGQ GLAPC?QC GL CLRPMNW, ?QQSKGLE ?L
18.0 C JMUCQR RCKNCP?RSPC? (0?PR MD Q
c
AMSJB @C SRGJGXCB RM MNCP?RC
FC?R CLEGLCQ MP DMP QGKNJW FC?RGLE RFC QSPPMSLBGLEQ, @SR GR P?PCJW GQ.)
93. (?) (MU KSAF FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ DPMK 20.0 IE MD 90.0 C U?RCP
NJ?ACB GL AMLR?AR UGRF 20.0 IE MD 10.0 C U?RCP, NPMBSAGLE ? DGL?J
RCKNCP?RSPC MD 50.0 C? (@) (MU KSAF UMPI AMSJB ? #?PLMR CLEGLC BM
UGRF RFGQ FC?R RP?LQDCP, ?QQSKGLE GR MNCP?RCQ @CRUCCL RUM PCQCPTMGPQ ?R
AMLQR?LR RCKNCP?RSPCQ MD 90.0 C ?LB 10.0 C? (A) 7F?R GLAPC?QC GL
CLRPMNW GQ NPMBSACB @W KGVGLE 20.0 IE MD 90.0 C U?RCP UGRF 20.0 IE MD
10.0 C U?RCP? (B) #?JASJ?RC RFC ?KMSLR MD UMPI K?BC SL?T?GJ?@JC @W
RFGQ KGVGLE SQGLE ? JMU RCKNCP?RSPC MD 10.0 C, ?LB AMKN?PC GR UGRF RFC
UMPI BMLC @W RFC #?PLMR CLEGLC. %VNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU RFC QRCNQ
GL RFC )HE8B;C-,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=?;I <EH EDJHEFO. (C) $GQASQQ FMU
CTCPWB?W NPMACQQCQ K?IC GLAPC?QGLEJW KMPC CLCPEW SL?T?GJ?@JC RM BM
UMPI, ?Q GKNJGCB @W RFGQ NPM@JCK.
15.7 ,J7J?IJ?97B "DJ;HFH;J7J?ED E< EDJHEFO 7D: J>; ,;9ED:
%7M E< ->;HCE:OD7C?9I: ->; .D:;HBO?D= ENFB7D7J?ED
94. 5QGLE -78B; 15.4, TCPGDW RFC AMLRCLRGML RF?R GD WMS RMQQ 100 AMGLQ C?AF
QCAMLB, WMS A?L CVNCAR RM ECR 100 FC?BQ MP 100 R?GJQ MLAC GL 210
22
WC?PQ; A?JASJ?RC RFC RGKC RM RUM-BGEGR ?AASP?AW.
95. 7F?R NCPACLR MD RFC RGKC UGJJ WMS ECR QMKCRFGLE GL RFC P?LEC DPMK 60
FC?BQ ?LB 40 R?GJQ RFPMSEF 40 FC?BQ ?LB 60 R?GJQ UFCL RMQQGLE 100
AMGLQ? 4FC RMR?J LSK@CP MD KGAPMQR?RCQ GL RF?R P?LEC GQ 1.2210
30
.
(#MLQSJR -78B; 15.4.)
96. (?) )D RMQQGLE 100 AMGLQ, FMU K?LW U?WQ (KGAPMQR?RCQ) ?PC RFCPC RM ECR
RFC RFPCC KMQR JGICJW K?APMQR?RCQ MD 49 FC?BQ ?LB 51 R?GJQ, 50 FC?BQ ?LB
50 R?GJQ, ?LB 51 FC?BQ ?LB 49 R?GJQ? (@) 7F?R NCPACLR MD RFC RMR?J
NMQQG@GJGRGCQ GQ RFGQ? (#MLQSJR -78B; 15.4.)
97. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC AF?LEC GL CLRPMNW GD WMS QR?PR UGRF 100 AMGLQ GL RFC 45
FC?BQ ?LB 55 R?GJQ K?APMQR?RC, RMQQ RFCK, ?LB ECR 51 FC?BQ ?LB 49 R?GJQ?
(@) 7F?R GD WMS ECR 75 FC?BQ ?LB 25 R?GJQ? (A) (MU KSAF KMPC JGICJW GQ 51
FC?BQ ?LB 49 R?GJQ RF?L 75 FC?BQ ?LB 25 R?GJQ? (B) $MCQ CGRFCP MSRAMKC
TGMJ?RC RFC QCAMLB J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ?
98. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC AF?LEC GL CLRPMNW GD WMS QR?PR UGRF 10 AMGLQ GL RFC 5
FC?BQ ?LB 5 R?GJQ K?APMQR?RC, RMQQ RFCK, ?LB ECR 2 FC?BQ ?LB 8 R?GJQ? (@)
(MU KSAF KMPC JGICJW GQ 5 FC?BQ ?LB 5 R?GJQ RF?L 2 FC?BQ ?LB 8 R?GJQ?
(4?IC RFC P?RGM MD RFC LSK@CP MD KGAPMQR?RCQ RM DGLB MSR.) (A) )D WMS UCPC
@CRRGLE ML 2 FC?BQ ?LB 8 R?GJQ UMSJB WMS ?AACNR MBBQ MD 252 RM 45?
%VNJ?GL UFW MP UFW LMR.
4?@JC 15.5 10-#MGL 4MQQ
&79HEIJ7J; 'KC8;H E< &?9HEIJ7J;I (W)
(C?BQ 4?GJQ
10 0 1
9 1 10
8 2 45
7 3 120
6 4 210
5 5 252
4 6 210
3 7 120
2 8 45
1 9 10
0 10 1
4MR?J: 1024
99. (?) )D WMS RMQQ 10 AMGLQ, UF?R NCPACLR MD RFC RGKC UGJJ WMS ECR RFC RFPCC
KMQR JGICJW K?APMQR?RCQ (6 FC?BQ ?LB 4 R?GJQ, 5 FC?BQ ?LB 5 R?GJQ, 4 FC?BQ
#(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3 547
?LB 6 R?GJQ)? (@) 9MS A?L PC?JGQRGA?JJW RMQQ 10 AMGLQ ?LB AMSLR RFC LSK@CP
MD FC?BQ ?LB R?GJQ ?@MSR RUGAC ? KGLSRC. !R RF?R P?RC, FMU JMLE UGJJ GR R?IC
ML ?TCP?EC RM ECR CGRFCP 10 FC?BQ ?LB 0 R?GJQ MP 0 FC?BQ ?LB 10 R?GJQ?
100. (?) #MLQRPSAR ? R?@JC QFMUGLE RFC K?APMQR?RCQ ?LB ?JJ MD RFC
GLBGTGBS?J KGAPMQR?RCQ DMP RMQQGLE 6 AMGLQ. (5QC -78B; 15.5 ?Q ? ESGBC.)
(@) (MU K?LW K?APMQR?RCQ ?PC RFCPC? (A) 7F?R GQ RFC RMR?J LSK@CP MD
KGAPMQR?RCQ? (B) 7F?R NCPACLR AF?LAC GQ RFCPC MD RMQQGLE 5 FC?BQ ?LB 1
R?GJ? (C) (MU KSAF KMPC JGICJW ?PC WMS RM RMQQ 3 FC?BQ ?LB 3 R?GJQ RF?L 5
FC?BQ ?LB 1 R?GJ? (4?IC RFC P?RGM MD RFC LSK@CP MD KGAPMQR?RCQ RM DGLB
MSR.)
101. )L ?L ?GP AMLBGRGMLCP, 12.65 -* MD FC?R RP?LQDCP MAASPQ DPMK ? AMJB
CLTGPMLKCLR GL 1.00 F. (?) 7F?R K?QQ MD GAC KCJRGLE UMSJB GLTMJTC RFC
Q?KC FC?R RP?LQDCP? (@) (MU K?LW FMSPQ MD MNCP?RGML UMSJB @C
COSGT?JCLR RM KCJRGLE 900 IE MD GAC? (A) )D GAC AMQRQ 20 ACLRQ NCP IE, BM
WMS RFGLI RFC ?GP AMLBGRGMLCP AMSJB @C MNCP?RCB KMPC AFC?NJW RF?L @W
QGKNJW SQGLE GAC? $CQAPG@C GL BCR?GJ FMU WMS CT?JS?RC RFC PCJ?RGTC AMQRQ.
548 #(!04%2 15 Y 4(%2-/$9.!-)#3
16 /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3
F?=KH; 16.1 4FCPC ?PC ?R JC?QR DMSP RWNCQ MD U?TCQ GL RFGQ NGARSPCrMLJW RFC U?RCP U?TCQ ?PC CTGBCLR. 4FCPC ?PC ?JQM QMSLB U?TCQ, JGEFR U?TCQ, ?LB U?TCQ ML RFC ESGR?P QRPGLEQ.
(APCBGR: *MFL .MPRML)
,C?PLGLE /@HCARGTCQ
16.1. !EEA;XI %7M: ,JH;II 7D: ,JH7?D +;L?I?J;:
16.2. );H?E: 7D: FH;GK;D9O ?D (I9?BB7J?EDI
16.3. ,?CFB; !7HCED?9 &EJ?ED: A ,F;9?7B );H?E:?9 &EJ?ED
16.4. ->; ,?CFB; );D:KBKC
16.5. ED;H=O 7D: J>; ,?CFB; !7HCED?9 (I9?BB7JEH
16.6. .D?<EHC C?H9KB7H &EJ?ED 7D: ,?CFB; !7HCED?9 &EJ?ED
16.7. D7CF;: !7HCED?9 &EJ?ED
16.8. FEH9;: (I9?BB7J?EDI 7D: +;IED7D9;
16.9. 07L;I
16.10. ,KF;HFEI?J?ED 7D: "DJ;H<;H;D9;
16.11. ED;H=O ?D 07L;I: "DJ;DI?JO
"DJHE:K9J?ED JE (I9?BB7JEHO &EJ?ED 7D: 07L;I
7F?R BM ?L MAC?L @SMW, ? AFGJB GL ? QUGLE, RFC AMLC GLQGBC ? QNC?ICP, ? ESGR?P, ?RMKQ GL ? APWQR?J, RFC KMRGML MD AFCQR A?TGRGCQ, ?LB RFC @C?RGLE MD
FC?PRQ ?JJ F?TC GL AMKKML? 4FCW ?JJ EI9?BB7J;r-RF?R GQ, RFCW KMTC @?AI ?LB DMPRF @CRUCCL RUM NMGLRQ. -?LW QWQRCKQ MQAGJJ?RC, ?LB RFCW F?TC ACPR?GL
AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ GL AMKKML. !JJ MQAGJJ?RGMLQ GLTMJTC DMPAC ?LB CLCPEW. 9MS NSQF ? AFGJB GL ? QUGLE RM ECR RFC KMRGML QR?PRCB. 4FC CLCPEW MD ?RMKQ
TG@P?RGLE GL ? APWQR?J A?L @C GLAPC?QCB UGRF FC?R. 9MS NSR CLCPEW GLRM ? ESGR?P QRPGLE UFCL WMS NJSAI GR.
3MKC MQAGJJ?RGMLQ APC?RC M7L;I. ! ESGR?P APC?RCQ QMSLB U?TCQ. 9MS A?L K?IC U?RCP U?TCQ GL ? QUGKKGLE NMMJ @W QJ?NNGLE RFC U?RCP UGRF WMSP F?LB.
9MS A?L LM BMS@R RFGLI MD MRFCP RWNCQ MD U?TCQ. 3MKC, QSAF ?Q U?RCP U?TCQ, ?PC TGQG@JC. 3MKC, QSAF ?Q QMSLB U?TCQ, ?PC LMR. "SR 8I8EL J4I8 <F 4
7<FGHE54A68 G;4G @BI8F 9EB@ <GF FBHE68 4A7 64EE<8F 8A8E:L. /RFCP CV?KNJCQ MD U?TCQ GLAJSBC C?PRFOS?ICQ ?LB TGQG@JC JGEFR. %TCL QS@?RMKGA N?PRGAJCQ,
QSAF ?Q CJCARPMLQ, A?L @CF?TC JGIC U?TCQ.
"W QRSBWGLE MQAGJJ?RMPW KMRGML ?LB U?TCQ, UC QF?JJ DGLB RF?R ? QK?JJ LSK@CP MD SLBCPJWGLE NPGLAGNJCQ BCQAPG@C ?JJ MD RFCK ?LB RF?R U?TC NFCLMKCL?
?PC KMPC AMKKML RF?L WMS F?TC CTCP GK?EGLCB. 7C @CEGL @W QRSBWGLE RFC RWNC MD DMPAC RF?R SLBCPJGCQ RFC QGKNJCQR MQAGJJ?RGMLQ ?LB U?TCQ. 7C UGJJ
RFCL CVN?LB MSP CVNJMP?RGML MD MQAGJJ?RMPW KMRGML ?LB U?TCQ RM GLAJSBC AMLACNRQ QSAF ?Q QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML, SLGDMPK AGPASJ?P KMRGML, ?LB
B?KNCB F?PKMLGA KMRGML. &GL?JJW, UC UGJJ CVNJMPC UF?R F?NNCLQ UFCL RUM MP KMPC U?TCQ QF?PC RFC Q?KC QN?AC, GL RFC NFCLMKCL? ILMUL ?Q
QSNCPNMQGRGML ?LB GLRCPDCPCLAC.
#(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3 549
16.1 !EEA;XI %7M: ,JH;II 7D: ,JH7?D +;L?I?J;:
F?=KH; 16.2 7FCL BGQNJ?ACB DPMK GRQ TCPRGA?J COSGJG@PGSK NMQGRGML, RFGQ NJ?QRGA PSJCP MQAGJJ?RCQ @?AI ?LB DMPRF @CA?SQC MD RFC PCQRMPGLE DMPAC MNNMQGLE BGQNJ?ACKCLR. 7FCL RFC
PSJCP GQ ML RFC JCDR, RFCPC GQ ? DMPAC RM RFC PGEFR, ?LB TGAC TCPQ?.
.CURMLtQ DGPQR J?U GKNJGCQ RF?R ?L M@HCAR MQAGJJ?RGLE @?AI ?LB DMPRF GQ CVNCPGCLAGLE DMPACQ. 7GRFMSR DMPAC, RFC M@HCAR UMSJB KMTC GL ? QRP?GEFR JGLC ?R ?
AMLQR?LR QNCCB P?RFCP RF?L MQAGJJ?RC. #MLQGBCP, DMP CV?KNJC, NJSAIGLE ? NJ?QRGA PSJCP RM RFC JCDR ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 16.2. 4FC BCDMPK?RGML MD RFC PSJCP
APC?RCQ ? DMPAC GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML, ILMUL ?Q ? H;IJEH?D= <EH9;. /LAC PCJC?QCB, RFC PCQRMPGLE DMPAC A?SQCQ RFC PSJCP RM KMTC @?AI RMU?PB GRQ
QR?@JC COSGJG@PGSK NMQGRGML, UFCPC RFC LCR DMPAC ML GR GQ XCPM. (MUCTCP, @W RFC RGKC RFC PSJCP ECRQ RFCPC, GR E?GLQ KMKCLRSK ?LB AMLRGLSCQ RM KMTC RM
RFC PGEFR, NPMBSAGLE RFC MNNMQGRC BCDMPK?RGML. )R GQ RFCL DMPACB RM RFC JCDR, @?AI RFPMSEF COSGJG@PGSK, ?LB RFC NPMACQQ GQ PCNC?RCB SLRGJ BGQQGN?RGTC DMPACQ
B?KNCL RFC KMRGML. 4FCQC DMPACQ PCKMTC KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW DPMK RFC QWQRCK, EP?BS?JJW PCBSAGLE RFC KMRGML SLRGJ RFC PSJCP AMKCQ RM PCQR.
4FC QGKNJCQR MQAGJJ?RGMLQ MAASP UFCL RFC PCQRMPGLE DMPAC GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM BGQNJ?ACKCLR. 7FCL QRPCQQ ?LB QRP?GL UCPC AMTCPCB GL ';MJEDXI
->?H: %7M E< &EJ?ED, RFC L?KC U?Q EGTCL RM RFGQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL DMPAC ?LB BGQNJ?ACKCLR U?Q (MMICtQ J?U:
(16.1)
F = kx.
(CPC, F GQ RFC PCQRMPGLE DMPAC, x GQ RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR DPMK COSGJG@PGSK MP :;<EHC7J?ED, ?LB k GQ ? AMLQR?LR PCJ?RCB RM RFC BGDDGASJRW GL BCDMPKGLE RFC
QWQRCK. 4FC KGLSQ QGEL GLBGA?RCQ RFC PCQRMPGLE DMPAC GQ GL RFC BGPCARGML MNNMQGRC RM RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR.
F?=KH; 16.3 (?) 4FC NJ?QRGA PSJCP F?Q @CCL PCJC?QCB, ?LB RFC PCQRMPGLE DMPAC GQ PCRSPLGLE RFC PSJCP RM GRQ COSGJG@PGSK NMQGRGML. (@) 4FC LCR DMPAC GQ XCPM ?R RFC COSGJG@PGSK NMQGRGML,
@SR RFC PSJCP F?Q KMKCLRSK ?LB AMLRGLSCQ RM KMTC RM RFC PGEFR. (A) 4FC PCQRMPGLE DMPAC GQ GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML. )R QRMNQ RFC PSJCP ?LB KMTCQ GR @?AI RMU?PB COSGJG@PGSK
?E?GL. (B) .MU RFC PSJCP F?Q KMKCLRSK RM RFC JCDR. (C) )L RFC ?@QCLAC MD B?KNGLE (A?SQCB @W DPGARGML?J DMPACQ), RFC PSJCP PC?AFCQ GRQ MPGEGL?J NMQGRGML. &PMK RFCPC, RFC KMRGML UGJJ
PCNC?R GRQCJD.
4FC <EH9; 9EDIJ7DJ k GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC PGEGBGRW (MP QRGDDLCQQ) MD ? QWQRCKrRFC J?PECP RFC DMPAC AMLQR?LR, RFC EPC?RCP RFC PCQRMPGLE DMPAC, ?LB RFC QRGDDCP
RFC QWQRCK. 4FC SLGRQ MD k ?PC LCURMLQ NCP KCRCP (./K). &MP CV?KNJC, k GQ BGPCARJW PCJ?RCB RM 9MSLEtQ KMBSJSQ UFCL UC QRPCRAF ? QRPGLE. F?=KH;
16.4 QFMUQ ? EP?NF MD RFC ?@QMJSRC T?JSC MD RFC PCQRMPGLE DMPAC TCPQSQ RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR DMP ? QWQRCK RF?R A?L @C BCQAPG@CB @W (MMICtQ J?Ur? QGKNJC
QNPGLE GL RFGQ A?QC. 4FC QJMNC MD RFC EP?NF COS?JQ RFC DMPAC AMLQR?LR k GL LCURMLQ NCP KCRCP. ! AMKKML NFWQGAQ J?@MP?RMPW CVCPAGQC GQ RM KC?QSPC
PCQRMPGLE DMPACQ APC?RCB @W QNPGLEQ, BCRCPKGLC GD RFCW DMJJMU (MMICtQ J?U, ?LB A?JASJ?RC RFCGP DMPAC AMLQR?LRQ GD RFCW BM.
550 #(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3
F?=KH; 16.4 (?) ! EP?NF MD ?@QMJSRC T?JSC MD RFC PCQRMPGLE DMPAC TCPQSQ BGQNJ?ACKCLR GQ BGQNJ?WCB. 4FC D?AR RF?R RFC EP?NF GQ ? QRP?GEFR JGLC KC?LQ RF?R RFC QWQRCK M@CWQ
(MMICtQ J?U. 4FC QJMNC MD RFC EP?NF GQ RFC DMPAC AMLQR?LR k . (@) 4FC B?R? GL RFC EP?NF UCPC ECLCP?RCB @W KC?QSPGLE RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR MD ? QNPGLE DPMK COSGJG@PGSK UFGJC
QSNNMPRGLE T?PGMSQ UCGEFRQ. 4FC PCQRMPGLE DMPAC COS?JQ RFC UCGEFR QSNNMPRCB, GD RFC K?QQ GQ QR?RGML?PW.
EN7CFB; 16.1 !EM ,J?<< AH; C7H ,FH?D=I?
F?=KH; 16.5 4FC K?QQ MD ? A?P GLAPC?QCQ BSC RM RFC GLRPMBSARGML MD ? N?QQCLECP. 4FGQ ?DDCARQ RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR MD RFC A?P ML GRQ QSQNCLQGML QWQRCK. (APCBGR: CVDMPBW ML
&JGAIP)
7F?R GQ RFC DMPAC AMLQR?LR DMP RFC QSQNCLQGML QWQRCK MD ? A?P RF?R QCRRJCQ 1.20 AK UFCL ?L 80.0-IE NCPQML ECRQ GL?
,JH7J;=O
#MLQGBCP RFC A?P RM @C GL GRQ COSGJG@PGSK NMQGRGML x = 0 @CDMPC RFC NCPQML ECRQ GL. 4FC A?P RFCL QCRRJCQ BMUL 1.20 AK, UFGAF KC?LQ GR GQ
BGQNJ?ACB RM ? NMQGRGML x = 1.2010
2
m. !R RF?R NMGLR, RFC QNPGLEQ QSNNJW ? PCQRMPGLE DMPAC F COS?J RM RFC NCPQMLtQ UCGEFR
w = mg =

80.0 kg
9.80 m/s
2
= 784 N. 7C R?IC RFGQ DMPAC RM @C F GL (MMICtQ J?U. +LMUGLE F ?LB x , UC A?L RFCL QMJTC RFC DMPAC
AMLQR?LR k .
,EBKJ?ED
1. 3MJTC (MMICtQ J?U, F = kx , DMP k :
#(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3 551
(16.2)
k =
F
x
.
3S@QRGRSRC ILMUL T?JSCQ ?LB QMJTC k :
(16.3)
k =
784 N
1.2010
2
m
= 6.5310
4
N/m.
D?I9KII?ED
.MRC RF?R F ?LB x F?TC MNNMQGRC QGELQ @CA?SQC RFCW ?PC GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQrRFC PCQRMPGLE DMPAC GQ SN, ?LB RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR GQ BMUL. !JQM,
LMRC RF?R RFC A?P UMSJB MQAGJJ?RC SN ?LB BMUL UFCL RFC NCPQML EMR GL GD GR UCPC LMR DMP B?KNGLE (BSC RM DPGARGML?J DMPACQ) NPMTGBCB @W QFMAI
?@QMP@CPQ. "MSLAGLE A?PQ ?PC ? QSPC QGEL MD @?B QFMAI ?@QMP@CPQ.
%LCPEW GL (MMICtQ ,?U MD $CDMPK?RGML
)L MPBCP RM NPMBSAC ? BCDMPK?RGML, UMPI KSQR @C BMLC. 4F?R GQ, ? DMPAC KSQR @C CVCPRCB RFPMSEF ? BGQR?LAC, UFCRFCP WMS NJSAI ? ESGR?P QRPGLE MP
AMKNPCQQ ? A?P QNPGLE. )D RFC MLJW PCQSJR GQ BCDMPK?RGML, ?LB LM UMPI EMCQ GLRM RFCPK?J, QMSLB, MP IGLCRGA CLCPEW, RFCL ?JJ RFC UMPI GQ GLGRG?JJW QRMPCB GL
RFC BCDMPKCB M@HCAR ?Q QMKC DMPK MD NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW. 4FC NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW QRMPCB GL ? QNPGLE GQ PE
el
=
1
2
kx
2
. (CPC, UC ECLCP?JGXC RFC GBC? RM
CJ?QRGA NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW DMP ? BCDMPK?RGML MD ?LW QWQRCK RF?R A?L @C BCQAPG@CB @W (MMICtQ J?U. (CLAC,
(16.4)
PE
el
=
1
2
kx
2
,
UFCPC PE
el
GQ RFC ;B7IJ?9 FEJ;DJ?7B ;D;H=O QRMPCB GL ?LW BCDMPKCB QWQRCK RF?R M@CWQ (MMICtQ J?U ?LB F?Q ? BGQNJ?ACKCLR x DPMK COSGJG@PGSK ?LB
? DMPAC AMLQR?LR k .
)R GQ NMQQG@JC RM DGLB RFC UMPI BMLC GL BCDMPKGLE ? QWQRCK GL MPBCP RM DGLB RFC CLCPEW QRMPCB. 4FGQ UMPI GQ NCPDMPKCB @W ?L ?NNJGCB DMPAC F
app
. 4FC
?NNJGCB DMPAC GQ CV?ARJW MNNMQGRC RM RFC PCQRMPGLE DMPAC (?ARGML-PC?ARGML), ?LB QM F
app
= kx . F?=KH; 16.6 QFMUQ ? EP?NF MD RFC ?NNJGCB DMPAC TCPQSQ
BCDMPK?RGML x DMP ? QWQRCK RF?R A?L @C BCQAPG@CB @W (MMICtQ J?U. 7MPI BMLC ML RFC QWQRCK GQ DMPAC KSJRGNJGCB @W BGQR?LAC, UFGAF COS?JQ RFC ?PC?
SLBCP RFC ASPTC MP (1 / 2)kx
2
(-CRFMB ! GL RFC DGESPC). !LMRFCP U?W RM BCRCPKGLC RFC UMPI GQ RM LMRC RF?R RFC DMPAC GLAPC?QCQ JGLC?PJW DPMK 0 RM kx ,
QM RF?R RFC ?TCP?EC DMPAC GQ (1 / 2)kx , RFC BGQR?LAC KMTCB GQ x , ?LB RFSQ W = F
app
d = [(1 / 2)kx](x) = (1 / 2)kx
2
(-CRFMB " GL RFC DGESPC).
F?=KH; 16.6 ! EP?NF MD ?NNJGCB DMPAC TCPQSQ BGQR?LAC DMP RFC BCDMPK?RGML MD ? QWQRCK RF?R A?L @C BCQAPG@CB @W (MMICtQ J?U GQ BGQNJ?WCB. 4FC UMPI BMLC ML RFC QWQRCK COS?JQ
RFC ?PC? SLBCP RFC EP?NF MP RFC ?PC? MD RFC RPG?LEJC, UFGAF GQ F?JD GRQ @?QC KSJRGNJGCB @W GRQ FCGEFR, MP W = (1 / 2)kx
2
.
EN7CFB; 16.2 C7B9KB7J?D= ,JEH;: ED;H=O: A -H7DGK?B?P;H KD ,FH?D=
7C A?L SQC ? RMW ESLtQ QNPGLE KCAF?LGQK RM ?QI ?LB ?LQUCP RUM QGKNJC OSCQRGMLQ: (?) (MU KSAF CLCPEW GQ QRMPCB GL RFC QNPGLE MD ? RP?LOSGJGXCP
ESL RF?R F?Q ? DMPAC AMLQR?LR MD 50.0 ./K ?LB GQ AMKNPCQQCB 0.150 K? (@) )D WMS LCEJCAR DPGARGML ?LB RFC K?QQ MD RFC QNPGLE, ?R UF?R QNCCB UGJJ ?
2.00-E NPMHCARGJC @C CHCARCB DPMK RFC ESL?
552 #(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3
F?=KH; 16.7 (?) )L RFGQ GK?EC MD RFC ESL, RFC QNPGLE GQ SLAMKNPCQQCB @CDMPC @CGLE AMAICB. (@) 4FC QNPGLE F?Q @CCL AMKNPCQQCB ? BGQR?LAC x , ?LB RFC NPMHCARGJC GQ GL
NJ?AC. (A) 7FCL PCJC?QCB, RFC QNPGLE AMLTCPRQ CJ?QRGA NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW PE
el
GLRM IGLCRGA CLCPEW.
,JH7J;=O <EH 7
(?): 4FC CLCPEW QRMPCB GL RFC QNPGLE A?L @C DMSLB BGPCARJW DPMK CJ?QRGA NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW COS?RGML, @CA?SQC k ?LB x ?PC EGTCL.
,EBKJ?ED <EH 7
%LRCPGLE RFC EGTCL T?JSCQ DMP k ?LB x WGCJBQ
(16.5)
PE
el
=
1
2
kx
2
=
1
2
(50.0 N/m)(0.150 m)
2
= 0.563 N m
= 0.563 J
,JH7J;=O <EH 8
"CA?SQC RFCPC GQ LM DPGARGML, RFC NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW GQ AMLTCPRCB CLRGPCJW GLRM IGLCRGA CLCPEW. 4FC CVNPCQQGML DMP IGLCRGA CLCPEW A?L @C QMJTCB DMP RFC
NPMHCARGJCtQ QNCCB.
,EBKJ?ED <EH 8
1. )BCLRGDW ILMUL OS?LRGRGCQ:
(16.6)
KE
f
= PE
el
or 1 / 2mv
2
= (1 / 2)kx
2
= PE
el
= 0.563 J
2. 3MJTC DMP v :
(16.7)
v =

2PE
el
m

1 / 2
=

2(0.563 J)
0.002 kg
1 / 2
= 23.7
J/kg
1 / 2
3. #MLTCPR SLGRQ: 23.7 m/ s
D?I9KII?ED
(?) ?LB (@): 4FGQ NPMHCARGJC QNCCB GQ GKNPCQQGTC DMP ? RP?LOSGJGXCP ESL (KMPC RF?L 80 IK/F). 4FC LSK@CPQ GL RFGQ NPM@JCK QCCK PC?QML?@JC. 4FC
DMPAC LCCBCB RM AMKNPCQQ RFC QNPGLE GQ QK?JJ CLMSEF DMP ?L ?BSJR RM K?L?EC, ?LB RFC CLCPEW GKN?PRCB RM RFC B?PR GQ QK?JJ CLMSEF RM JGKGR RFC
B?K?EC GR KGEFR BM. 9CR, RFC QNCCB MD RFC B?PR GQ EPC?R CLMSEF DMP GR RM RP?TCJ ?L ?AACNR?@JC BGQR?LAC.
C>;9A OEKH .D:;HIJ7D:?D=
%LTGQGML FMJBGLE RFC CLB MD ? PSJCP UGRF MLC F?LB ?LB BCDMPKGLE GR UGRF RFC MRFCP. 7FCL WMS JCR EM, WMS A?L QCC RFC MQAGJJ?RGMLQ MD RFC PSJCP. )L
UF?R U?W AMSJB WMS KMBGDW RFGQ QGKNJC CVNCPGKCLR RM GLAPC?QC RFC PGEGBGRW MD RFC QWQRCK?
,EBKJ?ED
9MS AMSJB FMJB RFC PSJCP ?R GRQ KGBNMGLR QM RF?R RFC N?PR MD RFC PSJCP RF?R MQAGJJ?RCQ GQ F?JD ?Q JMLE ?Q GL RFC MPGEGL?J CVNCPGKCLR.
)D WMS ?NNJW ? BCDMPKGLE DMPAC ML ?L M@HCAR ?LB JCR GR AMKC RM COSGJG@PGSK, UF?R F?NNCLCB RM RFC UMPI WMS BGB ML RFC QWQRCK?
,EBKJ?ED
)R U?Q QRMPCB GL RFC M@HCAR ?Q NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW.
#(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3 553
16.2 );H?E: 7D: FH;GK;D9O ?D (I9?BB7J?EDI
F?=KH; 16.8 4FC QRPGLEQ ML RFGQ ESGR?P TG@P?RC ?R PCESJ?P RGKC GLRCPT?JQ. (APCBGR: *!2)
7FCL WMS NJSAI ? ESGR?P QRPGLE, RFC PCQSJRGLE QMSLB F?Q ? QRC?BW RMLC ?LB J?QRQ ? JMLE RGKC. %?AF QSAACQQGTC TG@P?RGML MD RFC QRPGLE R?ICQ RFC Q?KC
RGKC ?Q RFC NPCTGMSQ MLC. 7C BCDGLC F;H?E:?9 CEJ?ED RM @C ? KMRGML RF?R PCNC?RQ GRQCJD ?R PCESJ?P RGKC GLRCPT?JQ, QSAF ?Q CVFG@GRCB @W RFC ESGR?P QRPGLE
MP @W ?L M@HCAR ML ? QNPGLE KMTGLE SN ?LB BMUL. 4FC RGKC RM AMKNJCRC MLC MQAGJJ?RGML PCK?GLQ AMLQR?LR ?LB GQ A?JJCB RFC F;H?E: T . )RQ SLGRQ ?PC
SQS?JJW QCAMLBQ, @SR K?W @C ?LW AMLTCLGCLR SLGR MD RGKC. 4FC UMPB NCPGMB PCDCPQ RM RFC RGKC DMP QMKC CTCLR UFCRFCP PCNCRGRGTC MP LMR; @SR UC QF?JJ @C
NPGK?PGJW GLRCPCQRCB GL NCPGMBGA KMRGML, UFGAF GQ @W BCDGLGRGML PCNCRGRGTC. ! AMLACNR AJMQCJW PCJ?RCB RM NCPGMB GQ RFC DPCOSCLAW MD ?L CTCLR. &MP CV?KNJC,
GD WMS ECR ? N?WAFCAI RUGAC ? KMLRF, RFC DPCOSCLAW MD N?WKCLR GQ RUM NCP KMLRF ?LB RFC NCPGMB @CRUCCL AFCAIQ GQ F?JD ? KMLRF. FH;GK;D9O f GQ
BCDGLCB RM @C RFC LSK@CP MD CTCLRQ NCP SLGR RGKC. &MP NCPGMBGA KMRGML, DPCOSCLAW GQ RFC LSK@CP MD MQAGJJ?RGMLQ NCP SLGR RGKC. 4FC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL
DPCOSCLAW ?LB NCPGMB GQ
(16.8)
f =
1
T
.
4FC 3) SLGR DMP DPCOSCLAW GQ RFC 6L6?8 C8E F86BA7, UFGAF GQ BCDGLCB RM @C ? ;8EGM ((X):
(16.9)
1 Hz = 1
cycle
sec
or 1 Hz =
1
s
! AWAJC GQ MLC AMKNJCRC MQAGJJ?RGML. .MRC RF?R ? TG@P?RGML A?L @C ? QGLEJC MP KSJRGNJC CTCLR, UFCPC?Q MQAGJJ?RGMLQ ?PC SQS?JJW PCNCRGRGTC DMP ? QGELGDGA?LR
LSK@CP MD AWAJCQ.
EN7CFB; 16.3 D;J;HC?D; J>; FH;GK;D9O E< -ME (I9?BB7J?EDI: &;:?97B .BJH7IEKD: 7D: J>; );H?E: E< &?::B; C
7C A?L SQC RFC DMPKSJ?Q NPCQCLRCB GL RFGQ KMBSJC RM BCRCPKGLC @MRF RFC DPCOSCLAW @?QCB ML ILMUL MQAGJJ?RGMLQ ?LB RFC MQAGJJ?RGML @?QCB ML ?
ILMUL DPCOSCLAW. ,CRtQ RPW MLC CV?KNJC MD C?AF. (?) ! KCBGA?J GK?EGLE BCTGAC NPMBSACQ SJRP?QMSLB @W MQAGJJ?RGLE UGRF ? NCPGMB MD 0.400 ^Q. 7F?R
GQ RFC DPCOSCLAW MD RFGQ MQAGJJ?RGML? (@) 4FC DPCOSCLAW MD KGBBJC # ML ? RWNGA?J KSQGA?J GLQRPSKCLR GQ 264 (X. 7F?R GQ RFC RGKC DMP MLC AMKNJCRC
MQAGJJ?RGML?
,JH7J;=O
"MRF OSCQRGMLQ (?) ?LB (@) A?L @C ?LQUCPCB SQGLE RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL NCPGMB ?LB DPCOSCLAW. )L OSCQRGML (?), RFC NCPGMB T GQ EGTCL ?LB UC
?PC ?QICB RM DGLB DPCOSCLAW f . )L OSCQRGML (@), RFC DPCOSCLAW f GQ EGTCL ?LB UC ?PC ?QICB RM DGLB RFC NCPGMB T .
,EBKJ?ED 7
1. 3S@QRGRSRC 0.400 s DMP T GL f =
1
T
:
(16.10)
f =
1
T
=
1
0.40010
6
s
.
3MJTC RM DGLB
(16.11)
f = 2.5010
6
Hz.
D?I9KII?ED 7
4FC DPCOSCLAW MD QMSLB DMSLB GL (?) GQ KSAF FGEFCP RF?L RFC FGEFCQR DPCOSCLAW RF?R FSK?LQ A?L FC?P ?LB, RFCPCDMPC, GQ A?JJCB SJRP?QMSLB.
!NNPMNPG?RC MQAGJJ?RGMLQ ?R RFGQ DPCOSCLAW ECLCP?RC SJRP?QMSLB SQCB DMP LMLGLT?QGTC KCBGA?J BG?ELMQCQ, QSAF ?Q M@QCPT?RGMLQ MD ? DCRSQ GL RFC
UMK@.
,EBKJ?ED 8
1. )BCLRGDW RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ:
4FC RGKC DMP MLC AMKNJCRC MQAGJJ?RGML GQ RFC NCPGMB T :
(16.12)
f =
1
T
.
2. 3MJTC DMP T :
(16.13)
T =
1
f
.
554 #(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3
3. 3S@QRGRSRC RFC EGTCL T?JSC DMP RFC DPCOSCLAW GLRM RFC PCQSJRGLE CVNPCQQGML:
(16.14)
T =
1
f
=
1
264 Hz
=
1
264 cycles/s
= 3.7910
3
s = 3.79 ms.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC NCPGMB DMSLB GL (@) GQ RFC RGKC NCP AWAJC, @SR RFGQ T?JSC GQ MDRCL OSMRCB ?Q QGKNJW RFC RGKC GL AMLTCLGCLR SLGRQ (KQ MP KGJJGQCAMLBQ GL RFGQ A?QC).
)BCLRGDW ?L CTCLR GL WMSP JGDC (QSAF ?Q PCACGTGLE ? N?WAFCAI) RF?R MAASPQ PCESJ?PJW. )BCLRGDW @MRF RFC NCPGMB ?LB DPCOSCLAW MD RFGQ CTCLR.
,EBKJ?ED
) TGQGR KW N?PCLRQ DMP BGLLCP CTCPW MRFCP 3SLB?W. 4FC DPCOSCLAW MD KW TGQGRQ GQ 26 NCP A?JCLB?P WC?P. 4FC NCPGMB GQ RUM UCCIQ.
16.3 ,?CFB; !7HCED?9 &EJ?ED: A ,F;9?7B );H?E:?9 &EJ?ED
4FC MQAGJJ?RGMLQ MD ? QWQRCK GL UFGAF RFC LCR DMPAC A?L @C BCQAPG@CB @W (MMICtQ J?U ?PC MD QNCAG?J GKNMPR?LAC, @CA?SQC RFCW ?PC TCPW AMKKML. 4FCW
?PC ?JQM RFC QGKNJCQR MQAGJJ?RMPW QWQRCKQ. ,?CFB; !7HCED?9 &EJ?ED (3(-) GQ RFC L?KC EGTCL RM MQAGJJ?RMPW KMRGML DMP ? QWQRCK UFCPC RFC LCR DMPAC
A?L @C BCQAPG@CB @W (MMICtQ J?U, ?LB QSAF ? QWQRCK GQ A?JJCB ? I?CFB; >7HCED?9 EI9?BB7JEH. )D RFC LCR DMPAC A?L @C BCQAPG@CB @W (MMICtQ J?U ?LB
RFCPC GQ LM 74@C<A: (@W DPGARGML MP MRFCP LML-AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ), RFCL ? QGKNJC F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP UGJJ MQAGJJ?RC UGRF COS?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR ML CGRFCP
QGBC MD RFC COSGJG@PGSK NMQGRGML, ?Q QFMUL DMP ?L M@HCAR ML ? QNPGLE GL F?=KH; 16.9. 4FC K?VGKSK BGQNJ?ACKCLR DPMK COSGJG@PGSK GQ A?JJCB RFC
7CFB?JK:; X . 4FC SLGRQ DMP ?KNJGRSBC ?LB BGQNJ?ACKCLR ?PC RFC Q?KC, @SR BCNCLB ML RFC RWNC MD MQAGJJ?RGML. &MP RFC M@HCAR ML RFC QNPGLE, RFC SLGRQ MD
?KNJGRSBC ?LB BGQNJ?ACKCLR ?PC KCRCPQ; UFCPC?Q DMP QMSLB MQAGJJ?RGMLQ, RFCW F?TC SLGRQ MD NPCQQSPC (?LB MRFCP RWNCQ MD MQAGJJ?RGMLQ F?TC WCR MRFCP
SLGRQ). "CA?SQC ?KNJGRSBC GQ RFC K?VGKSK BGQNJ?ACKCLR, GR GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC CLCPEW GL RFC MQAGJJ?RGML.
4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR: 3(- ?LB RFC -?P@JC
&GLB ? @MUJ MP @?QGL RF?R GQ QF?NCB JGIC ? FCKGQNFCPC ML RFC GLQGBC. 0J?AC ? K?P@JC GLQGBC RFC @MUJ ?LB RGJR RFC @MUJ NCPGMBGA?JJW QM RFC K?P@JC
PMJJQ DPMK RFC @MRRMK MD RFC @MUJ RM COS?JJW FGEF NMGLRQ ML RFC QGBCQ MD RFC @MUJ. 'CR ? DCCJ DMP RFC DMPAC PCOSGPCB RM K?GLR?GL RFGQ NCPGMBGA KMRGML.
7F?R GQ RFC PCQRMPGLE DMPAC ?LB UF?R PMJC BMCQ RFC DMPAC WMS ?NNJW NJ?W GL RFC QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML (3(-) MD RFC K?P@JC?
F?=KH; 16.9 !L M@HCAR ?RR?AFCB RM ? QNPGLE QJGBGLE ML ? DPGARGMLJCQQ QSPD?AC GQ ?L SLAMKNJGA?RCB QGKNJC F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP. 7FCL BGQNJ?ACB DPMK COSGJG@PGSK, RFC M@HCAR
NCPDMPKQ QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML RF?R F?Q ?L ?KNJGRSBC X ?LB ? NCPGMB T . 4FC M@HCARtQ K?VGKSK QNCCB MAASPQ ?Q GR N?QQCQ RFPMSEF COSGJG@PGSK. 4FC QRGDDCP RFC QNPGLE GQ,
RFC QK?JJCP RFC NCPGMB T . 4FC EPC?RCP RFC K?QQ MD RFC M@HCAR GQ, RFC EPC?RCP RFC NCPGMB T .
7F?R GQ QM QGELGDGA?LR ?@MSR QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML? /LC QNCAG?J RFGLE GQ RF?R RFC NCPGMB T ?LB DPCOSCLAW f MD ? QGKNJC F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP ?PC
GLBCNCLBCLR MD ?KNJGRSBC. 4FC QRPGLE MD ? ESGR?P, DMP CV?KNJC, UGJJ MQAGJJ?RC UGRF RFC Q?KC DPCOSCLAW UFCRFCP NJSAICB ECLRJW MP F?PB. "CA?SQC RFC
NCPGMB GQ AMLQR?LR, ? QGKNJC F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP A?L @C SQCB ?Q ? AJMAI.
4UM GKNMPR?LR D?ARMPQ BM ?DDCAR RFC NCPGMB MD ? QGKNJC F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP. 4FC NCPGMB GQ PCJ?RCB RM FMU QRGDD RFC QWQRCK GQ. ! TCPW QRGDD M@HCAR F?Q ?
J?PEC DMPAC AMLQR?LR k , UFGAF A?SQCQ RFC QWQRCK RM F?TC ? QK?JJCP NCPGMB. &MP CV?KNJC, WMS A?L ?BHSQR ? BGTGLE @M?PBtQ QRGDDLCQQrRFC QRGDDCP GR GQ, RFC
D?QRCP GR TG@P?RCQ, ?LB RFC QFMPRCP GRQ NCPGMB. 0CPGMB ?JQM BCNCLBQ ML RFC K?QQ MD RFC MQAGJJ?RGLE QWQRCK. 4FC KMPC K?QQGTC RFC QWQRCK GQ, RFC JMLECP
RFC NCPGMB. &MP CV?KNJC, ? FC?TW NCPQML ML ? BGTGLE @M?PB @MSLACQ SN ?LB BMUL KMPC QJMUJW RF?L ? JGEFR MLC.
#(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3 555
)L D?AR, RFC K?QQ m ?LB RFC DMPAC AMLQR?LR k ?PC RFC BA?L D?ARMPQ RF?R ?DDCAR RFC NCPGMB ?LB DPCOSCLAW MD QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML.
0CPGMB MD 3GKNJC (?PKMLGA /QAGJJ?RMP
4FC C8E<B7 B9 4 F<@C?8 ;4E@BA<6 BF6<??4GBE GQ EGTCL @W
(16.15)
T = 2
m
k
?LB, @CA?SQC f = 1 / T , RFC 9E8DH8A6L B9 4 F<@C?8 ;4E@BA<6 BF6<??4GBE GQ
(16.16)
f =
1
2
k
m
.
.MRC RF?R LCGRFCP T LMP f F?Q ?LW BCNCLBCLAC ML ?KNJGRSBC.
4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR: -?QQ ?LB 2SJCP /QAGJJ?RGMLQ
&GLB RUM GBCLRGA?J UMMBCL MP NJ?QRGA PSJCPQ. 4?NC MLC CLB MD C?AF PSJCP DGPKJW RM RFC CBEC MD ? R?@JC QM RF?R RFC JCLERF MD C?AF PSJCP RF?R NPMRPSBCQ
DPMK RFC R?@JC GQ RFC Q?KC. /L RFC DPCC CLB MD MLC PSJCP R?NC ? FC?TW M@HCAR QSAF ?Q ? DCU J?PEC AMGLQ. 0JSAI RFC CLBQ MD RFC PSJCPQ ?R RFC Q?KC
RGKC ?LB M@QCPTC UFGAF MLC SLBCPEMCQ KMPC AWAJCQ GL ? RGKC NCPGMB, ?LB KC?QSPC RFC NCPGMB MD MQAGJJ?RGML MD C?AF MD RFC PSJCPQ.
EN7CFB; 16.4 C7B9KB7J; J>; FH;GK;D9O 7D: );H?E: E< (I9?BB7J?EDI: B7: ,>E9A A8IEH8;HI ?D 7 C7H
)D RFC QFMAI ?@QMP@CPQ GL ? A?P EM @?B, RFCL RFC A?P UGJJ MQAGJJ?RC ?R RFC JC?QR NPMTMA?RGML, QSAF ?Q UFCL EMGLE MTCP @SKNQ GL RFC PM?B ?LB ?DRCP
QRMNNGLE (3CC F?=KH; 16.10). #?JASJ?RC RFC DPCOSCLAW ?LB NCPGMB MD RFCQC MQAGJJ?RGMLQ DMP QSAF ? A?P GD RFC A?PtQ K?QQ (GLAJSBGLE GRQ JM?B) GQ 900
IE ?LB RFC DMPAC AMLQR?LR ( k ) MD RFC QSQNCLQGML QWQRCK GQ 6.5310
4
N/m.
,JH7J;=O
4FC DPCOSCLAW MD RFC A?PtQ MQAGJJ?RGMLQ UGJJ @C RF?R MD ? QGKNJC F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP ?Q EGTCL GL RFC COS?RGML f =
1
2
k
m
. 4FC K?QQ ?LB RFC DMPAC
AMLQR?LR ?PC @MRF EGTCL.
,EBKJ?ED
1. %LRCP RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ MD > ?LB @:
(16.17)
f =
1
2
k
m
=
1
2
6.5310
4
N/m
900 kg
.
2. #?JASJ?RC RFC DPCOSCLAW:
(16.18)
1
2
72.6 / s
2
= 1.3656 / s
1
1.36 / s
1
= 1.36 Hz.
3. 9MS AMSJB SQC T = 2
m
k
RM A?JASJ?RC RFC NCPGMB, @SR GR GQ QGKNJCP RM SQC RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN T = 1 / f ?LB QS@QRGRSRC RFC T?JSC HSQR DMSLB DMP
f :
(16.19)
T =
1
f
=
1
1.356 Hz
= 0.738 s.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC T?JSCQ MD T ?LB f @MRF QCCK ?@MSR PGEFR DMP ? @MSLAGLE A?P. 9MS A?L M@QCPTC RFCQC MQAGJJ?RGMLQ GD WMS NSQF BMUL F?PB ML RFC CLB MD ? A?P
?LB JCR EM.
4FC ,GLI @CRUCCL 3GKNJC (?PKMLGA -MRGML ?LB 7?TCQ
)D ? RGKC-CVNMQSPC NFMRMEP?NF MD RFC @MSLAGLE A?P UCPC R?ICL ?Q GR BPMTC @W, RFC FC?BJGEFR UMSJB K?IC ? U?TCJGIC QRPC?I, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 16.10.
3GKGJ?PJW, F?=KH; 16.11 QFMUQ ?L M@HCAR @MSLAGLE ML ? QNPGLE ?Q GR JC?TCQ ? U?TCJGIC "RP?AC MD GRQ NMQGRGML ML ? KMTGLE QRPGN MD N?NCP. "MRF U?TCQ ?PC
QGLC DSLARGMLQ. !JJ QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML GQ GLRGK?RCJW PCJ?RCB RM QGLC ?LB AMQGLC U?TCQ.
F?=KH; 16.10 4FC @MSLAGLE A?P K?ICQ ? U?TCJGIC KMRGML. )D RFC PCQRMPGLE DMPAC GL RFC QSQNCLQGML QWQRCK A?L @C BCQAPG@CB MLJW @W (MMICtQ J?U, RFCL RFC U?TC GQ ? QGLC
DSLARGML. (4FC U?TC GQ RFC RP?AC NPMBSACB @W RFC FC?BJGEFR ?Q RFC A?P KMTCQ RM RFC PGEFR.)
556 #(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3
F?=KH; 16.11 4FC TCPRGA?J NMQGRGML MD ?L M@HCAR @MSLAGLE ML ? QNPGLE GQ PCAMPBCB ML ? QRPGN MD KMTGLE N?NCP, JC?TGLE ? QGLC U?TC.
4FC BGQNJ?ACKCLR ?Q ? DSLARGML MD RGKC G GL ?LW QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGMLrRF?R GQ, MLC GL UFGAF RFC LCR PCQRMPGLE DMPAC A?L @C BCQAPG@CB @W (MMICtQ
J?U, GQ EGTCL @W
(16.20)
x(t) = X cos
2t
T
,
UFCPC X GQ ?KNJGRSBC. !R t = 0 , RFC GLGRG?J NMQGRGML GQ x
0
= X , ?LB RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR MQAGJJ?RCQ @?AI ?LB DMPRF UGRF ? NCPGMB T . (7FCL t = T , UC
ECR x = X ?E?GL @CA?SQC cos 2 = 1 .). &SPRFCPKMPC, DPMK RFGQ CVNPCQQGML DMP x , RFC TCJMAGRW v ?Q ? DSLARGML MD RGKC GQ EGTCL @W:
(16.21)
v(t) = v
max
sin

2t
T
,
UFCPC v
max
= 2X / T = X k / m. 4FC M@HCAR F?Q XCPM TCJMAGRW ?R K?VGKSK BGQNJ?ACKCLRrDMP CV?KNJC, v = 0 UFCL t = 0 , ?LB ?R RF?R RGKC
x = X . 4FC KGLSQ QGEL GL RFC DGPQR COS?RGML DMP v(t) EGTCQ RFC AMPPCAR BGPCARGML DMP RFC TCJMAGRW. *SQR ?DRCP RFC QR?PR MD RFC KMRGML, DMP GLQR?LAC, RFC
TCJMAGRW GQ LCE?RGTC @CA?SQC RFC QWQRCK GQ KMTGLE @?AI RMU?PB RFC COSGJG@PGSK NMGLR. &GL?JJW, UC A?L ECR ?L CVNPCQQGML DMP ?AACJCP?RGML SQGLE
.CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U. ;4FCL UC F?TC x(t), v(t), t, ?LB a(t) , RFC OS?LRGRGCQ LCCBCB DMP IGLCK?RGAQ ?LB ? BCQAPGNRGML MD QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML.=
!AAMPBGLE RM .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U, RFC ?AACJCP?RGML GQ a = F / m = kx / m. 3M, a(t) GQ ?JQM ? AMQGLC DSLARGML:
(16.22)
a(t) =
kX
m
cos
2t
T
.
(CLAC, a(t) GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM ?LB GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML RM a(t) .
F?=KH; 16.12 QFMUQ RFC QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML MD ?L M@HCAR ML ? QNPGLE ?LB NPCQCLRQ EP?NFQ MD x(t),v(t), ?LB a(t) TCPQSQ RGKC.
#(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3 557
F?=KH; 16.12 'P?NFQ MD x(t), v(t), ?LB a(t) TCPQSQ t DMP RFC KMRGML MD ?L M@HCAR ML ? QNPGLE. 4FC LCR DMPAC ML RFC M@HCAR A?L @C BCQAPG@CB @W (MMICtQ J?U, ?LB QM RFC
M@HCAR SLBCPEMCQ QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML. .MRC RF?R RFC GLGRG?J NMQGRGML F?Q RFC TCPRGA?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR ?R GRQ K?VGKSK T?JSC X ; v GQ GLGRG?JJW XCPM ?LB RFCL LCE?RGTC ?Q RFC
M@HCAR KMTCQ BMUL; ?LB RFC GLGRG?J ?AACJCP?RGML GQ LCE?RGTC, @?AI RMU?PB RFC COSGJG@PGSK NMQGRGML ?LB @CAMKCQ XCPM ?R RF?R NMGLR.
4FC KMQR GKNMPR?LR NMGLR FCPC GQ RF?R RFCQC COS?RGMLQ ?PC K?RFCK?RGA?JJW QRP?GEFRDMPU?PB ?LB ?PC T?JGB DMP ?JJ QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML. 4FCW ?PC TCPW
SQCDSJ GL TGQS?JGXGLE U?TCQ ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML, GLAJSBGLE TGQS?JGXGLE FMU U?TCQ ?BB UGRF MLC ?LMRFCP.
3SNNMQC WMS NJSAI ? @?LHM QRPGLE. 9MS FC?P ? QGLEJC LMRC RF?R QR?PRQ MSR JMSB ?LB QJMUJW OSGCRQ MTCP RGKC. $CQAPG@C UF?R F?NNCLQ RM RFC QMSLB
U?TCQ GL RCPKQ MD NCPGMB, DPCOSCLAW ?LB ?KNJGRSBC ?Q RFC QMSLB BCAPC?QCQ GL TMJSKC.
,EBKJ?ED
&PCOSCLAW ?LB NCPGMB PCK?GL CQQCLRG?JJW SLAF?LECB. /LJW ?KNJGRSBC BCAPC?QCQ ?Q TMJSKC BCAPC?QCQ.
! @?@WQGRRCP GQ NSQFGLE ? AFGJB ML ? QUGLE. !R RFC NMGLR UFCPC RFC QUGLE PC?AFCQ x , UFCPC UMSJB RFC AMPPCQNMLBGLE NMGLR ML ? U?TC MD RFGQ
KMRGML @C JMA?RCB?
,EBKJ?ED
x GQ RFC K?VGKSK BCDMPK?RGML, UFGAF AMPPCQNMLBQ RM RFC ?KNJGRSBC MD RFC U?TC. 4FC NMGLR ML RFC U?TC UMSJB CGRFCP @C ?R RFC TCPW RMN MP RFC
TCPW @MRRMK MD RFC ASPTC.
558 #(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: -?QQCQ ?LB 3NPGLEQ
4P?LQNMPR RFC J?@ RM BGDDCPCLR NJ?LCRQ. ! AF?PR QFMUQ RFC IGLCRGA, NMRCLRG?J, ?LB RFCPK?J CLCPEW DMP C?AF QNPGLE.
F?=KH; 16.13 &7II;I 7D: ,FH?D=I (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42242/1.6/C7II-IFH?D=-B786;D.@7H)
16.4 ->; ,?CFB; );D:KBKC
F?=KH; 16.14 ! QGKNJC NCLBSJSK F?Q ? QK?JJ-BG?KCRCP @M@ ?LB ? QRPGLE RF?R F?Q ? TCPW QK?JJ K?QQ @SR GQ QRPMLE CLMSEF LMR RM QRPCRAF ?NNPCAG?@JW. 4FC JGLC?P BGQNJ?ACKCLR
DPMK COSGJG@PGSK GQ s , RFC JCLERF MD RFC ?PA. !JQM QFMUL ?PC RFC DMPACQ ML RFC @M@, UFGAF PCQSJR GL ? LCR DMPAC MD mg sin RMU?PB RFC COSGJG@PGSK NMQGRGMLrRF?R GQ, ?
PCQRMPGLE DMPAC.
0CLBSJSKQ ?PC GL AMKKML SQ?EC. 3MKC F?TC APSAG?J SQCQ, QSAF ?Q GL AJMAIQ; QMKC ?PC DMP DSL, QSAF ?Q ? AFGJBtQ QUGLE; ?LB QMKC ?PC HSQR RFCPC,
QSAF ?Q RFC QGLICP ML ? DGQFGLE JGLC. &MP QK?JJ BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ, ? NCLBSJSK GQ ? QGKNJC F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP. ! I?CFB; F;D:KBKC GQ BCDGLCB RM F?TC ?L
M@HCAR RF?R F?Q ? QK?JJ K?QQ, ?JQM ILMUL ?Q RFC NCLBSJSK @M@, UFGAF GQ QSQNCLBCB DPMK ? JGEFR UGPC MP QRPGLE, QSAF ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 16.14.
%VNJMPGLE RFC QGKNJC NCLBSJSK ? @GR DSPRFCP, UC A?L BGQAMTCP RFC AMLBGRGMLQ SLBCP UFGAF GR NCPDMPKQ QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML, ?LB UC A?L BCPGTC ?L
GLRCPCQRGLE CVNPCQQGML DMP GRQ NCPGMB.
7C @CEGL @W BCDGLGLE RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR RM @C RFC ?PA JCLERF s . 7C QCC DPMK F?=KH; 16.14 RF?R RFC LCR DMPAC ML RFC @M@ GQ R?LECLR RM RFC ?PA ?LB
COS?JQ mg sin . (4FC UCGEFR mg F?Q AMKNMLCLRQ mg cos ?JMLE RFC QRPGLE ?LB mg sin R?LECLR RM RFC ?PA.) 4CLQGML GL RFC QRPGLE CV?ARJW
A?LACJQ RFC AMKNMLCLR mg cos N?P?JJCJ RM RFC QRPGLE. 4FGQ JC?TCQ ? A8G PCQRMPGLE DMPAC @?AI RMU?PB RFC COSGJG@PGSK NMQGRGML ?R = 0 .
.MU, GD UC A?L QFMU RF?R RFC PCQRMPGLE DMPAC GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR, RFCL UC F?TC ? QGKNJC F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP. )L RPWGLE RM
BCRCPKGLC GD UC F?TC ? QGKNJC F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP, UC QFMSJB LMRC RF?R DMP QK?JJ ?LEJCQ (JCQQ RF?L ?@MSR 15 ), sin ( sin ?LB BGDDCP @W
?@MSR 1% MP JCQQ ?R QK?JJCP ?LEJCQ). 4FSQ, DMP ?LEJCQ JCQQ RF?L ?@MSR 15 , RFC PCQRMPGLE DMPAC F GQ
(16.23)
F mg.
4FC BGQNJ?ACKCLR s GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM . 7FCL GQ CVNPCQQCB GL P?BG?LQ, RFC ?PA JCLERF GL ? AGPAJC GQ PCJ?RCB RM GRQ P?BGSQ ( L GL RFGQ
GLQR?LAC) @W:
(16.24)
s = L,
QM RF?R
(16.25)
=
s
L
.
&MP QK?JJ ?LEJCQ, RFCL, RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP RFC PCQRMPGLE DMPAC GQ:
(16.26)
F
mg
L
s
4FGQ CVNPCQQGML GQ MD RFC DMPK:
(16.27)
F = kx,
UFCPC RFC DMPAC AMLQR?LR GQ EGTCL @W k = mg / L ?LB RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR GQ EGTCL @W x = s . &MP ?LEJCQ JCQQ RF?L ?@MSR 15 , RFC PCQRMPGLE DMPAC GQ
BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR, ?LB RFC QGKNJC NCLBSJSK GQ ? QGKNJC F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP.
5QGLE RFGQ COS?RGML, UC A?L DGLB RFC NCPGMB MD ? NCLBSJSK DMP ?KNJGRSBCQ JCQQ RF?L ?@MSR 15 . &MP RFC QGKNJC NCLBSJSK:
(16.28)
T = 2
m
k
= 2
m
mg / L
.
#(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3 559
4FSQ,
(16.29)
T = 2
L
g
DMP RFC NCPGMB MD ? QGKNJC NCLBSJSK. 4FGQ PCQSJR GQ GLRCPCQRGLE @CA?SQC MD GRQ QGKNJGAGRW. 4FC MLJW RFGLEQ RF?R ?DDCAR RFC NCPGMB MD ? QGKNJC NCLBSJSK ?PC
GRQ JCLERF ?LB RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW. 4FC NCPGMB GQ AMKNJCRCJW GLBCNCLBCLR MD MRFCP D?ARMPQ, QSAF ?Q K?QQ. !Q UGRF QGKNJC F?PKMLGA
MQAGJJ?RMPQ, RFC NCPGMB T DMP ? NCLBSJSK GQ LC?PJW GLBCNCLBCLR MD ?KNJGRSBC, CQNCAG?JJW GD GQ JCQQ RF?L ?@MSR 15 . %TCL QGKNJC NCLBSJSK AJMAIQ
A?L @C DGLCJW ?BHSQRCB ?LB ?AASP?RC.
.MRC RFC BCNCLBCLAC MD T ML g . )D RFC JCLERF MD ? NCLBSJSK GQ NPCAGQCJW ILMUL, GR A?L ?ARS?JJW @C SQCB RM KC?QSPC RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW.
#MLQGBCP RFC DMJJMUGLE CV?KNJC.
EN7CFB; 16.5 &;7IKH?D= A99;B;H7J?ED :K; JE H7L?JO: ->; );H?E: E< 7 );D:KBKC
7F?R GQ RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW GL ? PCEGML UFCPC ? QGKNJC NCLBSJSK F?TGLE ? JCLERF 75.000 AK F?Q ? NCPGMB MD 1.7357 Q?
,JH7J;=O
7C ?PC ?QICB RM DGLB g EGTCL RFC NCPGMB T ?LB RFC JCLERF L MD ? NCLBSJSK. 7C A?L QMJTC T = 2
L
g
DMP g , ?QQSKGLE MLJW RF?R RFC ?LEJC MD
BCDJCARGML GQ JCQQ RF?L 15 .
,EBKJ?ED
1. 3OS?PC T = 2
L
g
?LB QMJTC DMP g :
(16.30)
g = 4
2 L
T
2
.
2. 3S@QRGRSRC ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC LCU COS?RGML:
(16.31)
g = 4
2 0.75000 m
(1.7357 s)
2
.
3. #?JASJ?RC RM DGLB g :
(16.32)
g = 9.8281 m/ s
2
.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ KCRFMB DMP BCRCPKGLGLE g A?L @C TCPW ?AASP?RC. 4FGQ GQ UFW JCLERF ?LB NCPGMB ?PC EGTCL RM DGTC BGEGRQ GL RFGQ CV?KNJC. &MP RFC NPCAGQGML MD
RFC ?NNPMVGK?RGML sin RM @C @CRRCP RF?L RFC NPCAGQGML MD RFC NCLBSJSK JCLERF ?LB NCPGMB, RFC K?VGKSK BGQNJ?ACKCLR ?LEJC QFMSJB @C
ICNR @CJMU ?@MSR 0.5 .
-?IGLE #?PCCP #MLLCARGMLQ
+LMUGLE g A?L @C GKNMPR?LR GL ECMJMEGA?J CVNJMP?RGML; DMP CV?KNJC, ? K?N MD g MTCP J?PEC ECMEP?NFGA?J PCEGMLQ ?GBQ RFC QRSBW MD NJ?RC RCARMLGAQ
?LB FCJNQ GL RFC QC?PAF DMP MGJ DGCJBQ ?LB J?PEC KGLCP?J BCNMQGRQ.
4?IC (MKC %VNCPGKCLR: $CRCPKGLGLE g
5QC ? QGKNJC NCLBSJSK RM BCRCPKGLC RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW g GL WMSP MUL JMA?JC. #SR ? NGCAC MD ? QRPGLE MP BCLR?J DJMQQ QM RF?R GR GQ
?@MSR 1 K JMLE. !RR?AF ? QK?JJ M@HCAR MD FGEF BCLQGRW RM RFC CLB MD RFC QRPGLE (DMP CV?KNJC, ? KCR?J LSR MP ? A?P ICW). 3R?PRGLE ?R ?L ?LEJC MD JCQQ
RF?L 10 , ?JJMU RFC NCLBSJSK RM QUGLE ?LB KC?QSPC RFC NCLBSJSKtQ NCPGMB DMP 10 MQAGJJ?RGMLQ SQGLE ? QRMNU?RAF. #?JASJ?RC g . (MU ?AASP?RC GQ
RFGQ KC?QSPCKCLR? (MU KGEFR GR @C GKNPMTCB?
!L CLEGLCCP @SGJBQ RUM QGKNJC NCLBSJ?. "MRF ?PC QSQNCLBCB DPMK QK?JJ UGPCQ QCASPCB RM RFC ACGJGLE MD ? PMMK. %?AF NCLBSJSK FMTCPQ 2 AK
?@MTC RFC DJMMP. 0CLBSJSK 1 F?Q ? @M@ UGRF ? K?QQ MD 10 kg . 0CLBSJSK 2 F?Q ? @M@ UGRF ? K?QQ MD 100 kg . $CQAPG@C FMU RFC KMRGML MD RFC
NCLBSJ? UGJJ BGDDCP GD RFC @M@Q ?PC @MRF BGQNJ?ACB @W 12 .
,EBKJ?ED
4FC KMTCKCLR MD RFC NCLBSJ? UGJJ LMR BGDDCP ?R ?JJ @CA?SQC RFC K?QQ MD RFC @M@ F?Q LM CDDCAR ML RFC KMRGML MD ? QGKNJC NCLBSJSK. 4FC NCLBSJ?
?PC MLJW ?DDCARCB @W RFC NCPGMB (UFGAF GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC NCLBSJSKtQ JCLERF) ?LB @W RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW.
560 #(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: 0CLBSJSK ,?@
0J?W UGRF MLC MP RUM NCLBSJSKQ ?LB BGQAMTCP FMU RFC NCPGMB MD ? QGKNJC NCLBSJSK BCNCLBQ ML RFC JCLERF MD RFC QRPGLE, RFC K?QQ MD RFC
NCLBSJSK @M@, ?LB RFC ?KNJGRSBC MD RFC QUGLE. )RtQ C?QW RM KC?QSPC RFC NCPGMB SQGLE RFC NFMRME?RC RGKCP. 9MS A?L T?PW DPGARGML ?LB RFC QRPCLERF
MD EP?TGRW. 5QC RFC NCLBSJSK RM DGLB RFC T?JSC MD g ML NJ?LCR 8. .MRGAC RFC ?LF?PKMLGA @CF?TGMP ?R J?PEC ?KNJGRSBC.
F?=KH; 16.15 );D:KBKC %78 (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42243/1.5/F;D:KBKC-B786;D.@7H)
16.5 ED;H=O 7D: J>; ,?CFB; !7HCED?9 (I9?BB7JEH
4M QRSBW RFC CLCPEW MD ? QGKNJC F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP, UC DGPQR AMLQGBCP ?JJ RFC DMPKQ MD CLCPEW GR A?L F?TC 7C ILMU DPMK !EEA;XI %7M: ,JH;II 7D:
,JH7?D +;L?I?J;: RF?R RFC CLCPEW QRMPCB GL RFC BCDMPK?RGML MD ? QGKNJC F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP GQ ? DMPK MD NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW EGTCL @W:
(16.33)
PE
el
=
1
2
kx
2
.
"CA?SQC ? QGKNJC F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP F?Q LM BGQQGN?RGTC DMPACQ, RFC MRFCP GKNMPR?LR DMPK MD CLCPEW GQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW KE . #MLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW DMP
RFCQC RUM DMPKQ GQ:
(16.34) KE + PE
el
= constant
MP
(16.35) 1
2
mv
2
+
1
2
kx
2
= constant.
4FGQ QR?RCKCLR MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW GQ T?JGB DMP 4?? QGKNJC F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMPQ, GLAJSBGLE MLCQ UFCPC RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC NJ?WQ ? PMJC
.?KCJW, DMP ? QGKNJC NCLBSJSK UC PCNJ?AC RFC TCJMAGRW UGRF v = L, RFC QNPGLE AMLQR?LR UGRF k = mg / L , ?LB RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR RCPK UGRF x = L
. 4FSQ
(16.36) 1
2
mL
2
2
+
1
2
mgL
2
= constant.
)L RFC A?QC MD SLB?KNCB QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML, RFC CLCPEW MQAGJJ?RCQ @?AI ?LB DMPRF @CRUCCL IGLCRGA ?LB NMRCLRG?J, EMGLE AMKNJCRCJW DPMK MLC RM
RFC MRFCP ?Q RFC QWQRCK MQAGJJ?RCQ. 3M DMP RFC QGKNJC CV?KNJC MD ?L M@HCAR ML ? DPGARGMLJCQQ QSPD?AC ?RR?AFCB RM ? QNPGLE, ?Q QFMUL ?E?GL GL F?=KH;
16.16, RFC KMRGML QR?PRQ UGRF ?JJ MD RFC CLCPEW QRMPCB GL RFC QNPGLE. !Q RFC M@HCAR QR?PRQ RM KMTC, RFC CJ?QRGA NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW GQ AMLTCPRCB RM IGLCRGA
CLCPEW, @CAMKGLE CLRGPCJW IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?R RFC COSGJG@PGSK NMQGRGML. )R GQ RFCL AMLTCPRCB @?AI GLRM CJ?QRGA NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW @W RFC QNPGLE, RFC TCJMAGRW
@CAMKCQ XCPM UFCL RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ AMKNJCRCJW AMLTCPRCB, ?LB QM ML. 4FGQ AMLACNR NPMTGBCQ CVRP? GLQGEFR FCPC ?LB GL J?RCP ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD QGKNJC
F?PKMLGA KMRGML, QSAF ?Q ?JRCPL?RGLE ASPPCLR AGPASGRQ.
F?=KH; 16.16 4FC RP?LQDMPK?RGML MD CLCPEW GL QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML GQ GJJSQRP?RCB DMP ?L M@HCAR ?RR?AFCB RM ? QNPGLE ML ? DPGARGMLJCQQ QSPD?AC.
#(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3 561
4FC AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW NPGLAGNJC A?L @C SQCB RM BCPGTC ?L CVNPCQQGML DMP TCJMAGRW v . )D UC QR?PR MSP QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML UGRF XCPM TCJMAGRW
?LB K?VGKSK BGQNJ?ACKCLR ( x = X ), RFCL RFC RMR?J CLCPEW GQ
(16.37) 1
2
kX
2
.
4FGQ RMR?J CLCPEW GQ AMLQR?LR ?LB GQ QFGDRCB @?AI ?LB DMPRF @CRUCCL IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?LB NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW, ?R KMQR RGKCQ @CGLE QF?PCB @W C?AF. 4FC
AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW DMP RFGQ QWQRCK GL COS?RGML DMPK GQ RFSQ:
(16.38) 1
2
mv
2
+
1
2
kx
2
=
1
2
kX
2
.
3MJTGLE RFGQ COS?RGML DMP v WGCJBQ:
(16.39)
v =
k
m
X
2
x
2
.
-?LGNSJ?RGLE RFGQ CVNPCQQGML ?JEC@P?GA?JJW EGTCQ:
(16.40)
v =
k
m
X 1
x
2
X
2
?LB QM
(16.41)
v = v
max
1
x
2
X
2
,
UFCPC
(16.42)
v
max
=
k
m
X.
&PMK RFGQ CVNPCQQGML, UC QCC RF?R RFC TCJMAGRW GQ ? K?VGKSK ( v
max
) ?R x = 0 , ?Q QR?RCB C?PJGCP GL v(t) = v
max
sin
2t
T
. .MRGAC RF?R RFC
K?VGKSK TCJMAGRW BCNCLBQ ML RFPCC D?ARMPQ. -?VGKSK TCJMAGRW GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM ?KNJGRSBC. !Q WMS KGEFR ESCQQ, RFC EPC?RCP RFC K?VGKSK
BGQNJ?ACKCLR RFC EPC?RCP RFC K?VGKSK TCJMAGRW. -?VGKSK TCJMAGRW GQ ?JQM EPC?RCP DMP QRGDDCP QWQRCKQ, @CA?SQC RFCW CVCPR EPC?RCP DMPAC DMP RFC Q?KC
BGQNJ?ACKCLR. 4FGQ M@QCPT?RGML GQ QCCL GL RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP v
max
; GR GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC QOS?PC PMMR MD RFC DMPAC AMLQR?LR k . &GL?JJW, RFC K?VGKSK
TCJMAGRW GQ QK?JJCP DMP M@HCARQ RF?R F?TC J?PECP K?QQCQ, @CA?SQC RFC K?VGKSK TCJMAGRW GQ GLTCPQCJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC QOS?PC PMMR MD m. &MP ? EGTCL
DMPAC, M@HCARQ RF?R F?TC J?PEC K?QQCQ ?AACJCP?RC KMPC QJMUJW.
! QGKGJ?P A?JASJ?RGML DMP RFC QGKNJC NCLBSJSK NPMBSACQ ? QGKGJ?P PCQSJR, L?KCJW:
(16.43)
max
=
g
L
max
.
EN7CFB; 16.6 D;J;HC?D; J>; &7N?CKC ,F;;: E< 7D (I9?BB7J?D= ,OIJ;C: A BKCFO +E7:
3SNNMQC RF?R ? A?P GQ 900 IE ?LB F?Q ? QSQNCLQGML QWQRCK RF?R F?Q ? DMPAC AMLQR?LR k = 6.5310
4
N/m. 4FC A?P FGRQ ? @SKN ?LB @MSLACQ
UGRF ?L ?KNJGRSBC MD 0.100 K. 7F?R GQ GRQ K?VGKSK TCPRGA?J TCJMAGRW GD WMS ?QQSKC LM B?KNGLE MAASPQ?
,JH7J;=O
7C A?L SQC RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP v
max
EGTCL GL v
max
=
k
m
X RM BCRCPKGLC RFC K?VGKSK TCPRGA?J TCJMAGRW. 4FC T?PG?@JCQ m ?LB k ?PC EGTCL GL
RFC NPM@JCK QR?RCKCLR, ?LB RFC K?VGKSK BGQNJ?ACKCLR X GQ 0.100 K.
,EBKJ?ED
1. )BCLRGDW ILMUL.
2. 3S@QRGRSRC ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM v
max
=
k
m
X :
(16.44)
v
max
=
6.5310
4
N/m
900 kg
(0.100 m).
3. #?JASJ?RC RM DGLB v
max
= 0.852 m/s.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ ?LQUCP QCCKQ PC?QML?@JC DMP ? @MSLAGLE A?P. 4FCPC ?PC MRFCP U?WQ RM SQC AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW RM DGLB v
max
. 7C AMSJB SQC GR BGPCARJW, ?Q
U?Q BMLC GL RFC CV?KNJC DC?RSPCB GL !EEA;XI %7M: ,JH;II 7D: ,JH7?D +;L?I?J;:.
4FC QK?JJ TCPRGA?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR y MD ?L MQAGJJ?RGLE QGKNJC NCLBSJSK, QR?PRGLE DPMK GRQ COSGJG@PGSK NMQGRGML, GQ EGTCL ?Q
(16.45)
y(t) = a sin t,
UFCPC a GQ RFC ?KNJGRSBC, GQ RFC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW ?LB t GQ RFC RGKC R?ICL. 3S@QRGRSRGLE =
2
T
, UC F?TC
562 #(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3
(16.46)
yt = a sin
2t
T
.
4FSQ, RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR MD NCLBSJSK GQ ? DSLARGML MD RGKC ?Q QFMUL ?@MTC.
!JQM RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC NCLBSJSK GQ EGTCL @W
(16.47)
v(t) =
2a
T
cos

2t
T
,
QM RFC KMRGML MD RFC NCLBSJSK GQ ? DSLARGML MD RGKC.
7FW BMCQ GR FSPR KMPC GD WMSP F?LB GQ QL?NNCB UGRF ? PSJCP RF?L UGRF ? JMMQC QNPGLE, CTCL GD RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR MD C?AF QWQRCK GQ COS?J?
,EBKJ?ED
4FC PSJCP GQ ? QRGDDCP QWQRCK, UFGAF A?PPGCQ EPC?RCP DMPAC DMP RFC Q?KC ?KMSLR MD BGQNJ?ACKCLR. 4FC PSJCP QL?NQ WMSP F?LB UGRF EPC?RCP DMPAC,
UFGAF FSPRQ KMPC.
9MS ?PC M@QCPTGLE ? QGKNJC F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP. )BCLRGDW MLC U?W WMS AMSJB BCAPC?QC RFC K?VGKSK TCJMAGRW MD RFC QWQRCK.
,EBKJ?ED
9MS AMSJB GLAPC?QC RFC K?QQ MD RFC M@HCAR RF?R GQ MQAGJJ?RGLE.
16.6 .D?<EHC C?H9KB7H &EJ?ED 7D: ,?CFB; !7HCED?9 &EJ?ED
F?=KH; 16.17 4FC FMPQCQ ML RFGQ KCPPW-EM-PMSLB CVFG@GR SLGDMPK AGPASJ?P KMRGML. (APCBGR: 7MLBCPJ?LC, &JGAIP)
4FCPC GQ ?L C?QW U?W RM NPMBSAC QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML @W SQGLE SLGDMPK AGPASJ?P KMRGML. F?=KH; 16.18 QFMUQ MLC U?W MD SQGLE RFGQ KCRFMB. ! @?JJ
GQ ?RR?AFCB RM ? SLGDMPKJW PMR?RGLE TCPRGA?J RSPLR?@JC, ?LB GRQ QF?BMU GQ NPMHCARCB ML RFC DJMMP ?Q QFMUL. 4FC QF?BMU SLBCPEMCQ QGKNJC F?PKMLGA
KMRGML. (MMICtQ J?U SQS?JJW BCQAPG@CQ SLGDMPK AGPASJ?P KMRGMLQ ( AMLQR?LR) P?RFCP RF?L QWQRCKQ RF?R F?TC J?PEC TGQG@JC BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ. 3M
M@QCPTGLE RFC NPMHCARGML MD SLGDMPK AGPASJ?P KMRGML, ?Q GL F?=KH; 16.18, GQ MDRCL C?QGCP RF?L M@QCPTGLE ? NPCAGQC J?PEC-QA?JC QGKNJC F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP.
)D QRSBGCB GL QSDDGAGCLR BCNRF, QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML NPMBSACB GL RFGQ K?LLCP A?L EGTC AMLQGBCP?@JC GLQGEFR GLRM K?LW ?QNCARQ MD MQAGJJ?RGMLQ ?LB
U?TCQ ?LB GQ TCPW SQCDSJ K?RFCK?RGA?JJW. )L MSP @PGCD RPC?RKCLR, UC QF?JJ GLBGA?RC QMKC MD RFC K?HMP DC?RSPCQ MD RFGQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN ?LB FMU RFCW KGEFR
@C SQCDSJ.
#(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3 563
F?=KH; 16.18 4FC QF?BMU MD ? @?JJ PMR?RGLE ?R AMLQR?LR ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW ML ? RSPLR?@JC EMCQ @?AI ?LB DMPRF GL NPCAGQC QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML.
F?=KH; 16.19 QFMUQ RFC @?QGA PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL SLGDMPK AGPASJ?P KMRGML ?LB QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML. 4FC NMGLR 0 RP?TCJQ ?PMSLB RFC AGPAJC ?R
AMLQR?LR ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW . 4FC NMGLR 0 GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM ?L M@HCAR ML RFC KCPPW-EM-PMSLB. 4FC NPMHCARGML MD RFC NMQGRGML MD 0 MLRM ? DGVCB ?VGQ
SLBCPEMCQ QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML ?LB GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM RFC QF?BMU MD RFC M@HCAR. !R RFC RGKC QFMUL GL RFC DGESPC, RFC NPMHCARGML F?Q NMQGRGML x ?LB
KMTCQ RM RFC JCDR UGRF TCJMAGRW v . 4FC TCJMAGRW MD RFC NMGLR 0 ?PMSLB RFC AGPAJC COS?JQ v
max
.4FC NPMHCARGML MD v
max
ML RFC x -?VGQ GQ RFC TCJMAGRW
v MD RFC QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML ?JMLE RFC x -?VGQ.
F?=KH; 16.19 ! NMGLR 0 KMTGLE ML ? AGPASJ?P N?RF UGRF ? AMLQR?LR ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW GQ SLBCPEMGLE SLGDMPK AGPASJ?P KMRGML. )RQ NPMHCARGML ML RFC V-?VGQ SLBCPEMCQ QGKNJC
F?PKMLGA KMRGML. !JQM QFMUL GQ RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFGQ NMGLR ?PMSLB RFC AGPAJC, v
max
, ?LB GRQ NPMHCARGML, UFGAF GQ v . .MRC RF?R RFCQC TCJMAGRGCQ DMPK ? QGKGJ?P RPG?LEJC RM RFC
BGQNJ?ACKCLR RPG?LEJC.
4M QCC RF?R RFC NPMHCARGML SLBCPEMCQ QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML, LMRC RF?R GRQ NMQGRGML x GQ EGTCL @W
(16.48)
x = X cos ,
UFCPC = t , GQ RFC AMLQR?LR ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW, ?LB X GQ RFC P?BGSQ MD RFC AGPASJ?P N?RF. 4FSQ,
(16.49) x = X cos t.
4FC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW GQ GL P?BG?LQ NCP SLGR RGKC; GL RFGQ A?QC 2 P?BG?LQ GQ RFC RGKC DMP MLC PCTMJSRGML T . 4F?R GQ, = 2 / T . 3S@QRGRSRGLE RFGQ
CVNPCQQGML DMP , UC QCC RF?R RFC NMQGRGML x GQ EGTCL @W:
(16.50)
x(t) = cos
2t
T
.
4FGQ CVNPCQQGML GQ RFC Q?KC MLC UC F?B DMP RFC NMQGRGML MD ? QGKNJC F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP GL ,?CFB; !7HCED?9 &EJ?ED: A ,F;9?7B );H?E:?9 &EJ?ED. )D
UC K?IC ? EP?NF MD NMQGRGML TCPQSQ RGKC ?Q GL F?=KH; 16.20, UC QCC ?E?GL RFC U?TCJGIC AF?P?ARCP (RWNGA?J MD QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML) MD RFC
NPMHCARGML MD SLGDMPK AGPASJ?P KMRGML MLRM RFC x -?VGQ.
564 #(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3
F?=KH; 16.20 4FC NMQGRGML MD RFC NPMHCARGML MD SLGDMPK AGPASJ?P KMRGML NCPDMPKQ QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML, ?Q RFGQ U?TCJGIC EP?NF MD x TCPQSQ t GLBGA?RCQ.
.MU JCR SQ SQC F?=KH; 16.19 RM BM QMKC DSPRFCP ?L?JWQGQ MD SLGDMPK AGPASJ?P KMRGML ?Q GR PCJ?RCQ RM QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML. 4FC RPG?LEJC DMPKCB @W RFC
TCJMAGRGCQ GL RFC DGESPC ?LB RFC RPG?LEJC DMPKCB @W RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ ( X, x, ?LB X
2
x
2
) ?PC QGKGJ?P PGEFR RPG?LEJCQ. 4?IGLE P?RGMQ MD QGKGJ?P QGBCQ,
UC QCC RF?R
(16.51)
v
v
max
=
X
2
x
2
X
= 1
x
2
X
2
.
7C A?L QMJTC RFGQ COS?RGML DMP RFC QNCCB v MP
(16.52)
v = v
max
1
x
2
X
2
.
4FGQ CVNPCQQGML DMP RFC QNCCB MD ? QGKNJC F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP GQ CV?ARJW RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC COS?RGML M@R?GLCB DPMK AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW
AMLQGBCP?RGMLQ GL ED;H=O 7D: J>; ,?CFB; !7HCED?9 (I9?BB7JEH.9MS A?L @CEGL RM QCC RF?R GR GQ NMQQG@JC RM ECR ?JJ MD RFC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD QGKNJC
F?PKMLGA KMRGML DPMK ?L ?L?JWQGQ MD RFC NPMHCARGML MD SLGDMPK AGPASJ?P KMRGML.
&GL?JJW, JCR SQ AMLQGBCP RFC NCPGMB T MD RFC KMRGML MD RFC NPMHCARGML. 4FGQ NCPGMB GQ RFC RGKC GR R?ICQ RFC NMGLR 0 RM AMKNJCRC MLC PCTMJSRGML. 4F?R RGKC
GQ RFC AGPASKDCPCLAC MD RFC AGPAJC 2X BGTGBCB @W RFC TCJMAGRW ?PMSLB RFC AGPAJC, v
max
. 4FSQ, RFC NCPGMB T GQ
(16.53)
T =
2X
v
max
.
7C ILMU DPMK AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW AMLQGBCP?RGMLQ RF?R
(16.54)
v
max
=
k
m
X.
3MJTGLE RFGQ COS?RGML DMP X / v
max
EGTCQ
(16.55) X
v
max
=
m
k
.
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFGQ CVNPCQQGML GLRM RFC COS?RGML DMP T WGCJBQ
(16.56)
T = 2
m
k
.
4FSQ, RFC NCPGMB MD RFC KMRGML GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q DMP ? QGKNJC F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP. 7C F?TC BCRCPKGLCB RFC NCPGMB DMP ?LW QGKNJC F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP
SQGLE RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL SLGDMPK AGPASJ?P KMRGML ?LB QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML.
3MKC KMBSJCQ MAA?QGML?JJW PCDCP RM RFC AMLLCARGML @CRUCCL SLGDMPK AGPASJ?P KMRGML ?LB QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML. -MPCMTCP, GD WMS A?PPW WMSP QRSBW MD
NFWQGAQ ?LB GRQ ?NNJGA?RGMLQ RM EPC?RCP BCNRFQ, WMS UGJJ DGLB RFGQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN SQCDSJ. )R A?L, DMP CV?KNJC, FCJN RM ?L?JWXC FMU U?TCQ ?BB UFCL RFCW ?PC
QSNCPGKNMQCB.
)BCLRGDW ?L M@HCAR RF?R SLBCPEMCQ SLGDMPK AGPASJ?P KMRGML. $CQAPG@C FMU WMS AMSJB RP?AC RFC QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML MD RFGQ M@HCAR ?Q ? U?TC.
,EBKJ?ED
#(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3 565
! PCAMPB NJ?WCP SLBCPEMCQ SLGDMPK AGPASJ?P KMRGML. 9MS AMSJB ?RR?AF BMUCJ PMB RM MLC NMGLR ML RFC MSRQGBC CBEC MD RFC RSPLR?@JC ?LB ?RR?AF ? NCL
RM RFC MRFCP CLB MD RFC BMUCJ. !Q RFC PCAMPB NJ?WCP RSPLQ, RFC NCL UGJJ KMTC. 9MS A?L BP?E ? JMLE NGCAC MD N?NCP SLBCP RFC NCL, A?NRSPGLE GRQ
KMRGML ?Q ? U?TC.
16.7 D7CF;: !7HCED?9 &EJ?ED
F?=KH; 16.21 )L MPBCP RM AMSLRCP?AR B?KNCLGLE DMPACQ, RFGQ B?B LCCBQ RM ICCN NSQFGLE RFC QUGLE. (APCBGR: %PGI !. *MFLQML, &JGAIP)
! ESGR?P QRPGLE QRMNQ MQAGJJ?RGLE ? DCU QCAMLBQ ?DRCP @CGLE NJSAICB. 4M ICCN ? AFGJB F?NNW ML ? QUGLE, WMS KSQR ICCN NSQFGLE. !JRFMSEF UC A?L MDRCL
K?IC DPGARGML ?LB MRFCP LML-AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ LCEJGEG@JW QK?JJ, AMKNJCRCJW SLB?KNCB KMRGML GQ P?PC. )L D?AR, UC K?W CTCL U?LR RM B?KN
MQAGJJ?RGMLQ, QSAF ?Q UGRF A?P QFMAI ?@QMP@CPQ.
&MP ? QWQRCK RF?R F?Q ? QK?JJ ?KMSLR MD B?KNGLE, RFC NCPGMB ?LB DPCOSCLAW ?PC LC?PJW RFC Q?KC ?Q DMP QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML, @SR RFC ?KNJGRSBC
EP?BS?JJW BCAPC?QCQ ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 16.22. 4FGQ MAASPQ @CA?SQC RFC LML-AMLQCPT?RGTC B?KNGLE DMPAC PCKMTCQ CLCPEW DPMK RFC QWQRCK, SQS?JJW GL
RFC DMPK MD RFCPK?J CLCPEW. )L ECLCP?J, CLCPEW PCKMT?J @W LML-AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ GQ BCQAPG@CB ?Q
(16.57) W
nc
= (KE + PE),
UFCPC W
nc
GQ UMPI BMLC @W ? LML-AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPAC (FCPC RFC B?KNGLE DMPAC). &MP ? B?KNCB F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP, W
nc
GQ LCE?RGTC @CA?SQC GR
PCKMTCQ KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW (+% + 0%) DPMK RFC QWQRCK.
F?=KH; 16.22 )L RFGQ EP?NF MD BGQNJ?ACKCLR TCPQSQ RGKC DMP ? F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP UGRF ? QK?JJ ?KMSLR MD B?KNGLE, RFC ?KNJGRSBC QJMUJW BCAPC?QCQ, @SR RFC NCPGMB ?LB DPCOSCLAW
?PC LC?PJW RFC Q?KC ?Q GD RFC QWQRCK UCPC AMKNJCRCJW SLB?KNCB.
)D WMS EP?BS?JJW <A6E84F8 RFC ?KMSLR MD B?KNGLE GL ? QWQRCK, RFC NCPGMB ?LB DPCOSCLAW @CEGL RM @C ?DDCARCB, @CA?SQC B?KNGLE MNNMQCQ ?LB FCLAC
QJMUQ RFC @?AI ?LB DMPRF KMRGML. (4FC LCR DMPAC GQ QK?JJCP GL @MRF BGPCARGMLQ.) )D RFCPC GQ TCPW J?PEC B?KNGLE, RFC QWQRCK BMCQ LMR CTCL MQAGJJ?RCrGR
QJMUJW KMTCQ RMU?PB COSGJG@PGSK. F?=KH; 16.23 QFMUQ RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR MD ? F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP DMP BGDDCPCLR ?KMSLRQ MD B?KNGLE. 7FCL UC U?LR RM
B?KN MSR MQAGJJ?RGMLQ, QSAF ?Q GL RFC QSQNCLQGML MD ? A?P, UC K?W U?LR RFC QWQRCK RM PCRSPL RM COSGJG@PGSK ?Q OSGAIJW ?Q NMQQG@JC CH?J?97B :7CF?D= GQ
BCDGLCB ?Q RFC AMLBGRGML GL UFGAF RFC B?KNGLE MD ?L MQAGJJ?RMP PCQSJRQ GL GR PCRSPLGLE ?Q OSGAIJW ?Q NMQQG@JC RM GRQ COSGJG@PGSK NMQGRGML 4FC APGRGA?JJW
B?KNCB QWQRCK K?W MTCPQFMMR RFC COSGJG@PGSK NMQGRGML, @SR GD GR BMCQ, GR UGJJ BM QM MLJW MLAC. #PGRGA?J B?KNGLE GQ PCNPCQCLRCB @W #SPTC ! GL F?=KH;
16.23. 7GRF JCQQ-RF?L APGRGA?J B?KNGLE, RFC QWQRCK UGJJ PCRSPL RM COSGJG@PGSK D?QRCP @SR UGJJ MTCPQFMMR ?LB APMQQ MTCP MLC MP KMPC RGKCQ. 3SAF ? QWQRCK
GQ KD:;H:7CF;:; GRQ BGQNJ?ACKCLR GQ PCNPCQCLRCB @W RFC ASPTC GL F?=KH; 16.22. #SPTC " GL F?=KH; 16.23 PCNPCQCLRQ ?L EL;H:7CF;: QWQRCK. !Q UGRF
APGRGA?J B?KNGLE, GR RMM K?W MTCPQFMMR RFC COSGJG@PGSK NMQGRGML, @SR UGJJ PC?AF COSGJG@PGSK MTCP ? JMLECP NCPGMB MD RGKC.
F?=KH; 16.23 $GQNJ?ACKCLR TCPQSQ RGKC DMP ? APGRGA?JJW B?KNCB F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP (!) ?LB ?L MTCPB?KNCB F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP ("). 4FC APGRGA?JJW B?KNCB MQAGJJ?RMP PCRSPLQ RM
COSGJG@PGSK ?R X = 0 GL RFC QK?JJCQR RGKC NMQQG@JC UGRFMSR MTCPQFMMRGLE.
566 #(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3
#PGRGA?J B?KNGLE GQ MDRCL BCQGPCB, @CA?SQC QSAF ? QWQRCK PCRSPLQ RM COSGJG@PGSK P?NGBJW ?LB PCK?GLQ ?R COSGJG@PGSK ?Q UCJJ. )L ?BBGRGML, ? AMLQR?LR
DMPAC ?NNJGCB RM ? APGRGA?JJW B?KNCB QWQRCK KMTCQ RFC QWQRCK RM ? LCU COSGJG@PGSK NMQGRGML GL RFC QFMPRCQR RGKC NMQQG@JC UGRFMSR MTCPQFMMRGLE MP
MQAGJJ?RGLE ?@MSR RFC LCU NMQGRGML. &MP CV?KNJC, UFCL WMS QR?LB ML @?RFPMMK QA?JCQ RF?R F?TC ? LCCBJC E?SEC, RFC LCCBJC KMTCQ RM GRQ COSGJG@PGSK
NMQGRGML UGRFMSR MQAGJJ?RGLE. )R UMSJB @C OSGRC GLAMLTCLGCLR GD RFC LCCBJC MQAGJJ?RCB ?@MSR RFC LCU COSGJG@PGSK NMQGRGML DMP ? JMLE RGKC @CDMPC QCRRJGLE.
$?KNGLE DMPACQ A?L T?PW EPC?RJW GL AF?P?ARCP. &PGARGML, DMP CV?KNJC, GQ QMKCRGKCQ GLBCNCLBCLR MD TCJMAGRW (?Q ?QQSKCB GL KMQR NJ?ACQ GL RFGQ RCVR).
"SR K?LW B?KNGLE DMPACQ BCNCLB ML TCJMAGRWrQMKCRGKCQ GL AMKNJCV U?WQ, QMKCRGKCQ QGKNJW @CGLE NPMNMPRGML?J RM TCJMAGRW.
EN7CFB; 16.7 D7CF?D= 7D (I9?BB7JEHO &EJ?ED: FH?9J?ED ED 7D (8@;9J CEDD;9J;: JE 7 ,FH?D=
$?KNGLE MQAGJJ?RMPW KMRGML GQ GKNMPR?LR GL K?LW QWQRCKQ, ?LB RFC ?@GJGRW RM AMLRPMJ RFC B?KNGLE GQ CTCL KMPC QM. 4FGQ GQ ECLCP?JJW ?RR?GLCB SQGLE
LML-AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ QSAF ?Q RFC DPGARGML @CRUCCL QSPD?ACQ, ?LB TGQAMQGRW DMP M@HCARQ KMTGLE RFPMSEF DJSGBQ. 4FC DMJJMUGLE CV?KNJC AMLQGBCPQ
DPGARGML. 3SNNMQC ? 0.200-IE M@HCAR GQ AMLLCARCB RM ? QNPGLE ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 16.24, @SR RFCPC GQ QGKNJC DPGARGML @CRUCCL RFC M@HCAR ?LB RFC
QSPD?AC, ?LB RFC AMCDDGAGCLR MD DPGARGML
k
GQ COS?J RM 0.0800. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC DPGARGML?J DMPAC @CRUCCL RFC QSPD?ACQ? (@) 7F?R RMR?J BGQR?LAC BMCQ
RFC M@HCAR RP?TCJ GD GR GQ PCJC?QCB 0.100 K DPMK COSGJG@PGSK, QR?PRGLE ?R v = 0 ? 4FC DMPAC AMLQR?LR MD RFC QNPGLE GQ k = 50.0 N/m.
F?=KH; 16.24 4FC RP?LQDMPK?RGML MD CLCPEW GL QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML GQ GJJSQRP?RCB DMP ?L M@HCAR ?RR?AFCB RM ? QNPGLE ML ? DPGARGMLJCQQ QSPD?AC.
,JH7J;=O
4FGQ NPM@JCK PCOSGPCQ WMS RM GLRCEP?RC WMSP ILMUJCBEC MD T?PGMSQ AMLACNRQ PCE?PBGLE U?TCQ, MQAGJJ?RGMLQ, ?LB B?KNGLE. 4M QMJTC ?L GLRCEP?RCB
AMLACNR NPM@JCK, WMS KSQR DGPQR GBCLRGDW RFC NFWQGA?J NPGLAGNJCQ GLTMJTCB. 0?PR (?) GQ ?@MSR RFC DPGARGML?J DMPAC. 4FGQ GQ ? RMNGA GLTMJTGLE RFC
?NNJGA?RGML MD .CURMLtQ ,?UQ. 0?PR (@) PCOSGPCQ ?L SLBCPQR?LBGLE MD UMPI ?LB AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW, ?Q UCJJ ?Q QMKC SLBCPQR?LBGLE MD
FMPGXMLR?J MQAGJJ?RMPW QWQRCKQ.
.MU RF?R UC F?TC GBCLRGDGCB RFC NPGLAGNJCQ UC KSQR ?NNJW GL MPBCP RM QMJTC RFC NPM@JCKQ, UC LCCB RM GBCLRGDW RFC ILMULQ ?LB SLILMULQ DMP C?AF
N?PR MD RFC OSCQRGML, ?Q UCJJ ?Q RFC OS?LRGRW RF?R GQ AMLQR?LR GL 0?PR (?) ?LB 0?PR (@) MD RFC OSCQRGML.
,EBKJ?ED 7
1. #FMMQC RFC NPMNCP COS?RGML: &PGARGML GQ f =
k
mg .
2. )BCLRGDW RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ.
3. %LRCP RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC COS?RGML:
(16.58)
f = (0.0800)(0.200 kg)(9.80 m/ s
2
).
4. #?JASJ?RC ?LB AMLTCPR SLGRQ: f = 0.157 N.
D?I9KII?ED 7
4FC DMPAC FCPC GQ QK?JJ @CA?SQC RFC QWQRCK ?LB RFC AMCDDGAGCLRQ ?PC QK?JJ.
,EBKJ?ED 8
)BCLRGDW RFC ILMUL:
w 4FC QWQRCK GLTMJTCQ CJ?QRGA NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW ?Q RFC QNPGLE AMKNPCQQCQ ?LB CVN?LBQ, DPGARGML RF?R GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC UMPI BMLC, ?LB RFC
IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?Q RFC @MBW QNCCBQ SN ?LB QJMUQ BMUL.
w %LCPEW GQ LMR AMLQCPTCB ?Q RFC K?QQ MQAGJJ?RCQ @CA?SQC DPGARGML GQ ? LML-AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPAC.
w 4FC KMRGML GQ FMPGXMLR?J, QM EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW BMCQ LMR LCCB RM @C AMLQGBCPCB.
w "CA?SQC RFC KMRGML QR?PRQ DPMK PCQR, RFC CLCPEW GL RFC QWQRCK GQ GLGRG?JJW PE
el,i
= (1 / 2)kX
2
. 4FGQ CLCPEW GQ PCKMTCB @W UMPI BMLC @W
DPGARGML W
nc
= fd , UFCPC d GQ RFC RMR?J BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB ?LB f =
k
mg GQ RFC DMPAC MD DPGARGML. 7FCL RFC QWQRCK QRMNQ KMTGLE, RFC
DPGARGML DMPAC UGJJ @?J?LAC RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB @W RFC QNPGLE, QM PE
e1,f
= (1 / 2)kx
2
UFCPC x GQ RFC DGL?J NMQGRGML ?LB GQ EGTCL @W
#(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3 567
(16.59)
F
el
= f
kx =
k
mg
x =

k
mg
k
.
1. "W COS?RGLE RFC UMPI BMLC RM RFC CLCPEW PCKMTCB, QMJTC DMP RFC BGQR?LAC d .
2. 4FC UMPI BMLC @W RFC LML-AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ COS?JQ RFC GLGRG?J, QRMPCB CJ?QRGA NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW. )BCLRGDW RFC AMPPCAR COS?RGML RM SQC:
(16.60)
W
nc
= (KE + PE) = PE
el,f
PE
el,i
=
1
2
k
k
mg
k
2
X
2
.
3. 2CA?JJ RF?R W
nc
= fd .
4. %LRCP RFC DPGARGML ?Q f =
k
mg GLRM W
nc
= fd , RFSQ
(16.61)
W
nc
=
k
mgd.
5. #MK@GLC RFCQC RUM COS?RGMLQ RM DGLB
(16.62)
1
2
k
k
mg
k
2
X
2
=
k
mgd.
6. 3MJTC RFC COS?RGML DMP d :
(16.63)
d =
k
2
k
mg
X
2
k
mg
k
.
7. %LRCP RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC PCQSJRGLE COS?RGML:
(16.64)
d =
50.0 N/m
2(0.0800)
0.200 kg
9.80 m/s
2
(0.100 m)
2
(0.0800)
0.200 kg
9.80 m/s
2
50.0 N/m
.
8. #?JASJ?RC d ?LB AMLTCPR SLGRQ:
(16.65)
d = 1.59 m.
D?I9KII?ED 8
4FGQ GQ RFC RMR?J BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB @?AI ?LB DMPRF ?APMQQ x = 0 , UFGAF GQ RFC SLB?KNCB COSGJG@PGSK NMQGRGML. 4FC LSK@CP MD MQAGJJ?RGMLQ ?@MSR
RFC COSGJG@PGSK NMQGRGML UGJJ @C KMPC RF?L d / X = (1.59 m) / (0.100 m) = 15.9 @CA?SQC RFC ?KNJGRSBC MD RFC MQAGJJ?RGMLQ GQ BCAPC?QGLE UGRF
RGKC. !R RFC CLB MD RFC KMRGML, RFGQ QWQRCK UGJJ LMR PCRSPL RM x = 0 DMP RFGQ RWNC MD B?KNGLE DMPAC, @CA?SQC QR?RGA DPGARGML UGJJ CVACCB RFC PCQRMPGLE
DMPAC. 4FGQ QWQRCK GQ SLBCPB?KNCB. )L AMLRP?QR, ?L MTCPB?KNCB QWQRCK UGRF ? QGKNJC AMLQR?LR B?KNGLE DMPAC UMSJB LMR APMQQ RFC COSGJG@PGSK
NMQGRGML x = 0 ? QGLEJC RGKC. &MP CV?KNJC, GD RFGQ QWQRCK F?B ? B?KNGLE DMPAC 20 RGKCQ EPC?RCP, GR UMSJB MLJW KMTC 0.0484 K RMU?PB RFC
COSGJG@PGSK NMQGRGML DPMK GRQ MPGEGL?J 0.100-K NMQGRGML.
4FGQ UMPICB CV?KNJC GJJSQRP?RCQ FMU RM ?NNJW NPM@JCK-QMJTGLE QRP?RCEGCQ RM QGRS?RGMLQ RF?R GLRCEP?RC RFC BGDDCPCLR AMLACNRQ WMS F?TC JC?PLCB. 4FC
DGPQR QRCN GQ RM GBCLRGDW RFC NFWQGA?J NPGLAGNJCQ GLTMJTCB GL RFC NPM@JCK. 4FC QCAMLB QRCN GQ RM QMJTC DMP RFC SLILMULQ SQGLE D?KGJG?P NPM@JCK-QMJTGLE
QRP?RCEGCQ. 4FCQC ?PC DMSLB RFPMSEFMSR RFC RCVR, ?LB K?LW UMPICB CV?KNJCQ QFMU FMU RM SQC RFCK DMP QGLEJC RMNGAQ. )L RFGQ GLRCEP?RCB AMLACNRQ
CV?KNJC, WMS A?L QCC FMU RM ?NNJW RFCK ?APMQQ QCTCP?J RMNGAQ. 9MS UGJJ DGLB RFCQC RCAFLGOSCQ SQCDSJ GL ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD NFWQGAQ MSRQGBC ? NFWQGAQ
AMSPQC, QSAF ?Q GL WMSP NPMDCQQGML, GL MRFCP QAGCLAC BGQAGNJGLCQ, ?LB GL CTCPWB?W JGDC.
7FW ?PC AMKNJCRCJW SLB?KNCB F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMPQ QM P?PC?
,EBKJ?ED
&PGARGML MDRCL AMKCQ GLRM NJ?W UFCLCTCP ?L M@HCAR GQ KMTGLE. &PGARGML A?SQCQ B?KNGLE GL ? F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP.
$CQAPG@C RFC BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL MTCPB?KNGLE, SLBCPB?KNGLE, ?LB APGRGA?J B?KNGLE.
,EBKJ?ED
!L MTCPB?KNCB QWQRCK KMTCQ QJMUJW RMU?PB COSGJG@PGSK. !L SLBCPB?KNCB QWQRCK KMTCQ OSGAIJW RM COSGJG@PGSK, @SR UGJJ MQAGJJ?RC ?@MSR RFC
COSGJG@PGSK NMGLR ?Q GR BMCQ QM. ! APGRGA?JJW B?KNCB QWQRCK KMTCQ ?Q OSGAIJW ?Q NMQQG@JC RMU?PB COSGJG@PGSK UGRFMSR MQAGJJ?RGLE ?@MSR RFC
COSGJG@PGSK.
568 #(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3
16.8 FEH9;: (I9?BB7J?EDI 7D: +;IED7D9;
F?=KH; 16.25 9MS A?L A?SQC RFC QRPGLEQ GL ? NG?LM RM TG@P?RC QGKNJW @W NPMBSAGLE QMSLB U?TCQ DPMK WMSP TMGAC. (APCBGR: -?RR "GJJGLEQ, &JGAIP)
3GR GL DPMLR MD ? NG?LM QMKCRGKC ?LB QGLE ? JMSB @PGCD LMRC ?R GR UGRF RFC B?KNCPQ MDD GRQ QRPGLEQ. )R UGJJ QGLE RFC Q?KC LMRC @?AI ?R WMSrRFC QRPGLEQ,
F?TGLE RFC Q?KC DPCOSCLAGCQ ?Q WMSP TMGAC, ?PC PCQML?RGLE GL PCQNMLQC RM RFC DMPACQ DPMK RFC QMSLB U?TCQ RF?R WMS QCLR RM RFCK. 9MSP TMGAC ?LB ?
NG?LMtQ QRPGLEQ GQ ? EMMB CV?KNJC MD RFC D?AR RF?R M@HCARQrGL RFGQ A?QC, NG?LM QRPGLEQrA?L @C DMPACB RM MQAGJJ?RC @SR MQAGJJ?RC @CQR ?R RFCGP L?RSP?J
DPCOSCLAW. )L RFGQ QCARGML, UC QF?JJ @PGCDJW CVNJMPC ?NNJWGLE ? C8E<B7<6 7E<I<A: 9BE68 ?ARGLE ML ? QGKNJC F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP. 4FC BPGTGLE DMPAC NSRQ
CLCPEW GLRM RFC QWQRCK ?R ? ACPR?GL DPCOSCLAW, LMR LCACQQ?PGJW RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC L?RSP?J DPCOSCLAW MD RFC QWQRCK. 4FC D7JKH7B <H;GK;D9O GQ RFC
DPCOSCLAW ?R UFGAF ? QWQRCK UMSJB MQAGJJ?RC GD RFCPC UCPC LM BPGTGLE ?LB LM B?KNGLE DMPAC.
-MQR MD SQ F?TC NJ?WCB UGRF RMWQ GLTMJTGLE ?L M@HCAR QSNNMPRCB ML ?L CJ?QRGA @?LB, QMKCRFGLE JGIC RFC N?BBJC @?JJ QSQNCLBCB DPMK ? DGLECP GL F?=KH;
16.26. )K?EGLC RFC DGLECP GL RFC DGESPC GQ WMSP DGLECP. !R DGPQR WMS FMJB WMSP DGLECP QRC?BW, ?LB RFC @?JJ @MSLACQ SN ?LB BMUL UGRF ? QK?JJ ?KMSLR MD
B?KNGLE. )D WMS KMTC WMSP DGLECP SN ?LB BMUL QJMUJW, RFC @?JJ UGJJ DMJJMU ?JMLE UGRFMSR @MSLAGLE KSAF ML GRQ MUL. !Q WMS GLAPC?QC RFC DPCOSCLAW ?R
UFGAF WMS KMTC WMSP DGLECP SN ?LB BMUL, RFC @?JJ UGJJ PCQNMLB @W MQAGJJ?RGLE UGRF GLAPC?QGLE ?KNJGRSBC. 7FCL WMS BPGTC RFC @?JJ ?R GRQ L?RSP?J
DPCOSCLAW, RFC @?JJtQ MQAGJJ?RGMLQ GLAPC?QC GL ?KNJGRSBC UGRF C?AF MQAGJJ?RGML DMP ?Q JMLE ?Q WMS BPGTC GR. 4FC NFCLMKCLML MD BPGTGLE ? QWQRCK UGRF ?
DPCOSCLAW COS?J RM GRQ L?RSP?J DPCOSCLAW GQ A?JJCB H;IED7D9;. ! QWQRCK @CGLE BPGTCL ?R GRQ L?RSP?J DPCOSCLAW GQ Q?GB RM H;IED7J;. !Q RFC BPGTGLE
DPCOSCLAW ECRQ NPMEPCQQGTCJW FGEFCP RF?L RFC PCQML?LR MP L?RSP?J DPCOSCLAW, RFC ?KNJGRSBC MD RFC MQAGJJ?RGMLQ @CAMKCQ QK?JJCP, SLRGJ RFC MQAGJJ?RGMLQ
LC?PJW BGQ?NNC?P ?LB WMSP DGLECP QGKNJW KMTCQ SN ?LB BMUL UGRF JGRRJC CDDCAR ML RFC @?JJ.
F?=KH; 16.26 4FC N?BBJC @?JJ ML GRQ PS@@CP @?LB KMTCQ GL PCQNMLQC RM RFC DGLECP QSNNMPRGLE GR. )D RFC DGLECP KMTCQ UGRF RFC L?RSP?J DPCOSCLAW f
0
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@?LB, RFCL ? PCQML?LAC GQ ?AFGCTCB, ?LB RFC ?KNJGRSBC MD RFC @?JJtQ MQAGJJ?RGMLQ GLAPC?QCQ BP?K?RGA?JJW. !R FGEFCP ?LB JMUCP BPGTGLE DPCOSCLAGCQ, CLCPEW GQ RP?LQDCPPCB RM RFC @?JJ
JCQQ CDDGAGCLRJW, ?LB GR PCQNMLBQ UGRF JMUCP-?KNJGRSBC MQAGJJ?RGMLQ.
F?=KH; 16.27 QFMUQ ? EP?NF MD RFC ?KNJGRSBC MD ? B?KNCB F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP ?Q ? DSLARGML MD RFC DPCOSCLAW MD RFC NCPGMBGA DMPAC BPGTGLE GR. 4FCPC ?PC
RFPCC ASPTCQ ML RFC EP?NF, C?AF PCNPCQCLRGLE ? BGDDCPCLR ?KMSLR MD B?KNGLE. !JJ RFPCC ASPTCQ NC?I ?R RFC NMGLR UFCPC RFC DPCOSCLAW MD RFC BPGTGLE
DMPAC COS?JQ RFC L?RSP?J DPCOSCLAW MD RFC F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP. 4FC FGEFCQR NC?I, MP EPC?RCQR PCQNMLQC, GQ DMP RFC JC?QR ?KMSLR MD B?KNGLE, @CA?SQC
JCQQ CLCPEW GQ PCKMTCB @W RFC B?KNGLE DMPAC.
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F?=KH; 16.27 !KNJGRSBC MD ? F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP ?Q ? DSLARGML MD RFC DPCOSCLAW MD RFC BPGTGLE DMPAC. 4FC ASPTCQ PCNPCQCLR RFC Q?KC MQAGJJ?RMP UGRF RFC Q?KC L?RSP?J DPCOSCLAW
@SR UGRF BGDDCPCLR ?KMSLRQ MD B?KNGLE. 2CQML?LAC MAASPQ UFCL RFC BPGTGLE DPCOSCLAW COS?JQ RFC L?RSP?J DPCOSCLAW, ?LB RFC EPC?RCQR PCQNMLQC GQ DMP RFC JC?QR ?KMSLR MD
B?KNGLE. 4FC L?PPMUCQR PCQNMLQC GQ ?JQM DMP RFC JC?QR B?KNGLE.
)R GQ GLRCPCQRGLE RF?R RFC UGBRFQ MD RFC PCQML?LAC ASPTCQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 16.27 BCNCLB ML B?KNGLE: RFC JCQQ RFC B?KNGLE, RFC L?PPMUCP RFC
PCQML?LAC. 4FC KCQQ?EC GQ RF?R GD WMS U?LR ? BPGTCL MQAGJJ?RMP RM PCQML?RC ?R ? TCPW QNCAGDGA DPCOSCLAW, WMS LCCB ?Q JGRRJC B?KNGLE ?Q NMQQG@JC. ,GRRJC
B?KNGLE GQ RFC A?QC DMP NG?LM QRPGLEQ ?LB K?LW MRFCP KSQGA?J GLQRPSKCLRQ. #MLTCPQCJW, GD WMS U?LR QK?JJ-?KNJGRSBC MQAGJJ?RGMLQ, QSAF ?Q GL ? A?PtQ
QSQNCLQGML QWQRCK, RFCL WMS U?LR FC?TW B?KNGLE. (C?TW B?KNGLE PCBSACQ RFC ?KNJGRSBC, @SR RFC RP?BCMDD GQ RF?R RFC QWQRCK PCQNMLBQ ?R KMPC
DPCOSCLAGCQ.
4FCQC DC?RSPCQ MD BPGTCL F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMPQ ?NNJW RM ? FSEC T?PGCRW MD QWQRCKQ. 7FCL WMS RSLC ? P?BGM, DMP CV?KNJC, WMS ?PC ?BHSQRGLE GRQ PCQML?LR
DPCOSCLAW QM RF?R GR MLJW MQAGJJ?RCQ RM RFC BCQGPCB QR?RGMLtQ @PM?BA?QR (BPGTGLE) DPCOSCLAW. 4FC KMPC QCJCARGTC RFC P?BGM GQ GL BGQAPGKGL?RGLE @CRUCCL
QR?RGMLQ, RFC QK?JJCP GRQ B?KNGLE. -?ELCRGA PCQML?LAC GK?EGLE (-2)) GQ ? UGBCJW SQCB KCBGA?J BG?ELMQRGA RMMJ GL UFGAF ?RMKGA LSAJCG (KMQRJW FWBPMECL
LSAJCG) ?PC K?BC RM PCQML?RC @W GLAMKGLE P?BGM U?TCQ (ML RFC MPBCP MD 100 -(X). ! AFGJB ML ? QUGLE GQ BPGTCL @W ? N?PCLR ?R RFC QUGLEtQ L?RSP?J
DPCOSCLAW RM ?AFGCTC K?VGKSK ?KNJGRSBC. )L ?JJ MD RFCQC A?QCQ, RFC CDDGAGCLAW MD CLCPEW RP?LQDCP DPMK RFC BPGTGLE DMPAC GLRM RFC MQAGJJ?RMP GQ @CQR ?R
PCQML?LAC. 3NCCB @SKNQ ?LB EP?TCJ PM?BQ NPMTC RF?R CTCL ? A?PtQ QSQNCLQGML QWQRCK GQ LMR GKKSLC RM PCQML?LAC. )L QNGRC MD DGLCJW CLEGLCCPCB
QFMAI ?@QMP@CPQ, UFGAF MPBGL?PGJW AMLTCPR KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW RM RFCPK?J CLCPEW ?JKMQR ?Q D?QR ?Q GR AMKCQ GL, QNCCB @SKNQ QRGJJ A?SQC ? J?PEC-
?KNJGRSBC MQAGJJ?RGML. /L EP?TCJ PM?BQ RF?R ?PC AMPPSE?RCB, WMS K?W F?TC LMRGACB RF?R GD WMS RP?TCJ ?R RFC uUPMLEv QNCCB, RFC @SKNQ ?PC TCPW
LMRGAC?@JC UFCPC?Q ?R MRFCP QNCCBQ WMS K?W F?PBJW DCCJ RFC @SKNQ ?R ?JJ. F?=KH; 16.28 QFMUQ ? NFMRMEP?NF MD ? D?KMSQ CV?KNJC (RFC 4?AMK?
.?PPMUQ "PGBEC) MD RFC BCQRPSARGTC CDDCARQ MD ? BPGTCL F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RGML. 4FC -GJJCLLGSK "PGBEC GL ,MLBML U?Q AJMQCB DMP ? QFMPR NCPGMB MD RGKC DMP
RFC Q?KC PC?QML UFGJC GLQNCARGMLQ UCPC A?PPGCB MSR.
)L MSP @MBGCQ, RFC AFCQR A?TGRW GQ ? AJC?P CV?KNJC MD ? QWQRCK ?R PCQML?LAC. 4FC BG?NFP?EK ?LB AFCQR U?JJ BPGTC RFC MQAGJJ?RGMLQ MD RFC AFCQR A?TGRW
UFGAF PCQSJR GL RFC JSLEQ GLDJ?RGLE ?LB BCDJ?RGLE. 4FC QWQRCK GQ APGRGA?JJW B?KNCB ?LB RFC KSQASJ?P BG?NFP?EK MQAGJJ?RCQ ?R RFC PCQML?LR T?JSC DMP RFC
QWQRCK, K?IGLE GR FGEFJW CDDGAGCLR.
F?=KH; 16.28 )L 1940, RFC 4?AMK? .?PPMUQ "PGBEC GL 7?QFGLERML QR?RC AMJJ?NQCB. (C?TW APMQQ UGLBQ BPMTC RFC @PGBEC GLRM MQAGJJ?RGMLQ ?R GRQ PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAW. $?KNGLE
BCAPC?QCB UFCL QSNNMPR A?@JCQ @PMIC JMMQC ?LB QR?PRCB RM QJGN MTCP RFC RMUCPQ, ?JJMUGLE GLAPC?QGLEJW EPC?RCP ?KNJGRSBCQ SLRGJ RFC QRPSARSPC D?GJCB (APCBGR: 02)'Q *GH7<B 360, TG?
&JGAIP)
! D?KMSQ K?EGA RPGAI GLTMJTCQ ? NCPDMPKCP QGLEGLE ? LMRC RMU?PB ? APWQR?J EJ?QQ SLRGJ RFC EJ?QQ QF?RRCPQ. %VNJ?GL UFW RFC RPGAI UMPIQ GL RCPKQ MD
PCQML?LAC ?LB L?RSP?J DPCOSCLAW.
,EBKJ?ED
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EJ?QQ PCQNMLBQ @W PCQML?RGLE ?R RFC Q?KC DPCOSCLAW ?Q RFC QMSLB U?TC. 7GRF CLMSEF CLCPEW GLRPMBSACB GLRM RFC QWQRCK, RFC EJ?QQ @CEGLQ RM
TG@P?RC ?LB CTCLRS?JJW QF?RRCPQ.
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F?=KH; 16.29 7?TCQ GL RFC MAC?L @CF?TC QGKGJ?PJW RM ?JJ MRFCP RWNCQ MD U?TCQ. (APCBGR: 3RCTC *SPTCQRML, &JGAIP)
7F?R BM UC KC?L UFCL UC Q?W QMKCRFGLE GQ ? U?TC? 4FC KMQR GLRSGRGTC ?LB C?QGCQR U?TC RM GK?EGLC GQ RFC D?KGJG?P U?RCP U?TC. -MPC NPCAGQCJW, ?
M7L; GQ ? BGQRSP@?LAC RF?R NPMN?E?RCQ, MP KMTCQ DPMK RFC NJ?AC GR U?Q APC?RCB. &MP U?RCP U?TCQ, RFC BGQRSP@?LAC GQ GL RFC QSPD?AC MD RFC U?RCP,
NCPF?NQ APC?RCB @W ? PMAI RFPMUL GLRM ? NMLB MP @W ? QUGKKCP QNJ?QFGLE RFC QSPD?AC PCNC?RCBJW. &MP QMSLB U?TCQ, RFC BGQRSP@?LAC GQ ? AF?LEC GL ?GP
NPCQQSPC, NCPF?NQ APC?RCB @W RFC MQAGJJ?RGLE AMLC GLQGBC ? QNC?ICP. &MP C?PRFOS?ICQ, RFCPC ?PC QCTCP?J RWNCQ MD BGQRSP@?LACQ, GLAJSBGLE BGQRSP@?LAC MD
%?PRFtQ QSPD?AC ?LB NPCQQSPC BGQRSP@?LACQ SLBCP RFC QSPD?AC. %TCL P?BGM U?TCQ ?PC KMQR C?QGJW SLBCPQRMMB SQGLE ?L ?L?JMEW UGRF U?RCP U?TCQ.
6GQS?JGXGLE U?RCP U?TCQ GQ SQCDSJ @CA?SQC RFCPC GQ KMPC RM GR RF?L HSQR ? KCLR?J GK?EC. 7?RCP U?TCQ CVFG@GR AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ AMKKML RM ?JJ U?TCQ,
QSAF ?Q ?KNJGRSBC, NCPGMB, DPCOSCLAW ?LB CLCPEW. !JJ U?TC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ A?L @C BCQAPG@CB @W ? QK?JJ QCR MD SLBCPJWGLE NPGLAGNJCQ.
! U?TC GQ ? BGQRSP@?LAC RF?R NPMN?E?RCQ, MP KMTCQ DPMK RFC NJ?AC GR U?Q APC?RCB. 4FC QGKNJCQR U?TCQ PCNC?R RFCKQCJTCQ DMP QCTCP?J AWAJCQ ?LB ?PC
?QQMAG?RCB UGRF QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML. ,CR SQ QR?PR @W AMLQGBCPGLE RFC QGKNJGDGCB U?RCP U?TC GL F?=KH; 16.30. 4FC U?TC GQ ?L SN ?LB BMUL
BGQRSP@?LAC MD RFC U?RCP QSPD?AC. )R A?SQCQ ? QC? ESJJ RM KMTC SN ?LB BMUL GL QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML ?Q RFC U?TC APCQRQ ?LB RPMSEFQ (NC?IQ ?LB
T?JJCWQ) N?QQ SLBCP RFC @GPB. 4FC RGKC DMP MLC AMKNJCRC SN ?LB BMUL KMRGML GQ RFC U?TCtQ NCPGMB T . 4FC U?TCtQ DPCOSCLAW GQ f = 1 / T , ?Q SQS?J.
4FC U?TC GRQCJD KMTCQ RM RFC PGEFR GL RFC DGESPC. 4FGQ KMTCKCLR MD RFC U?TC GQ ?ARS?JJW RFC BGQRSP@?LAC KMTGLE RM RFC PGEFR, LMR RFC U?RCP GRQCJD (MP RFC
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RFC CEBC4:4G<BA I8?B6<GL BE CEBC4:4G<BA FC887, @CA?SQC RFC BGQRSP@?LAC NPMN?E?RCQ DPMK MLC JMA?RGML RM ?LMRFCP.
-GQAMLACNRGML !JCPR
-?LW NCMNJC RFGLI RF?R U?RCP U?TCQ NSQF U?RCP DPMK MLC BGPCARGML RM ?LMRFCP. )L D?AR, RFC N?PRGAJCQ MD U?RCP RCLB RM QR?W GL MLC JMA?RGML, Q?TC DMP
KMTGLE SN ?LB BMUL BSC RM RFC CLCPEW GL RFC U?TC. 4FC CLCPEW KMTCQ DMPU?PB RFPMSEF RFC U?RCP, @SR RFC U?RCP QR?WQ GL MLC NJ?AC. )D WMS DCCJ
WMSPQCJD NSQFCB GL ?L MAC?L, UF?R WMS DCCJ GQ RFC CLCPEW MD RFC U?TC, LMR ? PSQF MD U?RCP.
F?=KH; 16.30 !L GBC?JGXCB MAC?L U?TC N?QQCQ SLBCP ? QC? ESJJ RF?R @M@Q SN ?LB BMUL GL QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML. 4FC U?TC F?Q ? U?TCJCLERF , UFGAF GQ RFC BGQR?LAC
@CRUCCL ?BH?ACLR GBCLRGA?J N?PRQ MD RFC U?TC. 4FC SN ?LB BMUL BGQRSP@?LAC MD RFC QSPD?AC NPMN?E?RCQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC QSPD?AC ?R ? QNCCB v
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%QRGK?RC RFC U?TCJCLERF ?LB NCPGMB MD MQAGJJ?RGML MD RFC U?RCP U?TC RF?R NPMN?E?RCQ ?U?W DPMK RFC AMPI. 2CKMTC RFC AMPI DPMK RFC @MUJ ?LB
U?GR DMP RFC U?RCP RM QCRRJC ?E?GL. 'CLRJW BPMN RFC AMPI ?R ? FCGEFR RF?R GQ BGDDCPCLR DPMK RFC DGPQR BPMN. $MCQ RFC U?TCJCLERF BCNCLB SNML FMU FGEF
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UFGAF RFC QC? ESJJ KMTCQ SN ?LB BMUL.
4P?LQTCPQC ?LB ,MLEGRSBGL?J 7?TCQ
! QGKNJC U?TC AMLQGQRQ MD ? NCPGMBGA BGQRSP@?LAC RF?R NPMN?E?RCQ DPMK MLC NJ?AC RM ?LMRFCP. 4FC U?TC GL F?=KH; 16.31 NPMN?E?RCQ GL RFC FMPGXMLR?J
BGPCARGML UFGJC RFC QSPD?AC GQ BGQRSP@CB GL RFC TCPRGA?J BGPCARGML. 3SAF ? U?TC GQ A?JJCB ? JH7DIL;HI; M7L; MP QFC?P U?TC; GL QSAF ? U?TC, RFC
BGQRSP@?LAC GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC BGPCARGML MD NPMN?E?RGML. )L AMLRP?QR, GL ? BED=?JK:?D7B M7L; MP AMKNPCQQGML?J U?TC, RFC BGQRSP@?LAC GQ N?P?JJCJ RM
RFC BGPCARGML MD NPMN?E?RGML. F?=KH; 16.32 QFMUQ ?L CV?KNJC MD ? JMLEGRSBGL?J U?TC. 4FC QGXC MD RFC BGQRSP@?LAC GQ GRQ ?KNJGRSBC / ?LB GQ AMKNJCRCJW
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F?=KH; 16.32 )L RFGQ CV?KNJC MD ? JMLEGRSBGL?J U?TC, RFC U?TC NPMN?E?RCQ FMPGXMLR?JJW, ?LB RFC BGQRSP@?LAC GL RFC AMPB GQ ?JQM GL RFC FMPGXMLR?J BGPCARGML.
7?TCQ K?W @C RP?LQTCPQC, JMLEGRSBGL?J, MP 4 6B@5<A4G<BA B9 G;8 GJB. (7?RCP U?TCQ ?PC ?ARS?JJW ? AMK@GL?RGML MD RP?LQTCPQC ?LB JMLEGRSBGL?J. 4FC
QGKNJGDGCB U?RCP U?TC GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 16.30 QFMUQ LM JMLEGRSBGL?J KMRGML MD RFC @GPB.) 4FC U?TCQ ML RFC QRPGLEQ MD KSQGA?J GLQRPSKCLRQ ?PC
RP?LQTCPQCrQM ?PC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ, QSAF ?Q TGQG@JC JGEFR.
3MSLB U?TCQ GL ?GP ?LB U?RCP ?PC JMLEGRSBGL?J. 4FCGP BGQRSP@?LACQ ?PC NCPGMBGA T?PG?RGMLQ GL NPCQQSPC RF?R ?PC RP?LQKGRRCB GL DJSGBQ. &JSGBQ BM LMR F?TC
?NNPCAG?@JC QFC?P QRPCLERF, ?LB RFSQ RFC QMSLB U?TCQ GL RFCK KSQR @C JMLEGRSBGL?J MP AMKNPCQQGML?J. 3MSLB GL QMJGBQ A?L @C @MRF JMLEGRSBGL?J ?LB
RP?LQTCPQC.
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%?PRFOS?IC U?TCQ SLBCP %?PRFtQ QSPD?AC ?JQM F?TC @MRF JMLEGRSBGL?J ?LB RP?LQTCPQC AMKNMLCLRQ (A?JJCB AMKNPCQQGML?J MP 0-U?TCQ ?LB QFC?P MP 3-
U?TCQ, PCQNCARGTCJW). 4FCQC AMKNMLCLRQ F?TC GKNMPR?LR GLBGTGBS?J AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQrRFCW NPMN?E?RC ?R BGDDCPCLR QNCCBQ, DMP CV?KNJC. %?PRFOS?ICQ
?JQM F?TC QSPD?AC U?TCQ RF?R ?PC QGKGJ?P RM QSPD?AC U?TCQ ML U?RCP.
7FW GQ GR GKNMPR?LR RM BGDDCPCLRG?RC @CRUCCL JMLEGRSBGL?J ?LB RP?LQTCPQC U?TCQ?
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FMU BGDDCPCLR RWNCQ MD U?TCQ ?DDCAR RFC K?RCPG?JQ ?PMSLB RFCK.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: 7?TC ML ? 3RPGLE
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U?TCQ K?W @C APC?RCB @W ? QGKNJC F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RGML, ?LB RFSQ F?TC ? QGLSQMGB?J QF?NC). #MKNJCV U?TCQ ?PC KMPC GLRCPCQRGLE, CTCL @C?SRGDSJ, @SR
RFCW JMMI DMPKGB?@JC. -MQR U?TCQ ?NNC?P AMKNJCV @CA?SQC RFCW PCQSJR DPMK QCTCP?J QGKNJC U?TCQ ?BBGLE RMECRFCP. ,SAIGJW, RFC PSJCQ DMP ?BBGLE
U?TCQ ?PC OSGRC QGKNJC.
7FCL RUM MP KMPC U?TCQ ?PPGTC ?R RFC Q?KC NMGLR, RFCW QSNCPGKNMQC RFCKQCJTCQ ML MLC ?LMRFCP. -MPC QNCAGDGA?JJW, RFC BGQRSP@?LACQ MD U?TCQ ?PC
QSNCPGKNMQCB UFCL RFCW AMKC RMECRFCPr? NFCLMKCLML A?JJCB IKF;HFEI?J?ED. %?AF BGQRSP@?LAC AMPPCQNMLBQ RM ? DMPAC, ?LB DMPACQ ?BB. )D RFC
BGQRSP@?LACQ ?PC ?JMLE RFC Q?KC JGLC, RFCL RFC PCQSJRGLE U?TC GQ ? QGKNJC ?BBGRGML MD RFC BGQRSP@?LACQ MD RFC GLBGTGBS?J U?TCQrRF?R GQ, RFCGP
?KNJGRSBCQ ?BB. F?=KH; 16.36 ?LB F?=KH; 16.37 GJJSQRP?RC QSNCPNMQGRGML GL RUM QNCAG?J A?QCQ, @MRF MD UFGAF NPMBSAC QGKNJC PCQSJRQ.
#(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3 573
F?=KH; 16.36 QFMUQ RUM GBCLRGA?J U?TCQ RF?R ?PPGTC ?R RFC Q?KC NMGLR CV?ARJW GL NF?QC. 4FC APCQRQ MD RFC RUM U?TCQ ?PC NPCAGQCJW ?JGELCB, ?Q ?PC RFC
RPMSEFQ. 4FGQ QSNCPNMQGRGML NPMBSACQ NSPC 9EDIJHK9J?L; ?DJ;H<;H;D9;. "CA?SQC RFC BGQRSP@?LACQ ?BB, NSPC AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC NPMBSACQ ?
U?TC RF?R F?Q RUGAC RFC ?KNJGRSBC MD RFC GLBGTGBS?J U?TCQ, @SR F?Q RFC Q?KC U?TCJCLERF.
F?=KH; 16.37 QFMUQ RUM GBCLRGA?J U?TCQ RF?R ?PPGTC CV?ARJW MSR MD NF?QCrRF?R GQ, NPCAGQCJW ?JGELCB APCQR RM RPMSEFrNPMBSAGLE NSPC :;IJHK9J?L;
?DJ;H<;H;D9;. "CA?SQC RFC BGQRSP@?LACQ ?PC GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML DMP RFGQ QSNCPNMQGRGML, RFC PCQSJRGLE ?KNJGRSBC GQ XCPM DMP NSPC BCQRPSARGTC
GLRCPDCPCLACrRFC U?TCQ AMKNJCRCJW A?LACJ.
F?=KH; 16.36 0SPC AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC MD RUM GBCLRGA?J U?TCQ NPMBSACQ MLC UGRF RUGAC RFC ?KNJGRSBC, @SR RFC Q?KC U?TCJCLERF.
F?=KH; 16.37 0SPC BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC MD RUM GBCLRGA?J U?TCQ NPMBSACQ XCPM ?KNJGRSBC, MP AMKNJCRC A?LACJJ?RGML.
7FGJC NSPC AMLQRPSARGTC ?LB NSPC BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC BM MAASP, RFCW PCOSGPC NPCAGQCJW ?JGELCB GBCLRGA?J U?TCQ. 4FC QSNCPNMQGRGML MD KMQR U?TCQ
NPMBSACQ ? AMK@GL?RGML MD AMLQRPSARGTC ?LB BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC ?LB A?L T?PW DPMK NJ?AC RM NJ?AC ?LB RGKC RM RGKC. 3MSLB DPMK ? QRCPCM, DMP
CV?KNJC, A?L @C JMSB GL MLC QNMR ?LB OSGCR GL ?LMRFCP. 6?PWGLE JMSBLCQQ KC?LQ RFC QMSLB U?TCQ ?BB N?PRG?JJW AMLQRPSARGTCJW ?LB N?PRG?JJW
BCQRPSARGTCJW ?R BGDDCPCLR JMA?RGMLQ. ! QRCPCM F?Q ?R JC?QR RUM QNC?ICPQ APC?RGLE QMSLB U?TCQ, ?LB U?TCQ A?L PCDJCAR DPMK U?JJQ. !JJ RFCQC U?TCQ
QSNCPGKNMQC. !L CV?KNJC MD QMSLBQ RF?R T?PW MTCP RGKC DPMK AMLQRPSARGTC RM BCQRPSARGTC GQ DMSLB GL RFC AMK@GLCB UFGLC MD ?GPNJ?LC HCRQ FC?PB @W ?
QR?RGML?PW N?QQCLECP. 4FC AMK@GLCB QMSLB A?L DJSARS?RC SN ?LB BMUL GL TMJSKC ?Q RFC QMSLB DPMK RFC RUM CLEGLCQ T?PGCQ GL RGKC DPMK AMLQRPSARGTC
RM BCQRPSARGTC. 4FCQC CV?KNJCQ ?PC MD U?TCQ RF?R ?PC QGKGJ?P.
!L CV?KNJC MD RFC QSNCPNMQGRGML MD RUM BGQQGKGJ?P U?TCQ GQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 16.38. (CPC ?E?GL, RFC BGQRSP@?LACQ ?BB ?LB QS@RP?AR, NPMBSAGLE ? KMPC
AMKNJGA?RCB JMMIGLE U?TC.
F?=KH; 16.38 3SNCPNMQGRGML MD LML-GBCLRGA?J U?TCQ CVFG@GRQ @MRF AMLQRPSARGTC ?LB BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC.
3R?LBGLE 7?TCQ
3MKCRGKCQ U?TCQ BM LMR QCCK RM KMTC; P?RFCP, RFCW HSQR TG@P?RC GL NJ?AC. 5LKMTGLE U?TCQ A?L @C QCCL ML RFC QSPD?AC MD ? EJ?QQ MD KGJI GL ?
PCDPGECP?RMP, DMP CV?KNJC. 6G@P?RGMLQ DPMK RFC PCDPGECP?RMP KMRMP APC?RC U?TCQ ML RFC KGJI RF?R MQAGJJ?RC SN ?LB BMUL @SR BM LMR QCCK RM KMTC ?APMQQ
RFC QSPD?AC. 4FCQC U?TCQ ?PC DMPKCB @W RFC QSNCPNMQGRGML MD RUM MP KMPC KMTGLE U?TCQ, QSAF ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 16.39 DMP RUM GBCLRGA?J U?TCQ
KMTGLE GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ. 4FC U?TCQ KMTC RFPMSEF C?AF MRFCP UGRF RFCGP BGQRSP@?LACQ ?BBGLE ?Q RFCW EM @W. )D RFC RUM U?TCQ F?TC RFC Q?KC
?KNJGRSBC ?LB U?TCJCLERF, RFCL RFCW ?JRCPL?RC @CRUCCL AMLQRPSARGTC ?LB BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC. 4FC PCQSJR?LR JMMIQ JGIC ? U?TC QR?LBGLE GL NJ?AC
574 #(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3
?LB, RFSQ, GQ A?JJCB ? IJ7D:?D= M7L;. 7?TCQ ML RFC EJ?QQ MD KGJI ?PC MLC CV?KNJC MD QR?LBGLE U?TCQ. 4FCPC ?PC MRFCP QR?LBGLE U?TCQ, QSAF ?Q ML
ESGR?P QRPGLEQ ?LB GL MPE?L NGNCQ. 7GRF RFC EJ?QQ MD KGJI, RFC RUM U?TCQ RF?R NPMBSAC QR?LBGLE U?TCQ K?W AMKC DPMK PCDJCARGMLQ DPMK RFC QGBC MD RFC
EJ?QQ.
! AJMQCP JMMI ?R C?PRFOS?ICQ NPMTGBCQ CTGBCLAC DMP AMLBGRGMLQ ?NNPMNPG?RC DMP PCQML?LAC, QR?LBGLE U?TCQ, ?LB AMLQRPSARGTC ?LB BCQRPSARGTC
GLRCPDCPCLAC. ! @SGJBGLE K?W @C TG@P?RCB DMP QCTCP?J QCAMLBQ UGRF ? BPGTGLE DPCOSCLAW K?RAFGLE RF?R MD RFC L?RSP?J DPCOSCLAW MD TG@P?RGML MD RFC
@SGJBGLErNPMBSAGLE ? PCQML?LAC PCQSJRGLE GL MLC @SGJBGLE AMJJ?NQGLE UFGJC LCGEF@MPGLE @SGJBGLEQ BM LMR. /DRCL @SGJBGLEQ MD ? ACPR?GL FCGEFR ?PC
BCT?QR?RCB UFGJC MRFCP R?JJCP @SGJBGLEQ PCK?GL GLR?AR. 4FC @SGJBGLE FCGEFR K?RAFCQ RFC AMLBGRGML DMP QCRRGLE SN ? QR?LBGLE U?TC DMP RF?R N?PRGASJ?P
FCGEFR. !Q RFC C?PRFOS?IC U?TCQ RP?TCJ ?JMLE RFC QSPD?AC MD %?PRF ?LB PCDJCAR MDD BCLQCP PMAIQ, AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC MAASPQ ?R ACPR?GL NMGLRQ.
/DRCL ?PC?Q AJMQCP RM RFC CNGACLRCP ?PC LMR B?K?ECB UFGJC ?PC?Q D?PRFCP ?U?W ?PC B?K?ECB.
F?=KH; 16.39 3R?LBGLE U?TC APC?RCB @W RFC QSNCPNMQGRGML MD RUM GBCLRGA?J U?TCQ KMTGLE GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ. 4FC MQAGJJ?RGMLQ ?PC ?R DGVCB JMA?RGMLQ GL QN?AC ?LB PCQSJR DPMK
?JRCPL?RCJW AMLQRPSARGTC ?LB BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC.
3R?LBGLE U?TCQ ?PC ?JQM DMSLB ML RFC QRPGLEQ MD KSQGA?J GLQRPSKCLRQ ?LB ?PC BSC RM PCDJCARGMLQ MD U?TCQ DPMK RFC CLBQ MD RFC QRPGLE. F?=KH; 16.40
?LB F?=KH; 16.41 QFMU RFPCC QR?LBGLE U?TCQ RF?R A?L @C APC?RCB ML ? QRPGLE RF?R GQ DGVCB ?R @MRF CLBQ. 'E:;I ?PC RFC NMGLRQ UFCPC RFC QRPGLE BMCQ
LMR KMTC; KMPC ECLCP?JJW, LMBCQ ?PC UFCPC RFC U?TC BGQRSP@?LAC GQ XCPM GL ? QR?LBGLE U?TC. 4FC DGVCB CLBQ MD QRPGLEQ KSQR @C LMBCQ, RMM, @CA?SQC
RFC QRPGLE A?LLMR KMTC RFCPC. 4FC UMPB 7DJ?DE:; GQ SQCB RM BCLMRC RFC JMA?RGML MD K?VGKSK ?KNJGRSBC GL QR?LBGLE U?TCQ. 3R?LBGLE U?TCQ ML QRPGLEQ
F?TC ? DPCOSCLAW RF?R GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC NPMN?E?RGML QNCCB v
w
MD RFC BGQRSP@?LAC ML RFC QRPGLE. 4FC U?TCJCLERF GQ BCRCPKGLCB @W RFC BGQR?LAC
@CRUCCL RFC NMGLRQ UFCPC RFC QRPGLE GQ DGVCB GL NJ?AC.
4FC JMUCQR DPCOSCLAW, A?JJCB RFC <KD:7C;DJ7B <H;GK;D9O, GQ RFSQ DMP RFC JMLECQR U?TCJCLERF, UFGAF GQ QCCL RM @C
1
= 2L . 4FCPCDMPC, RFC
DSLB?KCLR?J DPCOSCLAW GQ f
1
= v
w
/
1
= v
w
/ 2L . )L RFGQ A?QC, RFC EL;HJED;I MP F?PKMLGAQ ?PC KSJRGNJCQ MD RFC DSLB?KCLR?J DPCOSCLAW. !Q QCCL GL
F?=KH; 16.41, RFC DGPQR F?PKMLGA A?L C?QGJW @C A?JASJ?RCB QGLAC
2
= L . 4FSQ, f
2
= v
w
/
2
= v
w
/ 2L = 2f
1
. 3GKGJ?PJW, f
3
= 3f
1
, ?LB QM ML. !JJ
MD RFCQC DPCOSCLAGCQ A?L @C AF?LECB @W ?BHSQRGLE RFC RCLQGML GL RFC QRPGLE. 4FC EPC?RCP RFC RCLQGML, RFC EPC?RCP v
w
GQ ?LB RFC FGEFCP RFC DPCOSCLAGCQ.
4FGQ M@QCPT?RGML GQ D?KGJG?P RM ?LWMLC UFM F?Q CTCP M@QCPTCB ? QRPGLE GLQRPSKCLR @CGLE RSLCB. 7C UGJJ QCC GL J?RCP AF?NRCPQ RF?R QR?LBGLE U?TCQ ?PC
APSAG?J RM K?LW PCQML?LAC NFCLMKCL?, QSAF ?Q GL QMSLBGLE @MVCQ ML QRPGLE GLQRPSKCLRQ.
F?=KH; 16.40 4FC DGESPC QFMUQ ? QRPGLE MQAGJJ?RGLE ?R GRQ DSLB?KCLR?J DPCOSCLAW.
#(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3 575
F?=KH; 16.41 &GPQR ?LB QCAMLB F?PKMLGA DPCOSCLAGCQ ?PC QFMUL.
"C?RQ
3RPGIGLE RUM ?BH?ACLR ICWQ ML ? NG?LM NPMBSACQ ? U?P@JGLE AMK@GL?RGML SQS?JJW AMLQGBCPCB RM @C SLNJC?Q?LR. 4FC QSNCPNMQGRGML MD RUM U?TCQ MD
QGKGJ?P @SR LMR GBCLRGA?J DPCOSCLAGCQ GQ RFC ASJNPGR. !LMRFCP CV?KNJC GQ MDRCL LMRGAC?@JC GL HCR ?GPAP?DR, N?PRGASJ?PJW RFC RUM-CLEGLC T?PGCRW, UFGJC R?VGGLE.
4FC AMK@GLCB QMSLB MD RFC CLEGLCQ EMCQ SN ?LB BMUL GL JMSBLCQQ. 4FGQ T?PWGLE JMSBLCQQ F?NNCLQ @CA?SQC RFC QMSLB U?TCQ F?TC QGKGJ?P @SR LMR
GBCLRGA?J DPCOSCLAGCQ. 4FC BGQAMPB?LR U?P@JGLE MD RFC NG?LM ?LB RFC DJSARS?RGLE JMSBLCQQ MD RFC HCR CLEGLC LMGQC ?PC @MRF BSC RM ?JRCPL?RCJW
AMLQRPSARGTC ?LB BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC ?Q RFC RUM U?TCQ EM GL ?LB MSR MD NF?QC. F?=KH; 16.42 GJJSQRP?RCQ RFGQ EP?NFGA?JJW.
F?=KH; 16.42 "C?RQ ?PC NPMBSACB @W RFC QSNCPNMQGRGML MD RUM U?TCQ MD QJGEFRJW BGDDCPCLR DPCOSCLAGCQ @SR GBCLRGA?J ?KNJGRSBCQ. 4FC U?TCQ ?JRCPL?RC GL RGKC @CRUCCL AMLQRPSARGTC
GLRCPDCPCLAC ?LB BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC, EGTGLE RFC PCQSJRGLE U?TC ? RGKC-T?PWGLE ?KNJGRSBC.
4FC U?TC PCQSJRGLE DPMK RFC QSNCPNMQGRGML MD RUM QGKGJ?P-DPCOSCLAW U?TCQ F?Q ? DPCOSCLAW RF?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC MD RFC RUM. 4FGQ U?TC DJSARS?RCQ GL
?KNJGRSBC, MP 584GF, UGRF ? DPCOSCLAW A?JJCB RFC 8;7J <H;GK;D9O. 7C A?L BCRCPKGLC RFC @C?R DPCOSCLAW @W ?BBGLE RUM U?TCQ RMECRFCP
K?RFCK?RGA?JJW. .MRC RF?R ? U?TC A?L @C PCNPCQCLRCB ?R MLC NMGLR GL QN?AC ?Q
(16.69)
x = X cos
2 t
T
= X cos
2 ft
,
UFCPC f = 1 / T GQ RFC DPCOSCLAW MD RFC U?TC. !BBGLE RUM U?TCQ RF?R F?TC BGDDCPCLR DPCOSCLAGCQ @SR GBCLRGA?J ?KNJGRSBCQ NPMBSACQ ? PCQSJR?LR
(16.70) x = x
1
+ x
2
.
-MPC QNCAGDGA?JJW,
(16.71)
x = X cos
2 f
1
t
+ X cos
2 f
2
t
.
5QGLE ? RPGEMLMKCRPGA GBCLRGRW, GR A?L @C QFMUL RF?R
(16.72)
x = 2X cos
f
B
t
cos
2 f
ave
t
,
UFCPC
(16.73)
f
B
= f
1
f
2

GQ RFC @C?R DPCOSCLAW, ?LB f
ave
GQ RFC ?TCP?EC MD f
1
?LB f
2
. 4FCQC PCQSJRQ KC?L RF?R RFC PCQSJR?LR U?TC F?Q RUGAC RFC ?KNJGRSBC ?LB RFC ?TCP?EC
DPCOSCLAW MD RFC RUM QSNCPGKNMQCB U?TCQ, @SR GR ?JQM DJSARS?RCQ GL MTCP?JJ ?KNJGRSBC ?R RFC @C?R DPCOSCLAW f
B
. 4FC DGPQR AMQGLC RCPK GL RFC
CVNPCQQGML CDDCARGTCJW A?SQCQ RFC ?KNJGRSBC RM EM SN ?LB BMUL. 4FC QCAMLB AMQGLC RCPK GQ RFC U?TC UGRF DPCOSCLAW f
ave
. 4FGQ PCQSJR GQ T?JGB DMP ?JJ
RWNCQ MD U?TCQ. (MUCTCP, GD GR GQ ? QMSLB U?TC, NPMTGBGLE RFC RUM DPCOSCLAGCQ ?PC QGKGJ?P, RFCL UF?R UC FC?P GQ ?L ?TCP?EC DPCOSCLAW RF?R ECRQ JMSBCP
?LB QMDRCP (MP U?P@JCQ) ?R RFC @C?R DPCOSCLAW.
-?IGLE #?PCCP #MLLCARGMLQ
0G?LM RSLCPQ SQC @C?RQ PMSRGLCJW GL RFCGP UMPI. 7FCL AMKN?PGLE ? LMRC UGRF ? RSLGLE DMPI, RFCW JGQRCL DMP @C?RQ ?LB ?BHSQR RFC QRPGLE SLRGJ RFC @C?RQ
EM ?U?W (RM XCPM DPCOSCLAW). &MP CV?KNJC, GD RFC RSLGLE DMPI F?Q ? 256 Hz DPCOSCLAW ?LB RUM @C?RQ NCP QCAMLB ?PC FC?PB, RFCL RFC MRFCP
DPCOSCLAW GQ CGRFCP 254 MP 258 Hz . -MQR ICWQ FGR KSJRGNJC QRPGLEQ, ?LB RFCQC QRPGLEQ ?PC ?ARS?JJW ?BHSQRCB SLRGJ RFCW F?TC LC?PJW RFC Q?KC
DPCOSCLAW ?LB EGTC ? QJMU @C?R DMP PGAFLCQQ. 4UCJTC-QRPGLE ESGR?PQ ?LB K?LBMJGLQ ?PC ?JQM RSLCB SQGLE @C?RQ.
576 #(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3
7FGJC @C?RQ K?W QMKCRGKCQ @C ?LLMWGLE GL ?SBG@JC QMSLBQ, UC UGJJ DGLB RF?R @C?RQ F?TC K?LW ?NNJGA?RGMLQ. /@QCPTGLE @C?RQ GQ ? TCPW SQCDSJ U?W RM
AMKN?PC QGKGJ?P DPCOSCLAGCQ. 4FCPC ?PC ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD @C?RQ ?Q ?NN?PCLRJW BGQN?P?RC ?Q GL SJRP?QMLGA GK?EGLE ?LB P?B?P QNCCB RP?NQ.
)K?EGLC WMS ?PC FMJBGLE MLC CLB MD ? HSKN PMNC, ?LB WMSP DPGCLB FMJBQ RFC MRFCP. )D WMSP DPGCLB FMJBQ FCP CLB QRGJJ, WMS A?L KMTC WMSP CLB SN ?LB
BMUL, APC?RGLE ? RP?LQTCPQC U?TC. )D WMSP DPGCLB RFCL @CEGLQ RM KMTC FCP CLB SN ?LB BMUL, ECLCP?RGLE ? U?TC GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML, UF?R
PCQSJR?LR U?TC DMPKQ UMSJB WMS CVNCAR RM QCC GL RFC HSKN PMNC?
,EBKJ?ED
4FC PMNC UMSJB ?JRCPL?RC @CRUCCL F?TGLE U?TCQ UGRF ?KNJGRSBCQ RUM RGKCQ RFC MPGEGL?J ?KNJGRSBC ?LB PC?AFGLE COSGJG@PGSK UGRF LM ?KNJGRSBC ?R
?JJ. 4FC U?TCJCLERFQ UGJJ PCQSJR GL @MRF AMLQRPSARGTC ?LB BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC
$CDGLC LMBCQ ?LB ?LRGLMBCQ.
,EBKJ?ED
.MBCQ ?PC ?PC?Q MD U?TC GLRCPDCPCLAC UFCPC RFCPC GQ LM KMRGML. !LRGLMBCQ ?PC ?PC?Q MD U?TC GLRCPDCPCLAC UFCPC RFC KMRGML GQ ?R GRQ K?VGKSK
NMGLR.
9MS FMMI SN ? QRCPCM QWQRCK. 7FCL WMS RCQR RFC QWQRCK, WMS LMRGAC RF?R GL MLC AMPLCP MD RFC PMMK, RFC QMSLBQ QCCK BSJJ. )L ?LMRFCP ?PC?, RFC
QMSLBQ QCCK CVACQQGTCJW JMSB. $CQAPG@C FMU RFC QMSLB KMTGLE ?@MSR RFC PMMK AMSJB PCQSJR GL RFCQC CDDCARQ.
,EBKJ?ED
7GRF KSJRGNJC QNC?ICPQ NSRRGLE MSR QMSLBQ GLRM RFC PMMK, ?LB RFCQC QMSLBQ @MSLAGLE MDD U?JJQ, RFCPC GQ @MSLB RM @C QMKC U?TC GLRCPDCPCLAC. )L
RFC BSJJ ?PC?Q, RFC GLRCPDCPCLAC GQ NPM@?@JW KMQRJW BCQRPSARGTC. )L RFC JMSBCP ?PC?Q, RFC GLRCPDCPCLAC GQ NPM@?@JW KMQRJW AMLQRPSARGTC.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: 7?TC )LRCPDCPCLAC
-?IC U?TCQ UGRF ? BPGNNGLE D?SACR, ?SBGM QNC?ICP, MP J?QCP! !BB ? QCAMLB QMSPAC MP ? N?GP MD QJGRQ RM APC?RC ?L GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPL.
F?=KH; 16.43 07L; "DJ;H<;H;D9; (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42249/1.5/M7L;-?DJ;H<;H;D9;6;D.@7H)
16.11 ED;H=O ?D 07L;I: "DJ;DI?JO
F?=KH; 16.44 4FC BCQRPSARGTC CDDCAR MD ?L C?PRFOS?IC GQ N?JN?@JC CTGBCLAC MD RFC CLCPEW A?PPGCB GL RFCQC U?TCQ. 4FC 2GAFRCP QA?JC P?RGLE MD C?PRFOS?ICQ GQ PCJ?RCB RM @MRF RFCGP
?KNJGRSBC ?LB RFC CLCPEW RFCW A?PPW. (APCBGR: 0CRRW /DDGACP 2LB #J?QQ #?LBGAC 6GJJ?PPC?J, 5.3. .?TW)
!JJ U?TCQ A?PPW CLCPEW. 4FC CLCPEW MD QMKC U?TCQ A?L @C BGPCARJW M@QCPTCB. %?PRFOS?ICQ A?L QF?IC UFMJC AGRGCQ RM RFC EPMSLB, NCPDMPKGLE RFC UMPI
MD RFMSQ?LBQ MD UPCAIGLE @?JJQ.
,MSB QMSLBQ NSJTCPGXC LCPTC ACJJQ GL RFC GLLCP C?P, A?SQGLE NCPK?LCLR FC?PGLE JMQQ. 5JRP?QMSLB GQ SQCB DMP BCCN-FC?R RPC?RKCLR MD KSQAJC QRP?GLQ. !
J?QCP @C?K A?L @SPL ?U?W ? K?JGEL?LAW. 7?RCP U?TCQ AFCU SN @C?AFCQ.
4FC ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW GL ? U?TC GQ PCJ?RCB RM GRQ ?KNJGRSBC. ,?PEC-?KNJGRSBC C?PRFOS?ICQ NPMBSAC J?PEC EPMSLB BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ. ,MSB QMSLBQ F?TC
FGEFCP NPCQQSPC ?KNJGRSBCQ ?LB AMKC DPMK J?PECP-?KNJGRSBC QMSPAC TG@P?RGMLQ RF?L QMDR QMSLBQ. ,?PEC MAC?L @PC?ICPQ AFSPL SN RFC QFMPC KMPC RF?L
QK?JJ MLCQ. -MPC OS?LRGR?RGTCJW, ? U?TC GQ ? BGQNJ?ACKCLR RF?R GQ PCQGQRCB @W ? PCQRMPGLE DMPAC. 4FC J?PECP RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR x , RFC J?PECP RFC DMPAC
#(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3 577
F = kx LCCBCB RM APC?RC GR. "CA?SQC UMPI W GQ PCJ?RCB RM DMPAC KSJRGNJGCB @W BGQR?LAC ( Fx ) ?LB CLCPEW GQ NSR GLRM RFC U?TC @W RFC UMPI BMLC RM
APC?RC GR, RFC CLCPEW GL ? U?TC GQ PCJ?RCB RM ?KNJGRSBC. )L D?AR, ? U?TCtQ CLCPEW GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM GRQ ?KNJGRSBC QOS?PCB @CA?SQC
(16.74)
W Fx = kx
2
.
4FC CLCPEW CDDCARQ MD ? U?TC BCNCLB ML RGKC ?Q UCJJ ?Q ?KNJGRSBC. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC JMLECP BCCN-FC?R SJRP?QMSLB GQ ?NNJGCB, RFC KMPC CLCPEW GR
RP?LQDCPQ. 7?TCQ A?L ?JQM @C AMLACLRP?RCB MP QNPC?B MSR. 3SLJGEFR, DMP CV?KNJC, A?L @C DMASQCB RM @SPL UMMB. %?PRFOS?ICQ QNPC?B MSR, QM RFCW BM
JCQQ B?K?EC RFC D?PRFCP RFCW ECR DPMK RFC QMSPAC. )L @MRF A?QCQ, AF?LEGLE RFC ?PC? RFC U?TCQ AMTCP F?Q GKNMPR?LR CDDCARQ. !JJ RFCQC NCPRGLCLR D?ARMPQ
?PC GLAJSBCB GL RFC BCDGLGRGML MD ?DJ;DI?JO I ?Q NMUCP NCP SLGR ?PC?:
(16.75)
I =
P
A
UFCPC P GQ RFC NMUCP A?PPGCB @W RFC U?TC RFPMSEF ?PC? A . 4FC BCDGLGRGML MD GLRCLQGRW GQ T?JGB DMP ?LW CLCPEW GL RP?LQGR, GLAJSBGLE RF?R A?PPGCB @W
U?TCQ. 4FC 3) SLGR DMP GLRCLQGRW GQ U?RRQ NCP QOS?PC KCRCP ( W/m
2
). &MP CV?KNJC, GLDP?PCB ?LB TGQG@JC CLCPEW DPMK RFC 3SL GKNGLEC ML %?PRF ?R ?L
GLRCLQGRW MD 1300 W/m
2
HSQR ?@MTC RFC ?RKMQNFCPC. 4FCPC ?PC MRFCP GLRCLQGRW-PCJ?RCB SLGRQ GL SQC, RMM. 4FC KMQR AMKKML GQ RFC BCAG@CJ. &MP
CV?KNJC, ? 90 BCAG@CJ QMSLB JCTCJ AMPPCQNMLBQ RM ?L GLRCLQGRW MD 10
3
W/m
2
. (4FGQ OS?LRGRW GQ LMR KSAF NMUCP NCP SLGR ?PC? AMLQGBCPGLE RF?R 90
BCAG@CJQ GQ ? PCJ?RGTCJW FGEF QMSLB JCTCJ. $CAG@CJQ UGJJ @C BGQASQQCB GL QMKC BCR?GJ GL ? J?RCP AF?NRCP.
EN7CFB; 16.9 C7B9KB7J?D= ?DJ;DI?JO 7D: FEM;H: !EM CK9> ;D;H=O ?I ?D 7 H7O E< IKDB?=>J?
4FC ?TCP?EC GLRCLQGRW MD QSLJGEFR ML %?PRFtQ QSPD?AC GQ ?@MSR 700 W/m
2
.
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW RF?R D?JJQ ML ? QMJ?P AMJJCARMP F?TGLE ?L ?PC? MD 0.500 m
2
GL 4.00 h .
(@) 7F?R GLRCLQGRW UMSJB QSAF QSLJGEFR F?TC GD AMLACLRP?RCB @W ? K?ELGDWGLE EJ?QQ MLRM ?L ?PC? 200 RGKCQ QK?JJCP RF?L GRQ MUL?
,JH7J;=O 7
"CA?SQC NMUCP GQ CLCPEW NCP SLGR RGKC MP P =
E
t
, RFC BCDGLGRGML MD GLRCLQGRW A?L @C UPGRRCL ?Q I =
P
A
=
E / t
A
, ?LB RFGQ COS?RGML A?L @C QMJTCB
DMP % UGRF RFC EGTCL GLDMPK?RGML.
,EBKJ?ED 7
1. "CEGL UGRF RFC COS?RGML RF?R QR?RCQ RFC BCDGLGRGML MD GLRCLQGRW:
(16.76)
I =
P
A
.
2. 2CNJ?AC P UGRF GRQ COSGT?JCLR E / t :
(16.77)
I =
E / t
A
.
3. 3MJTC DMP E :
(16.78) E = IAt.
4. 3S@QRGRSRC ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC COS?RGML:
(16.79)
E =

700 W/m
2
0.500 m
2
(4.00 h)(3600 s/h)
.
5. #?JASJ?RC RM DGLB E ?LB AMLTCPR SLGRQ:
(16.80)
5.0410
6
J,
D?I9KII?ED 7
4FC CLCPEW D?JJGLE ML RFC QMJ?P AMJJCARMP GL 4 F GL N?PR GQ CLMSEF RM @C SQCDSJrDMP CV?KNJC, DMP FC?RGLE ? QGELGDGA?LR ?KMSLR MD U?RCP.
,JH7J;=O 8
4?IGLE ? P?RGM MD LCU GLRCLQGRW RM MJB GLRCLQGRW ?LB SQGLE NPGKCQ DMP RFC LCU OS?LRGRGCQ, UC UGJJ DGLB RF?R GR BCNCLBQ ML RFC P?RGM MD RFC ?PC?Q. !JJ
MRFCP OS?LRGRGCQ UGJJ A?LACJ.
,EBKJ?ED 8
1. 4?IC RFC P?RGM MD GLRCLQGRGCQ, UFGAF WGCJBQ:
(16.81)
I
I
=
P / A
P/ A
=
A
A
The powers cancel because P = P
.
2. )BCLRGDW RFC ILMULQ:
(16.82)
A = 200A,
(16.83)
I
I
= 200.
3. 3S@QRGRSRC ILMUL OS?LRGRGCQ:
(16.84)
I = 200I = 200
700 W/m
2
.
4. #?JASJ?RC RM DGLB I :
(16.85)
I = 1.4010
5
W/m
2
.
578 #(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3
7CFB?JK:;:
7DJ?DE:;:
D?I9KII?ED 8
$CAPC?QGLE RFC ?PC? GLAPC?QCQ RFC GLRCLQGRW AMLQGBCP?@JW. 4FC GLRCLQGRW MD RFC AMLACLRP?RCB QSLJGEFR AMSJB CTCL QR?PR ? DGPC.
EN7CFB; 16.10 D;J;HC?D; J>; 9EC8?D;: ?DJ;DI?JO E< JME M7L;I: );H<;9J 9EDIJHK9J?L; ?DJ;H<;H;D9;
)D RUM GBCLRGA?J U?TCQ, C?AF F?TGLE ?L GLRCLQGRW MD 1.00 W/m
2
, GLRCPDCPC NCPDCARJW AMLQRPSARGTCJW, UF?R GQ RFC GLRCLQGRW MD RFC PCQSJRGLE U?TC?
,JH7J;=O
7C ILMU DPMK ,KF;HFEI?J?ED 7D: "DJ;H<;H;D9; RF?R UFCL RUM GBCLRGA?J U?TCQ, UFGAF F?TC COS?J ?KNJGRSBCQ X , GLRCPDCPC NCPDCARJW
AMLQRPSARGTCJW, RFC PCQSJRGLE U?TC F?Q ?L ?KNJGRSBC MD 2X . "CA?SQC ? U?TCtQ GLRCLQGRW GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM ?KNJGRSBC QOS?PCB, RFC GLRCLQGRW MD RFC
PCQSJRGLE U?TC GQ DMSP RGKCQ ?Q EPC?R ?Q GL RFC GLBGTGBS?J U?TCQ.
,EBKJ?ED
1. 2CA?JJ RF?R GLRCLQGRW GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM ?KNJGRSBC QOS?PCB.
2. #?JASJ?RC RFC LCU ?KNJGRSBC:
(16.86)
I (X)
2
= (2X)
2
= 4X
2
.
3. 2CA?JJ RF?R RFC GLRCLQGRW MD RFC MJB ?KNJGRSBC U?Q:
(16.87)
I X
2
.
4. 4?IC RFC P?RGM MD LCU GLRCLQGRW RM RFC MJB GLRCLQGRW. 4FGQ EGTCQ:
(16.88) I
I
= 4.
5. #?JASJ?RC RM DGLB I :
(16.89)
I = 4I = 4.00 W/m
2
.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC GLRCLQGRW EMCQ SN @W ? D?ARMP MD 4 UFCL RFC ?KNJGRSBC BMS@JCQ. 4FGQ ?LQUCP GQ ? JGRRJC BGQOSGCRGLE. 4FC RUM GLBGTGBS?J U?TCQ C?AF F?TC
GLRCLQGRGCQ MD 1.00 W/m
2
, WCR RFCGP QSK F?Q ?L GLRCLQGRW MD 4.00 W/m
2
, UFGAF K?W ?NNC?P RM TGMJ?RC AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW. 4FGQ TGMJ?RGML, MD
AMSPQC, A?LLMR F?NNCL. 7F?R BMCQ F?NNCL GQ GLRPGESGLE. 4FC ?PC? MTCP UFGAF RFC GLRCLQGRW GQ 4.00 W/m
2
GQ KSAF JCQQ RF?L RFC ?PC? AMTCPCB @W
RFC RUM U?TCQ @CDMPC RFCW GLRCPDCPCB. 4FCPC ?PC MRFCP ?PC?Q UFCPC RFC GLRCLQGRW GQ XCPM. 4FC ?BBGRGML MD U?TCQ GQ LMR ?Q QGKNJC ?Q MSP DGPQR JMMI GL
,KF;HFEI?J?ED 7D: "DJ;H<;H;D9; QSEECQRCB. 7C ?ARS?JJW ECR ? N?RRCPL MD @MRF AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC ?LB BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC UFCLCTCP
RUM U?TCQ ?PC ?BBCB. &MP CV?KNJC, GD UC F?TC RUM QRCPCM QNC?ICPQ NSRRGLE MSR 1.00 W/m
2
C?AF, RFCPC UGJJ @C NJ?ACQ GL RFC PMMK UFCPC RFC
GLRCLQGRW GQ 4.00 W/m
2
, MRFCP NJ?ACQ UFCPC RFC GLRCLQGRW GQ XCPM, ?LB MRFCPQ GL @CRUCCL. F?=KH; 16.45 QFMUQ UF?R RFGQ GLRCPDCPCLAC KGEFR JMMI
JGIC. 7C UGJJ NSPQSC GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPLQ CJQCUFCPC GL RFGQ RCVR.
F?=KH; 16.45 4FCQC QRCPCM QNC?ICPQ NPMBSAC @MRF AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC ?LB BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC GL RFC PMMK, ? NPMNCPRW AMKKML RM RFC QSNCPNMQGRGML MD ?JJ RWNCQ
MD U?TCQ. 4FC QF?BGLE GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM GLRCLQGRW.
7FGAF KC?QSPCKCLR MD ? U?TC GQ KMQR GKNMPR?LR UFCL BCRCPKGLGLE RFC U?TC'Q GLRCLQGRW?
,EBKJ?ED
!KNJGRSBC, @CA?SQC ? U?TCtQ CLCPEW GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM GRQ ?KNJGRSBC QOS?PCB.
BEII7HO
RFC K?VGKSK BGQNJ?ACKCLR DPMK RFC COSGJG@PGSK NMQGRGML MD ?L M@HCAR MQAGJJ?RGLE ?PMSLB RFC COSGJG@PGSK NMQGRGML
RFC JMA?RGML MD K?VGKSK ?KNJGRSBC GL QR?LBGLE U?TCQ
#(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3 579
8;7J <H;GK;D9O:
9EDIJHK9J?L; ?DJ;H<;H;D9;:
9H?J?97B :7CF?D=:
:;<EHC7J?ED:
:;IJHK9J?L; ?DJ;H<;H;D9;:
;B7IJ?9 FEJ;DJ?7B ;D;H=O:
<EH9; 9EDIJ7DJ:
<H;GK;D9O:
<KD:7C;DJ7B <H;GK;D9O:
?DJ;DI?JO:
BED=?JK:?D7B M7L;:
D7JKH7B <H;GK;D9O:
DE:;I:
EI9?BB7J;:
EL;H :7CF?D=:
EL;HJED;I:
F;H?E:?9 CEJ?ED:
F;H?E::
H;IED7D9;:
H;IED7J;:
H;IJEH?D= <EH9;:
I?CFB; >7HCED?9 CEJ?ED:
I?CFB; >7HCED?9 EI9?BB7JEH:
I?CFB; F;D:KBKC:
IKF;HFEI?J?ED:
JH7DIL;HI; M7L;:
KD:;H :7CF?D=:
M7L; L;BE9?JO:
M7L;B;D=J>:
M7L;:
RFC DPCOSCLAW MD RFC ?KNJGRSBC DJSARS?RGMLQ MD ? U?TC
UFCL RUM U?TCQ ?PPGTC ?R RFC Q?KC NMGLR CV?ARJW GL NF?QC; RF?R GQ, RFC APCQRQ MD RFC RUM U?TCQ ?PC NPCAGQCJW ?JGELCB,
?Q ?PC RFC RPMSEFQ
RFC AMLBGRGML GL UFGAF RFC B?KNGLE MD ?L MQAGJJ?RMP A?SQCQ GR RM PCRSPL ?Q OSGAIJW ?Q NMQQG@JC RM GRQ COSGJG@PGSK NMQGRGML UGRFMSR
MQAGJJ?RGLE @?AI ?LB DMPRF ?@MSR RFGQ NMQGRGML
BGQNJ?ACKCLR DPMK COSGJG@PGSK
UFCL RUM GBCLRGA?J U?TCQ ?PPGTC ?R RFC Q?KC NMGLR CV?ARJW MSR MD NF?QC; RF?R GQ, NPCAGQCJW ?JGELCB APCQR RM RPMSEF
NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW QRMPCB ?Q ? PCQSJR MD BCDMPK?RGML MD ?L CJ?QRGA M@HCAR, QSAF ?Q RFC QRPCRAFGLE MD ? QNPGLE
? AMLQR?LR PCJ?RCB RM RFC PGEGBGRW MD ? QWQRCK: RFC J?PECP RFC DMPAC AMLQR?LR, RFC KMPC PGEGB RFC QWQRCK; RFC DMPAC AMLQR?LR GQ
PCNPCQCLRCB @W >
LSK@CP MD CTCLRQ NCP SLGR MD RGKC
RFC JMUCQR DPCOSCLAW MD ? NCPGMBGA U?TCDMPK
NMUCP NCP SLGR ?PC?
? U?TC GL UFGAF RFC BGQRSP@?LAC GQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC BGPCARGML MD NPMN?E?RGML
RFC DPCOSCLAW ?R UFGAF ? QWQRCK UMSJB MQAGJJ?RC GD RFCPC UCPC LM BPGTGLE ?LB LM B?KNGLE DMPACQ
RFC NMGLRQ UFCPC RFC QRPGLE BMCQ LMR KMTC; KMPC ECLCP?JJW, LMBCQ ?PC UFCPC RFC U?TC BGQRSP@?LAC GQ XCPM GL ? QR?LBGLE U?TC
KMTGLE @?AI ?LB DMPRF PCESJ?PJW @CRUCCL RUM NMGLRQ
RFC AMLBGRGML GL UFGAF B?KNGLE MD ?L MQAGJJ?RMP A?SQCQ GR RM PCRSPL RM COSGJG@PGSK UGRFMSR MQAGJJ?RGLE; MQAGJJ?RMP KMTCQ KMPC QJMUJW
RMU?PB COSGJG@PGSK RF?L GL RFC APGRGA?JJW B?KNCB QWQRCK
KSJRGNJCQ MD RFC DSLB?KCLR?J DPCOSCLAW MD ? QMSLB
KMRGML RF?R PCNC?RQ GRQCJD ?R PCESJ?P RGKC GLRCPT?JQ
RGKC GR R?ICQ RM AMKNJCRC MLC MQAGJJ?RGML
RFC NFCLMKCLML MD BPGTGLE ? QWQRCK UGRF ? DPCOSCLAW COS?J RM RFC QWQRCK'Q L?RSP?J DPCOSCLAW
? QWQRCK @CGLE BPGTCL ?R GRQ L?RSP?J DPCOSCLAW
DMPAC ?ARGLE GL MNNMQGRGML RM RFC DMPAC A?SQCB @W ? BCDMPK?RGML
RFC MQAGJJ?RMPW KMRGML GL ? QWQRCK UFCPC RFC LCR DMPAC A?L @C BCQAPG@CB @W (MMICtQ J?U
? BCTGAC RF?R GKNJCKCLRQ (MMICtQ J?U, QSAF ?Q ? K?QQ RF?R GQ ?RR?AFCB RM ? QNPGLE, UGRF RFC MRFCP CLB MD RFC QNPGLE
@CGLE AMLLCARCB RM ? PGEGB QSNNMPR QSAF ?Q ? U?JJ
?L M@HCAR UGRF ? QK?JJ K?QQ QSQNCLBCB DPMK ? JGEFR UGPC MP QRPGLE
RFC NFCLMKCLML RF?R MAASPQ UFCL RUM MP KMPC U?TCQ ?PPGTC ?R RFC Q?KC NMGLR
? U?TC GL UFGAF RFC BGQRSP@?LAC GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC BGPCARGML MD NPMN?E?RGML
RFC AMLBGRGML GL UFGAF B?KNGLE MD ?L MQAGJJ?RMP A?SQCQ GR RM PCRSPL RM COSGJG@PGSK UGRF RFC ?KNJGRSBC EP?BS?JJW BCAPC?QGLE RM XCPM;
QWQRCK PCRSPLQ RM COSGJG@PGSK D?QRCP @SR MTCPQFMMRQ ?LB APMQQCQ RFC COSGJG@PGSK NMQGRGML MLC MP KMPC RGKCQ
RFC QNCCB ?R UFGAF RFC BGQRSP@?LAC KMTCQ. !JQM A?JJCB RFC NPMN?E?RGML TCJMAGRW MP NPMN?E?RGML QNCCB
RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL ?BH?ACLR GBCLRGA?J N?PRQ MD ? U?TC
? BGQRSP@?LAC RF?R KMTCQ DPMK GRQ QMSPAC ?LB A?PPGCQ CLCPEW
,;9J?ED ,KCC7HO
w !L MQAGJJ?RGML GQ ? @?AI ?LB DMPRF KMRGML MD ?L M@HCAR @CRUCCL RUM NMGLRQ MD BCDMPK?RGML.
w !L MQAGJJ?RGML K?W APC?RC ? U?TC, UFGAF GQ ? BGQRSP@?LAC RF?R NPMN?E?RCQ DPMK UFCPC GR U?Q APC?RCB.
w 4FC QGKNJCQR RWNC MD MQAGJJ?RGMLQ ?LB U?TCQ ?PC PCJ?RCB RM QWQRCKQ RF?R A?L @C BCQAPG@CB @W (MMICtQ J?U:
F = kx,
UFCPC F GQ RFC PCQRMPGLE DMPAC, x GQ RFC BGQNJ?ACKCLR DPMK COSGJG@PGSK MP BCDMPK?RGML, ?LB k GQ RFC DMPAC AMLQR?LR MD RFC QWQRCK.
w %J?QRGA NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW PE
el
QRMPCB GL RFC BCDMPK?RGML MD ? QWQRCK RF?R A?L @C BCQAPG@CB @W (MMICtQ J?U GQ EGTCL @W
580 #(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3
PE
el
= (1 / 2)kx
2
.
w 0CPGMBGA KMRGML GQ ? PCNCRGRGMSQ MQAGJJ?RGML.
w 4FC RGKC DMP MLC MQAGJJ?RGML GQ RFC NCPGMB T .
w 4FC LSK@CP MD MQAGJJ?RGMLQ NCP SLGR RGKC GQ RFC DPCOSCLAW f .
w 4FCQC OS?LRGRGCQ ?PC PCJ?RCB @W
f =
1
T
.
w 3GKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML GQ MQAGJJ?RMPW KMRGML DMP ? QWQRCK RF?R A?L @C BCQAPG@CB MLJW @W (MMICtQ J?U. 3SAF ? QWQRCK GQ ?JQM A?JJCB ? QGKNJC
F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP.
w -?VGKSK BGQNJ?ACKCLR GQ RFC ?KNJGRSBC X . 4FC NCPGMB T ?LB DPCOSCLAW f MD ? QGKNJC F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP ?PC EGTCL @W
T = 2
m
k
?LB f =
1
2
k
m
, UFCPC m GQ RFC K?QQ MD RFC QWQRCK.
w $GQNJ?ACKCLR GL QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML ?Q ? DSLARGML MD RGKC GQ EGTCL @W x(t) = X cos
2t
T
.
w 4FC TCJMAGRW GQ EGTCL @W v(t) = v
max
sin
2t
T
, UFCPC v
max
= k / mX .
w 4FC ?AACJCP?RGML GQ DMSLB RM @C a(t) =
kX
m
cos
2t
T
.
16.4 ->; ,?CFB; );D:KBKC
w ! K?QQ m QSQNCLBCB @W ? UGPC MD JCLERF L GQ ? QGKNJC NCLBSJSK ?LB SLBCPEMCQ QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML DMP ?KNJGRSBCQ JCQQ RF?L ?@MSR
15.
4FC NCPGMB MD ? QGKNJC NCLBSJSK GQ
T = 2
L
g
,
UFCPC L GQ RFC JCLERF MD RFC QRPGLE ?LB g GQ RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW.
w %LCPEW GL RFC QGKNJC F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP GQ QF?PCB @CRUCCL CJ?QRGA NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW ?LB IGLCRGA CLCPEW, UGRF RFC RMR?J @CGLE AMLQR?LR:
1
2
mv
2
+
1
2
kx
2
= constant.
w -?VGKSK TCJMAGRW BCNCLBQ ML RFPCC D?ARMPQ: GR GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM ?KNJGRSBC, GR GQ EPC?RCP DMP QRGDDCP QWQRCKQ, ?LB GR GQ QK?JJCP DMP M@HCARQ
RF?R F?TC J?PECP K?QQCQ:
v
max
=
k
m
X.
16.6 .D?<EHC C?H9KB7H &EJ?ED 7D: ,?CFB; !7HCED?9 &EJ?ED
! NPMHCARGML MD SLGDMPK AGPASJ?P KMRGML SLBCPEMCQ QGKNJC F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RGML.
w $?KNCB F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMPQ F?TC LML-AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ RF?R BGQQGN?RC RFCGP CLCPEW.
w #PGRGA?J B?KNGLE PCRSPLQ RFC QWQRCK RM COSGJG@PGSK ?Q D?QR ?Q NMQQG@JC UGRFMSR MTCPQFMMRGLE.
w !L SLBCPB?KNCB QWQRCK UGJJ MQAGJJ?RC RFPMSEF RFC COSGJG@PGSK NMQGRGML.
w !L MTCPB?KNCB QWQRCK KMTCQ KMPC QJMUJW RMU?PB COSGJG@PGSK RF?L MLC RF?R GQ APGRGA?JJW B?KNCB.
w ! QWQRCKtQ L?RSP?J DPCOSCLAW GQ RFC DPCOSCLAW ?R UFGAF RFC QWQRCK UGJJ MQAGJJ?RC GD LMR ?DDCARCB @W BPGTGLE MP B?KNGLE DMPACQ.
w ! NCPGMBGA DMPAC BPGTGLE ? F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP ?R GRQ L?RSP?J DPCOSCLAW NPMBSACQ PCQML?LAC. 4FC QWQRCK GQ Q?GB RM PCQML?RC.
w 4FC JCQQ B?KNGLE ? QWQRCK F?Q, RFC FGEFCP RFC ?KNJGRSBC MD RFC DMPACB MQAGJJ?RGMLQ LC?P PCQML?LAC. 4FC KMPC B?KNGLE ? QWQRCK F?Q, RFC
@PM?BCP PCQNMLQC GR F?Q RM T?PWGLE BPGTGLE DPCOSCLAGCQ.
16.9 07L;I
w ! U?TC GQ ? BGQRSP@?LAC RF?R KMTCQ DPMK RFC NMGLR MD APC?RGML UGRF ? U?TC TCJMAGRW v
w
.
w ! U?TC F?Q ? U?TCJCLERF , UFGAF GQ RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL ?BH?ACLR GBCLRGA?J N?PRQ MD RFC U?TC.
w 7?TC TCJMAGRW ?LB U?TCJCLERF ?PC PCJ?RCB RM RFC U?TCtQ DPCOSCLAW ?LB NCPGMB @W v
w
=

T
MP v
w
= f.
w ! RP?LQTCPQC U?TC F?Q ? BGQRSP@?LAC NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM GRQ BGPCARGML MD NPMN?E?RGML, UFCPC?Q ? JMLEGRSBGL?J U?TC F?Q ? BGQRSP@?LAC N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ
BGPCARGML MD NPMN?E?RGML.
w 3SNCPNMQGRGML GQ RFC AMK@GL?RGML MD RUM U?TCQ ?R RFC Q?KC JMA?RGML.
#(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3 581
w #MLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC MAASPQ UFCL RUM GBCLRGA?J U?TCQ ?PC QSNCPGKNMQCB GL NF?QC.
w $CQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC MAASPQ UFCL RUM GBCLRGA?J U?TCQ ?PC QSNCPGKNMQCB CV?ARJW MSR MD NF?QC.
w ! QR?LBGLE U?TC GQ MLC GL UFGAF RUM U?TCQ QSNCPGKNMQC RM NPMBSAC ? U?TC RF?R T?PGCQ GL ?KNJGRSBC @SR BMCQ LMR NPMN?E?RC.
w .MBCQ ?PC NMGLRQ MD LM KMRGML GL QR?LBGLE U?TCQ.
w !L ?LRGLMBC GQ RFC JMA?RGML MD K?VGKSK ?KNJGRSBC MD ? QR?LBGLE U?TC.
w 7?TCQ ML ? QRPGLE ?PC PCQML?LR QR?LBGLE U?TCQ UGRF ? DSLB?KCLR?J DPCOSCLAW ?LB A?L MAASP ?R FGEFCP KSJRGNJCQ MD RFC DSLB?KCLR?J, A?JJCB
MTCPRMLCQ MP F?PKMLGAQ.
w "C?RQ MAASP UFCL U?TCQ MD QGKGJ?P DPCOSCLAGCQ f
1
?LB f
2
?PC QSNCPGKNMQCB. 4FC PCQSJRGLE ?KNJGRSBC MQAGJJ?RCQ UGRF ? @C?R DPCOSCLAW EGTCL
@W
f
B
= f
1
f
2
.
)LRCLQGRW GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC NMUCP NCP SLGR ?PC?:
I =
P
A
?LB F?Q SLGRQ MD W/m
2
.
1. $CQAPG@C ? QWQRCK GL UFGAF CJ?QRGA NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW GQ QRMPCB.
2. 7F?R AMLBGRGMLQ KSQR @C KCR RM NPMBSAC QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML?
3. (?) )D DPCOSCLAW GQ LMR AMLQR?LR DMP QMKC MQAGJJ?RGML, A?L RFC MQAGJJ?RGML @C QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML?
(@) #?L WMS RFGLI MD ?LW CV?KNJCQ MD F?PKMLGA KMRGML UFCPC RFC DPCOSCLAW K?W BCNCLB ML RFC ?KNJGRSBC?
4. 'GTC ?L CV?KNJC MD ? QGKNJC F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP, QNCAGDGA?JJW LMRGLE FMU GRQ DPCOSCLAW GQ GLBCNCLBCLR MD ?KNJGRSBC.
5. %VNJ?GL UFW WMS CVNCAR ?L M@HCAR K?BC MD ? QRGDD K?RCPG?J RM TG@P?RC ?R ? FGEFCP DPCOSCLAW RF?L ? QGKGJ?P M@HCAR K?BC MD ? QNMLEW K?RCPG?J.
6. !Q WMS N?QQ ? DPCGEFR RPSAI UGRF ? RP?GJCP ML ? FGEFU?W, WMS LMRGAC RF?R GRQ RP?GJCP GQ @MSLAGLE SN ?LB BMUL QJMUJW. )Q GR KMPC JGICJW RF?R RFC RP?GJCP GQ
FC?TGJW JM?BCB MP LC?PJW CKNRW? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP.
7. 3MKC NCMNJC KMBGDW A?PQ RM @C KSAF AJMQCP RM RFC EPMSLB RF?L UFCL K?LSD?ARSPCB. 3FMSJB RFCW GLQR?JJ QRGDDCP QNPGLEQ? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP.
16.4 ->; ,?CFB; );D:KBKC
8. 0CLBSJSK AJMAIQ ?PC K?BC RM PSL ?R RFC AMPPCAR P?RC @W ?BHSQRGLE RFC NCLBSJSKtQ JCLERF. 3SNNMQC WMS KMTC DPMK MLC AGRW RM ?LMRFCP UFCPC RFC
?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW GQ QJGEFRJW EPC?RCP, R?IGLE WMSP NCLBSJSK AJMAI UGRF WMS, UGJJ WMS F?TC RM JCLERFCL MP QFMPRCL RFC NCLBSJSK RM ICCN RFC
AMPPCAR RGKC, MRFCP D?ARMPQ PCK?GLGLE AMLQR?LR? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP.
9. %VNJ?GL GL RCPKQ MD CLCPEW FMU BGQQGN?RGTC DMPACQ QSAF ?Q DPGARGML PCBSAC RFC ?KNJGRSBC MD ? F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP. !JQM CVNJ?GL FMU ? BPGTGLE
KCAF?LGQK A?L AMKNCLQ?RC. (! NCLBSJSK AJMAI GQ QSAF ? QWQRCK.)
10. 'GTC ?L CV?KNJC MD ? B?KNCB F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP. (4FCW ?PC KMPC AMKKML RF?L SLB?KNCB MP QGKNJC F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMPQ.)
11. (MU UMSJB ? A?P @MSLAC ?DRCP ? @SKN SLBCP C?AF MD RFCQC AMLBGRGMLQ?
w MTCPB?KNGLE
w SLBCPB?KNGLE
w APGRGA?J B?KNGLE
12. -MQR F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMPQ ?PC B?KNCB ?LB, GD SLBPGTCL, CTCLRS?JJW AMKC RM ? QRMN. (MU GQ RFGQ M@QCPT?RGML PCJ?RCB RM RFC QCAMLB J?U MD
RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ?
13. 7FW ?PC QMJBGCPQ GL ECLCP?J MPBCPCB RM uPMSRC QRCNv (U?JI MSR MD QRCN) ?APMQQ ? @PGBEC?
16.9 07L;I
14. 'GTC MLC CV?KNJC MD ? RP?LQTCPQC U?TC ?LB ?LMRFCP MD ? JMLEGRSBGL?J U?TC, @CGLE A?PCDSJ RM LMRC RFC PCJ?RGTC BGPCARGMLQ MD RFC BGQRSP@?LAC ?LB
U?TC NPMN?E?RGML GL C?AF.
15. 7F?R GQ RFC BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL NPMN?E?RGML QNCCB ?LB RFC DPCOSCLAW MD ? U?TC? $MCQ MLC MP @MRF ?DDCAR U?TCJCLERF? )D QM, FMU?
16. 3NC?ICPQ GL QRCPCM QWQRCKQ F?TC RUM AMJMP-AMBCB RCPKGL?JQ RM GLBGA?RC FMU RM FMMI SN RFC UGPCQ. )D RFC UGPCQ ?PC PCTCPQCB, RFC QNC?ICP KMTCQ GL
? BGPCARGML MNNMQGRC RF?R MD ? NPMNCPJW AMLLCARCB QNC?ICP. %VNJ?GL UFW GR GQ GKNMPR?LR RM F?TC @MRF QNC?ICPQ AMLLCARCB RFC Q?KC U?W.
582 #(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3
17. 4UM GBCLRGA?J U?TCQ SLBCPEM NSPC AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC. )Q RFC PCQSJR?LR GLRCLQGRW RUGAC RF?R MD RFC GLBGTGBS?J U?TCQ? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP.
18. #GPASJ?P U?RCP U?TCQ BCAPC?QC GL ?KNJGRSBC ?Q RFCW KMTC ?U?W DPMK UFCPC ? PMAI GQ BPMNNCB. %VNJ?GL UFW.
#(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3 583
19. &GQF ?PC FSLE ML ? QNPGLE QA?JC RM BCRCPKGLC RFCGP K?QQ (KMQR
DGQFCPKCL DCCJ LM M@JGE?RGML RM RPSRFDSJJW PCNMPR RFC K?QQ).
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC DMPAC AMLQR?LR MD RFC QNPGLE GL QSAF ? QA?JC GD GR RFC QNPGLE
QRPCRAFCQ 8.00 AK DMP ? 10.0 IE JM?B?
(@) 7F?R GQ RFC K?QQ MD ? DGQF RF?R QRPCRAFCQ RFC QNPGLE 5.50 AK?
(A) (MU D?P ?N?PR ?PC RFC F?JD-IGJMEP?K K?PIQ ML RFC QA?JC?
20. )R GQ UCGEF-GL RGKC DMP RFC JMA?J SLBCP-85-IE PSE@W RC?K. 4FC
@?RFPMMK QA?JC SQCB RM ?QQCQQ CJGEG@GJGRW A?L @C BCQAPG@CB @W (MMICtQ
J?U ?LB GQ BCNPCQQCB 0.75 AK @W GRQ K?VGKSK JM?B MD 120 IE. (?) 7F?R GQ
RFC QNPGLEtQ CDDCARGTC QNPGLE AMLQR?LR? (@) ! NJ?WCP QR?LBQ ML RFC QA?JCQ
?LB BCNPCQQCQ GR @W 0.48 AK. )Q FC CJGEG@JC RM NJ?W ML RFGQ SLBCP-85 IE
RC?K?
21. /LC RWNC MD "" ESL SQCQ ? QNPGLE-BPGTCL NJSLECP RM @JMU RFC "" DPMK
GRQ @?PPCJ. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC DMPAC AMLQR?LR MD GRQ NJSLECPtQ QNPGLE GD WMS
KSQR AMKNPCQQ GR 0.150 K RM BPGTC RFC 0.0500-IE NJSLECP RM ? RMN QNCCB
MD 20.0 K/Q. (@) 7F?R DMPAC KSQR @C CVCPRCB RM AMKNPCQQ RFC QNPGLE?
22. (?) 4FC QNPGLEQ MD ? NGAISN RPSAI ?AR JGIC ? QGLEJC QNPGLE UGRF ? DMPAC
AMLQR?LR MD 1.3010
5
N/m. "W FMU KSAF UGJJ RFC RPSAI @C BCNPCQQCB
@W GRQ K?VGKSK JM?B MD 1000 IE?
(@) )D RFC NGAISN RPSAI F?Q DMSP GBCLRGA?J QNPGLEQ, UF?R GQ RFC DMPAC
AMLQR?LR MD C?AF?
23. 7FCL ?L 80.0-IE K?L QR?LBQ ML ? NMEM QRGAI, RFC QNPGLE GQ
AMKNPCQQCB 0.120 K.
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC DMPAC AMLQR?LR MD RFC QNPGLE? (@) 7GJJ RFC QNPGLE @C
AMKNPCQQCB KMPC UFCL FC FMNQ BMUL RFC PM?B?
24. ! QNPGLE F?Q ? JCLERF MD 0.200 K UFCL ? 0.300-IE K?QQ F?LEQ DPMK
GR, ?LB ? JCLERF MD 0.750 K UFCL ? 1.95-IE K?QQ F?LEQ DPMK GR. (?) 7F?R
GQ RFC DMPAC AMLQR?LR MD RFC QNPGLE? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC SLJM?BCB JCLERF MD RFC
QNPGLE?
25. 7F?R GQ RFC NCPGMB MD 60.0 Hz CJCARPGA?J NMUCP?
26. )D WMSP FC?PR P?RC GQ 150 @C?RQ NCP KGLSRC BSPGLE QRPCLSMSQ CVCPAGQC,
UF?R GQ RFC RGKC NCP @C?R GL SLGRQ MD QCAMLBQ?
27. &GLB RFC DPCOSCLAW MD ? RSLGLE DMPI RF?R R?ICQ 2.5010
3
s RM
AMKNJCRC MLC MQAGJJ?RGML.
28. ! QRPM@MQAMNC GQ QCR RM DJ?QF CTCPW 8.0010
5
s . 7F?R GQ RFC
DPCOSCLAW MD RFC DJ?QFCQ?
29. ! RGPC F?Q ? RPC?B N?RRCPL UGRF ? APCTGAC CTCPW 2.00 AK. %?AF APCTGAC
K?ICQ ? QGLEJC TG@P?RGML ?Q RFC RGPC KMTCQ. 7F?R GQ RFC DPCOSCLAW MD
RFCQC TG@P?RGMLQ GD RFC A?P KMTCQ ?R 30.0 K/Q?
30. ED=?D;;H?D= AFFB?97J?ED
%?AF NGQRML MD ?L CLEGLC K?ICQ ? QF?PN QMSLB CTCPW MRFCP PCTMJSRGML MD
RFC CLEGLC. (?) (MU D?QR GQ ? P?AC A?P EMGLE GD GRQ CGEFR-AWJGLBCP CLEGLC
CKGRQ ? QMSLB MD DPCOSCLAW 750 (X, EGTCL RF?R RFC CLEGLC K?ICQ 2000
PCTMJSRGMLQ NCP IGJMKCRCP? (@) !R FMU K?LW PCTMJSRGMLQ NCP KGLSRC GQ RFC
CLEGLC PMR?RGLE?
16.3 ,?CFB; !7HCED?9 &EJ?ED: A ,F;9?7B );H?E:?9
&EJ?ED
31. ! RWNC MD ASAIMM AJMAI ICCNQ RGKC @W F?TGLE ? K?QQ @MSLAGLE ML ?
QNPGLE, SQS?JJW QMKCRFGLE ASRC JGIC ? AFCPS@ GL ? AF?GP. 7F?R DMPAC
AMLQR?LR GQ LCCBCB RM NPMBSAC ? NCPGMB MD 0.500 Q DMP ? 0.0150-IE K?QQ?
32. )D RFC QNPGLE AMLQR?LR MD ? QGKNJC F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP GQ BMS@JCB, @W
UF?R D?ARMP UGJJ RFC K?QQ MD RFC QWQRCK LCCB RM AF?LEC GL MPBCP DMP RFC
DPCOSCLAW MD RFC KMRGML RM PCK?GL RFC Q?KC?
33. ! 0.500-IE K?QQ QSQNCLBCB DPMK ? QNPGLE MQAGJJ?RCQ UGRF ? NCPGMB MD
1.50 Q. (MU KSAF K?QQ KSQR @C ?BBCB RM RFC M@HCAR RM AF?LEC RFC
NCPGMB RM 2.00 Q?
34. "W FMU KSAF JCCU?W (@MRF NCPACLR?EC ?LB K?QQ) UMSJB WMS F?TC GL
RFC QCJCARGML MD RFC K?QQ MD RFC M@HCAR GL RFC NPCTGMSQ NPM@JCK GD WMS BGB
LMR UGQF RFC LCU NCPGMB RM @C EPC?RCP RF?L 2.01 Q MP JCQQ RF?L 1.99 Q?
35. 3SNNMQC WMS ?RR?AF RFC M@HCAR UGRF K?QQ m RM ? TCPRGA?J QNPGLE
MPGEGL?JJW ?R PCQR, ?LB JCR GR @MSLAC SN ?LB BMUL. 9MS PCJC?QC RFC M@HCAR
DPMK PCQR ?R RFC QNPGLEtQ MPGEGL?J PCQR JCLERF. (?) 3FMU RF?R RFC QNPGLE
CVCPRQ ?L SNU?PB DMPAC MD 2.00 mg ML RFC M@HCAR ?R GRQ JMUCQR NMGLR. (@)
)D RFC QNPGLE F?Q ? DMPAC AMLQR?LR MD 10.0 N/m ?LB ? 0.25-IE-K?QQ
M@HCAR GQ QCR GL KMRGML ?Q BCQAPG@CB, DGLB RFC ?KNJGRSBC MD RFC MQAGJJ?RGMLQ.
(A) &GLB RFC K?VGKSK TCJMAGRW.
36. ! BGTCP ML ? BGTGLE @M?PB GQ SLBCPEMGLE QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML. (CP
K?QQ GQ 55.0 IE ?LB RFC NCPGMB MD FCP KMRGML GQ 0.800 Q. 4FC LCVR BGTCP GQ
? K?JC UFMQC NCPGMB MD QGKNJC F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RGML GQ 1.05 Q. 7F?R GQ FGQ
K?QQ GD RFC K?QQ MD RFC @M?PB GQ LCEJGEG@JC?
37. 3SNNMQC ? BGTGLE @M?PB UGRF LM MLC ML GR @MSLACQ SN ?LB BMUL GL ?
QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML UGRF ? DPCOSCLAW MD 4.00 (X. 4FC @M?PB F?Q ?L
CDDCARGTC K?QQ MD 10.0 IE. 7F?R GQ RFC DPCOSCLAW MD RFC QGKNJC F?PKMLGA
KMRGML MD ? 75.0-IE BGTCP ML RFC @M?PB?
38.
F?=KH; 16.46 4FGQ AFGJBtQ RMW PCJGCQ ML QNPGLEQ RM ICCN GLD?LRQ CLRCPR?GLCB. (APCBGR: "W
(SK@MJBRFC?B, &JGAIP)
4FC BCTGAC NGARSPCB GL F?=KH; 16.46 CLRCPR?GLQ GLD?LRQ UFGJC ICCNGLE
RFCK DPMK U?LBCPGLE. 4FC AFGJB @MSLACQ GL ? F?PLCQQ QSQNCLBCB DPMK ?
BMMP DP?KC @W ? QNPGLE AMLQR?LR.
(?) )D RFC QNPGLE QRPCRAFCQ 0.250 K UFGJC QSNNMPRGLE ?L 8.0-IE AFGJB, UF?R
GQ GRQ QNPGLE AMLQR?LR?
(@) 7F?R GQ RFC RGKC DMP MLC AMKNJCRC @MSLAC MD RFGQ AFGJB? (A) 7F?R GQ RFC
AFGJBtQ K?VGKSK TCJMAGRW GD RFC ?KNJGRSBC MD FCP @MSLAC GQ 0.200 K?
39. ! 90.0-IE QIWBGTCP F?LEGLE DPMK ? N?P?AFSRC @MSLACQ SN ?LB BMUL
UGRF ? NCPGMB MD 1.50 Q. 7F?R GQ RFC LCU NCPGMB MD MQAGJJ?RGML UFCL ?
QCAMLB QIWBGTCP, UFMQC K?QQ GQ 60.0 IE, F?LEQ DPMK RFC JCEQ MD RFC DGPQR,
?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 16.47.
584 #(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3
F?=KH; 16.47 4FC MQAGJJ?RGMLQ MD MLC QIWBGTCP ?PC ?@MSR RM @C ?DDCARCB @W ? QCAMLB
QIWBGTCP. (APCBGR: 5.3. !PKW, UUU.?PKW.KGJ)
16.4 ->; ,?CFB; );D:KBKC
AI KIK7B, J>; 799;B;H7J?ED :K; JE =H7L?JO ?D J>;I; FHE8B;CI ?I J7A;D
JE 8; g = 9.80 m/ s
2
, KDB;II EJ>;HM?I; IF;9?<?;:.
40. 7F?R GQ RFC JCLERF MD ? NCLBSJSK RF?R F?Q ? NCPGMB MD 0.500 Q?
41. 3MKC NCMNJC RFGLI ? NCLBSJSK UGRF ? NCPGMB MD 1.00 Q A?L @C BPGTCL
UGRF uKCLR?J CLCPEWv MP NQWAFM IGLCRGA?JJW, @CA?SQC GRQ NCPGMB GQ RFC Q?KC
?Q ?L ?TCP?EC FC?PR@C?R. 4PSC MP LMR, UF?R GQ RFC JCLERF MD QSAF ?
NCLBSJSK?
42. 7F?R GQ RFC NCPGMB MD ? 1.00-K-JMLE NCLBSJSK?
43. (MU JMLE BMCQ GR R?IC ? AFGJB ML ? QUGLE RM AMKNJCRC MLC QUGLE GD FCP
ACLRCP MD EP?TGRW GQ 4.00 K @CJMU RFC NGTMR?
44. 4FC NCLBSJSK ML ? ASAIMM AJMAI GQ 5.00 AK JMLE. 7F?R GQ GRQ
DPCOSCLAW?
45. 4UM N?P?ICCRQ QGR ML ? QUGLE UGRF RFCGP AMK@GLCB ACLRCP MD K?QQ 10.0
AK @CJMU RFC NGTMR. !R UF?R DPCOSCLAW BM RFCW QUGLE?
46. (?) ! NCLBSJSK RF?R F?Q ? NCPGMB MD 3.00000 Q ?LB RF?R GQ JMA?RCB
UFCPC RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW GQ 9.79 m/s
2
GQ KMTCB RM ?
JMA?RGML UFCPC GR RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW GQ 9.82 m/s
2
. 7F?R GQ GRQ
LCU NCPGMB? (@) %VNJ?GL UFW QM K?LW BGEGRQ ?PC LCCBCB GL RFC T?JSC DMP
RFC NCPGMB, @?QCB ML RFC PCJ?RGML @CRUCCL RFC NCPGMB ?LB RFC ?AACJCP?RGML
BSC RM EP?TGRW.
47. ! NCLBSJSK UGRF ? NCPGMB MD 2.00000 Q GL MLC JMA?RGML
g = 9.80 m/s
2
GQ KMTCB RM ? LCU JMA?RGML UFCPC RFC NCPGMB GQ LMU

1.99796 Q. 7F?R GQ RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW ?R GRQ LCU JMA?RGML?
48. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC CDDCAR ML RFC NCPGMB MD ? NCLBSJSK GD WMS BMS@JC GRQ
JCLERF?
(@) 7F?R GQ RFC CDDCAR ML RFC NCPGMB MD ? NCLBSJSK GD WMS BCAPC?QC GRQ
JCLERF @W 5.00%?
49. &GLB RFC P?RGM MD RFC LCU/MJB NCPGMBQ MD ? NCLBSJSK GD RFC NCLBSJSK
UCPC RP?LQNMPRCB DPMK %?PRF RM RFC -MML, UFCPC RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM
EP?TGRW GQ 1.63 m/s
2
.
50. !R UF?R P?RC UGJJ ? NCLBSJSK AJMAI PSL ML RFC -MML, UFCPC RFC
?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW GQ 1.63 m/s
2
, GD GR ICCNQ RGKC ?AASP?RCJW ML
%?PRF? 4F?R GQ, DGLB RFC RGKC (GL FMSPQ) GR R?ICQ RFC AJMAItQ FMSP F?LB RM
K?IC MLC PCTMJSRGML ML RFC -MML.
51. 3SNNMQC RFC JCLERF MD ? AJMAItQ NCLBSJSK GQ AF?LECB @W 1.000%,
CV?ARJW ?R LMML MLC B?W. 7F?R RGKC UGJJ GR PC?B 24.00 FMSPQ J?RCP,
?QQSKGLE GR RFC NCLBSJSK F?Q ICNR NCPDCAR RGKC @CDMPC RFC AF?LEC? .MRC
RF?R RFCPC ?PC RUM ?LQUCPQ, ?LB NCPDMPK RFC A?JASJ?RGML RM DMSP-BGEGR
NPCAGQGML.
52. )D ? NCLBSJSK-BPGTCL AJMAI E?GLQ 5.00 Q/B?W, UF?R DP?ARGML?J AF?LEC GL
NCLBSJSK JCLERF KSQR @C K?BC DMP GR RM ICCN NCPDCAR RGKC?
53. 4FC JCLERF MD LWJML PMNC DPMK UFGAF ? KMSLR?GL AJGK@CP GQ QSQNCLBCB
F?Q ? DMPAC AMLQR?LR MD 1.4010
4
N/m.
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC DPCOSCLAW ?R UFGAF FC @MSLACQ, EGTCL FGQ K?QQ NJSQ ?LB
RFC K?QQ MD FGQ COSGNKCLR ?PC 90.0 IE?
(@) (MU KSAF UMSJB RFGQ PMNC QRPCRAF RM @PC?I RFC AJGK@CPtQ D?JJ GD FC DPCC-
D?JJQ 2.00 K @CDMPC RFC PMNC PSLQ MSR MD QJ?AI? (GLR: 5QC AMLQCPT?RGML MD
CLCPEW.
(A) 2CNC?R @MRF N?PRQ MD RFGQ NPM@JCK GL RFC QGRS?RGML UFCPC RUGAC RFGQ
JCLERF MD LWJML PMNC GQ SQCB.
.C?P RFC RMN MD RFC #GRGEPMSN #CLRCP @SGJBGLE GL .CU 9MPI #GRW, RFCPC GQ ?L
M@HCAR UGRF K?QQ MD 4.0010
5
kg ML QNPGLEQ RF?R F?TC ?BHSQR?@JC DMPAC
AMLQR?LRQ. )RQ DSLARGML GQ RM B?KNCL UGLB-BPGTCL MQAGJJ?RGMLQ MD RFC
@SGJBGLE @W MQAGJJ?RGLE ?R RFC Q?KC DPCOSCLAW ?Q RFC @SGJBGLE GQ @CGLE
BPGTCLrRFC BPGTGLE DMPAC GQ RP?LQDCPPCB RM RFC M@HCAR, UFGAF MQAGJJ?RCQ
GLQRC?B MD RFC CLRGPC @SGJBGLE. (?) 7F?R CDDCARGTC DMPAC AMLQR?LR QFMSJB RFC
QNPGLEQ F?TC RM K?IC RFC M@HCAR MQAGJJ?RC UGRF ? NCPGMB MD 2.00 Q? (@)
7F?R CLCPEW GQ QRMPCB GL RFC QNPGLEQ DMP ? 2.00-K BGQNJ?ACKCLR DPMK
COSGJG@PGSK?
16.6 .D?<EHC C?H9KB7H &EJ?ED 7D: ,?CFB; !7HCED?9
&EJ?ED
55. (?)7F?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK TCJMAGRW MD ?L 85.0-IE NCPQML @MSLAGLE ML ?
@?RFPMMK QA?JC F?TGLE ? DMPAC AMLQR?LR MD 1.5010
6
N/m, GD RFC
?KNJGRSBC MD RFC @MSLAC GQ 0.200 AK? (@)7F?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK CLCPEW
QRMPCB GL RFC QNPGLE?
56. ! LMTCJRW AJMAI F?Q ? 0.0100-IE K?QQ M@HCAR @MSLAGLE ML ? QNPGLE
RF?R F?Q ? DMPAC AMLQR?LR MD 1.25 ./K. 7F?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK TCJMAGRW MD
RFC M@HCAR GD RFC M@HCAR @MSLACQ 3.00 AK ?@MTC ?LB @CJMU GRQ COSGJG@PGSK
NMQGRGML? (@) (MU K?LW HMSJCQ MD IGLCRGA CLCPEW BMCQ RFC M@HCAR F?TC ?R
GRQ K?VGKSK TCJMAGRW?
57. !R UF?R NMQGRGMLQ GQ RFC QNCCB MD ? QGKNJC F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP F?JD GRQ
K?VGKSK? 4F?R GQ, UF?R T?JSCQ MD x / X EGTC v = v
max
/ 2 , UFCPC X
GQ RFC ?KNJGRSBC MD RFC KMRGML?
58. ! J?BW@SE QGRQ 12.0 AK DPMK RFC ACLRCP MD ? "C?RJCQ KSQGA ?J@SK
QNGLLGLE ?R 33.33 PNK. 7F?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK TCJMAGRW MD GRQ QF?BMU ML
RFC U?JJ @CFGLB RFC RSPLR?@JC, GD GJJSKGL?RCB N?P?JJCJ RM RFC PCAMPB @W RFC
N?P?JJCJ P?WQ MD RFC QCRRGLE 3SL?
59. 4FC ?KNJGRSBC MD ? JGEFRJW B?KNCB MQAGJJ?RMP BCAPC?QCQ @W 3.0%
BSPGLE C?AF AWAJC. 7F?R NCPACLR?EC MD RFC KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW MD RFC
MQAGJJ?RMP GQ JMQR GL C?AF AWAJC?
60. (MU KSAF CLCPEW KSQR RFC QFMAI ?@QMP@CPQ MD ? 1200-IE A?P
BGQQGN?RC GL MPBCP RM B?KN ? @MSLAC RF?R GLGRG?JJW F?Q ? TCJMAGRW MD 0.800
K/Q ?R RFC COSGJG@PGSK NMQGRGML? !QQSKC RFC A?P PCRSPLQ RM GRQ MPGEGL?J
TCPRGA?J NMQGRGML.
61. )D ? A?P F?Q ? QSQNCLQGML QWQRCK UGRF ? DMPAC AMLQR?LR MD
5.0010
4
N/m, FMU KSAF CLCPEW KSQR RFC A?PtQ QFMAIQ PCKMTC RM
B?KNCL ?L MQAGJJ?RGML QR?PRGLE UGRF ? K?VGKSK BGQNJ?ACKCLR MD 0.0750
K?
62. (?) (MU KSAF UGJJ ? QNPGLE RF?R F?Q ? DMPAC AMLQR?LR MD 40.0 ./K @C
QRPCRAFCB @W ?L M@HCAR UGRF ? K?QQ MD 0.500 IE UFCL FSLE KMRGMLJCQQ
DPMK RFC QNPGLE? (@) #?JASJ?RC RFC BCAPC?QC GL EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J
CLCPEW MD RFC 0.500-IE M@HCAR UFCL GR BCQACLBQ RFGQ BGQR?LAC. (A) 0?PR MD
RFGQ EP?TGR?RGML?J CLCPEW EMCQ GLRM RFC QNPGLE. #?JASJ?RC RFC CLCPEW QRMPCB
GL RFC QNPGLE @W RFGQ QRPCRAF, ?LB AMKN?PC GR UGRF RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J
CLCPEW. %VNJ?GL UFCPC RFC PCQR MD RFC CLCPEW KGEFR EM.
#(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3 585
63. 3SNNMQC WMS F?TC ? 0.750-IE M@HCAR ML ? FMPGXMLR?J QSPD?AC
AMLLCARCB RM ? QNPGLE RF?R F?Q ? DMPAC AMLQR?LR MD 150 ./K. 4FCPC GQ
QGKNJC DPGARGML @CRUCCL RFC M@HCAR ?LB QSPD?AC UGRF ? QR?RGA AMCDDGAGCLR MD
DPGARGML
s
= 0.100 . (?) (MU D?P A?L RFC QNPGLE @C QRPCRAFCB UGRFMSR
KMTGLE RFC K?QQ? (@) )D RFC M@HCAR GQ QCR GLRM MQAGJJ?RGML UGRF ?L ?KNJGRSBC
RUGAC RFC BGQR?LAC DMSLB GL N?PR (?), ?LB RFC IGLCRGA AMCDDGAGCLR MD DPGARGML GQ
k
= 0.0850 , UF?R RMR?J BGQR?LAC BMCQ GR RP?TCJ @CDMPC QRMNNGLE?
!QQSKC GR QR?PRQ ?R RFC K?VGKSK ?KNJGRSBC.
64. %LEGLCCPGLE !NNJGA?RGML: ! QSQNCLQGML @PGBEC MQAGJJ?RCQ UGRF ?L
CDDCARGTC DMPAC AMLQR?LR MD 1.0010
8
N/m. (?) (MU KSAF CLCPEW GQ
LCCBCB RM K?IC GR MQAGJJ?RC UGRF ?L ?KNJGRSBC MD 0.100 K? (@) )D QMJBGCPQ
K?PAF ?APMQQ RFC @PGBEC UGRF ? A?BCLAC COS?J RM RFC @PGBECtQ L?RSP?J
DPCOSCLAW ?LB GKN?PR 1.0010
4
J MD CLCPEW C?AF QCAMLB, FMU JMLE
BMCQ GR R?IC DMP RFC @PGBECtQ MQAGJJ?RGMLQ RM EM DPMK 0.100 K RM 0.500 K
?KNJGRSBC?
16.9 07L;I
65. 3RMPKQ GL RFC 3MSRF 0?AGDGA A?L APC?RC U?TCQ RF?R RP?TCJ ?JJ RFC U?W RM
RFC #?JGDMPLG? AM?QR, UFGAF ?PC 12,000 IK ?U?W. (MU JMLE BMCQ GR R?IC
RFCK GD RFCW RP?TCJ ?R 15.0 K/Q?
66. 7?TCQ ML ? QUGKKGLE NMMJ NPMN?E?RC ?R 0.750 K/Q. 9MS QNJ?QF RFC
U?RCP ?R MLC CLB MD RFC NMMJ ?LB M@QCPTC RFC U?TC EM RM RFC MNNMQGRC
CLB, PCDJCAR, ?LB PCRSPL GL 30.0 Q. (MU D?P ?U?W GQ RFC MRFCP CLB MD RFC
NMMJ?
67. 7GLB ESQRQ APC?RC PGNNJCQ ML RFC MAC?L RF?R F?TC ? U?TCJCLERF MD
5.00 AK ?LB NPMN?E?RC ?R 2.00 K/Q. 7F?R GQ RFCGP DPCOSCLAW?
68. (MU K?LW RGKCQ ? KGLSRC BMCQ ? @M?R @M@ SN ?LB BMUL ML MAC?L
U?TCQ RF?R F?TC ? U?TCJCLERF MD 40.0 K ?LB ? NPMN?E?RGML QNCCB MD 5.00
K/Q?
69. 3AMSRQ ?R ? A?KN QF?IC RFC PMNC @PGBEC RFCW F?TC HSQR APMQQCB ?LB
M@QCPTC RFC U?TC APCQRQ RM @C 8.00 K ?N?PR. )D RFCW QF?IC GR RFC @PGBEC
RUGAC NCP QCAMLB, UF?R GQ RFC NPMN?E?RGML QNCCB MD RFC U?TCQ?
70. 7F?R GQ RFC U?TCJCLERF MD RFC U?TCQ WMS APC?RC GL ? QUGKKGLE NMMJ GD
WMS QNJ?QF WMSP F?LB ?R ? P?RC MD 2.00 (X ?LB RFC U?TCQ NPMN?E?RC ?R
0.800 K/Q?
71. 7F?R GQ RFC U?TCJCLERF MD ?L C?PRFOS?IC RF?R QF?ICQ WMS UGRF ?
DPCOSCLAW MD 10.0 (X ?LB ECRQ RM ?LMRFCP AGRW 84.0 IK ?U?W GL 12.0 Q?
72. 2?BGM U?TCQ RP?LQKGRRCB RFPMSEF QN?AC ?R 3.0010
8
m/s @W RFC
6MW?ECP QN?ACAP?DR F?TC ? U?TCJCLERF MD 0.120 K. 7F?R GQ RFCGP
DPCOSCLAW?
73. 9MSP C?P GQ A?N?@JC MD BGDDCPCLRG?RGLE QMSLBQ RF?R ?PPGTC ?R RFC C?P HSQR
1.00 KQ ?N?PR. 7F?R GQ RFC KGLGKSK BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RUM QNC?ICPQ RF?R
NPMBSAC QMSLBQ RF?R ?PPGTC ?R LMRGAC?@JW BGDDCPCLR RGKCQ ML ? B?W UFCL
RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB GQ 340 K/Q?
74. (?) 3CGQKMEP?NFQ KC?QSPC RFC ?PPGT?J RGKCQ MD C?PRFOS?ICQ UGRF ?
NPCAGQGML MD 0.100 Q. 4M ECR RFC BGQR?LAC RM RFC CNGACLRCP MD RFC OS?IC,
RFCW AMKN?PC RFC ?PPGT?J RGKCQ MD 3- ?LB 0-U?TCQ, UFGAF RP?TCJ ?R
BGDDCPCLR QNCCBQ. F?=KH; 16.48) )D 3- ?LB 0-U?TCQ RP?TCJ ?R 4.00 ?LB 7.20
IK/Q, PCQNCARGTCJW, GL RFC PCEGML AMLQGBCPCB, FMU NPCAGQCJW A?L RFC
BGQR?LAC RM RFC QMSPAC MD RFC C?PRFOS?IC @C BCRCPKGLCB? (@) 3CGQKGA
U?TCQ DPMK SLBCPEPMSLB BCRML?RGMLQ MD LSAJC?P @MK@Q A?L @C SQCB RM
JMA?RC RFC RCQR QGRC ?LB BCRCAR TGMJ?RGMLQ MD RCQR @?LQ. $GQASQQ UFCRFCP
WMSP ?LQUCP RM (?) GKNJGCQ ? QCPGMSQ JGKGR RM QSAF BCRCARGML. (.MRC ?JQM
RF?R RFC SLACPR?GLRW GQ EPC?RCP GD RFCPC GQ ?L SLACPR?GLRW GL RFC NPMN?E?RGML
QNCCBQ MD RFC 3- ?LB 0-U?TCQ.)
F?=KH; 16.48 ! QCGQKMEP?NF ?Q BCQAPG@CB GL ?@MTC NPM@JCK.(APCBGR: /JCE !JCV?LBPMT)
75. ! A?P F?Q RUM FMPLQ, MLC CKGRRGLE ? DPCOSCLAW MD 199 (X ?LB RFC
MRFCP CKGRRGLE ? DPCOSCLAW MD 203 (X. 7F?R @C?R DPCOSCLAW BM RFCW
NPMBSAC?
76. 4FC KGBBJC-# F?KKCP MD ? NG?LM FGRQ RUM QRPGLEQ, NPMBSAGLE @C?RQ MD
1.50 (X. /LC MD RFC QRPGLEQ GQ RSLCB RM 260.00 (X. 7F?R DPCOSCLAGCQ
AMSJB RFC MRFCP QRPGLE F?TC?
77. 4UM RSLGLE DMPIQ F?TGLE DPCOSCLAGCQ MD 460 ?LB 464 (X ?PC QRPSAI
QGKSJR?LCMSQJW. 7F?R ?TCP?EC DPCOSCLAW UGJJ WMS FC?P, ?LB UF?R UGJJ RFC
@C?R DPCOSCLAW @C?
78. 4UGL HCR CLEGLCQ ML ?L ?GPNJ?LC ?PC NPMBSAGLE ?L ?TCP?EC QMSLB
DPCOSCLAW MD 4100 (X UGRF ? @C?R DPCOSCLAW MD 0.500 (X. 7F?R ?PC RFCGP
GLBGTGBS?J DPCOSCLAGCQ?
79. ! U?TC RP?TCJGLE ML ? 3JGLIW[ RF?R GQ QRPCRAFCB RM 4 K R?ICQ 2.4 Q RM
RP?TCJ RFC JCLERF MD RFC 3JGLIW ?LB @?AI ?E?GL. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC QNCCB MD
RFC U?TC? (@) 5QGLE RFC Q?KC 3JGLIW QRPCRAFCB RM RFC Q?KC JCLERF, ?
QR?LBGLE U?TC GQ APC?RCB UFGAF AMLQGQRQ MD RFPCC ?LRGLMBCQ ?LB DMSP
LMBCQ. !R UF?R DPCOSCLAW KSQR RFC 3JGLIW @C MQAGJJ?RGLE?
80. 4FPCC ?BH?ACLR ICWQ ML ? NG?LM (&, &-QF?PN, ?LB ') ?PC QRPSAI
QGKSJR?LCMSQJW, NPMBSAGLE DPCOSCLAGCQ MD 349, 370, ?LB 392 (X. 7F?R
@C?R DPCOSCLAGCQ ?PC NPMBSACB @W RFGQ BGQAMPB?LR AMK@GL?RGML?
81. &;:?97B AFFB?97J?ED
5JRP?QMSLB MD GLRCLQGRW 1.5010
2
W/m
2
GQ NPMBSACB @W RFC PCAR?LESJ?P
FC?B MD ? KCBGA?J GK?EGLE BCTGAC KC?QSPGLE 3.00 @W 5.00 AK. 7F?R GQ GRQ
NMUCP MSRNSR?
82. 4FC JMU-DPCOSCLAW QNC?ICP MD ? QRCPCM QCR F?Q ? QSPD?AC ?PC? MD
0.05 m
2
?LB NPMBSACQ 17 MD ?AMSQRGA?J NMUCP. 7F?R GQ RFC GLRCLQGRW ?R
RFC QNC?ICP? )D RFC QNC?ICP NPMHCARQ QMSLB SLGDMPKJW GL ?JJ BGPCARGMLQ, ?R
UF?R BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC QNC?ICP GQ RFC GLRCLQGRW 0.1 W/m
2
?
83. 4M GLAPC?QC GLRCLQGRW MD ? U?TC @W ? D?ARMP MD 50, @W UF?R D?ARMP
QFMSJB RFC ?KNJGRSBC @C GLAPC?QCB?
! BCTGAC A?JJCB ?L GLQMJ?RGML KCRCP GQ SQCB RM KC?QSPC RFC GLRCLQGRW MD
QSLJGEFR F?Q ?L ?PC? MD 100 AK
2
?LB PCEGQRCPQ 6.50 7. 7F?R GQ RFC
GLRCLQGRW GL W/m
2
?
85. AIJHEDECO AFFB?97J?ED
%LCPEW DPMK RFC 3SL ?PPGTCQ ?R RFC RMN MD RFC %?PRFtQ ?RKMQNFCPC UGRF ?L
GLRCLQGRW MD 1.30 kW/m
2
. (MU JMLE BMCQ GR R?IC DMP 1.810
9
J RM
?PPGTC ML ?L ?PC? MD 1.00 m
2
?
586 #(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3
86. 3SNNMQC WMS F?TC ? BCTGAC RF?R CVRP?ARQ CLCPEW DPMK MAC?L @PC?ICPQ
GL BGPCAR NPMNMPRGML RM RFCGP GLRCLQGRW. )D RFC BCTGAC NPMBSACQ 10.0 I7 MD
NMUCP ML ? B?W UFCL RFC @PC?ICPQ ?PC 1.20 K FGEF, FMU KSAF UGJJ GR
NPMBSAC UFCL RFCW ?PC 0.600 K FGEF?
(?) ! NFMRMTMJR?GA ?PP?W MD (QMJ?P ACJJQ) GQ 10.0% CDDGAGCLR GL E?RFCPGLE
QMJ?P CLCPEW ?LB AMLTCPRGLE GR RM CJCARPGAGRW. )D RFC ?TCP?EC GLRCLQGRW MD
QSLJGEFR ML MLC B?W GQ 700 W/m
2
, UF?R ?PC? QFMSJB WMSP ?PP?W F?TC RM
E?RFCP CLCPEW ?R RFC P?RC MD 100 7? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK AMQR MD RFC
?PP?W GD GR KSQR N?W DMP GRQCJD GL RUM WC?PQ MD MNCP?RGML ?TCP?EGLE 10.0
FMSPQ NCP B?W? !QQSKC RF?R GR C?PLQ KMLCW ?R RFC P?RC MD 9.00 Z NCP
IGJMU?RR-FMSP.
88. ! KGAPMNFMLC PCACGTGLE ? NSPC QMSLB RMLC DCCBQ ?L MQAGJJMQAMNC,
NPMBSAGLE ? U?TC ML GRQ QAPCCL. )D RFC QMSLB GLRCLQGRW GQ MPGEGL?JJW
2.0010
5
W/m
2
, @SR GQ RSPLCB SN SLRGJ RFC ?KNJGRSBC GLAPC?QCQ @W
30.0%, UF?R GQ RFC LCU GLRCLQGRW?
89. &;:?97B AFFB?97J?ED
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC GLRCLQGRW GL W/m
2
MD ? J?QCP @C?K SQCB RM @SPL ?U?W
A?LACPMSQ RGQQSC RF?R, UFCL 90.0% ?@QMP@CB, NSRQ 500 * MD CLCPEW GLRM ?
AGPASJ?P QNMR 2.00 KK GL BG?KCRCP GL 4.00 Q? (@) $GQASQQ FMU RFGQ
GLRCLQGRW AMKN?PCQ RM RFC ?TCP?EC GLRCLQGRW MD QSLJGEFR (?@MSR
700 W/m
2
) ?LB RFC GKNJGA?RGMLQ RF?R UMSJB F?TC GD RFC J?QCP @C?K
CLRCPCB WMSP CWC. .MRC FMU WMSP ?LQUCP BCNCLBQ ML RFC RGKC BSP?RGML MD
RFC CVNMQSPC.
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588 #(!04%2 16 Y /3#),,!4/29 -/4)/. !.$ 7!6%3
17 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).'
F?=KH; 17.1 4FGQ RPCC DCJJ QMKC RGKC ?EM. 7FCL GR DCJJ, ?RMKQ GL RFC ?GP UCPC BGQRSP@CB. 0FWQGAGQRQ UMSJB A?JJ RFGQ BGQRSP@?LAC QMSLB UFCRFCP QMKCMLC U?Q ?PMSLB RM FC?P GR MP
LMR. (APCBGR: ".!. "MUCL 0FMRMEP?NFW)
,C?PLGLE /@HCARGTCQ
17.1. ,EKD:
17.2. ,F;;: E< ,EKD:, FH;GK;D9O, 7D: 07L;B;D=J>
17.3. ,EKD: "DJ;DI?JO 7D: ,EKD: %;L;B
17.4. DEFFB;H E<<;9J 7D: ,ED?9 BEECI
17.5. ,EKD: "DJ;H<;H;D9; 7D: +;IED7D9;: ,J7D:?D= 07L;I ?D A?H CEBKCDI
17.6. !;7H?D=
17.7. .BJH7IEKD:
"DJHE:K9J?ED JE J>; )>OI?9I E< !;7H?D=
)D ? RPCC D?JJQ GL RFC DMPCQR ?LB LM MLC GQ RFCPC RM FC?P GR, BMCQ GR K?IC ? QMSLB? 4FC ?LQUCP RM RFGQ MJB NFGJMQMNFGA?J OSCQRGML BCNCLBQ ML FMU WMS
BCDGLC QMSLB. )D QMSLB MLJW CVGQRQ UFCL QMKCMLC GQ ?PMSLB RM NCPACGTC GR, RFCL RFCPC U?Q LM QMSLB. (MUCTCP, GD UC BCDGLC QMSLB GL RCPKQ MD NFWQGAQ;
RF?R GQ, ? BGQRSP@?LAC MD RFC ?RMKQ GL K?RRCP RP?LQKGRRCB DPMK GRQ MPGEGL MSRU?PB (GL MRFCP UMPBQ, ? U?TC), RFCL RFCPC J4F ? QMSLB, CTCL GD LM@MBW U?Q
?PMSLB RM FC?P GR.
3SAF ? U?TC GQ RFC NFWQGA?J NFCLMKCLML UC A?JJ FBHA7. )RQ NCPACNRGML GQ FC?PGLE. "MRF RFC NFWQGA?J NFCLMKCLML ?LB GRQ NCPACNRGML ?PC GLRCPCQRGLE
?LB UGJJ @C AMLQGBCPCB GL RFGQ RCVR. 7C QF?JJ CVNJMPC @MRF QMSLB ?LB FC?PGLE; RFCW ?PC PCJ?RCB, @SR ?PC LMR RFC Q?KC RFGLE. 7C UGJJ ?JQM CVNJMPC RFC
K?LW NP?ARGA?J SQCQ MD QMSLB U?TCQ, QSAF ?Q GL KCBGA?J GK?EGLE.
#(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).' 589
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F?=KH; 17.2 4FGQ EJ?QQ F?Q @CCL QF?RRCPCB @W ? FGEF-GLRCLQGRW QMSLB U?TC MD RFC Q?KC DPCOSCLAW ?Q RFC PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAW MD RFC EJ?QQ. 7FGJC RFC QMSLB GQ LMR TGQG@JC, RFC
CDDCARQ MD RFC QMSLB NPMTC GRQ CVGQRCLAC. (APCBGR: YYPC?BYY, &JGAIP)
3MSLB A?L @C SQCB ?Q ? D?KGJG?P GJJSQRP?RGML MD U?TCQ. "CA?SQC FC?PGLE GQ MLC MD MSP KMQR GKNMPR?LR QCLQCQ, GR GQ GLRCPCQRGLE RM QCC FMU RFC NFWQGA?J
NPMNCPRGCQ MD QMSLB AMPPCQNMLB RM MSP NCPACNRGMLQ MD GR. !;7H?D= GQ RFC NCPACNRGML MD QMSLB, HSQR ?Q TGQGML GQ RFC NCPACNRGML MD TGQG@JC JGEFR. "SR QMSLB
F?Q GKNMPR?LR ?NNJGA?RGMLQ @CWMLB FC?PGLE. 5JRP?QMSLB, DMP CV?KNJC, GQ LMR FC?PB @SR A?L @C CKNJMWCB RM DMPK KCBGA?J GK?ECQ ?LB GQ ?JQM SQCB GL
RPC?RKCLR.
4FC NFWQGA?J NFCLMKCLML MD IEKD: GQ BCDGLCB RM @C ? BGQRSP@?LAC MD K?RRCP RF?R GQ RP?LQKGRRCB DPMK GRQ QMSPAC MSRU?PB. 3MSLB GQ ? U?TC. /L RFC
?RMKGA QA?JC, GR GQ ? BGQRSP@?LAC MD ?RMKQ RF?R GQ D?P KMPC MPBCPCB RF?L RFCGP RFCPK?J KMRGMLQ. )L K?LW GLQR?LACQ, QMSLB GQ ? NCPGMBGA U?TC, ?LB RFC
?RMKQ SLBCPEM QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML. )L RFGQ RCVR, UC QF?JJ CVNJMPC QSAF NCPGMBGA QMSLB U?TCQ.
! TG@P?RGLE QRPGLE NPMBSACQ ? QMSLB U?TC ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 17.3, F?=KH; 17.4, ?LB F?=KH; 17.5. !Q RFC QRPGLE MQAGJJ?RCQ @?AI ?LB DMPRF, GR
RP?LQDCPQ CLCPEW RM RFC ?GP, KMQRJW ?Q RFCPK?J CLCPEW APC?RCB @W RSP@SJCLAC. "SR ? QK?JJ N?PR MD RFC QRPGLEtQ CLCPEW EMCQ GLRM AMKNPCQQGLE ?LB
CVN?LBGLE RFC QSPPMSLBGLE ?GP, APC?RGLE QJGEFRJW FGEFCP ?LB JMUCP JMA?J NPCQQSPCQ. 4FCQC AMKNPCQQGMLQ (FGEF NPCQQSPC PCEGMLQ) ?LB P?PCD?ARGMLQ (JMU
NPCQQSPC PCEGMLQ) KMTC MSR ?Q JMLEGRSBGL?J NPCQQSPC U?TCQ F?TGLE RFC Q?KC DPCOSCLAW ?Q RFC QRPGLErRFCW ?PC RFC BGQRSP@?LAC RF?R GQ ? QMSLB U?TC.
(3MSLB U?TCQ GL ?GP ?LB KMQR DJSGBQ ?PC JMLEGRSBGL?J, @CA?SQC DJSGBQ F?TC ?JKMQR LM QFC?P QRPCLERF. )L QMJGBQ, QMSLB U?TCQ A?L @C @MRF RP?LQTCPQC
?LB JMLEGRSBGL?J.) F?=KH; 17.5 QFMUQ ? EP?NF MD E?SEC NPCQQSPC TCPQSQ BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC TG@P?RGLE QRPGLE.
F?=KH; 17.3 ! TG@P?RGLE QRPGLE KMTGLE RM RFC PGEFR AMKNPCQQCQ RFC ?GP GL DPMLR MD GR ?LB CVN?LBQ RFC ?GP @CFGLB GR.
F?=KH; 17.4 !Q RFC QRPGLE KMTCQ RM RFC JCDR, GR APC?RCQ ?LMRFCP AMKNPCQQGML ?LB P?PCD?ARGML ?Q RFC MLCQ ML RFC PGEFR KMTC ?U?W DPMK RFC QRPGLE.
F?=KH; 17.5 !DRCP K?LW TG@P?RGMLQ, RFCPC ?PC ? QCPGCQ MD AMKNPCQQGMLQ ?LB P?PCD?ARGMLQ KMTGLE MSR DPMK RFC QRPGLE ?Q ? QMSLB U?TC. 4FC EP?NF QFMUQ E?SEC NPCQQSPC TCPQSQ
BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC QMSPAC. 0PCQQSPCQ T?PW MLJW QJGEFRJW DPMK ?RKMQNFCPGA DMP MPBGL?PW QMSLBQ.
4FC ?KNJGRSBC MD ? QMSLB U?TC BCAPC?QCQ UGRF BGQR?LAC DPMK GRQ QMSPAC, @CA?SQC RFC CLCPEW MD RFC U?TC GQ QNPC?B MTCP ? J?PECP ?LB J?PECP ?PC?. "SR
GR GQ ?JQM ?@QMP@CB @W M@HCARQ, QSAF ?Q RFC C?PBPSK GL F?=KH; 17.6, ?LB AMLTCPRCB RM RFCPK?J CLCPEW @W RFC TGQAMQGRW MD ?GP. )L ?BBGRGML, BSPGLE C?AF
AMKNPCQQGML ? JGRRJC FC?R RP?LQDCPQ RM RFC ?GP ?LB BSPGLE C?AF P?PCD?ARGML CTCL JCQQ FC?R RP?LQDCPQ DPMK RFC ?GP, QM RF?R RFC FC?R RP?LQDCP PCBSACQ RFC
MPE?LGXCB BGQRSP@?LAC GLRM P?LBMK RFCPK?J KMRGMLQ. (4FCQC NPMACQQCQ A?L @C TGCUCB ?Q ? K?LGDCQR?RGML MD RFC QCAMLB J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ
590 #(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).'
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AMKNPCQQGML RM P?PCD?ARGML GQ QGELGDGA?LR BCNCLBQ ML FMU D?P ?N?PR RFCW ?PCrRF?R GQ, GR BCNCLBQ ML U?TCJCLERF. 7?TCJCLERF, DPCOSCLAW, ?KNJGRSBC,
?LB QNCCB MD NPMN?E?RGML ?PC GKNMPR?LR DMP QMSLB, ?Q RFCW ?PC DMP ?JJ U?TCQ.
F?=KH; 17.6 3MSLB U?TC AMKNPCQQGMLQ ?LB P?PCD?ARGMLQ RP?TCJ SN RFC C?P A?L?J ?LB DMPAC RFC C?PBPSK RM TG@P?RC. 4FCPC GQ ? LCR DMPAC ML RFC C?PBPSK, QGLAC RFC QMSLB U?TC
NPCQQSPCQ BGDDCP DPMK RFC ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC DMSLB @CFGLB RFC C?PBPSK. ! AMKNJGA?RCB KCAF?LGQK AMLTCPRQ RFC TG@P?RGMLQ RM LCPTC GKNSJQCQ, UFGAF ?PC NCPACGTCB @W RFC
NCPQML.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: 7?TC )LRCPDCPCLAC
-?IC U?TCQ UGRF ? BPGNNGLE D?SACR, ?SBGM QNC?ICP, MP J?QCP! !BB ? QCAMLB QMSPAC MP ? N?GP MD QJGRQ RM APC?RC ?L GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPL.
F?=KH; 17.7 07L; "DJ;H<;H;D9; (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42255/1.3/M7L;-?DJ;H<;H;D9;6;D.@7H)
17.2 ,F;;: E< ,EKD:, FH;GK;D9O, 7D: 07L;B;D=J>
F?=KH; 17.8 7FCL ? DGPCUMPI CVNJMBCQ, RFC JGEFR CLCPEW GQ NCPACGTCB @CDMPC RFC QMSLB CLCPEW. 3MSLB RP?TCJQ KMPC QJMUJW RF?L JGEFR BMCQ. (APCBGR: $MKGLGA !JTCQ, &JGAIP)
3MSLB, JGIC ?JJ U?TCQ, RP?TCJQ ?R ? ACPR?GL QNCCB ?LB F?Q RFC NPMNCPRGCQ MD DPCOSCLAW ?LB U?TCJCLERF. 9MS A?L M@QCPTC BGPCAR CTGBCLAC MD RFC QNCCB
MD QMSLB UFGJC U?RAFGLE ? DGPCUMPIQ BGQNJ?W. 4FC DJ?QF MD ?L CVNJMQGML GQ QCCL UCJJ @CDMPC GRQ QMSLB GQ FC?PB, GKNJWGLE @MRF RF?R QMSLB RP?TCJQ ?R ?
DGLGRC QNCCB ?LB RF?R GR GQ KSAF QJMUCP RF?L JGEFR. 9MS A?L ?JQM BGPCARJW QCLQC RFC DPCOSCLAW MD ? QMSLB. 0CPACNRGML MD DPCOSCLAW GQ A?JJCB F?J9>. 4FC
U?TCJCLERF MD QMSLB GQ LMR BGPCARJW QCLQCB, @SR GLBGPCAR CTGBCLAC GQ DMSLB GL RFC AMPPCJ?RGML MD RFC QGXC MD KSQGA?J GLQRPSKCLRQ UGRF RFCGP NGRAF. 3K?JJ
GLQRPSKCLRQ, QSAF ?Q ? NGAAMJM, RWNGA?JJW K?IC FGEF-NGRAF QMSLBQ, UFGJC J?PEC GLQRPSKCLRQ, QSAF ?Q ? RS@?, RWNGA?JJW K?IC JMU-NGRAF QMSLBQ. (GEF NGRAF
KC?LQ QK?JJ U?TCJCLERF, ?LB RFC QGXC MD ? KSQGA?J GLQRPSKCLR GQ BGPCARJW PCJ?RCB RM RFC U?TCJCLERFQ MD QMSLB GR NPMBSACQ. 3M ? QK?JJ GLQRPSKCLR
APC?RCQ QFMPR-U?TCJCLERF QMSLBQ. 3GKGJ?P ?PESKCLRQ FMJB RF?R ? J?PEC GLQRPSKCLR APC?RCQ JMLE-U?TCJCLERF QMSLBQ.
4FC PCJ?RGMLQFGN MD RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB, GRQ DPCOSCLAW, ?LB U?TCJCLERF GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q DMP ?JJ U?TCQ:
(17.1)
v
w
= f,
UFCPC v
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N?PRQ MD ? U?TCrDMP CV?KNJC, @CRUCCL ?BH?ACLR AMKNPCQQGMLQ ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 17.9. 4FC DPCOSCLAW GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q RF?R MD RFC QMSPAC ?LB GQ
RFC LSK@CP MD U?TCQ RF?R N?QQ ? NMGLR NCP SLGR RGKC.
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w
, ?LB F?Q ? U?TCJCLERF .
-78B; 17.1 K?ICQ GR ?NN?PCLR RF?R RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB T?PGCQ EPC?RJW GL BGDDCPCLR KCBG?. 4FC QNCCB MD QMSLB GL ? KCBGSK GQ BCRCPKGLCB @W ?
AMK@GL?RGML MD RFC KCBGSKtQ PGEGBGRW (MP AMKNPCQQG@GJGRW GL E?QCQ) ?LB GRQ BCLQGRW. 4FC KMPC PGEGB (MP JCQQ AMKNPCQQG@JC) RFC KCBGSK, RFC D?QRCP RFC
QNCCB MD QMSLB. 4FGQ M@QCPT?RGML GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM RFC D?AR RF?R RFC DPCOSCLAW MD ? QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC QRGDDLCQQ MD RFC
MQAGJJ?RGLE M@HCAR. 4FC EPC?RCP RFC BCLQGRW MD ? KCBGSK, RFC QJMUCP RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB. 4FGQ M@QCPT?RGML GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM RFC D?AR RF?R RFC DPCOSCLAW MD
? QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML GQ GLTCPQCJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC K?QQ MD RFC MQAGJJ?RGLE M@HCAR. 4FC QNCCB MD QMSLB GL ?GP GQ JMU, @CA?SQC ?GP GQ AMKNPCQQG@JC.
"CA?SQC JGOSGBQ ?LB QMJGBQ ?PC PCJ?RGTCJW PGEGB ?LB TCPW BGDDGASJR RM AMKNPCQQ, RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB GL QSAF KCBG? GQ ECLCP?JJW EPC?RCP RF?L GL E?QCQ.
4?@JC 17.1 3NCCB MD 3MSLB GL
6?PGMSQ -CBG?
&;:?KC 6M(C/I)
G"3&3 "4 0C
!GP 331
#?P@ML BGMVGBC 259
/VWECL 316
(CJGSK 965
(WBPMECL 1290
L*15*%3 "4 20C
%RF?LMJ 1160
-CPASPW 1450
7?RCP, DPCQF 1480
3C? U?RCP 1540
(SK?L RGQQSC 1540
S/,*%3 (,/.(*45%*.", /2 #5,+)
6SJA?LGXCB PS@@CP 54
0MJWCRFWJCLC 920
-?P@JC 3810
'J?QQ, 0WPCV 5640
,C?B 1960
!JSKGLSK 5120
3RCCJ 5960
%?PRFOS?ICQ, CQQCLRG?JJW QMSLB U?TCQ GL %?PRFtQ APSQR, ?PC ?L GLRCPCQRGLE CV?KNJC MD FMU RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB BCNCLBQ ML RFC PGEGBGRW MD RFC KCBGSK.
%?PRFOS?ICQ F?TC @MRF JMLEGRSBGL?J ?LB RP?LQTCPQC AMKNMLCLRQ, ?LB RFCQC RP?TCJ ?R BGDDCPCLR QNCCBQ. 4FC @SJI KMBSJSQ MD EP?LGRC GQ EPC?RCP RF?L GRQ
QFC?P KMBSJSQ. &MP RF?R PC?QML, RFC QNCCB MD JMLEGRSBGL?J MP NPCQQSPC U?TCQ (0-U?TCQ) GL C?PRFOS?ICQ GL EP?LGRC GQ QGELGDGA?LRJW FGEFCP RF?L RFC
QNCCB MD RP?LQTCPQC MP QFC?P U?TCQ (3-U?TCQ). "MRF AMKNMLCLRQ MD C?PRFOS?ICQ RP?TCJ QJMUCP GL JCQQ PGEGB K?RCPG?J, QSAF ?Q QCBGKCLRQ. 0-U?TCQ
F?TC QNCCBQ MD 4 RM 7 IK/Q, ?LB 3-U?TCQ AMPPCQNMLBGLEJW P?LEC GL QNCCB DPMK 2 RM 5 IK/Q, @MRF @CGLE D?QRCP GL KMPC PGEGB K?RCPG?J. 4FC 0-U?TC ECRQ
NPMEPCQQGTCJW D?PRFCP ?FC?B MD RFC 3-U?TC ?Q RFCW RP?TCJ RFPMSEF %?PRFtQ APSQR. 4FC RGKC @CRUCCL RFC 0- ?LB 3-U?TCQ GQ PMSRGLCJW SQCB RM BCRCPKGLC
RFC BGQR?LAC RM RFCGP QMSPAC, RFC CNGACLRCP MD RFC C?PRFOS?IC.
4FC QNCCB MD QMSLB GQ ?DDCARCB @W RCKNCP?RSPC GL ? EGTCL KCBGSK. &MP ?GP ?R QC? JCTCJ, RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB GQ EGTCL @W
(17.2)
v
w
= (331 m/s)
T
273 K
,
592 #(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).'
UFCPC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC (BCLMRCB ?Q T ) GQ GL SLGRQ MD ICJTGL. 4FC QNCCB MD QMSLB GL E?QCQ GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC ?TCP?EC QNCCB MD N?PRGAJCQ GL RFC E?Q,
v
rms
, ?LB RF?R
(17.3)
v
rms
=
3kT
m
,
UFCPC k GQ RFC "MJRXK?LL AMLQR?LR ( 1.3810
23
J/K) ?LB m GQ RFC K?QQ MD C?AF (GBCLRGA?J) N?PRGAJC GL RFC E?Q. 3M, GR GQ PC?QML?@JC RF?R RFC
QNCCB MD QMSLB GL ?GP ?LB MRFCP E?QCQ QFMSJB BCNCLB ML RFC QOS?PC PMMR MD RCKNCP?RSPC. 7FGJC LMR LCEJGEG@JC, RFGQ GQ LMR ? QRPMLE BCNCLBCLAC. !R
0C, RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB GQ 331 K/Q, UFCPC?Q ?R 20.0C GR GQ 343 K/Q, JCQQ RF?L ? 4% GLAPC?QC. F?=KH; 17.10 QFMUQ ? SQC MD RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB @W
? @?R RM QCLQC BGQR?LACQ. %AFMCQ ?PC ?JQM SQCB GL KCBGA?J GK?EGLE.
F?=KH; 17.10 ! @?R SQCQ QMSLB CAFMCQ RM DGLB GRQ U?W ?@MSR ?LB RM A?RAF NPCW. 4FC RGKC DMP RFC CAFM RM PCRSPL GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC BGQR?LAC.
/LC MD RFC KMPC GKNMPR?LR NPMNCPRGCQ MD QMSLB GQ RF?R GRQ QNCCB GQ LC?PJW GLBCNCLBCLR MD DPCOSCLAW. 4FGQ GLBCNCLBCLAC GQ ACPR?GLJW RPSC GL MNCL ?GP DMP
QMSLBQ GL RFC ?SBG@JC P?LEC MD 20 RM 20,000 (X. )D RFGQ GLBCNCLBCLAC UCPC LMR RPSC, WMS UMSJB ACPR?GLJW LMRGAC GR DMP KSQGA NJ?WCB @W ? K?PAFGLE @?LB
GL ? DMMR@?JJ QR?BGSK, DMP CV?KNJC. 3SNNMQC RF?R FGEF-DPCOSCLAW QMSLBQ RP?TCJCB D?QRCPrRFCL RFC D?PRFCP WMS UCPC DPMK RFC @?LB, RFC KMPC RFC QMSLB
DPMK RFC JMU-NGRAF GLQRPSKCLRQ UMSJB J?E RF?R DPMK RFC FGEF-NGRAF MLCQ. "SR RFC KSQGA DPMK ?JJ GLQRPSKCLRQ ?PPGTCQ GL A?BCLAC GLBCNCLBCLR MD BGQR?LAC,
?LB QM ?JJ DPCOSCLAGCQ KSQR RP?TCJ ?R LC?PJW RFC Q?KC QNCCB. 2CA?JJ RF?R
(17.4)
v
w
= f.
)L ? EGTCL KCBGSK SLBCP DGVCB AMLBGRGMLQ, v
w
GQ AMLQR?LR, QM RF?R RFCPC GQ ? PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL f ?LB ; RFC FGEFCP RFC DPCOSCLAW, RFC QK?JJCP
RFC U?TCJCLERF. 3CC F?=KH; 17.11 ?LB AMLQGBCP RFC DMJJMUGLE CV?KNJC.
F?=KH; 17.11 "CA?SQC RFCW RP?TCJ ?R RFC Q?KC QNCCB GL ? EGTCL KCBGSK, JMU-DPCOSCLAW QMSLBQ KSQR F?TC ? EPC?RCP U?TCJCLERF RF?L FGEF-DPCOSCLAW QMSLBQ. (CPC, RFC JMUCP-
DPCOSCLAW QMSLBQ ?PC CKGRRCB @W RFC J?PEC QNC?ICP, A?JJCB ? UMMDCP, UFGJC RFC FGEFCP-DPCOSCLAW QMSLBQ ?PC CKGRRCB @W RFC QK?JJ QNC?ICP, A?JJCB ? RUCCRCP.
EN7CFB; 17.1 C7B9KB7J?D= 07L;B;D=J>I: 0>7J AH; J>; 07L;B;D=J>I E< AK:?8B; ,EKD:I?
#?JASJ?RC RFC U?TCJCLERFQ MD QMSLBQ ?R RFC CVRPCKCQ MD RFC ?SBG@JC P?LEC, 20 ?LB 20,000 (X, GL 30.0C ?GP. (!QQSKC RF?R RFC DPCOSCLAW T?JSCQ
?PC ?AASP?RC RM RUM QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ.)
,JH7J;=O
4M DGLB U?TCJCLERF DPMK DPCOSCLAW, UC A?L SQC v
w
= f .
,EBKJ?ED
1. )BCLRGDW ILMULQ. 4FC T?JSC DMP v
w
, GQ EGTCL @W
(17.5)
v
w
= (331 m/s)
T
273 K
.
2. #MLTCPR RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GLRM ICJTGL ?LB RFCL CLRCP RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GLRM RFC COS?RGML
(17.6)
v
w
= (331 m/s)
303 K
273 K
= 348.7 m/s.
3. 3MJTC RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL QNCCB ?LB U?TCJCLERF DMP :
(17.7)
=
v
w
f
.
4. %LRCP RFC QNCCB ?LB RFC KGLGKSK DPCOSCLAW RM EGTC RFC K?VGKSK U?TCJCLERF:
#(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).' 593
(17.8)
max
=
348.7 m/s
20 Hz
= 17 m.
5. %LRCP RFC QNCCB ?LB RFC K?VGKSK DPCOSCLAW RM EGTC RFC KGLGKSK U?TCJCLERF:
(17.9)
min
=
348.7 m/s
20,000 Hz
= 0.017 m = 1.7 cm.
D?I9KII?ED
"CA?SQC RFC NPMBSAR MD f KSJRGNJGCB @W COS?JQ ? AMLQR?LR, RFC QK?JJCP f GQ, RFC J?PECP KSQR @C, ?LB TGAC TCPQ?.
4FC QNCCB MD QMSLB A?L AF?LEC UFCL QMSLB RP?TCJQ DPMK MLC KCBGSK RM ?LMRFCP. (MUCTCP, RFC DPCOSCLAW SQS?JJW PCK?GLQ RFC Q?KC @CA?SQC GR GQ
JGIC ? BPGTCL MQAGJJ?RGML ?LB F?Q RFC DPCOSCLAW MD RFC MPGEGL?J QMSPAC. )D v
w
AF?LECQ ?LB f PCK?GLQ RFC Q?KC, RFCL RFC U?TCJCLERF KSQR AF?LEC.
4F?R GQ, @CA?SQC v
w
= f , RFC FGEFCP RFC QNCCB MD ? QMSLB, RFC EPC?RCP GRQ U?TCJCLERF DMP ? EGTCL DPCOSCLAW.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 4?IC-(MKC )LTCQRGE?RGMLr6MGAC ?Q ? 3MSLB 7?TC
3SQNCLB ? QFCCR MD N?NCP QM RF?R RFC RMN CBEC MD RFC N?NCP GQ DGVCB ?LB RFC @MRRMK CBEC GQ DPCC RM KMTC. 9MS AMSJB R?NC RFC RMN CBEC MD RFC
N?NCP RM RFC CBEC MD ? R?@JC. 'CLRJW @JMU LC?P RFC CBEC MD RFC @MRRMK MD RFC QFCCR ?LB LMRC FMU RFC QFCCR KMTCQ. 3NC?I QMDRJW ?LB RFCL JMSBCP
QSAF RF?R RFC QMSLBQ FGR RFC CBEC MD RFC @MRRMK MD RFC N?NCP, ?LB LMRC FMU RFC QFCCR KMTCQ. %VNJ?GL RFC CDDCARQ.
)K?EGLC WMS M@QCPTC RUM DGPCUMPIQ CVNJMBC. 9MS FC?P RFC CVNJMQGML MD MLC ?Q QMML ?Q WMS QCC GR. (MUCTCP, WMS QCC RFC MRFCP DGPCUMPI DMP QCTCP?J
KGJJGQCAMLBQ @CDMPC WMS FC?P RFC CVNJMQGML. %VNJ?GL UFW RFGQ GQ QM.
,EBKJ?ED
3MSLB ?LB JGEFR @MRF RP?TCJ ?R BCDGLGRC QNCCBQ. 4FC QNCCB MD QMSLB GQ QJMUCP RF?L RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. 4FC DGPQR DGPCUMPI GQ NPM@?@JW TCPW AJMQC @W,
QM RFC QNCCB BGDDCPCLAC GQ LMR LMRGAC?@JC. 4FC QCAMLB DGPCUMPI GQ D?PRFCP ?U?W, QM RFC JGEFR ?PPGTCQ ?R WMSP CWCQ LMRGAC?@JW QMMLCP RF?L RFC QMSLB
U?TC ?PPGTCQ ?R WMSP C?PQ.
9MS M@QCPTC RUM KSQGA?J GLQRPSKCLRQ RF?R WMS A?LLMR GBCLRGDW. /LC NJ?WQ FGEF-NGRAF QMSLBQ ?LB RFC MRFCP NJ?WQ JMU-NGRAF QMSLBQ. (MU AMSJB WMS
BCRCPKGLC UFGAF GQ UFGAF UGRFMSR FC?PGLE CGRFCP MD RFCK NJ?W?
,EBKJ?ED
#MKN?PC RFCGP QGXCQ. (GEF-NGRAF GLQRPSKCLRQ ?PC ECLCP?JJW QK?JJCP RF?L JMU-NGRAF GLQRPSKCLRQ @CA?SQC RFCW ECLCP?RC ? QK?JJCP U?TCJCLERF.
17.3 ,EKD: "DJ;DI?JO 7D: ,EKD: %;L;B
F?=KH; 17.12 .MGQC ML APMUBCB PM?BU?WQ JGIC RFGQ MLC GL $CJFG K?ICQ GR F?PB RM FC?P MRFCPQ SLJCQQ RFCW QFMSR. (APCBGR: ,GLE?P?H ' *, &JGAIP)
)L ? OSGCR DMPCQR, WMS A?L QMKCRGKCQ FC?P ? QGLEJC JC?D D?JJ RM RFC EPMSLB. !DRCP QCRRJGLE GLRM @CB, WMS K?W FC?P WMSP @JMMB NSJQGLE RFPMSEF WMSP C?PQ.
"SR UFCL ? N?QQGLE KMRMPGQR F?Q FGQ QRCPCM RSPLCB SN, WMS A?LLMR CTCL FC?P UF?R RFC NCPQML LCVR RM WMS GL WMSP A?P GQ Q?WGLE. 7C ?PC ?JJ TCPW
D?KGJG?P UGRF RFC JMSBLCQQ MD QMSLBQ ?LB ?U?PC RF?R RFCW ?PC PCJ?RCB RM FMU CLCPECRGA?JJW RFC QMSPAC GQ TG@P?RGLE. )L A?PRMMLQ BCNGARGLE ? QAPC?KGLE
NCPQML (MP ?L ?LGK?J K?IGLE ? JMSB LMGQC), RFC A?PRMMLGQR MDRCL QFMUQ ?L MNCL KMSRF UGRF ? TG@P?RGLE STSJ?, RFC F?LEGLE RGQQSC ?R RFC @?AI MD RFC
KMSRF, RM QSEECQR ? JMSB QMSLB AMKGLE DPMK RFC RFPM?R F?=KH; 17.13. (GEF LMGQC CVNMQSPC GQ F?X?PBMSQ RM FC?PGLE, ?LB GR GQ AMKKML DMP KSQGAG?LQ RM
F?TC FC?PGLE JMQQCQ RF?R ?PC QSDDGAGCLRJW QCTCPC RF?R RFCW GLRCPDCPC UGRF RFC KSQGAG?LQt ?@GJGRGCQ RM NCPDMPK. 4FC PCJCT?LR NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRW GQ QMSLB
GLRCLQGRW, ? AMLACNR RF?R GQ T?JGB DMP ?JJ QMSLBQ UFCRFCP MP LMR RFCW ?PC GL RFC ?SBG@JC P?LEC.
)LRCLQGRW GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC NMUCP NCP SLGR ?PC? A?PPGCB @W ? U?TC. 0MUCP GQ RFC P?RC ?R UFGAF CLCPEW GQ RP?LQDCPPCB @W RFC U?TC. )L COS?RGML DMPK,
?DJ;DI?JO I GQ
(17.10)
I =
P
A
,
594 #(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).'
UFCPC P GQ RFC NMUCP RFPMSEF ?L ?PC? A . 4FC 3) SLGR DMP I GQ W/m
2
. 4FC GLRCLQGRW MD ? QMSLB U?TC GQ PCJ?RCB RM GRQ ?KNJGRSBC QOS?PCB @W RFC
DMJJMUGLE PCJ?RGMLQFGN:
(17.11)
I =

p
2
2v
w
.
(CPC p GQ RFC NPCQQSPC T?PG?RGML MP NPCQQSPC ?KNJGRSBC (F?JD RFC BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL RFC K?VGKSK ?LB KGLGKSK NPCQQSPC GL RFC QMSLB U?TC) GL
SLGRQ MD N?QA?JQ (0?) MP N/m
2
. (7C ?PC SQGLE ? JMUCP A?QC p DMP NPCQQSPC RM BGQRGLESGQF GR DPMK NMUCP, BCLMRCB @W P ?@MTC.) 4FC CLCPEW (?Q
IGLCRGA CLCPEW
mv
2
2
) MD ?L MQAGJJ?RGLE CJCKCLR MD ?GP BSC RM ? RP?TCJGLE QMSLB U?TC GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM GRQ ?KNJGRSBC QOS?PCB. )L RFGQ COS?RGML, GQ RFC
BCLQGRW MD RFC K?RCPG?J GL UFGAF RFC QMSLB U?TC RP?TCJQ, GL SLGRQ MD kg/m
3
, ?LB v
w
GQ RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB GL RFC KCBGSK, GL SLGRQ MD K/Q. 4FC
NPCQQSPC T?PG?RGML GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC ?KNJGRSBC MD RFC MQAGJJ?RGML, ?LB QM I T?PGCQ ?Q (p)
2
(F?=KH; 17.13). 4FGQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF
RFC D?AR RF?R RFC QMSLB U?TC GQ NPMBSACB @W QMKC TG@P?RGML; RFC EPC?RCP GRQ NPCQQSPC ?KNJGRSBC, RFC KMPC RFC ?GP GQ AMKNPCQQCB GL RFC QMSLB GR
APC?RCQ.
F?=KH; 17.13 'P?NFQ MD RFC E?SEC NPCQQSPCQ GL RUM QMSLB U?TCQ MD BGDDCPCLR GLRCLQGRGCQ. 4FC KMPC GLRCLQC QMSLB GQ NPMBSACB @W ? QMSPAC RF?R F?Q J?PECP-?KNJGRSBC MQAGJJ?RGMLQ
?LB F?Q EPC?RCP NPCQQSPC K?VGK? ?LB KGLGK?. "CA?SQC NPCQQSPCQ ?PC FGEFCP GL RFC EPC?RCP-GLRCLQGRW QMSLB, GR A?L CVCPR J?PECP DMPACQ ML RFC M@HCARQ GR CLAMSLRCPQ.
3MSLB GLRCLQGRW JCTCJQ ?PC OSMRCB GL BCAG@CJQ (B") KSAF KMPC MDRCL RF?L QMSLB GLRCLQGRGCQ GL U?RRQ NCP KCRCP QOS?PCB. $CAG@CJQ ?PC RFC SLGR MD AFMGAC
GL RFC QAGCLRGDGA JGRCP?RSPC ?Q UCJJ ?Q GL RFC NMNSJ?P KCBG?. 4FC PC?QMLQ DMP RFGQ AFMGAC MD SLGRQ ?PC PCJ?RCB RM FMU UC NCPACGTC QMSLBQ. (MU MSP C?PQ
NCPACGTC QMSLB A?L @C KMPC ?AASP?RCJW BCQAPG@CB @W RFC JME?PGRFK MD RFC GLRCLQGRW P?RFCP RF?L BGPCARJW RM RFC GLRCLQGRW. 4FC IEKD: ?DJ;DI?JO B;L;B
GL BCAG@CJQ MD ? QMSLB F?TGLE ?L GLRCLQGRW I GL U?RRQ NCP KCRCP QOS?PCB GQ BCDGLCB RM @C
(17.12)
(dB) = 10 log
10
I
I
0
,
UFCPC I
0
= 10
12
W/m
2
GQ ? PCDCPCLAC GLRCLQGRW. )L N?PRGASJ?P, I
0
GQ RFC JMUCQR MP RFPCQFMJB GLRCLQGRW MD QMSLB ? NCPQML UGRF LMPK?J FC?PGLE A?L
NCPACGTC ?R ? DPCOSCLAW MD 1000 (X. 3MSLB GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ GQ LMR RFC Q?KC ?Q GLRCLQGRW. "CA?SQC GQ BCDGLCB GL RCPKQ MD ? P?RGM, GR GQ ? SLGRJCQQ
OS?LRGRW RCJJGLE WMS RFC ?8I8? MD RFC QMSLB PCJ?RGTC RM ? DGVCB QR?LB?PB ( 10
12
W/m
2
, GL RFGQ A?QC). 4FC SLGRQ MD BCAG@CJQ (B") ?PC SQCB RM GLBGA?RC RFGQ
P?RGM GQ KSJRGNJGCB @W 10 GL GRQ BCDGLGRGML. 4FC @CJ, SNML UFGAF RFC BCAG@CJ GQ @?QCB, GQ L?KCB DMP !JCV?LBCP 'P?F?K "CJJ, RFC GLTCLRMP MD RFC RCJCNFMLC.
#(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).' 595
4?@JC 17.2 3MSLB )LRCLQGRW ,CTCJQ ?LB )LRCLQGRGCQ
,EKD: ?DJ;DI?JO B;L;B ; (:B)
"DJ;DI?JO I(0/C
2
)
EN7CFB;/;<<;9J
0
110
12
4FPCQFMJB MD FC?PGLE ?R 1000 (X
10
110
11
2SQRJC MD JC?TCQ
20
110
10
7FGQNCP ?R 1 K BGQR?LAC
30
110
9
1SGCR FMKC
40
110
8
!TCP?EC FMKC
50
110
7
!TCP?EC MDDGAC, QMDR KSQGA
60
110
6
.MPK?J AMLTCPQ?RGML
70
110
5
.MGQW MDDGAC, @SQW RP?DDGA
80
110
4
,MSB P?BGM, AJ?QQPMMK JCARSPC
90
110
3
)LQGBC ? FC?TW RPSAI; B?K?EC DPMK NPMJMLECB CVNMQSPC
;1=
100
110
2
.MGQW D?ARMPW, QGPCL ?R 30 K; B?K?EC DPMK 8 F NCP B?W CVNMQSPC
110
110
1
$?K?EC DPMK 30 KGL NCP B?W CVNMQSPC
120 1 ,MSB PMAI AMLACPR, NLCSK?RGA AFGNNCP ?R 2 K; RFPCQFMJB MD N?GL
140
110
2
*CR ?GPNJ?LC ?R 30 K; QCTCPC N?GL, B?K?EC GL QCAMLBQ
160
110
4
"SPQRGLE MD C?PBPSKQ
4FC BCAG@CJ JCTCJ MD ? QMSLB F?TGLE RFC RFPCQFMJB GLRCLQGRW MD 10
12
W/m
2
GQ = 0 dB, @CA?SQC log
10
1 = 0 . 4F?R GQ, RFC RFPCQFMJB MD FC?PGLE
GQ 0 BCAG@CJQ. -78B; 17.2 EGTCQ JCTCJQ GL BCAG@CJQ ?LB GLRCLQGRGCQ GL U?RRQ NCP KCRCP QOS?PCB DMP QMKC D?KGJG?P QMSLBQ.
/LC MD RFC KMPC QRPGIGLE RFGLEQ ?@MSR RFC GLRCLQGRGCQ GL -78B; 17.2 GQ RF?R RFC GLRCLQGRW GL U?RRQ NCP KCRCP QOS?PCB GQ OSGRC QK?JJ DMP KMQR QMSLBQ. 4FC
C?P GQ QCLQGRGTC RM ?Q JGRRJC ?Q ? RPGJJGMLRF MD ? U?RR NCP KCRCP QOS?PCBrCTCL KMPC GKNPCQQGTC UFCL WMS PC?JGXC RF?R RFC ?PC? MD RFC C?PBPSK GQ MLJW
?@MSR 1 cm
2
, QM RF?R MLJW 10
16
7 D?JJQ ML GR ?R RFC RFPCQFMJB MD FC?PGLE! !GP KMJCASJCQ GL ? QMSLB U?TC MD RFGQ GLRCLQGRW TG@P?RC MTCP ? BGQR?LAC MD
JCQQ RF?L MLC KMJCASJ?P BG?KCRCP, ?LB RFC E?SEC NPCQQSPCQ GLTMJTCB ?PC JCQQ RF?L 10
9
?RK.
!LMRFCP GKNPCQQGTC DC?RSPC MD RFC QMSLBQ GL -78B; 17.2 GQ RFCGP LSKCPGA?J P?LEC. 3MSLB GLRCLQGRW T?PGCQ @W ? D?ARMP MD 10
12
DPMK RFPCQFMJB RM ? QMSLB
RF?R A?SQCQ B?K?EC GL QCAMLBQ. 9MS ?PC SL?U?PC MD RFGQ RPCKCLBMSQ P?LEC GL QMSLB GLRCLQGRW @CA?SQC FMU WMSP C?PQ PCQNMLB A?L @C BCQAPG@CB
?NNPMVGK?RCJW ?Q RFC JME?PGRFK MD GLRCLQGRW. 4FSQ, QMSLB GLRCLQGRW JCTCJQ GL BCAG@CJQ DGR WMSP CVNCPGCLAC @CRRCP RF?L GLRCLQGRGCQ GL U?RRQ NCP KCRCP
QOS?PCB. 4FC BCAG@CJ QA?JC GQ ?JQM C?QGCP RM PCJ?RC RM @CA?SQC KMQR NCMNJC ?PC KMPC ?AASQRMKCB RM BC?JGLE UGRF LSK@CPQ QSAF ?Q 0, 53, MP 120 RF?L
LSK@CPQ QSAF ?Q 1.0010
11
.
/LC KMPC M@QCPT?RGML PC?BGJW TCPGDGCB @W CV?KGLGLE -78B; 17.2 MP SQGLE I =

p
2v
w
2
GQ RF?R C?AF D?ARMP MD 10 GL GLRCLQGRW AMPPCQNMLBQ RM 10 B". &MP
CV?KNJC, ? 90 B" QMSLB AMKN?PCB UGRF ? 60 B" QMSLB GQ 30 B" EPC?RCP, MP RFPCC D?ARMPQ MD 10 (RF?R GQ, 10
3
RGKCQ) ?Q GLRCLQC. !LMRFCP CV?KNJC GQ
RF?R GD MLC QMSLB GQ 10
7
?Q GLRCLQC ?Q ?LMRFCP, GR GQ 70 B" FGEFCP. 3CC -78B; 17.3.
4?@JC 17.3 2?RGMQ MD
)LRCLQGRGCQ ?LB
#MPPCQNMLBGLE $GDDCPCLACQ
GL 3MSLB )LRCLQGRW ,CTCJQ
I
2 /
I
1

2

1
2.0 3.0 B"
5.0 7.0 B"
10.0 10.0 B"
1. 3CTCP?J EMTCPLKCLR ?ECLAGCQ ?LB FC?JRF-PCJ?RCB NPMDCQQGML?J ?QQMAG?RGMLQ PCAMKKCLB RF?R 85 B" LMR @C CVACCBCB DMP 8-FMSP B?GJW CVNMQSPCQ GL RFC
?@QCLAC MD FC?PGLE NPMRCARGML.
596 #(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).'
EN7CFB; 17.2 C7B9KB7J?D= ,EKD: "DJ;DI?JO %;L;BI: ,EKD: 07L;I
#?JASJ?RC RFC QMSLB GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ GL BCAG@CJQ DMP ? QMSLB U?TC RP?TCJGLE GL ?GP ?R 0C ?LB F?TGLE ? NPCQQSPC ?KNJGRSBC MD 0.656 0?.
,JH7J;=O
7C ?PC EGTCL p , QM UC A?L A?JASJ?RC I SQGLE RFC COS?RGML I =

p
2
/
2pv
w
2
. 5QGLE I , UC A?L A?JASJ?RC QRP?GEFR DPMK GRQ BCDGLGRGML GL
(dB) = 10 log
10
I / I
0
.
,EBKJ?ED
(1) )BCLRGDW ILMULQ:
3MSLB RP?TCJQ ?R 331 K/Q GL ?GP ?R 0C.
!GP F?Q ? BCLQGRW MD 1.29 kg/m
3
?R ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC ?LB 0C.
(2) %LRCP RFCQC T?JSCQ ?LB RFC NPCQQSPC ?KNJGRSBC GLRM I =

p
2
/
2v
w
:
(17.13)
I =

p
2
2v
w
=
(0.656 Pa)
2
2
1.29 kg/m
3
(331 m/s)
= 5.0410
4
W/m
2
.
(3) %LRCP RFC T?JSC DMP I ?LB RFC ILMUL T?JSC DMP I
0
GLRM (dB) = 10 log
10
I / I
0
. #?JASJ?RC RM DGLB RFC QMSLB GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ GL BCAG@CJQ:

(17.14)
10 log
10
5.0410
8
= 10

8.70
dB = 87 dB.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ 87 B" QMSLB F?Q ?L GLRCLQGRW DGTC RGKCQ ?Q EPC?R ?Q ?L 80 B" QMSLB. 3M ? D?ARMP MD DGTC GL GLRCLQGRW AMPPCQNMLBQ RM ? BGDDCPCLAC MD 7 B" GL
QMSLB GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ. 4FGQ T?JSC GQ RPSC DMP ?LW GLRCLQGRGCQ BGDDCPGLE @W ? D?ARMP MD DGTC.
EN7CFB; 17.3 C>7D=; "DJ;DI?JO %;L;BI E< 7 ,EKD:: 0>7J !7FF;DI JE J>; D;9?8;B %;L;B?
3FMU RF?R GD MLC QMSLB GQ RUGAC ?Q GLRCLQC ?Q ?LMRFCP, GR F?Q ? QMSLB JCTCJ ?@MSR 3 B" FGEFCP.
,JH7J;=O
9MS ?PC EGTCL RF?R RFC P?RGM MD RUM GLRCLQGRGCQ GQ 2 RM 1, ?LB ?PC RFCL ?QICB RM DGLB RFC BGDDCPCLAC GL RFCGP QMSLB JCTCJQ GL BCAG@CJQ. 9MS A?L QMJTC
RFGQ NPM@JCK SQGLE MD RFC NPMNCPRGCQ MD JME?PGRFKQ.
,EBKJ?ED
4FC P?RGM MD RFC RUM GLRCLQGRGCQ GQ 2 RM 1, MP:
(17.15) I
2
I
1
= 2.00.
7C UGQF RM QFMU RF?R RFC BGDDCPCLAC GL QMSLB JCTCJQ GQ ?@MSR 3 B". 4F?R GQ, UC U?LR RM QFMU:
(17.16)
2

1
= 3 dB.
.MRC RF?R:
(17.17)
log
10
b log
10
a = log
10
b
a
.
(2) 5QC RFC BCDGLGRGML MD RM ECR:
(17.18)
2

1
= 10 log
10
I
2
I
1
= 10 log
10
2.00 = 10 (0.301) dB.
4FSQ,
(17.19)
2

1
= 3.01 dB.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R RFC RUM QMSLB GLRCLQGRW JCTCJQ BGDDCP @W 3.01 B", MP ?@MSR 3 B", ?Q ?BTCPRGQCB. .MRC RF?R @CA?SQC MLJW RFC P?RGM I
2
/ I
1
GQ EGTCL
(?LB LMR RFC ?ARS?J GLRCLQGRGCQ), RFGQ PCQSJR GQ RPSC DMP ?LW GLRCLQGRGCQ RF?R BGDDCP @W ? D?ARMP MD RUM. &MP CV?KNJC, ? 56.0 B" QMSLB GQ RUGAC ?Q GLRCLQC
?Q ? 53.0 B" QMSLB, ? 97.0 B" QMSLB GQ F?JD ?Q GLRCLQC ?Q ? 100 B" QMSLB, ?LB QM ML.
)R QFMSJB @C LMRCB ?R RFGQ NMGLR RF?R RFCPC GQ ?LMRFCP BCAG@CJ QA?JC GL SQC, A?JJCB RFC IEKD: FH;IIKH; B;L;B, @?QCB ML RFC P?RGM MD RFC NPCQQSPC
?KNJGRSBC RM ? PCDCPCLAC NPCQQSPC. 4FGQ QA?JC GQ SQCB N?PRGASJ?PJW GL ?NNJGA?RGMLQ UFCPC QMSLB RP?TCJQ GL U?RCP. )R GQ @CWMLB RFC QAMNC MD KMQR
GLRPMBSARMPW RCVRQ RM RPC?R RFGQ QA?JC @CA?SQC GR GQ LMR AMKKMLJW SQCB DMP QMSLBQ GL ?GP, @SR GR GQ GKNMPR?LR RM LMRC RF?R TCPW BGDDCPCLR BCAG@CJ JCTCJQ K?W
#(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).' 597
@C CLAMSLRCPCB UFCL QMSLB NPCQQSPC JCTCJQ ?PC OSMRCB. &MP CV?KNJC, MAC?L LMGQC NMJJSRGML NPMBSACB @W QFGNQ K?W @C ?Q EPC?R ?Q 200 B"
CVNPCQQCB GL RFC QMSLB NPCQQSPC JCTCJ, UFCPC RFC KMPC D?KGJG?P QMSLB GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ UC SQC FCPC UMSJB @C QMKCRFGLE SLBCP 140 B" DMP RFC Q?KC
QMSLB.
4?IC-(MKC )LTCQRGE?RGML: &CCJGLE 3MSLB
&GLB ? #$ NJ?WCP ?LB ? #$ RF?R F?Q PMAI KSQGA. 0J?AC RFC NJ?WCP ML ? JGEFR R?@JC, GLQCPR RFC #$ GLRM RFC NJ?WCP, ?LB QR?PR NJ?WGLE RFC #$. 0J?AC
WMSP F?LB ECLRJW ML RFC R?@JC LCVR RM RFC QNC?ICPQ. )LAPC?QC RFC TMJSKC ?LB LMRC RFC JCTCJ UFCL RFC R?@JC HSQR @CEGLQ RM TG@P?RC ?Q RFC PMAI
KSQGA NJ?WQ. )LAPC?QC RFC PC?BGLE ML RFC TMJSKC AMLRPMJ SLRGJ GR BMS@JCQ. 7F?R F?Q F?NNCLCB RM RFC TG@P?RGMLQ?
$CQAPG@C FMU ?KNJGRSBC GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC JMSBLCQQ MD ? QMSLB.
,EBKJ?ED
!KNJGRSBC GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC CVNCPGCLAC MD JMSBLCQQ. !Q ?KNJGRSBC GLAPC?QCQ, JMSBLCQQ GLAPC?QCQ.
)BCLRGDW AMKKML QMSLBQ ?R RFC JCTCJQ MD 10 B", 50 B", ?LB 100 B".
,EBKJ?ED
10 B": 2SLLGLE DGLECPQ RFPMSEF WMSP F?GP.
50 B": )LQGBC ? OSGCR FMKC UGRF LM RCJCTGQGML MP P?BGM.
100 B": 4?IC-MDD MD ? HCR NJ?LC.
17.4 DEFFB;H E<<;9J 7D: ,ED?9 BEECI
4FC AF?P?ARCPGQRGA QMSLB MD ? KMRMPAWAJC @SXXGLE @W GQ ?L CV?KNJC MD RFC DEFFB;H ;<<;9J. 4FC FGEF-NGRAF QAPC?K QFGDRQ BP?K?RGA?JJW RM ? JMUCP-NGRAF
PM?P ?Q RFC KMRMPAWAJC N?QQCQ @W ? QR?RGML?PW M@QCPTCP. 4FC AJMQCP RFC KMRMPAWAJC @PSQFCQ @W, RFC KMPC ?@PSNR RFC QFGDR. 4FC D?QRCP RFC KMRMPAWAJC
KMTCQ, RFC EPC?RCP RFC QFGDR. 7C ?JQM FC?P RFGQ AF?P?ARCPGQRGA QFGDR GL DPCOSCLAW DMP N?QQGLE P?AC A?PQ, ?GPNJ?LCQ, ?LB RP?GLQ. )R GQ QM D?KGJG?P RF?R GR GQ
SQCB RM GKNJW KMRGML ?LB AFGJBPCL MDRCL KGKGA GR GL NJ?W.
4FC $MNNJCP CDDCAR GQ ?L ?JRCP?RGML GL RFC M@QCPTCB DPCOSCLAW MD ? QMSLB BSC RM KMRGML MD CGRFCP RFC QMSPAC MP RFC M@QCPTCP. !JRFMSEF JCQQ D?KGJG?P, RFGQ
CDDCAR GQ C?QGJW LMRGACB DMP ? QR?RGML?PW QMSPAC ?LB KMTGLE M@QCPTCP. &MP CV?KNJC, GD WMS PGBC ? RP?GL N?QR ? QR?RGML?PW U?PLGLE @CJJ, WMS UGJJ FC?P RFC
@CJJtQ DPCOSCLAW QFGDR DPMK FGEF RM JMU ?Q WMS N?QQ @W. 4FC ?ARS?J AF?LEC GL DPCOSCLAW BSC RM PCJ?RGTC KMRGML MD QMSPAC ?LB M@QCPTCP GQ A?JJCB ?
DEFFB;H I>?<J. 4FC $MNNJCP CDDCAR ?LB $MNNJCP QFGDR ?PC L?KCB DMP RFC !SQRPG?L NFWQGAGQR ?LB K?RFCK?RGAG?L #FPGQRG?L *MF?LL $MNNJCP (1803q1853),
UFM BGB CVNCPGKCLRQ UGRF @MRF KMTGLE QMSPACQ ?LB KMTGLE M@QCPTCPQ. $MNNJCP, DMP CV?KNJC, F?B KSQGAG?LQ NJ?W ML ? KMTGLE MNCL RP?GL A?P ?LB ?JQM
NJ?W QR?LBGLE LCVR RM RFC RP?GL RP?AIQ ?Q ? RP?GL N?QQCB @W. 4FCGP KSQGA U?Q M@QCPTCB @MRF ML ?LB MDD RFC RP?GL, ?LB AF?LECQ GL DPCOSCLAW UCPC
KC?QSPCB.
7F?R A?SQCQ RFC $MNNJCP QFGDR? F?=KH; 17.14, F?=KH; 17.15, ?LB F?=KH; 17.16 AMKN?PC QMSLB U?TCQ CKGRRCB @W QR?RGML?PW ?LB KMTGLE QMSPACQ GL ?
QR?RGML?PW ?GP K?QQ. %?AF BGQRSP@?LAC QNPC?BQ MSR QNFCPGA?JJW DPMK RFC NMGLR UFCPC RFC QMSLB U?Q CKGRRCB. )D RFC QMSPAC GQ QR?RGML?PW, RFCL ?JJ MD RFC
QNFCPCQ PCNPCQCLRGLE RFC ?GP AMKNPCQQGMLQ GL RFC QMSLB U?TC ACLRCPCB ML RFC Q?KC NMGLR, ?LB RFC QR?RGML?PW M@QCPTCPQ ML CGRFCP QGBC QCC RFC Q?KC
U?TCJCLERF ?LB DPCOSCLAW ?Q CKGRRCB @W RFC QMSPAC, ?Q GL F?=KH; 17.14. )D RFC QMSPAC GQ KMTGLE, ?Q GL F?=KH; 17.15, RFCL RFC QGRS?RGML GQ BGDDCPCLR.
%?AF AMKNPCQQGML MD RFC ?GP KMTCQ MSR GL ? QNFCPC DPMK RFC NMGLR UFCPC GR U?Q CKGRRCB, @SR RFC NMGLR MD CKGQQGML KMTCQ. 4FGQ KMTGLE CKGQQGML NMGLR
A?SQCQ RFC ?GP AMKNPCQQGMLQ RM @C AJMQCP RMECRFCP ML MLC QGBC ?LB D?PRFCP ?N?PR ML RFC MRFCP. 4FSQ, RFC U?TCJCLERF GQ QFMPRCP GL RFC BGPCARGML RFC
QMSPAC GQ KMTGLE (ML RFC PGEFR GL F?=KH; 17.15), ?LB JMLECP GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML (ML RFC JCDR GL F?=KH; 17.15). &GL?JJW, GD RFC M@QCPTCPQ KMTC, ?Q GL
F?=KH; 17.16, RFC DPCOSCLAW ?R UFGAF RFCW PCACGTC RFC AMKNPCQQGMLQ AF?LECQ. 4FC M@QCPTCP KMTGLE RMU?PB RFC QMSPAC PCACGTCQ RFCK ?R ? FGEFCP
DPCOSCLAW, ?LB RFC NCPQML KMTGLE ?U?W DPMK RFC QMSPAC PCACGTCQ RFCK ?R ? JMUCP DPCOSCLAW.
F?=KH; 17.14 3MSLBQ CKGRRCB @W ? QMSPAC QNPC?B MSR GL QNFCPGA?J U?TCQ. "CA?SQC RFC QMSPAC, M@QCPTCPQ, ?LB ?GP ?PC QR?RGML?PW, RFC U?TCJCLERF ?LB DPCOSCLAW ?PC RFC Q?KC GL
?JJ BGPCARGMLQ ?LB RM ?JJ M@QCPTCPQ.
598 #(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).'
F?=KH; 17.15 3MSLBQ CKGRRCB @W ? QMSPAC KMTGLE RM RFC PGEFR QNPC?B MSR DPMK RFC NMGLRQ ?R UFGAF RFCW UCPC CKGRRCB. 4FC U?TCJCLERF GQ PCBSACB ?LB, AMLQCOSCLRJW, RFC
DPCOSCLAW GQ GLAPC?QCB GL RFC BGPCARGML MD KMRGML, QM RF?R RFC M@QCPTCP ML RFC PGEFR FC?PQ ? FGEFCP-NGRAF QMSLB. 4FC MNNMQGRC GQ RPSC DMP RFC M@QCPTCP ML RFC JCDR, UFCPC RFC
U?TCJCLERF GQ GLAPC?QCB ?LB RFC DPCOSCLAW GQ PCBSACB.
F?=KH; 17.16 4FC Q?KC CDDCAR GQ NPMBSACB UFCL RFC M@QCPTCPQ KMTC PCJ?RGTC RM RFC QMSPAC. -MRGML RMU?PB RFC QMSPAC GLAPC?QCQ DPCOSCLAW ?Q RFC M@QCPTCP ML RFC PGEFR N?QQCQ
RFPMSEF KMPC U?TC APCQRQ RF?L QFC UMSJB GD QR?RGML?PW. -MRGML ?U?W DPMK RFC QMSPAC BCAPC?QCQ DPCOSCLAW ?Q RFC M@QCPTCP ML RFC JCDR N?QQCQ RFPMSEF DCUCP U?TC APCQRQ RF?L
FC UMSJB GD QR?RGML?PW.
7C ILMU RF?R U?TCJCLERF ?LB DPCOSCLAW ?PC PCJ?RCB @W v
w
= f , UFCPC v
w
GQ RFC DGVCB QNCCB MD QMSLB. 4FC QMSLB KMTCQ GL ? KCBGSK ?LB F?Q
RFC Q?KC QNCCB v
w
GL RF?R KCBGSK UFCRFCP RFC QMSPAC GQ KMTGLE MP LMR. 4FSQ f KSJRGNJGCB @W GQ ? AMLQR?LR. "CA?SQC RFC M@QCPTCP ML RFC PGEFR GL
F?=KH; 17.15 PCACGTCQ ? QFMPRCP U?TCJCLERF, RFC DPCOSCLAW QFC PCACGTCQ KSQR @C FGEFCP. 3GKGJ?PJW, RFC M@QCPTCP ML RFC JCDR PCACGTCQ ? JMLECP
U?TCJCLERF, ?LB FCLAC FC FC?PQ ? JMUCP DPCOSCLAW. 4FC Q?KC RFGLE F?NNCLQ GL F?=KH; 17.16. ! FGEFCP DPCOSCLAW GQ PCACGTCB @W RFC M@QCPTCP KMTGLE
RMU?PB RFC QMSPAC, ?LB ? JMUCP DPCOSCLAW GQ PCACGTCB @W ?L M@QCPTCP KMTGLE ?U?W DPMK RFC QMSPAC. )L ECLCP?J, RFCL, PCJ?RGTC KMRGML MD QMSPAC ?LB
M@QCPTCP RMU?PB MLC ?LMRFCP GLAPC?QCQ RFC PCACGTCB DPCOSCLAW. 2CJ?RGTC KMRGML ?N?PR BCAPC?QCQ DPCOSCLAW. 4FC EPC?RCP RFC PCJ?RGTC QNCCB GQ, RFC
EPC?RCP RFC CDDCAR.
4FC $MNNJCP %DDCAR
4FC $MNNJCP CDDCAR MAASPQ LMR MLJW DMP QMSLB @SR DMP ?LW U?TC UFCL RFCPC GQ PCJ?RGTC KMRGML @CRUCCL RFC M@QCPTCP ?LB RFC QMSPAC. 4FCPC ?PC
$MNNJCP QFGDRQ GL RFC DPCOSCLAW MD QMSLB, JGEFR, ?LB U?RCP U?TCQ, DMP CV?KNJC. $MNNJCP QFGDRQ A?L @C SQCB RM BCRCPKGLC TCJMAGRW, QSAF ?Q UFCL
SJRP?QMSLB GQ PCDJCARCB DPMK @JMMB GL ? KCBGA?J BG?ELMQRGA. 4FC PCACQQGML MD E?J?VGCQ GQ BCRCPKGLCB @W RFC QFGDR GL RFC DPCOSCLAGCQ MD JGEFR PCACGTCB
DPMK RFCK ?LB F?Q GKNJGCB KSAF ?@MSR RFC MPGEGLQ MD RFC SLGTCPQC. -MBCPL NFWQGAQ F?Q @CCL NPMDMSLBJW ?DDCARCB @W M@QCPT?RGMLQ MD $MNNJCP
QFGDRQ.
&MP ? QR?RGML?PW M@QCPTCP ?LB ? KMTGLE QMSPAC, RFC DPCOSCLAW 9M@Q PCACGTCB @W RFC M@QCPTCP A?L @C QFMUL RM @C
(17.20)
f
obs
= f
s
v
w
v
w
v
s
,
UFCPC f
s
GQ RFC DPCOSCLAW MD RFC QMSPAC, v
s
GQ RFC QNCCB MD RFC QMSPAC ?JMLE ? JGLC HMGLGLE RFC QMSPAC ?LB M@QCPTCP, ?LB v
w
GQ RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB.
4FC KGLSQ QGEL GQ SQCB DMP KMRGML RMU?PB RFC M@QCPTCP ?LB RFC NJSQ QGEL DMP KMRGML ?U?W DPMK RFC M@QCPTCP, NPMBSAGLE RFC ?NNPMNPG?RC QFGDRQ SN ?LB
BMUL GL DPCOSCLAW. .MRC RF?R RFC EPC?RCP RFC QNCCB MD RFC QMSPAC, RFC EPC?RCP RFC CDDCAR. 3GKGJ?PJW, DMP ? QR?RGML?PW QMSPAC ?LB KMTGLE M@QCPTCP, RFC
DPCOSCLAW PCACGTCB @W RFC M@QCPTCP f
obs
GQ EGTCL @W
(17.21)
f
obs
= f
s
v
w
v
obs
v
w
,
UFCPC v
obs
GQ RFC QNCCB MD RFC M@QCPTCP ?JMLE ? JGLC HMGLGLE RFC QMSPAC ?LB M@QCPTCP. (CPC RFC NJSQ QGEL GQ DMP KMRGML RMU?PB RFC QMSPAC, ?LB RFC
KGLSQ GQ DMP KMRGML ?U?W DPMK RFC QMSPAC.
EN7CFB; 17.4 C7B9KB7J; DEFFB;H ,>?<J: A -H7?D !EHD
3SNNMQC ? RP?GL RF?R F?Q ? 150-(X FMPL GQ KMTGLE ?R 35.0 K/Q GL QRGJJ ?GP ML ? B?W UFCL RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB GQ 340 K/Q.
(?) 7F?R DPCOSCLAGCQ ?PC M@QCPTCB @W ? QR?RGML?PW NCPQML ?R RFC QGBC MD RFC RP?AIQ ?Q RFC RP?GL ?NNPM?AFCQ ?LB ?DRCP GR N?QQCQ?
(@) 7F?R DPCOSCLAW GQ M@QCPTCB @W RFC RP?GLtQ CLEGLCCP RP?TCJGLE ML RFC RP?GL?
#(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).' 599
,JH7J;=O
4M DGLB RFC M@QCPTCB DPCOSCLAW GL (?), f
obs
= f
s
v
w
v
w
v
s
, KSQR @C SQCB @CA?SQC RFC QMSPAC GQ KMTGLE. 4FC KGLSQ QGEL GQ SQCB DMP RFC
?NNPM?AFGLE RP?GL, ?LB RFC NJSQ QGEL DMP RFC PCACBGLE RP?GL. )L (@), RFCPC ?PC RUM $MNNJCP QFGDRQrMLC DMP ? KMTGLE QMSPAC ?LB RFC MRFCP DMP ?
KMTGLE M@QCPTCP.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
(1) %LRCP ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM f
obs
= f
s
v
w
v
w
v
s
.
(17.22)
f
obs
= f
s
v
w
v
w
v
s
= (150 Hz)
340 m/s
340 m/s 35.0 m/s
(2) #?JASJ?RC RFC DPCOSCLAW M@QCPTCB @W ? QR?RGML?PW NCPQML ?Q RFC RP?GL ?NNPM?AFCQ.
(17.23)
f
obs
= (150 Hz)(1.11) = 167 Hz
(3) 5QC RFC Q?KC COS?RGML UGRF RFC NJSQ QGEL RM DGLB RFC DPCOSCLAW FC?PB @W ? QR?RGML?PW NCPQML ?Q RFC RP?GL PCACBCQ.
(17.24)
f
obs
= f
s
v
w
v
w
+ v
s
= (150 Hz)
340 m/s
340 m/s + 35.0 m/s
(4) #?JASJ?RC RFC QCAMLB DPCOSCLAW.

(17.25)
f
obs
= (150 Hz)(0.907) = 136 Hz
D?I9KII?ED ED (7)
4FC LSK@CPQ A?JASJ?RCB ?PC T?JGB UFCL RFC RP?GL GQ D?P CLMSEF ?U?W RF?R RFC KMRGML GQ LC?PJW ?JMLE RFC JGLC HMGLGLE RP?GL ?LB M@QCPTCP. )L @MRF
A?QCQ, RFC QFGDR GQ QGELGDGA?LR ?LB C?QGJW LMRGACB. .MRC RF?R RFC QFGDR GQ 17.0 (X DMP KMRGML RMU?PB ?LB 14.0 (X DMP KMRGML ?U?W. 4FC QFGDRQ ?PC LMR
QWKKCRPGA.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
w )R QCCKQ PC?QML?@JC RF?R RFC CLEGLCCP UMSJB PCACGTC RFC Q?KC DPCOSCLAW ?Q CKGRRCB @W RFC FMPL, @CA?SQC RFC PCJ?RGTC TCJMAGRW @CRUCCL
RFCK GQ XCPM.
w 2CJ?RGTC RM RFC KCBGSK (?GP), RFC QNCCBQ ?PC v
s
= v
obs
= 35.0 m/s.
w 4FC DGPQR $MNNJCP QFGDR GQ DMP RFC KMTGLE M@QCPTCP; RFC QCAMLB GQ DMP RFC KMTGLE QMSPAC.
(2) 5QC RFC DMJJMUGLE COS?RGML:
(17.26)
f
obs
=

f
s
v
w
v
obs
v
w
v
w
v
w
v
s
.
4FC OS?LRGRW GL RFC QOS?PC @P?AICRQ GQ RFC $MNNJCP-QFGDRCB DPCOSCLAW BSC RM ? KMTGLE M@QCPTCP. 4FC D?ARMP ML RFC PGEFR GQ RFC CDDCAR MD RFC KMTGLE
QMSPAC.
(3) "CA?SQC RFC RP?GL CLEGLCCP GQ KMTGLE GL RFC BGPCARGML RMU?PB RFC FMPL, UC KSQR SQC RFC NJSQ QGEL DMP v
obs
; FMUCTCP, @CA?SQC RFC FMPL GQ ?JQM
KMTGLE GL RFC BGPCARGML ?U?W DPMK RFC CLEGLCCP, UC ?JQM SQC RFC NJSQ QGEL DMP v
s
. "SR RFC RP?GL GQ A?PPWGLE @MRF RFC CLEGLCCP ?LB RFC FMPL ?R RFC
Q?KC TCJMAGRW, QM v
s
= v
obs
. !Q ? PCQSJR, CTCPWRFGLE @SR f
s
A?LACJQ, WGCJBGLE
(17.27)
f
obs
=f
s
.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (8)
7C K?W CVNCAR RF?R RFCPC GQ LM AF?LEC GL DPCOSCLAW UFCL QMSPAC ?LB M@QCPTCP KMTC RMECRFCP @CA?SQC GR DGRQ WMSP CVNCPGCLAC. &MP CV?KNJC,
RFCPC GQ LM $MNNJCP QFGDR GL RFC DPCOSCLAW MD AMLTCPQ?RGMLQ @CRUCCL BPGTCP ?LB N?QQCLECP ML ? KMRMPAWAJC. 0CMNJC R?JIGLE UFCL ? UGLB KMTCQ
RFC ?GP @CRUCCL RFCK ?JQM M@QCPTC LM $MNNJCP QFGDR GL RFCGP AMLTCPQ?RGML. 4FC APSAG?J NMGLR GQ RF?R QMSPAC ?LB M@QCPTCP ?PC LMR KMTGLE PCJ?RGTC RM
C?AF MRFCP.
3MLGA "MMKQ RM "MU 7?ICQ
7F?R F?NNCLQ RM RFC QMSLB NPMBSACB @W ? KMTGLE QMSPAC, QSAF ?Q ? HCR ?GPNJ?LC, RF?R ?NNPM?AFCQ MP CTCL CVACCBQ RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB? 4FC ?LQUCP
RM RFGQ OSCQRGML ?NNJGCQ LMR MLJW RM QMSLB @SR RM ?JJ MRFCP U?TCQ ?Q UCJJ.
3SNNMQC ? HCR ?GPNJ?LC GQ AMKGLE LC?PJW QRP?GEFR ?R WMS, CKGRRGLE ? QMSLB MD DPCOSCLAW f
s
. 4FC EPC?RCP RFC NJ?LCtQ QNCCB v
s
, RFC EPC?RCP RFC $MNNJCP
QFGDR ?LB RFC EPC?RCP RFC T?JSC M@QCPTCB DMP f
obs
. .MU, ?Q v
s
?NNPM?AFCQ RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB, f
obs
?NNPM?AFCQ GLDGLGRW, @CA?SQC RFC BCLMKGL?RMP
GL f
obs
= f
s
v
w
v
w
v
s
?NNPM?AFCQ XCPM. !R RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB, RFGQ PCQSJR KC?LQ RF?R GL DPMLR MD RFC QMSPAC, C?AF QSAACQQGTC U?TC GQ
QSNCPGKNMQCB ML RFC NPCTGMSQ MLC @CA?SQC RFC QMSPAC KMTCQ DMPU?PB ?R RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB. 4FC M@QCPTCP ECRQ RFCK ?JJ ?R RFC Q?KC GLQR?LR, ?LB QM
RFC DPCOSCLAW GQ GLDGLGRC. ("CDMPC ?GPNJ?LCQ CVACCBCB RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB, QMKC NCMNJC ?PESCB GR UMSJB @C GKNMQQG@JC @CA?SQC QSAF AMLQRPSARGTC
QSNCPNMQGRGML UMSJB NPMBSAC NPCQQSPCQ EPC?R CLMSEF RM BCQRPMW RFC ?GPNJ?LC.) )D RFC QMSPAC CVACCBQ RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB, LM QMSLB GQ PCACGTCB @W RFC
M@QCPTCP SLRGJ RFC QMSPAC F?Q N?QQCB, QM RF?R RFC QMSLBQ DPMK RFC ?NNPM?AFGLE QMSPAC ?PC KGVCB UGRF RFMQC DPMK GR UFCL PCACBGLE. 4FGQ KGVGLE
?NNC?PQ KCQQW, @SR QMKCRFGLE GLRCPCQRGLE F?NNCLQr? QMLGA @MMK GQ APC?RCB. (3CC F?=KH; 17.17.)
600 #(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).'
F?=KH; 17.17 3MSLB U?TCQ DPMK ? QMSPAC RF?R KMTCQ D?QRCP RF?L RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB QNPC?B QNFCPGA?JJW DPMK RFC NMGLR UFCPC RFCW ?PC CKGRRCB, @SR RFC QMSPAC KMTCQ ?FC?B MD
C?AF. #MLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC ?JMLE RFC JGLCQ QFMUL (?ARS?JJW ? AMLC GL RFPCC BGKCLQGMLQ) APC?RCQ ? QFMAI U?TC A?JJCB ? QMLGA @MMK. 4FC D?QRCP RFC QNCCB MD RFC QMSPAC, RFC
QK?JJCP RFC ?LEJC .
4FCPC GQ AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC ?JMLE RFC JGLCQ QFMUL (? AMLC GL RFPCC BGKCLQGMLQ) DPMK QGKGJ?P QMSLB U?TCQ ?PPGTGLE RFCPC QGKSJR?LCMSQJW. 4FGQ
QSNCPNMQGRGML DMPKQ ? BGQRSP@?LAC A?JJCB ? IED?9 8EEC, ? AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC MD QMSLB APC?RCB @W ?L M@HCAR KMTGLE D?QRCP RF?L QMSLB. )LQGBC
RFC AMLC, RFC GLRCPDCPCLAC GQ KMQRJW BCQRPSARGTC, ?LB QM RFC QMSLB GLRCLQGRW RFCPC GQ KSAF JCQQ RF?L ML RFC QFMAI U?TC. !L ?GPAP?DR APC?RCQ RUM QMLGA
@MMKQ, MLC DPMK GRQ LMQC ?LB MLC DPMK GRQ R?GJ. (3CC F?=KH; 17.18.) $SPGLE RCJCTGQGML AMTCP?EC MD QN?AC QFSRRJC J?LBGLEQ, RUM BGQRGLAR @MMKQ AMSJB
MDRCL @C FC?PB. 4FCQC UCPC QCN?P?RCB @W CV?ARJW RFC RGKC GR UMSJB R?IC RFC QFSRRJC RM N?QQ @W ? NMGLR. /@QCPTCPQ ML RFC EPMSLB MDRCL BM LMR QCC RFC
?GPAP?DR APC?RGLE RFC QMLGA @MMK, @CA?SQC GR F?Q N?QQCB @W @CDMPC RFC QFMAI U?TC PC?AFCQ RFCK, ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 17.18. )D RFC ?GPAP?DR DJGCQ AJMQC @W
?R JMU ?JRGRSBC, NPCQQSPCQ GL RFC QMLGA @MMK A?L @C BCQRPSARGTC ?LB @PC?I UGLBMUQ ?Q UCJJ ?Q P?RRJC LCPTCQ. "CA?SQC MD FMU BCQRPSARGTC QMLGA @MMKQ
A?L @C, QSNCPQMLGA DJGEFRQ ?PC @?LLCB MTCP NMNSJ?RCB ?PC?Q MD RFC 5LGRCB 3R?RCQ.
F?=KH; 17.18 4UM QMLGA @MMKQ, APC?RCB @W RFC LMQC ?LB R?GJ MD ?L ?GPAP?DR, ?PC M@QCPTCB ML RFC EPMSLB ?DRCP RFC NJ?LC F?Q N?QQCB @W.
3MLGA @MMKQ ?PC MLC CV?KNJC MD ? @PM?BCP NFCLMKCLML A?JJCB @MU U?ICQ. ! 8EM M7A;, QSAF ?Q RFC MLC GL F?=KH; 17.19, GQ APC?RCB UFCL RFC
U?TC QMSPAC KMTCQ D?QRCP RF?L RFC U?TC NPMN?E?RGML QNCCB. 7?RCP U?TCQ QNPC?B MSR GL AGPAJCQ DPMK RFC NMGLR UFCPC APC?RCB, ?LB RFC @MU U?IC GQ
RFC D?KGJG?P 6-QF?NCB U?IC RP?GJGLE RFC QMSPAC. ! KMPC CVMRGA @MU U?IC GQ APC?RCB UFCL ? QS@?RMKGA N?PRGAJC RP?TCJQ RFPMSEF ? KCBGSK D?QRCP RF?L
RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR RP?TCJQ GL RF?R KCBGSK. ()L ? T?ASSK, RFC K?VGKSK QNCCB MD JGEFR UGJJ @C c = 3.0010
8
m/s ; GL RFC KCBGSK MD U?RCP, RFC QNCCB
MD JGEFR GQ AJMQCP RM 0.75c . )D RFC N?PRGAJC APC?RCQ JGEFR GL GRQ N?QQ?EC, RF?R JGEFR QNPC?BQ ML ? AMLC UGRF ?L ?LEJC GLBGA?RGTC MD RFC QNCCB MD RFC N?PRGAJC,
?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 17.20. 3SAF ? @MU U?IC GQ A?JJCB #CPCLIMT P?BG?RGML ?LB GQ AMKKMLJW M@QCPTCB GL N?PRGAJC NFWQGAQ.
F?=KH; 17.19 "MU U?IC APC?RCB @W ? BSAI. #MLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC NPMBSACQ RFC P?RFCP QRPSARSPCB U?IC, UFGJC RFCPC GQ PCJ?RGTCJW JGRRJC U?TC ?ARGML GLQGBC RFC U?IC, UFCPC
GLRCPDCPCLAC GQ KMQRJW BCQRPSARGTC. (APCBGR: (MPG? 6?PJ?L, &JGAIP)
#(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).' 601
F?=KH; 17.20 4FC @JSC EJMU GL RFGQ PCQC?PAF PC?ARMP NMMJ GQ #CPCLIMT P?BG?RGML A?SQCB @W QS@?RMKGA N?PRGAJCQ RP?TCJGLE D?QRCP RF?L RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR GL U?RCP. (APCBGR: 5.3.
.SAJC?P 2CESJ?RMPW #MKKGQQGML)
$MNNJCP QFGDRQ ?LB QMLGA @MMKQ ?PC GLRCPCQRGLE QMSLB NFCLMKCL? RF?R MAASP GL ?JJ RWNCQ MD U?TCQ. 4FCW A?L @C MD AMLQGBCP?@JC SQC. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC
$MNNJCP QFGDR GL SJRP?QMSLB A?L @C SQCB RM KC?QSPC @JMMB TCJMAGRW, UFGJC NMJGAC SQC RFC $MNNJCP QFGDR GL P?B?P (? KGAPMU?TC) RM KC?QSPC A?P TCJMAGRGCQ.
)L KCRCMPMJMEW, RFC $MNNJCP QFGDR GQ SQCB RM RP?AI RFC KMRGML MD QRMPK AJMSBQ; QSAF u$MNNJCP 2?B?Pv A?L EGTC TCJMAGRW ?LB BGPCARGML ?LB P?GL MP QLMU
NMRCLRG?J MD GKNMQGLE UC?RFCP DPMLRQ. )L ?QRPMLMKW, UC A?L CV?KGLC RFC JGEFR CKGRRCB DPMK BGQR?LR E?J?VGCQ ?LB BCRCPKGLC RFCGP QNCCB PCJ?RGTC RM MSPQ.
!Q E?J?VGCQ KMTC ?U?W DPMK SQ, RFCGP JGEFR GQ QFGDRCB RM ? JMUCP DPCOSCLAW, ?LB QM RM ? JMLECP U?TCJCLERFrRFC QM-A?JJCB PCB QFGDR. 3SAF GLDMPK?RGML
DPMK E?J?VGCQ D?P, D?P ?U?W F?Q ?JJMUCB SQ RM CQRGK?RC RFC ?EC MD RFC SLGTCPQC (DPMK RFC "GE "?LE) ?Q ?@MSR 14 @GJJGML WC?PQ.
7FW BGB QAGCLRGQR #FPGQRG?L $MNNJCP M@QCPTC KSQGAG?LQ @MRF ML ? KMTGLE RP?GL ?LB ?JQM DPMK ? QR?RGML?PW NMGLR LMR ML RFC RP?GL?
,EBKJ?ED
$MNNJCP LCCBCB RM AMKN?PC RFC NCPACNRGML MD QMSLB UFCL RFC M@QCPTCP GQ QR?RGML?PW ?LB RFC QMSLB QMSPAC KMTCQ, ?Q UCJJ ?Q UFCL RFC QMSLB
QMSPAC ?LB RFC M@QCPTCP ?PC @MRF GL KMRGML.
$CQAPG@C ? QGRS?RGML GL WMSP JGDC UFCL WMS KGEFR PCJW ML RFC $MNNJCP QFGDR RM FCJN WMS CGRFCP UFGJC BPGTGLE ? A?P MP U?JIGLE LC?P RP?DDGA.
,EBKJ?ED
)D ) ?K BPGTGLE ?LB ) FC?P $MNNJCP QFGDR GL ?L ?K@SJ?LAC QGPCL, ) UMSJB @C ?@JC RM RCJJ UFCL GR U?Q ECRRGLE AJMQCP ?LB ?JQM GD GR F?Q N?QQCB @W. 4FGQ
UMSJB FCJN KC RM ILMU UFCRFCP ) LCCBCB RM NSJJ MTCP ?LB JCR RFC ?K@SJ?LAC RFPMSEF.
17.5 ,EKD: "DJ;H<;H;D9; 7D: +;IED7D9;: ,J7D:?D= 07L;I ?D A?H CEBKCDI
F?=KH; 17.21 3MKC RWNCQ MD FC?BNFMLCQ SQC RFC NFCLMKCL? MD AMLQRPSARGTC ?LB BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC RM A?LACJ MSR MSRQGBC LMGQCQ. (APCBGR: *6# !KCPGA?, &JGAIP)
)LRCPDCPCLAC GQ RFC F?JJK?PI MD U?TCQ, ?JJ MD UFGAF CVFG@GR AMLQRPSARGTC ?LB BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC CV?ARJW ?L?JMEMSQ RM RF?R QCCL DMP U?RCP U?TCQ. )L
D?AR, MLC U?W RM NPMTC QMKCRFGLE uGQ ? U?TCv GQ RM M@QCPTC GLRCPDCPCLAC CDDCARQ. 3M, QMSLB @CGLE ? U?TC, UC CVNCAR GR RM CVFG@GR GLRCPDCPCLAC; UC F?TC
?JPC?BW KCLRGMLCB ? DCU QSAF CDDCARQ, QSAF ?Q RFC @C?RQ DPMK RUM QGKGJ?P LMRCQ NJ?WCB QGKSJR?LCMSQJW.
F?=KH; 17.22 QFMUQ ? AJCTCP SQC MD QMSLB GLRCPDCPCLAC RM A?LACJ LMGQC. ,?PECP-QA?JC ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD ?ARGTC LMGQC PCBSARGML @W BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC
?PC AMLRCKNJ?RCB DMP CLRGPC N?QQCLECP AMKN?PRKCLRQ GL AMKKCPAG?J ?GPAP?DR. 4M M@R?GL BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC, ? D?QR CJCARPMLGA ?L?JWQGQ GQ
NCPDMPKCB, ?LB ? QCAMLB QMSLB GQ GLRPMBSACB UGRF GRQ K?VGK? ?LB KGLGK? CV?ARJW PCTCPQCB DPMK RFC GLAMKGLE LMGQC. 3MSLB U?TCQ GL DJSGBQ ?PC
NPCQQSPC U?TCQ ?LB AMLQGQRCLR UGRF 0?QA?JtQ NPGLAGNJC; NPCQQSPCQ DPMK RUM BGDDCPCLR QMSPACQ ?BB ?LB QS@RP?AR JGIC QGKNJC LSK@CPQ; RF?R GQ, NMQGRGTC
602 #(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).'
?LB LCE?RGTC E?SEC NPCQQSPCQ ?BB RM ? KSAF QK?JJCP NPCQQSPC, NPMBSAGLE ? JMUCP-GLRCLQGRW QMSLB. !JRFMSEF AMKNJCRCJW BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC GQ
NMQQG@JC MLJW SLBCP RFC QGKNJCQR AMLBGRGMLQ, GR GQ NMQQG@JC RM PCBSAC LMGQC JCTCJQ @W 30 B" MP KMPC SQGLE RFGQ RCAFLGOSC.
F?=KH; 17.22 (C?BNFMLCQ BCQGELCB RM A?LACJ LMGQC UGRF BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC APC?RC ? QMSLB U?TC CV?ARJW MNNMQGRC RM RFC GLAMKGLE QMSLB. 4FCQC FC?BNFMLCQ A?L @C
KMPC CDDCARGTC RF?L RFC QGKNJC N?QQGTC ?RRCLS?RGML SQCB GL KMQR C?P NPMRCARGML. 3SAF FC?BNFMLCQ UCPC SQCB ML RFC PCAMPB-QCRRGLE, ?PMSLB RFC UMPJB LMLQRMN DJGEFR MD RFC
6MW?ECP ?GPAP?DR RM NPMRCAR RFC NGJMRQt FC?PGLE DPMK CLEGLC LMGQC.
7FCPC CJQC A?L UC M@QCPTC QMSLB GLRCPDCPCLAC? !JJ QMSLB PCQML?LACQ, QSAF ?Q GL KSQGA?J GLQRPSKCLRQ, ?PC BSC RM AMLQRPSARGTC ?LB BCQRPSARGTC
GLRCPDCPCLAC. /LJW RFC PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAGCQ GLRCPDCPC AMLQRPSARGTCJW RM DMPK QR?LBGLE U?TCQ, UFGJC MRFCPQ GLRCPDCPC BCQRPSARGTCJW ?LB ?PC ?@QCLR. &PMK
RFC RMMR K?BC @W @JMUGLE MTCP ? @MRRJC, RM RFC AF?P?ARCPGQRGA DJ?TMP MD ? TGMJGLtQ QMSLBGLE @MV, RM RFC PCAMELGX?@GJGRW MD ? EPC?R QGLECPtQ TMGAC, PCQML?LAC
?LB QR?LBGLE U?TCQ NJ?W ? TGR?J PMJC.
)LRCPDCPCLAC
)LRCPDCPCLAC GQ QSAF ? DSLB?KCLR?J ?QNCAR MD U?TCQ RF?R M@QCPTGLE GLRCPDCPCLAC GQ NPMMD RF?R QMKCRFGLE GQ ? U?TC. 4FC U?TC L?RSPC MD JGEFR U?Q
CQR?@JGQFCB @W CVNCPGKCLRQ QFMUGLE GLRCPDCPCLAC. 3GKGJ?PJW, UFCL CJCARPMLQ QA?RRCPCB DPMK APWQR?JQ CVFG@GRCB GLRCPDCPCLAC, RFCGP U?TC L?RSPC U?Q
AMLDGPKCB RM @C CV?ARJW ?Q NPCBGARCB @W QWKKCRPW UGRF ACPR?GL U?TC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD JGEFR.
3SNNMQC UC FMJB ? RSLGLE DMPI LC?P RFC CLB MD ? RS@C RF?R GQ AJMQCB ?R RFC MRFCP CLB, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 17.23, F?=KH; 17.24, F?=KH; 17.25, ?LB
F?=KH; 17.26. )D RFC RSLGLE DMPI F?Q HSQR RFC PGEFR DPCOSCLAW, RFC ?GP AMJSKL GL RFC RS@C PCQML?RCQ JMSBJW, @SR ?R KMQR DPCOSCLAGCQ GR TG@P?RCQ TCPW JGRRJC.
4FGQ M@QCPT?RGML HSQR KC?LQ RF?R RFC ?GP AMJSKL F?Q MLJW ACPR?GL L?RSP?J DPCOSCLAGCQ. 4FC DGESPCQ QFMU FMU ? PCQML?LAC ?R RFC JMUCQR MD RFCQC
L?RSP?J DPCOSCLAGCQ GQ DMPKCB. ! BGQRSP@?LAC RP?TCJQ BMUL RFC RS@C ?R RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB ?LB @MSLACQ MDD RFC AJMQCB CLB. )D RFC RS@C GQ HSQR RFC PGEFR
JCLERF, RFC PCDJCARCB QMSLB ?PPGTCQ @?AI ?R RFC RSLGLE DMPI CV?ARJW F?JD ? AWAJC J?RCP, ?LB GR GLRCPDCPCQ AMLQRPSARGTCJW UGRF RFC AMLRGLSGLE QMSLB NPMBSACB
@W RFC RSLGLE DMPI. 4FC GLAMKGLE ?LB PCDJCARCB QMSLBQ DMPK ? QR?LBGLE U?TC GL RFC RS@C ?Q QFMUL.
F?=KH; 17.23 2CQML?LAC MD ?GP GL ? RS@C AJMQCB ?R MLC CLB, A?SQCB @W ? RSLGLE DMPI. ! BGQRSP@?LAC KMTCQ BMUL RFC RS@C.
F?=KH; 17.24 2CQML?LAC MD ?GP GL ? RS@C AJMQCB ?R MLC CLB, A?SQCB @W ? RSLGLE DMPI. 4FC BGQRSP@?LAC PCDJCARQ DPMK RFC AJMQCB CLB MD RFC RS@C.
#(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).' 603
F?=KH; 17.25 2CQML?LAC MD ?GP GL ? RS@C AJMQCB ?R MLC CLB, A?SQCB @W ? RSLGLE DMPI. )D RFC JCLERF MD RFC RS@C L GQ HSQR PGEFR, RFC BGQRSP@?LAC ECRQ @?AI RM RFC RSLGLE DMPI F?JD ?
AWAJC J?RCP ?LB GLRCPDCPCQ AMLQRPSARGTCJW UGRF RFC AMLRGLSGLE QMSLB DPMK RFC RSLGLE DMPI. 4FGQ GLRCPDCPCLAC DMPKQ ? QR?LBGLE U?TC, ?LB RFC ?GP AMJSKL PCQML?RCQ.
F?=KH; 17.26 2CQML?LAC MD ?GP GL ? RS@C AJMQCB ?R MLC CLB, A?SQCB @W ? RSLGLE DMPI. ! EP?NF MD ?GP BGQNJ?ACKCLR ?JMLE RFC JCLERF MD RFC RS@C QFMUQ LMLC ?R RFC AJMQCB CLB,
UFCPC RFC KMRGML GQ AMLQRP?GLCB, ?LB ? K?VGKSK ?R RFC MNCL CLB. 4FGQ QR?LBGLE U?TC F?Q MLC-DMSPRF MD GRQ U?TCJCLERF GL RFC RS@C, QM RF?R = 4L .
4FC QR?LBGLE U?TC DMPKCB GL RFC RS@C F?Q GRQ K?VGKSK ?GP BGQNJ?ACKCLR (?L 7DJ?DE:;) ?R RFC MNCL CLB, UFCPC KMRGML GQ SLAMLQRP?GLCB, ?LB LM
BGQNJ?ACKCLR (? DE:;) ?R RFC AJMQCB CLB, UFCPC ?GP KMTCKCLR GQ F?JRCB. 4FC BGQR?LAC DPMK ? LMBC RM ?L ?LRGLMBC GQ MLC-DMSPRF MD ? U?TCJCLERF, ?LB
RFGQ COS?JQ RFC JCLERF MD RFC RS@C; RFSQ, = 4L . 4FGQ Q?KC PCQML?LAC A?L @C NPMBSACB @W ? TG@P?RGML GLRPMBSACB ?R MP LC?P RFC AJMQCB CLB MD RFC
RS@C, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 17.27. )R GQ @CQR RM AMLQGBCP RFGQ ? L?RSP?J TG@P?RGML MD RFC ?GP AMJSKL GLBCNCLBCLRJW MD FMU GR GQ GLBSACB.
F?=KH; 17.27 4FC Q?KC QR?LBGLE U?TC GQ APC?RCB GL RFC RS@C @W ? TG@P?RGML GLRPMBSACB LC?P GRQ AJMQCB CLB.
'GTCL RF?R K?VGKSK ?GP BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ ?PC NMQQG@JC ?R RFC MNCL CLB ?LB LMLC ?R RFC AJMQCB CLB, RFCPC ?PC MRFCP, QFMPRCP U?TCJCLERFQ RF?R A?L
PCQML?RC GL RFC RS@C, QSAF ?Q RFC MLC QFMUL GL F?=KH; 17.28. (CPC RFC QR?LBGLE U?TC F?Q RFPCC-DMSPRFQ MD GRQ U?TCJCLERF GL RFC RS@C, MP
L = (3 / 4) , QM RF?R = 4L / 3 . #MLRGLSGLE RFGQ NPMACQQ PCTC?JQ ? UFMJC QCPGCQ MD QFMPRCP-U?TCJCLERF ?LB FGEFCP-DPCOSCLAW QMSLBQ RF?R
PCQML?RC GL RFC RS@C. 7C SQC QNCAGDGA RCPKQ DMP RFC PCQML?LACQ GL ?LW QWQRCK. 4FC JMUCQR PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAW GQ A?JJCB RFC <KD:7C;DJ7B, UFGJC ?JJ
FGEFCP PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAGCQ ?PC A?JJCB EL;HJED;I. !JJ PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAGCQ ?PC GLRCEP?J KSJRGNJCQ MD RFC DSLB?KCLR?J, ?LB RFCW ?PC AMJJCARGTCJW A?JJCB
>7HCED?9I. 4FC DSLB?KCLR?J GQ RFC DGPQR F?PKMLGA, RFC DGPQR MTCPRMLC GQ RFC QCAMLB F?PKMLGA, ?LB QM ML. F?=KH; 17.29 QFMUQ RFC DSLB?KCLR?J ?LB
RFC DGPQR RFPCC MTCPRMLCQ (RFC DGPQR DMSP F?PKMLGAQ) GL ? RS@C AJMQCB ?R MLC CLB.
604 #(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).'
F?=KH; 17.28 !LMRFCP PCQML?LAC DMP ? RS@C AJMQCB ?R MLC CLB. 4FGQ F?Q K?VGKSK ?GP BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ ?R RFC MNCL CLB, ?LB LMLC ?R RFC AJMQCB CLB. 4FC U?TCJCLERF GQ QFMPRCP,
UGRF RFPCC-DMSPRFQ COS?JGLE RFC JCLERF MD RFC RS@C, QM RF?R = 4L / 3 . 4FGQ FGEFCP-DPCOSCLAW TG@P?RGML GQ RFC DGPQR MTCPRMLC.
F?=KH; 17.29 4FC DSLB?KCLR?J ?LB RFPCC JMUCQR MTCPRMLCQ DMP ? RS@C AJMQCB ?R MLC CLB. !JJ F?TC K?VGKSK ?GP BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ ?R RFC MNCL CLB ?LB LMLC ?R RFC AJMQCB CLB.
4FC DSLB?KCLR?J ?LB MTCPRMLCQ A?L @C NPCQCLR QGKSJR?LCMSQJW GL ? T?PGCRW MD AMK@GL?RGMLQ. &MP CV?KNJC, KGBBJC # ML ? RPSKNCR F?Q ? QMSLB
BGQRGLARGTCJW BGDDCPCLR DPMK KGBBJC # ML ? AJ?PGLCR, @MRF GLQRPSKCLRQ @CGLE KMBGDGCB TCPQGMLQ MD ? RS@C AJMQCB ?R MLC CLB. 4FC DSLB?KCLR?J DPCOSCLAW GQ
RFC Q?KC (?LB SQS?JJW RFC KMQR GLRCLQC), @SR RFC MTCPRMLCQ ?LB RFCGP KGV MD GLRCLQGRGCQ ?PC BGDDCPCLR ?LB QS@HCAR RM QF?BGLE @W RFC KSQGAG?L. 4FGQ KGV
GQ UF?R EGTCQ T?PGMSQ KSQGA?J GLQRPSKCLRQ (?LB FSK?L TMGACQ) RFCGP BGQRGLARGTC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ, UFCRFCP RFCW F?TC ?GP AMJSKLQ, QRPGLEQ, QMSLBGLE
@MVCQ, MP BPSKFC?BQ. )L D?AR, KSAF MD MSP QNCCAF GQ BCRCPKGLCB @W QF?NGLE RFC A?TGRW DMPKCB @W RFC RFPM?R ?LB KMSRF ?LB NMQGRGMLGLE RFC RMLESC RM
?BHSQR RFC DSLB?KCLR?J ?LB AMK@GL?RGML MD MTCPRMLCQ. 3GKNJC PCQML?LR A?TGRGCQ A?L @C K?BC RM PCQML?RC UGRF RFC QMSLB MD RFC TMUCJQ, DMP CV?KNJC.
(3CC F?=KH; 17.30.) )L @MWQ, ?R NS@CPRW, RFC J?PWLV EPMUQ ?LB RFC QF?NC MD RFC PCQML?LR A?TGRW AF?LECQ EGTGLE PGQC RM RFC BGDDCPCLAC GL NPCBMKGL?LR
DPCOSCLAGCQ GL QNCCAF @CRUCCL KCL ?LB UMKCL.
F?=KH; 17.30 4FC RFPM?R ?LB KMSRF DMPK ?L ?GP AMJSKL AJMQCB ?R MLC CLB RF?R PCQML?RCQ GL PCQNMLQC RM TG@P?RGMLQ GL RFC TMGAC @MV. 4FC QNCARPSK MD MTCPRMLCQ ?LB RFCGP
GLRCLQGRGCQ T?PW UGRF KMSRF QF?NGLE ?LB RMLESC NMQGRGML RM DMPK BGDDCPCLR QMSLBQ. 4FC TMGAC @MV A?L @C PCNJ?ACB UGRF ? KCAF?LGA?J TG@P?RMP, ?LB SLBCPQR?LB?@JC QNCCAF GQ QRGJJ
NMQQG@JC. 6?PG?RGMLQ GL @?QGA QF?NCQ K?IC BGDDCPCLR TMGACQ PCAMELGX?@JC.
.MU JCR SQ JMMI DMP ? N?RRCPL GL RFC PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAGCQ DMP ? QGKNJC RS@C RF?R GQ AJMQCB ?R MLC CLB. 4FC DSLB?KCLR?J F?Q = 4L , ?LB DPCOSCLAW GQ
PCJ?RCB RM U?TCJCLERF ?LB RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB ?Q EGTCL @W:
(17.28)
v
w
= f.
3MJTGLE DMP f GL RFGQ COS?RGML EGTCQ
(17.29)
f =
v
w
=
v
w
4L
,
UFCPC v
w
GQ RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB GL ?GP. 3GKGJ?PJW, RFC DGPQR MTCPRMLC F?Q = 4L / 3 (QCC F?=KH; 17.29), QM RF?R
(17.30)
f = 3
v
w
4L
= 3f .
"CA?SQC f = 3f , UC A?JJ RFC DGPQR MTCPRMLC RFC RFGPB F?PKMLGA. #MLRGLSGLE RFGQ NPMACQQ, UC QCC ? N?RRCPL RF?R A?L @C ECLCP?JGXCB GL ? QGLEJC
CVNPCQQGML. 4FC PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAGCQ MD ? RS@C AJMQCB ?R MLC CLB ?PC
(17.31)
f
n
= n
v
w
4L
, n = 1,3,5,
UFCPC f
1
GQ RFC DSLB?KCLR?J, f
3
GQ RFC DGPQR MTCPRMLC, ?LB QM ML. )R GQ GLRCPCQRGLE RF?R RFC PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAGCQ BCNCLB ML RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB ?LB,
FCLAC, ML RCKNCP?RSPC. 4FGQ BCNCLBCLAC NMQCQ ? LMRGAC?@JC NPM@JCK DMP MPE?LQ GL MJB SLFC?RCB A?RFCBP?JQ, ?LB GR GQ ?JQM RFC PC?QML UFW KSQGAG?LQ
AMKKMLJW @PGLE RFCGP UGLB GLQRPSKCLRQ RM PMMK RCKNCP?RSPC @CDMPC NJ?WGLE RFCK.
#(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).' 605
EN7CFB; 17.5 F?D: J>; %;D=J> E< 7 -K8; M?J> 7 128 !P FKD:7C;DJ7B
(?) 7F?R JCLERF QFMSJB ? RS@C AJMQCB ?R MLC CLB F?TC ML ? B?W UFCL RFC ?GP RCKNCP?RSPC, GQ 22.0C, GD GRQ DSLB?KCLR?J DPCOSCLAW GQ RM @C 128
(X (# @CJMU KGBBJC #)?
(@) 7F?R GQ RFC DPCOSCLAW MD GRQ DMSPRF MTCPRMLC?
,JH7J;=O
4FC JCLERF L A?L @C DMSLB DPMK RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN GL f
n
= n
v
w
4L
, @SR UC UGJJ DGPQR LCCB RM DGLB RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB v
w
.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
w RFC DSLB?KCLR?J DPCOSCLAW GQ 128 (X
w RFC ?GP RCKNCP?RSPC GQ 22.0C
(2) 5QC f
n
= n
v
w
4L
RM DGLB RFC DSLB?KCLR?J DPCOSCLAW ( n = 1 ).
(17.32)
f
1
=
v
w
4L
(3) 3MJTC RFGQ COS?RGML DMP JCLERF.
(17.33)
L =
v
w
4f
1
(4) &GLB RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB SQGLE v
w
= (331 m/s)
T
273 K
.
(17.34)
v
w
= (331 m/s)
295 K
273 K
= 344 m/s
(5) %LRCP RFC T?JSCQ MD RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB ?LB DPCOSCLAW GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP L .
(17.35)
L =
v
w
4f
1
=
344 m/s
4(128 Hz)
= 0.672 m
D?I9KII?ED ED (7)
-?LW UGLB GLQRPSKCLRQ ?PC KMBGDGCB RS@CQ RF?R F?TC DGLECP FMJCQ, T?JTCQ, ?LB MRFCP BCTGACQ DMP AF?LEGLE RFC JCLERF MD RFC PCQML?RGLE ?GP AMJSKL
?LB FCLAC, RFC DPCOSCLAW MD RFC LMRC NJ?WCB. (MPLQ NPMBSAGLE TCPW JMU DPCOSCLAGCQ, QSAF ?Q RS@?Q, PCOSGPC RS@CQ QM JMLE RF?R RFCW ?PC AMGJCB GLRM
JMMNQ.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
w RFC DGPQR MTCPRMLC F?Q n = 3
w RFC QCAMLB MTCPRMLC F?Q n = 5
w RFC RFGPB MTCPRMLC F?Q n = 7
w RFC DMSPRF MTCPRMLC F?Q n = 9
(2) %LRCP RFC T?JSC DMP RFC DMSPRF MTCPRMLC GLRM f
n
= n
v
w
4L
.
(17.36)
f
9
= 9
v
w
4L
= 9f
1
= 1.15 kHz
D?I9KII?ED ED (8)
7FCRFCP RFGQ MTCPRMLC MAASPQ GL ? QGKNJC RS@C MP ? KSQGA?J GLQRPSKCLR BCNCLBQ ML FMU GR GQ QRGKSJ?RCB RM TG@P?RC ?LB RFC BCR?GJQ MD GRQ QF?NC. 4FC
RPMK@MLC, DMP CV?KNJC, BMCQ LMR NPMBSAC GRQ DSLB?KCLR?J DPCOSCLAW ?LB MLJW K?ICQ MTCPRMLCQ.
!LMRFCP RWNC MD RS@C GQ MLC RF?R GQ BC8A ?R @MRF CLBQ. %V?KNJCQ ?PC QMKC MPE?L NGNCQ, DJSRCQ, ?LB M@MCQ. 4FC PCQML?LACQ MD RS@CQ MNCL ?R @MRF
CLBQ A?L @C ?L?JWXCB GL ? TCPW QGKGJ?P D?QFGML RM RFMQC DMP RS@CQ AJMQCB ?R MLC CLB. 4FC ?GP AMJSKLQ GL RS@CQ MNCL ?R @MRF CLBQ F?TC K?VGKSK ?GP
BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ ?R @MRF CLBQ, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 17.31. 3R?LBGLE U?TCQ DMPK ?Q QFMUL.
606 #(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).'
F?=KH; 17.31 4FC PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAGCQ MD ? RS@C MNCL ?R @MRF CLBQ ?PC QFMUL, GLAJSBGLE RFC DSLB?KCLR?J ?LB RFC DGPQR RFPCC MTCPRMLCQ. )L ?JJ A?QCQ RFC K?VGKSK ?GP
BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ MAASP ?R @MRF CLBQ MD RFC RS@C, EGTGLE GR BGDDCPCLR L?RSP?J DPCOSCLAGCQ RF?L ? RS@C AJMQCB ?R MLC CLB.
"?QCB ML RFC D?AR RF?R ? RS@C MNCL ?R @MRF CLBQ F?Q K?VGKSK ?GP BGQNJ?ACKCLRQ ?R @MRF CLBQ, ?LB SQGLE F?=KH; 17.31 ?Q ? ESGBC, UC A?L QCC RF?R
RFC PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAGCQ MD ? RS@C MNCL ?R @MRF CLBQ ?PC:
(17.37)
f
n
= n
v
w
2L
, n = 1, 2, 3...,
UFCPC f
1
GQ RFC DSLB?KCLR?J, f
2
GQ RFC DGPQR MTCPRMLC, f
3
GQ RFC QCAMLB MTCPRMLC, ?LB QM ML. .MRC RF?R ? RS@C MNCL ?R @MRF CLBQ F?Q ? DSLB?KCLR?J
DPCOSCLAW RUGAC UF?R GR UMSJB F?TC GD AJMQCB ?R MLC CLB. )R ?JQM F?Q ? BGDDCPCLR QNCARPSK MD MTCPRMLCQ RF?L ? RS@C AJMQCB ?R MLC CLB. 3M GD WMS F?B RUM
RS@CQ UGRF RFC Q?KC DSLB?KCLR?J DPCOSCLAW @SR MLC U?Q MNCL ?R @MRF CLBQ ?LB RFC MRFCP U?Q AJMQCB ?R MLC CLB, RFCW UMSJB QMSLB BGDDCPCLR UFCL
NJ?WCB @CA?SQC RFCW F?TC BGDDCPCLR MTCPRMLCQ. -GBBJC #, DMP CV?KNJC, UMSJB QMSLB PGAFCP NJ?WCB ML ?L MNCL RS@C, @CA?SQC GR F?Q CTCL KSJRGNJCQ MD
RFC DSLB?KCLR?J ?Q UCJJ ?Q MBB. ! AJMQCB RS@C F?Q MLJW MBB KSJRGNJCQ.
2C?J-7MPJB !NNJGA?RGMLQ: 2CQML?LAC GL %TCPWB?W 3WQRCKQ
2CQML?LAC MAASPQ GL K?LW BGDDCPCLR QWQRCKQ, GLAJSBGLE QRPGLEQ, ?GP AMJSKLQ, ?LB ?RMKQ. 2CQML?LAC GQ RFC BPGTCL MP DMPACB MQAGJJ?RGML MD ? QWQRCK
?R GRQ L?RSP?J DPCOSCLAW. !R PCQML?LAC, CLCPEW GQ RP?LQDCPPCB P?NGBJW RM RFC MQAGJJ?RGLE QWQRCK, ?LB RFC ?KNJGRSBC MD GRQ MQAGJJ?RGMLQ EPMUQ SLRGJ RFC
QWQRCK A?L LM JMLECP @C BCQAPG@CB @W (MMICtQ J?U. !L CV?KNJC MD RFGQ GQ RFC BGQRMPRCB QMSLB GLRCLRGML?JJW NPMBSACB GL ACPR?GL RWNCQ MD PMAI
KSQGA.
7GLB GLQRPSKCLRQ SQC PCQML?LAC GL ?GP AMJSKLQ RM ?KNJGDW RMLCQ K?BC @W JGNQ MP TG@P?RGLE PCCBQ. /RFCP GLQRPSKCLRQ ?JQM SQC ?GP PCQML?LAC GL AJCTCP
U?WQ RM ?KNJGDW QMSLB. F?=KH; 17.32 QFMUQ ? TGMJGL ?LB ? ESGR?P, @MRF MD UFGAF F?TC QMSLBGLE @MVCQ @SR UGRF BGDDCPCLR QF?NCQ, PCQSJRGLE GL BGDDCPCLR
MTCPRMLC QRPSARSPCQ. 4FC TG@P?RGLE QRPGLE APC?RCQ ? QMSLB RF?R PCQML?RCQ GL RFC QMSLBGLE @MV, EPC?RJW ?KNJGDWGLE RFC QMSLB ?LB APC?RGLE MTCPRMLCQ RF?R
EGTC RFC GLQRPSKCLR GRQ AF?P?ARCPGQRGA DJ?TMP. 4FC KMPC AMKNJCV RFC QF?NC MD RFC QMSLBGLE @MV, RFC EPC?RCP GRQ ?@GJGRW RM PCQML?RC MTCP ? UGBC P?LEC MD
DPCOSCLAGCQ. 4FC K?PGK@?, JGIC RFC MLC QFMUL GL F?=KH; 17.33 SQCQ NMRQ MP EMSPBQ @CJMU RFC UMMBCL QJ?RQ RM ?KNJGDW RFCGP RMLCQ. 4FC PCQML?LAC MD
RFC NMR A?L @C ?BHSQRCB @W ?BBGLE U?RCP.
F?=KH; 17.32 3RPGLE GLQRPSKCLRQ QSAF ?Q TGMJGLQ ?LB ESGR?PQ SQC PCQML?LAC GL RFCGP QMSLBGLE @MVCQ RM ?KNJGDW ?LB CLPGAF RFC QMSLB APC?RCB @W RFCGP TG@P?RGLE QRPGLEQ. 4FC
@PGBEC ?LB QSNNMPRQ AMSNJC RFC QRPGLE TG@P?RGMLQ RM RFC QMSLBGLE @MVCQ ?LB ?GP UGRFGL. (APCBGRQ: ESGR?P, &CJGAG?LM 'SGK?PCQ, &MRMNCBG?; TGMJGL, 3RCTC 3LMBEP?QQ, &JGAIP)
#(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).' 607
F?=KH; 17.33 2CQML?LAC F?Q @CCL SQCB GL KSQGA?J GLQRPSKCLRQ QGLAC NPCFGQRMPGA RGKCQ. 4FGQ K?PGK@? SQCQ EMSPBQ ?Q PCQML?LAC AF?K@CPQ RM ?KNJGDW GRQ QMSLB. (APCBGR: !0#
%TCLRQ, &JGAIP)
7C F?TC CKNF?QGXCB QMSLB ?NNJGA?RGMLQ GL MSP BGQASQQGMLQ MD PCQML?LAC ?LB QR?LBGLE U?TCQ, @SR RFCQC GBC?Q ?NNJW RM ?LW QWQRCK RF?R F?Q U?TC
AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ. 6G@P?RGLE QRPGLEQ, DMP CV?KNJC, ?PC ?ARS?JJW PCQML?RGLE ?LB F?TC DSLB?KCLR?JQ ?LB MTCPRMLCQ QGKGJ?P RM RFMQC DMP ?GP AMJSKLQ. -MPC
QS@RJC ?PC RFC PCQML?LACQ GL ?RMKQ BSC RM RFC U?TC AF?P?ARCP MD RFCGP CJCARPMLQ. 4FCGP MP@GR?JQ A?L @C TGCUCB ?Q QR?LBGLE U?TCQ, UFGAF F?TC ?
DSLB?KCLR?J (EPMSLB QR?RC) ?LB MTCPRMLCQ (CVAGRCB QR?RCQ). )R GQ D?QAGL?RGLE RF?R U?TC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ ?NNJW RM QSAF ? UGBC P?LEC MD NFWQGA?J QWQRCKQ.
$CQAPG@C FMU LMGQC-A?LACJGLE FC?BNFMLCQ BGDDCP DPMK QR?LB?PB FC?BNFMLCQ SQCB RM @JMAI MSRQGBC QMSLBQ.
,EBKJ?ED
2CESJ?P FC?BNFMLCQ MLJW @JMAI QMSLB U?TCQ UGRF ? NFWQGA?J @?PPGCP. .MGQC-A?LACJGLE FC?BNFMLCQ SQC BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC RM PCBSAC RFC
JMSBLCQQ MD MSRQGBC QMSLBQ.
(MU GQ GR NMQQG@JC RM SQC ? QR?LBGLE U?TC'Q LMBC ?LB ?LRGLMBC RM BCRCPKGLC RFC JCLERF MD ? AJMQCB-CLB RS@C?
,EBKJ?ED
7FCL RFC RS@C PCQML?RCQ ?R GRQ L?RSP?J DPCOSCLAW, RFC U?TC'Q LMBC GQ JMA?RCB ?R RFC AJMQCB CLB MD RFC RS@C, ?LB RFC ?LRGLMBC GQ JMA?RCB ?R RFC
MNCL CLB. 4FC JCLERF MD RFC RS@C GQ COS?J RM MLC-DMSPRF MD RFC U?TCJCLERF MD RFGQ U?TC. 4FSQ, GD UC ILMU RFC U?TCJCLERF MD RFC U?TC, UC A?L
BCRCPKGLC RFC JCLERF MD RFC RS@C.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: 3MSLB
4FGQ QGKSJ?RGML JCRQ WMS QCC QMSLB U?TCQ. !BHSQR RFC DPCOSCLAW MP TMJSKC ?LB WMS A?L QCC ?LB FC?P FMU RFC U?TC AF?LECQ. -MTC RFC JGQRCLCP
?PMSLB ?LB FC?P UF?R QFC FC?PQ.
F?=KH; 17.34 ,EKD: (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42296/1.4/IEKD:6;D.@7H)
17.6 !;7H?D=
F?=KH; 17.35 (C?PGLE ?JJMUQ RFGQ TMA?JGQR, FGQ @?LB, ?LB FGQ D?LQ RM CLHMW KSQGA. (APCBGR: 7CQR 0MGLR 0S@JGA !DD?GPQ, &JGAIP)
608 #(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).'
4FC FSK?L C?P F?Q ? RPCKCLBMSQ P?LEC ?LB QCLQGRGTGRW. )R A?L EGTC SQ ? UC?JRF MD QGKNJC GLDMPK?RGMLrQSAF ?Q NGRAF, JMSBLCQQ, ?LB BGPCARGML. !LB
DPMK GRQ GLNSR UC A?L BCRCAR KSQGA?J OS?JGRW ?LB LS?LACQ MD TMGACB CKMRGML. (MU GQ MSP FC?PGLE PCJ?RCB RM RFC NFWQGA?J OS?JGRGCQ MD QMSLB, ?LB FMU
BMCQ RFC FC?PGLE KCAF?LGQK UMPI?
!;7H?D= GQ RFC NCPACNRGML MD QMSLB. (0CPACNRGML GQ AMKKMLJW BCDGLCB RM @C ?U?PCLCQQ RFPMSEF RFC QCLQCQ, ? RWNGA?JJW AGPASJ?P BCDGLGRGML MD FGEFCP-
JCTCJ NPMACQQCQ GL JGTGLE MPE?LGQKQ.) .MPK?J FSK?L FC?PGLE CLAMKN?QQCQ DPCOSCLAGCQ DPMK 20 RM 20,000 (X, ?L GKNPCQQGTC P?LEC. 3MSLBQ @CJMU 20
(X ?PC A?JJCB ?D<H7IEKD:, UFCPC?Q RFMQC ?@MTC 20,000 (X ?PC KBJH7IEKD:. .CGRFCP GQ NCPACGTCB @W RFC C?P, ?JRFMSEF GLDP?QMSLB A?L QMKCRGKCQ @C
DCJR ?Q TG@P?RGMLQ. 7FCL UC BM FC?P JMU-DPCOSCLAW TG@P?RGMLQ, QSAF ?Q RFC QMSLBQ MD ? BGTGLE @M?PB, UC FC?P RFC GLBGTGBS?J TG@P?RGMLQ MLJW @CA?SQC
RFCPC ?PC FGEFCP-DPCOSCLAW QMSLBQ GL C?AF. /RFCP ?LGK?JQ F?TC FC?PGLE P?LECQ BGDDCPCLR DPMK RF?R MD FSK?LQ. $MEQ A?L FC?P QMSLBQ ?Q FGEF ?Q
30,000 (X, UFCPC?Q @?RQ ?LB BMJNFGLQ A?L FC?P SN RM 100,000-(X QMSLBQ. 9MS K?W F?TC LMRGACB RF?R BMEQ PCQNMLB RM RFC QMSLB MD ? BME UFGQRJC
UFGAF NPMBSACQ QMSLB MSR MD RFC P?LEC MD FSK?L FC?PGLE. %JCNF?LRQ ?PC ILMUL RM PCQNMLB RM DPCOSCLAGCQ @CJMU 20 (X.
4FC NCPACNRGML MD DPCOSCLAW GQ A?JJCB F?J9>. -MQR MD SQ F?TC CVACJJCLR PCJ?RGTC NGRAF, UFGAF KC?LQ RF?R UC A?L RCJJ UFCRFCP MLC QMSLB F?Q ? BGDDCPCLR
DPCOSCLAW DPMK ?LMRFCP. 4WNGA?JJW, UC A?L BGQAPGKGL?RC @CRUCCL RUM QMSLBQ GD RFCGP DPCOSCLAGCQ BGDDCP @W 0.3% MP KMPC. &MP CV?KNJC, 500.0 ?LB 501.5
(X ?PC LMRGAC?@JW BGDDCPCLR. 0GRAF NCPACNRGML GQ BGPCARJW PCJ?RCB RM DPCOSCLAW ?LB GQ LMR EPC?RJW ?DDCARCB @W MRFCP NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ QSAF ?Q GLRCLQGRW.
-SQGA?J DEJ;I ?PC N?PRGASJ?P QMSLBQ RF?R A?L @C NPMBSACB @W KMQR GLQRPSKCLRQ ?LB GL 7CQRCPL KSQGA F?TC N?PRGASJ?P L?KCQ. #MK@GL?RGMLQ MD LMRCQ
AMLQRGRSRC KSQGA. 3MKC NCMNJC A?L GBCLRGDW KSQGA?J LMRCQ, QSAF ?Q !-QF?PN, #, MP %-DJ?R, HSQR @W JGQRCLGLE RM RFCK. 4FGQ SLAMKKML ?@GJGRW GQ A?JJCB
NCPDCAR NGRAF.
4FC C?P GQ PCK?PI?@JW QCLQGRGTC RM JMU-GLRCLQGRW QMSLBQ. 4FC JMUCQR ?SBG@JC GLRCLQGRW MP RFPCQFMJB GQ ?@MSR 10
12
W/m
2
MP 0 B". 3MSLBQ ?Q KSAF
?Q 10
12
KMPC GLRCLQC A?L @C @PGCDJW RMJCP?RCB. 6CPW DCU KC?QSPGLE BCTGACQ ?PC A?N?@JC MD M@QCPT?RGMLQ MTCP ? P?LEC MD ? RPGJJGML. 4FC NCPACNRGML MD
GLRCLQGRW GQ A?JJCB BEK:D;II. !R ? EGTCL DPCOSCLAW, GR GQ NMQQG@JC RM BGQACPL BGDDCPCLACQ MD ?@MSR 1 B", ?LB ? AF?LEC MD 3 B" GQ C?QGJW LMRGACB. "SR
JMSBLCQQ GQ LMR PCJ?RCB RM GLRCLQGRW ?JMLC. &PCOSCLAW F?Q ? K?HMP CDDCAR ML FMU JMSB ? QMSLB QCCKQ. 4FC C?P F?Q GRQ K?VGKSK QCLQGRGTGRW RM
DPCOSCLAGCQ GL RFC P?LEC MD 2000 RM 5000 (X, QM RF?R QMSLBQ GL RFGQ P?LEC ?PC NCPACGTCB ?Q @CGLE JMSBCP RF?L, Q?W, RFMQC ?R 500 MP 10,000 (X, CTCL
UFCL RFCW ?JJ F?TC RFC Q?KC GLRCLQGRW. 3MSLBQ LC?P RFC FGEF- ?LB JMU-DPCOSCLAW CVRPCKCQ MD RFC FC?PGLE P?LEC QCCK CTCL JCQQ JMSB, @CA?SQC RFC
C?P GQ CTCL JCQQ QCLQGRGTC ?R RFMQC DPCOSCLAGCQ. -78B; 17.4 EGTCQ RFC BCNCLBCLAC MD ACPR?GL FSK?L FC?PGLE NCPACNRGMLQ ML NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ.
4?@JC 17.4 3MSLB 0CPACNRGMLQ
);H9;FJ?ED )>OI?97B GK7DJ?JO
0GRAF &PCOSCLAW
,MSBLCQQ )LRCLQGRW ?LB &PCOSCLAW
4GK@PC
.SK@CP ?LB PCJ?RGTC GLRCLQGRW MD KSJRGNJC DPCOSCLAGCQ.
3S@RJC AP?DRQK?LQFGN JC?BQ RM LML-JGLC?P CDDCARQ ?LB KMPC BCR?GJ.
.MRC "?QGA SLGR MD KSQGA UGRF QNCAGDGA L?KCQ, AMK@GLCB RM ECLCP?RC RSLCQ
4MLC .SK@CP ?LB PCJ?RGTC GLRCLQGRW MD KSJRGNJC DPCOSCLAGCQ.
7FCL ? TGMJGL NJ?WQ KGBBJC #, RFCPC GQ LM KGQR?IGLE GR DMP ? NG?LM NJ?WGLE RFC Q?KC LMRC. 4FC PC?QML GQ RF?R C?AF GLQRPSKCLR NPMBSACQ ? BGQRGLARGTC QCR
MD DPCOSCLAGCQ ?LB GLRCLQGRGCQ. 7C A?JJ MSP NCPACNRGML MD RFCQC AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD DPCOSCLAGCQ ?LB GLRCLQGRGCQ JED; OS?JGRW, MP KMPC AMKKMLJW RFC J?C8H;
MD RFC QMSLB. )R GQ KMPC BGDDGASJR RM AMPPCJ?RC RGK@PC NCPACNRGML RM NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ RF?L GR GQ DMP JMSBLCQQ MP NGRAF NCPACNRGML. 4GK@PC GQ KMPC
QS@HCARGTC. 4CPKQ QSAF ?Q BSJJ, @PGJJG?LR, U?PK, AMJB, NSPC, ?LB PGAF ?PC CKNJMWCB RM BCQAPG@C RFC RGK@PC MD ? QMSLB. 3M RFC AMLQGBCP?RGML MD RGK@PC
R?ICQ SQ GLRM RFC PC?JK MD NCPACNRS?J NQWAFMJMEW, UFCPC FGEFCP-JCTCJ NPMACQQCQ GL RFC @P?GL ?PC BMKGL?LR. 4FGQ GQ RPSC DMP MRFCP NCPACNRGMLQ MD QMSLB,
QSAF ?Q KSQGA ?LB LMGQC. 7C QF?JJ LMR BCJTC DSPRFCP GLRM RFCK; P?RFCP, UC UGJJ AMLACLRP?RC ML RFC OSCQRGML MD JMSBLCQQ NCPACNRGML.
! SLGR A?JJCB ? F>ED GQ SQCB RM CVNPCQQ JMSBLCQQ LSKCPGA?JJW. 0FMLQ BGDDCP DPMK BCAG@CJQ @CA?SQC RFC NFML GQ ? SLGR MD JMSBLCQQ NCPACNRGML, UFCPC?Q
RFC BCAG@CJ GQ ? SLGR MD NFWQGA?J GLRCLQGRW. F?=KH; 17.36 QFMUQ RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN MD JMSBLCQQ RM GLRCLQGRW (MP GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ) ?LB DPCOSCLAW DMP NCPQMLQ
UGRF LMPK?J FC?PGLE. 4FC ASPTCB JGLCQ ?PC COS?J-JMSBLCQQ ASPTCQ. %?AF ASPTC GQ J?@CJCB UGRF GRQ JMSBLCQQ GL NFMLQ. !LW QMSLB ?JMLE ? EGTCL ASPTC
UGJJ @C NCPACGTCB ?Q COS?JJW JMSB @W RFC ?TCP?EC NCPQML. 4FC ASPTCQ UCPC BCRCPKGLCB @W F?TGLE J?PEC LSK@CPQ MD NCMNJC AMKN?PC RFC JMSBLCQQ MD
QMSLBQ ?R BGDDCPCLR DPCOSCLAGCQ ?LB QMSLB GLRCLQGRW JCTCJQ. !R ? DPCOSCLAW MD 1000 (X, NFMLQ ?PC R?ICL RM @C LSKCPGA?JJW COS?J RM BCAG@CJQ. 4FC
DMJJMUGLE CV?KNJC FCJNQ GJJSQRP?RC FMU RM SQC RFC EP?NF:
F?=KH; 17.36 4FC PCJ?RGMLQFGN MD JMSBLCQQ GL NFMLQ RM GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ (GL BCAG@CJQ) ?LB GLRCLQGRW (GL U?RRQ NCP KCRCP QOS?PCB) DMP NCPQMLQ UGRF LMPK?J FC?PGLE. 4FC ASPTCB JGLCQ
?PC COS?J-JMSBLCQQ ASPTCQr?JJ QMSLBQ ML ? EGTCL ASPTC ?PC NCPACGTCB ?Q COS?JJW JMSB. 0FMLQ ?LB BCAG@CJQ ?PC BCDGLCB RM @C RFC Q?KC ?R 1000 (X.
#(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).' 609
EN7CFB; 17.6 &;7IKH?D= %EK:D;II: %EK:D;II /;HIKI "DJ;DI?JO %;L;B 7D: FH;GK;D9O
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC JMSBLCQQ GL NFMLQ MD ? 100-(X QMSLB RF?R F?Q ?L GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ MD 80 B"? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ GL BCAG@CJQ MD ? 4000-(X
QMSLB F?TGLE ? JMSBLCQQ MD 70 NFMLQ? (A) !R UF?R GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ UGJJ ?L 8000-(X QMSLB F?TC RFC Q?KC JMSBLCQQ ?Q ? 200-(X QMSLB ?R 60 B"?
,JH7J;=O <EH (7)
4FC EP?NF GL F?=KH; 17.36 QFMSJB @C PCDCPCLACB GL MPBCP RM QMJTC RFGQ CV?KNJC. 4M DGLB RFC JMSBLCQQ MD ? EGTCL QMSLB, WMS KSQR ILMU GRQ
DPCOSCLAW ?LB GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ ?LB JMA?RC RF?R NMGLR ML RFC QOS?PC EPGB, RFCL GLRCPNMJ?RC @CRUCCL JMSBLCQQ ASPTCQ RM ECR RFC JMSBLCQQ GL NFMLQ.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
w 4FC QOS?PC EPGB MD RFC EP?NF PCJ?RGLE NFMLQ ?LB BCAG@CJQ GQ ? NJMR MD GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ TCPQSQ DPCOSCLAWr@MRF NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ.
w 100 (X ?R 80 B" JGCQ F?JDU?W @CRUCCL RFC ASPTCQ K?PICB 70 ?LB 80 NFMLQ.
(2) &GLB RFC JMSBLCQQ: 75 NFMLQ.
,JH7J;=O <EH (8)
4FC EP?NF GL F?=KH; 17.36 QFMSJB @C PCDCPCLACB GL MPBCP RM QMJTC RFGQ CV?KNJC. 4M DGLB RFC GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ MD ? QMSLB, WMS KSQR F?TC GRQ DPCOSCLAW
?LB JMSBLCQQ. /LAC RF?R NMGLR GQ JMA?RCB, RFC GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ A?L @C BCRCPKGLCB DPMK RFC TCPRGA?J ?VGQ.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
w 6?JSCQ ?PC EGTCL RM @C 4000 (X ?R 70 NFMLQ.
(2) &MJJMU RFC 70-NFML ASPTC SLRGJ GR PC?AFCQ 4000 (X. !R RF?R NMGLR, GR GQ @CJMU RFC 70 B" JGLC ?R ?@MSR 67 B".
(3) &GLB RFC GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ:
67 B"
,JH7J;=O <EH (9)
4FC EP?NF GL F?=KH; 17.36 QFMSJB @C PCDCPCLACB GL MPBCP RM QMJTC RFGQ CV?KNJC.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (9)
(1) ,MA?RC RFC NMGLR DMP ? 200 (X ?LB 60 B" QMSLB.
(2) &GLB RFC JMSBLCQQ: 4FGQ NMGLR JGCQ HSQR QJGEFRJW ?@MTC RFC 50-NFML ASPTC, ?LB QM GRQ JMSBLCQQ GQ 51 NFMLQ.
(3) ,MMI DMP RFC 51-NFML JCTCJ GQ ?R 8000 (X: 63 B".
D?I9KII?ED
4FCQC ?LQUCPQ, JGIC ?JJ GLDMPK?RGML CVRP?ARCB DPMK F?=KH; 17.36, F?TC SLACPR?GLRGCQ MD QCTCP?J NFMLQ MP QCTCP?J BCAG@CJQ, N?PRJW BSC RM BGDDGASJRGCQ
GL GLRCPNMJ?RGML, @SR KMQRJW PCJ?RCB RM SLACPR?GLRGCQ GL RFC COS?J-JMSBLCQQ ASPTCQ.
&SPRFCP CV?KGL?RGML MD RFC EP?NF GL F?=KH; 17.36 PCTC?JQ QMKC GLRCPCQRGLE D?ARQ ?@MSR FSK?L FC?PGLE. &GPQR, QMSLBQ @CJMU RFC 0-NFML ASPTC ?PC LMR
NCPACGTCB @W KMQR NCMNJC. 3M, DMP CV?KNJC, ? 60 (X QMSLB ?R 40 B" GQ GL?SBG@JC. 4FC 0-NFML ASPTC PCNPCQCLRQ RFC RFPCQFMJB MD LMPK?J FC?PGLE. 7C
A?L FC?P QMKC QMSLBQ ?R GLRCLQGRW JCTCJQ @CJMU 0 B". &MP CV?KNJC, ? 3-B", 5000-(X QMSLB GQ ?SBG@JC, @CA?SQC GR JGCQ ?@MTC RFC 0-NFML ASPTC. 4FC
JMSBLCQQ ASPTCQ ?JJ F?TC BGNQ GL RFCK @CRUCCL ?@MSR 2000 ?LB 5000 (X. 4FCQC BGNQ KC?L RFC C?P GQ KMQR QCLQGRGTC RM DPCOSCLAGCQ GL RF?R P?LEC. &MP
CV?KNJC, ? 15-B" QMSLB ?R 4000 (X F?Q ? JMSBLCQQ MD 20 NFMLQ, RFC Q?KC ?Q ? 20-B" QMSLB ?R 1000 (X. 4FC ASPTCQ PGQC ?R @MRF CVRPCKCQ MD RFC
DPCOSCLAW P?LEC, GLBGA?RGLE RF?R ? EPC?RCP-GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ QMSLB GQ LCCBCB ?R RFMQC DPCOSCLAGCQ RM @C NCPACGTCB RM @C ?Q JMSB ?Q ?R KGBBJC DPCOSCLAGCQ.
&MP CV?KNJC, ? QMSLB ?R 10,000 (X KSQR F?TC ?L GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ MD 30 B" RM QCCK ?Q JMSB ?Q ? 20 B" QMSLB ?R 1000 (X. 3MSLBQ ?@MTC 120 NFMLQ
?PC N?GLDSJ ?Q UCJJ ?Q B?K?EGLE.
7C BM LMR MDRCL SRGJGXC MSP DSJJ P?LEC MD FC?PGLE. 4FGQ GQ N?PRGASJ?PJW RPSC DMP DPCOSCLAGCQ ?@MTC 8000 (X, UFGAF ?PC P?PC GL RFC CLTGPMLKCLR ?LB ?PC
SLLCACQQ?PW DMP SLBCPQR?LBGLE AMLTCPQ?RGML MP ?NNPCAG?RGLE KSQGA. )L D?AR, NCMNJC UFM F?TC JMQR RFC ?@GJGRW RM FC?P QSAF FGEF DPCOSCLAGCQ ?PC SQS?JJW
SL?U?PC MD RFCGP JMQQ SLRGJ RCQRCB. 4FC QF?BCB PCEGML GL F?=KH; 17.37 GQ RFC DPCOSCLAW ?LB GLRCLQGRW PCEGML UFCPC KMQR AMLTCPQ?RGML?J QMSLBQ D?JJ.
4FC ASPTCB JGLCQ GLBGA?RC UF?R CDDCAR FC?PGLE JMQQCQ MD 40 ?LB 60 NFMLQ UGJJ F?TC. ! 40-NFML FC?PGLE JMQQ ?R ?JJ DPCOSCLAGCQ QRGJJ ?JJMUQ ? NCPQML RM
SLBCPQR?LB AMLTCPQ?RGML, ?JRFMSEF GR UGJJ QCCK TCPW OSGCR. ! NCPQML UGRF ? 60-NFML JMQQ ?R ?JJ DPCOSCLAGCQ UGJJ FC?P MLJW RFC JMUCQR DPCOSCLAGCQ ?LB
UGJJ LMR @C ?@JC RM SLBCPQR?LB QNCCAF SLJCQQ GR GQ KSAF JMSBCP RF?L LMPK?J. %TCL QM, QNCCAF K?W QCCK GLBGQRGLAR, @CA?SQC FGEFCP DPCOSCLAGCQ ?PC LMR
?Q UCJJ NCPACGTCB. 4FC AMLTCPQ?RGML?J QNCCAF PCEGML ?JQM F?Q ? ECLBCP AMKNMLCLR, GL RF?R DCK?JC TMGACQ ?PC SQS?JJW AF?P?ARCPGXCB @W FGEFCP
DPCOSCLAGCQ. 3M RFC NCPQML UGRF ? 60-NFML FC?PGLE GKNCBGKCLR KGEFR F?TC BGDDGASJRW SLBCPQR?LBGLE RFC LMPK?J AMLTCPQ?RGML MD ? UMK?L.
610 #(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).'
F?=KH; 17.37 4FC QF?BCB PCEGML PCNPCQCLRQ DPCOSCLAGCQ ?LB GLRCLQGRW JCTCJQ DMSLB GL LMPK?J AMLTCPQ?RGML?J QNCCAF. 4FC 0-NFML JGLC PCNPCQCLRQ RFC LMPK?J FC?PGLE RFPCQFMJB,
UFGJC RFMQC ?R 40 ?LB 60 PCNPCQCLR RFPCQFMJBQ DMP NCMNJC UGRF 40- ?LB 60-NFML FC?PGLE JMQQCQ, PCQNCARGTCJW.
(C?PGLE RCQRQ ?PC NCPDMPKCB MTCP ? P?LEC MD DPCOSCLAGCQ, SQS?JJW DPMK 250 RM 8000 (X, ?LB A?L @C BGQNJ?WCB EP?NFGA?JJW GL ?L ?SBGMEP?K JGIC RF?R GL
F?=KH; 17.38. 4FC FC?PGLE RFPCQFMJB GQ KC?QSPCB GL B" E8?4G<I8 GB G;8 ABE@4? G;E8F;B?7, QM RF?R LMPK?J FC?PGLE PCEGQRCPQ ?Q 0 B" ?R ?JJ DPCOSCLAGCQ.
(C?PGLE JMQQ A?SQCB @W LMGQC RWNGA?JJW QFMUQ ? BGN LC?P RFC 4000 (X DPCOSCLAW, GPPCQNCARGTC MD RFC DPCOSCLAW RF?R A?SQCB RFC JMQQ ?LB MDRCL ?DDCARQ
@MRF C?PQ. 4FC KMQR AMKKML DMPK MD FC?PGLE JMQQ AMKCQ UGRF ?EC ?LB GQ A?JJCB CE8F5L6HF<FrJGRCP?JJW CJBCP C?P. 3SAF JMQQ GQ GLAPC?QGLEJW QCTCPC ?R
FGEFCP DPCOSCLAGCQ, ?LB GLRCPDCPCQ UGRF KSQGA ?NNPCAG?RGML ?LB QNCCAF PCAMELGRGML.
F?=KH; 17.38 !SBGMEP?KQ QFMUGLE RFC RFPCQFMJB GL GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ TCPQSQ DPCOSCLAW DMP RFPCC BGDDCPCLR GLBGTGBS?JQ. )LRCLQGRW JCTCJ GQ KC?QSPCB PCJ?RGTC RM RFC LMPK?J RFPCQFMJB.
4FC RMN JCDR EP?NF GQ RF?R MD ? NCPQML UGRF LMPK?J FC?PGLE. 4FC EP?NF RM GRQ PGEFR F?Q ? BGN ?R 4000 (X ?LB GQ RF?R MD ? AFGJB UFM QSDDCPCB FC?PGLE JMQQ BSC RM ? A?N ESL. 4FC RFGPB
EP?NF GQ RWNGA?J MD NPCQ@WASQGQ, RFC NPMEPCQQGTC JMQQ MD FGEFCP DPCOSCLAW FC?PGLE UGRF ?EC. 4CQRQ NCPDMPKCB @W @MLC AMLBSARGML (@P?AICRQ) A?L BGQRGLESGQF LCPTC B?K?EC DPMK
KGBBJC C?P B?K?EC.
4FC (C?PGLE -CAF?LGQK
4FC FC?PGLE KCAF?LGQK GLTMJTCQ QMKC GLRCPCQRGLE NFWQGAQ. 4FC QMSLB U?TC RF?R GKNGLECQ SNML MSP C?P GQ ? NPCQQSPC U?TC. 4FC C?P GQ ?
RP?LQBSACP RF?R AMLTCPRQ QMSLB U?TCQ GLRM CJCARPGA?J LCPTC GKNSJQCQ GL ? K?LLCP KSAF KMPC QMNFGQRGA?RCB RF?L, @SR ?L?JMEMSQ RM, ? KGAPMNFMLC.
F?=KH; 17.39 QFMUQ RFC EPMQQ ?L?RMKW MD RFC C?P UGRF GRQ BGTGQGML GLRM RFPCC N?PRQ: RFC MSRCP C?P MP C?P A?L?J; RFC KGBBJC C?P, UFGAF PSLQ DPMK RFC
C?PBPSK RM RFC AMAFJC?; ?LB RFC GLLCP C?P, UFGAF GQ RFC AMAFJC? GRQCJD. 4FC @MBW N?PR LMPK?JJW PCDCPPCB RM ?Q RFC C?P GQ RCAFLGA?JJW A?JJCB RFC NGLL?.
#(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).' 611
F?=KH; 17.39 4FC GJJSQRP?RGML QFMUQ RFC EPMQQ ?L?RMKW MD RFC FSK?L C?P.
4FC MSRCP C?P, MP C?P A?L?J, A?PPGCQ QMSLB RM RFC PCACQQCB NPMRCARCB C?PBPSK. 4FC ?GP AMJSKL GL RFC C?P A?L?J PCQML?RCQ ?LB GQ N?PRG?JJW PCQNMLQG@JC
DMP RFC QCLQGRGTGRW MD RFC C?P RM QMSLBQ GL RFC 2000 RM 5000 (X P?LEC. 4FC KGBBJC C?P AMLTCPRQ QMSLB GLRM KCAF?LGA?J TG@P?RGMLQ ?LB ?NNJGCQ RFCQC
TG@P?RGMLQ RM RFC AMAFJC?. 4FC JCTCP QWQRCK MD RFC KGBBJC C?P R?ICQ RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB ML RFC C?PBPSK @W QMSLB NPCQQSPC T?PG?RGMLQ, ?KNJGDGCQ GR ?LB
RP?LQKGRQ GR RM RFC GLLCP C?P TG? RFC MT?J UGLBMU, APC?RGLE NPCQQSPC U?TCQ GL RFC AMAFJC? ?NNPMVGK?RCJW 40 RGKCQ EPC?RCP RF?L RFMQC GKNGLEGLE ML RFC
C?PBPSK. (3CC F?=KH; 17.40.) 4UM KSQAJCQ GL RFC KGBBJC C?P (LMR QFMUL) NPMRCAR RFC GLLCP C?P DPMK TCPW GLRCLQC QMSLBQ. 4FCW PC?AR RM GLRCLQC QMSLB
GL ? DCU KGJJGQCAMLBQ ?LB PCBSAC RFC DMPAC RP?LQKGRRCB RM RFC AMAFJC?. 4FGQ NPMRCARGTC PC?ARGML A?L ?JQM @C RPGEECPCB @W WMSP MUL TMGAC, QM RF?R
FSKKGLE UFGJC QFMMRGLE ? ESL, DMP CV?KNJC, A?L PCBSAC LMGQC B?K?EC.
F?=KH; 17.40 4FGQ QAFCK?RGA QFMUQ RFC KGBBJC C?PtQ QWQRCK DMP AMLTCPRGLE QMSLB NPCQQSPC GLRM DMPAC, GLAPC?QGLE RF?R DMPAC RFPMSEF ? JCTCP QWQRCK, ?LB ?NNJWGLE RFC GLAPC?QCB
DMPAC RM ? QK?JJ ?PC? MD RFC AMAFJC?, RFCPC@W APC?RGLE ? NPCQQSPC ?@MSR 40 RGKCQ RF?R GL RFC MPGEGL?J QMSLB U?TC. ! NPMRCARGTC KSQAJC PC?ARGML RM GLRCLQC QMSLBQ EPC?RJW PCBSACQ
RFC KCAF?LGA?J ?BT?LR?EC MD RFC JCTCP QWQRCK.
F?=KH; 17.41 QFMUQ RFC KGBBJC ?LB GLLCP C?P GL EPC?RCP BCR?GJ. 0PCQQSPC U?TCQ KMTGLE RFPMSEF RFC AMAFJC? A?SQC RFC RCARMPG?J KCK@P?LC RM TG@P?RC,
PS@@GLE AGJG? (A?JJCB F?GP ACJJQ), UFGAF QRGKSJ?RC LCPTCQ RF?R QCLB CJCARPGA?J QGEL?JQ RM RFC @P?GL. 4FC KCK@P?LC PCQML?RCQ ?R BGDDCPCLR NMQGRGMLQ DMP
BGDDCPCLR DPCOSCLAGCQ, UGRF FGEF DPCOSCLAGCQ QRGKSJ?RGLE LCPTCQ ?R RFC LC?P CLB ?LB JMU DPCOSCLAGCQ ?R RFC D?P CLB. 4FC AMKNJCRC MNCP?RGML MD RFC
AMAFJC? GQ QRGJJ LMR SLBCPQRMMB, @SR QCTCP?J KCAF?LGQKQ DMP QCLBGLE GLDMPK?RGML RM RFC @P?GL ?PC ILMUL RM @C GLTMJTCB. &MP QMSLBQ @CJMU ?@MSR 1000
(X, RFC LCPTCQ QCLB QGEL?JQ ?R RFC Q?KC DPCOSCLAW ?Q RFC QMSLB. &MP DPCOSCLAGCQ EPC?RCP RF?L ?@MSR 1000 (X, RFC LCPTCQ QGEL?J DPCOSCLAW @W
NMQGRGML. 4FCPC GQ ? QRPSARSPC RM RFC AGJG?, ?LB RFCPC ?PC AMLLCARGMLQ @CRUCCL LCPTC ACJJQ RF?R NCPDMPK QGEL?J NPMACQQGLE @CDMPC GLDMPK?RGML GQ QCLR RM
RFC @P?GL. )LRCLQGRW GLDMPK?RGML GQ N?PRJW GLBGA?RCB @W RFC LSK@CP MD LCPTC QGEL?JQ ?LB @W TMJJCWQ MD QGEL?JQ. 4FC @P?GL NPMACQQCQ RFC AMAFJC?P LCPTC
QGEL?JQ RM NPMTGBC ?BBGRGML?J GLDMPK?RGML QSAF ?Q QMSPAC BGPCARGML (@?QCB ML RGKC ?LB GLRCLQGRW AMKN?PGQMLQ MD QMSLBQ DPMK @MRF C?PQ). (GEFCP-JCTCJ
NPMACQQGLE NPMBSACQ K?LW LS?LACQ, QSAF ?Q KSQGA ?NNPCAG?RGML.
612 #(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).'
F?=KH; 17.41 4FC GLLCP C?P, MP AMAFJC?, GQ ? AMGJCB RS@C ?@MSR 3 KK GL BG?KCRCP ?LB 3 AK GL JCLERF GD SLAMGJCB. 7FCL RFC MT?J UGLBMU GQ DMPACB GLU?PB, ?Q QFMUL, ? NPCQQSPC
U?TC RP?TCJQ RFPMSEF RFC NCPGJWKNF GL RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC ?PPMUQ, QRGKSJ?RGLE LCPTCQ ?R RFC @?QC MD AGJG? GL RFC MPE?L MD #MPRG.
(C?PGLE JMQQCQ A?L MAASP @CA?SQC MD NPM@JCKQ GL RFC KGBBJC MP GLLCP C?P. #MLBSARGTC JMQQCQ GL RFC KGBBJC C?P A?L @C N?PRG?JJW MTCPAMKC @W QCLBGLE
QMSLB TG@P?RGMLQ RM RFC AMAFJC? RFPMSEF RFC QISJJ. (C?PGLE ?GBQ DMP RFGQ NSPNMQC SQS?JJW NPCQQ ?E?GLQR RFC @MLC @CFGLB RFC C?P, P?RFCP RF?L QGKNJW
?KNJGDWGLE RFC QMSLB QCLR GLRM RFC C?P A?L?J ?Q K?LW FC?PGLE ?GBQ BM. $?K?EC RM RFC LCPTCQ GL RFC AMAFJC? GQ LMR PCN?GP?@JC, @SR ?KNJGDGA?RGML A?L
N?PRG?JJW AMKNCLQ?RC. 4FCPC GQ ? PGQI RF?R ?KNJGDGA?RGML UGJJ NPMBSAC DSPRFCP B?K?EC. !LMRFCP AMKKML D?GJSPC GL RFC AMAFJC? GQ B?K?EC MP JMQQ MD RFC
AGJG? @SR UGRF LCPTCQ PCK?GLGLE DSLARGML?J. #MAFJC?P GKNJ?LRQ RF?R QRGKSJ?RC RFC LCPTCQ BGPCARJW ?PC LMU ?T?GJ?@JC ?LB UGBCJW ?AACNRCB. /TCP 100,000
GKNJ?LRQ ?PC GL SQC, GL ?@MSR COS?J LSK@CPQ MD ?BSJRQ ?LB AFGJBPCL.
4FC AMAFJC?P GKNJ?LR U?Q NGMLCCPCB GL -CJ@MSPLC, !SQRP?JG?, @W 'P?CKC #J?PI GL RFC 1970Q DMP FGQ BC?D D?RFCP. 4FC GKNJ?LR AMLQGQRQ MD RFPCC CVRCPL?J
AMKNMLCLRQ ?LB RUM GLRCPL?J AMKNMLCLRQ. 4FC CVRCPL?J AMKNMLCLRQ ?PC ? KGAPMNFMLC DMP NGAIGLE SN QMSLB ?LB AMLTCPRGLE GR GLRM ?L CJCARPGA?J QGEL?J,
? QNCCAF NPMACQQMP RM QCJCAR ACPR?GL DPCOSCLAGCQ ?LB ? RP?LQKGRRCP RM RP?LQDCP RFC QGEL?J RM RFC GLRCPL?J AMKNMLCLRQ RFPMSEF CJCARPMK?ELCRGA
GLBSARGML. 4FC GLRCPL?J AMKNMLCLRQ AMLQGQR MD ? PCACGTCP/RP?LQKGRRCP QCASPCB GL RFC @MLC @CLC?RF RFC QIGL, UFGAF AMLTCPRQ RFC QGEL?JQ GLRM CJCARPGA
GKNSJQCQ ?LB QCLBQ RFCK RFPMSEF ?L GLRCPL?J A?@JC RM RFC AMAFJC? ?LB ?L ?PP?W MD ?@MSR 24 CJCARPMBCQ UMSLB RFPMSEF RFC AMAFJC?. 4FCQC CJCARPMBCQ
GL RSPL QCLB RFC GKNSJQCQ BGPCARJW GLRM RFC @P?GL. 4FC CJCARPMBCQ @?QGA?JJW CKSJ?RC RFC AGJG?.
!PC SJRP?QMSLB ?LB GLDP?QMSLB GKNCPACNRG@JC RM ?JJ FC?PGLE MPE?LGQKQ? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP.
,EBKJ?ED
.M, RFC P?LEC MD NCPACNRG@JC QMSLB GQ @?QCB GL RFC P?LEC MD FSK?L FC?PGLE. -?LW MRFCP MPE?LGQKQ NCPACGTC CGRFCP GLDP?QMSLB MP SJRP?QMSLB.
17.7 .BJH7IEKD:
F?=KH; 17.42 5JRP?QMSLB GQ SQCB GL KCBGAGLC RM N?GLJCQQJW ?LB LMLGLT?QGTCJW KMLGRMP N?RGCLR FC?JRF ?LB BG?ELMQC ? UGBC P?LEC MD BGQMPBCPQ. (APCBGR: ?@@W@?RAFCJBCP, &JGAIP)
!LW QMSLB UGRF ? DPCOSCLAW ?@MTC 20,000 (X (MP 20 I(X)rRF?R GQ, ?@MTC RFC FGEFCQR ?SBG@JC DPCOSCLAWrGQ BCDGLCB RM @C SJRP?QMSLB. )L NP?ARGAC, GR GQ
NMQQG@JC RM APC?RC SJRP?QMSLB DPCOSCLAGCQ SN RM KMPC RF?L ? EGE?FCPRX. ((GEFCP DPCOSCLAGCQ ?PC BGDDGASJR RM APC?RC; DSPRFCPKMPC, RFCW NPMN?E?RC NMMPJW
@CA?SQC RFCW ?PC TCPW QRPMLEJW ?@QMP@CB.) 5JRP?QMSLB F?Q ? RPCKCLBMSQ LSK@CP MD ?NNJGA?RGMLQ, UFGAF P?LEC DPMK @SPEJ?P ?J?PKQ RM SQC GL AJC?LGLE
BCJGA?RC M@HCARQ RM RFC ESGB?LAC QWQRCKQ MD @?RQ. 7C @CEGL MSP BGQASQQGML MD SJRP?QMSLB UGRF QMKC MD GRQ ?NNJGA?RGMLQ GL KCBGAGLC, GL UFGAF GR GQ SQCB
CVRCLQGTCJW @MRF DMP BG?ELMQGQ ?LB DMP RFCP?NW.
#F?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD 5JRP?QMSLB
4FC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD SJRP?QMSLB, QSAF ?Q DPCOSCLAW ?LB GLRCLQGRW, ?PC U?TC NPMNCPRGCQ AMKKML RM ?JJ RWNCQ MD U?TCQ. 5JRP?QMSLB ?JQM F?Q ?
U?TCJCLERF RF?R JGKGRQ RFC DGLCLCQQ MD BCR?GJ GR A?L BCRCAR. 4FGQ AF?P?ARCPGQRGA GQ RPSC MD ?JJ U?TCQ. 7C A?L LCTCP M@QCPTC BCR?GJQ QGELGDGA?LRJW
QK?JJCP RF?L RFC U?TCJCLERF MD MSP NPM@C; DMP CV?KNJC, UC UGJJ LCTCP QCC GLBGTGBS?J ?RMKQ UGRF TGQG@JC JGEFR, @CA?SQC RFC ?RMKQ ?PC QM QK?JJ
AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR.
#(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).' 613
5JRP?QMSLB GL -CBGA?J 4FCP?NW
5JRP?QMSLB, JGIC ?LW U?TC, A?PPGCQ CLCPEW RF?R A?L @C ?@QMP@CB @W RFC KCBGSK A?PPWGLE GR, NPMBSAGLE CDDCARQ RF?R T?PW UGRF GLRCLQGRW. 7FCL DMASQCB RM
GLRCLQGRGCQ MD 10
3
RM 10
5
W/m
2
, SJRP?QMSLB A?L @C SQCB RM QF?RRCP E?JJQRMLCQ MP NSJTCPGXC A?LACPMSQ RGQQSC GL QSPEGA?J NPMACBSPCQ. (3CC F?=KH;
17.43.) )LRCLQGRGCQ RFGQ EPC?R A?L B?K?EC GLBGTGBS?J ACJJQ, T?PGMSQJW A?SQGLE RFCGP NPMRMNJ?QK RM QRPC?K GLQGBC RFCK, ?JRCPGLE RFCGP NCPKC?@GJGRW, MP
PSNRSPGLE RFCGP U?JJQ RFPMSEF 64I<G4G<BA. #?TGR?RGML GQ RFC APC?RGML MD T?NMP A?TGRGCQ GL ? DJSGBrRFC JMLEGRSBGL?J TG@P?RGMLQ GL SJRP?QMSLB ?JRCPL?RGTCJW
AMKNPCQQ ?LB CVN?LB RFC KCBGSK, ?LB ?R QSDDGAGCLR ?KNJGRSBCQ RFC CVN?LQGML QCN?P?RCQ KMJCASJCQ. -MQR A?TGR?RGML B?K?EC GQ BMLC UFCL RFC
A?TGRGCQ AMJJ?NQC, NPMBSAGLE CTCL EPC?RCP QFMAI NPCQQSPCQ.
F?=KH; 17.43 4FC RGN MD RFGQ QK?JJ NPM@C MQAGJJ?RCQ ?R 23 I(X UGRF QSAF ? J?PEC ?KNJGRSBC RF?R GR NSJTCPGXCQ RGQQSC ML AMLR?AR. 4FC BC@PGQ GQ RFCL ?QNGP?RCB. 4FC QNCCB MD RFC RGN
K?W CVACCB RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB GL RGQQSC, RFSQ APC?RGLE QFMAI U?TCQ ?LB A?TGR?RGML, P?RFCP RF?L ? QKMMRF QGKNJC F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMPqRWNC U?TC.
-MQR MD RFC CLCPEW A?PPGCB @W FGEF-GLRCLQGRW SJRP?QMSLB GL RGQQSC GQ AMLTCPRCB RM RFCPK?J CLCPEW. )L D?AR, GLRCLQGRGCQ MD 10
3
RM 10
4
W/m
2
?PC
AMKKMLJW SQCB DMP BCCN-FC?R RPC?RKCLRQ A?JJCB SJRP?QMSLB BG?RFCPKW. &PCOSCLAGCQ MD 0.8 RM 1 -(X ?PC RWNGA?J. )L @MRF ?RFJCRGAQ ?LB NFWQGA?J RFCP?NW,
SJRP?QMSLB BG?RFCPKW GQ KMQR MDRCL ?NNJGCB RM GLHSPCB MP MTCPUMPICB KSQAJCQ RM PCJGCTC N?GL ?LB GKNPMTC DJCVG@GJGRW. 3IGJJ GQ LCCBCB @W RFC RFCP?NGQR RM
?TMGB u@MLC @SPLQv ?LB MRFCP RGQQSC B?K?EC A?SQCB @W MTCPFC?RGLE ?LB A?TGR?RGML, QMKCRGKCQ K?BC UMPQC @W PCDJCARGML ?LB DMASQGLE MD RFC
SJRP?QMSLB @W HMGLR ?LB @MLC RGQQSC.
)L QMKC GLQR?LACQ, WMS K?W CLAMSLRCP ? BGDDCPCLR BCAG@CJ QA?JC, A?JJCB RFC QMSLB CE8FFHE8 JCTCJ, UFCL SJRP?QMSLB RP?TCJQ GL U?RCP MP GL FSK?L ?LB
MRFCP @GMJMEGA?J RGQQSCQ. 7C QF?JJ LMR SQC RFC QA?JC FCPC, @SR GR GQ LMR?@JC RF?R LSK@CPQ DMP QMSLB NPCQQSPC JCTCJQ P?LEC 60 RM 70 B" FGEFCP RF?L WMS
UMSJB OSMRC DMP , RFC QMSLB GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ SQCB GL RFGQ RCVR. 3FMSJB WMS CLAMSLRCP ? QMSLB NPCQQSPC JCTCJ MD 220 BCAG@CJQ, RFCL, GR GQ LMR ?L
?QRPMLMKGA?JJW FGEF GLRCLQGRW, @SR COSGT?JCLR RM ?@MSR 155 B"rFGEF CLMSEF RM BCQRPMW RGQQSC, @SR LMR ?Q SLPC?QML?@JW FGEF ?Q GR KGEFR QCCK ?R DGPQR.
5JRP?QMSLB GL -CBGA?J $G?ELMQRGAQ
7FCL SQCB DMP GK?EGLE, SJRP?QMLGA U?TCQ ?PC CKGRRCB DPMK ? RP?LQBSACP, ? APWQR?J CVFG@GRGLE RFC NGCXMCJCARPGA CDDCAR (RFC CVN?LQGML ?LB AMLRP?ARGML MD
? QS@QR?LAC UFCL ? TMJR?EC GQ ?NNJGCB ?APMQQ GR, A?SQGLE ? TG@P?RGML MD RFC APWQR?J). 4FCQC FGEF-DPCOSCLAW TG@P?RGMLQ ?PC RP?LQKGRRCB GLRM ?LW RGQQSC GL
AMLR?AR UGRF RFC RP?LQBSACP. 3GKGJ?PJW, GD ? NPCQQSPC GQ ?NNJGCB RM RFC APWQR?J (GL RFC DMPK MD ? U?TC PCDJCARCB MDD RGQQSC J?WCPQ), ? TMJR?EC GQ NPMBSACB
UFGAF A?L @C PCAMPBCB. 4FC APWQR?J RFCPCDMPC ?ARQ ?Q @MRF ? RP?LQKGRRCP ?LB ? PCACGTCP MD QMSLB. 5JRP?QMSLB GQ ?JQM N?PRG?JJW ?@QMP@CB @W RGQQSC ML GRQ
N?RF, @MRF ML GRQ HMSPLCW ?U?W DPMK RFC RP?LQBSACP ?LB ML GRQ PCRSPL HMSPLCW. &PMK RFC RGKC @CRUCCL UFCL RFC MPGEGL?J QGEL?J GQ QCLR ?LB UFCL RFC
PCDJCARGMLQ DPMK T?PGMSQ @MSLB?PGCQ @CRUCCL KCBG? ?PC PCACGTCB, (?Q UCJJ ?Q ? KC?QSPC MD RFC GLRCLQGRW JMQQ MD RFC QGEL?J), RFC L?RSPC ?LB NMQGRGML MD
C?AF @MSLB?PW @CRUCCL RGQQSCQ ?LB MPE?LQ K?W @C BCBSACB.
2CDJCARGMLQ ?R @MSLB?PGCQ @CRUCCL RUM BGDDCPCLR KCBG? MAASP @CA?SQC MD BGDDCPCLACQ GL ? AF?P?ARCPGQRGA ILMUL ?Q RFC 79EKIJ?9 ?CF;:7D9; Z MD
C?AF QS@QR?LAC. )KNCB?LAC GQ BCDGLCB ?Q
(17.38) Z = v,
UFCPC GQ RFC BCLQGRW MD RFC KCBGSK (GL kg/m
3
) ?LB v GQ RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB RFPMSEF RFC KCBGSK (GL K/Q). 4FC SLGRQ DMP Z ?PC RFCPCDMPC
kg/(m
2
s) .
-78B; 17.5 QFMUQ RFC BCLQGRW ?LB QNCCB MD QMSLB RFPMSEF T?PGMSQ KCBG? (GLAJSBGLE T?PGMSQ QMDR RGQQSCQ) ?LB RFC ?QQMAG?RCB ?AMSQRGA GKNCB?LACQ.
.MRC RF?R RFC ?AMSQRGA GKNCB?LACQ DMP QMDR RGQQSC BM LMR T?PW KSAF @SR RF?R RFCPC GQ ? @GE BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL RFC ?AMSQRGA GKNCB?LAC MD QMDR RGQQSC
?LB ?GP ?LB ?JQM @CRUCCL QMDR RGQQSC ?LB @MLC.
614 #(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).'
4?@JC 17.5 4FC 5JRP?QMSLB 0PMNCPRGCQ MD 6?PGMSQ -CBG?, )LAJSBGLE 3MDR 4GQQSC &MSLB GL RFC "MBW
&;:?KC
D;DI?JO (A=/C
3
)
,F;;: E< .BJH7IEKD: (C/I)
A9EKIJ?9 "CF;:7D9;

kg/
m
2
s
!GP 1.3 330 429

7?RCP 1000 1500 1.510
6
"JMMB 1060 1570 1.6610
6
&?R 925 1450 1.3410
6
-SQAJC (?TCP?EC) 1075 1590 1.7010
6
"MLC (T?PGCQ) 1400q1900 4080 5.710
6
RM 7.810
6
"?PGSK RGR?L?RC (RP?LQBSACP K?RCPG?J) 5600 5500 30.810
6
!R RFC @MSLB?PW @CRUCCL KCBG? MD BGDDCPCLR ?AMSQRGA GKNCB?LACQ, QMKC MD RFC U?TC CLCPEW GQ PCDJCARCB ?LB QMKC GQ RP?LQKGRRCB. 4FC EPC?RCP RFC
7<998E8A68 GL ?AMSQRGA GKNCB?LAC @CRUCCL RFC RUM KCBG?, RFC EPC?RCP RFC PCDJCARGML ?LB RFC QK?JJCP RFC RP?LQKGQQGML.
4FC ?DJ;DI?JO H;<B;9J?ED 9E;<<?9?;DJ a GQ BCDGLCB ?Q RFC P?RGM MD RFC GLRCLQGRW MD RFC PCDJCARCB U?TC PCJ?RGTC RM RFC GLAGBCLR (RP?LQKGRRCB) U?TC. 4FGQ
QR?RCKCLR A?L @C UPGRRCL K?RFCK?RGA?JJW ?Q
(17.39)
a =
Z
2
Z
1
Z
1
+ Z
2
2
,
UFCPC Z
1
?LB Z
2
?PC RFC ?AMSQRGA GKNCB?LACQ MD RFC RUM KCBG? K?IGLE SN RFC @MSLB?PW. ! PCDJCARGML AMCDDGAGCLR MD XCPM (AMPPCQNMLBGLE RM RMR?J
RP?LQKGQQGML ?LB LM PCDJCARGML) MAASPQ UFCL RFC ?AMSQRGA GKNCB?LACQ MD RFC RUM KCBG? ?PC RFC Q?KC. !L GKNCB?LAC uK?RAFv (LM PCDJCARGML) NPMTGBCQ
?L CDDGAGCLR AMSNJGLE MD QMSLB CLCPEW DPMK MLC KCBGSK RM ?LMRFCP. 4FC GK?EC DMPKCB GL ?L SJRP?QMSLB GQ K?BC @W RP?AIGLE PCDJCARGMLQ (?Q QFMUL GL
F?=KH; 17.44) ?LB K?NNGLE RFC GLRCLQGRW MD RFC PCDJCARCB QMSLB U?TCQ GL ? RUM-BGKCLQGML?J NJ?LC.
EN7CFB; 17.7 C7B9KB7J; A9EKIJ?9 "CF;:7D9; 7D: "DJ;DI?JO +;<B;9J?ED CE;<<?9?;DJ: .BJH7IEKD: 7D: F7J -?IIK;
(?) 5QGLE RFC T?JSCQ DMP BCLQGRW ?LB RFC QNCCB MD SJRP?QMSLB EGTCL GL -78B; 17.5, QFMU RF?R RFC ?AMSQRGA GKNCB?LAC MD D?R RGQQSC GQ GLBCCB
1.3410
6
kg/(m
2
s) .
(@) #?JASJ?RC RFC GLRCLQGRW PCDJCARGML AMCDDGAGCLR MD SJRP?QMSLB UFCL EMGLE DPMK D?R RM KSQAJC RGQQSC.
,JH7J;=O <EH (7)
4FC ?AMSQRGA GKNCB?LAC A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB SQGLE Z = v ?LB RFC T?JSCQ DMP ?LB v DMSLB GL -78B; 17.5.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
(1) 3S@QRGRSRC ILMUL T?JSCQ DPMK -78B; 17.5 GLRM Z = v .
(17.40)
Z = v =

925 kg/m
3
(1450 m/s)
(2) #?JASJ?RC RM DGLB RFC ?AMSQRGA GKNCB?LAC MD D?R RGQQSC.
(17.41)
1.3410
6
kg/(m
2
s)
4FGQ T?JSC GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC T?JSC EGTCL DMP RFC ?AMSQRGA GKNCB?LAC MD D?R RGQQSC.
,JH7J;=O <EH (8)
4FC GLRCLQGRW PCDJCARGML AMCDDGAGCLR DMP ?LW @MSLB?PW @CRUCCL RUM KCBG? GQ EGTCL @W a =
Z
2
Z
1
Z
1
+ Z
2
2
, ?LB RFC ?AMSQRGA GKNCB?LAC MD KSQAJC GQ
EGTCL GL -78B; 17.5.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
3S@QRGRSRC ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM a =
Z
2
Z
1
Z
1
+ Z
2
2
RM DGLB RFC GLRCLQGRW PCDJCARGML AMCDDGAGCLR:
(17.42)
a =
Z
2
Z
1
Z
1
+ Z
2
2
=
1.3410
6
kg/(m
2
s) 1.7010
6
kg/(m
2
s)
1.7010
6
kg/(m
2
s) + 1.3410
6
kg/(m
2
s)
2
= 0.014
#(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).' 615
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ PCQSJR KC?LQ RF?R MLJW 1.4% MD RFC GLAGBCLR GLRCLQGRW GQ PCDJCARCB, UGRF RFC PCK?GLGLE @CGLE RP?LQKGRRCB.
4FC ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD SJRP?QMSLB GL KCBGA?J BG?ELMQRGAQ F?TC NPMBSACB SLRMJB @CLCDGRQ UGRF LM ILMUL PGQIQ. $G?ELMQRGA GLRCLQGRGCQ ?PC RMM JMU (?@MSR
10
2
W/m
2
) RM A?SQC RFCPK?J B?K?EC. -MPC QGELGDGA?LRJW, SJRP?QMSLB F?Q @CCL GL SQC DMP QCTCP?J BCA?BCQ ?LB BCR?GJCB DMJJMU-SN QRSBGCQ BM LMR
QFMU CTGBCLAC MD GJJ CDDCARQ, OSGRC SLJGIC RFC A?QC DMP V-P?WQ.
F?=KH; 17.44 (?) !L SJRP?QMSLB QNC?ICP BMS@JCQ ?Q ? KGAPMNFMLC. "PGCD @JCCNQ ?PC @PM?BA?QR, ?LB CAFMCQ ?PC PCAMPBCB DPMK T?PGMSQ BCNRFQ. (@) 'P?NF MD CAFM GLRCLQGRW
TCPQSQ RGKC. 4FC RGKC DMP CAFMCQ RM PCRSPL GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC BGQR?LAC MD RFC PCDJCARMP, WGCJBGLE RFGQ GLDMPK?RGML LMLGLT?QGTCJW.
4FC KMQR AMKKML SJRP?QMSLB ?NNJGA?RGMLQ NPMBSAC ?L GK?EC JGIC RF?R QFMUL GL F?=KH; 17.45. 4FC QNC?ICP-KGAPMNFMLC @PM?BA?QRQ ? BGPCARGML?J
@C?K, QUCCNGLE RFC @C?K ?APMQQ RFC ?PC? MD GLRCPCQR. 4FGQ GQ ?AAMKNJGQFCB @W F?TGLE KSJRGNJC SJRP?QMSLB QMSPACQ GL RFC NPM@CtQ FC?B, UFGAF ?PC
NF?QCB RM GLRCPDCPC AMLQRPSARGTCJW GL ? EGTCL, ?BHSQR?@JC BGPCARGML. %AFMCQ ?PC KC?QSPCB ?Q ? DSLARGML MD NMQGRGML ?Q UCJJ ?Q BCNRF. ! AMKNSRCP
AMLQRPSARQ ?L GK?EC RF?R PCTC?JQ RFC QF?NC ?LB BCLQGRW MD GLRCPL?J QRPSARSPCQ.
F?=KH; 17.45 (?) !L SJRP?QMLGA GK?EC GQ NPMBSACB @W QUCCNGLE RFC SJRP?QMLGA @C?K ?APMQQ RFC ?PC? MD GLRCPCQR, GL RFGQ A?QC RFC UMK?LtQ ?@BMKCL. $?R? ?PC PCAMPBCB ?LB
?L?JWXCB GL ? AMKNSRCP, NPMTGBGLE ? RUM-BGKCLQGML?J GK?EC. (@) 5JRP?QMSLB GK?EC MD 12-UCCI-MJB DCRSQ. (APCBGR: -?PE?PCR 7. #?PPSRFCPQ, &JGAIP)
616 #(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).'
(MU KSAF BCR?GJ A?L SJRP?QMSLB PCTC?J? 4FC GK?EC GL F?=KH; 17.45 GQ RWNGA?J MD JMU-AMQR QWQRCKQ, @SR RF?R GL F?=KH; 17.46 QFMUQ RFC PCK?PI?@JC
BCR?GJ NMQQG@JC UGRF KMPC ?BT?LACB QWQRCKQ, GLAJSBGLE 3$ GK?EGLE. 5JRP?QMSLB RMB?W GQ AMKKMLJW SQCB GL NPCL?R?J A?PC. 3SAF GK?EGLE A?L @C SQCB
RM QCC GD RFC DCRSQ GQ BCTCJMNGLE ?R ? LMPK?J P?RC, ?LB FCJN GL RFC BCRCPKGL?RGML MD QCPGMSQ NPM@JCKQ C?PJW GL RFC NPCEL?LAW. 5JRP?QMSLB GQ ?JQM GL UGBC
SQC RM GK?EC RFC AF?K@CPQ MD RFC FC?PR ?LB RFC DJMU MD @JMMB UGRFGL RFC @C?RGLE FC?PR, SQGLE RFC $MNNJCP CDDCAR (CAFMA?PBGMJMEW).
7FCLCTCP ? U?TC GQ SQCB ?Q ? NPM@C, GR GQ TCPW BGDDGASJR RM BCRCAR BCR?GJQ QK?JJCP RF?L GRQ U?TCJCLERF . )LBCCB, ASPPCLR RCAFLMJMEW A?LLMR BM OSGRC
RFGQ UCJJ. !@BMKGL?J QA?LQ K?W SQC ? 7--(X DPCOSCLAW, ?LB RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB GL RGQQSC GQ ?@MSR 1540 K/QrQM RFC U?TCJCLERF JGKGR RM BCR?GJ UMSJB
@C =
v
w
f
=
1540 m/s
710
6
Hz
= 0.22 mm. )L NP?ARGAC, 1-KK BCR?GJ GQ ?RR?GL?@JC, UFGAF GQ QSDDGAGCLR DMP K?LW NSPNMQCQ. (GEFCP-DPCOSCLAW SJRP?QMSLB
UMSJB ?JJMU EPC?RCP BCR?GJ, @SR GR BMCQ LMR NCLCRP?RC ?Q UCJJ ?Q JMUCP DPCOSCLAGCQ BM. 4FC ?AACNRCB PSJC MD RFSK@ GQ RF?R WMS A?L CDDCARGTCJW QA?L RM ?
BCNRF MD ?@MSR 500 GLRM RGQQSC. &MP 7 -(X, RFGQ NCLCRP?RGML JGKGR GQ 5000.22 mm, UFGAF GQ 0.11 K. (GEFCP DPCOSCLAGCQ K?W @C CKNJMWCB GL
QK?JJCP MPE?LQ, QSAF ?Q RFC CWC, @SR ?PC LMR NP?ARGA?J DMP JMMIGLE BCCN GLRM RFC @MBW.
F?=KH; 17.46 ! 3$ SJRP?QMSLB GK?EC MD ? DCRSQ. !Q UCJJ ?Q DMP RFC BCRCARGML MD ?LW ?@LMPK?JGRGCQ, QSAF QA?LQ F?TC ?JQM @CCL QFMUL RM @C SQCDSJ DMP QRPCLERFCLGLE RFC
CKMRGML?J @MLBGLE @CRUCCL N?PCLRQ ?LB RFCGP SL@MPL AFGJB. (APCBGR: *CLLGC #S, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
)L ?BBGRGML RM QF?NC GLDMPK?RGML, SJRP?QMLGA QA?LQ A?L NPMBSAC BCLQGRW GLDMPK?RGML QSNCPGMP RM RF?R DMSLB GL 8-P?WQ, @CA?SQC RFC GLRCLQGRW MD ? PCDJCARCB
QMSLB GQ PCJ?RCB RM AF?LECQ GL BCLQGRW. 3MSLB GQ KMQR QRPMLEJW PCDJCARCB ?R NJ?ACQ UFCPC BCLQGRW AF?LECQ ?PC EPC?RCQR.
!LMRFCP K?HMP SQC MD SJRP?QMSLB GL KCBGA?J BG?ELMQRGAQ GQ RM BCRCAR KMRGML ?LB BCRCPKGLC TCJMAGRW RFPMSEF RFC $MNNJCP QFGDR MD ?L CAFM, ILMUL ?Q
DEFFB;H-I>?<J;: KBJH7IEKD:. 4FGQ RCAFLGOSC GQ SQCB RM KMLGRMP DCR?J FC?PR@C?R, KC?QSPC @JMMB TCJMAGRW, ?LB BCRCAR MAAJSQGMLQ GL @JMMB TCQQCJQ, DMP
CV?KNJC. (3CC F?=KH; 17.47.) 4FC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC $MNNJCP QFGDR GL ?L CAFM GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC TCJMAGRW MD UF?RCTCP PCDJCARQ RFC QMSLB.
"CA?SQC ?L CAFM GQ GLTMJTCB, RFCPC GQ ?ARS?JJW ? BMS@JC QFGDR. 4FC DGPQR MAASPQ @CA?SQC RFC PCDJCARMP (Q?W ? DCR?J FC?PR) GQ ? KMTGLE M@QCPTCP ?LB
PCACGTCQ ? $MNNJCP-QFGDRCB DPCOSCLAW. 4FC PCDJCARMP RFCL ?ARQ ?Q ? KMTGLE QMSPAC, NPMBSAGLE ? QCAMLB $MNNJCP QFGDR.
F?=KH; 17.47 4FGQ $MNNJCP-QFGDRCB SJRP?QMLGA GK?EC MD ? N?PRG?JJW MAAJSBCB ?PRCPW SQCQ AMJMP RM GLBGA?RC TCJMAGRW. 4FC FGEFCQR TCJMAGRGCQ ?PC GL PCB, UFGJC RFC JMUCQR ?PC @JSC. 4FC
@JMMB KSQR KMTC D?QRCP RFPMSEF RFC AMLQRPGARGML RM A?PPW RFC Q?KC DJMU. (APCBGR: !PLGLE #, 'PXWQI? 5, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
! AJCTCP RCAFLGOSC GQ SQCB RM KC?QSPC RFC $MNNJCP QFGDR GL ?L CAFM. 4FC DPCOSCLAW MD RFC CAFMCB QMSLB GQ QSNCPGKNMQCB ML RFC @PM?BA?QR DPCOSCLAW,
NPMBSAGLE @C?RQ. 4FC @C?R DPCOSCLAW GQ F
B
= f
1
f
2
, ?LB QM GR GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC $MNNJCP QFGDR ( f
1
f
2
) ?LB FCLAC, RFC
PCDJCARMPtQ TCJMAGRW. 4FC ?BT?LR?EC GL RFGQ RCAFLGOSC GQ RF?R RFC $MNNJCP QFGDR GQ QK?JJ (@CA?SQC RFC PCDJCARMPtQ TCJMAGRW GQ QK?JJ), QM RF?R EPC?R ?AASP?AW
UMSJB @C LCCBCB RM KC?QSPC RFC QFGDR BGPCARJW. "SR KC?QSPGLE RFC @C?R DPCOSCLAW GQ C?QW, ?LB GR GQ LMR ?DDCARCB GD RFC @PM?BA?QR DPCOSCLAW T?PGCQ
QMKCUF?R. &SPRFCPKMPC, RFC @C?R DPCOSCLAW GQ GL RFC ?SBG@JC P?LEC ?LB A?L @C ?KNJGDGCB DMP ?SBGM DCCB@?AI RM RFC KCBGA?J M@QCPTCP.
5QCQ DMP $MNNJCP-3FGDRCB 2?B?P
$MNNJCP-QFGDRCB P?B?P CAFMCQ ?PC SQCB RM KC?QSPC UGLB TCJMAGRGCQ GL QRMPKQ ?Q UCJJ ?Q ?GPAP?DR ?LB ?SRMKM@GJC QNCCBQ. 4FC NPGLAGNJC GQ RFC Q?KC
?Q DMP $MNNJCP-QFGDRCB SJRP?QMSLB. 4FCPC GQ CTGBCLAC RF?R @?RQ ?LB BMJNFGLQ K?W ?JQM QCLQC RFC TCJMAGRW MD ?L M@HCAR (QSAF ?Q NPCW) PCDJCARGLE
RFCGP SJRP?QMSLB QGEL?JQ @W M@QCPTGLE GRQ $MNNJCP QFGDR.
#(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).' 617
EN7CFB; 17.8 C7B9KB7J; /;BE9?JO E< BBEE:: DEFFB;H-,>?<J;: .BJH7IEKD:
5JRP?QMSLB RF?R F?Q ? DPCOSCLAW MD 2.50 -(X GQ QCLR RMU?PB @JMMB GL ?L ?PRCPW RF?R GQ KMTGLE RMU?PB RFC QMSPAC ?R 20.0 AK/Q, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL
F?=KH; 17.48. 5QC RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB GL FSK?L RGQQSC ?Q 1540 K/Q. (!QQSKC RF?R RFC DPCOSCLAW MD 2.50 -(X GQ ?AASP?RC RM QCTCL QGELGDGA?LR
DGESPCQ.)
?. 7F?R DPCOSCLAW BMCQ RFC @JMMB PCACGTC?
@. 7F?R DPCOSCLAW PCRSPLQ RM RFC QMSPAC?
A. 7F?R @C?R DPCOSCLAW GQ NPMBSACB GD RFC QMSPAC ?LB PCRSPLGLE DPCOSCLAGCQ ?PC KGVCB?
F?=KH; 17.48 5JRP?QMSLB GQ N?PRJW PCDJCARCB @W @JMMB ACJJQ ?LB NJ?QK? @?AI RMU?PB RFC QNC?ICP-KGAPMNFMLC. "CA?SQC RFC ACJJQ ?PC KMTGLE, RUM $MNNJCP QFGDRQ ?PC
NPMBSACBrMLC DMP @JMMB ?Q ? KMTGLE M@QCPTCP, ?LB RFC MRFCP DMP RFC PCDJCARCB QMSLB AMKGLE DPMK ? KMTGLE QMSPAC. 4FC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC QFGDR GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM
@JMMB TCJMAGRW.
,JH7J;=O
4FC DGPQR RUM OSCQRGMLQ A?L @C ?LQUCPCB SQGLE f
obs
= f
s
v
w
v
w
v
s
?LB f
obs
= f
s
v
w
v
obs
v
w
DMP RFC $MNNJCP QFGDR. 4FC J?QR OSCQRGML

?QIQ DMP @C?R DPCOSCLAW, UFGAF GQ RFC BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL RFC MPGEGL?J ?LB PCRSPLGLE DPCOSCLAGCQ.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
w 4FC @JMMB GQ ? KMTGLE M@QCPTCP, ?LB QM RFC DPCOSCLAW GR PCACGTCQ GQ EGTCL @W
(17.43)
f
obs
= f
s
v
w
v
obs
v
w
.
w v
b
GQ RFC @JMMB TCJMAGRW ( v
obs
FCPC) ?LB RFC NJSQ QGEL GQ AFMQCL @CA?SQC RFC KMRGML GQ RMU?PB RFC QMSPAC.
(2) %LRCP RFC EGTCL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC COS?RGML.
(17.44)
f
obs
= (2,500,000 Hz)
1540 m/s+0.2 m/s

1540 m/s
(3) #?JASJ?RC RM DGLB RFC DPCOSCLAW: 20,500,325 (X.

,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
w 4FC @JMMB ?ARQ ?Q ? KMTGLE QMSPAC.
w 4FC KGAPMNFMLC ?ARQ ?Q ? QR?RGML?PW M@QCPTCP.
w 4FC DPCOSCLAW JC?TGLE RFC @JMMB GQ 2,500,325 (X, @SR GR GQ QFGDRCB SNU?PB ?Q EGTCL @W
(17.45)
f
obs
= f
s
v
w
v
w
v
b
.
f
obs
GQ RFC DPCOSCLAW PCACGTCB @W RFC QNC?ICP-KGAPMNFMLC.
w 4FC QMSPAC TCJMAGRW GQ v
b
.
w 4FC KGLSQ QGEL GQ SQCB @CA?SQC RFC KMRGML GQ RMU?PB RFC M@QCPTCP.
4FC KGLSQ QGEL GQ SQCB @CA?SQC RFC KMRGML GQ RMU?PB RFC M@QCPTCP.
(2) %LRCP RFC EGTCL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC COS?RGML:
(17.46)
f
obs
= (2,500,325 Hz)
1540 m/s
1540 m/s 0.200 m/s
(3) #?JASJ?RC RM DGLB RFC DPCOSCLAW PCRSPLGLE RM RFC QMSPAC: 2,500,649 (X.
618 #(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).'
79EKIJ?9 ?CF;:7D9;:
7DJ?DE:;:
8EM M7A;:
DEFFB;H ;<<;9J:
DEFFB;H I>?<J:
DEFFB;H-I>?<J;: KBJH7IEKD::
<KD:7C;DJ7B:
>7HCED?9I:
,EBKJ?ED <EH (9)
w 4FC @C?R DPCOSCLAW GQ QGKNJW RFC ?@QMJSRC T?JSC MD RFC BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL f
s
?LB f
obs
, ?Q QR?RCB GL:
(17.47)
f
B
= f
obs
f
s
.
(2) 3S@QRGRSRC ILMUL T?JSCQ:
(17.48)
2,500,649 Hz 2,500,000 Hz
(3) #?JASJ?RC RM DGLB RFC @C?R DPCOSCLAW: 649 (X.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC $MNNJCP QFGDRQ ?PC OSGRC QK?JJ AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC MPGEGL?J DPCOSCLAW MD 2.50 -(X. )R GQ D?P C?QGCP RM KC?QSPC RFC @C?R DPCOSCLAW RF?L GR GQ RM
KC?QSPC RFC CAFM DPCOSCLAW UGRF ?L ?AASP?AW EPC?R CLMSEF RM QCC QFGDRQ MD ? DCU FSLBPCB FCPRX MSR MD ? AMSNJC MD KCE?FCPRX. &SPRFCPKMPC,
T?PG?RGMLQ GL RFC QMSPAC DPCOSCLAW BM LMR EPC?RJW ?DDCAR RFC @C?R DPCOSCLAW, @CA?SQC @MRF f
s
?LB f
obs
UMSJB GLAPC?QC MP BCAPC?QC. 4FMQC
AF?LECQ QS@RP?AR MSR GL f
B
= f
obs
f
s
.
)LBSQRPG?J ?LB /RFCP !NNJGA?RGMLQ MD 5JRP?QMSLB
)LBSQRPG?J, PCR?GJ, ?LB PCQC?PAF ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD SJRP?QMSLB ?PC AMKKML. ! DCU ?PC BGQASQQCB FCPC. 5JRP?QMLGA AJC?LCPQ F?TC K?LW SQCQ. *CUCJPW,
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NF?QC, ?Q UCJJ ?Q BCLQGRW ?LB MRFCP NPMNCPRGCQ.
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2. 7FCL QMSLB N?QQCQ DPMK MLC KCBGSK RM ?LMRFCP UFCPC GRQ NPMN?E?RGML QNCCB GQ BGDDCPCLR, BMCQ GRQ DPCOSCLAW MP U?TCJCLERF AF?LEC? %VNJ?GL WMSP
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5. )Q RFC $MNNJCP QFGDR PC?J MP HSQR ? QCLQMPW GJJSQGML?
6. $SC RM CDDGAGCLAW AMLQGBCP?RGMLQ PCJ?RCB RM GRQ @MU U?IC, RFC QSNCPQMLGA RP?LQNMPR ?GPAP?DR KSQR K?GLR?GL ? APSGQGLE QNCCB RF?R GQ ? AMLQR?LR P?RGM RM
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?LQUCP.
7. 7FCL WMS FC?P ? QMLGA @MMK, WMS MDRCL A?LLMR QCC RFC NJ?LC RF?R K?BC GR. 7FW GQ RF?R?
#(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).' 621
8. (MU BMCQ ?L SL?KNJGDGCB ESGR?P NPMBSAC QMSLBQ QM KSAF KMPC GLRCLQC RF?L RFMQC MD ? NJSAICB QRPGLE FCJB R?SR @W ? QGKNJC QRGAI?
9. 9MS ?PC EGTCL RUM UGLB GLQRPSKCLRQ MD GBCLRGA?J JCLERF. /LC GQ MNCL ?R @MRF CLBQ, UFCPC?Q RFC MRFCP GQ AJMQCB ?R MLC CLB. 7FGAF GQ ?@JC RM NPMBSAC
RFC JMUCQR DPCOSCLAW?
10. 7F?R GQ RFC BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL ?L MTCPRMLC ?LB ? F?PKMLGA? !PC ?JJ F?PKMLGAQ MTCPRMLCQ? !PC ?JJ MTCPRMLCQ F?PKMLGAQ?
17.6 !;7H?D=
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?R JCQQ RF?L 20 B"?
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WMSP LCGEF@MPtQ QRCPCM RM NCLCRP?RC GLRM WMSP FMSQC? (MU BMCQ RFGQ CVNCAR?RGML AMKN?PC UGRF WMSP CVNCPGCLAC?
13. %JCNF?LRQ ?LB UF?JCQ ?PC ILMUL RM SQC GLDP?QMSLB RM AMKKSLGA?RC MTCP TCPW J?PEC BGQR?LACQ. 7F?R ?PC RFC ?BT?LR?ECQ MD GLDP?QMSLB DMP JMLE
BGQR?LAC AMKKSLGA?RGML?
14. )R GQ KMPC BGDDGASJR RM M@R?GL ? FGEF-PCQMJSRGML SJRP?QMSLB GK?EC GL RFC ?@BMKGL?J PCEGML MD QMKCMLC UFM GQ MTCPUCGEFR RF?L DMP QMKCMLC UFM F?Q
? QJGEFR @SGJB. %VNJ?GL UFW RFGQ QR?RCKCLR GQ ?AASP?RC.
15. 3SNNMQC WMS PC?B RF?R 210-B" SJRP?QMSLB GQ @CGLE SQCB RM NSJTCPGXC A?LACPMSQ RSKMPQ. 9MS A?JASJ?RC RFC GLRCLQGRW GL U?RRQ NCP ACLRGKCRCP
QOS?PCB ?LB DGLB GR GQ SLPC?QML?@JW FGEF ( 10
5
W/cm
2
). 7F?R GQ ? NMQQG@JC CVNJ?L?RGML?
622 #(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).'
16. 7FCL NMICB @W ? QNC?P, ?L MNCP?RGA QMNP?LM JCRQ MSR ? 1200-(X
QFPGCI. 7F?R GQ GRQ U?TCJCLERF GD RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB GQ 345 K/Q?
17. 7F?R DPCOSCLAW QMSLB F?Q ? 0.10-K U?TCJCLERF UFCL RFC QNCCB MD
QMSLB GQ 340 K/Q?
18. #?JASJ?RC RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB ML ? B?W UFCL ? 1500 (X DPCOSCLAW
F?Q ? U?TCJCLERF MD 0.221 K.
19. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB GL ? KCBGSK UFCPC ? 100-I(X
DPCOSCLAW NPMBSACQ ? 5.96-AK U?TCJCLERF? (@) 7FGAF QS@QR?LAC GL
-78B; 17.1 GQ RFGQ JGICJW RM @C?
20. 3FMU RF?R RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB GL 20.0C ?GP GQ 343 K/Q, ?Q AJ?GKCB
GL RFC RCVR.
21. !GP RCKNCP?RSPC GL RFC 3?F?P? $CQCPR A?L PC?AF 56.0C (?@MSR
134F ). 7F?R GQ RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB GL ?GP ?R RF?R RCKNCP?RSPC?
22. $MJNFGLQ K?IC QMSLBQ GL ?GP ?LB U?RCP. 7F?R GQ RFC P?RGM MD RFC
U?TCJCLERF MD ? QMSLB GL ?GP RM GRQ U?TCJCLERF GL QC?U?RCP? !QQSKC ?GP
RCKNCP?RSPC GQ 20.0C.
23. ! QML?P CAFM PCRSPLQ RM ? QS@K?PGLC 1.20 Q ?DRCP @CGLE CKGRRCB. 7F?R
GQ RFC BGQR?LAC RM RFC M@HCAR APC?RGLE RFC CAFM? (!QQSKC RF?R RFC
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24. (?) )D ? QS@K?PGLCtQ QML?P A?L KC?QSPC CAFM RGKCQ UGRF ? NPCAGQGML MD
0.0100 Q, UF?R GQ RFC QK?JJCQR BGDDCPCLAC GL BGQR?LACQ GR A?L BCRCAR?
(!QQSKC RF?R RFC QS@K?PGLC GQ GL RFC MAC?L, LMR GL DPCQF U?RCP.)
(@) $GQASQQ RFC JGKGRQ RFGQ RGKC PCQMJSRGML GKNMQCQ ML RFC ?@GJGRW MD RFC
QML?P QWQRCK RM BCRCAR RFC QGXC ?LB QF?NC MD RFC M@HCAR APC?RGLE RFC
CAFM.
25. ! NFWQGAGQR ?R ? DGPCUMPIQ BGQNJ?W RGKCQ RFC J?E @CRUCCL QCCGLE ?L
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RGKC R?ICL DMP JGEFR RM PC?AF RFC NFWQGAGQR? (@) #?JASJ?RC RFC BGQR?LAC RM
RFC CVNJMQGML R?IGLE RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR GLRM ?AAMSLR. .MRC RF?R RFGQ
BGQR?LAC GQ LCEJGEG@JW EPC?RCP.
26. 3SNNMQC ? @?R SQCQ QMSLB CAFMCQ RM JMA?RC GRQ GLQCAR NPCW, 3.00 K
?U?W. (3CC F?=KH; 17.10.) (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC CAFM RGKCQ DMP RCKNCP?RSPCQ
MD 5.00C ?LB 35.0C. (@) 7F?R NCPACLR SLACPR?GLRW BMCQ RFGQ A?SQC
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SLACPR?GLRW ?LB UFCRFCP GR AMSJB A?SQC BGDDGASJRGCQ DMP RFC @?R. ()L NP?ARGAC,
RFC @?R AMLRGLSCQ RM SQC QMSLB ?Q GR AJMQCQ GL, CJGKGL?RGLE KMQR MD ?LW
BGDDGASJRGCQ GKNMQCB @W RFGQ ?LB MRFCP CDDCARQ, QSAF ?Q KMRGML MD RFC NPCW.)
27. 7F?R GQ RFC GLRCLQGRW GL U?RRQ NCP KCRCP QOS?PCB MD 85.0-B" QMSLB?
28. 4FC U?PLGLE R?E ML ? J?UL KMUCP QR?RCQ RF?R GR NPMBSACQ LMGQC ?R ?
JCTCJ MD 91.0 B". 7F?R GQ RFGQ GL U?RRQ NCP KCRCP QOS?PCB?
29. ! QMSLB U?TC RP?TCJGLE GL 20C ?GP F?Q ? NPCQQSPC ?KNJGRSBC MD
0.5 0?. 7F?R GQ RFC GLRCLQGRW MD RFC U?TC?
30. 7F?R GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ BMCQ RFC QMSLB GL RFC NPCACBGLE NPM@JCK
AMPPCQNMLB RM?
31. 7F?R QMSLB GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ GL B" GQ NPMBSACB @W C?PNFMLCQ RF?R
APC?RC ?L GLRCLQGRW MD 4.0010
2
W/m
2
?
32. 3FMU RF?R ?L GLRCLQGRW MD 10
12
W/m
2
GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q
10
16
W/cm
2
.
33. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC BCAG@CJ JCTCJ MD ? QMSLB RF?R GQ RUGAC ?Q GLRCLQC ?Q ?
90.0-B" QMSLB? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC BCAG@CJ JCTCJ MD ? QMSLB RF?R GQ MLC-DGDRF
?Q GLRCLQC ?Q ? 90.0-B" QMSLB?
34. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC GLRCLQGRW MD ? QMSLB RF?R F?Q ? JCTCJ 7.00 B" JMUCP
RF?L ? 4.0010
9
W/m
2
QMSLB? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC GLRCLQGRW MD ? QMSLB
RF?R GQ 3.00 B" FGEFCP RF?L ? 4.0010
9
W/m
2
QMSLB?
35. (?) (MU KSAF KMPC GLRCLQC GQ ? QMSLB RF?R F?Q ? JCTCJ 17.0 B"
FGEFCP RF?L ?LMRFCP? (@) )D MLC QMSLB F?Q ? JCTCJ 23.0 B" JCQQ RF?L
?LMRFCP, UF?R GQ RFC P?RGM MD RFCGP GLRCLQGRGCQ?
36. 0CMNJC UGRF EMMB FC?PGLE A?L NCPACGTC QMSLBQ ?Q JMU GL JCTCJ ?Q
8.00 dB ?R ? DPCOSCLAW MD 3000 (X. 7F?R GQ RFC GLRCLQGRW MD RFGQ QMSLB
GL U?RRQ NCP KCRCP QOS?PCB?
37. )D ? J?PEC FMSQCDJW 3.0 K ?U?W DPMK WMS K?ICQ ? LMGQC MD 40.0 B",
UF?R GQ RFC LMGQC JCTCJ MD 1000 DJGCQ ?R RF?R BGQR?LAC, ?QQSKGLE
GLRCPDCPCLAC F?Q ? LCEJGEG@JC CDDCAR?
38. 4CL A?PQ GL ? AGPAJC ?R ? @MMK @MV AMKNCRGRGML NPMBSAC ? 120-B"
QMSLB GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ ?R RFC ACLRCP MD RFC AGPAJC. 7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC
QMSLB GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ NPMBSACB RFCPC @W C?AF QRCPCM, ?QQSKGLE
GLRCPDCPCLAC CDDCARQ A?L @C LCEJCARCB?
39. 4FC ?KNJGRSBC MD ? QMSLB U?TC GQ KC?QSPCB GL RCPKQ MD GRQ K?VGKSK
E?SEC NPCQQSPC. "W UF?R D?ARMP BMCQ RFC ?KNJGRSBC MD ? QMSLB U?TC
GLAPC?QC GD RFC QMSLB GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ EMCQ SN @W 40.0 B"?
40. )D ? QMSLB GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ MD 0 B" ?R 1000 (X AMPPCQNMLBQ RM ?
K?VGKSK E?SEC NPCQQSPC (QMSLB ?KNJGRSBC) MD 10
9
atm, UF?R GQ RFC
K?VGKSK E?SEC NPCQQSPC GL ? 60-B" QMSLB? 7F?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK
E?SEC NPCQQSPC GL ? 120-B" QMSLB?
41. !L 8-FMSP CVNMQSPC RM ? QMSLB GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ MD 90.0 B" K?W A?SQC
FC?PGLE B?K?EC. 7F?R CLCPEW GL HMSJCQ D?JJQ ML ? 0.800-AK-BG?KCRCP
C?PBPSK QM CVNMQCB?
42. (?) %?P RPSKNCRQ UCPC LCTCP TCPW AMKKML, @SR RFCW BGB ?GB NCMNJC
UGRF FC?PGLE JMQQCQ @W E?RFCPGLE QMSLB MTCP ? J?PEC ?PC? ?LB
AMLACLRP?RGLE GR ML RFC QK?JJCP ?PC? MD RFC C?PBPSK. 7F?R BCAG@CJ
GLAPC?QC BMCQ ?L C?P RPSKNCR NPMBSAC GD GRQ QMSLB E?RFCPGLE ?PC? GQ
900 cm
2
?LB RFC ?PC? MD RFC C?PBPSK GQ 0.500 cm
2
, @SR RFC RPSKNCR
MLJW F?Q ?L CDDGAGCLAW MD 5.00% GL RP?LQKGRRGLE RFC QMSLB RM RFC C?PBPSK?
(@) #MKKCLR ML RFC SQCDSJLCQQ MD RFC BCAG@CJ GLAPC?QC DMSLB GL N?PR (?).
43. 3MSLB GQ KMPC CDDCARGTCJW RP?LQKGRRCB GLRM ? QRCRFMQAMNC @W BGPCAR
AMLR?AR RF?L RFPMSEF RFC ?GP, ?LB GR GQ DSPRFCP GLRCLQGDGCB @W @CGLE
AMLACLRP?RCB ML RFC QK?JJCP ?PC? MD RFC C?PBPSK. )R GQ PC?QML?@JC RM
?QQSKC RF?R QMSLB GQ RP?LQKGRRCB GLRM ? QRCRFMQAMNC 100 RGKCQ ?Q
CDDCARGTCJW AMKN?PCB UGRF RP?LQKGQQGML RFMSEF RFC ?GP. 7F?R, RFCL, GQ RFC
E?GL GL BCAG@CJQ NPMBSACB @W ? QRCRFMQAMNC RF?R F?Q ? QMSLB E?RFCPGLE
?PC? MD 15.0 cm
2
, ?LB AMLACLRP?RCQ RFC QMSLB MLRM RUM C?PBPSKQ UGRF
? RMR?J ?PC? MD 0.900 cm
2
UGRF ?L CDDGAGCLAW MD 40.0%?
44. ,MSBQNC?ICPQ A?L NPMBSAC GLRCLQC QMSLBQ UGRF QSPNPGQGLEJW QK?JJ
CLCPEW GLNSR GL QNGRC MD RFCGP JMU CDDGAGCLAGCQ. #?JASJ?RC RFC NMUCP GLNSR
LCCBCB RM NPMBSAC ? 90.0-B" QMSLB GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ DMP ? 12.0-AK-
BG?KCRCP QNC?ICP RF?R F?Q ?L CDDGAGCLAW MD 1.00%. (4FGQ T?JSC GQ RFC
QMSLB GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ PGEFR ?R RFC QNC?ICP.)
45. (?) 7F?R DPCOSCLAW GQ PCACGTCB @W ? NCPQML U?RAFGLE ?L MLAMKGLE
?K@SJ?LAC KMTGLE ?R 110 IK/F ?LB CKGRRGLE ? QRC?BW 800-(X QMSLB DPMK
GRQ QGPCL? 4FC QNCCB MD QMSLB ML RFGQ B?W GQ 345 K/Q. (@) 7F?R DPCOSCLAW
BMCQ QFC PCACGTC ?DRCP RFC ?K@SJ?LAC F?Q N?QQCB?
46. (?) !R ?L ?GP QFMU ? HCR DJGCQ BGPCARJW RMU?PB RFC QR?LBQ ?R ? QNCCB MD
1200 IK/F, CKGRRGLE ? DPCOSCLAW MD 3500 (X, ML ? B?W UFCL RFC QNCCB MD
QMSLB GQ 342 K/Q. 7F?R DPCOSCLAW GQ PCACGTCB @W RFC M@QCPTCPQ? (@) 7F?R
DPCOSCLAW BM RFCW PCACGTC ?Q RFC NJ?LC DJGCQ BGPCARJW ?U?W DPMK RFCK?
47. 7F?R DPCOSCLAW GQ PCACGTCB @W ? KMSQC HSQR @CDMPC @CGLE BGQN?RAFCB
@W ? F?UI DJWGLE ?R GR ?R 25.0 K/Q ?LB CKGRRGLE ? QAPCCAF MD DPCOSCLAW
3500 (X? 4?IC RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB RM @C 331 K/Q.
48. ! QNCAR?RMP ?R ? N?P?BC PCACGTCQ ?L 888-(X RMLC DPMK ?L MLAMKGLE
RPSKNCRCP UFM GQ NJ?WGLE ?L 880-(X LMRC. !R UF?R QNCCB GQ RFC KSQGAG?L
?NNPM?AFGLE GD RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB GQ 338 K/Q?
#(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).' 623
49. ! AMKKSRCP RP?GL @JMUQ GRQ 200-(X FMPL ?Q GR ?NNPM?AFCQ ? APMQQGLE.
4FC QNCCB MD QMSLB GQ 335 K/Q. (?) !L M@QCPTCP U?GRGLE ?R RFC APMQQGLE
PCACGTCQ ? DPCOSCLAW MD 208 (X. 7F?R GQ RFC QNCCB MD RFC RP?GL? (@) 7F?R
DPCOSCLAW BMCQ RFC M@QCPTCP PCACGTC ?Q RFC RP?GL KMTCQ ?U?W?
50. #?L WMS NCPACGTC RFC QFGDR GL DPCOSCLAW NPMBSACB UFCL WMS NSJJ ?
RSLGLE DMPI RMU?PB WMS ?R 10.0 K/Q ML ? B?W UFCL RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB GQ
344 K/Q? 4M ?LQUCP RFGQ OSCQRGML, A?JASJ?RC RFC D?ARMP @W UFGAF RFC
DPCOSCLAW QFGDRQ ?LB QCC GD GR GQ EPC?RCP RF?L 0.300%.
51. 4UM C?EJCQ DJW BGPCARJW RMU?PB MLC ?LMRFCP, RFC DGPQR ?R 15.0 K/Q ?LB
RFC QCAMLB ?R 20.0 K/Q. "MRF QAPCCAF, RFC DGPQR MLC CKGRRGLE ? DPCOSCLAW
MD 3200 (X ?LB RFC QCAMLB MLC CKGRRGLE ? DPCOSCLAW MD 3800 (X. 7F?R
DPCOSCLAGCQ BM RFCW PCACGTC GD RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB GQ 330 K/Q?
52. 7F?R GQ RFC KGLGKSK QNCCB ?R UFGAF ? QMSPAC KSQR RP?TCJ RMU?PB WMS
DMP WMS RM @C ?@JC RM FC?P RF?R GRQ DPCOSCLAW GQ $MNNJCP QFGDRCB? 4F?R GQ,
UF?R QNCCB NPMBSACQ ? QFGDR MD 0.300% ML ? B?W UFCL RFC QNCCB MD
QMSLB GQ 331 K/Q?
17.5 ,EKD: "DJ;H<;H;D9; 7D: +;IED7D9;: ,J7D:?D=
07L;I ?D A?H CEBKCDI
53. ! uQFMUWv ASQRMK-@SGJR A?P F?Q RUM @P?QQ FMPLQ RF?R ?PC QSNNMQCB RM
NPMBSAC RFC Q?KC DPCOSCLAW @SR ?ARS?JJW CKGR 263.8 ?LB 264.5 (X. 7F?R
@C?R DPCOSCLAW GQ NPMBSACB?
54. 7F?R @C?R DPCOSCLAGCQ UGJJ @C NPCQCLR: (?) )D RFC KSQGA?J LMRCQ ! ?LB
# ?PC NJ?WCB RMECRFCP (DPCOSCLAGCQ MD 220 ?LB 264 (X)? (@) )D $ ?LB &
?PC NJ?WCB RMECRFCP (DPCOSCLAGCQ MD 297 ?LB 352 (X)? (A) )D ?JJ DMSP ?PC
NJ?WCB RMECRFCP?
55. 7F?R @C?R DPCOSCLAGCQ PCQSJR GD ? NG?LM F?KKCP FGRQ RFPCC QRPGLEQ RF?R
CKGR DPCOSCLAGCQ MD 127.8, 128.1, ?LB 128.3 (X?
56. ! NG?LM RSLCP FC?PQ ? @C?R CTCPW 2.00 Q UFCL JGQRCLGLE RM ? 264.0-(X
RSLGLE DMPI ?LB ? QGLEJC NG?LM QRPGLE. 7F?R ?PC RFC RUM NMQQG@JC
DPCOSCLAGCQ MD RFC QRPGLE?
57. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC DSLB?KCLR?J DPCOSCLAW MD ? 0.672-K-JMLE RS@C, MNCL
?R @MRF CLBQ, ML ? B?W UFCL RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB GQ 344 K/Q? (@) 7F?R GQ
RFC DPCOSCLAW MD GRQ QCAMLB F?PKMLGA?
58. )D ? UGLB GLQRPSKCLR, QSAF ?Q ? RS@?, F?Q ? DSLB?KCLR?J DPCOSCLAW MD
32.0 (X, UF?R ?PC GRQ DGPQR RFPCC MTCPRMLCQ? )R GQ AJMQCB ?R MLC CLB. (4FC
MTCPRMLCQ MD ? PC?J RS@? ?PC KMPC AMKNJCV RF?L RFGQ CV?KNJC, @CA?SQC GR
GQ ? R?NCPCB RS@C.)
59. 7F?R ?PC RFC DGPQR RFPCC MTCPRMLCQ MD ? @?QQMML RF?R F?Q ?
DSLB?KCLR?J DPCOSCLAW MD 90.0 (X? )R GQ MNCL ?R @MRF CLBQ. (4FC
MTCPRMLCQ MD ? PC?J @?QQMML ?PC KMPC AMKNJCV RF?L RFGQ CV?KNJC,
@CA?SQC GRQ BMS@JC PCCB K?ICQ GR ?AR KMPC JGIC ? RS@C AJMQCB ?R MLC
CLB.)
60. (MU JMLE KSQR ? DJSRC @C GL MPBCP RM F?TC ? DSLB?KCLR?J DPCOSCLAW MD
262 (X (RFGQ DPCOSCLAW AMPPCQNMLBQ RM KGBBJC # ML RFC CTCLJW RCKNCPCB
AFPMK?RGA QA?JC) ML ? B?W UFCL ?GP RCKNCP?RSPC GQ 20.0C? )R GQ MNCL ?R
@MRF CLBQ.
61. 7F?R JCLERF QFMSJB ?L M@MC F?TC RM NPMBSAC ? DSLB?KCLR?J
DPCOSCLAW MD 110 (X ML ? B?W UFCL RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB GQ 343 K/Q? )R GQ
MNCL ?R @MRF CLBQ.
62. 7F?R GQ RFC JCLERF MD ? RS@C RF?R F?Q ? DSLB?KCLR?J DPCOSCLAW MD 176
(X ?LB ? DGPQR MTCPRMLC MD 352 (X GD RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB GQ 343 K/Q?
63. (?) &GLB RFC JCLERF MD ?L MPE?L NGNC AJMQCB ?R MLC CLB RF?R NPMBSACQ
? DSLB?KCLR?J DPCOSCLAW MD 256 (X UFCL ?GP RCKNCP?RSPC GQ 18.0C. (@)
7F?R GQ GRQ DSLB?KCLR?J DPCOSCLAW ?R 25.0C?
64. "W UF?R DP?ARGML UGJJ RFC DPCOSCLAGCQ NPMBSACB @W ? UGLB GLQRPSKCLR
AF?LEC UFCL ?GP RCKNCP?RSPC EMCQ DPMK 10.0C RM 30.0C? 4F?R GQ,
DGLB RFC P?RGM MD RFC DPCOSCLAGCQ ?R RFMQC RCKNCP?RSPCQ.
65. 4FC C?P A?L?J PCQML?RCQ JGIC ? RS@C AJMQCB ?R MLC CLB. (3CC F?=KH;
17.39.) )D C?P A?L?JQ P?LEC GL JCLERF DPMK 1.80 RM 2.60 AK GL ?L ?TCP?EC
NMNSJ?RGML, UF?R GQ RFC P?LEC MD DSLB?KCLR?J PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAGCQ? 4?IC
?GP RCKNCP?RSPC RM @C 37.0C, UFGAF GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q @MBW RCKNCP?RSPC.
(MU BMCQ RFGQ PCQSJR AMPPCJ?RC UGRF RFC GLRCLQGRW TCPQSQ DPCOSCLAW EP?NF
(F?=KH; 17.37 MD RFC FSK?L C?P?
66. #?JASJ?RC RFC DGPQR MTCPRMLC GL ?L C?P A?L?J, UFGAF PCQML?RCQ JGIC ?
2.40-AK-JMLE RS@C AJMQCB ?R MLC CLB, @W R?IGLE ?GP RCKNCP?RSPC RM @C
37.0C. )Q RFC C?P N?PRGASJ?PJW QCLQGRGTC RM QSAF ? DPCOSCLAW? (4FC
PCQML?LACQ MD RFC C?P A?L?J ?PC AMKNJGA?RCB @W GRQ LMLSLGDMPK QF?NC,
UFGAF UC QF?JJ GELMPC.)
67. ! APSBC ?NNPMVGK?RGML MD TMGAC NPMBSARGML GQ RM AMLQGBCP RFC
@PC?RFGLE N?QQ?ECQ ?LB KMSRF RM @C ? PCQML?RGLE RS@C AJMQCB ?R MLC
CLB. (3CC F?=KH; 17.30.) (?) 7F?R GQ RFC DSLB?KCLR?J DPCOSCLAW GD RFC
RS@C GQ 0.240-K JMLE, @W R?IGLE ?GP RCKNCP?RSPC RM @C 37.0C? (@) 7F?R
UMSJB RFGQ DPCOSCLAW @CAMKC GD RFC NCPQML PCNJ?ACB RFC ?GP UGRF FCJGSK?
!QQSKC RFC Q?KC RCKNCP?RSPC BCNCLBCLAC DMP FCJGSK ?Q DMP ?GP.
68. (?) 3RSBCLRQ GL ? NFWQGAQ J?@ ?PC ?QICB RM DGLB RFC JCLERF MD ?L ?GP
AMJSKL GL ? RS@C AJMQCB ?R MLC CLB RF?R F?Q ? DSLB?KCLR?J DPCOSCLAW MD
256 (X. 4FCW FMJB RFC RS@C TCPRGA?JJW ?LB DGJJ GR UGRF U?RCP RM RFC RMN, RFCL
JMUCP RFC U?RCP UFGJC ? 256-(X RSLGLE DMPI GQ PSLE ?LB JGQRCL DMP RFC DGPQR
PCQML?LAC. 7F?R GQ RFC ?GP RCKNCP?RSPC GD RFC PCQML?LAC MAASPQ DMP ?
JCLERF MD 0.336 K? (@) !R UF?R JCLERF UGJJ RFCW M@QCPTC RFC QCAMLB
PCQML?LAC (DGPQR MTCPRMLC)?
69. 7F?R DPCOSCLAGCQ UGJJ ? 1.80-K-JMLE RS@C NPMBSAC GL RFC ?SBG@JC
P?LEC ?R 20.0C GD: (?) 4FC RS@C GQ AJMQCB ?R MLC CLB? (@) )R GQ MNCL ?R
@MRF CLBQ?
17.6 !;7H?D=
70. 4FC D?ARMP MD 10
12
GL RFC P?LEC MD GLRCLQGRGCQ RM UFGAF RFC C?P A?L
PCQNMLB, DPMK RFPCQFMJB RM RF?R A?SQGLE B?K?EC ?DRCP @PGCD CVNMQSPC, GQ
RPSJW PCK?PI?@JC. )D WMS AMSJB KC?QSPC BGQR?LACQ MTCP RFC Q?KC P?LEC
UGRF ? QGLEJC GLQRPSKCLR ?LB RFC QK?JJCQR BGQR?LAC WMS AMSJB KC?QSPC
U?Q 1 KK, UF?R UMSJB RFC J?PECQR @C?
71. 4FC DPCOSCLAGCQ RM UFGAF RFC C?P PCQNMLBQ T?PW @W ? D?ARMP MD 10
3
.
3SNNMQC RFC QNCCBMKCRCP ML WMSP A?P KC?QSPCB QNCCBQ BGDDCPGLE @W RFC
Q?KC D?ARMP MD 10
3
, ?LB RFC EPC?RCQR QNCCB GR PC?BQ GQ 90.0 KG/F. 7F?R
UMSJB @C RFC QJMUCQR LMLXCPM QNCCB GR AMSJB PC?B?
72. 7F?R ?PC RFC AJMQCQR DPCOSCLAGCQ RM 500 (X RF?R ?L ?TCP?EC NCPQML
A?L AJC?PJW BGQRGLESGQF ?Q @CGLE BGDDCPCLR GL DPCOSCLAW DPMK 500 (X? 4FC
QMSLBQ ?PC LMR NPCQCLR QGKSJR?LCMSQJW.
73. #?L RFC ?TCP?EC NCPQML RCJJ RF?R ? 2002-(X QMSLB F?Q ? BGDDCPCLR
DPCOSCLAW RF?L ? 1999-(X QMSLB UGRFMSR NJ?WGLE RFCK QGKSJR?LCMSQJW?
74. )D WMSP P?BGM GQ NPMBSAGLE ?L ?TCP?EC QMSLB GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ MD 85 B",
UF?R GQ RFC LCVR JMUCQR QMSLB GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ RF?R GQ AJC?PJW JCQQ GLRCLQC?
75. #?L WMS RCJJ RF?R WMSP PMMKK?RC RSPLCB SN RFC QMSLB ML RFC 46 GD GRQ
?TCP?EC QMSLB GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ EMCQ DPMK 70 RM 73 B"?
76. "?QCB ML RFC EP?NF GL F?=KH; 17.36, UF?R GQ RFC RFPCQFMJB MD FC?PGLE
GL BCAG@CJQ DMP DPCOSCLAGCQ MD 60, 400, 1000, 4000, ?LB 15,000 (X? .MRC
RF?R K?LW !# CJCARPGA?J ?NNJG?LACQ NPMBSAC 60 (X, KSQGA GQ AMKKMLJW
400 (X, ? PCDCPCLAC DPCOSCLAW GQ 1000 (X, WMSP K?VGKSK QCLQGRGTGRW GQ
LC?P 4000 (X, ?LB K?LW MJBCP 46Q NPMBSAC ? 15,750 (X UFGLC.
77. 7F?R QMSLB GLRCLQGRW JCTCJQ KSQR QMSLBQ MD DPCOSCLAGCQ 60, 3000,
?LB 8000 (X F?TC GL MPBCP RM F?TC RFC Q?KC JMSBLCQQ ?Q ? 40-B" QMSLB
MD DPCOSCLAW 1000 (X (RF?R GQ, RM F?TC ? JMSBLCQQ MD 40 NFMLQ)?
78. 7F?R GQ RFC ?NNPMVGK?RC QMSLB GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ GL BCAG@CJQ MD ? 600-(X
RMLC GD GR F?Q ? JMSBLCQQ MD 20 NFMLQ? )D GR F?Q ? JMSBLCQQ MD 70 NFMLQ?
79. (?) 7F?R ?PC RFC JMSBLCQQCQ GL NFMLQ MD QMSLBQ F?TGLE DPCOSCLAGCQ
MD 200, 1000, 5000, ?LB 10,000 (X, GD RFCW ?PC ?JJ ?R RFC Q?KC 60.0-B"
QMSLB GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ? (@) )D RFCW ?PC ?JJ ?R 110 B"? (A) )D RFCW ?PC ?JJ ?R
20.0 B"?
80. 3SNNMQC ? NCPQML F?Q ? 50-B" FC?PGLE JMQQ ?R ?JJ DPCOSCLAGCQ. "W
FMU K?LW D?ARMPQ MD 10 UGJJ JMU-GLRCLQGRW QMSLBQ LCCB RM @C ?KNJGDGCB RM
QCCK LMPK?J RM RFGQ NCPQML? .MRC RF?R QK?JJCP ?KNJGDGA?RGML GQ
?NNPMNPG?RC DMP KMPC GLRCLQC QMSLBQ RM ?TMGB DSPRFCP FC?PGLE B?K?EC.
81. )D ? UMK?L LCCBQ ?L ?KNJGDGA?RGML MD 5.010
12
RGKCQ RFC RFPCQFMJB
GLRCLQGRW RM CL?@JC FCP RM FC?P ?R ?JJ DPCOSCLAGCQ, UF?R GQ FCP MTCP?JJ
FC?PGLE JMQQ GL B"? .MRC RF?R QK?JJCP ?KNJGDGA?RGML GQ ?NNPMNPG?RC DMP KMPC
624 #(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).'
GLRCLQC QMSLBQ RM ?TMGB DSPRFCP B?K?EC RM FCP FC?PGLE DPMK JCTCJQ ?@MTC
90 B".
82. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC GLRCLQGRW GL U?RRQ NCP KCRCP QOS?PCB MD ? HSQR @?PCJW
?SBG@JC 200-(X QMSLB? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC GLRCLQGRW GL U?RRQ NCP KCRCP
QOS?PCB MD ? @?PCJW ?SBG@JC 4000-(X QMSLB?
83. (?) &GLB RFC GLRCLQGRW GL U?RRQ NCP KCRCP QOS?PCB MD ? 60.0-(X QMSLB
F?TGLE ? JMSBLCQQ MD 60 NFMLQ. (@) &GLB RFC GLRCLQGRW GL U?RRQ NCP KCRCP
QOS?PCB MD ? 10,000-(X QMSLB F?TGLE ? JMSBLCQQ MD 60 NFMLQ.
84. ! NCPQML F?Q ? FC?PGLE RFPCQFMJB 10 B" ?@MTC LMPK?J ?R 100 (X ?LB
50 B" ?@MTC LMPK?J ?R 4000 (X. (MU KSAF KMPC GLRCLQC KSQR ? 100-(X
RMLC @C RF?L ? 4000-(X RMLC GD RFCW ?PC @MRF @?PCJW ?SBG@JC RM RFGQ
NCPQML?
85. ! AFGJB F?Q ? FC?PGLE JMQQ MD 60 B" LC?P 5000 (X, BSC RM LMGQC
CVNMQSPC, ?LB LMPK?J FC?PGLE CJQCUFCPC. (MU KSAF KMPC GLRCLQC GQ ?
5000-(X RMLC RF?L ? 400-(X RMLC GD RFCW ?PC @MRF @?PCJW ?SBG@JC RM RFC
AFGJB?
86. 7F?R GQ RFC P?RGM MD GLRCLQGRGCQ MD RUM QMSLBQ MD GBCLRGA?J DPCOSCLAW GD
RFC DGPQR GQ HSQR @?PCJW BGQACPLG@JC ?Q JMSBCP RM ? NCPQML RF?L RFC QCAMLB?
17.7 .BJH7IEKD:
.DB;II EJ>;HM?I; ?D:?97J;:, <EH FHE8B;CI ?D J>?I I;9J?ED, 7IIKC;
J>7J J>; IF;;: E< IEKD: J>HEK=> >KC7D J?IIK;I ?I 1540 C/I.
87. 7F?R GQ RFC QMSLB GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ GL BCAG@CJQ MD SJRP?QMSLB MD GLRCLQGRW
10
5
W/m
2
, SQCB RM NSJTCPGXC RGQQSC BSPGLE QSPECPW?
88. )Q 155-B" SJRP?QMSLB GL RFC P?LEC MD GLRCLQGRGCQ SQCB DMP BCCN
FC?RGLE? #?JASJ?RC RFC GLRCLQGRW MD RFGQ SJRP?QMSLB ?LB AMKN?PC RFGQ
GLRCLQGRW UGRF T?JSCQ OSMRCB GL RFC RCVR.
89. &GLB RFC QMSLB GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ GL BCAG@CJQ MD 2.0010
2
W/m
2
SJRP?QMSLB SQCB GL KCBGA?J BG?ELMQRGAQ.
90. 4FC RGKC BCJ?W @CRUCCL RP?LQKGQQGML ?LB RFC ?PPGT?J MD RFC PCDJCARCB
U?TC MD ? QGEL?J SQGLE SJRP?QMSLB RP?TCJGLE RFPMSEF ? NGCAC MD D?R RGQQSC
U?Q 0.13 KQ. !R UF?R BCNRF BGB RFGQ PCDJCARGML MAASP?
91. )L RFC AJGLGA?J SQC MD SJRP?QMSLB, RP?LQBSACPQ ?PC ?JU?WQ AMSNJCB RM
RFC QIGL @W ? RFGL J?WCP MD ECJ MP MGJ, PCNJ?AGLE RFC ?GP RF?R UMSJB MRFCPUGQC
CVGQR @CRUCCL RFC RP?LQBSACP ?LB RFC QIGL. (?) 5QGLE RFC T?JSCQ MD
?AMSQRGA GKNCB?LAC EGTCL GL -78B; 17.5 A?JASJ?RC RFC GLRCLQGRW PCDJCARGML
AMCDDGAGCLR @CRUCCL RP?LQBSACP K?RCPG?J ?LB ?GP. (@) #?JASJ?RC RFC GLRCLQGRW
PCDJCARGML AMCDDGAGCLR @CRUCCL RP?LQBSACP K?RCPG?J ?LB ECJ (?QQSKGLE DMP
RFGQ NPM@JCK RF?R GRQ ?AMSQRGA GKNCB?LAC GQ GBCLRGA?J RM RF?R MD U?RCP). (A)
"?QCB ML RFC PCQSJRQ MD WMSP A?JASJ?RGMLQ, CVNJ?GL UFW RFC ECJ GQ SQCB.
92. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC KGLGKSK DPCOSCLAW MD SJRP?QMSLB RF?R UGJJ ?JJMU WMS
RM QCC BCR?GJQ ?Q QK?JJ ?Q 0.250 KK GL FSK?L RGQQSC. (@) 7F?R GQ RFC
CDDCARGTC BCNRF RM UFGAF RFGQ QMSLB GQ CDDCARGTC ?Q ? BG?ELMQRGA NPM@C?
93. (?) &GLB RFC QGXC MD RFC QK?JJCQR BCR?GJ M@QCPT?@JC GL FSK?L RGQQSC
UGRF 20.0--(X SJRP?QMSLB. (@) )Q GRQ CDDCARGTC NCLCRP?RGML BCNRF EPC?R
CLMSEF RM CV?KGLC RFC CLRGPC CWC (?@MSR 3.00 AK GQ LCCBCB)? (A) 7F?R GQ
RFC U?TCJCLERF MD QSAF SJRP?QMSLB GL 0C ?GP?
94. (?) %AFM RGKCQ ?PC KC?QSPCB @W BG?ELMQRGA SJRP?QMSLB QA?LLCPQ RM
BCRCPKGLC BGQR?LACQ RM PCDJCARGLE QSPD?ACQ GL ? N?RGCLR. 7F?R GQ RFC
BGDDCPCLAC GL CAFM RGKCQ DMP RGQQSCQ RF?R ?PC 3.50 ?LB 3.60 AK @CLC?RF
RFC QSPD?AC? (4FGQ BGDDCPCLAC GQ RFC KGLGKSK PCQMJTGLE RGKC DMP RFC
QA?LLCP RM QCC BCR?GJQ ?Q QK?JJ ?Q 0.100 AK, MP 1.00 KK. $GQAPGKGL?RGML
MD QK?JJCP RGKC BGDDCPCLACQ GQ LCCBCB RM QCC QK?JJCP BCR?GJQ.) (@) $GQASQQ
UFCRFCP RFC NCPGMB T MD RFGQ SJRP?QMSLB KSQR @C QK?JJCP RF?L RFC
KGLGKSK RGKC PCQMJSRGML. )D QM, UF?R GQ RFC KGLGKSK DPCOSCLAW MD RFC
SJRP?QMSLB ?LB GQ RF?R MSR MD RFC LMPK?J P?LEC DMP BG?ELMQRGA SJRP?QMSLB?
95. (?) (MU D?P ?N?PR ?PC RUM J?WCPQ MD RGQQSC RF?R NPMBSAC CAFMCQ F?TGLE
PMSLB-RPGN RGKCQ (SQCB RM KC?QSPC BGQR?LACQ) RF?R BGDDCP @W 0.750 s ?
(@) 7F?R KGLGKSK DPCOSCLAW KSQR RFC SJRP?QMSLB F?TC RM QCC BCR?GJ RFGQ
QK?JJ?
96. (?) ! @?R SQCQ SJRP?QMSLB RM DGLB GRQ U?W ?KMLE RPCCQ. )D RFGQ @?R A?L
BCRCAR CAFMCQ 1.00 KQ ?N?PR, UF?R KGLGKSK BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL M@HCARQ
A?L GR BCRCAR? (@) #MSJB RFGQ BGQR?LAC CVNJ?GL RFC BGDDGASJRW RF?R @?RQ F?TC
DGLBGLE ?L MNCL BMMP UFCL RFCW ?AAGBCLR?JJW ECR GLRM ? FMSQC?
97. ! BMJNFGL GQ ?@JC RM RCJJ GL RFC B?PI RF?R RFC SJRP?QMSLB CAFMCQ
PCACGTCB DPMK RUM QF?PIQ AMKC DPMK RUM BGDDCPCLR M@HCARQ MLJW GD RFC
QF?PIQ ?PC QCN?P?RCB @W 3.50 K, MLC @CGLE RF?R KSAF D?PRFCP ?U?W RF?L
RFC MRFCP. (?) )D RFC SJRP?QMSLB F?Q ? DPCOSCLAW MD 100 I(X, QFMU RFGQ
?@GJGRW GQ LMR JGKGRCB @W GRQ U?TCJCLERF. (@) )D RFGQ ?@GJGRW GQ BSC RM RFC
BMJNFGLtQ ?@GJGRW RM BCRCAR RFC ?PPGT?J RGKCQ MD CAFMCQ, UF?R GQ RFC KGLGKSK
RGKC BGDDCPCLAC RFC BMJNFGL A?L NCPACGTC?
98. ! BG?ELMQRGA SJRP?QMSLB CAFM GQ PCDJCARCB DPMK KMTGLE @JMMB ?LB
PCRSPLQ UGRF ? DPCOSCLAW 500 (X FGEFCP RF?L GRQ MPGEGL?J 2.00 -(X. 7F?R
GQ RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC @JMMB? (!QQSKC RF?R RFC DPCOSCLAW MD 2.00 -(X GQ
?AASP?RC RM QCTCL QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ ?LB 500 (X GQ ?AASP?RC RM RFPCC
QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ.)
99. 5JRP?QMSLB PCDJCARCB DPMK ?L MLAMKGLE @JMMBQRPC?K RF?R GQ KMTGLE ?R
30.0 AK/Q GQ KGVCB UGRF RFC MPGEGL?J DPCOSCLAW MD 2.50 -(X RM NPMBSAC
@C?RQ. 7F?R GQ RFC @C?R DPCOSCLAW? (!QQSKC RF?R RFC DPCOSCLAW MD 2.50
-(X GQ ?AASP?RC RM QCTCL QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ.)
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626 #(!04%2 17 Y 0(93)#3 /& (%!2).'
18 %,%#42)# #(!2'% !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
F?=KH; 18.1 3R?RGA CJCARPGAGRW DPMK RFGQ NJ?QRGA QJGBC A?SQCQ RFC AFGJBtQ F?GP RM QR?LB ML CLB. 4FC QJGBGLE KMRGML QRPGNNCB CJCARPMLQ ?U?W DPMK RFC AFGJBtQ @MBW, JC?TGLE ?L CVACQQ
MD NMQGRGTC AF?PECQ, UFGAF PCNCJ C?AF MRFCP ?JMLE C?AF QRP?LB MD F?GP. (APCBGR: +CL "MQK?/7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
,C?PLGLE /@HCARGTCQ
18.1. ,J7J?9 EB;9JH?9?JO 7D: C>7H=;: CEDI;HL7J?ED E< C>7H=;
18.2. CED:K9JEHI 7D: "DIKB7JEHI
18.3. CEKBEC8XI %7M
18.4. EB;9JH?9 F?;B:: CED9;FJ E< 7 F?;B: +;L?I?J;:
18.5. EB;9JH?9 F?;B: %?D;I: &KBJ?FB; C>7H=;I
18.6. EB;9JH?9 FEH9;I ?D B?EBE=O
18.7. CED:K9JEHI 7D: EB;9JH?9 F?;B:I ?D ,J7J?9 EGK?B?8H?KC
18.8. AFFB?97J?EDI E< EB;9JHEIJ7J?9I
"DJHE:K9J?ED JE EB;9JH?9 C>7H=; 7D: EB;9JH?9 F?;B:
4FC GK?EC MD !KCPGA?L NMJGRGAG?L ?LB QAGCLRGQR "CLH?KGL &P?LIJGL (1706q1790) DJWGLE ? IGRC GL ? RFSLBCPQRMPK GQ D?KGJG?P RM CTCPW QAFMMJAFGJB. (3CC
F?=KH; 18.2.) )L RFGQ CVNCPGKCLR, &P?LIJGL BCKMLQRP?RCB ? AMLLCARGML @CRUCCL JGEFRLGLE ?LB IJ7J?9 ;B;9JH?9?JO. 3N?PIQ UCPC BP?UL DPMK ? ICW FSLE
ML ? IGRC QRPGLE BSPGLE ?L CJCARPGA?J QRMPK. 4FCQC QN?PIQ UCPC JGIC RFMQC NPMBSACB @W QR?RGA CJCARPGAGRW, QSAF ?Q RFC QN?PI RF?R HSKNQ DPMK WMSP DGLECP RM
? KCR?J BMMPILM@ ?DRCP WMS U?JI ?APMQQ ? UMMJ A?PNCR. 7F?R &P?LIJGL BCKMLQRP?RCB GL FGQ B?LECPMSQ CVNCPGKCLR U?Q ? AMLLCARGML @CRUCCL
NFCLMKCL? ML RUM BGDDCPCLR QA?JCQ: MLC RFC EP?LB NMUCP MD ?L CJCARPGA?J QRMPK, RFC MRFCP ?L CDDCAR MD KMPC FSK?L NPMNMPRGMLQ. #MLLCARGMLQ JGIC RFGQ
MLC PCTC?J RFC SLBCPJWGLE SLGRW MD RFC J?UQ MD L?RSPC, ?L ?QNCAR UC FSK?LQ DGLB N?PRGASJ?PJW ?NNC?JGLE.
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F?=KH; 18.2 7FCL "CLH?KGL &P?LIJGL BCKMLQRP?RCB RF?R JGEFRLGLE U?Q PCJ?RCB RM QR?RGA CJCARPGAGRW, FC K?BC ? AMLLCARGML RF?R GQ LMU N?PR MD RFC CTGBCLAC RF?R ?JJ BGPCARJW
CVNCPGCLACB DMPACQ CVACNR RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC ?PC K?LGDCQR?RGMLQ MD RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA DMPAC.
-SAF F?Q @CCL UPGRRCL ?@MSR &P?LIJGL. (GQ CVNCPGKCLRQ UCPC MLJW N?PR MD RFC JGDC MD ? K?L UFM U?Q ? QAGCLRGQR, GLTCLRMP, PCTMJSRGML?PW, QR?RCQK?L, ?LB
UPGRCP. &P?LIJGLtQ CVNCPGKCLRQ UCPC LMR NCPDMPKCB GL GQMJ?RGML, LMP UCPC RFCW RFC MLJW MLCQ RM PCTC?J AMLLCARGMLQ.
&MP CV?KNJC, RFC )R?JG?L QAGCLRGQR ,SGEG '?JT?LG (1737q1798) NCPDMPKCB ? QCPGCQ MD CVNCPGKCLRQ GL UFGAF QR?RGA CJCARPGAGRW U?Q SQCB RM QRGKSJ?RC
AMLRP?ARGMLQ MD JCE KSQAJCQ MD BC?B DPMEQ, ?L CDDCAR ?JPC?BW ILMUL GL FSK?LQ QS@HCARCB RM QR?RGA BGQAF?PECQ. "SR '?JT?LG ?JQM DMSLB RF?R GD FC HMGLCB
RUM KCR?J UGPCQ (Q?W AMNNCP ?LB XGLA) CLB RM CLB ?LB RMSAFCB RFC MRFCP CLBQ RM KSQAJCQ, FC NPMBSACB RFC Q?KC CDDCAR GL DPMEQ ?Q QR?RGA BGQAF?PEC.
!JCQQ?LBPM 6MJR? (1745q1827), N?PRJW GLQNGPCB @W '?JT?LGtQ UMPI, CVNCPGKCLRCB UGRF T?PGMSQ AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD KCR?JQ ?LB BCTCJMNCB RFC @?RRCPW.
$SPGLE RFC Q?KC CP?, MRFCP QAGCLRGQRQ K?BC NPMEPCQQ GL BGQAMTCPGLE DSLB?KCLR?J AMLLCARGMLQ. 4FC NCPGMBGA R?@JC U?Q BCTCJMNCB ?Q RFC QWQRCK?RGA
NPMNCPRGCQ MD RFC CJCKCLRQ UCPC BGQAMTCPCB. 4FGQ GLDJSCLACB RFC BCTCJMNKCLR ?LB PCDGLCKCLR MD RFC AMLACNR MD ?RMKQ ?Q RFC @?QGQ MD K?RRCP. 3SAF
QS@KGAPMQAMNGA BCQAPGNRGMLQ MD K?RRCP ?JQM FCJN CVNJ?GL ? EPC?R BC?J KMPC.
!RMKGA ?LB KMJCASJ?P GLRCP?ARGMLQ, QSAF ?Q RFC DMPACQ MD DPGARGML, AMFCQGML, ?LB ?BFCQGML, ?PC LMU ILMUL RM @C K?LGDCQR?RGMLQ MD RFC
;B;9JHEC7=D;J?9 <EH9;. 3R?RGA CJCARPGAGRW GQ HSQR MLC ?QNCAR MD RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA DMPAC, UFGAF ?JQM GLAJSBCQ KMTGLE CJCARPGAGRW ?LB K?ELCRGQK.
!JJ RFC K?APMQAMNGA DMPACQ RF?R UC CVNCPGCLAC BGPCARJW, QSAF ?Q RFC QCLQ?RGMLQ MD RMSAF ?LB RFC RCLQGML GL ? PMNC, ?PC BSC RM RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA
DMPAC, MLC MD RFC DMSP DSLB?KCLR?J DMPACQ GL L?RSPC. 4FC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC, ?LMRFCP DSLB?KCLR?J DMPAC, GQ ?ARS?JJW QCLQCB RFPMSEF RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA
GLRCP?ARGML MD KMJCASJCQ, QSAF ?Q @CRUCCL RFMQC GL MSP DCCR ?LB RFMQC ML RFC RMN MD ? @?RFPMMK QA?JC. (4FC MRFCP RUM DSLB?KCLR?J DMPACQ, RFC QRPMLE
LSAJC?P DMPAC ?LB RFC UC?I LSAJC?P DMPAC, A?LLMR @C QCLQCB ML RFC FSK?L QA?JC.)
4FGQ AF?NRCP @CEGLQ RFC QRSBW MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA NFCLMKCL? ?R ? DSLB?KCLR?J JCTCJ. 4FC LCVR QCTCP?J AF?NRCPQ UGJJ AMTCP QR?RGA CJCARPGAGRW, KMTGLE
CJCARPGAGRW, ?LB K?ELCRGQKrAMJJCARGTCJW ILMUL ?Q CJCARPMK?ELCRGQK. )L RFGQ AF?NRCP, UC @CEGL UGRF RFC QRSBW MD CJCARPGA NFCLMKCL? BSC RM AF?PECQ
RF?R ?PC ?R JC?QR RCKNMP?PGJW QR?RGML?PW, A?JJCB CJCARPMQR?RGAQ, MP QR?RGA CJCARPGAGRW.
18.1 ,J7J?9 EB;9JH?9?JO 7D: C>7H=;: CEDI;HL7J?ED E< C>7H=;
F?=KH; 18.3 "MPLCM ?K@CP U?Q KGLCB GL 3?@?F, -?J?WQG?, DPMK QF?JC-Q?LBQRMLC-KSBQRMLC TCGLQ. 7FCL ? NGCAC MD ?K@CP GQ PS@@CB UGRF ? NGCAC MD QGJI, RFC ?K@CP E?GLQ KMPC
CJCARPMLQ, EGTGLE GR ? LCR LCE?RGTC AF?PEC. !R RFC Q?KC RGKC, RFC QGJI, F?TGLE JMQR CJCARPMLQ, @CAMKCQ NMQGRGTCJW AF?PECB. (APCBGR: 3C@?IM?K@CP, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
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QGLAC ?LAGCLR RGKCQ. 4FC DGPQR PCAMPB MD GRQ CDDCARQ B?RCQ RM ?LAGCLR 'PCCIQ UFM LMRCB KMPC RF?L 500 WC?PQ ".#. RF?R NMJGQFGLE ?K@CP RCKNMP?PGJW
CL?@JCB GR RM ?RRP?AR @GRQ MD QRP?U (QCC F?=KH; 18.3). 4FC TCPW UMPB 8?86GE<6 BCPGTCQ DPMK RFC 'PCCI UMPB DMP ?K@CP (8?86GEBA).
-?LW MD RFC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD QR?RGA CJCARPGAGRW A?L @C CVNJMPCB @W PS@@GLE RFGLEQ RMECRFCP. 2S@@GLE APC?RCQ RFC QN?PI WMS ECR DPMK U?JIGLE ?APMQQ ?
UMMJ A?PNCR, DMP CV?KNJC. 3R?RGA AJGLE ECLCP?RCB GL ? AJMRFCQ BPWCP ?LB RFC ?RRP?ARGML MD QRP?U RM PCACLRJW NMJGQFCB ?K@CP ?JQM PCQSJR DPMK PS@@GLE.
3GKGJ?PJW, JGEFRLGLE PCQSJRQ DPMK ?GP KMTCKCLRQ SLBCP ACPR?GL UC?RFCP AMLBGRGMLQ. 9MS A?L ?JQM PS@ ? @?JJMML ML WMSP F?GP, ?LB RFC QR?RGA CJCARPGAGRW
APC?RCB A?L RFCL K?IC RFC @?JJMML AJGLE RM ? U?JJ. 7C ?JQM F?TC RM @C A?SRGMSQ MD QR?RGA CJCARPGAGRW, CQNCAG?JJW GL BPW AJGK?RCQ. 7FCL UC NSKN
E?QMJGLC, UC ?PC U?PLCB RM BGQAF?PEC MSPQCJTCQ (?DRCP QJGBGLE ?APMQQ RFC QC?R) ML ? KCR?J QSPD?AC @CDMPC EP?@@GLE RFC E?Q LMXXJC. !RRCLB?LRQ GL
FMQNGR?J MNCP?RGLE PMMKQ KSQR UC?P @MMRGCQ UGRF ?JSKGLSK DMGJ ML RFC @MRRMKQ RM ?TMGB APC?RGLE QN?PIQ UFGAF K?W GELGRC RFC MVWECL @CGLE SQCB.
3MKC MD RFC KMQR @?QGA AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD QR?RGA CJCARPGAGRW GLAJSBC:
w 4FC CDDCARQ MD QR?RGA CJCARPGAGRW ?PC CVNJ?GLCB @W ? NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRW LMR NPCTGMSQJW GLRPMBSACB, A?JJCB CJCARPGA AF?PEC.
w 4FCPC ?PC MLJW RUM RWNCQ MD AF?PEC, MLC A?JJCB NMQGRGTC ?LB RFC MRFCP A?JJCB LCE?RGTC.
w ,GIC AF?PECQ PCNCJ, UFCPC?Q SLJGIC AF?PECQ ?RRP?AR.
w 4FC DMPAC @CRUCCL AF?PECQ BCAPC?QCQ UGRF BGQR?LAC.
(MU BM UC ILMU RFCPC ?PC RUM RWNCQ MD ;B;9JH?9 9>7H=;? 7FCL T?PGMSQ K?RCPG?JQ ?PC PS@@CB RMECRFCP GL AMLRPMJJCB U?WQ, ACPR?GL AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD
K?RCPG?JQ ?JU?WQ NPMBSAC MLC RWNC MD AF?PEC ML MLC K?RCPG?J ?LB RFC MNNMQGRC RWNC ML RFC MRFCP. "W AMLTCLRGML, UC A?JJ MLC RWNC MD AF?PEC uNMQGRGTCv,
?LB RFC MRFCP RWNC uLCE?RGTC.v &MP CV?KNJC, UFCL EJ?QQ GQ PS@@CB UGRF QGJI, RFC EJ?QQ @CAMKCQ NMQGRGTCJW AF?PECB ?LB RFC QGJI LCE?RGTCJW AF?PECB.
3GLAC RFC EJ?QQ ?LB QGJI F?TC MNNMQGRC AF?PECQ, RFCW ?RRP?AR MLC ?LMRFCP JGIC AJMRFCQ RF?R F?TC PS@@CB RMECRFCP GL ? BPWCP. 4UM EJ?QQ PMBQ PS@@CB UGRF
QGJI GL RFGQ K?LLCP UGJJ PCNCJ MLC ?LMRFCP, QGLAC C?AF PMB F?Q NMQGRGTC AF?PEC ML GR. 3GKGJ?PJW, RUM QGJI AJMRFQ QM PS@@CB UGJJ PCNCJ, QGLAC @MRF AJMRFQ
F?TC LCE?RGTC AF?PEC. F?=KH; 18.4 QFMUQ FMU RFCQC QGKNJC K?RCPG?JQ A?L @C SQCB RM CVNJMPC RFC L?RSPC MD RFC DMPAC @CRUCCL AF?PECQ.
F?=KH; 18.4 ! EJ?QQ PMB @CAMKCQ NMQGRGTCJW AF?PECB UFCL PS@@CB UGRF QGJI, UFGJC RFC QGJI @CAMKCQ LCE?RGTCJW AF?PECB. (?) 4FC EJ?QQ PMB GQ ?RRP?ARCB RM RFC QGJI @CA?SQC RFCGP
AF?PECQ ?PC MNNMQGRC. (@) 4UM QGKGJ?PJW AF?PECB EJ?QQ PMBQ PCNCJ. (A) 4UM QGKGJ?PJW AF?PECB QGJI AJMRFQ PCNCJ.
-MPC QMNFGQRGA?RCB OSCQRGMLQ ?PGQC. 7FCPC BM RFCQC AF?PECQ AMKC DPMK? #?L WMS APC?RC MP BCQRPMW AF?PEC? )Q RFCPC ? QK?JJCQR SLGR MD AF?PEC?
%V?ARJW FMU BMCQ RFC DMPAC BCNCLB ML RFC ?KMSLR MD AF?PEC ?LB RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL AF?PECQ? 3SAF OSCQRGMLQ M@TGMSQJW MAASPPCB RM "CLH?KGL
&P?LIJGL ?LB MRFCP C?PJW PCQC?PAFCPQ, ?LB RFCW GLRCPCQR SQ CTCL RMB?W.
#F?PEC #?PPGCB @W %JCARPMLQ ?LB 0PMRMLQ
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NMQGRGTCJW AF?PECB FHEJEDI. .C?PJW ?JJ AF?PEC GL L?RSPC GQ BSC RM CJCARPMLQ ?LB NPMRMLQ, UFGAF ?PC RUM MD RFC RFPCC @SGJBGLE @JMAIQ MD KMQR K?RRCP.
(4FC RFGPB GQ RFC LCSRPML, UFGAF GQ LCSRP?J, A?PPWGLE LM AF?PEC.) /RFCP AF?PEC-A?PPWGLE N?PRGAJCQ ?PC M@QCPTCB GL AMQKGA P?WQ ?LB LSAJC?P BCA?W, ?LB
?PC APC?RCB GL N?PRGAJC ?AACJCP?RMPQ. !JJ @SR RFC CJCARPML ?LB NPMRML QSPTGTC MLJW ? QFMPR RGKC ?LB ?PC OSGRC P?PC @W AMKN?PGQML.
F?=KH; 18.5 4FGQ QGKNJGDGCB (?LB LMR RM QA?JC) TGCU MD ?L ?RMK GQ A?JJCB RFC NJ?LCR?PW KMBCJ MD RFC ?RMK. .CE?RGTC CJCARPMLQ MP@GR ? KSAF FC?TGCP NMQGRGTC LSAJCSQ, ?Q RFC
NJ?LCRQ MP@GR RFC KSAF FC?TGCP QSL. 4FCPC RFC QGKGJ?PGRW CLBQ, @CA?SQC DMPACQ GL RFC ?RMK ?PC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA, UFCPC?Q RFMQC GL RFC NJ?LCR?PW QWQRCK ?PC EP?TGR?RGML?J. .MPK?J
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4FC AF?PECQ MD CJCARPMLQ ?LB NPMRMLQ ?PC GBCLRGA?J GL K?ELGRSBC @SR MNNMQGRC GL QGEL. &SPRFCPKMPC, ?JJ AF?PECB M@HCARQ GL L?RSPC ?PC GLRCEP?J KSJRGNJCQ
MD RFGQ @?QGA OS?LRGRW MD AF?PEC, KC?LGLE RF?R ?JJ AF?PECQ ?PC K?BC MD AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD ? @?QGA SLGR MD AF?PEC. 5QS?JJW, AF?PECQ ?PC DMPKCB @W
AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD CJCARPMLQ ?LB NPMRMLQ. 4FC K?ELGRSBC MD RFGQ @?QGA AF?PEC GQ
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C.
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4FC 3) SLGR MD AF?PEC GQ RFC AMSJMK@ (#). 4FC LSK@CP MD NPMRMLQ LCCBCB RM K?IC ? AF?PEC MD 1.00 # GQ
(18.2)
1.00 C
1 proton
1.6010
19
C
= 6.2510
18
protons.
3GKGJ?PJW, 6.2510
18
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4FGLEQ 'PC?R ?LB 3K?JJ: 4FC 3S@KGAPMQAMNGA /PGEGL MD #F?PEC
7GRF RFC CVACNRGML MD CVMRGA, QFMPR-JGTCB N?PRGAJCQ, ?JJ AF?PEC GL L?RSPC GQ A?PPGCB @W CJCARPMLQ ?LB NPMRMLQ. %JCARPMLQ A?PPW RFC AF?PEC UC F?TC
L?KCB LCE?RGTC. 0PMRMLQ A?PPW ?L COS?J-K?ELGRSBC AF?PEC RF?R UC A?JJ NMQGRGTC. (3CC F?=KH; 18.6.) %JCARPML ?LB NPMRML AF?PECQ ?PC AMLQGBCPCB
DSLB?KCLR?J @SGJBGLE @JMAIQ, QGLAC ?JJ MRFCP AF?PECQ ?PC GLRCEP?J KSJRGNJCQ MD RFMQC A?PPGCB @W CJCARPMLQ ?LB NPMRMLQ. %JCARPMLQ ?LB NPMRMLQ ?PC
?JQM RUM MD RFC RFPCC DSLB?KCLR?J @SGJBGLE @JMAIQ MD MPBGL?PW K?RRCP. 4FC LCSRPML GQ RFC RFGPB ?LB F?Q XCPM RMR?J AF?PEC.
F?=KH; 18.6 QFMUQ ? NCPQML RMSAFGLE ? 6?L BC 'P??DD ECLCP?RMP ?LB PCACGTGLE CVACQQ NMQGRGTC AF?PEC. 4FC CVN?LBCB TGCU MD ? F?GP QFMUQ RFC
CVGQRCLAC MD @MRF RWNCQ MD AF?PECQ @SR ?L CVACQQ MD NMQGRGTC. 4FC PCNSJQGML MD RFCQC NMQGRGTC JGIC AF?PECQ A?SQCQ RFC QRP?LBQ MD F?GP RM PCNCJ MRFCP
QRP?LBQ MD F?GP ?LB RM QR?LB SN. 4FC DSPRFCP @JMUSN QFMUQ ?L ?PRGQRtQ AMLACNRGML MD ?L CJCARPML ?LB ? NPMRML NCPF?NQ DMSLB GL ?L ?RMK GL ? QRP?LB MD
F?GP.
F?=KH; 18.6 7FCL RFGQ NCPQML RMSAFCQ ? 6?L BC 'P??DD ECLCP?RMP, QFC PCACGTCQ ?L CVACQQ MD NMQGRGTC AF?PEC, A?SQGLE FCP F?GP RM QR?LB ML CLB. 4FC AF?PECQ GL MLC F?GP ?PC
QFMUL. !L ?PRGQRtQ AMLACNRGML MD ?L CJCARPML ?LB ? NPMRML GJJSQRP?RC RFC N?PRGAJCQ A?PPWGLE RFC LCE?RGTC ?LB NMQGRGTC AF?PECQ. 7C A?LLMR PC?JJW QCC RFCQC N?PRGAJCQ UGRF TGQG@JC
JGEFR @CA?SQC RFCW ?PC QM QK?JJ (RFC CJCARPML QCCKQ RM @C ?L GLDGLGRCQGK?J NMGLR), @SR UC ILMU ? EPC?R BC?J ?@MSR RFCGP KC?QSP?@JC NPMNCPRGCQ, QSAF ?Q RFC AF?PECQ RFCW A?PPW.
4FC CJCARPML QCCKQ RM F?TC LM QS@QRPSARSPC; GL AMLRP?QR, UFCL RFC QS@QRPSARSPC MD NPMRMLQ GQ CVNJMPCB @W QA?RRCPGLE CVRPCKCJW CLCPECRGA CJCARPMLQ
DPMK RFCK, GR ?NNC?PQ RF?R RFCPC ?PC NMGLR-JGIC N?PRGAJCQ GLQGBC RFC NPMRML. 4FCQC QS@-N?PRGAJCQ, L?KCB OS?PIQ, F?TC LCTCP @CCL BGPCARJW M@QCPTCB, @SR
RFCW ?PC @CJGCTCB RM A?PPW DP?ARGML?J AF?PECQ ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 18.7. #F?PECQ ML CJCARPMLQ ?LB NPMRMLQ ?LB ?JJ MRFCP BGPCARJW M@QCPT?@JC N?PRGAJCQ ?PC
SLGR?PW, @SR RFCQC OS?PI QS@QRPSARSPCQ A?PPW AF?PECQ MD CGRFCP
1
3
MP +
2
3
. 4FCPC ?PC AMLRGLSGLE ?RRCKNRQ RM M@QCPTC DP?ARGML?J AF?PEC BGPCARJW ?LB RM
JC?PL MD RFC NPMNCPRGCQ MD OS?PIQ, UFGAF ?PC NCPF?NQ RFC SJRGK?RC QS@QRPSARSPC MD K?RRCP.
630 #(!04%2 18 Y %,%#42)# #(!2'% !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
F?=KH; 18.7 !PRGQRtQ AMLACNRGML MD DP?ARGML?J OS?PI AF?PECQ GLQGBC ? NPMRML. ! EPMSN MD RFPCC OS?PI AF?PECQ ?BB SN RM RFC QGLEJC NMQGRGTC AF?PEC ML RFC NPMRML:
1
3
q
e
+
2
3
q
e
+
2
3
q
e
= +1q
e
.
3CN?P?RGML MD #F?PEC GL !RMKQ
#F?PECQ GL ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ A?L @C QCN?P?RCBrDMP CV?KNJC, @W PS@@GLE K?RCPG?JQ RMECRFCP. 3MKC ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ F?TC ? EPC?RCP ?DDGLGRW
DMP CJCARPMLQ RF?L MRFCPQ ?LB UGJJ @CAMKC LCE?RGTCJW AF?PECB @W AJMQC AMLR?AR GL PS@@GLE, JC?TGLE RFC MRFCP K?RCPG?J NMQGRGTCJW AF?PECB. (3CC F?=KH;
18.8.) 0MQGRGTC AF?PEC A?L QGKGJ?PJW @C GLBSACB @W PS@@GLE. -CRFMBQ MRFCP RF?L PS@@GLE A?L ?JQM QCN?P?RC AF?PECQ. "?RRCPGCQ, DMP CV?KNJC, SQC
AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD QS@QR?LACQ RF?R GLRCP?AR GL QSAF ? U?W ?Q RM QCN?P?RC AF?PECQ. #FCKGA?J GLRCP?ARGMLQ K?W RP?LQDCP LCE?RGTC AF?PEC DPMK MLC
QS@QR?LAC RM RFC MRFCP, K?IGLE MLC @?RRCPW RCPKGL?J LCE?RGTC ?LB JC?TGLE RFC DGPQR MLC NMQGRGTC.
F?=KH; 18.8 7FCL K?RCPG?JQ ?PC PS@@CB RMECRFCP, AF?PECQ A?L @C QCN?P?RCB, N?PRGASJ?PJW GD MLC K?RCPG?J F?Q ? EPC?RCP ?DDGLGRW DMP CJCARPMLQ RF?L ?LMRFCP. (?) "MRF RFC ?K@CP ?LB
AJMRF ?PC MPGEGL?JJW LCSRP?J, UGRF COS?J NMQGRGTC ?LB LCE?RGTC AF?PECQ. /LJW ? RGLW DP?ARGML MD RFC AF?PECQ ?PC GLTMJTCB, ?LB MLJW ? DCU MD RFCK ?PC QFMUL FCPC. (@) 7FCL PS@@CB
RMECRFCP, QMKC LCE?RGTC AF?PEC GQ RP?LQDCPPCB RM RFC ?K@CP, JC?TGLE RFC AJMRF UGRF ? LCR NMQGRGTC AF?PEC. (A) 7FCL QCN?P?RCB, RFC ?K@CP ?LB AJMRF LMU F?TC LCR AF?PECQ, @SR
RFC ?@QMJSRC T?JSC MD RFC LCR NMQGRGTC ?LB LCE?RGTC AF?PECQ UGJJ @C COS?J.
.M AF?PEC GQ ?ARS?JJW APC?RCB MP BCQRPMWCB UFCL AF?PECQ ?PC QCN?P?RCB ?Q UC F?TC @CCL BGQASQQGLE. 2?RFCP, CVGQRGLE AF?PECQ ?PC KMTCB ?@MSR. )L
D?AR, GL ?JJ QGRS?RGMLQ RFC RMR?J ?KMSLR MD AF?PEC GQ ?JU?WQ AMLQR?LR. 4FGQ SLGTCPQ?JJW M@CWCB J?U MD L?RSPC GQ A?JJCB RFC B7M E< 9EDI;HL7J?ED E<
9>7H=;.
,?U MD #MLQCPT?RGML MD #F?PEC
4MR?J AF?PEC GQ AMLQR?LR GL ?LW NPMACQQ.
)L KMPC CVMRGA QGRS?RGMLQ, QSAF ?Q GL N?PRGAJC ?AACJCP?RMPQ, K?QQ, m, A?L @C APC?RCB DPMK CLCPEW GL RFC ?KMSLR m =
E
c
2
. 3MKCRGKCQ, RFC
APC?RCB K?QQ GQ AF?PECB, QSAF ?Q UFCL ?L CJCARPML GQ APC?RCB. 7FCLCTCP ? AF?PECB N?PRGAJC GQ APC?RCB, ?LMRFCP F?TGLE ?L MNNMQGRC AF?PEC GQ ?JU?WQ
APC?RCB ?JMLE UGRF GR, QM RF?R RFC RMR?J AF?PEC APC?RCB GQ XCPM. 5QS?JJW, RFC RUM N?PRGAJCQ ?PC uK?RRCP-?LRGK?RRCPv AMSLRCPN?PRQ. &MP CV?KNJC, ?L
?LRGCJCARPML UMSJB SQS?JJW @C APC?RCB ?R RFC Q?KC RGKC ?Q ?L CJCARPML. 4FC ?LRGCJCARPML F?Q ? NMQGRGTC AF?PEC (GR GQ A?JJCB ? NMQGRPML), ?LB QM RFC RMR?J
AF?PEC APC?RCB GQ XCPM. (3CC F?=KH; 18.9.) !JJ N?PRGAJCQ F?TC ?LRGK?RRCP AMSLRCPN?PRQ UGRF MNNMQGRC QGELQ. 7FCL K?RRCP ?LB ?LRGK?RRCP AMSLRCPN?PRQ
?PC @PMSEFR RMECRFCP, RFCW AMKNJCRCJW ?LLGFGJ?RC MLC ?LMRFCP. "W ?LLGFGJ?RC, UC KC?L RF?R RFC K?QQ MD RFC RUM N?PRGAJCQ GQ AMLTCPRCB RM CLCPEW E,
?E?GL M@CWGLE RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN m =
E
c
2
. 3GLAC RFC RUM N?PRGAJCQ F?TC COS?J ?LB MNNMQGRC AF?PEC, RFC RMR?J AF?PEC GQ XCPM @CDMPC ?LB ?DRCP RFC
?LLGFGJ?RGML; RFSQ, RMR?J AF?PEC GQ AMLQCPTCB.
/LJW ? JGKGRCB LSK@CP MD NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ ?PC SLGTCPQ?JJW AMLQCPTCB. #F?PEC GQ MLCrCLCPEW, KMKCLRSK, ?LB ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK ?PC MRFCPQ.
"CA?SQC RFCW ?PC AMLQCPTCB, RFCQC NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ ?PC SQCB RM CVNJ?GL KMPC NFCLMKCL? ?LB DMPK KMPC AMLLCARGMLQ RF?L MRFCP, JCQQ @?QGA
OS?LRGRGCQ. 7C DGLB RF?R AMLQCPTCB OS?LRGRGCQ EGTC SQ EPC?R GLQGEFR GLRM RFC PSJCQ DMJJMUCB @W L?RSPC ?LB FGLRQ RM RFC MPE?LGX?RGML MD L?RSPC.
#(!04%2 18 Y %,%#42)# #(!2'% !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$ 631
$GQAMTCPGCQ MD AMLQCPT?RGML J?UQ F?TC JCB RM DSPRFCP BGQAMTCPGCQ, QSAF ?Q RFC UC?I LSAJC?P DMPAC ?LB RFC OS?PI QS@QRPSARSPC MD NPMRMLQ ?LB MRFCP
N?PRGAJCQ.
F?=KH; 18.9 (?) 7FCL CLMSEF CLCPEW GQ NPCQCLR, GR A?L @C AMLTCPRCB GLRM K?RRCP. (CPC RFC K?RRCP APC?RCB GQ ?L CJCARPMLq?LRGCJCARPML N?GP. ( m
e
GQ RFC CJCARPMLtQ K?QQ.) 4FC
RMR?J AF?PEC @CDMPC ?LB ?DRCP RFGQ CTCLR GQ XCPM. (@) 7FCL K?RRCP ?LB ?LRGK?RRCP AMJJGBC, RFCW ?LLGFGJ?RC C?AF MRFCP; RFC RMR?J AF?PEC GQ AMLQCPTCB ?R XCPM @CDMPC ?LB ?DRCP RFC
?LLGFGJ?RGML.
4FC J?U MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD AF?PEC GQ ?@QMJSRCrGR F?Q LCTCP @CCL M@QCPTCB RM @C TGMJ?RCB. #F?PEC, RFCL, GQ ? QNCAG?J NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRW, HMGLGLE ? TCPW
QFMPR JGQR MD MRFCP OS?LRGRGCQ GL L?RSPC RF?R ?PC ?JU?WQ AMLQCPTCB. /RFCP AMLQCPTCB OS?LRGRGCQ GLAJSBC CLCPEW, KMKCLRSK, ?LB ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: "?JJMMLQ ?LB 3R?RGA %JCARPGAGRW
7FW BMCQ ? @?JJMML QRGAI RM WMSP QUC?RCP? 2S@ ? @?JJMML ML ? QUC?RCP, RFCL JCR EM MD RFC @?JJMML ?LB GR DJGCQ MTCP ?LB QRGAIQ RM RFC QUC?RCP. 6GCU
RFC AF?PECQ GL RFC QUC?RCP, @?JJMMLQ, ?LB RFC U?JJ.
F?=KH; 18.10 B7BBEEDI 7D: ,J7J?9 EB;9JH?9?JO (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42300/1.5/87BBEEDI6;D.@7H)
18.2 CED:K9JEHI 7D: "DIKB7JEHI
F?=KH; 18.11 4FGQ NMUCP ?B?NRCP SQCQ KCR?J UGPCQ ?LB AMLLCARMPQ RM AMLBSAR CJCARPGAGRW DPMK RFC U?JJ QMAICR RM ? J?NRMN AMKNSRCP. 4FC AMLBSARGLE UGPCQ ?JJMU CJCARPMLQ RM
KMTC DPCCJW RFPMSEF RFC A?@JCQ, UFGAF ?PC QFGCJBCB @W PS@@CP ?LB NJ?QRGA. 4FCQC K?RCPG?JQ ?AR ?Q GLQSJ?RMPQ RF?R BMLtR ?JJMU CJCARPGA AF?PEC RM CQA?NC MSRU?PB. (APCBGR: %T?L-
!KMQ, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
3MKC QS@QR?LACQ, QSAF ?Q KCR?JQ ?LB Q?JRW U?RCP, ?JJMU AF?PECQ RM KMTC RFPMSEF RFCK UGRF PCJ?RGTC C?QC. 3MKC MD RFC CJCARPMLQ GL KCR?JQ ?LB
QGKGJ?P AMLBSARMPQ ?PC LMR @MSLB RM GLBGTGBS?J ?RMKQ MP QGRCQ GL RFC K?RCPG?J. 4FCQC <H;; ;B;9JHEDI A?L KMTC RFPMSEF RFC K?RCPG?J KSAF ?Q ?GP KMTCQ
RFPMSEF JMMQC Q?LB. !LW QS@QR?LAC RF?R F?Q DPCC CJCARPMLQ ?LB ?JJMUQ AF?PEC RM KMTC PCJ?RGTCJW DPCCJW RFPMSEF GR GQ A?JJCB ? 9ED:K9JEH. 4FC KMTGLE
632 #(!04%2 18 Y %,%#42)# #(!2'% !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
CJCARPMLQ K?W AMJJGBC UGRF DGVCB ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ, JMQGLE QMKC CLCPEW, @SR RFCW A?L KMTC GL ? AMLBSARMP. 3SNCPAMLBSARMPQ ?JJMU RFC KMTCKCLR
MD AF?PEC UGRFMSR ?LW JMQQ MD CLCPEW. 3?JRW U?RCP ?LB MRFCP QGKGJ?P AMLBSARGLE K?RCPG?JQ AMLR?GL DPCC GMLQ RF?R A?L KMTC RFPMSEF RFCK. !L GML GQ ?L
?RMK MP KMJCASJC F?TGLE ? NMQGRGTC MP LCE?RGTC (LMLXCPM) RMR?J AF?PEC. )L MRFCP UMPBQ, RFC RMR?J LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ GQ LMR COS?J RM RFC RMR?J LSK@CP MD
NPMRMLQ.
/RFCP QS@QR?LACQ, QSAF ?Q EJ?QQ, BM LMR ?JJMU AF?PECQ RM KMTC RFPMSEF RFCK. 4FCQC ?PC A?JJCB ?DIKB7JEHI. %JCARPMLQ ?LB GMLQ GL GLQSJ?RMPQ ?PC
@MSLB GL RFC QRPSARSPC ?LB A?LLMR KMTC C?QGJWr?Q KSAF ?Q 10
23
RGKCQ KMPC QJMUJW RF?L GL AMLBSARMPQ. 0SPC U?RCP ?LB BPW R?@JC Q?JR ?PC
GLQSJ?RMPQ, DMP CV?KNJC, UFCPC?Q KMJRCL Q?JR ?LB Q?JRW U?RCP ?PC AMLBSARMPQ.
F?=KH; 18.12 !L CJCARPMQAMNC GQ ? D?TMPGRC GLQRPSKCLR GL NFWQGAQ BCKMLQRP?RGMLQ ?LB QRSBCLR J?@MP?RMPGCQ. )R GQ RWNGA?JJW K?BC UGRF EMJB DMGJ JC?TCQ FSLE DPMK ? (AMLBSARGLE)
KCR?J QRCK ?LB GQ GLQSJ?RCB DPMK RFC PMMK ?GP GL ? EJ?QQ-U?JJCB AMLR?GLCP. (?) ! NMQGRGTCJW AF?PECB EJ?QQ PMB GQ @PMSEFR LC?P RFC RGN MD RFC CJCARPMQAMNC, ?RRP?ARGLE CJCARPMLQ RM
RFC RMN ?LB JC?TGLE ? LCR NMQGRGTC AF?PEC ML RFC JC?TCQ. ,GIC AF?PECQ GL RFC JGEFR DJCVG@JC EMJB JC?TCQ PCNCJ, QCN?P?RGLE RFCK. (@) 7FCL RFC PMB GQ RMSAFCB ?E?GLQR RFC @?JJ,
CJCARPMLQ ?PC ?RRP?ARCB ?LB RP?LQDCPPCB, PCBSAGLE RFC LCR AF?PEC ML RFC EJ?QQ PMB @SR JC?TGLE RFC CJCARPMQAMNC NMQGRGTCJW AF?PECB. (A) 4FC CVACQQ AF?PECQ ?PC CTCLJW BGQRPG@SRCB
GL RFC QRCK ?LB JC?TCQ MD RFC CJCARPMQAMNC MLAC RFC EJ?QQ PMB GQ PCKMTCB.
#F?PEGLE @W #MLR?AR
F?=KH; 18.12 QFMUQ ?L CJCARPMQAMNC @CGLE AF?PECB @W RMSAFGLE GR UGRF ? NMQGRGTCJW AF?PECB EJ?QQ PMB. "CA?SQC RFC EJ?QQ PMB GQ ?L GLQSJ?RMP, GR KSQR
?ARS?JJW RMSAF RFC CJCARPMQAMNC RM RP?LQDCP AF?PEC RM MP DPMK GR. (.MRC RF?R RFC CVRP? NMQGRGTC AF?PECQ PCQGBC ML RFC QSPD?AC MD RFC EJ?QQ PMB ?Q ? PCQSJR
MD PS@@GLE GR UGRF QGJI @CDMPC QR?PRGLE RFC CVNCPGKCLR.) 3GLAC MLJW CJCARPMLQ KMTC GL KCR?JQ, UC QCC RF?R RFCW ?PC ?RRP?ARCB RM RFC RMN MD RFC
CJCARPMQAMNC. 4FCPC, QMKC ?PC RP?LQDCPPCB RM RFC NMQGRGTC PMB @W RMSAF, JC?TGLE RFC CJCARPMQAMNC UGRF ? LCR NMQGRGTC AF?PEC.
EB;9JHEIJ7J?9 H;FKBI?ED GL RFC JC?TCQ MD RFC AF?PECB CJCARPMQAMNC QCN?P?RCQ RFCK. 4FC CJCARPMQR?RGA DMPAC F?Q ? FMPGXMLR?J AMKNMLCLR RF?R PCQSJRQ GL
RFC JC?TCQ KMTGLE ?N?PR ?Q UCJJ ?Q ? TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLR RF?R GQ @?J?LACB @W RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC. 3GKGJ?PJW, RFC CJCARPMQAMNC A?L @C LCE?RGTCJW
AF?PECB @W AMLR?AR UGRF ? LCE?RGTCJW AF?PECB M@HCAR.
#F?PEGLE @W )LBSARGML
)R GQ LMR LCACQQ?PW RM RP?LQDCP CVACQQ AF?PEC BGPCARJW RM ?L M@HCAR GL MPBCP RM AF?PEC GR. F?=KH; 18.13 QFMUQ ? KCRFMB MD ?D:K9J?ED UFCPCGL ? AF?PEC
GQ APC?RCB GL ? LC?P@W M@HCAR, UGRFMSR BGPCAR AMLR?AR. (CPC UC QCC RUM LCSRP?J KCR?J QNFCPCQ GL AMLR?AR UGRF MLC ?LMRFCP @SR GLQSJ?RCB DPMK RFC PCQR MD
RFC UMPJB. ! NMQGRGTCJW AF?PECB PMB GQ @PMSEFR LC?P MLC MD RFCK, ?RRP?ARGLE LCE?RGTC AF?PEC RM RF?R QGBC, JC?TGLE RFC MRFCP QNFCPC NMQGRGTCJW AF?PECB.
4FGQ GQ ?L CV?KNJC MD GLBSACB FEB7H?P7J?ED MD LCSRP?J M@HCARQ. 0MJ?PGX?RGML GQ RFC QCN?P?RGML MD AF?PECQ GL ?L M@HCAR RF?R PCK?GLQ LCSRP?J. )D RFC
QNFCPCQ ?PC LMU QCN?P?RCB (@CDMPC RFC PMB GQ NSJJCB ?U?W), C?AF QNFCPC UGJJ F?TC ? LCR AF?PEC. .MRC RF?R RFC M@HCAR AJMQCQR RM RFC AF?PECB PMB
PCACGTCQ ?L MNNMQGRC AF?PEC UFCL AF?PECB @W GLBSARGML. .MRC ?JQM RF?R LM AF?PEC GQ PCKMTCB DPMK RFC AF?PECB PMB, QM RF?R RFGQ NPMACQQ A?L @C
PCNC?RCB UGRFMSR BCNJCRGLE RFC QSNNJW MD CVACQQ AF?PEC.
!LMRFCP KCRFMB MD AF?PEGLE @W GLBSARGML GQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 18.14. 4FC LCSRP?J KCR?J QNFCPC GQ NMJ?PGXCB UFCL ? AF?PECB PMB GQ @PMSEFR LC?P GR. 4FC
QNFCPC GQ RFCL EPMSLBCB, KC?LGLE RF?R ? AMLBSARGLE UGPC GQ PSL DPMK RFC QNFCPC RM RFC EPMSLB. 3GLAC RFC C?PRF GQ J?PEC ?LB KMQR EPMSLB GQ ? EMMB
AMLBSARMP, GR A?L QSNNJW MP ?AACNR CVACQQ AF?PEC C?QGJW. )L RFGQ A?QC, CJCARPMLQ ?PC ?RRP?ARCB RM RFC QNFCPC RFPMSEF ? UGPC A?JJCB RFC EPMSLB UGPC,
@CA?SQC GR QSNNJGCQ ? AMLBSARGLE N?RF RM RFC EPMSLB. 4FC EPMSLB AMLLCARGML GQ @PMICL @CDMPC RFC AF?PECB PMB GQ PCKMTCB, JC?TGLE RFC QNFCPC UGRF ?L
CVACQQ AF?PEC MNNMQGRC RM RF?R MD RFC PMB. !E?GL, ?L MNNMQGRC AF?PEC GQ ?AFGCTCB UFCL AF?PEGLE @W GLBSARGML ?LB RFC AF?PECB PMB JMQCQ LMLC MD GRQ
CVACQQ AF?PEC.
#(!04%2 18 Y %,%#42)# #(!2'% !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$ 633
F?=KH; 18.13 #F?PEGLE @W GLBSARGML. (?) 4UM SLAF?PECB MP LCSRP?J KCR?J QNFCPCQ ?PC GL AMLR?AR UGRF C?AF MRFCP @SR GLQSJ?RCB DPMK RFC PCQR MD RFC UMPJB. (@) ! NMQGRGTCJW AF?PECB
EJ?QQ PMB GQ @PMSEFR LC?P RFC QNFCPC ML RFC JCDR, ?RRP?ARGLE LCE?RGTC AF?PEC ?LB JC?TGLE RFC MRFCP QNFCPC NMQGRGTCJW AF?PECB. (A) 4FC QNFCPCQ ?PC QCN?P?RCB @CDMPC RFC PMB GQ
PCKMTCB, RFSQ QCN?P?RGLE LCE?RGTC ?LB NMQGRGTC AF?PEC. (B) 4FC QNFCPCQ PCR?GL LCR AF?PECQ ?DRCP RFC GLBSAGLE PMB GQ PCKMTCBrUGRFMSR CTCP F?TGLE @CCL RMSAFCB @W ? AF?PECB
M@HCAR.
F?=KH; 18.14 #F?PEGLE @W GLBSARGML, SQGLE ? EPMSLB AMLLCARGML. (?) ! NMQGRGTCJW AF?PECB PMB GQ @PMSEFR LC?P ? LCSRP?J KCR?J QNFCPC, NMJ?PGXGLE GR. (@) 4FC QNFCPC GQ EPMSLBCB,
?JJMUGLE CJCARPMLQ RM @C ?RRP?ARCB DPMK RFC C?PRFtQ ?KNJC QSNNJW. (A) 4FC EPMSLB AMLLCARGML GQ @PMICL. (B) 4FC NMQGRGTC PMB GQ PCKMTCB, JC?TGLE RFC QNFCPC UGRF ?L GLBSACB
LCE?RGTC AF?PEC.
634 #(!04%2 18 Y %,%#42)# #(!2'% !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
F?=KH; 18.15 "MRF NMQGRGTC ?LB LCE?RGTC M@HCARQ ?RRP?AR ? LCSRP?J M@HCAR @W NMJ?PGXGLE GRQ KMJCASJCQ. (?) ! NMQGRGTC M@HCAR @PMSEFR LC?P ? LCSRP?J GLQSJ?RMP NMJ?PGXCQ GRQ
KMJCASJCQ. 4FCPC GQ ? QJGEFR QFGDR GL RFC BGQRPG@SRGML MD RFC CJCARPMLQ MP@GRGLE RFC KMJCASJC, UGRF SLJGIC AF?PECQ @CGLE @PMSEFR LC?PCP ?LB JGIC AF?PECQ KMTCB ?U?W. 3GLAC RFC
CJCARPMQR?RGA DMPAC BCAPC?QCQ UGRF BGQR?LAC, RFCPC GQ ? LCR ?RRP?ARGML. (@) ! LCE?RGTC M@HCAR NPMBSACQ RFC MNNMQGRC NMJ?PGX?RGML, @SR ?E?GL ?RRP?ARQ RFC LCSRP?J M@HCAR. (A) 4FC Q?KC
CDDCAR MAASPQ DMP ? AMLBSARMP; QGLAC RFC SLJGIC AF?PECQ ?PC AJMQCP, RFCPC GQ ? LCR ?RRP?ARGML.
.CSRP?J M@HCARQ A?L @C ?RRP?ARCB RM ?LW AF?PECB M@HCAR. 4FC NGCACQ MD QRP?U ?RRP?ARCB RM NMJGQFCB ?K@CP ?PC LCSRP?J, DMP CV?KNJC. )D WMS PSL ? NJ?QRGA
AMK@ RFPMSEF WMSP F?GP, RFC AF?PECB AMK@ A?L NGAI SN LCSRP?J NGCACQ MD N?NCP. F?=KH; 18.15 QFMUQ FMU RFC NMJ?PGX?RGML MD ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ GL
LCSRP?J M@HCARQ PCQSJRQ GL RFCGP ?RRP?ARGML RM ? AF?PECB M@HCAR.
7FCL ? AF?PECB PMB GQ @PMSEFR LC?P ? LCSRP?J QS@QR?LAC, ?L GLQSJ?RMP GL RFGQ A?QC, RFC BGQRPG@SRGML MD AF?PEC GL ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ GQ QFGDRCB QJGEFRJW.
/NNMQGRC AF?PEC GQ ?RRP?ARCB LC?PCP RFC CVRCPL?J AF?PECB PMB, UFGJC JGIC AF?PEC GQ PCNCJJCB. 3GLAC RFC CJCARPMQR?RGA DMPAC BCAPC?QCQ UGRF BGQR?LAC, RFC
PCNSJQGML MD JGIC AF?PECQ GQ UC?ICP RF?L RFC ?RRP?ARGML MD SLJGIC AF?PECQ, ?LB QM RFCPC GQ ? LCR ?RRP?ARGML. 4FSQ ? NMQGRGTCJW AF?PECB EJ?QQ PMB ?RRP?ARQ
LCSRP?J NGCACQ MD N?NCP, ?Q UGJJ ? LCE?RGTCJW AF?PECB PS@@CP PMB. 3MKC KMJCASJCQ, JGIC U?RCP, ?PC NMJ?P KMJCASJCQ. 0MJ?P KMJCASJCQ F?TC ? L?RSP?J MP
GLFCPCLR QCN?P?RGML MD AF?PEC, ?JRFMSEF RFCW ?PC LCSRP?J MTCP?JJ. 0MJ?P KMJCASJCQ ?PC N?PRGASJ?PJW ?DDCARCB @W MRFCP AF?PECB M@HCARQ ?LB QFMU EPC?RCP
NMJ?PGX?RGML CDDCARQ RF?L KMJCASJCQ UGRF L?RSP?JJW SLGDMPK AF?PEC BGQRPG@SRGMLQ.
#?L WMS CVNJ?GL RFC ?RRP?ARGML MD U?RCP RM RFC AF?PECB PMB GL RFC DGESPC @CJMU?
F?=KH; 18.16
,EBKJ?ED
7?RCP KMJCASJCQ ?PC NMJ?PGXCB, EGTGLE RFCK QJGEFRJW NMQGRGTC ?LB QJGEFRJW LCE?RGTC QGBCQ. 4FGQ K?ICQ U?RCP CTCL KMPC QSQACNRG@JC RM ? AF?PECB
PMBtQ ?RRP?ARGML. !Q RFC U?RCP DJMUQ BMULU?PB, BSC RM RFC DMPAC MD EP?TGRW, RFC AF?PECB AMLBSARMP CVCPRQ ? LCR ?RRP?ARGML RM RFC MNNMQGRC AF?PECQ GL
RFC QRPC?K MD U?RCP, NSJJGLE GR AJMQCP.
#(!04%2 18 Y %,%#42)# #(!2'% !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$ 635
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: *MFL 4P?TMJR?EC
-?IC QN?PIQ DJW UGRF *MFL 4P?TMJR?EC. 7GEEJC *MFLLGC'Q DMMR ?LB FC NGAIQ SN AF?PECQ DPMK RFC A?PNCR. "PGLE FGQ F?LB AJMQC RM RFC BMMP ILM@ ?LB
ECR PGB MD RFC CVACQQ AF?PEC.
F?=KH; 18.17 #E>D -H7LEBJ7=; (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42306/1.4/JH7LEBJ7=;6;D.@7H)
18.3 CEKBEC8XI %7M
F?=KH; 18.18 4FGQ .!3! GK?EC MD !PN 87 QFMUQ RFC PCQSJR MD ? QRPMLE EP?TGR?RGML?J ?RRP?ARGML @CRUCCL RUM E?J?VGCQ. )L AMLRP?QR, ?R RFC QS@?RMKGA JCTCJ, RFC CJCARPMQR?RGA
?RRP?ARGML @CRUCCL RUM M@HCARQ, QSAF ?Q ?L CJCARPML ?LB ? NPMRML, GQ D?P EPC?RCP RF?L RFCGP KSRS?J ?RRP?ARGML BSC RM EP?TGRW. (APCBGR: .!3!/(34)
4FPMSEF RFC UMPI MD QAGCLRGQRQ GL RFC J?RC 18RF ACLRSPW, RFC K?GL DC?RSPCQ MD RFC ;B;9JHEIJ7J?9 <EH9;rRFC CVGQRCLAC MD RUM RWNCQ MD AF?PEC, RFC
M@QCPT?RGML RF?R JGIC AF?PECQ PCNCJ, SLJGIC AF?PECQ ?RRP?AR, ?LB RFC BCAPC?QC MD DMPAC UGRF BGQR?LACrUCPC CTCLRS?JJW PCDGLCB, ?LB CVNPCQQCB ?Q ?
K?RFCK?RGA?J DMPKSJ?. 4FC K?RFCK?RGA?J DMPKSJ? DMP RFC CJCARPMQR?RGA DMPAC GQ A?JJCB CEKBEC8XI B7M ?DRCP RFC &PCLAF NFWQGAGQR #F?PJCQ #MSJMK@
(1736q1806), UFM NCPDMPKCB CVNCPGKCLRQ ?LB DGPQR NPMNMQCB ? DMPKSJ? RM A?JASJ?RC GR.
#MSJMK@tQ ,?U
(18.3)
F = k
|
q
1
q
2|
r
2
.
#MSJMK@tQ J?U A?JASJ?RCQ RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC DMPAC F @CRUCCL RUM NMGLR AF?PECQ, q
1
?LB q
2
, QCN?P?RCB @W ? BGQR?LAC r . )L 3) SLGRQ, RFC
AMLQR?LR k GQ COS?J RM
(18.4)
k = 8.98810
9N m
2
C
2
8.9910
9N m
2
C
2
.
4FC CJCARPMQR?RGA DMPAC GQ ? TCARMP OS?LRGRW ?LB GQ CVNPCQQCB GL SLGRQ MD LCURMLQ. 4FC DMPAC GQ SLBCPQRMMB RM @C ?JMLE RFC JGLC HMGLGLE RFC RUM
AF?PECQ. (3CC F?=KH; 18.19.)
!JRFMSEF RFC DMPKSJ? DMP #MSJMK@tQ J?U GQ QGKNJC, GR U?Q LM KC?L R?QI RM NPMTC GR. 4FC CVNCPGKCLRQ #MSJMK@ BGB, UGRF RFC NPGKGRGTC COSGNKCLR RFCL
?T?GJ?@JC, UCPC BGDDGASJR. -MBCPL CVNCPGKCLRQ F?TC TCPGDGCB #MSJMK@tQ J?U RM EPC?R NPCAGQGML. &MP CV?KNJC, GR F?Q @CCL QFMUL RF?R RFC DMPAC GQ
GLTCPQCJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RUM M@HCARQ QOS?PCB

F 1 / r
2
RM ?L ?AASP?AW MD 1 N?PR GL 10
16
. .M CVACNRGMLQ F?TC CTCP @CCL DMSLB,
CTCL ?R RFC QK?JJ BGQR?LACQ UGRFGL RFC ?RMK.
F?=KH; 18.19 4FC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC CJCARPMQR?RGA DMPAC F @CRUCCL NMGLR AF?PECQ q
1
?LB q
2
QCN?P?RCB @W ? BGQR?LAC r GQ EGTCL @W #MSJMK@tQ J?U. .MRC RF?R .CURMLtQ
RFGPB J?U (CTCPW DMPAC CVCPRCB APC?RCQ ?L COS?J ?LB MNNMQGRC DMPAC) ?NNJGCQ ?Q SQS?JrRFC DMPAC ML q
1
GQ COS?J GL K?ELGRSBC ?LB MNNMQGRC GL BGPCARGML RM RFC DMPAC GR CVCPRQ ML
q
2
. (?) ,GIC AF?PECQ. (@) 5LJGIC AF?PECQ.
636 #(!04%2 18 Y %,%#42)# #(!2'% !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
EN7CFB; 18.1 !EM ,JHED= ?I J>; CEKBEC8 FEH9; +;B7J?L; JE J>; H7L?J7J?ED7B FEH9;?
#MKN?PC RFC CJCARPMQR?RGA DMPAC @CRUCCL ?L CJCARPML ?LB NPMRML QCN?P?RCB @W 0.53010
10
m UGRF RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC @CRUCCL RFCK. 4FGQ
BGQR?LAC GQ RFCGP ?TCP?EC QCN?P?RGML GL ? FWBPMECL ?RMK.
,JH7J;=O
4M AMKN?PC RFC RUM DMPACQ, UC DGPQR AMKNSRC RFC CJCARPMQR?RGA DMPAC SQGLE #MSJMK@tQ J?U, F = k
|
q
1
q
2|
r
2
. 7C RFCL A?JASJ?RC RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J
DMPAC SQGLE .CURMLtQ SLGTCPQ?J J?U MD EP?TGR?RGML. &GL?JJW, UC R?IC ? P?RGM RM QCC FMU RFC DMPACQ AMKN?PC GL K?ELGRSBC.
,EBKJ?ED
%LRCPGLE RFC EGTCL ?LB ILMUL GLDMPK?RGML ?@MSR RFC AF?PECQ ?LB QCN?P?RGML MD RFC CJCARPML ?LB NPMRML GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML MD #MSJMK@tQ J?U
WGCJBQ
(18.5)
F = k
|
q
1
q
2|
r
2
(18.6)
=

8.9910
9
N m
2
/ C
2
(1.6010
19
C)(1.6010
19
C)
(0.53010
10
m)
2
4FSQ RFC #MSJMK@ DMPAC GQ
(18.7)
F = 8.1910
8
N.
4FC AF?PECQ ?PC MNNMQGRC GL QGEL, QM RFGQ GQ ?L ?RRP?ARGTC DMPAC. 4FGQ GQ ? TCPW J?PEC DMPAC DMP ?L CJCARPMLrGR UMSJB A?SQC ?L ?AACJCP?RGML MD
8.9910
22
m/ s
2
(TCPGDGA?RGML GQ JCDR ?Q ?L CLB-MD-QCARGML NPM@JCK).4FC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC GQ EGTCL @W .CURMLtQ J?U MD EP?TGR?RGML ?Q:
(18.8)
F
G
= G
mM
r
2
,
UFCPC G = 6.6710
11
N m
2
/ kg
2
. (CPC m ?LB M PCNPCQCLR RFC CJCARPML ?LB NPMRML K?QQCQ, UFGAF A?L @C DMSLB GL RFC ?NNCLBGACQ.
%LRCPGLE T?JSCQ DMP RFC ILMULQ WGCJBQ
(18.9)
F
G
= (6.6710
11
N m
2
/ kg
2
)
(9.1110
31
kg)(1.6710
27
kg)
(0.53010
10
m)
2
= 3.6110
47
N
4FGQ GQ ?JQM ?L ?RRP?ARGTC DMPAC, ?JRFMSEF GR GQ RP?BGRGML?JJW QFMUL ?Q NMQGRGTC QGLAC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC GQ ?JU?WQ ?RRP?ARGTC. 4FC P?RGM MD RFC
K?ELGRSBC MD RFC CJCARPMQR?RGA DMPAC RM EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC GL RFGQ A?QC GQ, RFSQ,
(18.10) F
F
G
= 2.2710
39
.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ GQ ? PCK?PI?@JW J?PEC P?RGM! .MRC RF?R RFGQ UGJJ @C RFC P?RGM MD CJCARPMQR?RGA DMPAC RM EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC DMP ?L CJCARPML ?LB ? NPMRML ?R ?LW
BGQR?LAC (R?IGLE RFC P?RGM @CDMPC CLRCPGLE LSKCPGA?J T?JSCQ QFMUQ RF?R RFC BGQR?LAC A?LACJQ). 4FGQ P?RGM EGTCQ QMKC GLBGA?RGML MD HSQR FMU KSAF
J?PECP RFC #MSJMK@ DMPAC GQ RF?L RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC @CRUCCL RUM MD RFC KMQR AMKKML N?PRGAJCQ GL L?RSPC.
!Q RFC CV?KNJC GKNJGCQ, EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC GQ AMKNJCRCJW LCEJGEG@JC ML ? QK?JJ QA?JC, UFCPC RFC GLRCP?ARGMLQ MD GLBGTGBS?J AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ ?PC
GKNMPR?LR. /L ? J?PEC QA?JC, QSAF ?Q @CRUCCL RFC %?PRF ?LB ? NCPQML, RFC PCTCPQC GQ RPSC. -MQR M@HCARQ ?PC LC?PJW CJCARPGA?JJW LCSRP?J, ?LB QM
?RRP?ARGTC ?LB PCNSJQGTC CEKBEC8 <EH9;I LC?PJW A?LACJ. 'P?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC ML ? J?PEC QA?JC BMKGL?RCQ GLRCP?ARGMLQ @CRUCCL J?PEC M@HCARQ @CA?SQC GR
GQ ?JU?WQ ?RRP?ARGTC, UFGJC #MSJMK@ DMPACQ RCLB RM A?LACJ.
18.4 EB;9JH?9 F?;B:: CED9;FJ E< 7 F?;B: +;L?I?J;:
#MLR?AR DMPACQ, QSAF ?Q @CRUCCL ? @?QC@?JJ ?LB ? @?R, ?PC CVNJ?GLCB ML RFC QK?JJ QA?JC @W RFC GLRCP?ARGML MD RFC AF?PECQ GL ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ GL
AJMQC NPMVGKGRW. 4FCW GLRCP?AR RFPMSEF DMPACQ RF?R GLAJSBC RFC CEKBEC8 <EH9;. !ARGML ?R ? BGQR?LAC GQ ? DMPAC @CRUCCL M@HCARQ RF?R ?PC LMR AJMQC
CLMSEF DMP RFCGP ?RMKQ RM uRMSAF.v 4F?R GQ, RFCW ?PC QCN?P?RCB @W KMPC RF?L ? DCU ?RMKGA BG?KCRCPQ.
&MP CV?KNJC, ? AF?PECB PS@@CP AMK@ ?RRP?ARQ LCSRP?J @GRQ MD N?NCP DPMK ? BGQR?LAC TG? RFC #MSJMK@ DMPAC. )R GQ TCPW SQCDSJ RM RFGLI MD ?L M@HCAR @CGLE
QSPPMSLBCB GL QN?AC @W ? <EH9; <?;B:. 4FC DMPAC DGCJB A?PPGCQ RFC DMPAC RM ?LMRFCP M@HCAR (A?JJCB ? RCQR M@HCAR) QMKC BGQR?LAC ?U?W.
#MLACNR MD ? &GCJB
! DGCJB GQ ? U?W MD AMLACNRS?JGXGLE ?LB K?NNGLE RFC DMPAC RF?R QSPPMSLBQ ?LW M@HCAR ?LB ?ARQ ML ?LMRFCP M@HCAR ?R ? BGQR?LAC UGRFMSR ?NN?PCLR
NFWQGA?J AMLLCARGML. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DGCJB QSPPMSLBGLE RFC C?PRF (?LB ?JJ MRFCP K?QQCQ) PCNPCQCLRQ RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC RF?R UMSJB @C
CVNCPGCLACB GD ?LMRFCP K?QQ UCPC NJ?ACB ?R ? EGTCL NMGLR UGRFGL RFC DGCJB.
#(!04%2 18 Y %,%#42)# #(!2'% !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$ 637
)L RFC Q?KC U?W, RFC #MSJMK@ DMPAC DGCJB QSPPMSLBGLE ?LW AF?PEC CVRCLBQ RFPMSEFMSR QN?AC. 5QGLE #MSJMK@tQ J?U, F = k|q
1
q
2
| / r
2
, GRQ K?ELGRSBC
GQ EGTCL @W RFC COS?RGML F = k|qQ| / r
2
, DMP ? FE?DJ 9>7H=; (? N?PRGAJC F?TGLE ? AF?PEC Q) ?ARGLE ML ? J;IJ 9>7H=; q ?R ? BGQR?LAC r (QCC F?=KH;
18.20). "MRF RFC K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD RFC #MSJMK@ DMPAC DGCJB BCNCLB ML Q ?LB RFC RCQR AF?PEC q .
F?=KH; 18.20 4FC #MSJMK@ DMPAC DGCJB BSC RM ? NMQGRGTC AF?PEC Q GQ QFMUL ?ARGLE ML RUM BGDDCPCLR AF?PECQ. "MRF AF?PECQ ?PC RFC Q?KC BGQR?LAC DPMK Q. (?) 3GLAC q
1
GQ
NMQGRGTC, RFC DMPAC F
1
?ARGLE ML GR GQ PCNSJQGTC. (@) 4FC AF?PEC q
2
GQ LCE?RGTC ?LB EPC?RCP GL K?ELGRSBC RF?L q
1
, ?LB QM RFC DMPAC F
2
?ARGLE ML GR GQ ?RRP?ARGTC ?LB QRPMLECP
RF?L F
1
. 4FC #MSJMK@ DMPAC DGCJB GQ RFSQ LMR SLGOSC ?R ?LW NMGLR GL QN?AC, @CA?SQC GR BCNCLBQ ML RFC RCQR AF?PECQ q
1
?LB q
2
?Q UCJJ ?Q RFC AF?PEC Q.
4M QGKNJGDW RFGLEQ, UC UMSJB NPCDCP RM F?TC ? DGCJB RF?R BCNCLBQ MLJW ML Q ?LB LMR ML RFC RCQR AF?PEC q . 4FC CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ BCDGLCB GL QSAF ?
K?LLCP RF?R GR PCNPCQCLRQ MLJW RFC AF?PEC APC?RGLE GR ?LB GQ SLGOSC ?R CTCPW NMGLR GL QN?AC. 3NCAGDGA?JJW, RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB E GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC P?RGM MD
RFC #MSJMK@ DMPAC RM RFC RCQR AF?PEC:
(18.11)
E =
F
q
,
UFCPC F GQ RFC CJCARPMQR?RGA DMPAC (MP #MSJMK@ DMPAC) CVCPRCB ML ? NMQGRGTC RCQR AF?PEC q . )R GQ SLBCPQRMMB RF?R E GQ GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q F . )R
GQ ?JQM ?QQSKCB RF?R q GQ QM QK?JJ RF?R GR BMCQ LMR ?JRCP RFC AF?PEC BGQRPG@SRGML APC?RGLE RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB. 4FC SLGRQ MD CJCARPGA DGCJB ?PC LCURMLQ NCP
AMSJMK@ (./#). )D RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ ILMUL, RFCL RFC CJCARPMQR?RGA DMPAC ML ?LW AF?PEC q GQ QGKNJW M@R?GLCB @W KSJRGNJWGLE AF?PEC RGKCQ CJCARPGA DGCJB,
MP F = qE. #MLQGBCP RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB BSC RM ? NMGLR AF?PEC Q. !AAMPBGLE RM #MSJMK@tQ J?U, RFC DMPAC GR CVCPRQ ML ? RCQR AF?PEC q GQ
F = k|qQ| / r
2
. 4FSQ RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB, E , DMP ? NMGLR AF?PEC GQ
(18.12)
E =
|
F
q
|
= k
|
qQ
qr
2
|
= k
|
Q
|
r
2
.
3GLAC RFC RCQR AF?PEC A?LACJQ, UC QCC RF?R
(18.13)
E = k
|
Q
|
r
2
.
4FC CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ RFSQ QCCL RM BCNCLB MLJW ML RFC AF?PEC Q ?LB RFC BGQR?LAC r ; GR GQ AMKNJCRCJW GLBCNCLBCLR MD RFC RCQR AF?PEC q .
EN7CFB; 18.2 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; EB;9JH?9 F?;B: E< 7 )E?DJ C>7H=;
#?JASJ?RC RFC QRPCLERF ?LB BGPCARGML MD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB E BSC RM ? NMGLR AF?PEC MD 2.00 L# (L?LM-#MSJMK@Q) ?R ? BGQR?LAC MD 5.00 KK DPMK RFC
AF?PEC.
,JH7J;=O
7C A?L DGLB RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB APC?RCB @W ? NMGLR AF?PEC @W SQGLE RFC COS?RGML E = kQ/ r
2
.
,EBKJ?ED
(CPC Q = 2.0010
9
# ?LB r = 5.0010
3
K. %LRCPGLE RFMQC T?JSCQ GLRM RFC ?@MTC COS?RGML EGTCQ
(18.14)
E = k
Q
r
2
= (8.9910
9
N m
2
/C
2
)
(2.0010
9
C)
(5.0010
3
m)
2
= 7.1910
5
N/C.
638 #(!04%2 18 Y %,%#42)# #(!2'% !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ ;B;9JH?9 <?;B: IJH;D=J> GQ RFC Q?KC ?R ?LW NMGLR 5.00 KK ?U?W DPMK RFC AF?PEC Q RF?R APC?RCQ RFC DGCJB. )R GQ NMQGRGTC, KC?LGLE RF?R GR F?Q ?
BGPCARGML NMGLRGLE ?U?W DPMK RFC AF?PEC Q.
EN7CFB; 18.3 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; FEH9; EN;HJ;: ED 7 )E?DJ C>7H=; 8O 7D EB;9JH?9 F?;B:
7F?R DMPAC BMCQ RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB DMSLB GL RFC NPCTGMSQ CV?KNJC CVCPR ML ? NMGLR AF?PEC MD 0.250 C?
,JH7J;=O
3GLAC UC ILMU RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF ?LB RFC AF?PEC GL RFC DGCJB, RFC DMPAC ML RF?R AF?PEC A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB SQGLE RFC BCDGLGRGML MD CJCARPGA DGCJB
E = F/ q PC?PP?LECB RM F = qE.
,EBKJ?ED
4FC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC DMPAC ML ? AF?PEC q = 0.250 C CVCPRCB @W ? DGCJB MD QRPCLERF E = 7.2010
5
./# GQ RFSQ,
(18.15) F = qE
= (0.25010
6
C)(7.2010
5
N/C)
= 0.180 N.
"CA?SQC q GQ LCE?RGTC, RFC DMPAC GQ BGPCARCB MNNMQGRC RM RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC DGCJB.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC DMPAC GQ ?RRP?ARGTC, ?Q CVNCARCB DMP SLJGIC AF?PECQ. (4FC DGCJB U?Q APC?RCB @W ? NMQGRGTC AF?PEC ?LB FCPC ?ARQ ML ? LCE?RGTC AF?PEC.) 4FC
AF?PECQ GL RFGQ CV?KNJC ?PC RWNGA?J MD AMKKML QR?RGA CJCARPGAGRW, ?LB RFC KMBCQR ?RRP?ARGTC DMPAC M@R?GLCB GQ QGKGJ?P RM DMPACQ CVNCPGCLACB GL QR?RGA
AJGLE ?LB QGKGJ?P QGRS?RGMLQ.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: %JCARPGA &GCJB MD $PC?KQ
0J?W @?JJ! !BB AF?PECQ RM RFC &GCJB MD $PC?KQ ?LB QCC FMU RFCW PC?AR RM RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB. 4SPL ML ? @?AIEPMSLB CJCARPGA DGCJB ?LB ?BHSQR RFC
BGPCARGML ?LB K?ELGRSBC.
F?=KH; 18.21 EB;9JH?9 F?;B: E< DH;7CI (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42310/1.6/;<?;B:6;D.@7H)
18.5 EB;9JH?9 F?;B: %?D;I: &KBJ?FB; C>7H=;I
$P?UGLEQ SQGLE JGLCQ RM PCNPCQCLR ;B;9JH?9 <?;B:I ?PMSLB AF?PECB M@HCARQ ?PC TCPW SQCDSJ GL TGQS?JGXGLE DGCJB QRPCLERF ?LB BGPCARGML. 3GLAC RFC CJCARPGA
DGCJB F?Q @MRF K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML, GR GQ ? TCARMP. ,GIC ?JJ L;9JEHI, RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB A?L @C PCNPCQCLRCB @W ?L ?PPMU RF?R F?Q JCLERF NPMNMPRGML?J RM
GRQ K?ELGRSBC ?LB RF?R NMGLRQ GL RFC AMPPCAR BGPCARGML. (7C F?TC SQCB ?PPMUQ CVRCLQGTCJW RM PCNPCQCLR DMPAC TCARMPQ, DMP CV?KNJC.)
F?=KH; 18.22 QFMUQ RUM NGARMPG?J PCNPCQCLR?RGMLQ MD RFC Q?KC CJCARPGA DGCJB APC?RCB @W ? NMQGRGTC NMGLR AF?PEC Q. F?=KH; 18.22 (@) QFMUQ RFC
QR?LB?PB PCNPCQCLR?RGML SQGLE AMLRGLSMSQ JGLCQ. F?=KH; 18.22 (@) QFMUQ LSKCPMSQ GLBGTGBS?J ?PPMUQ UGRF C?AF ?PPMU PCNPCQCLRGLE RFC DMPAC ML ? RCQR
AF?PEC q . &GCJB JGLCQ ?PC CQQCLRG?JJW ? K?N MD GLDGLGRCQGK?J DMPAC TCARMPQ.
F?=KH; 18.22 4UM COSGT?JCLR PCNPCQCLR?RGMLQ MD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB BSC RM ? NMQGRGTC AF?PEC Q. (?) !PPMUQ PCNPCQCLRGLE RFC CJCARPGA DGCJBtQ K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML. (@) )L RFC
QR?LB?PB PCNPCQCLR?RGML, RFC ?PPMUQ ?PC PCNJ?ACB @W AMLRGLSMSQ DGCJB JGLCQ F?TGLE RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?R ?LW NMGLR ?Q RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB. 4FC AJMQCLCQQ MD RFC JGLCQ GQ BGPCARJW
PCJ?RCB RM RFC QRPCLERF MD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB. ! RCQR AF?PEC NJ?ACB ?LWUFCPC UGJJ DCCJ ? DMPAC GL RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC DGCJB JGLC; RFGQ DMPAC UGJJ F?TC ? QRPCLERF NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC
BCLQGRW MD RFC JGLCQ (@CGLE EPC?RCP LC?P RFC AF?PEC, DMP CV?KNJC).
#(!04%2 18 Y %,%#42)# #(!2'% !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$ 639
.MRC RF?R RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ BCDGLCB DMP ? NMQGRGTC RCQR AF?PEC q , QM RF?R RFC DGCJB JGLCQ NMGLR ?U?W DPMK ? NMQGRGTC AF?PEC ?LB RMU?PB ? LCE?RGTC
AF?PEC. (3CC F?=KH; 18.23.) 4FC CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF GQ CV?ARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC LSK@CP MD DGCJB JGLCQ NCP SLGR ?PC?, QGLAC RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC
CJCARPGA DGCJB DMP ? NMGLR AF?PEC GQ E = k
|
Q
|
/ r
2
?LB ?PC? GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM r
2
. 4FGQ NGARMPG?J PCNPCQCLR?RGML, GL UFGAF DGCJB JGLCQ PCNPCQCLR RFC
BGPCARGML ?LB RFCGP AJMQCLCQQ (RF?R GQ, RFCGP ?PC?J BCLQGRW MP RFC LSK@CP MD JGLCQ APMQQGLE ? SLGR ?PC?) PCNPCQCLRQ QRPCLERF, GQ SQCB DMP ?JJ DGCJBQ:
CJCARPMQR?RGA, EP?TGR?RGML?J, K?ELCRGA, ?LB MRFCPQ.
F?=KH; 18.23 4FC CJCARPGA DGCJB QSPPMSLBGLE RFPCC BGDDCPCLR NMGLR AF?PECQ. (?) ! NMQGRGTC AF?PEC. (@) ! LCE?RGTC AF?PEC MD COS?J K?ELGRSBC. (A) ! J?PECP LCE?RGTC AF?PEC.
)L K?LW QGRS?RGMLQ, RFCPC ?PC KSJRGNJC AF?PECQ. 4FC RMR?J CJCARPGA DGCJB APC?RCB @W KSJRGNJC AF?PECQ GQ RFC TCARMP QSK MD RFC GLBGTGBS?J DGCJBQ APC?RCB @W
C?AF AF?PEC. 4FC DMJJMUGLE CV?KNJC QFMUQ FMU RM ?BB CJCARPGA DGCJB TCARMPQ.
EN7CFB; 18.4 A::?D= EB;9JH?9 F?;B:I
&GLB RFC K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD RFC RMR?J CJCARPGA DGCJB BSC RM RFC RUM NMGLR AF?PECQ, q
1
?LB q
2
, ?R RFC MPGEGL MD RFC AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK ?Q
QFMUL GL F?=KH; 18.24.
F?=KH; 18.24 4FC CJCARPGA DGCJBQ E
1
?LB E
2
?R RFC MPGEGL / ?BB RM E
tot
.
,JH7J;=O
3GLAC RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ ? TCARMP (F?TGLE K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML), UC ?BB CJCARPGA DGCJBQ UGRF RFC Q?KC TCARMP RCAFLGOSCQ SQCB DMP MRFCP RWNCQ MD
TCARMPQ. 7C DGPQR KSQR DGLB RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB BSC RM C?AF AF?PEC ?R RFC NMGLR MD GLRCPCQR, UFGAF GQ RFC MPGEGL MD RFC AMMPBGL?RC QWQRCK (/) GL RFGQ
GLQR?LAC. 7C NPCRCLB RF?R RFCPC GQ ? NMQGRGTC RCQR AF?PEC, q , ?R NMGLR /, UFGAF ?JJMUQ SQ RM BCRCPKGLC RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC DGCJBQ E
1
?LB E
2
.
/LAC RFMQC DGCJBQ ?PC DMSLB, RFC RMR?J DGCJB A?L @C BCRCPKGLCB SQGLE L;9JEH 7::?J?ED.
,EBKJ?ED
4FC CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF ?R RFC MPGEGL BSC RM q
1
GQ J?@CJCB E
1
?LB GQ A?JASJ?RCB:
(18.16)
E
1
= k
q
1
r
1
2
=

8.9910
9
N m
2
/C
2
5.0010
9
C
2.0010
2
m
2
E
1
= 1.12410
5
N/C.
3GKGJ?PJW, E
2
GQ
(18.17)
E
2
= k
q
2
r
2
2
=

8.9910
9
N m
2
/C
2
10.010
9
C
4.0010
2
m
2
E
2
= 0.561910
5
N/C.
&MSP BGEGRQ F?TC @CCL PCR?GLCB GL RFGQ QMJSRGML RM GJJSQRP?RC RF?R E
1
GQ CV?ARJW RUGAC RFC K?ELGRSBC MD E
2
. .MU ?PPMUQ ?PC BP?UL RM PCNPCQCLR RFC
K?ELGRSBCQ ?LB BGPCARGMLQ MD E
1
?LB E
2
. (3CC F?=KH; 18.24.) 4FC BGPCARGML MD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ RF?R MD RFC DMPAC ML ? NMQGRGTC AF?PEC QM @MRF
640 #(!04%2 18 Y %,%#42)# #(!2'% !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
?PPMUQ NMGLR BGPCARJW ?U?W DPMK RFC NMQGRGTC AF?PECQ RF?R APC?RC RFCK. 4FC ?PPMU DMP E
1
GQ CV?ARJW RUGAC RFC JCLERF MD RF?R DMP E
2
. 4FC ?PPMUQ
DMPK ? PGEFR RPG?LEJC GL RFGQ A?QC ?LB A?L @C ?BBCB SQGLE RFC 0WRF?EMPC?L RFCMPCK. 4FC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC RMR?J DGCJB E
tot
GQ
(18.18)
E
tot
= (E
1
2
+ E
2
2
)
1/2
= {(1.12410
5
N/C)
2
+ (0.561910
5
N/C)
2
}
1/2
= 1.2610
5
N/C.
4FC BGPCARGML GQ
(18.19)
= tan
1
E
1
E
2
= tan
1
1.12410
5
N/C
0.561910
5
N/C
= 63.4,
MP 63.4 ?@MTC RFC K-?VGQ.
D?I9KII?ED
)L A?QCQ UFCPC RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB TCARMPQ RM @C ?BBCB ?PC LMR NCPNCLBGASJ?P, TCARMP AMKNMLCLRQ MP EP?NFGA?J RCAFLGOSCQ A?L @C SQCB. 4FC RMR?J
CJCARPGA DGCJB DMSLB GL RFGQ CV?KNJC GQ RFC RMR?J CJCARPGA DGCJB ?R MLJW MLC NMGLR GL QN?AC. 4M DGLB RFC RMR?J CJCARPGA DGCJB BSC RM RFCQC RUM AF?PECQ MTCP
?L CLRGPC PCEGML, RFC Q?KC RCAFLGOSC KSQR @C PCNC?RCB DMP C?AF NMGLR GL RFC PCEGML. 4FGQ GKNMQQG@JW JCLERFW R?QI (RFCPC ?PC ?L GLDGLGRC LSK@CP MD
NMGLRQ GL QN?AC) A?L @C ?TMGBCB @W A?JASJ?RGLE RFC RMR?J DGCJB ?R PCNPCQCLR?RGTC NMGLRQ ?LB SQGLE QMKC MD RFC SLGDWGLE DC?RSPCQ LMRCB LCVR.
F?=KH; 18.25 QFMUQ FMU RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB DPMK RUM NMGLR AF?PECQ A?L @C BP?UL @W DGLBGLE RFC RMR?J DGCJB ?R PCNPCQCLR?RGTC NMGLRQ ?LB BP?UGLE CJCARPGA
DGCJB JGLCQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFMQC NMGLRQ. 7FGJC RFC CJCARPGA DGCJBQ DPMK KSJRGNJC AF?PECQ ?PC KMPC AMKNJCV RF?L RFMQC MD QGLEJC AF?PECQ, QMKC QGKNJC
DC?RSPCQ ?PC C?QGJW LMRGACB.
&MP CV?KNJC, RFC DGCJB GQ UC?ICP @CRUCCL JGIC AF?PECQ, ?Q QFMUL @W RFC JGLCQ @CGLE D?PRFCP ?N?PR GL RF?R PCEGML. (4FGQ GQ @CA?SQC RFC DGCJBQ DPMK C?AF
AF?PEC CVCPR MNNMQGLE DMPACQ ML ?LW AF?PEC NJ?ACB @CRUCCL RFCK.) (3CC F?=KH; 18.25 ?LB F?=KH; 18.26(?).) &SPRFCPKMPC, ?R ? EPC?R BGQR?LAC DPMK
RUM JGIC AF?PECQ, RFC DGCJB @CAMKCQ GBCLRGA?J RM RFC DGCJB DPMK ? QGLEJC, J?PECP AF?PEC.
F?=KH; 18.26(@) QFMUQ RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB MD RUM SLJGIC AF?PECQ. 4FC DGCJB GQ QRPMLECP @CRUCCL RFC AF?PECQ. )L RF?R PCEGML, RFC DGCJBQ DPMK C?AF AF?PEC
?PC GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML, ?LB QM RFCGP QRPCLERFQ ?BB. 4FC DGCJB MD RUM SLJGIC AF?PECQ GQ UC?I ?R J?PEC BGQR?LACQ, @CA?SQC RFC DGCJBQ MD RFC GLBGTGBS?J
AF?PECQ ?PC GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ ?LB QM RFCGP QRPCLERFQ QS@RP?AR. !R TCPW J?PEC BGQR?LACQ, RFC DGCJB MD RUM SLJGIC AF?PECQ JMMIQ JGIC RF?R MD ? QK?JJCP
QGLEJC AF?PEC.
F?=KH; 18.25 4UM NMQGRGTC NMGLR AF?PECQ q
1
?LB q
2
NPMBSAC RFC PCQSJR?LR CJCARPGA DGCJB QFMUL. 4FC DGCJB GQ A?JASJ?RCB ?R PCNPCQCLR?RGTC NMGLRQ ?LB RFCL QKMMRF DGCJB JGLCQ
BP?UL DMJJMUGLE RFC PSJCQ MSRJGLCB GL RFC RCVR.
#(!04%2 18 Y %,%#42)# #(!2'% !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$ 641
F?=KH; 18.26 (?) 4UM LCE?RGTC AF?PECQ NPMBSAC RFC DGCJBQ QFMUL. )R GQ TCPW QGKGJ?P RM RFC DGCJB NPMBSACB @W RUM NMQGRGTC AF?PECQ, CVACNR RF?R RFC BGPCARGMLQ ?PC PCTCPQCB. 4FC
DGCJB GQ AJC?PJW UC?ICP @CRUCCL RFC AF?PECQ. 4FC GLBGTGBS?J DMPACQ ML ? RCQR AF?PEC GL RF?R PCEGML ?PC GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ. (@) 4UM MNNMQGRC AF?PECQ NPMBSAC RFC DGCJB QFMUL,
UFGAF GQ QRPMLECP GL RFC PCEGML @CRUCCL RFC AF?PECQ.
7C SQC CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ RM TGQS?JGXC ?LB ?L?JWXC CJCARPGA DGCJBQ (RFC JGLCQ ?PC ? NGARMPG?J RMMJ, LMR ? NFWQGA?J CLRGRW GL RFCKQCJTCQ). 4FC NPMNCPRGCQ MD
CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ DMP ?LW AF?PEC BGQRPG@SRGML A?L @C QSKK?PGXCB ?Q DMJJMUQ:
1. &GCJB JGLCQ KSQR @CEGL ML NMQGRGTC AF?PECQ ?LB RCPKGL?RC ML LCE?RGTC AF?PECQ, MP ?R GLDGLGRW GL RFC FWNMRFCRGA?J A?QC MD GQMJ?RCB AF?PECQ.
2. 4FC LSK@CP MD DGCJB JGLCQ JC?TGLE ? NMQGRGTC AF?PEC MP CLRCPGLE ? LCE?RGTC AF?PEC GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC AF?PEC.
3. 4FC QRPCLERF MD RFC DGCJB GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC AJMQCLCQQ MD RFC DGCJB JGLCQrKMPC NPCAGQCJW, GR GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC LSK@CP MD JGLCQ NCP SLGR ?PC?
NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC JGLCQ.
4. 4FC BGPCARGML MD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ R?LECLR RM RFC DGCJB JGLC ?R ?LW NMGLR GL QN?AC.
5. &GCJB JGLCQ A?L LCTCP APMQQ.
4FC J?QR NPMNCPRW KC?LQ RF?R RFC DGCJB GQ SLGOSC ?R ?LW NMGLR. 4FC DGCJB JGLC PCNPCQCLRQ RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC DGCJB; QM GD RFCW APMQQCB, RFC DGCJB UMSJB F?TC
RUM BGPCARGMLQ ?R RF?R JMA?RGML (?L GKNMQQG@GJGRW GD RFC DGCJB GQ SLGOSC).
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: #F?PECQ ?LB &GCJBQ
-MTC NMGLR AF?PECQ ?PMSLB ML RFC NJ?WGLE DGCJB ?LB RFCL TGCU RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB, TMJR?ECQ, COSGNMRCLRG?J JGLCQ, ?LB KMPC. )R'Q AMJMPDSJ, GR'Q BWL?KGA,
GR'Q DPCC.
F?=KH; 18.27 C>7H=;I 7D: F?;B:I (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42312/1.7/9>7H=;I-7D:-<?;B:I6;D.@7H)
18.6 EB;9JH?9 FEH9;I ?D B?EBE=O
#J?QQGA?J CJCARPMQR?RGAQ F?Q ?L GKNMPR?LR PMJC RM NJ?W GL KMBCPL KMJCASJ?P @GMJMEW. ,?PEC KMJCASJCQ QSAF ?Q NPMRCGLQ, LSAJCGA ?AGBQ, ?LB QM MLrQM
GKNMPR?LR RM JGDCr?PC SQS?JJW CJCARPGA?JJW AF?PECB. $.! GRQCJD GQ FGEFJW AF?PECB; GR GQ RFC CJCARPMQR?RGA DMPAC RF?R LMR MLJW FMJBQ RFC KMJCASJC RMECRFCP @SR
EGTCQ RFC KMJCASJC QRPSARSPC ?LB QRPCLERF. F?=KH; 18.28 GQ ? QAFCK?RGA MD RFC $.! BMS@JC FCJGV.
F?=KH; 18.28 $.! GQ ? FGEFJW AF?PECB KMJCASJC. 4FC $.! BMS@JC FCJGV QFMUQ RFC RUM AMGJCB QRP?LBQ C?AF AMLR?GLGLE ? PMU MD LGRPMECLMSQ @?QCQ, UFGAF uAMBCv RFC ECLCRGA
GLDMPK?RGML LCCBCB @W ? JGTGLE MPE?LGQK. 4FC QRP?LBQ ?PC AMLLCARCB @W @MLBQ @CRUCCL N?GPQ MD @?QCQ. 7FGJC N?GPGLE AMK@GL?RGMLQ @CRUCCL ACPR?GL @?QCQ ?PC DGVCB (#-' ?LB
!-4), RFC QCOSCLAC MD LSAJCMRGBCQ GL RFC QRP?LB T?PGCQ. (APCBGR: *CPMKC 7?JICP)
642 #(!04%2 18 Y %,%#42)# #(!2'% !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
4FC DMSP LSAJCMRGBC @?QCQ ?PC EGTCL RFC QWK@MJQ ! (?BCLGLC), # (AWRMQGLC), ' (ES?LGLC), ?LB 4 (RFWKGLC). 4FC MPBCP MD RFC DMSP @?QCQ T?PGCQ GL C?AF
QRP?LB, @SR RFC N?GPGLE @CRUCCL @?QCQ GQ ?JU?WQ RFC Q?KC. # ?LB ' ?PC ?JU?WQ N?GPCB ?LB ! ?LB 4 ?PC ?JU?WQ N?GPCB, UFGAF FCJNQ RM NPCQCPTC RFC
MPBCP MD @?QCQ GL ACJJ BGTGQGML (KGRMQGQ) QM ?Q RM N?QQ ML RFC AMPPCAR ECLCRGA GLDMPK?RGML. 3GLAC RFC #MSJMK@ DMPAC BPMNQ UGRF BGQR?LAC ( F 1 / r
2
),
RFC BGQR?LACQ @CRUCCL RFC @?QC N?GPQ KSQR @C QK?JJ CLMSEF RF?R RFC CJCARPMQR?RGA DMPAC GQ QSDDGAGCLR RM FMJB RFCK RMECRFCP.
$.! GQ ? FGEFJW AF?PECB KMJCASJC, UGRF ?@MSR 2q
e
(DSLB?KCLR?J AF?PEC) NCP 0.310
9
K. 4FC BGQR?LAC QCN?P?RGLE RFC RUM QRP?LBQ RF?R K?IC SN
RFC $.! QRPSARSPC GQ ?@MSR 1 LK, UFGJC RFC BGQR?LAC QCN?P?RGLE RFC GLBGTGBS?J ?RMKQ UGRFGL C?AF @?QC GQ ?@MSR 0.3 LK.
/LC KGEFR UMLBCP UFW CJCARPMQR?RGA DMPACQ BM LMR NJ?W ? J?PECP PMJC GL @GMJMEW RF?L RFCW BM GD UC F?TC QM K?LW AF?PECB KMJCASJCQ. 4FC PC?QML GQ RF?R
RFC CJCARPMQR?RGA DMPAC GQ uBGJSRCBv BSC RM I9H;;D?D= @CRUCCL KMJCASJCQ. 4FGQ GQ BSC RM RFC NPCQCLAC MD MRFCP AF?PECQ GL RFC ACJJ.
0MJ?PGRW MD 7?RCP -MJCASJCQ
4FC @CQR CV?KNJC MD RFGQ AF?PEC QAPCCLGLE GQ RFC U?RCP KMJCASJC, PCNPCQCLRCB ?Q H
2
O. 7?RCP GQ ? QRPMLEJW FEB7H CEB;9KB;. )RQ 10 CJCARPMLQ (8 DPMK
RFC MVWECL ?RMK ?LB 2 DPMK RFC RUM FWBPMECL ?RMKQ) RCLB RM PCK?GL AJMQCP RM RFC MVWECL LSAJCSQ RF?L RFC FWBPMECL LSAJCG. 4FGQ APC?RCQ RUM ACLRCPQ
MD COS?J ?LB MNNMQGRC AF?PECQrUF?R GQ A?JJCB ? :?FEB;, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 18.29. 4FC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC BGNMJC GQ A?JJCB RFC BGNMJC KMKCLR.
4FCQC RUM ACLRCPQ MD AF?PEC UGJJ RCPKGL?RC QMKC MD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ AMKGLE DPMK ? DPCC AF?PEC, ?Q ML ? $.! KMJCASJC. 4FGQ PCQSJRQ GL ?
PCBSARGML GL RFC QRPCLERF MD RFC CEKBEC8 ?DJ;H79J?ED. /LC KGEFR Q?W RF?R QAPCCLGLE K?ICQ RFC #MSJMK@ DMPAC ? QFMPR P?LEC DMPAC P?RFCP RF?L JMLE
P?LEC.
/RFCP GMLQ MD GKNMPR?LAC GL @GMJMEW RF?R A?L PCBSAC MP QAPCCL #MSJMK@ GLRCP?ARGMLQ ?PC Na
+
, ?LB K
+
, ?LB Cl
. 4FCQC GMLQ ?PC JMA?RCB @MRF

GLQGBC ?LB MSRQGBC MD JGTGLE ACJJQ. 4FC KMTCKCLR MD RFCQC GMLQ RFPMSEF ACJJ KCK@P?LCQ GQ APSAG?J RM RFC KMRGML MD LCPTC GKNSJQCQ RFPMSEF LCPTC
?VMLQ.
2CACLR QRSBGCQ MD CJCARPMQR?RGAQ GL @GMJMEW QCCK RM QFMU RF?R CJCARPGA DGCJBQ GL ACJJQ A?L @C CVRCLBCB MTCP J?PECP BGQR?LACQ, GL QNGRC MD QAPCCLGLE, @W
uKGAPMRS@SJCQv UGRFGL RFC ACJJ. 4FCQC KGAPMRS@SJCQ ?PC FMJJMU RS@CQ AMKNMQCB MD NPMRCGLQ RF?R ESGBC RFC KMTCKCLR MD AFPMKMQMKCQ UFCL ACJJQ
BGTGBC, RFC KMRGML MD MRFCP MPE?LGQKQ UGRFGL RFC ACJJ, ?LB NPMTGBC KCAF?LGQKQ DMP KMRGML MD QMKC ACJJQ (?Q KMRMPQ).
F?=KH; 18.29 4FGQ QAFCK?RGA QFMUQ U?RCP ( H
2
O) ?Q ? NMJ?P KMJCASJC. 5LCOS?J QF?PGLE MD CJCARPMLQ @CRUCCL RFC MVWECL (/) ?LB FWBPMECL (() ?RMKQ JC?BQ RM ? LCR
QCN?P?RGML MD NMQGRGTC ?LB LCE?RGTC AF?PECrDMPKGLE ? BGNMJC. 4FC QWK@MJQ
?LB
+
GLBGA?RC RF?R RFC MVWECL QGBC MD RFC H
2
O KMJCASJC RCLBQ RM @C KMPC LCE?RGTC,
UFGJC RFC FWBPMECL CLBQ RCLB RM @C KMPC NMQGRGTC. 4FGQ JC?BQ RM ?L ?RRP?ARGML MD MNNMQGRC AF?PECQ @CRUCCL KMJCASJCQ.
18.7 CED:K9JEHI 7D: EB;9JH?9 F?;B:I ?D ,J7J?9 EGK?B?8H?KC
CED:K9JEHI AMLR?GL <H;; 9>7H=;I RF?R KMTC C?QGJW. 7FCL CVACQQ AF?PEC GQ NJ?ACB ML ? AMLBSARMP MP RFC AMLBSARMP GQ NSR GLRM ? QR?RGA CJCARPGA DGCJB,
AF?PECQ GL RFC AMLBSARMP OSGAIJW PCQNMLB RM PC?AF ? QRC?BW QR?RC A?JJCB ;B;9JHEIJ7J?9 ;GK?B?8H?KC.
F?=KH; 18.30 QFMUQ RFC CDDCAR MD ?L CJCARPGA DGCJB ML DPCC AF?PECQ GL ? AMLBSARMP. 4FC DPCC AF?PECQ KMTC SLRGJ RFC DGCJB GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC
AMLBSARMPtQ QSPD?AC. 4FCPC A?L @C LM AMKNMLCLR MD RFC DGCJB N?P?JJCJ RM RFC QSPD?AC GL CJCARPMQR?RGA COSGJG@PGSK, QGLAC, GD RFCPC UCPC, GR UMSJB NPMBSAC
DSPRFCP KMTCKCLR MD AF?PEC. ! NMQGRGTC DPCC AF?PEC GQ QFMUL, @SR DPCC AF?PECQ A?L @C CGRFCP NMQGRGTC MP LCE?RGTC ?LB ?PC, GL D?AR, LCE?RGTC GL KCR?JQ.
4FC KMRGML MD ? NMQGRGTC AF?PEC GQ COSGT?JCLR RM RFC KMRGML MD ? LCE?RGTC AF?PEC GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML.
#(!04%2 18 Y %,%#42)# #(!2'% !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$ 643
F?=KH; 18.30 7FCL ?L CJCARPGA DGCJB E GQ ?NNJGCB RM ? AMLBSARMP, DPCC AF?PECQ GLQGBC RFC AMLBSARMP KMTC SLRGJ RFC DGCJB GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC QSPD?AC. (?) 4FC CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ ?
TCARMP OS?LRGRW, UGRF @MRF N?P?JJCJ ?LB NCPNCLBGASJ?P AMKNMLCLRQ. 4FC N?P?JJCJ AMKNMLCLR ( E
) CVCPRQ ? DMPAC ( F
) ML RFC DPCC AF?PEC q , UFGAF KMTCQ RFC AF?PEC SLRGJ

F
= 0 . (@) 4FC PCQSJRGLE DGCJB GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC QSPD?AC. 4FC DPCC AF?PEC F?Q @CCL @PMSEFR RM RFC AMLBSARMPtQ QSPD?AC, JC?TGLE CJCARPMQR?RGA DMPACQ GL COSGJG@PGSK.
! AMLBSARMP NJ?ACB GL ?L ;B;9JH?9 <?;B: UGJJ @C FEB7H?P;:. F?=KH; 18.31 QFMUQ RFC PCQSJR MD NJ?AGLE ? LCSRP?J AMLBSARMP GL ?L MPGEGL?JJW SLGDMPK CJCARPGA
DGCJB. 4FC DGCJB @CAMKCQ QRPMLECP LC?P RFC AMLBSARMP @SR CLRGPCJW BGQ?NNC?PQ GLQGBC GR.
F?=KH; 18.31 4FGQ GJJSQRP?RGML QFMUQ ? QNFCPGA?J AMLBSARMP GL QR?RGA COSGJG@PGSK UGRF ?L MPGEGL?JJW SLGDMPK CJCARPGA DGCJB. &PCC AF?PECQ KMTC UGRFGL RFC AMLBSARMP, NMJ?PGXGLE GR,
SLRGJ RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ ?PC NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC QSPD?AC. 4FC DGCJB JGLCQ CLB ML CVACQQ LCE?RGTC AF?PEC ML MLC QCARGML MD RFC QSPD?AC ?LB @CEGL ?E?GL ML CVACQQ NMQGRGTC
AF?PEC ML RFC MNNMQGRC QGBC. .M CJCARPGA DGCJB CVGQRQ GLQGBC RFC AMLBSARMP, QGLAC DPCC AF?PECQ GL RFC AMLBSARMP UMSJB AMLRGLSC KMTGLE GL PCQNMLQC RM ?LW DGCJB SLRGJ GR U?Q
LCSRP?JGXCB.
-GQAMLACNRGML !JCPR: %JCARPGA &GCJB GLQGBC ? #MLBSARMP
%VACQQ AF?PECQ NJ?ACB ML ? QNFCPGA?J AMLBSARMP PCNCJ ?LB KMTC SLRGJ RFCW ?PC CTCLJW BGQRPG@SRCB, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 18.32. %VACQQ AF?PEC GQ
DMPACB RM RFC QSPD?AC SLRGJ RFC DGCJB GLQGBC RFC AMLBSARMP GQ XCPM. /SRQGBC RFC AMLBSARMP, RFC DGCJB GQ CV?ARJW RFC Q?KC ?Q GD RFC AMLBSARMP UCPC
PCNJ?ACB @W ? NMGLR AF?PEC ?R GRQ ACLRCP COS?J RM RFC CVACQQ AF?PEC.
F?=KH; 18.32 4FC KSRS?J PCNSJQGML MD CVACQQ NMQGRGTC AF?PECQ ML ? QNFCPGA?J AMLBSARMP BGQRPG@SRCQ RFCK SLGDMPKJW ML GRQ QSPD?AC. 4FC PCQSJRGLE CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ
NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC QSPD?AC ?LB XCPM GLQGBC. /SRQGBC RFC AMLBSARMP, RFC DGCJB GQ GBCLRGA?J RM RF?R MD ? NMGLR AF?PEC ?R RFC ACLRCP COS?J RM RFC CVACQQ AF?PEC.
0PMNCPRGCQ MD ? #MLBSARMP GL %JCARPMQR?RGA %OSGJG@PGSK
1. 4FC CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ XCPM GLQGBC ? AMLBSARMP.
644 #(!04%2 18 Y %,%#42)# #(!2'% !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
2. *SQR MSRQGBC ? AMLBSARMP, RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ ?PC NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM GRQ QSPD?AC, CLBGLE MP @CEGLLGLE ML AF?PECQ ML RFC QSPD?AC.
3. !LW CVACQQ AF?PEC PCQGBCQ CLRGPCJW ML RFC QSPD?AC MP QSPD?ACQ MD ? AMLBSARMP.
4FC NPMNCPRGCQ MD ? AMLBSARMP ?PC AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC QGRS?RGMLQ ?JPC?BW BGQASQQCB ?LB A?L @C SQCB RM ?L?JWXC ?LW AMLBSARMP GL CJCARPMQR?RGA
COSGJG@PGSK. 4FGQ A?L JC?B RM QMKC GLRCPCQRGLE LCU GLQGEFRQ, QSAF ?Q BCQAPG@CB @CJMU.
(MU A?L ? TCPW SLGDMPK CJCARPGA DGCJB @C APC?RCB? #MLQGBCP ? QWQRCK MD RUM KCR?J NJ?RCQ UGRF MNNMQGRC AF?PECQ ML RFCK, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 18.33.
4FC NPMNCPRGCQ MD AMLBSARMPQ GL CJCARPMQR?RGA COSGJG@PGSK GLBGA?RC RF?R RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ UGJJ @C SLGDMPK GL QRPCLERF ?LB BGPCARGML.
%VACNR LC?P RFC CBECQ, RFC CVACQQ AF?PECQ BGQRPG@SRC RFCKQCJTCQ SLGDMPKJW, NPMBSAGLE DGCJB JGLCQ RF?R ?PC SLGDMPKJW QN?ACB (FCLAC SLGDMPK GL
QRPCLERF) ?LB NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC QSPD?ACQ (FCLAC SLGDMPK GL BGPCARGML, QGLAC RFC NJ?RCQ ?PC DJ?R). 4FC CBEC CDDCARQ ?PC JCQQ GKNMPR?LR UFCL RFC NJ?RCQ
?PC AJMQC RMECRFCP.
F?=KH; 18.33 4UM KCR?J NJ?RCQ UGRF COS?J, @SR MNNMQGRC, CVACQQ AF?PECQ. 4FC DGCJB @CRUCCL RFCK GQ SLGDMPK GL QRPCLERF ?LB BGPCARGML CVACNR LC?P RFC CBECQ. /LC SQC MD QSAF ?
DGCJB GQ RM NPMBSAC SLGDMPK ?AACJCP?RGML MD AF?PECQ @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ, QSAF ?Q GL RFC CJCARPML ESL MD ? 46 RS@C.
%?PRFtQ %JCARPGA &GCJB
! LC?P SLGDMPK CJCARPGA DGCJB MD ?NNPMVGK?RCJW 150 ./#, BGPCARCB BMULU?PB, QSPPMSLBQ %?PRF, UGRF RFC K?ELGRSBC GLAPC?QGLE QJGEFRJW ?Q UC ECR AJMQCP RM
RFC QSPD?AC. 7F?R A?SQCQ RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB? !R ?PMSLB 100 IK ?@MTC RFC QSPD?AC MD %?PRF UC F?TC ? J?WCP MD AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ, A?JJCB RFC
?EDEIF>;H;. 4FC GMLMQNFCPC GQ PCQNMLQG@JC DMP ? P?LEC MD NFCLMKCL? GLAJSBGLE RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB QSPPMSLBGLE %?PRF. )L D?GP UC?RFCP RFC GMLMQNFCPC GQ
NMQGRGTC ?LB RFC %?PRF J?PECJW LCE?RGTC, K?GLR?GLGLE RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB (F?=KH; 18.34(?)).
)L QRMPK AMLBGRGMLQ AJMSBQ DMPK ?LB JMA?JGXCB CJCARPGA DGCJBQ A?L @C J?PECP ?LB PCTCPQCB GL BGPCARGML (F?=KH; 18.34(@)). 4FC CV?AR AF?PEC BGQRPG@SRGMLQ
BCNCLB ML RFC JMA?J AMLBGRGMLQ, ?LB T?PG?RGMLQ MD F?=KH; 18.34(@) ?PC NMQQG@JC.
)D RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ QSDDGAGCLRJW J?PEC, RFC GLQSJ?RGLE NPMNCPRGCQ MD RFC QSPPMSLBGLE K?RCPG?J @PC?I BMUL ?LB GR @CAMKCQ AMLBSARGLE. &MP ?GP RFGQ MAASPQ
?R ?PMSLB 310
6
./#. !GP GMLGXCQ GMLQ ?LB CJCARPMLQ PCAMK@GLC, ?LB UC ECR BGQAF?PEC GL RFC DMPK MD JGEFRLGLE QN?PIQ ?LB AMPML? BGQAF?PEC.
F?=KH; 18.34 %?PRFtQ CJCARPGA DGCJB. (?) &?GP UC?RFCP DGCJB. %?PRF ?LB RFC GMLMQNFCPC (? J?WCP MD AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ) ?PC @MRF AMLBSARMPQ. 4FCW NPMBSAC ? SLGDMPK CJCARPGA DGCJB MD
?@MSR 150 ./#. (APCBGR: $. (. 0?PIQ) (@) 3RMPK DGCJBQ. )L RFC NPCQCLAC MD QRMPK AJMSBQ, RFC JMA?J CJCARPGA DGCJBQ A?L @C J?PECP. !R TCPW FGEF DGCJBQ, RFC GLQSJ?RGLE NPMNCPRGCQ MD RFC
?GP @PC?I BMUL ?LB JGEFRLGLE A?L MAASP. (APCBGR: *?L-*MMQR 6CPFMCD)
%JCARPGA &GCJBQ ML 5LCTCL 3SPD?ACQ
3M D?P UC F?TC AMLQGBCPCB CVACQQ AF?PECQ ML ? QKMMRF, QWKKCRPGA?J AMLBSARMP QSPD?AC. 7F?R F?NNCLQ GD ? AMLBSARMP F?Q QF?PN AMPLCPQ MP GQ
NMGLRCB? %VACQQ AF?PECQ ML ? LMLSLGDMPK AMLBSARMP @CAMKC AMLACLRP?RCB ?R RFC QF?PNCQR NMGLRQ. !BBGRGML?JJW, CVACQQ AF?PEC K?W KMTC ML MP MDD
RFC AMLBSARMP ?R RFC QF?PNCQR NMGLRQ.
4M QCC FMU ?LB UFW RFGQ F?NNCLQ, AMLQGBCP RFC AF?PECB AMLBSARMP GL F?=KH; 18.35. 4FC CJCARPMQR?RGA PCNSJQGML MD JGIC AF?PECQ GQ KMQR CDDCARGTC GL
KMTGLE RFCK ?N?PR ML RFC DJ?RRCQR QSPD?AC, ?LB QM RFCW @CAMKC JC?QR AMLACLRP?RCB RFCPC. 4FGQ GQ @CA?SQC RFC DMPACQ @CRUCCL GBCLRGA?J N?GPQ MD
AF?PECQ ?R CGRFCP CLB MD RFC AMLBSARMP ?PC GBCLRGA?J, @SR RFC AMKNMLCLRQ MD RFC DMPACQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC QSPD?ACQ ?PC BGDDCPCLR. 4FC AMKNMLCLR N?P?JJCJ RM
RFC QSPD?AC GQ EPC?RCQR ML RFC DJ?RRCQR QSPD?AC ?LB, FCLAC, KMPC CDDCARGTC GL KMTGLE RFC AF?PEC.
4FC Q?KC CDDCAR GQ NPMBSACB ML ? AMLBSARMP @W ?L CVRCPL?JJW ?NNJGCB CJCARPGA DGCJB, ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 18.35 (A). 3GLAC RFC DGCJB JGLCQ KSQR @C
NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC QSPD?AC, KMPC MD RFCK ?PC AMLACLRP?RCB ML RFC KMQR ASPTCB N?PRQ.
#(!04%2 18 Y %,%#42)# #(!2'% !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$ 645
F?=KH; 18.35 %VACQQ AF?PEC ML ? LMLSLGDMPK AMLBSARMP @CAMKCQ KMQR AMLACLRP?RCB ?R RFC JMA?RGML MD EPC?RCQR ASPT?RSPC. (?) 4FC DMPACQ @CRUCCL GBCLRGA?J N?GPQ MD AF?PECQ ?R
CGRFCP CLB MD RFC AMLBSARMP ?PC GBCLRGA?J, @SR RFC AMKNMLCLRQ MD RFC DMPACQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC QSPD?AC ?PC BGDDCPCLR. )R GQ F
RF?R KMTCQ RFC AF?PECQ ?N?PR MLAC RFCW F?TC

PC?AFCB RFC QSPD?AC. (@) F
GQ QK?JJCQR ?R RFC KMPC NMGLRCB CLB, RFC AF?PECQ ?PC JCDR AJMQCP RMECRFCP, NPMBSAGLE RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB QFMUL. (A) !L SLAF?PECB AMLBSARMP GL ?L
MPGEGL?JJW SLGDMPK CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ NMJ?PGXCB, UGRF RFC KMQR AMLACLRP?RCB AF?PEC ?R GRQ KMQR NMGLRCB CLB.
!NNJGA?RGMLQ MD #MLBSARMPQ
/L ? TCPW QF?PNJW ASPTCB QSPD?AC, QSAF ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 18.36, RFC AF?PECQ ?PC QM AMLACLRP?RCB ?R RFC NMGLR RF?R RFC PCQSJRGLE CJCARPGA DGCJB A?L @C
EPC?R CLMSEF RM PCKMTC RFCK DPMK RFC QSPD?AC. 4FGQ A?L @C SQCDSJ.
,GEFRLGLE PMBQ UMPI @CQR UFCL RFCW ?PC KMQR NMGLRCB. 4FC J?PEC AF?PECQ APC?RCB GL QRMPK AJMSBQ GLBSAC ?L MNNMQGRC AF?PEC ML ? @SGJBGLE RF?R A?L
PCQSJR GL ? JGEFRLGLE @MJR FGRRGLE RFC @SGJBGLE. 4FC GLBSACB AF?PEC GQ @JCB ?U?W AMLRGLS?JJW @W ? JGEFRLGLE PMB, NPCTCLRGLE RFC KMPC BP?K?RGA JGEFRLGLE
QRPGIC.
/D AMSPQC, UC QMKCRGKCQ UGQF RM NPCTCLR RFC RP?LQDCP MD AF?PEC P?RFCP RF?L RM D?AGJGR?RC GR. )L RF?R A?QC, RFC AMLBSARMP QFMSJB @C TCPW QKMMRF ?LB F?TC
?Q J?PEC ? P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC ?Q NMQQG@JC. (3CC F?=KH; 18.37.) 3KMMRF QSPD?ACQ ?PC SQCB ML FGEF-TMJR?EC RP?LQKGQQGML JGLCQ, DMP CV?KNJC, RM ?TMGB
JC?I?EC MD AF?PEC GLRM RFC ?GP.
!LMRFCP BCTGAC RF?R K?ICQ SQC MD QMKC MD RFCQC NPGLAGNJCQ GQ ? F7H7:7O 97=;. 4FGQ GQ ? KCR?J QFGCJB RF?R CLAJMQCQ ? TMJSKC. !JJ CJCARPGA?J AF?PECQ
UGJJ PCQGBC ML RFC MSRQGBC QSPD?AC MD RFGQ QFGCJB, ?LB RFCPC UGJJ @C LM CJCARPGA?J DGCJB GLQGBC. ! &?P?B?W A?EC GQ SQCB RM NPMFG@GR QRP?W CJCARPGA?J DGCJBQ GL
RFC CLTGPMLKCLR DPMK GLRCPDCPGLE UGRF QCLQGRGTC KC?QSPCKCLRQ, QSAF ?Q RFC CJCARPGA?J QGEL?JQ GLQGBC ? LCPTC ACJJ.
$SPGLE CJCARPGA?J QRMPKQ GD WMS ?PC BPGTGLE ? A?P, GR GQ @CQR RM QR?W GLQGBC RFC A?P ?Q GRQ KCR?J @MBW ?ARQ ?Q ? &?P?B?W A?EC UGRF XCPM CJCARPGA?J DGCJB
GLQGBC. )D GL RFC TGAGLGRW MD ? JGEFRLGLE QRPGIC, GRQ CDDCAR GQ DCJR ML RFC MSRQGBC MD RFC A?P ?LB RFC GLQGBC GQ SL?DDCARCB, NPMTGBCB WMS PCK?GL RMR?JJW GLQGBC.
4FGQ GQ ?JQM RPSC GD ?L ?ARGTC (uFMRv) CJCARPGA?J UGPC U?Q @PMICL (GL ? QRMPK MP ?L ?AAGBCLR) ?LB DCJJ ML WMSP A?P.
F?=KH; 18.36 ! TCPW NMGLRCB AMLBSARMP F?Q ? J?PEC AF?PEC AMLACLRP?RGML ?R RFC NMGLR. 4FC CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ TCPW QRPMLE ?R RFC NMGLR ?LB A?L CVCPR ? DMPAC J?PEC CLMSEF RM RP?LQDCP
AF?PEC ML MP MDD RFC AMLBSARMP. ,GEFRLGLE PMBQ ?PC SQCB RM NPCTCLR RFC @SGJBSN MD J?PEC CVACQQ AF?PECQ ML QRPSARSPCQ ?LB, RFSQ, ?PC NMGLRCB.
646 #(!04%2 18 Y %,%#42)# #(!2'% !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
F?=KH; 18.37 (?) ! JGEFRLGLE PMB GQ NMGLRCB RM D?AGJGR?RC RFC RP?LQDCP MD AF?PEC. (APCBGR: 2MK?GLC, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ) (@) 4FGQ 6?L BC 'P??DD ECLCP?RMP F?Q ? QKMMRF QSPD?AC
UGRF ? J?PEC P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC RM NPCTCLR RFC RP?LQDCP MD AF?PEC ?LB ?JJMU ? J?PEC TMJR?EC RM @C ECLCP?RCB. 4FC KSRS?J PCNSJQGML MD JGIC AF?PECQ GQ CTGBCLR GL RFC NCPQMLtQ F?GP
UFGJC RMSAFGLE RFC KCR?J QNFCPC. (APCBGR: *ML s3F?I?R?'?.?Gt $?TGQ/7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ).
18.8 AFFB?97J?EDI E< EB;9JHEIJ7J?9I
4FC QRSBW MD ;B;9JHEIJ7J?9I F?Q NPMTCL SQCDSJ GL K?LW ?PC?Q. 4FGQ KMBSJC AMTCPQ HSQR ? DCU MD RFC K?LW ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD CJCARPMQR?RGAQ.
4FC 6?L BC 'P??DD 'CLCP?RMP
/7D :; H77<< =;D;H7JEHI (MP 6?L BC 'P??DDQ) ?PC LMR MLJW QNCAR?ASJ?P BCTGACQ SQCB RM BCKMLQRP?RC FGEF TMJR?EC BSC RM QR?RGA CJCARPGAGRWrRFCW ?PC
?JQM SQCB DMP QCPGMSQ PCQC?PAF. 4FC DGPQR U?Q @SGJR @W 2M@CPR 6?L BC 'P??DD GL 1931 (@?QCB ML MPGEGL?J QSEECQRGMLQ @W ,MPB +CJTGL) DMP SQC GL LSAJC?P
NFWQGAQ PCQC?PAF. F?=KH; 18.38 QFMUQ ? QAFCK?RGA MD ? J?PEC PCQC?PAF TCPQGML. 6?L BC 'P??DDQ SRGJGXC @MRF QKMMRF ?LB NMGLRCB QSPD?ACQ, ?LB
AMLBSARMPQ ?LB GLQSJ?RMPQ RM ECLCP?RC J?PEC QR?RGA AF?PECQ ?LB, FCLAC, J?PEC TMJR?ECQ.
! TCPW J?PEC CVACQQ AF?PEC A?L @C BCNMQGRCB ML RFC QNFCPC, @CA?SQC GR KMTCQ OSGAIJW RM RFC MSRCP QSPD?AC. 0P?ARGA?J JGKGRQ ?PGQC @CA?SQC RFC J?PEC
CJCARPGA DGCJBQ NMJ?PGXC ?LB CTCLRS?JJW GMLGXC QSPPMSLBGLE K?RCPG?JQ, APC?RGLE DPCC AF?PECQ RF?R LCSRP?JGXC CVACQQ AF?PEC MP ?JJMU GR RM CQA?NC.
.CTCPRFCJCQQ, TMJR?ECQ MD 15 KGJJGML TMJRQ ?PC UCJJ UGRFGL NP?ARGA?J JGKGRQ.
F?=KH; 18.38 3AFCK?RGA MD 6?L BC 'P??DD ECLCP?RMP. ! @?RRCPW (!) QSNNJGCQ CVACQQ NMQGRGTC AF?PEC RM ? NMGLRCB AMLBSARMP, RFC NMGLRQ MD UFGAF QNP?W RFC AF?PEC MLRM ? KMTGLE
GLQSJ?RGLE @CJR LC?P RFC @MRRMK. 4FC NMGLRCB AMLBSARMP (") ML RMN GL RFC J?PEC QNFCPC NGAIQ SN RFC AF?PEC. (4FC GLBSACB CJCARPGA DGCJB ?R RFC NMGLRQ GQ QM J?PEC RF?R GR PCKMTCQ RFC
AF?PEC DPMK RFC @CJR.) 4FGQ A?L @C BMLC @CA?SQC RFC AF?PEC BMCQ LMR PCK?GL GLQGBC RFC AMLBSARGLE QNFCPC @SR KMTCQ RM GRQ MSRQGBC QSPD?AC. !L GML QMSPAC GLQGBC RFC QNFCPC
NPMBSACQ NMQGRGTC GMLQ, UFGAF ?PC ?AACJCP?RCB ?U?W DPMK RFC NMQGRGTC QNFCPC RM FGEF TCJMAGRGCQ.
4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR: %JCARPMQR?RGAQ ?LB (SKGBGRW
2S@ ? AMK@ RFPMSEF WMSP F?GP ?LB SQC GR RM JGDR NGCACQ MD N?NCP. )R K?W FCJN RM RC?P RFC NGCACQ MD N?NCP P?RFCP RF?L ASR RFCK LC?RJW. 2CNC?R RFC
CVCPAGQC GL WMSP @?RFPMMK ?DRCP WMS F?TC F?B ? JMLE QFMUCP ?LB RFC ?GP GL RFC @?RFPMMK GQ KMGQR. )Q GR C?QGCP RM ECR CJCARPMQR?RGA CDDCARQ GL BPW MP
KMGQR ?GP? 7FW UMSJB RMPL N?NCP @C KMPC ?RRP?ARGTC RM RFC AMK@ RF?L ASR N?NCP? %VNJ?GL WMSP M@QCPT?RGMLQ.
#(!04%2 18 Y %,%#42)# #(!2'% !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$ 647
8CPMEP?NFW
-MQR AMNW K?AFGLCQ SQC ?L CJCARPMQR?RGA NPMACQQ A?JJCB N;HE=H7F>Or? UMPB AMGLCB DPMK RFC 'PCCI UMPBQ K8EBF DMP BPW ?LB :E4C;BF DMP UPGRGLE. 4FC
FC?PR MD RFC NPMACQQ GQ QFMUL GL QGKNJGDGCB DMPK GL F?=KH; 18.39.
! QCJCLGSK-AM?RCB ?JSKGLSK BPSK GQ QNP?WCB UGRF NMQGRGTC AF?PEC DPMK NMGLRQ ML ? BCTGAC A?JJCB ? AMPMRPML. 3CJCLGSK GQ ? QS@QR?LAC UGRF ?L
GLRCPCQRGLE NPMNCPRWrGR GQ ? F>EJE9ED:K9JEH. 4F?R GQ, QCJCLGSK GQ ?L GLQSJ?RMP UFCL GL RFC B?PI ?LB ? AMLBSARMP UFCL CVNMQCB RM JGEFR.
)L RFC DGPQR QR?EC MD RFC VCPMEP?NFW NPMACQQ, RFC AMLBSARGLE ?JSKGLSK BPSK GQ =HEKD:;: QM RF?R ? LCE?RGTC AF?PEC GQ GLBSACB SLBCP RFC RFGL J?WCP MD
SLGDMPKJW NMQGRGTCJW AF?PECB QCJCLGSK. )L RFC QCAMLB QR?EC, RFC QSPD?AC MD RFC BPSK GQ CVNMQCB RM RFC GK?EC MD UF?RCTCP GQ RM @C AMNGCB. 7FCPC RFC
GK?EC GQ JGEFR, RFC QCJCLGSK @CAMKCQ AMLBSARGLE, ?LB RFC NMQGRGTC AF?PEC GQ LCSRP?JGXCB. )L B?PI ?PC?Q, RFC NMQGRGTC AF?PEC PCK?GLQ, ?LB QM RFC GK?EC
F?Q @CCL RP?LQDCPPCB RM RFC BPSK.
4FC RFGPB QR?EC R?ICQ ? BPW @J?AI NMUBCP, A?JJCB RMLCP, ?LB QNP?WQ GR UGRF ? LCE?RGTC AF?PEC QM RF?R GR UGJJ @C ?RRP?ARCB RM RFC NMQGRGTC PCEGMLQ MD RFC
BPSK. .CVR, ? @J?LI NGCAC MD N?NCP GQ EGTCL ? EPC?RCP NMQGRGTC AF?PEC RF?L ML RFC BPSK QM RF?R GR UGJJ NSJJ RFC RMLCP DPMK RFC BPSK. &GL?JJW, RFC N?NCP
?LB CJCARPMQR?RGA?JJW FCJB RMLCP ?PC N?QQCB RFPMSEF FC?RCB NPCQQSPC PMJJCPQ, UFGAF KCJR ?LB NCPK?LCLRJW ?BFCPC RFC RMLCP UGRFGL RFC DG@CPQ MD RFC
N?NCP.
F?=KH; 18.39 8CPMEP?NFW GQ ? BPW AMNWGLE NPMACQQ @?QCB ML CJCARPMQR?RGAQ. 4FC K?HMP QRCNQ GL RFC NPMACQQ ?PC RFC AF?PEGLE MD RFC NFMRMAMLBSARGLE BPSK, RP?LQDCP MD ?L GK?EC
APC?RGLE ? NMQGRGTC AF?PEC BSNJGA?RC, ?RRP?ARGML MD RMLCP RM RFC AF?PECB N?PRQ MD RFC BPSK, ?LB RP?LQDCP MD RMLCP RM RFC N?NCP. .MR QFMUL ?PC FC?R RPC?RKCLR MD RFC N?NCP ?LB
AJC?LQGLE MD RFC BPSK DMP RFC LCVR AMNW.
,?QCP 0PGLRCPQ
%7I;H FH?DJ;HI SQC RFC VCPMEP?NFGA NPMACQQ RM K?IC FGEF-OS?JGRW GK?ECQ ML N?NCP, CKNJMWGLE ? J?QCP RM NPMBSAC ?L GK?EC ML RFC NFMRMAMLBSARGLE
BPSK ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 18.40. )L GRQ KMQR AMKKML ?NNJGA?RGML, RFC J?QCP NPGLRCP PCACGTCQ MSRNSR DPMK ? AMKNSRCP, ?LB GR A?L ?AFGCTC FGEF-OS?JGRW
MSRNSR @CA?SQC MD RFC NPCAGQGML UGRF UFGAF J?QCP JGEFR A?L @C AMLRPMJJCB. -?LW J?QCP NPGLRCPQ BM QGELGDGA?LR GLDMPK?RGML NPMACQQGLE, QSAF ?Q K?IGLE
QMNFGQRGA?RCB JCRRCPQ MP DMLRQ, ?LB K?W AMLR?GL ? AMKNSRCP KMPC NMUCPDSJ RF?L RFC MLC EGTGLE RFCK RFC P?U B?R? RM @C NPGLRCB.
F?=KH; 18.40 )L ? J?QCP NPGLRCP, ? J?QCP @C?K GQ QA?LLCB ?APMQQ ? NFMRMAMLBSARGLE BPSK, JC?TGLE ? NMQGRGTC AF?PEC GK?EC. 4FC MRFCP QRCNQ DMP AF?PEGLE RFC BPSK ?LB
RP?LQDCPPGLE RFC GK?EC RM N?NCP ?PC RFC Q?KC ?Q GL VCPMEP?NFW. ,?QCP JGEFR A?L @C TCPW NPCAGQCJW AMLRPMJJCB, CL?@JGLE J?QCP NPGLRCPQ RM NPMBSAC FGEF-OS?JGRW GK?ECQ.
)LI *CR 0PGLRCPQ ?LB %JCARPMQR?RGA 0?GLRGLE
4FC ?DA @;J FH?DJ;H, AMKKMLJW SQCB RM NPGLR AMKNSRCP-ECLCP?RCB RCVR ?LB EP?NFGAQ, ?JQM CKNJMWQ CJCARPMQR?RGAQ. ! LMXXJC K?ICQ ? DGLC QNP?W MD RGLW
GLI BPMNJCRQ, UFGAF ?PC RFCL EGTCL ?L CJCARPMQR?RGA AF?PEC. (3CC F?=KH; 18.41.)
/LAC AF?PECB, RFC BPMNJCRQ A?L @C BGPCARCB, SQGLE N?GPQ MD AF?PECB NJ?RCQ, UGRF EPC?R NPCAGQGML RM DMPK JCRRCPQ ?LB GK?ECQ ML N?NCP. )LI HCR NPGLRCPQ
A?L NPMBSAC AMJMP GK?ECQ @W SQGLE ? @J?AI HCR ?LB RFPCC MRFCP HCRQ UGRF NPGK?PW AMJMPQ, SQS?JJW AW?L, K?ECLR?, ?LB WCJJMU, KSAF ?Q ? AMJMP RCJCTGQGML
NPMBSACQ AMJMP. (4FGQ GQ KMPC BGDDGASJR UGRF VCPMEP?NFW, PCOSGPGLE KSJRGNJC BPSKQ ?LB RMLCPQ.)
648 #(!04%2 18 Y %,%#42)# #(!2'% !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
F?=KH; 18.41 4FC LMXXJC MD ?L GLI-HCR NPGLRCP NPMBSACQ QK?JJ GLI BPMNJCRQ, UFGAF ?PC QNP?WCB UGRF CJCARPMQR?RGA AF?PEC. 6?PGMSQ AMKNSRCP-BPGTCL BCTGACQ ?PC RFCL SQCB RM BGPCAR
RFC BPMNJCRQ RM RFC AMPPCAR NMQGRGMLQ ML ? N?EC.
%JCARPMQR?RGA N?GLRGLE CKNJMWQ CJCARPMQR?RGA AF?PEC RM QNP?W N?GLR MLRM MBB-QF?NCB QSPD?ACQ. -SRS?J PCNSJQGML MD JGIC AF?PECQ A?SQCQ RFC N?GLR RM DJW
?U?W DPMK GRQ QMSPAC. 3SPD?AC RCLQGML DMPKQ BPMNQ, UFGAF ?PC RFCL ?RRP?ARCB @W SLJGIC AF?PECQ RM RFC QSPD?AC RM @C N?GLRCB. %JCARPMQR?RGA N?GLRGLE A?L
PC?AF RFMQC F?PB-RM-ECR ?R NJ?ACQ, ?NNJWGLE ?L CTCL AM?R GL ? AMLRPMJJCB K?LLCP. )D RFC M@HCAR GQ ? AMLBSARMP, RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC
QSPD?AC, RCLBGLE RM @PGLE RFC BPMNQ GL NCPNCLBGASJ?PJW. #MPLCPQ ?LB NMGLRQ ML AMLBSARMPQ UGJJ PCACGTC CVRP? N?GLR. &CJR A?L QGKGJ?PJW @C ?NNJGCB.
3KMIC 0PCAGNGR?RMPQ ?LB %JCARPMQR?RGA !GP #JC?LGLE
!LMRFCP GKNMPR?LR ?NNJGA?RGML MD CJCARPMQR?RGAQ GQ DMSLB GL ?GP AJC?LCPQ, @MRF J?PEC ?LB QK?JJ. 4FC CJCARPMQR?RGA N?PR MD RFC NPMACQQ NJ?ACQ CVACQQ
(SQS?JJW NMQGRGTC) AF?PEC ML QKMIC, BSQR, NMJJCL, ?LB MRFCP N?PRGAJCQ GL RFC ?GP ?LB RFCL N?QQCQ RFC ?GP RFPMSEF ?L MNNMQGRCJW AF?PECB EPGB RF?R ?RRP?ARQ
?LB PCR?GLQ RFC AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ. (3CC F?=KH; 18.42.)
,?PEC ;B;9JHEIJ7J?9 FH;9?F?J7JEHI ?PC SQCB GLBSQRPG?JJW RM PCKMTC MTCP 99% MD RFC N?PRGAJCQ DPMK QR?AI E?Q CKGQQGMLQ ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF RFC @SPLGLE MD
AM?J ?LB MGJ. (MKC NPCAGNGR?RMPQ, MDRCL GL AMLHSLARGML UGRF RFC FMKC FC?RGLE ?LB ?GP AMLBGRGMLGLE QWQRCK, ?PC TCPW CDDCARGTC GL PCKMTGLE NMJJSRGLE
N?PRGAJCQ, GPPGR?LRQ, ?LB ?JJCPECLQ.
F?=KH; 18.42 (?) 3AFCK?RGA MD ?L CJCARPMQR?RGA NPCAGNGR?RMP. !GP GQ N?QQCB RFPMSEF EPGBQ MD MNNMQGRC AF?PEC. 4FC DGPQR EPGB AF?PECQ ?GP@MPLC N?PRGAJCQ, UFGJC RFC QCAMLB ?RRP?ARQ
?LB AMJJCARQ RFCK. (@) 4FC BP?K?RGA CDDCAR MD CJCARPMQR?RGA NPCAGNGR?RMPQ GQ QCCL @W RFC ?@QCLAC MD QKMIC DPMK RFGQ NMUCP NJ?LR. (APCBGR: #KB?JEJCGQF, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE 3RP?RCEGCQ DMP %JCARPMQR?RGAQ
1. %V?KGLC RFC QGRS?RGML RM BCRCPKGLC GD QR?RGA CJCARPGAGRW GQ GLTMJTCB. 4FGQ K?W AMLACPL QCN?P?RCB QR?RGML?PW AF?PECQ, RFC DMPACQ ?KMLE RFCK,
?LB RFC CJCARPGA DGCJBQ RFCW APC?RC.
2. )BCLRGDW RFC QWQRCK MD GLRCPCQR. 4FGQ GLAJSBCQ LMRGLE RFC LSK@CP, JMA?RGMLQ, ?LB RWNCQ MD AF?PECQ GLTMJTCB.
3. )BCLRGDW CV?ARJW UF?R LCCBQ RM @C BCRCPKGLCB GL RFC NPM@JCK (GBCLRGDW RFC SLILMULQ). ! UPGRRCL JGQR GQ SQCDSJ. $CRCPKGLC UFCRFCP RFC
#MSJMK@ DMPAC GQ RM @C AMLQGBCPCB BGPCARJWrGD QM, GR K?W @C SQCDSJ RM BP?U ? DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K, SQGLE CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ.
4. -?IC ? JGQR MD UF?R GQ EGTCL MP A?L @C GLDCPPCB DPMK RFC NPM@JCK ?Q QR?RCB (GBCLRGDW RFC ILMULQ). )R GQ GKNMPR?LR RM BGQRGLESGQF RFC #MSJMK@
DMPAC F DPMK RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB E , DMP CV?KNJC.
5. 3MJTC RFC ?NNPMNPG?RC COS?RGML DMP RFC OS?LRGRW RM @C BCRCPKGLCB (RFC SLILMUL) MP BP?U RFC DGCJB JGLCQ ?Q PCOSCQRCB.
6. %V?KGLC RFC ?LQUCP RM QCC GD GR GQ PC?QML?@JC: $MCQ GR K?IC QCLQC? !PC SLGRQ AMPPCAR ?LB RFC LSK@CPQ GLTMJTCB PC?QML?@JC?
#(!04%2 18 Y %,%#42)# #(!2'% !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$ 649
)LRCEP?RCB #MLACNRQ
4FC )LRCEP?RCB #MLACNRQ CVCPAGQCQ DMP RFGQ KMBSJC GLTMJTC AMLACNRQ QSAF ?Q CJCARPGA AF?PECQ, CJCARPGA DGCJBQ, ?LB QCTCP?J MRFCP RMNGAQ. 0FWQGAQ GQ KMQR
GLRCPCQRGLE UFCL ?NNJGCB RM ECLCP?J QGRS?RGMLQ GLTMJTGLE KMPC RF?L ? L?PPMU QCR MD NFWQGA?J NPGLAGNJCQ. 4FC CJCARPGA DGCJB CVCPRQ DMPAC ML AF?PECQ, DMP
CV?KNJC, ?LB FCLAC RFC PCJCT?LAC MD DOD7C?9I: FEH9; 7D: ';MJEDXI %7MI E< &EJ?ED. 4FC DMJJMUGLE RMNGAQ ?PC GLTMJTCB GL QMKC MP ?JJ MD RFC
NPM@JCKQ J?@CJCB u)LRCEP?RCB #MLACNRQv:
w $?D;C7J?9I
w -ME-D?C;DI?ED7B $?D;C7J?9I
w DOD7C?9I: FEH9; 7D: ';MJEDXI %7MI E< &EJ?ED
w .D?<EHC C?H9KB7H &EJ?ED 7D: H7L?J7J?ED
w ,J7J?9I 7D: -EHGK;
w FBK?: ,J7J?9I
4FC DMJJMUGLE UMPICB CV?KNJC GJJSQRP?RCQ FMU RFGQ QRP?RCEW GQ ?NNJGCB RM ?L )LRCEP?RCB #MLACNR NPM@JCK:
EN7CFB; 18.5 A99;B;H7J?ED E< 7 C>7H=;: DHEF E< 7IEB?D;
)D QRCNQ ?PC LMR R?ICL RM EPMSLB ? E?QMJGLC NSKN, QR?RGA CJCARPGAGRW A?L @C NJ?ACB ML E?QMJGLC UFCL DGJJGLE WMSP A?PtQ R?LI. 3SNNMQC ? RGLW BPMN MD
E?QMJGLC F?Q ? K?QQ MD 4.0010
15
kg ?LB GQ EGTCL ? NMQGRGTC AF?PEC MD 3.2010
19
C. (?) &GLB RFC UCGEFR MD RFC BPMN. (@) #?JASJ?RC RFC
CJCARPGA DMPAC ML RFC BPMN GD RFCPC GQ ?L SNU?PB CJCARPGA DGCJB MD QRPCLERF 3.0010
5
N/C BSC RM MRFCP QR?RGA CJCARPGAGRW GL RFC TGAGLGRW. (A) #?JASJ?RC
RFC BPMNtQ ?AACJCP?RGML.
,JH7J;=O
4M QMJTC ?L GLRCEP?RCB AMLACNR NPM@JCK, UC KSQR DGPQR GBCLRGDW RFC NFWQGA?J NPGLAGNJCQ GLTMJTCB ?LB GBCLRGDW RFC AF?NRCPQ GL UFGAF RFCW ?PC DMSLB.
0?PR (?) MD RFGQ CV?KNJC ?QIQ DMP UCGEFR. 4FGQ GQ ? RMNGA MD BWL?KGAQ ?LB GQ BCDGLCB GL DOD7C?9I: FEH9; 7D: ';MJEDXI %7MI E< &EJ?ED. 0?PR (@)
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4FCQC ?PC N?PR MD .CURMLtQ J?UQ, ?JQM DMSLB GL DOD7C?9I: FEH9; 7D: ';MJEDXI %7MI E< &EJ?ED.
4FC DMJJMUGLE QMJSRGMLQ RM C?AF N?PR MD RFC CV?KNJC GJJSQRP?RC FMU RFC QNCAGDGA NPM@JCK-QMJTGLE QRP?RCEGCQ ?PC ?NNJGCB. 4FCQC GLTMJTC GBCLRGDWGLE
ILMULQ ?LB SLILMULQ, AFCAIGLE RM QCC GD RFC ?LQUCP GQ PC?QML?@JC, ?LB QM ML.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
7CGEFR GQ K?QQ RGKCQ RFC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW, ?Q DGPQR CVNPCQQCB GL
(18.20) w = mg.
%LRCPGLE RFC EGTCL K?QQ ?LB RFC ?TCP?EC ?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW WGCJBQ
(18.21)
w = (4.0010
15
kg)(9.80 m/s
2
) = 3.9210
14
N.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (7)
4FGQ GQ ? QK?JJ UCGEFR, AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC QK?JJ K?QQ MD RFC BPMN.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
4FC DMPAC ?L CJCARPGA DGCJB CVCPRQ ML ? AF?PEC GQ EGTCL @W PC?PP?LEGLE RFC DMJJMUGLE COS?RGML:
(18.22) F = qE.
(CPC UC ?PC EGTCL RFC AF?PEC ( 3.2010
19
C GQ RUGAC RFC DSLB?KCLR?J SLGR MD AF?PEC) ?LB RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF, ?LB QM RFC CJCARPGA DMPAC
GQ DMSLB RM @C
(18.23)
F = (3.2010
19
C)(3.0010
5
N/C) = 9.6010
14
N.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (8)
7FGJC RFGQ GQ ? QK?JJ DMPAC, GR GQ EPC?RCP RF?L RFC UCGEFR MD RFC BPMN.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (9)
4FC ?AACJCP?RGML A?L @C DMSLB SQGLE .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U, NPMTGBCB UC A?L GBCLRGDW ?JJ MD RFC CVRCPL?J DMPACQ ?ARGLE ML RFC BPMN. 7C ?QQSKC
MLJW RFC BPMNtQ UCGEFR ?LB RFC CJCARPGA DMPAC ?PC QGELGDGA?LR. 3GLAC RFC BPMN F?Q ? NMQGRGTC AF?PEC ?LB RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ EGTCL RM @C SNU?PB, RFC
CJCARPGA DMPAC GQ SNU?PB. 7C RFSQ F?TC ? MLC-BGKCLQGML?J (TCPRGA?J BGPCARGML) NPM@JCK, ?LB UC A?L QR?RC .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U ?Q
(18.24)
a =
F
net
m
.
UFCPC F
net
= F w. %LRCPGLE RFGQ ?LB RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U WGCJBQ
(18.25)
a =
F w
m
=
9.6010
14
N 3.9210
14
N
4.0010
15
kg
= 14.2 m/s
2
.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (9)
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4FGQ UMPICB CV?KNJC GJJSQRP?RCQ FMU RM ?NNJW NPM@JCK-QMJTGLE QRP?RCEGCQ RM QGRS?RGMLQ RF?R GLAJSBC RMNGAQ GL BGDDCPCLR AF?NRCPQ. 4FC DGPQR QRCN GQ RM
GBCLRGDW RFC NFWQGA?J NPGLAGNJCQ GLTMJTCB GL RFC NPM@JCK. 4FC QCAMLB QRCN GQ RM QMJTC DMP RFC SLILMUL SQGLE D?KGJG?P NPM@JCK-QMJTGLE QRP?RCEGCQ.
4FCQC ?PC DMSLB RFPMSEFMSR RFC RCVR, ?LB K?LW UMPICB CV?KNJCQ QFMU FMU RM SQC RFCK DMP QGLEJC RMNGAQ. )L RFGQ GLRCEP?RCB AMLACNRQ CV?KNJC,
WMS A?L QCC FMU RM ?NNJW RFCK ?APMQQ QCTCP?J RMNGAQ. 9MS UGJJ DGLB RFCQC RCAFLGOSCQ SQCDSJ GL ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD NFWQGAQ MSRQGBC ? NFWQGAQ AMSPQC,
QSAF ?Q GL WMSP NPMDCQQGML, GL MRFCP QAGCLAC BGQAGNJGLCQ, ?LB GL CTCPWB?W JGDC. 4FC DMJJMUGLE NPM@JCKQ UGJJ @SGJB WMSP QIGJJQ GL RFC @PM?B ?NNJGA?RGML
MD NFWQGA?J NPGLAGNJCQ.
5LPC?QML?@JC 2CQSJRQ
4FC 5LPC?QML?@JC 2CQSJRQ CVCPAGQCQ DMP RFGQ KMBSJC F?TC PCQSJRQ RF?R ?PC SLPC?QML?@JC @CA?SQC QMKC NPCKGQC GQ SLPC?QML?@JC MP @CA?SQC
ACPR?GL MD RFC NPCKGQCQ ?PC GLAMLQGQRCLR UGRF MLC ?LMRFCP. 0FWQGA?J NPGLAGNJCQ ?NNJGCB AMPPCARJW RFCL NPMBSAC SLPC?QML?@JC PCQSJRQ. 4FC NSPNMQC
MD RFCQC NPM@JCKQ GQ RM EGTC NP?ARGAC GL ?QQCQQGLE UFCRFCP L?RSPC GQ @CGLE ?AASP?RCJW BCQAPG@CB, ?LB GD GR GQ LMR RM RP?AC RFC QMSPAC MD BGDDGASJRW.
0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE 3RP?RCEW
4M BCRCPKGLC GD ?L ?LQUCP GQ PC?QML?@JC, ?LB RM BCRCPKGLC RFC A?SQC GD GR GQ LMR, BM RFC DMJJMUGLE.
1. 3MJTC RFC NPM@JCK SQGLE QRP?RCEGCQ ?Q MSRJGLCB ?@MTC. 5QC RFC DMPK?R DMJJMUCB GL RFC UMPICB CV?KNJCQ GL RFC RCVR RM QMJTC RFC NPM@JCK
?Q SQS?J.
2. #FCAI RM QCC GD RFC ?LQUCP GQ PC?QML?@JC. )Q GR RMM J?PEC MP RMM QK?JJ, MP BMCQ GR F?TC RFC UPMLE QGEL, GKNPMNCP SLGRQ, ?LB QM ML?
3. )D RFC ?LQUCP GQ SLPC?QML?@JC, JMMI DMP UF?R QNCAGDGA?JJW AMSJB A?SQC RFC GBCLRGDGCB BGDDGASJRW. 5QS?JJW, RFC K?LLCP GL UFGAF RFC ?LQUCP GQ
SLPC?QML?@JC GQ ?L GLBGA?RGML MD RFC BGDDGASJRW. &MP CV?KNJC, ?L CVRPCKCJW J?PEC #MSJMK@ DMPAC AMSJB @C BSC RM RFC ?QQSKNRGML MD ?L
CVACQQGTCJW J?PEC QCN?P?RCB AF?PEC.
BEII7HO
?LMRFCP RCPK DMP RFC CJCARPMQR?RGA DMPAC
RFC GLRCP?ARGML @CRUCCL RUM AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ ECLCP?RCB @W RFC #MSJMK@ DMPACQ RFCW CVCPR ML MLC ?LMRFCP
RFC K?RFCK?RGA?J COS?RGML A?JASJ?RGLE RFC CJCARPMQR?RGA DMPAC TCARMP @CRUCCL RUM AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ
? K?RCPG?J RF?R ?JJMUQ CJCARPMLQ RM KMTC QCN?P?RCJW DPMK RFCGP ?RMKGA MP@GRQ
?L M@HCAR UGRF NPMNCPRGCQ RF?R ?JJMU AF?PECQ RM KMTC ?@MSR DPCCJW UGRFGL GR
? KMJCASJCtQ J?AI MD QWKKCRPGA?J AF?PEC BGQRPG@SRGML, A?SQGLE MLC QGBC RM @C KMPC NMQGRGTC ?LB ?LMRFCP RM @C KMPC LCE?RGTC
? NFWQGA?J NPMNCPRW MD ?L M@HCAR RF?R A?SQCQ GR RM @C ?RRP?ARCB RMU?PB MP PCNCJJCB DPMK ?LMRFCP AF?PECB M@HCAR; C?AF AF?PECB
M@HCAR ECLCP?RCQ ?LB GQ GLDJSCLACB @W ? DMPAC A?JJCB ?L CJCARPMK?ELCRGA DMPAC
? QCPGCQ MD JGLCQ BP?UL DPMK ? NMGLR AF?PEC PCNPCQCLRGLE RFC K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD DMPAC CVCPRCB @W RF?R AF?PEC
? RFPCC-BGKCLQGML?J K?N MD RFC CJCARPGA DMPAC CVRCLBCB MSR GLRM QN?AC DPMK ? NMGLR AF?PEC
MLC MD RFC DMSP DSLB?KCLR?J DMPACQ MD L?RSPC; RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA DMPAC AMLQGQRQ MD QR?RGA CJCARPGAGRW, KMTGLE CJCARPGAGRW ?LB
K?ELCRGQK
? N?PRGAJC MP@GRGLE RFC LSAJCSQ MD ?L ?RMK ?LB A?PPWGLE RFC QK?JJCQR SLGR MD LCE?RGTC AF?PEC
?L CJCARPMQR?RGA?JJW @?J?LACB QR?RC GL UFGAF ?JJ DPCC CJCARPGA?J AF?PECQ F?TC QRMNNCB KMTGLE ?@MSR
RFC ?KMSLR ?LB BGPCARGML MD ?RRP?ARGML MP PCNSJQGML @CRUCCL RUM AF?PECB @MBGCQ
DGJRCPQ RF?R ?NNJW AF?PECQ RM N?PRGAJCQ GL RFC ?GP, RFCL ?RRP?AR RFMQC AF?PECQ RM ? DGJRCP, PCKMTGLE RFCK DPMK RFC ?GPQRPC?K
RFC NFCLMKCLML MD RUM M@HCARQ UGRF JGIC AF?PECQ PCNCJJGLE C?AF MRFCP
RFC QRSBW MD CJCARPGA DMPACQ RF?R ?PC QR?RGA MP QJMU-KMTGLE
? KCR?J QFGCJB UFGAF NPCTCLRQ CJCARPGA AF?PEC DPMK NCLCRP?RGLE GRQ QSPD?AC
? K?N MD RFC ?KMSLR ?LB BGPCARGML MD ? DMPAC ?ARGLE ML MRFCP M@HCARQ, CVRCLBGLE MSR GLRM QN?AC
?L CJCARPGA?J AF?PEC (CGRFCP NMQGRGTC MP LCE?RGTC) UFGAF A?L KMTC ?@MSR QCN?P?RCJW DPMK GRQ @?QC KMJCASJC
?L CJCARPML RF?R GQ DPCC RM KMTC ?U?W DPMK GRQ ?RMKGA MP@GR
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AMLLCARCB RM RFC EPMSLB UGRF ? AMLBSARMP, QM RF?R AF?PEC DJMUQ DPCCJW RM ?LB DPMK RFC %?PRF RM RFC EPMSLBCB M@HCAR
RFC NPMACQQ @W UFGAF ?L CJCARPGA?JJW AF?PECB M@HCAR @PMSEFR LC?P ? LCSRP?J M@HCAR APC?RCQ ? AF?PEC GL RF?R M@HCAR
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QGKSJR?LCMSQJW
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QJGEFR QFGDRGLE MD NMQGRGTC ?LB LCE?RGTC AF?PECQ RM MNNMQGRC QGBCQ MD ?L ?RMK MP KMJCASJC
? QR?RC GL UFGAF RFC NMQGRGTC ?LB LCE?RGTC AF?PECQ UGRFGL ?L M@HCAR F?TC AMJJCARCB GL QCN?P?RC JMA?RGMLQ
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AF?PEC A?PPGCB @W ?L CJCARPML
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? @SGJBSN MD CJCARPGA AF?PEC ML RFC QSPD?AC MD ?L M@HCAR
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RFC C?PRFtQ J?PEC PCQCPTMGP.
w /@HCARQ A?L @C AF?PECB @W AMLR?AR UGRF ?LMRFCP AF?PECB M@HCAR ?LB M@R?GL RFC Q?KC QGEL AF?PEC.
w )D ?L M@HCAR GQ RCKNMP?PGJW EPMSLBCB, GR A?L @C AF?PECB @W GLBSARGML, ?LB M@R?GLQ RFC MNNMQGRC QGEL AF?PEC.
w 0MJ?PGXCB M@HCARQ F?TC RFCGP NMQGRGTC ?LB LCE?RGTC AF?PECQ AMLACLRP?RCB GL BGDDCPCLR ?PC?Q, EGTGLE RFCK ? LML-QWKKCRPGA?J AF?PEC.
w 0MJ?P KMJCASJCQ F?TC ?L GLFCPCLR QCN?P?RGML MD AF?PEC.
18.3 CEKBEC8XI %7M
w &PCLAFK?L #F?PJCQ #MSJMK@ U?Q RFC DGPQR RM NS@JGQF RFC K?RFCK?RGA?J COS?RGML RF?R BCQAPG@CQ RFC CJCARPMQR?RGA DMPAC @CRUCCL RUM M@HCARQ.
w #MSJMK@tQ J?U EGTCQ RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC DMPAC @CRUCCL NMGLR AF?PECQ. )R GQ
652 #(!04%2 18 Y %,%#42)# #(!2'% !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
F = k
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UFCPC q
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2
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9
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SLBCPJGCQ KMQR K?APMQAMNGA DMPACQ.
w 4FC #MSJMK@ DMPAC GQ CVRP?MPBGL?PGJW QRPMLE AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC, ?LMRFCP @?QGA DMPACr@SR SLJGIC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC GR A?L
A?LACJ, QGLAC GR A?L @C CGRFCP ?RRP?ARGTC MP PCNSJQGTC.
w 4FC CJCARPMQR?RGA DMPAC @CRUCCL RUM QS@?RMKGA N?PRGAJCQ GQ D?P EPC?RCP RF?L RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC @CRUCCL RFC Q?KC RUM N?PRGAJCQ.
w 4FC CJCARPMQR?RGA DMPAC DGCJB QSPPMSLBGLE ? AF?PECB M@HCAR CVRCLBQ MSR GLRM QN?AC GL ?JJ BGPCARGMLQ.
w 4FC CJCARPMQR?RGA DMPAC CVCPRCB @W ? NMGLR AF?PEC ML ? RCQR AF?PEC ?R ? BGQR?LAC r BCNCLBQ ML RFC AF?PEC MD @MRF AF?PECQ, ?Q UCJJ ?Q RFC
BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC RUM.
w 4FC CJCARPGA DGCJB E GQ BCDGLCB RM @C
E =
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E = k
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UFCPC r GQ RFC BGQR?LAC DPMK Q. 4FC CJCARPGA DGCJB E GQ ? TCARMP ?LB DGCJBQ BSC RM KSJRGNJC AF?PECQ ?BB JGIC TCARMPQ.
w $P?UGLEQ MD CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ ?PC SQCDSJ TGQS?J RMMJQ. 4FC NPMNCPRGCQ MD CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ DMP ?LW AF?PEC BGQRPG@SRGML ?PC RF?R:
w &GCJB JGLCQ KSQR @CEGL ML NMQGRGTC AF?PECQ ?LB RCPKGL?RC ML LCE?RGTC AF?PECQ, MP ?R GLDGLGRW GL RFC FWNMRFCRGA?J A?QC MD GQMJ?RCB AF?PECQ.
w 4FC LSK@CP MD DGCJB JGLCQ JC?TGLE ? NMQGRGTC AF?PEC MP CLRCPGLE ? LCE?RGTC AF?PEC GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC AF?PEC.
w 4FC QRPCLERF MD RFC DGCJB GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC AJMQCLCQQ MD RFC DGCJB JGLCQrKMPC NPCAGQCJW, GR GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC LSK@CP MD JGLCQ NCP SLGR ?PC?
NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC JGLCQ.
w 4FC BGPCARGML MD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ R?LECLR RM RFC DGCJB JGLC ?R ?LW NMGLR GL QN?AC.
w &GCJB JGLCQ A?L LCTCP APMQQ.
w -?LW KMJCASJCQ GL JGTGLE MPE?LGQKQ, QSAF ?Q $.!, A?PPW ? AF?PEC.
w !L SLCTCL BGQRPG@SRGML MD RFC NMQGRGTC ?LB LCE?RGTC AF?PECQ UGRFGL ? NMJ?P KMJCASJC NPMBSACQ ? BGNMJC.
w 4FC CDDCAR MD ? #MSJMK@ DGCJB ECLCP?RCB @W ? AF?PECB M@HCAR K?W @C PCBSACB MP @JMAICB @W MRFCP LC?P@W AF?PECB M@HCARQ.
w "GMJMEGA?J QWQRCKQ AMLR?GL U?RCP, ?LB @CA?SQC U?RCP KMJCASJCQ ?PC NMJ?P, RFCW F?TC ? QRPMLE CDDCAR ML MRFCP KMJCASJCQ GL JGTGLE QWQRCKQ.
w ! AMLBSARMP ?JJMUQ DPCC AF?PECQ RM KMTC ?@MSR UGRFGL GR.
w 4FC CJCARPGA?J DMPACQ ?PMSLB ? AMLBSARMP UGJJ A?SQC DPCC AF?PECQ RM KMTC ?PMSLB GLQGBC RFC AMLBSARMP SLRGJ QR?RGA COSGJG@PGSK GQ PC?AFCB.
w !LW CVACQQ AF?PEC UGJJ AMJJCAR ?JMLE RFC QSPD?AC MD ? AMLBSARMP.
w #MLBSARMPQ UGRF QF?PN AMPLCPQ MP NMGLRQ UGJJ AMJJCAR KMPC AF?PEC ?R RFMQC NMGLRQ.
w ! JGEFRLGLE PMB GQ ? AMLBSARMP UGRF QF?PNJW NMGLRCB CLBQ RF?R AMJJCAR CVACQQ AF?PEC ML RFC @SGJBGLE A?SQCB @W ?L CJCARPGA?J QRMPK ?LB ?JJMU GR RM
BGQQGN?RC @?AI GLRM RFC ?GP.
w %JCARPGA?J QRMPKQ PCQSJR UFCL RFC CJCARPGA?J DGCJB MD %?PRFtQ QSPD?AC GL ACPR?GL JMA?RGMLQ @CAMKCQ KMPC QRPMLEJW AF?PECB, BSC RM AF?LECQ GL RFC
GLQSJ?RGLE CDDCAR MD RFC ?GP.
w ! &?P?B?W A?EC ?ARQ JGIC ? QFGCJB ?PMSLB ?L M@HCAR, NPCTCLRGLE CJCARPGA AF?PEC DPMK NCLCRP?RGLE GLQGBC.
w %JCARPMQR?RGAQ GQ RFC QRSBW MD CJCARPGA DGCJBQ GL QR?RGA COSGJG@PGSK.
w )L ?BBGRGML RM PCQC?PAF SQGLE COSGNKCLR QSAF ?Q ? 6?L BC 'P??DD ECLCP?RMP, K?LW NP?ARGA?J ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD CJCARPMQR?RGAQ CVGQR, GLAJSBGLE
NFMRMAMNGCPQ, J?QCP NPGLRCPQ, GLI-HCR NPGLRCPQ ?LB CJCARPMQR?RGA ?GP DGJRCPQ.
1. 4FCPC ?PC TCPW J?PEC LSK@CPQ MD AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ GL KMQR M@HCARQ. 7FW, RFCL, BMLtR KMQR M@HCARQ CVFG@GR QR?RGA CJCARPGAGRW?
2. 7FW BM KMQR M@HCARQ RCLB RM AMLR?GL LC?PJW COS?J LSK@CPQ MD NMQGRGTC ?LB LCE?RGTC AF?PECQ?
3. !L CAACLRPGA GLTCLRMP ?RRCKNRQ RM JCTGR?RC @W DGPQR NJ?AGLE ? J?PEC LCE?RGTC AF?PEC ML FGKQCJD ?LB RFCL NSRRGLE ? J?PEC NMQGRGTC AF?PEC ML RFC ACGJGLE
MD FGQ UMPIQFMN. )LQRC?B, UFGJC ?RRCKNRGLE RM NJ?AC ? J?PEC LCE?RGTC AF?PEC ML FGKQCJD, FGQ AJMRFCQ DJW MDD. %VNJ?GL.
4. )D WMS F?TC AF?PECB ?L CJCARPMQAMNC @W AMLR?AR UGRF ? NMQGRGTCJW AF?PECB M@HCAR, BCQAPG@C FMU WMS AMSJB SQC GR RM BCRCPKGLC RFC AF?PEC MD MRFCP
M@HCARQ. 3NCAGDGA?JJW, UF?R UMSJB RFC JC?TCQ MD RFC CJCARPMQAMNC BM GD MRFCP AF?PECB M@HCARQ UCPC @PMSEFR LC?P GRQ ILM@?
#(!04%2 18 Y %,%#42)# #(!2'% !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$ 653
5. 7FCL ? EJ?QQ PMB GQ PS@@CB UGRF QGJI, GR @CAMKCQ NMQGRGTC ?LB RFC QGJI @CAMKCQ LCE?RGTCrWCR @MRF ?RRP?AR BSQR. $MCQ RFC BSQR F?TC ? RFGPB RWNC MD
AF?PEC RF?R GQ ?RRP?ARCB RM @MRF NMQGRGTC ?LB LCE?RGTC? %VNJ?GL.
6. 7FW BMCQ ? A?P ?JU?WQ ?RRP?AR BSQR PGEFR ?DRCP GR GQ NMJGQFCB? (.MRC RF?R A?P U?V ?LB A?P RGPCQ ?PC GLQSJ?RMPQ.)
7. $CQAPG@C FMU ? NMQGRGTCJW AF?PECB M@HCAR A?L @C SQCB RM EGTC ?LMRFCP M@HCAR ? LCE?RGTC AF?PEC. 7F?R GQ RFC L?KC MD RFGQ NPMACQQ?
8. 7F?R GQ EPMSLBGLE? 7F?R CDDCAR BMCQ GR F?TC ML ? AF?PECB AMLBSARMP? /L ? AF?PECB GLQSJ?RMP?
18.3 CEKBEC8XI %7M
9. F?=KH; 18.43 QFMUQ RFC AF?PEC BGQRPG@SRGML GL ? U?RCP KMJCASJC, UFGAF GQ A?JJCB ? NMJ?P KMJCASJC @CA?SQC GR F?Q ?L GLFCPCLR QCN?P?RGML MD AF?PEC.
'GTCL U?RCPtQ NMJ?P AF?P?ARCP, CVNJ?GL UF?R CDDCAR FSKGBGRW F?Q ML PCKMTGLE CVACQQ AF?PEC DPMK M@HCARQ.
F?=KH; 18.43 3AFCK?RGA PCNPCQCLR?RGML MD RFC MSRCP CJCARPML AJMSB MD ? LCSRP?J U?RCP KMJCASJC. 4FC CJCARPMLQ QNCLB KMPC RGKC LC?P RFC MVWECL RF?L RFC FWBPMECLQ, EGTGLE ?
NCPK?LCLR AF?PEC QCN?P?RGML ?Q QFMUL. 7?RCP GQ RFSQ ? CB?4E @B?86H?8. )R GQ KMPC C?QGJW ?DDCARCB @W CJCARPMQR?RGA DMPACQ RF?L KMJCASJCQ UGRF SLGDMPK AF?PEC BGQRPG@SRGMLQ.
10. 5QGLE F?=KH; 18.43, CVNJ?GL, GL RCPKQ MD #MSJMK@tQ J?U, UFW ? NMJ?P KMJCASJC (QSAF ?Q GL F?=KH; 18.43) GQ ?RRP?ARCB @W @MRF NMQGRGTC ?LB LCE?RGTC
AF?PECQ.
11. 'GTCL RFC NMJ?P AF?P?ARCP MD U?RCP KMJCASJCQ, CVNJ?GL FMU GMLQ GL RFC ?GP DMPK LSAJC?RGML ACLRCPQ DMP P?GL BPMNJCRQ.
12. 7FW KSQR RFC RCQR AF?PEC q GL RFC BCDGLGRGML MD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB @C T?LGQFGLEJW QK?JJ?
13. !PC RFC BGPCARGML ?LB K?ELGRSBC MD RFC #MSJMK@ DMPAC SLGOSC ?R ? EGTCL NMGLR GL QN?AC? 7F?R ?@MSR RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB?
14. #MKN?PC ?LB AMLRP?QR RFC #MSJMK@ DMPAC DGCJB ?LB RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB. 4M BM RFGQ, K?IC ? JGQR MD DGTC NPMNCPRGCQ DMP RFC #MSJMK@ DMPAC DGCJB ?L?JMEMSQ
RM RFC DGTC NPMNCPRGCQ JGQRCB DMP CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ. #MKN?PC C?AF GRCK GL WMSP JGQR MD #MSJMK@ DMPAC DGCJB NPMNCPRGCQ UGRF RFMQC MD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJBr?PC
RFCW RFC Q?KC MP BGDDCPCLR? (&MP CV?KNJC, CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ A?LLMR APMQQ. )Q RFC Q?KC RPSC DMP #MSJMK@ DGCJB JGLCQ?)
15. F?=KH; 18.44 QFMUQ ?L CJCARPGA DGCJB CVRCLBGLE MTCP RFPCC PCEGMLQ, J?@CJCB ), )), ?LB ))). !LQUCP RFC DMJJMUGLE OSCQRGMLQ. (?) !PC RFCPC ?LW GQMJ?RCB
AF?PECQ? )D QM, GL UF?R PCEGML ?LB UF?R ?PC RFCGP QGELQ? (@) 7FCPC GQ RFC DGCJB QRPMLECQR? (A) 7FCPC GQ GR UC?ICQR? (B) 7FCPC GQ RFC DGCJB RFC KMQR
SLGDMPK?
F?=KH; 18.44
16. ! ACJJ KCK@P?LC GQ ? RFGL J?WCP CLTCJMNGLE ? ACJJ. 4FC RFGAILCQQ MD RFC KCK@P?LC GQ KSAF JCQQ RF?L RFC QGXC MD RFC ACJJ. )L ? QR?RGA QGRS?RGML RFC
KCK@P?LC F?Q ? AF?PEC BGQRPG@SRGML MD 2.510
6
#/K
2
ML GRQ GLLCP QSPD?AC ?LB +2.510
6
#/K
2
ML GRQ MSRCP QSPD?AC. $P?U ? BG?EP?K MD RFC
654 #(!04%2 18 Y %,%#42)# #(!2'% !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
ACJJ ?LB RFC QSPPMSLBGLE ACJJ KCK@P?LC. )LAJSBC ML RFGQ BG?EP?K RFC AF?PEC BGQRPG@SRGML ?LB RFC AMPPCQNMLBGLE CJCARPGA DGCJB. )Q RFCPC ?LW CJCARPGA DGCJB
GLQGBC RFC ACJJ? )Q RFCPC ?LW CJCARPGA DGCJB MSRQGBC RFC ACJJ?
17. )Q RFC M@HCAR GL F?=KH; 18.45 ? AMLBSARMP MP ?L GLQSJ?RMP? *SQRGDW WMSP ?LQUCP.
F?=KH; 18.45
18. )D RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ GL RFC DGESPC ?@MTC UCPC NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC M@HCAR, UMSJB GR LCACQQ?PGJW @C ? AMLBSARMP? %VNJ?GL.
19. 4FC BGQASQQGML MD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB @CRUCCL RUM N?P?JJCJ AMLBSARGLE NJ?RCQ, GL RFGQ KMBSJC QR?RCQ RF?R CBEC CDDCARQ ?PC JCQQ GKNMPR?LR GD RFC NJ?RCQ
?PC AJMQC RMECRFCP. 7F?R BMCQ AJMQC KC?L? 4F?R GQ, GQ RFC ?ARS?J NJ?RC QCN?P?RGML APSAG?J, MP GQ RFC P?RGM MD NJ?RC QCN?P?RGML RM NJ?RC ?PC? APSAG?J?
20. 7MSJB RFC QCJD-APC?RCB CJCARPGA DGCJB ?R RFC CLB MD ? NMGLRCB AMLBSARMP, QSAF ?Q ? JGEFRLGLE PMB, PCKMTC NMQGRGTC MP LCE?RGTC AF?PEC DPMK RFC
AMLBSARMP? 7MSJB RFC Q?KC QGEL AF?PEC @C PCKMTCB DPMK ? LCSRP?J NMGLRCB AMLBSARMP @W RFC ?NNJGA?RGML MD ? QGKGJ?P CVRCPL?JJW APC?RCB CJCARPGA DGCJB?
(4FC ?LQUCPQ RM @MRF OSCQRGMLQ F?TC GKNJGA?RGMLQ DMP AF?PEC RP?LQDCP SRGJGXGLE NMGLRQ.)
21. 7FW GQ ? EMJDCP UGRF ? KCR?J AJS@ MTCP FCP QFMSJBCP TSJLCP?@JC RM JGEFRLGLE GL ?L MNCL D?GPU?W? 7MSJB QFC @C ?LW Q?DCP SLBCP ? RPCC?
22. #?L RFC @CJR MD ? 6?L BC 'P??DD ?AACJCP?RMP @C ? AMLBSARMP? %VNJ?GL.
23. !PC WMS PCJ?RGTCJW Q?DC DPMK JGEFRLGLE GLQGBC ?L ?SRMKM@GJC? 'GTC RUM PC?QMLQ.
24. $GQASQQ NPMQ ?LB AMLQ MD ? JGEFRLGLE PMB @CGLE EPMSLBCB TCPQSQ QGKNJW @CGLE ?RR?AFCB RM ? @SGJBGLE.
25. 5QGLE RFC QWKKCRPW MD RFC ?PP?LECKCLR, QFMU RF?R RFC LCR #MSJMK@ DMPAC ML RFC AF?PEC q ?R RFC ACLRCP MD RFC QOS?PC @CJMU (F?=KH; 18.46) GQ
XCPM GD RFC AF?PECQ ML RFC DMSP AMPLCPQ ?PC CV?ARJW COS?J.
F?=KH; 18.46 &MSP NMGLR AF?PECQ q
a
, q
b
, q
c
, ?LB q
d
JGC ML RFC AMPLCPQ MD ? QOS?PC ?LB q GQ JMA?RCB ?R GRQ ACLRCP.
26. (?) 5QGLE RFC QWKKCRPW MD RFC ?PP?LECKCLR, QFMU RF?R RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB ?R RFC ACLRCP MD RFC QOS?PC GL F?=KH; 18.46 GQ XCPM GD RFC AF?PECQ ML RFC
DMSP AMPLCPQ ?PC CV?ARJW COS?J. (@) 3FMU RF?R RFGQ GQ ?JQM RPSC DMP ?LW AMK@GL?RGML MD AF?PECQ GL UFGAF q
a
= q
b
?LB q
b
= q
c
27. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC RMR?J #MSJMK@ DMPAC ML q GL F?=KH; 18.46 GD q GQ LCE?RGTC, q
a
= q
c
?LB @MRF ?PC LCE?RGTC, ?LB q
b
= q
c
?LB
@MRF ?PC NMQGRGTC? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB ?R RFC ACLRCP MD RFC QOS?PC GL RFGQ QGRS?RGML?
28. #MLQGBCPGLE F?=KH; 18.46, QSNNMQC RF?R q
a
= q
d
?LB q
b
= q
c
. &GPQR QFMU RF?R q GQ GL QR?RGA COSGJG@PGSK. (9MS K?W LCEJCAR RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J
DMPAC.) 4FCL BGQASQQ UFCRFCP RFC COSGJG@PGSK GQ QR?@JC MP SLQR?@JC, LMRGLE RF?R RFGQ K?W BCNCLB ML RFC QGELQ MD RFC AF?PECQ ?LB RFC BGPCARGML MD
BGQNJ?ACKCLR MD q DPMK RFC ACLRCP MD RFC QOS?PC.
29. )D q
a
= 0 GL F?=KH; 18.46, SLBCP UF?R AMLBGRGMLQ UGJJ RFCPC @C LM LCR #MSJMK@ DMPAC ML q ?
30. )L PCEGMLQ MD JMU FSKGBGRW, MLC BCTCJMNQ ? QNCAG?J uEPGNv UFCL MNCLGLE A?P BMMPQ, MP RMSAFGLE KCR?J BMMP ILM@Q. 4FGQ GLTMJTCQ NJ?AGLE ?Q KSAF MD
RFC F?LB ML RFC BCTGAC ?Q NMQQG@JC, LMR HSQR RFC CLBQ MD MLCtQ DGLECPQ. $GQASQQ RFC GLBSACB AF?PEC ?LB CVNJ?GL UFW RFGQ GQ BMLC.
31. 4MJJ@MMRF QR?RGMLQ ML PM?BU?WQ ?LB @PGBECQ SQS?JJW F?TC ? NGCAC MD UGPC QRSAI GL RFC N?TCKCLR @CDMPC RFCK RF?R UGJJ RMSAF ? A?P ?Q GR ?NNPM?AFCQ.
7FW GQ RFGQ BMLC?
32. 3SNNMQC ? UMK?L A?PPGCQ ?L CVACQQ AF?PEC. 4M K?GLR?GL FCP AF?PECB QR?RSQ A?L QFC @C QR?LBGLE ML EPMSLB UC?PGLE HSQR ?LW N?GP MD QFMCQ? (MU
UMSJB WMS BGQAF?PEC FCP? 7F?R ?PC RFC AMLQCOSCLACQ GD QFC QGKNJW U?JIQ ?U?W?
#(!04%2 18 Y %,%#42)# #(!2'% !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$ 655
656 #(!04%2 18 Y %,%#42)# #(!2'% !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
18.1 ,J7J?9 EB;9JH?9?JO 7D: C>7H=;: CEDI;HL7J?ED E<
C>7H=;
33. #MKKML QR?RGA CJCARPGAGRW GLTMJTCQ AF?PECQ P?LEGLE DPMK
L?LMAMSJMK@Q RM KGAPMAMSJMK@Q. (?) (MU K?LW CJCARPMLQ ?PC LCCBCB RM
DMPK ? AF?PEC MD 2.00 nC (@) (MU K?LW CJCARPMLQ KSQR @C PCKMTCB
DPMK ? LCSRP?J M@HCAR RM JC?TC ? LCR AF?PEC MD 0.500 C?
34. )D 1.8010
20
CJCARPMLQ KMTC RFPMSEF ? NMAICR A?JASJ?RMP BSPGLE ?
DSJJ B?WtQ MNCP?RGML, FMU K?LW AMSJMK@Q MD AF?PEC KMTCB RFPMSEF GR?
35. 4M QR?PR ? A?P CLEGLC, RFC A?P @?RRCPW KMTCQ 3.7510
21
CJCARPMLQ
RFPMSEF RFC QR?PRCP KMRMP. (MU K?LW AMSJMK@Q MD AF?PEC UCPC KMTCB?
36. ! ACPR?GL JGEFRLGLE @MJR KMTCQ 40.0 # MD AF?PEC. (MU K?LW
DSLB?KCLR?J SLGRQ MD AF?PEC q
e
GQ RFGQ?
37. 3SNNMQC ? QNCAI MD BSQR GL ?L CJCARPMQR?RGA NPCAGNGR?RMP F?Q
1.000010
12
NPMRMLQ GL GR ?LB F?Q ? LCR AF?PEC MD q5.00 L# (? TCPW
J?PEC AF?PEC DMP ? QK?JJ QNCAI). (MU K?LW CJCARPMLQ BMCQ GR F?TC?
38. !L ?KMC@? F?Q 1.0010
16
NPMRMLQ ?LB ? LCR AF?PEC MD 0.300 N#.
(?) (MU K?LW DCUCP CJCARPMLQ ?PC RFCPC RF?L NPMRMLQ? (@) )D WMS N?GPCB
RFCK SN, UF?R DP?ARGML MD RFC NPMRMLQ UMSJB F?TC LM CJCARPMLQ?
39. ! 50.0 E @?JJ MD AMNNCP F?Q ? LCR AF?PEC MD 2.00 C. 7F?R DP?ARGML
MD RFC AMNNCPtQ CJCARPMLQ F?Q @CCL PCKMTCB? (%?AF AMNNCP ?RMK F?Q 29
NPMRMLQ, ?LB AMNNCP F?Q ?L ?RMKGA K?QQ MD 63.5.)
40. 7F?R LCR AF?PEC UMSJB WMS NJ?AC ML ? 100 E NGCAC MD QSJDSP GD WMS NSR
?L CVRP? CJCARPML ML 1 GL 10
12
MD GRQ ?RMKQ? (3SJDSP F?Q ?L ?RMKGA K?QQ
MD 32.1.)
41. (MU K?LW AMSJMK@Q MD NMQGRGTC AF?PEC ?PC RFCPC GL 4.00 IE MD
NJSRMLGSK, EGTCL GRQ ?RMKGA K?QQ GQ 244 ?LB RF?R C?AF NJSRMLGSK ?RMK
F?Q 94 NPMRMLQ?
18.3 CEKBEC8XI %7M
42. 7F?R GQ RFC PCNSJQGTC DMPAC @CRUCCL RUM NGRF @?JJQ RF?R ?PC 8.00 AK
?N?PR ?LB F?TC COS?J AF?PECQ MD q 30.0 L#?
43. (?) (MU QRPMLE GQ RFC ?RRP?ARGTC DMPAC @CRUCCL ? EJ?QQ PMB UGRF ?
0.700 C AF?PEC ?LB ? QGJI AJMRF UGRF ? 0.600 C AF?PEC, UFGAF ?PC
12.0 AK ?N?PR, SQGLE RFC ?NNPMVGK?RGML RF?R RFCW ?AR JGIC NMGLR AF?PECQ?
(@) $GQASQQ FMU RFC ?LQUCP RM RFGQ NPM@JCK KGEFR @C ?DDCARCB GD RFC
AF?PECQ ?PC BGQRPG@SRCB MTCP QMKC ?PC? ?LB BM LMR ?AR JGIC NMGLR AF?PECQ.
44. 4UM NMGLR AF?PECQ CVCPR ? 5.00 . DMPAC ML C?AF MRFCP. 7F?R UGJJ RFC
DMPAC @CAMKC GD RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFCK GQ GLAPC?QCB @W ? D?ARMP MD
RFPCC?
45. 4UM NMGLR AF?PECQ ?PC @PMSEFR AJMQCP RMECRFCP, GLAPC?QGLE RFC DMPAC
@CRUCCL RFCK @W ? D?ARMP MD 25. "W UF?R D?ARMP U?Q RFCGP QCN?P?RGML
BCAPC?QCB?
46. (MU D?P ?N?PR KSQR RUM NMGLR AF?PECQ MD 75.0 L# (RWNGA?J MD QR?RGA
CJCARPGAGRW) @C RM F?TC ? DMPAC MD 1.00 . @CRUCCL RFCK?
47. )D RUM COS?J AF?PECQ C?AF MD 1 # C?AF ?PC QCN?P?RCB GL ?GP @W ?
BGQR?LAC MD 1 IK, UF?R GQ RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC DMPAC ?ARGLE @CRUCCL
RFCK? 9MS UGJJ QCC RF?R CTCL ?R ? BGQR?LAC ?Q J?PEC ?Q 1 IK, RFC PCNSJQGTC
DMPAC GQ QS@QR?LRG?J @CA?SQC 1 # GQ ? TCPW QGELGDGA?LR ?KMSLR MD AF?PEC.
48. ! RCQR AF?PEC MD +2 C GQ NJ?ACB F?JDU?W @CRUCCL ? AF?PEC MD
+6 C ?LB ?LMRFCP MD +4 C QCN?P?RCB @W 10 AK. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC
K?ELGRSBC MD RFC DMPAC ML RFC RCQR AF?PEC? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC BGPCARGML MD
RFGQ DMPAC (?U?W DPMK MP RMU?PB RFC +6 C AF?PEC)?
49. "?PC DPCC AF?PECQ BM LMR PCK?GL QR?RGML?PW UFCL AJMQC RMECRFCP. 4M
GJJSQRP?RC RFGQ, A?JASJ?RC RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD RUM GQMJ?RCB NPMRMLQ QCN?P?RCB
@W 2.00 LK (? RWNGA?J BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL E?Q ?RMKQ). %VNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU
WMS DMJJMU RFC QRCNQ GL RFC 0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE 3RP?RCEW DMP CJCARPMQR?RGAQ.
50. (?) "W UF?R D?ARMP KSQR WMS AF?LEC RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RUM NMGLR
AF?PECQ RM AF?LEC RFC DMPAC @CRUCCL RFCK @W ? D?ARMP MD 10? (@) %VNJ?GL
FMU RFC BGQR?LAC A?L CGRFCP GLAPC?QC MP BCAPC?QC @W RFGQ D?ARMP ?LB QRGJJ
A?SQC ? D?ARMP MD 10 AF?LEC GL RFC DMPAC.
51. 3SNNMQC WMS F?TC ? RMR?J AF?PEC q
tot
RF?R WMS A?L QNJGR GL ?LW
K?LLCP. /LAC QNJGR, RFC QCN?P?RGML BGQR?LAC GQ DGVCB. (MU BM WMS QNJGR RFC
AF?PEC RM ?AFGCTC RFC EPC?RCQR DMPAC?
52. (?) #MKKML RP?LQN?PCLR R?NC @CAMKCQ AF?PECB UFCL NSJJCB DPMK ?
BGQNCLQCP. )D MLC NGCAC GQ NJ?ACB ?@MTC ?LMRFCP, RFC PCNSJQGTC DMPAC A?L
@C EPC?R CLMSEF RM QSNNMPR RFC RMN NGCACtQ UCGEFR. !QQSKGLE COS?J NMGLR
AF?PECQ (MLJW ?L ?NNPMVGK?RGML), A?JASJ?RC RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC AF?PEC GD
CJCARPMQR?RGA DMPAC GQ EPC?R CLMSEF RM QSNNMPR RFC UCGEFR MD ? 10.0 KE
NGCAC MD R?NC FCJB 1.00 AK ?@MTC ?LMRFCP. (@) $GQASQQ UFCRFCP RFC
K?ELGRSBC MD RFGQ AF?PEC GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF UF?R GQ RWNGA?J MD QR?RGA
CJCARPGAGRW.
53. (?) &GLB RFC P?RGM MD RFC CJCARPMQR?RGA RM EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC @CRUCCL
RUM CJCARPMLQ. (@) 7F?R GQ RFGQ P?RGM DMP RUM NPMRMLQ? (A) 7FW GQ RFC P?RGM
BGDDCPCLR DMP CJCARPMLQ ?LB NPMRMLQ?
54. !R UF?R BGQR?LAC GQ RFC CJCARPMQR?RGA DMPAC @CRUCCL RUM NPMRMLQ COS?J
RM RFC UCGEFR MD MLC NPMRML?
55. ! ACPR?GL DGTC ACLR AMGL AMLR?GLQ 5.00 E MD LGAICJ. 7F?R DP?ARGML MD RFC
LGAICJ ?RMKQt CJCARPMLQ, PCKMTCB ?LB NJ?ACB 1.00 K ?@MTC GR, UMSJB
QSNNMPR RFC UCGEFR MD RFGQ AMGL? 4FC ?RMKGA K?QQ MD LGAICJ GQ 58.7, ?LB
C?AF LGAICJ ?RMK AMLR?GLQ 28 CJCARPMLQ ?LB 28 NPMRMLQ.
56. (?) 4UM NMGLR AF?PECQ RMR?JGLE 8.00 C CVCPR ? PCNSJQGTC DMPAC MD
0.150 . ML MLC ?LMRFCP UFCL QCN?P?RCB @W 0.500 K. 7F?R GQ RFC AF?PEC
ML C?AF? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC AF?PEC ML C?AF GD RFC DMPAC GQ ?RRP?ARGTC?
57. 0MGLR AF?PECQ MD 5.00 C ?LB 3.00 C ?PC NJ?ACB 0.250 K ?N?PR.
(?) 7FCPC A?L ? RFGPB AF?PEC @C NJ?ACB QM RF?R RFC LCR DMPAC ML GR GQ XCPM?
(@) 7F?R GD @MRF AF?PECQ ?PC NMQGRGTC?
58. 4UM NMGLR AF?PECQ q
1
?LB q
2
?PC 3.00 m ?N?PR, ?LB RFCGP RMR?J
AF?PEC GQ 20 C. (?) )D RFC DMPAC MD PCNSJQGML @CRUCCL RFCK GQ 0.075.,
UF?R ?PC K?ELGRSBCQ MD RFC RUM AF?PECQ? (@) )D MLC AF?PEC ?RRP?ARQ RFC
MRFCP UGRF ? DMPAC MD 0.525., UF?R ?PC RFC K?ELGRSBCQ MD RFC RUM
AF?PECQ? .MRC RF?R WMS K?W LCCB RM QMJTC ? OS?BP?RGA COS?RGML RM PC?AF
WMSP ?LQUCP.
59. 7F?R GQ RFC K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD ?L CJCARPGA DGCJB RF?R CVCPRQ ?
2.0010
-5
N SNU?PB DMPAC ML ? 1.75 C AF?PEC?
60. 7F?R GQ RFC K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB ML ?
3.50 C AF?PEC @W ? 250 ./# CJCARPGA DGCJB RF?R NMGLRQ BSC C?QR?
61. #?JASJ?RC RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB 2.00 K DPMK ? NMGLR
AF?PEC MD 5.00 K# (QSAF ?Q DMSLB ML RFC RCPKGL?J MD ? 6?L BC 'P??DD).
62. (?) 7F?R K?ELGRSBC NMGLR AF?PEC APC?RCQ ? 10,000 ./# CJCARPGA DGCJB
?R ? BGQR?LAC MD 0.250 K? (@) (MU J?PEC GQ RFC DGCJB ?R 10.0 K?
63. #?JASJ?RC RFC GLGRG?J (DPMK PCQR) ?AACJCP?RGML MD ? NPMRML GL ?
5.0010
6
N/C CJCARPGA DGCJB (QSAF ?Q APC?RCB @W ? PCQC?PAF 6?L BC
'P??DD). %VNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU RFC QRCNQ GL RFC 0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE
3RP?RCEW DMP CJCARPMQR?RGAQ.
64. (?) &GLB RFC BGPCARGML ?LB K?ELGRSBC MD ?L CJCARPGA DGCJB RF?R CVCPRQ ?
4.8010
17
N UCQRU?PB DMPAC ML ?L CJCARPML. (@) 7F?R K?ELGRSBC
?LB BGPCARGML DMPAC BMCQ RFGQ DGCJB CVCPR ML ? NPMRML?
65. (?) 3ICRAF RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ LC?P ? NMGLR AF?PEC +q . (@) $M RFC
Q?KC DMP ? NMGLR AF?PEC 3.00q .
#(!04%2 18 Y %,%#42)# #(!2'% !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$ 657
66. 3ICRAF RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ ? JMLE BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC AF?PEC
BGQRPG@SRGMLQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 18.26 (?) ?LB (@)
67. F?=KH; 18.47 QFMUQ RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ LC?P RUM AF?PECQ q
1
?LB
q
2
. 7F?R GQ RFC P?RGM MD RFCGP K?ELGRSBCQ? (@) 3ICRAF RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB
JGLCQ ? JMLE BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC AF?PECQ QFMUL GL RFC DGESPC.
F?=KH; 18.47 4FC CJCARPGA DGCJB LC?P RUM AF?PECQ.
68. 3ICRAF RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ GL RFC TGAGLGRW MD RUM MNNMQGRC AF?PECQ,
UFCPC RFC LCE?RGTC AF?PEC GQ RFPCC RGKCQ EPC?RCP GL K?ELGRSBC RF?L RFC
NMQGRGTC. (3CC F?=KH; 18.47 DMP ? QGKGJ?P QGRS?RGML).
18.7 CED:K9JEHI 7D: EB;9JH?9 F?;B:I ?D ,J7J?9
EGK?B?8H?KC
69. 3ICRAF RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ GL RFC TGAGLGRW MD RFC AMLBSARMP GL F?=KH;
18.48 EGTCL RFC DGCJB U?Q MPGEGL?JJW SLGDMPK ?LB N?P?JJCJ RM RFC M@HCARtQ
JMLE ?VGQ. )Q RFC PCQSJRGLE DGCJB QK?JJ LC?P RFC JMLE QGBC MD RFC M@HCAR?
F?=KH; 18.48
70. 3ICRAF RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ GL RFC TGAGLGRW MD RFC AMLBSARMP GL F?=KH;
18.49 EGTCL RFC DGCJB U?Q MPGEGL?JJW SLGDMPK ?LB N?P?JJCJ RM RFC M@HCARtQ
JMLE ?VGQ. )Q RFC PCQSJRGLE DGCJB QK?JJ LC?P RFC JMLE QGBC MD RFC M@HCAR?
F?=KH; 18.49
71. 3ICRAF RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB @CRUCCL RFC RUM AMLBSARGLE NJ?RCQ QFMUL GL
F?=KH; 18.50, EGTCL RFC RMN NJ?RC GQ NMQGRGTC ?LB ?L COS?J ?KMSLR MD
LCE?RGTC AF?PEC GQ ML RFC @MRRMK NJ?RC. "C ACPR?GL RM GLBGA?RC RFC
BGQRPG@SRGML MD AF?PEC ML RFC NJ?RCQ.
F?=KH; 18.50
72. 3ICRAF RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ GL RFC TGAGLGRW MD RFC AF?PECB GLQSJ?RMP GL
F?=KH; 18.51 LMRGLE GRQ LMLSLGDMPK AF?PEC BGQRPG@SRGML.
F?=KH; 18.51 ! AF?PECB GLQSJ?RGLE PMB QSAF ?Q KGEFR @C SQCB GL ? AJ?QQPMMK
BCKMLQRP?RGML.
73. 7F?R GQ RFC DMPAC ML RFC AF?PEC JMA?RCB ?R x = 8.00 cm GL F?=KH;
18.52(?) EGTCL RF?R q = 1.00 C ?
F?=KH; 18.52 (?) 0MGLR AF?PECQ JMA?RCB ?R 3.00, 8.00, ?LB 11.0 AK ?JMLE RFC K-?VGQ. (@)
0MGLR AF?PECQ JMA?RCB ?R 1.00, 5.00, 8.00, ?LB 14.0 AK ?JMLE RFC K-?VGQ.
74. (?) &GLB RFC RMR?J CJCARPGA DGCJB ?R x = 1.00 cm GL F?=KH; 18.52(@)
EGTCL RF?R q = 5.00 nC. (@) &GLB RFC RMR?J CJCARPGA DGCJB ?R
x = 11.00 cm GL F?=KH; 18.52(@). (A) )D RFC AF?PECQ ?PC ?JJMUCB RM
KMTC ?LB CTCLRS?JJW @C @PMSEFR RM PCQR @W DPGARGML, UF?R UGJJ RFC DGL?J
AF?PEC AMLDGESP?RGML @C? (4F?R GQ, UGJJ RFCPC @C ? QGLEJC AF?PEC, BMS@JC
AF?PEC, CRA., ?LB UF?R UGJJ GRQ T?JSC(Q) @C?)
75. (?) &GLB RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB ?R x = 5.00 cm GL F?=KH; 18.52(?), EGTCL
RF?R q = 1.00 C . (@) !R UF?R NMQGRGML @CRUCCL 3.00 ?LB 8.00 AK GQ RFC
RMR?J CJCARPGA DGCJB RFC Q?KC ?Q RF?R DMP 2q ?JMLC? (A) #?L RFC CJCARPGA
DGCJB @C XCPM ?LWUFCPC @CRUCCL 0.00 ?LB 8.00 AK? (B) !R TCPW J?PEC
NMQGRGTC MP LCE?RGTC T?JSCQ MD K, RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB ?NNPM?AFCQ XCPM GL @MRF
(?) ?LB (@). )L UFGAF BMCQ GR KMQR P?NGBJW ?NNPM?AF XCPM ?LB UFW? (C) !R
UF?R NMQGRGML RM RFC PGEFR MD 11.0 AK GQ RFC RMR?J CJCARPGA DGCJB XCPM, MRFCP
RF?L ?R GLDGLGRW? ((GLR: ! EP?NFGLE A?JASJ?RMP A?L WGCJB AMLQGBCP?@JC GLQGEFR
GL RFGQ NPM@JCK.)
76. (?) &GLB RFC RMR?J #MSJMK@ DMPAC ML ? AF?PEC MD 2.00 L# JMA?RCB ?R
x = 4.00 cm GL F?=KH; 18.52 (@), EGTCL RF?R q = 1.00 C . (@) &GLB RFC
K-NMQGRGML ?R UFGAF RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ XCPM GL F?=KH; 18.52 (@).
77. 5QGLE RFC QWKKCRPW MD RFC ?PP?LECKCLR, BCRCPKGLC RFC BGPCARGML MD
RFC DMPAC ML q GL RFC DGESPC @CJMU, EGTCL RF?R q
a
= q
b
=+7.50 C ?LB
q
c
= q
d
= 7.50 C . (@) #?JASJ?RC RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC DMPAC ML RFC
AF?PEC q , EGTCL RF?R RFC QOS?PC GQ 10.0 AK ML ? QGBC ?LB q = 2.00 C .
658 #(!04%2 18 Y %,%#42)# #(!2'% !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
F?=KH; 18.53
78. (?) 5QGLE RFC QWKKCRPW MD RFC ?PP?LECKCLR, BCRCPKGLC RFC BGPCARGML
MD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB ?R RFC ACLRCP MD RFC QOS?PC GL F?=KH; 18.53, EGTCL RF?R
q
a
= q
b
= 1.00 C ?LB q
c
= q
d
=+1.00 C . (@) #?JASJ?RC RFC
K?ELGRSBC MD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB ?R RFC JMA?RGML MD q , EGTCL RF?R RFC QOS?PC
GQ 5.00 AK ML ? QGBC.
79. &GLB RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB ?R RFC JMA?RGML MD q
a
GL F?=KH; 18.53 EGTCL RF?R
q
b
= q
c
= q
d
=+2.00 nC, q = 1.00 nC, ?LB RFC QOS?PC GQ 20.0 AK
ML ? QGBC.
80. &GLB RFC RMR?J #MSJMK@ DMPAC ML RFC AF?PEC q GL F?=KH; 18.53, EGTCL
RF?R q = 1.00 C , q
a
= 2.00 C , q
b
= 3.00 C ,
q
c
= 4.00 C , ?LB q
d
=+1.00 C . 4FC QOS?PC GQ 50.0 AK ML ?
QGBC.
81. (?) &GLB RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB ?R RFC JMA?RGML MD q
a
GL F?=KH; 18.54, EGTCL
RF?R q
b
= +10.00 C ?LB q
c
= 5.00 C. (@) 7F?R GQ RFC DMPAC ML
q
a
, EGTCL RF?R q
a
= +1.50 nC?
F?=KH; 18.54 0MGLR AF?PECQ JMA?RCB ?R RFC AMPLCPQ MD ?L COSGJ?RCP?J RPG?LEJC 25.0 AK
ML ? QGBC.
82. (?) &GLB RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB ?R RFC ACLRCP MD RFC RPG?LESJ?P AMLDGESP?RGML MD
AF?PECQ GL F?=KH; 18.54, EGTCL RF?R q
a
=+2.50 nC, q
b
= 8.00 nC,
?LB q
c
=+1.50 nC. (@) )Q RFCPC ?LW AMK@GL?RGML MD AF?PECQ, MRFCP RF?L
q
a
= q
b
= q
c
, RF?R UGJJ NPMBSAC ? XCPM QRPCLERF CJCARPGA DGCJB ?R RFC
ACLRCP MD RFC RPG?LESJ?P AMLDGESP?RGML?
83. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB 5.00 K DPMK RFC ACLRCP MD RFC RCPKGL?J MD
? 6?L BC 'P??DD UGRF ? 3.00 K# AF?PEC, LMRGLE RF?R RFC DGCJB GQ COSGT?JCLR
RM RF?R MD ? NMGLR AF?PEC ?R RFC ACLRCP MD RFC RCPKGL?J? (@) !R RFGQ BGQR?LAC,
UF?R DMPAC BMCQ RFC DGCJB CVCPR ML ? 2.00 C AF?PEC ML RFC 6?L BC
'P??DDtQ @CJR?
84. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC BGPCARGML ?LB K?ELGRSBC MD ?L CJCARPGA DGCJB RF?R
QSNNMPRQ RFC UCGEFR MD ? DPCC CJCARPML LC?P RFC QSPD?AC MD %?PRF? (@)
$GQASQQ UF?R RFC QK?JJ T?JSC DMP RFGQ DGCJB GKNJGCQ PCE?PBGLE RFC PCJ?RGTC
QRPCLERF MD RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J ?LB CJCARPMQR?RGA DMPACQ.
85. ! QGKNJC ?LB AMKKML RCAFLGOSC DMP ?AACJCP?RGLE CJCARPMLQ GQ QFMUL
GL F?=KH; 18.55, UFCPC RFCPC GQ ? SLGDMPK CJCARPGA DGCJB @CRUCCL RUM
NJ?RCQ. %JCARPMLQ ?PC PCJC?QCB, SQS?JJW DPMK ? FMR DGJ?KCLR, LC?P RFC
LCE?RGTC NJ?RC, ?LB RFCPC GQ ? QK?JJ FMJC GL RFC NMQGRGTC NJ?RC RF?R ?JJMUQ
RFC CJCARPMLQ RM AMLRGLSC KMTGLE. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC ?AACJCP?RGML MD RFC
CJCARPML GD RFC DGCJB QRPCLERF GQ 2.5010
4
N/C. (@) %VNJ?GL UFW RFC
CJCARPML UGJJ LMR @C NSJJCB @?AI RM RFC NMQGRGTC NJ?RC MLAC GR KMTCQ
RFPMSEF RFC FMJC.
F?=KH; 18.55 0?P?JJCJ AMLBSARGLE NJ?RCQ UGRF MNNMQGRC AF?PECQ ML RFCK APC?RC ?
PCJ?RGTCJW SLGDMPK CJCARPGA DGCJB SQCB RM ?AACJCP?RC CJCARPMLQ RM RFC PGEFR. 4FMQC RF?R EM
RFPMSEF RFC FMJC A?L @C SQCB RM K?IC ? 46 MP AMKNSRCP QAPCCL EJMU MP RM NPMBSAC 8-
P?WQ.
86. %?PRF F?Q ? LCR AF?PEC RF?R NPMBSACQ ?L CJCARPGA DGCJB MD
?NNPMVGK?RCJW 150 ./# BMULU?PB ?R GRQ QSPD?AC. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC
K?ELGRSBC ?LB QGEL MD RFC CVACQQ AF?PEC, LMRGLE RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB MD ?
AMLBSARGLE QNFCPC GQ COSGT?JCLR RM ? NMGLR AF?PEC ?R GRQ ACLRCP? (@) 7F?R
?AACJCP?RGML UGJJ RFC DGCJB NPMBSAC ML ? DPCC CJCARPML LC?P %?PRFtQ
QSPD?AC? (A) 7F?R K?QQ M@HCAR UGRF ? QGLEJC CVRP? CJCARPML UGJJ F?TC GRQ
UCGEFR QSNNMPRCB @W RFGQ DGCJB?
87. 0MGLR AF?PECQ MD 25.0 C ?LB 45.0 C ?PC NJ?ACB 0.500 K ?N?PR.
(?) !R UF?R NMGLR ?JMLE RFC JGLC @CRUCCL RFCK GQ RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB XCPM?
(@) 7F?R GQ RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB F?JDU?W @CRUCCL RFCK?
88. 7F?R A?L WMS Q?W ?@MSR RUM AF?PECQ q
1
?LB q
2
, GD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB
MLC-DMSPRF MD RFC U?W DPMK q
1
RM q
2
GQ XCPM?
#?JASJ?RC RFC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW MD ?L CJCARPML MP@GRGLE ? NPMRML GL RFC
FWBPMECL ?RMK, EGTCL RFC P?BGSQ MD RFC MP@GR GQ 0.53010
10
m. 9MS
K?W ?QQSKC RF?R RFC NPMRML GQ QR?RGML?PW ?LB RFC ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC GQ
QSNNJGCB @W #MSJMK@ ?RRP?ARGML.
!L CJCARPML F?Q ?L GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW MD 5.0010
6
m/s GL ? SLGDMPK
2.0010
5
N/C QRPCLERF CJCARPGA DGCJB. 4FC DGCJB ?AACJCP?RCQ RFC CJCARPML
GL RFC BGPCARGML MNNMQGRC RM GRQ GLGRG?J TCJMAGRW. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC BGPCARGML MD
RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB? (@) (MU D?P BMCQ RFC CJCARPML RP?TCJ @CDMPC AMKGLE RM
PCQR? (A) (MU JMLE BMCQ GR R?IC RFC CJCARPML RM AMKC RM PCQR? (B) 7F?R GQ
RFC CJCARPMLtQ TCJMAGRW UFCL GR PCRSPLQ RM GRQ QR?PRGLE NMGLR?
4FC NP?ARGA?J JGKGR RM ?L CJCARPGA DGCJB GL ?GP GQ ?@MSR 3.0010
6
N/C.
!@MTC RFGQ QRPCLERF, QN?PIGLE R?ICQ NJ?AC @CA?SQC ?GP @CEGLQ RM GMLGXC
#(!04%2 18 Y %,%#42)# #(!2'% !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$ 659
?LB AF?PECQ DJMU, PCBSAGLE RFC DGCJB. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC BGQR?LAC ? DPCC
NPMRML KSQR RP?TCJ GL RFGQ DGCJB RM PC?AF 3.00% MD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR,
QR?PRGLE DPMK PCQR. (@) )Q RFGQ NP?ARGA?J GL ?GP, MP KSQR GR MAASP GL ? T?ASSK?
! 5.00 E AF?PECB GLQSJ?RGLE @?JJ F?LEQ ML ? 30.0 AK JMLE QRPGLE GL ?
SLGDMPK FMPGXMLR?J CJCARPGA DGCJB ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 18.56. 'GTCL RFC
AF?PEC ML RFC @?JJ GQ 1.00 C, DGLB RFC QRPCLERF MD RFC DGCJB.
F?=KH; 18.56 ! FMPGXMLR?J CJCARPGA DGCJB A?SQCQ RFC AF?PECB @?JJ RM F?LE ?R ?L ?LEJC MD
8.00 .
F?=KH; 18.57 QFMUQ ?L CJCARPML N?QQGLE @CRUCCL RUM AF?PECB KCR?J
NJ?RCQ RF?R APC?RC ?L 100 ./# TCPRGA?J CJCARPGA DGCJB NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC
CJCARPMLtQ MPGEGL?J FMPGXMLR?J TCJMAGRW. (4FCQC A?L @C SQCB RM AF?LEC RFC
CJCARPMLtQ BGPCARGML, QSAF ?Q GL ?L MQAGJJMQAMNC.) 4FC GLGRG?J QNCCB MD RFC
CJCARPML GQ 3.0010
6
m/s , ?LB RFC FMPGXMLR?J BGQR?LAC GR RP?TCJQ GL RFC
SLGDMPK DGCJB GQ 4.00 AK. (?) 7F?R GQ GRQ TCPRGA?J BCDJCARGML? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC
TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLR MD GRQ DGL?J TCJMAGRW? (A) !R UF?R ?LEJC BMCQ GR CVGR?
.CEJCAR ?LW CBEC CDDCARQ.
F?=KH; 18.57
4FC AJ?QQGA -GJJGI?L MGJ BPMN CVNCPGKCLR U?Q RFC DGPQR RM M@R?GL ?L
?AASP?RC KC?QSPCKCLR MD RFC AF?PEC ML ?L CJCARPML. )L GR, MGJ BPMNQ UCPC
QSQNCLBCB ?E?GLQR RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC @W ? TCPRGA?J CJCARPGA DGCJB. (3CC
F?=KH; 18.58.) 'GTCL RFC MGJ BPMN RM @C 1.00 m GL P?BGSQ ?LB F?TC ?
BCLQGRW MD 920 kg/m
3
: (?) &GLB RFC UCGEFR MD RFC BPMN. (@) )D RFC BPMN
F?Q ? QGLEJC CVACQQ CJCARPML, DGLB RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF LCCBCB RM
@?J?LAC GRQ UCGEFR.
F?=KH; 18.58 )L RFC -GJJGI?L MGJ BPMN CVNCPGKCLR, QK?JJ BPMNQ A?L @C QSQNCLBCB GL ?L
CJCARPGA DGCJB @W RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB ML ? QGLEJC CVACQQ CJCARPML. #J?QQGA?JJW, RFGQ
CVNCPGKCLR U?Q SQCB RM BCRCPKGLC RFC CJCARPML AF?PEC q
e
@W KC?QSPGLE RFC CJCARPGA
DGCJB ?LB K?QQ MD RFC BPMN.
(?) )L F?=KH; 18.59, DMSP COS?J AF?PECQ q JGC ML RFC AMPLCPQ MD ? QOS?PC.
! DGDRF AF?PEC Q GQ ML ? K?QQ m BGPCARJW ?@MTC RFC ACLRCP MD RFC
QOS?PC, ?R ? FCGEFR COS?J RM RFC JCLERF d MD MLC QGBC MD RFC QOS?PC.
$CRCPKGLC RFC K?ELGRSBC MD q GL RCPKQ MD Q, m, ?LB d , GD RFC
#MSJMK@ DMPAC GQ RM COS?J RFC UCGEFR MD m. (@) )Q RFGQ COSGJG@PGSK QR?@JC
MP SLQR?@JC? $GQASQQ.
F?=KH; 18.59 &MSP COS?J AF?PECQ ML RFC AMPLCPQ MD ? FMPGXMLR?J QOS?PC QSNNMPR RFC
UCGEFR MD ? DGDRF AF?PEC JMA?RCB BGPCARJW ?@MTC RFC ACLRCP MD RFC QOS?PC.
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF LC?P ? 10.0 AK BG?KCRCP
AMLBSARGLE QNFCPC RF?R F?Q 1.00 # MD CVACQQ AF?PEC ML GR. (@) 7F?R GQ
SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ PCQSJR? (A) 7FGAF ?QQSKNRGMLQ ?PC PCQNMLQG@JC?
(?) 4UM 0.500 E P?GLBPMNQ GL ? RFSLBCPFC?B ?PC 1.00 AK ?N?PR UFCL RFCW
C?AF ?AOSGPC 1.00 K# AF?PECQ. &GLB RFCGP ?AACJCP?RGML. (@) 7F?R GQ
SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ PCQSJR? (A) 7FGAF NPCKGQC MP ?QQSKNRGML GQ
PCQNMLQG@JC?
! UPCAIGLE W?PB GLTCLRMP U?LRQ RM NGAI SN A?PQ @W AF?PEGLE ? 0.400 K
BG?KCRCP @?JJ ?LB GLBSAGLE ?L COS?J ?LB MNNMQGRC AF?PEC ML RFC A?P. )D ?
A?P F?Q ? 1000 IE K?QQ ?LB RFC @?JJ GQ RM @C ?@JC RM JGDR GR DPMK ? BGQR?LAC
MD 1.00 K: (?) 7F?R KGLGKSK AF?PEC KSQR @C SQCB? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC
CJCARPGA DGCJB LC?P RFC QSPD?AC MD RFC @?JJ? (A) 7FW ?PC RFCQC PCQSJRQ
SLPC?QML?@JC? (B) 7FGAF NPCKGQC MP ?QQSKNRGML GQ PCQNMLQG@JC?
#MLQGBCP RUM GLQSJ?RGLE @?JJQ UGRF CTCLJW BGQRPG@SRCB COS?J ?LB MNNMQGRC
AF?PECQ ML RFCGP QSPD?ACQ, FCJB UGRF ? ACPR?GL BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC
ACLRCPQ MD RFC @?JJQ. #MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS A?JASJ?RC RFC
CJCARPGA DGCJB (K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML) BSC RM RFC @?JJQ ?R T?PGMSQ NMGLRQ
?JMLE ? JGLC PSLLGLE RFPMSEF RFC ACLRCPQ MD RFC @?JJQ ?LB CVRCLBGLE RM
GLDGLGRW ML CGRFCP QGBC. #FMMQC GLRCPCQRGLE NMGLRQ ?LB AMKKCLR ML RFC
KC?LGLE MD RFC DGCJB ?R RFMQC NMGLRQ. &MP CV?KNJC, ?R UF?R NMGLRQ KGEFR
RFC DGCJB @C HSQR RF?R BSC RM MLC @?JJ ?LB UFCPC BMCQ RFC DGCJB @CAMKC
660 #(!04%2 18 Y %,%#42)# #(!2'% !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
LCEJGEG@JW QK?JJ? !KMLE RFC RFGLEQ RM @C AMLQGBCPCB ?PC RFC K?ELGRSBCQ
MD RFC AF?PECQ ?LB RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC ACLRCPQ MD RFC @?JJQ. 9MSP
GLQRPSARMP K?W UGQF DMP WMS RM AMLQGBCP RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB MDD ?VGQ MP DMP ?
KMPC AMKNJCV ?PP?W MD AF?PECQ, QSAF ?Q RFMQC GL ? U?RCP KMJCASJC.
#MLQGBCP GBCLRGA?J QNFCPGA?J AMLBSARGLE QN?AC QFGNQ GL BCCN QN?AC UFCPC
EP?TGR?RGML?J DGCJBQ DPMK MRFCP @MBGCQ ?PC LCEJGEG@JC AMKN?PCB RM RFC
EP?TGR?RGML?J ?RRP?ARGML @CRUCCL RFC QFGNQ. #MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL UFGAF
WMS NJ?AC GBCLRGA?J CVACQQ AF?PECQ ML RFC QN?AC QFGNQ RM CV?ARJW AMSLRCP
RFCGP EP?TGR?RGML?J ?RRP?ARGML. #?JASJ?RC RFC ?KMSLR MD CVACQQ AF?PEC
LCCBCB. %V?KGLC UFCRFCP RF?R AF?PEC BCNCLBQ ML RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL
RFC ACLRCPQ MD RFC QFGNQ, RFC K?QQCQ MD RFC QFGNQ, MP ?LW MRFCP D?ARMPQ.
$GQASQQ UFCRFCP RFGQ UMSJB @C ?L C?QW, BGDDGASJR, MP CTCL GKNMQQG@JC RFGLE
RM BM GL NP?ARGAC.
#(!04%2 18 Y %,%#42)# #(!2'% !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$ 661
662 #(!04%2 18 Y %,%#42)# #(!2'% !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
19 %,%#42)# 0/4%.4)!, !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
F?=KH; 19.1 !SRMK?RCB CVRCPL?J BCDG@PGJJ?RMP SLGR (!%$) (APCBGR: 5.3. $CDCLQC $CN?PRKCLR NFMRM/4CAF. 3ER. 3SX?LLC -. $?W)
,C?PLGLE /@HCARGTCQ
19.1. EB;9JH?9 )EJ;DJ?7B ED;H=O: )EJ;DJ?7B D?<<;H;D9;
19.2. EB;9JH?9 )EJ;DJ?7B ?D 7 .D?<EHC EB;9JH?9 F?;B:
19.3. EB;9JH?97B )EJ;DJ?7B DK; JE 7 )E?DJ C>7H=;
19.4. EGK?FEJ;DJ?7B %?D;I
19.5. C7F79?JEHI 7D: D?;B;9JH?9I
19.6. C7F79?JEHI ?D ,;H?;I 7D: )7H7BB;B
19.7. ED;H=O ,JEH;: ?D C7F79?JEHI
"DJHE:K9J?ED JE EB;9JH?9 )EJ;DJ?7B 7D: EB;9JH?9 ED;H=O
)L EB;9JH?9 C>7H=; 7D: EB;9JH?9 F?;B:, UC HSQR QAP?RAFCB RFC QSPD?AC (MP ?R JC?QR PS@@CB GR) MD CJCARPGA?J NFCLMKCL?. 4UM MD RFC KMQR D?KGJG?P ?QNCARQ
MD CJCARPGAGRW ?PC GRQ CLCPEW ?LB IB?G4:8. 7C ILMU, DMP CV?KNJC, RF?R EPC?R ?KMSLRQ MD CJCARPGA?J CLCPEW A?L @C QRMPCB GL @?RRCPGCQ, ?PC RP?LQKGRRCB
APMQQ-AMSLRPW RFPMSEF NMUCP JGLCQ, ?LB K?W HSKN DPMK AJMSBQ RM CVNJMBC RFC Q?N MD RPCCQ. )L ? QGKGJ?P K?LLCP, ?R KMJCASJ?P JCTCJQ, <BAF APMQQ ACJJ
KCK@P?LCQ ?LB RP?LQDCP GLDMPK?RGML. 7C ?JQM ILMU ?@MSR TMJR?ECQ ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF CJCARPGAGRW. "?RRCPGCQ ?PC RWNGA?JJW ? DCU TMJRQ, RFC MSRJCRQ GL WMSP
FMKC NPMBSAC 120 TMJRQ, ?LB NMUCP JGLCQ A?L @C ?Q FGEF ?Q FSLBPCBQ MD RFMSQ?LBQ MD TMJRQ. "SR CLCPEW ?LB TMJR?EC ?PC LMR RFC Q?KC RFGLE. !
KMRMPAWAJC @?RRCPW, DMP CV?KNJC, GQ QK?JJ ?LB UMSJB LMR @C TCPW QSAACQQDSJ GL PCNJ?AGLE RFC KSAF J?PECP A?P @?RRCPW, WCR C?AF F?Q RFC Q?KC TMJR?EC. )L
RFGQ AF?NRCP, UC QF?JJ CV?KGLC RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL TMJR?EC ?LB CJCARPGA?J CLCPEW ?LB @CEGL RM CVNJMPC QMKC MD RFC K?LW ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD
CJCARPGAGRW.
19.1 EB;9JH?9 )EJ;DJ?7B ED;H=O: )EJ;DJ?7B D?<<;H;D9;
7FCL ? DPCC NMQGRGTC AF?PEC q GQ ?AACJCP?RCB @W ?L CJCARPGA DGCJB, QSAF ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 19.2, GR GQ EGTCL IGLCRGA CLCPEW. 4FC NPMACQQ GQ ?L?JMEMSQ
RM ?L M@HCAR @CGLE ?AACJCP?RCB @W ? EP?TGR?RGML?J DGCJB. )R GQ ?Q GD RFC AF?PEC GQ EMGLE BMUL ?L CJCARPGA?J FGJJ UFCPC GRQ CJCARPGA NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW GQ
AMLTCPRCB RM IGLCRGA CLCPEW. ,CR SQ CVNJMPC RFC UMPI BMLC ML ? AF?PEC q @W RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB GL RFGQ NPMACQQ, QM RF?R UC K?W BCTCJMN ? BCDGLGRGML MD
CJCARPGA NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW.
#(!04%2 19 Y %,%#42)# 0/4%.4)!, !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$ 663
F?=KH; 19.2 ! AF?PEC ?AACJCP?RCB @W ?L CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM ? K?QQ EMGLE BMUL ? FGJJ. )L @MRF A?QCQ NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW GQ AMLTCPRCB RM ?LMRFCP DMPK. 7MPI GQ BMLC @W ?
DMPAC, @SR QGLAC RFGQ DMPAC GQ AMLQCPT?RGTC, UC A?L UPGRC W = PE .
4FC CJCARPMQR?RGA MP #MSJMK@ DMPAC GQ AMLQCPT?RGTC, UFGAF KC?LQ RF?R RFC UMPI BMLC ML q GQ GLBCNCLBCLR MD RFC N?RF R?ICL. 4FGQ GQ CV?ARJW ?L?JMEMSQ
RM RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC GL RFC ?@QCLAC MD BGQQGN?RGTC DMPACQ QSAF ?Q DPGARGML. 7FCL ? DMPAC GQ AMLQCPT?RGTC, GR GQ NMQQG@JC RM BCDGLC ? NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW
?QQMAG?RCB UGRF RFC DMPAC, ?LB GR GQ SQS?JJW C?QGCP RM BC?J UGRF RFC NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW (@CA?SQC GR BCNCLBQ MLJW ML NMQGRGML) RF?L RM A?JASJ?RC RFC UMPI
BGPCARJW.
7C SQC RFC JCRRCPQ 0% RM BCLMRC CJCARPGA NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW, UFGAF F?Q SLGRQ MD HMSJCQ (*). 4FC AF?LEC GL NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW, PE , GQ APSAG?J, QGLAC RFC
UMPI BMLC @W ? AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPAC GQ RFC LCE?RGTC MD RFC AF?LEC GL NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW; RF?R GQ, W = PE . &MP CV?KNJC, UMPI W BMLC RM ?AACJCP?RC
? NMQGRGTC AF?PEC DPMK PCQR GQ NMQGRGTC ?LB PCQSJRQ DPMK ? JMQQ GL 0%, MP ? LCE?RGTC PE . 4FCPC KSQR @C ? KGLSQ QGEL GL DPMLR MD PE RM K?IC W
NMQGRGTC. 0% A?L @C DMSLB ?R ?LW NMGLR @W R?IGLE MLC NMGLR ?Q ? PCDCPCLAC ?LB A?JASJ?RGLE RFC UMPI LCCBCB RM KMTC ? AF?PEC RM RFC MRFCP NMGLR.
0MRCLRG?J %LCPEW
W = PE . &MP CV?KNJC, UMPI W BMLC RM ?AACJCP?RC ? NMQGRGTC AF?PEC DPMK PCQR GQ NMQGRGTC ?LB PCQSJRQ DPMK ? JMQQ GL 0%, MP ? LCE?RGTC
PE. 4FCPC KSQR @C ? KGLSQ QGEL GL DPMLR MD PE RM K?IC W NMQGRGTC. 0% A?L @C DMSLB ?R ?LW NMGLR @W R?IGLE MLC NMGLR ?Q ? PCDCPCLAC ?LB
A?JASJ?RGLE RFC UMPI LCCBCB RM KMTC ? AF?PEC RM RFC MRFCP NMGLR.
'P?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW ?LB CJCARPGA NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW ?PC OSGRC ?L?JMEMSQ. 0MRCLRG?J CLCPEW ?AAMSLRQ DMP UMPI BMLC @W ? AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPAC ?LB
EGTCQ ?BBCB GLQGEFR PCE?PBGLE CLCPEW ?LB CLCPEW RP?LQDMPK?RGML UGRFMSR RFC LCACQQGRW MD BC?JGLE UGRF RFC DMPAC BGPCARJW. )R GQ KSAF KMPC AMKKML, DMP
CV?KNJC, RM SQC RFC AMLACNR MD TMJR?EC (PCJ?RCB RM CJCARPGA NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW) RF?L RM BC?J UGRF RFC #MSJMK@ DMPAC BGPCARJW.
#?JASJ?RGLE RFC UMPI BGPCARJW GQ ECLCP?JJW BGDDGASJR, QGLAC W = Fd cos ?LB RFC BGPCARGML ?LB K?ELGRSBC MD F A?L @C AMKNJCV DMP KSJRGNJC AF?PECQ,
DMP MBB-QF?NCB M@HCARQ, ?LB ?JMLE ?P@GRP?PW N?RFQ. "SR UC BM ILMU RF?R, QGLAC F = qE , RFC UMPI, ?LB FCLAC PE , GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC RCQR
AF?PEC q. 4M F?TC ? NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRW RF?R GQ GLBCNCLBCLR MD RCQR AF?PEC, UC BCDGLC ;B;9JH?9 FEJ;DJ?7B V (MP QGKNJW NMRCLRG?J, QGLAC CJCARPGA GQ
SLBCPQRMMB) RM @C RFC NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW NCP SLGR AF?PEC:
(19.1)
V =
PE
q
.
%JCARPGA 0MRCLRG?J
4FGQ GQ RFC CJCARPGA NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW NCP SLGR AF?PEC.
(19.2)
V =
PE
q
3GLAC 0% GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM q , RFC BCNCLBCLAC ML q A?LACJQ. 4FSQ V BMCQ LMR BCNCLB ML q . 4FC AF?LEC GL NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW PE GQ APSAG?J,
?LB QM UC ?PC AMLACPLCB UGRF RFC BGDDCPCLAC GL NMRCLRG?J MP NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC V @CRUCCL RUM NMGLRQ, UFCPC
(19.3)
V = V
B
V
A
=
PE
q
.
4FC FEJ;DJ?7B :?<<;H;D9; @CRUCCL NMGLRQ ! ?LB ", V
B
V
A
, GQ RFSQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC AF?LEC GL NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW MD ? AF?PEC q KMTCB DPMK ! RM
", BGTGBCB @W RFC AF?PEC. 5LGRQ MD NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC ?PC HMSJCQ NCP AMSJMK@, EGTCL RFC L?KC TMJR (6) ?DRCP !JCQQ?LBPM 6MJR?.
(19.4)
1 V = 1
J
C
664 #(!04%2 19 Y %,%#42)# 0/4%.4)!, !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
0MRCLRG?J $GDDCPCLAC
4FC NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL NMGLRQ ! ?LB ", V
B
- V
A
, GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC AF?LEC GL NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW MD ? AF?PEC q KMTCB DPMK ! RM ",
BGTGBCB @W RFC AF?PEC. 5LGRQ MD NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC ?PC HMSJCQ NCP AMSJMK@, EGTCL RFC L?KC TMJR (6) ?DRCP !JCQQ?LBPM 6MJR?.
(19.5)
1 V = 1
J
C
4FC D?KGJG?P RCPK LEBJ7=; GQ RFC AMKKML L?KC DMP NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC. +CCN GL KGLB RF?R UFCLCTCP ? TMJR?EC GQ OSMRCB, GR GQ SLBCPQRMMB RM @C RFC
NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL RUM NMGLRQ. &MP CV?KNJC, CTCPW @?RRCPW F?Q RUM RCPKGL?JQ, ?LB GRQ TMJR?EC GQ RFC NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL RFCK. -MPC
DSLB?KCLR?JJW, RFC NMGLR WMS AFMMQC RM @C XCPM TMJRQ GQ ?P@GRP?PW. 4FGQ GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM RFC D?AR RF?R EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW F?Q ?L ?P@GRP?PW XCPM,
QSAF ?Q QC? JCTCJ MP NCPF?NQ ? JCARSPC F?JJ DJMMP.
)L QSKK?PW, RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC (MP TMJR?EC) ?LB CJCARPGA?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW GQ EGTCL @W
(19.6)
V =
PE
q
and PE = qV.
0MRCLRG?J $GDDCPCLAC ?LB %JCARPGA?J 0MRCLRG?J %LCPEW
4FC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC (MP TMJR?EC) ?LB CJCARPGA?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW GQ EGTCL @W
(19.7)
V =
PE
q
and PE = qV.
4FC QCAMLB COS?RGML GQ COSGT?JCLR RM RFC DGPQR.
6MJR?EC GQ LMR RFC Q?KC ?Q CLCPEW. 6MJR?EC GQ RFC CLCPEW NCP SLGR AF?PEC. 4FSQ ? KMRMPAWAJC @?RRCPW ?LB ? A?P @?RRCPW A?L @MRF F?TC RFC Q?KC
TMJR?EC (KMPC NPCAGQCJW, RFC Q?KC NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL @?RRCPW RCPKGL?JQ), WCR MLC QRMPCQ KSAF KMPC CLCPEW RF?L RFC MRFCP QGLAC
PE = qV . 4FC A?P @?RRCPW A?L KMTC KMPC AF?PEC RF?L RFC KMRMPAWAJC @?RRCPW, ?JRFMSEF @MRF ?PC 12 6 @?RRCPGCQ.
EN7CFB; 19.1 C7B9KB7J?D= ED;H=O
3SNNMQC WMS F?TC ? 12.0 6 KMRMPAWAJC @?RRCPW RF?R A?L KMTC 5000 # MD AF?PEC, ?LB ? 12.0 6 A?P @?RRCPW RF?R A?L KMTC 60,000 # MD AF?PEC.
(MU KSAF CLCPEW BMCQ C?AF BCJGTCP? (!QQSKC RF?R RFC LSKCPGA?J T?JSC MD C?AF AF?PEC GQ ?AASP?RC RM RFPCC QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ.)
,JH7J;=O
4M Q?W UC F?TC ? 12.0 6 @?RRCPW KC?LQ RF?R GRQ RCPKGL?JQ F?TC ? 12.0 6 NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC. 7FCL QSAF ? @?RRCPW KMTCQ AF?PEC, GR NSRQ RFC
AF?PEC RFPMSEF ? NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC MD 12.0 6, ?LB RFC AF?PEC GQ EGTCL ? AF?LEC GL NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW COS?J RM PE = qV .
3M RM DGLB RFC CLCPEW MSRNSR, UC KSJRGNJW RFC AF?PEC KMTCB @W RFC NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC.
,EBKJ?ED
&MP RFC KMRMPAWAJC @?RRCPW, q = 5000 C ?LB V = 12.0 V. 4FC RMR?J CLCPEW BCJGTCPCB @W RFC KMRMPAWAJC @?RRCPW GQ
(19.8)
PE
cycle
= (5000 C)(12.0 V)
= (5000 C)(12.0 J/C)
= 6.0010
4
J.
3GKGJ?PJW, DMP RFC A?P @?RRCPW, q = 60,000 C ?LB
(19.9)
PE
car
= (60,000 C)(12.0 V)
= 7.2010
5
J.
D?I9KII?ED
7FGJC TMJR?EC ?LB CLCPEW ?PC PCJ?RCB, RFCW ?PC LMR RFC Q?KC RFGLE. 4FC TMJR?ECQ MD RFC @?RRCPGCQ ?PC GBCLRGA?J, @SR RFC CLCPEW QSNNJGCB @W C?AF GQ
OSGRC BGDDCPCLR. .MRC ?JQM RF?R ?Q ? @?RRCPW GQ BGQAF?PECB, QMKC MD GRQ CLCPEW GQ SQCB GLRCPL?JJW ?LB GRQ RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC BPMNQ, QSAF ?Q UFCL
FC?BJGEFRQ BGK @CA?SQC MD ? JMU A?P @?RRCPW. 4FC CLCPEW QSNNJGCB @W RFC @?RRCPW GQ QRGJJ A?JASJ?RCB ?Q GL RFGQ CV?KNJC, @SR LMR ?JJ MD RFC CLCPEW GQ
?T?GJ?@JC DMP CVRCPL?J SQC.
.MRC RF?R RFC CLCPEGCQ A?JASJ?RCB GL RFC NPCTGMSQ CV?KNJC ?PC ?@QMJSRC T?JSCQ. 4FC AF?LEC GL NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW DMP RFC @?RRCPW GQ LCE?RGTC, QGLAC GR
JMQCQ CLCPEW. 4FCQC @?RRCPGCQ, JGIC K?LW CJCARPGA?J QWQRCKQ, ?ARS?JJW KMTC LCE?RGTC AF?PECrCJCARPMLQ GL N?PRGASJ?P. 4FC @?RRCPGCQ PCNCJ CJCARPMLQ DPMK
RFCGP LCE?RGTC RCPKGL?JQ (!) RFPMSEF UF?RCTCP AGPASGRPW GQ GLTMJTCB ?LB ?RRP?AR RFCK RM RFCGP NMQGRGTC RCPKGL?JQ (") ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 19.3. 4FC AF?LEC
GL NMRCLRG?J GQ V = V
B
V
A
= +12 V ?LB RFC AF?PEC q GQ LCE?RGTC, QM RF?R PE = qV GQ LCE?RGTC, KC?LGLE RFC NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW MD RFC
@?RRCPW F?Q BCAPC?QCB UFCL q F?Q KMTCB DPMK ! RM ".
#(!04%2 19 Y %,%#42)# 0/4%.4)!, !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$ 665
F?=KH; 19.3 ! @?RRCPW KMTCQ LCE?RGTC AF?PEC DPMK GRQ LCE?RGTC RCPKGL?J RFPMSEF ? FC?BJGEFR RM GRQ NMQGRGTC RCPKGL?J. !NNPMNPG?RC AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD AFCKGA?JQ GL RFC @?RRCPW
QCN?P?RC AF?PECQ QM RF?R RFC LCE?RGTC RCPKGL?J F?Q ?L CVACQQ MD LCE?RGTC AF?PEC, UFGAF GQ PCNCJJCB @W GR ?LB ?RRP?ARCB RM RFC CVACQQ NMQGRGTC AF?PEC ML RFC MRFCP RCPKGL?J. )L
RCPKQ MD NMRCLRG?J, RFC NMQGRGTC RCPKGL?J GQ ?R ? FGEFCP TMJR?EC RF?L RFC LCE?RGTC. )LQGBC RFC @?RRCPW, @MRF NMQGRGTC ?LB LCE?RGTC AF?PECQ KMTC.
EN7CFB; 19.2 !EM &7DO EB;9JHEDI &EL; J>HEK=> 7 !;7:B?=>J E79> ,;9ED:?
7FCL ? 12.0 6 A?P @?RRCPW PSLQ ? QGLEJC 30.0 7 FC?BJGEFR, FMU K?LW CJCARPMLQ N?QQ RFPMSEF GR C?AF QCAMLB?
,JH7J;=O
4M DGLB RFC LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ, UC KSQR DGPQR DGLB RFC AF?PEC RF?R KMTCB GL 1.00 Q. 4FC AF?PEC KMTCB GQ PCJ?RCB RM TMJR?EC ?LB CLCPEW RFPMSEF
RFC COS?RGML PE = qV . ! 30.0 7 J?KN SQCQ 30.0 HMSJCQ NCP QCAMLB. 3GLAC RFC @?RRCPW JMQCQ CLCPEW, UC F?TC PE = 30.0 J ?LB, QGLAC
RFC CJCARPMLQ ?PC EMGLE DPMK RFC LCE?RGTC RCPKGL?J RM RFC NMQGRGTC, UC QCC RF?R V = +12.0 V.
,EBKJ?ED
4M DGLB RFC AF?PEC q KMTCB, UC QMJTC RFC COS?RGML PE = qV :
(19.10)
q =
PE
V
.
%LRCPGLE RFC T?JSCQ DMP PE ?LB V , UC ECR
(19.11)
q =
30.0 J
+12.0 V
=
30.0 J
+12.0 J/C
= 2.50 C.
4FC LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ n
e
GQ RFC RMR?J AF?PEC BGTGBCB @W RFC AF?PEC NCP CJCARPML. 4F?R GQ,
(19.12)
n
e
=
2.50 C
1.6010
19
C/e
= 1.5610
19
electrons.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ GQ ? TCPW J?PEC LSK@CP. )R GQ LM UMLBCP RF?R UC BM LMR MPBGL?PGJW M@QCPTC GLBGTGBS?J CJCARPMLQ UGRF QM K?LW @CGLE NPCQCLR GL MPBGL?PW
QWQRCKQ. )L D?AR, CJCARPGAGRW F?B @CCL GL SQC DMP K?LW BCA?BCQ @CDMPC GR U?Q BCRCPKGLCB RF?R RFC KMTGLE AF?PECQ GL K?LW AGPASKQR?LACQ UCPC
LCE?RGTC. 0MQGRGTC AF?PEC KMTGLE GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML MD LCE?RGTC AF?PEC MDRCL NPMBSACQ GBCLRGA?J CDDCARQ; RFGQ K?ICQ GR BGDDGASJR RM BCRCPKGLC
UFGAF GQ KMTGLE MP UFCRFCP @MRF ?PC KMTGLE.
4FC %JCARPML 6MJR
4FC CLCPEW NCP CJCARPML GQ TCPW QK?JJ GL K?APMQAMNGA QGRS?RGMLQ JGIC RF?R GL RFC NPCTGMSQ CV?KNJCr? RGLW DP?ARGML MD ? HMSJC. "SR ML ? QS@KGAPMQAMNGA
QA?JC, QSAF CLCPEW NCP N?PRGAJC (CJCARPML, NPMRML, MP GML) A?L @C MD EPC?R GKNMPR?LAC. &MP CV?KNJC, CTCL ? RGLW DP?ARGML MD ? HMSJC A?L @C EPC?R CLMSEF
DMP RFCQC N?PRGAJCQ RM BCQRPMW MPE?LGA KMJCASJCQ ?LB F?PK JGTGLE RGQQSC. 4FC N?PRGAJC K?W BM GRQ B?K?EC @W BGPCAR AMJJGQGML, MP GR K?W APC?RC F?PKDSJ V
P?WQ, UFGAF A?L ?JQM GLDJGAR B?K?EC. )R GQ SQCDSJ RM F?TC ?L CLCPEW SLGR PCJ?RCB RM QS@KGAPMQAMNGA CDDCARQ. F?=KH; 19.4 QFMUQ ? QGRS?RGML PCJ?RCB RM RFC
BCDGLGRGML MD QSAF ?L CLCPEW SLGR. !L CJCARPML GQ ?AACJCP?RCB @CRUCCL RUM AF?PECB KCR?J NJ?RCQ ?Q GR KGEFR @C GL ?L MJB-KMBCJ RCJCTGQGML RS@C MP
MQAGJJMQAMNC. 4FC CJCARPML GQ EGTCL IGLCRGA CLCPEW RF?R GQ J?RCP AMLTCPRCB RM ?LMRFCP DMPKrJGEFR GL RFC RCJCTGQGML RS@C, DMP CV?KNJC. (.MRC RF?R BMULFGJJ
DMP RFC CJCARPML GQ SNFGJJ DMP ? NMQGRGTC AF?PEC.) 3GLAC CLCPEW GQ PCJ?RCB RM TMJR?EC @W PE = qV, UC A?L RFGLI MD RFC HMSJC ?Q ? AMSJMK@-TMJR.
666 #(!04%2 19 Y %,%#42)# 0/4%.4)!, !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
F?=KH; 19.4 ! RWNGA?J CJCARPML ESL ?AACJCP?RCQ CJCARPMLQ SQGLE ? NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL RUM KCR?J NJ?RCQ. 4FC CLCPEW MD RFC CJCARPML GL CJCARPML TMJRQ GQ LSKCPGA?JJW RFC
Q?KC ?Q RFC TMJR?EC @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ. &MP CV?KNJC, ? 5000 6 NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC NPMBSACQ 5000 C6 CJCARPMLQ.
/L RFC QS@KGAPMQAMNGA QA?JC, GR GQ KMPC AMLTCLGCLR RM BCDGLC ?L CLCPEW SLGR A?JJCB RFC ;B;9JHED LEBJ (C6), UFGAF GQ RFC CLCPEW EGTCL RM ? DSLB?KCLR?J
AF?PEC ?AACJCP?RCB RFPMSEF ? NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC MD 1 6. )L COS?RGML DMPK,
(19.13)
1 eV =

1.6010
19
C
(1 V) =

1.6010
19
C
(1 J/C)
= 1.6010
19
J.
%JCARPML 6MJR
/L RFC QS@KGAPMQAMNGA QA?JC, GR GQ KMPC AMLTCLGCLR RM BCDGLC ?L CLCPEW SLGR A?JJCB RFC CJCARPML TMJR (C6), UFGAF GQ RFC CLCPEW EGTCL RM ?
DSLB?KCLR?J AF?PEC ?AACJCP?RCB RFPMSEF ? NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC MD 1 6. )L COS?RGML DMPK,
(19.14)
1 eV =

1.6010
19
C
(1 V) =

1.6010
19
C
(1 J/C)
= 1.6010
19
J.
!L CJCARPML ?AACJCP?RCB RFPMSEF ? NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC MD 1 6 GQ EGTCL ?L CLCPEW MD 1 C6. )R DMJJMUQ RF?R ?L CJCARPML ?AACJCP?RCB RFPMSEF 50 6 GQ EGTCL
50 C6. ! NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC MD 100,000 6 (100 I6) UGJJ EGTC ?L CJCARPML ?L CLCPEW MD 100,000 C6 (100 IC6), ?LB QM ML. 3GKGJ?PJW, ?L GML UGRF ? BMS@JC
NMQGRGTC AF?PEC ?AACJCP?RCB RFPMSEF 100 6 UGJJ @C EGTCL 200 C6 MD CLCPEW. 4FCQC QGKNJC PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ @CRUCCL ?AACJCP?RGLE TMJR?EC ?LB N?PRGAJC
AF?PECQ K?IC RFC CJCARPML TMJR ? QGKNJC ?LB AMLTCLGCLR CLCPEW SLGR GL QSAF AGPASKQR?LACQ.
#MLLCARGMLQ: %LCPEW 5LGRQ
4FC CJCARPML TMJR (C6) GQ RFC KMQR AMKKML CLCPEW SLGR DMP QS@KGAPMQAMNGA NPMACQQCQ. 4FGQ UGJJ @C N?PRGASJ?PJW LMRGAC?@JC GL RFC AF?NRCPQ ML
KMBCPL NFWQGAQ. %LCPEW GQ QM GKNMPR?LR RM QM K?LW QS@HCARQ RF?R RFCPC GQ ? RCLBCLAW RM BCDGLC ? QNCAG?J CLCPEW SLGR DMP C?AF K?HMP RMNGA. 4FCPC
?PC, DMP CV?KNJC, A?JMPGCQ DMP DMMB CLCPEW, IGJMU?RR-FMSPQ DMP CJCARPGA?J CLCPEW, ?LB RFCPKQ DMP L?RSP?J E?Q CLCPEW.
4FC CJCARPML TMJR GQ AMKKMLJW CKNJMWCB GL QS@KGAPMQAMNGA NPMACQQCQrAFCKGA?J T?JCLAC CLCPEGCQ ?LB KMJCASJ?P ?LB LSAJC?P @GLBGLE CLCPEGCQ ?PC
?KMLE RFC OS?LRGRGCQ MDRCL CVNPCQQCB GL CJCARPML TMJRQ. &MP CV?KNJC, ?@MSR 5 C6 MD CLCPEW GQ PCOSGPCB RM @PC?I SN ACPR?GL MPE?LGA KMJCASJCQ. )D ?
NPMRML GQ ?AACJCP?RCB DPMK PCQR RFPMSEF ? NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC MD 30 I6, GR GQ EGTCL ?L CLCPEW MD 30 IC6 (30,000 C6) ?LB GR A?L @PC?I SN ?Q K?LW ?Q
6000 MD RFCQC KMJCASJCQ ( 30,000 eV 5 eV per molecule = 6000 molecules ). .SAJC?P BCA?W CLCPEGCQ ?PC ML RFC MPBCP MD 1 -C6 (1,000,000
C6) NCP CTCLR ?LB A?L, RFSQ, NPMBSAC QGELGDGA?LR @GMJMEGA?J B?K?EC.
#MLQCPT?RGML MD %LCPEW
4FC RMR?J CLCPEW MD ? QWQRCK GQ AMLQCPTCB GD RFCPC GQ LM LCR ?BBGRGML (MP QS@RP?ARGML) MD UMPI MP FC?R RP?LQDCP. &MP AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ, QSAF ?Q RFC
CJCARPMQR?RGA DMPAC, AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW QR?RCQ RF?R KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW GQ ? AMLQR?LR.
&;9>7D?97B ;D;H=O GQ RFC QSK MD RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?LB NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW MD ? QWQRCK; RF?R GQ, KE + PE = constant . ! JMQQ MD 0% MD ? AF?PECB
N?PRGAJC @CAMKCQ ?L GLAPC?QC GL GRQ +%. (CPC 0% GQ RFC CJCARPGA NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW. #MLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW GQ QR?RCB GL COS?RGML DMPK ?Q
(19.15) KE + PE = constant
MP
(19.16) KE
i
+ PE
i
= KE
f
+ PE
f
,
#(!04%2 19 Y %,%#42)# 0/4%.4)!, !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$ 667
UFCPC G ?LB D QR?LB DMP GLGRG?J ?LB DGL?J AMLBGRGMLQ. !Q UC F?TC DMSLB K?LW RGKCQ @CDMPC, AMLQGBCPGLE CLCPEW A?L EGTC SQ GLQGEFRQ ?LB D?AGJGR?RC NPM@JCK
QMJTGLE.
EN7CFB; 19.3 EB;9JH?97B )EJ;DJ?7B ED;H=O CEDL;HJ;: JE $?D;J?9 ED;H=O
#?JASJ?RC RFC DGL?J QNCCB MD ? DPCC CJCARPML ?AACJCP?RCB DPMK PCQR RFPMSEF ? NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC MD 100 6. (!QQSKC RF?R RFGQ LSKCPGA?J T?JSC GQ
?AASP?RC RM RFPCC QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ.)
,JH7J;=O
7C F?TC ? QWQRCK UGRF MLJW AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ. !QQSKGLE RFC CJCARPML GQ ?AACJCP?RCB GL ? T?ASSK, ?LB LCEJCARGLE RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC (UC
UGJJ AFCAI ML RFGQ ?QQSKNRGML J?RCP), ?JJ MD RFC CJCARPGA?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW GQ AMLTCPRCB GLRM IGLCRGA CLCPEW. 7C A?L GBCLRGDW RFC GLGRG?J ?LB DGL?J DMPKQ
MD CLCPEW RM @C KE
i
= 0, KE
f
= mv
2
, PE
i
= qV, and PE
f
= 0.
,EBKJ?ED
#MLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW QR?RCQ RF?R
(19.17) KE
i
+ PE
i
= KE
f
+ PE
f
.
%LRCPGLE RFC DMPKQ GBCLRGDGCB ?@MTC, UC M@R?GL
(19.18)
qV =
mv
2
2
.
7C QMJTC RFGQ DMP v :
(19.19)
v =
2qV
m
.
%LRCPGLE T?JSCQ DMP q, V, and m EGTCQ
(19.20)
v =
2
1.6010
19
C
(100 J/C)
9.1110
31
kg
= 5.9310
6
m/s.
D?I9KII?ED
.MRC RF?R @MRF RFC AF?PEC ?LB RFC GLGRG?J TMJR?EC ?PC LCE?RGTC, ?Q GL F?=KH; 19.4. &PMK RFC BGQASQQGMLQ GL EB;9JH?9 C>7H=; 7D: EB;9JH?9 F?;B:, UC
ILMU RF?R CJCARPMQR?RGA DMPACQ ML QK?JJ N?PRGAJCQ ?PC ECLCP?JJW TCPW J?PEC AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC. 4FC J?PEC DGL?J QNCCB AMLDGPKQ
RF?R RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC GQ GLBCCB LCEJGEG@JC FCPC. 4FC J?PEC QNCCB ?JQM GLBGA?RCQ FMU C?QW GR GQ RM ?AACJCP?RC CJCARPMLQ UGRF QK?JJ TMJR?ECQ
@CA?SQC MD RFCGP TCPW QK?JJ K?QQ. 6MJR?ECQ KSAF FGEFCP RF?L RFC 100 6 GL RFGQ NPM@JCK ?PC RWNGA?JJW SQCB GL CJCARPML ESLQ. 4FMQC FGEFCP TMJR?ECQ
NPMBSAC CJCARPML QNCCBQ QM EPC?R RF?R PCJ?RGTGQRGA CDDCARQ KSQR @C R?ICL GLRM ?AAMSLR. 4F?R GQ UFW ? JMU TMJR?EC GQ AMLQGBCPCB (?AASP?RCJW) GL RFGQ
CV?KNJC.
19.2 EB;9JH?9 )EJ;DJ?7B ?D 7 .D?<EHC EB;9JH?9 F?;B:
)L RFC NPCTGMSQ QCARGML, UC CVNJMPCB RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL TMJR?EC ?LB CLCPEW. )L RFGQ QCARGML, UC UGJJ CVNJMPC RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL TMJR?EC ?LB
CJCARPGA DGCJB. &MP CV?KNJC, ? SLGDMPK CJCARPGA DGCJB E GQ NPMBSACB @W NJ?AGLE ? NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC (MP TMJR?EC) V ?APMQQ RUM N?P?JJCJ KCR?J NJ?RCQ,
J?@CJCB ! ?LB ". (3CC F?=KH; 19.5.) %V?KGLGLE RFGQ UGJJ RCJJ SQ UF?R TMJR?EC GQ LCCBCB RM NPMBSAC ? ACPR?GL CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF; GR UGJJ ?JQM PCTC?J ?
KMPC DSLB?KCLR?J PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL CJCARPGA NMRCLRG?J ?LB CJCARPGA DGCJB. &PMK ? NFWQGAGQRtQ NMGLR MD TGCU, CGRFCP V MP E A?L @C SQCB RM BCQAPG@C
?LW AF?PEC BGQRPG@SRGML. V GQ KMQR AJMQCJW RGCB RM CLCPEW, UFCPC?Q E GQ KMQR AJMQCJW PCJ?RCB RM DMPAC. V GQ ? I97B7H OS?LRGRW ?LB F?Q LM
BGPCARGML, UFGJC E GQ ? L;9JEH OS?LRGRW, F?TGLE @MRF K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML. (.MRC RF?R RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF, ? QA?J?P OS?LRGRW,
GQ PCNPCQCLRCB @W E @CJMU.) 4FC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL V ?LB E GQ PCTC?JCB @W A?JASJ?RGLE RFC UMPI BMLC @W RFC DMPAC GL KMTGLE ? AF?PEC DPMK
NMGLR ! RM NMGLR ". "SR, ?Q LMRCB GL EB;9JH?9 )EJ;DJ?7B ED;H=O: )EJ;DJ?7B D?<<;H;D9;, RFGQ GQ AMKNJCV DMP ?P@GRP?PW AF?PEC BGQRPG@SRGMLQ, PCOSGPGLE
A?JASJSQ. 7C RFCPCDMPC JMMI ?R ? SLGDMPK CJCARPGA DGCJB ?Q ?L GLRCPCQRGLE QNCAG?J A?QC.
668 #(!04%2 19 Y %,%#42)# 0/4%.4)!, !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
F?=KH; 19.5 4FC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL V ?LB E DMP N?P?JJCJ AMLBSARGLE NJ?RCQ GQ E = V / d . (.MRC RF?R V = V
AB
GL K?ELGRSBC. &MP ? AF?PEC RF?R GQ KMTCB DPMK
NJ?RC ! ?R FGEFCP NMRCLRG?J RM NJ?RC " ?R JMUCP NMRCLRG?J, ? KGLSQ QGEL LCCBQ RM @C GLAJSBCB ?Q DMJJMUQ: V = V
A
V
B
= V
AB
. 3CC RFC RCVR DMP BCR?GJQ.)
4FC UMPI BMLC @W RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB GL F?=KH; 19.5 RM KMTC ? NMQGRGTC AF?PEC q DPMK !, RFC NMQGRGTC NJ?RC, FGEFCP NMRCLRG?J, RM ", RFC LCE?RGTC NJ?RC,
JMUCP NMRCLRG?J, GQ
(19.21) W = PE = qV.
4FC NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL NMGLRQ ! ?LB " GQ
(19.22) V = (V
B
V
A
) = V
A
V
B
= V
AB
.
%LRCPGLE RFGQ GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP UMPI WGCJBQ
(19.23) W = qV
AB
.
7MPI GQ W = Fd cos ; FCPC cos = 1 , QGLAC RFC N?RF GQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC DGCJB, ?LB QM W = Fd . 3GLAC F = qE , UC QCC RF?R W = qEd .
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFGQ CVNPCQQGML DMP UMPI GLRM RFC NPCTGMSQ COS?RGML EGTCQ
(19.24)
qEd = qV
AB
.
4FC AF?PEC A?LACJQ, ?LB QM RFC TMJR?EC @CRUCCL NMGLRQ ! ?LB " GQ QCCL RM @C
(19.25)
V
AB
= Ed
E =
V
AB
d
(uniform E - feld only),

UFCPC d GQ RFC BGQR?LAC DPMK ! RM ", MP RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ GL F?=KH; 19.5. .MRC RF?R RFC ?@MTC COS?RGML GKNJGCQ RFC SLGRQ DMP CJCARPGA
DGCJB ?PC TMJRQ NCP KCRCP. 7C ?JPC?BW ILMU RFC SLGRQ DMP CJCARPGA DGCJB ?PC LCURMLQ NCP AMSJMK@; RFSQ RFC DMJJMUGLE PCJ?RGML ?KMLE SLGRQ GQ T?JGB:
(19.26) 1 N/ C = 1 V/ m.
6MJR?EC @CRUCCL 0MGLRQ ! ?LB "
(19.27)
V
AB
= Ed
E =
V
AB
d

UFCPC d GQ RFC BGQR?LAC DPMK ! RM ", MP RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ.
EN7CFB; 19.4 0>7J "I J>; !?=>;IJ /EBJ7=; )EII?8B; 8;JM;;D -ME )B7J;I?
$PW ?GP UGJJ QSNNMPR ? K?VGKSK CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF MD ?@MSR 3.010
6
V/m. !@MTC RF?R T?JSC, RFC DGCJB APC?RCQ CLMSEF GMLGX?RGML GL RFC ?GP RM
K?IC RFC ?GP ? AMLBSARMP. 4FGQ ?JJMUQ ? BGQAF?PEC MP QN?PI RF?R PCBSACQ RFC DGCJB. 7F?R, RFCL, GQ RFC K?VGKSK TMJR?EC @CRUCCL RUM N?P?JJCJ
AMLBSARGLE NJ?RCQ QCN?P?RCB @W 2.5 AK MD BPW ?GP?
#(!04%2 19 Y %,%#42)# 0/4%.4)!, !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$ 669
,JH7J;=O
7C ?PC EGTCL RFC K?VGKSK CJCARPGA DGCJB E @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ ?LB RFC BGQR?LAC d @CRUCCL RFCK. 4FC COS?RGML V
AB
= Ed A?L RFSQ @C SQCB
RM A?JASJ?RC RFC K?VGKSK TMJR?EC.
,EBKJ?ED
4FC NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC MP TMJR?EC @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ GQ
(19.28)
V
AB
= Ed.
%LRCPGLE RFC EGTCL T?JSCQ DMP E ?LB d EGTCQ
(19.29)
V
AB
= (3.010
6
V/m)(0.025 m) = 7.510
4
V
MP
(19.30)
V
AB
= 75 kV.
(4FC ?LQUCP GQ OSMRCB RM MLJW RUM BGEGRQ, QGLAC RFC K?VGKSK DGCJB QRPCLERF GQ ?NNPMVGK?RC.)
D?I9KII?ED
/LC MD RFC GKNJGA?RGMLQ MD RFGQ PCQSJR GQ RF?R GR R?ICQ ?@MSR 75 I6 RM K?IC ? QN?PI HSKN ?APMQQ ? 2.5 AK (1 GL.) E?N, MP 150 I6 DMP ? 5 AK QN?PI.
4FGQ JGKGRQ RFC TMJR?ECQ RF?R A?L CVGQR @CRUCCL AMLBSARMPQ, NCPF?NQ ML ? NMUCP RP?LQKGQQGML JGLC. ! QK?JJCP TMJR?EC UGJJ A?SQC ? QN?PI GD RFCPC ?PC
NMGLRQ ML RFC QSPD?AC, QGLAC NMGLRQ APC?RC EPC?RCP DGCJBQ RF?L QKMMRF QSPD?ACQ. (SKGB ?GP @PC?IQ BMUL ?R ? JMUCP DGCJB QRPCLERF, KC?LGLE RF?R ?
QK?JJCP TMJR?EC UGJJ K?IC ? QN?PI HSKN RFPMSEF FSKGB ?GP. 4FC J?PECQR TMJR?ECQ A?L @C @SGJR SN, Q?W UGRF QR?RGA CJCARPGAGRW, ML BPW B?WQ.
F?=KH; 19.6 ! QN?PI AF?K@CP GQ SQCB RM RP?AC RFC N?RFQ MD FGEF-CLCPEW N?PRGAJCQ. )MLGX?RGML APC?RCB @W RFC N?PRGAJCQ ?Q RFCW N?QQ RFPMSEF RFC E?Q @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ ?JJMUQ ?
QN?PI RM HSKN. 4FC QN?PIQ ?PC NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC NJ?RCQ, DMJJMUGLE CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ @CRUCCL RFCK. 4FC NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL ?BH?ACLR NJ?RCQ GQ LMR FGEF CLMSEF RM
A?SQC QN?PIQ UGRFMSR RFC GMLGX?RGML NPMBSACB @W N?PRGAJCQ DPMK ?AACJCP?RMP CVNCPGKCLRQ (MP AMQKGA P?WQ). (APCBGR: $?BCPMR, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
EN7CFB; 19.5 F?;B: 7D: FEH9; ?DI?:; 7D EB;9JHED KD
(?) !L CJCARPML ESL F?Q N?P?JJCJ NJ?RCQ QCN?P?RCB @W 4.00 AK ?LB EGTCQ CJCARPMLQ 25.0 IC6 MD CLCPEW. 7F?R GQ RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF @CRUCCL
RFC NJ?RCQ? (@) 7F?R DMPAC UMSJB RFGQ DGCJB CVCPR ML ? NGCAC MD NJ?QRGA UGRF ? 0.500 C AF?PEC RF?R ECRQ @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ?
,JH7J;=O
3GLAC RFC TMJR?EC ?LB NJ?RC QCN?P?RGML ?PC EGTCL, RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB BGPCARJW DPMK RFC CVNPCQQGML E =
V
AB
d
. /LAC RFC
CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF GQ ILMUL, RFC DMPAC ML ? AF?PEC GQ DMSLB SQGLE F = q E. 3GLAC RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ GL MLJW MLC BGPCARGML, UC A?L UPGRC RFGQ
COS?RGML GL RCPKQ MD RFC K?ELGRSBCQ, F = q E .
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
4FC CVNPCQQGML DMP RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB @CRUCCL RUM SLGDMPK KCR?J NJ?RCQ GQ
(19.31)
E =
V
AB
d
.
3GLAC RFC CJCARPML GQ ? QGLEJC AF?PEC ?LB GQ EGTCL 25.0 IC6 MD CLCPEW, RFC NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC KSQR @C 25.0 I6. %LRCPGLE RFGQ T?JSC DMP V
AB
?LB
RFC NJ?RC QCN?P?RGML MD 0.0400 K, UC M@R?GL
670 #(!04%2 19 Y %,%#42)# 0/4%.4)!, !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
(19.32)
E =
25.0 kV
0.0400 m
= 6.2510
5
V/m.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
4FC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC DMPAC ML ? AF?PEC GL ?L CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ M@R?GLCB DPMK RFC COS?RGML
(19.33) F = qE.
(19.34)
F = (0.50010
6
C)(6.2510
5
V/m) = 0.313 N.
D?I9KII?ED
.MRC RF?R RFC SLGRQ ?PC LCURMLQ, QGLAC 1 V/m = 1 N/C. 4FC DMPAC ML RFC AF?PEC GQ RFC Q?KC LM K?RRCP UFCPC RFC AF?PEC GQ JMA?RCB @CRUCCL
RFC NJ?RCQ. 4FGQ GQ @CA?SQC RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ SLGDMPK @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ.
)L KMPC ECLCP?J QGRS?RGMLQ, PCE?PBJCQQ MD UFCRFCP RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ SLGDMPK, GR NMGLRQ GL RFC BGPCARGML MD BCAPC?QGLE NMRCLRG?J, @CA?SQC RFC DMPAC ML ?
NMQGRGTC AF?PEC GQ GL RFC BGPCARGML MD E ?LB ?JQM GL RFC BGPCARGML MD JMUCP NMRCLRG?J V . &SPRFCPKMPC, RFC K?ELGRSBC MD E COS?JQ RFC P?RC MD BCAPC?QC
MD V UGRF BGQR?LAC. 4FC D?QRCP V BCAPC?QCQ MTCP BGQR?LAC, RFC EPC?RCP RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB. )L COS?RGML DMPK, RFC ECLCP?J PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL TMJR?EC
?LB CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ
(19.35)
E =
V
s
,
UFCPC s GQ RFC BGQR?LAC MTCP UFGAF RFC AF?LEC GL NMRCLRG?J, V , R?ICQ NJ?AC. 4FC KGLSQ QGEL RCJJQ SQ RF?R E NMGLRQ GL RFC BGPCARGML MD BCAPC?QGLE
NMRCLRG?J. 4FC CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ Q?GB RM @C RFC :E47<8AG (?Q GL EP?BC MP QJMNC) MD RFC CJCARPGA NMRCLRG?J.
2CJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL 6MJR?EC ?LB %JCARPGA &GCJB
)L COS?RGML DMPK, RFC ECLCP?J PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL TMJR?EC ?LB CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ
(19.36)
E =
V
s
,
UFCPC s GQ RFC BGQR?LAC MTCP UFGAF RFC AF?LEC GL NMRCLRG?J, V , R?ICQ NJ?AC. 4FC KGLSQ QGEL RCJJQ SQ RF?R E NMGLRQ GL RFC BGPCARGML MD
BCAPC?QGLE NMRCLRG?J. 4FC CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ Q?GB RM @C RFC :E47<8AG (?Q GL EP?BC MP QJMNC) MD RFC CJCARPGA NMRCLRG?J.
&MP AMLRGLS?JJW AF?LEGLE NMRCLRG?JQ, V ?LB s @CAMKC GLDGLGRCQGK?JQ ?LB BGDDCPCLRG?J A?JASJSQ KSQR @C CKNJMWCB RM BCRCPKGLC RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB.
19.3 EB;9JH?97B )EJ;DJ?7B DK; JE 7 )E?DJ C>7H=;
0MGLR AF?PECQ, QSAF ?Q CJCARPMLQ, ?PC ?KMLE RFC DSLB?KCLR?J @SGJBGLE @JMAIQ MD K?RRCP. &SPRFCPKMPC, QNFCPGA?J AF?PEC BGQRPG@SRGMLQ (JGIC ML ? KCR?J
QNFCPC) APC?RC CVRCPL?J CJCARPGA DGCJBQ CV?ARJW JGIC ? NMGLR AF?PEC. 4FC CJCARPGA NMRCLRG?J BSC RM ? NMGLR AF?PEC GQ, RFSQ, ? A?QC UC LCCB RM AMLQGBCP.
5QGLE A?JASJSQ RM DGLB RFC UMPI LCCBCB RM KMTC ? RCQR AF?PEC q DPMK ? J?PEC BGQR?LAC ?U?W RM ? BGQR?LAC MD r DPMK ? NMGLR AF?PEC Q, ?LB LMRGLE
RFC AMLLCARGML @CRUCCL UMPI ?LB NMRCLRG?J

W = qV
, GR A?L @C QFMUL RF?R RFC 8?86GE<6 CBG8AG<4? V B9 4 CB<AG 6;4E:8 GQ

(19.37)
V =
kQ
r
(Point Charge),
UFCPC > GQ ? AMLQR?LR COS?J RM 9.010
9
N m
2
/C
2
.
%JCARPGA 0MRCLRG?J V MD ? 0MGLR #F?PEC
4FC CJCARPGA NMRCLRG?J V MD ? NMGLR AF?PEC GQ EGTCL @W
(19.38)
V =
kQ
r
(Point Charge).
4FC NMRCLRG?J ?R GLDGLGRW GQ AFMQCL RM @C XCPM. 4FSQ V DMP ? NMGLR AF?PEC BCAPC?QCQ UGRF BGQR?LAC, UFCPC?Q E DMP ? NMGLR AF?PEC BCAPC?QCQ UGRF
BGQR?LAC QOS?PCB:
(19.39)
E =
F
q
=
kQ
r
2
.
2CA?JJ RF?R RFC CJCARPGA NMRCLRG?J V GQ ? QA?J?P ?LB F?Q LM BGPCARGML, UFCPC?Q RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB E GQ ? TCARMP. 4M DGLB RFC TMJR?EC BSC RM ? AMK@GL?RGML
MD NMGLR AF?PECQ, WMS ?BB RFC GLBGTGBS?J TMJR?ECQ ?Q LSK@CPQ. 4M DGLB RFC RMR?J CJCARPGA DGCJB, WMS KSQR ?BB RFC GLBGTGBS?J DGCJBQ ?Q I86GBEF, R?IGLE
K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML GLRM ?AAMSLR. 4FGQ GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC D?AR RF?R V GQ AJMQCJW ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF CLCPEW, ? QA?J?P, UFCPC?Q E GQ AJMQCJW
?QQMAG?RCB UGRF DMPAC, ? TCARMP.
#(!04%2 19 Y %,%#42)# 0/4%.4)!, !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$ 671
EN7CFB; 19.6 0>7J /EBJ7=; "I )HE:K9;: 8O 7 ,C7BB C>7H=; ED 7 &;J7B ,F>;H;?
#F?PECQ GL QR?RGA CJCARPGAGRW ?PC RWNGA?JJW GL RFC L?LMAMSJMK@ (nC) RM KGAPMAMSJMK@

C
P?LEC. 7F?R GQ RFC TMJR?EC 5.00 AK ?U?W DPMK RFC

ACLRCP MD ? 1-AK BG?KCRCP KCR?J QNFCPC RF?R F?Q ? 3.00 nC QR?RGA AF?PEC?
,JH7J;=O
!Q UC F?TC BGQASQQCB GL EB;9JH?9 C>7H=; 7D: EB;9JH?9 F?;B:, AF?PEC ML ? KCR?J QNFCPC QNPC?BQ MSR SLGDMPKJW ?LB NPMBSACQ ? DGCJB JGIC RF?R MD ?
NMGLR AF?PEC JMA?RCB ?R GRQ ACLRCP. 4FSQ UC A?L DGLB RFC TMJR?EC SQGLE RFC COS?RGML V = kQ/ r .
,EBKJ?ED
%LRCPGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP RFC NMRCLRG?J MD ? NMGLR AF?PEC, UC M@R?GL
(19.40)
V = k
Q
r
=

8.9910
9
N m
2
/ C
2
3.0010
9
C
5.0010
2
m
= 539 V.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC LCE?RGTC T?JSC DMP TMJR?EC KC?LQ ? NMQGRGTC AF?PEC UMSJB @C ?RRP?ARCB DPMK ? J?PECP BGQR?LAC, QGLAC RFC NMRCLRG?J GQ JMUCP (KMPC LCE?RGTC)
RF?L ?R J?PECP BGQR?LACQ. #MLTCPQCJW, ? LCE?RGTC AF?PEC UMSJB @C PCNCJJCB, ?Q CVNCARCB.
EN7CFB; 19.7 0>7J "I J>; EN9;II C>7H=; ED 7 /7D :; H77<< ;D;H7JEH
! BCKMLQRP?RGML 6?L BC 'P??DD ECLCP?RMP F?Q ? 25.0 AK BG?KCRCP KCR?J QNFCPC RF?R NPMBSACQ ? TMJR?EC MD 100 I6 LC?P GRQ QSPD?AC. (3CC F?=KH;
19.7.) 7F?R CVACQQ AF?PEC PCQGBCQ ML RFC QNFCPC? (!QQSKC RF?R C?AF LSKCPGA?J T?JSC FCPC GQ QFMUL UGRF RFPCC QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ.)
F?=KH; 19.7 4FC TMJR?EC MD RFGQ BCKMLQRP?RGML 6?L BC 'P??DD ECLCP?RMP GQ KC?QSPCB @CRUCCL RFC AF?PECB QNFCPC ?LB EPMSLB. %?PRFtQ NMRCLRG?J GQ R?ICL RM @C XCPM ?Q ?
PCDCPCLAC. 4FC NMRCLRG?J MD RFC AF?PECB AMLBSARGLE QNFCPC GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q RF?R MD ?L COS?J NMGLR AF?PEC ?R GRQ ACLRCP.
,JH7J;=O
4FC NMRCLRG?J ML RFC QSPD?AC UGJJ @C RFC Q?KC ?Q RF?R MD ? NMGLR AF?PEC ?R RFC ACLRCP MD RFC QNFCPC, 12.5 AK ?U?W. (4FC P?BGSQ MD RFC QNFCPC GQ
12.5 AK.) 7C A?L RFSQ BCRCPKGLC RFC CVACQQ AF?PEC SQGLE RFC COS?RGML
(19.41)
V =
kQ
r
.
,EBKJ?ED
3MJTGLE DMP Q ?LB CLRCPGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ EGTCQ
(19.42)
Q =
rV
k
=
(0.125 m)
10010
3
V
8.9910
9
N m
2
/ C
2
= 1.3910
6
C = 1.39 C.
D?I9KII?ED
672 #(!04%2 19 Y %,%#42)# 0/4%.4)!, !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
4FGQ GQ ? PCJ?RGTCJW QK?JJ AF?PEC, @SR GR NPMBSACQ ? P?RFCP J?PEC TMJR?EC. 7C F?TC ?LMRFCP GLBGA?RGML FCPC RF?R GR GQ BGDDGASJR RM QRMPC GQMJ?RCB
AF?PECQ.
4FC TMJR?ECQ GL @MRF MD RFCQC CV?KNJCQ AMSJB @C KC?QSPCB UGRF ? KCRCP RF?R AMKN?PCQ RFC KC?QSPCB NMRCLRG?J UGRF EPMSLB NMRCLRG?J. 'PMSLB
NMRCLRG?J GQ MDRCL R?ICL RM @C XCPM (GLQRC?B MD R?IGLE RFC NMRCLRG?J ?R GLDGLGRW RM @C XCPM). )R GQ RFC NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL RUM NMGLRQ RF?R GQ MD
GKNMPR?LAC, ?LB TCPW MDRCL RFCPC GQ ? R?AGR ?QQSKNRGML RF?R QMKC PCDCPCLAC NMGLR, QSAF ?Q %?PRF MP ? TCPW BGQR?LR NMGLR, GQ ?R XCPM NMRCLRG?J. !Q LMRCB GL
EB;9JH?9 )EJ;DJ?7B ED;H=O: )EJ;DJ?7B D?<<;H;D9;, RFGQ GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM R?IGLE QC? JCTCJ ?Q h = 0 UFCL AMLQGBCPGLE EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW,
PE
g
= mgh .
19.4 EGK?FEJ;DJ?7B %?D;I
7C A?L PCNPCQCLR CJCARPGA NMRCLRG?JQ (TMJR?ECQ) NGARMPG?JJW, HSQR ?Q UC BPCU NGARSPCQ RM GJJSQRP?RC CJCARPGA DGCJBQ. /D AMSPQC, RFC RUM ?PC PCJ?RCB. #MLQGBCP
F?=KH; 19.8, UFGAF QFMUQ ?L GQMJ?RCB NMQGRGTC NMGLR AF?PEC ?LB GRQ CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ. %JCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ P?BG?RC MSR DPMK ? NMQGRGTC AF?PEC ?LB
RCPKGL?RC ML LCE?RGTC AF?PECQ. 7FGJC UC SQC @JSC ?PPMUQ RM PCNPCQCLR RFC K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB, UC SQC EPCCL JGLCQ RM
PCNPCQCLR NJ?ACQ UFCPC RFC CJCARPGA NMRCLRG?J GQ AMLQR?LR. 4FCQC ?PC A?JJCB ;GK?FEJ;DJ?7B B?D;I GL RUM BGKCLQGMLQ, MP 8DH<CBG8AG<4? FHE9468F GL RFPCC
BGKCLQGMLQ. 4FC RCPK 8DH<CBG8AG<4? GQ ?JQM SQCB ?Q ? LMSL, PCDCPPGLE RM ?L COSGNMRCLRG?J JGLC MP QSPD?AC. 4FC NMRCLRG?J DMP ? NMGLR AF?PEC GQ RFC Q?KC
?LWUFCPC ML ?L GK?EGL?PW QNFCPC MD P?BGSQ r QSPPMSLBGLE RFC AF?PEC. 4FGQ GQ RPSC QGLAC RFC NMRCLRG?J DMP ? NMGLR AF?PEC GQ EGTCL @W V = kQ/ r ?LB,
RFSQ, F?Q RFC Q?KC T?JSC ?R ?LW NMGLR RF?R GQ ? EGTCL BGQR?LAC r DPMK RFC AF?PEC. !L COSGNMRCLRG?J QNFCPC GQ ? AGPAJC GL RFC RUM-BGKCLQGML?J TGCU MD
F?=KH; 19.8. 3GLAC RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ NMGLR P?BG?JJW ?U?W DPMK RFC AF?PEC, RFCW ?PC NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC COSGNMRCLRG?J JGLCQ.
F?=KH; 19.8 !L GQMJ?RCB NMGLR AF?PEC Q UGRF GRQ CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ GL @JSC ?LB COSGNMRCLRG?J JGLCQ GL EPCCL. 4FC NMRCLRG?J GQ RFC Q?KC ?JMLE C?AF COSGNMRCLRG?J JGLC, KC?LGLE
RF?R LM UMPI GQ PCOSGPCB RM KMTC ? AF?PEC ?LWUFCPC ?JMLE MLC MD RFMQC JGLCQ. 7MPI GQ LCCBCB RM KMTC ? AF?PEC DPMK MLC COSGNMRCLRG?J JGLC RM ?LMRFCP. %OSGNMRCLRG?J JGLCQ ?PC
NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ GL CTCPW A?QC.
)R GQ GKNMPR?LR RM LMRC RF?R 8DH<CBG8AG<4? ?<A8F 4E8 4?J4LF C8EC8A7<6H?4E GB 8?86GE<6 9<8?7 ?<A8F. .M UMPI GQ PCOSGPCB RM KMTC ? AF?PEC ?JMLE ?L
COSGNMRCLRG?J, QGLAC V = 0 . 4FSQ RFC UMPI GQ
(19.43) W = PE = qV = 0.
7MPI GQ XCPM GD DMPAC GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM KMRGML. &MPAC GQ GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q E, QM RF?R KMRGML ?JMLE ?L COSGNMRCLRG?J KSQR @C NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM
E. -MPC NPCAGQCJW, UMPI GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB @W
(19.44)
W = Fd cos = qEd cos = 0.
.MRC RF?R GL RFC ?@MTC COS?RGML, E ?LB F QWK@MJGXC RFC K?ELGRSBCQ MD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF ?LB DMPAC, PCQNCARGTCJW. .CGRFCP q LMP E LMP d GQ
XCPM, ?LB QM cos KSQR @C 0, KC?LGLE KSQR @C 90 . )L MRFCP UMPBQ, KMRGML ?JMLE ?L COSGNMRCLRG?J GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM E.
/LC MD RFC PSJCQ DMP QR?RGA CJCARPGA DGCJBQ ?LB AMLBSARMPQ GQ RF?R RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB KSQR @C NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC QSPD?AC MD ?LW AMLBSARMP. 4FGQ GKNJGCQ
RF?R ? 6BA7H6GBE <F 4A 8DH<CBG8AG<4? FHE9468 <A FG4G<6 F<GH4G<BAF. 4FCPC A?L @C LM TMJR?EC BGDDCPCLAC ?APMQQ RFC QSPD?AC MD ? AMLBSARMP, MP AF?PECQ UGJJ
DJMU. /LC MD RFC SQCQ MD RFGQ D?AR GQ RF?R ? AMLBSARMP A?L @C DGVCB ?R XCPM TMJRQ @W AMLLCARGLE GR RM RFC C?PRF UGRF ? EMMB AMLBSARMPr? NPMACQQ A?JJCB
=HEKD:?D=. 'PMSLBGLE A?L @C ? SQCDSJ Q?DCRW RMMJ. &MP CV?KNJC, EPMSLBGLE RFC KCR?J A?QC MD ?L CJCARPGA?J ?NNJG?LAC CLQSPCQ RF?R GR GQ ?R XCPM TMJRQ
PCJ?RGTC RM RFC C?PRF.
'PMSLBGLE
! AMLBSARMP A?L @C DGVCB ?R XCPM TMJRQ @W AMLLCARGLE GR RM RFC C?PRF UGRF ? EMMB AMLBSARMPr? NPMACQQ A?JJCB EPMSLBGLE.
"CA?SQC ? AMLBSARMP GQ ?L COSGNMRCLRG?J, GR A?L PCNJ?AC ?LW COSGNMRCLRG?J QSPD?AC. &MP CV?KNJC, GL F?=KH; 19.8 ? AF?PECB QNFCPGA?J AMLBSARMP A?L
PCNJ?AC RFC NMGLR AF?PEC, ?LB RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB ?LB NMRCLRG?J QSPD?ACQ MSRQGBC MD GR UGJJ @C SLAF?LECB, AMLDGPKGLE RFC AMLRCLRGML RF?R ? QNFCPGA?J AF?PEC
BGQRPG@SRGML GQ COSGT?JCLR RM ? NMGLR AF?PEC ?R GRQ ACLRCP.
F?=KH; 19.9 QFMUQ RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB ?LB COSGNMRCLRG?J JGLCQ DMP RUM COS?J ?LB MNNMQGRC AF?PECQ. 'GTCL RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ, RFC COSGNMRCLRG?J JGLCQ
A?L @C BP?UL QGKNJW @W K?IGLE RFCK NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ. #MLTCPQCJW, EGTCL RFC COSGNMRCLRG?J JGLCQ, ?Q GL F?=KH; 19.10(?), RFC
CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ A?L @C BP?UL @W K?IGLE RFCK NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC COSGNMRCLRG?JQ, ?Q GL F?=KH; 19.10(@).
#(!04%2 19 Y %,%#42)# 0/4%.4)!, !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$ 673
F?=KH; 19.9 4FC CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ ?LB COSGNMRCLRG?J JGLCQ DMP RUM COS?J @SR MNNMQGRC AF?PECQ. 4FC COSGNMRCLRG?J JGLCQ A?L @C BP?UL @W K?IGLE RFCK NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC
CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ, GD RFMQC ?PC ILMUL. .MRC RF?R RFC NMRCLRG?J GQ EPC?RCQR (KMQR NMQGRGTC) LC?P RFC NMQGRGTC AF?PEC ?LB JC?QR (KMQR LCE?RGTC) LC?P RFC LCE?RGTC AF?PEC.
F?=KH; 19.10 (?) 4FCQC COSGNMRCLRG?J JGLCQ KGEFR @C KC?QSPCB UGRF ? TMJRKCRCP GL ? J?@MP?RMPW CVNCPGKCLR. (@) 4FC AMPPCQNMLBGLE CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ ?PC DMSLB @W BP?UGLE RFCK
NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC COSGNMRCLRG?JQ. .MRC RF?R RFCQC DGCJBQ ?PC AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RUM COS?J LCE?RGTC AF?PECQ.
/LC MD RFC KMQR GKNMPR?LR A?QCQ GQ RF?R MD RFC D?KGJG?P N?P?JJCJ AMLBSARGLE NJ?RCQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 19.11. "CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ, RFC COSGNMRCLRG?JQ ?PC
CTCLJW QN?ACB ?LB N?P?JJCJ. 4FC Q?KC DGCJB AMSJB @C K?GLR?GLCB @W NJ?AGLE AMLBSARGLE NJ?RCQ ?R RFC COSGNMRCLRG?J JGLCQ ?R RFC NMRCLRG?JQ QFMUL.
F?=KH; 19.11 4FC CJCARPGA DGCJB ?LB COSGNMRCLRG?J JGLCQ @CRUCCL RUM KCR?J NJ?RCQ.
!L GKNMPR?LR ?NNJGA?RGML MD CJCARPGA DGCJBQ ?LB COSGNMRCLRG?J JGLCQ GLTMJTCQ RFC FC?PR. 4FC FC?PR PCJGCQ ML CJCARPGA?J QGEL?JQ RM K?GLR?GL GRQ PFWRFK. 4FC
KMTCKCLR MD CJCARPGA?J QGEL?JQ A?SQCQ RFC AF?K@CPQ MD RFC FC?PR RM AMLRP?AR ?LB PCJ?V. 7FCL ? NCPQML F?Q ? FC?PR ?RR?AI, RFC KMTCKCLR MD RFCQC
CJCARPGA?J QGEL?JQ K?W @C BGQRSP@CB. !L ?PRGDGAG?J N?ACK?ICP ?LB ? BCDG@PGJJ?RMP A?L @C SQCB RM GLGRG?RC RFC PFWRFK MD CJCARPGA?J QGEL?JQ. 4FC COSGNMRCLRG?J
JGLCQ ?PMSLB RFC FC?PR, RFC RFMP?AGA PCEGML, ?LB RFC ?VGQ MD RFC FC?PR ?PC SQCDSJ U?WQ MD KMLGRMPGLE RFC QRPSARSPC ?LB DSLARGMLQ MD RFC FC?PR. !L
CJCARPMA?PBGMEP?K (%#') KC?QSPCQ RFC QK?JJ CJCARPGA QGEL?JQ @CGLE ECLCP?RCB BSPGLE RFC ?ARGTGRW MD RFC FC?PR. -MPC ?@MSR RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL
CJCARPGA DGCJBQ ?LB RFC FC?PR GQ BGQASQQCB GL ED;H=O ,JEH;: ?D C7F79?JEHI.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: #F?PECQ ?LB &GCJBQ
-MTC NMGLR AF?PECQ ?PMSLB ML RFC NJ?WGLE DGCJB ?LB RFCL TGCU RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB, TMJR?ECQ, COSGNMRCLRG?J JGLCQ, ?LB KMPC. )R'Q AMJMPDSJ, GR'Q BWL?KGA,
GR'Q DPCC.
674 #(!04%2 19 Y %,%#42)# 0/4%.4)!, !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
F?=KH; 19.12 C>7H=;I 7D: F?;B:I (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42331/1.3/9>7H=;I-7D:-<?;B:I6;D.@7H)
19.5 C7F79?JEHI 7D: D?;B;9JH?9I
! 97F79?JEH GQ ? BCTGAC SQCB RM QRMPC CJCARPGA AF?PEC. #?N?AGRMPQ F?TC ?NNJGA?RGMLQ P?LEGLE DPMK DGJRCPGLE QR?RGA MSR MD P?BGM PCACNRGML RM CLCPEW
QRMP?EC GL FC?PR BCDG@PGJJ?RMPQ. 4WNGA?JJW, AMKKCPAG?J A?N?AGRMPQ F?TC RUM AMLBSARGLE N?PRQ AJMQC RM MLC ?LMRFCP, @SR LMR RMSAFGLE, QSAF ?Q RFMQC GL
F?=KH; 19.13. (-MQR MD RFC RGKC ?L GLQSJ?RMP GQ SQCB @CRUCCL RFC RUM NJ?RCQ RM NPMTGBC QCN?P?RGMLrQCC RFC BGQASQQGML ML BGCJCARPGAQ @CJMU.) 7FCL
@?RRCPW RCPKGL?JQ ?PC AMLLCARCB RM ?L GLGRG?JJW SLAF?PECB A?N?AGRMP, COS?J ?KMSLRQ MD NMQGRGTC ?LB LCE?RGTC AF?PEC, +Q ?LB Q, ?PC QCN?P?RCB
GLRM GRQ RUM NJ?RCQ. 4FC A?N?AGRMP PCK?GLQ LCSRP?J MTCP?JJ, @SR UC PCDCP RM GR ?Q QRMPGLE ? AF?PEC Q GL RFGQ AGPASKQR?LAC.
#?N?AGRMP
! A?N?AGRMP GQ ? BCTGAC SQCB RM QRMPC CJCARPGA AF?PEC.
F?=KH; 19.13 "MRF A?N?AGRMPQ QFMUL FCPC UCPC GLGRG?JJW SLAF?PECB @CDMPC @CGLE AMLLCARCB RM ? @?RRCPW. 4FCW LMU F?TC QCN?P?RCB AF?PECQ MD +Q ?LB Q ML RFCGP RUM
F?JTCQ. (?) ! N?P?JJCJ NJ?RC A?N?AGRMP. (@) ! PMJJCB A?N?AGRMP UGRF ?L GLQSJ?RGLE K?RCPG?J @CRUCCL GRQ RUM AMLBSARGLE QFCCRQ.
4FC ?KMSLR MD AF?PEC Q ? 64C46<GBE A?L QRMPC BCNCLBQ ML RUM K?HMP D?ARMPQrRFC TMJR?EC ?NNJGCB ?LB RFC A?N?AGRMPtQ NFWQGA?J AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ, QSAF
?Q GRQ QGXC.
4FC !KMSLR MD #F?PEC Q ? #?N?AGRMP #?L 3RMPC
4FC ?KMSLR MD AF?PEC Q ? 64C46<GBE A?L QRMPC BCNCLBQ ML RUM K?HMP D?ARMPQrRFC TMJR?EC ?NNJGCB ?LB RFC A?N?AGRMPtQ NFWQGA?J AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ,
QSAF ?Q GRQ QGXC.
! QWQRCK AMKNMQCB MD RUM GBCLRGA?J, N?P?JJCJ AMLBSARGLE NJ?RCQ QCN?P?RCB @W ? BGQR?LAC, ?Q GL F?=KH; 19.14, GQ A?JJCB ? F7H7BB;B FB7J; 97F79?JEH. )R GQ
C?QW RM QCC RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL RFC TMJR?EC ?LB RFC QRMPCB AF?PEC DMP ? N?P?JJCJ NJ?RC A?N?AGRMP, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 19.14. %?AF CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLC
QR?PRQ ML ?L GLBGTGBS?J NMQGRGTC AF?PEC ?LB CLBQ ML ? LCE?RGTC MLC, QM RF?R RFCPC UGJJ @C KMPC DGCJB JGLCQ GD RFCPC GQ KMPC AF?PEC. ($P?UGLE ? QGLEJC DGCJB
JGLC NCP AF?PEC GQ ? AMLTCLGCLAC, MLJW. 7C A?L BP?U K?LW DGCJB JGLCQ DMP C?AF AF?PEC, @SR RFC RMR?J LSK@CP GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC LSK@CP MD AF?PECQ.)
4FC CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF GQ, RFSQ, BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM Q.
#(!04%2 19 Y %,%#42)# 0/4%.4)!, !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$ 675
F?=KH; 19.14 %JCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ GL RFGQ N?P?JJCJ NJ?RC A?N?AGRMP, ?Q ?JU?WQ, QR?PR ML NMQGRGTC AF?PECQ ?LB CLB ML LCE?RGTC AF?PECQ. 3GLAC RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF GQ NPMNMPRGML?J
RM RFC BCLQGRW MD DGCJB JGLCQ, GR GQ ?JQM NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC ?KMSLR MD AF?PEC ML RFC A?N?AGRMP.
4FC DGCJB GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC AF?PEC:
(19.45) E Q,
UFCPC RFC QWK@MJ KC?LQ uNPMNMPRGML?J RM.v &PMK RFC BGQASQQGML GL EB;9JH?9 )EJ;DJ?7B ?D 7 .D?<EHC EB;9JH?9 F?;B:, UC ILMU RF?R RFC TMJR?EC
?APMQQ N?P?JJCJ NJ?RCQ GQ V = Ed . 4FSQ,
(19.46) V E.
)R DMJJMUQ, RFCL, RF?R V Q, ?LB AMLTCPQCJW,
(19.47) Q V.
4FGQ GQ RPSC GL ECLCP?J: 4FC EPC?RCP RFC TMJR?EC ?NNJGCB RM ?LW A?N?AGRMP, RFC EPC?RCP RFC AF?PEC QRMPCB GL GR.
$GDDCPCLR A?N?AGRMPQ UGJJ QRMPC BGDDCPCLR ?KMSLRQ MD AF?PEC DMP RFC Q?KC ?NNJGCB TMJR?EC, BCNCLBGLE ML RFCGP NFWQGA?J AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ. 7C BCDGLC RFCGP
97F79?J7D9; C RM @C QSAF RF?R RFC AF?PEC Q QRMPCB GL ? A?N?AGRMP GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM C . 4FC AF?PEC QRMPCB GL ? A?N?AGRMP GQ EGTCL @W
(19.48) Q = CV.
4FGQ COS?RGML CVNPCQQCQ RFC RUM K?HMP D?ARMPQ ?DDCARGLE RFC ?KMSLR MD AF?PEC QRMPCB. 4FMQC D?ARMPQ ?PC RFC NFWQGA?J AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD RFC A?N?AGRMP,
C , ?LB RFC TMJR?EC, V . 2C?PP?LEGLE RFC COS?RGML, UC QCC RF?R 64C46<G4A68 C <F G;8 4@BHAG B9 6;4E:8 FGBE87 C8E IB?G, MP
(19.49)
C =
Q
V
.
#?N?AGR?LAC
#?N?AGR?LAC C GQ RFC ?KMSLR MD AF?PEC QRMPCB NCP TMJR, MP
(19.50)
C =
Q
V
.
4FC SLGR MD A?N?AGR?LAC GQ RFC D?P?B (&), L?KCB DMP -GAF?CJ &?P?B?W (1791q1867), ?L %LEJGQF QAGCLRGQR UFM AMLRPG@SRCB RM RFC DGCJBQ MD
CJCARPMK?ELCRGQK ?LB CJCARPMAFCKGQRPW. 3GLAC A?N?AGR?LAC GQ AF?PEC NCP SLGR TMJR?EC, UC QCC RF?R ? D?P?B GQ ? AMSJMK@ NCP TMJR, MP
(19.51)
1 F =
1 C
1 V
.
! 1-D?P?B A?N?AGRMP UMSJB @C ?@JC RM QRMPC 1 AMSJMK@ (? TCPW J?PEC ?KMSLR MD AF?PEC) UGRF RFC ?NNJGA?RGML MD MLJW 1 TMJR. /LC D?P?B GQ, RFSQ, ? TCPW
J?PEC A?N?AGR?LAC. 4WNGA?J A?N?AGRMPQ P?LEC DPMK DP?ARGMLQ MD ? NGAMD?P?B

1 pF = 10
12
F
RM KGJJGD?P?BQ

1 mF = 10
3
F
.
676 #(!04%2 19 Y %,%#42)# 0/4%.4)!, !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
F?=KH; 19.15 QFMUQ QMKC AMKKML A?N?AGRMPQ. #?N?AGRMPQ ?PC NPGK?PGJW K?BC MD ACP?KGA, EJ?QQ, MP NJ?QRGA, BCNCLBGLE SNML NSPNMQC ?LB QGXC.
)LQSJ?RGLE K?RCPG?JQ, A?JJCB BGCJCARPGAQ, ?PC AMKKMLJW SQCB GL RFCGP AMLQRPSARGML, ?Q BGQASQQCB @CJMU.
F?=KH; 19.15 3MKC RWNGA?J A?N?AGRMPQ. 3GXC ?LB T?JSC MD A?N?AGR?LAC ?PC LMR LCACQQ?PGJW PCJ?RCB. (APCBGR: 7GLBCJJ /QI?W)
0?P?JJCJ 0J?RC #?N?AGRMP
4FC N?P?JJCJ NJ?RC A?N?AGRMP QFMUL GL F?=KH; 19.16 F?Q RUM GBCLRGA?J AMLBSARGLE NJ?RCQ, C?AF F?TGLE ? QSPD?AC ?PC? A , QCN?P?RCB @W ? BGQR?LAC d
(UGRF LM K?RCPG?J @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ). 7FCL ? TMJR?EC V GQ ?NNJGCB RM RFC A?N?AGRMP, GR QRMPCQ ? AF?PEC Q, ?Q QFMUL. 7C A?L QCC FMU GRQ
A?N?AGR?LAC BCNCLBQ ML A ?LB d @W AMLQGBCPGLE RFC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD RFC #MSJMK@ DMPAC. 7C ILMU RF?R JGIC AF?PECQ PCNCJ, SLJGIC AF?PECQ ?RRP?AR,
?LB RFC DMPAC @CRUCCL AF?PECQ BCAPC?QCQ UGRF BGQR?LAC. 3M GR QCCKQ OSGRC PC?QML?@JC RF?R RFC @GEECP RFC NJ?RCQ ?PC, RFC KMPC AF?PEC RFCW A?L
QRMPCr@CA?SQC RFC AF?PECQ A?L QNPC?B MSR KMPC. 4FSQ C QFMSJB @C EPC?RCP DMP J?PECP A . 3GKGJ?PJW, RFC AJMQCP RFC NJ?RCQ ?PC RMECRFCP, RFC EPC?RCP
RFC ?RRP?ARGML MD RFC MNNMQGRC AF?PECQ ML RFCK. 3M C QFMSJB @C EPC?RCP DMP QK?JJCP d .
F?=KH; 19.16 0?P?JJCJ NJ?RC A?N?AGRMP UGRF NJ?RCQ QCN?P?RCB @W ? BGQR?LAC d . %?AF NJ?RC F?Q ?L ?PC? A .
)R A?L @C QFMUL RF?R DMP ? N?P?JJCJ NJ?RC A?N?AGRMP RFCPC ?PC MLJW RUM D?ARMPQ ( A ?LB d ) RF?R ?DDCAR GRQ A?N?AGR?LAC C . 4FC A?N?AGR?LAC MD ? N?P?JJCJ
NJ?RC A?N?AGRMP GL COS?RGML DMPK GQ EGTCL @W
(19.52)
C =
0
A
d
.
#?N?AGR?LAC MD ? 0?P?JJCJ 0J?RC #?N?AGRMP
(19.53)
C =
0
A
d
A GQ RFC ?PC? MD MLC NJ?RC GL QOS?PC KCRCPQ, ?LB d GQ RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ GL KCRCPQ. 4FC AMLQR?LR
0
GQ RFC NCPKGRRGTGRW MD DPCC QN?AC;
GRQ LSKCPGA?J T?JSC GL 3) SLGRQ GQ
0
= 8.8510
12
F/m. 4FC SLGRQ MD &/K ?PC COSGT?JCLR RM C
2
/N m
2
. 4FC QK?JJ LSKCPGA?J T?JSC MD
0
GQ
PCJ?RCB RM RFC J?PEC QGXC MD RFC D?P?B. ! N?P?JJCJ NJ?RC A?N?AGRMP KSQR F?TC ? J?PEC ?PC? RM F?TC ? A?N?AGR?LAC ?NNPM?AFGLE ? D?P?B. (.MRC RF?R RFC
?@MTC COS?RGML GQ T?JGB UFCL RFC N?P?JJCJ NJ?RCQ ?PC QCN?P?RCB @W ?GP MP DPCC QN?AC. 7FCL ?LMRFCP K?RCPG?J GQ NJ?ACB @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ, RFC COS?RGML
GQ KMBGDGCB, ?Q BGQASQQCB @CJMU.)
#(!04%2 19 Y %,%#42)# 0/4%.4)!, !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$ 677
EN7CFB; 19.8 C7F79?J7D9; 7D: C>7H=; ,JEH;: ?D 7 )7H7BB;B )B7J; C7F79?JEH
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC A?N?AGR?LAC MD ? N?P?JJCJ NJ?RC A?N?AGRMP UGRF KCR?J NJ?RCQ, C?AF MD ?PC? 1.00 m
2
, QCN?P?RCB @W 1.00 KK? (@) 7F?R AF?PEC GQ
QRMPCB GL RFGQ A?N?AGRMP GD ? TMJR?EC MD 3.0010
3
V GQ ?NNJGCB RM GR?
,JH7J;=O
&GLBGLE RFC A?N?AGR?LAC C GQ ? QRP?GEFRDMPU?PB ?NNJGA?RGML MD RFC COS?RGML C =
0
A/ d . /LAC C GQ DMSLB, RFC AF?PEC QRMPCB A?L @C DMSLB
SQGLE RFC COS?RGML Q = CV .
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
%LRCPGLE RFC EGTCL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC COS?RGML DMP RFC A?N?AGR?LAC MD ? N?P?JJCJ NJ?RC A?N?AGRMP WGCJBQ
(19.54)
C =
0
A
d
=

8.8510
12 F
m
1.00 m
2
1.0010
3
m
= 8.8510
9
F = 8.85 nF.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (7)
4FGQ QK?JJ T?JSC DMP RFC A?N?AGR?LAC GLBGA?RCQ FMU BGDDGASJR GR GQ RM K?IC ? BCTGAC UGRF ? J?PEC A?N?AGR?LAC. 3NCAG?J RCAFLGOSCQ FCJN, QSAF ?Q SQGLE
TCPW J?PEC ?PC? RFGL DMGJQ NJ?ACB AJMQC RMECRFCP.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
4FC AF?PEC QRMPCB GL ?LW A?N?AGRMP GQ EGTCL @W RFC COS?RGML Q = CV . %LRCPGLE RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFGQ COS?RGML EGTCQ
(19.55)
Q = CV =

8.8510
9
F
3.0010
3
V
= 26.6 C.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (8)
4FGQ AF?PEC GQ MLJW QJGEFRJW EPC?RCP RF?L RFMQC DMSLB GL RWNGA?J QR?RGA CJCARPGAGRW. 3GLAC ?GP @PC?IQ BMUL ?R ?@MSR 3.0010
6
V/m, KMPC AF?PEC
A?LLMR @C QRMPCB ML RFGQ A?N?AGRMP @W GLAPC?QGLE RFC TMJR?EC.
!LMRFCP GLRCPCQRGLE @GMJMEGA?J CV?KNJC BC?JGLE UGRF CJCARPGA NMRCLRG?J GQ DMSLB GL RFC ACJJtQ NJ?QK? KCK@P?LC. 4FC KCK@P?LC QCRQ ? ACJJ MDD DPMK GRQ
QSPPMSLBGLEQ ?LB ?JQM ?JJMUQ GMLQ RM QCJCARGTCJW N?QQ GL ?LB MSR MD RFC ACJJ. 4FCPC GQ ? NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC ?APMQQ RFC KCK@P?LC MD ?@MSR 70 mV.
4FGQ GQ BSC RM RFC K?GLJW LCE?RGTCJW AF?PECB GMLQ GL RFC ACJJ ?LB RFC NPCBMKGL?LAC MD NMQGRGTCJW AF?PECB QMBGSK ( Na
+
) GMLQ MSRQGBC. 4FGLEQ AF?LEC
UFCL ? LCPTC ACJJ GQ QRGKSJ?RCB. Na
+
GMLQ ?PC ?JJMUCB RM N?QQ RFPMSEF RFC KCK@P?LC GLRM RFC ACJJ, NPMBSAGLE ? NMQGRGTC KCK@P?LC NMRCLRG?JrRFC
LCPTC QGEL?J. 4FC ACJJ KCK@P?LC GQ ?@MSR 7 RM 10 LK RFGAI. !L ?NNPMVGK?RC T?JSC MD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB ?APMQQ GR GQ EGTCL @W
(19.56)
E =
V
d
=
7010
3
V
810
9
m
= 910
6
V/m.
4FGQ CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ CLMSEF RM A?SQC ? @PC?IBMUL GL ?GP.
$GCJCARPGA
4FC NPCTGMSQ CV?KNJC FGEFJGEFRQ RFC BGDDGASJRW MD QRMPGLE ? J?PEC ?KMSLR MD AF?PEC GL A?N?AGRMPQ. )D d GQ K?BC QK?JJCP RM NPMBSAC ? J?PECP A?N?AGR?LAC,
RFCL RFC K?VGKSK TMJR?EC KSQR @C PCBSACB NPMNMPRGML?JJW RM ?TMGB @PC?IBMUL (QGLAC E = V / d ). !L GKNMPR?LR QMJSRGML RM RFGQ BGDDGASJRW GQ RM NSR ?L
GLQSJ?RGLE K?RCPG?J, A?JJCB ? :?;B;9JH?9, @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ MD ? A?N?AGRMP ?LB ?JJMU d RM @C ?Q QK?JJ ?Q NMQQG@JC. .MR MLJW BMCQ RFC QK?JJCP d K?IC
RFC A?N?AGR?LAC EPC?RCP, @SR K?LW GLQSJ?RMPQ A?L UGRFQR?LB EPC?RCP CJCARPGA DGCJBQ RF?L ?GP @CDMPC @PC?IGLE BMUL.
4FCPC GQ ?LMRFCP @CLCDGR RM SQGLE ? BGCJCARPGA GL ? A?N?AGRMP. $CNCLBGLE ML RFC K?RCPG?J SQCB, RFC A?N?AGR?LAC GQ EPC?RCP RF?L RF?R EGTCL @W RFC
COS?RGML C =
0
A
d
@W ? D?ARMP , A?JJCB RFC 7<8?86GE<6 6BAFG4AG. ! N?P?JJCJ NJ?RC A?N?AGRMP UGRF ? BGCJCARPGA @CRUCCL GRQ NJ?RCQ F?Q ? A?N?AGR?LAC
EGTCL @W
(19.57)
C =
0
A
d
(parallel plate capacitor with dielectric).
6?JSCQ MD RFC BGCJCARPGA AMLQR?LR DMP T?PGMSQ K?RCPG?JQ ?PC EGTCL GL -78B; 19.1. .MRC RF?R DMP T?ASSK GQ CV?ARJW 1, ?LB QM RFC ?@MTC COS?RGML GQ
T?JGB GL RF?R A?QC, RMM. )D ? BGCJCARPGA GQ SQCB, NCPF?NQ @W NJ?AGLE 4CDJML @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ MD RFC A?N?AGRMP GL EN7CFB; 19.8, RFCL RFC A?N?AGR?LAC GQ
EPC?RCP @W RFC D?ARMP , UFGAF DMP 4CDJML GQ 2.1.
4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR: "SGJBGLE ? #?N?AGRMP
(MU J?PEC ? A?N?AGRMP A?L WMS K?IC SQGLE ? AFCUGLE ESK UP?NNCP? 4FC NJ?RCQ UGJJ @C RFC ?JSKGLSK DMGJ, ?LB RFC QCN?P?RGML (BGCJCARPGA) GL
@CRUCCL UGJJ @C RFC N?NCP.
678 #(!04%2 19 Y %,%#42)# 0/4%.4)!, !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
4?@JC 19.1 $GCJCARPGA #MLQR?LRQ ?LB $GCJCARPGA 3RPCLERFQ DMP 6?PGMSQ -?RCPG?JQ
?R 20`#
&7J;H?7B
D?;B;9JH?9 9EDIJ7DJ
D?;B;9JH?9 IJH;D=J> (//C)
6?ASSK 1.00000 r
!GP 1.00059 310
6
"?ICJGRC 4.9 2410
6
&SQCB OS?PRX 3.78 810
6
.CMNPCLC PS@@CP 6.7 1210
6
.WJML 3.4 1410
6
0?NCP 3.7 1610
6
0MJWQRWPCLC 2.56 2410
6
0WPCV EJ?QQ 5.6 1410
6
3GJGAML MGJ 2.5 1510
6
3RPMLRGSK RGR?L?RC 233 810
6
4CDJML 2.1 6010
6
7?RCP 80 r
.MRC ?JQM RF?R RFC BGCJCARPGA AMLQR?LR DMP ?GP GQ TCPW AJMQC RM 1, QM RF?R ?GP-DGJJCB A?N?AGRMPQ ?AR KSAF JGIC RFMQC UGRF T?ASSK @CRUCCL RFCGP NJ?RCQ 8K68CG
RF?R RFC ?GP A?L @CAMKC AMLBSARGTC GD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF @CAMKCQ RMM EPC?R. (2CA?JJ RF?R E = V / d DMP ? N?P?JJCJ NJ?RC A?N?AGRMP.) !JQM QFMUL
GL -78B; 19.1 ?PC K?VGKSK CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERFQ GL 6/K, A?JJCB :?;B;9JH?9 IJH;D=J>I, DMP QCTCP?J K?RCPG?JQ. 4FCQC ?PC RFC DGCJBQ ?@MTC UFGAF RFC
K?RCPG?J @CEGLQ RM @PC?I BMUL ?LB AMLBSAR. 4FC BGCJCARPGA QRPCLERF GKNMQCQ ? JGKGR ML RFC TMJR?EC RF?R A?L @C ?NNJGCB DMP ? EGTCL NJ?RC QCN?P?RGML. &MP
GLQR?LAC, GL EN7CFB; 19.8, RFC QCN?P?RGML GQ 1.00 KK, ?LB QM RFC TMJR?EC JGKGR DMP ?GP GQ
(19.58)
V = E d
= (310
6
V/m)(1.0010
3
m)
= 3000 V.
(MUCTCP, RFC JGKGR DMP ? 1.00 KK QCN?P?RGML DGJJCB UGRF 4CDJML GQ 60,000 6, QGLAC RFC BGCJCARPGA QRPCLERF MD 4CDJML GQ 6010
6
6/K. 3M RFC Q?KC
A?N?AGRMP DGJJCB UGRF 4CDJML F?Q ? EPC?RCP A?N?AGR?LAC ?LB A?L @C QS@HCARCB RM ? KSAF EPC?RCP TMJR?EC. 5QGLE RFC A?N?AGR?LAC UC A?JASJ?RCB GL RFC
?@MTC CV?KNJC DMP RFC ?GP-DGJJCB N?P?JJCJ NJ?RC A?N?AGRMP, UC DGLB RF?R RFC 4CDJML-DGJJCB A?N?AGRMP A?L QRMPC ? K?VGKSK AF?PEC MD
(19.59) Q = CV
= C
air
V
= (2.1)(8.85 nF)(6.010
4
V)
= 1.1 mC.
4FGQ GQ 42 RGKCQ RFC AF?PEC MD RFC Q?KC ?GP-DGJJCB A?N?AGRMP.
$GCJCARPGA 3RPCLERF
4FC K?VGKSK CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF ?@MTC UFGAF ?L GLQSJ?RGLE K?RCPG?J @CEGLQ RM @PC?I BMUL ?LB AMLBSAR GQ A?JJCB GRQ BGCJCARPGA QRPCLERF.
-GAPMQAMNGA?JJW, FMU BMCQ ? BGCJCARPGA GLAPC?QC A?N?AGR?LAC? 0MJ?PGX?RGML MD RFC GLQSJ?RMP GQ PCQNMLQG@JC. 4FC KMPC C?QGJW GR GQ NMJ?PGXCB, RFC EPC?RCP GRQ
BGCJCARPGA AMLQR?LR . 7?RCP, DMP CV?KNJC, GQ ? FEB7H CEB;9KB; @CA?SQC MLC CLB MD RFC KMJCASJC F?Q ? QJGEFR NMQGRGTC AF?PEC ?LB RFC MRFCP CLB F?Q ?
QJGEFR LCE?RGTC AF?PEC. 4FC NMJ?PGRW MD U?RCP A?SQCQ GR RM F?TC ? PCJ?RGTCJW J?PEC BGCJCARPGA AMLQR?LR MD 80. 4FC CDDCAR MD NMJ?PGX?RGML A?L @C @CQR
CVNJ?GLCB GL RCPKQ MD RFC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD RFC #MSJMK@ DMPAC. F?=KH; 19.17 QFMUQ RFC QCN?P?RGML MD AF?PEC QAFCK?RGA?JJW GL RFC KMJCASJCQ MD ?
BGCJCARPGA K?RCPG?J NJ?ACB @CRUCCL RFC AF?PECB NJ?RCQ MD ? A?N?AGRMP. 4FC #MSJMK@ DMPAC @CRUCCL RFC AJMQCQR CLBQ MD RFC KMJCASJCQ ?LB RFC AF?PEC
ML RFC NJ?RCQ GQ ?RRP?ARGTC ?LB TCPW QRPMLE, QGLAC RFCW ?PC TCPW AJMQC RMECRFCP. 4FGQ ?RRP?ARQ KMPC AF?PEC MLRM RFC NJ?RCQ RF?L GD RFC QN?AC UCPC CKNRW
?LB RFC MNNMQGRC AF?PECQ UCPC ? BGQR?LAC d ?U?W.
#(!04%2 19 Y %,%#42)# 0/4%.4)!, !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$ 679
F?=KH; 19.17 (?) 4FC KMJCASJCQ GL RFC GLQSJ?RGLE K?RCPG?J @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ MD ? A?N?AGRMP ?PC NMJ?PGXCB @W RFC AF?PECB NJ?RCQ. 4FGQ NPMBSACQ ? J?WCP MD MNNMQGRC AF?PEC ML
RFC QSPD?AC MD RFC BGCJCARPGA RF?R ?RRP?ARQ KMPC AF?PEC MLRM RFC NJ?RC, GLAPC?QGLE GRQ A?N?AGR?LAC. (@) 4FC BGCJCARPGA PCBSACQ RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF GLQGBC RFC A?N?AGRMP,
PCQSJRGLE GL ? QK?JJCP TMJR?EC @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ DMP RFC Q?KC AF?PEC. 4FC A?N?AGRMP QRMPCQ RFC Q?KC AF?PEC DMP ? QK?JJCP TMJR?EC, GKNJWGLE RF?R GR F?Q ? J?PECP A?N?AGR?LAC
@CA?SQC MD RFC BGCJCARPGA.
!LMRFCP U?W RM SLBCPQR?LB FMU ? BGCJCARPGA GLAPC?QCQ A?N?AGR?LAC GQ RM AMLQGBCP GRQ CDDCAR ML RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB GLQGBC RFC A?N?AGRMP. F?=KH; 19.17(@)
QFMUQ RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ UGRF ? BGCJCARPGA GL NJ?AC. 3GLAC RFC DGCJB JGLCQ CLB ML AF?PECQ GL RFC BGCJCARPGA, RFCPC ?PC DCUCP MD RFCK EMGLE DPMK MLC
QGBC MD RFC A?N?AGRMP RM RFC MRFCP. 3M RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF GQ JCQQ RF?L GD RFCPC UCPC ? T?ASSK @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ, CTCL RFMSEF RFC Q?KC AF?PEC
GQ ML RFC NJ?RCQ. 4FC TMJR?EC @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ GQ V = Ed , QM GR RMM GQ PCBSACB @W RFC BGCJCARPGA. 4FSQ RFCPC GQ ? QK?JJCP TMJR?EC V DMP RFC Q?KC
AF?PEC Q; QGLAC C = Q/ V , RFC A?N?AGR?LAC C GQ EPC?RCP.
4FC BGCJCARPGA AMLQR?LR GQ ECLCP?JJW BCDGLCB RM @C = E
0
/ E , MP RFC P?RGM MD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB GL ? T?ASSK RM RF?R GL RFC BGCJCARPGA K?RCPG?J, ?LB GQ
GLRGK?RCJW PCJ?RCB RM RFC NMJ?PGX?@GJGRW MD RFC K?RCPG?J.
4FGLEQ 'PC?R ?LB 3K?JJ
->; ,K8C?9HEI9EF?9 (H?=?D E< )EB7H?P7J?ED
0MJ?PGX?RGML GQ ? QCN?P?RGML MD AF?PEC UGRFGL ?L ?RMK MP KMJCASJC. !Q F?Q @CCL LMRCB, RFC NJ?LCR?PW KMBCJ MD RFC ?RMK NGARSPCQ GR ?Q F?TGLE ?
NMQGRGTC LSAJCSQ MP@GRCB @W LCE?RGTC CJCARPMLQ, ?L?JMEMSQ RM RFC NJ?LCRQ MP@GRGLE RFC 3SL. !JRFMSEF RFGQ KMBCJ GQ LMR AMKNJCRCJW ?AASP?RC, GR GQ
TCPW FCJNDSJ GL CVNJ?GLGLE ? T?QR P?LEC MD NFCLMKCL? ?LB UGJJ @C PCDGLCB CJQCUFCPC, QSAF ?Q GL AJEC?9 )>OI?9I. 4FC QS@KGAPMQAMNGA MPGEGL MD
NMJ?PGX?RGML A?L @C KMBCJCB ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 19.18.
F?=KH; 19.18 !PRGQRtQ AMLACNRGML MD ? NMJ?PGXCB ?RMK. 4FC MP@GRQ MD CJCARPMLQ ?PMSLB RFC LSAJCSQ ?PC QFGDRCB QJGEFRJW @W RFC CVRCPL?J AF?PECQ (QFMUL CV?EECP?RCB). 4FC PCQSJRGLE
QCN?P?RGML MD AF?PEC UGRFGL RFC ?RMK KC?LQ RF?R GR GQ NMJ?PGXCB. .MRC RF?R RFC SLJGIC AF?PEC GQ LMU AJMQCP RM RFC CVRCPL?J AF?PECQ, A?SQGLE RFC NMJ?PGX?RGML.
680 #(!04%2 19 Y %,%#42)# 0/4%.4)!, !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
7C UGJJ DGLB GL AJEC?9 )>OI?9I RF?R RFC MP@GRQ MD CJCARPMLQ ?PC KMPC NPMNCPJW TGCUCB ?Q CJCARPML AJMSBQ UGRF RFC BCLQGRW MD RFC AJMSB PCJ?RCB RM RFC
NPM@?@GJGRW MD DGLBGLE ?L CJCARPML GL RF?R JMA?RGML (?Q MNNMQCB RM RFC BCDGLGRC JMA?RGMLQ ?LB N?RFQ MD NJ?LCRQ GL RFCGP MP@GRQ ?PMSLB RFC 3SL). 4FGQ AJMSB GQ
QFGDRCB @W RFC #MSJMK@ DMPAC QM RF?R RFC ?RMK ML ?TCP?EC F?Q ? QCN?P?RGML MD AF?PEC. !JRFMSEF RFC ?RMK PCK?GLQ LCSRP?J, GR A?L LMU @C RFC QMSPAC MD
? #MSJMK@ DMPAC, QGLAC ? AF?PEC @PMSEFR LC?P RFC ?RMK UGJJ @C AJMQCP RM MLC RWNC MD AF?PEC RF?L RFC MRFCP.
3MKC KMJCASJCQ, QSAF ?Q RFMQC MD U?RCP, F?TC ?L GLFCPCLR QCN?P?RGML MD AF?PEC ?LB ?PC RFSQ A?JJCB NMJ?P KMJCASJCQ. F?=KH; 19.19 GJJSQRP?RCQ RFC
QCN?P?RGML MD AF?PEC GL ? U?RCP KMJCASJC, UFGAF F?Q RUM FWBPMECL ?RMKQ ?LB MLC MVWECL ?RMK

H
2
O
. 4FC U?RCP KMJCASJC GQ LMR QWKKCRPGArRFC

FWBPMECL ?RMKQ ?PC PCNCJJCB RM MLC QGBC, EGTGLE RFC KMJCASJC ? @MMKCP?LE QF?NC. 4FC CJCARPMLQ GL ? U?RCP KMJCASJC ?PC KMPC AMLACLRP?RCB ?PMSLB
RFC KMPC FGEFJW AF?PECB MVWECL LSAJCSQ RF?L ?PMSLB RFC FWBPMECL LSAJCG. 4FGQ K?ICQ RFC MVWECL CLB MD RFC KMJCASJC QJGEFRJW LCE?RGTC ?LB JC?TCQ
RFC FWBPMECL CLBQ QJGEFRJW NMQGRGTC. 4FC GLFCPCLR QCN?P?RGML MD AF?PEC GL NMJ?P KMJCASJCQ K?ICQ GR C?QGCP RM ?JGEL RFCK UGRF CVRCPL?J DGCJBQ ?LB
AF?PECQ. 0MJ?P KMJCASJCQ RFCPCDMPC CVFG@GR EPC?RCP NMJ?PGX?RGML CDDCARQ ?LB F?TC EPC?RCP BGCJCARPGA AMLQR?LRQ. 4FMQC UFM QRSBW AFCKGQRPW UGJJ DGLB RF?R
RFC NMJ?P L?RSPC MD U?RCP F?Q K?LW CDDCARQ. &MP CV?KNJC, U?RCP KMJCASJCQ E?RFCP GMLQ KSAF KMPC CDDCARGTCJW @CA?SQC RFCW F?TC ?L CJCARPGA DGCJB ?LB
? QCN?P?RGML MD AF?PEC RM ?RRP?AR AF?PECQ MD @MRF QGELQ. !JQM, ?Q @PMSEFR MSR GL RFC NPCTGMSQ AF?NRCP, NMJ?P U?RCP NPMTGBCQ ? QFGCJB MP QAPCCLGLE MD RFC
CJCARPGA DGCJBQ GL RFC FGEFJW AF?PECB KMJCASJCQ MD GLRCPCQR GL @GMJMEGA?J QWQRCKQ.
F?=KH; 19.19 !PRGQRtQ AMLACNRGML MD ? U?RCP KMJCASJC. 4FCPC GQ ?L GLFCPCLR QCN?P?RGML MD AF?PEC, ?LB QM U?RCP GQ ? NMJ?P KMJCASJC. %JCARPMLQ GL RFC KMJCASJC ?PC ?RRP?ARCB RM RFC
MVWECL LSAJCSQ ?LB JC?TC ?L CVACQQ MD NMQGRGTC AF?PEC LC?P RFC RUM FWBPMECL LSAJCG. (.MRC RF?R RFC QAFCK?RGA ML RFC PGEFR GQ ? PMSEF GJJSQRP?RGML MD RFC BGQRPG@SRGML MD CJCARPMLQ
GL RFC U?RCP KMJCASJC. )R BMCQ LMR QFMU RFC ?ARS?J LSK@CPQ MD NPMRMLQ ?LB CJCARPMLQ GLTMJTCB GL RFC QRPSARSPC.)
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: #?N?AGRMP ,?@
%VNJMPC FMU ? A?N?AGRMP UMPIQ! #F?LEC RFC QGXC MD RFC NJ?RCQ ?LB ?BB ? BGCJCARPGA RM QCC RFC CDDCAR ML A?N?AGR?LAC. #F?LEC RFC TMJR?EC ?LB QCC
AF?PECQ @SGJR SN ML RFC NJ?RCQ. /@QCPTC RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB GL RFC A?N?AGRMP. -C?QSPC RFC TMJR?EC ?LB RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB.
F?=KH; 19.20 C7F79?JEH %78 (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42333/1.4/97F79?JEH-B786;D.@7H)
19.6 C7F79?JEHI ?D ,;H?;I 7D: )7H7BB;B
3CTCP?J A?N?AGRMPQ K?W @C AMLLCARCB RMECRFCP GL ? T?PGCRW MD ?NNJGA?RGMLQ. -SJRGNJC AMLLCARGMLQ MD A?N?AGRMPQ ?AR JGIC ? QGLEJC COSGT?JCLR A?N?AGRMP.
4FC RMR?J A?N?AGR?LAC MD RFGQ COSGT?JCLR QGLEJC A?N?AGRMP BCNCLBQ @MRF ML RFC GLBGTGBS?J A?N?AGRMPQ ?LB FMU RFCW ?PC AMLLCARCB. 4FCPC ?PC RUM QGKNJC
?LB AMKKML RWNCQ MD AMLLCARGMLQ, A?JJCB F8E<8F ?LB C4E4??8?, DMP UFGAF UC A?L C?QGJW A?JASJ?RC RFC RMR?J A?N?AGR?LAC. #CPR?GL KMPC AMKNJGA?RCB
AMLLCARGMLQ A?L ?JQM @C PCJ?RCB RM AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD QCPGCQ ?LB N?P?JJCJ.
#?N?AGR?LAC GL 3CPGCQ
F?=KH; 19.21(?) QFMUQ ? QCPGCQ AMLLCARGML MD RFPCC A?N?AGRMPQ UGRF ? TMJR?EC ?NNJGCB. !Q DMP ?LW A?N?AGRMP, RFC A?N?AGR?LAC MD RFC AMK@GL?RGML GQ
PCJ?RCB RM AF?PEC ?LB TMJR?EC @W C =
Q
V
.
.MRC GL F?=KH; 19.21 RF?R MNNMQGRC AF?PECQ MD K?ELGRSBC Q DJMU RM CGRFCP QGBC MD RFC MPGEGL?JJW SLAF?PECB AMK@GL?RGML MD A?N?AGRMPQ UFCL RFC
TMJR?EC V GQ ?NNJGCB. #MLQCPT?RGML MD AF?PEC PCOSGPCQ RF?R COS?J-K?ELGRSBC AF?PECQ @C APC?RCB ML RFC NJ?RCQ MD RFC GLBGTGBS?J A?N?AGRMPQ, QGLAC
AF?PEC GQ MLJW @CGLE QCN?P?RCB GL RFCQC MPGEGL?JJW LCSRP?J BCTGACQ. 4FC CLB PCQSJR GQ RF?R RFC AMK@GL?RGML PCQCK@JCQ ? QGLEJC A?N?AGRMP UGRF ?L
CDDCARGTC NJ?RC QCN?P?RGML EPC?RCP RF?L RF?R MD RFC GLBGTGBS?J A?N?AGRMPQ ?JMLC. (3CC F?=KH; 19.21(@).) ,?PECP NJ?RC QCN?P?RGML KC?LQ QK?JJCP
A?N?AGR?LAC. )R GQ ? ECLCP?J DC?RSPC MD QCPGCQ AMLLCARGMLQ MD A?N?AGRMPQ RF?R RFC RMR?J A?N?AGR?LAC GQ JCQQ RF?L ?LW MD RFC GLBGTGBS?J A?N?AGR?LACQ.
#(!04%2 19 Y %,%#42)# 0/4%.4)!, !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$ 681
F?=KH; 19.21 (?) #?N?AGRMPQ AMLLCARCB GL QCPGCQ. 4FC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC AF?PEC ML C?AF NJ?RC GQ Q. (@) !L COSGT?JCLR A?N?AGRMP F?Q ? J?PECP NJ?RC QCN?P?RGML d . 3CPGCQ
AMLLCARGMLQ NPMBSAC ? RMR?J A?N?AGR?LAC RF?R GQ JCQQ RF?L RF?R MD ?LW MD RFC GLBGTGBS?J A?N?AGRMPQ.
7C A?L DGLB ?L CVNPCQQGML DMP RFC RMR?J A?N?AGR?LAC @W AMLQGBCPGLE RFC TMJR?EC ?APMQQ RFC GLBGTGBS?J A?N?AGRMPQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 19.21. 3MJTGLE
C =
Q
V
DMP V EGTCQ V =
Q
C
. 4FC TMJR?ECQ ?APMQQ RFC GLBGTGBS?J A?N?AGRMPQ ?PC RFSQ V
1
=
Q
C
1
, V
2
=
Q
C
2
, ?LB V
3
=
Q
C
3
. 4FC RMR?J TMJR?EC GQ
RFC QSK MD RFC GLBGTGBS?J TMJR?ECQ:
(19.60) V = V
1
+ V
2
+ V
3
.
.MU, A?JJGLE RFC RMR?J A?N?AGR?LAC C
S
DMP QCPGCQ A?N?AGR?LAC, AMLQGBCP RF?R
(19.61)
V =
Q
C
S
= V
1
+ V
2
+ V
3
.
%LRCPGLE RFC CVNPCQQGMLQ DMP V
1
, V
2
, ?LB V
3
, UC ECR
(19.62) Q
C
S
=
Q
C
1
+
Q
C
2
+
Q
C
3
.
#?LACJGLE RFC QQ, UC M@R?GL RFC COS?RGML DMP RFC RMR?J A?N?AGR?LAC GL QCPGCQ C
S
RM @C
(19.63) 1
C
S
=
1
C
1
+
1
C
2
+
1
C
3
+ ...,
UFCPC u...v GLBGA?RCQ RF?R RFC CVNPCQQGML GQ T?JGB DMP ?LW LSK@CP MD A?N?AGRMPQ AMLLCARCB GL QCPGCQ. !L CVNPCQQGML MD RFGQ DMPK ?JU?WQ PCQSJRQ GL ? RMR?J
A?N?AGR?LAC C
S
RF?R GQ JCQQ RF?L ?LW MD RFC GLBGTGBS?J A?N?AGR?LACQ C
1
, C
2
, ..., ?Q RFC LCVR CV?KNJC GJJSQRP?RCQ.
4MR?J #?N?AGR?LAC GL 3CPGCQ, C
s
4MR?J A?N?AGR?LAC GL QCPGCQ:
1
C
S
=
1
C
1
+
1
C
2
+
1
C
3
+ ...
682 #(!04%2 19 Y %,%#42)# 0/4%.4)!, !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
EN7CFB; 19.9 0>7J "I J>; ,;H?;I C7F79?J7D9;?
&GLB RFC RMR?J A?N?AGR?LAC DMP RFPCC A?N?AGRMPQ AMLLCARCB GL QCPGCQ, EGTCL RFCGP GLBGTGBS?J A?N?AGR?LACQ ?PC 1.000, 5.000, ?LB 8.000 F .
,JH7J;=O
7GRF RFC EGTCL GLDMPK?RGML, RFC RMR?J A?N?AGR?LAC A?L @C DMSLB SQGLE RFC COS?RGML DMP A?N?AGR?LAC GL QCPGCQ.
,EBKJ?ED
%LRCPGLE RFC EGTCL A?N?AGR?LACQ GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP
1
C
S
EGTCQ
1
C
S
=
1
C
1
+
1
C
2
+
1
C
3
.
(19.64)
1
C
S
=
1
1.000 F
+
1
5.000 F
+
1
8.000 F
=
1.325
F
)LTCPRGLE RM DGLB C
S
WGCJBQ C
S
=
F
1.325
= 0.755 F .
D?I9KII?ED
4FC RMR?J QCPGCQ A?N?AGR?LAC C
s
GQ JCQQ RF?L RFC QK?JJCQR GLBGTGBS?J A?N?AGR?LAC, ?Q NPMKGQCB. )L QCPGCQ AMLLCARGMLQ MD A?N?AGRMPQ, RFC QSK GQ
JCQQ RF?L RFC N?PRQ. )L D?AR, GR GQ JCQQ RF?L ?LW GLBGTGBS?J. .MRC RF?R GR GQ QMKCRGKCQ NMQQG@JC, ?LB KMPC AMLTCLGCLR, RM QMJTC ?L COS?RGML JGIC RFC
?@MTC @W DGLBGLE RFC JC?QR AMKKML BCLMKGL?RMP, UFGAF GL RFGQ A?QC (QFMUGLE MLJW UFMJC-LSK@CP A?JASJ?RGMLQ) GQ 40. 4FSQ,
(19.65)
1
C
S
=
40
40 F
+
8
40 F
+
5
40 F
=
53
40 F
,
QM RF?R
(19.66)
C
S
=
40 F
53
= 0.755 F.
#?N?AGRMPQ GL 0?P?JJCJ
F?=KH; 19.22(?) QFMUQ ? N?P?JJCJ AMLLCARGML MD RFPCC A?N?AGRMPQ UGRF ? TMJR?EC ?NNJGCB. (CPC RFC RMR?J A?N?AGR?LAC GQ C?QGCP RM DGLB RF?L GL RFC QCPGCQ
A?QC. 4M DGLB RFC COSGT?JCLR RMR?J A?N?AGR?LAC C
p
, UC DGPQR LMRC RF?R RFC TMJR?EC ?APMQQ C?AF A?N?AGRMP GQ V , RFC Q?KC ?Q RF?R MD RFC QMSPAC, QGLAC
RFCW ?PC AMLLCARCB BGPCARJW RM GR RFPMSEF ? AMLBSARMP. (#MLBSARMPQ ?PC COSGNMRCLRG?JQ, ?LB QM RFC TMJR?EC ?APMQQ RFC A?N?AGRMPQ GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q RF?R
?APMQQ RFC TMJR?EC QMSPAC.) 4FSQ RFC A?N?AGRMPQ F?TC RFC Q?KC AF?PECQ ML RFCK ?Q RFCW UMSJB F?TC GD AMLLCARCB GLBGTGBS?JJW RM RFC TMJR?EC QMSPAC.
4FC RMR?J AF?PEC Q GQ RFC QSK MD RFC GLBGTGBS?J AF?PECQ:
(19.67) Q = Q
1
+ Q
2
+ Q
3
.
F?=KH; 19.22 (?) #?N?AGRMPQ GL N?P?JJCJ. %?AF GQ AMLLCARCB BGPCARJW RM RFC TMJR?EC QMSPAC HSQR ?Q GD GR UCPC ?JJ ?JMLC, ?LB QM RFC RMR?J A?N?AGR?LAC GL N?P?JJCJ GQ HSQR RFC QSK MD RFC
GLBGTGBS?J A?N?AGR?LACQ. (@) 4FC COSGT?JCLR A?N?AGRMP F?Q ? J?PECP NJ?RC ?PC? ?LB A?L RFCPCDMPC FMJB KMPC AF?PEC RF?L RFC GLBGTGBS?J A?N?AGRMPQ.
5QGLE RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN Q = CV , UC QCC RF?R RFC RMR?J AF?PEC GQ Q = C
p
V , ?LB RFC GLBGTGBS?J AF?PECQ ?PC Q
1
= C
1
V , Q
2
= C
2
V , ?LB
Q
3
= C
3
V . %LRCPGLE RFCQC GLRM RFC NPCTGMSQ COS?RGML EGTCQ
(19.68) C
p
V = C
1
V + C
2
V + C
3
V.
#?LACJGLE V DPMK RFC COS?RGML, UC M@R?GL RFC COS?RGML DMP RFC RMR?J A?N?AGR?LAC GL N?P?JJCJ C
p
:
(19.69) C
p
= C
1
+ C
2
+ C
3
+ ....
#(!04%2 19 Y %,%#42)# 0/4%.4)!, !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$ 683
4MR?J A?N?AGR?LAC GL N?P?JJCJ GQ QGKNJW RFC QSK MD RFC GLBGTGBS?J A?N?AGR?LACQ. (!E?GL RFC u...v GLBGA?RCQ RFC CVNPCQQGML GQ T?JGB DMP ?LW LSK@CP MD
A?N?AGRMPQ AMLLCARCB GL N?P?JJCJ.) 3M, DMP CV?KNJC, GD RFC A?N?AGRMPQ GL RFC CV?KNJC ?@MTC UCPC AMLLCARCB GL N?P?JJCJ, RFCGP A?N?AGR?LAC UMSJB @C
(19.70)
C
p
= 1.000 F+5.000 F+8.000 F = 14.000 F.
4FC COSGT?JCLR A?N?AGRMP DMP ? N?P?JJCJ AMLLCARGML F?Q ?L CDDCARGTCJW J?PECP NJ?RC ?PC? ?LB, RFSQ, ? J?PECP A?N?AGR?LAC, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH;
19.22(@).
4MR?J #?N?AGR?LAC GL 0?P?JJCJ, C
p
4MR?J A?N?AGR?LAC GL N?P?JJCJ C
p
= C
1
+ C
2
+ C
3
+ ...
-MPC AMKNJGA?RCB AMLLCARGMLQ MD A?N?AGRMPQ A?L QMKCRGKCQ @C AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD QCPGCQ ?LB N?P?JJCJ. (3CC F?=KH; 19.23.) 4M DGLB RFC RMR?J A?N?AGR?LAC
MD QSAF AMK@GL?RGMLQ, UC GBCLRGDW QCPGCQ ?LB N?P?JJCJ N?PRQ, AMKNSRC RFCGP A?N?AGR?LACQ, ?LB RFCL DGLB RFC RMR?J.
F?=KH; 19.23 (?) 4FGQ AGPASGR AMLR?GLQ @MRF QCPGCQ ?LB N?P?JJCJ AMLLCARGMLQ MD A?N?AGRMPQ. 3CC EN7CFB; 19.10 DMP RFC A?JASJ?RGML MD RFC MTCP?JJ A?N?AGR?LAC MD RFC AGPASGR. (@)
C
1
?LB C
2
?PC GL QCPGCQ; RFCGP COSGT?JCLR A?N?AGR?LAC C
S
GQ JCQQ RF?L CGRFCP MD RFCK. (A) .MRC RF?R C
S
GQ GL N?P?JJCJ UGRF C
3
. 4FC RMR?J A?N?AGR?LAC GQ, RFSQ, RFC QSK MD
C
S
?LB C
3
.
EN7CFB; 19.10 A &?NJKH; E< ,;H?;I 7D: )7H7BB;B C7F79?J7D9;
&GLB RFC RMR?J A?N?AGR?LAC MD RFC AMK@GL?RGML MD A?N?AGRMPQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 19.23. !QQSKC RFC A?N?AGR?LACQ GL F?=KH; 19.23 ?PC ILMUL RM RFPCC
BCAGK?J NJ?ACQ ( C
1
= 1.000 F , C
2
= 3.000 F , ?LB C
3
= 8.000 F ), ?LB PMSLB WMSP ?LQUCP RM RFPCC BCAGK?J NJ?ACQ.
,JH7J;=O
4M DGLB RFC RMR?J A?N?AGR?LAC, UC DGPQR GBCLRGDW UFGAF A?N?AGRMPQ ?PC GL QCPGCQ ?LB UFGAF ?PC GL N?P?JJCJ. #?N?AGRMPQ C
1
?LB C
2
?PC GL QCPGCQ.
4FCGP AMK@GL?RGML, J?@CJCB C
S
GL RFC DGESPC, GQ GL N?P?JJCJ UGRF C
3
.
,EBKJ?ED
3GLAC C
1
?LB C
2
?PC GL QCPGCQ, RFCGP RMR?J A?N?AGR?LAC GQ EGTCL @W
1
C
S
=
1
C
1
+
1
C
2
+
1
C
3
. %LRCPGLE RFCGP T?JSCQ GLRM RFC COS?RGML EGTCQ
(19.71)
1
C
S
=
1
C
1
+
1
C
2
=
1
1.000 F
+
1
5.000 F
=
1.200
F
.
)LTCPRGLE EGTCQ
(19.72) C
S
= 0.833 F.
4FGQ COSGT?JCLR QCPGCQ A?N?AGR?LAC GQ GL N?P?JJCJ UGRF RFC RFGPB A?N?AGRMP; RFSQ, RFC RMR?J GQ RFC QSK
(19.73) C
tot
= C
S
+ C
S
= 0.833 F + 8.000 F
= 8.833 F.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ RCAFLGOSC MD ?L?JWXGLE RFC AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD A?N?AGRMPQ NGCAC @W NGCAC SLRGJ ? RMR?J GQ M@R?GLCB A?L @C ?NNJGCB RM J?PECP AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD
A?N?AGRMPQ.
19.7 ED;H=O ,JEH;: ?D C7F79?JEHI
-MQR MD SQ F?TC QCCL BP?K?RGX?RGMLQ GL UFGAF KCBGA?J NCPQMLLCJ SQC ? :;<?8H?BB7JEH RM N?QQ ?L CJCARPGA ASPPCLR RFPMSEF ? N?RGCLRtQ FC?PR RM ECR GR RM
@C?R LMPK?JJW. (2CTGCU F?=KH; 19.24.) /DRCL PC?JGQRGA GL BCR?GJ, RFC NCPQML ?NNJWGLE RFC QFMAI BGPCARQ ?LMRFCP NCPQML RM uK?IC GR 400 HMSJCQ RFGQ RGKC.v
4FC CLCPEW BCJGTCPCB @W RFC BCDG@PGJJ?RMP GQ QRMPCB GL ? A?N?AGRMP ?LB A?L @C ?BHSQRCB RM DGR RFC QGRS?RGML. 3) SLGRQ MD HMSJCQ ?PC MDRCL CKNJMWCB. ,CQQ
684 #(!04%2 19 Y %,%#42)# 0/4%.4)!, !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
BP?K?RGA GQ RFC SQC MD A?N?AGRMPQ GL KGAPMCJCARPMLGAQ, QSAF ?Q ACPR?GL F?LBFCJB A?JASJ?RMPQ, RM QSNNJW CLCPEW UFCL @?RRCPGCQ ?PC AF?PECB. (3CC F?=KH;
19.24.) #?N?AGRMPQ ?PC ?JQM SQCB RM QSNNJW CLCPEW DMP DJ?QF J?KNQ ML A?KCP?Q.
F?=KH; 19.24 %LCPEW QRMPCB GL RFC J?PEC A?N?AGRMP GQ SQCB RM NPCQCPTC RFC KCKMPW MD ?L CJCARPMLGA A?JASJ?RMP UFCL GRQ @?RRCPGCQ ?PC AF?PECB. (APCBGR: +SAF?PCI, 7GIGKCBG?
#MKKMLQ)
%LCPEW QRMPCB GL ? A?N?AGRMP GQ CJCARPGA?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW, ?LB GR GQ RFSQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC AF?PEC Q ?LB TMJR?EC V ML RFC A?N?AGRMP. 7C KSQR @C A?PCDSJ
UFCL ?NNJWGLE RFC COS?RGML DMP CJCARPGA?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW PE = qV RM ? A?N?AGRMP. 2CKCK@CP RF?R PE GQ RFC NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW MD ? AF?PEC q
EMGLE RFPMSEF ? TMJR?EC V . "SR RFC A?N?AGRMP QR?PRQ UGRF XCPM TMJR?EC ?LB EP?BS?JJW AMKCQ SN RM GRQ DSJJ TMJR?EC ?Q GR GQ AF?PECB. 4FC DGPQR AF?PEC
NJ?ACB ML ? A?N?AGRMP CVNCPGCLACQ ? AF?LEC GL TMJR?EC V = 0 , QGLAC RFC A?N?AGRMP F?Q XCPM TMJR?EC UFCL SLAF?PECB. 4FC DGL?J AF?PEC NJ?ACB ML ?
A?N?AGRMP CVNCPGCLACQ V = V , QGLAC RFC A?N?AGRMP LMU F?Q GRQ DSJJ TMJR?EC V ML GR. 4FC ?TCP?EC TMJR?EC ML RFC A?N?AGRMP BSPGLE RFC AF?PEGLE
NPMACQQ GQ V / 2 , ?LB QM RFC ?TCP?EC TMJR?EC CVNCPGCLACB @W RFC DSJJ AF?PEC q GQ V / 2 . 4FSQ RFC CLCPEW QRMPCB GL ? A?N?AGRMP, E
cap
, GQ
(19.74)
E
cap
=
QV
2
,
UFCPC Q GQ RFC AF?PEC ML ? A?N?AGRMP UGRF ? TMJR?EC V ?NNJGCB. (.MRC RF?R RFC CLCPEW GQ LMR QV , @SR QV / 2 .) #F?PEC ?LB TMJR?EC ?PC PCJ?RCB RM
RFC A?N?AGR?LAC C MD ? A?N?AGRMP @W Q = CV , ?LB QM RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP E
cap
A?L @C ?JEC@P?GA?JJW K?LGNSJ?RCB GLRM RFPCC COSGT?JCLR CVNPCQQGMLQ:
(19.75)
E
cap
=
QV
2
=
CV
2
2
=
Q
2
2C
,
UFCPC Q GQ RFC AF?PEC ?LB V RFC TMJR?EC ML ? A?N?AGRMP C . 4FC CLCPEW GQ GL HMSJCQ DMP ? AF?PEC GL AMSJMK@Q, TMJR?EC GL TMJRQ, ?LB A?N?AGR?LAC GL
D?P?BQ.
%LCPEW 3RMPCB GL #?N?AGRMPQ
4FC CLCPEW QRMPCB GL ? A?N?AGRMP A?L @C CVNPCQQCB GL RFPCC U?WQ:
(19.76)
E
cap
=
QV
2
=
CV
2
2
=
Q
2
2C
,
UFCPC Q GQ RFC AF?PEC, V GQ RFC TMJR?EC, ?LB C GQ RFC A?N?AGR?LAC MD RFC A?N?AGRMP. 4FC CLCPEW GQ GL HMSJCQ DMP ? AF?PEC GL AMSJMK@Q, TMJR?EC
GL TMJRQ, ?LB A?N?AGR?LAC GL D?P?BQ.
)L ? BCDG@PGJJ?RMP, RFC BCJGTCPW MD ? J?PEC AF?PEC GL ? QFMPR @SPQR RM ? QCR MD N?BBJCQ ?APMQQ ? NCPQMLtQ AFCQR A?L @C ? JGDCQ?TCP. 4FC NCPQMLtQ FC?PR
?RR?AI KGEFR F?TC ?PGQCL DPMK RFC MLQCR MD D?QR, GPPCESJ?P @C?RGLE MD RFC FC?PRrA?PBG?A MP TCLRPGASJ?P DG@PGJJ?RGML. 4FC ?NNJGA?RGML MD ? J?PEC QFMAI MD
CJCARPGA?J CLCPEW A?L RCPKGL?RC RFC ?PPFWRFKG? ?LB ?JJMU RFC @MBWtQ N?ACK?ICP RM PCQSKC LMPK?J N?RRCPLQ. 4MB?W GR GQ AMKKML DMP ?K@SJ?LACQ RM
A?PPW ? BCDG@PGJJ?RMP, UFGAF ?JQM SQCQ ?L CJCARPMA?PBGMEP?K RM ?L?JWXC RFC N?RGCLRtQ FC?PR@C?R N?RRCPL. !SRMK?RCB CVRCPL?J BCDG@PGJJ?RMPQ (!%$) ?PC
DMSLB GL K?LW NS@JGA NJ?ACQ (F?=KH; 19.25). 4FCQC ?PC BCQGELCB RM @C SQCB @W J?W NCPQMLQ. 4FC BCTGAC ?SRMK?RGA?JJW BG?ELMQCQ RFC N?RGCLRtQ FC?PR
AMLBGRGML ?LB RFCL ?NNJGCQ RFC QFMAI UGRF ?NNPMNPG?RC CLCPEW ?LB U?TCDMPK. #02 GQ PCAMKKCLBCB GL K?LW A?QCQ @CDMPC SQC MD ?L !%$.
#(!04%2 19 Y %,%#42)# 0/4%.4)!, !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$ 685
97F79?J7D9;:
97F79?JEH:
:;<?8H?BB7JEH:
:?;B;9JH?9 IJH;D=J>:
:?;B;9JH?9:
;B;9JH?9 FEJ;DJ?7B:
;B;9JHED LEBJ:
;GK?FEJ;DJ?7B B?D;:
=HEKD:?D=:
C;9>7D?97B ;D;H=O:
F?=KH; 19.25 !SRMK?RCB CVRCPL?J BCDG@PGJJ?RMPQ ?PC DMSLB GL K?LW NS@JGA NJ?ACQ. 4FCQC NMPR?@JC SLGRQ NPMTGBC TCP@?J GLQRPSARGMLQ DMP SQC GL RFC GKNMPR?LR DGPQR DCU KGLSRCQ DMP ?
NCPQML QSDDCPGLE ? A?PBG?A ?RR?AI. (APCBGR: /U?GL $?TGCQ, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
EN7CFB; 19.11 C7F79?J7D9; ?D 7 !;7HJ D;<?8H?BB7JEH
! FC?PR BCDG@PGJJ?RMP BCJGTCPQ 4.0010
2
J MD CLCPEW @W BGQAF?PEGLE ? A?N?AGRMP GLGRG?JJW ?R 1.0010
4
V. 7F?R GQ GRQ A?N?AGR?LAC?
,JH7J;=O
7C ?PC EGTCL E
cap
?LB V , ?LB UC ?PC ?QICB RM DGLB RFC A?N?AGR?LAC C . /D RFC RFPCC CVNPCQQGMLQ GL RFC COS?RGML DMP E
cap
, RFC KMQR
AMLTCLGCLR PCJ?RGMLQFGN GQ
(19.77)
E
cap
=
CV
2
2
.
,EBKJ?ED
3MJTGLE RFGQ CVNPCQQGML DMP C ?LB CLRCPGLE RFC EGTCL T?JSCQ WGCJBQ
(19.78)
C =
2E
cap
V
2
=
2(4.0010
2
J)
(1.0010
4
V)
2
= 8.0010
6
F
= 8.00 F.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ GQ ? D?GPJW J?PEC, @SR K?L?EC?@JC, A?N?AGR?LAC ?R 1.0010
4
V.
BEII7HO
?KMSLR MD AF?PEC QRMPCB NCP SLGR TMJR
? BCTGAC RF?R QRMPCQ CJCARPGA AF?PEC
? K?AFGLC SQCB RM NPMTGBC ?L CJCARPGA?J QFMAI RM ? FC?PR ?RR?AI TGARGK'Q FC?PR GL MPBCP RM PCQRMPC RFC FC?PR'Q LMPK?J PFWRFKGA N?RRCPL
RFC K?VGKSK CJCARPGA DGCJB ?@MTC UFGAF ?L GLQSJ?RGLE K?RCPG?J @CEGLQ RM @PC?I BMUL ?LB AMLBSAR
?L GLQSJ?RGLE K?RCPG?J
NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW NCP SLGR AF?PEC
RFC CLCPEW EGTCL RM ? DSLB?KCLR?J AF?PEC ?AACJCP?RCB RFPMSEF ? NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC MD MLC TMJR
? JGLC ?JMLE UFGAF RFC CJCARPGA NMRCLRG?J GQ AMLQR?LR
DGVGLE ? AMLBSARMP ?R XCPM TMJRQ @W AMLLCARGLE GR RM RFC C?PRF MP EPMSLB
QSK MD RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?LB NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW MD ? QWQRCK; RFGQ QSK GQ ? AMLQR?LR
686 #(!04%2 19 Y %,%#42)# 0/4%.4)!, !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
F7H7BB;B FB7J; 97F79?JEH:
FEB7H CEB;9KB;:
FEJ;DJ?7B :?<<;H;D9; (EH LEBJ7=;):
I97B7H:
L;9JEH:
RUM GBCLRGA?J AMLBSARGLE NJ?RCQ QCN?P?RCB @W ? BGQR?LAC
? KMJCASJC UGRF GLFCPCLR QCN?P?RGML MD AF?PEC
AF?LEC GL NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW MD ? AF?PEC KMTCB DPMK MLC NMGLR RM ?LMRFCP, BGTGBCB @W RFC AF?PEC; SLGRQ MD
NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC ?PC HMSJCQ NCP AMSJMK@, ILMUL ?Q TMJR
NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRW UGRF K?ELGRSBC @SR LM BGPCARGML
NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRW UGRF @MRF K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML
,;9J?ED ,KCC7HO
w %JCARPGA NMRCLRG?J GQ NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW NCP SLGR AF?PEC.
w 4FC NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL NMGLRQ ! ?LB ", V
B
V
A
, BCDGLCB RM @C RFC AF?LEC GL NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW MD ? AF?PEC q KMTCB DPMK ! RM ", GQ
COS?J RM RFC AF?LEC GL NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW BGTGBCB @W RFC AF?PEC, 0MRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC GQ AMKKMLJW A?JJCB TMJR?EC, PCNPCQCLRCB @W RFC QWK@MJ V .
V =
PE
q
and PE = qV.
w !L CJCARPML TMJR GQ RFC CLCPEW EGTCL RM ? DSLB?KCLR?J AF?PEC ?AACJCP?RCB RFPMSEF ? NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC MD 1 6. )L COS?RGML DMPK,
1 eV =

1.6010
19
C
(1 V) =

1.6010
19
C
(1 J/C)
= 1.6010
19
J.
w -CAF?LGA?J CLCPEW GQ RFC QSK MD RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?LB NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW MD ? QWQRCK, RF?R GQ, KE + PE. 4FGQ QSK GQ ? AMLQR?LR.
w 4FC TMJR?EC @CRUCCL NMGLRQ ! ?LB " GQ
V
AB
= Ed
E =
V
AB
d

UFCPC d GQ RFC BGQR?LAC DPMK ! RM ", MP RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ.
w )L COS?RGML DMPK, RFC ECLCP?J PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL TMJR?EC ?LB CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ
E =
V
s
,
UFCPC s GQ RFC BGQR?LAC MTCP UFGAF RFC AF?LEC GL NMRCLRG?J, V , R?ICQ NJ?AC. 4FC KGLSQ QGEL RCJJQ SQ RF?R E NMGLRQ GL RFC BGPCARGML MD
BCAPC?QGLE NMRCLRG?J.) 4FC CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ Q?GB RM @C RFC :E47<8AG (?Q GL EP?BC MP QJMNC) MD RFC CJCARPGA NMRCLRG?J.
w %JCARPGA NMRCLRG?J MD ? NMGLR AF?PEC GQ V = kQ/ r .
w %JCARPGA NMRCLRG?J GQ ? QA?J?P, ?LB CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ ? TCARMP. !BBGRGML MD TMJR?ECQ ?Q LSK@CPQ EGTCQ RFC TMJR?EC BSC RM ? AMK@GL?RGML MD NMGLR
AF?PECQ, UFCPC?Q ?BBGRGML MD GLBGTGBS?J DGCJBQ ?Q TCARMPQ EGTCQ RFC RMR?J CJCARPGA DGCJB.
w !L COSGNMRCLRG?J JGLC GQ ? JGLC ?JMLE UFGAF RFC CJCARPGA NMRCLRG?J GQ AMLQR?LR.
w !L COSGNMRCLRG?J QSPD?AC GQ ? RFPCC-BGKCLQGML?J TCPQGML MD COSGNMRCLRG?J JGLCQ.
w %OSGNMRCLRG?J JGLCQ ?PC ?JU?WQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ.
w 4FC NPMACQQ @W UFGAF ? AMLBSARMP A?L @C DGVCB ?R XCPM TMJRQ @W AMLLCARGLE GR RM RFC C?PRF UGRF ? EMMB AMLBSARMP GQ A?JJCB EPMSLBGLE.
19.5 C7F79?JEHI 7D: D?;B;9JH?9I
w ! A?N?AGRMP GQ ? BCTGAC SQCB RM QRMPC AF?PEC.
w 4FC ?KMSLR MD AF?PEC Q ? A?N?AGRMP A?L QRMPC BCNCLBQ ML RUM K?HMP D?ARMPQrRFC TMJR?EC ?NNJGCB ?LB RFC A?N?AGRMPtQ NFWQGA?J AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ,
QSAF ?Q GRQ QGXC.
w 4FC A?N?AGR?LAC C GQ RFC ?KMSLR MD AF?PEC QRMPCB NCP TMJR, MP
C =
Q
V
.
w 4FC A?N?AGR?LAC MD ? N?P?JJCJ NJ?RC A?N?AGRMP GQ C =
0
A
d
, UFCL RFC NJ?RCQ ?PC QCN?P?RCB @W ?GP MP DPCC QN?AC.
0
GQ A?JJCB RFC NCPKGRRGTGRW MD
DPCC QN?AC.
w ! N?P?JJCJ NJ?RC A?N?AGRMP UGRF ? BGCJCARPGA @CRUCCL GRQ NJ?RCQ F?Q ? A?N?AGR?LAC EGTCL @W
C =
0
A
d
,
UFCPC GQ RFC BGCJCARPGA AMLQR?LR MD RFC K?RCPG?J.
w 4FC K?VGKSK CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF ?@MTC UFGAF ?L GLQSJ?RGLE K?RCPG?J @CEGLQ RM @PC?I BMUL ?LB AMLBSAR GQ A?JJCB BGCJCARPGA QRPCLERF.
19.6 C7F79?JEHI ?D ,;H?;I 7D: )7H7BB;B
#(!04%2 19 Y %,%#42)# 0/4%.4)!, !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$ 687
w 4MR?J A?N?AGR?LAC GL QCPGCQ
1
C
S
=
1
C
1
+
1
C
2
+
1
C
3
+ ...
w 4MR?J A?N?AGR?LAC GL N?P?JJCJ C
p
= C
1
+ C
2
+ C
3
+ ...
w )D ? AGPASGR AMLR?GLQ ? AMK@GL?RGML MD A?N?AGRMPQ GL QCPGCQ ?LB N?P?JJCJ, GBCLRGDW QCPGCQ ?LB N?P?JJCJ N?PRQ, AMKNSRC RFCGP A?N?AGR?LACQ, ?LB RFCL
DGLB RFC RMR?J.
w #?N?AGRMPQ ?PC SQCB GL ? T?PGCRW MD BCTGACQ, GLAJSBGLE BCDG@PGJJ?RMPQ, KGAPMCJCARPMLGAQ QSAF ?Q A?JASJ?RMPQ, ?LB DJ?QF J?KNQ, RM QSNNJW CLCPEW.
w 4FC CLCPEW QRMPCB GL ? A?N?AGRMP A?L @C CVNPCQQCB GL RFPCC U?WQ:
E
cap
=
QV
2
=
CV
2
2
=
Q
2
2C
,
UFCPC Q GQ RFC AF?PEC, V GQ RFC TMJR?EC, ?LB C GQ RFC A?N?AGR?LAC MD RFC A?N?AGRMP. 4FC CLCPEW GQ GL HMSJCQ UFCL RFC AF?PEC GQ GL AMSJMK@Q,
TMJR?EC GQ GL TMJRQ, ?LB A?N?AGR?LAC GQ GL D?P?BQ.
1. 6MJR?EC GQ RFC AMKKML UMPB DMP NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC. 7FGAF RCPK GQ KMPC BCQAPGNRGTC, TMJR?EC MP NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC?
2. )D RFC TMJR?EC @CRUCCL RUM NMGLRQ GQ XCPM, A?L ? RCQR AF?PEC @C KMTCB @CRUCCL RFCK UGRF XCPM LCR UMPI @CGLE BMLC? #?L RFGQ LCACQQ?PGJW @C BMLC
UGRFMSR CVCPRGLE ? DMPAC? %VNJ?GL.
3. 7F?R GQ RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL TMJR?EC ?LB CLCPEW? -MPC NPCAGQCJW, UF?R GQ RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC ?LB CJCARPGA NMRCLRG?J
CLCPEW?
4. 6MJR?ECQ ?PC ?JU?WQ KC?QSPCB @CRUCCL RUM NMGLRQ. 7FW?
5. (MU ?PC SLGRQ MD TMJRQ ?LB CJCARPML TMJRQ PCJ?RCB? (MU BM RFCW BGDDCP?
6. $GQASQQ FMU NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC ?LB CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF ?PC PCJ?RCB. 'GTC ?L CV?KNJC.
7. 7F?R GQ RFC QRPCLERF MD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB GL ? PCEGML UFCPC RFC CJCARPGA NMRCLRG?J GQ AMLQR?LR?
8. 7GJJ ? LCE?RGTC AF?PEC, GLGRG?JJW ?R PCQR, KMTC RMU?PB FGEFCP MP JMUCP NMRCLRG?J? %VNJ?GL UFW.
9. )L UF?R PCEGML MD QN?AC GQ RFC NMRCLRG?J BSC RM ? SLGDMPKJW AF?PECB QNFCPC RFC Q?KC ?Q RF?R MD ? NMGLR AF?PEC? )L UF?R PCEGML BMCQ GR BGDDCP DPMK RF?R
MD ? NMGLR AF?PEC?
10. #?L RFC NMRCLRG?J MD ? LML-SLGDMPKJW AF?PECB QNFCPC @C RFC Q?KC ?Q RF?R MD ? NMGLR AF?PEC? %VNJ?GL.
11. 7F?R GQ ?L COSGNMRCLRG?J JGLC? 7F?R GQ ?L COSGNMRCLRG?J QSPD?AC?
12. %VNJ?GL GL WMSP MUL UMPBQ UFW COSGNMRCLRG?J JGLCQ ?LB QSPD?ACQ KSQR @C NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ.
13. #?L BGDDCPCLR COSGNMRCLRG?J JGLCQ APMQQ? %VNJ?GL.
19.5 C7F79?JEHI 7D: D?;B;9JH?9I
14. $MCQ RFC A?N?AGR?LAC MD ? BCTGAC BCNCLB ML RFC ?NNJGCB TMJR?EC? 7F?R ?@MSR RFC AF?PEC QRMPCB GL GR?
15. 5QC RFC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD RFC #MSJMK@ DMPAC RM CVNJ?GL UFW A?N?AGR?LAC QFMSJB @C NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC NJ?RC ?PC? MD ? A?N?AGRMP. 3GKGJ?PJW, CVNJ?GL
UFW A?N?AGR?LAC QFMSJB @C GLTCPQCJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC QCN?P?RGML @CRUCCL NJ?RCQ.
16. 'GTC RFC PC?QML UFW ? BGCJCARPGA K?RCPG?J GLAPC?QCQ A?N?AGR?LAC AMKN?PCB UGRF UF?R GR UMSJB @C UGRF ?GP @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ MD ? A?N?AGRMP. 7F?R
GQ RFC GLBCNCLBCLR PC?QML RF?R ? BGCJCARPGA K?RCPG?J ?JQM ?JJMUQ ? EPC?RCP TMJR?EC RM @C ?NNJGCB RM ? A?N?AGRMP? (4FC BGCJCARPGA RFSQ GLAPC?QCQ C ?LB
NCPKGRQ ? EPC?RCP V .)
17. (MU BMCQ RFC NMJ?P AF?P?ARCP MD U?RCP KMJCASJCQ FCJN RM CVNJ?GL U?RCPtQ PCJ?RGTCJW J?PEC BGCJCARPGA AMLQR?LR? (F?=KH; 19.19)
18. 3N?PIQ UGJJ MAASP @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ MD ?L ?GP-DGJJCB A?N?AGRMP ?R JMUCP TMJR?EC UFCL RFC ?GP GQ FSKGB RF?L UFCL BPW. %VNJ?GL UFW, AMLQGBCPGLE RFC
NMJ?P AF?P?ARCP MD U?RCP KMJCASJCQ.
19. 7?RCP F?Q ? J?PEC BGCJCARPGA AMLQR?LR, @SR GR GQ P?PCJW SQCB GL A?N?AGRMPQ. %VNJ?GL UFW.
20. -CK@P?LCQ GL JGTGLE ACJJQ, GLAJSBGLE RFMQC GL FSK?LQ, ?PC AF?P?ARCPGXCB @W ? QCN?P?RGML MD AF?PEC ?APMQQ RFC KCK@P?LC. %DDCARGTCJW, RFC
KCK@P?LCQ ?PC RFSQ AF?PECB A?N?AGRMPQ UGRF GKNMPR?LR DSLARGMLQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC ?APMQQ RFC KCK@P?LC. )Q CLCPEW PCOSGPCB RM
QCN?P?RC RFCQC AF?PECQ GL JGTGLE KCK@P?LCQ ?LB, GD QM, GQ GRQ QMSPAC RFC KCR?@MJGX?RGML MD DMMB CLCPEW MP QMKC MRFCP QMSPAC?
688 #(!04%2 19 Y %,%#42)# 0/4%.4)!, !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
F?=KH; 19.26 4FC QCKGNCPKC?@JC KCK@P?LC MD ? ACJJ F?Q BGDDCPCLR AMLACLRP?RGMLQ MD GMLQ GLQGBC ?LB MSR. $GDDSQGML KMTCQ RFC K
+
(NMR?QQGSK) ?LB Cl
(AFJMPGBC) GMLQ GL
RFC BGPCARGMLQ QFMUL, SLRGJ RFC #MSJMK@ DMPAC F?JRQ DSPRFCP RP?LQDCP. 4FGQ PCQSJRQ GL ? J?WCP MD NMQGRGTC AF?PEC ML RFC MSRQGBC, ? J?WCP MD LCE?RGTC AF?PEC ML RFC GLQGBC, ?LB RFSQ ?
TMJR?EC ?APMQQ RFC ACJJ KCK@P?LC. 4FC KCK@P?LC GQ LMPK?JJW GKNCPKC?@JC RM Na
+
(QMBGSK GMLQ).
19.6 C7F79?JEHI ?D ,;H?;I 7D: )7H7BB;B
21. )D WMS UGQF RM QRMPC ? J?PEC ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW GL ? A?N?AGRMP @?LI, UMSJB WMS AMLLCAR A?N?AGRMPQ GL QCPGCQ MP N?P?JJCJ? %VNJ?GL.
22. (MU BMCQ RFC CLCPEW AMLR?GLCB GL ? AF?PECB A?N?AGRMP AF?LEC UFCL ? BGCJCARPGA GQ GLQCPRCB, ?QQSKGLE RFC A?N?AGRMP GQ GQMJ?RCB ?LB GRQ AF?PEC GQ
AMLQR?LR? $MCQ RFGQ GKNJW RF?R UMPI U?Q BMLC?
23. 7F?R F?NNCLQ RM RFC CLCPEW QRMPCB GL ? A?N?AGRMP AMLLCARCB RM ? @?RRCPW UFCL ? BGCJCARPGA GQ GLQCPRCB? 7?Q UMPI BMLC GL RFC NPMACQQ?
#(!04%2 19 Y %,%#42)# 0/4%.4)!, !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$ 689
24. &GLB RFC P?RGM MD QNCCBQ MD ?L CJCARPML ?LB ? LCE?RGTC FWBPMECL GML
(MLC F?TGLE ?L CVRP? CJCARPML) ?AACJCP?RCB RFPMSEF RFC Q?KC TMJR?EC,
?QQSKGLE LML-PCJ?RGTGQRGA DGL?J QNCCBQ. 4?IC RFC K?QQ MD RFC FWBPMECL GML
RM @C 1.6710
27
kg.
25. !L CT?AS?RCB RS@C SQCQ ?L ?AACJCP?RGLE TMJR?EC MD 40 I6 RM
?AACJCP?RC CJCARPMLQ RM FGR ? AMNNCP NJ?RC ?LB NPMBSAC V P?WQ. .ML-
PCJ?RGTGQRGA?JJW, UF?R UMSJB @C RFC K?VGKSK QNCCB MD RFCQC CJCARPMLQ?
26. ! @?PC FCJGSK LSAJCSQ F?Q RUM NMQGRGTC AF?PECQ ?LB ? K?QQ MD
6.6410
27
kg. (?) #?JASJ?RC GRQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW GL HMSJCQ ?R 2.00% MD
RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. (@) 7F?R GQ RFGQ GL CJCARPML TMJRQ? (A) 7F?R TMJR?EC
UMSJB @C LCCBCB RM M@R?GL RFGQ CLCPEW?
3GLEJW AF?PECB E?Q GMLQ ?PC ?AACJCP?RCB DPMK PCQR RFPMSEF ? TMJR?EC MD
13.0 6. !R UF?R RCKNCP?RSPC UGJJ RFC ?TCP?EC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD E?Q
KMJCASJCQ @C RFC Q?KC ?Q RF?R EGTCL RFCQC GMLQ?
4FC RCKNCP?RSPC LC?P RFC ACLRCP MD RFC 3SL GQ RFMSEFR RM @C 15 KGJJGML
BCEPCCQ #CJQGSQ

1.510
7
C
. 4FPMSEF UF?R TMJR?EC KSQR ? QGLEJW

AF?PECB GML @C ?AACJCP?RCB RM F?TC RFC Q?KC CLCPEW ?Q RFC ?TCP?EC
IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD GMLQ ?R RFGQ RCKNCP?RSPC?
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC NMUCP MSRNSR MD ? FC?PR BCDG@PGJJ?RMP RF?R
BGQQGN?RCQ 400 * MD CLCPEW GL 10.0 KQ? (@) #MLQGBCPGLE RFC FGEF-NMUCP
MSRNSR, UFW BMCQLtR RFC BCDG@PGJJ?RMP NPMBSAC QCPGMSQ @SPLQ?
! JGEFRLGLE @MJR QRPGICQ ? RPCC, KMTGLE 20.0 # MD AF?PEC RFPMSEF ?
NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC MD 1.0010
2
MV. (?) 7F?R CLCPEW U?Q
BGQQGN?RCB? (@) 7F?R K?QQ MD U?RCP AMSJB @C P?GQCB DPMK 15C RM RFC
@MGJGLE NMGLR ?LB RFCL @MGJCB @W RFGQ CLCPEW? (A) $GQASQQ RFC B?K?EC RF?R
AMSJB @C A?SQCB RM RFC RPCC @W RFC CVN?LQGML MD RFC @MGJGLE QRC?K.
! 12.0 6 @?RRCPW-MNCP?RCB @MRRJC U?PKCP FC?RQ 50.0 E MD EJ?QQ,
2.5010
2
g MD @?@W DMPKSJ?, ?LB 2.0010
2
g MD ?JSKGLSK DPMK
20.0C RM 90.0C. (?) (MU KSAF AF?PEC GQ KMTCB @W RFC @?RRCPW? (@)
(MU K?LW CJCARPMLQ NCP QCAMLB DJMU GD GR R?ICQ 5.00 KGL RM U?PK RFC
DMPKSJ?? ((GLR: !QQSKC RF?R RFC QNCAGDGA FC?R MD @?@W DMPKSJ? GQ ?@MSR RFC
Q?KC ?Q RFC QNCAGDGA FC?R MD U?RCP.)
! @?RRCPW-MNCP?RCB A?P SRGJGXCQ ? 12.0 6 QWQRCK. &GLB RFC AF?PEC RFC
@?RRCPGCQ KSQR @C ?@JC RM KMTC GL MPBCP RM ?AACJCP?RC RFC 750 IE A?P DPMK
PCQR RM 25.0 K/Q, K?IC GR AJGK@ ? 2.0010
2
m FGEF FGJJ, ?LB RFCL A?SQC
GR RM RP?TCJ ?R ? AMLQR?LR 25.0 K/Q @W CVCPRGLE ? 5.0010
2
N DMPAC DMP
?L FMSP.
&SQGML NPM@?@GJGRW GQ EPC?RJW CLF?LACB UFCL ?NNPMNPG?RC LSAJCG ?PC
@PMSEFR AJMQC RMECRFCP, @SR KSRS?J #MSJMK@ PCNSJQGML KSQR @C MTCPAMKC.
4FGQ A?L @C BMLC SQGLE RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD FGEF-RCKNCP?RSPC E?Q GMLQ
MP @W ?AACJCP?RGLE RFC LSAJCG RMU?PB MLC ?LMRFCP. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC
NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW MD RUM QGLEJW AF?PECB LSAJCG QCN?P?RCB @W
1.0010
12
m @W DGLBGLE RFC TMJR?EC MD MLC ?R RF?R BGQR?LAC ?LB
KSJRGNJWGLE @W RFC AF?PEC MD RFC MRFCP. (@) !R UF?R RCKNCP?RSPC UGJJ ?RMKQ
MD ? E?Q F?TC ?L ?TCP?EC IGLCRGA CLCPEW COS?J RM RFGQ LCCBCB CJCARPGA?J
NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW?
(?) &GLB RFC TMJR?EC LC?P ? 10.0 AK BG?KCRCP KCR?J QNFCPC RF?R F?Q 8.00
# MD CVACQQ NMQGRGTC AF?PEC ML GR. (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ
PCQSJR? (A) 7FGAF ?QQSKNRGMLQ ?PC PCQNMLQG@JC?
#MLQGBCP ? @?RRCPW SQCB RM QSNNJW CLCPEW RM ? ACJJSJ?P NFMLC. #MLQRPSAR ?
NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS BCRCPKGLC RFC CLCPEW RF?R KSQR @C QSNNJGCB @W RFC
@?RRCPW, ?LB RFCL A?JASJ?RC RFC ?KMSLR MD AF?PEC GR KSQR @C ?@JC RM KMTC
GL MPBCP RM QSNNJW RFGQ CLCPEW. !KMLE RFC RFGLEQ RM @C AMLQGBCPCB ?PC RFC
CLCPEW LCCBQ ?LB @?RRCPW TMJR?EC. 9MS K?W LCCB RM JMMI ?FC?B RM
GLRCPNPCR K?LSD?ARSPCPtQ @?RRCPW P?RGLEQ GL ?KNCPC-FMSPQ ?Q CLCPEW GL
HMSJCQ.
36. 3FMU RF?R SLGRQ MD 6/K ?LB ./# DMP CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF ?PC GLBCCB
COSGT?JCLR.
37. 7F?R GQ RFC QRPCLERF MD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB @CRUCCL RUM N?P?JJCJ
AMLBSARGLE NJ?RCQ QCN?P?RCB @W 1.00 AK ?LB F?TGLE ? NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC
(TMJR?EC) @CRUCCL RFCK MD 1.5010
4
V?
38. 4FC CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF @CRUCCL RUM N?P?JJCJ AMLBSARGLE NJ?RCQ
QCN?P?RCB @W 4.00 AK GQ 7.5010
4
V/m. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC NMRCLRG?J
BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ? (@) 4FC NJ?RC UGRF RFC JMUCQR NMRCLRG?J GQ
R?ICL RM @C ?R XCPM TMJRQ. 7F?R GQ RFC NMRCLRG?J 1.00 AK DPMK RF?R NJ?RC
(?LB 3.00 AK DPMK RFC MRFCP)?
39. (MU D?P ?N?PR ?PC RUM AMLBSARGLE NJ?RCQ RF?R F?TC ?L CJCARPGA DGCJB
QRPCLERF MD 4.5010
3
V/m @CRUCCL RFCK, GD RFCGP NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC GQ
15.0 I6?
40. (?) 7GJJ RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF @CRUCCL RUM N?P?JJCJ AMLBSARGLE
NJ?RCQ CVACCB RFC @PC?IBMUL QRPCLERF DMP ?GP ( 3.010
6
V/m) GD RFC
NJ?RCQ ?PC QCN?P?RCB @W 2.00 KK ?LB ? NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC MD
5.010
3
V GQ ?NNJGCB? (@) (MU AJMQC RMECRFCP A?L RFC NJ?RCQ @C UGRF
RFGQ ?NNJGCB TMJR?EC?
41. 4FC TMJR?EC ?APMQQ ? KCK@P?LC DMPKGLE ? ACJJ U?JJ GQ 80.0 K6 ?LB
RFC KCK@P?LC GQ 9.00 LK RFGAI. 7F?R GQ RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF? (4FC
T?JSC GQ QSPNPGQGLEJW J?PEC, @SR AMPPCAR. -CK@P?LCQ ?PC BGQASQQCB GL
C7F79?JEHI 7D: D?;B;9JH?9I ?LB ';HL;
CED:K9J?EDWEB;9JHE97H:?E=H7CI.) 9MS K?W ?QQSKC ? SLGDMPK CJCARPGA
DGCJB.
42. -CK@P?LC U?JJQ MD JGTGLE ACJJQ F?TC QSPNPGQGLEJW J?PEC CJCARPGA DGCJBQ
?APMQQ RFCK BSC RM QCN?P?RGML MD GMLQ. (-CK@P?LCQ ?PC BGQASQQCB GL
QMKC BCR?GJ GL ';HL; CED:K9J?EDWEB;9JHE97H:?E=H7CI.) 7F?R GQ RFC
TMJR?EC ?APMQQ ?L 8.00 LKqRFGAI KCK@P?LC GD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF
?APMQQ GR GQ 5.50 -6/K? 9MS K?W ?QQSKC ? SLGDMPK CJCARPGA DGCJB.
43. 4UM N?P?JJCJ AMLBSARGLE NJ?RCQ ?PC QCN?P?RCB @W 10.0 AK, ?LB MLC MD
RFCK GQ R?ICL RM @C ?R XCPM TMJRQ. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF
@CRUCCL RFCK, GD RFC NMRCLRG?J 8.00 AK DPMK RFC XCPM TMJR NJ?RC (?LB 2.00
AK DPMK RFC MRFCP) GQ 450 6? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC TMJR?EC @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ?
44. &GLB RFC K?VGKSK NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL RUM N?P?JJCJ
AMLBSARGLE NJ?RCQ QCN?P?RCB @W 0.500 AK MD ?GP, EGTCL RFC K?VGKSK
QSQR?GL?@JC CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF GL ?GP RM @C 3.010
6
V/m.
45. ! BMS@JW AF?PECB GML GQ ?AACJCP?RCB RM ?L CLCPEW MD 32.0 IC6 @W RFC
CJCARPGA DGCJB @CRUCCL RUM N?P?JJCJ AMLBSARGLE NJ?RCQ QCN?P?RCB @W 2.00
AK. 7F?R GQ RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ?
46. !L CJCARPML GQ RM @C ?AACJCP?RCB GL ? SLGDMPK CJCARPGA DGCJB F?TGLE ?
QRPCLERF MD 2.0010
6
V/m. (?) 7F?R CLCPEW GL IC6 GQ EGTCL RM RFC
CJCARPML GD GR GQ ?AACJCP?RCB RFPMSEF 0.400 K? (@) /TCP UF?R BGQR?LAC
UMSJB GR F?TC RM @C ?AACJCP?RCB RM GLAPC?QC GRQ CLCPEW @W 50.0 'C6?
47. ! 0.500 AK BG?KCRCP NJ?QRGA QNFCPC, SQCB GL ? QR?RGA CJCARPGAGRW
BCKMLQRP?RGML, F?Q ? SLGDMPKJW BGQRPG@SRCB 40.0 N# AF?PEC ML GRQ QSPD?AC.
7F?R GQ RFC NMRCLRG?J LC?P GRQ QSPD?AC?
690 #(!04%2 19 Y %,%#42)# 0/4%.4)!, !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
48. 7F?R GQ RFC NMRCLRG?J 0.53010
10
m DPMK ? NPMRML (RFC ?TCP?EC
BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC NPMRML ?LB CJCARPML GL ? FWBPMECL ?RMK)?
49. (?) ! QNFCPC F?Q ? QSPD?AC SLGDMPKJW AF?PECB UGRF 1.00 #. !R UF?R
BGQR?LAC DPMK GRQ ACLRCP GQ RFC NMRCLRG?J 5.00 -6? (@) 7F?R BMCQ WMSP
?LQUCP GKNJW ?@MSR RFC NP?ARGA?J ?QNCAR MD GQMJ?RGLE QSAF ? J?PEC AF?PEC?
50. (MU D?P DPMK ? 1.00 C NMGLR AF?PEC UGJJ RFC NMRCLRG?J @C 100 6? !R
UF?R BGQR?LAC UGJJ GR @C 2.0010
2
V?
51. 7F?R ?PC RFC QGEL ?LB K?ELGRSBC MD ? NMGLR AF?PEC RF?R NPMBSACQ ?
NMRCLRG?J MD 2.00 V ?R ? BGQR?LAC MD 1.00 KK?
52. )D RFC NMRCLRG?J BSC RM ? NMGLR AF?PEC GQ 5.0010
2
V ?R ? BGQR?LAC MD
15.0 K, UF?R ?PC RFC QGEL ?LB K?ELGRSBC MD RFC AF?PEC?
53. )L LSAJC?P DGQQGML, ? LSAJCSQ QNJGRQ PMSEFJW GL F?JD. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC
NMRCLRG?J 2.0010
14
m DPMK ? DP?EKCLR RF?R F?Q 46 NPMRMLQ GL GR? (@)
7F?R GQ RFC NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW GL -C6 MD ? QGKGJ?PJW AF?PECB DP?EKCLR ?R
RFGQ BGQR?LAC?
54. ! PCQC?PAF 6?L BC 'P??DD ECLCP?RMP F?Q ? 2.00-K-BG?KCRCP KCR?J
QNFCPC UGRF ? AF?PEC MD 5.00 K# ML GR. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC NMRCLRG?J LC?P GRQ
QSPD?AC? (@) !R UF?R BGQR?LAC DPMK GRQ ACLRCP GQ RFC NMRCLRG?J 1.00 -6? (A)
!L MVWECL ?RMK UGRF RFPCC KGQQGLE CJCARPMLQ GQ PCJC?QCB LC?P RFC 6?L BC
'P??DD ECLCP?RMP. 7F?R GQ GRQ CLCPEW GL -C6 ?R RFGQ BGQR?LAC?
55. !L CJCARPMQR?RGA N?GLR QNP?WCP F?Q ? 0.200-K-BG?KCRCP KCR?J QNFCPC
?R ? NMRCLRG?J MD 25.0 I6 RF?R PCNCJQ N?GLR BPMNJCRQ MLRM ? EPMSLBCB M@HCAR.
(?) 7F?R AF?PEC GQ ML RFC QNFCPC? (@) 7F?R AF?PEC KSQR ? 0.100-KE
BPMN MD N?GLR F?TC RM ?PPGTC ?R RFC M@HCAR UGRF ? QNCCB MD 10.0 K/Q?
56. )L MLC MD RFC AJ?QQGA LSAJC?P NFWQGAQ CVNCPGKCLRQ ?R RFC @CEGLLGLE MD
RFC 20RF ACLRSPW, ?L ?JNF? N?PRGAJC U?Q ?AACJCP?RCB RMU?PB ? EMJB
LSAJCSQ, ?LB GRQ N?RF U?Q QS@QR?LRG?JJW BCDJCARCB @W RFC #MSJMK@
GLRCP?ARGML. )D RFC CLCPEW MD RFC BMS@JW AF?PECB ?JNF? LSAJCSQ U?Q 5.00
-C6, FMU AJMQC RM RFC EMJB LSAJCSQ (79 NPMRMLQ) AMSJB GR AMKC @CDMPC
@CGLE BCDJCARCB?
57. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC NMRCLRG?J @CRUCCL RUM NMGLRQ QGRS?RCB 10 AK ?LB 20
AK DPMK ? 3.0 C NMGLR AF?PEC? (@) 4M UF?R JMA?RGML QFMSJB RFC NMGLR ?R
20 AK @C KMTCB RM GLAPC?QC RFGQ NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC @W ? D?ARMP MD RUM?
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC DGL?J QNCCB MD ?L CJCARPML ?AACJCP?RCB DPMK PCQR RFPMSEF ?
TMJR?EC MD 25.0 -6 @W ? LCE?RGTCJW AF?PECB 6?L BC 'P??DD RCPKGL?J?
(@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ PCQSJR?
(A) 7FGAF ?QQSKNRGMLQ ?PC PCQNMLQG@JC?
59. (?) 3ICRAF RFC COSGNMRCLRG?J JGLCQ LC?P ? NMGLR AF?PEC + q . )LBGA?RC
RFC BGPCARGML MD GLAPC?QGLE NMRCLRG?J. (@) $M RFC Q?KC DMP ? NMGLR AF?PEC
3 q .
60. 3ICRAF RFC COSGNMRCLRG?J JGLCQ DMP RFC RUM COS?J NMQGRGTC AF?PECQ
QFMUL GL F?=KH; 19.27. )LBGA?RC RFC BGPCARGML MD GLAPC?QGLE NMRCLRG?J.
F?=KH; 19.27 4FC CJCARPGA DGCJB LC?P RUM COS?J NMQGRGTC AF?PECQ GQ BGPCARCB ?U?W DPMK
C?AF MD RFC AF?PECQ.
61. F?=KH; 19.28 QFMUQ RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ LC?P RUM AF?PECQ q
1
?LB
q
2
, RFC DGPQR F?TGLE ? K?ELGRSBC DMSP RGKCQ RF?R MD RFC QCAMLB. 3ICRAF
RFC COSGNMRCLRG?J JGLCQ DMP RFCQC RUM AF?PECQ, ?LB GLBGA?RC RFC BGPCARGML MD
GLAPC?QGLE NMRCLRG?J.
62. 3ICRAF RFC COSGNMRCLRG?J JGLCQ ? JMLE BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC AF?PECQ
QFMUL GL F?=KH; 19.28. )LBGA?RC RFC BGPCARGML MD GLAPC?QGLE NMRCLRG?J.
F?=KH; 19.28 4FC CJCARPGA DGCJB LC?P RUM AF?PECQ.
63. 3ICRAF RFC COSGNMRCLRG?J JGLCQ GL RFC TGAGLGRW MD RUM MNNMQGRC AF?PECQ,
UFCPC RFC LCE?RGTC AF?PEC GQ RFPCC RGKCQ ?Q EPC?R GL K?ELGRSBC ?Q RFC
NMQGRGTC. 3CC F?=KH; 19.28 DMP ? QGKGJ?P QGRS?RGML. )LBGA?RC RFC BGPCARGML MD
64. 3ICRAF RFC COSGNMRCLRG?J JGLCQ GL RFC TGAGLGRW MD RFC LCE?RGTCJW AF?PECB
AMLBSARMP GL F?=KH; 19.29. (MU UGJJ RFCQC COSGNMRCLRG?JQ JMMI ? JMLE
BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC M@HCAR?
F?=KH; 19.29 ! LCE?RGTCJW AF?PECB AMLBSARMP.
65. 3ICRAF RFC COSGNMRCLRG?J JGLCQ QSPPMSLBGLE RFC RUM AMLBSARGLE NJ?RCQ
QFMUL GL F?=KH; 19.30, EGTCL RFC RMN NJ?RC GQ NMQGRGTC ?LB RFC @MRRMK
NJ?RC F?Q ?L COS?J ?KMSLR MD LCE?RGTC AF?PEC. "C ACPR?GL RM GLBGA?RC RFC
BGQRPG@SRGML MD AF?PEC ML RFC NJ?RCQ. )Q RFC DGCJB QRPMLECQR UFCPC RFC NJ?RCQ
?PC AJMQCQR? 7FW QFMSJB GR @C?
F?=KH; 19.30
66. (?) 3ICRAF RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ GL RFC TGAGLGRW MD RFC AF?PECB GLQSJ?RMP
GL F?=KH; 19.31. .MRC GRQ LML-SLGDMPK AF?PEC BGQRPG@SRGML. (@) 3ICRAF
COSGNMRCLRG?J JGLCQ QSPPMSLBGLE RFC GLQSJ?RMP. )LBGA?RC RFC BGPCARGML MD
F?=KH; 19.31 ! AF?PECB GLQSJ?RGLE PMB QSAF ?Q KGEFR @C SQCB GL ? AJ?QQPMMK
BCKMLQRP?RGML.
#(!04%2 19 Y %,%#42)# 0/4%.4)!, !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$ 691
67. 4FC L?RSP?JJW MAASPPGLE AF?PEC ML RFC EPMSLB ML ? DGLC B?W MSR GL RFC
MNCL AMSLRPW GQ 1.00 nC/m
2
. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB PCJ?RGTC RM
EPMSLB ?R ? FCGEFR MD 3.00 K? (@) #?JASJ?RC RFC CJCARPGA NMRCLRG?J ?R RFGQ
FCGEFR. (A) 3ICRAF CJCARPGA DGCJB ?LB COSGNMRCLRG?J JGLCQ DMP RFGQ QACL?PGM.
68. 4FC JCQQCP CJCARPGA P?W (%4E6<A8 54A6EB9G<<) K?GLR?GLQ ?L GLAPCBG@JC
AF?PEC ML GRQ FC?B ?LB ? AF?PEC COS?J GL K?ELGRSBC @SR MNNMQGRC GL QGEL
ML GRQ R?GJ (F?=KH; 19.32). (?) 3ICRAF RFC COSGNMRCLRG?J JGLCQ QSPPMSLBGLE
RFC P?W. (@) 3ICRAF RFC COSGNMRCLRG?JQ UFCL RFC P?W GQ LC?P ? QFGN UGRF ?
AMLBSARGLE QSPD?AC. (A) (MU AMSJB RFGQ AF?PEC BGQRPG@SRGML @C MD SQC RM RFC
P?W?
F?=KH; 19.32 ,CQQCP CJCARPGA P?W (%4E6<A8 54A6EB9G<<) (APCBGR: .?RGML?J /AC?LGA ?LB
!RKMQNFCPGA !BKGLGQRP?RGML, ./!!'Q &GQFCPGCQ #MJJCARGML).
19.5 C7F79?JEHI 7D: D?;B;9JH?9I
69. 7F?R AF?PEC GQ QRMPCB GL ? 180 F A?N?AGRMP UFCL 120 6 GQ ?NNJGCB
RM GR?
70. &GLB RFC AF?PEC QRMPCB UFCL 5.50 6 GQ ?NNJGCB RM ?L 8.00 N&
A?N?AGRMP.
71. 7F?R AF?PEC GQ QRMPCB GL RFC A?N?AGRMP GL EN7CFB; 19.8?
72. #?JASJ?RC RFC TMJR?EC ?NNJGCB RM ? 2.00 F A?N?AGRMP UFCL GR FMJBQ
3.10 C MD AF?PEC.
73. 7F?R TMJR?EC KSQR @C ?NNJGCB RM ?L 8.00 L& A?N?AGRMP RM QRMPC 0.160
K# MD AF?PEC?
74. 7F?R A?N?AGR?LAC GQ LCCBCB RM QRMPC 3.00 C MD AF?PEC ?R ? TMJR?EC
MD 120 6?
75. 7F?R GQ RFC A?N?AGR?LAC MD ? J?PEC 6?L BC 'P??DD ECLCP?RMPtQ
RCPKGL?J, EGTCL RF?R GR QRMPCQ 8.00 K# MD AF?PEC ?R ? TMJR?EC MD 12.0 -6?
76. &GLB RFC A?N?AGR?LAC MD ? N?P?JJCJ NJ?RC A?N?AGRMP F?TGLE NJ?RCQ MD
?PC? 5.00 m
2
RF?R ?PC QCN?P?RCB @W 0.100 KK MD 4CDJML.
77. (?)7F?R GQ RFC A?N?AGR?LAC MD ? N?P?JJCJ NJ?RC A?N?AGRMP F?TGLE NJ?RCQ
MD ?PC? 1.50 m
2
RF?R ?PC QCN?P?RCB @W 0.0200 KK MD LCMNPCLC PS@@CP?
(@) 7F?R AF?PEC BMCQ GR FMJB UFCL 9.00 6 GQ ?NNJGCB RM GR?
! NP?LIQRCP ?NNJGCQ 450 6 RM ?L 80.0 F A?N?AGRMP ?LB RFCL RMQQCQ GR RM
?L SLQSQNCARGLE TGARGK. 4FC TGARGKtQ DGLECP GQ @SPLCB @W RFC BGQAF?PEC MD
RFC A?N?AGRMP RFPMSEF 0.200 E MD DJCQF. 7F?R GQ RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QC
MD RFC DJCQF? )Q GR PC?QML?@JC RM ?QQSKC LM NF?QC AF?LEC?
(?) ! ACPR?GL N?P?JJCJ NJ?RC A?N?AGRMP F?Q NJ?RCQ MD ?PC? 4.00 m
2
,
QCN?P?RCB @W 0.0100 KK MD LWJML, ?LB QRMPCQ 0.170 # MD AF?PEC. 7F?R GQ
RFC ?NNJGCB TMJR?EC? (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ PCQSJR? (A)
7FGAF ?QQSKNRGMLQ ?PC PCQNMLQG@JC MP GLAMLQGQRCLR?
19.6 C7F79?JEHI ?D ,;H?;I 7D: )7H7BB;B
80. &GLB RFC RMR?J A?N?AGR?LAC MD RFC AMK@GL?RGML MD A?N?AGRMPQ GL F?=KH;
19.33.
F?=KH; 19.33 ! AMK@GL?RGML MD QCPGCQ ?LB N?P?JJCJ AMLLCARGMLQ MD A?N?AGRMPQ.
81. 3SNNMQC WMS U?LR ? A?N?AGRMP @?LI UGRF ? RMR?J A?N?AGR?LAC MD 0.750
& ?LB WMS NMQQCQQ LSKCPMSQ 1.50 K& A?N?AGRMPQ. 7F?R GQ RFC QK?JJCQR
LSK@CP WMS AMSJB FMMI RMECRFCP RM ?AFGCTC WMSP EM?J, ?LB FMU UMSJB
WMS AMLLCAR RFCK?
82. 7F?R RMR?J A?N?AGR?LACQ A?L WMS K?IC @W AMLLCARGLE ? 5.00 F ?LB
?L 8.00 F A?N?AGRMP RMECRFCP?
83. &GLB RFC RMR?J A?N?AGR?LAC MD RFC AMK@GL?RGML MD A?N?AGRMPQ QFMUL GL
F?=KH; 19.34.
84. &GLB RFC RMR?J A?N?AGR?LAC MD RFC AMK@GL?RGML MD A?N?AGRMPQ QFMUL GL
F?=KH; 19.35.
(?) !L 8.00 F A?N?AGRMP GQ AMLLCARCB GL N?P?JJCJ RM ?LMRFCP A?N?AGRMP,
NPMBSAGLE ? RMR?J A?N?AGR?LAC MD 5.00 F . 7F?R GQ RFC A?N?AGR?LAC MD
RFC QCAMLB A?N?AGRMP? (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ PCQSJR? (A)
7FGAF ?QQSKNRGMLQ ?PC SLPC?QML?@JC MP GLAMLQGQRCLR?
86. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC CLCPEW QRMPCB GL RFC 10.0 F A?N?AGRMP MD ? FC?PR
BCDG@PGJJ?RMP AF?PECB RM 9.0010
3
V? (@) &GLB RFC ?KMSLR MD QRMPCB
AF?PEC.
87. )L MNCL FC?PR QSPECPW, ? KSAF QK?JJCP ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW UGJJ
BCDG@PGJJ?RC RFC FC?PR. (?) 7F?R TMJR?EC GQ ?NNJGCB RM RFC 8.00 F
A?N?AGRMP MD ? FC?PR BCDG@PGJJ?RMP RF?R QRMPCQ 40.0 * MD CLCPEW? (@) &GLB RFC
?KMSLR MD QRMPCB AF?PEC.
692 #(!04%2 19 Y %,%#42)# 0/4%.4)!, !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
88. ! 165 F A?N?AGRMP GQ SQCB GL AMLHSLARGML UGRF ? KMRMP. (MU KSAF
CLCPEW GQ QRMPCB GL GR UFCL 119 6 GQ ?NNJGCB?
89. 3SNNMQC WMS F?TC ? 9.00 6 @?RRCPW, ? 2.00 F A?N?AGRMP, ?LB ?
7.40 F A?N?AGRMP. (?) &GLB RFC AF?PEC ?LB CLCPEW QRMPCB GD RFC
A?N?AGRMPQ ?PC AMLLCARCB RM RFC @?RRCPW GL QCPGCQ. (@) $M RFC Q?KC DMP ?
N?P?JJCJ AMLLCARGML.
90. ! LCPTMSQ NFWQGAGQR UMPPGCQ RF?R RFC RUM KCR?J QFCJTCQ MD FGQ UMMB
DP?KC @MMIA?QC KGEFR M@R?GL ? FGEF TMJR?EC GD AF?PECB @W QR?RGA
CJCARPGAGRW, NCPF?NQ NPMBSACB @W DPGARGML. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC A?N?AGR?LAC MD
RFC CKNRW QFCJTCQ GD RFCW F?TC ?PC? 1.0010
2
m
2
?LB ?PC 0.200 K
?N?PR? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC TMJR?EC @CRUCCL RFCK GD MNNMQGRC AF?PECQ MD
K?ELGRSBC 2.00 L# ?PC NJ?ACB ML RFCK? (A) 4M QFMU RF?R RFGQ TMJR?EC
NMQCQ ? QK?JJ F?X?PB, A?JASJ?RC RFC CLCPEW QRMPCB.
91. 3FMU RF?R DMP ? EGTCL BGCJCARPGA K?RCPG?J RFC K?VGKSK CLCPEW ?
N?P?JJCJ NJ?RC A?N?AGRMP A?L QRMPC GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC TMJSKC MD
BGCJCARPGA ( Volume = A d ). .MRC RF?R RFC ?NNJGCB TMJR?EC GQ JGKGRCB @W
RFC BGCJCARPGA QRPCLERF.
#MLQGBCP ? FC?PR BCDG@PGJJ?RMP QGKGJ?P RM RF?R BGQASQQCB GL EN7CFB; 19.11.
#MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS CV?KGLC RFC AF?PEC QRMPCB GL RFC
A?N?AGRMP MD ? BCDG@PGJJ?RMP ?Q ? DSLARGML MD QRMPCB CLCPEW. !KMLE RFC
RFGLEQ RM @C AMLQGBCPCB ?PC RFC ?NNJGCB TMJR?EC ?LB UFCRFCP GR QFMSJB
T?PW UGRF CLCPEW RM @C BCJGTCPCB, RFC P?LEC MD CLCPEGCQ GLTMJTCB, ?LB RFC
A?N?AGR?LAC MD RFC BCDG@PGJJ?RMP. 9MS K?W ?JQM UGQF RM AMLQGBCP RFC KSAF
QK?JJCP CLCPEW LCCBCB DMP BCDG@PGJJ?RGML BSPGLE MNCL-FC?PR QSPECPW ?Q ?
T?PG?RGML ML RFGQ NPM@JCK.
(?) /L ? N?PRGASJ?P B?W, GR R?ICQ 9.6010
3
J MD CJCARPGA CLCPEW RM QR?PR ?
RPSAItQ CLEGLC. #?JASJ?RC RFC A?N?AGR?LAC MD ? A?N?AGRMP RF?R AMSJB QRMPC
RF?R ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW ?R 12.0 6. (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ
PCQSJR? (A) 7FGAF ?QQSKNRGMLQ ?PC PCQNMLQG@JC?
#(!04%2 19 Y %,%#42)# 0/4%.4)!, !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$ 693
694 #(!04%2 19 Y %,%#42)# 0/4%.4)!, !.$ %,%#42)# &)%,$
20 %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3
,!7
F?=KH; 20.1 %JCARPGA CLCPEW GL K?QQGTC OS?LRGRGCQ GQ RP?LQKGRRCB DPMK RFGQ FWBPMCJCARPGA D?AGJGRW, RFC 3PGQ?GJ?K NMUCP QR?RGML JMA?RCB ?JMLE RFC +PGQFL? 2GTCP GL )LBG?, @W RFC
KMTCKCLR MD AF?PECrRF?R GQ, @W CJCARPGA ASPPCLR. (APCBGR: #FGLRMFCPC, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
,C?PLGLE /@HCARGTCQ
20.1. CKHH;DJ
20.2. (>CXI %7M: +;I?IJ7D9; 7D: ,?CFB; C?H9K?JI
20.3. +;I?IJ7D9; 7D: +;I?IJ?L?JO
20.4. EB;9JH?9 )EM;H 7D: ED;H=O
20.5. ABJ;HD7J?D= CKHH;DJ L;HIKI D?H;9J CKHH;DJ
20.6. EB;9JH?9 !7P7H:I 7D: J>; !KC7D BE:O
20.7. ';HL; CED:K9J?EDVEB;9JHE97H:?E=H7CI
"DJHE:K9J?ED JE EB;9JH?9 CKHH;DJ, +;I?IJ7D9;, 7D: (>C'I %7M
4FC DJGAICP MD LSK@CPQ ML ? F?LBFCJB A?JASJ?RMP, LCPTC GKNSJQCQ A?PPWGLE QGEL?JQ MD TGQGML RM RFC @P?GL, ?L SJRP?QMSLB BCTGAC QCLBGLE ? QGEL?J RM ?
AMKNSRCP QAPCCL, RFC @P?GL QCLBGLE ? KCQQ?EC DMP ? @?@W RM RUGRAF GRQ RMCQ, ?L CJCARPGA RP?GL NSJJGLE GRQ JM?B MTCP ? KMSLR?GL N?QQ, ? FWBPMCJCARPGA
NJ?LR QCLBGLE CLCPEW RM KCRPMNMJGR?L ?LB PSP?J SQCPQrRFCQC ?LB K?LW MRFCP CV?KNJCQ MD CJCARPGAGRW GLTMJTC 8?86GE<6 6HEE8AG, G;8 @BI8@8AG B9 6;4E:8.
(SK?LIGLB F?Q GLBCCB F?PLCQQCB CJCARPGAGRW, RFC @?QGQ MD RCAFLMJMEW, RM GKNPMTC MSP OS?JGRW MD JGDC. 7FCPC?Q RFC NPCTGMSQ RUM AF?NRCPQ AMLACLRP?RCB
ML QR?RGA CJCARPGAGRW ?LB RFC DSLB?KCLR?J DMPAC SLBCPJWGLE GRQ @CF?TGMP, RFC LCVR DCU AF?NRCPQ UGJJ @C BCTMRCB RM CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA NFCLMKCL?
GLTMJTGLE ASPPCLR. )L ?BBGRGML RM CVNJMPGLE ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD CJCARPGAGRW, UC QF?JJ E?GL LCU GLQGEFRQ GLRM L?RSPCrGL N?PRGASJ?P, RFC D?AR RF?R ?JJ K?ELCRGQK
PCQSJRQ DPMK CJCARPGA ASPPCLR.
#(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7 695
20.1 CKHH;DJ
%JCARPGA #SPPCLR
%JCARPGA ASPPCLR GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC P?RC ?R UFGAF AF?PEC DJMUQ. ! J?PEC ASPPCLR, QSAF ?Q RF?R SQCB RM QR?PR ? RPSAI CLEGLC, KMTCQ ? J?PEC ?KMSLR MD
AF?PEC GL ? QK?JJ RGKC, UFCPC?Q ? QK?JJ ASPPCLR, QSAF ?Q RF?R SQCB RM MNCP?RC ? F?LB-FCJB A?JASJ?RMP, KMTCQ ? QK?JJ ?KMSLR MD AF?PEC MTCP ? JMLE
NCPGMB MD RGKC. )L COS?RGML DMPK, ;B;9JH?9 9KHH;DJ I GQ BCDGLCB RM @C
(20.1)
I =
Q
t
,
UFCPC Q GQ RFC ?KMSLR MD AF?PEC N?QQGLE RFPMSEF ? EGTCL ?PC? GL RGKC t . (!Q GL NPCTGMSQ AF?NRCPQ, GLGRG?J RGKC GQ MDRCL R?ICL RM @C XCPM, GL UFGAF
A?QC t = t .) (3CC F?=KH; 20.2.) 4FC 3) SLGR DMP ASPPCLR GQ RFC 7CF;H; (!), L?KCB DMP RFC &PCLAF NFWQGAGQR !LBPd--?PGC !KNcPC (1775q1836). 3GLAC
I = Q/ t , UC QCC RF?R ?L ?KNCPC GQ MLC AMSJMK@ NCP QCAMLB:
(20.2) 1 A = 1 C/s
.MR MLJW ?PC DSQCQ ?LB AGPASGR @PC?ICPQ P?RCB GL ?KNCPCQ (MP ?KNQ), QM ?PC K?LW CJCARPGA?J ?NNJG?LACQ.
F?=KH; 20.2 4FC P?RC MD DJMU MD AF?PEC GQ ASPPCLR. !L ?KNCPC GQ RFC DJMU MD MLC AMSJMK@ RFPMSEF ?L ?PC? GL MLC QCAMLB.
EN7CFB; 20.1 C7B9KB7J?D= CKHH;DJI: CKHH;DJ ?D 7 -HK9A B7JJ;HO 7D: 7 !7D:>;B: C7B9KB7JEH
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC ASPPCLR GLTMJTCB UFCL ? RPSAI @?RRCPW QCRQ GL KMRGML 720 # MD AF?PEC GL 4.00 Q UFGJC QR?PRGLE ?L CLEGLC? (@) (MU JMLE BMCQ GR R?IC
1.00 # MD AF?PEC RM DJMU RFPMSEF ? F?LBFCJB A?JASJ?RMP GD ? 0.300-K! ASPPCLR GQ DJMUGLE?
,JH7J;=O
7C A?L SQC RFC BCDGLGRGML MD ASPPCLR GL RFC COS?RGML I = Q/ t RM DGLB RFC ASPPCLR GL N?PR (?), QGLAC AF?PEC ?LB RGKC ?PC EGTCL. )L N?PR (@), UC
PC?PP?LEC RFC BCDGLGRGML MD ASPPCLR ?LB SQC RFC EGTCL T?JSCQ MD AF?PEC ?LB ASPPCLR RM DGLB RFC RGKC PCOSGPCB.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
%LRCPGLE RFC EGTCL T?JSCQ DMP AF?PEC ?LB RGKC GLRM RFC BCDGLGRGML MD ASPPCLR EGTCQ
(20.3)
I =
Q
t
=
720 C
4.00 s
= 180 C/s
= 180 A.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (7)
4FGQ J?PEC T?JSC DMP ASPPCLR GJJSQRP?RCQ RFC D?AR RF?R ? J?PEC AF?PEC GQ KMTCB GL ? QK?JJ ?KMSLR MD RGKC. 4FC ASPPCLRQ GL RFCQC uQR?PRCP KMRMPQv ?PC
D?GPJW J?PEC @CA?SQC J?PEC DPGARGML?J DMPACQ LCCB RM @C MTCPAMKC UFCL QCRRGLE QMKCRFGLE GL KMRGML.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
3MJTGLE RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN I = Q/ t DMP RGKC t , ?LB CLRCPGLE RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ DMP AF?PEC ?LB ASPPCLR EGTCQ
(20.4)
t =
Q
I
=
1.00 C
0.30010
-3
C/s
= 3.3310
3
s.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (8)
4FGQ RGKC GQ QJGEFRJW JCQQ RF?L ?L FMSP. 4FC QK?JJ ASPPCLR SQCB @W RFC F?LB-FCJB A?JASJ?RMP R?ICQ ? KSAF JMLECP RGKC RM KMTC ? QK?JJCP AF?PEC
RF?L RFC J?PEC ASPPCLR MD RFC RPSAI QR?PRCP. 3M UFW A?L UC MNCP?RC MSP A?JASJ?RMPQ MLJW QCAMLBQ ?DRCP RSPLGLE RFCK ML? )RtQ @CA?SQC A?JASJ?RMPQ
PCOSGPC TCPW JGRRJC CLCPEW. 3SAF QK?JJ ASPPCLR ?LB CLCPEW BCK?LBQ ?JJMU F?LBFCJB A?JASJ?RMPQ RM MNCP?RC DPMK QMJ?P ACJJQ MP RM ECR K?LW FMSPQ MD
SQC MSR MD QK?JJ @?RRCPGCQ. 2CKCK@CP, A?JASJ?RMPQ BM LMR F?TC KMTGLE N?PRQ GL RFC Q?KC U?W RF?R ? RPSAI CLEGLC F?Q UGRF AWJGLBCPQ ?LB NGQRMLQ,
QM RFC RCAFLMJMEW PCOSGPCQ QK?JJCP ASPPCLRQ.
F?=KH; 20.3 QFMUQ ? QGKNJC AGPASGR ?LB RFC QR?LB?PB QAFCK?RGA PCNPCQCLR?RGML MD ? @?RRCPW, AMLBSARGLE N?RF, ?LB JM?B (? PCQGQRMP). 3AFCK?RGAQ ?PC
TCPW SQCDSJ GL TGQS?JGXGLE RFC K?GL DC?RSPCQ MD ? AGPASGR. ! QGLEJC QAFCK?RGA A?L PCNPCQCLR ? UGBC T?PGCRW MD QGRS?RGMLQ. 4FC QAFCK?RGA GL F?=KH; 20.3
(@), DMP CV?KNJC, A?L PCNPCQCLR ?LWRFGLE DPMK ? RPSAI @?RRCPW AMLLCARCB RM ? FC?BJGEFR JGEFRGLE RFC QRPCCR GL DPMLR MD RFC RPSAI RM ? QK?JJ @?RRCPW
696 #(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7
AMLLCARCB RM ? NCLJGEFR JGEFRGLE ? ICWFMJC GL ? BMMP. 3SAF QAFCK?RGAQ ?PC SQCDSJ @CA?SQC RFC ?L?JWQGQ GQ RFC Q?KC DMP ? UGBC T?PGCRW MD QGRS?RGMLQ. 7C
LCCB RM SLBCPQR?LB ? DCU QAFCK?RGAQ RM ?NNJW RFC AMLACNRQ ?LB ?L?JWQGQ RM K?LW KMPC QGRS?RGMLQ.
F?=KH; 20.3 (?) ! QGKNJC CJCARPGA AGPASGR. ! AJMQCB N?RF DMP ASPPCLR RM DJMU RFPMSEF GQ QSNNJGCB @W AMLBSARGLE UGPCQ AMLLCARGLE ? JM?B RM RFC RCPKGL?JQ MD ? @?RRCPW. (@) )L RFGQ
QAFCK?RGA, RFC @?RRCPW GQ PCNPCQCLRCB @W RFC RUM N?P?JJCJ PCB JGLCQ, AMLBSARGLE UGPCQ ?PC QFMUL ?Q QRP?GEFR JGLCQ, ?LB RFC XGEX?E PCNPCQCLRQ RFC JM?B. 4FC QAFCK?RGA PCNPCQCLRQ
? UGBC T?PGCRW MD QGKGJ?P AGPASGRQ.
.MRC RF?R RFC BGPCARGML MD ASPPCLR DJMU GL F?=KH; 20.3 GQ DPMK NMQGRGTC RM LCE?RGTC. +;8 7<E86G<BA B9 6BAI8AG<BA4? 6HEE8AG <F G;8 7<E86G<BA G;4G CBF<G<I8
6;4E:8 JBH?7 9?BJ. $CNCLBGLE ML RFC QGRS?RGML, NMQGRGTC AF?PECQ, LCE?RGTC AF?PECQ, MP @MRF K?W KMTC. )L KCR?J UGPCQ, DMP CV?KNJC, ASPPCLR GQ A?PPGCB
@W CJCARPMLQrRF?R GQ, LCE?RGTC AF?PECQ KMTC. )L GMLGA QMJSRGMLQ, QSAF ?Q Q?JR U?RCP, @MRF NMQGRGTC ?LB LCE?RGTC AF?PECQ KMTC. 4FGQ GQ ?JQM RPSC GL
LCPTC ACJJQ. ! 6?L BC 'P??DD ECLCP?RMP SQCB DMP LSAJC?P PCQC?PAF A?L NPMBSAC ? ASPPCLR MD NSPC NMQGRGTC AF?PECQ, QSAF ?Q NPMRMLQ. F?=KH; 20.4
GJJSQRP?RCQ RFC KMTCKCLR MD AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ RF?R AMKNMQC ? ASPPCLR. 4FC D?AR RF?R AMLTCLRGML?J ASPPCLR GQ R?ICL RM @C GL RFC BGPCARGML RF?R NMQGRGTC
AF?PEC UMSJB DJMU A?L @C RP?ACB @?AI RM !KCPGA?L NMJGRGAG?L ?LB QAGCLRGQR "CLH?KGL &P?LIJGL GL RFC 1700Q. (C L?KCB RFC RWNC MD AF?PEC ?QQMAG?RCB
UGRF CJCARPMLQ LCE?RGTC, JMLE @CDMPC RFCW UCPC ILMUL RM A?PPW ASPPCLR GL QM K?LW QGRS?RGMLQ. &P?LIJGL, GL D?AR, U?Q RMR?JJW SL?U?PC MD RFC QK?JJ-QA?JC
QRPSARSPC MD CJCARPGAGRW.
)R GQ GKNMPR?LR RM PC?JGXC RF?R RFCPC GQ ?L CJCARPGA DGCJB GL AMLBSARMPQ PCQNMLQG@JC DMP NPMBSAGLE RFC ASPPCLR, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 20.4. 5LJGIC QR?RGA
CJCARPGAGRW, UFCPC ? AMLBSARMP GL COSGJG@PGSK A?LLMR F?TC ?L CJCARPGA DGCJB GL GR, AMLBSARMPQ A?PPWGLE ? ASPPCLR F?TC ?L CJCARPGA DGCJB ?LB ?PC LMR GL QR?RGA
COSGJG@PGSK. !L CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ LCCBCB RM QSNNJW CLCPEW RM KMTC RFC AF?PECQ.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 4?IC-(MKC )LTCQRGE?RGMLr%JCARPGA #SPPCLR )JJSQRP?RGML
&GLB ? QRP?U ?LB JGRRJC NC?Q RF?R A?L KMTC DPCCJW GL RFC QRP?U. 0J?AC RFC QRP?U DJ?R ML ? R?@JC ?LB DGJJ RFC QRP?U UGRF NC?Q. 7FCL WMS NMN MLC NC?
GL ?R MLC CLB, ? BGDDCPCLR NC? QFMSJB NMN MSR RFC MRFCP CLB. 4FGQ BCKMLQRP?RGML GQ ?L ?L?JMEW DMP ?L CJCARPGA ASPPCLR. )BCLRGDW UF?R AMKN?PCQ RM
RFC CJCARPMLQ ?LB UF?R AMKN?PCQ RM RFC QSNNJW MD CLCPEW. 7F?R MRFCP ?L?JMEGCQ A?L WMS DGLB DMP ?L CJCARPGA ASPPCLR?
.MRC RF?R RFC DJMU MD NC?Q GQ @?QCB ML RFC NC?Q NFWQGA?JJW @SKNGLE GLRM C?AF MRFCP; CJCARPMLQ DJMU BSC RM KSRS?JJW PCNSJQGTC CJCARPMQR?RGA DMPACQ.
#(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7 697
F?=KH; 20.4 #SPPCLR I GQ RFC P?RC ?R UFGAF AF?PEC KMTCQ RFPMSEF ?L ?PC? A , QSAF ?Q RFC APMQQ-QCARGML MD ? UGPC. #MLTCLRGML?J ASPPCLR GQ BCDGLCB RM KMTC GL RFC BGPCARGML MD
RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB. (?) 0MQGRGTC AF?PECQ KMTC GL RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB ?LB RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q AMLTCLRGML?J ASPPCLR. (@) .CE?RGTC AF?PECQ KMTC GL RFC BGPCARGML
MNNMQGRC RM RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB. #MLTCLRGML?J ASPPCLR GQ GL RFC BGPCARGML MNNMQGRC RM RFC KMTCKCLR MD LCE?RGTC AF?PEC. 4FC DJMU MD CJCARPMLQ GQ QMKCRGKCQ PCDCPPCB RM ?Q CJCARPMLGA
DJMU.
EN7CFB; 20.2 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; 'KC8;H E< EB;9JHEDI J>7J &EL; J>HEK=> 7 C7B9KB7JEH
)D RFC 0.300-K! ASPPCLR RFPMSEF RFC A?JASJ?RMP KCLRGMLCB GL RFC EN7CFB; 20.1 CV?KNJC GQ A?PPGCB @W CJCARPMLQ, FMU K?LW CJCARPMLQ NCP QCAMLB
N?QQ RFPMSEF GR?
,JH7J;=O
4FC ASPPCLR A?JASJ?RCB GL RFC NPCTGMSQ CV?KNJC U?Q BCDGLCB DMP RFC DJMU MD NMQGRGTC AF?PEC. &MP CJCARPMLQ, RFC K?ELGRSBC GQ RFC Q?KC, @SR RFC QGEL
GQ MNNMQGRC, I
electrons
= 0.30010
3
C/s .3GLAC C?AF CJCARPML (e
) F?Q ? AF?PEC MD 1.6010

19
C, UC A?L AMLTCPR RFC ASPPCLR GL
AMSJMK@Q NCP QCAMLB RM CJCARPMLQ NCP QCAMLB.
,EBKJ?ED
3R?PRGLE UGRF RFC BCDGLGRGML MD ASPPCLR, UC F?TC
(20.5)
I
electrons
=
Q
electrons
t
=
0.30010
3
C
s
.
7C BGTGBC RFGQ @W RFC AF?PEC NCP CJCARPML, QM RF?R
(20.6)
e
s
=
0.30010
3
C
s

1 e
1.6010
19
C
= 1.8810
15 e
s
.
D?I9KII?ED
4FCPC ?PC QM K?LW AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ KMTGLE, CTCL GL QK?JJ ASPPCLRQ, RF?R GLBGTGBS?J AF?PECQ ?PC LMR LMRGACB, HSQR ?Q GLBGTGBS?J U?RCP KMJCASJCQ
?PC LMR LMRGACB GL U?RCP DJMU. %TCL KMPC ?K?XGLE GQ RF?R RFCW BM LMR ?JU?WQ ICCN KMTGLE DMPU?PB JGIC QMJBGCPQ GL ? N?P?BC. 2?RFCP RFCW ?PC JGIC ?
APMUB MD NCMNJC UGRF KMTCKCLR GL BGDDCPCLR BGPCARGMLQ @SR ? ECLCP?J RPCLB RM KMTC DMPU?PB. 4FCPC ?PC JMRQ MD AMJJGQGMLQ UGRF ?RMKQ GL RFC KCR?J
UGPC ?LB, MD AMSPQC, UGRF MRFCP CJCARPMLQ.
$PGDR 6CJMAGRW
%JCARPGA?J QGEL?JQ ?PC ILMUL RM KMTC TCPW P?NGBJW. 4CJCNFMLC AMLTCPQ?RGMLQ A?PPGCB @W ASPPCLRQ GL UGPCQ AMTCP J?PEC BGQR?LACQ UGRFMSR LMRGAC?@JC
BCJ?WQ. ,GEFRQ AMKC ML ?Q QMML ?Q ? QUGRAF GQ DJGAICB. -MQR CJCARPGA?J QGEL?JQ A?PPGCB @W ASPPCLRQ RP?TCJ ?R QNCCBQ ML RFC MPBCP MD 10
8
m/s , ?
QGELGDGA?LR DP?ARGML MD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. )LRCPCQRGLEJW, RFC GLBGTGBS?J AF?PECQ RF?R K?IC SN RFC ASPPCLR KMTC @H6; KMPC QJMUJW ML ?TCP?EC, RWNGA?JJW
BPGDRGLE ?R QNCCBQ ML RFC MPBCP MD 10
4
m/s . (MU BM UC PCAMLAGJC RFCQC RUM QNCCBQ, ?LB UF?R BMCQ GR RCJJ SQ ?@MSR QR?LB?PB AMLBSARMPQ?
4FC FGEF QNCCB MD CJCARPGA?J QGEL?JQ PCQSJRQ DPMK RFC D?AR RF?R RFC DMPAC @CRUCCL AF?PECQ ?ARQ P?NGBJW ?R ? BGQR?LAC. 4FSQ, UFCL ? DPCC AF?PEC GQ DMPACB
GLRM ? UGPC, ?Q GL F?=KH; 20.5, RFC GLAMKGLE AF?PEC NSQFCQ MRFCP AF?PECQ ?FC?B MD GR, UFGAF GL RSPL NSQF ML AF?PECQ D?PRFCP BMUL RFC JGLC. 4FC BCLQGRW
MD AF?PEC GL ? QWQRCK A?LLMR C?QGJW @C GLAPC?QCB, ?LB QM RFC QGEL?J GQ N?QQCB ML P?NGBJW. 4FC PCQSJRGLE CJCARPGA?J QFMAI U?TC KMTCQ RFPMSEF RFC
QWQRCK ?R LC?PJW RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. 4M @C NPCAGQC, RFGQ P?NGBJW KMTGLE QGEL?J MP QFMAI U?TC GQ ? P?NGBJW NPMN?E?RGLE AF?LEC GL CJCARPGA DGCJB.
698 #(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7
F?=KH; 20.5 7FCL AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ ?PC DMPACB GLRM RFGQ TMJSKC MD ? AMLBSARMP, ?L COS?J LSK@CP ?PC OSGAIJW DMPACB RM JC?TC. 4FC PCNSJQGML @CRUCCL JGIC AF?PECQ K?ICQ GR
BGDDGASJR RM GLAPC?QC RFC LSK@CP MD AF?PECQ GL ? TMJSKC. 4FSQ, ?Q MLC AF?PEC CLRCPQ, ?LMRFCP JC?TCQ ?JKMQR GKKCBG?RCJW, A?PPWGLE RFC QGEL?J P?NGBJW DMPU?PB.
'MMB AMLBSARMPQ F?TC J?PEC LSK@CPQ MD DPCC AF?PECQ GL RFCK. )L KCR?JQ, RFC DPCC AF?PECQ ?PC DPCC CJCARPMLQ. F?=KH; 20.6 QFMUQ FMU DPCC CJCARPMLQ
KMTC RFPMSEF ?L MPBGL?PW AMLBSARMP. 4FC BGQR?LAC RF?R ?L GLBGTGBS?J CJCARPML A?L KMTC @CRUCCL AMJJGQGMLQ UGRF ?RMKQ MP MRFCP CJCARPMLQ GQ OSGRC
QK?JJ. 4FC CJCARPML N?RFQ RFSQ ?NNC?P LC?PJW P?LBMK, JGIC RFC KMRGML MD ?RMKQ GL ? E?Q. "SR RFCPC GQ ?L CJCARPGA DGCJB GL RFC AMLBSARMP RF?R A?SQCQ RFC
CJCARPMLQ RM BPGDR GL RFC BGPCARGML QFMUL (MNNMQGRC RM RFC DGCJB, QGLAC RFCW ?PC LCE?RGTC). 4FC :H?<J L;BE9?JO v
d
GQ RFC ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW MD RFC DPCC
AF?PECQ. $PGDR TCJMAGRW GQ OSGRC QK?JJ, QGLAC RFCPC ?PC QM K?LW DPCC AF?PECQ. )D UC F?TC ?L CQRGK?RC MD RFC BCLQGRW MD DPCC CJCARPMLQ GL ? AMLBSARMP, UC
A?L A?JASJ?RC RFC BPGDR TCJMAGRW DMP ? EGTCL ASPPCLR. 4FC J?PECP RFC BCLQGRW, RFC JMUCP RFC TCJMAGRW PCOSGPCB DMP ? EGTCL ASPPCLR.
F?=KH; 20.6 &PCC CJCARPMLQ KMTGLE GL ? AMLBSARMP K?IC K?LW AMJJGQGMLQ UGRF MRFCP CJCARPMLQ ?LB ?RMKQ. 4FC N?RF MD MLC CJCARPML GQ QFMUL. 4FC ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW MD RFC DPCC
AF?PECQ GQ A?JJCB RFC BPGDR TCJMAGRW, v
d
, ?LB GR GQ GL RFC BGPCARGML MNNMQGRC RM RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB DMP CJCARPMLQ. 4FC AMJJGQGMLQ LMPK?JJW RP?LQDCP CLCPEW RM RFC AMLBSARMP, PCOSGPGLE ?
AMLQR?LR QSNNJW MD CLCPEW RM K?GLR?GL ? QRC?BW ASPPCLR.
#MLBSARGML MD %JCARPGAGRW ?LB (C?R
'MMB CJCARPGA?J AMLBSARMPQ ?PC MDRCL EMMB FC?R AMLBSARMPQ, RMM. 4FGQ GQ @CA?SQC J?PEC LSK@CPQ MD DPCC CJCARPMLQ A?L A?PPW CJCARPGA?J ASPPCLR ?LB
A?L RP?LQNMPR RFCPK?J CLCPEW.
4FC DPCC-CJCARPML AMJJGQGMLQ RP?LQDCP CLCPEW RM RFC ?RMKQ MD RFC AMLBSARMP. 4FC CJCARPGA DGCJB BMCQ UMPI GL KMTGLE RFC CJCARPMLQ RFPMSEF ? BGQR?LAC, @SR
RF?R UMPI BMCQ LMR GLAPC?QC RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW (LMP QNCCB, RFCPCDMPC) MD RFC CJCARPMLQ. 4FC UMPI GQ RP?LQDCPPCB RM RFC AMLBSARMPtQ ?RMKQ, NMQQG@JW
GLAPC?QGLE RCKNCP?RSPC. 4FSQ ? AMLRGLSMSQ NMUCP GLNSR GQ PCOSGPCB RM ICCN ? ASPPCLR DJMUGLE. !L CVACNRGML, MD AMSPQC, GQ DMSLB GL QSNCPAMLBSARMPQ, DMP
PC?QMLQ UC QF?JJ CVNJMPC GL ? J?RCP AF?NRCP. 3SNCPAMLBSARMPQ A?L F?TC ? QRC?BW ASPPCLR UGRFMSR ? AMLRGLS?J QSNNJW MD CLCPEWr? EPC?R CLCPEW
Q?TGLEQ. )L AMLRP?QR, RFC QSNNJW MD CLCPEW A?L @C SQCDSJ, QSAF ?Q GL ? JGEFR@SJ@ DGJ?KCLR. 4FC QSNNJW MD CLCPEW GQ LCACQQ?PW RM GLAPC?QC RFC
RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC RSLEQRCL DGJ?KCLR, QM RF?R RFC DGJ?KCLR EJMUQ.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 4?IC-(MKC )LTCQRGE?RGMLr&GJ?KCLR /@QCPT?RGMLQ
&GLB ? JGEFR@SJ@ UGRF ? DGJ?KCLR. ,MMI A?PCDSJJW ?R RFC DGJ?KCLR ?LB BCQAPG@C GRQ QRPSARSPC. 4M UF?R NMGLRQ GQ RFC DGJ?KCLR AMLLCARCB?
7C A?L M@R?GL ?L CVNPCQQGML DMP RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL ASPPCLR ?LB BPGDR TCJMAGRW @W AMLQGBCPGLE RFC LSK@CP MD DPCC AF?PECQ GL ? QCEKCLR MD UGPC,
?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 20.7. +;8 AH@58E B9 9E88 6;4E:8F C8E HA<G IB?H@8 GQ EGTCL RFC QWK@MJ n ?LB BCNCLBQ ML RFC K?RCPG?J. 4FC QF?BCB QCEKCLR
F?Q ? TMJSKC Ax , QM RF?R RFC LSK@CP MD DPCC AF?PECQ GL GR GQ nAx . 4FC AF?PEC Q GL RFGQ QCEKCLR GQ RFSQ qnAx , UFCPC q GQ RFC ?KMSLR MD
AF?PEC ML C?AF A?PPGCP. (2CA?JJ RF?R DMP CJCARPMLQ, q GQ 1.6010
19
C.) #SPPCLR GQ AF?PEC KMTCB NCP SLGR RGKC; RFSQ, GD ?JJ RFC MPGEGL?J AF?PECQ
KMTC MSR MD RFGQ QCEKCLR GL RGKC t , RFC ASPPCLR GQ
(20.7)
I =
Q
t
=
qnAx
t
.
.MRC RF?R x / t GQ RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC BPGDR TCJMAGRW, v
d
, QGLAC RFC AF?PECQ KMTC ?L ?TCP?EC BGQR?LAC x GL ? RGKC t . 2C?PP?LEGLE RCPKQ EGTCQ
(20.8) I = nqAv
d
,
UFCPC I GQ RFC ASPPCLR RFPMSEF ? UGPC MD APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? A K?BC MD ? K?RCPG?J UGRF ? DPCC AF?PEC BCLQGRW n . 4FC A?PPGCPQ MD RFC ASPPCLR C?AF
F?TC AF?PEC q ?LB KMTC UGRF ? BPGDR TCJMAGRW MD K?ELGRSBC v
d
.
#(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7 699
F?=KH; 20.7 !JJ RFC AF?PECQ GL RFC QF?BCB TMJSKC MD RFGQ UGPC KMTC MSR GL ? RGKC t , F?TGLE ? BPGDR TCJMAGRW MD K?ELGRSBC v
d
= x / t . 3CC RCVR DMP DSPRFCP BGQASQQGML.
.MRC RF?R QGKNJC BPGDR TCJMAGRW GQ LMR RFC CLRGPC QRMPW. 4FC QNCCB MD ?L CJCARPML GQ KSAF EPC?RCP RF?L GRQ BPGDR TCJMAGRW. )L ?BBGRGML, LMR ?JJ MD RFC CJCARPMLQ
GL ? AMLBSARMP A?L KMTC DPCCJW, ?LB RFMQC RF?R BM KGEFR KMTC QMKCUF?R D?QRCP MP QJMUCP RF?L RFC BPGDR TCJMAGRW. 3M UF?R BM UC KC?L @W DPCC
CJCARPMLQ? !RMKQ GL ? KCR?JJGA AMLBSARMP ?PC N?AICB GL RFC DMPK MD ? J?RRGAC QRPSARSPC. 3MKC CJCARPMLQ ?PC D?P CLMSEF ?U?W DPMK RFC ?RMKGA LSAJCG RF?R
RFCW BM LMR CVNCPGCLAC RFC ?RRP?ARGML MD RFC LSAJCG ?Q KSAF ?Q RFC GLLCP CJCARPMLQ BM. 4FCQC ?PC RFC DPCC CJCARPMLQ. 4FCW ?PC LMR @MSLB RM ? QGLEJC
?RMK @SR A?L GLQRC?B KMTC DPCCJW ?KMLE RFC ?RMKQ GL ? uQC?v MD CJCARPMLQ. 4FCQC DPCC CJCARPMLQ PCQNMLB @W ?AACJCP?RGLE UFCL ?L CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ
?NNJGCB. /D AMSPQC ?Q RFCW KMTC RFCW AMJJGBC UGRF RFC ?RMKQ GL RFC J?RRGAC ?LB MRFCP CJCARPMLQ, ECLCP?RGLE RFCPK?J CLCPEW, ?LB RFC AMLBSARMP ECRQ
U?PKCP. )L ?L GLQSJ?RMP, RFC MPE?LGX?RGML MD RFC ?RMKQ ?LB RFC QRPSARSPC BM LMR ?JJMU DMP QSAF DPCC CJCARPMLQ.
EN7CFB; 20.3 C7B9KB7J?D= DH?<J /;BE9?JO ?D 7 CECCED 0?H;
#?JASJ?RC RFC BPGDR TCJMAGRW MD CJCARPMLQ GL ? 12-E?SEC AMNNCP UGPC (UFGAF F?Q ? BG?KCRCP MD 2.053 KK) A?PPWGLE ? 20.0-! ASPPCLR, EGTCL RF?R RFCPC
GQ MLC DPCC CJCARPML NCP AMNNCP ?RMK. ((MSQCFMJB UGPGLE MDRCL AMLR?GLQ 12-E?SEC AMNNCP UGPC, ?LB RFC K?VGKSK ASPPCLR ?JJMUCB GL QSAF UGPC GQ
SQS?JJW 20 !.) 4FC BCLQGRW MD AMNNCP GQ 8.8010
3
kg/m
3
.
,JH7J;=O
7C A?L A?JASJ?RC RFC BPGDR TCJMAGRW SQGLE RFC COS?RGML I = nqAv
d
. 4FC ASPPCLR I = 20.0 A GQ EGTCL, ?LB q = 1.6010
19
C GQ RFC
AF?PEC MD ?L CJCARPML. 7C A?L A?JASJ?RC RFC ?PC? MD ? APMQQ-QCARGML MD RFC UGPC SQGLE RFC DMPKSJ? A = r
2
, UFCPC r GQ MLC-F?JD RFC EGTCL
BG?KCRCP, 2.053 KK. 7C ?PC EGTCL RFC BCLQGRW MD AMNNCP, 8.8010
3
kg/m
3
, ?LB RFC NCPGMBGA R?@JC QFMUQ RF?R RFC ?RMKGA K?QQ MD AMNNCP GQ
63.54 E/KMJ. 7C A?L SQC RFCQC RUM OS?LRGRGCQ ?JMLE UGRF !TME?BPMtQ LSK@CP, 6.0210
23
atoms/mol, RM BCRCPKGLC n, RFC LSK@CP MD DPCC
CJCARPMLQ NCP AS@GA KCRCP.
,EBKJ?ED
&GPQR, A?JASJ?RC RFC BCLQGRW MD DPCC CJCARPMLQ GL AMNNCP. 4FCPC GQ MLC DPCC CJCARPML NCP AMNNCP ?RMK. 4FCPCDMPC, GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC LSK@CP MD
AMNNCP ?RMKQ NCP m
3
. 7C A?L LMU DGLB n ?Q DMJJMUQ:
(20.9)
n =
1 e
atom
6.0210
23
atoms
mol

1 mol
63.54 g
1000 g
kg

8.8010
3
kg
1 m
3
= 8.34210
28
e
/m
3
.
4FC APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? MD RFC UGPC GQ
(20.10)
A = r
2
=
2.05310
3
m
2
2
= 3.31010
6
m
2
.
2C?PP?LEGLE I = nqAv
d
RM GQMJ?RC BPGDR TCJMAGRW EGTCQ
(20.11)
v
d
=
I
nqA
=
20.0 A
(8.34210
28
/m
3
)(1.6010
19
C)(3.31010
6
m
2
)
= 4.5310
4
m/s.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC KGLSQ QGEL GLBGA?RCQ RF?R RFC LCE?RGTC AF?PECQ ?PC KMTGLE GL RFC BGPCARGML MNNMQGRC RM AMLTCLRGML?J ASPPCLR. 4FC QK?JJ T?JSC DMP BPGDR TCJMAGRW
(ML RFC MPBCP MD 10
4
m/s ) AMLDGPKQ RF?R RFC QGEL?J KMTCQ ML RFC MPBCP MD 10
12
RGKCQ D?QRCP (?@MSR 10
8
m/s ) RF?L RFC AF?PECQ RF?R A?PPW GR.
700 #(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7
20.2 (>CXI %7M: +;I?IJ7D9; 7D: ,?CFB; C?H9K?JI
7F?R BPGTCQ ASPPCLR? 7C A?L RFGLI MD T?PGMSQ BCTGACQrQSAF ?Q @?RRCPGCQ, ECLCP?RMPQ, U?JJ MSRJCRQ, ?LB QM MLrUFGAF ?PC LCACQQ?PW RM K?GLR?GL ?
ASPPCLR. !JJ QSAF BCTGACQ APC?RC ? NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC ?LB ?PC JMMQCJW PCDCPPCB RM ?Q TMJR?EC QMSPACQ. 7FCL ? TMJR?EC QMSPAC GQ AMLLCARCB RM ?
AMLBSARMP, GR ?NNJGCQ ? NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC V RF?R APC?RCQ ?L CJCARPGA DGCJB. 4FC CJCARPGA DGCJB GL RSPL CVCPRQ DMPAC ML AF?PECQ, A?SQGLE ASPPCLR.
/FKtQ ,?U
4FC ASPPCLR RF?R DJMUQ RFPMSEF KMQR QS@QR?LACQ GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC TMJR?EC V ?NNJGCB RM GR. 4FC 'CPK?L NFWQGAGQR 'CMPE 3GKML /FK
(1787q1854) U?Q RFC DGPQR RM BCKMLQRP?RC CVNCPGKCLR?JJW RF?R RFC ASPPCLR GL ? KCR?J UGPC GQ 7<E86G?L CEBCBEG<BA4? GB G;8 IB?G4:8 4CC?<87:
(20.12) I V.
4FGQ GKNMPR?LR PCJ?RGMLQFGN GQ ILMUL ?Q (>CXI B7M. )R A?L @C TGCUCB ?Q ? A?SQC-?LB-CDDCAR PCJ?RGMLQFGN, UGRF TMJR?EC RFC A?SQC ?LB ASPPCLR RFC CDDCAR.
4FGQ GQ ?L CKNGPGA?J J?U JGIC RF?R DMP DPGARGMLr?L CVNCPGKCLR?JJW M@QCPTCB NFCLMKCLML. 3SAF ? JGLC?P PCJ?RGMLQFGN BMCQLtR ?JU?WQ MAASP.
2CQGQR?LAC ?LB 3GKNJC #GPASGRQ
)D TMJR?EC BPGTCQ ASPPCLR, UF?R GKNCBCQ GR? 4FC CJCARPGA NPMNCPRW RF?R GKNCBCQ ASPPCLR (APSBCJW QGKGJ?P RM DPGARGML ?LB ?GP PCQGQR?LAC) GQ A?JJCB
H;I?IJ7D9; R . #MJJGQGMLQ MD KMTGLE AF?PECQ UGRF ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ GL ? QS@QR?LAC RP?LQDCP CLCPEW RM RFC QS@QR?LAC ?LB JGKGR ASPPCLR. 2CQGQR?LAC
GQ BCDGLCB ?Q GLTCPQCJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM ASPPCLR, MP
(20.13)
I
1
R
.
4FSQ, DMP CV?KNJC, ASPPCLR GQ ASR GL F?JD GD PCQGQR?LAC BMS@JCQ. #MK@GLGLE RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ MD ASPPCLR RM TMJR?EC ?LB ASPPCLR RM PCQGQR?LAC EGTCQ
(20.14)
I =
V
R
.
4FGQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN GQ ?JQM A?JJCB /FKtQ J?U. /FKtQ J?U GL RFGQ DMPK PC?JJW BCDGLCQ PCQGQR?LAC DMP ACPR?GL K?RCPG?JQ. /FKtQ J?U (JGIC (MMICtQ J?U) GQ LMR
SLGTCPQ?JJW T?JGB. 4FC K?LW QS@QR?LACQ DMP UFGAF /FKtQ J?U FMJBQ ?PC A?JJCB E>C?9. 4FCQC GLAJSBC EMMB AMLBSARMPQ JGIC AMNNCP ?LB ?JSKGLSK, ?LB
QMKC NMMP AMLBSARMPQ SLBCP ACPR?GL AGPASKQR?LACQ. /FKGA K?RCPG?JQ F?TC ? PCQGQR?LAC R RF?R GQ GLBCNCLBCLR MD TMJR?EC V ?LB ASPPCLR I . !L
M@HCAR RF?R F?Q QGKNJC PCQGQR?LAC GQ A?JJCB ? E8F<FGBE, CTCL GD GRQ PCQGQR?LAC GQ QK?JJ. 4FC SLGR DMP PCQGQR?LAC GQ ?L E>C ?LB GQ EGTCL RFC QWK@MJ
(SNNCP A?QC 'PCCI MKCE?). 2C?PP?LEGLE I = V/R EGTCQ R = V/I , ?LB QM RFC SLGRQ MD PCQGQR?LAC ?PC 1 MFK = 1 TMJR NCP ?KNCPC:
(20.15)
1 = 1
V
A
.
F?=KH; 20.8 QFMUQ RFC QAFCK?RGA DMP ? QGKNJC AGPASGR. ! I?CFB; 9?H9K?J F?Q ? QGLEJC TMJR?EC QMSPAC ?LB ? QGLEJC PCQGQRMP. 4FC UGPCQ AMLLCARGLE RFC
TMJR?EC QMSPAC RM RFC PCQGQRMP A?L @C ?QQSKCB RM F?TC LCEJGEG@JC PCQGQR?LAC, MP RFCGP PCQGQR?LAC A?L @C GLAJSBCB GL R .
F?=KH; 20.8 ! QGKNJC CJCARPGA AGPASGR GL UFGAF ? AJMQCB N?RF DMP ASPPCLR RM DJMU GQ QSNNJGCB @W AMLBSARMPQ (SQS?JJW KCR?J UGPCQ) AMLLCARGLE ? JM?B RM RFC RCPKGL?JQ MD ? @?RRCPW,
PCNPCQCLRCB @W RFC PCB N?P?JJCJ JGLCQ. 4FC XGEX?E QWK@MJ PCNPCQCLRQ RFC QGLEJC PCQGQRMP ?LB GLAJSBCQ ?LW PCQGQR?LAC GL RFC AMLLCARGMLQ RM RFC TMJR?EC QMSPAC.
EN7CFB; 20.4 C7B9KB7J?D= +;I?IJ7D9;: AD AKJECE8?B; !;7:B?=>J
7F?R GQ RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD ?L ?SRMKM@GJC FC?BJGEFR RFPMSEF UFGAF 2.50 ! DJMUQ UFCL 12.0 6 GQ ?NNJGCB RM GR?
,JH7J;=O
7C A?L PC?PP?LEC /FKtQ J?U ?Q QR?RCB @W I = V/R ?LB SQC GR RM DGLB RFC PCQGQR?LAC.
,EBKJ?ED
2C?PP?LEGLE I = V/R ?LB QS@QRGRSRGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ EGTCQ
(20.16)
R =
V
I
=
12.0 V
2.50 A
= 4.80 .
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ GQ ? PCJ?RGTCJW QK?JJ PCQGQR?LAC, @SR GR GQ J?PECP RF?L RFC AMJB PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC FC?BJGEFR. !Q UC QF?JJ QCC GL +;I?IJ7D9; 7D: +;I?IJ?L?JO,
PCQGQR?LAC SQS?JJW GLAPC?QCQ UGRF RCKNCP?RSPC, ?LB QM RFC @SJ@ F?Q ? JMUCP PCQGQR?LAC UFCL GR GQ DGPQR QUGRAFCB ML ?LB UGJJ BP?U AMLQGBCP?@JW
KMPC ASPPCLR BSPGLE GRQ @PGCD U?PK-SN NCPGMB.
#(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7 701
2CQGQR?LACQ P?LEC MTCP K?LW MPBCPQ MD K?ELGRSBC. 3MKC ACP?KGA GLQSJ?RMPQ, QSAF ?Q RFMQC SQCB RM QSNNMPR NMUCP JGLCQ, F?TC PCQGQR?LACQ MD
10
12
MP KMPC. ! BPW NCPQML K?W F?TC ? F?LB-RM-DMMR PCQGQR?LAC MD 10
5
, UFCPC?Q RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC FSK?L FC?PR GQ ?@MSR 10
3
. !
KCRCP-JMLE NGCAC MD J?PEC-BG?KCRCP AMNNCP UGPC K?W F?TC ? PCQGQR?LAC MD 10
5
, ?LB QSNCPAMLBSARMPQ F?TC LM PCQGQR?LAC ?R ?JJ (RFCW ?PC LML-
MFKGA). 2CQGQR?LAC GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC QF?NC MD ?L M@HCAR ?LB RFC K?RCPG?J MD UFGAF GR GQ AMKNMQCB, ?Q UGJJ @C QCCL GL +;I?IJ7D9; 7D: +;I?IJ?L?JO.
!BBGRGML?J GLQGEFR GQ E?GLCB @W QMJTGLE I = V/R DMP V, WGCJBGLE
(20.17) V = IR.
4FGQ CVNPCQQGML DMP V A?L @C GLRCPNPCRCB ?Q RFC IB?G4:8 7EBC 46EBFF 4 E8F<FGBE CEB7H687 5L G;8 9?BJ B9 6HEE8AG I . 4FC NFP?QC IR 7EBC GQ MDRCL SQCB
DMP RFGQ TMJR?EC. &MP GLQR?LAC, RFC FC?BJGEFR GL EN7CFB; 20.4 F?Q ?L IR BPMN MD 12.0 6. )D TMJR?EC GQ KC?QSPCB ?R T?PGMSQ NMGLRQ GL ? AGPASGR, GR UGJJ @C
QCCL RM GLAPC?QC ?R RFC TMJR?EC QMSPAC ?LB BCAPC?QC ?R RFC PCQGQRMP. 6MJR?EC GQ QGKGJ?P RM DJSGB NPCQQSPC. 4FC TMJR?EC QMSPAC GQ JGIC ? NSKN, APC?RGLE ?
NPCQQSPC BGDDCPCLAC, A?SQGLE ASPPCLRrRFC DJMU MD AF?PEC. 4FC PCQGQRMP GQ JGIC ? NGNC RF?R PCBSACQ NPCQQSPC ?LB JGKGRQ DJMU @CA?SQC MD GRQ PCQGQR?LAC.
#MLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW F?Q GKNMPR?LR AMLQCOSCLACQ FCPC. 4FC TMJR?EC QMSPAC QSNNJGCQ CLCPEW (A?SQGLE ?L CJCARPGA DGCJB ?LB ? ASPPCLR), ?LB RFC
PCQGQRMP AMLTCPRQ GR RM ?LMRFCP DMPK (QSAF ?Q RFCPK?J CLCPEW). )L ? QGKNJC AGPASGR (MLC UGRF ? QGLEJC QGKNJC PCQGQRMP), RFC TMJR?EC QSNNJGCB @W RFC QMSPAC
COS?JQ RFC TMJR?EC BPMN ?APMQQ RFC PCQGQRMP, QGLAC PE = qV , ?LB RFC Q?KC q DJMUQ RFPMSEF C?AF. 4FSQ RFC CLCPEW QSNNJGCB @W RFC TMJR?EC QMSPAC
?LB RFC CLCPEW AMLTCPRCB @W RFC PCQGQRMP ?PC COS?J. (3CC F?=KH; 20.9.)
F?=KH; 20.9 4FC TMJR?EC BPMN ?APMQQ ? PCQGQRMP GL ? QGKNJC AGPASGR COS?JQ RFC TMJR?EC MSRNSR MD RFC @?RRCPW.
)L ? QGKNJC CJCARPGA?J AGPASGR, RFC QMJC PCQGQRMP AMLTCPRQ CLCPEW QSNNJGCB @W RFC QMSPAC GLRM ?LMRFCP DMPK. #MLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW GQ CTGBCLACB FCPC
@W RFC D?AR RF?R ?JJ MD RFC CLCPEW QSNNJGCB @W RFC QMSPAC GQ AMLTCPRCB RM ?LMRFCP DMPK @W RFC PCQGQRMP ?JMLC. 7C UGJJ DGLB RF?R AMLQCPT?RGML MD
CLCPEW F?Q MRFCP GKNMPR?LR ?NNJGA?RGMLQ GL AGPASGRQ ?LB GQ ? NMUCPDSJ RMMJ GL AGPASGR ?L?JWQGQ.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: /FK'Q ,?U
3CC FMU RFC COS?RGML DMPK MD /FK'Q J?U PCJ?RCQ RM ? QGKNJC AGPASGR. !BHSQR RFC TMJR?EC ?LB PCQGQR?LAC, ?LB QCC RFC ASPPCLR AF?LEC ?AAMPBGLE RM
/FK'Q J?U. 4FC QGXCQ MD RFC QWK@MJQ GL RFC COS?RGML AF?LEC RM K?RAF RFC AGPASGR BG?EP?K.
F?=KH; 20.10 (>C'I %7M (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42344/1.4/E>CI-B7M6;D.@7H)
20.3 +;I?IJ7D9; 7D: +;I?IJ?L?JO
-?RCPG?J ?LB 3F?NC $CNCLBCLAC MD 2CQGQR?LAC
4FC PCQGQR?LAC MD ?L M@HCAR BCNCLBQ ML GRQ QF?NC ?LB RFC K?RCPG?J MD UFGAF GR GQ AMKNMQCB. 4FC AWJGLBPGA?J PCQGQRMP GL F?=KH; 20.11 GQ C?QW RM ?L?JWXC,
?LB, @W QM BMGLE, UC A?L E?GL GLQGEFR GLRM RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD KMPC AMKNJGA?RCB QF?NCQ. !Q WMS KGEFR CVNCAR, RFC AWJGLBCPtQ CJCARPGA PCQGQR?LAC R GQ
BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM GRQ JCLERF L , QGKGJ?P RM RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD ? NGNC RM DJSGB DJMU. 4FC JMLECP RFC AWJGLBCP, RFC KMPC AMJJGQGMLQ AF?PECQ UGJJ K?IC UGRF
GRQ ?RMKQ. 4FC EPC?RCP RFC BG?KCRCP MD RFC AWJGLBCP, RFC KMPC ASPPCLR GR A?L A?PPW (?E?GL QGKGJ?P RM RFC DJMU MD DJSGB RFPMSEF ? NGNC). )L D?AR, R GQ
GLTCPQCJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC AWJGLBCPtQ APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? A .
702 #(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7
F?=KH; 20.11 ! SLGDMPK AWJGLBCP MD JCLERF L ?LB APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? A . )RQ PCQGQR?LAC RM RFC DJMU MD ASPPCLR GQ QGKGJ?P RM RFC PCQGQR?LAC NMQCB @W ? NGNC RM DJSGB DJMU. 4FC
JMLECP RFC AWJGLBCP, RFC EPC?RCP GRQ PCQGQR?LAC. 4FC J?PECP GRQ APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? A , RFC QK?JJCP GRQ PCQGQR?LAC.
&MP ? EGTCL QF?NC, RFC PCQGQR?LAC BCNCLBQ ML RFC K?RCPG?J MD UFGAF RFC M@HCAR GQ AMKNMQCB. $GDDCPCLR K?RCPG?JQ MDDCP BGDDCPCLR PCQGQR?LAC RM RFC DJMU MD
AF?PEC. 7C BCDGLC RFC H;I?IJ?L?JO MD ? QS@QR?LAC QM RF?R RFC H;I?IJ7D9; R MD ?L M@HCAR GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM . 2CQGQRGTGRW GQ ?L <AGE<AF<6
NPMNCPRW MD ? K?RCPG?J, GLBCNCLBCLR MD GRQ QF?NC MP QGXC. 4FC PCQGQR?LAC R MD ? SLGDMPK AWJGLBCP MD JCLERF L , MD APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? A , ?LB K?BC MD
? K?RCPG?J UGRF PCQGQRGTGRW , GQ
(20.18)
R =
L
A
.
-78B; 20.1 EGTCQ PCNPCQCLR?RGTC T?JSCQ MD . 4FC K?RCPG?JQ JGQRCB GL RFC R?@JC ?PC QCN?P?RCB GLRM A?RCEMPGCQ MD AMLBSARMPQ, QCKGAMLBSARMPQ, ?LB
GLQSJ?RMPQ, @?QCB ML @PM?B EPMSNGLEQ MD PCQGQRGTGRGCQ. #MLBSARMPQ F?TC RFC QK?JJCQR PCQGQRGTGRGCQ, ?LB GLQSJ?RMPQ F?TC RFC J?PECQR; QCKGAMLBSARMPQ F?TC
GLRCPKCBG?RC PCQGQRGTGRGCQ. #MLBSARMPQ F?TC T?PWGLE @SR J?PEC DPCC AF?PEC BCLQGRGCQ, UFCPC?Q KMQR AF?PECQ GL GLQSJ?RMPQ ?PC @MSLB RM ?RMKQ ?LB ?PC
LMR DPCC RM KMTC. 3CKGAMLBSARMPQ ?PC GLRCPKCBG?RC, F?TGLE D?P DCUCP DPCC AF?PECQ RF?L AMLBSARMPQ, @SR F?TGLE NPMNCPRGCQ RF?R K?IC RFC LSK@CP MD
DPCC AF?PECQ BCNCLB QRPMLEJW ML RFC RWNC ?LB ?KMSLR MD GKNSPGRGCQ GL RFC QCKGAMLBSARMP. 4FCQC SLGOSC NPMNCPRGCQ MD QCKGAMLBSARMPQ ?PC NSR RM SQC GL
KMBCPL CJCARPMLGAQ, ?Q UGJJ @C CVNJMPCB GL J?RCP AF?NRCPQ.
#(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7 703
4?@JC 20.1 2CQGQRGTGRGCQ MD 6?PGMSQ K?RCPG?JQ ?R 20C
&7J;H?7B
+;I?IJ?L?JO ( m )
CBA7H6GBEF
3GJTCP 1.5910
8
#MNNCP 1.7210
8
'MJB 2.4410
8
!JSKGLSK 2.6510
8
4SLEQRCL 5.610
8
)PML 9.7110
8
0J?RGLSK 10.610
8
3RCCJ 2010
8
,C?B 2210
8
-?LE?LGL (#S, -L, .G ?JJMW) 4410
8
#MLQR?LR?L (#S, .G ?JJMW) 4910
8
-CPASPW 9610
8
.GAFPMKC (.G, &C, #P ?JJMW) 10010
8
*8@<6BA7H6GBEF
;1=
#?P@ML (NSPC) 3.510
5
#?P@ML (3.5 60)10
5
'CPK?LGSK (NSPC) 60010
3
'CPK?LGSK (1 600)10
3
3GJGAML (NSPC) 2300
3GJGAML 0.12300
AFH?4GBEF
!K@CP 510
14
'J?QQ 10
9
10
14
,SAGRC >10
13
-GA? 10
11
10
15
1S?PRX (DSQCB) 7510
16
2S@@CP (F?PB) 10
13
10
16
3SJDSP 10
15
4CDJML >10
13
7MMB 10
8
10
11
1. 6?JSCQ BCNCLB QRPMLEJW ML ?KMSLRQ ?LB RWNCQ MD GKNSPGRGCQ
704 #(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7
EN7CFB; 20.5 C7B9KB7J?D= +;I?IJEH D?7C;J;H: A !;7:B?=>J F?B7C;DJ
! A?P FC?BJGEFR DGJ?KCLR GQ K?BC MD RSLEQRCL ?LB F?Q ? AMJB PCQGQR?LAC MD 0.350 . )D RFC DGJ?KCLR GQ ? AWJGLBCP 4.00 AK JMLE (GR K?W @C AMGJCB
RM Q?TC QN?AC), UF?R GQ GRQ BG?KCRCP?
,JH7J;=O
7C A?L PC?PP?LEC RFC COS?RGML R =
L
A
RM DGLB RFC APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? A MD RFC DGJ?KCLR DPMK RFC EGTCL GLDMPK?RGML. 4FCL GRQ BG?KCRCP A?L @C
DMSLB @W ?QQSKGLE GR F?Q ? AGPASJ?P APMQQ-QCARGML.
,EBKJ?ED
4FC APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC?, DMSLB @W PC?PP?LEGLE RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD ? AWJGLBCP EGTCL GL R =
L
A
, GQ
(20.19)
A =
L
R
.
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFC EGTCL T?JSCQ, ?LB R?IGLE DPMK -78B; 20.1, WGCJBQ
(20.20)
A =
(5.610
8
m)(4.0010
2
m)
1.350
= 6.4010
9
m
2
.
4FC ?PC? MD ? AGPAJC GQ PCJ?RCB RM GRQ BG?KCRCP D @W
(20.21)
A =
D
2
4
.
3MJTGLE DMP RFC BG?KCRCP D, ?LB QS@QRGRSRGLE RFC T?JSC DMSLB DMP A , EGTCQ
(20.22)
D = 2
A
p
1
2
= 2
6.4010
9
m
2
3.14
1
2
= 9.010
5
m.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC BG?KCRCP GQ HSQR SLBCP ? RCLRF MD ? KGJJGKCRCP. )R GQ OSMRCB RM MLJW RUM BGEGRQ, @CA?SQC GQ ILMUL RM MLJW RUM BGEGRQ.
4CKNCP?RSPC 6?PG?RGML MD 2CQGQR?LAC
4FC PCQGQRGTGRW MD ?JJ K?RCPG?JQ BCNCLBQ ML RCKNCP?RSPC. 3MKC CTCL @CAMKC QSNCPAMLBSARMPQ (XCPM PCQGQRGTGRW) ?R TCPW JMU RCKNCP?RSPCQ. (3CC F?=KH;
20.12.) #MLTCPQCJW, RFC PCQGQRGTGRW MD AMLBSARMPQ GLAPC?QCQ UGRF GLAPC?QGLE RCKNCP?RSPC. 3GLAC RFC ?RMKQ TG@P?RC KMPC P?NGBJW ?LB MTCP J?PECP
BGQR?LACQ ?R FGEFCP RCKNCP?RSPCQ, RFC CJCARPMLQ KMTGLE RFPMSEF ? KCR?J K?IC KMPC AMJJGQGMLQ, CDDCARGTCJW K?IGLE RFC PCQGQRGTGRW FGEFCP. /TCP PCJ?RGTCJW
QK?JJ RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LECQ (?@MSR 100C MP JCQQ), PCQGQRGTGRW T?PGCQ UGRF RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LEC T ?Q CVNPCQQCB GL RFC DMJJMUGLE COS?RGML
(20.23) =
0
(1 + T),
UFCPC
0
GQ RFC MPGEGL?J PCQGQRGTGRW ?LB GQ RFC J;CF;H7JKH; 9E;<<?9?;DJ E< H;I?IJ?L?JO. (3CC RFC T?JSCQ MD GL -78B; 20.2 @CJMU.) &MP J?PECP
RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LECQ, K?W T?PW MP ? LMLJGLC?P COS?RGML K?W @C LCCBCB RM DGLB . .MRC RF?R GQ NMQGRGTC DMP KCR?JQ, KC?LGLE RFCGP PCQGQRGTGRW
GLAPC?QCQ UGRF RCKNCP?RSPC. 3MKC ?JJMWQ F?TC @CCL BCTCJMNCB QNCAGDGA?JJW RM F?TC ? QK?JJ RCKNCP?RSPC BCNCLBCLAC. -?LE?LGL (UFGAF GQ K?BC MD
AMNNCP, K?LE?LCQC ?LB LGAICJ), DMP CV?KNJC, F?Q AJMQC RM XCPM (RM RFPCC BGEGRQ ML RFC QA?JC GL -78B; 20.2), ?LB QM GRQ PCQGQRGTGRW T?PGCQ MLJW QJGEFRJW
UGRF RCKNCP?RSPC. 4FGQ GQ SQCDSJ DMP K?IGLE ? RCKNCP?RSPC-GLBCNCLBCLR PCQGQR?LAC QR?LB?PB, DMP CV?KNJC.
#(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7 705
F?=KH; 20.12 4FC PCQGQR?LAC MD ? Q?KNJC MD KCPASPW GQ XCPM ?R TCPW JMU RCKNCP?RSPCQrGR GQ ? QSNCPAMLBSARMP SN RM ?@MSR 4.2 +. !@MTC RF?R APGRGA?J RCKNCP?RSPC, GRQ PCQGQR?LAC
K?ICQ ? QSBBCL HSKN ?LB RFCL GLAPC?QCQ LC?PJW JGLC?PJW UGRF RCKNCP?RSPC.
4?@JC 20.2 4CKN?RSPC #MCDDGAGCLRQ MD 2CQGQRGTGRW
&7J;H?7B
CE;<<?9?;DJ (1/QC)
425
CBA7H6GBEF
3GJTCP 3.810
3
#MNNCP 3.910
3
'MJB 3.410
3
!JSKGLSK 3.910
3
4SLEQRCL 4.510
3
)PML 5.010
3
0J?RGLSK 3.9310
3
,C?B 3.910
3
-?LE?LGL (#S, -L, .G ?JJMW) 0.00010
3
#MLQR?LR?L (#S, .G ?JJMW) 0.00210
3
-CPASPW 0.8910
3
.GAFPMKC (.G, &C, #P ?JJMW) 0.410
3
*8@<6BA7H6GBEF
#?P@ML (NSPC) 0.510
3
'CPK?LGSK (NSPC) 5010
3
3GJGAML (NSPC) 7010
3
.MRC ?JQM RF?R GQ LCE?RGTC DMP RFC QCKGAMLBSARMPQ JGQRCB GL -78B; 20.2, KC?LGLE RF?R RFCGP PCQGQRGTGRW BCAPC?QCQ UGRF GLAPC?QGLE RCKNCP?RSPC. 4FCW
@CAMKC @CRRCP AMLBSARMPQ ?R FGEFCP RCKNCP?RSPC, @CA?SQC GLAPC?QCB RFCPK?J ?EGR?RGML GLAPC?QCQ RFC LSK@CP MD DPCC AF?PECQ ?T?GJ?@JC RM A?PPW
ASPPCLR. 4FGQ NPMNCPRW MD BCAPC?QGLE UGRF RCKNCP?RSPC GQ ?JQM PCJ?RCB RM RFC RWNC ?LB ?KMSLR MD GKNSPGRGCQ NPCQCLR GL RFC QCKGAMLBSARMPQ.
4FC PCQGQR?LAC MD ?L M@HCAR ?JQM BCNCLBQ ML RCKNCP?RSPC, QGLAC R
0
GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM . &MP ? AWJGLBCP UC ILMU R = L / A , ?LB QM, GD L
?LB A BM LMR AF?LEC EPC?RJW UGRF RCKNCP?RSPC, R UGJJ F?TC RFC Q?KC RCKNCP?RSPC BCNCLBCLAC ?Q . (%V?KGL?RGML MD RFC AMCDDGAGCLRQ MD JGLC?P
CVN?LQGML QFMUQ RFCK RM @C ?@MSR RUM MPBCPQ MD K?ELGRSBC JCQQ RF?L RWNGA?J RCKNCP?RSPC AMCDDGAGCLRQ MD PCQGQRGTGRW, ?LB QM RFC CDDCAR MD RCKNCP?RSPC
ML L ?LB A GQ ?@MSR RUM MPBCPQ MD K?ELGRSBC JCQQ RF?L ML .) 4FSQ,
(20.24) R = R
0
(1 + T)
2. /7BK;I 7J 20QC.
706 #(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7
GQ RFC RCKNCP?RSPC BCNCLBCLAC MD RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD ?L M@HCAR, UFCPC R
0
GQ RFC MPGEGL?J PCQGQR?LAC ?LB R GQ RFC PCQGQR?LAC ?DRCP ? RCKNCP?RSPC
AF?LEC T . .SKCPMSQ RFCPKMKCRCPQ ?PC @?QCB ML RFC CDDCAR MD RCKNCP?RSPC ML PCQGQR?LAC. (3CC F?=KH; 20.13.) /LC MD RFC KMQR AMKKML GQ RFC
RFCPKGQRMP, ? QCKGAMLBSARMP APWQR?J UGRF ? QRPMLE RCKNCP?RSPC BCNCLBCLAC, RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD UFGAF GQ KC?QSPCB RM M@R?GL GRQ RCKNCP?RSPC. 4FC BCTGAC
GQ QK?JJ, QM RF?R GR OSGAIJW AMKCQ GLRM RFCPK?J COSGJG@PGSK UGRF RFC N?PR MD ? NCPQML GR RMSAFCQ.
F?=KH; 20.13 4FCQC D?KGJG?P RFCPKMKCRCPQ ?PC @?QCB ML RFC ?SRMK?RCB KC?QSPCKCLR MD ? RFCPKGQRMPtQ RCKNCP?RSPC-BCNCLBCLR PCQGQR?LAC. (APCBGR: "GMJ, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
EN7CFB; 20.6 C7B9KB7J?D= +;I?IJ7D9;: !EJ-F?B7C;DJ +;I?IJ7D9;
!JRFMSEF A?SRGML KSQR @C SQCB GL ?NNJWGLE =
0
(1 + T) ?LB R = R
0
(1 + T) DMP RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LECQ EPC?RCP RF?L 100C, DMP
RSLEQRCL RFC COS?RGMLQ UMPI PC?QML?@JW UCJJ DMP TCPW J?PEC RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LECQ. 7F?R, RFCL, GQ RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC RSLEQRCL DGJ?KCLR GL RFC
NPCTGMSQ CV?KNJC GD GRQ RCKNCP?RSPC GQ GLAPC?QCB DPMK PMMK RCKNCP?RSPC ( 20C) RM ? RWNGA?J MNCP?RGLE RCKNCP?RSPC MD 2850C?
,JH7J;=O
4FGQ GQ ? QRP?GEFRDMPU?PB ?NNJGA?RGML MD R = R
0
(1 + T) , QGLAC RFC MPGEGL?J PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC DGJ?KCLR U?Q EGTCL RM @C R
0
= 0.350 , ?LB
RFC RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LEC GQ T = 2830C.
,EBKJ?ED
4FC FMR PCQGQR?LAC R GQ M@R?GLCB @W CLRCPGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC ?@MTC COS?RGML:
(20.25) R = R
0
(1 + T)
= (0.350 )[1 + (4.510
3
/ C)(2830C)]
= 4.8 .
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ T?JSC GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC FC?BJGEFR PCQGQR?LAC CV?KNJC GL (>CXI %7M: +;I?IJ7D9; 7D: ,?CFB; C?H9K?JI.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: 2CQGQR?LAC GL ? 7GPC
,C?PL ?@MSR RFC NFWQGAQ MD PCQGQR?LAC GL ? UGPC. #F?LEC GRQ PCQGQRGTGRW, JCLERF, ?LB ?PC? RM QCC FMU RFCW ?DDCAR RFC UGPC'Q PCQGQR?LAC. 4FC QGXCQ MD
RFC QWK@MJQ GL RFC COS?RGML AF?LEC ?JMLE UGRF RFC BG?EP?K MD ? UGPC.
F?=KH; 20.14 +;I?IJ7D9; ?D 7 0?H; (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42346/1.6/H;I?IJ7D9;-?D-7-M?H;6;D.@7H)
20.4 EB;9JH?9 )EM;H 7D: ED;H=O
0MUCP GL %JCARPGA #GPASGRQ
0MUCP GQ ?QQMAG?RCB @W K?LW NCMNJC UGRF CJCARPGAGRW. +LMUGLE RF?R NMUCP GQ RFC P?RC MD CLCPEW SQC MP CLCPEW AMLTCPQGML, UF?R GQ RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP
;B;9JH?9 FEM;H? 0MUCP RP?LQKGQQGML JGLCQ KGEFR AMKC RM KGLB. 7C ?JQM RFGLI MD JGEFR@SJ@Q GL RCPKQ MD RFCGP NMUCP P?RGLEQ GL U?RRQ. ,CR SQ AMKN?PC ?
25-7 @SJ@ UGRF ? 60-7 @SJ@. (3CC F?=KH; 20.15(?).) 3GLAC @MRF MNCP?RC ML RFC Q?KC TMJR?EC, RFC 60-7 @SJ@ KSQR BP?U KMPC ASPPCLR RM F?TC ?
EPC?RCP NMUCP P?RGLE. 4FSQ RFC 60-7 @SJ@tQ PCQGQR?LAC KSQR @C JMUCP RF?L RF?R MD ? 25-7 @SJ@. )D UC GLAPC?QC TMJR?EC, UC ?JQM GLAPC?QC NMUCP. &MP
CV?KNJC, UFCL ? 25-7 @SJ@ RF?R GQ BCQGELCB RM MNCP?RC ML 120 6 GQ AMLLCARCB RM 240 6, GR @PGCDJW EJMUQ TCPW @PGEFRJW ?LB RFCL @SPLQ MSR. 0PCAGQCJW
FMU ?PC TMJR?EC, ASPPCLR, ?LB PCQGQR?LAC PCJ?RCB RM CJCARPGA NMUCP?
#(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7 707
F?=KH; 20.15 (?) 7FGAF MD RFCQC JGEFR@SJ@Q, RFC 25-7 @SJ@ (SNNCP JCDR) MP RFC 60-7 @SJ@ (SNNCP PGEFR), F?Q RFC FGEFCP PCQGQR?LAC? 7FGAF BP?UQ KMPC ASPPCLR? 7FGAF SQCQ RFC
KMQR CLCPEW? #?L WMS RCJJ DPMK RFC AMJMP RF?R RFC 25-7 DGJ?KCLR GQ AMMJCP? )Q RFC @PGEFRCP @SJ@ ? BGDDCPCLR AMJMP ?LB GD QM UFW? (APCBGRQ: $GAI@?SAF, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ; 'PCE
7CQRD?JJ, &JGAIP) (@) 4FGQ AMKN?AR DJSMPCQACLR JGEFR (#&,) NSRQ MSR RFC Q?KC GLRCLQGRW MD JGEFR ?Q RFC 60-7 @SJ@, @SR ?R 1/4 RM 1/10 RFC GLNSR NMUCP. (APCBGR: B@EE1979, &JGAIP)
%JCARPGA CLCPEW BCNCLBQ ML @MRF RFC TMJR?EC GLTMJTCB ?LB RFC AF?PEC KMTCB. 4FGQ GQ CVNPCQQCB KMQR QGKNJW ?Q PE = qV , UFCPC q GQ RFC AF?PEC
KMTCB ?LB V GQ RFC TMJR?EC (MP KMPC NPCAGQCJW, RFC NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC RFC AF?PEC KMTCQ RFPMSEF). 0MUCP GQ RFC P?RC ?R UFGAF CLCPEW GQ KMTCB, ?LB
QM CJCARPGA NMUCP GQ
(20.26)
P =
PE
t
=
qV
t
.
2CAMELGXGLE RF?R ASPPCLR GQ I = q / t (LMRC RF?R t = t FCPC), RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP NMUCP @CAMKCQ
(20.27) P = IV.
%JCARPGA NMUCP ( P ) GQ QGKNJW RFC NPMBSAR MD ASPPCLR RGKCQ TMJR?EC. 0MUCP F?Q D?KGJG?P SLGRQ MD U?RRQ. 3GLAC RFC 3) SLGR DMP NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW (0%) GQ RFC
HMSJC, NMUCP F?Q SLGRQ MD HMSJCQ NCP QCAMLB, MP U?RRQ. 4FSQ, 1 A V = 1 W. &MP CV?KNJC, A?PQ MDRCL F?TC MLC MP KMPC ?SVGJG?PW NMUCP MSRJCRQ UGRF
UFGAF WMS A?L AF?PEC ? ACJJ NFMLC MP MRFCP CJCARPMLGA BCTGACQ. 4FCQC MSRJCRQ K?W @C P?RCB ?R 20 !, QM RF?R RFC AGPASGR A?L BCJGTCP ? K?VGKSK NMUCP
P = IV = (20 A)(12 V) = 240 W. )L QMKC ?NNJGA?RGMLQ, CJCARPGA NMUCP K?W @C CVNPCQQCB ?Q TMJR-?KNCPCQ MP CTCL IGJMTMJR-?KNCPCQ (
1 kA V = 1 kW).
4M QCC RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN MD NMUCP RM PCQGQR?LAC, UC AMK@GLC /FKtQ J?U UGRF P = IV . 3S@QRGRSRGLE I = V/R EGTCQ P = (V / R)V = V
2
/R . 3GKGJ?PJW,
QS@QRGRSRGLE V = IR EGTCQ P = I(IR) = I
2
R . 4FPCC CVNPCQQGMLQ DMP CJCARPGA NMUCP ?PC JGQRCB RMECRFCP FCPC DMP AMLTCLGCLAC:
(20.28) P = IV
(20.29)
P =
V
2
R
(20.30)
P = I
2
R.
.MRC RF?R RFC DGPQR COS?RGML GQ ?JU?WQ T?JGB, UFCPC?Q RFC MRFCP RUM A?L @C SQCB MLJW DMP PCQGQRMPQ. )L ? QGKNJC AGPASGR, UGRF MLC TMJR?EC QMSPAC ?LB ?
QGLEJC PCQGQRMP, RFC NMUCP QSNNJGCB @W RFC TMJR?EC QMSPAC ?LB RF?R BGQQGN?RCB @W RFC PCQGQRMP ?PC GBCLRGA?J. ()L KMPC AMKNJGA?RCB AGPASGRQ, P A?L @C RFC
NMUCP BGQQGN?RCB @W ? QGLEJC BCTGAC ?LB LMR RFC RMR?J NMUCP GL RFC AGPASGR.)
$GDDCPCLR GLQGEFRQ A?L @C E?GLCB DPMK RFC RFPCC BGDDCPCLR CVNPCQQGMLQ DMP CJCARPGA NMUCP. &MP CV?KNJC, P = V
2
/ R GKNJGCQ RF?R RFC JMUCP RFC
PCQGQR?LAC AMLLCARCB RM ? EGTCL TMJR?EC QMSPAC, RFC EPC?RCP RFC NMUCP BCJGTCPCB. &SPRFCPKMPC, QGLAC TMJR?EC GQ QOS?PCB GL P = V
2
/ R , RFC CDDCAR MD
?NNJWGLE ? FGEFCP TMJR?EC GQ NCPF?NQ EPC?RCP RF?L CVNCARCB. 4FSQ, UFCL RFC TMJR?EC GQ BMS@JCB RM ? 25-7 @SJ@, GRQ NMUCP LC?PJW OS?BPSNJCQ RM ?@MSR
100 7, @SPLGLE GR MSR. )D RFC @SJ@tQ PCQGQR?LAC PCK?GLCB AMLQR?LR, GRQ NMUCP UMSJB @C CV?ARJW 100 7, @SR ?R RFC FGEFCP RCKNCP?RSPC GRQ PCQGQR?LAC GQ
FGEFCP, RMM.
EN7CFB; 20.7 C7B9KB7J?D= )EM;H D?II?F7J?ED 7D: CKHH;DJ: !EJ 7D: CEB: )EM;H
(?) #MLQGBCP RFC CV?KNJCQ EGTCL GL (>CXI %7M: +;I?IJ7D9; 7D: ,?CFB; C?H9K?JI ?LB +;I?IJ7D9; 7D: +;I?IJ?L?JO. 4FCL DGLB RFC NMUCP
BGQQGN?RCB @W RFC A?P FC?BJGEFR GL RFCQC CV?KNJCQ, @MRF UFCL GR GQ FMR ?LB UFCL GR GQ AMJB. (@) 7F?R ASPPCLR BMCQ GR BP?U UFCL AMJB?
,JH7J;=O <EH (7)
708 #(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7
&MP RFC FMR FC?BJGEFR, UC ILMU TMJR?EC ?LB ASPPCLR, QM UC A?L SQC P = IV RM DGLB RFC NMUCP. &MP RFC AMJB FC?BJGEFR, UC ILMU RFC TMJR?EC ?LB
PCQGQR?LAC, QM UC A?L SQC P = V
2
/ R RM DGLB RFC NMUCP.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
%LRCPGLE RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ MD ASPPCLR ?LB TMJR?EC DMP RFC FMR FC?BJGEFR, UC M@R?GL
(20.31)
P = IV = (2.50 A)(12.0 V) = 30.0 W.
4FC AMJB PCQGQR?LAC U?Q 0.350 , ?LB QM RFC NMUCP GR SQCQ UFCL DGPQR QUGRAFCB ML GQ
(20.32)
P =
V
2
R
=
(12.0 V)
2
0.350
= 411 W.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (7)
4FC 30 7 BGQQGN?RCB @W RFC FMR FC?BJGEFR GQ RWNGA?J. "SR RFC 411 7 UFCL AMJB GQ QSPNPGQGLEJW FGEFCP. 4FC GLGRG?J NMUCP OSGAIJW BCAPC?QCQ ?Q RFC
@SJ@tQ RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QCQ ?LB GRQ PCQGQR?LAC GLAPC?QCQ.
4FC ASPPCLR UFCL RFC @SJ@ GQ AMJB A?L @C DMSLB QCTCP?J BGDDCPCLR U?WQ. 7C PC?PP?LEC MLC MD RFC NMUCP COS?RGMLQ, P = I
2
R , ?LB CLRCP ILMUL
T?JSCQ, M@R?GLGLE
(20.33)
I =
P
R
=
411 W
0.350
= 34.3 A.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (8)
4FC AMJB ASPPCLR GQ PCK?PI?@JW FGEFCP RF?L RFC QRC?BW-QR?RC T?JSC MD 2.50 !, @SR RFC ASPPCLR UGJJ OSGAIJW BCAJGLC RM RF?R T?JSC ?Q RFC @SJ@tQ
RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QCQ. -MQR DSQCQ ?LB AGPASGR @PC?ICPQ (SQCB RM JGKGR RFC ASPPCLR GL ? AGPASGR) ?PC BCQGELCB RM RMJCP?RC TCPW FGEF ASPPCLRQ @PGCDJW ?Q
? BCTGAC AMKCQ ML. )L QMKC A?QCQ, QSAF ?Q UGRF CJCARPGA KMRMPQ, RFC ASPPCLR PCK?GLQ FGEF DMP QCTCP?J QCAMLBQ, LCACQQGR?RGLE QNCAG?J uQJMU @JMUv
DSQCQ.
4FC #MQR MD %JCARPGAGRW
4FC KMPC CJCARPGA ?NNJG?LACQ WMS SQC ?LB RFC JMLECP RFCW ?PC JCDR ML, RFC FGEFCP WMSP CJCARPGA @GJJ. 4FGQ D?KGJG?P D?AR GQ @?QCB ML RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN
@CRUCCL CLCPEW ?LB NMUCP. 9MS N?W DMP RFC CLCPEW SQCB. 3GLAC P = E / t , UC QCC RF?R
(20.34) E = Pt
GQ RFC CLCPEW SQCB @W ? BCTGAC SQGLE NMUCP P DMP ? RGKC GLRCPT?J t . &MP CV?KNJC, RFC KMPC JGEFR@SJ@Q @SPLGLE, RFC EPC?RCP P SQCB; RFC JMLECP RFCW
?PC ML, RFC EPC?RCP t GQ. 4FC CLCPEW SLGR ML CJCARPGA @GJJQ GQ RFC IGJMU?RR-FMSP ( kW h ), AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN E = Pt . )R GQ C?QW RM
CQRGK?RC RFC AMQR MD MNCP?RGLE CJCARPGA ?NNJG?LACQ GD WMS F?TC QMKC GBC? MD RFCGP NMUCP AMLQSKNRGML P?RC GL U?RRQ MP IGJMU?RRQ, RFC RGKC RFCW ?PC ML GL
FMSPQ, ?LB RFC AMQR NCP IGJMU?RR-FMSP DMP WMSP CJCARPGA SRGJGRW. +GJMU?RR-FMSPQ, JGIC ?JJ MRFCP QNCAG?JGXCB CLCPEW SLGRQ QSAF ?Q DMMB A?JMPGCQ, A?L @C
AMLTCPRCB RM HMSJCQ. 9MS A?L NPMTC RM WMSPQCJD RF?R 1 kW h = 3.610
6
J .
4FC CJCARPGA?J CLCPEW ( E ) SQCB A?L @C PCBSACB CGRFCP @W PCBSAGLE RFC RGKC MD SQC MP @W PCBSAGLE RFC NMUCP AMLQSKNRGML MD RF?R ?NNJG?LAC MP DGVRSPC.
4FGQ UGJJ LMR MLJW PCBSAC RFC AMQR, @SR GR UGJJ ?JQM PCQSJR GL ? PCBSACB GKN?AR ML RFC CLTGPMLKCLR. )KNPMTCKCLRQ RM JGEFRGLE ?PC QMKC MD RFC D?QRCQR U?WQ
RM PCBSAC RFC CJCARPGA?J CLCPEW SQCB GL ? FMKC MP @SQGLCQQ. !@MSR 20% MD ? FMKCtQ SQC MD CLCPEW EMCQ RM JGEFRGLE, UFGJC RFC LSK@CP DMP AMKKCPAG?J
CQR?@JGQFKCLRQ GQ AJMQCP RM 40%. &JSMPCQACLR JGEFRQ ?PC ?@MSR DMSP RGKCQ KMPC CDDGAGCLR RF?L GLA?LBCQACLR JGEFRQrRFGQ GQ RPSC DMP @MRF RFC JMLE RS@CQ
?LB RFC AMKN?AR DJSMPCQACLR JGEFRQ (#&,). (3CC F?=KH; 20.15(@).) 4FSQ, ? 60-7 GLA?LBCQACLR @SJ@ A?L @C PCNJ?ACB @W ? 15-7 #&,, UFGAF F?Q RFC
Q?KC @PGEFRLCQQ ?LB AMJMP. #&,Q F?TC ? @CLR RS@C GLQGBC ? EJM@C MP ? QNGP?J-QF?NCB RS@C, ?JJ AMLLCARCB RM ? QR?LB?PB QAPCU-GL @?QC RF?R DGRQ QR?LB?PB
GLA?LBCQACLR JGEFR QMAICRQ. (/PGEGL?J NPM@JCKQ UGRF AMJMP, DJGAICP, QF?NC, ?LB FGEF GLGRG?J GLTCQRKCLR DMP #&,Q F?TC @CCL ?BBPCQQCB GL PCACLR WC?PQ.)
4FC FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK RFCQC #&,Q GQ JCQQ, ?LB RFCW J?QR SN RM 10 RGKCQ JMLECP. 4FC QGELGDGA?LAC MD ?L GLTCQRKCLR GL QSAF @SJ@Q GQ ?BBPCQQCB GL RFC
LCVR CV?KNJC. .CU UFGRC ,%$ JGEFRQ (UFGAF ?PC AJSQRCPQ MD QK?JJ ,%$ @SJ@Q) ?PC CTCL KMPC CDDGAGCLR (RUGAC RF?R MD #&,Q) ?LB J?QR 5 RGKCQ JMLECP RF?L
#&,Q. (MUCTCP, RFCGP AMQR GQ QRGJJ FGEF.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: %LCPEW, 0MUCP, ?LB 4GKC
4FC PCJ?RGMLQFGN E = Pt GQ MLC RF?R WMS UGJJ DGLB SQCDSJ GL K?LW BGDDCPCLR AMLRCVRQ. 4FC CLCPEW WMSP @MBW SQCQ GL CVCPAGQC GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC NMUCP
JCTCJ ?LB BSP?RGML MD WMSP ?ARGTGRW, DMP CV?KNJC. 4FC ?KMSLR MD FC?RGLE @W ? NMUCP QMSPAC GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC NMUCP JCTCJ ?LB RGKC GR GQ ?NNJGCB. %TCL
RFC P?BG?RGML BMQC MD ?L 8-P?W GK?EC GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC NMUCP ?LB RGKC MD CVNMQSPC.
EN7CFB; 20.8 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; CEIJ E<<;9J?L;D;II E< CECF79J FBKEH;I9;DJ %?=>JI (CF%)
)D RFC AMQR MD CJCARPGAGRW GL WMSP ?PC? GQ 12 ACLRQ NCP I7F, UF?R GQ RFC RMR?J AMQR (A?NGR?J NJSQ MNCP?RGML) MD SQGLE ? 60-7 GLA?LBCQACLR @SJ@ DMP 1000
FMSPQ (RFC JGDCRGKC MD RF?R @SJ@) GD RFC @SJ@ AMQR 25 ACLRQ? (@) )D UC PCNJ?AC RFGQ @SJ@ UGRF ? AMKN?AR DJSMPCQACLR JGEFR RF?R NPMTGBCQ RFC Q?KC JGEFR
MSRNSR, @SR ?R MLC-OS?PRCP RFC U?RR?EC, ?LB UFGAF AMQRQ $1.50 @SR J?QRQ 10 RGKCQ JMLECP (10,000 FMSPQ), UF?R UGJJ RF?R RMR?J AMQR @C?
,JH7J;=O
4M DGLB RFC MNCP?RGLE AMQR, UC DGPQR DGLB RFC CLCPEW SQCB GL IGJMU?RR-FMSPQ ?LB RFCL KSJRGNJW @W RFC AMQR NCP IGJMU?RR-FMSP.
#(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7 709
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
4FC CLCPEW SQCB GL IGJMU?RR-FMSPQ GQ DMSLB @W CLRCPGLE RFC NMUCP ?LB RGKC GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP CLCPEW:
(20.35)
E = Pt = (60 W)(1000 h) = 60,000 W h.
)L IGJMU?RR-FMSPQ, RFGQ GQ
(20.36)
E = 60.0 kW h.
.MU RFC CJCARPGAGRW AMQR GQ
(20.37)
cost = (60.0 kW h)($0.12/kW h) = $7.20.
4FC RMR?J AMQR UGJJ @C $7.20 DMP 1000 FMSPQ (?@MSR MLC-F?JD WC?P ?R 5 FMSPQ NCP B?W).
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
3GLAC RFC #&, SQCQ MLJW 15 7 ?LB LMR 60 7, RFC CJCARPGAGRW AMQR UGJJ @C $7.20/4 = $1.80. 4FC #&, UGJJ J?QR 10 RGKCQ JMLECP RF?L RFC GLA?LBCQACLR,
QM RF?R RFC GLTCQRKCLR AMQR UGJJ @C 1/10 MD RFC @SJ@ AMQR DMP RF?R RGKC NCPGMB MD SQC, MP 0.1($1.50) = $0.15. 4FCPCDMPC, RFC RMR?J AMQR UGJJ @C $1.95
DMP 1000 FMSPQ.
D?I9KII?ED
4FCPCDMPC, GR GQ KSAF AFC?NCP RM SQC RFC #&,Q, CTCL RFMSEF RFC GLGRG?J GLTCQRKCLR GQ FGEFCP. 4FC GLAPC?QCB AMQR MD J?@MP RF?R ? @SQGLCQQ KSQR
GLAJSBC DMP PCNJ?AGLE RFC GLA?LBCQACLR @SJ@Q KMPC MDRCL F?Q LMR @CCL DGESPCB GL FCPC.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLRr%JCARPGA?J %LCPEW 5QC )LTCLRMPW
1) -?IC ? JGQR MD RFC NMUCP P?RGLEQ ML ? P?LEC MD ?NNJG?LACQ GL WMSP FMKC MP PMMK. %VNJ?GL UFW QMKCRFGLE JGIC ? RM?QRCP F?Q ? FGEFCP P?RGLE RF?L
? BGEGR?J AJMAI. %QRGK?RC RFC CLCPEW AMLQSKCB @W RFCQC ?NNJG?LACQ GL ?L ?TCP?EC B?W (@W CQRGK?RGLE RFCGP RGKC MD SQC). 3MKC ?NNJG?LACQ KGEFR
MLJW QR?RC RFC MNCP?RGLE ASPPCLR. )D RFC FMSQCFMJB TMJR?EC GQ 120 6, RFCL SQC P = IV . 2) #FCAI MSR RFC RMR?J U?RR?EC SQCB GL RFC PCQR PMMKQ MD
WMSP QAFMMJtQ DJMMP MP @SGJBGLE. (9MS KGEFR LCCB RM ?QQSKC RFC JMLE DJSMPCQACLR JGEFRQ GL SQC ?PC P?RCB ?R 32 7.) 3SNNMQC RF?R RFC @SGJBGLE U?Q
AJMQCB ?JJ UCCICLB ?LB RF?R RFCQC JGEFRQ UCPC JCDR ML DPMK 6 N.K. &PGB?W SLRGJ 8 ?.K. -MLB?W. 7F?R UMSJB RFGQ MTCPQGEFR AMQR? (MU ?@MSR DMP ?L
CLRGPC WC?P MD UCCICLBQ?
20.5 ABJ;HD7J?D= CKHH;DJ L;HIKI D?H;9J CKHH;DJ
!JRCPL?RGLE #SPPCLR
-MQR MD RFC CV?KNJCQ BC?JR UGRF QM D?P, ?LB N?PRGASJ?PJW RFMQC SRGJGXGLE @?RRCPGCQ, F?TC AMLQR?LR TMJR?EC QMSPACQ. /LAC RFC ASPPCLR GQ CQR?@JGQFCB, GR GQ
RFSQ ?JQM ? AMLQR?LR. D?H;9J 9KHH;DJ ($#) GQ RFC DJMU MD CJCARPGA AF?PEC GL MLJW MLC BGPCARGML. )R GQ RFC QRC?BW QR?RC MD ? AMLQR?LR-TMJR?EC AGPASGR. -MQR
UCJJ-ILMUL ?NNJGA?RGMLQ, FMUCTCP, SQC ? RGKC-T?PWGLE TMJR?EC QMSPAC. ABJ;HD7J?D= 9KHH;DJ (!#) GQ RFC DJMU MD CJCARPGA AF?PEC RF?R NCPGMBGA?JJW
PCTCPQCQ BGPCARGML. )D RFC QMSPAC T?PGCQ NCPGMBGA?JJW, N?PRGASJ?PJW QGLSQMGB?JJW, RFC AGPASGR GQ ILMUL ?Q ?L ?JRCPL?RGLE ASPPCLR AGPASGR. %V?KNJCQ GLAJSBC RFC
AMKKCPAG?J ?LB PCQGBCLRG?J NMUCP RF?R QCPTCQ QM K?LW MD MSP LCCBQ. F?=KH; 20.16 QFMUQ EP?NFQ MD TMJR?EC ?LB ASPPCLR TCPQSQ RGKC DMP RWNGA?J $#
?LB !# NMUCP. 4FC !# TMJR?ECQ ?LB DPCOSCLAGCQ AMKKMLJW SQCB GL FMKCQ ?LB @SQGLCQQCQ T?PW ?PMSLB RFC UMPJB.
F?=KH; 20.16 (?) $# TMJR?EC ?LB ASPPCLR ?PC AMLQR?LR GL RGKC, MLAC RFC ASPPCLR GQ CQR?@JGQFCB. (@) ! EP?NF MD TMJR?EC ?LB ASPPCLR TCPQSQ RGKC DMP 60-(X !# NMUCP. 4FC TMJR?EC
?LB ASPPCLR ?PC QGLSQMGB?J ?LB ?PC GL NF?QC DMP ? QGKNJC PCQGQR?LAC AGPASGR. 4FC DPCOSCLAGCQ ?LB NC?I TMJR?ECQ MD !# QMSPACQ BGDDCP EPC?RJW.
710 #(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7
F?=KH; 20.17 4FC NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC V @CRUCCL RFC RCPKGL?JQ MD ?L !# TMJR?EC QMSPAC DJSARS?RCQ ?Q QFMUL. 4FC K?RFCK?RGA?J CVNPCQQGML DMP V GQ EGTCL @W
V = V
0
sin 2 ft .
F?=KH; 20.17 QFMUQ ? QAFCK?RGA MD ? QGKNJC AGPASGR UGRF ?L !# TMJR?EC QMSPAC. 4FC TMJR?EC @CRUCCL RFC RCPKGL?JQ DJSARS?RCQ ?Q QFMUL, UGRF RFC AC
LEBJ7=; EGTCL @W
(20.38)
V = V
0
sin 2 ft,
UFCPC V GQ RFC TMJR?EC ?R RGKC t , V
0
GQ RFC NC?I TMJR?EC, ?LB f GQ RFC DPCOSCLAW GL FCPRX. &MP RFGQ QGKNJC PCQGQR?LAC AGPASGR, I = V/R , ?LB QM RFC
AC 9KHH;DJ GQ
(20.39)
I = I
0
sin 2 ft,
UFCPC I GQ RFC ASPPCLR ?R RGKC t , ?LB I
0
= V
0
/R GQ RFC NC?I ASPPCLR. &MP RFGQ CV?KNJC, RFC TMJR?EC ?LB ASPPCLR ?PC Q?GB RM @C GL NF?QC, ?Q QCCL GL
F?=KH; 20.16(@).
#SPPCLR GL RFC PCQGQRMP ?JRCPL?RCQ @?AI ?LB DMPRF HSQR JGIC RFC BPGTGLE TMJR?EC, QGLAC I = V/R . )D RFC PCQGQRMP GQ ? DJSMPCQACLR JGEFR @SJ@, DMP CV?KNJC, GR
@PGEFRCLQ ?LB BGKQ 120 RGKCQ NCP QCAMLB ?Q RFC ASPPCLR PCNC?RCBJW EMCQ RFPMSEF XCPM. ! 120-(X DJGAICP GQ RMM P?NGB DMP WMSP CWCQ RM BCRCAR, @SR GD WMS
U?TC WMSP F?LB @?AI ?LB DMPRF @CRUCCL WMSP D?AC ?LB ? DJSMPCQACLR JGEFR, WMS UGJJ QCC ? QRPM@MQAMNGA CDDCAR CTGBCLAGLE !#. 4FC D?AR RF?R RFC JGEFR
MSRNSR DJSARS?RCQ KC?LQ RF?R RFC NMUCP GQ DJSARS?RGLE. 4FC NMUCP QSNNJGCB GQ P = IV . 5QGLE RFC CVNPCQQGMLQ DMP I ?LB V ?@MTC, UC QCC RF?R RFC
RGKC BCNCLBCLAC MD NMUCP GQ P = I
0
V
0
sin
2
2 ft , ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 20.18.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLRr!#/$# ,GEFRQ
7?TC WMSP F?LB @?AI ?LB DMPRF @CRUCCL WMSP D?AC ?LB ? DJSMPCQACLR JGEFR @SJ@. $M WMS M@QCPTC RFC Q?KC RFGLE UGRF RFC FC?BJGEFRQ ML WMSP A?P?
%VNJ?GL UF?R WMS M@QCPTC. .4EA<A:: DB ABG ?BB> 7<E86G?L 4G I8EL 5E<:;G ?<:;G.
F?=KH; 20.18 !# NMUCP ?Q ? DSLARGML MD RGKC. 3GLAC RFC TMJR?EC ?LB ASPPCLR ?PC GL NF?QC FCPC, RFCGP NPMBSAR GQ LML-LCE?RGTC ?LB DJSARS?RCQ @CRUCCL XCPM ?LB I
0
V
0
. !TCP?EC
NMUCP GQ (1 / 2)I
0
V
0
.
7C ?PC KMQR MDRCL AMLACPLCB UGRF ?TCP?EC NMUCP P?RFCP RF?L GRQ DJSARS?RGMLQrRF?R 60-7 JGEFR @SJ@ GL WMSP BCQI J?KN F?Q ?L ?TCP?EC NMUCP
AMLQSKNRGML MD 60 7, DMP CV?KNJC. !Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 20.18, RFC ?TCP?EC NMUCP P
ave
GQ
(20.40)
P
ave
=
1
2
I
0
V
0
.
4FGQ GQ CTGBCLR DPMK RFC EP?NF, QGLAC RFC ?PC?Q ?@MTC ?LB @CJMU RFC (1 / 2)I
0
V
0
JGLC ?PC COS?J, @SR GR A?L ?JQM @C NPMTCL SQGLE RPGEMLMKCRPGA
GBCLRGRGCQ. 3GKGJ?PJW, UC BCDGLC ?L ?TCP?EC MP HCI 9KHH;DJ I
rms
?LB ?TCP?EC MP HCI LEBJ7=; V
rms
RM @C, PCQNCARGTCJW,
#(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7 711
(20.41)
I
rms
=
I
0
2
?LB
(20.42)
V
rms
=
V
0
2
.
UFCPC PKQ QR?LBQ DMP PMMR KC?L QOS?PC, ? N?PRGASJ?P IGLB MD ?TCP?EC. )L ECLCP?J, RM M@R?GL ? PMMR KC?L QOS?PC, RFC N?PRGASJ?P OS?LRGRW GQ QOS?PCB, GRQ
KC?L (MP ?TCP?EC) GQ DMSLB, ?LB RFC QOS?PC PMMR GQ R?ICL. 4FGQ GQ SQCDSJ DMP !#, QGLAC RFC ?TCP?EC T?JSC GQ XCPM. .MU,
(20.43) P
ave
= I
rms
V
rms
,
UFGAF EGTCQ
(20.44)
P
ave
=
I
0
2

V
0
2
=
1
2
I
0
V
0
,
?Q QR?RCB ?@MTC. )R GQ QR?LB?PB NP?ARGAC RM OSMRC I
rms
, V
rms
, ?LB P
ave
P?RFCP RF?L RFC NC?I T?JSCQ. &MP CV?KNJC, KMQR FMSQCFMJB CJCARPGAGRW GQ 120
6 !#, UFGAF KC?LQ RF?R V
rms
GQ 120 6. 4FC AMKKML 10-! AGPASGR @PC?ICP UGJJ GLRCPPSNR ? QSQR?GLCB I
rms
EPC?RCP RF?L 10 !. 9MSP 1.0-I7 KGAPMU?TC
MTCL AMLQSKCQ P
ave
= 1.0 kW, ?LB QM ML. 9MS A?L RFGLI MD RFCQC PKQ ?LB ?TCP?EC T?JSCQ ?Q RFC COSGT?JCLR $# T?JSCQ DMP ? QGKNJC PCQGQRGTC
AGPASGR.
4M QSKK?PGXC, UFCL BC?JGLE UGRF !#, /FKtQ J?U ?LB RFC COS?RGMLQ DMP NMUCP ?PC AMKNJCRCJW ?L?JMEMSQ RM RFMQC DMP $#, @SR PKQ ?LB ?TCP?EC T?JSCQ
?PC SQCB DMP !#. 4FSQ, DMP !#, /FKtQ J?U GQ UPGRRCL
(20.45)
I
rms
=
V
rms
R
.
4FC T?PGMSQ CVNPCQQGMLQ DMP !# NMUCP P
ave
?PC
(20.46) P
ave
= I
rms
V
rms
,
(20.47)
P
ave
=
V
rms
2
R
,
?LB
(20.48)
P
ave
= I
rms
2
R.
EN7CFB; 20.9 );7A /EBJ7=; 7D: )EM;H <EH AC
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC T?JSC MD RFC NC?I TMJR?EC DMP 120-6 !# NMUCP? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC NC?I NMUCP AMLQSKNRGML P?RC MD ? 60.0-7 !# JGEFR @SJ@?
,JH7J;=O
7C ?PC RMJB RF?R V
rms
GQ 120 6 ?LB P
ave
GQ 60.0 7. 7C A?L SQC V
rms
=
V
0
2
RM DGLB RFC NC?I TMJR?EC, ?LB UC A?L K?LGNSJ?RC RFC BCDGLGRGML MD
NMUCP RM DGLB RFC NC?I NMUCP DPMK RFC EGTCL ?TCP?EC NMUCP.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
3MJTGLE RFC COS?RGML V
rms
=
V
0
2
DMP RFC NC?I TMJR?EC V
0
?LB QS@QRGRSRGLE RFC ILMUL T?JSC DMP V
rms
EGTCQ
(20.49)
V
0
= 2V
rms
= 1.414(120 V) = 170 V.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (7)
4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R RFC !# TMJR?EC QUGLEQ DPMK 170 6 RM 170 V ?LB @?AI 60 RGKCQ CTCPW QCAMLB. !L COSGT?JCLR $# TMJR?EC GQ ? AMLQR?LR 120 6.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
0C?I NMUCP GQ NC?I ASPPCLR RGKCQ NC?I TMJR?EC. 4FSQ,
(20.50)
P
0
= I
0
V
0
= 2
1
2
I
0
V
0
= 2P
ave
.
7C ILMU RFC ?TCP?EC NMUCP GQ 60.0 7, ?LB QM
(20.51)
P
0
= 2(60.0 W) = 120 W.
D?I9KII?ED
3M RFC NMUCP QUGLEQ DPMK XCPM RM 120 7 MLC FSLBPCB RUCLRW RGKCQ NCP QCAMLB (RUGAC C?AF AWAJC), ?LB RFC NMUCP ?TCP?ECQ 60 7.
712 #(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7
7FW 5QC !# DMP 0MUCP $GQRPG@SRGML?
-MQR J?PEC NMUCP-BGQRPG@SRGML QWQRCKQ ?PC !#. -MPCMTCP, RFC NMUCP GQ RP?LQKGRRCB ?R KSAF FGEFCP TMJR?ECQ RF?L RFC 120-6 !# (240 6 GL KMQR N?PRQ MD
RFC UMPJB) UC SQC GL FMKCQ ?LB ML RFC HM@. %AMLMKGCQ MD QA?JC K?IC GR AFC?NCP RM @SGJB ? DCU TCPW J?PEC CJCARPGA NMUCP-ECLCP?RGML NJ?LRQ RF?L RM
@SGJB LSKCPMSQ QK?JJ MLCQ. 4FGQ LCACQQGR?RCQ QCLBGLE NMUCP JMLE BGQR?LACQ, ?LB GR GQ M@TGMSQJW GKNMPR?LR RF?R CLCPEW JMQQCQ CL PMSRC @C KGLGKGXCB.
(GEF TMJR?ECQ A?L @C RP?LQKGRRCB UGRF KSAF QK?JJCP NMUCP JMQQCQ RF?L JMU TMJR?ECQ, ?Q UC QF?JJ QCC. (3CC F?=KH; 20.19.) &MP Q?DCRW PC?QMLQ, RFC
TMJR?EC ?R RFC SQCP GQ PCBSACB RM D?KGJG?P T?JSCQ. 4FC APSAG?J D?ARMP GQ RF?R GR GQ KSAF C?QGCP RM GLAPC?QC ?LB BCAPC?QC !# TMJR?ECQ RF?L $#, QM !# GQ
SQCB GL KMQR J?PEC NMUCP BGQRPG@SRGML QWQRCKQ.
F?=KH; 20.19 0MUCP GQ BGQRPG@SRCB MTCP J?PEC BGQR?LACQ ?R FGEF TMJR?EC RM PCBSAC NMUCP JMQQ GL RFC RP?LQKGQQGML JGLCQ. 4FC TMJR?ECQ ECLCP?RCB ?R RFC NMUCP NJ?LR ?PC QRCNNCB
SN @W N?QQGTC BCTGACQ A?JJCB RP?LQDMPKCPQ (QCC -H7DI<EHC;HI) RM 330,000 TMJRQ (MP KMPC GL QMKC NJ?ACQ UMPJBUGBC). !R RFC NMGLR MD SQC, RFC RP?LQDMPKCPQ PCBSAC RFC TMJR?EC
RP?LQKGRRCB DMP Q?DC PCQGBCLRG?J ?LB AMKKCPAG?J SQC. (#PCBGR: 'CMPE((, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
EN7CFB; 20.10 )EM;H %EII;I AH; %;II <EH !?=>-/EBJ7=; -H7DIC?II?ED
(?) 7F?R ASPPCLR GQ LCCBCB RM RP?LQKGR 100 -7 MD NMUCP ?R 200 I6? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC NMUCP BGQQGN?RCB @W RFC RP?LQKGQQGML JGLCQ GD RFCW F?TC ?
PCQGQR?LAC MD 1.00 ? (A) 7F?R NCPACLR?EC MD RFC NMUCP GQ JMQR GL RFC RP?LQKGQQGML JGLCQ?
,JH7J;=O
7C ?PC EGTCL P
ave
= 100 MW, V
rms
= 200 kV, ?LB RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC JGLCQ GQ R = 1.00 . 5QGLE RFCQC EGTCLQ, UC A?L DGLB RFC
ASPPCLR DJMUGLE (DPMK P = IV ) ?LB RFCL RFC NMUCP BGQQGN?RCB GL RFC JGLCQ ( P = I
2
R ), ?LB UC R?IC RFC P?RGM RM RFC RMR?J NMUCP RP?LQKGRRCB.
,EBKJ?ED
4M DGLB RFC ASPPCLR, UC PC?PP?LEC RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN P
ave
= I
rms
V
rms
?LB QS@QRGRSRC ILMUL T?JSCQ. 4FGQ EGTCQ
(20.52)
I
rms
=
P
ave
V
rms
=
10010
6
W
20010
3
V
= 500 A.
,EBKJ?ED
+LMUGLE RFC ASPPCLR ?LB EGTCL RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC JGLCQ, RFC NMUCP BGQQGN?RCB GL RFCK GQ DMSLB DPMK P
ave
= I
rms
2
R . 3S@QRGRSRGLE RFC ILMUL
T?JSCQ EGTCQ
(20.53)
P
ave
= I
rms
2
R = (500 A)
2
(1.00 ) = 250 kW.
,EBKJ?ED
4FC NCPACLR JMQQ GQ RFC P?RGM MD RFGQ JMQR NMUCP RM RFC RMR?J MP GLNSR NMUCP, KSJRGNJGCB @W 100:
(20.54)
% loss=
250 kW
100 MW
100 = 0.250 %.
D?I9KII?ED
/LC-DMSPRF MD ? NCPACLR GQ ?L ?AACNR?@JC JMQQ. .MRC RF?R GD 100 -7 MD NMUCP F?B @CCL RP?LQKGRRCB ?R 25 I6, RFCL ? ASPPCLR MD 4000 ! UMSJB F?TC
@CCL LCCBCB. 4FGQ UMSJB PCQSJR GL ? NMUCP JMQQ GL RFC JGLCQ MD 16.0 -7, MP 16.0% P?RFCP RF?L 0.250%. 4FC JMUCP RFC TMJR?EC, RFC KMPC ASPPCLR GQ
LCCBCB, ?LB RFC EPC?RCP RFC NMUCP JMQQ GL RFC DGVCB-PCQGQR?LAC RP?LQKGQQGML JGLCQ. /D AMSPQC, JMUCP-PCQGQR?LAC JGLCQ A?L @C @SGJR, @SR RFGQ PCOSGPCQ
J?PECP ?LB KMPC CVNCLQGTC UGPCQ. )D QSNCPAMLBSARGLE JGLCQ AMSJB @C CAMLMKGA?JJW NPMBSACB, RFCPC UMSJB @C LM JMQQ GL RFC RP?LQKGQQGML JGLCQ ?R
?JJ. "SR, ?Q UC QF?JJ QCC GL ? J?RCP AF?NRCP, RFCPC GQ ? JGKGR RM ASPPCLR GL QSNCPAMLBSARMPQ, RMM. )L QFMPR, FGEF TMJR?ECQ ?PC KMPC CAMLMKGA?J DMP
RP?LQKGRRGLE NMUCP, ?LB !# TMJR?EC GQ KSAF C?QGCP RM P?GQC ?LB JMUCP, QM RF?R !# GQ SQCB GL KMQR J?PEC-QA?JC NMUCP BGQRPG@SRGML QWQRCKQ.
)R GQ UGBCJW PCAMELGXCB RF?R FGEF TMJR?ECQ NMQC EPC?RCP F?X?PBQ RF?L JMU TMJR?ECQ. "SR, GL D?AR, QMKC FGEF TMJR?ECQ, QSAF ?Q RFMQC ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF
AMKKML QR?RGA CJCARPGAGRW, A?L @C F?PKJCQQ. 3M GR GQ LMR TMJR?EC ?JMLC RF?R BCRCPKGLCQ ? F?X?PB. )R GQ LMR QM UGBCJW PCAMELGXCB RF?R !# QFMAIQ ?PC MDRCL
KMPC F?PKDSJ RF?L QGKGJ?P $# QFMAIQ. 4FMK?Q %BGQML RFMSEFR RF?R !# QFMAIQ UCPC KMPC F?PKDSJ ?LB QCR SN ? $# NMUCP-BGQRPG@SRGML QWQRCK GL .CU
9MPI #GRW GL RFC J?RC 1800Q. 4FCPC UCPC @GRRCP DGEFRQ, GL N?PRGASJ?P @CRUCCL %BGQML ?LB 'CMPEC 7CQRGLEFMSQC ?LB .GIMJ? 4CQJ?, UFM UCPC ?BTMA?RGLE
RFC SQC MD !# GL C?PJW NMUCP-BGQRPG@SRGML QWQRCKQ. !# F?Q NPCT?GJCB J?PECJW BSC RM RP?LQDMPKCPQ ?LB JMUCP NMUCP JMQQCQ UGRF FGEF-TMJR?EC
RP?LQKGQQGML.
#(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7 713
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: 'CLCP?RMP
'CLCP?RC CJCARPGAGRW UGRF ? @?P K?ELCR! $GQAMTCP RFC NFWQGAQ @CFGLB RFC NFCLMKCL? @W CVNJMPGLE K?ELCRQ ?LB FMU WMS A?L SQC RFCK RM K?IC ?
@SJ@ JGEFR.
F?=KH; 20.20 ;D;H7JEH (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42348/1.5/=;D;H7JEH6;D.@7H)
20.6 EB;9JH?9 !7P7H:I 7D: J>; !KC7D BE:O
4FCPC ?PC RUM ILMUL F?X?PBQ MD CJCARPGAGRWrRFCPK?J ?LB QFMAI. ! J>;HC7B >7P7H: GQ MLC UFCPC CVACQQGTC CJCARPGA NMUCP A?SQCQ SLBCQGPCB RFCPK?J
CDDCARQ, QSAF ?Q QR?PRGLE ? DGPC GL RFC U?JJ MD ? FMSQC. ! I>E9A >7P7H: MAASPQ UFCL CJCARPGA ASPPCLR N?QQCQ RFPMSEF ? NCPQML. 3FMAIQ P?LEC GL QCTCPGRW
DPMK N?GLDSJ, @SR MRFCPUGQC F?PKJCQQ, RM FC?PR-QRMNNGLE JCRF?JGRW. 4FGQ QCARGML AMLQGBCPQ RFCQC F?X?PBQ ?LB RFC T?PGMSQ D?ARMPQ ?DDCARGLE RFCK GL ?
OS?LRGR?RGTC K?LLCP. EB;9JH?97B ,7<;JO: ,OIJ;CI 7D: D;L?9;I UGJJ AMLQGBCP QWQRCKQ ?LB BCTGACQ DMP NPCTCLRGLE CJCARPGA?J F?X?PBQ.
4FCPK?J (?X?PBQ
%JCARPGA NMUCP A?SQCQ SLBCQGPCB FC?RGLE CDDCARQ UFCLCTCP CJCARPGA CLCPEW GQ AMLTCPRCB RM RFCPK?J CLCPEW ?R ? P?RC D?QRCP RF?L GR A?L @C Q?DCJW
BGQQGN?RCB. ! AJ?QQGA CV?KNJC MD RFGQ GQ RFC I>EHJ 9?H9K?J, ? JMU-PCQGQR?LAC N?RF @CRUCCL RCPKGL?JQ MD ? TMJR?EC QMSPAC. !L CV?KNJC MD ? QFMPR AGPASGR GQ
QFMUL GL F?=KH; 20.21. )LQSJ?RGML ML UGPCQ JC?BGLE RM ?L ?NNJG?LAC F?Q UMPL RFPMSEF, ?JJMUGLE RFC RUM UGPCQ RM AMKC GLRM AMLR?AR. 3SAF ?L SLBCQGPCB
AMLR?AR UGRF ? FGEF TMJR?EC GQ A?JJCB ? F;BEG. 3GLAC RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC QFMPR, r , GQ TCPW QK?JJ, RFC NMUCP BGQQGN?RCB GL RFC QFMPR, P = V
2
/ r , GQ TCPW
J?PEC. &MP CV?KNJC, GD V GQ 120 6 ?LB r GQ 0.100 , RFCL RFC NMUCP GQ 144 I7, @H6; EPC?RCP RF?L RF?R SQCB @W ? RWNGA?J FMSQCFMJB ?NNJG?LAC.
4FCPK?J CLCPEW BCJGTCPCB ?R RFGQ P?RC UGJJ TCPW OSGAIJW P?GQC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD QSPPMSLBGLE K?RCPG?JQ, KCJRGLE MP NCPF?NQ GELGRGLE RFCK.
F?=KH; 20.21 ! QFMPR AGPASGR GQ ?L SLBCQGPCB JMU-PCQGQR?LAC N?RF ?APMQQ ? TMJR?EC QMSPAC. (?) 7MPL GLQSJ?RGML ML RFC UGPCQ MD ? RM?QRCP ?JJMU RFCK RM AMKC GLRM AMLR?AR UGRF ?
JMU PCQGQR?LAC r . 3GLAC P = V
2
/ r , RFCPK?J NMUCP GQ APC?RCB QM P?NGBJW RF?R RFC AMPB KCJRQ MP @SPLQ. (@) ! QAFCK?RGA MD RFC QFMPR AGPASGR.
/LC N?PRGASJ?PJW GLQGBGMSQ ?QNCAR MD ? QFMPR AGPASGR GQ RF?R GRQ PCQGQR?LAC K?W ?ARS?JJW @C BCAPC?QCB BSC RM RFC GLAPC?QC GL RCKNCP?RSPC. 4FGQ A?L
F?NNCL GD RFC QFMPR APC?RCQ GMLGX?RGML. 4FCQC AF?PECB ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ ?PC DPCC RM KMTC ?LB, RFSQ, JMUCP RFC PCQGQR?LAC r . 3GLAC P = V
2
/ r ,
RFC NMUCP BGQQGN?RCB GL RFC QFMPR PGQCQ, NMQQG@JW A?SQGLE KMPC GMLGX?RGML, KMPC NMUCP, ?LB QM ML. (GEF TMJR?ECQ, QSAF ?Q RFC 480-6 !# SQCB GL QMKC
GLBSQRPG?J ?NNJGA?RGMLQ, JCLB RFCKQCJTCQ RM RFGQ F?X?PB, @CA?SQC FGEFCP TMJR?ECQ APC?RC FGEFCP GLGRG?J NMUCP NPMBSARGML GL ? QFMPR.
!LMRFCP QCPGMSQ, @SR JCQQ BP?K?RGA, RFCPK?J F?X?PB MAASPQ UFCL UGPCQ QSNNJWGLE NMUCP RM ? SQCP ?PC MTCPJM?BCB UGRF RMM EPC?R ? ASPPCLR. !Q
BGQASQQCB GL RFC NPCTGMSQ QCARGML, RFC NMUCP BGQQGN?RCB GL RFC QSNNJW UGPCQ GQ P = I
2
R
w
, UFCPC R
w
GQ RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC UGPCQ ?LB I RFC
ASPPCLR DJMUGLE RFPMSEF RFCK. )D CGRFCP I MP R
w
GQ RMM J?PEC, RFC UGPCQ MTCPFC?R. &MP CV?KNJC, ? UMPL ?NNJG?LAC AMPB (UGRF QMKC MD GRQ @P?GBCB UGPCQ
@PMICL) K?W F?TC R
w
= 2.00 P?RFCP RF?L RFC 0.100 GR QFMSJB @C. )D 10.0 ! MD ASPPCLR N?QQCQ RFPMSEF RFC AMPB, RFCL
P = I
2
R
w
= 200 W GQ BGQQGN?RCB GL RFC AMPBrKSAF KMPC RF?L GQ Q?DC. 3GKGJ?PJW, GD ? UGPC UGRF ? 0.100 - PCQGQR?LAC GQ KC?LR RM A?PPW ? DCU
?KNQ, @SR GQ GLQRC?B A?PPWGLE 100 !, GR UGJJ QCTCPCJW MTCPFC?R. 4FC NMUCP BGQQGN?RCB GL RFC UGPC UGJJ GL RF?R A?QC @C P = 1000 W. &SQCQ ?LB AGPASGR
@PC?ICPQ ?PC SQCB RM JGKGR CVACQQGTC ASPPCLRQ. (3CC F?=KH; 20.22 ?LB F?=KH; 20.23.) %?AF BCTGAC MNCLQ RFC AGPASGR ?SRMK?RGA?JJW UFCL ? QSQR?GLCB
ASPPCLR CVACCBQ Q?DC JGKGRQ.
714 #(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7
F?=KH; 20.22 (?) ! DSQC F?Q ? KCR?J QRPGN UGRF ? JMU KCJRGLE NMGLR RF?R, UFCL MTCPFC?RCB @W ?L CVACQQGTC ASPPCLR, NCPK?LCLRJW @PC?IQ RFC AMLLCARGML MD ? AGPASGR RM ? TMJR?EC
QMSPAC. (@) ! AGPASGR @PC?ICP GQ ?L ?SRMK?RGA @SR PCQRMP?@JC CJCARPGA QUGRAF. 4FC MLC QFMUL FCPC F?Q ? @GKCR?JJGA QRPGN RF?R @CLBQ RM RFC PGEFR ?LB GLRM RFC LMRAF GD MTCPFC?RCB.
4FC QNPGLE RFCL DMPACQ RFC KCR?J QRPGN BMULU?PB, @PC?IGLE RFC CJCARPGA?J AMLLCARGML ?R RFC NMGLRQ.
F?=KH; 20.23 3AFCK?RGA MD ? AGPASGR UGRF ? DSQC MP AGPASGR @PC?ICP GL GR. &SQCQ ?LB AGPASGR @PC?ICPQ ?AR JGIC ?SRMK?RGA QUGRAFCQ RF?R MNCL UFCL QSQR?GLCB ASPPCLR CVACCBQ BCQGPCB
JGKGRQ.
&SQCQ ?LB AGPASGR @PC?ICPQ DMP RWNGA?J FMSQCFMJB TMJR?ECQ ?LB ASPPCLRQ ?PC PCJ?RGTCJW QGKNJC RM NPMBSAC, @SR RFMQC DMP J?PEC TMJR?ECQ ?LB ASPPCLRQ
CVNCPGCLAC QNCAG?J NPM@JCKQ. &MP CV?KNJC, UFCL ? AGPASGR @PC?ICP RPGCQ RM GLRCPPSNR RFC DJMU MD FGEF-TMJR?EC CJCARPGAGRW, ? QN?PI A?L HSKN ?APMQQ GRQ
NMGLRQ RF?R GMLGXCQ RFC ?GP GL RFC E?N ?LB ?JJMUQ RFC ASPPCLR RM AMLRGLSC DJMUGLE. ,?PEC AGPASGR @PC?ICPQ DMSLB GL NMUCP-BGQRPG@SRGML QWQRCKQ CKNJMW
GLQSJ?RGLE E?Q ?LB CTCL SQC HCRQ MD E?Q RM @JMU MSR QSAF QN?PIQ. (CPC !# GQ Q?DCP RF?L $#, QGLAC !# ASPPCLR EMCQ RFPMSEF XCPM 120 RGKCQ NCP
QCAMLB, EGTGLE ? OSGAI MNNMPRSLGRW RM CVRGLESGQF RFCQC ?PAQ.
3FMAI (?X?PBQ
%JCARPGA?J ASPPCLRQ RFPMSEF NCMNJC NPMBSAC RPCKCLBMSQJW T?PGCB CDDCARQ. !L CJCARPGA?J ASPPCLR A?L @C SQCB RM @JMAI @?AI N?GL. 4FC NMQQG@GJGRW MD SQGLE
CJCARPGA?J ASPPCLR RM QRGKSJ?RC KSQAJC ?ARGML GL N?P?JWXCB JGK@Q, NCPF?NQ ?JJMUGLE N?P?NJCEGAQ RM U?JI, GQ SLBCP QRSBW. 46 BP?K?RGX?RGMLQ GL UFGAF
CJCARPGA?J QFMAIQ ?PC SQCB RM @PGLE ? FC?PR ?RR?AI TGARGK MSR MD TCLRPGASJ?P DG@PGJJ?RGML (? K?QQGTCJW GPPCESJ?P, MDRCL D?R?J, @C?RGLE MD RFC FC?PR) ?PC KMPC
RF?L AMKKML. 9CR KMQR CJCARPGA?J QFMAI D?R?JGRGCQ MAASP @CA?SQC ? ASPPCLR NSR RFC FC?PR GLRM DG@PGJJ?RGML. ! N?ACK?ICP SQCQ CJCARPGA?J QFMAIQ RM
QRGKSJ?RC RFC FC?PR RM @C?R NPMNCPJW. 3MKC D?R?J QFMAIQ BM LMR NPMBSAC @SPLQ, @SR U?PRQ A?L @C Q?DCJW @SPLCB MDD UGRF CJCARPGA ASPPCLR (RFMSEF DPCCXGLE
SQGLE JGOSGB LGRPMECL GQ LMU KMPC AMKKML). /D AMSPQC, RFCPC ?PC AMLQGQRCLR CVNJ?L?RGMLQ DMP RFCQC BGQN?P?RC CDDCARQ. 4FC K?HMP D?ARMPQ SNML UFGAF
RFC CDDCARQ MD CJCARPGA?J QFMAI BCNCLB ?PC
1. 4FC ?KMSLR MD ASPPCLR I
2. 4FC N?RF R?ICL @W RFC ASPPCLR
3. 4FC BSP?RGML MD RFC QFMAI
4. 4FC DPCOSCLAW f MD RFC ASPPCLR ( f = 0 DMP $#)
-78B; 20.3 EGTCQ RFC CDDCARQ MD CJCARPGA?J QFMAIQ ?Q ? DSLARGML MD ASPPCLR DMP ? RWNGA?J ?AAGBCLR?J QFMAI. 4FC CDDCARQ ?PC DMP ? QFMAI RF?R N?QQCQ RFPMSEF
RFC RPSLI MD RFC @MBW, F?Q ? BSP?RGML MD 1 Q, ?LB GQ A?SQCB @W 60-(X NMUCP.
#(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7 715
F?=KH; 20.24 !L CJCARPGA ASPPCLR A?L A?SQC KSQASJ?P AMLRP?ARGMLQ UGRF T?PWGLE CDDCARQ. (?) 4FC TGARGK GQ uRFPMULv @?AIU?PB @W GLTMJSLR?PW KSQAJC AMLRP?ARGMLQ RF?R CVRCLB RFC
JCEQ ?LB RMPQM. (@) 4FC TGARGK A?LtR JCR EM MD RFC UGPC RF?R GQ QRGKSJ?RGLE ?JJ RFC KSQAJCQ GL RFC F?LB. 4FMQC RF?R AJMQC RFC DGLECPQ ?PC QRPMLECP RF?L RFMQC RF?R MNCL RFCK.
4?@JC 20.3 %DDCARQ MD %JCARPGA?J 3FMAI ?Q ? &SLARGML MD #SPPCLR
;3=
CKHH;DJ
(CA)
E<<;9J
1 4FPCQFMJB MD QCLQ?RGML
5 -?VGKSK F?PKJCQQ ASPPCLR
10q20
/LQCR MD QSQR?GLCB KSQASJ?P AMLRP?ARGML; A?LLMR JCR EM DMP BSP?RGML MD QFMAI; AMLRP?ARGML MD AFCQR KSQAJCQ K?W QRMN @PC?RFGLE BSPGLE
QFMAI
50 /LQCR MD N?GL
100q300+ 6CLRPGASJ?P DG@PGJJ?RGML NMQQG@JC; MDRCL D?R?J
300 /LQCR MD @SPLQ BCNCLBGLE ML AMLACLRP?RGML MD ASPPCLR
6000 (6 !)
/LQCR MD QSQR?GLCB TCLRPGASJ?P AMLRP?ARGML ?LB PCQNGP?RMPW N?P?JWQGQ; @MRF AC?QC UFCL QFMAI CLBQ; FC?PR@C?R K?W PCRSPL RM LMPK?J;
SQCB RM BCDG@PGJJ?RC RFC FC?PR
/SP @MBGCQ ?PC PCJ?RGTCJW EMMB AMLBSARMPQ BSC RM RFC U?RCP GL MSP @MBGCQ. 'GTCL RF?R J?PECP ASPPCLRQ UGJJ DJMU RFPMSEF QCARGMLQ UGRF JMUCP PCQGQR?LAC
(RM @C DSPRFCP BGQASQQCB GL RFC LCVR AF?NRCP), CJCARPGA ASPPCLRQ NPCDCPCLRG?JJW DJMU RFPMSEF N?RFQ GL RFC FSK?L @MBW RF?R F?TC ? KGLGKSK PCQGQR?LAC GL
? BGPCAR N?RF RM C?PRF. 4FC C?PRF GQ ? L?RSP?J CJCARPML QGLI. 7C?PGLE GLQSJ?RGLE QFMCQ, ? PCOSGPCKCLR GL K?LW NPMDCQQGMLQ, NPMFG@GRQ ? N?RFU?W DMP
CJCARPMLQ @W NPMTGBGLE ? J?PEC PCQGQR?LAC GL RF?R N?RF. 7FCLCTCP UMPIGLE UGRF FGEF-NMUCP RMMJQ (BPGJJQ), MP GL PGQIW QGRS?RGMLQ, CLQSPC RF?R WMS BM LMR
NPMTGBC ? N?RFU?W DMP ASPPCLR DJMU (CQNCAG?JJW RFPMSEF RFC FC?PR).
6CPW QK?JJ ASPPCLRQ N?QQ F?PKJCQQJW ?LB SLDCJR RFPMSEF RFC @MBW. 4FGQ F?NNCLQ RM WMS PCESJ?PJW UGRFMSR WMSP ILMUJCBEC. 4FC RFPCQFMJB MD QCLQ?RGML GQ
MLJW 1 K! ?LB, ?JRFMSEF SLNJC?Q?LR, QFMAIQ ?PC ?NN?PCLRJW F?PKJCQQ DMP ASPPCLRQ JCQQ RF?L 5 K!. ! EPC?R LSK@CP MD Q?DCRW PSJCQ R?IC RFC 5-K! T?JSC
DMP RFC K?VGKSK ?JJMUCB QFMAI. !R 10 RM 20 K! ?LB ?@MTC, RFC ASPPCLR A?L QRGKSJ?RC QSQR?GLCB KSQASJ?P AMLRP?ARGMLQ KSAF ?Q PCESJ?P LCPTC
GKNSJQCQ BM. 0CMNJC QMKCRGKCQ Q?W RFCW UCPC ILMAICB ?APMQQ RFC PMMK @W ? QFMAI, @SR UF?R PC?JJW F?NNCLCB U?Q RF?R ACPR?GL KSQAJCQ AMLRP?ARCB,
NPMNCJJGLE RFCK GL ? K?LLCP LMR MD RFCGP MUL AFMMQGLE. (3CC F?=KH; 20.24(?).) -MPC DPGEFRCLGLE, ?LB NMRCLRG?JJW KMPC B?LECPMSQ, GQ RFC uA?LtR JCR EMv
CDDCAR GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 20.24(@). 4FC KSQAJCQ RF?R AJMQC RFC DGLECPQ ?PC QRPMLECP RF?L RFMQC RF?R MNCL RFCK, QM RFC F?LB AJMQCQ GLTMJSLR?PGJW ML
RFC UGPC QFMAIGLE GR. 4FGQ A?L NPMJMLE RFC QFMAI GLBCDGLGRCJW. )R A?L ?JQM @C ? B?LECP RM ? NCPQML RPWGLE RM PCQASC RFC TGARGK, @CA?SQC RFC PCQASCPtQ
F?LB K?W AJMQC ?@MSR RFC TGARGKtQ UPGQR. 5QS?JJW RFC @CQR U?W RM FCJN RFC TGARGK GQ RM EGTC RFC DGQR ? F?PB ILMAI/@JMU/H?P UGRF ?L GLQSJ?RMP MP RM RFPMU ?L
GLQSJ?RMP ?R RFC DGQR. -MBCPL CJCARPGA DCLACQ, SQCB GL ?LGK?J CLAJMQSPCQ, ?PC LMU NSJQCB ML ?LB MDD RM ?JJMU NCMNJC UFM RMSAF RFCK RM ECR DPCC,
PCLBCPGLE RFCK JCQQ JCRF?J RF?L GL RFC N?QR.
'PC?RCP ASPPCLRQ K?W ?DDCAR RFC FC?PR. )RQ CJCARPGA?J N?RRCPLQ A?L @C BGQPSNRCB, QM RF?R GR @C?RQ GPPCESJ?PJW ?LB GLCDDCARGTCJW GL ? AMLBGRGML A?JJCB
uTCLRPGASJ?P DG@PGJJ?RGML.v 4FGQ AMLBGRGML MDRCL JGLECPQ ?DRCP RFC QFMAI ?LB GQ D?R?J BSC RM ? J?AI MD @JMMB AGPASJ?RGML. 4FC RFPCQFMJB DMP TCLRPGASJ?P
DG@PGJJ?RGML GQ @CRUCCL 100 ?LB 300 K!. !R ?@MSR 300 K! ?LB ?@MTC, RFC QFMAI A?L A?SQC @SPLQ, BCNCLBGLE ML RFC AMLACLRP?RGML MD ASPPCLRrRFC
KMPC AMLACLRP?RCB, RFC EPC?RCP RFC JGICJGFMMB MD @SPLQ.
6CPW J?PEC ASPPCLRQ A?SQC RFC FC?PR ?LB BG?NFP?EK RM AMLRP?AR DMP RFC BSP?RGML MD RFC QFMAI. "MRF RFC FC?PR ?LB @PC?RFGLE QRMN. )LRCPCQRGLEJW, @MRF
MDRCL PCRSPL RM LMPK?J DMJJMUGLE RFC QFMAI. 4FC CJCARPGA?J N?RRCPLQ ML RFC FC?PR ?PC AMKNJCRCJW CP?QCB GL ? K?LLCP RF?R RFC FC?PR A?L QR?PR ?DPCQF UGRF
LMPK?J @C?RGLE, ?Q MNNMQCB RM RFC NCPK?LCLR BGQPSNRGML A?SQCB @W QK?JJCP ASPPCLRQ RF?R A?L NSR RFC FC?PR GLRM TCLRPGASJ?P DG@PGJJ?RGML. 4FC J?RRCP GQ
QMKCRFGLE JGIC QAPG@@JGLE ML ? @J?AI@M?PB, UFCPC?Q RFC DMPKCP AMKNJCRCJW CP?QCQ GR. 46 BP?K?RGX?RGMLQ MD CJCARPGA QFMAI SQCB RM @PGLE ? FC?PR ?RR?AI
TGARGK MSR MD TCLRPGASJ?P DG@PGJJ?RGML ?JQM QFMU J?PEC N?BBJCQ. 4FCQC ?PC SQCB RM QNPC?B MSR ASPPCLR N?QQCB RFPMSEF RFC TGARGK RM PCBSAC RFC JGICJGFMMB MD
@SPLQ.
#SPPCLR GQ RFC K?HMP D?ARMP BCRCPKGLGLE QFMAI QCTCPGRW (EGTCL RF?R MRFCP AMLBGRGMLQ QSAF ?Q N?RF, BSP?RGML, ?LB DPCOSCLAW ?PC DGVCB, QSAF ?Q GL RFC
R?@JC ?LB NPCACBGLE BGQASQQGML). ! J?PECP TMJR?EC GQ KMPC F?X?PBMSQ, @SR QGLAC I = V/R , RFC QCTCPGRW MD RFC QFMAI BCNCLBQ ML RFC AMK@GL?RGML MD
TMJR?EC ?LB PCQGQR?LAC. &MP CV?KNJC, ? NCPQML UGRF BPW QIGL F?Q ? PCQGQR?LAC MD ?@MSR 200 k . )D FC AMKCQ GLRM AMLR?AR UGRF 120-6 !#, ? ASPPCLR
I = (120 V) / (200 k )= 0.6 mA N?QQCQ F?PKJCQQJW RFPMSEF FGK. 4FC Q?KC NCPQML QM?IGLE UCR K?W F?TC ? PCQGQR?LAC MD 10.0 k ?LB RFC
Q?KC 120 6 UGJJ NPMBSAC ? ASPPCLR MD 12 K!r?@MTC RFC uA?LtR JCR EMv RFPCQFMJB ?LB NMRCLRG?JJW B?LECPMSQ.
-MQR MD RFC @MBWtQ PCQGQR?LAC GQ GL GRQ BPW QIGL. 7FCL UCR, Q?JRQ EM GLRM GML DMPK, JMUCPGLE RFC PCQGQR?LAC QGELGDGA?LRJW. 4FC GLRCPGMP MD RFC @MBW F?Q ?
KSAF JMUCP PCQGQR?LAC RF?L BPW QIGL @CA?SQC MD ?JJ RFC GMLGA QMJSRGMLQ ?LB DJSGBQ GR AMLR?GLQ. )D QIGL PCQGQR?LAC GQ @WN?QQCB, QSAF ?Q @W ?L GLRP?TCLMSQ
3. &MP ?L ?TCP?EC K?JC QFMAICB RFPMSEF RPSLI MD @MBW DMP 1 Q @W 60-(X !#. 6?JSCQ DMP DCK?JCQ ?PC 60q80% MD RFMQC JGQRCB.
716 #(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7
GLDSQGML, ? A?RFCRCP, MP CVNMQCB N?ACK?ICP JC?BQ, ? NCPQML GQ PCLBCPCB C?9HEI>E9A I;DI?J?L;. )L RFGQ AMLBGRGML, ASPPCLRQ ?@MSR 1/1000 RFMQC JGQRCB
GL -78B; 20.3 NPMBSAC QGKGJ?P CDDCARQ. $SPGLE MNCL-FC?PR QSPECPW, ASPPCLRQ ?Q QK?JJ ?Q 20 A A?L @C SQCB RM QRGJJ RFC FC?PR. 3RPGLECLR CJCARPGA?J Q?DCRW
PCOSGPCKCLRQ GL FMQNGR?JQ, N?PRGASJ?PJW GL QSPECPW ?LB GLRCLQGTC A?PC, ?PC PCJ?RCB RM RFC BMS@JW BGQ?BT?LR?ECB KGAPMQFMAI-QCLQGRGTC N?RGCLR. 4FC @PC?I
GL RFC QIGL F?Q PCBSACB FGQ PCQGQR?LAC, ?LB QM RFC Q?KC TMJR?EC A?SQCQ ? EPC?RCP ASPPCLR, ?LB ? KSAF QK?JJCP ASPPCLR F?Q ? EPC?RCP CDDCAR.
F?=KH; 20.25 'P?NF MD ?TCP?EC T?JSCQ DMP RFC RFPCQFMJB MD QCLQ?RGML ?LB RFC uA?LtR JCR EMv ASPPCLR ?Q ? DSLARGML MD DPCOSCLAW. 4FC JMUCP RFC T?JSC, RFC KMPC QCLQGRGTC RFC @MBW
GQ ?R RF?R DPCOSCLAW.
&?ARMPQ MRFCP RF?L ASPPCLR RF?R ?DDCAR RFC QCTCPGRW MD ? QFMAI ?PC GRQ N?RF, BSP?RGML, ?LB !# DPCOSCLAW. 0?RF F?Q M@TGMSQ AMLQCOSCLACQ. &MP CV?KNJC,
RFC FC?PR GQ SL?DDCARCB @W ?L CJCARPGA QFMAI RFPMSEF RFC @P?GL, QSAF ?Q K?W @C SQCB RM RPC?R K?LGA BCNPCQQGML. !LB GR GQ ? ECLCP?J RPSRF RF?R RFC JMLECP
RFC BSP?RGML MD ? QFMAI, RFC EPC?RCP GRQ CDDCARQ. F?=KH; 20.25 NPCQCLRQ ? EP?NF RF?R GJJSQRP?RCQ RFC CDDCARQ MD DPCOSCLAW ML ? QFMAI. 4FC ASPTCQ QFMU
RFC KGLGKSK ASPPCLR DMP RUM BGDDCPCLR CDDCARQ, ?Q ? DSLARGML MD DPCOSCLAW. 4FC JMUCP RFC ASPPCLR LCCBCB, RFC KMPC QCLQGRGTC RFC @MBW GQ ?R RF?R
DPCOSCLAW. )PMLGA?JJW, RFC @MBW GQ KMQR QCLQGRGTC RM DPCOSCLAGCQ LC?P RFC 50- MP 60-(X DPCOSCLAGCQ GL AMKKML SQC. 4FC @MBW GQ QJGEFRJW JCQQ QCLQGRGTC
DMP $# ( f = 0 ), KGJBJW AMLDGPKGLE %BGQMLtQ AJ?GKQ RF?R !# NPCQCLRQ ? EPC?RCP F?X?PB. !R FGEFCP ?LB FGEFCP DPCOSCLAGCQ, RFC @MBW @CAMKCQ
NPMEPCQQGTCJW JCQQ QCLQGRGTC RM ?LW CDDCARQ RF?R GLTMJTC LCPTCQ. 4FGQ GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC K?VGKSK P?RCQ ?R UFGAF LCPTCQ A?L DGPC MP @C QRGKSJ?RCB. !R TCPW
FGEF DPCOSCLAGCQ, CJCARPGA?J ASPPCLR RP?TCJQ MLJW ML RFC QSPD?AC MD ? NCPQML. 4FSQ ? U?PR A?L @C @SPLCB MDD UGRF TCPW FGEF DPCOSCLAW ASPPCLR UGRFMSR
A?SQGLE RFC FC?PR RM QRMN. ($M LMR RPW RFGQ ?R FMKC UGRF 60-(X !#!) 3MKC MD RFC QNCAR?ASJ?P BCKMLQRP?RGMLQ MD CJCARPGAGRW, GL UFGAF FGEF-TMJR?EC ?PAQ
?PC N?QQCB RFPMSEF RFC ?GP ?LB MTCP NCMNJCtQ @MBGCQ, CKNJMW FGEF DPCOSCLAGCQ ?LB JMU ASPPCLRQ. (3CC F?=KH; 20.26.) %JCARPGA?J Q?DCRW BCTGACQ ?LB
RCAFLGOSCQ ?PC BGQASQQCB GL BCR?GJ GL EB;9JH?97B ,7<;JO: ,OIJ;CI 7D: D;L?9;I.
F?=KH; 20.26 )Q RFGQ CJCARPGA ?PA B?LECPMSQ? 4FC ?LQUCP BCNCLBQ ML RFC !# DPCOSCLAW ?LB RFC NMUCP GLTMJTCB. (APCBGR: +FGKGAF !JCV, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
20.7 ';HL; CED:K9J?EDVEB;9JHE97H:?E=H7CI
.CPTC #MLBSARGML
%JCARPGA ASPPCLRQ GL RFC T?QRJW AMKNJCV QWQRCK MD @GJJGMLQ MD LCPTCQ GL MSP @MBW ?JJMU SQ RM QCLQC RFC UMPJB, AMLRPMJ N?PRQ MD MSP @MBW, ?LB RFGLI. 4FCQC
?PC PCNPCQCLR?RGTC MD RFC RFPCC K?HMP DSLARGMLQ MD LCPTCQ. &GPQR, LCPTCQ A?PPW KCQQ?ECQ DPMK MSP QCLQMPW MPE?LQ ?LB MRFCPQ RM RFC ACLRP?J LCPTMSQ
QWQRCK, AMLQGQRGLE MD RFC @P?GL ?LB QNGL?J AMPB. 3CAMLB, LCPTCQ A?PPW KCQQ?ECQ DPMK RFC ACLRP?J LCPTMSQ QWQRCK RM KSQAJCQ ?LB MRFCP MPE?LQ. 4FGPB,
LCPTCQ RP?LQKGR ?LB NPMACQQ QGEL?JQ UGRFGL RFC ACLRP?J LCPTMSQ QWQRCK. 4FC QFCCP LSK@CP MD LCPTC ACJJQ ?LB RFC GLAPCBG@JW EPC?RCP LSK@CP MD
AMLLCARGMLQ @CRUCCL RFCK K?ICQ RFGQ QWQRCK RFC QS@RJC UMLBCP RF?R GR GQ. ';HL; 9ED:K9J?ED GQ ? ECLCP?J RCPK DMP CJCARPGA?J QGEL?JQ A?PPGCB @W LCPTC
ACJJQ. )R GQ MLC ?QNCAR MD 8?E;B;9JH?9?JO, MP CJCARPGA?J CDDCARQ GL ?LB APC?RCB @W @GMJMEGA?J QWQRCKQ.
.CPTC ACJJQ, NPMNCPJW A?JJCB A8HEBAF, JMMI BGDDCPCLR DPMK MRFCP ACJJQrRFCW F?TC RCLBPGJQ, QMKC MD RFCK K?LW ACLRGKCRCPQ JMLE, AMLLCARGLE RFCK UGRF
MRFCP ACJJQ. (3CC F?=KH; 20.27.) 3GEL?JQ ?PPGTC ?R RFC ACJJ @MBW ?APMQQ FLA4CF8F MP RFPMSEF 78A7E<G8F, QRGKSJ?RGLE RFC LCSPML RM ECLCP?RC GRQ MUL
QGEL?J, QCLR ?JMLE GRQ JMLE 4KBA RM MRFCP LCPTC MP KSQAJC ACJJQ. 3GEL?JQ K?W ?PPGTC DPMK K?LW MRFCP JMA?RGMLQ ?LB @C RP?LQKGRRCB RM WCR MRFCPQ,
AMLBGRGMLGLE RFC QWL?NQCQ @W SQC, EGTGLE RFC QWQRCK GRQ AMKNJCVGRW ?LB GRQ ?@GJGRW RM JC?PL.
#(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7 717
F?=KH; 20.27 ! LCSPML UGRF GRQ BCLBPGRCQ ?LB JMLE ?VML. 3GEL?JQ GL RFC DMPK MD CJCARPGA ASPPCLRQ PC?AF RFC ACJJ @MBW RFPMSEF BCLBPGRCQ ?LB ?APMQQ QWL?NQCQ, QRGKSJ?RGLE RFC
LCSPML RM ECLCP?RC GRQ MUL QGEL?J QCLR BMUL RFC ?VML. 4FC LSK@CP MD GLRCPAMLLCARGMLQ A?L @C D?P EPC?RCP RF?L QFMUL FCPC.
4FC KCRFMB @W UFGAF RFCQC CJCARPGA ASPPCLRQ ?PC ECLCP?RCB ?LB RP?LQKGRRCB GQ KMPC AMKNJCV RF?L RFC QGKNJC KMTCKCLR MD DPCC AF?PECQ GL ?
AMLBSARMP, @SR GR A?L @C SLBCPQRMMB UGRF NPGLAGNJCQ ?JPC?BW BGQASQQCB GL RFGQ RCVR. 4FC KMQR GKNMPR?LR MD RFCQC ?PC RFC #MSJMK@ DMPAC ?LB BGDDSQGML.
F?=KH; 20.28 GJJSQRP?RCQ FMU ? TMJR?EC (NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC) GQ APC?RCB ?APMQQ RFC ACJJ KCK@P?LC MD ? LCSPML GL GRQ PCQRGLE QR?RC. 4FGQ RFGL KCK@P?LC
QCN?P?RCQ CJCARPGA?JJW LCSRP?J DJSGBQ F?TGLE BGDDCPGLE AMLACLRP?RGMLQ MD GMLQ, RFC KMQR GKNMPR?LR T?PGCRGCQ @CGLE Na
+
, K
+
, ?LB Cl
-
(RFCQC ?PC
QMBGSK, NMR?QQGSK, ?LB AFJMPGLC GMLQ UGRF QGLEJC NJSQ MP KGLSQ AF?PECQ ?Q GLBGA?RCB). !Q BGQASQQCB GL &EB;9KB7H -H7DIFEHJ )>;DEC;D7: D?<<KI?ED,
(ICEI?I, 7D: +;B7J;: )HE9;II;I, DPCC GMLQ UGJJ BGDDSQC DPMK ? PCEGML MD FGEF AMLACLRP?RGML RM MLC MD JMU AMLACLRP?RGML. "SR RFC ACJJ KCK@P?LC GQ
I;C?F;HC;78B;, KC?LGLE RF?R QMKC GMLQ K?W APMQQ GR UFGJC MRFCPQ A?LLMR. )L GRQ PCQRGLE QR?RC, RFC ACJJ KCK@P?LC GQ NCPKC?@JC RM K
+
?LB Cl
-
,
?LB GKNCPKC?@JC RM Na
+
. $GDDSQGML MD K
+
?LB Cl
-
RFSQ APC?RCQ RFC J?WCPQ MD NMQGRGTC ?LB LCE?RGTC AF?PEC ML RFC MSRQGBC ?LB GLQGBC MD RFC
KCK@P?LC. 4FC #MSJMK@ DMPAC NPCTCLRQ RFC GMLQ DPMK BGDDSQGLE ?APMQQ GL RFCGP CLRGPCRW. /LAC RFC AF?PEC J?WCP F?Q @SGJR SN, RFC PCNSJQGML MD JGIC
AF?PECQ NPCTCLRQ KMPC DPMK KMTGLE ?APMQQ, ?LB RFC ?RRP?ARGML MD SLJGIC AF?PECQ NPCTCLRQ KMPC DPMK JC?TGLE CGRFCP QGBC. 4FC PCQSJR GQ RUM J?WCPQ MD
AF?PEC PGEFR ML RFC KCK@P?LC, UGRF BGDDSQGML @CGLE @?J?LACB @W RFC #MSJMK@ DMPAC. ! RGLW DP?ARGML MD RFC AF?PECQ KMTC ?APMQQ ?LB RFC DJSGBQ PCK?GL
LCSRP?J (MRFCP GMLQ ?PC NPCQCLR), UFGJC ? QCN?P?RGML MD AF?PEC ?LB ? TMJR?EC F?TC @CCL APC?RCB ?APMQQ RFC KCK@P?LC.
F?=KH; 20.28 4FC QCKGNCPKC?@JC KCK@P?LC MD ? ACJJ F?Q BGDDCPCLR AMLACLRP?RGMLQ MD GMLQ GLQGBC ?LB MSR. $GDDSQGML KMTCQ RFC K
+
?LB Cl
-
GMLQ GL RFC BGPCARGML QFMUL, SLRGJ
RFC #MSJMK@ DMPAC F?JRQ DSPRFCP RP?LQDCP. 4FGQ PCQSJRQ GL ? J?WCP MD NMQGRGTC AF?PEC ML RFC MSRQGBC, ? J?WCP MD LCE?RGTC AF?PEC ML RFC GLQGBC, ?LB RFSQ ? TMJR?EC ?APMQQ RFC ACJJ
KCK@P?LC. 4FC KCK@P?LC GQ LMPK?JJW GKNCPKC?@JC RM Na
+
.
718 #(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7
F?=KH; 20.29 !L ?ARGML NMRCLRG?J GQ RFC NSJQC MD TMJR?EC GLQGBC ? LCPTC ACJJ EP?NFCB FCPC. )R GQ A?SQCB @W KMTCKCLRQ MD GMLQ ?APMQQ RFC ACJJ KCK@P?LC ?Q QFMUL.
$CNMJ?PGX?RGML MAASPQ UFCL ? QRGKSJSQ K?ICQ RFC KCK@P?LC NCPKC?@JC RM Na
+
GMLQ. 2CNMJ?PGX?RGML DMJJMUQ ?Q RFC KCK@P?LC ?E?GL @CAMKCQ GKNCPKC?@JC RM Na
+
,
?LB K
+
KMTCQ DPMK FGEF RM JMU AMLACLRP?RGML. )L RFC JMLE RCPK, ?ARGTC RP?LQNMPR QJMUJW K?GLR?GLQ RFC AMLACLRP?RGML BGDDCPCLACQ, @SR RFC ACJJ K?W DGPC FSLBPCBQ MD RGKCQ GL
P?NGB QSAACQQGML UGRFMSR QCPGMSQJW BCNJCRGLE RFCK.
4FC QCN?P?RGML MD AF?PEC APC?RCQ ? NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC MD 70 RM 90 K6 ?APMQQ RFC ACJJ KCK@P?LC. 7FGJC RFGQ GQ ? QK?JJ TMJR?EC, RFC PCQSJRGLE CJCARPGA
DGCJB ( E = V / d ) ?APMQQ RFC MLJW 8-LK-RFGAI KCK@P?LC GQ GKKCLQC (ML RFC MPBCP MD 11 -6/K!) ?LB F?Q DSLB?KCLR?J CDDCARQ ML GRQ QRPSARSPC ?LB
NCPKC?@GJGRW. .MU, GD RFC CVRCPGMP MD ? LCSPML GQ R?ICL RM @C ?R 0 6, RFCL RFC GLRCPGMP F?Q ? E8FG<A: CBG8AG<4? MD ?@MSR q90 K6. 3SAF TMJR?ECQ ?PC APC?RCB
?APMQQ RFC KCK@P?LCQ MD ?JKMQR ?JJ RWNCQ MD ?LGK?J ACJJQ @SR ?PC J?PECQR GL LCPTC ?LB KSQAJC ACJJQ. )L D?AR, DSJJW 25% MD RFC CLCPEW SQCB @W ACJJQ EMCQ
RMU?PB APC?RGLE ?LB K?GLR?GLGLE RFCQC NMRCLRG?JQ.
%JCARPGA ASPPCLRQ ?JMLE RFC ACJJ KCK@P?LC ?PC APC?RCB @W ?LW QRGKSJSQ RF?R AF?LECQ RFC KCK@P?LCtQ NCPKC?@GJGRW. 4FC KCK@P?LC RFSQ RCKNMP?PGJW
@CAMKCQ NCPKC?@JC RM Na
+
, UFGAF RFCL PSQFCQ GL, BPGTCL @MRF @W BGDDSQGML ?LB RFC #MSJMK@ DMPAC. 4FGQ GLPSQF MD Na
+
DGPQR LCSRP?JGXCQ RFC GLQGBC
KCK@P?LC, MP 78CB?4E<M8F GR, ?LB RFCL K?ICQ GR QJGEFRJW NMQGRGTC. 4FC BCNMJ?PGX?RGML A?SQCQ RFC KCK@P?LC RM ?E?GL @CAMKC GKNCPKC?@JC RM Na
+
,
?LB RFC KMTCKCLR MD K
+
OSGAIJW PCRSPLQ RFC ACJJ RM GRQ PCQRGLE NMRCLRG?J, MP E8CB?4E<M8F GR. 4FGQ QCOSCLAC MD CTCLRQ PCQSJRQ GL ? TMJR?EC NSJQC, A?JJCB
RFC 46G<BA CBG8AG<4?. (3CC F?=KH; 20.29.) /LJW QK?JJ DP?ARGMLQ MD RFC GMLQ KMTC, QM RF?R RFC ACJJ A?L DGPC K?LW FSLBPCBQ MD RGKCQ UGRFMSR BCNJCRGLE RFC
CVACQQ AMLACLRP?RGMLQ MD Na
+
?LB K
+
. %TCLRS?JJW, RFC ACJJ KSQR PCNJCLGQF RFCQC GMLQ RM K?GLR?GL RFC AMLACLRP?RGML BGDDCPCLACQ RF?R APC?RC
@GMCJCARPGAGRW. 4FGQ QMBGSK-NMR?QQGSK NSKN GQ ?L CV?KNJC MD 46G<I8 GE4AFCBEG, UFCPCGL ACJJ CLCPEW GQ SQCB RM KMTC GMLQ ?APMQQ KCK@P?LCQ ?E?GLQR
BGDDSQGML EP?BGCLRQ ?LB RFC #MSJMK@ DMPAC.
4FC ?ARGML NMRCLRG?J GQ ? TMJR?EC NSJQC ?R MLC JMA?RGML ML ? ACJJ KCK@P?LC. (MU BMCQ GR ECR RP?LQKGRRCB ?JMLE RFC ACJJ KCK@P?LC, ?LB GL N?PRGASJ?P
BMUL ?L ?VML, ?Q ? LCPTC GKNSJQC? 4FC ?LQUCP GQ RF?R RFC AF?LEGLE TMJR?EC ?LB CJCARPGA DGCJBQ ?DDCAR RFC NCPKC?@GJGRW MD RFC ?BH?ACLR ACJJ KCK@P?LC,
QM RF?R RFC Q?KC NPMACQQ R?ICQ NJ?AC RFCPC. 4FC ?BH?ACLR KCK@P?LC BCNMJ?PGXCQ, ?DDCARGLE RFC KCK@P?LC DSPRFCP BMUL, ?LB QM ML, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL
F?=KH; 20.30. 4FSQ RFC ?ARGML NMRCLRG?J QRGKSJ?RCB ?R MLC JMA?RGML RPGEECPQ ? A8EI8 <@CH?F8 RF?R KMTCQ QJMUJW (?@MSR 1 K/Q) ?JMLE RFC ACJJ KCK@P?LC.
#(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7 719
F?=KH; 20.30 ! LCPTC GKNSJQC GQ RFC NPMN?E?RGML MD ?L ?ARGML NMRCLRG?J ?JMLE ? ACJJ KCK@P?LC. ! QRGKSJSQ A?SQCQ ?L ?ARGML NMRCLRG?J ?R MLC JMA?RGML, UFGAF AF?LECQ RFC
NCPKC?@GJGRW MD RFC ?BH?ACLR KCK@P?LC, A?SQGLE ?L ?ARGML NMRCLRG?J RFCPC. 4FGQ GL RSPL ?DDCARQ RFC KCK@P?LC DSPRFCP BMUL, QM RF?R RFC ?ARGML NMRCLRG?J KMTCQ QJMUJW (GL
CJCARPGA?J RCPKQ) ?JMLE RFC ACJJ KCK@P?LC. !JRFMSEF RFC GKNSJQC GQ BSC RM Na
+
?LB K
+
EMGLE ?APMQQ RFC KCK@P?LC, GR GQ COSGT?JCLR RM ? U?TC MD AF?PEC KMTGLE ?JMLE RFC
MSRQGBC ?LB GLQGBC MD RFC KCK@P?LC.
3MKC ?VMLQ, JGIC RF?R GL F?=KH; 20.27, ?PC QFC?RFCB UGRF @L8?<A, AMLQGQRGLE MD D?R-AMLR?GLGLE ACJJQ. F?=KH; 20.31 QFMUQ ?L CLJ?PECB TGCU MD ?L ?VML
F?TGLE KWCJGL QFC?RFQ AF?P?ARCPGQRGA?JJW QCN?P?RCB @W SLKWCJGL?RCB E?NQ (A?JJCB LMBCQ MD 2?LTGCP). 4FGQ ?PP?LECKCLR EGTCQ RFC ?VML ? LSK@CP MD
GLRCPCQRGLE NPMNCPRGCQ. 3GLAC KWCJGL GQ ?L GLQSJ?RMP, GR NPCTCLRQ QGEL?JQ DPMK HSKNGLE @CRUCCL ?BH?ACLR LCPTCQ (APMQQ R?JI). !BBGRGML?JJW, RFC KWCJGL?RCB
PCEGMLQ RP?LQKGR CJCARPGA?J QGEL?JQ ?R ? TCPW FGEF QNCCB, ?Q ?L MPBGL?PW AMLBSARMP MP PCQGQRMP UMSJB. 4FCPC GQ LM ?ARGML NMRCLRG?J GL RFC KWCJGL?RCB
PCEGMLQ, QM RF?R LM ACJJ CLCPEW GQ SQCB GL RFCK. 4FCPC GQ ?L IR QGEL?J JMQQ GL RFC KWCJGL, @SR RFC QGEL?J GQ PCECLCP?RCB GL RFC E?NQ, UFCPC RFC TMJR?EC
NSJQC RPGEECPQ RFC ?ARGML NMRCLRG?J ?R DSJJ TMJR?EC. 3M ? KWCJGL?RCB ?VML RP?LQKGRQ ? LCPTC GKNSJQC D?QRCP, UGRF JCQQ CLCPEW AMLQSKNRGML, ?LB GQ @CRRCP
NPMRCARCB DPMK APMQQ R?JI RF?L ?L SLKWCJGL?RCB MLC. .MR ?JJ ?VMLQ ?PC KWCJGL?RCB, QM RF?R APMQQ R?JI ?LB QJMU QGEL?J RP?LQKGQQGML ?PC ? AF?P?ARCPGQRGA
MD RFC LMPK?J MNCP?RGML MD RFCQC ?VMLQ, ?LMRFCP T?PG?@JC GL RFC LCPTMSQ QWQRCK.
4FC BCECLCP?RGML MP BCQRPSARGML MD RFC KWCJGL QFC?RFQ RF?R QSPPMSLB RFC LCPTC DG@CPQ GKN?GPQ QGEL?J RP?LQKGQQGML ?LB A?L JC?B RM LSKCPMSQ
LCSPMJMEGA?J CDDCARQ. /LC MD RFC KMQR NPMKGLCLR MD RFCQC BGQC?QCQ AMKCQ DPMK RFC @MBWtQ MUL GKKSLC QWQRCK ?RR?AIGLE RFC KWCJGL GL RFC ACLRP?J
LCPTMSQ QWQRCKrKSJRGNJC QAJCPMQGQ. -3 QWKNRMKQ GLAJSBC D?RGESC, TGQGML NPM@JCKQ, UC?ILCQQ MD ?PKQ ?LB JCEQ, JMQQ MD @?J?LAC, ?LB RGLEJGLE MP
LSK@LCQQ GL MLCtQ CVRPCKGRGCQ (LCSPMN?RFW). )R GQ KMPC ?NR RM QRPGIC WMSLECP ?BSJRQ, CQNCAG?JJW DCK?JCQ. #?SQCQ KGEFR AMKC DPMK GLDCARGML,
CLTGPMLKCLR?J MP ECMEP?NFGA ?DDCARQ, MP ECLCRGAQ. !R RFC KMKCLR RFCPC GQ LM ILMUL ASPC DMP -3.
720 #(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7
-MQR ?LGK?J ACJJQ A?L DGPC MP APC?RC RFCGP MUL ?ARGML NMRCLRG?J. -SQAJC ACJJQ AMLRP?AR UFCL RFCW DGPC ?LB ?PC MDRCL GLBSACB RM BM QM @W ? LCPTC GKNSJQC.
)L D?AR, LCPTC ?LB KSQAJC ACJJQ ?PC NFWQGMJMEGA?JJW QGKGJ?P, ?LB RFCPC ?PC CTCL FW@PGB ACJJQ, QSAF ?Q GL RFC FC?PR, RF?R F?TC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD @MRF
LCPTCQ ?LB KSQAJCQ. 3MKC ?LGK?JQ, JGIC RFC GLD?KMSQ CJCARPGA CCJ (QCC F?=KH; 20.32), SQC KSQAJCQ E?LECB QM RF?R RFCGP TMJR?ECQ ?BB GL MPBCP RM
APC?RC ? QFMAI EPC?R CLMSEF RM QRSL NPCW.
F?=KH; 20.31 0PMN?E?RGML MD ? LCPTC GKNSJQC BMUL ? KWCJGL?RCB ?VML, DPMK JCDR RM PGEFR. 4FC QGEL?J RP?TCJQ TCPW D?QR ?LB UGRFMSR CLCPEW GLNSR GL RFC KWCJGL?RCB PCEGMLQ, @SR GR
JMQCQ TMJR?EC. )R GQ PCECLCP?RCB GL RFC E?NQ. 4FC QGEL?J KMTCQ D?QRCP RF?L GL SLKWCJGL?RCB ?VMLQ ?LB GQ GLQSJ?RCB DPMK QGEL?JQ GL MRFCP LCPTCQ, JGKGRGLE APMQQ R?JI.
F?=KH; 20.32 !L CJCARPGA CCJ DJCVCQ GRQ KSQAJCQ RM APC?RC ? TMJR?EC RF?R QRSLQ NPCW. (APCBGR: AFPGQ@@, &JGAIP)
%JCARPMA?PBGMEP?KQ
*SQR ?Q LCPTC GKNSJQCQ ?PC RP?LQKGRRCB @W BCNMJ?PGX?RGML ?LB PCNMJ?PGX?RGML MD ?BH?ACLR KCK@P?LC, RFC BCNMJ?PGX?RGML RF?R A?SQCQ KSQAJC AMLRP?ARGML
A?L ?JQM QRGKSJ?RC ?BH?ACLR KSQAJC ACJJQ RM BCNMJ?PGXC (DGPC) ?LB AMLRP?AR. 4FSQ, ? BCNMJ?PGX?RGML U?TC A?L @C QCLR ?APMQQ RFC FC?PR, AMMPBGL?RGLE GRQ
PFWRFKGA AMLRP?ARGMLQ ?LB CL?@JGLE GR RM NCPDMPK GRQ TGR?J DSLARGML MD NPMNCJJGLE @JMMB RFPMSEF RFC AGPASJ?RMPW QWQRCK. F?=KH; 20.33 GQ ? QGKNJGDGCB
EP?NFGA MD ? BCNMJ?PGX?RGML U?TC QNPC?BGLE ?APMQQ RFC FC?PR DPMK RFC F<AB4EG8E<4? (*A) AB78, RFC FC?PRtQ L?RSP?J N?ACK?ICP.
F?=KH; 20.33 4FC MSRCP QSPD?AC MD RFC FC?PR AF?LECQ DPMK NMQGRGTC RM LCE?RGTC BSPGLE BCNMJ?PGX?RGML. 4FGQ U?TC MD BCNMJ?PGX?RGML GQ QNPC?BGLE DPMK RFC RMN MD RFC FC?PR ?LB GQ
PCNPCQCLRCB @W ? TCARMP NMGLRGLE GL RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC U?TC. 4FGQ TCARMP GQ ? TMJR?EC (NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC) TCARMP. 4FPCC CJCARPMBCQ, J?@CJCB 2!, ,!, ?LB ,,, ?PC NJ?ACB ML RFC
N?RGCLR. %?AF N?GP (A?JJCB JC?BQ ), )), ?LB )))) KC?QSPCQ ? AMKNMLCLR MD RFC BCNMJ?PGX?RGML TCARMP ?LB GQ EP?NFCB GL ?L %#'.
!L ;B;9JHE97H:?E=H7C (EC) GQ ? PCAMPB MD RFC TMJR?ECQ APC?RCB @W RFC U?TC MD BCNMJ?PGX?RGML ?LB QS@QCOSCLR PCNMJ?PGX?RGML GL RFC FC?PR. 6MJR?ECQ
@CRUCCL N?GPQ MD CJCARPMBCQ NJ?ACB ML RFC AFCQR ?PC TCARMP AMKNMLCLRQ MD RFC TMJR?EC U?TC ML RFC FC?PR. 3R?LB?PB %#'Q F?TC 12 MP KMPC
CJCARPMBCQ, @SR MLJW RFPCC ?PC QFMUL GL F?=KH; 20.33 DMP AJ?PGRW. $CA?BCQ ?EM, RFPCC-CJCARPMBC %#'Q UCPC NCPDMPKCB @W NJ?AGLE CJCARPMBCQ ML RFC JCDR
?LB PGEFR ?PKQ ?LB RFC JCDR JCE. 4FC TMJR?EC @CRUCCL RFC PGEFR ?PK ?LB RFC JCDR JCE GQ A?JJCB RFC ?847 CBG8AG<4? ?LB GQ RFC KMQR MDRCL EP?NFCB. 7C
QF?JJ CV?KGLC RFC JC?B )) NMRCLRG?J ?Q ?L GLBGA?RMP MD FC?PR-KSQAJC DSLARGML ?LB QCC RF?R GR GQ AMMPBGL?RCB UGRF ?PRCPG?J @JMMB NPCQQSPC ?Q UCJJ.
(C?PR DSLARGML ?LB GRQ DMSP-AF?K@CP ?ARGML ?PC CVNJMPCB GL /?I9EI?JO 7D: %7C?D7H FBEM; )E?I;K?BB;XI %7M. "?QGA?JJW, RFC PGEFR ?LB JCDR ?RPG? PCACGTC
@JMMB DPMK RFC @MBW ?LB JSLEQ, PCQNCARGTCJW, ?LB NSKN RFC @JMMB GLRM RFC TCLRPGAJCQ. 4FC PGEFR ?LB JCDR TCLRPGAJCQ, GL RSPL, NSKN @JMMB RFPMSEF RFC
JSLEQ ?LB RFC PCQR MD RFC @MBW, PCQNCARGTCJW. $CNMJ?PGX?RGML MD RFC FC?PR KSQAJC A?SQCQ GR RM AMLRP?AR. !DRCP AMLRP?ARGML GR GQ PCNMJ?PGXCB RM PC?BW GR DMP
#(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7 721
AC 9KHH;DJ:
AC LEBJ7=;:
7BJ;HD7J?D= 9KHH;DJ:
RFC LCVR @C?R. 4FC %#' KC?QSPCQ AMKNMLCLRQ MD BCNMJ?PGX?RGML ?LB PCNMJ?PGX?RGML MD RFC FC?PR KSQAJC ?LB A?L WGCJB QGELGDGA?LR GLDMPK?RGML ML RFC
DSLARGMLGLE ?LB K?JDSLARGMLGLE MD RFC FC?PR.
F?=KH; 20.34 QFMUQ ?L %#' MD RFC JC?B )) NMRCLRG?J ?LB ? EP?NF MD RFC AMPPCQNMLBGLE ?PRCPG?J @JMMB NPCQQSPC. 4FC K?HMP DC?RSPCQ ?PC J?@CJCB 0, 1, 2,
3, ?LB 4. 4FC ' J4I8 GQ ECLCP?RCB @W RFC BCNMJ?PGX?RGML ?LB AMLRP?ARGML MD RFC ?RPG? ?Q RFCW NSKN @JMMB GLRM RFC TCLRPGAJCQ. 4FC ()* 6B@C?8K GQ
APC?RCB @W RFC BCNMJ?PGX?RGML MD RFC TCLRPGAJCQ ?Q RFCW NSKN @JMMB RM RFC JSLEQ ?LB @MBW. 3GLAC RFC QF?NC MD RFC FC?PR ?LB RFC N?RF MD RFC
BCNMJ?PGX?RGML U?TC ?PC LMR QGKNJC, RFC 123 AMKNJCV F?Q RFGQ RWNGA?J QF?NC ?LB RGKC QN?L. 4FC JC?B )) 123 QGEL?J ?JQM K?QIQ RFC PCNMJ?PGX?RGML MD
RFC ?RPG?, UFGAF MAASP ?R RFC Q?KC RGKC. &GL?JJW, RFC + J4I8 GQ ECLCP?RCB @W RFC PCNMJ?PGX?RGML MD RFC TCLRPGAJCQ ?LB GQ DMJJMUCB @W RFC LCVR 0 U?TC GL
RFC LCVR FC?PR@C?R. !PRCPG?J @JMMB NPCQQSPC T?PGCQ UGRF C?AF N?PR MD RFC FC?PR@C?R, UGRF QWQRMJGA (K?VGKSK) NPCQQSPC MAASPPGLE AJMQCJW ?DRCP RFC 123
AMKNJCV, UFGAF QGEL?JQ AMLRP?ARGML MD RFC TCLRPGAJCQ.
F?=KH; 20.34 ! JC?B )) %#' UGRF AMPPCQNMLBGLE ?PRCPG?J @JMMB NPCQQSPC. 4FC 123 AMKNJCV GQ APC?RCB @W RFC BCNMJ?PGX?RGML ?LB AMLRP?ARGML MD RFC TCLRPGAJCQ ?LB GQ DMJJMUCB
QFMPRJW @W RFC K?VGKSK MP QWQRMJGA @JMMB NPCQQSPC. 3CC RCVR DMP DSPRFCP BCQAPGNRGML.
4?ICL RMECRFCP, RFC 12 JC?BQ MD ? QR?RC-MD-RFC-?PR %#' A?L WGCJB ? UC?JRF MD GLDMPK?RGML ?@MSR RFC FC?PR. &MP CV?KNJC, PCEGMLQ MD B?K?ECB FC?PR
RGQQSC, A?JJCB GLD?PARQ, PCDJCAR CJCARPGA?J U?TCQ ?LB ?PC ?NN?PCLR GL MLC MP KMPC JC?B NMRCLRG?JQ. 3S@RJC AF?LECQ BSC RM QJGEFR MP EP?BS?J B?K?EC RM RFC
FC?PR ?PC KMQR PC?BGJW BCRCARCB @W AMKN?PGLE ? PCACLR %#' RM ?L MJBCP MLC. 4FGQ GQ N?PRGASJ?PJW RFC A?QC QGLAC GLBGTGBS?J FC?PR QF?NC, QGXC, ?LB
MPGCLR?RGML A?L A?SQC T?PG?RGMLQ GL %#'Q DPMK MLC GLBGTGBS?J RM ?LMRFCP. %#' RCAFLMJMEW F?Q ?BT?LACB RM RFC NMGLR UFCPC ? NMPR?@JC %#' KMLGRMP
UGRF ? JGOSGB APWQR?J GLQR?LR BGQNJ?W ?LB ? NPGLRCP A?L @C A?PPGCB RM N?RGCLRQ' FMKCQ MP SQCB GL CKCPECLAW TCFGAJCQ. 3CC F?=KH; 20.35.
F?=KH; 20.35 4FGQ .!3! QAGCLRGQR ?LB .%%-/ 5 ?OS?L?SRtQ FC?PR P?RC ?LB MRFCP TGR?J QGELQ ?PC @CGLE PCAMPBCB @W ? NMPR?@JC BCTGAC UFGJC JGTGLE GL ?L SLBCPU?RCP F?@GR?R.
(APCBGR: .!3!, ,GDC 3AGCLACQ $?R? !PAFGTC ?R *MFLQML 3N?AC #CLRCP, (MSQRML, 4CV?Q)
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: .CSPML
F?=KH; 20.36 ';KHED (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42352/1.3/D;KHED6;D.@7H)
3RGKSJ?RC ? LCSPML ?LB KMLGRMP UF?R F?NNCLQ. 0?SQC, PCUGLB, ?LB KMTC DMPU?PB GL RGKC GL MPBCP RM M@QCPTC RFC GMLQ ?Q RFCW KMTC ?APMQQ RFC
LCSPML KCK@P?LC.
BEII7HO
ASPPCLR RF?R DJSARS?RCQ QGLSQMGB?JJW UGRF RGKC, CVNPCQQCB ?Q = 0 QGL 2S9G, UFCPC GQ RFC ASPPCLR ?R RGKC G, 0 GQ RFC NC?I ASPPCLR, ?LB 9
GQ RFC DPCOSCLAW GL FCPRX
TMJR?EC RF?R DJSARS?RCQ QGLSQMGB?JJW UGRF RGKC, CVNPCQQCB ?Q - = -0 QGL 2S9G, UFCPC - GQ RFC TMJR?EC ?R RGKC G, -0 GQ RFC NC?I TMJR?EC,
?LB 9 GQ RFC DPCOSCLAW GL FCPRX
(!#) RFC DJMU MD CJCARPGA AF?PEC RF?R NCPGMBGA?JJW PCTCPQCQ BGPCARGML
722 #(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7
7CF;H;:
8?E;B;9JH?9?JO:
:?H;9J 9KHH;DJ:
:H?<J L;BE9?JO:
;B;9JH?9 9KHH;DJ:
;B;9JH?9 FEM;H:
;B;9JHE97H:?E=H7C (EC):
C?9HEI>E9A I;DI?J?L;:
D;HL; 9ED:K9J?ED:
(>CXI B7M:
E>C?9:
E>C:
H;I?IJ7D9;:
H;I?IJ?L?JO:
HCI 9KHH;DJ:
HCI LEBJ7=;:
I;C?F;HC;78B;:
I>E9A >7P7H::
I>EHJ 9?H9K?J:
I?CFB; 9?H9K?J:
J;CF;H7JKH; 9E;<<?9?;DJ E< H;I?IJ?L?JO:
J>;HC7B >7P7H::
(?KN) RFC 3) SLGR DMP ASPPCLR; 1 ! = 1 #/Q
CJCARPGA?J CDDCARQ GL ?LB APC?RCB @W @GMJMEGA?J QWQRCKQ
($#) RFC DJMU MD CJCARPGA AF?PEC GL MLJW MLC BGPCARGML
RFC ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW ?R UFGAF DPCC AF?PECQ DJMU GL PCQNMLQC RM ?L CJCARPGA DGCJB
RFC P?RC ?R UFGAF AF?PEC DJMUQ, = l(/lG
RFC P?RC ?R UFGAF CJCARPGA?J CLCPEW GQ QSNNJGCB @W ? QMSPAC MP BGQQGN?RCB @W ? BCTGAC; GR GQ RFC NPMBSAR MD ASPPCLR RGKCQ TMJR?EC
SQS?JJW ?@@PCTG?RCB %#', ? PCAMPB MD TMJR?ECQ APC?RCB @W BCNMJ?PGX?RGML ?LB PCNMJ?PGX?RGML, CQNCAG?JJW GL RFC FC?PR
? AMLBGRGML GL UFGAF ? NCPQMLtQ QIGL PCQGQR?LAC GQ @WN?QQCB, NMQQG@JW @W ? KCBGA?J NPMACBSPC, PCLBCPGLE RFC NCPQML
TSJLCP?@JC RM CJCARPGA?J QFMAI ?R ASPPCLRQ ?@MSR 1/1000 RFC LMPK?JJW PCOSGPCB JCTCJ
RFC RP?LQNMPR MD CJCARPGA?J QGEL?JQ @W LCPTC ACJJQ
?L CKNGPGA?J PCJ?RGML QR?RGLE RF?R RFC ASPPCLR GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC -, -; GR GQ MDRCL UPGRRCL ?Q = -/), UFCPC ) GQ
RFC PCQGQR?LAC
? RWNC MD ? K?RCPG?J DMP UFGAF /FK'Q J?U GQ T?JGB
RFC SLGR MD PCQGQR?LAC, EGTCL @W 1m = 1 6/!
RFC CJCARPGA NPMNCPRW RF?R GKNCBCQ ASPPCLR; DMP MFKGA K?RCPG?JQ, GR GQ RFC P?RGM MD TMJR?EC RM ASPPCLR, ) = -/
?L GLRPGLQGA NPMNCPRW MD ? K?RCPG?J, GLBCNCLBCLR MD GRQ QF?NC MP QGXC, BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC PCQGQR?LAC, BCLMRCB @W T
RFC PMMR KC?L QOS?PC MD RFC ASPPCLR, I
rms
= I
0
/ 2 , UFCPC 0 GQ RFC NC?I ASPPCLR, GL ?L !# QWQRCK
RFC PMMR KC?L QOS?PC MD RFC TMJR?EC, V
rms
= V
0
/ 2 , UFCPC -0 GQ RFC NC?I TMJR?EC, GL ?L !# QWQRCK
NPMNCPRW MD ? KCK@P?LC RF?R ?JJMUQ MLJW ACPR?GL RWNCQ MD GMLQ RM APMQQ GR
UFCL CJCARPGA ASPPCLR N?QQCQ RFPMSEF ? NCPQML
?JQM ILMUL ?Q ? uQFMPR,v ? JMU-PCQGQR?LAC N?RF @CRUCCL RCPKGL?JQ MD ? TMJR?EC QMSPAC
? AGPASGR UGRF ? QGLEJC TMJR?EC QMSPAC ?LB ? QGLEJC PCQGQRMP
?L CKNGPGA?J OS?LRGRW, BCLMRCB @W P, UFGAF BCQAPG@CQ RFC AF?LEC GL PCQGQR?LAC MP PCQGQRGTGRW MD ? K?RCPG?J
UGRF RCKNCP?RSPC
? F?X?PB GL UFGAF CJCARPGA ASPPCLR A?SQCQ SLBCQGPCB RFCPK?J CDDCARQ
,;9J?ED ,KCC7HO
20.1 CKHH;DJ
w %JCARPGA ASPPCLR I GQ RFC P?RC ?R UFGAF AF?PEC DJMUQ, EGTCL @W
I =
Q
t
,
UFCPC Q GQ RFC ?KMSLR MD AF?PEC N?QQGLE RFPMSEF ?L ?PC? GL RGKC t .
w 4FC BGPCARGML MD AMLTCLRGML?J ASPPCLR GQ R?ICL ?Q RFC BGPCARGML GL UFGAF NMQGRGTC AF?PEC KMTCQ.
w 4FC 3) SLGR DMP ASPPCLR GQ RFC ?KNCPC (!), UFCPC 1 A = 1 C/s.
w #SPPCLR GQ RFC DJMU MD DPCC AF?PECQ, QSAF ?Q CJCARPMLQ ?LB GMLQ.
w $PGDR TCJMAGRW v
d
GQ RFC ?TCP?EC QNCCB ?R UFGAF RFCQC AF?PECQ KMTC.
w #SPPCLR I GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM BPGDR TCJMAGRW v
d
, ?Q CVNPCQQCB GL RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN I = nqAv
d
. (CPC, I GQ RFC ASPPCLR RFPMSEF ? UGPC MD APMQQ-
QCARGML?J ?PC? A . 4FC UGPCtQ K?RCPG?J F?Q ? DPCC-AF?PEC BCLQGRW n , ?LB C?AF A?PPGCP F?Q AF?PEC q ?LB ? BPGDR TCJMAGRW v
d
.
w %JCARPGA?J QGEL?JQ RP?TCJ ?R QNCCBQ ?@MSR 10
12
RGKCQ EPC?RCP RF?L RFC BPGDR TCJMAGRW MD DPCC CJCARPMLQ.
w ! QGKNJC AGPASGR <F MLC GL UFGAF RFCPC GQ ? QGLEJC TMJR?EC QMSPAC ?LB ? QGLEJC PCQGQR?LAC.
w /LC QR?RCKCLR MD /FKtQ J?U EGTCQ RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL ASPPCLR I , TMJR?EC V , ?LB PCQGQR?LAC R GL ? QGKNJC AGPASGR RM @C I =
V
R
.
w 2CQGQR?LAC F?Q SLGRQ MD MFKQ ( ), PCJ?RCB RM TMJRQ ?LB ?KNCPCQ @W 1 = 1 V/A.
w 4FCPC GQ ? TMJR?EC MP IR BPMN ?APMQQ ? PCQGQRMP, A?SQCB @W RFC ASPPCLR DJMUGLE RFPMSEF GR, EGTCL @W V = IR .
20.3 +;I?IJ7D9; 7D: +;I?IJ?L?JO
#(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7 723
w 4FC PCQGQR?LAC R MD ? AWJGLBCP MD JCLERF L ?LB APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? A GQ R =
L
A
, UFCPC GQ RFC PCQGQRGTGRW MD RFC K?RCPG?J.
w 6?JSCQ MD GL -78B; 20.1 QFMU RF?R K?RCPG?JQ D?JJ GLRM RFPCC EPMSNQr6BA7H6GBEF, F8@<6BA7H6GBEF, 4A7 <AFH?4GBEF.
w 4CKNCP?RSPC ?DDCARQ PCQGQRGTGRW; DMP PCJ?RGTCJW QK?JJ RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LECQ T , PCQGQRGTGRW GQ =
0
(1 + T) , UFCPC
0
GQ RFC MPGEGL?J
PCQGQRGTGRW ?LB GQ RFC RCKNCP?RSPC AMCDDGAGCLR MD PCQGQRGTGRW.
w -78B; 20.2 EGTCQ T?JSCQ DMP , RFC RCKNCP?RSPC AMCDDGAGCLR MD PCQGQRGTGRW.
w 4FC PCQGQR?LAC R MD ?L M@HCAR ?JQM T?PGCQ UGRF RCKNCP?RSPC: R = R
0
(1 + T) , UFCPC R
0
GQ RFC MPGEGL?J PCQGQR?LAC, ?LB R GQ RFC
PCQGQR?LAC ?DRCP RFC RCKNCP?RSPC AF?LEC.
w %JCARPGA NMUCP P GQ RFC P?RC (GL U?RRQ) RF?R CLCPEW GQ QSNNJGCB @W ? QMSPAC MP BGQQGN?RCB @W ? BCTGAC.
w 4FPCC CVNPCQQGMLQ DMP CJCARPGA?J NMUCP ?PC
P = IV,
P =
V
2
R
,
?LB
P = I
2
R.
w 4FC CLCPEW SQCB @W ? BCTGAC UGRF ? NMUCP P MTCP ? RGKC t GQ E = Pt .
w $GPCAR ASPPCLR ($#) GQ RFC DJMU MD CJCARPGA ASPPCLR GL MLJW MLC BGPCARGML. )R PCDCPQ RM QWQRCKQ UFCPC RFC QMSPAC TMJR?EC GQ AMLQR?LR.
w 4FC TMJR?EC QMSPAC MD ?L ?JRCPL?RGLE ASPPCLR (!#) QWQRCK NSRQ MSR V = V
0
sin 2 ft , UFCPC V GQ RFC TMJR?EC ?R RGKC t , V
0
GQ RFC NC?I
TMJR?EC, ?LB f GQ RFC DPCOSCLAW GL FCPRX.
w )L ? QGKNJC AGPASGR, I = V/R ?LB !# ASPPCLR GQ I = I
0
sin 2 ft , UFCPC I GQ RFC ASPPCLR ?R RGKC t , ?LB I
0
= V
0
/R GQ RFC NC?I ASPPCLR.
w 4FC ?TCP?EC !# NMUCP GQ P
ave
=
1
2
I
0
V
0
.
w !TCP?EC (PKQ) ASPPCLR I
rms
?LB ?TCP?EC (PKQ) TMJR?EC V
rms
?PC I
rms
=
I
0
2
?LB V
rms
=
V
0
2
, UFCPC PKQ QR?LBQ DMP PMMR KC?L QOS?PC.
w 4FSQ, P
ave
= I
rms
V
rms
.
w /FKtQ J?U DMP !# GQ I
rms
=
V
rms
R
.
w %VNPCQQGMLQ DMP RFC ?TCP?EC NMUCP MD ?L !# AGPASGR ?PC P
ave
= I
rms
V
rms
, P
ave
=
V
rms
2
R
, ?LB P
ave
= I
rms
2
R , ?L?JMEMSQ RM RFC CVNPCQQGMLQ
DMP $# AGPASGRQ.
w 4FC RUM RWNCQ MD CJCARPGA F?X?PBQ ?PC RFCPK?J (CVACQQGTC NMUCP) ?LB QFMAI (ASPPCLR RFPMSEF ? NCPQML).
w 3FMAI QCTCPGRW GQ BCRCPKGLCB @W ASPPCLR, N?RF, BSP?RGML, ?LB !# DPCOSCLAW.
w -78B; 20.3 JGQRQ QFMAI F?X?PBQ ?Q ? DSLARGML MD ASPPCLR.
w F?=KH; 20.25 EP?NFQ RFC RFPCQFMJB ASPPCLR DMP RUM F?X?PBQ ?Q ? DSLARGML MD DPCOSCLAW.
w %JCARPGA NMRCLRG?JQ GL LCSPMLQ ?LB MRFCP ACJJQ ?PC APC?RCB @W GMLGA AMLACLRP?RGML BGDDCPCLACQ ?APMQQ QCKGNCPKC?@JC KCK@P?LCQ.
w 3RGKSJG AF?LEC RFC NCPKC?@GJGRW ?LB APC?RC ?ARGML NMRCLRG?JQ RF?R NPMN?E?RC ?JMLE LCSPMLQ.
w -WCJGL QFC?RFQ QNCCB RFGQ NPMACQQ ?LB PCBSAC RFC LCCBCB CLCPEW GLNSR.
w 4FGQ NPMACQQ GL RFC FC?PR A?L @C KC?QSPCB UGRF ?L CJCARPMA?PBGMEP?K (%#').
20.1 CKHH;DJ
1. #?L ? UGPC A?PPW ? ASPPCLR ?LB QRGJJ @C LCSRP?JrRF?R GQ, F?TC ? RMR?J AF?PEC MD XCPM? %VNJ?GL.
2. #?P @?RRCPGCQ ?PC P?RCB GL ?KNCPC-FMSPQ ( A h ). 4M UF?R NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRW BM ?KNCPC-FMSPQ AMPPCQNMLB (TMJR?EC, AF?PEC, . . .), ?LB UF?R
PCJ?RGMLQFGN BM ?KNCPC-FMSPQ F?TC RM CLCPEW AMLRCLR?
3. )D RUM BGDDCPCLR UGPCQ F?TGLE GBCLRGA?J APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC?Q A?PPW RFC Q?KC ASPPCLR, UGJJ RFC BPGDR TCJMAGRW @C FGEFCP MP JMUCP GL RFC @CRRCP AMLBSARMP?
%VNJ?GL GL RCPKQ MD RFC COS?RGML v
d
=
I
nqA
, @W AMLQGBCPGLE FMU RFC BCLQGRW MD AF?PEC A?PPGCPQ n PCJ?RCQ RM UFCRFCP MP LMR ? K?RCPG?J GQ ? EMMB
AMLBSARMP.
4. 7FW ?PC RUM AMLBSARGLE N?RFQ DPMK ? TMJR?EC QMSPAC RM ?L CJCARPGA?J BCTGAC LCCBCB RM MNCP?RC RFC BCTGAC?
5. )L A?PQ, MLC @?RRCPW RCPKGL?J GQ AMLLCARCB RM RFC KCR?J @MBW. (MU BMCQ RFGQ ?JJMU ? QGLEJC UGPC RM QSNNJW ASPPCLR RM CJCARPGA?J BCTGACQ P?RFCP RF?L
RUM UGPCQ?
724 #(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7
6. 7FW GQLtR ? @GPB QGRRGLE ML ? FGEF-TMJR?EC NMUCP JGLC CJCARPMASRCB? #MLRP?QR RFGQ UGRF RFC QGRS?RGML GL UFGAF ? J?PEC @GPB FGRQ RUM UGPCQ QGKSJR?LCMSQJW
UGRF GRQ UGLEQ.
7. 4FC IR BPMN ?APMQQ ? PCQGQRMP KC?LQ RF?R RFCPC GQ ? AF?LEC GL NMRCLRG?J MP TMJR?EC ?APMQQ RFC PCQGQRMP. )Q RFCPC ?LW AF?LEC GL ASPPCLR ?Q GR N?QQCQ
RFPMSEF ? PCQGQRMP? %VNJ?GL.
8. (MU GQ RFC IR BPMN GL ? PCQGQRMP QGKGJ?P RM RFC NPCQQSPC BPMN GL ? DJSGB DJMUGLE RFPMSEF ? NGNC?
20.3 +;I?IJ7D9; 7D: +;I?IJ?L?JO
9. )L UFGAF MD RFC RFPCC QCKGAMLBSARGLE K?RCPG?JQ JGQRCB GL -78B; 20.1 BM GKNSPGRGCQ QSNNJW DPCC AF?PECQ? ((GLR: %V?KGLC RFC P?LEC MD PCQGQRGTGRW DMP
C?AF ?LB BCRCPKGLC UFCRFCP RFC NSPC QCKGAMLBSARMP F?Q RFC FGEFCP MP JMUCP AMLBSARGTGRW.)
10. $MCQ RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD ?L M@HCAR BCNCLB ML RFC N?RF ASPPCLR R?ICQ RFPMSEF GR? #MLQGBCP, DMP CV?KNJC, ? PCAR?LESJ?P @?PrGQ GRQ PCQGQR?LAC RFC
Q?KC ?JMLE GRQ JCLERF ?Q ?APMQQ GRQ UGBRF? (3CC F?=KH; 20.37.)
F?=KH; 20.37 $MCQ ASPPCLR R?IGLE RUM BGDDCPCLR N?RFQ RFPMSEF RFC Q?KC M@HCAR CLAMSLRCP BGDDCPCLR PCQGQR?LAC?
11. )D ?JSKGLSK ?LB AMNNCP UGPCQ MD RFC Q?KC JCLERF F?TC RFC Q?KC PCQGQR?LAC, UFGAF F?Q RFC J?PECP BG?KCRCP? 7FW?
12. %VNJ?GL UFW R = R
0
(1 + T) DMP RFC RCKNCP?RSPC T?PG?RGML MD RFC PCQGQR?LAC R MD ?L M@HCAR GQ LMR ?Q ?AASP?RC ?Q =
0
(1 + T) , UFGAF
EGTCQ RFC RCKNCP?RSPC T?PG?RGML MD PCQGQRGTGRW .
13. 7FW BM GLA?LBCQACLR JGEFR@SJ@Q EPMU BGK J?RC GL RFCGP JGTCQ, N?PRGASJ?PJW HSQR @CDMPC RFCGP DGJ?KCLRQ @PC?I?
14. 4FC NMUCP BGQQGN?RCB GL ? PCQGQRMP GQ EGTCL @W P = V
2
/ R , UFGAF KC?LQ NMUCP BCAPC?QCQ GD PCQGQR?LAC GLAPC?QCQ. 9CR RFGQ NMUCP GQ ?JQM EGTCL @W
P = I
2
R , UFGAF KC?LQ NMUCP GLAPC?QCQ GD PCQGQR?LAC GLAPC?QCQ. %VNJ?GL UFW RFCPC GQ LM AMLRP?BGARGML FCPC.
15. 'GTC ?L CV?KNJC MD ? SQC MD !# NMUCP MRFCP RF?L GL RFC FMSQCFMJB. 3GKGJ?PJW, EGTC ?L CV?KNJC MD ? SQC MD $# NMUCP MRFCP RF?L RF?R QSNNJGCB @W
@?RRCPGCQ.
16. 7FW BM TMJR?EC, ASPPCLR, ?LB NMUCP EM RFPMSEF XCPM 120 RGKCQ NCP QCAMLB DMP 60-(X !# CJCARPGAGRW?
17. 9MS ?PC PGBGLE GL ? RP?GL, E?XGLE GLRM RFC BGQR?LAC RFPMSEF GRQ UGLBMU. !Q AJMQC M@HCARQ QRPC?I @W, WMS LMRGAC RF?R RFC LC?P@W DJSMPCQACLR JGEFRQ K?IC
74F;87 QRPC?IQ. %VNJ?GL.
18. 5QGLE ?L MFKKCRCP, ? QRSBCLR KC?QSPCQ RFC PCQGQR?LAC @CRUCCL T?PGMSQ NMGLRQ ML FGQ @MBW. (C DGLBQ RF?R RFC PCQGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RUM NMGLRQ ML
RFC Q?KC DGLECP GQ ?@MSR RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC PCQGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RUM NMGLRQ ML MNNMQGRC F?LBQr@MRF ?PC QCTCP?J FSLBPCB RFMSQ?LB MFKQ. &SPRFCPKMPC,
RFC PCQGQR?LAC BCAPC?QCQ UFCL KMPC QIGL GQ @PMSEFR GLRM AMLR?AR UGRF RFC NPM@CQ MD RFC MFKKCRCP. &GL?JJW, RFCPC GQ ? BP?K?RGA BPMN GL PCQGQR?LAC (RM ?
DCU RFMSQ?LB MFKQ) UFCL RFC QIGL GQ UCR. %VNJ?GL RFCQC M@QCPT?RGMLQ ?LB RFCGP GKNJGA?RGMLQ PCE?PBGLE QIGL ?LB GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC FSK?L
@MBW.
19. 7F?R ?PC RFC RUM K?HMP F?X?PBQ MD CJCARPGAGRW?
20. 7FW GQLtR ? QFMPR AGPASGR ? QFMAI F?X?PB?
21. 7F?R BCRCPKGLCQ RFC QCTCPGRW MD ? QFMAI? #?L WMS Q?W RF?R ? ACPR?GL TMJR?EC GQ F?X?PBMSQ UGRFMSR DSPRFCP GLDMPK?RGML?
22. !L CJCARPGDGCB LCCBJC GQ SQCB RM @SPL MDD U?PRQ, UGRF RFC AGPASGR @CGLE AMKNJCRCB @W F?TGLE RFC N?RGCLR QGR ML ? J?PEC @SRR NJ?RC. 7FW GQ RFGQ NJ?RC
J?PEC?
23. 3MKC QSPECPW GQ NCPDMPKCB UGRF FGEF-TMJR?EC CJCARPGAGRW N?QQGLE DPMK ? KCR?J QA?JNCJ RFPMSEF RFC RGQQSC @CGLE ASR. #MLQGBCPGLE RFC L?RSPC MD
CJCARPGA DGCJBQ ?R RFC QSPD?AC MD AMLBSARMPQ, UFW UMSJB WMS CVNCAR KMQR MD RFC ASPPCLR RM DJMU DPMK RFC QF?PN CBEC MD RFC QA?JNCJ? $M WMS RFGLI FGEF- MP
JMU-DPCOSCLAW !# GQ SQCB?
24. 3MKC BCTGACQ MDRCL SQCB GL @?RFPMMKQ, QSAF ?Q F?GPBPWCPQ, MDRCL F?TC Q?DCRW KCQQ?ECQ Q?WGLE u$M LMR SQC UFCL RFC @?RFRS@ MP @?QGL GQ DSJJ MD
U?RCP.v 7FW GQ RFGQ QM?
25. 7C ?PC MDRCL ?BTGQCB RM LMR DJGAI CJCARPGA QUGRAFCQ UGRF UCR F?LBQ, BPW WMSP F?LB DGPQR. 7C ?PC ?JQM ?BTGQCB RM LCTCP RFPMU U?RCP ML ?L CJCARPGA DGPC.
7FW GQ RFGQ QM?
26. "CDMPC UMPIGLE ML ? NMUCP RP?LQKGQQGML JGLC, JGLCKCL UGJJ RMSAF RFC JGLC UGRF RFC @?AI MD RFC F?LB ?Q ? DGL?J AFCAI RF?R RFC TMJR?EC GQ XCPM. 7FW
RFC @?AI MD RFC F?LB?
27. 7FW GQ RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD UCR QIGL QM KSAF QK?JJCP RF?L BPW, ?LB UFW BM @JMMB ?LB MRFCP @MBGJW DJSGBQ F?TC JMU PCQGQR?LACQ?
#(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7 725
28. #MSJB ? NCPQML ML GLRP?TCLMSQ GLDSQGML (?L )6) @C KGAPMQFMAI QCLQGRGTC?
29. )L TGCU MD RFC QK?JJ ASPPCLRQ RF?R A?SQC QFMAI F?X?PBQ ?LB RFC J?PECP ASPPCLRQ RF?R AGPASGR @PC?ICPQ ?LB DSQCQ GLRCPPSNR, FMU BM RFCW NJ?W ? PMJC GL
NPCTCLRGLE QFMAI F?X?PBQ?
30. .MRC RF?R GL F?=KH; 20.28, @MRF RFC AMLACLRP?RGML EP?BGCLR ?LB RFC #MSJMK@ DMPAC RCLB RM KMTC Na
+
GMLQ GLRM RFC ACJJ. 7F?R NPCTCLRQ RFGQ?
31. $CDGLC BCNMJ?PGX?RGML, PCNMJ?PGX?RGML, ?LB RFC ?ARGML NMRCLRG?J.
32. %VNJ?GL RFC NPMNCPRGCQ MD KWCJGL?RCB LCPTCQ GL RCPKQ MD RFC GLQSJ?RGLE NPMNCPRGCQ MD KWCJGL.
726 #(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7
20.1 CKHH;DJ
33. 7F?R GQ RFC ASPPCLR GL KGJJG?KNCPCQ NPMBSACB @W RFC QMJ?P ACJJQ MD ?
NMAICR A?JASJ?RMP RFPMSEF UFGAF 4.00 # MD AF?PEC N?QQCQ GL 4.00 F?
34. ! RMR?J MD 600 # MD AF?PEC N?QQCQ RFPMSEF ? DJ?QFJGEFR GL 0.500 F.
7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC ASPPCLR?
35. 7F?R GQ RFC ASPPCLR UFCL ? RWNGA?J QR?RGA AF?PEC MD 0.250 C KMTCQ
DPMK WMSP DGLECP RM ? KCR?J BMMPILM@ GL 1.00 s ?
36. &GLB RFC ASPPCLR UFCL 2.00 L# HSKNQ @CRUCCL WMSP AMK@ ?LB F?GP
MTCP ? 0.500 - s RGKC GLRCPT?J.
37. ! J?PEC JGEFRLGLE @MJR F?B ? 20,000-! ASPPCLR ?LB KMTCB 30.0 # MD
AF?PEC. 7F?R U?Q GRQ BSP?RGML?
38. 4FC 200-! ASPPCLR RFPMSEF ? QN?PI NJSE KMTCQ 0.300 K# MD AF?PEC.
(MU JMLE BMCQ RFC QN?PI J?QR?
39. (?) ! BCDG@PGJJ?RMP QCLBQ ? 6.00-! ASPPCLR RFPMSEF RFC AFCQR MD ?
N?RGCLR @W ?NNJWGLE ? 10,000-6 NMRCLRG?J ?Q GL RFC DGESPC @CJMU. 7F?R GQ
RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC N?RF? (@) 4FC BCDG@PGJJ?RMP N?BBJCQ K?IC AMLR?AR UGRF
RFC N?RGCLR RFPMSEF ? AMLBSARGLE ECJ RF?R EPC?RJW PCBSACQ RFC N?RF
PCQGQR?LAC. $GQASQQ RFC BGDDGASJRGCQ RF?R UMSJB CLQSC GD ? J?PECP TMJR?EC
UCPC SQCB RM NPMBSAC RFC Q?KC ASPPCLR RFPMSEF RFC N?RGCLR, @SR UGRF RFC
N?RF F?TGLE NCPF?NQ 50 RGKCQ RFC PCQGQR?LAC. ((GLR: 4FC ASPPCLR KSQR @C
?@MSR RFC Q?KC, QM ? FGEFCP TMJR?EC UMSJB GKNJW EPC?RCP NMUCP. 5QC RFGQ
COS?RGML DMP NMUCP: P = I
2
R .)
F?=KH; 20.38 4FC A?N?AGRMP GL ? BCDG@PGJJ?RGML SLGR BPGTCQ ? ASPPCLR RFPMSEF RFC FC?PR MD
? N?RGCLR.
40. $SPGLE MNCL-FC?PR QSPECPW, ? BCDG@PGJJ?RMP A?L @C SQCB RM @PGLE ?
N?RGCLR MSR MD A?PBG?A ?PPCQR. 4FC PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC N?RF GQ 500 ?LB ?
10.0-K! ASPPCLR GQ LCCBCB. 7F?R TMJR?EC QFMSJB @C ?NNJGCB?
41. (?) ! BCDG@PGJJ?RMP N?QQCQ 12.0 ! MD ASPPCLR RFPMSEF RFC RMPQM MD ?
NCPQML DMP 0.0100 Q. (MU KSAF AF?PEC KMTCQ? (@) (MU K?LW CJCARPMLQ
N?QQ RFPMSEF RFC UGPCQ AMLLCARCB RM RFC N?RGCLR? (3CC DGESPC RUM
NPM@JCKQ C?PJGCP.)
42. ! AJMAI @?RRCPW UC?PQ MSR ?DRCP KMTGLE 10,000 # MD AF?PEC RFPMSEF
RFC AJMAI ?R ? P?RC MD 0.500 K!. (?) (MU JMLE BGB RFC AJMAI PSL? (@) (MU
K?LW CJCARPMLQ NCP QCAMLB DJMUCB?
43. 4FC @?RRCPGCQ MD ? QS@KCPECB LML-LSAJC?P QS@K?PGLC QSNNJW 1000 !
?R DSJJ QNCCB ?FC?B. (MU JMLE BMCQ GR R?IC RM KMTC !TME?BPMtQ LSK@CP (
6.0210
23
) MD CJCARPMLQ ?R RFGQ P?RC?
44. %JCARPML ESLQ ?PC SQCB GL 8-P?W RS@CQ. 4FC CJCARPMLQ ?PC ?AACJCP?RCB
RFPMSEF ? PCJ?RGTCJW J?PEC TMJR?EC ?LB BGPCARCB MLRM ? KCR?J R?PECR,
NPMBSAGLE 8-P?WQ. (?) (MU K?LW CJCARPMLQ NCP QCAMLB QRPGIC RFC R?PECR GD
RFC ASPPCLR GQ 0.500 K!? (@) 7F?R AF?PEC QRPGICQ RFC R?PECR GL 0.750 Q?
45. ! J?PEC AWAJMRPML BGPCARQ ? @C?K MD He
++
LSAJCG MLRM ? R?PECR UGRF ?
@C?K ASPPCLR MD 0.250 K!. (?) (MU K?LW He
++
LSAJCG NCP QCAMLB GQ
RFGQ? (@) (MU JMLE BMCQ GR R?IC DMP 1.00 # RM QRPGIC RFC R?PECR? (A) (MU
JMLE @CDMPC 1.00 KMJ MD He
++
LSAJCG QRPGIC RFC R?PECR?
46. 2CNC?R RFC ?@MTC CV?KNJC ML EN7CFB; 20.3, @SR DMP ? UGPC K?BC MD
QGJTCP ?LB EGTCL RFCPC GQ MLC DPCC CJCARPML NCP QGJTCP ?RMK.
47. 5QGLE RFC PCQSJRQ MD RFC ?@MTC CV?KNJC ML EN7CFB; 20.3, DGLB RFC
BPGDR TCJMAGRW GL ? AMNNCP UGPC MD RUGAC RFC BG?KCRCP ?LB A?PPWGLE 20.0 !.
48. ! 14-E?SEC AMNNCP UGPC F?Q ? BG?KCRCP MD 1.628 KK. 7F?R
K?ELGRSBC ASPPCLR DJMUQ UFCL RFC BPGDR TCJMAGRW GQ 1.00 KK/Q? (3CC ?@MTC
CV?KNJC ML EN7CFB; 20.3 DMP SQCDSJ GLDMPK?RGML.)
49. 30%!2, ? QRMP?EC PGLE ?@MSR 72.0 K GL BG?KCRCP ?R RFC 3R?LDMPB
,GLC?P !AACJCP?RMP (AJMQCB GL 2009), F?Q ? 20.0-! AGPASJ?RGLE @C?K MD
CJCARPMLQ RF?R ?PC KMTGLE ?R LC?PJW RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. (3CC F?=KH;
20.39.) (MU K?LW CJCARPMLQ ?PC GL RFC @C?K?
F?=KH; 20.39 %JCARPMLQ AGPASJ?RGLE GL RFC QRMP?EC PGLE A?JJCB 30%!2 AMLQRGRSRC ?
20.0-! ASPPCLR. "CA?SQC RFCW RP?TCJ AJMQC RM RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR, C?AF CJCARPML
AMKNJCRCQ K?LW MP@GRQ GL C?AF QCAMLB.
50. 7F?R ASPPCLR DJMUQ RFPMSEF RFC @SJ@ MD ? 3.00-6 DJ?QFJGEFR UFCL GRQ FMR
PCQGQR?LAC GQ 3.60 ?
51. #?JASJ?RC RFC CDDCARGTC PCQGQR?LAC MD ? NMAICR A?JASJ?RMP RF?R F?Q ?
1.35-6 @?RRCPW ?LB RFPMSEF UFGAF 0.200 K! DJMUQ.
52. 7F?R GQ RFC CDDCARGTC PCQGQR?LAC MD ? A?PtQ QR?PRCP KMRMP UFCL 150 !
DJMUQ RFPMSEF GR ?Q RFC A?P @?RRCPW ?NNJGCQ 11.0 6 RM RFC KMRMP?
53. (MU K?LW TMJRQ ?PC QSNNJGCB RM MNCP?RC ?L GLBGA?RMP JGEFR ML ? $6$
NJ?WCP RF?R F?Q ? PCQGQR?LAC MD 140 , EGTCL RF?R 25.0 K! N?QQCQ
RFPMSEF GR?
54. (?) &GLB RFC TMJR?EC BPMN GL ?L CVRCLQGML AMPB F?TGLE ? 0.0600-
PCQGQR?LAC ?LB RFPMSEF UFGAF 5.00 ! GQ DJMUGLE. (@) ! AFC?NCP AMPB
SRGJGXCQ RFGLLCP UGPC ?LB F?Q ? PCQGQR?LAC MD 0.300 . 7F?R GQ RFC
TMJR?EC BPMN GL GR UFCL 5.00 ! DJMUQ? (A) 7FW GQ RFC TMJR?EC RM UF?RCTCP
?NNJG?LAC GQ @CGLE SQCB PCBSACB @W RFGQ ?KMSLR? 7F?R GQ RFC CDDCAR ML
RFC ?NNJG?LAC?
55. ! NMUCP RP?LQKGQQGML JGLC GQ FSLE DPMK KCR?J RMUCPQ UGRF EJ?QQ
GLQSJ?RMPQ F?TGLE ? PCQGQR?LAC MD 1.0010
9
. 7F?R ASPPCLR DJMUQ
RFPMSEF RFC GLQSJ?RMP GD RFC TMJR?EC GQ 200 I6? (3MKC FGEF-TMJR?EC JGLCQ
?PC $#.)
20.3 +;I?IJ7D9; 7D: +;I?IJ?L?JO
56. 7F?R GQ RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD ? 20.0-K-JMLE NGCAC MD 12-E?SEC AMNNCP
UGPC F?TGLE ? 2.053-KK BG?KCRCP?
57. 4FC BG?KCRCP MD 0-E?SEC AMNNCP UGPC GQ 8.252 KK. &GLB RFC
PCQGQR?LAC MD ? 1.00-IK JCLERF MD QSAF UGPC SQCB DMP NMUCP RP?LQKGQQGML.
58. )D RFC 0.100-KK BG?KCRCP RSLEQRCL DGJ?KCLR GL ? JGEFR @SJ@ GQ RM F?TC ?
PCQGQR?LAC MD 0.200 ?R 20.0C, FMU JMLE QFMSJB GR @C?
59. &GLB RFC P?RGM MD RFC BG?KCRCP MD ?JSKGLSK RM AMNNCP UGPC, GD RFCW F?TC
RFC Q?KC PCQGQR?LAC NCP SLGR JCLERF (?Q RFCW KGEFR GL FMSQCFMJB UGPGLE).
#(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7 727
60. 7F?R ASPPCLR DJMUQ RFPMSEF ? 2.54-AK-BG?KCRCP PMB MD NSPC QGJGAML
RF?R GQ 20.0 AK JMLE, UFCL 1.00 10
3
V GQ ?NNJGCB RM GR? (3SAF ? PMB
K?W @C SQCB RM K?IC LSAJC?P-N?PRGAJC BCRCARMPQ, DMP CV?KNJC.)
61. (?) 4M UF?R RCKNCP?RSPC KSQR WMS P?GQC ? AMNNCP UGPC, MPGEGL?JJW ?R
20.0C, RM BMS@JC GRQ PCQGQR?LAC, LCEJCARGLE ?LW AF?LECQ GL
BGKCLQGMLQ? (@) $MCQ RFGQ F?NNCL GL FMSQCFMJB UGPGLE SLBCP MPBGL?PW
AGPASKQR?LACQ?
62. ! PCQGQRMP K?BC MD .GAFPMKC UGPC GQ SQCB GL ?L ?NNJGA?RGML UFCPC GRQ
PCQGQR?LAC A?LLMR AF?LEC KMPC RF?L 1.00% DPMK GRQ T?JSC ?R 20.0C.
/TCP UF?R RCKNCP?RSPC P?LEC A?L GR @C SQCB?
63. /D UF?R K?RCPG?J GQ ? PCQGQRMP K?BC GD GRQ PCQGQR?LAC GQ 40.0% EPC?RCP
?R 100C RF?L ?R 20.0C?
64. !L CJCARPMLGA BCTGAC BCQGELCB RM MNCP?RC ?R ?LW RCKNCP?RSPC GL RFC
P?LEC DPMK 10.0C to 55.0C AMLR?GLQ NSPC A?P@ML PCQGQRMPQ. "W UF?R
D?ARMP BMCQ RFCGP PCQGQR?LAC GLAPC?QC MTCP RFGQ P?LEC?
65. (?) /D UF?R K?RCPG?J GQ ? UGPC K?BC, GD GR GQ 25.0 K JMLE UGRF ? 0.100
KK BG?KCRCP ?LB F?Q ? PCQGQR?LAC MD 77.7 ?R 20.0C? (@) 7F?R GQ
GRQ PCQGQR?LAC ?R 150C?
66. !QQSKGLE ? AMLQR?LR RCKNCP?RSPC AMCDDGAGCLR MD PCQGQRGTGRW, UF?R GQ RFC
K?VGKSK NCPACLR BCAPC?QC GL RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD ? AMLQR?LR?L UGPC
QR?PRGLE ?R 20.0C?
67. ! UGPC GQ BP?UL RFPMSEF ? BGC, QRPCRAFGLE GR RM DMSP RGKCQ GRQ MPGEGL?J
JCLERF. "W UF?R D?ARMP BMCQ GRQ PCQGQR?LAC GLAPC?QC?
68. ! AMNNCP UGPC F?Q ? PCQGQR?LAC MD 0.500 ?R 20.0C, ?LB ?L
GPML UGPC F?Q ? PCQGQR?LAC MD 0.525 ?R RFC Q?KC RCKNCP?RSPC. !R
UF?R RCKNCP?RSPC ?PC RFCGP PCQGQR?LACQ COS?J?
69. (?) $GEGR?J KCBGA?J RFCPKMKCRCPQ BCRCPKGLC RCKNCP?RSPC @W
KC?QSPGLE RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD ? QCKGAMLBSARMP BCTGAC A?JJCB ? RFCPKGQRMP
(UFGAF F?Q = 0.0600 / C) UFCL GR GQ ?R RFC Q?KC RCKNCP?RSPC ?Q
RFC N?RGCLR. 7F?R GQ ? N?RGCLRtQ RCKNCP?RSPC GD RFC RFCPKGQRMPtQ PCQGQR?LAC
?R RF?R RCKNCP?RSPC GQ 82.0% MD GRQ T?JSC ?R 37.0C (LMPK?J @MBW
RCKNCP?RSPC)? (@) 4FC LCE?RGTC T?JSC DMP K?W LMR @C K?GLR?GLCB DMP
TCPW JMU RCKNCP?RSPCQ. $GQASQQ UFW ?LB UFCRFCP RFGQ GQ RFC A?QC FCPC.
((GLR: 2CQGQR?LAC A?LtR @CAMKC LCE?RGTC.)
(?) 2CBM EN;H9?I; 20.57 R?IGLE GLRM ?AAMSLR RFC RFCPK?J CVN?LQGML MD
RFC RSLEQRCL DGJ?KCLR. 9MS K?W ?QQSKC ? RFCPK?J CVN?LQGML AMCDDGAGCLR
MD 1210
6
/ C. (@) "W UF?R NCPACLR?EC BMCQ WMSP ?LQUCP BGDDCP DPMK
RF?R GL RFC CV?KNJC?
(?) 4M UF?R RCKNCP?RSPC KSQR WMS P?GQC ? PCQGQRMP K?BC MD AMLQR?LR?L RM
BMS@JC GRQ PCQGQR?LAC, ?QQSKGLE ? AMLQR?LR RCKNCP?RSPC AMCDDGAGCLR MD
PCQGQRGTGRW? (@) 4M ASR GR GL F?JD? (A) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFCQC
PCQSJRQ? (B) 7FGAF ?QQSKNRGMLQ ?PC SLPC?QML?@JC, MP UFGAF NPCKGQCQ ?PC
GLAMLQGQRCLR?
72. 7F?R GQ RFC NMUCP MD ? 1.0010
2
MV JGEFRLGLE @MJR F?TGLE ?
ASPPCLR MD 2.00 10
4
A?
73. 7F?R NMUCP GQ QSNNJGCB RM RFC QR?PRCP KMRMP MD ? J?PEC RPSAI RF?R BP?UQ
250 ! MD ASPPCLR DPMK ? 24.0-6 @?RRCPW FMMISN?
74. ! AF?PEC MD 4.00 # MD AF?PEC N?QQCQ RFPMSEF ? NMAICR A?JASJ?RMPtQ
QMJ?P ACJJQ GL 4.00 F. 7F?R GQ RFC NMUCP MSRNSR, EGTCL RFC A?JASJ?RMPtQ
TMJR?EC MSRNSR GQ 3.00 6? (3CC F?=KH; 20.40.)
F?=KH; 20.40 4FC QRPGN MD QMJ?P ACJJQ HSQR ?@MTC RFC ICWQ MD RFGQ A?JASJ?RMP AMLTCPR JGEFR
RM CJCARPGAGRW RM QSNNJW GRQ CLCPEW LCCBQ. (APCBGR: %T?L-!KMQ, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
75. (MU K?LW U?RRQ BMCQ ? DJ?QFJGEFR RF?R F?Q 6.0010
2
C N?QQ
RFPMSEF GR GL 0.500 F SQC GD GRQ TMJR?EC GQ 3.00 6?
76. &GLB RFC NMUCP BGQQGN?RCB GL C?AF MD RFCQC CVRCLQGML AMPBQ: (?) ?L
CVRCLQGML AMPB F?TGLE ? 0.0600 - PCQGQR?LAC ?LB RFPMSEF UFGAF
5.00 ! GQ DJMUGLE; (@) ? AFC?NCP AMPB SRGJGXGLE RFGLLCP UGPC ?LB UGRF ?
PCQGQR?LAC MD 0.300 .
77. 6CPGDW RF?R RFC SLGRQ MD ? TMJR-?KNCPC ?PC U?RRQ, ?Q GKNJGCB @W RFC
COS?RGML P = IV .
78. 3FMU RF?R RFC SLGRQ 1 V
2
/ = 1W, ?Q GKNJGCB @W RFC COS?RGML
P = V
2
/ R .
79. 3FMU RF?R RFC SLGRQ 1 A
2
= 1 W, ?Q GKNJGCB @W RFC COS?RGML
P = I
2
R .
80. 6CPGDW RFC CLCPEW SLGR COSGT?JCLAC RF?R 1 kW h = 3.6010
6
J .
81. %JCARPMLQ GL ?L 8-P?W RS@C ?PC ?AACJCP?RCB RFPMSEF 1.0010
2
kV
?LB BGPCARCB RMU?PB ? R?PECR RM NPMBSAC 8-P?WQ. #?JASJ?RC RFC NMUCP MD
RFC CJCARPML @C?K GL RFGQ RS@C GD GR F?Q ? ASPPCLR MD 15.0 K!.
82. !L CJCARPGA U?RCP FC?RCP AMLQSKCQ 5.00 I7 DMP 2.00 F NCP B?W. 7F?R
GQ RFC AMQR MD PSLLGLE GR DMP MLC WC?P GD CJCARPGAGRW AMQRQ
12.0 cents/kW h ? 3CC F?=KH; 20.41.
F?=KH; 20.41 /L-BCK?LB CJCARPGA FMR U?RCP FC?RCP. (C?R GQ QSNNJGCB RM U?RCP MLJW
UFCL LCCBCB. (APCBGR: ?TGBB?TGB, &JGAIP)
83. 7GRF ? 1200-7 RM?QRCP, FMU KSAF CJCARPGA?J CLCPEW GQ LCCBCB RM
K?IC ? QJGAC MD RM?QR (AMMIGLE RGKC = 1 KGLSRC)? !R 9.0 cents/kW h ,
FMU KSAF BMCQ RFGQ AMQR?
84. 7F?R UMSJB @C RFC K?VGKSK AMQR MD ? #&, QSAF RF?R RFC RMR?J AMQR
(GLTCQRKCLR NJSQ MNCP?RGLE) UMSJB @C RFC Q?KC DMP @MRF #&, ?LB
GLA?LBCQACLR 60-7 @SJ@Q? !QQSKC RFC AMQR MD RFC GLA?LBCQACLR @SJ@ GQ
25 ACLRQ ?LB RF?R CJCARPGAGRW AMQRQ 10 cents/kWh . #?JASJ?RC RFC AMQR DMP
1000 FMSPQ, ?Q GL RFC AMQR CDDCARGTCLCQQ MD #&, CV?KNJC.
85. 3MKC K?ICQ MD MJBCP A?PQ F?TC 6.00-6 CJCARPGA?J QWQRCKQ. (?) 7F?R GQ
RFC FMR PCQGQR?LAC MD ? 30.0-7 FC?BJGEFR GL QSAF ? A?P? (@) 7F?R ASPPCLR
DJMUQ RFPMSEF GR?
728 #(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7
86. !JI?JGLC @?RRCPGCQ F?TC RFC ?BT?LR?EC MD NSRRGLE MSR AMLQR?LR TMJR?EC
SLRGJ TCPW LC?PJW RFC CLB MD RFCGP JGDC. (MU JMLE UGJJ ?L ?JI?JGLC @?RRCPW
P?RCB ?R 1.00 A h ?LB 1.58 6 ICCN ? 1.00-7 DJ?QFJGEFR @SJ@ @SPLGLE?
87. ! A?SRCPGXCP, SQCB RM QRMN @JCCBGLE GL QSPECPW, NSRQ MSR 2.00 K! ?R
15.0 I6. (?) 7F?R GQ GRQ NMUCP MSRNSR? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC
N?RF?
88. 4FC ?TCP?EC RCJCTGQGML GQ Q?GB RM @C ML 6 FMSPQ NCP B?W. %QRGK?RC RFC
WC?PJW AMQR MD CJCARPGAGRW RM MNCP?RC 100 KGJJGML 46Q, ?QQSKGLE RFCGP NMUCP
AMLQSKNRGML ?TCP?ECQ 150 7 ?LB RFC AMQR MD CJCARPGAGRW ?TCP?ECQ
12.0 cents/kW h .
89. !L MJB JGEFR@SJ@ BP?UQ MLJW 50.0 7, P?RFCP RF?L GRQ MPGEGL?J 60.0 7,
BSC RM CT?NMP?RGTC RFGLLGLE MD GRQ DGJ?KCLR. "W UF?R D?ARMP GQ GRQ BG?KCRCP
PCBSACB, ?QQSKGLE SLGDMPK RFGLLGLE ?JMLE GRQ JCLERF? .CEJCAR ?LW CDDCARQ
A?SQCB @W RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLACQ.
90. 00-E?SEC AMNNCP UGPC F?Q ? BG?KCRCP MD 9.266 KK. #?JASJ?RC RFC
NMUCP JMQQ GL ? IGJMKCRCP MD QSAF UGPC UFCL GR A?PPGCQ 1.0010
2
A.
#MJB T?NMPGXCPQ N?QQ ? ASPPCLR RFPMSEF U?RCP, CT?NMP?RGLE GR UGRF MLJW ?
QK?JJ GLAPC?QC GL RCKNCP?RSPC. /LC QSAF FMKC BCTGAC GQ P?RCB ?R 3.50 !
?LB SRGJGXCQ 120 6 !# UGRF 95.0% CDDGAGCLAW. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC T?NMPGX?RGML
P?RC GL EP?KQ NCP KGLSRC? (@) (MU KSAF U?RCP KSQR WMS NSR GLRM RFC
T?NMPGXCP DMP 8.00 F MD MTCPLGEFR MNCP?RGML? (3CC F?=KH; 20.42.)
F?=KH; 20.42 4FGQ AMJB T?NMPGXCP N?QQCQ ASPPCLR BGPCARJW RFPMSEF U?RCP, T?NMPGXGLE GR
BGPCARJW UGRF PCJ?RGTCJW JGRRJC RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QC.
(?) 7F?R CLCPEW GQ BGQQGN?RCB @W ? JGEFRLGLE @MJR F?TGLE ? 20,000-!
ASPPCLR, ? TMJR?EC MD 1.0010
2
MV, ?LB ? JCLERF MD 1.00 KQ? (@) 7F?R
K?QQ MD RPCC Q?N AMSJB @C P?GQCB DPMK 18.0C RM GRQ @MGJGLE NMGLR ?LB
RFCL CT?NMP?RCB @W RFGQ CLCPEW, ?QQSKGLE Q?N F?Q RFC Q?KC RFCPK?J
AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ ?Q U?RCP?
7F?R ASPPCLR KSQR @C NPMBSACB @W ? 12.0-6 @?RRCPW-MNCP?RCB @MRRJC
U?PKCP GL MPBCP RM FC?R 75.0 E MD EJ?QQ, 250 E MD @?@W DMPKSJ?, ?LB
3.0010
2
g MD ?JSKGLSK DPMK 20.0C RM 90.0C GL 5.00 KGL?
(MU KSAF RGKC GQ LCCBCB DMP ? QSPEGA?J A?SRCPGXCP RM P?GQC RFC
RCKNCP?RSPC MD 1.00 E MD RGQQSC DPMK 37.0C RM 100C ?LB RFCL @MGJ
?U?W 0.500 E MD U?RCP, GD GR NSRQ MSR 2.00 K! ?R 15.0 I6? )ELMPC FC?R
RP?LQDCP RM RFC QSPPMSLBGLEQ.
(WBPMCJCARPGA ECLCP?RMPQ (QCC F?=KH; 20.43) ?R (MMTCP $?K NPMBSAC ?
K?VGKSK ASPPCLR MD 8.0010
3
A ?R 250 I6. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC NMUCP
MSRNSR? (@) 4FC U?RCP RF?R NMUCPQ RFC ECLCP?RMPQ CLRCPQ ?LB JC?TCQ RFC
QWQRCK ?R JMU QNCCB (RFSQ GRQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW BMCQ LMR AF?LEC) @SR JMQCQ
160 K GL ?JRGRSBC. (MU K?LW AS@GA KCRCPQ NCP QCAMLB ?PC LCCBCB,
?QQSKGLE 85.0% CDDGAGCLAW?
F?=KH; 20.43 (WBPMCJCARPGA ECLCP?RMPQ ?R RFC (MMTCP B?K. (APCBGR: *ML 3SJJGT?L)
(?) !QQSKGLE 95.0% CDDGAGCLAW DMP RFC AMLTCPQGML MD CJCARPGA?J NMUCP @W
RFC KMRMP, UF?R ASPPCLR KSQR RFC 12.0-6 @?RRCPGCQ MD ? 750-IE CJCARPGA A?P
@C ?@JC RM QSNNJW: (?) 4M ?AACJCP?RC DPMK PCQR RM 25.0 K/Q GL 1.00 KGL? (@)
4M AJGK@ ? 2.0010
2
-m-FGEF FGJJ GL 2.00 KGL ?R ? AMLQR?LR 25.0-K/Q
QNCCB UFGJC CVCPRGLE 5.0010
2
N MD DMPAC RM MTCPAMKC ?GP PCQGQR?LAC
?LB DPGARGML? (A) 4M RP?TCJ ?R ? AMLQR?LR 25.0-K/Q QNCCB, CVCPRGLE ?
5.0010
2
N DMPAC RM MTCPAMKC ?GP PCQGQR?LAC ?LB DPGARGML? 3CC F?=KH;
20.44.
F?=KH; 20.44 4FGQ 2%6!G, ?L CJCARPGA A?P, ECRQ PCAF?PECB ML ? QRPCCR GL ,MLBML.
(APCBGR: &P?LI (C@@CPR)
! JGEFR-P?GJ AMKKSRCP RP?GL BP?UQ 630 ! MD 650-6 $# CJCARPGAGRW UFCL
?AACJCP?RGLE. (?) 7F?R GQ GRQ NMUCP AMLQSKNRGML P?RC GL IGJMU?RRQ? (@) (MU
JMLE BMCQ GR R?IC RM PC?AF 20.0 K/Q QR?PRGLE DPMK PCQR GD GRQ JM?BCB K?QQ GQ
5.3010
4
kg , ?QQSKGLE 95.0% CDDGAGCLAW ?LB AMLQR?LR NMUCP? (A) &GLB
GRQ ?TCP?EC ?AACJCP?RGML. (B) $GQASQQ FMU RFC ?AACJCP?RGML WMS DMSLB DMP
RFC JGEFR-P?GJ RP?GL AMKN?PCQ RM UF?R KGEFR @C RWNGA?J DMP ?L ?SRMKM@GJC.
(?) !L ?JSKGLSK NMUCP RP?LQKGQQGML JGLC F?Q ? PCQGQR?LAC MD
0.0580 / km. 7F?R GQ GRQ K?QQ NCP IGJMKCRCP? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC K?QQ
NCP IGJMKCRCP MD ? AMNNCP JGLC F?TGLE RFC Q?KC PCQGQR?LAC? ! JMUCP
PCQGQR?LAC UMSJB QFMPRCL RFC FC?RGLE RGKC. $GQASQQ RFC NP?ARGA?J JGKGRQ RM
QNCCBGLE RFC FC?RGLE @W JMUCPGLE RFC PCQGQR?LAC.
(?) !L GKKCPQGML FC?RCP SRGJGXGLE 120 6 A?L P?GQC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD ?
1.0010
2
-g ?JSKGLSK ASN AMLR?GLGLE 350 E MD U?RCP DPMK 20.0C RM
95.0C GL 2.00 KGL. &GLB GRQ PCQGQR?LAC, ?QQSKGLE GR GQ AMLQR?LR BSPGLE
RFC NPMACQQ. (@) ! JMUCP PCQGQR?LAC UMSJB QFMPRCL RFC FC?RGLE RGKC.
$GQASQQ RFC NP?ARGA?J JGKGRQ RM QNCCBGLE RFC FC?RGLE @W JMUCPGLE RFC
PCQGQR?LAC.
#(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7 729
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC AMQR MD FC?RGLE ? FMR RS@ AMLR?GLGLE 1500 IE MD U?RCP DPMK
10.0C RM 40.0C, ?QQSKGLE 75.0% CDDGAGCLAW RM ?AAMSLR DMP FC?R
RP?LQDCP RM RFC QSPPMSLBGLEQ? 4FC AMQR MD CJCARPGAGRW GQ 12 cents/kW h .
(@) 7F?R ASPPCLR U?Q SQCB @W RFC 220-6 !# CJCARPGA FC?RCP, GD RFGQ RMMI
4.00 F?
(?) 7F?R ASPPCLR GQ LCCBCB RM RP?LQKGR 1.0010
2
MW MD NMUCP ?R 480
6? (@) 7F?R NMUCP GQ BGQQGN?RCB @W RFC RP?LQKGQQGML JGLCQ GD RFCW F?TC ?
1.00 - PCQGQR?LAC? (A) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ PCQSJR? (B)
7FGAF ?QQSKNRGMLQ ?PC SLPC?QML?@JC, MP UFGAF NPCKGQCQ ?PC
GLAMLQGQRCLR?
(?) 7F?R ASPPCLR GQ LCCBCB RM RP?LQKGR 1.0010
2
MW MD NMUCP ?R 10.0
I6? (@) &GLB RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD 1.00 IK MD UGPC RF?R UMSJB A?SQC ?
0.0100% NMUCP JMQQ. (A) 7F?R GQ RFC BG?KCRCP MD ? 1.00-IK-JMLE AMNNCP
UGPC F?TGLE RFGQ PCQGQR?LAC? (B) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFCQC
PCQSJRQ? (C) 7FGAF ?QQSKNRGMLQ ?PC SLPC?QML?@JC, MP UFGAF NPCKGQCQ ?PC
GLAMLQGQRCLR?
#MLQGBCP ?L CJCARPGA GKKCPQGML FC?RCP SQCB RM FC?R ? ASN MD U?RCP RM
K?IC RC?. #MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS A?JASJ?RC RFC LCCBCB
PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC FC?RCP QM RF?R GR GLAPC?QCQ RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC U?RCP
?LB ASN GL ? PC?QML?@JC ?KMSLR MD RGKC. !JQM A?JASJ?RC RFC AMQR MD RFC
CJCARPGA?J CLCPEW SQCB GL WMSP NPMACQQ. !KMLE RFC RFGLEQ RM @C
AMLQGBCPCB ?PC RFC TMJR?EC SQCB, RFC K?QQCQ ?LB FC?R A?N?AGRGCQ
GLTMJTCB, FC?R JMQQCQ, ?LB RFC RGKC MTCP UFGAF RFC FC?RGLE R?ICQ NJ?AC.
9MSP GLQRPSARMP K?W UGQF DMP WMS RM AMLQGBCP ? RFCPK?J Q?DCRW QUGRAF
(NCPF?NQ @GKCR?JJGA) RF?R UGJJ F?JR RFC NPMACQQ @CDMPC B?K?EGLE
RCKNCP?RSPCQ ?PC PC?AFCB GL RFC GKKCPQGML SLGR.
104. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC FMR PCQGQR?LAC MD ? 25-7 JGEFR @SJ@ RF?R PSLQ ML
120-6 !#? (@) )D RFC @SJ@tQ MNCP?RGLE RCKNCP?RSPC GQ 2700C, UF?R GQ GRQ
PCQGQR?LAC ?R 2600C?
105. #CPR?GL FC?TW GLBSQRPG?J COSGNKCLR SQCQ !# NMUCP RF?R F?Q ? NC?I
TMJR?EC MD 679 6. 7F?R GQ RFC PKQ TMJR?EC?
106. ! ACPR?GL AGPASGR @PC?ICP RPGNQ UFCL RFC PKQ ASPPCLR GQ 15.0 !. 7F?R
GQ RFC AMPPCQNMLBGLE NC?I ASPPCLR?
107. -GJGR?PW ?GPAP?DR SQC 400-(X !# NMUCP, @CA?SQC GR GQ NMQQG@JC RM
BCQGEL JGEFRCP-UCGEFR COSGNKCLR ?R RFGQ FGEFCP DPCOSCLAW. 7F?R GQ RFC RGKC
DMP MLC AMKNJCRC AWAJC MD RFGQ NMUCP?
108. ! .MPRF !KCPGA?L RMSPGQR R?ICQ FGQ 25.0-7, 120-6 !# P?XMP RM
%SPMNC, DGLBQ ? QNCAG?J ?B?NRCP, ?LB NJSEQ GR GLRM 240 6 !#. !QQSKGLE
AMLQR?LR PCQGQR?LAC, UF?R NMUCP BMCQ RFC P?XMP AMLQSKC ?Q GR GQ PSGLCB?
109. )L RFGQ NPM@JCK, WMS UGJJ TCPGDW QR?RCKCLRQ K?BC ?R RFC CLB MD RFC
NMUCP JMQQCQ DMP EN7CFB; 20.10. (?) 7F?R ASPPCLR GQ LCCBCB RM RP?LQKGR
100 -7 MD NMUCP ?R ? TMJR?EC MD 25.0 I6? (@) &GLB RFC NMUCP JMQQ GL ?
1.00 - RP?LQKGQQGML JGLC. (A) 7F?R NCPACLR JMQQ BMCQ RFGQ PCNPCQCLR?
110. ! QK?JJ MDDGAC-@SGJBGLE ?GP AMLBGRGMLCP MNCP?RCQ ML 408-6 !# ?LB
AMLQSKCQ 50.0 I7. (?) 7F?R GQ GRQ CDDCARGTC PCQGQR?LAC? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC
AMQR MD PSLLGLE RFC ?GP AMLBGRGMLCP BSPGLE ? FMR QSKKCP KMLRF UFCL GR GQ
ML 8.00 F NCP B?W DMP 30 B?WQ ?LB CJCARPGAGRW AMQRQ 9.00 cents/kW h ?
111. 7F?R GQ RFC NC?I NMUCP AMLQSKNRGML MD ? 120-6 !# KGAPMU?TC
MTCL RF?R BP?UQ 10.0 !?
112. 7F?R GQ RFC NC?I ASPPCLR RFPMSEF ? 500-7 PMMK FC?RCP RF?R MNCP?RCQ
ML 120-6 !# NMUCP?
113. 4UM BGDDCPCLR CJCARPGA?J BCTGACQ F?TC RFC Q?KC NMUCP AMLQSKNRGML,
@SR MLC GQ KC?LR RM @C MNCP?RCB ML 120-6 !# ?LB RFC MRFCP ML 240-6
!#. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC P?RGM MD RFCGP PCQGQR?LACQ? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC P?RGM MD RFCGP
ASPPCLRQ? (A) !QQSKGLE GRQ PCQGQR?LAC GQ SL?DDCARCB, @W UF?R D?ARMP UGJJ RFC
NMUCP GLAPC?QC GD ? 120-6 !# BCTGAC GQ AMLLCARCB RM 240-6 !#?
114. .GAFPMKC UGPC GQ SQCB GL QMKC P?BG?RGTC FC?RCPQ. (?) &GLB RFC
PCQGQR?LAC LCCBCB GD RFC ?TCP?EC NMUCP MSRNSR GQ RM @C 1.00 I7 SRGJGXGLE
120-6 !#. (@) 7F?R JCLERF MD .GAFPMKC UGPC, F?TGLE ? APMQQ-QCARGML?J
?PC? MD 5.00mm
2
, GQ LCCBCB GD RFC MNCP?RGLE RCKNCP?RSPC GQ 500 C?
(A) 7F?R NMUCP UGJJ GR BP?U UFCL DGPQR QUGRAFCB ML?
115. &GLB RFC RGKC ?DRCP t = 0 UFCL RFC GLQR?LR?LCMSQ TMJR?EC MD 60-(X
!# DGPQR PC?AFCQ RFC DMJJMUGLE T?JSCQ: (?) V
0
/ 2 (@) V
0
(A) 0.
116. (?) !R UF?R RUM RGKCQ GL RFC DGPQR NCPGMB DMJJMUGLE t = 0 BMCQ RFC
GLQR?LR?LCMSQ TMJR?EC GL 60-(X !# COS?J V
rms
? (@) V
rms
?
117. (?) (MU KSAF NMUCP GQ BGQQGN?RCB GL ? QFMPR AGPASGR MD 240-6 !#
RFPMSEF ? PCQGQR?LAC MD 0.250 ? (@) 7F?R ASPPCLR DJMUQ?
118. 7F?R TMJR?EC GQ GLTMJTCB GL ? 1.44-I7 QFMPR AGPASGR RFPMSEF ?
0.100 - PCQGQR?LAC?
119. &GLB RFC ASPPCLR RFPMSEF ? NCPQML ?LB GBCLRGDW RFC JGICJW CDDCAR ML FCP
GD QFC RMSAFCQ ? 120-6 !# QMSPAC: (?) GD QFC GQ QR?LBGLE ML ? PS@@CP K?R
?LB MDDCPQ ? RMR?J PCQGQR?LAC MD 300 k ; (@) GD QFC GQ QR?LBGLE @?PCDMMR
ML UCR EP?QQ ?LB F?Q ? PCQGQR?LAC MD MLJW 4000 k .
120. 7FGJC R?IGLE ? @?RF, ? NCPQML RMSAFCQ RFC KCR?J A?QC MD ? P?BGM. 4FC
N?RF RFPMSEF RFC NCPQML RM RFC BP?GLNGNC ?LB EPMSLB F?Q ? PCQGQR?LAC MD
4000 . 7F?R GQ RFC QK?JJCQR TMJR?EC ML RFC A?QC MD RFC P?BGM RF?R
AMSJB A?SQC TCLRPGASJ?P DG@PGJJ?RGML?
121. &MMJGQFJW RPWGLE RM DGQF ? @SPLGLE NGCAC MD @PC?B DPMK ? RM?QRCP UGRF ?
KCR?J @SRRCP ILGDC, ? K?L AMKCQ GLRM AMLR?AR UGRF 120-6 !#. (C BMCQ LMR
CTCL DCCJ GR QGLAC, JSAIGJW, FC GQ UC?PGLE PS@@CP-QMJCB QFMCQ. 7F?R GQ RFC
KGLGKSK PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC N?RF RFC ASPPCLR DMJJMUQ RFPMSEF RFC NCPQML?
122. (?) $SPGLE QSPECPW, ? ASPPCLR ?Q QK?JJ ?Q 20.0 A ?NNJGCB BGPCARJW
RM RFC FC?PR K?W A?SQC TCLRPGASJ?P DG@PGJJ?RGML. )D RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC
CVNMQCB FC?PR GQ 300 , UF?R GQ RFC QK?JJCQR TMJR?EC RF?R NMQCQ RFGQ
B?LECP? (@) $MCQ WMSP ?LQUCP GKNJW RF?R QNCAG?J CJCARPGA?J Q?DCRW
NPCA?SRGMLQ ?PC LCCBCB?
123. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD ? 220-6 !# QFMPR AGPASGR RF?R ECLCP?RCQ
? NC?I NMUCP MD 96.8 I7? (@) 7F?R UMSJB RFC ?TCP?EC NMUCP @C GD RFC
TMJR?EC U?Q 120 6 !#?
124. ! FC?PR BCDG@PGJJ?RMP N?QQCQ 10.0 ! RFPMSEF ? N?RGCLRtQ RMPQM DMP 5.00
KQ GL ?L ?RRCKNR RM PCQRMPC LMPK?J @C?RGLE. (?) (MU KSAF AF?PEC
N?QQCB? (@) 7F?R TMJR?EC U?Q ?NNJGCB GD 500 * MD CLCPEW U?Q BGQQGN?RCB?
(A) 7F?R U?Q RFC N?RFtQ PCQGQR?LAC? (B) &GLB RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QC
A?SQCB GL RFC 8.00 IE MD ?DDCARCB RGQQSC.
! QFMPR AGPASGR GL ? 120-6 ?NNJG?LAC AMPB F?Q ? 0.500- PCQGQR?LAC.
#?JASJ?RC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC PGQC MD RFC 2.00 E MD QSPPMSLBGLE K?RCPG?JQ,
?QQSKGLE RFCGP QNCAGDGA FC?R A?N?AGRW GQ 0.200 cal/gC ?LB RF?R GR R?ICQ
0.0500 Q DMP ? AGPASGR @PC?ICP RM GLRCPPSNR RFC ASPPCLR. )Q RFGQ JGICJW RM @C
B?K?EGLE?
#MLQGBCP ? NCPQML UMPIGLE GL ?L CLTGPMLKCLR UFCPC CJCARPGA ASPPCLRQ
KGEFR N?QQ RFPMSEF FCP @MBW. #MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS A?JASJ?RC
RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD GLQSJ?RGML LCCBCB RM NPMRCAR RFC NCPQML DPMK F?PK.
!KMLE RFC RFGLEQ RM @C AMLQGBCPCB ?PC RFC TMJR?EC RM UFGAF RFC NCPQML
KGEFR @C CVNMQCB, JGICJW @MBW PCQGQR?LAC (BPW, UCR, x), ?LB ?AACNR?@JC
ASPPCLRQ (Q?DC @SR QCLQCB, Q?DC ?LB SLDCJR, x).
5QC RFC %#' GL F?=KH; 20.34 RM BCRCPKGLC RFC FC?PR P?RC GL @C?RQ NCP
KGLSRC ?QQSKGLE ? AMLQR?LR RGKC @CRUCCL @C?RQ.
730 #(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7
(?) 2CDCPPGLE RM F?=KH; 20.34, DGLB RFC RGKC QWQRMJGA NPCQQSPC J?EQ @CFGLB
RFC KGBBJC MD RFC 123 AMKNJCV. (@) $GQASQQ RFC PC?QMLQ DMP RFC RGKC J?E.
#(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7 731
732 #(!04%2 20 Y %,%#42)# #522%.4, 2%3)34!.#%, !.$ /(-'3 ,!7
21 #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $#
).3425-%.43
F?=KH; 21.1 4FC AMKNJCVGRW MD RFC CJCARPGA AGPASGRQ GL ? AMKNSRCP GQ QSPN?QQCB @W RFMQC GL RFC FSK?L @P?GL. (APCBGR: !GPK?L 1QR #J?QQ -GIC -C?PCQ, 5LGRCB 3R?RCQ !GP &MPAC)
,C?PLGLE /@HCARGTCQ
21.1. +;I?IJEHI ?D ,;H?;I 7D: )7H7BB;B
21.2. EB;9JHECEJ?L; FEH9;: -;HC?D7B /EBJ7=;
21.3. $?H9>>E<<XI +KB;I
21.4. DC /EBJC;J;HI 7D: ACC;J;HI
21.5. 'KBB &;7IKH;C;DJI
21.6. DC C?H9K?JI CEDJ7?D?D= +;I?IJEHI 7D: C7F79?JEHI
"DJHE:K9J?ED JE C?H9K?JI, B?E;B;9JH?9?JO, 7D: DC "DIJHKC;DJI
%JCARPGA AGPASGRQ ?PC AMKKMLNJ?AC. 3MKC ?PC QGKNJC, QSAF ?Q RFMQC GL DJ?QFJGEFRQ. /RFCPQ, QSAF ?Q RFMQC SQCB GL QSNCPAMKNSRCPQ, ?PC CVRPCKCJW
AMKNJCV.
4FGQ AMJJCARGML MD KMBSJCQ R?ICQ RFC RMNGA MD CJCARPGA AGPASGRQ ? QRCN @CWMLB QGKNJC AGPASGRQ. 7FCL RFC AGPASGR GQ NSPCJW PCQGQRGTC, CTCPWRFGLE GL RFGQ
KMBSJC ?NNJGCQ RM @MRF $# ?LB !#. -?RRCPQ @CAMKC KMPC AMKNJCV UFCL A?N?AGR?LAC GQ GLTMJTCB. 7C BM AMLQGBCP UF?R F?NNCLQ UFCL A?N?AGRMPQ
?PC AMLLCARCB RM $# TMJR?EC QMSPACQ, @SR RFC GLRCP?ARGML MD A?N?AGRMPQ ?LB MRFCP LMLPCQGQRGTC BCTGACQ UGRF !# GQ JCDR DMP ? J?RCP AF?NRCP. &GL?JJW, ?
LSK@CP MD GKNMPR?LR $# GLQRPSKCLRQ, QSAF ?Q KCRCPQ RF?R KC?QSPC TMJR?EC ?LB ASPPCLR, ?PC AMTCPCB GL RFGQ AF?NRCP.
21.1 +;I?IJEHI ?D ,;H?;I 7D: )7H7BB;B
-MQR AGPASGRQ F?TC KMPC RF?L MLC AMKNMLCLR, A?JJCB ? H;I?IJEH RF?R JGKGRQ RFC DJMU MD AF?PEC GL RFC AGPASGR. ! KC?QSPC MD RFGQ JGKGR ML AF?PEC DJMU GQ
A?JJCB H;I?IJ7D9;. 4FC QGKNJCQR AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD PCQGQRMPQ ?PC RFC QCPGCQ ?LB N?P?JJCJ AMLLCARGMLQ GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 21.2. 4FC RMR?J PCQGQR?LAC MD ?
AMK@GL?RGML MD PCQGQRMPQ BCNCLBQ ML @MRF RFCGP GLBGTGBS?J T?JSCQ ?LB FMU RFCW ?PC AMLLCARCB.
#(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43 733
F?=KH; 21.2 (?) ! QCPGCQ AMLLCARGML MD PCQGQRMPQ. (@) ! N?P?JJCJ AMLLCARGML MD PCQGQRMPQ.
2CQGQRMPQ GL 3CPGCQ
7FCL ?PC PCQGQRMPQ GL I;H?;I? 2CQGQRMPQ ?PC GL QCPGCQ UFCLCTCP RFC DJMU MD AF?PEC, A?JJCB RFC 9KHH;DJ, KSQR DJMU RFPMSEF BCTGACQ QCOSCLRG?JJW. &MP
CV?KNJC, GD ASPPCLR DJMUQ RFPMSEF ? NCPQML FMJBGLE ? QAPCUBPGTCP ?LB GLRM RFC %?PRF, RFCL R
1
GL F?=KH; 21.2(?) AMSJB @C RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC
QAPCUBPGTCPtQ QF?DR, R
2
RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD GRQ F?LBJC, R
3
RFC NCPQMLtQ @MBW PCQGQR?LAC, ?LB R
4
RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD FCP QFMCQ.
F?=KH; 21.3 QFMUQ PCQGQRMPQ GL QCPGCQ AMLLCARCB RM ? LEBJ7=; QMSPAC. )R QCCKQ PC?QML?@JC RF?R RFC RMR?J PCQGQR?LAC GQ RFC QSK MD RFC GLBGTGBS?J
PCQGQR?LACQ, AMLQGBCPGLE RF?R RFC ASPPCLR F?Q RM N?QQ RFPMSEF C?AF PCQGQRMP GL QCOSCLAC. (4FGQ D?AR UMSJB @C ?L ?BT?LR?EC RM ? NCPQML UGQFGLE RM
?TMGB ?L CJCARPGA?J QFMAI, UFM AMSJB PCBSAC RFC ASPPCLR @W UC?PGLE FGEF-PCQGQR?LAC PS@@CP-QMJCB QFMCQ. )R AMSJB @C ? BGQ?BT?LR?EC GD MLC MD RFC
PCQGQR?LACQ UCPC ? D?SJRW FGEF-PCQGQR?LAC AMPB RM ?L ?NNJG?LAC RF?R UMSJB PCBSAC RFC MNCP?RGLE ASPPCLR.)
F?=KH; 21.3 4FPCC PCQGQRMPQ AMLLCARCB GL QCPGCQ RM ? @?RRCPW (JCDR) ?LB RFC COSGT?JCLR QGLEJC MP QCPGCQ PCQGQR?LAC (PGEFR).
4M TCPGDW RF?R PCQGQR?LACQ GL QCPGCQ BM GLBCCB ?BB, JCR SQ AMLQGBCP RFC JMQQ MD CJCARPGA?J NMUCP, A?JJCB ? LEBJ7=; :HEF, GL C?AF PCQGQRMP GL F?=KH; 21.3.
!AAMPBGLE RM (>CXI B7M, RFC TMJR?EC BPMN, V , ?APMQQ ? PCQGQRMP UFCL ? ASPPCLR DJMUQ RFPMSEF GR GQ A?JASJ?RCB SQGLE RFC COS?RGML V = IR , UFCPC I
COS?JQ RFC ASPPCLR GL ?KNQ (!) ?LB R GQ RFC PCQGQR?LAC GL MFKQ ( ) . !LMRFCP U?W RM RFGLI MD RFGQ GQ RF?R V GQ RFC TMJR?EC LCACQQ?PW RM K?IC ?
ASPPCLR I DJMU RFPMSEF ? PCQGQR?LAC R .
3M RFC TMJR?EC BPMN ?APMQQ R
1
GQ V
1
= IR
1
, RF?R ?APMQQ R
2
GQ V
2
= IR
2
, ?LB RF?R ?APMQQ R
3
GQ V
3
= IR
3
. 4FC QSK MD RFCQC TMJR?ECQ COS?JQ
RFC TMJR?EC MSRNSR MD RFC QMSPAC; RF?R GQ,
(21.1) V = V
1
+ V
2
+ V
3
.
4FGQ COS?RGML GQ @?QCB ML RFC AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW ?LB AMLQCPT?RGML MD AF?PEC. %JCARPGA?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW A?L @C BCQAPG@CB @W RFC COS?RGML
PE = qV , UFCPC q GQ RFC CJCARPGA AF?PEC ?LB V GQ RFC TMJR?EC. 4FSQ RFC CLCPEW QSNNJGCB @W RFC QMSPAC GQ qV , UFGJC RF?R BGQQGN?RCB @W RFC
PCQGQRMPQ GQ
(21.2) qV
1
+ qV
2
+ qV
3
.
#MLLCARGMLQ: #MLQCPT?RGML ,?UQ
4FC BCPGT?RGMLQ MD RFC CVNPCQQGMLQ DMP QCPGCQ ?LB N?P?JJCJ PCQGQR?LAC ?PC @?QCB ML RFC J?UQ MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW ?LB AMLQCPT?RGML MD AF?PEC,
UFGAF QR?RC RF?R RMR?J AF?PEC ?LB RMR?J CLCPEW ?PC AMLQR?LR GL ?LW NPMACQQ. 4FCQC RUM J?UQ ?PC BGPCARJW GLTMJTCB GL ?JJ CJCARPGA?J NFCLMKCL? ?LB
UGJJ @C GLTMICB PCNC?RCBJW RM CVNJ?GL @MRF QNCAGDGA CDDCARQ ?LB RFC ECLCP?J @CF?TGMP MD CJCARPGAGRW.
4FCQC CLCPEGCQ KSQR @C COS?J, @CA?SQC RFCPC GQ LM MRFCP QMSPAC ?LB LM MRFCP BCQRGL?RGML DMP CLCPEW GL RFC AGPASGR. 4FSQ, qV = qV
1
+ qV
2
+ qV
3
.
4FC AF?PEC q A?LACJQ, WGCJBGLE V = V
1
+ V
2
+ V
3
, ?Q QR?RCB. (.MRC RF?R RFC Q?KC ?KMSLR MD AF?PEC N?QQCQ RFPMSEF RFC @?RRCPW ?LB C?AF PCQGQRMP
GL ? EGTCL ?KMSLR MD RGKC, QGLAC RFCPC GQ LM A?N?AGR?LAC RM QRMPC AF?PEC, RFCPC GQ LM NJ?AC DMP AF?PEC RM JC?I, ?LB AF?PEC GQ AMLQCPTCB.)
.MU QS@QRGRSRGLE RFC T?JSCQ DMP RFC GLBGTGBS?J TMJR?ECQ EGTCQ
(21.3) V = IR
1
+ IR
2
+ IR
3
= I(R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
).
.MRC RF?R DMP RFC COSGT?JCLR QGLEJC QCPGCQ PCQGQR?LAC R
s
, UC F?TC
734 #(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43
(21.4) V = IR
s
.
4FGQ GKNJGCQ RF?R RFC RMR?J MP COSGT?JCLR QCPGCQ PCQGQR?LAC R
s
MD RFPCC PCQGQRMPQ GQ R
s
= R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
.
4FGQ JMEGA GQ T?JGB GL ECLCP?J DMP ?LW LSK@CP MD PCQGQRMPQ GL QCPGCQ; RFSQ, RFC RMR?J PCQGQR?LAC R
s
MD ? QCPGCQ AMLLCARGML GQ
(21.5) R
s
= R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
+ ...,
?Q NPMNMQCB. 3GLAC ?JJ MD RFC ASPPCLR KSQR N?QQ RFPMSEF C?AF PCQGQRMP, GR CVNCPGCLACQ RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD C?AF, ?LB PCQGQR?LACQ GL QCPGCQ QGKNJW ?BB SN.
EN7CFB; 21.1 C7B9KB7J?D= +;I?IJ7D9;, CKHH;DJ, /EBJ7=; DHEF, 7D: )EM;H D?II?F7J?ED: AD7BOI?I E< 7 ,;H?;I
C?H9K?J
3SNNMQC RFC TMJR?EC MSRNSR MD RFC @?RRCPW GL F?=KH; 21.3 GQ 12.0 V, ?LB RFC PCQGQR?LACQ ?PC R
1
= 1.00 , R
2
= 6.00 , ?LB
R
3
= 13.0 . (?) 7F?R GQ RFC RMR?J PCQGQR?LAC? (@) &GLB RFC ASPPCLR. (A) #?JASJ?RC RFC TMJR?EC BPMN GL C?AF PCQGQRMP, ?LB QFMU RFCQC ?BB RM
COS?J RFC TMJR?EC MSRNSR MD RFC QMSPAC. (B) #?JASJ?RC RFC NMUCP BGQQGN?RCB @W C?AF PCQGQRMP. (C) &GLB RFC NMUCP MSRNSR MD RFC QMSPAC, ?LB QFMU
RF?R GR COS?JQ RFC RMR?J NMUCP BGQQGN?RCB @W RFC PCQGQRMPQ.
4FC RMR?J PCQGQR?LAC GQ QGKNJW RFC QSK MD RFC GLBGTGBS?J PCQGQR?LACQ, ?Q EGTCL @W RFGQ COS?RGML:
(21.6) R
s
= R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
= 1.00 + 6.00 + 13.0
= 20.0 .
4FC ASPPCLR GQ DMSLB SQGLE /FKtQ J?U, V = IR . %LRCPGLE RFC T?JSC MD RFC ?NNJGCB TMJR?EC ?LB RFC RMR?J PCQGQR?LAC WGCJBQ RFC ASPPCLR DMP RFC
AGPASGR:
(21.7)
I =
V
R
s
=
12.0 V
20.0
= 0.600 A.
4FC TMJR?ECrMP IR BPMNrGL ? PCQGQRMP GQ EGTCL @W /FKtQ J?U. %LRCPGLE RFC ASPPCLR ?LB RFC T?JSC MD RFC DGPQR PCQGQR?LAC WGCJBQ
(21.8)
V
1
= IR
1
= (0.600 A)(1.0 ) = 0.600 V.
3GKGJ?PJW,
(21.9)
V
2
= IR
2
= (0.600 A)(6.0 ) = 3.60 V
?LB
(21.10)
V
3
= IR
3
= (0.600 A)(13.0 ) = 7.80 V.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (9)
4FC RFPCC IR BPMNQ ?BB RM 12.0 V, ?Q NPCBGARCB:
(21.11)
V
1
+ V
2
+ V
3
= (0.600 + 3.60 + 7.80) V = 12.0 V.
,JH7J;=O 7D: ,EBKJ?ED <EH (:)
4FC C?QGCQR U?W RM A?JASJ?RC NMUCP GL U?RRQ (7) BGQQGN?RCB @W ? PCQGQRMP GL ? $# AGPASGR GQ RM SQC #EKB;XI B7M, P = IV , UFCPC P GQ CJCARPGA
NMUCP. )L RFGQ A?QC, C?AF PCQGQRMP F?Q RFC Q?KC DSJJ ASPPCLR DJMUGLE RFPMSEF GR. "W QS@QRGRSRGLE /FKtQ J?U V = IR GLRM *MSJCtQ J?U, UC ECR RFC
NMUCP BGQQGN?RCB @W RFC DGPQR PCQGQRMP ?Q
(21.12)
P
1
= I
2
R
1
= (0.600 A)
2
(1.00 ) = 0.360 W.
3GKGJ?PJW,
(21.13)
P
2
= I
2
R
2
= (0.600 A)
2
(6.00 ) = 2.16 W
?LB
(21.14)
P
3
= I
2
R
3
= (0.600 A)
2
(13.0 ) = 4.68 W.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (:)
0MUCP A?L ?JQM @C A?JASJ?RCB SQGLE CGRFCP P = IV MP P =
V
2
R
, UFCPC V GQ RFC TMJR?EC BPMN ?APMQQ RFC PCQGQRMP (LMR RFC DSJJ TMJR?EC MD RFC
QMSPAC). 4FC Q?KC T?JSCQ UGJJ @C M@R?GLCB.
,JH7J;=O 7D: ,EBKJ?ED <EH (;)
#(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43 735
4FC C?QGCQR U?W RM A?JASJ?RC NMUCP MSRNSR MD RFC QMSPAC GQ RM SQC P = IV , UFCPC V GQ RFC QMSPAC TMJR?EC. 4FGQ EGTCQ
(21.15)
P = (0.600 A)(12.0 V) = 7.20 W.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (;)
.MRC, AMGLAGBCLR?JJW, RF?R RFC RMR?J NMUCP BGQQGN?RCB @W RFC PCQGQRMPQ GQ ?JQM 7.20 7, RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC NMUCP NSR MSR @W RFC QMSPAC. 4F?R GQ,
(21.16)
P
1
+ P
2
+ P
3
= (0.360 + 2.16 + 4.68) W = 7.20 W.
0MUCP GQ CLCPEW NCP SLGR RGKC (U?RRQ), ?LB QM AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW PCOSGPCQ RFC NMUCP MSRNSR MD RFC QMSPAC RM @C COS?J RM RFC RMR?J NMUCP
BGQQGN?RCB @W RFC PCQGQRMPQ.
-?HMP &C?RSPCQ MD 2CQGQRMPQ GL 3CPGCQ
1. 3CPGCQ PCQGQR?LACQ ?BB: R
s
= R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
+ ....
2. 4FC Q?KC ASPPCLR DJMUQ RFPMSEF C?AF PCQGQRMP GL QCPGCQ.
3. )LBGTGBS?J PCQGQRMPQ GL QCPGCQ BM LMR ECR RFC RMR?J QMSPAC TMJR?EC, @SR BGTGBC GR.
2CQGQRMPQ GL 0?P?JJCJ
F?=KH; 21.4 QFMUQ PCQGQRMPQ GL F7H7BB;B, UGPCB RM ? TMJR?EC QMSPAC. 2CQGQRMPQ ?PC GL N?P?JJCJ UFCL C?AF PCQGQRMP GQ AMLLCARCB BGPCARJW RM RFC TMJR?EC
QMSPAC @W AMLLCARGLE UGPCQ F?TGLE LCEJGEG@JC PCQGQR?LAC. %?AF PCQGQRMP RFSQ F?Q RFC DSJJ TMJR?EC MD RFC QMSPAC ?NNJGCB RM GR.
%?AF PCQGQRMP BP?UQ RFC Q?KC ASPPCLR GR UMSJB GD GR ?JMLC UCPC AMLLCARCB RM RFC TMJR?EC QMSPAC (NPMTGBCB RFC TMJR?EC QMSPAC GQ LMR MTCPJM?BCB). &MP
CV?KNJC, ?L ?SRMKM@GJCtQ FC?BJGEFRQ, P?BGM, ?LB QM ML, ?PC UGPCB GL N?P?JJCJ, QM RF?R RFCW SRGJGXC RFC DSJJ TMJR?EC MD RFC QMSPAC ?LB A?L MNCP?RC
AMKNJCRCJW GLBCNCLBCLRJW. 4FC Q?KC GQ RPSC GL WMSP FMSQC, MP ?LW @SGJBGLE. (3CC F?=KH; 21.4(@).)
F?=KH; 21.4 (?) 4FPCC PCQGQRMPQ AMLLCARCB GL N?P?JJCJ RM ? @?RRCPW ?LB RFC COSGT?JCLR QGLEJC MP N?P?JJCJ PCQGQR?LAC. (@) %JCARPGA?J NMUCP QCRSN GL ? FMSQC. (APCBGR: $KGRPW ',
7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
4M DGLB ?L CVNPCQQGML DMP RFC COSGT?JCLR N?P?JJCJ PCQGQR?LAC R
p
, JCR SQ AMLQGBCP RFC ASPPCLRQ RF?R DJMU ?LB FMU RFCW ?PC PCJ?RCB RM PCQGQR?LAC. 3GLAC
C?AF PCQGQRMP GL RFC AGPASGR F?Q RFC DSJJ TMJR?EC, RFC ASPPCLRQ DJMUGLE RFPMSEF RFC GLBGTGBS?J PCQGQRMPQ ?PC I
1
=
V
R
1
, I
2
=
V
R
2
, ?LB I
3
=
V
R
3
.
#MLQCPT?RGML MD AF?PEC GKNJGCQ RF?R RFC RMR?J ASPPCLR I NPMBSACB @W RFC QMSPAC GQ RFC QSK MD RFCQC ASPPCLRQ:
736 #(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43
(21.17) I = I
1
+ I
2
+ I
3
.
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFC CVNPCQQGMLQ DMP RFC GLBGTGBS?J ASPPCLRQ EGTCQ
(21.18)
I =
V
R
1
+
V
R
2
+
V
R
3
= V
1
R
1
+
1
R
2
+
1
R
3
.
.MRC RF?R /FKtQ J?U DMP RFC COSGT?JCLR QGLEJC PCQGQR?LAC EGTCQ
(21.19)
I =
V
R
p
= V
1
R
p
.
4FC RCPKQ GLQGBC RFC N?PCLRFCQCQ GL RFC J?QR RUM COS?RGMLQ KSQR @C COS?J. 'CLCP?JGXGLE RM ?LW LSK@CP MD PCQGQRMPQ, RFC RMR?J PCQGQR?LAC R
p
MD ?
N?P?JJCJ AMLLCARGML GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC GLBGTGBS?J PCQGQR?LACQ @W
(21.20) 1
R
p
=
1
R
1
+
1
R
2
+
1
R
.3
+ ....
4FGQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN PCQSJRQ GL ? RMR?J PCQGQR?LAC R
p
RF?R GQ JCQQ RF?L RFC QK?JJCQR MD RFC GLBGTGBS?J PCQGQR?LACQ. (4FGQ GQ QCCL GL RFC LCVR CV?KNJC.) 7FCL
PCQGQRMPQ ?PC AMLLCARCB GL N?P?JJCJ, KMPC ASPPCLR DJMUQ DPMK RFC QMSPAC RF?L UMSJB DJMU DMP ?LW MD RFCK GLBGTGBS?JJW, ?LB QM RFC RMR?J PCQGQR?LAC GQ
JMUCP.
EN7CFB; 21.2 C7B9KB7J?D= +;I?IJ7D9;, CKHH;DJ, )EM;H D?II?F7J?ED, 7D: )EM;H (KJFKJ: AD7BOI?I E< 7 )7H7BB;B
C?H9K?J
,CR RFC TMJR?EC MSRNSR MD RFC @?RRCPW ?LB PCQGQR?LACQ GL RFC N?P?JJCJ AMLLCARGML GL F?=KH; 21.4 @C RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC NPCTGMSQJW AMLQGBCPCB QCPGCQ
AMLLCARGML: V = 12.0 V, R
1
= 1.00 , R
2
= 6.00 , ?LB R
3
= 13.0 . (?) 7F?R GQ RFC RMR?J PCQGQR?LAC? (@) &GLB RFC RMR?J ASPPCLR.
(A) #?JASJ?RC RFC ASPPCLRQ GL C?AF PCQGQRMP, ?LB QFMU RFCQC ?BB RM COS?J RFC RMR?J ASPPCLR MSRNSR MD RFC QMSPAC. (B) #?JASJ?RC RFC NMUCP BGQQGN?RCB
@W C?AF PCQGQRMP. (C) &GLB RFC NMUCP MSRNSR MD RFC QMSPAC, ?LB QFMU RF?R GR COS?JQ RFC RMR?J NMUCP BGQQGN?RCB @W RFC PCQGQRMPQ.
4FC RMR?J PCQGQR?LAC DMP ? N?P?JJCJ AMK@GL?RGML MD PCQGQRMPQ GQ DMSLB SQGLE RFC COS?RGML @CJMU. %LRCPGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ EGTCQ
(21.21) 1
R
p
=
1
R
1
+
1
R
2
+
1
R
3
=
1
1.00
+
1
6.00
+
1
13.0
.
4FSQ,
(21.22)
1
R
p
=
1.00
+
0.1667
+
0.07692
=
1.2436
.
(.MRC RF?R GL RFCQC A?JASJ?RGMLQ, C?AF GLRCPKCBG?RC ?LQUCP GQ QFMUL UGRF ?L CVRP? BGEGR.)
7C KSQR GLTCPR RFGQ RM DGLB RFC RMR?J PCQGQR?LAC R
p
. 4FGQ WGCJBQ
(21.23)
R
p
=
1
1.2436
= 0.8041 .
4FC RMR?J PCQGQR?LAC UGRF RFC AMPPCAR LSK@CP MD QGELGDGA?LR BGEGRQ GQ R
p
= 0.804 .
D?I9KII?ED <EH (7)
R
p
GQ, ?Q NPCBGARCB, JCQQ RF?L RFC QK?JJCQR GLBGTGBS?J PCQGQR?LAC.
4FC RMR?J ASPPCLR A?L @C DMSLB DPMK /FKtQ J?U, QS@QRGRSRGLE R
p
DMP RFC RMR?J PCQGQR?LAC. 4FGQ EGTCQ
(21.24)
I =
V
R
p
=
12.0 V
0.8041
= 14.92 A.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (8)
#SPPCLR I DMP C?AF BCTGAC GQ KSAF J?PECP RF?L DMP RFC Q?KC BCTGACQ AMLLCARCB GL QCPGCQ (QCC RFC NPCTGMSQ CV?KNJC). ! AGPASGR UGRF N?P?JJCJ
AMLLCARGMLQ F?Q ? QK?JJCP RMR?J PCQGQR?LAC RF?L RFC PCQGQRMPQ AMLLCARCB GL QCPGCQ.
4FC GLBGTGBS?J ASPPCLRQ ?PC C?QGJW A?JASJ?RCB DPMK /FKtQ J?U, QGLAC C?AF PCQGQRMP ECRQ RFC DSJJ TMJR?EC. 4FSQ,
(21.25)
I
1
=
V
R
1
=
12.0 V
1.00
= 12.0 A.
3GKGJ?PJW,
#(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43 737
(21.26)
I
2
=
V
R
2
=
12.0 V
6.00
= 2.00 A
?LB
(21.27)
I
3
=
V
R
3
=
12.0 V
13.0
= 0.92 A.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (9)
4FC RMR?J ASPPCLR GQ RFC QSK MD RFC GLBGTGBS?J ASPPCLRQ:
(21.28) I
1
+ I
2
+ I
3
= 14.92 A.
4FGQ GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF AMLQCPT?RGML MD AF?PEC.
4FC NMUCP BGQQGN?RCB @W C?AF PCQGQRMP A?L @C DMSLB SQGLE ?LW MD RFC COS?RGMLQ PCJ?RGLE NMUCP RM ASPPCLR, TMJR?EC, ?LB PCQGQR?LAC, QGLAC ?JJ RFPCC
?PC ILMUL. ,CR SQ SQC P =
V
2
R
, QGLAC C?AF PCQGQRMP ECRQ DSJJ TMJR?EC. 4FSQ,
(21.29)
P
1
=
V
2
R
1
=
(12.0 V)
2
1.00
= 144 W.
3GKGJ?PJW,
(21.30)
P
2
=
V
2
R
2
=
(12.0 V)
2
6.00
= 24.0 W
?LB
(21.31)
P
3
=
V
2
R
3
=
(12.0 V)
2
13.0
= 11.1 W.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (:)
4FC NMUCP BGQQGN?RCB @W C?AF PCQGQRMP GQ AMLQGBCP?@JW FGEFCP GL N?P?JJCJ RF?L UFCL AMLLCARCB GL QCPGCQ RM RFC Q?KC TMJR?EC QMSPAC.
,JH7J;=O 7D: ,EBKJ?ED <EH (;)
4FC RMR?J NMUCP A?L ?JQM @C A?JASJ?RCB GL QCTCP?J U?WQ. #FMMQGLE P = IV , ?LB CLRCPGLE RFC RMR?J ASPPCLR, WGCJBQ
(21.32) P = IV = (14.92 A)(12.0 V) = 179 W.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (;)
4MR?J NMUCP BGQQGN?RCB @W RFC PCQGQRMPQ GQ ?JQM 179 7:
(21.33) P
1
+ P
2
+ P
3
= 144 W + 24.0 W + 11.1 W = 179 W.
4FGQ GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC J?U MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW.
(L;H7BB D?I9KII?ED
.MRC RF?R @MRF RFC ASPPCLRQ ?LB NMUCPQ GL N?P?JJCJ AMLLCARGMLQ ?PC EPC?RCP RF?L DMP RFC Q?KC BCTGACQ GL QCPGCQ.
-?HMP &C?RSPCQ MD 2CQGQRMPQ GL 0?P?JJCJ
1. 0?P?JJCJ PCQGQR?LAC GQ DMSLB DPMK
1
R
p
=
1
R
1
+
1
R
2
+
1
R
3
+ ... , ?LB GR GQ QK?JJCP RF?L ?LW GLBGTGBS?J PCQGQR?LAC GL RFC AMK@GL?RGML.
2. %?AF PCQGQRMP GL N?P?JJCJ F?Q RFC Q?KC DSJJ TMJR?EC MD RFC QMSPAC ?NNJGCB RM GR. (0MUCP BGQRPG@SRGML QWQRCKQ KMQR MDRCL SQC N?P?JJCJ
AMLLCARGMLQ RM QSNNJW RFC KWPG?B BCTGACQ QCPTCB UGRF RFC Q?KC TMJR?EC ?LB RM ?JJMU RFCK RM MNCP?RC GLBCNCLBCLRJW.)
3. 0?P?JJCJ PCQGQRMPQ BM LMR C?AF ECR RFC RMR?J ASPPCLR; RFCW BGTGBC GR.
#MK@GL?RGMLQ MD 3CPGCQ ?LB 0?P?JJCJ
-MPC AMKNJCV AMLLCARGMLQ MD PCQGQRMPQ ?PC QMKCRGKCQ HSQR AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD QCPGCQ ?LB N?P?JJCJ. 4FCQC ?PC AMKKMLJW CLAMSLRCPCB, CQNCAG?JJW UFCL
UGPC PCQGQR?LAC GQ AMLQGBCPCB. )L RF?R A?QC, UGPC PCQGQR?LAC GQ GL QCPGCQ UGRF MRFCP PCQGQR?LACQ RF?R ?PC GL N?P?JJCJ.
#MK@GL?RGMLQ MD QCPGCQ ?LB N?P?JJCJ A?L @C PCBSACB RM ? QGLEJC COSGT?JCLR PCQGQR?LAC SQGLE RFC RCAFLGOSC GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 21.5. 6?PGMSQ N?PRQ ?PC
GBCLRGDGCB ?Q CGRFCP QCPGCQ MP N?P?JJCJ, PCBSACB RM RFCGP COSGT?JCLRQ, ?LB DSPRFCP PCBSACB SLRGJ ? QGLEJC PCQGQR?LAC GQ JCDR. 4FC NPMACQQ GQ KMPC RGKC
AMLQSKGLE RF?L BGDDGASJR.
738 #(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43
F?=KH; 21.5 4FGQ AMK@GL?RGML MD QCTCL PCQGQRMPQ F?Q @MRF QCPGCQ ?LB N?P?JJCJ N?PRQ. %?AF GQ GBCLRGDGCB ?LB PCBSACB RM ?L COSGT?JCLR PCQGQR?LAC, ?LB RFCQC ?PC DSPRFCP PCBSACB
SLRGJ ? QGLEJC COSGT?JCLR PCQGQR?LAC GQ PC?AFCB.
4FC QGKNJCQR AMK@GL?RGML MD QCPGCQ ?LB N?P?JJCJ PCQGQR?LAC, QFMUL GL F?=KH; 21.6, GQ ?JQM RFC KMQR GLQRPSARGTC, QGLAC GR GQ DMSLB GL K?LW ?NNJGA?RGMLQ.
&MP CV?KNJC, R
1
AMSJB @C RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD UGPCQ DPMK ? A?P @?RRCPW RM GRQ CJCARPGA?J BCTGACQ, UFGAF ?PC GL N?P?JJCJ. R
2
?LB R
3
AMSJB @C RFC QR?PRCP
KMRMP ?LB ? N?QQCLECP AMKN?PRKCLR JGEFR. 7C F?TC NPCTGMSQJW ?QQSKCB RF?R UGPC PCQGQR?LAC GQ LCEJGEG@JC, @SR, UFCL GR GQ LMR, GR F?Q GKNMPR?LR CDDCARQ,
?Q RFC LCVR CV?KNJC GLBGA?RCQ.
EN7CFB; 21.3 C7B9KB7J?D= +;I?IJ7D9;, IR DHEF, CKHH;DJ, 7D: )EM;H D?II?F7J?ED: CEC8?D?D= ,;H?;I 7D: )7H7BB;B
C?H9K?JI
F?=KH; 21.6 QFMUQ RFC PCQGQRMPQ DPMK RFC NPCTGMSQ RUM CV?KNJCQ UGPCB GL ? BGDDCPCLR U?Wr? AMK@GL?RGML MD QCPGCQ ?LB N?P?JJCJ. 7C A?L AMLQGBCP
R
1
RM @C RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD UGPCQ JC?BGLE RM R
2
?LB R
3
. (?) &GLB RFC RMR?J PCQGQR?LAC. (@) 7F?R GQ RFC IR BPMN GL R
1
? (A) &GLB RFC ASPPCLR I
2
RFPMSEF R
2
. (B) 7F?R NMUCP GQ BGQQGN?RCB @W R
2
?
F?=KH; 21.6 4FCQC RFPCC PCQGQRMPQ ?PC AMLLCARCB RM ? TMJR?EC QMSPAC QM RF?R R
2
?LB R
3
?PC GL N?P?JJCJ UGRF MLC ?LMRFCP ?LB RF?R AMK@GL?RGML GQ GL QCPGCQ UGRF R
1
.
4M DGLB RFC RMR?J PCQGQR?LAC, UC LMRC RF?R R
2
?LB R
3
?PC GL N?P?JJCJ ?LB RFCGP AMK@GL?RGML R
p
GQ GL QCPGCQ UGRF R
1
. 4FSQ RFC RMR?J (COSGT?JCLR)
PCQGQR?LAC MD RFGQ AMK@GL?RGML GQ
(21.34) R
tot
= R
1
+ R
p
.
&GPQR, UC DGLB R
p
SQGLE RFC COS?RGML DMP PCQGQRMPQ GL N?P?JJCJ ?LB CLRCPGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ:
(21.35)
1
R
p
=
1
R
2
+
1
R
3
=
1
6.00
+
1
13.0
=
0.2436
.
)LTCPRGLE EGTCQ
(21.36)
R
p
=
1
0.2436
= 4.11 .
3M RFC RMR?J PCQGQR?LAC GQ
#(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43 739
(21.37)
R
tot
= R
1
+ R
p
= 1.00 + 4.11 = 5.11 .
D?I9KII?ED <EH (7)
4FC RMR?J PCQGQR?LAC MD RFGQ AMK@GL?RGML GQ GLRCPKCBG?RC @CRUCCL RFC NSPC QCPGCQ ?LB NSPC N?P?JJCJ T?JSCQ ( 20.0 ?LB 0.804 , PCQNCARGTCJW)
DMSLB DMP RFC Q?KC PCQGQRMPQ GL RFC RUM NPCTGMSQ CV?KNJCQ.
4M DGLB RFC IR BPMN GL R
1
, UC LMRC RF?R RFC DSJJ ASPPCLR I DJMUQ RFPMSEF R
1
. 4FSQ GRQ IR BPMN GQ
(21.38) V
1
= IR
1
.
7C KSQR DGLB I @CDMPC UC A?L A?JASJ?RC V
1
. 4FC RMR?J ASPPCLR I GQ DMSLB SQGLE /FKtQ J?U DMP RFC AGPASGR. 4F?R GQ,
(21.39)
I =
V
R
tot
=
12.0 V
5.11
= 2.35 A.
%LRCPGLE RFGQ GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML ?@MTC, UC ECR
(21.40)
V
1
= IR
1
= (2.35 A)(1.00 ) = 2.35 V.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (8)
4FC TMJR?EC ?NNJGCB RM R
2
?LB R
3
GQ JCQQ RF?L RFC RMR?J TMJR?EC @W ?L ?KMSLR V
1
. 7FCL UGPC PCQGQR?LAC GQ J?PEC, GR A?L QGELGDGA?LRJW ?DDCAR RFC
MNCP?RGML MD RFC BCTGACQ PCNPCQCLRCB @W R
2
?LB R
3
.
4M DGLB RFC ASPPCLR RFPMSEF R
2
, UC KSQR DGPQR DGLB RFC TMJR?EC ?NNJGCB RM GR. 7C A?JJ RFGQ TMJR?EC V
p
, @CA?SQC GR GQ ?NNJGCB RM ? N?P?JJCJ
AMK@GL?RGML MD PCQGQRMPQ. 4FC TMJR?EC ?NNJGCB RM @MRF R
2
?LB R
3
GQ PCBSACB @W RFC ?KMSLR V
1
, ?LB QM GR GQ
(21.41)
V
p
= V V
1
= 12.0 V 2.35 V = 9.65 V.
.MU RFC ASPPCLR I
2
RFPMSEF PCQGQR?LAC R
2
GQ DMSLB SQGLE /FKtQ J?U:
(21.42)
I
2
=
V
p
R
2
=
9.65 V
6.00
= 1.61 A.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (9)
4FC ASPPCLR GQ JCQQ RF?L RFC 2.00 ! RF?R DJMUCB RFPMSEF R
2
UFCL GR U?Q AMLLCARCB GL N?P?JJCJ RM RFC @?RRCPW GL RFC NPCTGMSQ N?P?JJCJ AGPASGR
CV?KNJC.
4FC NMUCP BGQQGN?RCB @W R
2
GQ EGTCL @W
(21.43)
P
2
= (I
2
)
2
R
2
= (1.61 A)
2
(6.00 ) = 15.5 W.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (:)
4FC NMUCP GQ JCQQ RF?L RFC 24.0 7 RFGQ PCQGQRMP BGQQGN?RCB UFCL AMLLCARCB GL N?P?JJCJ RM RFC 12.0-6 QMSPAC.
0P?ARGA?J )KNJGA?RGMLQ
/LC GKNJGA?RGML MD RFGQ J?QR CV?KNJC GQ RF?R PCQGQR?LAC GL UGPCQ PCBSACQ RFC ASPPCLR ?LB NMUCP BCJGTCPCB RM ? PCQGQRMP. )D UGPC PCQGQR?LAC GQ PCJ?RGTCJW
J?PEC, ?Q GL ? UMPL (MP ? TCPW JMLE) CVRCLQGML AMPB, RFCL RFGQ JMQQ A?L @C QGELGDGA?LR. )D ? J?PEC ASPPCLR GQ BP?UL, RFC IR BPMN GL RFC UGPCQ A?L ?JQM @C
QGELGDGA?LR.
&MP CV?KNJC, UFCL WMS ?PC PSKK?EGLE GL RFC PCDPGECP?RMP ?LB RFC KMRMP AMKCQ ML, RFC PCDPGECP?RMP JGEFR BGKQ KMKCLR?PGJW. 3GKGJ?PJW, WMS A?L QCC RFC
N?QQCLECP AMKN?PRKCLR JGEFR BGK UFCL WMS QR?PR RFC CLEGLC MD WMSP A?P (?JRFMSEF RFGQ K?W @C BSC RM PCQGQR?LAC GLQGBC RFC @?RRCPW GRQCJD).
7F?R GQ F?NNCLGLE GL RFCQC FGEF-ASPPCLR QGRS?RGMLQ GQ GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 21.7. 4FC BCTGAC PCNPCQCLRCB @W R
3
F?Q ? TCPW JMU PCQGQR?LAC, ?LB QM
UFCL GR GQ QUGRAFCB ML, ? J?PEC ASPPCLR DJMUQ. 4FGQ GLAPC?QCB ASPPCLR A?SQCQ ? J?PECP IR BPMN GL RFC UGPCQ PCNPCQCLRCB @W R
1
, PCBSAGLE RFC TMJR?EC
?APMQQ RFC JGEFR @SJ@ (UFGAF GQ R
2
), UFGAF RFCL BGKQ LMRGAC?@JW.
740 #(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43
F?=KH; 21.7 7FW BM JGEFRQ BGK UFCL ? J?PEC ?NNJG?LAC GQ QUGRAFCB ML? 4FC ?LQUCP GQ RF?R RFC J?PEC ASPPCLR RFC ?NNJG?LAC KMRMP BP?UQ A?SQCQ ? QGELGDGA?LR IR BPMN GL RFC
UGPCQ ?LB PCBSACQ RFC TMJR?EC ?APMQQ RFC JGEFR.
#?L ?LW ?P@GRP?PW AMK@GL?RGML MD PCQGQRMPQ @C @PMICL BMUL GLRM QCPGCQ ?LB N?P?JJCJ AMK@GL?RGMLQ? 3CC GD WMS A?L BP?U ? AGPASGR BG?EP?K MD
PCQGQRMPQ RF?R A?LLMR @C @PMICL BMUL GLRM AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD QCPGCQ ?LB N?P?JJCJ.
,EBKJ?ED
.M, RFCPC ?PC K?LW U?WQ RM AMLLCAR PCQGQRMPQ RF?R ?PC LMR AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD QCPGCQ ?LB N?P?JJCJ, GLAJSBGLE JMMNQ ?LB HSLARGMLQ. )L QSAF A?QCQ
+GPAFFMDDtQ PSJCQ, RM @C GLRPMBSACB GL $?H9>>E<<XI +KB;I, UGJJ ?JJMU WMS RM ?L?JWXC RFC AGPASGR.
0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE 3RP?RCEGCQ DMP 3CPGCQ ?LB 0?P?JJCJ 2CQGQRMPQ
1. $P?U ? AJC?P AGPASGR BG?EP?K, J?@CJGLE ?JJ PCQGQRMPQ ?LB TMJR?EC QMSPACQ. 4FGQ QRCN GLAJSBCQ ? JGQR MD RFC ILMULQ DMP RFC NPM@JCK, QGLAC RFCW
?PC J?@CJCB GL WMSP AGPASGR BG?EP?K.
2. )BCLRGDW CV?ARJW UF?R LCCBQ RM @C BCRCPKGLCB GL RFC NPM@JCK (GBCLRGDW RFC SLILMULQ). ! UPGRRCL JGQR GQ SQCDSJ.
3. $CRCPKGLC UFCRFCP PCQGQRMPQ ?PC GL QCPGCQ, N?P?JJCJ, MP ? AMK@GL?RGML MD @MRF QCPGCQ ?LB N?P?JJCJ. %V?KGLC RFC AGPASGR BG?EP?K RM K?IC RFGQ
?QQCQQKCLR. 2CQGQRMPQ ?PC GL QCPGCQ GD RFC Q?KC ASPPCLR KSQR N?QQ QCOSCLRG?JJW RFPMSEF RFCK.
4. 5QC RFC ?NNPMNPG?RC JGQR MD K?HMP DC?RSPCQ DMP QCPGCQ MP N?P?JJCJ AMLLCARGMLQ RM QMJTC DMP RFC SLILMULQ. 4FCPC GQ MLC JGQR DMP QCPGCQ ?LB
?LMRFCP DMP N?P?JJCJ. )D WMSP NPM@JCK F?Q ? AMK@GL?RGML MD QCPGCQ ?LB N?P?JJCJ, PCBSAC GR GL QRCNQ @W AMLQGBCPGLE GLBGTGBS?J EPMSNQ MD QCPGCQ MP
N?P?JJCJ AMLLCARGMLQ, ?Q BMLC GL RFGQ KMBSJC ?LB RFC CV?KNJCQ. 3NCAG?J LMRC: 7FCL DGLBGLE R , RFC PCAGNPMA?J KSQR @C R?ICL UGRF A?PC.
5. #FCAI RM QCC UFCRFCP RFC ?LQUCPQ ?PC PC?QML?@JC ?LB AMLQGQRCLR. 5LGRQ ?LB LSKCPGA?J PCQSJRQ KSQR @C PC?QML?@JC. 4MR?J QCPGCQ PCQGQR?LAC
QFMSJB @C EPC?RCP, UFCPC?Q RMR?J N?P?JJCJ PCQGQR?LAC QFMSJB @C QK?JJCP, DMP CV?KNJC. 0MUCP QFMSJB @C EPC?RCP DMP RFC Q?KC BCTGACQ GL
N?P?JJCJ AMKN?PCB UGRF QCPGCQ, ?LB QM ML.
21.2 EB;9JHECEJ?L; FEH9;: -;HC?D7B /EBJ7=;
7FCL WMS DMPECR RM RSPL MDD WMSP A?P JGEFRQ, RFCW QJMUJW BGK ?Q RFC @?RRCPW PSLQ BMUL. 7FW BMLtR RFCW QGKNJW @JGLI MDD UFCL RFC @?RRCPWtQ CLCPEW GQ
EMLC? 4FCGP EP?BS?J BGKKGLE GKNJGCQ RF?R @?RRCPW MSRNSR TMJR?EC BCAPC?QCQ ?Q RFC @?RRCPW GQ BCNJCRCB.
&SPRFCPKMPC, GD WMS AMLLCAR ?L CVACQQGTC LSK@CP MD 12-6 JGEFRQ GL N?P?JJCJ RM ? A?P @?RRCPW, RFCW UGJJ @C BGK CTCL UFCL RFC @?RRCPW GQ DPCQF ?LB CTCL GD
RFC UGPCQ RM RFC JGEFRQ F?TC TCPW JMU PCQGQR?LAC. 4FGQ GKNJGCQ RF?R RFC @?RRCPWtQ MSRNSR TMJR?EC GQ PCBSACB @W RFC MTCPJM?B.
4FC PC?QML DMP RFC BCAPC?QC GL MSRNSR TMJR?EC DMP BCNJCRCB MP MTCPJM?BCB @?RRCPGCQ GQ RF?R ?JJ TMJR?EC QMSPACQ F?TC RUM DSLB?KCLR?J N?PRQr? QMSPAC
MD CJCARPGA?J CLCPEW ?LB ?L ?DJ;HD7B H;I?IJ7D9;. ,CR SQ CV?KGLC @MRF.
%JCARPMKMRGTC &MPAC
9MS A?L RFGLI MD K?LW BGDDCPCLR RWNCQ MD TMJR?EC QMSPACQ. "?RRCPGCQ RFCKQCJTCQ AMKC GL K?LW T?PGCRGCQ. 4FCPC ?PC K?LW RWNCQ MD KCAF?LGA?J/CJCARPGA?J
ECLCP?RMPQ, BPGTCL @W K?LW BGDDCPCLR CLCPEW QMSPACQ, P?LEGLE DPMK LSAJC?P RM UGLB. 3MJ?P ACJJQ APC?RC TMJR?ECQ BGPCARJW DPMK JGEFR, UFGJC RFCPKMCJCARPGA
BCTGACQ APC?RC TMJR?EC DPMK RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLACQ.
! DCU TMJR?EC QMSPACQ ?PC QFMUL GL F?=KH; 21.8. !JJ QSAF BCTGACQ APC?RC ? FEJ;DJ?7B :?<<;H;D9; ?LB A?L QSNNJW ASPPCLR GD AMLLCARCB RM ? PCQGQR?LAC.
/L RFC QK?JJ QA?JC, RFC NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC APC?RCQ ?L CJCARPGA DGCJB RF?R CVCPRQ DMPAC ML AF?PECQ, A?SQGLE ASPPCLR. 7C RFSQ SQC RFC L?KC
;B;9JHECEJ?L; <EH9;, ?@@PCTG?RCB CKD.
%KD GQ LMR ? DMPAC ?R ?JJ; GR GQ ? QNCAG?J RWNC MD NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC. 4M @C NPCAGQC, RFC CJCARPMKMRGTC DMPAC (CKD) GQ RFC NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC MD ? QMSPAC
UFCL LM ASPPCLR GQ DJMUGLE. 5LGRQ MD CKD ?PC TMJRQ.
#(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43 741
F?=KH; 21.8 ! T?PGCRW MD TMJR?EC QMSPACQ (AJMAIUGQC DPMK RMN JCDR): RFC "P?XMQ 7GLB &?PK GL &JST?LL?, 4CV?Q (APCBGR: ,C?DJCR, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ); RFC +P?QLMW?PQI $?K GL
2SQQG? (APCBGR: !JCV 0MJCXF?CT); ? QMJ?P D?PK (APCBGR: 5.3. $CN?PRKCLR MD %LCPEW); ?LB ? EPMSN MD LGAICJ KCR?J FWBPGBC @?RRCPGCQ (APCBGR: 4G?? -MLRM). 4FC TMJR?EC MSRNSR MD C?AF
BCNCLBQ ML GRQ AMLQRPSARGML ?LB JM?B, ?LB COS?JQ CKD MLJW GD RFCPC GQ LM JM?B.
%JCARPMKMRGTC DMPAC GQ BGPCARJW PCJ?RCB RM RFC QMSPAC MD NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC, QSAF ?Q RFC N?PRGASJ?P AMK@GL?RGML MD AFCKGA?JQ GL ? @?RRCPW. (MUCTCP, CKD
BGDDCPQ DPMK RFC TMJR?EC MSRNSR MD RFC BCTGAC UFCL ASPPCLR DJMUQ. 4FC TMJR?EC ?APMQQ RFC RCPKGL?JQ MD ? @?RRCPW, DMP CV?KNJC, GQ JCQQ RF?L RFC CKD UFCL
RFC @?RRCPW QSNNJGCQ ASPPCLR, ?LB GR BCAJGLCQ DSPRFCP ?Q RFC @?RRCPW GQ BCNJCRCB MP JM?BCB BMUL. (MUCTCP, GD RFC BCTGACtQ MSRNSR TMJR?EC A?L @C
KC?QSPCB UGRFMSR BP?UGLE ASPPCLR, RFCL MSRNSR TMJR?EC UGJJ COS?J CKD (CTCL DMP ? TCPW BCNJCRCB @?RRCPW).
)LRCPL?J 2CQGQR?LAC
!Q LMRCB @CDMPC, ? 12-6 RPSAI @?RRCPW GQ NFWQGA?JJW J?PECP, AMLR?GLQ KMPC AF?PEC ?LB CLCPEW, ?LB A?L BCJGTCP ? J?PECP ASPPCLR RF?L ? 12-6 KMRMPAWAJC
@?RRCPW. "MRF ?PC JC?B-?AGB @?RRCPGCQ UGRF GBCLRGA?J CKD, @SR, @CA?SQC MD GRQ QGXC, RFC RPSAI @?RRCPW F?Q ? QK?JJCP GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC r . )LRCPL?J
PCQGQR?LAC GQ RFC GLFCPCLR PCQGQR?LAC RM RFC DJMU MD ASPPCLR UGRFGL RFC QMSPAC GRQCJD.
F?=KH; 21.9 GQ ? QAFCK?RGA PCNPCQCLR?RGML MD RFC RUM DSLB?KCLR?J N?PRQ MD ?LW TMJR?EC QMSPAC. 4FC CKD (PCNPCQCLRCB @W ? QAPGNR % GL RFC DGESPC) ?LB
GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC r ?PC GL QCPGCQ. 4FC QK?JJCP RFC GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC DMP ? EGTCL CKD, RFC KMPC ASPPCLR ?LB RFC KMPC NMUCP RFC QMSPAC A?L QSNNJW.
F?=KH; 21.9 !LW TMJR?EC QMSPAC (GL RFGQ A?QC, ? A?P@ML-XGLA BPW ACJJ) F?Q ?L CKD PCJ?RCB RM GRQ QMSPAC MD NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC, ?LB ?L GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC r PCJ?RCB RM GRQ
AMLQRPSARGML. (.MRC RF?R RFC QAPGNR % QR?LBQ DMP CKD.). !JQM QFMUL ?PC RFC MSRNSR RCPKGL?JQ ?APMQQ UFGAF RFC RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC V GQ KC?QSPCB. 3GLAC V = emf Ir ,
RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC COS?JQ CKD MLJW GD RFCPC GQ LM ASPPCLR DJMUGLE.
4FC GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC r A?L @CF?TC GL AMKNJCV U?WQ. !Q LMRCB, r GLAPC?QCQ ?Q ? @?RRCPW GQ BCNJCRCB. "SR GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC K?W ?JQM BCNCLB ML
RFC K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD RFC ASPPCLR RFPMSEF ? TMJR?EC QMSPAC, GRQ RCKNCP?RSPC, ?LB CTCL GRQ FGQRMPW. 4FC GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC MD PCAF?PEC?@JC
LGAICJ-A?BKGSK ACJJQ, DMP CV?KNJC, BCNCLBQ ML FMU K?LW RGKCQ ?LB FMU BCCNJW RFCW F?TC @CCL BCNJCRCB.
4FGLEQ 'PC?R ?LB 3K?JJ: 4FC 3S@KGAPMQAMNGA /PGEGL MD "?RRCPW 0MRCLRG?J
6?PGMSQ RWNCQ MD @?RRCPGCQ ?PC ?T?GJ?@JC, UGRF CKDQ BCRCPKGLCB @W RFC AMK@GL?RGML MD AFCKGA?JQ GLTMJTCB. 7C A?L TGCU RFGQ ?Q ? KMJCASJ?P
PC?ARGML (UF?R KSAF MD AFCKGQRPW GQ ?@MSR) RF?R QCN?P?RCQ AF?PEC.
4FC JC?B-?AGB @?RRCPW SQCB GL A?PQ ?LB MRFCP TCFGAJCQ GQ MLC MD RFC KMQR AMKKML RWNCQ. ! QGLEJC ACJJ (MLC MD QGV) MD RFGQ @?RRCPW GQ QCCL GL F?=KH;
21.10. 4FC A?RFMBC (NMQGRGTC) RCPKGL?J MD RFC ACJJ GQ AMLLCARCB RM ? JC?B MVGBC NJ?RC, UFGJC RFC ?LMBC (LCE?RGTC) RCPKGL?J GQ AMLLCARCB RM ? JC?B
NJ?RC. "MRF NJ?RCQ ?PC GKKCPQCB GL QSJDSPGA ?AGB, RFC CJCARPMJWRC DMP RFC QWQRCK.
742 #(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43
F?=KH; 21.10 !PRGQRtQ AMLACNRGML MD ? JC?B-?AGB ACJJ. #FCKGA?J PC?ARGMLQ GL ? JC?B-?AGB ACJJ QCN?P?RC AF?PEC, QCLBGLE LCE?RGTC AF?PEC RM RFC ?LMBC, UFGAF GQ AMLLCARCB RM
RFC JC?B NJ?RCQ. 4FC JC?B MVGBC NJ?RCQ ?PC AMLLCARCB RM RFC NMQGRGTC MP A?RFMBC RCPKGL?J MD RFC ACJJ. 3SJDSPGA ?AGB AMLBSARQ RFC AF?PEC ?Q UCJJ ?Q N?PRGAGN?RGLE GL RFC
AFCKGA?J PC?ARGML.
4FC BCR?GJQ MD RFC AFCKGA?J PC?ARGML ?PC JCDR RM RFC PC?BCP RM NSPQSC GL ? AFCKGQRPW RCVR, @SR RFCGP PCQSJRQ ?R RFC KMJCASJ?P JCTCJ FCJN CVNJ?GL RFC
NMRCLRG?J APC?RCB @W RFC @?RRCPW. F?=KH; 21.11 QFMUQ RFC PCQSJR MD ? QGLEJC AFCKGA?J PC?ARGML. 4UM CJCARPMLQ ?PC NJ?ACB ML RFC ?LMBC, K?IGLE GR
LCE?RGTC, NPMTGBCB RF?R RFC A?RFMBC QSNNJGCB RUM CJCARPMLQ. 4FGQ JC?TCQ RFC A?RFMBC NMQGRGTCJW AF?PECB, @CA?SQC GR F?Q JMQR RUM CJCARPMLQ. )L
QFMPR, ? QCN?P?RGML MD AF?PEC F?Q @CCL BPGTCL @W ? AFCKGA?J PC?ARGML.
.MRC RF?R RFC PC?ARGML UGJJ LMR R?IC NJ?AC SLJCQQ RFCPC GQ ? AMKNJCRC AGPASGR RM ?JJMU RUM CJCARPMLQ RM @C QSNNJGCB RM RFC A?RFMBC. 5LBCP K?LW
AGPASKQR?LACQ, RFCQC CJCARPMLQ AMKC DPMK RFC ?LMBC, DJMU RFPMSEF ? PCQGQR?LAC, ?LB PCRSPL RM RFC A?RFMBC. .MRC ?JQM RF?R QGLAC RFC AFCKGA?J
PC?ARGMLQ GLTMJTC QS@QR?LACQ UGRF PCQGQR?LAC, GR GQ LMR NMQQG@JC RM APC?RC RFC CKD UGRFMSR ?L GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC.
F?=KH; 21.11 !PRGQRtQ AMLACNRGML MD RUM CJCARPMLQ @CGLE DMPACB MLRM RFC ?LMBC MD ? ACJJ ?LB RUM CJCARPMLQ @CGLE PCKMTCB DPMK RFC A?RFMBC MD RFC ACJJ. 4FC AFCKGA?J
PC?ARGML GL ? JC?B-?AGB @?RRCPW NJ?ACQ RUM CJCARPMLQ ML RFC ?LMBC ?LB PCKMTCQ RUM DPMK RFC A?RFMBC. )R PCOSGPCQ ? AJMQCB AGPASGR RM NPMACCB, QGLAC RFC RUM CJCARPMLQ KSQR
@C QSNNJGCB RM RFC A?RFMBC.
7FW ?PC RFC AFCKGA?JQ ?@JC RM NPMBSAC ? SLGOSC NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC? 1S?LRSK KCAF?LGA?J BCQAPGNRGMLQ MD KMJCASJCQ, UFGAF R?IC GLRM ?AAMSLR RFC
RWNCQ MD ?RMKQ ?LB LSK@CPQ MD CJCARPMLQ GL RFCK, ?PC ?@JC RM NPCBGAR RFC CLCPEW QR?RCQ RFCW A?L F?TC ?LB RFC CLCPEGCQ MD PC?ARGMLQ @CRUCCL RFCK.
)L RFC A?QC MD ? JC?B-?AGB @?RRCPW, ?L CLCPEW MD 2 C6 GQ EGTCL RM C?AF CJCARPML QCLR RM RFC ?LMBC. 6MJR?EC GQ BCDGLCB ?Q RFC CJCARPGA?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW
BGTGBCB @W AF?PEC: V =
P
E
q
. !L CJCARPML TMJR GQ RFC CLCPEW EGTCL RM ? QGLEJC CJCARPML @W ? TMJR?EC MD 1 6. 3M RFC TMJR?EC FCPC GQ 2 6, QGLAC 2 C6 GQ
EGTCL RM C?AF CJCARPML. )R GQ RFC CLCPEW NPMBSACB GL C?AF KMJCASJ?P PC?ARGML RF?R NPMBSACQ RFC TMJR?EC. ! BGDDCPCLR PC?ARGML NPMBSACQ ? BGDDCPCLR
CLCPEW ?LB, FCLAC, ? BGDDCPCLR TMJR?EC.
4CPKGL?J 6MJR?EC
4FC TMJR?EC MSRNSR MD ? BCTGAC GQ KC?QSPCB ?APMQQ GRQ RCPKGL?JQ ?LB, RFSQ, GQ A?JJCB GRQ J;HC?D7B LEBJ7=; V . 4CPKGL?J TMJR?EC GQ EGTCL @W
(21.44)
V = emf Ir,
UFCPC r GQ RFC GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC ?LB I GQ RFC ASPPCLR DJMUGLE ?R RFC RGKC MD RFC KC?QSPCKCLR.
I GQ NMQGRGTC GD ASPPCLR DJMUQ ?U?W DPMK RFC NMQGRGTC RCPKGL?J, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 21.9. 9MS A?L QCC RF?R RFC J?PECP RFC ASPPCLR, RFC QK?JJCP RFC
RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC. !LB GR GQ JGICUGQC RPSC RF?R RFC J?PECP RFC GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC, RFC QK?JJCP RFC RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC.
3SNNMQC ? JM?B PCQGQR?LAC R
load
GQ AMLLCARCB RM ? TMJR?EC QMSPAC, ?Q GL F?=KH; 21.12. 3GLAC RFC PCQGQR?LACQ ?PC GL QCPGCQ, RFC RMR?J PCQGQR?LAC GL RFC
AGPASGR GQ R
load
+ r . 4FSQ RFC ASPPCLR GQ EGTCL @W /FKtQ J?U RM @C
(21.45)
I =
emf
R
load
+ r
.
#(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43 743
F?=KH; 21.12 3AFCK?RGA MD ? TMJR?EC QMSPAC ?LB GRQ JM?B R
load
. 3GLAC RFC GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC r GQ GL QCPGCQ UGRF RFC JM?B, GR A?L QGELGDGA?LRJW ?DDCAR RFC RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC ?LB
ASPPCLR BCJGTCPCB RM RFC JM?B. (.MRC RF?R RFC QAPGNR % QR?LBQ DMP CKD.)
7C QCC DPMK RFGQ CVNPCQQGML RF?R RFC QK?JJCP RFC GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC r , RFC EPC?RCP RFC ASPPCLR RFC TMJR?EC QMSPAC QSNNJGCQ RM GRQ JM?B R
load
. !Q
@?RRCPGCQ ?PC BCNJCRCB, r GLAPC?QCQ. )D r @CAMKCQ ? QGELGDGA?LR DP?ARGML MD RFC JM?B PCQGQR?LAC, RFCL RFC ASPPCLR GQ QGELGDGA?LRJW PCBSACB, ?Q RFC
DMJJMUGLE CV?KNJC GJJSQRP?RCQ.
EN7CFB; 21.4 C7B9KB7J?D= -;HC?D7B /EBJ7=;, )EM;H D?II?F7J?ED, CKHH;DJ, 7D: +;I?IJ7D9;: -;HC?D7B /EBJ7=; 7D:
%E7:
! ACPR?GL @?RRCPW F?Q ? 12.0-6 CKD ?LB ?L GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC MD 0.100 . (?) #?JASJ?RC GRQ RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC UFCL AMLLCARCB RM ? 10.0-
JM?B. (@) 7F?R GQ RFC RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC UFCL AMLLCARCB RM ? 0.500- JM?B? (A) 7F?R NMUCP BMCQ RFC 0.500- JM?B BGQQGN?RC? (B) )D RFC
GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC EPMUQ RM 0.500 , DGLB RFC ASPPCLR, RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC, ?LB NMUCP BGQQGN?RCB @W ? 0.500- JM?B.
,JH7J;=O
4FC ?L?JWQGQ ?@MTC E?TC ?L CVNPCQQGML DMP ASPPCLR UFCL GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC GQ R?ICL GLRM ?AAMSLR. /LAC RFC ASPPCLR GQ DMSLB, RFC RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC
A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB SQGLE RFC COS?RGML V = emf Ir . /LAC ASPPCLR GQ DMSLB, RFC NMUCP BGQQGN?RCB @W ? PCQGQRMP A?L ?JQM @C DMSLB.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
%LRCPGLE RFC EGTCL T?JSCQ DMP RFC CKD, JM?B PCQGQR?LAC, ?LB GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML ?@MTC WGCJBQ
(21.46)
I =
emf
R
load
+ r
=
12.0 V
10.1
= 1.188 A.
%LRCP RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC COS?RGML V = emf Ir RM ECR RFC RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC:
(21.47)
V = emf Ir = 12.0 V (1.188 A)(0.100 )
= 11.9 V.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (7)
4FC RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC FCPC GQ MLJW QJGEFRJW JMUCP RF?L RFC CKD, GKNJWGLE RF?R 10.0 GQ ? JGEFR JM?B DMP RFGQ N?PRGASJ?P @?RRCPW.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
3GKGJ?PJW, UGRF R
load
= 0.500 , RFC ASPPCLR GQ
(21.48)
I =
emf
R
load
+ r
=
12.0 V
0.600
= 20.0 A.
4FC RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC GQ LMU
(21.49)
V = emf Ir = 12.0 V (20.0 A)(0.100 )
= 10.0 V.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (8)
4FGQ RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC CVFG@GRQ ? KMPC QGELGDGA?LR PCBSARGML AMKN?PCB UGRF CKD, GKNJWGLE 0.500 GQ ? FC?TW JM?B DMP RFGQ @?RRCPW.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (9)
4FC NMUCP BGQQGN?RCB @W RFC 0.500 - JM?B A?L @C DMSLB SQGLE RFC DMPKSJ? P = I
2
R . %LRCPGLE RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ EGTCQ
(21.50)
P
load
= I
2
R
load
= (20.0 A)
2
(0.500 ) = 2.0010
2
W.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (9)
.MRC RF?R RFGQ NMUCP A?L ?JQM @C M@R?GLCB SQGLE RFC CVNPCQQGMLQ
V
2
R
MP IV , UFCPC V GQ RFC RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC (10.0 6 GL RFGQ A?QC).
,EBKJ?ED <EH (:)
744 #(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43
(CPC RFC GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC F?Q GLAPC?QCB, NCPF?NQ BSC RM RFC BCNJCRGML MD RFC @?RRCPW, RM RFC NMGLR UFCPC GR GQ ?Q EPC?R ?Q RFC JM?B PCQGQR?LAC. !Q
@CDMPC, UC DGPQR DGLB RFC ASPPCLR @W CLRCPGLE RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML, WGCJBGLE
(21.51)
I =
emf
R
load
+ r
=
12.0 V
1.00
= 12.0 A.
.MU RFC RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC GQ
(21.52)
V = emf Ir = 12.0 V (12.0 A)(0.500 )
= 6.00 V,
?LB RFC NMUCP BGQQGN?RCB @W RFC JM?B GQ
(21.53)
P
load
= I
2
R
load
= (12.0 A)
2
(0.500 ) = 72.0 W.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (:)
7C QCC RF?R RFC GLAPC?QCB GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC F?Q QGELGDGA?LRJW BCAPC?QCB RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC, ASPPCLR, ?LB NMUCP BCJGTCPCB RM ? JM?B.
"?RRCPW RCQRCPQ, QSAF ?Q RFMQC GL F?=KH; 21.13, SQC QK?JJ JM?B PCQGQRMPQ RM GLRCLRGML?JJW BP?U ASPPCLR RM BCRCPKGLC UFCRFCP RFC RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC BPMNQ
@CJMU ?L ?AACNR?@JC JCTCJ. 4FCW PC?JJW RCQR RFC GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC @?RRCPW. )D GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC GQ FGEF, RFC @?RRCPW GQ UC?I, ?Q CTGBCLACB @W GRQ
JMU RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC.
F?=KH; 21.13 4FCQC RUM @?RRCPW RCQRCPQ KC?QSPC RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC SLBCP ? JM?B RM BCRCPKGLC RFC AMLBGRGML MD ? @?RRCPW. 4FC J?PEC BCTGAC GQ @CGLE SQCB @W ? 5.3. .?TW
CJCARPMLGAQ RCAFLGAG?L RM RCQR J?PEC @?RRCPGCQ ?@M?PB RFC ?GPAP?DR A?PPGCP 533 %<@<GM ?LB F?Q ? QK?JJ PCQGQR?LAC RF?R A?L BGQQGN?RC J?PEC ?KMSLRQ MD NMUCP. (APCBGR: 5.3. .?TW
NFMRM @W 0FMRMEP?NFCPtQ -?RC !GPK?L *?QML !. *MFLQRML) 4FC QK?JJ BCTGAC GQ SQCB ML QK?JJ @?RRCPGCQ ?LB F?Q ? BGEGR?J BGQNJ?W RM GLBGA?RC RFC ?AACNR?@GJGRW MD RFCGP RCPKGL?J
TMJR?EC. (APCBGR: +CGRF 7GJJG?KQML)
3MKC @?RRCPGCQ A?L @C PCAF?PECB @W N?QQGLE ? ASPPCLR RFPMSEF RFCK GL RFC BGPCARGML MNNMQGRC RM RFC ASPPCLR RFCW QSNNJW RM ? PCQGQR?LAC. 4FGQ GQ BMLC
PMSRGLCJW GL A?PQ ?LB @?RRCPGCQ DMP QK?JJ CJCARPGA?J ?NNJG?LACQ ?LB CJCARPMLGA BCTGACQ, ?LB GQ PCNPCQCLRCB NGARMPG?JJW GL F?=KH; 21.14. 4FC TMJR?EC MSRNSR
MD RFC @?RRCPW AF?PECP KSQR @C EPC?RCP RF?L RFC CKD MD RFC @?RRCPW RM PCTCPQC ASPPCLR RFPMSEF GR. 4FGQ UGJJ A?SQC RFC RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC MD RFC @?RRCPW RM @C
EPC?RCP RF?L RFC CKD, QGLAC V = emf Ir , ?LB I GQ LMU LCE?RGTC.
F?=KH; 21.14 ! A?P @?RRCPW AF?PECP PCTCPQCQ RFC LMPK?J BGPCARGML MD ASPPCLR RFPMSEF ? @?RRCPW, PCTCPQGLE GRQ AFCKGA?J PC?ARGML ?LB PCNJCLGQFGLE GRQ AFCKGA?J NMRCLRG?J.
-SJRGNJC 6MJR?EC 3MSPACQ
4FCPC ?PC RUM TMJR?EC QMSPACQ UFCL ? @?RRCPW AF?PECP GQ SQCB. 6MJR?EC QMSPACQ AMLLCARCB GL QCPGCQ ?PC PCJ?RGTCJW QGKNJC. 7FCL TMJR?EC QMSPACQ ?PC
GL QCPGCQ, RFCGP GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LACQ ?BB ?LB RFCGP CKDQ ?BB ?JEC@P?GA?JJW. (3CC F?=KH; 21.15.) 3CPGCQ AMLLCARGMLQ MD TMJR?EC QMSPACQ ?PC AMKKMLrDMP
CV?KNJC, GL DJ?QFJGEFRQ, RMWQ, ?LB MRFCP ?NNJG?LACQ. 5QS?JJW, RFC ACJJQ ?PC GL QCPGCQ GL MPBCP RM NPMBSAC ? J?PECP RMR?J CKD.
"SR GD RFC ACJJQ MNNMQC MLC ?LMRFCP, QSAF ?Q UFCL MLC GQ NSR GLRM ?L ?NNJG?LAC @?AIU?PB, RFC RMR?J CKD GQ JCQQ, QGLAC GR GQ RFC ?JEC@P?GA QSK MD RFC
GLBGTGBS?J CKDQ.
! @?RRCPW GQ ? KSJRGNJC AMLLCARGML MD TMJR?GA ACJJQ, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 21.16. 4FC BGQ?BT?LR?EC MD QCPGCQ AMLLCARGMLQ MD ACJJQ GQ RF?R RFCGP GLRCPL?J
PCQGQR?LACQ ?BB. /LC MD RFC ?SRFMPQ MLAC MULCB ? 1957 -'! RF?R F?B RUM 6-6 @?RRCPGCQ GL QCPGCQ, P?RFCP RF?L ? QGLEJC 12-6 @?RRCPW. 4FGQ
?PP?LECKCLR NPMBSACB ? J?PEC GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC RF?R A?SQCB FGK K?LW NPM@JCKQ GL QR?PRGLE RFC CLEGLC.
#(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43 745
F?=KH; 21.15 ! QCPGCQ AMLLCARGML MD RUM TMJR?EC QMSPACQ. 4FC CKDQ (C?AF J?@CJCB UGRF ? QAPGNR %) ?LB GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LACQ ?BB, EGTGLE ? RMR?J CKD MD emf
1
+ emf
2
?LB ?
RMR?J GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC MD r
1
+ r
2
.
F?=KH; 21.16 "?RRCPGCQ ?PC KSJRGNJC AMLLCARGMLQ MD GLBGTGBS?J ACJJQ, ?Q QFMUL GL RFGQ KMBCPL PCLBGRGML MD ?L MJB NPGLR. 3GLEJC ACJJQ, QSAF ?Q !! MP # ACJJQ, ?PC AMKKMLJW A?JJCB
@?RRCPGCQ, ?JRFMSEF RFGQ GQ RCAFLGA?JJW GLAMPPCAR.
)D RFC F8E<8F AMLLCARGML MD RUM TMJR?EC QMSPACQ GQ K?BC GLRM ? AMKNJCRC AGPASGR UGRF RFC CKDQ GL MNNMQGRGML, RFCL ? ASPPCLR MD K?ELGRSBC
I =
emf
1
emf
2
r
1
+ r
2
DJMUQ. 3CC F?=KH; 21.17, DMP CV?KNJC, UFGAF QFMUQ ? AGPASGR CV?ARJW ?L?JMEMSQ RM RFC @?RRCPW AF?PECP BGQASQQCB ?@MTC. )D RUM
TMJR?EC QMSPACQ GL QCPGCQ UGRF CKDQ GL RFC Q?KC QCLQC ?PC AMLLCARCB RM ? JM?B R
load
, ?Q GL F?=KH; 21.18, RFCL I =
emf
1
+ emf
2
r
1
+ r
2
+ R
load
DJMUQ.
F?=KH; 21.17 4FCQC RUM TMJR?EC QMSPACQ ?PC AMLLCARCB GL QCPGCQ UGRF RFCGP CKDQ GL MNNMQGRGML. #SPPCLR DJMUQ GL RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC EPC?RCP CKD ?LB GQ JGKGRCB RM
I =
emf
1
emf
2
r
1
+ r
2
@W RFC QSK MD RFC GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LACQ. (.MRC RF?R C?AF CKD GQ PCNPCQCLRCB @W QAPGNR % GL RFC DGESPC.) ! @?RRCPW AF?PECP AMLLCARCB RM ? @?RRCPW GQ ?L
CV?KNJC MD QSAF ? AMLLCARGML. 4FC AF?PECP KSQR F?TC ? J?PECP CKD RF?L RFC @?RRCPW RM PCTCPQC ASPPCLR RFPMSEF GR.
F?=KH; 21.18 4FGQ QAFCK?RGA PCNPCQCLRQ ? DJ?QFJGEFR UGRF RUM ACJJQ (TMJR?EC QMSPACQ) ?LB ? QGLEJC @SJ@ (JM?B PCQGQR?LAC) GL QCPGCQ. 4FC ASPPCLR RF?R DJMUQ GQ
I =
emf
1
+ emf
2
r
1
+ r
2
+ R
load
. (.MRC RF?R C?AF CKD GQ PCNPCQCLRCB @W QAPGNR % GL RFC DGESPC.)
746 #(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43
4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR: &J?QFJGEFR "?RRCPGCQ
&GLB ? DJ?QFJGEFR RF?R SQCQ QCTCP?J @?RRCPGCQ ?LB DGLB LCU ?LB MJB @?RRCPGCQ. "?QCB ML RFC BGQASQQGMLQ GL RFGQ KMBSJC, NPCBGAR RFC @PGEFRLCQQ MD RFC
DJ?QFJGEFR UFCL BGDDCPCLR AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD @?RRCPGCQ ?PC SQCB. $M WMSP NPCBGARGMLQ K?RAF UF?R WMS M@QCPTC? .MU NJ?AC LCU @?RRCPGCQ GL RFC
DJ?QFJGEFR ?LB JC?TC RFC DJ?QFJGEFR QUGRAFCB ML DMP QCTCP?J FMSPQ. )Q RFC DJ?QFJGEFR QRGJJ OSGRC @PGEFR? $M RFC Q?KC UGRF RFC MJB @?RRCPGCQ. )Q RFC
DJ?QFJGEFR ?Q @PGEFR UFCL JCDR ML DMP RFC Q?KC JCLERF MD RGKC UGRF MJB ?LB LCU @?RRCPGCQ? 7F?R BMCQ RFGQ Q?W DMP RFC A?QC UFCL WMS ?PC JGKGRCB GL
RFC LSK@CP MD ?T?GJ?@JC LCU @?RRCPGCQ?
F?=KH; 21.19 QFMUQ RUM TMJR?EC QMSPACQ UGRF GBCLRGA?J CKDQ GL N?P?JJCJ ?LB AMLLCARCB RM ? JM?B PCQGQR?LAC. )L RFGQ QGKNJC A?QC, RFC RMR?J CKD GQ RFC
Q?KC ?Q RFC GLBGTGBS?J CKDQ. "SR RFC RMR?J GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC GQ PCBSACB, QGLAC RFC GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LACQ ?PC GL N?P?JJCJ. 4FC N?P?JJCJ AMLLCARGML RFSQ
A?L NPMBSAC ? J?PECP ASPPCLR.
(CPC, I =
emf
r
tot
+ R
load
DJMUQ RFPMSEF RFC JM?B, ?LB r

tot
GQ JCQQ RF?L RFMQC MD RFC GLBGTGBS?J @?RRCPGCQ. &MP CV?KNJC, QMKC BGCQCJ-NMUCPCB A?PQ
SQC RUM 12-6 @?RRCPGCQ GL N?P?JJCJ; RFCW NPMBSAC ? RMR?J CKD MD 12 6 @SR A?L BCJGTCP RFC J?PECP ASPPCLR LCCBCB RM QR?PR ? BGCQCJ CLEGLC.
F?=KH; 21.19 4UM TMJR?EC QMSPACQ UGRF GBCLRGA?J CKDQ (C?AF J?@CJCB @W QAPGNR %) AMLLCARCB GL N?P?JJCJ NPMBSAC RFC Q?KC CKD @SR F?TC ? QK?JJCP RMR?J GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC RF?L
RFC GLBGTGBS?J QMSPACQ. 0?P?JJCJ AMK@GL?RGMLQ ?PC MDRCL SQCB RM BCJGTCP KMPC ASPPCLR. (CPC I =
emf
r
tot
+ R
load
DJMUQ RFPMSEF RFC JM?B.

!LGK?JQ ?Q %JCARPGA?J $CRCARMPQ
! LSK@CP MD ?LGK?JQ @MRF NPMBSAC ?LB BCRCAR CJCARPGA?J QGEL?JQ. &GQF, QF?PIQ, NJ?RWNSQCQ, ?LB CAFGBL?Q (QNGLW ?LRC?RCPQ) ?JJ BCRCAR CJCARPGA DGCJBQ
ECLCP?RCB @W LCPTC ?ARGTGRW GL NPCW. %JCARPGA CCJQ NPMBSAC RFCGP MUL CKD RFPMSEF @GMJMEGA?J ACJJQ (CJCARPGA MPE?LQ) A?JJCB CJCARPMNJ?OSCQ, UFGAF ?PC
?PP?LECB GL @MRF QCPGCQ ?LB N?P?JJCJ ?Q ? QCR MD @?RRCPGCQ.
%JCARPMNJ?OSCQ ?PC DJ?R, BGQI-JGIC ACJJQ; RFMQC MD RFC CJCARPGA CCJ F?TC ? TMJR?EC MD 0.15 6 ?APMQQ C?AF MLC. 4FCQC ACJJQ ?PC SQS?JJW JMA?RCB RMU?PB RFC
FC?B MP R?GJ MD RFC ?LGK?J, ?JRFMSEF GL RFC A?QC MD RFC CJCARPGA CCJ, RFCW ?PC DMSLB ?JMLE RFC CLRGPC @MBW. 4FC CJCARPMNJ?OSCQ GL RFC 3MSRF !KCPGA?L CCJ
?PC ?PP?LECB GL 140 PMUQ, UGRF C?AF PMU QRPCRAFGLE FMPGXMLR?JJW ?JMLE RFC @MBW ?LB AMLR?GLGLE 5,000 CJCARPMNJ?OSCQ. 4FGQ A?L WGCJB ?L CKD MD
?NNPMVGK?RCJW 600 6, ?LB ? ASPPCLR MD 1 !rBC?BJW.
4FC KCAF?LGQK DMP BCRCARGML MD CVRCPL?J CJCARPGA DGCJBQ GQ QGKGJ?P RM RF?R DMP NPMBSAGLE LCPTC QGEL?JQ GL RFC ACJJ RFPMSEF BCNMJ?PGX?RGML ?LB
PCNMJ?PGX?RGMLrRFC KMTCKCLR MD GMLQ ?APMQQ RFC ACJJ KCK@P?LC. 7GRFGL RFC DGQF, UC?I CJCARPGA DGCJBQ GL RFC U?RCP NPMBSAC ? ASPPCLR GL ? ECJ-DGJJCB
A?L?J RF?R PSLQ DPMK RFC QIGL RM QCLQGLE ACJJQ, NPMBSAGLE ? LCPTC QGEL?J. 4FC !SQRP?JG?L NJ?RWNSQ, MLC MD RFC TCPW DCU K?KK?JQ RF?R J?W CEEQ, A?L
BCRCAR DGCJBQ MD 30
mV
m
, UFGJC QF?PIQ F?TC @CCL DMSLB RM @C ?@JC RM QCLQC ? DGCJB GL RFCGP QLMSRQ ?Q QK?JJ ?Q 100
mV
m
(F?=KH; 21.20). %JCARPGA CCJQ
SQC RFCGP MUL CJCARPGA DGCJBQ NPMBSACB @W RFC CJCARPMNJ?OSCQ RM QRSL RFCGP NPCW MP CLCKGCQ.
#(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43 747
F?=KH; 21.20 3?LB RGECP QF?PIQ (C4E6;4E<4F G4HEHF), JGIC RFGQ MLC ?R RFC -GLLCQMR? :MM, SQC CJCARPMPCACNRMPQ GL RFCGP QLMSRQ RM JMA?RC NPCW. (APCBGR: *GK 7GLQRC?B, &JGAIP)
3MJ?P #CJJ !PP?WQ
!LMRFCP CV?KNJC BC?JGLE UGRF KSJRGNJC TMJR?EC QMSPACQ GQ RF?R MD AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD QMJ?P ACJJQrUGPCB GL @MRF QCPGCQ ?LB N?P?JJCJ AMK@GL?RGMLQ RM WGCJB ?
BCQGPCB TMJR?EC ?LB ASPPCLR. 0FMRMTMJR?GA ECLCP?RGML (06), RFC AMLTCPQGML MD QSLJGEFR BGPCARJW GLRM CJCARPGAGRW, GQ @?QCB SNML RFC NFMRMCJCARPGA CDDCAR, GL
UFGAF NFMRMLQ FGRRGLE RFC QSPD?AC MD ? QMJ?P ACJJ APC?RC ?L CJCARPGA ASPPCLR GL RFC ACJJ.
-MQR QMJ?P ACJJQ ?PC K?BC DPMK NSPC QGJGAMLrCGRFCP ?Q QGLEJC-APWQR?J QGJGAML, MP ?Q ? RFGL DGJK MD QGJGAML BCNMQGRCB SNML ? EJ?QQ MP KCR?J @?AIGLE. -MQR
QGLEJC ACJJQ F?TC ? TMJR?EC MSRNSR MD ?@MSR 0.5 6, UFGJC RFC ASPPCLR MSRNSR GQ ? DSLARGML MD RFC ?KMSLR MD QSLJGEFR SNML RFC ACJJ (RFC GLAGBCLR QMJ?P
P?BG?RGMLrRFC GLQMJ?RGML). 5LBCP @PGEFR LMML QSLJGEFR, ? ASPPCLR MD ?@MSR 100 mA/cm
2
MD ACJJ QSPD?AC ?PC? GQ NPMBSACB @W RWNGA?J QGLEJC-APWQR?J
ACJJQ.
)LBGTGBS?J QMJ?P ACJJQ ?PC AMLLCARCB CJCARPGA?JJW GL KMBSJCQ RM KCCR CJCARPGA?J-CLCPEW LCCBQ. 4FCW A?L @C UGPCB RMECRFCP GL QCPGCQ MP GL
N?P?JJCJrAMLLCARCB JGIC RFC @?RRCPGCQ BGQASQQCB C?PJGCP. ! QMJ?P-ACJJ ?PP?W MP KMBSJC SQS?JJW AMLQGQRQ MD @CRUCCL 36 ?LB 72 ACJJQ, UGRF ? NMUCP MSRNSR
MD 50 7 RM 140 7.
4FC MSRNSR MD RFC QMJ?P ACJJQ GQ BGPCAR ASPPCLR. &MP KMQR SQCQ GL ? FMKC, !# GQ PCOSGPCB, QM ? BCTGAC A?JJCB ?L GLTCPRCP KSQR @C SQCB RM AMLTCPR RFC $#
RM !#. !LW CVRP? MSRNSR A?L RFCL @C N?QQCB ML RM RFC MSRQGBC CJCARPGA?J EPGB DMP Q?JC RM RFC SRGJGRW.
4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR: 6GPRS?J 3MJ?P #CJJQ
/LC A?L ?QQCK@JC ? uTGPRS?Jv QMJ?P ACJJ ?PP?W @W SQGLE NJ?WGLE A?PBQ, MP @SQGLCQQ MP GLBCV A?PBQ, RM PCNPCQCLR ? QMJ?P ACJJ. #MK@GL?RGMLQ MD RFCQC
A?PBQ GL QCPGCQ ?LB/MP N?P?JJCJ A?L KMBCJ RFC PCOSGPCB ?PP?W MSRNSR. !QQSKC C?AF A?PB F?Q ?L MSRNSR MD 0.5 6 ?LB ? ASPPCLR (SLBCP @PGEFR JGEFR) MD
2 !. 5QGLE WMSP A?PBQ, FMU UMSJB WMS ?PP?LEC RFCK RM NPMBSAC ?L MSRNSR MD 6 ! ?R 3 6 (18 7)?
3SNNMQC WMS UCPC RMJB RF?R WMS LCCBCB MLJW 18 7 (@SR LM PCOSGPCB TMJR?EC). 7MSJB WMS LCCB KMPC A?PBQ RM K?IC RFGQ ?PP?LECKCLR?
21.3 $?H9>>E<<XI +KB;I
-?LW AMKNJCV AGPASGRQ, QSAF ?Q RFC MLC GL F?=KH; 21.21, A?LLMR @C ?L?JWXCB UGRF RFC QCPGCQ-N?P?JJCJ RCAFLGOSCQ BCTCJMNCB GL +;I?IJEHI ?D ,;H?;I
7D: )7H7BB;B ?LB EB;9JHECEJ?L; FEH9;: -;HC?D7B /EBJ7=;. 4FCPC ?PC, FMUCTCP, RUM AGPASGR ?L?JWQGQ PSJCQ RF?R A?L @C SQCB RM ?L?JWXC ?LW AGPASGR,
QGKNJC MP AMKNJCV. 4FCQC PSJCQ ?PC QNCAG?J A?QCQ MD RFC J?UQ MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD AF?PEC ?LB AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW. 4FC PSJCQ ?PC ILMUL ?Q
$?H9>>E<<XI HKB;I, ?DRCP RFCGP GLTCLRMP 'SQR?T +GPAFFMDD (1824q1887).
748 #(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43
F?=KH; 21.21 4FGQ AGPASGR A?LLMR @C PCBSACB RM ? AMK@GL?RGML MD QCPGCQ ?LB N?P?JJCJ AMLLCARGMLQ. +GPAFFMDDtQ PSJCQ, QNCAG?J ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD RFC J?UQ MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD AF?PEC
?LB CLCPEW, A?L @C SQCB RM ?L?JWXC GR. (.MRC: 4FC QAPGNR % GL RFC DGESPC PCNPCQCLRQ CJCARPMKMRGTC DMPAC, CKD.)
+GPAFFMDDtQ 2SJCQ
w +GPAFFMDDtQ DGPQR PSJCrRFC HSLARGML PSJC. 4FC QSK MD ?JJ ASPPCLRQ CLRCPGLE ? HSLARGML KSQR COS?J RFC QSK MD ?JJ ASPPCLRQ JC?TGLE RFC HSLARGML.
w +GPAFFMDDtQ QCAMLB PSJCrRFC JMMN PSJC. 4FC ?JEC@P?GA QSK MD AF?LECQ GL NMRCLRG?J ?PMSLB ?LW AJMQCB AGPASGR N?RF (JMMN) KSQR @C XCPM.
%VNJ?L?RGMLQ MD RFC RUM PSJCQ UGJJ LMU @C EGTCL, DMJJMUCB @W NPM@JCK-QMJTGLE FGLRQ DMP ?NNJWGLE +GPAFFMDDtQ PSJCQ, ?LB ? UMPICB CV?KNJC RF?R SQCQ
RFCK.
+GPAFFMDDtQ &GPQR 2SJC
+GPAFFMDDtQ DGPQR PSJC (RFC @KD9J?ED HKB;) GQ ?L ?NNJGA?RGML MD RFC AMLQCPT?RGML MD AF?PEC RM ? HSLARGML; GR GQ GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 21.22. #SPPCLR GQ RFC DJMU
MD AF?PEC, ?LB AF?PEC GQ AMLQCPTCB; RFSQ, UF?RCTCP AF?PEC DJMUQ GLRM RFC HSLARGML KSQR DJMU MSR. +GPAFFMDDtQ DGPQR PSJC PCOSGPCQ RF?R I
1
= I
2
+ I
3
(QCC
DGESPC). %OS?RGMLQ JGIC RFGQ A?L ?LB UGJJ @C SQCB RM ?L?JWXC AGPASGRQ ?LB RM QMJTC AGPASGR NPM@JCKQ.
+GPAFFMDDtQ PSJCQ DMP AGPASGR ?L?JWQGQ ?PC ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD 9EDI;HL7J?ED B7MI RM AGPASGRQ. 4FC DGPQR PSJC GQ RFC ?NNJGA?RGML MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD AF?PEC,
UFGJC RFC QCAMLB PSJC GQ RFC ?NNJGA?RGML MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW. #MLQCPT?RGML J?UQ, CTCL SQCB GL ? QNCAGDGA ?NNJGA?RGML, QSAF ?Q AGPASGR ?L?JWQGQ,
?PC QM @?QGA ?Q RM DMPK RFC DMSLB?RGML MD RF?R ?NNJGA?RGML.
F?=KH; 21.22 4FC HSLARGML PSJC. 4FC BG?EP?K QFMUQ ?L CV?KNJC MD +GPAFFMDDtQ DGPQR PSJC UFCPC RFC QSK MD RFC ASPPCLRQ GLRM ? HSLARGML COS?JQ RFC QSK MD RFC ASPPCLRQ MSR MD ?
HSLARGML. )L RFGQ A?QC, RFC ASPPCLR EMGLE GLRM RFC HSLARGML QNJGRQ ?LB AMKCQ MSR ?Q RUM ASPPCLRQ, QM RF?R I
1
= I
2
+ I
3
. (CPC I
1
KSQR @C 11 !, QGLAC I
2
GQ 7 ! ?LB I
3
GQ 4
!.
+GPAFFMDDtQ 3CAMLB 2SJC
+GPAFFMDDtQ QCAMLB PSJC (RFC BEEF HKB;) GQ ?L ?NNJGA?RGML MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW. 4FC JMMN PSJC GQ QR?RCB GL RCPKQ MD NMRCLRG?J, V , P?RFCP RF?L
NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW, @SR RFC RUM ?PC PCJ?RCB QGLAC PE
elec
= qV . 2CA?JJ RF?R ;C< GQ RFC NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC MD ? QMSPAC UFCL LM ASPPCLR GQ DJMUGLE. )L ?
AJMQCB JMMN, UF?RCTCP CLCPEW GQ QSNNJGCB @W CKD KSQR @C RP?LQDCPPCB GLRM MRFCP DMPKQ @W BCTGACQ GL RFC JMMN, QGLAC RFCPC ?PC LM MRFCP U?WQ GL UFGAF
CLCPEW A?L @C RP?LQDCPPCB GLRM MP MSR MD RFC AGPASGR. F?=KH; 21.23 GJJSQRP?RCQ RFC AF?LECQ GL NMRCLRG?J GL ? QGKNJC QCPGCQ AGPASGR JMMN.
#(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43 749
+GPAFFMDDtQ QCAMLB PSJC PCOSGPCQ emf Ir IR
1
IR
2
= 0 . 2C?PP?LECB, RFGQ GQ emf = Ir + IR
1
+ IR
2
, UFGAF KC?LQ RFC CKD COS?JQ RFC QSK MD
RFC IR (TMJR?EC) BPMNQ GL RFC JMMN.
F?=KH; 21.23 4FC JMMN PSJC. !L CV?KNJC MD +GPAFFMDDtQ QCAMLB PSJC UFCPC RFC QSK MD RFC AF?LECQ GL NMRCLRG?J ?PMSLB ? AJMQCB JMMN KSQR @C XCPM. (?) )L RFGQ QR?LB?PB QAFCK?RGA
MD ? QGKNJC QCPGCQ AGPASGR, RFC CKD QSNNJGCQ 18 6, UFGAF GQ PCBSACB RM XCPM @W RFC PCQGQR?LACQ, UGRF 1 6 ?APMQQ RFC GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC, ?LB 12 6 ?LB 5 6 ?APMQQ RFC RUM JM?B
PCQGQR?LACQ, DMP ? RMR?J MD 18 6. (@) 4FGQ NCPQNCARGTC TGCU PCNPCQCLRQ RFC NMRCLRG?J ?Q QMKCRFGLE JGIC ? PMJJCP AM?QRCP, UFCPC AF?PEC GQ P?GQCB GL NMRCLRG?J @W RFC CKD ?LB JMUCPCB
@W RFC PCQGQR?LACQ. (.MRC RF?R RFC QAPGNR % QR?LBQ DMP CKD.)
!NNJWGLE +GPAFFMDDtQ 2SJCQ
"W ?NNJWGLE +GPAFFMDDtQ PSJCQ, UC ECLCP?RC COS?RGMLQ RF?R ?JJMU SQ RM DGLB RFC SLILMULQ GL AGPASGRQ. 4FC SLILMULQ K?W @C ASPPCLRQ, CKDQ, MP
PCQGQR?LACQ. %?AF RGKC ? PSJC GQ ?NNJGCB, ?L COS?RGML GQ NPMBSACB. )D RFCPC ?PC ?Q K?LW GLBCNCLBCLR COS?RGMLQ ?Q SLILMULQ, RFCL RFC NPM@JCK A?L @C
QMJTCB. 4FCPC ?PC RUM BCAGQGMLQ WMS KSQR K?IC UFCL ?NNJWGLE +GPAFFMDDtQ PSJCQ. 4FCQC BCAGQGMLQ BCRCPKGLC RFC QGELQ MD T?PGMSQ OS?LRGRGCQ GL RFC
COS?RGMLQ WMS M@R?GL DPMK ?NNJWGLE RFC PSJCQ.
1. 7FCL ?NNJWGLE +GPAFFMDDtQ DGPQR PSJC, RFC HSLARGML PSJC, WMS KSQR J?@CJ RFC ASPPCLR GL C?AF @P?LAF ?LB BCAGBC GL UF?R BGPCARGML GR GQ EMGLE. &MP
CV?KNJC, GL F?=KH; 21.21, F?=KH; 21.22, ?LB F?=KH; 21.23, ASPPCLRQ ?PC J?@CJCB I
1
, I
2
, I
3
, ?LB I , ?LB ?PPMUQ GLBGA?RC RFCGP BGPCARGMLQ.
4FCPC GQ LM PGQI FCPC, DMP GD WMS AFMMQC RFC UPMLE BGPCARGML, RFC ASPPCLR UGJJ @C MD RFC AMPPCAR K?ELGRSBC @SR LCE?RGTC.
2. 7FCL ?NNJWGLE +GPAFFMDDtQ QCAMLB PSJC, RFC JMMN PSJC, WMS KSQR GBCLRGDW ? AJMQCB JMMN ?LB BCAGBC GL UFGAF BGPCARGML RM EM ?PMSLB GR, AJMAIUGQC MP
AMSLRCPAJMAIUGQC. &MP CV?KNJC, GL F?=KH; 21.23 RFC JMMN U?Q RP?TCPQCB GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q RFC ASPPCLR (AJMAIUGQC). !E?GL, RFCPC GQ LM PGQI;
EMGLE ?PMSLB RFC AGPASGR GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML PCTCPQCQ RFC QGEL MD CTCPW RCPK GL RFC COS?RGML, UFGAF GQ JGIC KSJRGNJWGLE @MRF QGBCQ MD RFC
COS?RGML @W 1.
F?=KH; 21.24 ?LB RFC DMJJMUGLE NMGLRQ UGJJ FCJN WMS ECR RFC NJSQ MP KGLSQ QGELQ PGEFR UFCL ?NNJWGLE RFC JMMN PSJC. .MRC RF?R RFC PCQGQRMPQ ?LB CKDQ ?PC
RP?TCPQCB @W EMGLE DPMK ? RM @. )L K?LW AGPASGRQ, GR UGJJ @C LCACQQ?PW RM AMLQRPSAR KMPC RF?L MLC JMMN. )L RP?TCPQGLE C?AF JMMN, MLC LCCBQ RM @C
AMLQGQRCLR DMP RFC QGEL MD RFC AF?LEC GL NMRCLRG?J. (3CC EN7CFB; 21.5.)
F?=KH; 21.24 %?AF MD RFCQC PCQGQRMPQ ?LB TMJR?EC QMSPACQ GQ RP?TCPQCB DPMK ? RM @. 4FC NMRCLRG?J AF?LECQ ?PC QFMUL @CLC?RF C?AF CJCKCLR ?LB ?PC CVNJ?GLCB GL RFC RCVR. (.MRC
RF?R RFC QAPGNR % QR?LBQ DMP CKD.)
w 7FCL ? PCQGQRMP GQ RP?TCPQCB GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q RFC ASPPCLR, RFC AF?LEC GL NMRCLRG?J GQ IR . (3CC F?=KH; 21.24.)
w 7FCL ? PCQGQRMP GQ RP?TCPQCB GL RFC BGPCARGML MNNMQGRC RM RFC ASPPCLR, RFC AF?LEC GL NMRCLRG?J GQ +IR . (3CC F?=KH; 21.24.)
w 7FCL ?L CKD GQ RP?TCPQCB DPMK RM + (RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML GR KMTCQ NMQGRGTC AF?PEC), RFC AF?LEC GL NMRCLRG?J GQ +CKD. (3CC F?=KH; 21.24.)
w 7FCL ?L CKD GQ RP?TCPQCB DPMK + RM (MNNMQGRC RM RFC BGPCARGML GR KMTCQ NMQGRGTC AF?PEC), RFC AF?LEC GL NMRCLRG?J GQ CKD. (3CC F?=KH;
21.24.)
750 #(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43
EN7CFB; 21.5 C7B9KB7J?D= CKHH;DJ: .I?D= $?H9>>E<<XI +KB;I
&GLB RFC ASPPCLRQ DJMUGLE GL RFC AGPASGR GL F?=KH; 21.25.
F?=KH; 21.25 4FGQ AGPASGR GQ QGKGJ?P RM RF?R GL F?=KH; 21.21, @SR RFC PCQGQR?LACQ ?LB CKDQ ?PC QNCAGDGCB. (%?AF CKD GQ BCLMRCB @W QAPGNR %.) 4FC ASPPCLRQ GL C?AF @P?LAF ?PC
J?@CJCB ?LB ?QQSKCB RM KMTC GL RFC BGPCARGMLQ QFMUL. 4FGQ CV?KNJC SQCQ +GPAFFMDDtQ PSJCQ RM DGLB RFC ASPPCLRQ.
,JH7J;=O
4FGQ AGPASGR GQ QSDDGAGCLRJW AMKNJCV RF?R RFC ASPPCLRQ A?LLMR @C DMSLB SQGLE /FKtQ J?U ?LB RFC QCPGCQ-N?P?JJCJ RCAFLGOSCQrGR GQ LCACQQ?PW RM SQC
+GPAFFMDDtQ PSJCQ. #SPPCLRQ F?TC @CCL J?@CJCB I
1
, I
2
, ?LB I
3
GL RFC DGESPC ?LB ?QQSKNRGMLQ F?TC @CCL K?BC ?@MSR RFCGP BGPCARGMLQ. ,MA?RGMLQ
ML RFC BG?EP?K F?TC @CCL J?@CJCB UGRF JCRRCPQ ? RFPMSEF F. )L RFC QMJSRGML UC UGJJ ?NNJW RFC HSLARGML ?LB JMMN PSJCQ, QCCIGLE RFPCC GLBCNCLBCLR
COS?RGMLQ RM ?JJMU SQ RM QMJTC DMP RFC RFPCC SLILMUL ASPPCLRQ.
,EBKJ?ED
7C @CEGL @W ?NNJWGLE +GPAFFMDDtQ DGPQR MP HSLARGML PSJC ?R NMGLR ?. 4FGQ EGTCQ
(21.54) I
1
= I
2
+ I
3
,
QGLAC I
1
DJMUQ GLRM RFC HSLARGML, UFGJC I
2
?LB I
3
DJMU MSR. !NNJWGLE RFC HSLARGML PSJC ?R C NPMBSACQ CV?ARJW RFC Q?KC COS?RGML, QM RF?R LM LCU
GLDMPK?RGML GQ M@R?GLCB. 4FGQ GQ ? QGLEJC COS?RGML UGRF RFPCC SLILMULQrRFPCC GLBCNCLBCLR COS?RGMLQ ?PC LCCBCB, ?LB QM RFC JMMN PSJC KSQR @C
?NNJGCB.
.MU UC AMLQGBCP RFC JMMN ?@ABC?. 'MGLE DPMK ? RM @, UC RP?TCPQC R
2
GL RFC Q?KC (?QQSKCB) BGPCARGML MD RFC ASPPCLR I
2
, ?LB QM RFC AF?LEC GL
NMRCLRG?J GQ I
2
R
2
. 4FCL EMGLE DPMK @ RM A, UC EM DPMK RM +, QM RF?R RFC AF?LEC GL NMRCLRG?J GQ +emf
1
. 4P?TCPQGLE RFC GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC
r
1
DPMK A RM B EGTCQ I
2
r
1
. #MKNJCRGLE RFC JMMN @W EMGLE DPMK B RM ? ?E?GL RP?TCPQCQ ? PCQGQRMP GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q GRQ ASPPCLR, EGTGLE ?
AF?LEC GL NMRCLRG?J MD I
1
R
1
.
4FC JMMN PSJC QR?RCQ RF?R RFC AF?LECQ GL NMRCLRG?J QSK RM XCPM. 4FSQ,
(21.55)
I
2
R
2
+ emf
1
I
2
r
1
I
1
R
1
= I
2
(R
2
+ r
1
) + emf
1
I
1
R
1
= 0.
3S@QRGRSRGLE T?JSCQ DPMK RFC AGPASGR BG?EP?K DMP RFC PCQGQR?LACQ ?LB CKD, ?LB A?LACJGLE RFC ?KNCPC SLGR EGTCQ
(21.56)
3I
2
+ 18 6I
1
= 0.
.MU ?NNJWGLE RFC JMMN PSJC RM ?CDEF? (UC AMSJB F?TC AFMQCL ?@ABCDEF? ?Q UCJJ) QGKGJ?PJW EGTCQ
(21.57)
+ I
1
R
1
+ I
3
R
3
+ I
3
r
2
emf
2
= +I
1
R
1
+ I
3
R
3
+ r
2
emf
2
= 0.
.MRC RF?R RFC QGELQ ?PC PCTCPQCB AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC MRFCP JMMN, @CA?SQC CJCKCLRQ ?PC RP?TCPQCB GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML. 7GRF T?JSCQ CLRCPCB,
RFGQ @CAMKCQ
(21.58)
+ 6I
1
+ 2I
3
45 = 0.
4FCQC RFPCC COS?RGMLQ ?PC QSDDGAGCLR RM QMJTC DMP RFC RFPCC SLILMUL ASPPCLRQ. &GPQR, QMJTC RFC QCAMLB COS?RGML DMP I
2
:
(21.59)
I
2
= 6 2I
1
.
.MU QMJTC RFC RFGPB COS?RGML DMP I
3
:
(21.60)
I
3
= 22.5 3I
1
.
#(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43 751
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFCQC RUM LCU COS?RGMLQ GLRM RFC DGPQR MLC ?JJMUQ SQ RM DGLB ? T?JSC DMP I
1
:
(21.61)
I
1
= I
2
+ I
3
= (6 2I
1
) + (22.5 3I
1
) = 28.5 5I
1
.
#MK@GLGLE RCPKQ EGTCQ
(21.62)
6I
1
= 28.5, and
(21.63)
I
1
= 4.75 A.
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFGQ T?JSC DMP I
1
@?AI GLRM RFC DMSPRF COS?RGML EGTCQ
(21.64)
I
2
= 6 2I
1
= 6 9.50
(21.65)
I
2
= 3.50 A.
4FC KGLSQ QGEL KC?LQ I
2
DJMUQ GL RFC BGPCARGML MNNMQGRC RM RF?R ?QQSKCB GL F?=KH; 21.25.
&GL?JJW, QS@QRGRSRGLE RFC T?JSC DMP I
1
GLRM RFC DGDRF COS?RGML EGTCQ
(21.66)
I
3
= 22.53I
1
= 22.5 14.25
(21.67)
I
3
= 8.25 A.
D?I9KII?ED
*SQR ?Q ? AFCAI, UC LMRC RF?R GLBCCB I
1
= I
2
+ I
3
. 4FC PCQSJRQ AMSJB ?JQM F?TC @CCL AFCAICB @W CLRCPGLE ?JJ MD RFC T?JSCQ GLRM RFC COS?RGML DMP
RFC ?@ABCDEF? JMMN.
0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE 3RP?RCEGCQ DMP +GPAFFMDDtQ 2SJCQ
1. -?IC ACPR?GL RFCPC GQ ? AJC?P AGPASGR BG?EP?K ML UFGAF WMS A?L J?@CJ ?JJ ILMUL ?LB SLILMUL PCQGQR?LACQ, CKDQ, ?LB ASPPCLRQ. )D ? ASPPCLR GQ
SLILMUL, WMS KSQR ?QQGEL GR ? BGPCARGML. 4FGQ GQ LCACQQ?PW DMP BCRCPKGLGLE RFC QGELQ MD NMRCLRG?J AF?LECQ. )D WMS ?QQGEL RFC BGPCARGML
GLAMPPCARJW, RFC ASPPCLR UGJJ @C DMSLB RM F?TC ? LCE?RGTC T?JSCrLM F?PK BMLC.
2. !NNJW RFC HSLARGML PSJC RM ?LW HSLARGML GL RFC AGPASGR. %?AF RGKC RFC HSLARGML PSJC GQ ?NNJGCB, WMS QFMSJB ECR ?L COS?RGML UGRF ? ASPPCLR RF?R
BMCQ LMR ?NNC?P GL ? NPCTGMSQ ?NNJGA?RGMLrGD LMR, RFCL RFC COS?RGML GQ PCBSLB?LR.
3. !NNJW RFC JMMN PSJC RM ?Q K?LW JMMNQ ?Q LCCBCB RM QMJTC DMP RFC SLILMULQ GL RFC NPM@JCK. (4FCPC KSQR @C ?Q K?LW GLBCNCLBCLR COS?RGMLQ
?Q SLILMULQ.) 4M ?NNJW RFC JMMN PSJC, WMS KSQR AFMMQC ? BGPCARGML RM EM ?PMSLB RFC JMMN. 4FCL A?PCDSJJW ?LB AMLQGQRCLRJW BCRCPKGLC RFC
QGELQ MD RFC NMRCLRG?J AF?LECQ DMP C?AF CJCKCLR SQGLE RFC DMSP @SJJCRCB NMGLRQ BGQASQQCB ?@MTC GL AMLHSLARGML UGRF F?=KH; 21.24.
4. 3MJTC RFC QGKSJR?LCMSQ COS?RGMLQ DMP RFC SLILMULQ. 4FGQ K?W GLTMJTC K?LW ?JEC@P?GA QRCNQ, PCOSGPGLE A?PCDSJ AFCAIGLE ?LB PCAFCAIGLE.
5. #FCAI RM QCC UFCRFCP RFC ?LQUCPQ ?PC PC?QML?@JC ?LB AMLQGQRCLR. 4FC LSK@CPQ QFMSJB @C MD RFC AMPPCAR MPBCP MD K?ELGRSBC, LCGRFCP
CVACCBGLEJW J?PEC LMP T?LGQFGLEJW QK?JJ. 4FC QGELQ QFMSJB @C PC?QML?@JCrDMP CV?KNJC, LM PCQGQR?LAC QFMSJB @C LCE?RGTC. #FCAI RM QCC
RF?R RFC T?JSCQ M@R?GLCB Q?RGQDW RFC T?PGMSQ COS?RGMLQ M@R?GLCB DPMK ?NNJWGLE RFC PSJCQ. 4FC ASPPCLRQ QFMSJB Q?RGQDW RFC HSLARGML PSJC, DMP
CV?KNJC.
4FC K?RCPG?J GL RFGQ QCARGML GQ AMPPCAR GL RFCMPW. 7C QFMSJB @C ?@JC RM TCPGDW GR @W K?IGLE KC?QSPCKCLRQ MD ASPPCLR ?LB TMJR?EC. )L D?AR, QMKC MD RFC
BCTGACQ SQCB RM K?IC QSAF KC?QSPCKCLRQ ?PC QRP?GEFRDMPU?PB ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD RFC NPGLAGNJCQ AMTCPCB QM D?P ?LB ?PC CVNJMPCB GL RFC LCVR KMBSJCQ. !Q
UC QF?JJ QCC, ? TCPW @?QGA, CTCL NPMDMSLB, D?AR PCQSJRQrK?IGLE ? KC?QSPCKCLR ?JRCPQ RFC OS?LRGRW @CGLE KC?QSPCB.
#?L +GPAFFMDDtQ PSJCQ @C ?NNJGCB RM QGKNJC QCPGCQ ?LB N?P?JJCJ AGPASGRQ MP ?PC RFCW PCQRPGARCB DMP SQC GL KMPC AMKNJGA?RCB AGPASGRQ RF?R ?PC LMR
AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD QCPGCQ ?LB N?P?JJCJ?
,EBKJ?ED
+GPAFFMDD'Q PSJCQ A?L @C ?NNJGCB RM ?LW AGPASGR QGLAC RFCW ?PC ?NNJGA?RGMLQ RM AGPASGRQ MD RUM AMLQCPT?RGML J?UQ. #MLQCPT?RGML J?UQ ?PC RFC KMQR
@PM?BJW ?NNJGA?@JC NPGLAGNJCQ GL NFWQGAQ. )R GQ SQS?JJW K?RFCK?RGA?JJW QGKNJCP RM SQC RFC PSJCQ DMP QCPGCQ ?LB N?P?JJCJ GL QGKNJCP AGPASGRQ QM UC
CKNF?QGXC +GPAFFMDDtQ PSJCQ DMP SQC GL KMPC AMKNJGA?RCB QGRS?RGMLQ. "SR RFC PSJCQ DMP QCPGCQ ?LB N?P?JJCJ A?L @C BCPGTCB DPMK +GPAFFMDDtQ PSJCQ.
-MPCMTCP, +GPAFFMDDtQ PSJCQ A?L @C CVN?LBCB RM BCTGACQ MRFCP RF?L PCQGQRMPQ ?LB CKDQ, QSAF ?Q A?N?AGRMPQ, ?LB ?PC MLC MD RFC @?QGA ?L?JWQGQ
BCTGACQ GL AGPASGR ?L?JWQGQ.
21.4 DC /EBJC;J;HI 7D: ACC;J;HI
/EBJC;J;HI KC?QSPC TMJR?EC, UFCPC?Q 7CC;J;HI KC?QSPC ASPPCLR. 3MKC MD RFC KCRCPQ GL ?SRMKM@GJC B?QF@M?PBQ, BGEGR?J A?KCP?Q, ACJJ NFMLCQ, ?LB
RSLCP-?KNJGDGCPQ ?PC TMJRKCRCPQ MP ?KKCRCPQ. (3CC F?=KH; 21.26.) 4FC GLRCPL?J AMLQRPSARGML MD RFC QGKNJCQR MD RFCQC KCRCPQ ?LB FMU RFCW ?PC
AMLLCARCB RM RFC QWQRCK RFCW KMLGRMP EGTC DSPRFCP GLQGEFR GLRM ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD QCPGCQ ?LB N?P?JJCJ AMLLCARGMLQ.
752 #(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43
F?=KH; 21.26 4FC DSCJ ?LB RCKNCP?RSPC E?SECQ (D?P PGEFR ?LB D?P JCDR, PCQNCARGTCJW) GL RFGQ 1996 6MJIQU?ECL ?PC TMJRKCRCPQ RF?R PCEGQRCP RFC TMJR?EC MSRNSR MD uQCLBCPv SLGRQ,
UFGAF ?PC FMNCDSJJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC ?KMSLR MD E?QMJGLC GL RFC R?LI ?LB RFC CLEGLC RCKNCP?RSPC. (APCBGR: #FPGQRG?L 'GCPQGLE)
6MJRKCRCPQ ?PC AMLLCARCB GL N?P?JJCJ UGRF UF?RCTCP BCTGACtQ TMJR?EC GQ RM @C KC?QSPCB. ! N?P?JJCJ AMLLCARGML GQ SQCB @CA?SQC M@HCARQ GL N?P?JJCJ
CVNCPGCLAC RFC Q?KC NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC. (3CC F?=KH; 21.27, UFCPC RFC TMJRKCRCP GQ PCNPCQCLRCB @W RFC QWK@MJ 6.)
!KKCRCPQ ?PC AMLLCARCB GL QCPGCQ UGRF UF?RCTCP BCTGACtQ ASPPCLR GQ RM @C KC?QSPCB. ! QCPGCQ AMLLCARGML GQ SQCB @CA?SQC M@HCARQ GL QCPGCQ F?TC RFC
Q?KC ASPPCLR N?QQGLE RFPMSEF RFCK. (3CC F?=KH; 21.28, UFCPC RFC ?KKCRCP GQ PCNPCQCLRCB @W RFC QWK@MJ !.)
F?=KH; 21.27 (?) 4M KC?QSPC NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLACQ GL RFGQ QCPGCQ AGPASGR, RFC TMJRKCRCP (6) GQ NJ?ACB GL N?P?JJCJ UGRF RFC TMJR?EC QMSPAC MP CGRFCP MD RFC PCQGQRMPQ. .MRC RF?R RCPKGL?J
TMJR?EC GQ KC?QSPCB @CRUCCL NMGLRQ ? ?LB @. )R GQ LMR NMQQG@JC RM AMLLCAR RFC TMJRKCRCP BGPCARJW ?APMQQ RFC CKD UGRFMSR GLAJSBGLE GRQ GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC, r . (@) ! BGEGR?J
TMJRKCRCP GL SQC. (APCBGR: -CQQRCAFLGICP, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
#(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43 753
F?=KH; 21.28 !L ?KKCRCP (!) GQ NJ?ACB GL QCPGCQ RM KC?QSPC ASPPCLR. !JJ MD RFC ASPPCLR GL RFGQ AGPASGR DJMUQ RFPMSEF RFC KCRCP. 4FC ?KKCRCP UMSJB F?TC RFC Q?KC PC?BGLE GD
JMA?RCB @CRUCCL NMGLRQ B ?LB C MP @CRUCCL NMGLRQ D ?LB ? ?Q GR BMCQ GL RFC NMQGRGML QFMUL. (.MRC RF?R RFC QAPGNR A?NGR?J % QR?LBQ DMP CKD, ?LB r QR?LBQ DMP RFC GLRCPL?J
PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC QMSPAC MD NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC.)
!L?JME -CRCPQ: '?JT?LMKCRCPQ
AD7BE= C;J;HI F?TC ? LCCBJC RF?R QUGTCJQ RM NMGLR ?R LSK@CPQ ML ? QA?JC, ?Q MNNMQCB RM :?=?J7B C;J;HI, UFGAF F?TC LSKCPGA?J PC?BMSRQ QGKGJ?P RM ?
F?LB-FCJB A?JASJ?RMP. 4FC FC?PR MD KMQR ?L?JME KCRCPQ GQ ? BCTGAC A?JJCB ? =7BL7DEC;J;H, BCLMRCB @W '. #SPPCLR DJMU RFPMSEF ? E?JT?LMKCRCP, I
G
,
NPMBSACQ ? NPMNMPRGML?J LCCBJC BCDJCARGML. (4FGQ BCDJCARGML GQ BSC RM RFC DMPAC MD ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB SNML ? ASPPCLR-A?PPWGLE UGPC.)
4FC RUM APSAG?J AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD ? EGTCL E?JT?LMKCRCP ?PC GRQ PCQGQR?LAC ?LB ASPPCLR QCLQGRGTGRW. CKHH;DJ I;DI?J?L?JO GQ RFC ASPPCLR RF?R EGTCQ ? <KBB-
I97B; :;<B;9J?ED MD RFC E?JT?LMKCRCPtQ LCCBJC, RFC K?VGKSK ASPPCLR RF?R RFC GLQRPSKCLR A?L KC?QSPC. &MP CV?KNJC, ? E?JT?LMKCRCP UGRF ? ASPPCLR
QCLQGRGTGRW MD 50 A F?Q ? K?VGKSK BCDJCARGML MD GRQ LCCBJC UFCL 50 A DJMUQ RFPMSEF GR, PC?BQ F?JD-QA?JC UFCL 25 A DJMUQ RFPMSEF GR, ?LB QM
ML.
)D QSAF ? E?JT?LMKCRCP F?Q ? 25- PCQGQR?LAC, RFCL ? TMJR?EC MD MLJW V = IR =

50 A
(25 ) = 1.25 mV NPMBSACQ ? DSJJ-QA?JC PC?BGLE. "W

AMLLCARGLE PCQGQRMPQ RM RFGQ E?JT?LMKCRCP GL BGDDCPCLR U?WQ, WMS A?L SQC GR ?Q CGRFCP ? TMJRKCRCP MP ?KKCRCP RF?R A?L KC?QSPC ? @PM?B P?LEC MD
TMJR?ECQ MP ASPPCLRQ.
7BL7DEC;J;H 7I /EBJC;J;H
F?=KH; 21.29 QFMUQ FMU ? E?JT?LMKCRCP A?L @C SQCB ?Q ? TMJRKCRCP @W AMLLCARGLE GR GL QCPGCQ UGRF ? J?PEC PCQGQR?LAC, R . 4FC T?JSC MD RFC
PCQGQR?LAC R GQ BCRCPKGLCB @W RFC K?VGKSK TMJR?EC RM @C KC?QSPCB. 3SNNMQC WMS U?LR 10 6 RM NPMBSAC ? DSJJ-QA?JC BCDJCARGML MD ? TMJRKCRCP
AMLR?GLGLE ? 25- E?JT?LMKCRCP UGRF ? 50-A QCLQGRGTGRW. 4FCL 10 6 ?NNJGCB RM RFC KCRCP KSQR NPMBSAC ? ASPPCLR MD 50 A . 4FC RMR?J PCQGQR?LAC
KSQR @C
(21.68)
R
tot
= R + r =
V
I
=
10 V
50 A
= 200 k, or
(21.69)
R = R
tot
r = 200 k 25 200 k .
( R GQ QM J?PEC RF?R RFC E?JT?LMKCRCP PCQGQR?LAC, r , GQ LC?PJW LCEJGEG@JC.) .MRC RF?R 5 6 ?NNJGCB RM RFGQ TMJRKCRCP NPMBSACQ ? F?JD-QA?JC BCDJCARGML @W
NPMBSAGLE ? 25-A ASPPCLR RFPMSEF RFC KCRCP, ?LB QM RFC TMJRKCRCPtQ PC?BGLE GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM TMJR?EC ?Q BCQGPCB.
4FGQ TMJRKCRCP UMSJB LMR @C SQCDSJ DMP TMJR?ECQ JCQQ RF?L ?@MSR F?JD ? TMJR, @CA?SQC RFC KCRCP BCDJCARGML UMSJB @C QK?JJ ?LB BGDDGASJR RM PC?B
?AASP?RCJW. &MP MRFCP TMJR?EC P?LECQ, MRFCP PCQGQR?LACQ ?PC NJ?ACB GL QCPGCQ UGRF RFC E?JT?LMKCRCP. -?LW KCRCPQ F?TC ? AFMGAC MD QA?JCQ. 4F?R AFMGAC
GLTMJTCQ QUGRAFGLE ?L ?NNPMNPG?RC PCQGQR?LAC GLRM QCPGCQ UGRF RFC E?JT?LMKCRCP.
F?=KH; 21.29 ! J?PEC PCQGQR?LAC R NJ?ACB GL QCPGCQ UGRF ? E?JT?LMKCRCP ' NPMBSACQ ? TMJRKCRCP, RFC DSJJ-QA?JC BCDJCARGML MD UFGAF BCNCLBQ ML RFC AFMGAC MD R . 4FC J?PECP
RFC TMJR?EC RM @C KC?QSPCB, RFC J?PECP R KSQR @C. (.MRC RF?R r PCNPCQCLRQ RFC GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC E?JT?LMKCRCP.)
7BL7DEC;J;H 7I ACC;J;H
4FC Q?KC E?JT?LMKCRCP A?L ?JQM @C K?BC GLRM ?L ?KKCRCP @W NJ?AGLE GR GL N?P?JJCJ UGRF ? QK?JJ PCQGQR?LAC R , MDRCL A?JJCB RFC I>KDJ H;I?IJ7D9;, ?Q
QFMUL GL F?=KH; 21.30. 3GLAC RFC QFSLR PCQGQR?LAC GQ QK?JJ, KMQR MD RFC ASPPCLR N?QQCQ RFPMSEF GR, ?JJMUGLE ?L ?KKCRCP RM KC?QSPC ASPPCLRQ KSAF
EPC?RCP RF?L RFMQC NPMBSAGLE ? DSJJ-QA?JC BCDJCARGML MD RFC E?JT?LMKCRCP.
3SNNMQC, DMP CV?KNJC, ?L ?KKCRCP GQ LCCBCB RF?R EGTCQ ? DSJJ-QA?JC BCDJCARGML DMP 1.0 !, ?LB AMLR?GLQ RFC Q?KC 25- E?JT?LMKCRCP UGRF GRQ
50-A QCLQGRGTGRW. 3GLAC R ?LB r ?PC GL N?P?JJCJ, RFC TMJR?EC ?APMQQ RFCK GQ RFC Q?KC.
4FCQC IR BPMNQ ?PC IR = I
G
r QM RF?R IR =
I
G
I
=
R
r
. 3MJTGLE DMP R , ?LB LMRGLE RF?R I
G
GQ 50 A ?LB I GQ 0.999950 !, UC F?TC
(21.70)
R = r
I
G
I
= (25 )
50 A
0.999950 A
= 1.2510
3
.
754 #(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43
F?=KH; 21.30 ! QK?JJ QFSLR PCQGQR?LAC R NJ?ACB GL N?P?JJCJ UGRF ? E?JT?LMKCRCP ' NPMBSACQ ?L ?KKCRCP, RFC DSJJ-QA?JC BCDJCARGML MD UFGAF BCNCLBQ ML RFC AFMGAC MD R . 4FC
J?PECP RFC ASPPCLR RM @C KC?QSPCB, RFC QK?JJCP R KSQR @C. -MQR MD RFC ASPPCLR ( I ) DJMUGLE RFPMSEF RFC KCRCP GQ QFSLRCB RFPMSEF R RM NPMRCAR RFC E?JT?LMKCRCP. (.MRC RF?R r
PCNPCQCLRQ RFC GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC E?JT?LMKCRCP.) !KKCRCPQ K?W ?JQM F?TC KSJRGNJC QA?JCQ DMP EPC?RCP DJCVG@GJGRW GL ?NNJGA?RGML. 4FC T?PGMSQ QA?JCQ ?PC ?AFGCTCB @W
QUGRAFGLE T?PGMSQ QFSLR PCQGQR?LACQ GL N?P?JJCJ UGRF RFC E?JT?LMKCRCPrRFC EPC?RCP RFC K?VGKSK ASPPCLR RM @C KC?QSPCB, RFC QK?JJCP RFC QFSLR PCQGQR?LAC KSQR @C.
4?IGLE -C?QSPCKCLRQ !JRCPQ RFC #GPASGR
7FCL WMS SQC ? TMJRKCRCP MP ?KKCRCP, WMS ?PC AMLLCARGLE ?LMRFCP PCQGQRMP RM ?L CVGQRGLE AGPASGR ?LB, RFSQ, ?JRCPGLE RFC AGPASGR. )BC?JJW, TMJRKCRCPQ ?LB
?KKCRCPQ BM LMR ?NNPCAG?@JW ?DDCAR RFC AGPASGR, @SR GR GQ GLQRPSARGTC RM CV?KGLC RFC AGPASKQR?LACQ SLBCP UFGAF RFCW BM MP BM LMR GLRCPDCPC.
&GPQR, AMLQGBCP RFC TMJRKCRCP, UFGAF GQ ?JU?WQ NJ?ACB GL N?P?JJCJ UGRF RFC BCTGAC @CGLE KC?QSPCB. 6CPW JGRRJC ASPPCLR DJMUQ RFPMSEF RFC TMJRKCRCP GD GRQ
PCQGQR?LAC GQ ? DCU MPBCPQ MD K?ELGRSBC EPC?RCP RF?L RFC BCTGAC, ?LB QM RFC AGPASGR GQ LMR ?NNPCAG?@JW ?DDCARCB. (3CC F?=KH; 21.31(?).) (! J?PEC
PCQGQR?LAC GL N?P?JJCJ UGRF ? QK?JJ MLC F?Q ? AMK@GLCB PCQGQR?LAC CQQCLRG?JJW COS?J RM RFC QK?JJ MLC.) )D, FMUCTCP, RFC TMJRKCRCPtQ PCQGQR?LAC GQ
AMKN?P?@JC RM RF?R MD RFC BCTGAC @CGLE KC?QSPCB, RFCL RFC RUM GL N?P?JJCJ F?TC ? QK?JJCP PCQGQR?LAC, ?NNPCAG?@JW ?DDCARGLE RFC AGPASGR. (3CC F?=KH;
21.31(@).) 4FC TMJR?EC ?APMQQ RFC BCTGAC GQ LMR RFC Q?KC ?Q UFCL RFC TMJRKCRCP GQ MSR MD RFC AGPASGR.
F?=KH; 21.31 (?) ! TMJRKCRCP F?TGLE ? PCQGQR?LAC KSAF J?PECP RF?L RFC BCTGAC ( R
Voltmeter
>>R ) UGRF UFGAF GR GQ GL N?P?JJCJ NPMBSACQ ? N?P?JJCJ PCQGQR?LAC CQQCLRG?JJW RFC
Q?KC ?Q RFC BCTGAC ?LB BMCQ LMR ?NNPCAG?@JW ?DDCAR RFC AGPASGR @CGLE KC?QSPCB. (@) (CPC RFC TMJRKCRCP F?Q RFC Q?KC PCQGQR?LAC ?Q RFC BCTGAC ( R
Voltmeter
R ), QM RF?R RFC
N?P?JJCJ PCQGQR?LAC GQ F?JD MD UF?R GR GQ UFCL RFC TMJRKCRCP GQ LMR AMLLCARCB. 4FGQ GQ ?L CV?KNJC MD ? QGELGDGA?LR ?JRCP?RGML MD RFC AGPASGR ?LB GQ RM @C ?TMGBCB.
!L ?KKCRCP GQ NJ?ACB GL QCPGCQ GL RFC @P?LAF MD RFC AGPASGR @CGLE KC?QSPCB, QM RF?R GRQ PCQGQR?LAC ?BBQ RM RF?R @P?LAF. .MPK?JJW, RFC ?KKCRCPtQ
PCQGQR?LAC GQ TCPW QK?JJ AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC PCQGQR?LACQ MD RFC BCTGACQ GL RFC AGPASGR, ?LB QM RFC CVRP? PCQGQR?LAC GQ LCEJGEG@JC. (3CC F?=KH; 21.32(?).)
(MUCTCP, GD TCPW QK?JJ JM?B PCQGQR?LACQ ?PC GLTMJTCB, MP GD RFC ?KKCRCP GQ LMR ?Q JMU GL PCQGQR?LAC ?Q GR QFMSJB @C, RFCL RFC RMR?J QCPGCQ PCQGQR?LAC GQ
QGELGDGA?LRJW EPC?RCP, ?LB RFC ASPPCLR GL RFC @P?LAF @CGLE KC?QSPCB GQ PCBSACB. (3CC F?=KH; 21.32(@).)
! NP?ARGA?J NPM@JCK A?L MAASP GD RFC ?KKCRCP GQ AMLLCARCB GLAMPPCARJW. )D GR U?Q NSR GL N?P?JJCJ UGRF RFC PCQGQRMP RM KC?QSPC RFC ASPPCLR GL GR, WMS AMSJB
NMQQG@JW B?K?EC RFC KCRCP; RFC JMU PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC ?KKCRCP UMSJB ?JJMU KMQR MD RFC ASPPCLR GL RFC AGPASGR RM EM RFPMSEF RFC E?JT?LMKCRCP, ?LB RFGQ
ASPPCLR UMSJB @C J?PECP QGLAC RFC CDDCARGTC PCQGQR?LAC GQ QK?JJCP.
F?=KH; 21.32 (?) !L ?KKCRCP LMPK?JJW F?Q QSAF ? QK?JJ PCQGQR?LAC RF?R RFC RMR?J QCPGCQ PCQGQR?LAC GL RFC @P?LAF @CGLE KC?QSPCB GQ LMR ?NNPCAG?@JW GLAPC?QCB. 4FC AGPASGR GQ
CQQCLRG?JJW SL?JRCPCB AMKN?PCB UGRF UFCL RFC ?KKCRCP GQ ?@QCLR. (@) (CPC RFC ?KKCRCPtQ PCQGQR?LAC GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q RF?R MD RFC @P?LAF, QM RF?R RFC RMR?J PCQGQR?LAC GQ BMS@JCB
?LB RFC ASPPCLR GQ F?JD UF?R GR GQ UGRFMSR RFC ?KKCRCP. 4FGQ QGELGDGA?LR ?JRCP?RGML MD RFC AGPASGR GQ RM @C ?TMGBCB.
/LC QMJSRGML RM RFC NPM@JCK MD TMJRKCRCPQ ?LB ?KKCRCPQ GLRCPDCPGLE UGRF RFC AGPASGRQ @CGLE KC?QSPCB GQ RM SQC E?JT?LMKCRCPQ UGRF EPC?RCP QCLQGRGTGRW.
4FGQ ?JJMUQ AMLQRPSARGML MD TMJRKCRCPQ UGRF EPC?RCP PCQGQR?LAC ?LB ?KKCRCPQ UGRF QK?JJCP PCQGQR?LAC RF?L UFCL JCQQ QCLQGRGTC E?JT?LMKCRCPQ ?PC
SQCB.
4FCPC ?PC NP?ARGA?J JGKGRQ RM E?JT?LMKCRCP QCLQGRGTGRW, @SR GR GQ NMQQG@JC RM ECR ?L?JME KCRCPQ RF?R K?IC KC?QSPCKCLRQ ?AASP?RC RM ? DCU NCPACLR. .MRC
RF?R RFC GL?AASP?AW AMKCQ DPMK ?JRCPGLE RFC AGPASGR, LMR DPMK ? D?SJR GL RFC KCRCP.
#MLLCARGMLQ: ,GKGRQ RM +LMUJCBEC
-?IGLE ? KC?QSPCKCLR ?JRCPQ RFC QWQRCK @CGLE KC?QSPCB GL ? K?LLCP RF?R NPMBSACQ SLACPR?GLRW GL RFC KC?QSPCKCLR. &MP K?APMQAMNGA QWQRCKQ,
QSAF ?Q RFC AGPASGRQ BGQASQQCB GL RFGQ KMBSJC, RFC ?JRCP?RGML A?L SQS?JJW @C K?BC LCEJGEG@JW QK?JJ, @SR GR A?LLMR @C CJGKGL?RCB CLRGPCJW. &MP
QS@KGAPMQAMNGA QWQRCKQ, QSAF ?Q ?RMKQ, LSAJCG, ?LB QK?JJCP N?PRGAJCQ, KC?QSPCKCLR ?JRCPQ RFC QWQRCK GL ? K?LLCP RF?R A?LLMR @C K?BC
#(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43 755
?P@GRP?PGJW QK?JJ. 4FGQ ?ARS?JJW JGKGRQ ILMUJCBEC MD RFC QWQRCKrCTCL JGKGRGLE UF?R L?RSPC A?L ILMU ?@MSR GRQCJD. 7C QF?JJ QCC NPMDMSLB
GKNJGA?RGMLQ MD RFGQ UFCL RFC (CGQCL@CPE SLACPR?GLRW NPGLAGNJC GQ BGQASQQCB GL RFC KMBSJCQ ML OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ.
4FCPC GQ ?LMRFCP KC?QSPCKCLR RCAFLGOSC @?QCB ML BP?UGLE LM ASPPCLR ?R ?JJ ?LB, FCLAC, LMR ?JRCPGLE RFC AGPASGR ?R ?JJ. 4FCQC ?PC A?JJCB LSJJ
KC?QSPCKCLRQ ?LB ?PC RFC RMNGA MD 'KBB &;7IKH;C;DJI. $GEGR?J KCRCPQ RF?R CKNJMW QMJGB-QR?RC CJCARPMLGAQ ?LB LSJJ KC?QSPCKCLRQ A?L ?RR?GL
?AASP?AGCQ MD MLC N?PR GL 10
6
.
$GEGR?J KCRCPQ ?PC ?@JC RM BCRCAR QK?JJCP ASPPCLRQ RF?L ?L?JME KCRCPQ CKNJMWGLE E?JT?LMKCRCPQ. (MU BMCQ RFGQ CVNJ?GL RFCGP ?@GJGRW RM KC?QSPC
TMJR?EC ?LB ASPPCLR KMPC ?AASP?RCJW RF?L ?L?JME KCRCPQ?
,EBKJ?ED
3GLAC BGEGR?J KCRCPQ PCOSGPC JCQQ ASPPCLR RF?L ?L?JME KCRCPQ, RFCW ?JRCP RFC AGPASGR JCQQ RF?L ?L?JME KCRCPQ. 4FCGP PCQGQR?LAC ?Q ? TMJRKCRCP A?L @C
D?P EPC?RCP RF?L ?L ?L?JME KCRCP, ?LB RFCGP PCQGQR?LAC ?Q ?L ?KKCRCP A?L @C D?P JCQQ RF?L ?L ?L?JME KCRCP. #MLQSJR F?=KH; 21.27 ?LB F?=KH;
21.28 ?LB RFCGP BGQASQQGML GL RFC RCVR.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: #GPASGR #MLQRPSARGML +GR ($# /LJW), 6GPRS?J ,?@
3RGKSJ?RC ? LCSPML ?LB KMLGRMP UF?R F?NNCLQ. 0?SQC, PCUGLB, ?LB KMTC DMPU?PB GL RGKC GL MPBCP RM M@QCPTC RFC GMLQ ?Q RFCW KMTC ?APMQQ RFC
LCSPML KCK@P?LC.
F?=KH; 21.33 C?H9K?J CEDIJHK9J?ED $?J (DC (DBO), /?HJK7B %78 (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42360/1.6/9?H9K?J-9EDIJHK9J?ED-A?J-:9-L?HJK7B-B786;D.@7H)
21.5 'KBB &;7IKH;C;DJI
3R?LB?PB KC?QSPCKCLRQ MD TMJR?EC ?LB ASPPCLR ?JRCP RFC AGPASGR @CGLE KC?QSPCB, GLRPMBSAGLE SLACPR?GLRGCQ GL RFC KC?QSPCKCLRQ. 6MJRKCRCPQ BP?U
QMKC CVRP? ASPPCLR, UFCPC?Q ?KKCRCPQ PCBSAC ASPPCLR DJMU. 'KBB C;7IKH;C;DJI @?J?LAC TMJR?ECQ QM RF?R RFCPC GQ LM ASPPCLR DJMUGLE RFPMSEF RFC
KC?QSPGLE BCTGAC ?LB, RFCPCDMPC, LM ?JRCP?RGML MD RFC AGPASGR @CGLE KC?QSPCB.
.SJJ KC?QSPCKCLRQ ?PC ECLCP?JJW KMPC ?AASP?RC @SR ?PC ?JQM KMPC AMKNJCV RF?L RFC SQC MD QR?LB?PB TMJRKCRCPQ ?LB ?KKCRCPQ, ?LB RFCW QRGJJ F?TC
JGKGRQ RM RFCGP NPCAGQGML. )L RFGQ KMBSJC, UC QF?JJ AMLQGBCP ? DCU QNCAGDGA RWNCQ MD LSJJ KC?QSPCKCLRQ, @CA?SQC RFCW ?PC AMKKML ?LB GLRCPCQRGLE, ?LB
RFCW DSPRFCP GJJSKGL?RC NPGLAGNJCQ MD CJCARPGA AGPASGRQ.
4FC 0MRCLRGMKCRCP
3SNNMQC WMS UGQF RM KC?QSPC RFC CKD MD ? @?RRCPW. #MLQGBCP UF?R F?NNCLQ GD WMS AMLLCAR RFC @?RRCPW BGPCARJW RM ? QR?LB?PB TMJRKCRCP ?Q QFMUL GL
F?=KH; 21.34. (/LAC UC LMRC RFC NPM@JCKQ UGRF RFGQ KC?QSPCKCLR, UC UGJJ CV?KGLC ? LSJJ KC?QSPCKCLR RF?R GKNPMTCQ ?AASP?AW.) !Q BGQASQQCB
@CDMPC, RFC ?ARS?J OS?LRGRW KC?QSPCB GQ RFC RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC V , UFGAF GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC CKD MD RFC @?RRCPW @W V = emf Ir , UFCPC I GQ RFC ASPPCLR
RF?R DJMUQ ?LB r GQ RFC GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC @?RRCPW.
4FC CKD AMSJB @C ?AASP?RCJW A?JASJ?RCB GD r UCPC TCPW ?AASP?RCJW ILMUL, @SR GR GQ SQS?JJW LMR. )D RFC ASPPCLR I AMSJB @C K?BC XCPM, RFCL V = emf ,
?LB QM CKD AMSJB @C BGPCARJW KC?QSPCB. (MUCTCP, QR?LB?PB TMJRKCRCPQ LCCB ? ASPPCLR RM MNCP?RC; RFSQ, ?LMRFCP RCAFLGOSC GQ LCCBCB.
F?=KH; 21.34 !L ?L?JME TMJRKCRCP ?RR?AFCB RM ? @?RRCPW BP?UQ ? QK?JJ @SR LMLXCPM ASPPCLR ?LB KC?QSPCQ ? RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC RF?R BGDDCPQ DPMK RFC CKD MD RFC @?RRCPW. (.MRC RF?R
RFC QAPGNR A?NGR?J % QWK@MJGXCQ CJCARPMKMRGTC DMPAC, MP CKD.) 3GLAC RFC GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC @?RRCPW GQ LMR ILMUL NPCAGQCJW, GR GQ LMR NMQQG@JC RM A?JASJ?RC RFC CKD NPCAGQCJW.
! FEJ;DJ?EC;J;H GQ ? LSJJ KC?QSPCKCLR BCTGAC DMP KC?QSPGLE NMRCLRG?JQ (TMJR?ECQ). (3CC F?=KH; 21.35.) ! TMJR?EC QMSPAC GQ AMLLCARCB RM ? PCQGQRMP
R, Q?W, ? JMLE UGPC, ?LB N?QQCQ ? AMLQR?LR ASPPCLR RFPMSEF GR. 4FCPC GQ ? QRC?BW BPMN GL NMRCLRG?J (?L IR BPMN) ?JMLE RFC UGPC, QM RF?R ? T?PG?@JC
NMRCLRG?J A?L @C M@R?GLCB @W K?IGLE AMLR?AR ?R T?PWGLE JMA?RGMLQ ?JMLE RFC UGPC.
F?=KH; 21.35(@) QFMUQ ?L SLILMUL emf
x
(PCNPCQCLRCB @W QAPGNR E
x
GL RFC DGESPC) AMLLCARCB GL QCPGCQ UGRF ? E?JT?LMKCRCP. .MRC RF?R emf
x
MNNMQCQ RFC MRFCP TMJR?EC QMSPAC. 4FC JMA?RGML MD RFC AMLR?AR NMGLR (QCC RFC ?PPMU ML RFC BP?UGLE) GQ ?BHSQRCB SLRGJ RFC E?JT?LMKCRCP PC?BQ XCPM.
756 #(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43
7FCL RFC E?JT?LMKCRCP PC?BQ XCPM, emf
x
= IR
x
, UFCPC R
x
GQ RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC QCARGML MD UGPC SN RM RFC AMLR?AR NMGLR. 3GLAC LM ASPPCLR DJMUQ
RFPMSEF RFC E?JT?LMKCRCP, LMLC DJMUQ RFPMSEF RFC SLILMUL CKD, ?LB QM emf
x
GQ BGPCARJW QCLQCB.
.MU, ? TCPW NPCAGQCJW ILMUL QR?LB?PB emf
s
GQ QS@QRGRSRCB DMP emf
x
, ?LB RFC AMLR?AR NMGLR GQ ?BHSQRCB SLRGJ RFC E?JT?LMKCRCP ?E?GL PC?BQ XCPM, QM
RF?R emf
s
= IR
s
. )L @MRF A?QCQ, LM ASPPCLR N?QQCQ RFPMSEF RFC E?JT?LMKCRCP, ?LB QM RFC ASPPCLR I RFPMSEF RFC JMLE UGPC GQ RFC Q?KC. 5NML R?IGLE
RFC P?RGM
emf
x
emf
s
, I A?LACJQ, EGTGLE
(21.71)
emf
x
emf
s
=
IR
x
IR
s
=
R
x
R
s
.
3MJTGLE DMP emf
x
EGTCQ
(21.72)
emf
x
= emf
s
R
x
R
s
.
F?=KH; 21.35 4FC NMRCLRGMKCRCP, ? LSJJ KC?QSPCKCLR BCTGAC. (?) ! TMJR?EC QMSPAC AMLLCARCB RM ? JMLE UGPC PCQGQRMP N?QQCQ ? AMLQR?LR ASPPCLR I RFPMSEF GR. (@) !L SLILMUL
CKD (J?@CJCB QAPGNR E
x
GL RFC DGESPC) GQ AMLLCARCB ?Q QFMUL, ?LB RFC NMGLR MD AMLR?AR ?JMLE R GQ ?BHSQRCB SLRGJ RFC E?JT?LMKCRCP PC?BQ XCPM. 4FC QCEKCLR MD UGPC F?Q ?
PCQGQR?LAC R
x
?LB QAPGNR E
x
= IR
x
, UFCPC I GQ SL?DDCARCB @W RFC AMLLCARGML QGLAC LM ASPPCLR DJMUQ RFPMSEF RFC E?JT?LMKCRCP. 4FC SLILMUL CKD GQ RFSQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM
RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC UGPC QCEKCLR.
"CA?SQC ? JMLE SLGDMPK UGPC GQ SQCB DMP R , RFC P?RGM MD PCQGQR?LACQ R
x
/ R
s
GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC P?RGM MD RFC JCLERFQ MD UGPC RF?R XCPM RFC E?JT?LMKCRCP
DMP C?AF CKD. 4FC RFPCC OS?LRGRGCQ ML RFC PGEFR-F?LB QGBC MD RFC COS?RGML ?PC LMU ILMUL MP KC?QSPCB, ?LB emf
x
A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB. 4FC SLACPR?GLRW
GL RFGQ A?JASJ?RGML A?L @C AMLQGBCP?@JW QK?JJCP RF?L UFCL SQGLE ? TMJRKCRCP BGPCARJW, @SR GR GQ LMR XCPM. 4FCPC GQ ?JU?WQ QMKC SLACPR?GLRW GL RFC P?RGM MD
PCQGQR?LACQ R
x
/ R
s
?LB GL RFC QR?LB?PB emf
s
. &SPRFCPKMPC, GR GQ LMR NMQQG@JC RM RCJJ UFCL RFC E?JT?LMKCRCP PC?BQ CV?ARJW XCPM, UFGAF GLRPMBSACQ
CPPMP GLRM @MRF R
x
?LB R
s
, ?LB K?W ?JQM ?DDCAR RFC ASPPCLR I .
2CQGQR?LAC -C?QSPCKCLRQ ?LB RFC 7FC?RQRMLC "PGBEC
4FCPC GQ ? T?PGCRW MD QM-A?JJCB E>CC;J;HI RF?R NSPNMPR RM KC?QSPC PCQGQR?LAC. 7F?R RFC KMQR AMKKML MFKKCRCPQ ?ARS?JJW BM GQ RM ?NNJW ? TMJR?EC RM
? PCQGQR?LAC, KC?QSPC RFC ASPPCLR, ?LB A?JASJ?RC RFC PCQGQR?LAC SQGLE /FKtQ J?U. 4FCGP PC?BMSR GQ RFGQ A?JASJ?RCB PCQGQR?LAC. 4UM AMLDGESP?RGMLQ DMP
MFKKCRCPQ SQGLE QR?LB?PB TMJRKCRCPQ ?LB ?KKCRCPQ ?PC QFMUL GL F?=KH; 21.36. 3SAF AMLDGESP?RGMLQ ?PC JGKGRCB GL ?AASP?AW, @CA?SQC RFC KCRCPQ
?JRCP @MRF RFC TMJR?EC ?NNJGCB RM RFC PCQGQRMP ?LB RFC ASPPCLR RF?R DJMUQ RFPMSEF GR.
#(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43 757
F?=KH; 21.36 4UM KCRFMBQ DMP KC?QSPGLE PCQGQR?LAC UGRF QR?LB?PB KCRCPQ. (?) !QQSKGLE ? ILMUL TMJR?EC DMP RFC QMSPAC, ?L ?KKCRCP KC?QSPCQ ASPPCLR, ?LB PCQGQR?LAC GQ
A?JASJ?RCB ?Q R =
V
I
. (@) 3GLAC RFC RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC V T?PGCQ UGRF ASPPCLR, GR GQ @CRRCP RM KC?QSPC GR. V GQ KMQR ?AASP?RCJW ILMUL UFCL I GQ QK?JJ, @SR I GRQCJD GQ KMQR
?AASP?RCJW ILMUL UFCL GR GQ J?PEC.
4FC 0>;7JIJED; 8H?:=; GQ ? LSJJ KC?QSPCKCLR BCTGAC DMP A?JASJ?RGLE PCQGQR?LAC @W @?J?LAGLE NMRCLRG?J BPMNQ GL ? AGPASGR. (3CC F?=KH; 21.37.) 4FC
BCTGAC GQ A?JJCB ? @PGBEC @CA?SQC RFC E?JT?LMKCRCP DMPKQ ? @PGBEC @CRUCCL RUM @P?LAFCQ. ! T?PGCRW MD 8H?:=; :;L?9;I ?PC SQCB RM K?IC LSJJ
KC?QSPCKCLRQ GL AGPASGRQ.
2CQGQRMPQ R
1
?LB R
2
?PC NPCAGQCJW ILMUL, UFGJC RFC ?PPMU RFPMSEF R
3
GLBGA?RCQ RF?R GR GQ ? T?PG?@JC PCQGQR?LAC. 4FC T?JSC MD R
3
A?L @C NPCAGQCJW
PC?B. 7GRF RFC SLILMUL PCQGQR?LAC R
x
GL RFC AGPASGR, R
3
GQ ?BHSQRCB SLRGJ RFC E?JT?LMKCRCP PC?BQ XCPM. 4FC NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL NMGLRQ @
?LB B GQ RFCL XCPM, KC?LGLE RF?R @ ?LB B ?PC ?R RFC Q?KC NMRCLRG?J. 7GRF LM ASPPCLR PSLLGLE RFPMSEF RFC E?JT?LMKCRCP, GR F?Q LM CDDCAR ML RFC PCQR MD
RFC AGPASGR. 3M RFC @P?LAFCQ ?@A ?LB ?BA ?PC GL N?P?JJCJ, ?LB C?AF @P?LAF F?Q RFC DSJJ TMJR?EC MD RFC QMSPAC. 4F?R GQ, RFC IR BPMNQ ?JMLE ?@A ?LB ?BA
?PC RFC Q?KC. 3GLAC @ ?LB B ?PC ?R RFC Q?KC NMRCLRG?J, RFC IR BPMN ?JMLE ?B KSQR COS?J RFC IR BPMN ?JMLE ?@. 4FSQ,
(21.73) I
1
R
1
= I
2
R
3
.
!E?GL, QGLAC @ ?LB B ?PC ?R RFC Q?KC NMRCLRG?J, RFC IR BPMN ?JMLE BA KSQR COS?J RFC IR BPMN ?JMLE @A. 4FSQ,
(21.74) I
1
R
2
= I
2
R
x
.
4?IGLE RFC P?RGM MD RFCQC J?QR RUM CVNPCQQGMLQ EGTCQ
(21.75) I
1
R
1
I
1
R
2
=
I
2
R
3
I
2
R
x
.
#?LACJGLE RFC ASPPCLRQ ?LB QMJTGLE DMP 2V WGCJBQ
(21.76)
R
x
= R
3
R
2
R
1
.
F?=KH; 21.37 4FC 7FC?RQRMLC @PGBEC GQ SQCB RM A?JASJ?RC SLILMUL PCQGQR?LACQ. 4FC T?PG?@JC PCQGQR?LAC R
3
GQ ?BHSQRCB SLRGJ RFC E?JT?LMKCRCP PC?BQ XCPM UGRF RFC QUGRAF
AJMQCB. 4FGQ QGKNJGDGCQ RFC AGPASGR, ?JJMUGLE R
x
RM @C A?JASJ?RCB @?QCB ML RFC IR BPMNQ ?Q BGQASQQCB GL RFC RCVR.
4FGQ COS?RGML GQ SQCB RM A?JASJ?RC RFC SLILMUL PCQGQR?LAC UFCL ASPPCLR RFPMSEF RFC E?JT?LMKCRCP GQ XCPM. 4FGQ KCRFMB A?L @C TCPW ?AASP?RC (MDRCL RM
DMSP QGELGDGA?LR BGEGRQ), @SR GR GQ JGKGRCB @W RUM D?ARMPQ. &GPQR, GR GQ LMR NMQQG@JC RM ECR RFC ASPPCLR RFPMSEF RFC E?JT?LMKCRCP RM @C CV?ARJW XCPM. 3CAMLB,
RFCPC ?PC ?JU?WQ SLACPR?GLRGCQ GL R
1
, R
2
, ?LB R
3
, UFGAF AMLRPG@SRC RM RFC SLACPR?GLRW GL R
x
.
)BCLRGDW MRFCP D?ARMPQ RF?R KGEFR JGKGR RFC ?AASP?AW MD LSJJ KC?QSPCKCLRQ. 7MSJB RFC SQC MD ? BGEGR?J BCTGAC RF?R GQ KMPC QCLQGRGTC RF?L ?
E?JT?LMKCRCP GKNPMTC RFC ?AASP?AW MD LSJJ KC?QSPCKCLRQ?
758 #(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43
,EBKJ?ED
/LC D?ARMP UMSJB @C PCQGQR?LAC GL RFC UGPCQ ?LB AMLLCARGMLQ GL ? LSJJ KC?QSPCKCLR. 4FCQC ?PC GKNMQQG@JC RM K?IC XCPM, ?LB RFCW A?L AF?LEC
MTCP RGKC. !LMRFCP D?ARMP UMSJB @C RCKNCP?RSPC T?PG?RGMLQ GL PCQGQR?LAC, UFGAF A?L @C PCBSACB @SR LMR AMKNJCRCJW CJGKGL?RCB @W AFMGAC MD
K?RCPG?J. $GEGR?J BCTGACQ QCLQGRGTC RM QK?JJCP ASPPCLRQ RF?L ?L?JME BCTGACQ BM GKNPMTC RFC ?AASP?AW MD LSJJ KC?QSPCKCLRQ @CA?SQC RFCW ?JJMU WMS
RM ECR RFC ASPPCLR AJMQCP RM XCPM.
21.6 DC C?H9K?JI CEDJ7?D?D= +;I?IJEHI 7D: C7F79?JEHI
7FCL WMS SQC ? DJ?QF A?KCP?, GR R?ICQ ? DCU QCAMLBQ RM AF?PEC RFC A?N?AGRMP RF?R NMUCPQ RFC DJ?QF. 4FC JGEFR DJ?QF BGQAF?PECQ RFC A?N?AGRMP GL ? RGLW
DP?ARGML MD ? QCAMLB. 7FW BMCQ AF?PEGLE R?IC JMLECP RF?L BGQAF?PEGLE? 4FGQ OSCQRGML ?LB ? LSK@CP MD MRFCP NFCLMKCL? RF?R GLTMJTC AF?PEGLE ?LB
BGQAF?PEGLE A?N?AGRMPQ ?PC BGQASQQCB GL RFGQ KMBSJC.
)C #GPASGRQ
!L RC 9?H9K?J GQ MLC AMLR?GLGLE ? H;I?IJEH R ?LB ? 97F79?JEH C . 4FC A?N?AGRMP GQ ?L CJCARPGA?J AMKNMLCLR RF?R QRMPCQ CJCARPGA AF?PEC.
F?=KH; 21.38 QFMUQ ? QGKNJC RC AGPASGR RF?R CKNJMWQ ? $# (BGPCAR ASPPCLR) TMJR?EC QMSPAC. 4FC A?N?AGRMP GQ GLGRG?JJW SLAF?PECB. !Q QMML ?Q RFC
QUGRAF GQ AJMQCB, ASPPCLR DJMUQ RM ?LB DPMK RFC GLGRG?JJW SLAF?PECB A?N?AGRMP. !Q AF?PEC GLAPC?QCQ ML RFC A?N?AGRMP NJ?RCQ, RFCPC GQ GLAPC?QGLE
MNNMQGRGML RM RFC DJMU MD AF?PEC @W RFC PCNSJQGML MD JGIC AF?PECQ ML C?AF NJ?RC.
)L RCPKQ MD TMJR?EC, RFGQ GQ @CA?SQC TMJR?EC ?APMQQ RFC A?N?AGRMP GQ EGTCL @W V
c
= Q/ C , UFCPC Q GQ RFC ?KMSLR MD AF?PEC QRMPCB ML C?AF NJ?RC ?LB
C GQ RFC 97F79?J7D9;. 4FGQ TMJR?EC MNNMQCQ RFC @?RRCPW, EPMUGLE DPMK XCPM RM RFC K?VGKSK CKD UFCL DSJJW AF?PECB. 4FC ASPPCLR RFSQ BCAPC?QCQ
DPMK GRQ GLGRG?J T?JSC MD I
0
=
emf
R
RM XCPM ?Q RFC TMJR?EC ML RFC A?N?AGRMP PC?AFCQ RFC Q?KC T?JSC ?Q RFC CKD. 7FCL RFCPC GQ LM ASPPCLR, RFCPC GQ LM
IR BPMN, ?LB QM RFC TMJR?EC ML RFC A?N?AGRMP KSQR RFCL COS?J RFC CKD MD RFC TMJR?EC QMSPAC. 4FGQ A?L ?JQM @C CVNJ?GLCB UGRF +GPAFFMDDtQ QCAMLB PSJC
(RFC JMMN PSJC), BGQASQQCB GL $?H9>>E<<XI +KB;I, UFGAF Q?WQ RF?R RFC ?JEC@P?GA QSK MD AF?LECQ GL NMRCLRG?J ?PMSLB ?LW AJMQCB JMMN KSQR @C XCPM.
4FC GLGRG?J ASPPCLR GQ I
0
=
emf
R
, @CA?SQC ?JJ MD RFC IR BPMN GQ GL RFC PCQGQR?LAC. 4FCPCDMPC, RFC QK?JJCP RFC PCQGQR?LAC, RFC D?QRCP ? EGTCL A?N?AGRMP
UGJJ @C AF?PECB. .MRC RF?R RFC GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC TMJR?EC QMSPAC GQ GLAJSBCB GL R , ?Q ?PC RFC PCQGQR?LACQ MD RFC A?N?AGRMP ?LB RFC AMLLCARGLE
UGPCQ. )L RFC DJ?QF A?KCP? QACL?PGM ?@MTC, UFCL RFC @?RRCPGCQ NMUCPGLE RFC A?KCP? @CEGL RM UC?P MSR, RFCGP GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC PGQCQ, PCBSAGLE RFC
ASPPCLR ?LB JCLERFCLGLE RFC RGKC GR R?ICQ RM ECR PC?BW DMP RFC LCVR DJ?QF.
F?=KH; 21.38 (?) !L RC AGPASGR UGRF ?L GLGRG?JJW SLAF?PECB A?N?AGRMP. #SPPCLR DJMUQ GL RFC BGPCARGML QFMUL (MNNMQGRC MD CJCARPML DJMU) ?Q QMML ?Q RFC QUGRAF GQ AJMQCB. -SRS?J
PCNSJQGML MD JGIC AF?PECQ GL RFC A?N?AGRMP NPMEPCQQGTCJW QJMUQ RFC DJMU ?Q RFC A?N?AGRMP GQ AF?PECB, QRMNNGLE RFC ASPPCLR UFCL RFC A?N?AGRMP GQ DSJJW AF?PECB ?LB
Q = C emf . (@) ! EP?NF MD TMJR?EC ?APMQQ RFC A?N?AGRMP TCPQSQ RGKC, UGRF RFC QUGRAF AJMQGLE ?R RGKC t = 0 . (.MRC RF?R GL RFC RUM N?PRQ MD RFC DGESPC, RFC A?NGR?J QAPGNR %
QR?LBQ DMP CKD, q QR?LBQ DMP RFC AF?PEC QRMPCB ML RFC A?N?AGRMP, ?LB GQ RFC RC RGKC AMLQR?LR.)
6MJR?EC ML RFC A?N?AGRMP GQ GLGRG?JJW XCPM ?LB PGQCQ P?NGBJW ?R DGPQR, QGLAC RFC GLGRG?J ASPPCLR GQ ? K?VGKSK. F?=KH; 21.38(@) QFMUQ ? EP?NF MD A?N?AGRMP
TMJR?EC TCPQSQ RGKC ( t ) QR?PRGLE UFCL RFC QUGRAF GQ AJMQCB ?R t = 0 . 4FC TMJR?EC ?NNPM?AFCQ CKD ?QWKNRMRGA?JJW, QGLAC RFC AJMQCP GR ECRQ RM CKD RFC
JCQQ ASPPCLR DJMUQ. 4FC COS?RGML DMP TMJR?EC TCPQSQ RGKC UFCL AF?PEGLE ? A?N?AGRMP C RFPMSEF ? PCQGQRMP R , BCPGTCB SQGLE A?JASJSQ, GQ
(21.77)
V = emf(1 e
t / RC
) (charging),
UFCPC V GQ RFC TMJR?EC ?APMQQ RFC A?N?AGRMP, CKD GQ COS?J RM RFC CKD MD RFC $# TMJR?EC QMSPAC, ?LB RFC CVNMLCLRG?J C = 2.718 x GQ RFC @?QC MD RFC
L?RSP?J JME?PGRFK. .MRC RF?R RFC SLGRQ MD RC ?PC QCAMLBQ. 7C BCDGLC
(21.78) = RC,
UFCPC (RFC 'PCCI JCRRCP R?S) GQ A?JJCB RFC RGKC AMLQR?LR DMP ?L RC AGPASGR. !Q LMRCB @CDMPC, ? QK?JJ PCQGQR?LAC R ?JJMUQ RFC A?N?AGRMP RM AF?PEC
D?QRCP. 4FGQ GQ PC?QML?@JC, QGLAC ? J?PECP ASPPCLR DJMUQ RFPMSEF ? QK?JJCP PCQGQR?LAC. )R GQ ?JQM PC?QML?@JC RF?R RFC QK?JJCP RFC A?N?AGRMP C , RFC JCQQ
RGKC LCCBCB RM AF?PEC GR. "MRF D?ARMPQ ?PC AMLR?GLCB GL = RC .
-MPC OS?LRGR?RGTCJW, AMLQGBCP UF?R F?NNCLQ UFCL t = = RC . 4FCL RFC TMJR?EC ML RFC A?N?AGRMP GQ
(21.79)
V = emf
1 e
1
= emf(1 0.368) = 0.632 emf.

#(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43 759
4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R GL RFC RGKC = RC , RFC TMJR?EC PGQCQ RM 0.632 MD GRQ DGL?J T?JSC. 4FC TMJR?EC UGJJ PGQC 0.632 MD RFC PCK?GLBCP GL RFC LCVR RGKC . )R GQ
? AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MD RFC CVNMLCLRG?J DSLARGML RF?R RFC DGL?J T?JSC GQ LCTCP PC?AFCB, @SR 0.632 MD RFC PCK?GLBCP RM RF?R T?JSC GQ ?AFGCTCB GL CTCPW RGKC, .
)L HSQR ? DCU KSJRGNJCQ MD RFC RGKC AMLQR?LR , RFCL, RFC DGL?J T?JSC GQ TCPW LC?PJW ?AFGCTCB, ?Q RFC EP?NF GL F?=KH; 21.38(@) GJJSQRP?RCQ.
$GQAF?PEGLE ? #?N?AGRMP
$GQAF?PEGLE ? A?N?AGRMP RFPMSEF ? PCQGQRMP NPMACCBQ GL ? QGKGJ?P D?QFGML, ?Q F?=KH; 21.39 GJJSQRP?RCQ. )LGRG?JJW, RFC ASPPCLR GQ I
0
=
V
0
R
, BPGTCL @W RFC
GLGRG?J TMJR?EC V
0
ML RFC A?N?AGRMP. !Q RFC TMJR?EC BCAPC?QCQ, RFC ASPPCLR ?LB FCLAC RFC P?RC MD BGQAF?PEC BCAPC?QCQ, GKNJWGLE ?LMRFCP CVNMLCLRG?J
DMPKSJ? DMP V . 5QGLE A?JASJSQ, RFC TMJR?EC V ML ? A?N?AGRMP C @CGLE BGQAF?PECB RFPMSEF ? PCQGQRMP R GQ DMSLB RM @C
(21.80)
V = V e
t / RC
(discharging).
F?=KH; 21.39 (?) #JMQGLE RFC QUGRAF BGQAF?PECQ RFC A?N?AGRMP C RFPMSEF RFC PCQGQRMP R . -SRS?J PCNSJQGML MD JGIC AF?PECQ ML C?AF NJ?RC BPGTCQ RFC ASPPCLR. (@) ! EP?NF MD
TMJR?EC ?APMQQ RFC A?N?AGRMP TCPQSQ RGKC, UGRF V = V
0
?R t = 0 . 4FC TMJR?EC BCAPC?QCQ CVNMLCLRG?JJW, D?JJGLE ? DGVCB DP?ARGML MD RFC U?W RM XCPM GL C?AF QS@QCOSCLR RGKC
AMLQR?LR .
4FC EP?NF GL F?=KH; 21.39(@) GQ ?L CV?KNJC MD RFGQ CVNMLCLRG?J BCA?W. !E?GL, RFC RGKC AMLQR?LR GQ = RC . ! QK?JJ PCQGQR?LAC R ?JJMUQ RFC
A?N?AGRMP RM BGQAF?PEC GL ? QK?JJ RGKC, QGLAC RFC ASPPCLR GQ J?PECP. 3GKGJ?PJW, ? QK?JJ A?N?AGR?LAC PCOSGPCQ JCQQ RGKC RM BGQAF?PEC, QGLAC JCQQ AF?PEC GQ
QRMPCB. )L RFC DGPQR RGKC GLRCPT?J = RC ?DRCP RFC QUGRAF GQ AJMQCB, RFC TMJR?EC D?JJQ RM 0.368 MD GRQ GLGRG?J T?JSC, QGLAC V = V
0
e
1
= 0.368V
0
.
$SPGLE C?AF QSAACQQGTC RGKC , RFC TMJR?EC D?JJQ RM 0.368 MD GRQ NPCACBGLE T?JSC. )L ? DCU KSJRGNJCQ MD , RFC TMJR?EC @CAMKCQ TCPW AJMQC RM XCPM, ?Q
GLBGA?RCB @W RFC EP?NF GL F?=KH; 21.39(@).
.MU UC A?L CVNJ?GL UFW RFC DJ?QF A?KCP? GL MSP QACL?PGM R?ICQ QM KSAF JMLECP RM AF?PEC RF?L BGQAF?PEC; RFC PCQGQR?LAC UFGJC AF?PEGLE GQ
QGELGDGA?LRJW EPC?RCP RF?L UFGJC BGQAF?PEGLE. 4FC GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC @?RRCPW ?AAMSLRQ DMP KMQR MD RFC PCQGQR?LAC UFGJC AF?PEGLE. !Q RFC @?RRCPW
?ECQ, RFC GLAPC?QGLE GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC K?ICQ RFC AF?PEGLE NPMACQQ CTCL QJMUCP. (9MS K?W F?TC LMRGACB RFGQ.)
4FC DJ?QF BGQAF?PEC GQ RFPMSEF ? JMU-PCQGQR?LAC GMLGXCB E?Q GL RFC DJ?QF RS@C ?LB NPMACCBQ TCPW P?NGBJW. &J?QF NFMRMEP?NFQ, QSAF ?Q GL F?=KH; 21.40,
A?L A?NRSPC ? @PGCD GLQR?LR MD ? P?NGB KMRGML @CA?SQC RFC DJ?QF A?L @C JCQQ RF?L ? KGAPMQCAMLB GL BSP?RGML. 3SAF DJ?QFCQ A?L @C K?BC CVRPCKCJW
GLRCLQC.
$SPGLE 7MPJB 7?P )), LGEFRRGKC PCAMLL?GQQ?LAC NFMRMEP?NFQ UCPC K?BC DPMK RFC ?GP UGRF ? QGLEJC DJ?QF GJJSKGL?RGLE KMPC RF?L ? QOS?PC IGJMKCRCP MD
CLCKW RCPPGRMPW. 4FC @PCTGRW MD RFC DJ?QF CJGKGL?RCB @JSPPGLE BSC RM RFC QSPTCGJJ?LAC ?GPAP?DRtQ KMRGML. 4MB?W, ?L GKNMPR?LR SQC MD GLRCLQC DJ?QF J?KNQ GQ
RM NSKN CLCPEW GLRM ? J?QCP. 4FC QFMPR GLRCLQC DJ?QF A?L P?NGBJW CLCPEGXC ? J?QCP ?LB ?JJMU GR RM PCCKGR RFC CLCPEW GL ?LMRFCP DMPK.
F?=KH; 21.40 4FGQ QRMN-KMRGML NFMRMEP?NF MD ? PSDMSQ FSKKGLE@GPB (*8?4FC;BEHF EH9HF) DCCBGLE ML ? DJMUCP U?Q M@R?GLCB UGRF ?L CVRPCKCJW @PGCD ?LB GLRCLQC DJ?QF MD JGEFR
NMUCPCB @W RFC BGQAF?PEC MD ? A?N?AGRMP RFPMSEF ? E?Q. (APCBGR: $C?L %. "GEEGLQ, 5.3. &GQF ?LB 7GJBJGDC 3CPTGAC)
EN7CFB; 21.6 "DJ;=H7J;: CED9;FJ )HE8B;C: C7B9KB7J?D= C7F79?JEH ,?P;W,JHE8; %?=>JI
(GEF-QNCCB DJ?QF NFMRMEP?NFW U?Q NGMLCCPCB @W $MA %BECPRML GL RFC 1930Q, UFGJC FC U?Q ? NPMDCQQMP MD CJCARPGA?J CLEGLCCPGLE ?R -)4. 9MS KGEFR
F?TC QCCL CV?KNJCQ MD FGQ UMPI GL RFC ?K?XGLE QFMRQ MD FSKKGLE@GPBQ GL KMRGML, ? BPMN MD KGJI QNJ?RRCPGLE ML ? R?@JC, MP ? @SJJCR NCLCRP?RGLE ?L
?NNJC (QCC F?=KH; 21.40). 4M QRMN RFC KMRGML ?LB A?NRSPC RFCQC NGARSPCQ, MLC LCCBQ ? FGEF-GLRCLQGRW, TCPW QFMPR NSJQCB DJ?QF, ?Q KCLRGMLCB
C?PJGCP GL RFGQ KMBSJC.
760 #(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43
3SNNMQC MLC UGQFCB RM A?NRSPC RFC NGARSPC MD ? @SJJCR (KMTGLE ?R 5.010
2
m/s ) RF?R U?Q N?QQGLE RFPMSEF ?L ?NNJC. 4FC BSP?RGML MD RFC DJ?QF GQ
PCJ?RCB RM RFC RC RGKC AMLQR?LR, . 7F?R QGXC A?N?AGRMP UMSJB MLC LCCB GL RFC RC AGPASGR RM QSAACCB, GD RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC DJ?QF RS@C U?Q
10.0 ? !QQSKC RFC ?NNJC GQ ? QNFCPC UGRF ? BG?KCRCP MD 8.010
2
m.
,JH7J;=O
7C @CEGL @W GBCLRGDWGLE RFC NFWQGA?J NPGLAGNJCQ GLTMJTCB. 4FGQ CV?KNJC BC?JQ UGRF RFC QRPM@C JGEFR, ?Q BGQASQQCB ?@MTC. F?=KH; 21.39 QFMUQ RFC
AGPASGR DMP RFGQ NPM@C. 4FC AF?P?ARCPGQRGA RGKC MD RFC QRPM@C GQ EGTCL ?Q = RC .
,EBKJ?ED
7C UGQF RM DGLB C , @SR UC BMLtR ILMU . 7C U?LR RFC DJ?QF RM @C ML MLJW UFGJC RFC @SJJCR RP?TCPQCQ RFC ?NNJC. 3M UC LCCB RM SQC RFC IGLCK?RGA
COS?RGMLQ RF?R BCQAPG@C RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL BGQR?LAC x , TCJMAGRW v , ?LB RGKC t :
(21.81)
x = vt or t =
x
v
.
4FC @SJJCRtQ TCJMAGRW GQ EGTCL ?Q 5.010
2
m/s , ?LB RFC BGQR?LAC x GQ 8.010
2
m. 4FC RP?TCPQC RGKC, RFCL, GQ
(21.82)
t =
x
v
=
8.010
2
m
5.010
2
m/s
= 1.610
4
s.
7C QCR RFGQ T?JSC DMP RFC APMQQGLE RGKC t COS?J RM . 4FCPCDMPC,
(21.83)
C =
t
R
=
1.610
4
s
10.0
= 16 F.
(.MRC: #?N?AGR?LAC C GQ RWNGA?JJW KC?QSPCB GL D?P?BQ, F , BCDGLCB ?Q #MSJMK@Q NCP TMJR. &PMK RFC COS?RGML, UC QCC RF?R C A?L ?JQM @C QR?RCB
GL SLGRQ MD QCAMLBQ NCP MFK.)
D?I9KII?ED
4FC DJ?QF GLRCPT?J MD 160 s (RFC RP?TCPQC RGKC MD RFC @SJJCR) GQ PCJ?RGTCJW C?QW RM M@R?GL RMB?W. 3RPM@C JGEFRQ F?TC MNCLCB SN LCU UMPJBQ DPMK
QAGCLAC RM CLRCPR?GLKCLR. 4FC GLDMPK?RGML DPMK RFC NGARSPC MD RFC ?NNJC ?LB @SJJCR U?Q SQCB GL RFC 7?PPCL #MKKGQQGML 2CNMPR ML RFC
?QQ?QQGL?RGML MD 0PCQGBCLR *MFL &. +CLLCBW GL 1963 RM AMLDGPK RF?R MLJW MLC @SJJCR U?Q DGPCB.
)C #GPASGRQ DMP 4GKGLE
RC AGPASGRQ ?PC AMKKMLJW SQCB DMP RGKGLE NSPNMQCQ. ! KSLB?LC CV?KNJC MD RFGQ GQ DMSLB GL RFC S@GOSGRMSQ GLRCPKGRRCLR UGNCP QWQRCKQ MD KMBCPL
A?PQ. 4FC RGKC @CRUCCL UGNCQ GQ T?PGCB @W ?BHSQRGLE RFC PCQGQR?LAC GL ?L RC AGPASGR. !LMRFCP CV?KNJC MD ?L RC AGPASGR GQ DMSLB GL LMTCJRW HCUCJPW,
(?JJMUCCL AMQRSKCQ, ?LB T?PGMSQ RMWQ RF?R F?TC @?RRCPW-NMUCPCB DJ?QFGLE JGEFRQ. (3CC F?=KH; 21.41 DMP ? RGKGLE AGPASGR.)
! KMPC APSAG?J SQC MD RC AGPASGRQ DMP RGKGLE NSPNMQCQ GQ GL RFC ?PRGDGAG?J N?ACK?ICP, SQCB RM AMLRPMJ FC?PR P?RC. 4FC FC?PR P?RC GQ LMPK?JJW AMLRPMJJCB @W
CJCARPGA?J QGEL?JQ ECLCP?RCB @W RFC QGLM-?RPG?J (3!) LMBC, UFGAF GQ ML RFC U?JJ MD RFC PGEFR ?RPGSK AF?K@CP. 4FGQ A?SQCQ RFC KSQAJCQ RM AMLRP?AR ?LB
NSKN @JMMB. 3MKCRGKCQ RFC FC?PR PFWRFK GQ ?@LMPK?J ?LB RFC FC?PR@C?R GQ RMM FGEF MP RMM JMU.
4FC ?PRGDGAG?J N?ACK?ICP GQ GLQCPRCB LC?P RFC FC?PR RM NPMTGBC CJCARPGA?J QGEL?JQ RM RFC FC?PR UFCL LCCBCB UGRF RFC ?NNPMNPG?RC RGKC AMLQR?LR.
0?ACK?ICPQ F?TC QCLQMPQ RF?R BCRCAR @MBW KMRGML ?LB @PC?RFGLE RM GLAPC?QC RFC FC?PR P?RC BSPGLE CVCPAGQC RM KCCR RFC @MBWtQ GLAPC?QCB LCCBQ DMP
@JMMB ?LB MVWECL.
F?=KH; 21.41 (?) 4FC J?KN GL RFGQ RC AGPASGR MPBGL?PGJW F?Q ? TCPW FGEF PCQGQR?LAC, QM RF?R RFC @?RRCPW AF?PECQ RFC A?N?AGRMP ?Q GD RFC J?KN UCPC LMR RFCPC. 7FCL RFC TMJR?EC
PC?AFCQ ? RFPCQFMJB T?JSC, ? ASPPCLR DJMUQ RFPMSEF RFC J?KN RF?R BP?K?RGA?JJW PCBSACQ GRQ PCQGQR?LAC, ?LB RFC A?N?AGRMP BGQAF?PECQ RFPMSEF RFC J?KN ?Q GD RFC @?RRCPW ?LB
AF?PEGLE PCQGQRMP UCPC LMR RFCPC. /LAC BGQAF?PECB, RFC NPMACQQ QR?PRQ ?E?GL, UGRF RFC DJ?QF NCPGMB BCRCPKGLCB @W RFC RC AMLQR?LR . (@) ! EP?NF MD TMJR?EC TCPQSQ RGKC DMP
RFGQ AGPASGR.
#(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43 761
7CC;J;H:
7D7BE= C;J;H:
8H?:=; :;L?9;:
EN7CFB; 21.7 C7B9KB7J?D= -?C;: RC C?H9K?J ?D 7 !;7HJ D;<?8H?BB7JEH
! FC?PR BCDG@PGJJ?RMP GQ SQCB RM PCQSQAGR?RC ?L ?AAGBCLR TGARGK @W BGQAF?PEGLE ? A?N?AGRMP RFPMSEF RFC RPSLI MD FCP @MBW. ! QGKNJGDGCB TCPQGML MD RFC
AGPASGR GQ QCCL GL F?=KH; 21.39. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC RGKC AMLQR?LR GD ?L 8.00-F A?N?AGRMP GQ SQCB ?LB RFC N?RF PCQGQR?LAC RFPMSEF FCP @MBW GQ
1.0010
3
? (@) )D RFC GLGRG?J TMJR?EC GQ 10.0 I6, FMU JMLE BMCQ GR R?IC RM BCAJGLC RM 5.0010
2
V?
,JH7J;=O
3GLAC RFC PCQGQR?LAC ?LB A?N?AGR?LAC ?PC EGTCL, GR GQ QRP?GEFRDMPU?PB RM KSJRGNJW RFCK RM EGTC RFC RGKC AMLQR?LR ?QICB DMP GL N?PR (?). 4M DGLB RFC
RGKC DMP RFC TMJR?EC RM BCAJGLC RM 5.0010
2
V, UC PCNC?RCBJW KSJRGNJW RFC GLGRG?J TMJR?EC @W 0.368 SLRGJ ? TMJR?EC JCQQ RF?L MP COS?J RM
5.0010
2
V GQ M@R?GLCB. %?AF KSJRGNJGA?RGML AMPPCQNMLBQ RM ? RGKC MD QCAMLBQ.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
4FC RGKC AMLQR?LR GQ EGTCL @W RFC COS?RGML = RC . %LRCPGLE RFC EGTCL T?JSCQ DMP PCQGQR?LAC ?LB A?N?AGR?LAC (?LB PCKCK@CPGLE RF?R SLGRQ
DMP ? D?P?B A?L @C CVNPCQQCB ?Q s / ) EGTCQ
(21.84)
= RC = (1.0010
3
)(8.00 F) = 8.00 ms.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
)L RFC DGPQR 8.00 KQ, RFC TMJR?EC (10.0 I6) BCAJGLCQ RM 0.368 MD GRQ GLGRG?J T?JSC. 4F?R GQ:
(21.85)
V = 0.368V
0
= 3.68010
3
V at t = 8.00 ms.
(.MRGAC RF?R UC A?PPW ?L CVRP? BGEGR DMP C?AF GLRCPKCBG?RC A?JASJ?RGML.) !DRCP ?LMRFCP 8.00 KQ, UC KSJRGNJW @W 0.368 ?E?GL, ?LB RFC TMJR?EC GQ
(21.86)
V = 0.368V
= (0.368)
3.68010
3
V
= 1.35410
3
V at t = 16.0 ms.
3GKGJ?PJW, ?DRCP ?LMRFCP 8.00 KQ, RFC TMJR?EC GQ
(21.87)
V = 0.368V = (0.368)(1.35410
3
V)
= 498 V at t = 24.0 ms.
D?I9KII?ED
3M ?DRCP MLJW 24.0 KQ, RFC TMJR?EC GQ BMUL RM 498 6, MP 4.98% MD GRQ MPGEGL?J T?JSC.3SAF @PGCD RGKCQ ?PC SQCDSJ GL FC?PR BCDG@PGJJ?RGML, @CA?SQC RFC
@PGCD @SR GLRCLQC ASPPCLR A?SQCQ ? @PGCD @SR CDDCARGTC AMLRP?ARGML MD RFC FC?PR. 4FC ?ARS?J AGPASGR GL ? FC?PR BCDG@PGJJ?RMP GQ QJGEFRJW KMPC AMKNJCV RF?L
RFC MLC GL F?=KH; 21.39, RM AMKNCLQ?RC DMP K?ELCRGA ?LB !# CDDCARQ RF?R UGJJ @C AMTCPCB GL &7=D;J?IC.
7FCL GQ RFC NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC ?APMQQ ? A?N?AGRMP ?L CKD?
,EBKJ?ED
/LJW UFCL RFC ASPPCLR @CGLE BP?UL DPMK MP NSR GLRM RFC A?N?AGRMP GQ XCPM. #?N?AGRMPQ, JGIC @?RRCPGCQ, F?TC GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC, QM RFCGP MSRNSR
TMJR?EC GQ LMR ?L CKD SLJCQQ ASPPCLR GQ XCPM. 4FGQ GQ BGDDGASJR RM KC?QSPC GL NP?ARGAC QM UC PCDCP RM ? A?N?AGRMPtQ TMJR?EC P?RFCP RF?L GRQ CKD. "SR RFC
QMSPAC MD NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC GL ? A?N?AGRMP GQ DSLB?KCLR?J ?LB GR GQ ?L CKD.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: #GPASGR #MLQRPSARGML +GR ($# MLJW)
!L CJCARPMLGAQ IGR GL WMSP AMKNSRCP! "SGJB AGPASGRQ UGRF PCQGQRMPQ, JGEFR @SJ@Q, @?RRCPGCQ, ?LB QUGRAFCQ. 4?IC KC?QSPCKCLRQ UGRF RFC PC?JGQRGA
?KKCRCP ?LB TMJRKCRCP. 6GCU RFC AGPASGR ?Q ? QAFCK?RGA BG?EP?K, MP QUGRAF RM ? JGDC-JGIC TGCU.
F?=KH; 21.42 C?H9K?J CEDIJHK9J?ED $?J (DC EDBO) (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42363/1.5/9?H9K?J-9EDIJHK9J?ED-A?J-:96;D.@7H)
BEII7HO
?L GLQRPSKCLR RF?R KC?QSPCQ ASPPCLR
? KC?QSPGLE GLQRPSKCLR RF?R EGTCQ ? PC?BMSR GL RFC DMPK MD ? LCCBJC KMTCKCLR MTCP ? K?PICB E?SEC
? BCTGAC RF?R DMPKQ ? @PGBEC @CRUCCL RUM @P?LAFCQ MD ? AGPASGR; QMKC @PGBEC BCTGACQ ?PC SQCB RM K?IC LSJJ KC?QSPCKCLRQ GL
AGPASGRQ
762 #(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43
97F79?J7D9;:
97F79?JEH:
9EDI;HL7J?ED B7MI:
9KHH;DJ I;DI?J?L?JO:
9KHH;DJ:
:?=?J7B C;J;H:
;B;9JHECEJ?L; <EH9; (;C<):
<KBB-I97B; :;<B;9J?ED:
=7BL7DEC;J;H:
?DJ;HD7B H;I?IJ7D9;:
#EKB;XI B7M:
@KD9J?ED HKB;:
$?H9>>E<<XI HKB;I:
BEEF HKB;:
DKBB C;7IKH;C;DJI:
(>CXI B7M:
E>CC;J;H:
F7H7BB;B:
FEJ;DJ?7B :?<<;H;D9;:
FEJ;DJ?EC;J;H:
+C 9?H9K?J:
H;I?IJ7D9;:
H;I?IJEH:
I;H?;I:
I>KDJ H;I?IJ7D9;:
J;HC?D7B LEBJ7=;:
LEBJ7=; :HEF:
LEBJ7=;:
LEBJC;J;H:
0>;7JIJED; 8H?:=;:
RFC K?VGKSK ?KMSLR MD CJCARPGA NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW RF?R A?L @C QRMPCB (MP QCN?P?RCB) DMP ? EGTCL CJCARPGA NMRCLRG?J
?L CJCARPGA?J AMKNMLCLR SQCB RM QRMPC CLCPEW @W QCN?P?RGLE CJCARPGA AF?PEC ML RUM MNNMQGLE NJ?RCQ
PCOSGPC RF?R CLCPEW ?LB AF?PEC @C AMLQCPTCB GL ? QWQRCK
RFC K?VGKSK ASPPCLR RF?R ? E?JT?LMKCRCP A?L PC?B
RFC DJMU MD AF?PEC RFPMSEF ?L CJCARPGA AGPASGR N?QR ? EGTCL NMGLR MD KC?QSPCKCLR
? KC?QSPGLE GLQRPSKCLR RF?R EGTCQ ? PC?BMSR GL ? BGEGR?J DMPK
RFC NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC MD ? QMSPAC MD CJCARPGAGRW UFCL LM ASPPCLR GQ DJMUGLE; KC?QSPCB GL TMJRQ
RFC K?VGKSK BCDJCARGML MD ? E?JT?LMKCRCP LCCBJC, ?JQM ILMUL ?Q ASPPCLR QCLQGRGTGRW; ? E?JT?LMKCRCP UGRF ? DSJJ-QA?JC
BCDJCARGML MD 50 A F?Q ? K?VGKSK BCDJCARGML MD GRQ LCCBJC UFCL 50 A DJMUQ RFPMSEF GR
?L ?L?JME KC?QSPGLE BCTGAC, BCLMRCB @W ', RF?R KC?QSPCQ ASPPCLR DJMU SQGLE ? LCCBJC BCDJCARGML A?SQCB @W ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB DMPAC
?ARGLE SNML ? ASPPCLR-A?PPWGLE UGPC
RFC ?KMSLR MD PCQGQR?LAC UGRFGL RFC TMJR?EC QMSPAC
RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL NMRCLRG?J CJCARPGA?J NMUCP, TMJR?EC, ?LB PCQGQR?LAC GL ?L CJCARPGA?J AGPASGR, EGTCL @W: P
e
= IV
+GPAFFMDDtQ DGPQR PSJC, UFGAF ?NNJGCQ RFC AMLQCPT?RGML MD AF?PEC RM ? HSLARGML; ASPPCLR GQ RFC DJMU MD AF?PEC; RFSQ, UF?RCTCP AF?PEC
DJMUQ GLRM RFC HSLARGML KSQR DJMU MSR; RFC PSJC A?L @C QR?RCB I
1
= I
2
+ I
3
? QCR MD RUM PSJCQ, @?QCB ML AMLQCPT?RGML MD AF?PEC ?LB CLCPEW, EMTCPLGLE ASPPCLR ?LB AF?LECQ GL NMRCLRG?J GL ?L CJCARPGA AGPASGR
+GPAFFMDDtQ QCAMLB PSJC, UFGAF QR?RCQ RF?R GL ? AJMQCB JMMN, UF?RCTCP CLCPEW GQ QSNNJGCB @W CKD KSQR @C RP?LQDCPPCB GLRM MRFCP DMPKQ @W
BCTGACQ GL RFC JMMN, QGLAC RFCPC ?PC LM MRFCP U?WQ GL UFGAF CLCPEW A?L @C RP?LQDCPPCB GLRM MP MSR MD RFC AGPASGR. 4FSQ, RFC CKD COS?JQ RFC QSK
MD RFC IR (TMJR?EC) BPMNQ GL RFC JMMN ?LB A?L @C QR?RCB: emf = Ir + IR
1
+ IR
2
KCRFMBQ MD KC?QSPGLE ASPPCLR ?LB TMJR?EC KMPC ?AASP?RCJW @W @?J?LAGLE RFC AGPASGR QM RF?R LM ASPPCLR DJMUQ RFPMSEF RFC
KC?QSPCKCLR BCTGAC
RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL ASPPCLR, TMJR?EC, ?LB PCQGQR?LAC UGRFGL ?L CJCARPGA?J AGPASGR: V = IR
?L GLQRPSKCLR RF?R ?NNJGCQ ? TMJR?EC RM ? PCQGQR?LAC, KC?QSPCQ RFC ASPPCLR, A?JASJ?RCQ RFC PCQGQR?LAC SQGLE /FKtQ J?U, ?LB NPMTGBCQ ?
PC?BMSR MD RFGQ A?JASJ?RCB PCQGQR?LAC
RFC UGPGLE MD PCQGQRMPQ MP MRFCP AMKNMLCLRQ GL ?L CJCARPGA?J AGPASGR QSAF RF?R C?AF AMKNMLCLR PCACGTCQ ?L COS?J TMJR?EC DPMK RFC NMUCP
QMSPAC; MDRCL NGARSPCB GL ? J?BBCP-QF?NCB BG?EP?K, UGRF C?AF AMKNMLCLR ML ? PSLE MD RFC J?BBCP
RFC BGDDCPCLAC GL CJCARPGA NMRCLRG?J @CRUCCL RUM NMGLRQ GL ?L CJCARPGA AGPASGR, KC?QSPCB GL TMJRQ
? LSJJ KC?QSPCKCLR BCTGAC DMP KC?QSPGLE NMRCLRG?JQ (TMJR?ECQ)
? AGPASGR RF?R AMLR?GLQ @MRF ? PCQGQRMP ?LB ? A?N?AGRMP
A?SQGLE ? JMQQ MD CJCARPGA?J NMUCP GL ? AGPASGR
? AMKNMLCLR RF?R NPMTGBCQ PCQGQR?LAC RM RFC ASPPCLR DJMUGLE RFPMSEF ?L CJCARPGA?J AGPASGR
? QCOSCLAC MD PCQGQRMPQ MP MRFCP AMKNMLCLRQ UGPCB GLRM ? AGPASGR MLC ?DRCP RFC MRFCP
? QK?JJ PCQGQR?LAC R NJ?ACB GL N?P?JJCJ UGRF ? E?JT?LMKCRCP ' RM NPMBSAC ?L ?KKCRCP; RFC J?PECP RFC ASPPCLR RM @C KC?QSPCB,
RFC QK?JJCP R KSQR @C; KMQR MD RFC ASPPCLR DJMUGLE RFPMSEF RFC KCRCP GQ QFSLRCB RFPMSEF R RM NPMRCAR RFC E?JT?LMKCRCP
RFC TMJR?EC KC?QSPCB ?APMQQ RFC RCPKGL?JQ MD ? QMSPAC MD NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC
RFC JMQQ MD CJCARPGA?J NMUCP ?Q ? ASPPCLR RP?TCJQ RFPMSEF ? PCQGQRMP, UGPC MP MRFCP AMKNMLCLR
RFC CJCARPGA?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW NCP SLGR AF?PEC; CJCARPGA NPCQQSPC APC?RCB @W ? NMUCP QMSPAC, QSAF ?Q ? @?RRCPW
?L GLQRPSKCLR RF?R KC?QSPCQ TMJR?EC
? LSJJ KC?QSPCKCLR BCTGAC DMP A?JASJ?RGLE PCQGQR?LAC @W @?J?LAGLE NMRCLRG?J BPMNQ GL ? AGPASGR
,;9J?ED ,KCC7HO
21.1 +;I?IJEHI ?D ,;H?;I 7D: )7H7BB;B
w 4FC RMR?J PCQGQR?LAC MD ?L CJCARPGA?J AGPASGR UGRF PCQGQRMPQ UGPCB GL ? QCPGCQ GQ RFC QSK MD RFC GLBGTGBS?J PCQGQR?LACQ: R
s
= R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
+ ....
w %?AF PCQGQRMP GL ? QCPGCQ AGPASGR F?Q RFC Q?KC ?KMSLR MD ASPPCLR DJMUGLE RFPMSEF GR.
#(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43 763
w 4FC TMJR?EC BPMN, MP NMUCP BGQQGN?RGML, ?APMQQ C?AF GLBGTGBS?J PCQGQRMP GL ? QCPGCQ GQ BGDDCPCLR, ?LB RFCGP AMK@GLCB RMR?J ?BBQ SN RM RFC NMUCP
QMSPAC GLNSR.
w 4FC RMR?J PCQGQR?LAC MD ?L CJCARPGA?J AGPASGR UGRF PCQGQRMPQ UGPCB GL N?P?JJCJ GQ JCQQ RF?L RFC JMUCQR PCQGQR?LAC MD ?LW MD RFC AMKNMLCLRQ ?LB A?L @C
BCRCPKGLCB SQGLE RFC DMPKSJ?:
1
R
p
=
1
R
1
+
1
R
2
+
1
R
3
+ ....
w %?AF PCQGQRMP GL ? N?P?JJCJ AGPASGR F?Q RFC Q?KC DSJJ TMJR?EC MD RFC QMSPAC ?NNJGCB RM GR.
w 4FC ASPPCLR DJMUGLE RFPMSEF C?AF PCQGQRMP GL ? N?P?JJCJ AGPASGR GQ BGDDCPCLR, BCNCLBGLE ML RFC PCQGQR?LAC.
w )D ? KMPC AMKNJCV AMLLCARGML MD PCQGQRMPQ GQ ? AMK@GL?RGML MD QCPGCQ ?LB N?P?JJCJ, GR A?L @C PCBSACB RM ? QGLEJC COSGT?JCLR PCQGQR?LAC @W
GBCLRGDWGLE GRQ T?PGMSQ N?PRQ ?Q QCPGCQ MP N?P?JJCJ, PCBSAGLE C?AF RM GRQ COSGT?JCLR, ?LB AMLRGLSGLE SLRGJ ? QGLEJC PCQGQR?LAC GQ CTCLRS?JJW PC?AFCB.
w !JJ TMJR?EC QMSPACQ F?TC RUM DSLB?KCLR?J N?PRQr? QMSPAC MD CJCARPGA?J CLCPEW RF?R F?Q ? AF?P?ARCPGQRGA CJCARPMKMRGTC DMPAC (CKD), ?LB ?L
GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC r .
w 4FC CKD GQ RFC NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC MD ? QMSPAC UFCL LM ASPPCLR GQ DJMUGLE.
w 4FC LSKCPGA?J T?JSC MD RFC CKD BCNCLBQ ML RFC QMSPAC MD NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC.
w 4FC GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC r MD ? TMJR?EC QMSPAC ?DDCARQ RFC MSRNSR TMJR?EC UFCL ? ASPPCLR DJMUQ.
w 4FC TMJR?EC MSRNSR MD ? BCTGAC GQ A?JJCB GRQ RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC V ?LB GQ EGTCL @W V = emf Ir , UFCPC I GQ RFC CJCARPGA ASPPCLR ?LB GQ NMQGRGTC
UFCL DJMUGLE ?U?W DPMK RFC NMQGRGTC RCPKGL?J MD RFC TMJR?EC QMSPAC.
w 7FCL KSJRGNJC TMJR?EC QMSPACQ ?PC GL QCPGCQ, RFCGP GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LACQ ?BB ?LB RFCGP CKDQ ?BB ?JEC@P?GA?JJW.
w 3MJ?P ACJJQ A?L @C UGPCB GL QCPGCQ MP N?P?JJCJ RM NPMTGBC GLAPC?QCB TMJR?EC MP ASPPCLR, PCQNCARGTCJW.
21.3 $?H9>>E<<XI +KB;I
w +GPAFFMDDtQ PSJCQ A?L @C SQCB RM ?L?JWXC ?LW AGPASGR, QGKNJC MP AMKNJCV.
w +GPAFFMDDtQ DGPQR PSJCrRFC HSLARGML PSJC: 4FC QSK MD ?JJ ASPPCLRQ CLRCPGLE ? HSLARGML KSQR COS?J RFC QSK MD ?JJ ASPPCLRQ JC?TGLE RFC HSLARGML.
w +GPAFFMDDtQ QCAMLB PSJCrRFC JMMN PSJC: 4FC ?JEC@P?GA QSK MD AF?LECQ GL NMRCLRG?J ?PMSLB ?LW AJMQCB AGPASGR N?RF (JMMN) KSQR @C XCPM.
w 4FC RUM PSJCQ ?PC @?QCB, PCQNCARGTCJW, ML RFC J?UQ MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD AF?PEC ?LB CLCPEW.
w 7FCL A?JASJ?RGLE NMRCLRG?J ?LB ASPPCLR SQGLE +GPAFFMDDtQ PSJCQ, ? QCR MD AMLTCLRGMLQ KSQR @C DMJJMUCB DMP BCRCPKGLGLE RFC AMPPCAR QGELQ MD T?PGMSQ
RCPKQ.
w 4FC QGKNJCP QCPGCQ ?LB N?P?JJCJ PSJCQ ?PC QNCAG?J A?QCQ MD +GPAFFMDDtQ PSJCQ.
w 6MJRKCRCPQ KC?QSPC TMJR?EC, ?LB ?KKCRCPQ KC?QSPC ASPPCLR.
w ! TMJRKCRCP GQ NJ?ACB GL N?P?JJCJ UGRF RFC TMJR?EC QMSPAC RM PCACGTC DSJJ TMJR?EC ?LB KSQR F?TC ? J?PEC PCQGQR?LAC RM JGKGR GRQ CDDCAR ML RFC AGPASGR.
w !L ?KKCRCP GQ NJ?ACB GL QCPGCQ RM ECR RFC DSJJ ASPPCLR DJMUGLE RFPMSEF ? @P?LAF ?LB KSQR F?TC ? QK?JJ PCQGQR?LAC RM JGKGR GRQ CDDCAR ML RFC AGPASGR.
w "MRF A?L @C @?QCB ML RFC AMK@GL?RGML MD ? PCQGQRMP ?LB ? E?JT?LMKCRCP, ? BCTGAC RF?R EGTCQ ?L ?L?JME PC?BGLE MD ASPPCLR.
w 3R?LB?PB TMJRKCRCPQ ?LB ?KKCRCPQ ?JRCP RFC AGPASGR @CGLE KC?QSPCB ?LB ?PC RFSQ JGKGRCB GL ?AASP?AW.
w .SJJ KC?QSPCKCLR RCAFLGOSCQ ?AFGCTC EPC?RCP ?AASP?AW @W @?J?LAGLE ? AGPASGR QM RF?R LM ASPPCLR DJMUQ RFPMSEF RFC KC?QSPGLE BCTGAC.
w /LC QSAF BCTGAC, DMP BCRCPKGLGLE TMJR?EC, GQ ? NMRCLRGMKCRCP.
w !LMRFCP LSJJ KC?QSPCKCLR BCTGAC, DMP BCRCPKGLGLE PCQGQR?LAC, GQ RFC 7FC?RQRMLC @PGBEC.
w /RFCP NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ A?L ?JQM @C KC?QSPCB UGRF LSJJ KC?QSPCKCLR RCAFLGOSCQ.
w !L RC AGPASGR GQ MLC RF?R F?Q @MRF ? PCQGQRMP ?LB ? A?N?AGRMP.
w 4FC RGKC AMLQR?LR DMP ?L RC AGPASGR GQ = RC .
w 7FCL ?L GLGRG?JJW SLAF?PECB ( V
0
= 0 ?R t = 0 ) A?N?AGRMP GL QCPGCQ UGRF ? PCQGQRMP GQ AF?PECB @W ? $# TMJR?EC QMSPAC, RFC TMJR?EC PGQCQ,
?QWKNRMRGA?JJW ?NNPM?AFGLE RFC CKD MD RFC TMJR?EC QMSPAC; ?Q ? DSLARGML MD RGKC,
V = emf(1 e
t / RC
)(charging).
w 7GRFGL RFC QN?L MD C?AF RGKC AMLQR?LR , RFC TMJR?EC PGQCQ @W 0.632 MD RFC PCK?GLGLE T?JSC, ?NNPM?AFGLE RFC DGL?J TMJR?EC ?QWKNRMRGA?JJW.
w )D ? A?N?AGRMP UGRF ?L GLGRG?J TMJR?EC V
0
GQ BGQAF?PECB RFPMSEF ? PCQGQRMP QR?PRGLE ?R t = 0 , RFCL GRQ TMJR?EC BCAPC?QCQ CVNMLCLRG?JJW ?Q EGTCL @W
V = V
0
e
t / RC
(discharging).
w )L C?AF RGKC AMLQR?LR , RFC TMJR?EC D?JJQ @W 0.368 MD GRQ PCK?GLGLE GLGRG?J T?JSC, ?NNPM?AFGLE XCPM ?QWKNRMRGA?JJW.
21.1 +;I?IJEHI ?D ,;H?;I 7D: )7H7BB;B
1. ! QUGRAF F?Q ? T?PG?@JC PCQGQR?LAC RF?R GQ LC?PJW XCPM UFCL AJMQCB ?LB CVRPCKCJW J?PEC UFCL MNCL, ?LB GR GQ NJ?ACB GL QCPGCQ UGRF RFC BCTGAC GR
AMLRPMJQ. %VNJ?GL RFC CDDCAR RFC QUGRAF GL F?=KH; 21.43 F?Q ML ASPPCLR UFCL MNCL ?LB UFCL AJMQCB.
764 #(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43
F?=KH; 21.43 ! QUGRAF GQ MPBGL?PGJW GL QCPGCQ UGRF ? PCQGQR?LAC ?LB TMJR?EC QMSPAC. )BC?JJW, RFC QUGRAF F?Q LC?PJW XCPM PCQGQR?LAC UFCL AJMQCB @SR F?Q ?L CVRPCKCJW J?PEC
PCQGQR?LAC UFCL MNCL. (.MRC RF?R GL RFGQ BG?EP?K, RFC QAPGNR % PCNPCQCLRQ RFC TMJR?EC (MP CJCARPMKMRGTC DMPAC) MD RFC @?RRCPW.)
2. 7F?R GQ RFC TMJR?EC ?APMQQ RFC MNCL QUGRAF GL F?=KH; 21.43?
3. 4FCPC GQ ? TMJR?EC ?APMQQ ?L MNCL QUGRAF, QSAF ?Q GL F?=KH; 21.43. 7FW, RFCL, GQ RFC NMUCP BGQQGN?RCB @W RFC MNCL QUGRAF QK?JJ?
4. 7FW GQ RFC NMUCP BGQQGN?RCB @W ? AJMQCB QUGRAF, QSAF ?Q GL F?=KH; 21.43, QK?JJ?
5. ! QRSBCLR GL ? NFWQGAQ J?@ KGQR?ICLJW UGPCB ? JGEFR @SJ@, @?RRCPW, ?LB QUGRAF ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 21.44. %VNJ?GL UFW RFC @SJ@ GQ ML UFCL RFC QUGRAF
GQ MNCL, ?LB MDD UFCL RFC QUGRAF GQ AJMQCB. ($M LMR RPW RFGQrGR GQ F?PB ML RFC @?RRCPW!)
F?=KH; 21.44 ! UGPGLE KGQR?IC NSR RFGQ QUGRAF GL N?P?JJCJ UGRF RFC BCTGAC PCNPCQCLRCB @W R . (.MRC RF?R GL RFGQ BG?EP?K, RFC QAPGNR % PCNPCQCLRQ RFC TMJR?EC (MP CJCARPMKMRGTC
DMPAC) MD RFC @?RRCPW.)
6. +LMUGLE RF?R RFC QCTCPGRW MD ? QFMAI BCNCLBQ ML RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC ASPPCLR RFPMSEF WMSP @MBW, UMSJB WMS NPCDCP RM @C GL QCPGCQ MP N?P?JJCJ UGRF ?
PCQGQR?LAC, QSAF ?Q RFC FC?RGLE CJCKCLR MD ? RM?QRCP, GD QFMAICB @W GR? %VNJ?GL.
7. 7MSJB WMSP FC?BJGEFRQ BGK UFCL WMS QR?PR WMSP A?PtQ CLEGLC GD RFC UGPCQ GL WMSP ?SRMKM@GJC UCPC QSNCPAMLBSARMPQ? ($M LMR LCEJCAR RFC @?RRCPWtQ
GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC.) %VNJ?GL.
8. 3MKC QRPGLEQ MD FMJGB?W JGEFRQ ?PC UGPCB GL QCPGCQ RM Q?TC UGPGLE AMQRQ. !L MJB TCPQGML SRGJGXCB @SJ@Q RF?R @PC?I RFC CJCARPGA?J AMLLCARGML, JGIC ?L
MNCL QUGRAF, UFCL RFCW @SPL MSR. )D MLC QSAF @SJ@ @SPLQ MSR, UF?R F?NNCLQ RM RFC MRFCPQ? )D QSAF ? QRPGLE MNCP?RCQ ML 120 6 ?LB F?Q 40 GBCLRGA?J
@SJ@Q, UF?R GQ RFC LMPK?J MNCP?RGLE TMJR?EC MD C?AF? .CUCP TCPQGMLQ SQC @SJ@Q RF?R QFMPR AGPASGR, JGIC ? AJMQCB QUGRAF, UFCL RFCW @SPL MSR. )D MLC QSAF
@SJ@ @SPLQ MSR, UF?R F?NNCLQ RM RFC MRFCPQ? )D QSAF ? QRPGLE MNCP?RCQ ML 120 6 ?LB F?Q 39 PCK?GLGLE GBCLRGA?J @SJ@Q, UF?R GQ RFCL RFC MNCP?RGLE
TMJR?EC MD C?AF?
9. )D RUM FMSQCFMJB JGEFR@SJ@Q P?RCB 60 7 ?LB 100 7 ?PC AMLLCARCB GL QCPGCQ RM FMSQCFMJB NMUCP, UFGAF UGJJ @C @PGEFRCP? %VNJ?GL.
10. 3SNNMQC WMS ?PC BMGLE ? NFWQGAQ J?@ RF?R ?QIQ WMS RM NSR ? PCQGQRMP GLRM ? AGPASGR, @SR ?JJ RFC PCQGQRMPQ QSNNJGCB F?TC ? J?PECP PCQGQR?LAC RF?L RFC
PCOSCQRCB T?JSC. (MU UMSJB WMS AMLLCAR RFC ?T?GJ?@JC PCQGQR?LACQ RM ?RRCKNR RM ECR RFC QK?JJCP T?JSC ?QICB DMP?
11. "CDMPC 7MPJB 7?P )), QMKC P?BGMQ EMR NMUCP RFPMSEF ? uPCQGQR?LAC AMPBv RF?R F?B ? QGELGDGA?LR PCQGQR?LAC. 3SAF ? PCQGQR?LAC AMPB PCBSACQ RFC
TMJR?EC RM ? BCQGPCB JCTCJ DMP RFC P?BGMtQ RS@CQ ?LB RFC JGIC, ?LB GR Q?TCQ RFC CVNCLQC MD ? RP?LQDMPKCP. %VNJ?GL UFW PCQGQR?LAC AMPBQ @CAMKC U?PK
?LB U?QRC CLCPEW UFCL RFC P?BGM GQ ML.
12. 3MKC JGEFR @SJ@Q F?TC RFPCC NMUCP QCRRGLEQ (LMR GLAJSBGLE XCPM), M@R?GLCB DPMK KSJRGNJC DGJ?KCLRQ RF?R ?PC GLBGTGBS?JJW QUGRAFCB ?LB UGPCB GL
N?P?JJCJ. 7F?R GQ RFC KGLGKSK LSK@CP MD DGJ?KCLRQ LCCBCB DMP RFPCC NMUCP QCRRGLEQ?
13. )Q CTCPW CKD ? NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC? )Q CTCPW NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC ?L CKD? %VNJ?GL.
14. %VNJ?GL UFGAF @?RRCPW GQ BMGLE RFC AF?PEGLE ?LB UFGAF GQ @CGLE AF?PECB GL F?=KH; 21.45.
F?=KH; 21.45
#(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43 765
15. 'GTCL ? @?RRCPW, ?L ?QQMPRKCLR MD PCQGQRMPQ, ?LB ? T?PGCRW MD TMJR?EC ?LB ASPPCLR KC?QSPGLE BCTGACQ, BCQAPG@C FMU WMS UMSJB BCRCPKGLC RFC
GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC @?RRCPW.
16. 4UM BGDDCPCLR 12-6 ?SRMKM@GJC @?RRCPGCQ ML ? QRMPC QFCJD ?PC P?RCB ?R 600 ?LB 850 uAMJB AP?LIGLE ?KNQ.v 7FGAF F?Q RFC QK?JJCQR GLRCPL?J
PCQGQR?LAC?
17. 7F?R ?PC RFC ?BT?LR?ECQ ?LB BGQ?BT?LR?ECQ MD AMLLCARGLE @?RRCPGCQ GL QCPGCQ? )L N?P?JJCJ?
18. 3CKGRP?ARMP RPSAIQ SQC DMSP J?PEC 12-6 @?RRCPGCQ. 4FC QR?PRCP QWQRCK PCOSGPCQ 24 6, UFGJC LMPK?J MNCP?RGML MD RFC RPSAItQ MRFCP CJCARPGA?J
AMKNMLCLRQ SRGJGXCQ 12 6. (MU AMSJB RFC DMSP @?RRCPGCQ @C AMLLCARCB RM NPMBSAC 24 6? 4M NPMBSAC 12 6? 7FW GQ 24 6 @CRRCP RF?L 12 6 DMP QR?PRGLE RFC
RPSAItQ CLEGLC (? TCPW FC?TW JM?B)?
21.3 $?H9>>E<<XI +KB;I
19. #?L ?JJ MD RFC ASPPCLRQ EMGLE GLRM RFC HSLARGML GL F?=KH; 21.46 @C NMQGRGTC? %VNJ?GL.
F?=KH; 21.46
20. !NNJW RFC HSLARGML PSJC RM HSLARGML @ GL F?=KH; 21.47. )Q ?LW LCU GLDMPK?RGML E?GLCB @W ?NNJWGLE RFC HSLARGML PSJC ?R C? ()L RFC DGESPC, C?AF CKD GQ
PCNPCQCLRCB @W QAPGNR %.)
F?=KH; 21.47
21. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC EMGLE DPMK NMGLR ? RM NMGLR @ GL F?=KH; 21.47? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC EMGLE DPMK A RM @? (A) &PMK C
RM E? (B) &PMK C RM B?
22. !NNJW RFC JMMN PSJC RM JMMN ?DCBA@? GL F?=KH; 21.47.
23. !NNJW RFC JMMN PSJC RM JMMNQ ?@ECD? ?LB A@ECBA GL F?=KH; 21.47.
24. 7FW QFMSJB WMS LMR AMLLCAR ?L ?KKCRCP BGPCARJW ?APMQQ ? TMJR?EC QMSPAC ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 21.48? (.MRC RF?R QAPGNR % GL RFC DGESPC QR?LBQ DMP
CKD.)
F?=KH; 21.48
25. 3SNNMQC WMS ?PC SQGLE ? KSJRGKCRCP (MLC BCQGELCB RM KC?QSPC ? P?LEC MD TMJR?ECQ, ASPPCLRQ, ?LB PCQGQR?LACQ) RM KC?QSPC ASPPCLR GL ? AGPASGR ?LB
WMS GL?BTCPRCLRJW JC?TC GR GL ? TMJRKCRCP KMBC. 7F?R CDDCAR UGJJ RFC KCRCP F?TC ML RFC AGPASGR? 7F?R UMSJB F?NNCL GD WMS UCPC KC?QSPGLE TMJR?EC @SR
?AAGBCLR?JJW NSR RFC KCRCP GL RFC ?KKCRCP KMBC?
766 #(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43
26. 3NCAGDW RFC NMGLRQ RM UFGAF WMS AMSJB AMLLCAR ? TMJRKCRCP RM KC?QSPC RFC DMJJMUGLE NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLACQ GL F?=KH; 21.49: (?) RFC NMRCLRG?J
BGDDCPCLAC MD RFC TMJR?EC QMSPAC; (@) RFC NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC ?APMQQ R
1
; (A) ?APMQQ R
2
; (B) ?APMQQ R
3
; (C) ?APMQQ R
2
?LB R
3
. .MRC RF?R RFCPC K?W
@C KMPC RF?L MLC ?LQUCP RM C?AF N?PR.
F?=KH; 21.49
27. 4M KC?QSPC ASPPCLRQ GL F?=KH; 21.49, WMS UMSJB PCNJ?AC ? UGPC @CRUCCL RUM NMGLRQ UGRF ?L ?KKCRCP. 3NCAGDW RFC NMGLRQ @CRUCCL UFGAF WMS UMSJB
NJ?AC ?L ?KKCRCP RM KC?QSPC RFC DMJJMUGLE: (?) RFC RMR?J ASPPCLR; (@) RFC ASPPCLR DJMUGLE RFPMSEF R
1
; (A) RFPMSEF R
2
; (B) RFPMSEF R
3
. .MRC RF?R
RFCPC K?W @C KMPC RF?L MLC ?LQUCP RM C?AF N?PR.
28. 7FW A?L ? LSJJ KC?QSPCKCLR @C KMPC ?AASP?RC RF?L MLC SQGLE QR?LB?PB TMJRKCRCPQ ?LB ?KKCRCPQ? 7F?R D?ARMPQ JGKGR RFC ?AASP?AW MD LSJJ
KC?QSPCKCLRQ?
29. )D ? NMRCLRGMKCRCP GQ SQCB RM KC?QSPC ACJJ CKDQ ML RFC MPBCP MD ? DCU TMJRQ, UFW GQ GR KMQR ?AASP?RC DMP RFC QR?LB?PB emf
s
RM @C RFC Q?KC MPBCP MD
K?ELGRSBC ?LB RFC PCQGQR?LACQ RM @C GL RFC P?LEC MD ? DCU MFKQ?
30. 2CE?PBGLE RFC SLGRQ GLTMJTCB GL RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN = RC , TCPGDW RF?R RFC SLGRQ MD PCQGQR?LAC RGKCQ A?N?AGR?LAC ?PC RGKC, RF?R GQ, F = s .
31. 4FC RC RGKC AMLQR?LR GL FC?PR BCDG@PGJJ?RGML GQ APSAG?J RM JGKGRGLE RFC RGKC RFC ASPPCLR DJMUQ. )D RFC A?N?AGR?LAC GL RFC BCDG@PGJJ?RGML SLGR GQ DGVCB, FMU
UMSJB WMS K?LGNSJ?RC PCQGQR?LAC GL RFC AGPASGR RM ?BHSQR RFC RC AMLQR?LR ? 7MSJB ?L ?BHSQRKCLR MD RFC ?NNJGCB TMJR?EC ?JQM @C LCCBCB RM CLQSPC
RF?R RFC ASPPCLR BCJGTCPCB F?Q ?L ?NNPMNPG?RC T?JSC?
32. 7FCL K?IGLE ?L %#' KC?QSPCKCLR, GR GQ GKNMPR?LR RM KC?QSPC TMJR?EC T?PG?RGMLQ MTCP QK?JJ RGKC GLRCPT?JQ. 4FC RGKC GQ JGKGRCB @W RFC RC
AMLQR?LR MD RFC AGPASGRrGR GQ LMR NMQQG@JC RM KC?QSPC RGKC T?PG?RGMLQ QFMPRCP RF?L RC . (MU UMSJB WMS K?LGNSJ?RC R ?LB C GL RFC AGPASGR RM ?JJMU RFC
LCACQQ?PW KC?QSPCKCLRQ?
33. $P?U RUM EP?NFQ MD AF?PEC TCPQSQ RGKC ML ? A?N?AGRMP. $P?U MLC DMP AF?PEGLE ?L GLGRG?JJW SLAF?PECB A?N?AGRMP GL QCPGCQ UGRF ? PCQGQRMP, ?Q GL RFC
AGPASGR GL F?=KH; 21.38, QR?PRGLE DPMK t = 0 . $P?U RFC MRFCP DMP BGQAF?PEGLE ? A?N?AGRMP RFPMSEF ? PCQGQRMP, ?Q GL RFC AGPASGR GL F?=KH; 21.39, QR?PRGLE ?R
t = 0 , UGRF ?L GLGRG?J AF?PEC Q
0
. 3FMU ?R JC?QR RUM GLRCPT?JQ MD .
34. 7FCL AF?PEGLE ? A?N?AGRMP, ?Q BGQASQQCB GL AMLHSLARGML UGRF F?=KH; 21.38, FMU JMLE BMCQ GR R?IC DMP RFC TMJR?EC ML RFC A?N?AGRMP RM PC?AF CKD? )Q
RFGQ ? NPM@JCK?
35. 7FCL BGQAF?PEGLE ? A?N?AGRMP, ?Q BGQASQQCB GL AMLHSLARGML UGRF F?=KH; 21.39, FMU JMLE BMCQ GR R?IC DMP RFC TMJR?EC ML RFC A?N?AGRMP RM PC?AF
XCPM? )Q RFGQ ? NPM@JCK?
36. 2CDCPPGLE RM F?=KH; 21.38, BP?U ? EP?NF MD NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC ?APMQQ RFC PCQGQRMP TCPQSQ RGKC, QFMUGLE ?R JC?QR RUM GLRCPT?JQ MD . !JQM BP?U ?
EP?NF MD ASPPCLR TCPQSQ RGKC DMP RFGQ QGRS?RGML.
37. ! JMLE, GLCVNCLQGTC CVRCLQGML AMPB GQ AMLLCARCB DPMK GLQGBC RFC FMSQC RM ? PCDPGECP?RMP MSRQGBC. 4FC PCDPGECP?RMP BMCQLtR PSL ?Q GR QFMSJB. 7F?R
KGEFR @C RFC NPM@JCK?
38. )L F?=KH; 21.41, BMCQ RFC EP?NF GLBGA?RC RFC RGKC AMLQR?LR GQ QFMPRCP DMP BGQAF?PEGLE RF?L DMP AF?PEGLE? 7MSJB WMS CVNCAR GMLGXCB E?Q RM F?TC JMU
PCQGQR?LAC? (MU UMSJB WMS ?BHSQR R RM ECR ? JMLECP RGKC @CRUCCL DJ?QFCQ? 7MSJB ?BHSQRGLE R ?DDCAR RFC BGQAF?PEC RGKC?
39. !L CJCARPMLGA ?NN?P?RSQ K?W F?TC J?PEC A?N?AGRMPQ ?R FGEF TMJR?EC GL RFC NMUCP QSNNJW QCARGML, NPCQCLRGLE ? QFMAI F?X?PB CTCL UFCL RFC
?NN?P?RSQ GQ QUGRAFCB MDD. ! u@JCCBCP PCQGQRMPv GQ RFCPCDMPC NJ?ACB ?APMQQ QSAF ? A?N?AGRMP, ?Q QFMUL QAFCK?RGA?JJW GL F?=KH; 21.50, RM @JCCB RFC
AF?PEC DPMK GR ?DRCP RFC ?NN?P?RSQ GQ MDD. 7FW KSQR RFC @JCCBCP PCQGQR?LAC @C KSAF EPC?RCP RF?L RFC CDDCARGTC PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC PCQR MD RFC AGPASGR? (MU
BMCQ RFGQ ?DDCAR RFC RGKC AMLQR?LR DMP BGQAF?PEGLE RFC A?N?AGRMP?
#(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43 767
F?=KH; 21.50 ! @JCCBCP PCQGQRMP R
bl
BGQAF?PECQ RFC A?N?AGRMP GL RFGQ CJCARPMLGA BCTGAC MLAC GR GQ QUGRAFCB MDD.
768 #(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43
21.1 +;I?IJEHI ?D ,;H?;I 7D: )7H7BB;B
'EJ;: D7J7 J7A;D <HEC <?=KH;I 97D 8; 7IIKC;: JE 8; 799KH7J; JE
J>H;; I?=D?<?97DJ :?=?JI.
40. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD RCL 275- PCQGQRMPQ AMLLCARCB GL
QCPGCQ? (@) )L N?P?JJCJ?
41. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD ? 1.0010
2
-, ? 2.50-k, ?LB ?
4.00-k PCQGQRMP AMLLCARCB GL QCPGCQ? (@) )L N?P?JJCJ?
42. 7F?R ?PC RFC J?PECQR ?LB QK?JJCQR PCQGQR?LACQ WMS A?L M@R?GL @W
AMLLCARGLE ? 36.0-, ? 50.0-, ?LB ? 700- PCQGQRMP RMECRFCP?
43. !L 1800-7 RM?QRCP, ? 1400-7 CJCARPGA DPWGLE N?L, ?LB ? 75-7 J?KN
?PC NJSEECB GLRM RFC Q?KC MSRJCR GL ? 15-!, 120-6 AGPASGR. (4FC RFPCC
BCTGACQ ?PC GL N?P?JJCJ UFCL NJSEECB GLRM RFC Q?KC QMAICR.). (?) 7F?R
ASPPCLR GQ BP?UL @W C?AF BCTGAC? (@) 7GJJ RFGQ AMK@GL?RGML @JMU RFC 15-!
DSQC?
44. 9MSP A?PtQ 30.0-7 FC?BJGEFR ?LB 2.40-I7 QR?PRCP ?PC MPBGL?PGJW
AMLLCARCB GL N?P?JJCJ GL ? 12.0-6 QWQRCK. 7F?R NMUCP UMSJB MLC
FC?BJGEFR ?LB RFC QR?PRCP AMLQSKC GD AMLLCARCB GL QCPGCQ RM ? 12.0-6
@?RRCPW? (.CEJCAR ?LW MRFCP PCQGQR?LAC GL RFC AGPASGR ?LB ?LW AF?LEC GL
PCQGQR?LAC GL RFC RUM BCTGACQ.)
45. (?) 'GTCL ? 48.0-6 @?RRCPW ?LB 24.0- ?LB 96.0- PCQGQRMPQ, DGLB
RFC ASPPCLR ?LB NMUCP DMP C?AF UFCL AMLLCARCB GL QCPGCQ. (@) 2CNC?R
UFCL RFC PCQGQR?LACQ ?PC GL N?P?JJCJ.
46. 2CDCPPGLE RM RFC CV?KNJC AMK@GLGLE QCPGCQ ?LB N?P?JJCJ AGPASGRQ ?LB
F?=KH; 21.6, A?JASJ?RC I
3
GL RFC DMJJMUGLE RUM BGDDCPCLR U?WQ: (?) DPMK RFC
ILMUL T?JSCQ MD I ?LB I
2
; (@) SQGLE /FKtQ J?U DMP R
3
. )L @MRF N?PRQ
CVNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU RFC QRCNQ GL RFC )HE8B;C-,EBL?D=
,JH7J;=?;I <EH ,;H?;I 7D: )7H7BB;B +;I?IJEHI.
47. 2CDCPPGLE RM F?=KH; 21.6: (?) #?JASJ?RC P
3
?LB LMRC FMU GR AMKN?PCQ
UGRF P
3
DMSLB GL RFC DGPQR RUM CV?KNJC NPM@JCKQ GL RFGQ KMBSJC. (@) &GLB
RFC RMR?J NMUCP QSNNJGCB @W RFC QMSPAC ?LB AMKN?PC GR UGRF RFC QSK MD RFC
NMUCPQ BGQQGN?RCB @W RFC PCQGQRMPQ.
48. 2CDCP RM F?=KH; 21.7 ?LB RFC BGQASQQGML MD JGEFRQ BGKKGLE UFCL ?
FC?TW ?NNJG?LAC AMKCQ ML. (?) 'GTCL RFC TMJR?EC QMSPAC GQ 120 6, RFC
UGPC PCQGQR?LAC GQ 0.400 , ?LB RFC @SJ@ GQ LMKGL?JJW 75.0 7, UF?R
NMUCP UGJJ RFC @SJ@ BGQQGN?RC GD ? RMR?J MD 15.0 ! N?QQCQ RFPMSEF RFC UGPCQ
UFCL RFC KMRMP AMKCQ ML? !QQSKC LCEJGEG@JC AF?LEC GL @SJ@ PCQGQR?LAC.
(@) 7F?R NMUCP GQ AMLQSKCB @W RFC KMRMP?
49. ! 240-I6 NMUCP RP?LQKGQQGML JGLC A?PPWGLE 5.0010
2
A GQ FSLE
DPMK EPMSLBCB KCR?J RMUCPQ @W ACP?KGA GLQSJ?RMPQ, C?AF F?TGLE ?
1.0010
9
- PCQGQR?LAC. F?=KH; 21.51. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC PCQGQR?LAC RM
EPMSLB MD 100 MD RFCQC GLQSJ?RMPQ? (@) #?JASJ?RC RFC NMUCP BGQQGN?RCB @W
100 MD RFCK. (A) 7F?R DP?ARGML MD RFC NMUCP A?PPGCB @W RFC JGLC GQ RFGQ?
,JH7J;=?;I <EH ,;H?;I 7D: )7H7BB;B +;I?IJEHI.
F?=KH; 21.51 (GEF-TMJR?EC (240-I6) RP?LQKGQQGML JGLC A?PPWGLE 5.0010
2
A GQ
FSLE DPMK ? EPMSLBCB KCR?J RP?LQKGQQGML RMUCP. 4FC PMU MD ACP?KGA GLQSJ?RMPQ
NPMTGBC 1.0010
9
MD PCQGQR?LAC C?AF.
50. 3FMU RF?R GD RUM PCQGQRMPQ R
1
?LB R
2
?PC AMK@GLCB ?LB MLC GQ
KSAF EPC?RCP RF?L RFC MRFCP ( R
1
>>R
2
): (?) 4FCGP QCPGCQ PCQGQR?LAC GQ
TCPW LC?PJW COS?J RM RFC EPC?RCP PCQGQR?LAC R
1
. (@) 4FCGP N?P?JJCJ
PCQGQR?LAC GQ TCPW LC?PJW COS?J RM QK?JJCP PCQGQR?LAC R
2
.
4UM PCQGQRMPQ, MLC F?TGLE ? PCQGQR?LAC MD 145 , ?PC AMLLCARCB GL
N?P?JJCJ RM NPMBSAC ? RMR?J PCQGQR?LAC MD 150 . (?) 7F?R GQ RFC T?JSC MD
RFC QCAMLB PCQGQR?LAC? (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ PCQSJR? (A)
4UM PCQGQRMPQ, MLC F?TGLE ? PCQGQR?LAC MD 900 k, ?PC AMLLCARCB GL
QCPGCQ RM NPMBSAC ? RMR?J PCQGQR?LAC MD 0.500 M. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC T?JSC
MD RFC QCAMLB PCQGQR?LAC? (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ PCQSJR? (A)
53. 3R?LB?PB ?SRMKM@GJC @?RRCPGCQ F?TC QGV JC?B-?AGB ACJJQ GL QCPGCQ,
APC?RGLE ? RMR?J CKD MD 12.0 6. 7F?R GQ RFC CKD MD ?L GLBGTGBS?J JC?B-?AGB
ACJJ?
54. #?P@ML-XGLA BPW ACJJQ (QMKCRGKCQ PCDCPPCB RM ?Q LML-?JI?JGLC ACJJQ)
F?TC ?L CKD MD 1.54 6, ?LB RFCW ?PC NPMBSACB ?Q QGLEJC ACJJQ MP GL T?PGMSQ
AMK@GL?RGMLQ RM DMPK MRFCP TMJR?ECQ. (?) (MU K?LW 1.54-6 ACJJQ ?PC
LCCBCB RM K?IC RFC AMKKML 9-6 @?RRCPW SQCB GL K?LW QK?JJ CJCARPMLGA
BCTGACQ? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC ?ARS?J CKD MD RFC ?NNPMVGK?RCJW 9-6 @?RRCPW? (A)
$GQASQQ FMU GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC GL RFC QCPGCQ AMLLCARGML MD ACJJQ UGJJ
?DDCAR RFC RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC MD RFGQ ?NNPMVGK?RCJW 9-6 @?RRCPW.
55. 7F?R GQ RFC MSRNSR TMJR?EC MD ? 3.0000-6 JGRFGSK ACJJ GL ? BGEGR?J
UPGQRU?RAF RF?R BP?UQ 0.300 K!, GD RFC ACJJtQ GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC GQ
2.00 ?
56. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC MD ? J?PEC 1.54-6 A?P@ML-XGLA BPW ACJJ
SQCB GL ? NFWQGAQ J?@ RM QSNNJW 2.00 ! RM ? AGPASGR, GD RFC ACJJtQ GLRCPL?J
PCQGQR?LAC GQ 0.100 ? (@) (MU KSAF CJCARPGA?J NMUCP BMCQ RFC ACJJ
NPMBSAC? (A) 7F?R NMUCP EMCQ RM GRQ JM?B?
57. 7F?R GQ RFC GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC MD ?L ?SRMKM@GJC @?RRCPW RF?R F?Q ?L
CKD MD 12.0 6 ?LB ? RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC MD 15.0 6 UFGJC ? ASPPCLR MD 8.00 ! GQ
AF?PEGLE GR?
58. (?) &GLB RFC RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC MD ? 12.0-6 KMRMPAWAJC @?RRCPW F?TGLE ?
0.600- GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC, GD GR GQ @CGLE AF?PECB @W ? ASPPCLR MD 10.0 !.
(@) 7F?R GQ RFC MSRNSR TMJR?EC MD RFC @?RRCPW AF?PECP?
59. ! A?P @?RRCPW UGRF ? 12-6 CKD ?LB ?L GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC MD
0.050 GQ @CGLE AF?PECB UGRF ? ASPPCLR MD 60 !. .MRC RF?R GL RFGQ
NPMACQQ RFC @?RRCPW GQ @CGLE AF?PECB. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC
#(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43 769
?APMQQ GRQ RCPKGL?JQ? (@) !R UF?R P?RC GQ RFCPK?J CLCPEW @CGLE BGQQGN?RCB
GL RFC @?RRCPW? (A) !R UF?R P?RC GQ CJCARPGA CLCPEW @CGLE AMLTCPRCB RM
AFCKGA?J CLCPEW? (B) 7F?R ?PC RFC ?LQUCPQ RM (?) ?LB (@) UFCL RFC
@?RRCPW GQ SQCB RM QSNNJW 60 ! RM RFC QR?PRCP KMRMP?
60. 4FC FMR PCQGQR?LAC MD ? DJ?QFJGEFR @SJ@ GQ 2.30 , ?LB GR GQ PSL @W ?
1.58-6 ?JI?JGLC ACJJ F?TGLE ? 0.100- GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC. (?) 7F?R
ASPPCLR DJMUQ? (@) #?JASJ?RC RFC NMUCP QSNNJGCB RM RFC @SJ@ SQGLE
I
2
R
bulb
. (A) )Q RFGQ NMUCP RFC Q?KC ?Q A?JASJ?RCB SQGLE
V
2
R
bulb
?
61. 4FC J?@CJ ML ? NMPR?@JC P?BGM PCAMKKCLBQ RFC SQC MD PCAF?PEC?@JC
LGAICJ-A?BKGSK ACJJQ (LGA?BQ), ?JRFMSEF RFCW F?TC ? 1.25-6 CKD UFGJC
?JI?JGLC ACJJQ F?TC ? 1.58-6 CKD. 4FC P?BGM F?Q ? 3.20- PCQGQR?LAC. (?)
$P?U ? AGPASGR BG?EP?K MD RFC P?BGM ?LB GRQ @?RRCPGCQ. .MU, A?JASJ?RC RFC
NMUCP BCJGTCPCB RM RFC P?BGM. (@) 7FCL SQGLE .GA?B ACJJQ C?AF F?TGLE ?L
GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC MD 0.0400 . (A) 7FCL SQGLE ?JI?JGLC ACJJQ C?AF
F?TGLE ?L GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC MD 0.200 . (B) $MCQ RFGQ BGDDCPCLAC QCCK
QGELGDGA?LR, AMLQGBCPGLE RF?R RFC P?BGMtQ CDDCARGTC PCQGQR?LAC GQ JMUCPCB
UFCL GRQ TMJSKC GQ RSPLCB SN?
62. !L ?SRMKM@GJC QR?PRCP KMRMP F?Q ?L COSGT?JCLR PCQGQR?LAC MD
0.0500 ?LB GQ QSNNJGCB @W ? 12.0-6 @?RRCPW UGRF ? 0.0100-
GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC ASPPCLR RM RFC KMRMP? (@) 7F?R TMJR?EC
GQ ?NNJGCB RM GR? (A) 7F?R NMUCP GQ QSNNJGCB RM RFC KMRMP? (B) 2CNC?R
RFCQC A?JASJ?RGMLQ DMP UFCL RFC @?RRCPW AMLLCARGMLQ ?PC AMPPMBCB ?LB ?BB
0.0900 RM RFC AGPASGR. (3GELGDGA?LR NPM@JCKQ ?PC A?SQCB @W CTCL
QK?JJ ?KMSLRQ MD SLU?LRCB PCQGQR?LAC GL JMU-TMJR?EC, FGEF-ASPPCLR
?NNJGA?RGMLQ.)
63. ! AFGJBtQ CJCARPMLGA RMW GQ QSNNJGCB @W RFPCC 1.58-6 ?JI?JGLC ACJJQ
F?TGLE GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LACQ MD 0.0200 GL QCPGCQ UGRF ? 1.53-6
A?P@ML-XGLA BPW ACJJ F?TGLE ? 0.100- GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC. 4FC JM?B
PCQGQR?LAC GQ 10.0 . (?) $P?U ? AGPASGR BG?EP?K MD RFC RMW ?LB GRQ
@?RRCPGCQ. (@) 7F?R ASPPCLR DJMUQ? (A) (MU KSAF NMUCP GQ QSNNJGCB RM RFC
JM?B? (B) 7F?R GQ RFC GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC BPW ACJJ GD GR EMCQ @?B,
PCQSJRGLE GL MLJW 0.500 7 @CGLE QSNNJGCB RM RFC JM?B?
64. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC MD ? TMJR?EC QMSPAC GD GRQ RCPKGL?J
TMJR?EC BPMNQ @W 2.00 6 UFCL RFC ASPPCLR QSNNJGCB GLAPC?QCQ @W 5.00 !?
(@) #?L RFC CKD MD RFC TMJR?EC QMSPAC @C DMSLB UGRF RFC GLDMPK?RGML
QSNNJGCB?
65. ! NCPQML UGRF @MBW PCQGQR?LAC @CRUCCL FGQ F?LBQ MD 10.0 k
?AAGBCLR?JJW EP?QNQ RFC RCPKGL?JQ MD ? 20.0-I6 NMUCP QSNNJW. ($M ./4 BM
RFGQ!) (?) $P?U ? AGPASGR BG?EP?K RM PCNPCQCLR RFC QGRS?RGML. (@) )D RFC
GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC NMUCP QSNNJW GQ 2000 , UF?R GQ RFC ASPPCLR
RFPMSEF FGQ @MBW? (A) 7F?R GQ RFC NMUCP BGQQGN?RCB GL FGQ @MBW? (B) )D RFC
NMUCP QSNNJW GQ RM @C K?BC Q?DC @W GLAPC?QGLE GRQ GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC,
UF?R QFMSJB RFC GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC @C DMP RFC K?VGKSK ASPPCLR GL RFGQ
QGRS?RGML RM @C 1.00 K! MP JCQQ? (C) 7GJJ RFGQ KMBGDGA?RGML AMKNPMKGQC RFC
CDDCARGTCLCQQ MD RFC NMUCP QSNNJW DMP BPGTGLE JMU-PCQGQR?LAC BCTGACQ?
%VNJ?GL WMSP PC?QMLGLE.
66. %JCARPGA DGQF ECLCP?RC ASPPCLR UGRF @GMJMEGA?J ACJJQ A?JJCB
CJCARPMNJ?OSCQ, UFGAF ?PC NFWQGMJMEGA?J CKD BCTGACQ. 4FC CJCARPMNJ?OSCQ
GL RFC 3MSRF !KCPGA?L CCJ ?PC ?PP?LECB GL 140 PMUQ, C?AF PMU QRPCRAFGLE
FMPGXMLR?JJW ?JMLE RFC @MBW ?LB C?AF AMLR?GLGLE 5000 CJCARPMNJ?OSCQ.
%?AF CJCARPMNJ?OSC F?Q ?L CKD MD 0.15 6 ?LB GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC MD
0.25 . )D RFC U?RCP QSPPMSLBGLE RFC DGQF F?Q PCQGQR?LAC MD 800 ,
FMU KSAF ASPPCLR A?L RFC CCJ NPMBSAC GL U?RCP DPMK LC?P GRQ FC?B RM LC?P
GRQ R?GJ?
! 12.0-6 CKD ?SRMKM@GJC @?RRCPW F?Q ? RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC MD 16.0 6 UFCL
@CGLE AF?PECB @W ? ASPPCLR MD 10.0 !. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC @?RRCPWtQ GLRCPL?J
PCQGQR?LAC? (@) 7F?R NMUCP GQ BGQQGN?RCB GLQGBC RFC @?RRCPW? (A) !R UF?R
P?RC (GL C/min ) UGJJ GRQ RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QC GD GRQ K?QQ GQ 20.0 IE ?LB GR
F?Q ? QNCAGDGA FC?R MD 0.300 kcal/kg C, ?QQSKGLE LM FC?R CQA?NCQ?
! 1.58-6 ?JI?JGLC ACJJ UGRF ? 0.200- GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC GQ QSNNJWGLE
8.50 ! RM ? JM?B. (?) 7F?R GQ GRQ RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC T?JSC MD
RFC JM?B PCQGQR?LAC? (A) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFCQC PCQSJRQ? (B)
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC MD ? 1.54-6 BPW ACJJ RF?R QSNNJGCQ 1.00
7 MD NMUCP RM ? 15.0- @SJ@? (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ
PCQSJR? (A) 7FGAF ?QQSKNRGMLQ ?PC SLPC?QML?@JC MP GLAMLQGQRCLR?
21.3 $?H9>>E<<XI +KB;I
70. !NNJW RFC JMMN PSJC RM JMMN ?@ABCDEF? GL F?=KH; 21.25.
71. !NNJW RFC JMMN PSJC RM JMMN ?CBA@? GL F?=KH; 21.25.
72. 6CPGDW RFC QCAMLB COS?RGML GL EN7CFB; 21.5 @W QS@QRGRSRGLE RFC
T?JSCQ DMSLB DMP RFC ASPPCLRQ I
1
?LB I
2
.
73. 6CPGDW RFC RFGPB COS?RGML GL EN7CFB; 21.5 @W QS@QRGRSRGLE RFC T?JSCQ
DMSLB DMP RFC ASPPCLRQ I
1
?LB I
3
.
74. !NNJW RFC HSLARGML PSJC ?R NMGLR ? GL F?=KH; 21.52.
F?=KH; 21.52
75. !NNJW RFC JMMN PSJC RM JMMN ?@ABCDEFGH? GL F?=KH; 21.52.
76. !NNJW RFC JMMN PSJC RM JMMN ?IJCBA@? GL F?=KH; 21.52.
77. &GLB RFC ASPPCLRQ DJMUGLE GL RFC AGPASGR GL F?=KH; 21.52. %VNJGAGRJW QFMU
FMU WMS DMJJMU RFC QRCNQ GL RFC )HE8B;C-,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=?;I <EH ,;H?;I
7D: )7H7BB;B +;I?IJEHI.
78. 3MJTC EN7CFB; 21.5, @SR SQC JMMN ?@ABCDEF? GLQRC?B MD JMMN
?IJCBA@?. %VNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU RFC QRCNQ GL RFC )HE8B;C-
,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=?;I <EH ,;H?;I 7D: )7H7BB;B +;I?IJEHI.
79. &GLB RFC ASPPCLRQ DJMUGLE GL RFC AGPASGR GL F?=KH; 21.47.
#MLQGBCP RFC AGPASGR GL F?=KH; 21.53, ?LB QSNNMQC RF?R RFC CKDQ ?PC
SLILMUL ?LB RFC ASPPCLRQ ?PC EGTCL RM @C I
1
= 5.00 A, I
2
= 3.0 A,
?LB I
3
= 2.00 A. (?) #MSJB WMS DGLB RFC CKDQ? (@) 7F?R GQ UPMLE UGRF
RFC ?QQSKNRGMLQ?
770 #(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43
F?=KH; 21.53
81. 7F?R GQ RFC QCLQGRGTGRW MD RFC E?JT?LMKCRCP (RF?R GQ, UF?R ASPPCLR EGTCQ
? DSJJ-QA?JC BCDJCARGML) GLQGBC ? TMJRKCRCP RF?R F?Q ? 1.00-M
PCQGQR?LAC ML GRQ 30.0-6 QA?JC?
82. 7F?R GQ RFC QCLQGRGTGRW MD RFC E?JT?LMKCRCP (RF?R GQ, UF?R ASPPCLR EGTCQ
? DSJJ-QA?JC BCDJCARGML) GLQGBC ? TMJRKCRCP RF?R F?Q ? 25.0-k
PCQGQR?LAC ML GRQ 100-6 QA?JC?
83. &GLB RFC PCQGQR?LAC RF?R KSQR @C NJ?ACB GL QCPGCQ UGRF ? 25.0-
E?JT?LMKCRCP F?TGLE ? 50.0-A QCLQGRGTGRW (RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC MLC
BGQASQQCB GL RFC RCVR) RM ?JJMU GR RM @C SQCB ?Q ? TMJRKCRCP UGRF ? 0.100-6
DSJJ-QA?JC PC?BGLE.
BGQASQQCB GL RFC RCVR) RM ?JJMU GR RM @C SQCB ?Q ? TMJRKCRCP UGRF ? 3000-6
DSJJ-QA?JC PC?BGLE. )LAJSBC ? AGPASGR BG?EP?K UGRF WMSP QMJSRGML.
85. &GLB RFC PCQGQR?LAC RF?R KSQR @C NJ?ACB GL N?P?JJCJ UGRF ? 25.0-
BGQASQQCB GL RFC RCVR) RM ?JJMU GR RM @C SQCB ?Q ?L ?KKCRCP UGRF ? 10.0-!
DSJJ-QA?JC PC?BGLE. )LAJSBC ? AGPASGR BG?EP?K UGRF WMSP QMJSRGML.
BGQASQQCB GL RFC RCVR) RM ?JJMU GR RM @C SQCB ?Q ?L ?KKCRCP UGRF ? 300-K!
DSJJ-QA?JC PC?BGLE.
E?JT?LMKCRCP F?TGLE ? 100-A QCLQGRGTGRW RM ?JJMU GR RM @C SQCB ?Q ?
TMJRKCRCP UGRF: (?) ? 300-6 DSJJ-QA?JC PC?BGLE, ?LB (@) ? 0.300-6 DSJJ-QA?JC
PC?BGLE.
E?JT?LMKCRCP F?TGLE ? 100-A QCLQGRGTGRW RM ?JJMU GR RM @C SQCB ?Q ?L
?KKCRCP UGRF: (?) ? 20.0-! DSJJ-QA?JC PC?BGLE, ?LB (@) ? 100-K! DSJJ-QA?JC
PC?BGLE.
89. 3SNNMQC WMS KC?QSPC RFC RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC MD ? 1.585-6 ?JI?JGLC ACJJ
F?TGLE ?L GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC MD 0.100 @W NJ?AGLE ? 1.00-k
TMJRKCRCP ?APMQQ GRQ RCPKGL?JQ. (3CC F?=KH; 21.54.) (?) 7F?R ASPPCLR
DJMUQ? (@) &GLB RFC RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC. (A) 4M QCC FMU AJMQC RFC KC?QSPCB
RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC GQ RM RFC CKD, A?JASJ?RC RFCGP P?RGM.
F?=KH; 21.54
90. 3SNNMQC WMS KC?QSPC RFC RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC MD ? 3.200-6 JGRFGSK ACJJ
F?TGLE ?L GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC MD 5.00 @W NJ?AGLE ? 1.00-k
TMJRKCRCP ?APMQQ GRQ RCPKGL?JQ. (?) 7F?R ASPPCLR DJMUQ? (@) &GLB RFC
RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC. (A) 4M QCC FMU AJMQC RFC KC?QSPCB RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC GQ
RM RFC CKD, A?JASJ?RC RFCGP P?RGM.
91. ! ACPR?GL ?KKCRCP F?Q ? PCQGQR?LAC MD 5.0010
5
ML GRQ
3.00-! QA?JC ?LB AMLR?GLQ ? 10.0- E?JT?LMKCRCP. 7F?R GQ RFC
QCLQGRGTGRW MD RFC E?JT?LMKCRCP?
92. ! 1.00-M TMJRKCRCP GQ NJ?ACB GL N?P?JJCJ UGRF ? 75.0-k
PCQGQRMP GL ? AGPASGR. (?) $P?U ? AGPASGR BG?EP?K MD RFC AMLLCARGML. (@) 7F?R
GQ RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC AMK@GL?RGML? (A) )D RFC TMJR?EC ?APMQQ RFC
AMK@GL?RGML GQ ICNR RFC Q?KC ?Q GR U?Q ?APMQQ RFC 75.0-k PCQGQRMP
?JMLC, UF?R GQ RFC NCPACLR GLAPC?QC GL ASPPCLR? (B) )D RFC ASPPCLR RFPMSEF
RFC AMK@GL?RGML GQ ICNR RFC Q?KC ?Q GR U?Q RFPMSEF RFC 75.0-k
PCQGQRMP ?JMLC, UF?R GQ RFC NCPACLR?EC BCAPC?QC GL TMJR?EC? (C) !PC RFC
AF?LECQ DMSLB GL N?PRQ (A) ?LB (B) QGELGDGA?LR? $GQASQQ.
93. ! 0.0200- ?KKCRCP GQ NJ?ACB GL QCPGCQ UGRF ? 10.00- PCQGQRMP GL
? AGPASGR. (?) $P?U ? AGPASGR BG?EP?K MD RFC AMLLCARGML. (@) #?JASJ?RC RFC
PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC AMK@GL?RGML. (A) )D RFC TMJR?EC GQ ICNR RFC Q?KC ?APMQQ
RFC AMK@GL?RGML ?Q GR U?Q RFPMSEF RFC 10.00- PCQGQRMP ?JMLC, UF?R GQ
RFC NCPACLR BCAPC?QC GL ASPPCLR? (B) )D RFC ASPPCLR GQ ICNR RFC Q?KC
RFPMSEF RFC AMK@GL?RGML ?Q GR U?Q RFPMSEF RFC 10.00- PCQGQRMP ?JMLC,
UF?R GQ RFC NCPACLR GLAPC?QC GL TMJR?EC? (C) !PC RFC AF?LECQ DMSLB GL
N?PRQ (A) ?LB (B) QGELGDGA?LR? $GQASQQ.
3SNNMQC WMS F?TC ? 40.0- E?JT?LMKCRCP UGRF ? 25.0-A QCLQGRGTGRW.
(?) 7F?R PCQGQR?LAC UMSJB WMS NSR GL QCPGCQ UGRF GR RM ?JJMU GR RM @C SQCB
?Q ? TMJRKCRCP RF?R F?Q ? DSJJ-QA?JC BCDJCARGML DMP 0.500 K6? (@) 7F?R GQ
(?) 7F?R PCQGQR?LAC UMSJB WMS NSR GL N?P?JJCJ UGRF ? 40.0-
E?JT?LMKCRCP F?TGLE ? 25.0-A QCLQGRGTGRW RM ?JJMU GR RM @C SQCB ?Q ?L
?KKCRCP RF?R F?Q ? DSJJ-QA?JC BCDJCARGML DMP 10.0-A ? (@) 7F?R GQ
96. 7F?R GQ RFC emf
x
MD ? ACJJ @CGLE KC?QSPCB GL ? NMRCLRGMKCRCP, GD RFC
QR?LB?PB ACJJtQ CKD GQ 12.0 6 ?LB RFC NMRCLRGMKCRCP @?J?LACQ DMP
R
x
= 5.000 ?LB R
s
= 2.500 ?
97. #?JASJ?RC RFC emf
x
MD ? BPW ACJJ DMP UFGAF ? NMRCLRGMKCRCP GQ
@?J?LACB UFCL R
x
= 1.200 , UFGJC ?L ?JI?JGLC QR?LB?PB ACJJ UGRF ?L
CKD MD 1.600 6 PCOSGPCQ R
s
= 1.247 RM @?J?LAC RFC NMRCLRGMKCRCP.
98. 7FCL ?L SLILMUL PCQGQR?LAC R
x
GQ NJ?ACB GL ? 7FC?RQRMLC @PGBEC,
GR GQ NMQQG@JC RM @?J?LAC RFC @PGBEC @W ?BHSQRGLE R
3
RM @C 2500 .
7F?R GQ R
x
GD
R
2
R
1
= 0.625 ?
#(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43 771
99. 4M UF?R T?JSC KSQR WMS ?BHSQR R
3
RM @?J?LAC ? 7FC?RQRMLC @PGBEC,
GD RFC SLILMUL PCQGQR?LAC R
x
GQ 100 , R
1
GQ 50.0 , ?LB R
2
GQ
175 ?
100. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC SLILMUL emf
x
GL ? NMRCLRGMKCRCP RF?R @?J?LACQ
UFCL R
x
GQ 10.0 , ?LB @?J?LACQ UFCL R
s
GQ 15.0 DMP ?
QR?LB?PB 3.000-6 CKD? (@) 4FC Q?KC emf
x
GQ NJ?ACB GL RFC Q?KC
NMRCLRGMKCRCP, UFGAF LMU @?J?LACQ UFCL R
s
GQ 15.0 DMP ? QR?LB?PB
CKD MD 3.100 6. !R UF?R PCQGQR?LAC R
x
UGJJ RFC NMRCLRGMKCRCP @?J?LAC?
101. 3SNNMQC WMS U?LR RM KC?QSPC PCQGQR?LACQ GL RFC P?LEC DPMK
10.0 RM 10.0 k SQGLE ? 7FC?RQRMLC @PGBEC RF?R F?Q
R
2
R
1
= 2.000 . /TCP UF?R P?LEC QFMSJB R
3
@C ?BHSQR?@JC?
102. 4FC RGKGLE BCTGAC GL ?L ?SRMKM@GJCtQ GLRCPKGRRCLR UGNCP QWQRCK GQ
@?QCB ML ?L RC RGKC AMLQR?LR ?LB SRGJGXCQ ? 0.500-F A?N?AGRMP ?LB
? T?PG?@JC PCQGQRMP. /TCP UF?R P?LEC KSQR R @C K?BC RM T?PW RM ?AFGCTC
RGKC AMLQR?LRQ DPMK 2.00 RM 15.0 Q?
103. ! FC?PR N?ACK?ICP DGPCQ 72 RGKCQ ? KGLSRC, C?AF RGKC ? 25.0-L&
A?N?AGRMP GQ AF?PECB (@W ? @?RRCPW GL QCPGCQ UGRF ? PCQGQRMP) RM 0.632 MD GRQ
DSJJ TMJR?EC. 7F?R GQ RFC T?JSC MD RFC PCQGQR?LAC?
104. 4FC BSP?RGML MD ? NFMRMEP?NFGA DJ?QF GQ PCJ?RCB RM ?L RC RGKC
AMLQR?LR, UFGAF GQ 0.100 s DMP ? ACPR?GL A?KCP?. (?) )D RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD
RFC DJ?QF J?KN GQ 0.0400 BSPGLE BGQAF?PEC, UF?R GQ RFC QGXC MD RFC
A?N?AGRMP QSNNJWGLE GRQ CLCPEW? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC RGKC AMLQR?LR DMP AF?PEGLE
RFC A?N?AGRMP, GD RFC AF?PEGLE PCQGQR?LAC GQ 800 k?
105. ! 2.00- ?LB ? 7.50-F A?N?AGRMP A?L @C AMLLCARCB GL QCPGCQ MP
N?P?JJCJ, ?Q A?L ? 25.0- ?LB ? 100-k PCQGQRMP. #?JASJ?RC RFC DMSP RC
RGKC AMLQR?LRQ NMQQG@JC DPMK AMLLCARGLE RFC PCQSJRGLE A?N?AGR?LAC ?LB
PCQGQR?LAC GL QCPGCQ.
106. !DRCP RUM RGKC AMLQR?LRQ, UF?R NCPACLR?EC MD RFC DGL?J TMJR?EC, CKD,
GQ ML ?L GLGRG?JJW SLAF?PECB A?N?AGRMP C , AF?PECB RFPMSEF ? PCQGQR?LAC
R ?
107. ! 500- PCQGQRMP, ?L SLAF?PECB 1.50-F A?N?AGRMP, ?LB ? 6.16-6
CKD ?PC AMLLCARCB GL QCPGCQ. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC GLGRG?J ASPPCLR? (@) 7F?R GQ
RFC RC RGKC AMLQR?LR? (A) 7F?R GQ RFC ASPPCLR ?DRCP MLC RGKC AMLQR?LR?
(B) 7F?R GQ RFC TMJR?EC ML RFC A?N?AGRMP ?DRCP MLC RGKC AMLQR?LR?
108. ! FC?PR BCDG@PGJJ?RMP @CGLE SQCB ML ? N?RGCLR F?Q ?L RC RGKC
AMLQR?LR MD 10.0 KQ BSC RM RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC N?RGCLR ?LB RFC
A?N?AGR?LAC MD RFC BCDG@PGJJ?RMP. (?) )D RFC BCDG@PGJJ?RMP F?Q ?L 8.00-F
A?N?AGR?LAC, UF?R GQ RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC N?RF RFPMSEF RFC N?RGCLR? (9MS
K?W LCEJCAR RFC A?N?AGR?LAC MD RFC N?RGCLR ?LB RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC
BCDG@PGJJ?RMP.) (@) )D RFC GLGRG?J TMJR?EC GQ 12.0 I6, FMU JMLE BMCQ GR R?IC RM
BCAJGLC RM 6.0010
2
V?
109. !L %#' KMLGRMP KSQR F?TC ?L RC RGKC AMLQR?LR JCQQ RF?L
1.0010
2
s RM @C ?@JC RM KC?QSPC T?PG?RGMLQ GL TMJR?EC MTCP QK?JJ
RGKC GLRCPT?JQ. (?) )D RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC AGPASGR (BSC KMQRJW RM RF?R MD RFC
N?RGCLRtQ AFCQR) GQ 1.00 k, UF?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK A?N?AGR?LAC MD RFC
AGPASGR? (@) 7MSJB GR @C BGDDGASJR GL NP?ARGAC RM JGKGR RFC A?N?AGR?LAC RM JCQQ
RF?L RFC T?JSC DMSLB GL (?)?
110. F?=KH; 21.55 QFMUQ FMU ? @JCCBCP PCQGQRMP GQ SQCB RM BGQAF?PEC ?
A?N?AGRMP ?DRCP ?L CJCARPMLGA BCTGAC GQ QFSR MDD, ?JJMUGLE ? NCPQML RM UMPI
ML RFC CJCARPMLGAQ UGRF JCQQ PGQI MD QFMAI. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC RGKC AMLQR?LR?
(@) (MU JMLE UGJJ GR R?IC RM PCBSAC RFC TMJR?EC ML RFC A?N?AGRMP RM 0.250%
(5% MD 5%) MD GRQ DSJJ T?JSC MLAC BGQAF?PEC @CEGLQ? (A) )D RFC A?N?AGRMP GQ
AF?PECB RM ? TMJR?EC V
0
RFPMSEF ? 100- PCQGQR?LAC, A?JASJ?RC RFC
RGKC GR R?ICQ RM PGQC RM 0.865V
0
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F?=KH; 21.55
111. 5QGLE RFC CV?AR CVNMLCLRG?J RPC?RKCLR, DGLB FMU KSAF RGKC GQ
PCOSGPCB RM BGQAF?PEC ? 250-F A?N?AGRMP RFPMSEF ? 500- PCQGQRMP
BMUL RM 1.00% MD GRQ MPGEGL?J TMJR?EC.
112. 5QGLE RFC CV?AR CVNMLCLRG?J RPC?RKCLR, DGLB FMU KSAF RGKC GQ
PCOSGPCB RM AF?PEC ?L GLGRG?JJW SLAF?PECB 100-N& A?N?AGRMP RFPMSEF ?
75.0-M PCQGQRMP RM 90.0% MD GRQ DGL?J TMJR?EC.
)D WMS UGQF RM R?IC ? NGARSPC MD ? @SJJCR RP?TCJGLE ?R 500 K/Q, RFCL ? TCPW
@PGCD DJ?QF MD JGEFR NPMBSACB @W ?L RC BGQAF?PEC RFPMSEF ? DJ?QF RS@C
A?L JGKGR @JSPPGLE. !QQSKGLE 1.00 KK MD KMRGML BSPGLE MLC RC AMLQR?LR
GQ ?AACNR?@JC, ?LB EGTCL RF?R RFC DJ?QF GQ BPGTCL @W ? 600-F A?N?AGRMP,
UF?R GQ RFC PCQGQR?LAC GL RFC DJ?QF RS@C?
! DJ?QFGLE J?KN GL ? #FPGQRK?Q C?PPGLE GQ @?QCB ML ?L RC BGQAF?PEC MD
? A?N?AGRMP RFPMSEF GRQ PCQGQR?LAC. 4FC CDDCARGTC BSP?RGML MD RFC DJ?QF GQ
0.250 Q, BSPGLE UFGAF GR NPMBSACQ ?L ?TCP?EC 0.500 7 DPMK ?L ?TCP?EC
3.00 6. (?) 7F?R CLCPEW BMCQ GR BGQQGN?RC? (@) (MU KSAF AF?PEC KMTCQ
RFPMSEF RFC J?KN? (A) &GLB RFC A?N?AGR?LAC. (B) 7F?R GQ RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD
RFC J?KN?
! 160-F A?N?AGRMP AF?PECB RM 450 6 GQ BGQAF?PECB RFPMSEF ?
31.2-k PCQGQRMP. (?) &GLB RFC RGKC AMLQR?LR. (@) #?JASJ?RC RFC
RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QC MD RFC PCQGQRMP, EGTCL RF?R GRQ K?QQ GQ 2.50 E ?LB GRQ
QNCAGDGA FC?R GQ 1.67
kJ
kg C
, LMRGLE RF?R KMQR MD RFC RFCPK?J CLCPEW GQ
PCR?GLCB GL RFC QFMPR RGKC MD RFC BGQAF?PEC. (A) #?JASJ?RC RFC LCU
PCQGQR?LAC, ?QQSKGLE GR GQ NSPC A?P@ML. (B) $MCQ RFGQ AF?LEC GL PCQGQR?LAC
QCCK QGELGDGA?LR?
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC A?N?AGR?LAC LCCBCB RM ECR ?L RC RGKC AMLQR?LR MD
1.0010
3
s UGRF ? 0.100- PCQGQRMP. (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR
RFGQ PCQSJR? (A) 7FGAF ?QQSKNRGMLQ ?PC PCQNMLQG@JC?
#MLQGBCP ? A?KCP?tQ DJ?QF SLGR. #MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS
A?JASJ?RC RFC QGXC MD RFC A?N?AGRMP RF?R QRMPCQ CLCPEW DMP RFC DJ?QF J?KN.
!KMLE RFC RFGLEQ RM @C AMLQGBCPCB ?PC RFC TMJR?EC ?NNJGCB RM RFC
A?N?AGRMP, RFC CLCPEW LCCBCB GL RFC DJ?QF ?LB RFC ?QQMAG?RCB AF?PEC
LCCBCB ML RFC A?N?AGRMP, RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC DJ?QF J?KN BSPGLE
BGQAF?PEC, ?LB RFC BCQGPCB RC RGKC AMLQR?LR.
#MLQGBCP ? PCAF?PEC?@JC JGRFGSK ACJJ RF?R GQ RM @C SQCB RM NMUCP ?
A?KAMPBCP. #MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS A?JASJ?RC RFC GLRCPL?J
PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC ACJJ BSPGLE LMPK?J MNCP?RGML. !JQM, A?JASJ?RC RFC
KGLGKSK TMJR?EC MSRNSR MD ? @?RRCPW AF?PECP RM @C SQCB RM PCAF?PEC WMSP
JGRFGSK ACJJ. !KMLE RFC RFGLEQ RM @C AMLQGBCPCB ?PC RFC CKD ?LB SQCDSJ
RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC MD ? JGRFGSK ACJJ ?LB RFC ASPPCLR GR QFMSJB @C ?@JC RM
QSNNJW RM ? A?KAMPBCP.
772 #(!04%2 21 Y #)2#5)43, ")/%,%#42)#)49, !.$ $# ).3425-%.43
22 -!'.%4)3-
F?=KH; 22.1 4FC K?ELGDGACLR QNCAR?AJC MD RFC !SPMP? "MPC?JGQ, MP LMPRFCPL JGEFRQ, EJMUQ GL RFC LMPRFCPL QIW ?@MTC "C?P ,?IC LC?P %GCJQML !GP &MPAC "?QC, !J?QI?. 3F?NCB @W
RFC %?PRFtQ K?ELCRGA DGCJB, RFGQ JGEFR GQ NPMBSACB @W P?BG?RGML QNCUCB DPMK QMJ?P QRMPKQ. (APCBGR: 3CLGMP !GPK?L *MQFS? 3RP?LE, TG? &JGAIP)
,C?PLGLE /@HCARGTCQ
22.1. &7=D;JI
22.2. F;HHEC7=D;JI 7D: EB;9JHEC7=D;JI
22.3. &7=D;J?9 F?;B:I 7D: &7=D;J?9 F?;B: %?D;I
22.4. &7=D;J?9 F?;B: ,JH;D=J>: FEH9; ED 7 &EL?D= C>7H=; ?D 7 &7=D;J?9 F?;B:
22.5. FEH9; ED 7 &EL?D= C>7H=; ?D 7 &7=D;J?9 F?;B:: EN7CFB;I 7D: AFFB?97J?EDI
22.6. ->; !7BB E<<;9J
22.7. &7=D;J?9 FEH9; ED 7 CKHH;DJ-C7HHO?D= CED:K9JEH
22.8. -EHGK; ED 7 CKHH;DJ %EEF: &EJEHI 7D: &;J;HI
22.9. &7=D;J?9 F?;B:I )HE:K9;: 8O CKHH;DJI: ACF;H;XI %7M
22.10. &7=D;J?9 FEH9; 8;JM;;D -ME )7H7BB;B CED:K9JEHI
22.11. &EH; AFFB?97J?EDI E< &7=D;J?IC
"DJHE:K9J?ED JE &7=D;J?IC
/LC CTCLGLE, ?L !J?QI?L QRGAIQ ? LMRC RM FGQ PCDPGECP?RMP UGRF ? QK?JJ K?ELCR. 4FPMSEF RFC IGRAFCL UGLBMU, RFC !SPMP? "MPC?JGQ EJMUQ GL RFC LGEFR QIW.
4FGQ EP?LB QNCAR?AJC GQ QF?NCB @W RFC Q?KC DMPAC RF?R FMJBQ RFC LMRC RM RFC PCDPGECP?RMP.
0CMNJC F?TC @CCL ?U?PC MD K?ELCRQ ?LB K?ELCRGQK DMP RFMSQ?LBQ MD WC?PQ. 4FC C?PJGCQR PCAMPBQ B?RC RM UCJJ @CDMPC RFC RGKC MD #FPGQR, N?PRGASJ?PJW GL
? PCEGML MD !QG? -GLMP A?JJCB -?ELCQG? (RFC L?KC MD RFGQ PCEGML GQ RFC QMSPAC MD UMPBQ JGIC @4:A8G<6). -?ELCRGA PMAIQ DMSLB GL -?ELCQG?, UFGAF GQ
LMU N?PR MD UCQRCPL 4SPICW, QRGKSJ?RCB GLRCPCQR BSPGLE ?LAGCLR RGKCQ. ! NP?ARGA?J ?NNJGA?RGML DMP K?ELCRQ U?Q DMSLB J?RCP, UFCL RFCW UCPC CKNJMWCB
?Q L?TGE?RGML?J AMKN?QQCQ. 4FC SQC MD K?ELCRQ GL AMKN?QQCQ PCQSJRCB LMR MLJW GL GKNPMTCB JMLE-BGQR?LAC Q?GJGLE, @SR ?JQM GL RFC L?KCQ MD uLMPRFv
?LB uQMSRFv @CGLE EGTCL RM RFC RUM RWNCQ MD K?ELCRGA NMJCQ.
4MB?W K?ELCRGQK NJ?WQ K?LW GKNMPR?LR PMJCQ GL MSP JGTCQ. 0FWQGAGQRQt SLBCPQR?LBGLE MD K?ELCRGQK F?Q CL?@JCB RFC BCTCJMNKCLR MD RCAFLMJMEGCQ RF?R
?DDCAR MSP CTCPWB?W JGTCQ. 4FC G0MB GL WMSP NSPQC MP @?AIN?AI, DMP CV?KNJC, UMSJBLtR F?TC @CCL NMQQG@JC UGRFMSR RFC ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD K?ELCRGQK ?LB
CJCARPGAGRW ML ? QK?JJ QA?JC.
4FC BGQAMTCPW RF?R UC?I AF?LECQ GL ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB GL ? RFGL DGJK MD GPML ?LB AFPMKGSK AMSJB @PGLE ?@MSR KSAF J?PECP AF?LECQ GL CJCARPGA?J
PCQGQR?LAC U?Q MLC MD RFC DGPQR J?PEC QSAACQQCQ MD L?LMRCAFLMJMEW. 4FC 2007 .M@CJ 0PGXC GL 0FWQGAQ UCLR RM !J@CPR &CPR DPMK &P?LAC ?LB 0CRCP
'PSL@CPE DPMK 'CPK?LW DMP RFGQ BGQAMTCPW MD :<4AG @4:A8GBE8F<FG4A68 ?LB GRQ ?NNJGA?RGMLQ RM AMKNSRCP KCKMPW.
!JJ CJCARPGA KMRMPQ, UGRF SQCQ ?Q BGTCPQC ?Q NMUCPGLE PCDPGECP?RMPQ, QR?PRGLE A?PQ, ?LB KMTGLE CJCT?RMPQ, AMLR?GL K?ELCRQ. 'CLCP?RMPQ, UFCRFCP
NPMBSAGLE FWBPMCJCARPGA NMUCP MP PSLLGLE @GAWAJC JGEFRQ, SQC K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ. 2CAWAJGLE D?AGJGRGCQ CKNJMW K?ELCRQ RM QCN?P?RC GPML DPMK MRFCP PCDSQC.
(SLBPCBQ MD KGJJGMLQ MD BMJJ?PQ ?PC QNCLR ?LLS?JJW ML K?ELCRGA AMLR?GLKCLR MD DSQGML ?Q ? DSRSPC CLCPEW QMSPAC. -?ELCRGA PCQML?LAC GK?EGLE (-2))
F?Q @CAMKC ?L GKNMPR?LR BG?ELMQRGA RMMJ GL RFC DGCJB MD KCBGAGLC, ?LB RFC SQC MD K?ELCRGQK RM CVNJMPC @P?GL ?ARGTGRW GQ ? QS@HCAR MD AMLRCKNMP?PW
PCQC?PAF ?LB BCTCJMNKCLR. 4FC JGQR MD ?NNJGA?RGMLQ ?JQM GLAJSBCQ AMKNSRCP F?PB BPGTCQ, R?NC PCAMPBGLE, BCRCARGML MD GLF?JCB ?Q@CQRMQ, ?LB JCTGR?RGML MD
FGEF-QNCCB RP?GLQ. -?ELCRGQK GQ SQCB RM CVNJ?GL ?RMKGA CLCPEW JCTCJQ, AMQKGA P?WQ, ?LB AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ RP?NNCB GL RFC 6?L !JJCL @CJRQ. /LAC ?E?GL,
UC UGJJ DGLB ?JJ RFCQC BGQN?P?RC NFCLMKCL? ?PC JGLICB @W ? QK?JJ LSK@CP MD SLBCPJWGLE NFWQGA?J NPGLAGNJCQ.
#(!04%2 22 Y -!'.%4)3- 773
F?=KH; 22.2 %LEGLCCPGLE MD RCAFLMJMEW JGIC G0MBQ UMSJB LMR @C NMQQG@JC UGRFMSR ? BCCN SLBCPQR?LBGLE K?ELCRGQK. (APCBGR: *CQQC! 3?, &JGAIP)
22.1 &7=D;JI
F?=KH; 22.3 -?ELCRQ AMKC GL T?PGMSQ QF?NCQ, QGXCQ, ?LB QRPCLERFQ. !JJ F?TC @MRF ? LMPRF NMJC ?LB ? QMSRF NMJC. 4FCPC GQ LCTCP ?L GQMJ?RCB NMJC (? KMLMNMJC).
!JJ K?ELCRQ ?RRP?AR GPML, QSAF ?Q RF?R GL ? PCDPGECP?RMP BMMP. (MUCTCP, K?ELCRQ K?W ?RRP?AR MP PCNCJ MRFCP K?ELCRQ. %VNCPGKCLR?RGML QFMUQ RF?R ?JJ
K?ELCRQ F?TC RUM NMJCQ. )D DPCCJW QSQNCLBCB, MLC NMJC UGJJ NMGLR RMU?PB RFC LMPRF. 4FC RUM NMJCQ ?PC RFSQ L?KCB RFC DEHJ> C7=D;J?9 FEB; ?LB RFC
IEKJ> C7=D;J?9 FEB; (MP KMPC NPMNCPJW, LMPRF-QCCIGLE ?LB QMSRF-QCCIGLE NMJCQ, DMP RFC ?RRP?ARGMLQ GL RFMQC BGPCARGMLQ).
5LGTCPQ?J #F?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD -?ELCRQ ?LB -?ELCRGA 0MJCQ
)R GQ ? SLGTCPQ?J AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MD ?JJ K?ELCRQ RF?R ?<>8 CB?8F E8C8? 4A7 HA?<>8 CB?8F 4GGE46G. (.MRC RFC QGKGJ?PGRW UGRF CJCARPMQR?RGAQ: SLJGIC AF?PECQ
?RRP?AR ?LB JGIC AF?PECQ PCNCJ.)
&SPRFCP CVNCPGKCLR?RGML QFMUQ RF?R GR GQ <@CBFF<5?8 GB F8C4E4G8 ABEG; 4A7 FBHG; CB?8F GL RFC K?LLCP RF?R + ?LB { AF?PECQ A?L @C QCN?P?RCB.
F?=KH; 22.4 /LC CLB MD ? @?P K?ELCR GQ QSQNCLBCB DPMK ? RFPC?B RF?R NMGLRQ RMU?PB LMPRF. 4FC K?ELCRtQ RUM NMJCQ ?PC J?@CJCB . ?LB 3 DMP LMPRF-QCCIGLE ?LB QMSRF-QCCIGLE
NMJCQ, PCQNCARGTCJW.
-GQAMLACNRGML !JCPR: %?PRFtQ 'CMEP?NFGA .MPRF 0MJC (GBCQ ?L 3
4FC %?PRF ?ARQ JGIC ? TCPW J?PEC @?P K?ELCR UGRF GRQ QMSRF-QCCIGLE NMJC LC?P RFC ECMEP?NFGA .MPRF 0MJC. 4F?R GQ UFW RFC LMPRF NMJC MD WMSP
AMKN?QQ GQ ?RRP?ARCB RMU?PB RFC ECMEP?NFGA LMPRF NMJC MD RFC %?PRFr@CA?SQC RFC K?ELCRGA NMJC RF?R GQ LC?P RFC ECMEP?NFGA .MPRF 0MJC GQ
?ARS?JJW ? QMSRF K?ELCRGA NMJC! #MLDSQGML ?PGQCQ @CA?SQC RFC ECMEP?NFGA RCPK u.MPRF 0MJCv F?Q AMKC RM @C SQCB (GLAMPPCARJW) DMP RFC K?ELCRGA
NMJC RF?R GQ LC?P RFC .MPRF 0MJC. 4FSQ, u.MPRF K?ELCRGA NMJCv GQ ?ARS?JJW ? KGQLMKCPrGR QFMSJB @C A?JJCB RFC 3MSRF K?ELCRGA NMJC.
774 #(!04%2 22 Y -!'.%4)3-
F?=KH; 22.5 5LJGIC NMJCQ ?RRP?AR, UFCPC?Q JGIC NMJCQ PCNCJ.
F?=KH; 22.6 .MPRF ?LB QMSRF NMJCQ ?JU?WQ MAASP GL N?GPQ. !RRCKNRQ RM QCN?P?RC RFCK PCQSJR GL KMPC N?GPQ MD NMJCQ. )D UC AMLRGLSC RM QNJGR RFC K?ELCR, UC UGJJ CTCLRS?JJW ECR
BMUL RM ?L GPML ?RMK UGRF ? LMPRF NMJC ?LB ? QMSRF NMJCrRFCQC, RMM, A?LLMR @C QCN?P?RCB.
4FC D?AR RF?R K?ELCRGA NMJCQ ?JU?WQ MAASP GL N?GPQ MD LMPRF ?LB QMSRF GQ RPSC DPMK RFC TCPW J?PEC QA?JCrDMP CV?KNJC, QSLQNMRQ ?JU?WQ MAASP GL N?GPQ
RF?R ?PC LMPRF ?LB QMSRF K?ELCRGA NMJCQr?JJ RFC U?W BMUL RM RFC TCPW QK?JJ QA?JC. -?ELCRGA ?RMKQ F?TC @MRF ? LMPRF NMJC ?LB ? QMSRF NMJC, ?Q BM
K?LW RWNCQ MD QS@?RMKGA N?PRGAJCQ, QSAF ?Q CJCARPMLQ, NPMRMLQ, ?LB LCSRPMLQ.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLRr2CDPGECP?RMP -?ELCRQ
7C ILMU RF?R JGIC K?ELCRGA NMJCQ PCNCJ ?LB SLJGIC NMJCQ ?RRP?AR. 3CC GD WMS A?L QFMU RFGQ DMP RUM PCDPGECP?RMP K?ELCRQ. 7GJJ RFC K?ELCRQ QRGAI GD
WMS RSPL RFCK MTCP? 7FW BM RFCW QRGAI RM RFC BMMP ?LWU?W? 7F?R A?L WMS Q?W ?@MSR RFC K?ELCRGA NPMNCPRGCQ MD RFC BMMP LCVR RM RFC K?ELCR? $M
PCDPGECP?RMP K?ELCRQ QRGAI RM KCR?J MP NJ?QRGA QNMMLQ? $M RFCW QRGAI RM ?JJ RWNCQ MD KCR?J?
22.2 F;HHEC7=D;JI 7D: EB;9JHEC7=D;JI
&CPPMK?ELCRQ
/LJW ACPR?GL K?RCPG?JQ, QSAF ?Q GPML, AM@?JR, LGAICJ, ?LB E?BMJGLGSK, CVFG@GR QRPMLE K?ELCRGA CDDCARQ. 3SAF K?RCPG?JQ ?PC A?JJCB <;HHEC7=D;J?9, ?DRCP
RFC ,?RGL UMPB DMP GPML, 98EEH@. ! EPMSN MD K?RCPG?JQ K?BC DPMK RFC ?JJMWQ MD RFC P?PC C?PRF CJCKCLRQ ?PC ?JQM SQCB ?Q QRPMLE ?LB NCPK?LCLR K?ELCRQ;
? NMNSJ?P MLC GQ LCMBWKGSK. /RFCP K?RCPG?JQ CVFG@GR UC?I K?ELCRGA CDDCARQ, UFGAF ?PC BCRCAR?@JC MLJW UGRF QCLQGRGTC GLQRPSKCLRQ. .MR MLJW BM
DCPPMK?ELCRGA K?RCPG?JQ PCQNMLB QRPMLEJW RM K?ELCRQ (RFC U?W GPML GQ ?RRP?ARCB RM K?ELCRQ), RFCW A?L ?JQM @C C7=D;J?P;: RFCKQCJTCQrRF?R GQ, RFCW
A?L @C GLBSACB RM @C K?ELCRGA MP K?BC GLRM NCPK?LCLR K?ELCRQ.
#(!04%2 22 Y -!'.%4)3- 775
F?=KH; 22.7 !L SLK?ELCRGXCB NGCAC MD GPML GQ NJ?ACB @CRUCCL RUM K?ELCRQ, FC?RCB, ?LB RFCL AMMJCB, MP QGKNJW R?NNCB UFCL AMJB. 4FC GPML @CAMKCQ ? NCPK?LCLR K?ELCR UGRF
RFC NMJCQ ?JGELCB ?Q QFMUL: GRQ QMSRF NMJC GQ ?BH?ACLR RM RFC LMPRF NMJC MD RFC MPGEGL?J K?ELCR, ?LB GRQ LMPRF NMJC GQ ?BH?ACLR RM RFC QMSRF NMJC MD RFC MPGEGL?J K?ELCR. .MRC RF?R
RFCPC ?PC ?RRP?ARGTC DMPACQ @CRUCCL RFC K?ELCRQ.
7FCL ? K?ELCR GQ @PMSEFR LC?P ? NPCTGMSQJW SLK?ELCRGXCB DCPPMK?ELCRGA K?RCPG?J, GR A?SQCQ JMA?J K?ELCRGX?RGML MD RFC K?RCPG?J UGRF SLJGIC NMJCQ
AJMQCQR, ?Q GL F?=KH; 22.7. (4FGQ PCQSJRQ GL RFC ?RRP?ARGML MD RFC NPCTGMSQJW SLK?ELCRGXCB K?RCPG?J RM RFC K?ELCR.) 7F?R F?NNCLQ ML ? KGAPMQAMNGA
QA?JC GQ GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 22.8. 4FC PCEGMLQ UGRFGL RFC K?RCPG?J A?JJCB :EC7?DI ?AR JGIC QK?JJ @?P K?ELCRQ. 7GRFGL BMK?GLQ, RFC NMJCQ MD GLBGTGBS?J
?RMKQ ?PC ?JGELCB. %?AF ?RMK ?ARQ JGIC ? RGLW @?P K?ELCR. $MK?GLQ ?PC QK?JJ ?LB P?LBMKJW MPGCLRCB GL ?L SLK?ELCRGXCB DCPPMK?ELCRGA M@HCAR. )L
PCQNMLQC RM ?L CVRCPL?J K?ELCRGA DGCJB, RFC BMK?GLQ K?W EPMU RM KGJJGKCRCP QGXC, ?JGELGLE RFCKQCJTCQ ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 22.8(@). 4FGQ GLBSACB
K?ELCRGX?RGML A?L @C K?BC NCPK?LCLR GD RFC K?RCPG?J GQ FC?RCB ?LB RFCL AMMJCB, MP QGKNJW R?NNCB GL RFC NPCQCLAC MD MRFCP K?ELCRQ.
F?=KH; 22.8 (?) !L SLK?ELCRGXCB NGCAC MD GPML (MP MRFCP DCPPMK?ELCRGA K?RCPG?J) F?Q P?LBMKJW MPGCLRCB BMK?GLQ. (@) 7FCL K?ELCRGXCB @W ?L CVRCPL?J DGCJB, RFC BMK?GLQ QFMU
EPC?RCP ?JGELKCLR, ?LB QMKC EPMU ?R RFC CVNCLQC MD MRFCPQ. )LBGTGBS?J ?RMKQ ?PC ?JGELCB UGRFGL BMK?GLQ; C?AF ?RMK ?ARQ JGIC ? RGLW @?P K?ELCR.
#MLTCPQCJW, ? NCPK?LCLR K?ELCR A?L @C BCK?ELCRGXCB @W F?PB @JMUQ MP @W FC?RGLE GR GL RFC ?@QCLAC MD ?LMRFCP K?ELCR. )LAPC?QCB RFCPK?J KMRGML ?R
FGEFCP RCKNCP?RSPC A?L BGQPSNR ?LB P?LBMKGXC RFC MPGCLR?RGML ?LB RFC QGXC MD RFC BMK?GLQ. 4FCPC GQ ? UCJJ-BCDGLCB RCKNCP?RSPC DMP DCPPMK?ELCRGA
K?RCPG?JQ, UFGAF GQ A?JJCB RFC CKH?; J;CF;H7JKH;, ?@MTC UFGAF RFCW A?LLMR @C K?ELCRGXCB. 4FC #SPGC RCKNCP?RSPC DMP GPML GQ 1043 + (770C) ,
UFGAF GQ UCJJ ?@MTC PMMK RCKNCP?RSPC. 4FCPC ?PC QCTCP?J CJCKCLRQ ?LB ?JJMWQ RF?R F?TC #SPGC RCKNCP?RSPCQ KSAF JMUCP RF?L PMMK RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB
?PC DCPPMK?ELCRGA MLJW @CJMU RFMQC RCKNCP?RSPCQ.
%JCARPMK?ELCRQ
%?PJW GL RFC 19RF ACLRSPW, GR U?Q BGQAMTCPCB RF?R CJCARPGA?J ASPPCLRQ A?SQC K?ELCRGA CDDCARQ. 4FC DGPQR QGELGDGA?LR M@QCPT?RGML U?Q @W RFC $?LGQF
QAGCLRGQR (?LQ #FPGQRG?L /CPQRCB (1777q1851), UFM DMSLB RF?R ? AMKN?QQ LCCBJC U?Q BCDJCARCB @W ? ASPPCLR-A?PPWGLE UGPC. 4FGQ U?Q RFC DGPQR
QGELGDGA?LR CTGBCLAC RF?R RFC KMTCKCLR MD AF?PECQ F?B ?LW AMLLCARGML UGRF K?ELCRQ. EB;9JHEC7=D;J?IC GQ RFC SQC MD CJCARPGA ASPPCLR RM K?IC
K?ELCRQ. 4FCQC RCKNMP?PGJW GLBSACB K?ELCRQ ?PC A?JJCB ;B;9JHEC7=D;JI. %JCARPMK?ELCRQ ?PC CKNJMWCB DMP CTCPWRFGLE DPMK ? UPCAIGLE W?PB AP?LC
RF?R JGDRQ QAP?NNCB A?PQ RM AMLRPMJJGLE RFC @C?K MD ? 90-IK-AGPASKDCPCLAC N?PRGAJC ?AACJCP?RMP RM RFC K?ELCRQ GL KCBGA?J GK?EGLE K?AFGLCQ (3CC
F?=KH; 22.9).
F?=KH; 22.9 )LQRPSKCLR DMP K?ELCRGA PCQML?LAC GK?EGLE (-2)). 4FC BCTGAC SQCQ ? QSNCPAMLBSARGLE AWJGLBPGA?J AMGJ DMP RFC K?GL K?ELCRGA DGCJB. 4FC N?RGCLR EMCQ GLRM RFGQ
uRSLLCJv ML RFC ESPLCW. (APCBGR: "GJJ -A#FCQLCW, &JGAIP)
776 #(!04%2 22 Y -!'.%4)3-
F?=KH; 22.10 QFMUQ RF?R RFC PCQNMLQC MD GPML DGJGLEQ RM ? ASPPCLR-A?PPWGLE AMGJ ?LB RM ? NCPK?LCLR @?P K?ELCR. 4FC N?RRCPLQ ?PC QGKGJ?P. )L D?AR,
CJCARPMK?ELCRQ ?LB DCPPMK?ELCRQ F?TC RFC Q?KC @?QGA AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQrDMP CV?KNJC, RFCW F?TC LMPRF ?LB QMSRF NMJCQ RF?R A?LLMR @C QCN?P?RCB ?LB
DMP UFGAF JGIC NMJCQ PCNCJ ?LB SLJGIC NMJCQ ?RRP?AR.
F?=KH; 22.10 )PML DGJGLEQ LC?P (?) ? ASPPCLR-A?PPWGLE AMGJ ?LB (@) ? K?ELCR ?AR JGIC RGLW AMKN?QQ LCCBJCQ, QFMUGLE RFC QF?NC MD RFCGP DGCJBQ. 4FCGP PCQNMLQC RM ? ASPPCLR-A?PPWGLE
AMGJ ?LB ? NCPK?LCLR K?ELCR GQ QCCL RM @C TCPW QGKGJ?P, CQNCAG?JJW LC?P RFC CLBQ MD RFC AMGJ ?LB RFC K?ELCR.
#MK@GLGLE ? DCPPMK?ELCR UGRF ?L CJCARPMK?ELCR A?L NPMBSAC N?PRGASJ?PJW QRPMLE K?ELCRGA CDDCARQ. (3CC F?=KH; 22.11.) 7FCLCTCP QRPMLE K?ELCRGA
CDDCARQ ?PC LCCBCB, QSAF ?Q JGDRGLE QAP?N KCR?J, MP GL N?PRGAJC ?AACJCP?RMPQ, CJCARPMK?ELCRQ ?PC CLF?LACB @W DCPPMK?ELCRGA K?RCPG?JQ. ,GKGRQ RM FMU
QRPMLE RFC K?ELCRQ A?L @C K?BC ?PC GKNMQCB @W AMGJ PCQGQR?LAC (GR UGJJ MTCPFC?R ?LB KCJR ?R QSDDGAGCLRJW FGEF ASPPCLR), ?LB QM QSNCPAMLBSARGLE
K?ELCRQ K?W @C CKNJMWCB. 4FCQC ?PC QRGJJ JGKGRCB, @CA?SQC QSNCPAMLBSARGLE NPMNCPRGCQ ?PC BCQRPMWCB @W RMM EPC?R ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB.
F?=KH; 22.11 !L CJCARPMK?ELCR UGRF ? DCPPMK?ELCRGA AMPC A?L NPMBSAC TCPW QRPMLE K?ELCRGA CDDCARQ. !JGELKCLR MD BMK?GLQ GL RFC AMPC NPMBSACQ ? K?ELCR, RFC NMJCQ MD UFGAF
?PC ?JGELCB UGRF RFC CJCARPMK?ELCR.
F?=KH; 22.12 QFMUQ ? DCU SQCQ MD AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD CJCARPMK?ELCRQ ?LB DCPPMK?ELCRQ. &CPPMK?ELCRGA K?RCPG?JQ A?L ?AR ?Q KCKMPW BCTGACQ, @CA?SQC
RFC MPGCLR?RGML MD RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ MD QK?JJ BMK?GLQ A?L @C PCTCPQCB MP CP?QCB. -?ELCRGA GLDMPK?RGML QRMP?EC ML TGBCMR?NCQ ?LB AMKNSRCP F?PB
BPGTCQ ?PC ?KMLE RFC KMQR AMKKML ?NNJGA?RGMLQ. 4FGQ NPMNCPRW GQ TGR?J GL MSP BGEGR?J UMPJB.
#(!04%2 22 Y -!'.%4)3- 777
F?=KH; 22.12 !L CJCARPMK?ELCR GLBSACQ PCEGMLQ MD NCPK?LCLR K?ELCRGQK ML ? DJMNNW BGQI AM?RCB UGRF ? DCPPMK?ELCRGA K?RCPG?J. 4FC GLDMPK?RGML QRMPCB FCPC GQ BGEGR?J (? PCEGML
GQ CGRFCP K?ELCRGA MP LMR); GL MRFCP ?NNJGA?RGMLQ, GR A?L @C ?L?JME (UGRF ? T?PWGLE QRPCLERF), QSAF ?Q ML ?SBGMR?NCQ.
#SPPCLR: 4FC 3MSPAC MD !JJ -?ELCRGQK
!L CJCARPMK?ELCR APC?RCQ K?ELCRGQK UGRF ?L CJCARPGA ASPPCLR. )L J?RCP QCARGMLQ UC CVNJMPC RFGQ KMPC OS?LRGR?RGTCJW, DGLBGLE RFC QRPCLERF ?LB BGPCARGML
MD K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ APC?RCB @W T?PGMSQ ASPPCLRQ. "SR UF?R ?@MSR DCPPMK?ELCRQ? F?=KH; 22.13 QFMUQ KMBCJQ MD FMU CJCARPGA ASPPCLRQ APC?RC K?ELCRGQK
?R RFC QS@KGAPMQAMNGA JCTCJ. (.MRC RF?R UC A?LLMR BGPCARJW M@QCPTC RFC N?RFQ MD GLBGTGBS?J CJCARPMLQ ?@MSR ?RMKQ, ?LB QM ? KMBCJ MP TGQS?J GK?EC,
AMLQGQRCLR UGRF ?JJ BGPCAR M@QCPT?RGMLQ, GQ K?BC. 7C A?L BGPCARJW M@QCPTC RFC CJCARPMLtQ MP@GR?J ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK, GRQ QNGL KMKCLRSK, ?LB
QS@QCOSCLR K?ELCRGA KMKCLRQ, ?JJ MD UFGAF ?PC CVNJ?GLCB UGRF CJCARPGA-ASPPCLR-APC?RGLE QS@?RMKGA K?ELCRGQK.) #SPPCLRQ, GLAJSBGLE RFMQC ?QQMAG?RCB
UGRF MRFCP QS@KGAPMQAMNGA N?PRGAJCQ JGIC NPMRMLQ, ?JJMU SQ RM CVNJ?GL DCPPMK?ELCRGQK ?LB ?JJ MRFCP K?ELCRGA CDDCARQ. &CPPMK?ELCRGQK, DMP CV?KNJC,
PCQSJRQ DPMK ?L GLRCPL?J AMMNCP?RGTC ?JGELKCLR MD CJCARPML QNGLQ, NMQQG@JC GL QMKC K?RCPG?JQ @SR LMR GL MRFCPQ.
#PSAG?J RM RFC QR?RCKCLR RF?R CJCARPGA ASPPCLR GQ RFC QMSPAC MD ?JJ K?ELCRGQK GQ RFC D?AR RF?R GR GQ GKNMQQG@JC RM QCN?P?RC LMPRF ?LB QMSRF K?ELCRGA NMJCQ.
(4FGQ GQ D?P BGDDCPCLR DPMK RFC A?QC MD NMQGRGTC ?LB LCE?RGTC AF?PECQ, UFGAF ?PC C?QGJW QCN?P?RCB.) ! ASPPCLR JMMN ?JU?WQ NPMBSACQ ? K?ELCRGA
BGNMJCrRF?R GQ, ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB RF?R ?ARQ JGIC ? LMPRF NMJC ?LB QMSRF NMJC N?GP. 3GLAC GQMJ?RCB LMPRF ?LB QMSRF K?ELCRGA NMJCQ, A?JJCB C7=D;J?9
CEDEFEB;I, ?PC LMR M@QCPTCB, ASPPCLRQ ?PC SQCB RM CVNJ?GL ?JJ K?ELCRGA CDDCARQ. )D K?ELCRGA KMLMNMJCQ BGB CVGQR, RFCL UC UMSJB F?TC RM KMBGDW RFGQ
SLBCPJWGLE AMLLCARGML RF?R ?JJ K?ELCRGQK GQ BSC RM CJCARPGA?J ASPPCLR. 4FCPC GQ LM ILMUL PC?QML RF?R K?ELCRGA KMLMNMJCQ QFMSJB LMR CVGQRrRFCW ?PC
QGKNJW LCTCP M@QCPTCBr?LB QM QC?PAFCQ ?R RFC QS@LSAJC?P JCTCJ AMLRGLSC. )D RFCW BM ABG CVGQR, UC UMSJB JGIC RM DGLB MSR UFW LMR. )D RFCW 7B CVGQR, UC
UMSJB JGIC RM QCC CTGBCLAC MD RFCK.
%JCARPGA #SPPCLRQ ?LB -?ELCRGQK
%JCARPGA ASPPCLR GQ RFC QMSPAC MD ?JJ K?ELCRGQK.
F?=KH; 22.13 (?) )L RFC NJ?LCR?PW KMBCJ MD RFC ?RMK, ?L CJCARPML MP@GRQ ? LSAJCSQ, DMPKGLE ? AJMQCB-ASPPCLR JMMN ?LB NPMBSAGLE ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB UGRF ? LMPRF NMJC ?LB ? QMSRF
NMJC. (@) %JCARPMLQ F?TC QNGL ?LB A?L @C APSBCJW NGARSPCB ?Q PMR?RGLE AF?PEC, DMPKGLE ? ASPPCLR RF?R NPMBSACQ ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB UGRF ? LMPRF NMJC ?LB ? QMSRF NMJC. .CGRFCP RFC
NJ?LCR?PW KMBCJ LMP RFC GK?EC MD ? QNGLLGLE CJCARPML GQ AMKNJCRCJW AMLQGQRCLR UGRF KMBCPL NFWQGAQ. (MUCTCP, RFCW BM NPMTGBC ? SQCDSJ U?W MD SLBCPQR?LBGLE NFCLMKCL?.
778 #(!04%2 22 Y -!'.%4)3-
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: -?ELCRQ ?LB %JCARPMK?ELCRQ
%VNJMPC RFC GLRCP?ARGMLQ @CRUCCL ? AMKN?QQ ?LB @?P K?ELCR. $GQAMTCP FMU WMS A?L SQC ? @?RRCPW ?LB UGPC RM K?IC ? K?ELCR! #?L WMS K?IC GR
? QRPMLECP K?ELCR? #?L WMS K?IC RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB PCTCPQC?
F?=KH; 22.14 &7=D;JI 7D: EB;9JHEC7=D;JI (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42368/1.4/C7=D;JI-7D:-;B;9JHEC7=D;JI6;D.@7H)
22.3 &7=D;J?9 F?;B:I 7D: &7=D;J?9 F?;B: %?D;I
%GLQRCGL GQ Q?GB RM F?TC @CCL D?QAGL?RCB @W ? AMKN?QQ ?Q ? AFGJB, NCPF?NQ KSQGLE ML FMU RFC LCCBJC DCJR ? DMPAC UGRFMSR BGPCAR NFWQGA?J AMLR?AR. (GQ
?@GJGRW RM RFGLI BCCNJW ?LB AJC?PJW ?@MSR ?ARGML ?R ? BGQR?LAC, N?PRGASJ?PJW DMP EP?TGR?RGML?J, CJCARPGA, ?LB K?ELCRGA DMPACQ, J?RCP CL?@JCB FGK RM APC?RC FGQ
PCTMJSRGML?PW RFCMPW MD PCJ?RGTGRW. 3GLAC K?ELCRGA DMPACQ ?AR ?R ? BGQR?LAC, UC BCDGLC ? C7=D;J?9 <?;B: RM PCNPCQCLR K?ELCRGA DMPACQ. 4FC NGARMPG?J
PCNPCQCLR?RGML MD C7=D;J?9 <?;B: B?D;I GQ TCPW SQCDSJ GL TGQS?JGXGLE RFC QRPCLERF ?LB BGPCARGML MD RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB. !Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 22.15, RFC
:?H;9J?ED E< C7=D;J?9 <?;B: B?D;I GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC BGPCARGML GL UFGAF RFC LMPRF CLB MD ? AMKN?QQ LCCBJC NMGLRQ. 4FC K?ELCRGA DGCJB GQ RP?BGRGML?JJW
A?JJCB RFC B-<?;B:.
F?=KH; 22.15 -?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLCQ ?PC BCDGLCB RM F?TC RFC BGPCARGML RF?R ? QK?JJ AMKN?QQ NMGLRQ UFCL NJ?ACB ?R ? JMA?RGML. (?) )D QK?JJ AMKN?QQCQ ?PC SQCB RM K?N RFC
K?ELCRGA DGCJB ?PMSLB ? @?P K?ELCR, RFCW UGJJ NMGLR GL RFC BGPCARGMLQ QFMUL: ?U?W DPMK RFC LMPRF NMJC MD RFC K?ELCR, RMU?PB RFC QMSRF NMJC MD RFC K?ELCR. (2CA?JJ RF?R RFC
%?PRFtQ LMPRF K?ELCRGA NMJC GQ PC?JJW ? QMSRF NMJC GL RCPKQ MD BCDGLGRGMLQ MD NMJCQ ML ? @?P K?ELCR.) (@) #MLLCARGLE RFC ?PPMUQ EGTCQ AMLRGLSMSQ K?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLCQ. 4FC
QRPCLERF MD RFC DGCJB GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC AJMQCLCQQ (MP BCLQGRW) MD RFC JGLCQ. (A) )D RFC GLRCPGMP MD RFC K?ELCR AMSJB @C NPM@CB, RFC DGCJB JGLCQ UMSJB @C DMSLB RM DMPK AMLRGLSMSQ
AJMQCB JMMNQ.
3K?JJ AMKN?QQCQ SQCB RM RCQR ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB UGJJ LMR BGQRSP@ GR. (4FGQ GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM RFC U?W UC RCQRCB CJCARPGA DGCJBQ UGRF ? QK?JJ RCQR AF?PEC. )L
@MRF A?QCQ, RFC DGCJBQ PCNPCQCLR MLJW RFC M@HCAR APC?RGLE RFCK ?LB LMR RFC NPM@C RCQRGLE RFCK.) F?=KH; 22.16 QFMUQ FMU RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB ?NNC?PQ
DMP ? ASPPCLR JMMN ?LB ? JMLE QRP?GEFR UGPC, ?Q AMSJB @C CVNJMPCB UGRF QK?JJ AMKN?QQCQ. ! QK?JJ AMKN?QQ NJ?ACB GL RFCQC DGCJBQ UGJJ ?JGEL GRQCJD N?P?JJCJ
RM RFC DGCJB JGLC ?R GRQ JMA?RGML, UGRF GRQ LMPRF NMJC NMGLRGLE GL RFC BGPCARGML MD B. .MRC RFC QWK@MJQ SQCB DMP DGCJB GLRM ?LB MSR MD RFC N?NCP.
F?=KH; 22.16 3K?JJ AMKN?QQCQ AMSJB @C SQCB RM K?N RFC DGCJBQ QFMUL FCPC. (?) 4FC K?ELCRGA DGCJB MD ? AGPASJ?P ASPPCLR JMMN GQ QGKGJ?P RM RF?R MD ? @?P K?ELCR. (@) ! JMLE ?LB
QRP?GEFR UGPC APC?RCQ ? DGCJB UGRF K?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLCQ DMPKGLE AGPASJ?P JMMNQ. (A) 7FCL RFC UGPC GQ GL RFC NJ?LC MD RFC N?NCP, RFC DGCJB GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC N?NCP. .MRC RF?R RFC
QWK@MJQ SQCB DMP RFC DGCJB NMGLRGLE GLU?PB (JGIC RFC R?GJ MD ?L ?PPMU) ?LB RFC DGCJB NMGLRGLE MSRU?PB (JGIC RFC RGN MD ?L ?PPMU).
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: #MLACNR MD ? &GCJB
! DGCJB GQ ? U?W MD K?NNGLE DMPACQ QSPPMSLBGLE ?LW M@HCAR RF?R A?L ?AR ML ?LMRFCP M@HCAR ?R ? BGQR?LAC UGRFMSR ?NN?PCLR NFWQGA?J AMLLCARGML. 4FC
DGCJB PCNPCQCLRQ RFC M@HCAR ECLCP?RGLE GR. 'P?TGR?RGML?J DGCJBQ K?N EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPACQ, CJCARPGA DGCJBQ K?N CJCARPGA?J DMPACQ, ?LB K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ K?N
K?ELCRGA DMPACQ.
%VRCLQGTC CVNJMP?RGML MD K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ F?Q PCTC?JCB ? LSK@CP MD F?PB-?LB-D?QR PSJCQ. 7C SQC K?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLCQ RM PCNPCQCLR RFC DGCJB (RFC JGLCQ ?PC
? NGARMPG?J RMMJ, LMR ? NFWQGA?J CLRGRW GL ?LB MD RFCKQCJTCQ). 4FC NPMNCPRGCQ MD K?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLCQ A?L @C QSKK?PGXCB @W RFCQC PSJCQ:
1. 4FC BGPCARGML MD RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB GQ R?LECLR RM RFC DGCJB JGLC ?R ?LW NMGLR GL QN?AC. ! QK?JJ AMKN?QQ UGJJ NMGLR GL RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC DGCJB JGLC.
#(!04%2 22 Y -!'.%4)3- 779
2. 4FC QRPCLERF MD RFC DGCJB GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC AJMQCLCQQ MD RFC JGLCQ. )R GQ CV?ARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC LSK@CP MD JGLCQ NCP SLGR ?PC? NCPNCLBGASJ?P
RM RFC JGLCQ (A?JJCB RFC ?PC?J BCLQGRW).
3. -?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLCQ A?L LCTCP APMQQ, KC?LGLE RF?R RFC DGCJB GQ SLGOSC ?R ?LW NMGLR GL QN?AC.
4. -?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLCQ ?PC AMLRGLSMSQ, DMPKGLE AJMQCB JMMNQ UGRFMSR @CEGLLGLE MP CLB. 4FCW EM DPMK RFC LMPRF NMJC RM RFC QMSRF NMJC.
4FC J?QR NPMNCPRW GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC D?AR RF?R RFC LMPRF ?LB QMSRF NMJCQ A?LLMR @C QCN?P?RCB. )R GQ ? BGQRGLAR BGDDCPCLAC DPMK CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ, UFGAF
@CEGL ?LB CLB ML RFC NMQGRGTC ?LB LCE?RGTC AF?PECQ. )D K?ELCRGA KMLMNMJCQ CVGQRCB, RFCL K?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLCQ UMSJB @CEGL ?LB CLB ML RFCK.
22.4 &7=D;J?9 F?;B: ,JH;D=J>: FEH9; ED 7 &EL?D= C>7H=; ?D 7 &7=D;J?9 F?;B:
7F?R GQ RFC KCAF?LGQK @W UFGAF MLC K?ELCR CVCPRQ ? DMPAC ML ?LMRFCP? 4FC ?LQUCP GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC D?AR RF?R ?JJ K?ELCRGQK GQ A?SQCB @W ASPPCLR,
RFC DJMU MD AF?PEC. $4:A8G<6 9<8?7F 8K8EG 9BE68F BA @BI<A: 6;4E:8F, ?LB QM RFCW CVCPR DMPACQ ML MRFCP K?ELCRQ, ?JJ MD UFGAF F?TC KMTGLE AF?PECQ.
2GEFR (?LB 2SJC 1
4FC K?ELCRGA DMPAC ML ? KMTGLE AF?PEC GQ MLC MD RFC KMQR DSLB?KCLR?J ILMUL. -?ELCRGA DMPAC GQ ?Q GKNMPR?LR ?Q RFC CJCARPMQR?RGA MP #MSJMK@ DMPAC.
9CR RFC K?ELCRGA DMPAC GQ KMPC AMKNJCV, GL @MRF RFC LSK@CP MD D?ARMPQ RF?R ?DDCARQ GR ?LB GL GRQ BGPCARGML, RF?L RFC PCJ?RGTCJW QGKNJC #MSJMK@ DMPAC. 4FC
K?ELGRSBC MD RFC C7=D;J?9 <EH9; F ML ? AF?PEC q KMTGLE ?R ? QNCCB v GL ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB MD QRPCLERF B GQ EGTCL @W
(22.1)
F = qvB sin ,
UFCPC GQ RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL RFC BGPCARGMLQ MD v ?LB B. 4FGQ DMPAC GQ MDRCL A?JJCB RFC %EH;DJP <EH9;. )L D?AR, RFGQ GQ FMU UC BCDGLC RFC K?ELCRGA
DGCJB QRPCLERF B rGL RCPKQ MD RFC DMPAC ML ? AF?PECB N?PRGAJC KMTGLE GL ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB. 4FC 3) SLGR DMP K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF B GQ A?JJCB RFC J;IB7
(4) ?DRCP RFC CAACLRPGA @SR @PGJJG?LR GLTCLRMP .GIMJ? 4CQJ? (1856q1943). 4M BCRCPKGLC FMU RFC RCQJ? PCJ?RCQ RM MRFCP 3) SLGRQ, UC QMJTC F = qvB sin
DMP B .
(22.2)
B =
F
qv sin
"CA?SQC sin GQ SLGRJCQQ, RFC RCQJ? GQ
(22.3)
1 T =
1 N
C m/s
=
1 N
A m
(LMRC RF?R #/Q = !).
!LMRFCP QK?JJCP SLGR, A?JJCB RFC =7KII ('), UFCPC 1 G = 10
4
T , GQ QMKCRGKCQ SQCB. 4FC QRPMLECQR NCPK?LCLR K?ELCRQ F?TC DGCJBQ LC?P 2 4;
QSNCPAMLBSARGLE CJCARPMK?ELCRQ K?W ?RR?GL 10 4 MP KMPC. 4FC %?PRFtQ K?ELCRGA DGCJB ML GRQ QSPD?AC GQ MLJW ?@MSR 510
5
T , MP 0.5 '.
4FC 7<E86G<BA MD RFC K?ELCRGA DMPAC F GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC NJ?LC DMPKCB @W v ?LB B, ?Q BCRCPKGLCB @W RFC H?=>J >7D: HKB; 1 (MP 2(2-1), UFGAF
GQ GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 22.17. 2(2-1 QR?RCQ RF?R, RM BCRCPKGLC RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC K?ELCRGA DMPAC ML ? NMQGRGTC KMTGLE AF?PEC, WMS NMGLR RFC RFSK@ MD
RFC PGEFR F?LB GL RFC BGPCARGML MD v , RFC DGLECPQ GL RFC BGPCARGML MD B, ?LB ? NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC N?JK NMGLRQ GL RFC BGPCARGML MD F . /LC U?W RM
PCKCK@CP RFGQ GQ RF?R RFCPC GQ MLC TCJMAGRW, ?LB QM RFC RFSK@ PCNPCQCLRQ GR. 4FCPC ?PC K?LW DGCJB JGLCQ, ?LB QM RFC DGLECPQ PCNPCQCLR RFCK. 4FC DMPAC GQ
GL RFC BGPCARGML WMS UMSJB NSQF UGRF WMSP N?JK. 4FC DMPAC ML ? LCE?RGTC AF?PEC GQ GL CV?ARJW RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML RM RF?R ML ? NMQGRGTC AF?PEC.
F?=KH; 22.17 -?ELCRGA DGCJBQ CVCPR DMPACQ ML KMTGLE AF?PECQ. 4FGQ DMPAC GQ MLC MD RFC KMQR @?QGA ILMUL. 4FC BGPCARGML MD RFC K?ELCRGA DMPAC ML ? KMTGLE AF?PEC GQ
NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC NJ?LC DMPKCB @W v ?LB B ?LB DMJJMUQ PGEFR F?LB PSJCq1 (2(2-1) ?Q QFMUL. 4FC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC DMPAC GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM q , v , B , ?LB RFC QGLC MD
RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL v ?LB B.
780 #(!04%2 22 Y -!'.%4)3-
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: #F?PECQ ?LB -?ELCRQ
4FCPC GQ LM K?ELCRGA DMPAC ML QR?RGA AF?PECQ. (MUCTCP, RFCPC GQ ? K?ELCRGA DMPAC ML KMTGLE AF?PECQ. 7FCL AF?PECQ ?PC QR?RGML?PW, RFCGP CJCARPGA
DGCJBQ BM LMR ?DDCAR K?ELCRQ. "SR, UFCL AF?PECQ KMTC, RFCW NPMBSAC K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ RF?R CVCPR DMPACQ ML MRFCP K?ELCRQ. 7FCL RFCPC GQ PCJ?RGTC
KMRGML, ? AMLLCARGML @CRUCCL CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ CKCPECQrC?AF ?DDCARQ RFC MRFCP.
EN7CFB; 22.1 C7B9KB7J?D= &7=D;J?9 FEH9;: E7HJ>XI &7=D;J?9 F?;B: ED 7 C>7H=;: B7II +E:
7GRF RFC CVACNRGML MD AMKN?QQCQ, WMS QCJBMK QCC MP NCPQML?JJW CVNCPGCLAC DMPACQ BSC RM RFC %?PRFtQ QK?JJ K?ELCRGA DGCJB. 4M GJJSQRP?RC RFGQ,
QSNNMQC RF?R GL ? NFWQGAQ J?@ WMS PS@ ? EJ?QQ PMB UGRF QGJI, NJ?AGLE ? 20-L# NMQGRGTC AF?PEC ML GR. #?JASJ?RC RFC DMPAC ML RFC PMB BSC RM RFC %?PRFtQ
K?ELCRGA DGCJB, GD WMS RFPMU GR UGRF ? FMPGXMLR?J TCJMAGRW MD 10 K/Q BSC UCQR GL ? NJ?AC UFCPC RFC %?PRFtQ DGCJB GQ BSC LMPRF N?P?JJCJ RM RFC EPMSLB.
(4FC BGPCARGML MD RFC DMPAC GQ BCRCPKGLCB UGRF PGEFR F?LB PSJC 1 ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 22.18.)
F?=KH; 22.18 ! NMQGRGTCJW AF?PECB M@HCAR KMTGLE BSC UCQR GL ? PCEGML UFCPC RFC %?PRFtQ K?ELCRGA DGCJB GQ BSC LMPRF CVNCPGCLACQ ? DMPAC RF?R GQ QRP?GEFR BMUL ?Q QFMUL. !
LCE?RGTC AF?PEC KMTGLE GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML UMSJB DCCJ ? DMPAC QRP?GEFR SN.
,JH7J;=O
7C ?PC EGTCL RFC AF?PEC, GRQ TCJMAGRW, ?LB RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF ?LB BGPCARGML. 7C A?L RFSQ SQC RFC COS?RGML F = qvB sin RM DGLB RFC
DMPAC.
,EBKJ?ED
4FC K?ELCRGA DMPAC GQ
(22.4)
F = qvb sin .
7C QCC RF?R sin = 1 , QGLAC RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL RFC TCJMAGRW ?LB RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC DGCJB GQ 90 . %LRCPGLE RFC MRFCP EGTCL OS?LRGRGCQ WGCJBQ
(22.5)
F =

2010
9
C
(10 m/s)
510
5
T
= 110
11
(C m/s)
N
C m/s
= 110
11
N.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ DMPAC GQ AMKNJCRCJW LCEJGEG@JC ML ?LW K?APMQAMNGA M@HCAR, AMLQGQRCLR UGRF CVNCPGCLAC. ()R GQ A?JASJ?RCB RM MLJW MLC BGEGR, QGLAC RFC %?PRFtQ DGCJB
T?PGCQ UGRF JMA?RGML ?LB GQ EGTCL RM MLJW MLC BGEGR.) 4FC %?PRFtQ K?ELCRGA DGCJB, FMUCTCP, BMCQ NPMBSAC TCPW GKNMPR?LR CDDCARQ, N?PRGASJ?PJW ML
QS@KGAPMQAMNGA N?PRGAJCQ. 3MKC MD RFCQC ?PC CVNJMPCB GL FEH9; ED 7 &EL?D= C>7H=; ?D 7 &7=D;J?9 F?;B:: EN7CFB;I 7D: AFFB?97J?EDI.
22.5 FEH9; ED 7 &EL?D= C>7H=; ?D 7 &7=D;J?9 F?;B:: EN7CFB;I 7D: AFFB?97J?EDI
-?ELCRGA DMPAC A?L A?SQC ? AF?PECB N?PRGAJC RM KMTC GL ? AGPASJ?P MP QNGP?J N?RF. #MQKGA P?WQ ?PC CLCPECRGA AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ GL MSRCP QN?AC, QMKC MD
UFGAF ?NNPM?AF RFC %?PRF. 4FCW A?L @C DMPACB GLRM QNGP?J N?RFQ @W RFC %?PRFtQ K?ELCRGA DGCJB. 0PMRMLQ GL EG?LR ?AACJCP?RMPQ ?PC ICNR GL ? AGPASJ?P N?RF
@W K?ELCRGA DMPAC. 4FC @S@@JC AF?K@CP NFMRMEP?NF GL F?=KH; 22.19 QFMUQ AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ KMTGLE GL QSAF ASPTCB N?RFQ. 4FC ASPTCB N?RFQ MD
AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ GL K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ ?PC RFC @?QGQ MD ? LSK@CP MD NFCLMKCL? ?LB A?L CTCL @C SQCB ?L?JWRGA?JJW, QSAF ?Q GL ? K?QQ QNCARPMKCRCP.
#(!04%2 22 Y -!'.%4)3- 781
F?=KH; 22.19 4P?GJQ MD @S@@JCQ ?PC NPMBSACB @W FGEF-CLCPEW AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ KMTGLE RFPMSEF RFC QSNCPFC?RCB JGOSGB FWBPMECL GL RFGQ ?PRGQRtQ PCLBGRGML MD ? @S@@JC AF?K@CP.
4FCPC GQ ? QRPMLE K?ELCRGA DGCJB NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC N?EC RF?R A?SQCQ RFC ASPTCB N?RFQ MD RFC N?PRGAJCQ. 4FC P?BGSQ MD RFC N?RF A?L @C SQCB RM DGLB RFC K?QQ, AF?PEC, ?LB
CLCPEW MD RFC N?PRGAJC.
3M BMCQ RFC K?ELCRGA DMPAC A?SQC AGPASJ?P KMRGML? -?ELCRGA DMPAC GQ ?JU?WQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM TCJMAGRW, QM RF?R GR BMCQ LM UMPI ML RFC AF?PECB N?PRGAJC.
4FC N?PRGAJCtQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?LB QNCCB RFSQ PCK?GL AMLQR?LR. 4FC BGPCARGML MD KMRGML GQ ?DDCARCB, @SR LMR RFC QNCCB. 4FGQ GQ RWNGA?J MD SLGDMPK AGPASJ?P
KMRGML. 4FC QGKNJCQR A?QC MAASPQ UFCL ? AF?PECB N?PRGAJC KMTCQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM ? SLGDMPK B -DGCJB, QSAF ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 22.20. ()D RFGQ R?ICQ
NJ?AC GL ? T?ASSK, RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB GQ RFC BMKGL?LR D?ARMP BCRCPKGLGLE RFC KMRGML.) (CPC, RFC K?ELCRGA DMPAC QSNNJGCQ RFC ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC
F
c
= mv
2
/ r . .MRGLE RF?R sin = 1 , UC QCC RF?R F = qvB .
F?=KH; 22.20 ! LCE?RGTCJW AF?PECB N?PRGAJC KMTCQ GL RFC NJ?LC MD RFC N?EC GL ? PCEGML UFCPC RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P GLRM RFC N?EC (PCNPCQCLRCB @W RFC QK?JJ AGPAJCQ
UGRF VtQrJGIC RFC R?GJQ MD ?PPMUQ). 4FC K?ELCRGA DMPAC GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC TCJMAGRW, ?LB QM TCJMAGRW AF?LECQ GL BGPCARGML @SR LMR K?ELGRSBC. 5LGDMPK AGPASJ?P KMRGML PCQSJRQ.
"CA?SQC RFC K?ELCRGA DMPAC F QSNNJGCQ RFC ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC F
c
, UC F?TC
(22.6)
qvB =
mv
2
r
.
3MJTGLE DMP r WGCJBQ
(22.7)
r =
mv
qB
.
(CPC, r GQ RFC P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC MD RFC N?RF MD ? AF?PECB N?PRGAJC UGRF K?QQ m ?LB AF?PEC q , KMTGLE ?R ? QNCCB v NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM ? K?ELCRGA
DGCJB MD QRPCLERF B . )D RFC TCJMAGRW GQ LMR NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB, RFCL v GQ RFC AMKNMLCLR MD RFC TCJMAGRW NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC DGCJB. 4FC
AMKNMLCLR MD RFC TCJMAGRW N?P?JJCJ RM RFC DGCJB GQ SL?DDCARCB, QGLAC RFC K?ELCRGA DMPAC GQ XCPM DMP KMRGML N?P?JJCJ RM RFC DGCJB. 4FGQ NPMBSACQ ? QNGP?J
KMRGML P?RFCP RF?L ? AGPASJ?P MLC.
782 #(!04%2 22 Y -!'.%4)3-
EN7CFB; 22.2 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; CKHL7JKH; E< J>; )7J> E< 7D EB;9JHED &EL?D= ?D 7 &7=D;J?9 F?;B:: A &7=D;J ED 7 -/
,9H;;D
! K?ELCR @PMSEFR LC?P ?L MJB-D?QFGMLCB 46 QAPCCL QSAF ?Q GL F?=KH; 22.21 (46 QCRQ UGRF A?RFMBC P?W RS@CQ GLQRC?B MD ,#$ QAPCCLQ) QCTCPCJW
BGQRMPRQ GRQ NGARSPC @W ?JRCPGLE RFC N?RF MD RFC CJCARPMLQ RF?R K?IC GRQ NFMQNFMPQ EJMU. (D/.<4 429 4)*3 "4 )/-&, "3 *4 7*,, 0&2-".&.4,9 -"(.&4*:&
".% 25*. 4)& TV.) 4M GJJSQRP?RC RFGQ, A?JASJ?RC RFC P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC MD RFC N?RF MD ?L CJCARPML F?TGLE ? TCJMAGRW MD 6.0010
7
m/s
(AMPPCQNMLBGLE RM RFC ?AACJCP?RGLE TMJR?EC MD ?@MSR 10.0 I6 SQCB GL QMKC 46Q) NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB MD QRPCLERF B = 0.500 T
(M@R?GL?@JC UGRF NCPK?LCLR K?ELCRQ).
F?=KH; 22.21 3GBC TGCU QFMUGLE UF?R F?NNCLQ UFCL ? K?ELCR AMKCQ GL AMLR?AR UGRF ? AMKNSRCP KMLGRMP MP 46 QAPCCL. %JCARPMLQ KMTGLE RMU?PB RFC QAPCCL QNGP?J ?@MSR
K?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLCQ, K?GLR?GLGLE RFC AMKNMLCLR MD RFCGP TCJMAGRW N?P?JJCJ RM RFC DGCJB JGLCQ. 4FGQ BGQRMPRQ RFC GK?EC ML RFC QAPCCL.
,JH7J;=O
7C A?L DGLB RFC P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC r BGPCARJW DPMK RFC COS?RGML r =
mv
qB
, QGLAC ?JJ MRFCP OS?LRGRGCQ GL GR ?PC EGTCL MP ILMUL.
,EBKJ?ED
5QGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ DMP RFC K?QQ ?LB AF?PEC MD ?L CJCARPML, ?JMLE UGRF RFC EGTCL T?JSCQ MD v ?LB B EGTCQ SQ
(22.8)
r =
mv
qB
=
9.1110
31
kg
6.0010
7
m/s
1.6010
19
C
(0.500 T)
= 6.8310
4
m
MP
(22.9)
r = 0.683 mm.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC QK?JJ P?BGSQ GLBGA?RCQ ? J?PEC CDDCAR. 4FC CJCARPMLQ GL RFC 46 NGARSPC RS@C ?PC K?BC RM KMTC GL TCPW RGEFR AGPAJCQ, EPC?RJW ?JRCPGLE RFCGP N?RFQ
?LB BGQRMPRGLE RFC GK?EC.
F?=KH; 22.22 QFMUQ FMU CJCARPMLQ LMR KMTGLE NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM K?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLCQ DMJJMU RFC DGCJB JGLCQ. 4FC AMKNMLCLR MD TCJMAGRW N?P?JJCJ RM RFC
JGLCQ GQ SL?DDCARCB, ?LB QM RFC AF?PECQ QNGP?J ?JMLE RFC DGCJB JGLCQ. )D DGCJB QRPCLERF GLAPC?QCQ GL RFC BGPCARGML MD KMRGML, RFC DGCJB UGJJ CVCPR ? DMPAC RM
QJMU RFC AF?PECQ, DMPKGLE ? IGLB MD K?ELCRGA KGPPMP, ?Q QFMUL @CJMU.
F?=KH; 22.22 7FCL ? AF?PECB N?PRGAJC KMTCQ ?JMLE ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLC GLRM ? PCEGML UFCPC RFC DGCJB @CAMKCQ QRPMLECP, RFC N?PRGAJC CVNCPGCLACQ ? DMPAC RF?R PCBSACQ RFC
AMKNMLCLR MD TCJMAGRW N?P?JJCJ RM RFC DGCJB. 4FGQ DMPAC QJMUQ RFC KMRGML ?JMLE RFC DGCJB JGLC ?LB FCPC PCTCPQCQ GR, DMPKGLE ? uK?ELCRGA KGPPMP.v
#(!04%2 22 Y -!'.%4)3- 783
4FC NPMNCPRGCQ MD AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ GL K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ ?PC PCJ?RCB RM QSAF BGDDCPCLR RFGLEQ ?Q RFC !SPMP? !SQRP?JGQ MP !SPMP? "MPC?JGQ ?LB N?PRGAJC
?AACJCP?RMPQ. C;4E:87 C4EG<6?8F 4CCEB46;<A: @4:A8G<6 9<8?7 ?<A8F @4L :8G GE4CC87 <A FC<E4? BE5<GF 45BHG G;8 ?<A8F E4G;8E G;4A 6EBFF<A: G;8@, ?Q QCCL
?@MTC. 3MKC AMQKGA P?WQ, DMP CV?KNJC, DMJJMU RFC %?PRFtQ K?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLCQ, CLRCPGLE RFC ?RKMQNFCPC LC?P RFC K?ELCRGA NMJCQ ?LB A?SQGLE RFC
QMSRFCPL MP LMPRFCPL JGEFRQ RFPMSEF RFCGP GMLGX?RGML MD KMJCASJCQ GL RFC ?RKMQNFCPC. 4FGQ EJMU MD CLCPEGXCB ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ GQ QCCL GL F?=KH;
22.1. 4FMQC N?PRGAJCQ RF?R ?NNPM?AF KGBBJC J?RGRSBCQ KSQR APMQQ K?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLCQ, ?LB K?LW ?PC NPCTCLRCB DPMK NCLCRP?RGLE RFC ?RKMQNFCPC.
#MQKGA P?WQ ?PC ? AMKNMLCLR MD @?AIEPMSLB P?BG?RGML; AMLQCOSCLRJW, RFCW EGTC ? FGEFCP P?BG?RGML BMQC ?R RFC NMJCQ RF?L ?R RFC COS?RMP.
F?=KH; 22.23 %LCPECRGA CJCARPMLQ ?LB NPMRMLQ, AMKNMLCLRQ MD AMQKGA P?WQ, DPMK RFC 3SL ?LB BCCN MSRCP QN?AC MDRCL DMJJMU RFC %?PRFtQ K?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLCQ P?RFCP RF?L APMQQ
RFCK. (2CA?JJ RF?R RFC %?PRFtQ LMPRF K?ELCRGA NMJC GQ PC?JJW ? QMSRF NMJC GL RCPKQ MD ? @?P K?ELCR.)
3MKC GLAMKGLE AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ @CAMKC RP?NNCB GL RFC %?PRFtQ K?ELCRGA DGCJB, DMPKGLE RUM @CJRQ ?@MTC RFC ?RKMQNFCPC ILMUL ?Q RFC 6?L !JJCL
P?BG?RGML @CJRQ ?DRCP RFC BGQAMTCPCP *?KCQ !. 6?L !JJCL, ?L !KCPGA?L ?QRPMNFWQGAGQR. (3CC F?=KH; 22.24.) 0?PRGAJCQ RP?NNCB GL RFCQC @CJRQ DMPK
P?BG?RGML DGCJBQ (QGKGJ?P RM LSAJC?P P?BG?RGML) QM GLRCLQC RF?R K?LLCB QN?AC DJGEFRQ ?TMGB RFCK ?LB Q?RCJJGRCQ UGRF QCLQGRGTC CJCARPMLGAQ ?PC ICNR MSR MD
RFCK. )L RFC DCU KGLSRCQ GR RMMI JSL?P KGQQGMLQ RM APMQQ RFC 6?L !JJCL P?BG?RGML @CJRQ, ?QRPML?SRQ PCACGTCB P?BG?RGML BMQCQ KMPC RF?L RUGAC RFC ?JJMUCB
?LLS?J CVNMQSPC DMP P?BG?RGML UMPICPQ. /RFCP NJ?LCRQ F?TC QGKGJ?P @CJRQ, CQNCAG?JJW RFMQC F?TGLE QRPMLE K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ JGIC *SNGRCP.
F?=KH; 22.24 4FC 6?L !JJCL P?BG?RGML @CJRQ ?PC RUM PCEGMLQ GL UFGAF CLCPECRGA AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ ?PC RP?NNCB GL RFC %?PRFtQ K?ELCRGA DGCJB. /LC @CJR JGCQ ?@MSR 300 IK ?@MTC RFC
%?PRFtQ QSPD?AC, RFC MRFCP ?@MSR 16,000 IK. #F?PECB N?PRGAJCQ GL RFCQC @CJRQ KGEP?RC ?JMLE K?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLCQ ?LB ?PC N?PRG?JJW PCDJCARCB ?U?W DPMK RFC NMJCQ @W RFC QRPMLECP
DGCJBQ RFCPC. 4FC AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ RF?R CLRCP RFC ?RKMQNFCPC ?PC PCNJCLGQFCB @W RFC 3SL ?LB QMSPACQ GL BCCN MSRCP QN?AC.
"?AI ML %?PRF, UC F?TC BCTGACQ RF?R CKNJMW K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ RM AMLR?GL AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ. !KMLE RFCK ?PC RFC EG?LR N?PRGAJC ?AACJCP?RMPQ RF?R F?TC
@CCL SQCB RM CVNJMPC RFC QS@QRPSARSPC MD K?RRCP. (3CC F?=KH; 22.25.) -?ELCRGA DGCJBQ LMR MLJW AMLRPMJ RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ, RFCW ?JQM
?PC SQCB RM DMASQ N?PRGAJCQ GLRM @C?KQ ?LB MTCPAMKC RFC PCNSJQGML MD JGIC AF?PECQ GL RFCQC @C?KQ.
784 #(!04%2 22 Y -!'.%4)3-
F?=KH; 22.25 4FC &CPKGJ?@ D?AGJGRW GL )JJGLMGQ F?Q ? J?PEC N?PRGAJC ?AACJCP?RMP (RFC KMQR NMUCPDSJ GL RFC UMPJB SLRGJ 2008) RF?R CKNJMWQ K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ (K?ELCRQ QCCL FCPC GL
MP?LEC) RM AMLR?GL ?LB BGPCAR GRQ @C?K. 4FGQ ?LB MRFCP ?AACJCP?RMPQ F?TC @CCL GL SQC DMP QCTCP?J BCA?BCQ ?LB F?TC ?JJMUCB SQ RM BGQAMTCP QMKC MD RFC J?UQ SLBCPJWGLE ?JJ
K?RRCP. (APCBGR: ?KKAPGK, &JGAIP)
4FCPKMLSAJC?P DSQGML (JGIC RF?R MAASPPGLE GL RFC 3SL) GQ ? FMNC DMP ? DSRSPC AJC?L CLCPEW QMSPAC. /LC MD RFC KMQR NPMKGQGLE BCTGACQ GQ RFC GB>4@4>,
UFGAF SQCQ K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ RM AMLR?GL (MP RP?N) ?LB BGPCAR RFC PC?ARGTC AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ. (3CC F?=KH; 22.26.) ,CQQ CVMRGA, @SR KMPC GKKCBG?RCJW
NP?ARGA?J, ?KNJGDGCPQ GL KGAPMU?TC MTCLQ SQC ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB RM AMLR?GL MQAGJJ?RGLE CJCARPMLQ. 4FCQC MQAGJJ?RGLE CJCARPMLQ ECLCP?RC RFC KGAPMU?TCQ
QCLR GLRM RFC MTCL.
F?=KH; 22.26 4MI?K?IQ QSAF ?Q RFC MLC QFMUL GL RFC DGESPC ?PC @CGLE QRSBGCB UGRF RFC EM?J MD CAMLMKGA?J NPMBSARGML MD CLCPEW @W LSAJC?P DSQGML. -?ELCRGA DGCJBQ GL RFC
BMSEFLSR-QF?NCB BCTGAC AMLR?GL ?LB BGPCAR RFC PC?ARGTC AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ. (APCBGR: $?TGB -CJJGQ, &JGAIP)
-?QQ QNCARPMKCRCPQ F?TC ? T?PGCRW MD BCQGELQ, ?LB K?LW SQC K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ RM KC?QSPC K?QQ. 4FC ASPT?RSPC MD ? AF?PECB N?PRGAJCtQ N?RF GL RFC DGCJB
GQ PCJ?RCB RM GRQ K?QQ ?LB GQ KC?QSPCB RM M@R?GL K?QQ GLDMPK?RGML. (3CC &EH; AFFB?97J?EDI E< &7=D;J?IC.) (GQRMPGA?JJW, QSAF RCAFLGOSCQ UCPC
CKNJMWCB GL RFC DGPQR BGPCAR M@QCPT?RGMLQ MD CJCARPML AF?PEC ?LB K?QQ. 4MB?W, K?QQ QNCARPMKCRCPQ (QMKCRGKCQ AMSNJCB UGRF E?Q AFPMK?RMEP?NFQ) ?PC
SQCB RM BCRCPKGLC RFC K?IC-SN ?LB QCOSCLAGLE MD J?PEC @GMJMEGA?J KMJCASJCQ.
22.6 ->; !7BB E<<;9J
7C F?TC QCCL CDDCARQ MD ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB ML DPCC-KMTGLE AF?PECQ. 4FC K?ELCRGA DGCJB ?JQM ?DDCARQ AF?PECQ KMTGLE GL ? AMLBSARMP. /LC PCQSJR GQ RFC
(?JJ CDDCAR, UFGAF F?Q GKNMPR?LR GKNJGA?RGMLQ ?LB ?NNJGA?RGMLQ.
F?=KH; 22.27 QFMUQ UF?R F?NNCLQ RM AF?PECQ KMTGLE RFPMSEF ? AMLBSARMP GL ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB. 4FC DGCJB GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC CJCARPML BPGDR TCJMAGRW
?LB RM RFC UGBRF MD RFC AMLBSARMP. .MRC RF?R AMLTCLRGML?J ASPPCLR GQ RM RFC PGEFR GL @MRF N?PRQ MD RFC DGESPC. )L N?PR (?), CJCARPMLQ A?PPW RFC ASPPCLR ?LB
KMTC RM RFC JCDR. )L N?PR (@), NMQGRGTC AF?PECQ A?PPW RFC ASPPCLR ?LB KMTC RM RFC PGEFR. -MTGLE CJCARPMLQ DCCJ ? K?ELCRGA DMPAC RMU?PB MLC QGBC MD RFC
AMLBSARMP, JC?TGLE ? LCR NMQGRGTC AF?PEC ML RFC MRFCP QGBC. 4FGQ QCN?P?RGML MD AF?PEC 6E84G8F 4 IB?G4:8 , ILMUL ?Q RFC !7BB ;C<, 46EBFF RFC
AMLBSARMP. 4FC APC?RGML MD ? TMJR?EC 46EBFF ? ASPPCLR-A?PPWGLE AMLBSARMP @W ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB GQ ILMUL ?Q RFC !7BB ;<<;9J, ?DRCP %BUGL (?JJ, RFC
!KCPGA?L NFWQGAGQR UFM BGQAMTCPCB GR GL 1879.
#(!04%2 22 Y -!'.%4)3- 785
F?=KH; 22.27 4FC (?JJ CDDCAR. (?) %JCARPMLQ KMTC RM RFC JCDR GL RFGQ DJ?R AMLBSARMP (AMLTCLRGML?J ASPPCLR RM RFC PGEFR). 4FC K?ELCRGA DGCJB GQ BGPCARJW MSR MD RFC N?EC, PCNPCQCLRCB @W
AGPAJCB BMRQ; GR CVCPRQ ? DMPAC ML RFC KMTGLE AF?PECQ, A?SQGLE ? TMJR?EC , RFC (?JJ CKD, ?APMQQ RFC AMLBSARMP. (@) 0MQGRGTC AF?PECQ KMTGLE RM RFC PGEFR (AMLTCLRGML?J ASPPCLR
?JQM RM RFC PGEFR) ?PC KMTCB RM RFC QGBC, NPMBSAGLE ? (?JJ CKD MD RFC MNNMQGRC QGEL, . 4FSQ, GD RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC DGCJB ?LB ASPPCLR ?PC ILMUL, RFC QGEL MD RFC AF?PEC A?PPGCPQ
A?L @C BCRCPKGLCB DPMK RFC (?JJ CDDCAR.
/LC TCPW GKNMPR?LR SQC MD RFC (?JJ CDDCAR GQ RM BCRCPKGLC UFCRFCP NMQGRGTC MP LCE?RGTC AF?PECQ A?PPGCQ RFC ASPPCLR. .MRC RF?R GL F?=KH; 22.27(@), UFCPC
NMQGRGTC AF?PECQ A?PPW RFC ASPPCLR, RFC (?JJ CKD F?Q RFC QGEL MNNMQGRC RM UFCL LCE?RGTC AF?PECQ A?PPW RFC ASPPCLR. (GQRMPGA?JJW, RFC (?JJ CDDCAR U?Q
SQCB RM QFMU RF?R CJCARPMLQ A?PPW ASPPCLR GL KCR?JQ ?LB GR ?JQM QFMUQ RF?R NMQGRGTC AF?PECQ A?PPW ASPPCLR GL QMKC QCKGAMLBSARMPQ. 4FC (?JJ CDDCAR GQ
SQCB RMB?W ?Q ? PCQC?PAF RMMJ RM NPM@C RFC KMTCKCLR MD AF?PECQ, RFCGP BPGDR TCJMAGRGCQ ?LB BCLQGRGCQ, ?LB QM ML, GL K?RCPG?JQ. )L 1980, GR U?Q
BGQAMTCPCB RF?R RFC (?JJ CDDCAR GQ OS?LRGXCB, ?L CV?KNJC MD OS?LRSK @CF?TGMP GL ? K?APMQAMNGA M@HCAR.
4FC (?JJ CDDCAR F?Q MRFCP SQCQ RF?R P?LEC DPMK RFC BCRCPKGL?RGML MD @JMMB DJMU P?RC RM NPCAGQGML KC?QSPCKCLR MD K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF. 4M CV?KGLC
RFCQC OS?LRGR?RGTCJW, UC LCCB ?L CVNPCQQGML DMP RFC (?JJ CKD, , ?APMQQ ? AMLBSARMP. #MLQGBCP RFC @?J?LAC MD DMPACQ ML ? KMTGLE AF?PEC GL ? QGRS?RGML
UFCPC B , v , ?LB l ?PC KSRS?JJW NCPNCLBGASJ?P, QSAF ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 22.28. !JRFMSEF RFC K?ELCRGA DMPAC KMTCQ LCE?RGTC AF?PECQ RM MLC QGBC,
RFCW A?LLMR @SGJB SN UGRFMSR JGKGR. 4FC CJCARPGA DGCJB A?SQCB @W RFCGP QCN?P?RGML MNNMQCQ RFC K?ELCRGA DMPAC, F = qvB , ?LB RFC CJCARPGA DMPAC,
F
e
= qE , CTCLRS?JJW EPMUQ RM COS?J GR. 4F?R GQ,
(22.10) qE = qvB
MP
(22.11) E = vB.
.MRC RF?R RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB E GQ SLGDMPK ?APMQQ RFC AMLBSARMP @CA?SQC RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB B GQ SLGDMPK, ?Q GQ RFC AMLBSARMP. &MP ? SLGDMPK CJCARPGA
DGCJB, RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL CJCARPGA DGCJB ?LB TMJR?EC GQ E = / l , UFCPC l GQ RFC UGBRF MD RFC AMLBSARMP ?LB GQ RFC (?JJ CKD. %LRCPGLE RFGQ GLRM
RFC J?QR CVNPCQQGML EGTCQ
(22.12)
l
= vB.
3MJTGLE RFGQ DMP RFC (?JJ CKD WGCJBQ
(22.13)
= Blv (B, v, and l, mutually perpendicular),
UFCPC GQ RFC (?JJ CDDCAR TMJR?EC ?APMQQ ? AMLBSARMP MD UGBRF l RFPMSEF UFGAF AF?PECQ KMTC ?R ? QNCCB v .
786 #(!04%2 22 Y -!'.%4)3-
F?=KH; 22.28 4FC (?JJ CKD NPMBSACQ ?L CJCARPGA DMPAC RF?R @?J?LACQ RFC K?ELCRGA DMPAC ML RFC KMTGLE AF?PECQ. 4FC K?ELCRGA DMPAC NPMBSACQ AF?PEC QCN?P?RGML, UFGAF
@SGJBQ SN SLRGJ GR GQ @?J?LACB @W RFC CJCARPGA DMPAC, ?L COSGJG@PGSK RF?R GQ OSGAIJW PC?AFCB.
/LC MD RFC KMQR AMKKML SQCQ MD RFC (?JJ CDDCAR GQ GL RFC KC?QSPCKCLR MD K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF B . 3SAF BCTGACQ, A?JJCB H4?? CEB58F, A?L @C K?BC
TCPW QK?JJ, ?JJMUGLE DGLC NMQGRGML K?NNGLE. (?JJ NPM@CQ A?L ?JQM @C K?BC TCPW ?AASP?RC, SQS?JJW ?AAMKNJGQFCB @W A?PCDSJ A?JG@P?RGML. !LMRFCP
?NNJGA?RGML MD RFC (?JJ CDDCAR GQ RM KC?QSPC DJSGB DJMU GL ?LW DJSGB RF?R F?Q DPCC AF?PECQ (KMQR BM). (3CC F?=KH; 22.29.) ! K?ELCRGA DGCJB ?NNJGCB
NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC DJMU BGPCARGML NPMBSACQ ? (?JJ CKD ?Q QFMUL. .MRC RF?R RFC QGEL MD BCNCLBQ LMR ML RFC QGEL MD RFC AF?PECQ, @SR MLJW ML RFC
BGPCARGMLQ MD B ?LB v . 4FC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC (?JJ CKD GQ = Blv , UFCPC l GQ RFC NGNC BG?KCRCP, QM RF?R RFC ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW v A?L @C BCRCPKGLCB
DPMK NPMTGBGLE RFC MRFCP D?ARMPQ ?PC ILMUL.
F?=KH; 22.29 4FC (?JJ CDDCAR A?L @C SQCB RM KC?QSPC DJSGB DJMU GL ?LW DJSGB F?TGLE DPCC AF?PECQ, QSAF ?Q @JMMB. 4FC (?JJ CKD GQ KC?QSPCB ?APMQQ RFC RS@C NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM
RFC ?NNJGCB K?ELCRGA DGCJB ?LB GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW v .
EN7CFB; 22.3 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; !7BB ;C<: !7BB E<<;9J <EH BBEE: FBEM
! (?JJ CDDCAR DJMU NPM@C GQ NJ?ACB ML ?L ?PRCPW, ?NNJWGLE ? 0.100-4 K?ELCRGA DGCJB ?APMQQ GR, GL ? QCRSN QGKGJ?P RM RF?R GL F?=KH; 22.29. 7F?R GQ RFC
(?JJ CKD, EGTCL RFC TCQQCJtQ GLQGBC BG?KCRCP GQ 4.00 KK ?LB RFC ?TCP?EC @JMMB TCJMAGRW GQ 20.0 AK/Q?
,JH7J;=O
"CA?SQC B , v , ?LB l ?PC KSRS?JJW NCPNCLBGASJ?P, RFC COS?RGML = Blv A?L @C SQCB RM DGLB .
,EBKJ?ED
%LRCPGLE RFC EGTCL T?JSCQ DMP B , v , ?LB l EGTCQ
(22.14)
= Blv = (0.100 T)
4.0010
3
m
(0.200 m/s)
= 80.0 V
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ GQ RFC ?TCP?EC TMJR?EC MSRNSR. )LQR?LR?LCMSQ TMJR?EC T?PGCQ UGRF NSJQ?RGLE @JMMB DJMU. 4FC TMJR?EC GQ QK?JJ GL RFGQ RWNC MD KC?QSPCKCLR. GQ
N?PRGASJ?PJW BGDDGASJR RM KC?QSPC, @CA?SQC RFCPC ?PC TMJR?ECQ ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF FC?PR ?ARGML (%#' TMJR?ECQ) RF?R ?PC ML RFC MPBCP MD KGJJGTMJRQ. )L
#(!04%2 22 Y -!'.%4)3- 787
NP?ARGAC, RFGQ BGDDGASJRW GQ MTCPAMKC @W ?NNJWGLE ?L !# K?ELCRGA DGCJB, QM RF?R RFC (?JJ CKD GQ !# UGRF RFC Q?KC DPCOSCLAW. !L ?KNJGDGCP A?L @C
TCPW QCJCARGTC GL NGAIGLE MSR MLJW RFC ?NNPMNPG?RC DPCOSCLAW, CJGKGL?RGLE QGEL?JQ ?LB LMGQC ?R MRFCP DPCOSCLAGCQ.
22.7 &7=D;J?9 FEH9; ED 7 CKHH;DJ-C7HHO?D= CED:K9JEH
"CA?SQC AF?PECQ MPBGL?PGJW A?LLMR CQA?NC ? AMLBSARMP, RFC K?ELCRGA DMPAC ML AF?PECQ KMTGLE GL ? AMLBSARMP GQ RP?LQKGRRCB RM RFC AMLBSARMP GRQCJD.
F?=KH; 22.30 4FC K?ELCRGA DGCJB CVCPRQ ? DMPAC ML ? ASPPCLR-A?PPWGLE UGPC GL ? BGPCARGML EGTCL @W RFC PGEFR F?LB PSJC 1 (RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q RF?R ML RFC GLBGTGBS?J KMTGLE
AF?PECQ). 4FGQ DMPAC A?L C?QGJW @C J?PEC CLMSEF RM KMTC RFC UGPC, QGLAC RWNGA?J ASPPCLRQ AMLQGQR MD TCPW J?PEC LSK@CPQ MD KMTGLE AF?PECQ.
7C A?L BCPGTC ?L CVNPCQQGML DMP RFC K?ELCRGA DMPAC ML ? ASPPCLR @W R?IGLE ? QSK MD RFC K?ELCRGA DMPACQ ML GLBGTGBS?J AF?PECQ. (4FC DMPACQ ?BB
@CA?SQC RFCW ?PC GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML.) 4FC DMPAC ML ?L GLBGTGBS?J AF?PEC KMTGLE ?R RFC BPGDR TCJMAGRW v
d
GQ EGTCL @W F = qv
d
B sin . 4?IGLE B RM
@C SLGDMPK MTCP ? JCLERF MD UGPC l ?LB XCPM CJQCUFCPC, RFC RMR?J K?ELCRGA DMPAC ML RFC UGPC GQ RFCL F = (qv
d
B sin )(N) , UFCPC N GQ RFC LSK@CP
MD AF?PEC A?PPGCPQ GL RFC QCARGML MD UGPC MD JCLERF l . .MU, N = nV , UFCPC n GQ RFC LSK@CP MD AF?PEC A?PPGCPQ NCP SLGR TMJSKC ?LB V GQ RFC TMJSKC
MD UGPC GL RFC DGCJB. .MRGLE RF?R V = Al , UFCPC A GQ RFC APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? MD RFC UGPC, RFCL RFC DMPAC ML RFC UGPC GQ F = (qv
d
B sin )(nAl) .
'?RFCPGLE RCPKQ,
(22.15)
F = (nqAv
d
)lB sin .
"CA?SQC nqAv
d
= I (QCC CKHH;DJ),
(22.16)
F = IlB sin
GQ RFC COS?RGML DMP @4:A8G<6 9BE68 BA 4 ?8A:G; l B9 J<E8 64EEL<A: 4 6HEE8AG I <A 4 HA<9BE@ @4:A8G<6 9<8?7 B , ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 22.31. )D UC BGTGBC
@MRF QGBCQ MD RFGQ CVNPCQQGML @W l , UC DGLB RF?R RFC K?ELCRGA DMPAC NCP SLGR JCLERF MD UGPC GL ? SLGDMPK DGCJB GQ
F
l
= IB sin . 4FC BGPCARGML MD RFGQ
DMPAC GQ EGTCL @W 2(2-1, UGRF RFC RFSK@ GL RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC ASPPCLR I . 4FCL, UGRF RFC DGLECPQ GL RFC BGPCARGML MD B , ? NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC N?JK
NMGLRQ GL RFC BGPCARGML MD F , ?Q GL F?=KH; 22.31.
F?=KH; 22.31 4FC DMPAC ML ? ASPPCLR-A?PPWGLE UGPC GL ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB GQ F = IlB sin . )RQ BGPCARGML GQ EGTCL @W 2(2-1.
788 #(!04%2 22 Y -!'.%4)3-
EN7CFB; 22.4 C7B9KB7J?D= &7=D;J?9 FEH9; ED 7 CKHH;DJ-C7HHO?D= 0?H;: A ,JHED= &7=D;J?9 F?;B:
#?JASJ?RC RFC DMPAC ML RFC UGPC QFMUL GL F?=KH; 22.30, EGTCL B = 1.50 T , l = 5.00 cm, ?LB I = 20.0 A.
,JH7J;=O
4FC DMPAC A?L @C DMSLB UGRF RFC EGTCL GLDMPK?RGML @W SQGLE F = IlB sin ?LB LMRGLE RF?R RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL I ?LB B GQ 90 , QM RF?R
sin = 1 .
,EBKJ?ED
%LRCPGLE RFC EGTCL T?JSCQ GLRM F = IlB sin WGCJBQ
(22.17)
F = IlB sin = (20.0 A)(0.0500 m)(1.50 T)(1).
4FC SLGRQ DMP RCQJ? ?PC 1 T =
N
A m
; RFSQ,
(22.18)
F = 1.50 N.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ J?PEC K?ELCRGA DGCJB APC?RCQ ? QGELGDGA?LR DMPAC ML ? QK?JJ JCLERF MD UGPC.
-?ELCRGA DMPAC ML ASPPCLR-A?PPWGLE AMLBSARMPQ GQ SQCB RM AMLTCPR CJCARPGA CLCPEW RM UMPI. (-MRMPQ ?PC ? NPGKC CV?KNJCrRFCW CKNJMW JMMNQ MD UGPC
?LB ?PC AMLQGBCPCB GL RFC LCVR QCARGML.) -?ELCRMFWBPMBWL?KGAQ (-($) GQ RFC RCAFLGA?J L?KC EGTCL RM ? AJCTCP ?NNJGA?RGML UFCPC K?ELCRGA DMPAC
NSKNQ DJSGBQ UGRFMSR KMTGLE KCAF?LGA?J N?PRQ. (3CC F?=KH; 22.32.)
F?=KH; 22.32 -?ELCRMFWBPMBWL?KGAQ. 4FC K?ELCRGA DMPAC ML RFC ASPPCLR N?QQCB RFPMSEF RFGQ DJSGB A?L @C SQCB ?Q ? LMLKCAF?LGA?J NSKN.
! QRPMLE K?ELCRGA DGCJB GQ ?NNJGCB ?APMQQ ? RS@C ?LB ? ASPPCLR GQ N?QQCB RFPMSEF RFC DJSGB ?R PGEFR ?LEJCQ RM RFC DGCJB, PCQSJRGLE GL ? DMPAC ML RFC DJSGB
N?P?JJCJ RM RFC RS@C ?VGQ ?Q QFMUL. 4FC ?@QCLAC MD KMTGLE N?PRQ K?ICQ RFGQ ?RRP?ARGTC DMP KMTGLE ? FMR, AFCKGA?JJW ?ARGTC QS@QR?LAC, QSAF ?Q RFC
JGOSGB QMBGSK CKNJMWCB GL QMKC LSAJC?P PC?ARMPQ. %VNCPGKCLR?J ?PRGDGAG?J FC?PRQ ?PC RCQRGLE UGRF RFGQ RCAFLGOSC DMP NSKNGLE @JMMB, NCPF?NQ
AGPASKTCLRGLE RFC ?BTCPQC CDDCARQ MD KCAF?LGA?J NSKNQ. (#CJJ KCK@P?LCQ, FMUCTCP, ?PC ?DDCARCB @W RFC J?PEC DGCJBQ LCCBCB GL -($, BCJ?WGLE GRQ
NP?ARGA?J ?NNJGA?RGML GL FSK?LQ.) -($ NPMNSJQGML DMP LSAJC?P QS@K?PGLCQ F?Q @CCL NPMNMQCB, @CA?SQC GR AMSJB @C AMLQGBCP?@JW OSGCRCP RF?L
AMLTCLRGML?J NPMNCJJCP BPGTCQ. 4FC BCRCPPCLR T?JSC MD LSAJC?P QS@K?PGLCQ GQ @?QCB ML RFCGP ?@GJGRW RM FGBC ?LB QSPTGTC ? DGPQR MP QCAMLB LSAJC?P QRPGIC.
!Q UC QJMUJW BGQ?QQCK@JC MSP LSAJC?P UC?NMLQ ?PQCL?JQ, RFC QS@K?PGLC @P?LAF UGJJ @C RFC J?QR RM @C BCAMKKGQQGMLCB @CA?SQC MD RFGQ ?@GJGRW (3CC
F?=KH; 22.33.) %VGQRGLE -($ BPGTCQ ?PC FC?TW ?LB GLCDDGAGCLRrKSAF BCTCJMNKCLR UMPI GQ LCCBCB.
F?=KH; 22.33 !L -($ NPMNSJQGML QWQRCK GL ? LSAJC?P QS@K?PGLC AMSJB NPMBSAC QGELGDGA?LRJW JCQQ RSP@SJCLAC RF?L NPMNCJJCPQ ?LB ?JJMU GR RM PSL KMPC QGJCLRJW. 4FC BCTCJMNKCLR
MD ? QGJCLR BPGTC QS@K?PGLC U?Q BP?K?RGXCB GL RFC @MMI ?LB RFC DGJK +;8 HHAG 9BE )87 &6GB58E.
#(!04%2 22 Y -!'.%4)3- 789
22.8 -EHGK; ED 7 CKHH;DJ %EEF: &EJEHI 7D: &;J;HI
&EJEHI ?PC RFC KMQR AMKKML ?NNJGA?RGML MD K?ELCRGA DMPAC ML ASPPCLR-A?PPWGLE UGPCQ. -MRMPQ F?TC JMMNQ MD UGPC GL ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB. 7FCL ASPPCLR GQ
N?QQCB RFPMSEF RFC JMMNQ, RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB CVCPRQ RMPOSC ML RFC JMMNQ, UFGAF PMR?RCQ ? QF?DR. %JCARPGA?J CLCPEW GQ AMLTCPRCB RM KCAF?LGA?J UMPI GL
RFC NPMACQQ. (3CC F?=KH; 22.34.)
F?=KH; 22.34 4MPOSC ML ? ASPPCLR JMMN. ! ASPPCLR-A?PPWGLE JMMN MD UGPC ?RR?AFCB RM ? TCPRGA?JJW PMR?RGLE QF?DR DCCJQ K?ELCRGA DMPACQ RF?R NPMBSAC ? AJMAIUGQC RMPOSC ?Q TGCUCB
DPMK ?@MTC.
,CR SQ CV?KGLC RFC DMPAC ML C?AF QCEKCLR MD RFC JMMN GL F?=KH; 22.34 RM DGLB RFC RMPOSCQ NPMBSACB ?@MSR RFC ?VGQ MD RFC TCPRGA?J QF?DR. (4FGQ UGJJ JC?B
RM ? SQCDSJ COS?RGML DMP RFC RMPOSC ML RFC JMMN.) 7C R?IC RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB RM @C SLGDMPK MTCP RFC PCAR?LESJ?P JMMN, UFGAF F?Q UGBRF w ?LB FCGEFR l .
&GPQR, UC LMRC RF?R RFC DMPACQ ML RFC RMN ?LB @MRRMK QCEKCLRQ ?PC TCPRGA?J ?LB, RFCPCDMPC, N?P?JJCJ RM RFC QF?DR, NPMBSAGLE LM RMPOSC. 4FMQC TCPRGA?J
DMPACQ ?PC COS?J GL K?ELGRSBC ?LB MNNMQGRC GL BGPCARGML, QM RF?R RFCW ?JQM NPMBSAC LM LCR DMPAC ML RFC JMMN. F?=KH; 22.35 QFMUQ TGCUQ MD RFC JMMN
DPMK ?@MTC. 4MPOSC GQ BCDGLCB ?Q = rF sin , UFCPC F GQ RFC DMPAC, r GQ RFC BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC NGTMR RF?R RFC DMPAC GQ ?NNJGCB, ?LB GQ RFC ?LEJC
@CRUCCL r ?LB F . !Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 22.35(?), PGEFR F?LB PSJC 1 EGTCQ RFC DMPACQ ML RFC QGBCQ RM @C COS?J GL K?ELGRSBC ?LB MNNMQGRC GL BGPCARGML, QM
RF?R RFC LCR DMPAC GQ ?E?GL XCPM. (MUCTCP, C?AF DMPAC NPMBSACQ ? AJMAIUGQC RMPOSC. 3GLAC r = w/ 2 , RFC RMPOSC ML C?AF TCPRGA?J QCEKCLR GQ
(w/ 2)F sin , ?LB RFC RUM ?BB RM EGTC ? RMR?J RMPOSC.
(22.19)
=
w
2
F sin +
w
2
F sin = wF sin
790 #(!04%2 22 Y -!'.%4)3-
F?=KH; 22.35 4MN TGCUQ MD ? ASPPCLR-A?PPWGLE JMMN GL ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB. (?) 4FC COS?RGML DMP RMPOSC GQ BCPGTCB SQGLE RFGQ TGCU. .MRC RF?R RFC NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC JMMN K?ICQ ?L
?LEJC UGRF RFC DGCJB RF?R GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL w/ 2 ?LB F . (@) 4FC K?VGKSK RMPOSC MAASPQ UFCL GQ ? PGEFR ?LEJC ?LB sin = 1 . (A) :CPM (KGLGKSK)
RMPOSC MAASPQ UFCL GQ XCPM ?LB sin = 0 . (B) 4FC RMPOSC PCTCPQCQ MLAC RFC JMMN PMR?RCQ N?QR = 0 .
.MU, C?AF TCPRGA?J QCEKCLR F?Q ? JCLERF l RF?R GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM B , QM RF?R RFC DMPAC ML C?AF GQ F = IlB . %LRCPGLE F GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP
RMPOSC WGCJBQ
(22.20)
= wIlB sin .
)D UC F?TC ? KSJRGNJC JMMN MD N RSPLQ, UC ECR N RGKCQ RFC RMPOSC MD MLC JMMN. &GL?JJW, LMRC RF?R RFC ?PC? MD RFC JMMN GQ A = wl ; RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP
RFC RMPOSC @CAMKCQ
(22.21)
= NIAB sin .
4FGQ GQ RFC RMPOSC ML ? ASPPCLR-A?PPWGLE JMMN GL ? SLGDMPK K?ELCRGA DGCJB. 4FGQ COS?RGML A?L @C QFMUL RM @C T?JGB DMP ? JMMN MD ?LW QF?NC. 4FC JMMN
A?PPGCQ ? ASPPCLR I , F?Q N RSPLQ, C?AF MD ?PC? A , ?LB RFC NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC JMMN K?ICQ ?L ?LEJC UGRF RFC DGCJB B . 4FC LCR DMPAC ML RFC JMMN
GQ XCPM.
EN7CFB; 22.5 C7B9KB7J?D= -EHGK; ED 7 CKHH;DJ-C7HHO?D= %EEF ?D 7 ,JHED= &7=D;J?9 F?;B:
&GLB RFC K?VGKSK RMPOSC ML ? 100-RSPL QOS?PC JMMN MD ? UGPC MD 10.0 AK ML ? QGBC RF?R A?PPGCQ 15.0 ! MD ASPPCLR GL ? 2.00-4 DGCJB.
,JH7J;=O
4MPOSC ML RFC JMMN A?L @C DMSLB SQGLE = NIAB sin . -?VGKSK RMPOSC MAASPQ UFCL = 90 ?LB sin = 1 .
,EBKJ?ED
&MP sin = 1 , RFC K?VGKSK RMPOSC GQ
(22.22)
max
= NIAB.
(22.23)
max
= (100)(15.0 A)
0.100 m
2
(2.00 T)
= 30.0 N m.
#(!04%2 22 Y -!'.%4)3- 791
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ RMPOSC GQ J?PEC CLMSEF RM @C SQCDSJ GL ? KMRMP.
4FC RMPOSC DMSLB GL RFC NPCACBGLE CV?KNJC GQ RFC K?VGKSK. !Q RFC AMGJ PMR?RCQ, RFC RMPOSC BCAPC?QCQ RM XCPM ?R = 0 . 4FC RMPOSC RFCL E8I8EF8F GRQ
BGPCARGML MLAC RFC AMGJ PMR?RCQ N?QR = 0 . (3CC F?=KH; 22.35(B).) 4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R, SLJCQQ UC BM QMKCRFGLE, RFC AMGJ UGJJ MQAGJJ?RC @?AI ?LB DMPRF
?@MSR COSGJG@PGSK ?R = 0 . 4M ECR RFC AMGJ RM AMLRGLSC PMR?RGLE GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML, UC A?L PCTCPQC RFC ASPPCLR ?Q GR N?QQCQ RFPMSEF = 0 UGRF
?SRMK?RGA QUGRAFCQ A?JJCB 5EHF;8F. (3CC F?=KH; 22.36.)
F?=KH; 22.36 (?) !Q RFC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK MD RFC AMGJ A?PPGCQ GR RFPMSEF = 0 , RFC @PSQFCQ PCTCPQC RFC ASPPCLR RM ICCN RFC RMPOSC AJMAIUGQC. (@) 4FC AMGJ UGJJ PMR?RC
AMLRGLSMSQJW GL RFC AJMAIUGQC BGPCARGML, UGRF RFC ASPPCLR PCTCPQGLE C?AF F?JD PCTMJSRGML RM K?GLR?GL RFC AJMAIUGQC RMPOSC.
&;J;HI, QSAF ?Q RFMQC GL ?L?JME DSCJ E?SECQ ML ? A?P, ?PC ?LMRFCP AMKKML ?NNJGA?RGML MD K?ELCRGA RMPOSC ML ? ASPPCLR-A?PPWGLE JMMN. F?=KH; 22.37
QFMUQ RF?R ? KCRCP GQ TCPW QGKGJ?P GL AMLQRPSARGML RM ? KMRMP. 4FC KCRCP GL RFC DGESPC F?Q GRQ K?ELCRQ QF?NCB RM JGKGR RFC CDDCAR MD @W K?IGLE B
NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC JMMN MTCP ? J?PEC ?LESJ?P P?LEC. 4FSQ RFC RMPOSC GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM I ?LB LMR . ! JGLC?P QNPGLE CVCPRQ ? AMSLRCP-RMPOSC RF?R
@?J?LACQ RFC ASPPCLR-NPMBSACB RMPOSC. 4FGQ K?ICQ RFC LCCBJC BCDJCARGML NPMNMPRGML?J RM I . )D ?L CV?AR NPMNMPRGML?JGRW A?LLMR @C ?AFGCTCB, RFC E?SEC
PC?BGLE A?L @C A?JG@P?RCB. 4M NPMBSAC ? E?JT?LMKCRCP DMP SQC GL ?L?JME TMJRKCRCPQ ?LB ?KKCRCPQ RF?R F?TC ? JMU PCQGQR?LAC ?LB PCQNMLB RM QK?JJ
ASPPCLRQ, UC SQC ? J?PEC JMMN ?PC? A , FGEF K?ELCRGA DGCJB B , ?LB JMU-PCQGQR?LAC AMGJQ.
F?=KH; 22.37 -CRCPQ ?PC TCPW QGKGJ?P RM KMRMPQ @SR MLJW PMR?RC RFPMSEF ? N?PR MD ? PCTMJSRGML. 4FC K?ELCRGA NMJCQ MD RFGQ KCRCP ?PC QF?NCB RM ICCN RFC AMKNMLCLR MD B
NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC JMMN AMLQR?LR, QM RF?R RFC RMPOSC BMCQ LMR BCNCLB ML ?LB RFC BCDJCARGML ?E?GLQR RFC PCRSPL QNPGLE GQ NPMNMPRGML?J MLJW RM RFC ASPPCLR I .
22.9 &7=D;J?9 F?;B:I )HE:K9;: 8O CKHH;DJI: ACF;H;XI %7M
(MU KSAF ASPPCLR GQ LCCBCB RM NPMBSAC ? QGELGDGA?LR K?ELCRGA DGCJB, NCPF?NQ ?Q QRPMLE ?Q RFC %?PRFtQ DGCJB? 3SPTCWMPQ UGJJ RCJJ WMS RF?R MTCPFC?B
CJCARPGA NMUCP JGLCQ APC?RC K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ RF?R GLRCPDCPC UGRF RFCGP AMKN?QQ PC?BGLEQ. )LBCCB, UFCL /CPQRCB BGQAMTCPCB GL 1820 RF?R ? ASPPCLR GL ?
UGPC ?DDCARCB ? AMKN?QQ LCCBJC, FC U?Q LMR BC?JGLE UGRF CVRPCKCJW J?PEC ASPPCLRQ. (MU BMCQ RFC QF?NC MD UGPCQ A?PPWGLE ASPPCLR ?DDCAR RFC QF?NC MD
RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB APC?RCB? 7C LMRCB C?PJGCP RF?R ? ASPPCLR JMMN APC?RCB ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB QGKGJ?P RM RF?R MD ? @?P K?ELCR, @SR UF?R ?@MSR ? QRP?GEFR UGPC
MP ? RMPMGB (BMSEFLSR)? (MU GQ RFC BGPCARGML MD ? ASPPCLR-APC?RCB DGCJB PCJ?RCB RM RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC ASPPCLR? !LQUCPQ RM RFCQC OSCQRGMLQ ?PC CVNJMPCB
GL RFGQ QCARGML, RMECRFCP UGRF ? @PGCD BGQASQQGML MD RFC J?U EMTCPLGLE RFC DGCJBQ APC?RCB @W ASPPCLRQ.
792 #(!04%2 22 Y -!'.%4)3-
-?ELCRGA &GCJB #PC?RCB @W ? ,MLE 3RP?GEFR #SPPCLR-#?PPWGLE 7GPC: 2GEFR (?LB 2SJC 2
-?ELCRGA DGCJBQ F?TC @MRF BGPCARGML ?LB K?ELGRSBC. !Q LMRCB @CDMPC, MLC U?W RM CVNJMPC RFC BGPCARGML MD ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB GQ UGRF AMKN?QQCQ, ?Q
QFMUL DMP ? JMLE QRP?GEFR ASPPCLR-A?PPWGLE UGPC GL F?=KH; 22.38. (?JJ NPM@CQ A?L BCRCPKGLC RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC DGCJB. 4FC DGCJB ?PMSLB ? JMLE QRP?GEFR
UGPC GQ DMSLB RM @C GL AGPASJ?P JMMNQ. 4FC H?=>J >7D: HKB; 2 (2(2-2) CKCPECQ DPMK RFGQ CVNJMP?RGML ?LB GQ T?JGB DMP ?LW ASPPCLR QCEKCLRrCB<AG G;8
G;H@5 <A G;8 7<E86G<BA B9 G;8 6HEE8AG, 4A7 G;8 9<A:8EF 6HE? <A G;8 7<E86G<BA B9 G;8 @4:A8G<6 9<8?7 ?BBCF APC?RCB @W GR.
F?=KH; 22.38 (?) #MKN?QQCQ NJ?ACB LC?P ? JMLE QRP?GEFR ASPPCLR-A?PPWGLE UGPC GLBGA?RC RF?R DGCJB JGLCQ DMPK AGPASJ?P JMMNQ ACLRCPCB ML RFC UGPC. (@) 2GEFR F?LB PSJC 2 QR?RCQ RF?R,
GD RFC PGEFR F?LB RFSK@ NMGLRQ GL RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC ASPPCLR, RFC DGLECPQ ASPJ GL RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC DGCJB. 4FGQ PSJC GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC DGCJB K?NNCB DMP RFC JMLE QRP?GEFR UGPC
?LB GQ T?JGB DMP ?LW ASPPCLR QCEKCLR.
4FC C7=D;J?9 <?;B: IJH;D=J> (C7=D?JK:;) FHE:K9;: 8O 7 BED= IJH7?=>J 9KHH;DJ-97HHO?D= M?H; GQ DMSLB @W CVNCPGKCLR RM @C
(22.24)
B =

0
I
2r
(long straight wire),
UFCPC I GQ RFC ASPPCLR, r GQ RFC QFMPRCQR BGQR?LAC RM RFC UGPC, ?LB RFC AMLQR?LR
0
= 4 10
7
T m/A GQ RFC F;HC;78?B?JO E< <H;; IF79;. (
0
GQ MLC MD RFC @?QGA AMLQR?LRQ GL L?RSPC. 7C UGJJ QCC J?RCP RF?R
0
GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR.) 3GLAC RFC UGPC GQ TCPW JMLE, RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC
DGCJB BCNCLBQ MLJW ML BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC UGPC r , LMR ML NMQGRGML ?JMLE RFC UGPC.
EN7CFB; 22.6 C7B9KB7J?D= CKHH;DJ J>7J )HE:K9;I 7 &7=D;J?9 F?;B:
&GLB RFC ASPPCLR GL ? JMLE QRP?GEFR UGPC RF?R UMSJB NPMBSAC ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB RUGAC RFC QRPCLERF MD RFC %?PRFtQ ?R ? BGQR?LAC MD 5.0 AK DPMK RFC UGPC.
,JH7J;=O
4FC %?PRFtQ DGCJB GQ ?@MSR 5.010
5
T , ?LB QM FCPC B BSC RM RFC UGPC GQ R?ICL RM @C 1.010
4
T . 4FC COS?RGML B =

0
I
2r
A?L @C SQCB RM
DGLB I , QGLAC ?JJ MRFCP OS?LRGRGCQ ?PC ILMUL.
,EBKJ?ED
3MJTGLE DMP I ?LB CLRCPGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ EGTCQ
(22.25)
I =
2rB
0
=
2
5.010
2
m
1.010
4
T
410
7
T m/A
= 25 A.
D?I9KII?ED
3M ? KMBCP?RCJW J?PEC ASPPCLR NPMBSACQ ? QGELGDGA?LR K?ELCRGA DGCJB ?R ? BGQR?LAC MD 5.0 AK DPMK ? JMLE QRP?GEFR UGPC. .MRC RF?R RFC ?LQUCP GQ
QR?RCB RM MLJW RUM BGEGRQ, QGLAC RFC %?PRFtQ DGCJB GQ QNCAGDGCB RM MLJW RUM BGEGRQ GL RFGQ CV?KNJC.
#(!04%2 22 Y -!'.%4)3- 793
!KNCPCtQ ,?U ?LB /RFCPQ
4FC K?ELCRGA DGCJB MD ? JMLE QRP?GEFR UGPC F?Q KMPC GKNJGA?RGMLQ RF?L WMS KGEFR ?R DGPQR QSQNCAR. E46; F8:@8AG B9 6HEE8AG CEB7H68F 4 @4:A8G<6 9<8?7
?<>8 G;4G B9 4 ?BA: FGE4<:;G J<E8, 4A7 G;8 GBG4? 9<8?7 B9 4AL F;4C8 6HEE8AG <F G;8 I86GBE FH@ B9 G;8 9<8?7F 7H8 GB 846; F8:@8AG. 4FC DMPK?J QR?RCKCLR MD
RFC BGPCARGML ?LB K?ELGRSBC MD RFC DGCJB BSC RM C?AF QCEKCLR GQ A?JJCB RFC B?EJ-,7L7HJ B7M. )LRCEP?J A?JASJSQ GQ LCCBCB RM QSK RFC DGCJB DMP ?L
?P@GRP?PW QF?NC ASPPCLR. 4FGQ PCQSJRQ GL ? KMPC AMKNJCRC J?U, A?JJCB ACF;H;XI B7M, UFGAF PCJ?RCQ K?ELCRGA DGCJB ?LB ASPPCLR GL ? ECLCP?J U?W.
!KNCPCtQ J?U GL RSPL GQ ? N?PR MD &7NM;BBXI ;GK7J?EDI, UFGAF EGTC ? AMKNJCRC RFCMPW MD ?JJ CJCARPMK?ELCRGA NFCLMKCL?. #MLQGBCP?RGMLQ MD FMU
-?VUCJJtQ COS?RGMLQ ?NNC?P RM BGDDCPCLR M@QCPTCPQ JCB RM RFC KMBCPL RFCMPW MD PCJ?RGTGRW, ?LB RFC PC?JGX?RGML RF?R CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ ?PC
BGDDCPCLR K?LGDCQR?RGMLQ MD RFC Q?KC RFGLE. -MQR MD RFGQ GQ @CWMLB RFC QAMNC MD RFGQ RCVR GL @MRF K?RFCK?RGA?J JCTCJ, PCOSGPGLE A?JASJSQ, ?LB GL RFC
?KMSLR MD QN?AC RF?R A?L @C BCTMRCB RM GR. "SR DMP RFC GLRCPCQRCB QRSBCLR, ?LB N?PRGASJ?PJW DMP RFMQC UFM AMLRGLSC GL NFWQGAQ, CLEGLCCPGLE, MP QGKGJ?P
NSPQSGRQ, BCJTGLE GLRM RFCQC K?RRCPQ DSPRFCP UGJJ PCTC?J BCQAPGNRGMLQ MD L?RSPC RF?R ?PC CJCE?LR ?Q UCJJ ?Q NPMDMSLB. )L RFGQ RCVR, UC QF?JJ ICCN RFC
ECLCP?J DC?RSPCQ GL KGLB, QSAF ?Q 2(2-2 ?LB RFC PSJCQ DMP K?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLCQ JGQRCB GL &7=D;J?9 F?;B:I 7D: &7=D;J?9 F?;B: %?D;I, UFGJC
AMLACLRP?RGLE ML RFC DGCJBQ APC?RCB GL ACPR?GL GKNMPR?LR QGRS?RGMLQ.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 2CJ?RGTGRW
(C?PGLE ?JJ UC BM ?@MSR %GLQRCGL, UC QMKCRGKCQ ECR RFC GKNPCQQGML RF?R FC GLTCLRCB PCJ?RGTGRW MSR MD LMRFGLE. /L RFC AMLRP?PW, MLC MD %GLQRCGLtQ
KMRGT?RGMLQ U?Q RM QMJTC BGDDGASJRGCQ GL ILMUGLE FMU BGDDCPCLR M@QCPTCPQ QCC K?ELCRGA ?LB CJCARPGA DGCJBQ.
-?ELCRGA &GCJB 0PMBSACB @W ? #SPPCLR-#?PPWGLE #GPASJ?P ,MMN
4FC K?ELCRGA DGCJB LC?P ? ASPPCLR-A?PPWGLE JMMN MD UGPC GQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 22.39. "MRF RFC BGPCARGML ?LB RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB NPMBSACB
@W ? ASPPCLR-A?PPWGLE JMMN ?PC AMKNJCV. 2(2-2 A?L @C SQCB RM EGTC RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC DGCJB LC?P RFC JMMN, @SR K?NNGLE UGRF AMKN?QQCQ ?LB RFC PSJCQ
?@MSR DGCJB JGLCQ EGTCL GL &7=D;J?9 F?;B:I 7D: &7=D;J?9 F?;B: %?D;I ?PC LCCBCB DMP KMPC BCR?GJ. 4FCPC GQ ? QGKNJC DMPKSJ? DMP RFC C7=D;J?9 <?;B:
IJH;D=J> 7J J>; 9;DJ;H E< 7 9?H9KB7H BEEF. )R GQ
(22.26)
B =

0
I
2R
(at center of loop),
UFCPC R GQ RFC P?BGSQ MD RFC JMMN. 4FGQ COS?RGML GQ TCPW QGKGJ?P RM RF?R DMP ? QRP?GEFR UGPC, @SR GR GQ T?JGB BA?L ?R RFC ACLRCP MD ? AGPASJ?P JMMN MD UGPC. 4FC
QGKGJ?PGRW MD RFC COS?RGMLQ BMCQ GLBGA?RC RF?R QGKGJ?P DGCJB QRPCLERF A?L @C M@R?GLCB ?R RFC ACLRCP MD ? JMMN. /LC U?W RM ECR ? J?PECP DGCJB GQ RM F?TC N
JMMNQ; RFCL, RFC DGCJB GQ B = N
0
I / (2R) . .MRC RF?R RFC J?PECP RFC JMMN, RFC QK?JJCP RFC DGCJB ?R GRQ ACLRCP, @CA?SQC RFC ASPPCLR GQ D?PRFCP ?U?W.
F?=KH; 22.39 (?) 2(2-2 EGTCQ RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB GLQGBC ?LB MSRQGBC ? ASPPCLR-A?PPWGLE JMMN. (@) -MPC BCR?GJCB K?NNGLE UGRF AMKN?QQCQ MP UGRF ? (?JJ NPM@C
AMKNJCRCQ RFC NGARSPC. 4FC DGCJB GQ QGKGJ?P RM RF?R MD ? @?P K?ELCR.
-?ELCRGA &GCJB 0PMBSACB @W ? #SPPCLR-#?PPWGLE 3MJCLMGB
! IEB;DE?: GQ ? JMLE AMGJ MD UGPC (UGRF K?LW RSPLQ MP JMMNQ, ?Q MNNMQCB RM ? DJ?R JMMN). "CA?SQC MD GRQ QF?NC, RFC DGCJB GLQGBC ? QMJCLMGB A?L @C TCPW
SLGDMPK, ?LB ?JQM TCPW QRPMLE. 4FC DGCJB HSQR MSRQGBC RFC AMGJQ GQ LC?PJW XCPM. F?=KH; 22.40 QFMUQ FMU RFC DGCJB JMMIQ ?LB FMU GRQ BGPCARGML GQ EGTCL @W
2(2-2.
794 #(!04%2 22 Y -!'.%4)3-
F?=KH; 22.40 (?) "CA?SQC MD GRQ QF?NC, RFC DGCJB GLQGBC ? QMJCLMGB MD JCLERF l GQ PCK?PI?@JW SLGDMPK GL K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML, ?Q GLBGA?RCB @W RFC QRP?GEFR ?LB SLGDMPKJW
QN?ACB DGCJB JGLCQ. 4FC DGCJB MSRQGBC RFC AMGJQ GQ LC?PJW XCPM. (@) 4FGQ ASR?U?W QFMUQ RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB ECLCP?RCB @W RFC ASPPCLR GL RFC QMJCLMGB.
4FC K?ELCRGA DGCJB GLQGBC MD ? ASPPCLR-A?PPWGLE QMJCLMGB GQ TCPW SLGDMPK GL BGPCARGML ?LB K?ELGRSBC. /LJW LC?P RFC CLBQ BMCQ GR @CEGL RM UC?ICL ?LB
AF?LEC BGPCARGML. 4FC DGCJB MSRQGBC F?Q QGKGJ?P AMKNJCVGRGCQ RM DJ?R JMMNQ ?LB @?P K?ELCRQ, @SR RFC C7=D;J?9 <?;B: IJH;D=J> ?DI?:; 7 IEB;DE?: GQ
QGKNJW
(22.27)
B =
0
nI (inside a solenoid),
UFCPC n GQ RFC LSK@CP MD JMMNQ NCP SLGR JCLERF MD RFC QMJCLMGB (n = N / l , UGRF N @CGLE RFC LSK@CP MD JMMNQ ?LB l RFC JCLERF). .MRC RF?R B GQ RFC
DGCJB QRPCLERF ?LWUFCPC GL RFC SLGDMPK PCEGML MD RFC GLRCPGMP ?LB LMR HSQR ?R RFC ACLRCP. ,?PEC SLGDMPK DGCJBQ QNPC?B MTCP ? J?PEC TMJSKC ?PC NMQQG@JC
UGRF QMJCLMGBQ, ?Q EN7CFB; 22.7 GKNJGCQ.
EN7CFB; 22.7 C7B9KB7J?D= F?;B: ,JH;D=J> ?DI?:; 7 ,EB;DE?:
7F?R GQ RFC DGCJB GLQGBC ? 2.00-K-JMLE QMJCLMGB RF?R F?Q 2000 JMMNQ ?LB A?PPGCQ ? 1600-! ASPPCLR?
,JH7J;=O
4M DGLB RFC DGCJB QRPCLERF GLQGBC ? QMJCLMGB, UC SQC B =
0
nI . &GPQR, UC LMRC RFC LSK@CP MD JMMNQ NCP SLGR JCLERF GQ
(22.28)
n
1
=
N
l
=
2000
2.00 m
= 1000 m
1
= 10 cm
1
.
,EBKJ?ED
(22.29)
B =
0
nI =

410
7
T m/A
1000 m
1
(1600 A)
= 2.01 T.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ GQ ? J?PEC DGCJB QRPCLERF RF?R AMSJB @C CQR?@JGQFCB MTCP ? J?PEC-BG?KCRCP QMJCLMGB, QSAF ?Q GL KCBGA?J SQCQ MD K?ELCRGA PCQML?LAC GK?EGLE
(-2)). 4FC TCPW J?PEC ASPPCLR GQ ?L GLBGA?RGML RF?R RFC DGCJBQ MD RFGQ QRPCLERF ?PC LMR C?QGJW ?AFGCTCB, FMUCTCP. 3SAF ? J?PEC ASPPCLR RFPMSEF 1000
JMMNQ QOSCCXCB GLRM ? KCRCPtQ JCLERF UMSJB NPMBSAC QGELGDGA?LR FC?RGLE. (GEFCP ASPPCLRQ A?L @C ?AFGCTCB @W SQGLE QSNCPAMLBSARGLE UGPCQ,
?JRFMSEF RFGQ GQ CVNCLQGTC. 4FCPC GQ ?L SNNCP JGKGR RM RFC ASPPCLR, QGLAC RFC QSNCPAMLBSARGLE QR?RC GQ BGQPSNRCB @W TCPW J?PEC K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ.
4FCPC ?PC GLRCPCQRGLE T?PG?RGMLQ MD RFC DJ?R AMGJ ?LB QMJCLMGB. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC RMPMGB?J AMGJ SQCB RM AMLDGLC RFC PC?ARGTC N?PRGAJCQ GL RMI?K?IQ GQ KSAF
JGIC ? QMJCLMGB @CLR GLRM ? AGPAJC. 4FC DGCJB GLQGBC ? RMPMGB GQ TCPW QRPMLE @SR AGPASJ?P. #F?PECB N?PRGAJCQ RP?TCJ GL AGPAJCQ, DMJJMUGLE RFC DGCJB JGLCQ, ?LB
AMJJGBC UGRF MLC ?LMRFCP, NCPF?NQ GLBSAGLE DSQGML. "SR RFC AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ BM LMR APMQQ DGCJB JGLCQ ?LB CQA?NC RFC RMPMGB. ! UFMJC P?LEC MD AMGJ
QF?NCQ ?PC SQCB RM NPMBSAC ?JJ QMPRQ MD K?ELCRGA DGCJB QF?NCQ. !BBGLE DCPPMK?ELCRGA K?RCPG?JQ NPMBSACQ EPC?RCP DGCJB QRPCLERFQ ?LB A?L F?TC ?
QGELGDGA?LR CDDCAR ML RFC QF?NC MD RFC DGCJB. &CPPMK?ELCRGA K?RCPG?JQ RCLB RM RP?N K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ (RFC DGCJB JGLCQ @CLB GLRM RFC DCPPMK?ELCRGA K?RCPG?J,
JC?TGLE UC?ICP DGCJBQ MSRQGBC GR) ?LB ?PC SQCB ?Q QFGCJBQ DMP BCTGACQ RF?R ?PC ?BTCPQCJW ?DDCARCB @W K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ, GLAJSBGLE RFC %?PRFtQ K?ELCRGA
DGCJB.
@SJ@ JGEFR.
#(!04%2 22 Y -!'.%4)3- 795
22.10 &7=D;J?9 FEH9; 8;JM;;D -ME )7H7BB;B CED:K9JEHI
9MS KGEFR CVNCAR RF?R RFCPC ?PC QGELGDGA?LR DMPACQ @CRUCCL ASPPCLR-A?PPWGLE UGPCQ, QGLAC MPBGL?PW ASPPCLRQ NPMBSAC QGELGDGA?LR K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ ?LB
RFCQC DGCJBQ CVCPR QGELGDGA?LR DMPACQ ML MPBGL?PW ASPPCLRQ. "SR WMS KGEFR LMR CVNCAR RF?R RFC DMPAC @CRUCCL UGPCQ GQ SQCB RM 789<A8 RFC ?KNCPC. )R KGEFR
?JQM QSPNPGQC WMS RM JC?PL RF?R RFGQ DMPAC F?Q QMKCRFGLE RM BM UGRF UFW J?PEC AGPASGR @PC?ICPQ @SPL SN UFCL RFCW ?RRCKNR RM GLRCPPSNR J?PEC ASPPCLRQ.
4FC DMPAC @CRUCCL RUM JMLE QRP?GEFR ?LB N?P?JJCJ AMLBSARMPQ QCN?P?RCB @W ? BGQR?LAC r A?L @C DMSLB @W ?NNJWGLE UF?R UC F?TC BCTCJMNCB GL
NPCACBGLE QCARGMLQ. F?=KH; 22.42 QFMUQ RFC UGPCQ, RFCGP ASPPCLRQ, RFC DGCJBQ RFCW APC?RC, ?LB RFC QS@QCOSCLR DMPACQ RFCW CVCPR ML MLC ?LMRFCP. ,CR SQ
AMLQGBCP RFC DGCJB NPMBSACB @W UGPC 1 ?LB RFC DMPAC GR CVCPRQ ML UGPC 2 (A?JJ RFC DMPAC F
2
). 4FC DGCJB BSC RM I
1
?R ? BGQR?LAC r GQ EGTCL RM @C
(22.30)
B
1
=

0
I
1
2r
.
F?=KH; 22.42 (?) 4FC K?ELCRGA DGCJB NPMBSACB @W ? JMLE QRP?GEFR AMLBSARMP GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM ? N?P?JJCJ AMLBSARMP, ?Q GLBGA?RCB @W 2(2-2. (@) ! TGCU DPMK ?@MTC MD RFC RUM
UGPCQ QFMUL GL (?), UGRF MLC K?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLC QFMUL DMP C?AF UGPC. 2(2-1 QFMUQ RF?R RFC DMPAC @CRUCCL RFC N?P?JJCJ AMLBSARMPQ GQ ?RRP?ARGTC UFCL RFC ASPPCLRQ ?PC GL RFC
Q?KC BGPCARGML. ! QGKGJ?P ?L?JWQGQ QFMUQ RF?R RFC DMPAC GQ PCNSJQGTC @CRUCCL ASPPCLRQ GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ.
4FGQ DGCJB GQ SLGDMPK ?JMLE UGPC 2 ?LB NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM GR, ?LB QM RFC DMPAC F
2
GR CVCPRQ ML UGPC 2 GQ EGTCL @W F = IlB sin UGRF sin = 1 :
(22.31)
F
2
= I
2
lB
1
.
"W .CURMLtQ RFGPB J?U, RFC DMPACQ ML RFC UGPCQ ?PC COS?J GL K?ELGRSBC, ?LB QM UC HSQR UPGRC F DMP RFC K?ELGRSBC MD F
2
. (.MRC RF?R F
1
= F
2
.)
3GLAC RFC UGPCQ ?PC TCPW JMLE, GR GQ AMLTCLGCLR RM RFGLI GL RCPKQ MD F / l , RFC DMPAC NCP SLGR JCLERF. 3S@QRGRSRGLE RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP B
1
GLRM RFC J?QR
COS?RGML ?LB PC?PP?LEGLE RCPKQ EGTCQ
(22.32)
F
l
=

0
I
1
I
2
2r
.
F / l GQ RFC DMPAC NCP SLGR JCLERF @CRUCCL RUM N?P?JJCJ ASPPCLRQ I
1
?LB I
2
QCN?P?RCB @W ? BGQR?LAC r . 4FC DMPAC GQ ?RRP?ARGTC GD RFC ASPPCLRQ ?PC GL RFC
Q?KC BGPCARGML ?LB PCNSJQGTC GD RFCW ?PC GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ.
4FGQ DMPAC GQ PCQNMLQG@JC DMP RFC C<A6; 89986G GL CJCARPGA ?PAQ ?LB NJ?QK?Q. 4FC DMPAC CVGQRQ UFCRFCP RFC ASPPCLRQ ?PC GL UGPCQ MP LMR. )L ?L CJCARPGA ?PA,
UFCPC ASPPCLRQ ?PC KMTGLE N?P?JJCJ RM MLC ?LMRFCP, RFCPC GQ ?L ?RRP?ARGML RF?R QOSCCXCQ ASPPCLRQ GLRM ? QK?JJCP RS@C. )L J?PEC AGPASGR @PC?ICPQ, JGIC
RFMQC SQCB GL LCGEF@MPFMMB NMUCP BGQRPG@SRGML QWQRCKQ, RFC NGLAF CDDCAR A?L AMLACLRP?RC ?L ?PA @CRUCCL NJ?RCQ MD ? QUGRAF RPWGLE RM @PC?I ? J?PEC
ASPPCLR, @SPL FMJCQ, ?LB CTCL GELGRC RFC COSGNKCLR. !LMRFCP CV?KNJC MD RFC NGLAF CDDCAR GQ DMSLB GL RFC QMJ?P NJ?QK?, UFCPC HCRQ MD GMLGXCB K?RCPG?J,
QSAF ?Q QMJ?P DJ?PCQ, ?PC QF?NCB @W K?ELCRGA DMPACQ.
4FC BC8E4G<BA4? 789<A<G<BA B9 G;8 4@C8E8 GQ @?QCB ML RFC DMPAC @CRUCCL ASPPCLR-A?PPWGLE UGPCQ. .MRC RF?R DMP N?P?JJCJ UGPCQ QCN?P?RCB @W 1 KCRCP UGRF
C?AF A?PPWGLE 1 ?KNCPC, RFC DMPAC NCP KCRCP GQ
(22.33)
F
l
=
410
7
T m/A
(1 A)
2
(2)(1 m)
= 210
7
N/m.
3GLAC
0
GQ CV?ARJW 410
7
T m/A @W BCDGLGRGML, ?LB @CA?SQC 1 T = 1 N/(A m) , RFC DMPAC NCP KCRCP GQ CV?ARJW 210
7
N/m. 4FGQ GQ RFC
@?QGQ MD RFC MNCP?RGML?J BCDGLGRGML MD RFC ?KNCPC.
796 #(!04%2 22 Y -!'.%4)3-
4FC !KNCPC
4FC MDDGAG?J BCDGLGRGML MD RFC ?KNCPC GQ:
/LC ?KNCPC MD ASPPCLR RFPMSEF C?AF MD RUM N?P?JJCJ AMLBSARMPQ MD GLDGLGRC JCLERF, QCN?P?RCB @W MLC KCRCP GL CKNRW QN?AC DPCC MD MRFCP K?ELCRGA
DGCJBQ, A?SQCQ ? DMPAC MD CV?ARJW 210
7
N/m ML C?AF AMLBSARMP.
)LDGLGRC-JCLERF QRP?GEFR UGPCQ ?PC GKNP?ARGA?J ?LB QM, GL NP?ARGAC, ? ASPPCLR @?J?LAC GQ AMLQRPSARCB UGRF AMGJQ MD UGPC QCN?P?RCB @W ? DCU ACLRGKCRCPQ.
&MPAC GQ KC?QSPCB RM BCRCPKGLC ASPPCLR. 4FGQ ?JQM NPMTGBCQ SQ UGRF ? KCRFMB DMP KC?QSPGLE RFC AMSJMK@. 7C KC?QSPC RFC AF?PEC RF?R DJMUQ DMP ?
ASPPCLR MD MLC ?KNCPC GL MLC QCAMLB. 4F?R GQ, 1 C = 1 A s . &MP @MRF RFC ?KNCPC ?LB RFC AMSJMK@, RFC KCRFMB MD KC?QSPGLE DMPAC @CRUCCL
AMLBSARMPQ GQ RFC KMQR ?AASP?RC GL NP?ARGAC.
22.11 &EH; AFFB?97J?EDI E< &7=D;J?IC
-?QQ 3NCARPMKCRPW
4FC ASPTCB N?RFQ DMJJMUCB @W AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ GL K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ A?L @C NSR RM SQC. ! AF?PECB N?PRGAJC KMTGLE NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB
RP?TCJQ GL ? AGPASJ?P N?RF F?TGLE ? P?BGSQ r .
(22.34)
r =
mv
qB
)R U?Q LMRCB RF?R RFGQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN AMSJB @C SQCB RM KC?QSPC RFC K?QQ MD AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ QSAF ?Q GMLQ. ! K?QQ QNCARPMKCRCP GQ ? BCTGAC RF?R
KC?QSPCQ QSAF K?QQCQ. -MQR K?QQ QNCARPMKCRCPQ SQC K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ DMP RFGQ NSPNMQC, ?JRFMSEF QMKC MD RFCK F?TC CVRPCKCJW QMNFGQRGA?RCB
BCQGELQ. 3GLAC RFCPC ?PC DGTC T?PG?@JCQ GL RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN, RFCPC ?PC K?LW NMQQG@GJGRGCQ. (MUCTCP, GD v , q , ?LB B A?L @C DGVCB, RFCL RFC P?BGSQ MD RFC
N?RF r GQ QGKNJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC K?QQ m MD RFC AF?PECB N?PRGAJC. ,CR SQ CV?KGLC MLC QSAF K?QQ QNCARPMKCRCP RF?R F?Q ? PCJ?RGTCJW QGKNJC
BCQGEL. (3CC F?=KH; 22.43.) 4FC NPMACQQ @CEGLQ UGRF ?L GML QMSPAC, ? BCTGAC JGIC ?L CJCARPML ESL. 4FC GML QMSPAC EGTCQ GMLQ RFCGP AF?PEC, ?AACJCP?RCQ
RFCK RM QMKC TCJMAGRW v , ?LB BGPCARQ ? @C?K MD RFCK GLRM RFC LCVR QR?EC MD RFC QNCARPMKCRCP. 4FGQ LCVR PCEGML GQ ? I8?B6<GL F8?86GBE RF?R MLJW ?JJMUQ
N?PRGAJCQ UGRF ? N?PRGASJ?P T?JSC MD v RM ECR RFPMSEF.
F?=KH; 22.43 4FGQ K?QQ QNCARPMKCRCP SQCQ ? TCJMAGRW QCJCARMP RM DGV v QM RF?R RFC P?BGSQ MD RFC N?RF GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM K?QQ.
4FC TCJMAGRW QCJCARMP F?Q @MRF ?L CJCARPGA DGCJB ?LB ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB, NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM MLC ?LMRFCP, NPMBSAGLE DMPACQ GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ ML RFC GMLQ.
/LJW RFMQC GMLQ DMP UFGAF RFC DMPACQ @?J?LAC RP?TCJ GL ? QRP?GEFR JGLC GLRM RFC LCVR PCEGML. )D RFC DMPACQ @?J?LAC, RFCL RFC CJCARPGA DMPAC F = qE COS?JQ
RFC K?ELCRGA DMPAC F = qvB , QM RF?R qE = qvB . .MRGLE RF?R q A?LACJQ, UC QCC RF?R
(22.35)
v =
E
B
GQ RFC TCJMAGRW N?PRGAJCQ KSQR F?TC RM K?IC GR RFPMSEF RFC TCJMAGRW QCJCARMP, ?LB DSPRFCP, RF?R v A?L @C QCJCARCB @W T?PWGLE E ?LB B . )L RFC DGL?J
PCEGML, RFCPC GQ MLJW ? SLGDMPK K?ELCRGA DGCJB, ?LB QM RFC AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ KMTC GL AGPASJ?P ?PAQ UGRF P?BGG NPMNMPRGML?J RM N?PRGAJC K?QQ. 4FC N?RFQ
?JQM BCNCLB ML AF?PEC q , @SR QGLAC q GQ GL KSJRGNJCQ MD CJCARPML AF?PECQ, GR GQ C?QW RM BCRCPKGLC ?LB RM BGQAPGKGL?RC @CRUCCL GMLQ GL BGDDCPCLR AF?PEC
QR?RCQ.
#(!04%2 22 Y -!'.%4)3- 797
-?QQ QNCARPMKCRPW RMB?W GQ SQCB CVRCLQGTCJW GL AFCKGQRPW ?LB @GMJMEW J?@MP?RMPGCQ RM GBCLRGDW AFCKGA?J ?LB @GMJMEGA?J QS@QR?LACQ ?AAMPBGLE RM RFCGP
K?QQ-RM-AF?PEC P?RGMQ. )L KCBGAGLC, K?QQ QNCARPMKCRCPQ ?PC SQCB RM KC?QSPC RFC AMLACLRP?RGML MD GQMRMNCQ SQCB ?Q RP?ACPQ. 5QS?JJW, @GMJMEGA?J
KMJCASJCQ QSAF ?Q NPMRCGLQ ?PC TCPW J?PEC, QM RFCW ?PC @PMICL BMUL GLRM QK?JJCP DP?EKCLRQ @CDMPC ?L?JWXGLE. 2CACLRJW, J?PEC TGPSQ N?PRGAJCQ F?TC
@CCL ?L?JWXCB ?Q ? UFMJC ML K?QQ QNCARPMKCRCPQ. 3MKCRGKCQ ? E?Q AFPMK?RMEP?NF MP FGEF-NCPDMPK?LAC JGOSGB AFPMK?RMEP?NF NPMTGBCQ ?L GLGRG?J
QCN?P?RGML MD RFC J?PEC KMJCASJCQ, UFGAF ?PC RFCL GLNSR GLRM RFC K?QQ QNCARPMKCRCP.
#?RFMBC 2?W 4S@CQr#24Qr?LB RFC ,GIC
7F?R BM LML-DJ?R-QAPCCL 46Q, MJB AMKNSRCP KMLGRMPQ, V-P?W K?AFGLCQ, ?LB RFC 2-KGJC-JMLE 3R?LDMPB ,GLC?P !AACJCP?RMP F?TC GL AMKKML? !JJ MD RFCK
?AACJCP?RC CJCARPMLQ, K?IGLE RFCK BGDDCPCLR TCPQGMLQ MD RFC CJCARPML ESL. -?LW MD RFCQC BCTGACQ SQC K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ RM QRCCP RFC ?AACJCP?RCB
CJCARPMLQ. F?=KH; 22.44 QFMUQ RFC AMLQRPSARGML MD RFC RWNC MD A?RFMBC P?W RS@C (#24) DMSLB GL QMKC 46Q, MQAGJJMQAMNCQ, ?LB MJB AMKNSRCP KMLGRMPQ.
4UM N?GPQ MD AMGJQ ?PC SQCB RM QRCCP RFC CJCARPMLQ, MLC TCPRGA?JJW ?LB RFC MRFCP FMPGXMLR?JJW, RM RFCGP BCQGPCB BCQRGL?RGML.
F?=KH; 22.44 4FC A?RFMBC P?W RS@C (#24) GQ QM L?KCB @CA?SQC P?WQ MD CJCARPMLQ MPGEGL?RC ?R RFC A?RFMBC GL RFC CJCARPML ESL. -?ELCRGA AMGJQ ?PC SQCB RM QRCCP RFC @C?K GL
K?LW #24Q. )L RFGQ A?QC, RFC @C?K GQ KMTCB BMUL. !LMRFCP N?GP MD FMPGXMLR?J AMGJQ UMSJB QRCCP RFC @C?K FMPGXMLR?JJW.
-?ELCRGA 2CQML?LAC )K?EGLE
&7=D;J?9 H;IED7D9; ?C7=?D= (&+") GQ MLC MD RFC KMQR SQCDSJ ?LB P?NGBJW EPMUGLE KCBGA?J GK?EGLE RMMJQ. )R LML-GLT?QGTCJW NPMBSACQ RUM-BGKCLQGML?J
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MD FWBPMECL (NPMRMLQ). 4FCQC LSAJCG NMQQCQQ RFCGP MUL QK?JJ K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ, QGKGJ?P RM RFMQC MD CJCARPMLQ ?LB RFC ASPPCLR JMMNQ BGQASQQCB C?PJGCP GL
RFGQ AF?NRCP.
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CLTGPMLKCLR, ?LB RFC CVRCPL?J K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF. 4FCPCDMPC, RFGQ GQ ? E8FBA4A68 NFCLMKCLML GL UFGAF AH6?8< GL ? @4:A8G<6 DGCJB ?AR JGIC
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2/3 MD RFC ?RMKQ GL RFC @MBW ?PC FWBPMECL.) 4FCGP JMA?RGML ?LB BCLQGRW EGTC ? T?PGCRW MD KCBGA?JJW SQCDSJ GLDMPK?RGML, QSAF ?Q MPE?L DSLARGML, RFC
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!L GK?EC PCOSGPCQ NMQGRGML GLDMPK?RGML ?Q UCJJ ?Q RFC BCLQGRW MD ? LSAJC?P RWNC (SQS?JJW NPMRMLQ). "W T?PWGLE RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB QJGEFRJW MTCP RFC
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22.2 F;HHEC7=D;JI 7D: EB;9JHEC7=D;JI
w -?ELCRGA NMJCQ ?JU?WQ MAASP GL N?GPQ MD LMPRF ?LB QMSRFrGR GQ LMR NMQQG@JC RM GQMJ?RC LMPRF ?LB QMSRF NMJCQ.
w !JJ K?ELCRGQK GQ APC?RCB @W CJCARPGA ASPPCLR.
w &CPPMK?ELCRGA K?RCPG?JQ, QSAF ?Q GPML, ?PC RFMQC RF?R CVFG@GR QRPMLE K?ELCRGA CDDCARQ.
w 4FC ?RMKQ GL DCPPMK?ELCRGA K?RCPG?JQ ?AR JGIC QK?JJ K?ELCRQ (BSC RM ASPPCLRQ UGRFGL RFC ?RMKQ) ?LB A?L @C ?JGELCB, SQS?JJW GL KGJJGKCRCP-QGXCB
PCEGMLQ A?JJCB BMK?GLQ.
w $MK?GLQ A?L EPMU ?LB ?JGEL ML ? J?PECP QA?JC, NPMBSAGLE NCPK?LCLR K?ELCRQ. 3SAF ? K?RCPG?J GQ K?ELCRGXCB, MP GLBSACB RM @C K?ELCRGA.
w !@MTC ? K?RCPG?JtQ #SPGC RCKNCP?RSPC, RFCPK?J ?EGR?RGML BCQRPMWQ RFC ?JGELKCLR MD ?RMKQ, ?LB DCPPMK?ELCRGQK BGQ?NNC?PQ.
w %JCARPMK?ELCRQ CKNJMW CJCARPGA ASPPCLRQ RM K?IC K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ, MDRCL ?GBCB @W GLBSACB DGCJBQ GL DCPPMK?ELCRGA K?RCPG?JQ.
800 #(!04%2 22 Y -!'.%4)3-
22.3 &7=D;J?9 F?;B:I 7D: &7=D;J?9 F?;B: %?D;I
w -?ELCRGA DGCJBQ A?L @C NGARMPG?JJW PCNPCQCLRCB @W K?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLCQ, RFC NPMNCPRGCQ MD UFGAF ?PC ?Q DMJJMUQ:
1. 4FC DGCJB GQ R?LECLR RM RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLC.
2. &GCJB QRPCLERF GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC JGLC BCLQGRW.
3. &GCJB JGLCQ A?LLMR APMQQ.
4. &GCJB JGLCQ ?PC AMLRGLSMSQ JMMNQ.
w -?ELCRGA DGCJBQ CVCPR ? DMPAC ML ? KMTGLE AF?PEC D, RFC K?ELGRSBC MD UFGAF GQ
F = qvB sin ,
UFCPC GQ RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL RFC BGPCARGMLQ MD v ?LB B .
w 4FC 3) SLGR DMP K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF B GQ RFC RCQJ? (4), UFGAF GQ PCJ?RCB RM MRFCP SLGRQ @W
1 T =
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C m/s
=
1 N
A m
.
w 4FC 7<E86G<BA MD RFC DMPAC ML ? KMTGLE AF?PEC GQ EGTCL @W PGEFR F?LB PSJC 1 (2(2-1): 0MGLR RFC RFSK@ MD RFC PGEFR F?LB GL RFC BGPCARGML MD v , RFC
DGLECPQ GL RFC BGPCARGML MD B , ?LB ? NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC N?JK NMGLRQ GL RFC BGPCARGML MD F .
w 4FC DMPAC GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC NJ?LC DMPKCB @W v ?LB B. 3GLAC RFC DMPAC GQ XCPM GD v GQ N?P?JJCJ RM B, AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ MDRCL DMJJMU
K?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLCQ P?RFCP RF?L APMQQ RFCK.
w -?ELCRGA DMPAC A?L QSNNJW ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC ?LB A?SQC ? AF?PECB N?PRGAJC RM KMTC GL ? AGPASJ?P N?RF MD P?BGSQ
r =
mv
qB
,
UFCPC v GQ RFC AMKNMLCLR MD RFC TCJMAGRW NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM B DMP ? AF?PECB N?PRGAJC UGRF K?QQ m ?LB AF?PEC q .
22.6 ->; !7BB E<<;9J
w 4FC (?JJ CDDCAR GQ RFC APC?RGML MD TMJR?EC , ILMUL ?Q RFC (?JJ CKD, ?APMQQ ? ASPPCLR-A?PPWGLE AMLBSARMP @W ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB.
w 4FC (?JJ CKD GQ EGTCL @W
= Blv (B, v, and l, mutually perpendicular)
DMP ? AMLBSARMP MD UGBRF l RFPMSEF UFGAF AF?PECQ KMTC ?R ? QNCCB v .
w 4FC K?ELCRGA DMPAC ML ASPPCLR-A?PPWGLE AMLBSARMPQ GQ EGTCL @W
F = IlB sin ,
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w 4FC RMPOSC ML ? ASPPCLR-A?PPWGLE JMMN MD ?LW QF?NC GL ? SLGDMPK K?ELCRGA DGCJB. GQ
= NIAB sin ,
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NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC JMMN ?LB RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB.
w 4FC QRPCLERF MD RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB APC?RCB @W ASPPCLR GL ? JMLE QRP?GEFR UGPC GQ EGTCL @W
B =

0
I
2r
(long straight wire),
UFCPC I GQ RFC ASPPCLR, r GQ RFC QFMPRCQR BGQR?LAC RM RFC UGPC, ?LB RFC AMLQR?LR
0
= 4 10
7
T m/A GQ RFC NCPKC?@GJGRW MD DPCC QN?AC.
w 4FC BGPCARGML MD RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB APC?RCB @W ? JMLE QRP?GEFR UGPC GQ EGTCL @W PGEFR F?LB PSJC 2 (2(2-2): 'B<AG G;8 G;H@5 B9 G;8 E<:;G ;4A7 <A G;8
7<E86G<BA B9 6HEE8AG, 4A7 G;8 9<A:8EF 6HE? <A G;8 7<E86G<BA B9 G;8 @4:A8G<6 9<8?7 ?BBCF APC?RCB @W GR.
w 4FC K?ELCRGA DGCJB APC?RCB @W ASPPCLR DMJJMUGLE ?LW N?RF GQ RFC QSK (MP GLRCEP?J) MD RFC DGCJBQ BSC RM QCEKCLRQ ?JMLE RFC N?RF (K?ELGRSBC ?LB
BGPCARGML ?Q DMP ? QRP?GEFR UGPC), PCQSJRGLE GL ? ECLCP?J PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL ASPPCLR ?LB DGCJB ILMUL ?Q !KNCPCtQ J?U.
w 4FC K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF ?R RFC ACLRCP MD ? AGPASJ?P JMMN GQ EGTCL @W
B =

0
I
2R
(at center of loop),
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0
nI / (2R) DMP ? DJ?R AMGJ MD N JMMNQ. 2(2-2 EGTCQ RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC DGCJB
?@MSR RFC JMMN. ! JMLE AMGJ GQ A?JJCB ? QMJCLMGB.
w 4FC K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF GLQGBC ? QMJCLMGB GQ
B =
0
nI (inside a solenoid),
UFCPC n GQ RFC LSK@CP MD JMMNQ NCP SLGR JCLERF MD RFC QMJCLMGB. 4FC DGCJB GLQGBC GQ TCPW SLGDMPK GL K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML.
#(!04%2 22 Y -!'.%4)3- 801
w 4FC DMPAC @CRUCCL RUM N?P?JJCJ ASPPCLRQ I
1
?LB I
2
, QCN?P?RCB @W ? BGQR?LAC r , F?Q ? K?ELGRSBC NCP SLGR JCLERF EGTCL @W
F
l
=

0
I
1
I
2
2r
.
w 4FC DMPAC GQ ?RRP?ARGTC GD RFC ASPPCLRQ ?PC GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML, PCNSJQGTC GD RFCW ?PC GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ.
w #PMQQCB (NCPNCLBGASJ?P) CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ ?AR ?Q ? TCJMAGRW DGJRCP, EGTGLE COS?J ?LB MNNMQGRC DMPACQ ML ?LW AF?PEC UGRF TCJMAGRW
NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC DGCJBQ ?LB MD K?ELGRSBC
v =
E
B
.
22.1 &7=D;JI
1. 6MJA?LGA ?LB MRFCP QSAF ?ARGTGRW ?R RFC KGB-!RJ?LRGA PGBEC CVRPSBCQ K?RCPG?J RM DGJJ RFC E?N @CRUCCL QCN?P?RGLE RCARMLGA NJ?RCQ ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF
AMLRGLCLR?J BPGDR. 4FC K?ELCRGX?RGML MD PMAIQ GQ DMSLB RM PCTCPQC GL ? AMMPBGL?RCB K?LLCP UGRF BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC PGBEC. 7F?R BMCQ RFGQ GKNJW ?@MSR RFC
%?PRFtQ K?ELCRGA DGCJB ?LB FMU AMSJB RFC ILMUJCBEC MD RFC QNPC?BGLE P?RC @C SQCB RM EGTC GRQ FGQRMPGA?J PCAMPB?
22.3 &7=D;J?9 F?;B:I 7D: &7=D;J?9 F?;B: %?D;I
2. %VNJ?GL UFW RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB UMSJB LMR @C SLGOSC (RF?R GQ, LMR F?TC ? QGLEJC T?JSC) ?R ? NMGLR GL QN?AC UFCPC K?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLCQ KGEFR APMQQ.
(#MLQGBCP RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC DGCJB ?R QSAF ? NMGLR.)
3. ,GQR RFC U?WQ GL UFGAF K?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLCQ ?LB CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ ?PC QGKGJ?P. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC DGCJB BGPCARGML GQ R?LECLR RM RFC JGLC ?R ?LW NMGLR GL
QN?AC. !JQM JGQR RFC U?WQ GL UFGAF RFCW BGDDCP. &MP CV?KNJC, CJCARPGA DMPAC GQ N?P?JJCJ RM CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ, UFCPC?Q K?ELCRGA DMPAC ML KMTGLE AF?PECQ
GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM K?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLCQ.
4. .MRGLE RF?R RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLCQ MD ? @?P K?ELCR PCQCK@JC RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ MD ? N?GP MD COS?J ?LB MNNMQGRC AF?PECQ, BM WMS CVNCAR RFC
K?ELCRGA DGCJB RM P?NGBJW BCAPC?QC GL QRPCLERF UGRF BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC K?ELCR? )Q RFGQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF WMSP CVNCPGCLAC UGRF K?ELCRQ?
5. )Q RFC %?PRFtQ K?ELCRGA DGCJB N?P?JJCJ RM RFC EPMSLB ?R ?JJ JMA?RGMLQ? )D LMR, UFCPC GQ GR N?P?JJCJ RM RFC QSPD?AC? )Q GRQ QRPCLERF RFC Q?KC ?R ?JJ JMA?RGMLQ?
)D LMR, UFCPC GQ GR EPC?RCQR?
6. )D ? AF?PECB N?PRGAJC KMTCQ GL ? QRP?GEFR JGLC RFPMSEF QMKC PCEGML MD QN?AC, A?L WMS Q?W RF?R RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB GL RF?R PCEGML GQ LCACQQ?PGJW XCPM?
7. (MU A?L RFC KMRGML MD ? AF?PECB N?PRGAJC @C SQCB RM BGQRGLESGQF @CRUCCL ? K?ELCRGA ?LB ?L CJCARPGA DGCJB?
8. (GEF-TCJMAGRW AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ A?L B?K?EC @GMJMEGA?J ACJJQ ?LB ?PC ? AMKNMLCLR MD P?BG?RGML CVNMQSPC GL ? T?PGCRW MD JMA?RGMLQ P?LEGLE DPMK
PCQC?PAF D?AGJGRGCQ RM L?RSP?J @?AIEPMSLB. $CQAPG@C FMU WMS AMSJB SQC ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB RM QFGCJB WMSPQCJD.
9. )D ? AMQKGA P?W NPMRML ?NNPM?AFCQ RFC %?PRF DPMK MSRCP QN?AC ?JMLE ? JGLC RMU?PB RFC ACLRCP MD RFC %?PRF RF?R JGCQ GL RFC NJ?LC MD RFC COS?RMP, GL
UF?R BGPCARGML UGJJ GR @C BCDJCARCB @W RFC %?PRFtQ K?ELCRGA DGCJB? 7F?R ?@MSR ?L CJCARPML? ! LCSRPML?
10. 7F?R ?PC RFC QGELQ MD RFC AF?PECQ ML RFC N?PRGAJCQ GL F?=KH; 22.46?
F?=KH; 22.46
11. 7FGAF MD RFC N?PRGAJCQ GL F?=KH; 22.47 F?Q RFC EPC?RCQR TCJMAGRW, ?QQSKGLE RFCW F?TC GBCLRGA?J AF?PECQ ?LB K?QQCQ?
F?=KH; 22.47
12. 7FGAF MD RFC N?PRGAJCQ GL F?=KH; 22.47 F?Q RFC EPC?RCQR K?QQ, ?QQSKGLE ?JJ F?TC GBCLRGA?J AF?PECQ ?LB TCJMAGRGCQ?
802 #(!04%2 22 Y -!'.%4)3-
13. 7FGJC MNCP?RGLE, ? FGEF-NPCAGQGML 46 KMLGRMP GQ NJ?ACB ML GRQ QGBC BSPGLE K?GLRCL?LAC. 4FC GK?EC ML RFC KMLGRMP AF?LECQ AMJMP ?LB @JSPQ QJGEFRJW.
$GQASQQ RFC NMQQG@JC PCJ?RGML MD RFCQC CDDCARQ RM RFC %?PRFtQ K?ELCRGA DGCJB.
22.6 ->; !7BB E<<;9J
14. $GQASQQ FMU RFC (?JJ CDDCAR AMSJB @C SQCB RM M@R?GL GLDMPK?RGML ML DPCC AF?PEC BCLQGRW GL ? AMLBSARMP. ((GLR: #MLQGBCP FMU BPGDR TCJMAGRW ?LB
ASPPCLR ?PC PCJ?RCB.)
15. $P?U ? QICRAF MD RFC QGRS?RGML GL F?=KH; 22.30 QFMUGLE RFC BGPCARGML MD CJCARPMLQ A?PPWGLE RFC ASPPCLR, ?LB SQC 2(2-1 RM TCPGDW RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC
DMPAC ML RFC UGPC.
16. 6CPGDW RF?R RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC DMPAC GL ?L -($ BPGTC, QSAF ?Q RF?R GL F?=KH; 22.32, BMCQ LMR BCNCLB ML RFC QGEL MD RFC AF?PECQ A?PPWGLE RFC
ASPPCLR ?APMQQ RFC DJSGB.
17. 7FW UMSJB ? K?ELCRMFWBPMBWL?KGA BPGTC UMPI @CRRCP GL MAC?L U?RCP RF?L GL DPCQF U?RCP? !JQM, UFW UMSJB QSNCPAMLBSARGLE K?ELCRQ @C
BCQGP?@JC?
18. 7FGAF GQ KMPC JGICJW RM GLRCPDCPC UGRF AMKN?QQ PC?BGLEQ, !# ASPPCLR GL WMSP PCDPGECP?RMP MP $# ASPPCLR UFCL WMS QR?PR WMSP A?P? %VNJ?GL.
19. $P?U ? BG?EP?K ?LB SQC 2(2-1 RM QFMU RF?R RFC DMPACQ ML RFC RMN ?LB @MRRMK QCEKCLRQ MD RFC KMRMPtQ ASPPCLR JMMN GL F?=KH; 22.34 ?PC TCPRGA?J
?LB NPMBSAC LM RMPOSC ?@MSR RFC ?VGQ MD PMR?RGML.
20. -?IC ? BP?UGLE ?LB SQC 2(2-2 RM DGLB RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB MD ? ASPPCLR JMMN GL ? KMRMP (QSAF ?Q GL F?=KH; 22.34). 4FCL QFMU RF?R
RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC RMPOSC ML RFC JMMN GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q NPMBSACB @W JGIC NMJCQ PCNCJJGLE ?LB SLJGIC NMJCQ ?RRP?ARGLE.
21. )Q RFC DMPAC ?RRP?ARGTC MP PCNSJQGTC @CRUCCL RFC FMR ?LB LCSRP?J JGLCQ FSLE DPMK NMUCP NMJCQ? 7FW?
22. )D WMS F?TC RFPCC N?P?JJCJ UGPCQ GL RFC Q?KC NJ?LC, ?Q GL F?=KH; 22.48, UGRF ASPPCLRQ GL RFC MSRCP RUM PSLLGLE GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ, GQ GR NMQQG@JC
DMP RFC KGBBJC UGPC RM @C PCNCJJCB @W @MRF? !RRP?ARCB @W @MRF? %VNJ?GL.
F?=KH; 22.48 4FPCC N?P?JJCJ AMNJ?L?P UGPCQ UGRF ASPPCLRQ GL RFC MSRCP RUM GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ.
23. 3SNNMQC RUM JMLE QRP?GEFR UGPCQ PSL NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM MLC ?LMRFCP UGRFMSR RMSAFGLE. $MCQ MLC CVCPR ? LCR DMPAC ML RFC MRFCP? )D QM, UF?R GQ GRQ
BGPCARGML? $MCQ MLC CVCPR ? LCR RMPOSC ML RFC MRFCP? )D QM, UF?R GQ GRQ BGPCARGML? *SQRGDW WMSP PCQNMLQCQ @W SQGLE RFC PGEFR F?LB PSJCQ.
24. 5QC RFC PGEFR F?LB PSJCQ RM QFMU RF?R RFC DMPAC @CRUCCL RFC RUM JMMNQ GL F?=KH; 22.49 GQ ?RRP?ARGTC GD RFC ASPPCLRQ ?PC GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?LB
PCNSJQGTC GD RFCW ?PC GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ. )Q RFGQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF JGIC NMJCQ MD RFC JMMNQ PCNCJJGLE ?LB SLJGIC NMJCQ MD RFC JMMNQ ?RRP?ARGLE? $P?U
QICRAFCQ RM HSQRGDW WMSP ?LQUCPQ.
#(!04%2 22 Y -!'.%4)3- 803
F?=KH; 22.49 4UM JMMNQ MD UGPC A?PPWGLE ASPPCLRQ A?L CVCPR DMPACQ ?LB RMPOSCQ ML MLC ?LMRFCP.
25. )D MLC MD RFC JMMNQ GL F?=KH; 22.49 GQ RGJRCB QJGEFRJW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC MRFCP ?LB RFCGP ASPPCLRQ ?PC GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML, UF?R ?PC RFC BGPCARGMLQ MD RFC
RMPOSCQ RFCW CVCPR ML C?AF MRFCP? $MCQ RFGQ GKNJW RF?R RFC NMJCQ MD RFC @?P K?ELCR-JGIC DGCJBQ RFCW APC?RC UGJJ JGLC SN UGRF C?AF MRFCP GD RFC JMMNQ ?PC
?JJMUCB RM PMR?RC?
26. %JCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ A?L @C QFGCJBCB @W RFC &?P?B?W A?EC CDDCAR. #?L UC F?TC K?ELCRGA QFGCJBGLE? #?L UC F?TC EP?TGR?RGML?J QFGCJBGLE?
27. -C?QSPCKCLRQ MD RFC UC?I ?LB DJSARS?RGLE K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF @P?GL ?ARGTGRW ?PC A?JJCB K?ELCRMCLACNF?JMEP?KQ (-%'Q). $M RFC
@P?GLtQ K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ GKNJW AMMPBGL?RCB MP SLAMMPBGL?RCB LCPTC GKNSJQCQ? %VNJ?GL.
28. $GQASQQ RFC NMQQG@GJGRW RF?R ? (?JJ TMJR?EC UMSJB @C ECLCP?RCB ML RFC KMTGLE FC?PR MD ? N?RGCLR BSPGLE -2) GK?EGLE. !JQM BGQASQQ RFC Q?KC CDDCAR
ML RFC UGPCQ MD ? N?ACK?ICP. (4FC D?AR RF?R N?RGCLRQ UGRF N?ACK?ICPQ ?PC LMR EGTCL -2)Q GQ QGELGDGA?LR.)
29. ! N?RGCLR GL ?L -2) SLGR RSPLQ FGQ FC?B OSGAIJW RM MLC QGBC ?LB CVNCPGCLACQ KMKCLR?PW BGXXGLCQQ ?LB ? QRP?LEC R?QRC GL FGQ KMSRF. $GQASQQ RFC
NMQQG@JC A?SQCQ.
30. 9MS ?PC RMJB RF?R GL ? ACPR?GL PCEGML RFCPC GQ CGRFCP ? SLGDMPK CJCARPGA MP K?ELCRGA DGCJB. 7F?R KC?QSPCKCLR MP M@QCPT?RGML AMSJB WMS K?IC RM
BCRCPKGLC RFC RWNC? ()ELMPC RFC %?PRFtQ K?ELCRGA DGCJB.)
31. !L CV?KNJC MD K?ELCRMFWBPMBWL?KGAQ (-($) AMKCQ DPMK RFC DJMU MD ? PGTCP (Q?JRW U?RCP). 4FGQ DJSGB GLRCP?ARQ UGRF RFC %?PRFtQ K?ELCRGA DGCJB RM
NPMBSAC ? NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL RFC RUM PGTCP @?LIQ. (MU UMSJB WMS EM ?@MSR A?JASJ?RGLE RFC NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC?
32. $P?U EP?TGR?RGML?J DGCJB JGLCQ @CRUCCL 2 K?QQCQ, CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ @CRUCCL ? NMQGRGTC ?LB ? LCE?RGTC AF?PEC, CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ @CRUCCL 2
NMQGRGTC AF?PECQ ?LB K?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLCQ ?PMSLB ? K?ELCR. 1S?JGR?RGTCJW BCQAPG@C RFC BGDDCPCLACQ @CRUCCL RFC DGCJBQ ?LB RFC CLRGRGCQ PCQNMLQG@JC DMP
RFC DGCJB JGLCQ.
804 #(!04%2 22 Y -!'.%4)3-
22.4 &7=D;J?9 F?;B: ,JH;D=J>: FEH9; ED 7 &EL?D=
C>7H=; ?D 7 &7=D;J?9 F?;B:
33. 7F?R GQ RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC K?ELCRGA DMPAC ML ? NMQGRGTC AF?PEC RF?R
KMTCQ ?Q QFMUL GL C?AF MD RFC QGV A?QCQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 22.50?
F?=KH; 22.50
34. 2CNC?R EN;H9?I; 22.33 DMP ? LCE?RGTC AF?PEC.
35. 7F?R GQ RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC TCJMAGRW MD ? LCE?RGTC AF?PEC RF?R
CVNCPGCLACQ RFC K?ELCRGA DMPAC QFMUL GL C?AF MD RFC RFPCC A?QCQ GL
F?=KH; 22.51, ?QQSKGLE GR KMTCQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM B?
F?=KH; 22.51
36. 2CNC?R EN;H9?I; 22.35 DMP ? NMQGRGTC AF?PEC.
37. 7F?R GQ RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB RF?R NPMBSACQ RFC K?ELCRGA
DMPAC ML ? NMQGRGTC AF?PEC ?Q QFMUL GL C?AF MD RFC RFPCC A?QCQ GL RFC
DGESPC @CJMU, ?QQSKGLE B GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM v ?
F?=KH; 22.52
38. 2CNC?R EN;H9?I; 22.37 DMP ? LCE?RGTC AF?PEC.
39. 7F?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK DMPAC ML ?L ?JSKGLSK PMB UGRF ? 0.100-C
AF?PEC RF?R WMS N?QQ @CRUCCL RFC NMJCQ MD ? 1.50-4 NCPK?LCLR K?ELCR
?R ? QNCCB MD 5.00 K/Q? )L UF?R BGPCARGML GQ RFC DMPAC?
40. (?) !GPAP?DR QMKCRGKCQ ?AOSGPC QK?JJ QR?RGA AF?PECQ. 3SNNMQC ?
QSNCPQMLGA HCR F?Q ? 0.500-C AF?PEC ?LB DJGCQ BSC UCQR ?R ? QNCCB MD
660 K/Q MTCP RFC %?PRFtQ QMSRF K?ELCRGA NMJC, UFCPC RFC 8.0010
5
-T
K?ELCRGA DGCJB NMGLRQ QRP?GEFR SN. 7F?R ?PC RFC BGPCARGML ?LB RFC
K?ELGRSBC MD RFC K?ELCRGA DMPAC ML RFC NJ?LC? (@) $GQASQQ UFCRFCP RFC
T?JSC M@R?GLCB GL N?PR (?) GKNJGCQ RFGQ GQ ? QGELGDGA?LR MP LCEJGEG@JC CDDCAR.
41. (?) ! AMQKGA P?W NPMRML KMTGLE RMU?PB RFC %?PRF ?R 5.0010
7
m/s
CVNCPGCLACQ ? K?ELCRGA DMPAC MD 1.7010
16
N. 7F?R GQ RFC QRPCLERF
MD RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB GD RFCPC GQ ? 45 ?LEJC @CRUCCL GR ?LB RFC NPMRMLtQ
TCJMAGRW? (@) )Q RFC T?JSC M@R?GLCB GL N?PR (?) AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC ILMUL
QRPCLERF MD RFC %?PRFtQ K?ELCRGA DGCJB ML GRQ QSPD?AC? $GQASQQ.
42. !L CJCARPML KMTGLE ?R 4.0010
3
m/s GL ? 1.25-4 K?ELCRGA DGCJB
CVNCPGCLACQ ? K?ELCRGA DMPAC MD 1.4010
16
N. 7F?R ?LEJC BMCQ RFC
TCJMAGRW MD RFC CJCARPML K?IC UGRF RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB? 4FCPC ?PC RUM
?LQUCPQ.
43. (?) ! NFWQGAGQR NCPDMPKGLE ? QCLQGRGTC KC?QSPCKCLR U?LRQ RM JGKGR RFC
K?ELCRGA DMPAC ML ? KMTGLE AF?PEC GL FCP COSGNKCLR RM JCQQ RF?L
1.0010
12
N. 7F?R GQ RFC EPC?RCQR RFC AF?PEC A?L @C GD GR KMTCQ ?R ?
K?VGKSK QNCCB MD 30.0 K/Q GL RFC %?PRFtQ DGCJB? (@) $GQASQQ UFCRFCP GR
UMSJB @C BGDDGASJR RM JGKGR RFC AF?PEC RM JCQQ RF?L RFC T?JSC DMSLB GL (?) @W
AMKN?PGLE GR UGRF RWNGA?J QR?RGA CJCARPGAGRW ?LB LMRGLE RF?R QR?RGA GQ MDRCL
?@QCLR.
22.5 FEH9; ED 7 &EL?D= C>7H=; ?D 7 &7=D;J?9 F?;B::
EN7CFB;I 7D: AFFB?97J?EDI
)D WMS LCCB ?BBGRGML?J QSNNMPR DMP RFCQC NPM@JCKQ, QCC &EH;
AFFB?97J?EDI E< &7=D;J?IC.
44. ! AMQKGA P?W CJCARPML KMTCQ ?R 7.5010
6
m/s NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC
%?PRFtQ K?ELCRGA DGCJB ?R ?L ?JRGRSBC UFCPC DGCJB QRPCLERF GQ
1.0010
5
T . 7F?R GQ RFC P?BGSQ MD RFC AGPASJ?P N?RF RFC CJCARPML
DMJJMUQ?
45. ! NPMRML KMTCQ ?R 7.5010
7
m/s NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB.
4FC DGCJB A?SQCQ RFC NPMRML RM RP?TCJ GL ? AGPASJ?P N?RF MD P?BGSQ 0.800 K.
7F?R GQ RFC DGCJB QRPCLERF?
46. (?) 6GCUCPQ MD *G4E +E8> FC?P MD ?L ?LRGK?RRCP BPGTC ML RFC 3R?PQFGN
EAG8ECE<F8. /LC NMQQG@GJGRW DMP QSAF ? DSRSPGQRGA CLCPEW QMSPAC GQ RM QRMPC
?LRGK?RRCP AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ GL ? T?ASSK AF?K@CP, AGPASJ?RGLE GL ?
K?ELCRGA DGCJB, ?LB RFCL CVRP?AR RFCK ?Q LCCBCB. !LRGK?RRCP ?LLGFGJ?RCQ
UGRF LMPK?J K?RRCP, NPMBSAGLE NSPC CLCPEW. 7F?R QRPCLERF K?ELCRGA DGCJB
GQ LCCBCB RM FMJB ?LRGNPMRMLQ, KMTGLE ?R 5.0010
7
m/s GL ? AGPASJ?P
N?RF 2.00 K GL P?BGSQ? !LRGNPMRMLQ F?TC RFC Q?KC K?QQ ?Q NPMRMLQ @SR
RFC MNNMQGRC (LCE?RGTC) AF?PEC. (@) )Q RFGQ DGCJB QRPCLERF M@R?GL?@JC UGRF
RMB?WtQ RCAFLMJMEW MP GQ GR ? DSRSPGQRGA NMQQG@GJGRW?
47. (?) !L MVWECL-16 GML UGRF ? K?QQ MD 2.6610
26
kg RP?TCJQ ?R
5.0010
6
m/s NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM ? 1.20-4 K?ELCRGA DGCJB, UFGAF K?ICQ GR
KMTC GL ? AGPASJ?P ?PA UGRF ? 0.231-K P?BGSQ. 7F?R NMQGRGTC AF?PEC GQ ML
RFC GML? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC P?RGM MD RFGQ AF?PEC RM RFC AF?PEC MD ?L CJCARPML?
(A) $GQASQQ UFW RFC P?RGM DMSLB GL (@) QFMSJB @C ?L GLRCECP.
48. 7F?R P?BGSQ AGPASJ?P N?RF BMCQ ?L CJCARPML RP?TCJ GD GR KMTCQ ?R RFC
Q?KC QNCCB ?LB GL RFC Q?KC K?ELCRGA DGCJB ?Q RFC NPMRML GL EN;H9?I;
22.45?
49. ! TCJMAGRW QCJCARMP GL ? K?QQ QNCARPMKCRCP SQCQ ? 0.100-4 K?ELCRGA
DGCJB. (?) 7F?R CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF GQ LCCBCB RM QCJCAR ? QNCCB MD
4.0010
6
m/s ? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC TMJR?EC @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ GD RFCW ?PC
QCN?P?RCB @W 1.00 AK?
50. !L CJCARPML GL ? 46 #24 KMTCQ UGRF ? QNCCB MD 6.0010
7
m/s , GL ?
BGPCARGML NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC %?PRFtQ DGCJB, UFGAF F?Q ? QRPCLERF MD
5.0010
5
T . (?) 7F?R QRPCLERF CJCARPGA DGCJB KSQR @C ?NNJGCB
#(!04%2 22 Y -!'.%4)3- 805
NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC %?PRFtQ DGCJB RM K?IC RFC CJCARPML KMTCQ GL ? QRP?GEFR
JGLC? (@) )D RFGQ GQ BMLC @CRUCCL NJ?RCQ QCN?P?RCB @W 1.00 AK, UF?R GQ RFC
TMJR?EC ?NNJGCB? (.MRC RF?R 46Q ?PC SQS?JJW QSPPMSLBCB @W ?
DCPPMK?ELCRGA K?RCPG?J RM QFGCJB ?E?GLQR CVRCPL?J K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ ?LB
?TMGB RFC LCCB DMP QSAF ? AMPPCARGML.)
51. (?) !R UF?R QNCCB UGJJ ? NPMRML KMTC GL ? AGPASJ?P N?RF MD RFC Q?KC
P?BGSQ ?Q RFC CJCARPML GL EN;H9?I; 22.44? (@) 7F?R UMSJB RFC P?BGSQ MD
RFC N?RF @C GD RFC NPMRML F?B RFC Q?KC QNCCB ?Q RFC CJCARPML? (A) 7F?R
UMSJB RFC P?BGSQ @C GD RFC NPMRML F?B RFC Q?KC IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?Q RFC
CJCARPML? (B) 4FC Q?KC KMKCLRSK?
52. ! K?QQ QNCARPMKCRCP GQ @CGLE SQCB RM QCN?P?RC AMKKML MVWECL-16
DPMK RFC KSAF P?PCP MVWECL-18, R?ICL DPMK ? Q?KNJC MD MJB EJ?AG?J GAC.
(4FC PCJ?RGTC ?@SLB?LAC MD RFCQC MVWECL GQMRMNCQ GQ PCJ?RCB RM AJGK?RGA
RCKNCP?RSPC ?R RFC RGKC RFC GAC U?Q BCNMQGRCB.) 4FC P?RGM MD RFC K?QQCQ
MD RFCQC RUM GMLQ GQ 16 RM 18, RFC K?QQ MD MVWECL-16 GQ
2.6610
26
kg, ?LB RFCW ?PC QGLEJW AF?PECB ?LB RP?TCJ ?R
5.0010
6
m/s GL ? 1.20-4 K?ELCRGA DGCJB. 7F?R GQ RFC QCN?P?RGML
@CRUCCL RFCGP N?RFQ UFCL RFCW FGR ? R?PECR ?DRCP RP?TCPQGLE ? QCKGAGPAJC?
53. (?) 4PGNJW AF?PECB SP?LGSK-235 ?LB SP?LGSK-238 GMLQ ?PC @CGLE
QCN?P?RCB GL ? K?QQ QNCARPMKCRCP. (4FC KSAF P?PCP SP?LGSK-235 GQ SQCB
?Q PC?ARMP DSCJ.) 4FC K?QQCQ MD RFC GMLQ ?PC 3.9010
25
kg ?LB
3.9510
25
kg , PCQNCARGTCJW, ?LB RFCW RP?TCJ ?R 3.0010
5
m/s GL ?
0.250-4 DGCJB. 7F?R GQ RFC QCN?P?RGML @CRUCCL RFCGP N?RFQ UFCL RFCW FGR ?
R?PECR ?DRCP RP?TCPQGLE ? QCKGAGPAJC? (@) $GQASQQ UFCRFCP RFGQ BGQR?LAC
@CRUCCL RFCGP N?RFQ QCCKQ RM @C @GE CLMSEF RM @C NP?ARGA?J GL RFC
QCN?P?RGML MD SP?LGSK-235 DPMK SP?LGSK-238.
22.6 ->; !7BB E<<;9J
54. ! J?PEC U?RCP K?GL GQ 2.50 K GL BG?KCRCP ?LB RFC ?TCP?EC U?RCP
TCJMAGRW GQ 6.00 K/Q. &GLB RFC (?JJ TMJR?EC NPMBSACB GD RFC NGNC PSLQ
NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC %?PRFtQ 5.0010
5
-T DGCJB.
55. 7F?R (?JJ TMJR?EC GQ NPMBSACB @W ? 0.200-4 DGCJB ?NNJGCB ?APMQQ ?
2.60-AK-BG?KCRCP ?MPR? UFCL @JMMB TCJMAGRW GQ 60.0 AK/Q?
56. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC QNCCB MD ? QSNCPQMLGA ?GPAP?DR UGRF ? 17.0-K
UGLEQN?L, GD GR CVNCPGCLACQ ? 1.60-6 (?JJ TMJR?EC @CRUCCL GRQ UGLE RGNQ
UFCL GL JCTCJ DJGEFR MTCP RFC LMPRF K?ELCRGA NMJC, UFCPC RFC %?PRFtQ DGCJB
QRPCLERF GQ 8.0010
5
T? (@) %VNJ?GL UFW TCPW JGRRJC ASPPCLR DJMUQ ?Q ?
PCQSJR MD RFGQ (?JJ TMJR?EC.
57. ! LMLKCAF?LGA?J U?RCP KCRCP AMSJB SRGJGXC RFC (?JJ CDDCAR @W ?NNJWGLE
? K?ELCRGA DGCJB ?APMQQ ? KCR?J NGNC ?LB KC?QSPGLE RFC (?JJ TMJR?EC
NPMBSACB. 7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC DJSGB TCJMAGRW GL ? 3.00-AK-BG?KCRCP NGNC,
GD ? 0.500-4 DGCJB ?APMQQ GR APC?RCQ ? 60.0-K6 (?JJ TMJR?EC?
58. #?JASJ?RC RFC (?JJ TMJR?EC GLBSACB ML ? N?RGCLRtQ FC?PR UFGJC @CGLE
QA?LLCB @W ?L -2) SLGR. !NNPMVGK?RC RFC AMLBSARGLE N?RF ML RFC FC?PR
U?JJ @W ? UGPC 7.50 AK JMLE RF?R KMTCQ ?R 10.0 AK/Q NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM ?
1.50-4 K?ELCRGA DGCJB.
59. ! (?JJ NPM@C A?JG@P?RCB RM PC?B 1.00 V UFCL NJ?ACB GL ? 2.00-4
DGCJB GQ NJ?ACB GL ? 0.150-4 DGCJB. 7F?R GQ GRQ MSRNSR TMJR?EC?
60. 5QGLE GLDMPK?RGML GL EN7CFB; 20.6, UF?R UMSJB RFC (?JJ TMJR?EC @C GD
? 2.00-4 DGCJB GQ ?NNJGCB ?APMQQ ? 10-E?SEC AMNNCP UGPC (2.588 KK GL
BG?KCRCP) A?PPWGLE ? 20.0-! ASPPCLR?
61. 3FMU RF?R RFC (?JJ TMJR?EC ?APMQQ UGPCQ K?BC MD RFC Q?KC K?RCPG?J,
A?PPWGLE GBCLRGA?J ASPPCLRQ, ?LB QS@HCARCB RM RFC Q?KC K?ELCRGA DGCJB GQ
GLTCPQCJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFCGP BG?KCRCPQ. ((GLR: #MLQGBCP FMU BPGDR TCJMAGRW
BCNCLBQ ML UGPC BG?KCRCP.)
62. ! N?RGCLR UGRF ? N?ACK?ICP GQ KGQR?ICLJW @CGLE QA?LLCB DMP ?L -2)
GK?EC. ! 10.0-AK-JMLE QCARGML MD N?ACK?ICP UGPC KMTCQ ?R ? QNCCB MD
10.0 AK/Q NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC -2) SLGRtQ K?ELCRGA DGCJB ?LB ? 20.0-K6
(?JJ TMJR?EC GQ GLBSACB. 7F?R GQ RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF?
63. 7F?R GQ RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC K?ELCRGA DMPAC ML RFC ASPPCLR GL C?AF MD
RFC QGV A?QCQ GL F?=KH; 22.53?
F?=KH; 22.53
64. 7F?R GQ RFC BGPCARGML MD ? ASPPCLR RF?R CVNCPGCLACQ RFC K?ELCRGA DMPAC
QFMUL GL C?AF MD RFC RFPCC A?QCQ GL F?=KH; 22.54, ?QQSKGLE RFC ASPPCLR
PSLQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM B ?
F?=KH; 22.54
65. 7F?R GQ RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB RF?R NPMBSACQ RFC K?ELCRGA
DMPAC QFMUL ML RFC ASPPCLRQ GL C?AF MD RFC RFPCC A?QCQ GL F?=KH; 22.55,
?QQSKGLE B GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM I ?
F?=KH; 22.55
66. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC DMPAC NCP KCRCP ML ? JGEFRLGLE @MJR ?R RFC COS?RMP RF?R
A?PPGCQ 20,000 ! NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC %?PRFtQ 3.0010
5
-T DGCJB? (@)
7F?R GQ RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC DMPAC GD RFC ASPPCLR GQ QRP?GEFR SN ?LB RFC
%?PRFtQ DGCJB BGPCARGML GQ BSC LMPRF, N?P?JJCJ RM RFC EPMSLB?
67. (?) ! $# NMUCP JGLC DMP ? JGEFR-P?GJ QWQRCK A?PPGCQ 1000 ! ?R ?L ?LEJC
MD 30.0 RM RFC %?PRFtQ 5.0010
5
-T DGCJB. 7F?R GQ RFC DMPAC ML ?
100-K QCARGML MD RFGQ JGLC? (@) $GQASQQ NP?ARGA?J AMLACPLQ RFGQ NPCQCLRQ, GD
?LW.
68. 7F?R DMPAC GQ CVCPRCB ML RFC U?RCP GL ?L -($ BPGTC SRGJGXGLE ?
25.0-AK-BG?KCRCP RS@C, GD 100-! ASPPCLR GQ N?QQCB ?APMQQ RFC RS@C RF?R GQ
NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM ? 2.00-4 K?ELCRGA DGCJB? (4FC PCJ?RGTCJW QK?JJ QGXC MD RFGQ
DMPAC GLBGA?RCQ RFC LCCB DMP TCPW J?PEC ASPPCLRQ ?LB K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ RM
K?IC NP?ARGA?J -($ BPGTCQ.)
806 #(!04%2 22 Y -!'.%4)3-
69. ! UGPC A?PPWGLE ? 30.0-! ASPPCLR N?QQCQ @CRUCCL RFC NMJCQ MD ?
QRPMLE K?ELCR RF?R GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM GRQ DGCJB ?LB CVNCPGCLACQ ? 2.16-.
DMPAC ML RFC 4.00 AK MD UGPC GL RFC DGCJB. 7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC DGCJB
QRPCLERF?
70. (?) ! 0.750-K-JMLE QCARGML MD A?@JC A?PPWGLE ASPPCLR RM ? A?P QR?PRCP
KMRMP K?ICQ ?L ?LEJC MD 60 UGRF RFC %?PRFtQ 5.5010
5
T DGCJB.
7F?R GQ RFC ASPPCLR UFCL RFC UGPC CVNCPGCLACQ ? DMPAC MD 7.0010
3
N
? (@) )D WMS PSL RFC UGPC @CRUCCL RFC NMJCQ MD ? QRPMLE FMPQCQFMC K?ELCR,
QS@HCARGLE 5.00 AK MD GR RM ? 1.75-4 DGCJB, UF?R DMPAC GQ CVCPRCB ML RFGQ
QCEKCLR MD UGPC?
71. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL ? UGPC A?PPWGLE ?L 8.00-! ASPPCLR ?LB
RFC 1.20-4 DGCJB GR GQ GL GD 50.0 AK MD RFC UGPC CVNCPGCLACQ ? K?ELCRGA DMPAC
MD 2.40 .? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC DMPAC ML RFC UGPC GD GR GQ PMR?RCB RM K?IC ?L
?LEJC MD 90 UGRF RFC DGCJB?
72. 4FC DMPAC ML RFC PCAR?LESJ?P JMMN MD UGPC GL RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB GL
F?=KH; 22.56 A?L @C SQCB RM KC?QSPC DGCJB QRPCLERF. 4FC DGCJB GQ SLGDMPK,
?LB RFC NJ?LC MD RFC JMMN GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC DGCJB. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC
BGPCARGML MD RFC K?ELCRGA DMPAC ML RFC JMMN? *SQRGDW RFC AJ?GK RF?R RFC
DMPACQ ML RFC QGBCQ MD RFC JMMN ?PC COS?J ?LB MNNMQGRC, GLBCNCLBCLR MD
FMU KSAF MD RFC JMMN GQ GL RFC DGCJB ?LB BM LMR ?DDCAR RFC LCR DMPAC ML RFC
JMMN. (@) )D ? ASPPCLR MD 5.00 ! GQ SQCB, UF?R GQ RFC DMPAC NCP RCQJ? ML RFC
20.0-AK-UGBC JMMN?
F?=KH; 22.56 ! PCAR?LESJ?P JMMN MD UGPC A?PPWGLE ? ASPPCLR GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM ?
K?ELCRGA DGCJB. 4FC DGCJB GQ SLGDMPK GL RFC PCEGML QFMUL ?LB GQ XCPM MSRQGBC RF?R PCEGML.
73. (?) "W FMU K?LW NCPACLR GQ RFC RMPOSC MD ? KMRMP BCAPC?QCB GD GRQ
NCPK?LCLR K?ELCRQ JMQC 5.0% MD RFCGP QRPCLERF? (@) (MU K?LW NCPACLR
UMSJB RFC ASPPCLR LCCB RM @C GLAPC?QCB RM PCRSPL RFC RMPOSC RM MPGEGL?J
T?JSCQ?
74. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK RMPOSC ML ? 150-RSPL QOS?PC JMMN MD UGPC
18.0 AK ML ? QGBC RF?R A?PPGCQ ? 50.0-! ASPPCLR GL ? 1.60-4 DGCJB? (@) 7F?R
GQ RFC RMPOSC UFCL GQ 10.9?
75. &GLB RFC ASPPCLR RFPMSEF ? JMMN LCCBCB RM APC?RC ? K?VGKSK RMPOSC
MD 9.00 N m. 4FC JMMN F?Q 50 QOS?PC RSPLQ RF?R ?PC 15.0 AK ML ? QGBC
?LB GQ GL ? SLGDMPK 0.800-4 K?ELCRGA DGCJB.
76. #?JASJ?RC RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF LCCBCB ML ? 200-RSPL QOS?PC
JMMN 20.0 AK ML ? QGBC RM APC?RC ? K?VGKSK RMPOSC MD 300 N m GD RFC
JMMN GQ A?PPWGLE 25.0 !.
77. 3GLAC RFC COS?RGML DMP RMPOSC ML ? ASPPCLR-A?PPWGLE JMMN GQ
= NIAB sin , RFC SLGRQ MD N m KSQR COS?J SLGRQ MD A m
2
T .
6CPGDW RFGQ.
78. (?) !R UF?R ?LEJC GQ RFC RMPOSC ML ? ASPPCLR JMMN 90.0% MD
K?VGKSK? (@) 50.0% MD K?VGKSK? (A) 10.0% MD K?VGKSK?
79. ! NPMRML F?Q ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB BSC RM GRQ QNGL ML GRQ ?VGQ. 4FC DGCJB GQ
QGKGJ?P RM RF?R APC?RCB @W ? AGPASJ?P ASPPCLR JMMN 0.65010
15
m GL
P?BGSQ UGRF ? ASPPCLR MD 1.0510
4
A (LM IGBBGLE). &GLB RFC K?VGKSK
RMPOSC ML ? NPMRML GL ? 2.50-4 DGCJB. (4FGQ GQ ? QGELGDGA?LR RMPOSC ML ?
QK?JJ N?PRGAJC.)
80. (?) ! 200-RSPL AGPASJ?P JMMN MD P?BGSQ 50.0 AK GQ TCPRGA?J, UGRF GRQ ?VGQ
ML ?L C?QR-UCQR JGLC. ! ASPPCLR MD 100 ! AGPASJ?RCQ AJMAIUGQC GL RFC JMMN
UFCL TGCUCB DPMK RFC C?QR. 4FC %?PRFtQ DGCJB FCPC GQ BSC LMPRF, N?P?JJCJ RM
RFC EPMSLB, UGRF ? QRPCLERF MD 3.0010
5
T . 7F?R ?PC RFC BGPCARGML ?LB
K?ELGRSBC MD RFC RMPOSC ML RFC JMMN? (@) $MCQ RFGQ BCTGAC F?TC ?LW
NP?ARGA?J ?NNJGA?RGMLQ ?Q ? KMRMP?
81. 2CNC?R EN;H9?I; 22.73, @SR UGRF RFC JMMN JWGLE DJ?R ML RFC EPMSLB UGRF
GRQ ASPPCLR AGPASJ?RGLE AMSLRCPAJMAIUGQC (UFCL TGCUCB DPMK ?@MTC) GL ?
JMA?RGML UFCPC RFC %?PRFtQ DGCJB GQ LMPRF, @SR ?R ?L ?LEJC 45.0 @CJMU RFC
FMPGXMLR?J ?LB UGRF ? QRPCLERF MD 6.0010
5
T .
82. (?) 4FC FMR ?LB LCSRP?J UGPCQ QSNNJWGLE $# NMUCP RM ? JGEFR-P?GJ
AMKKSRCP RP?GL A?PPW 800 ! ?LB ?PC QCN?P?RCB @W 75.0 AK. 7F?R GQ RFC
K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD RFC DMPAC @CRUCCL 50.0 K MD RFCQC UGPCQ? (@)
$GQASQQ RFC NP?ARGA?J AMLQCOSCLACQ MD RFGQ DMPAC, GD ?LW.
83. 4FC DMPAC NCP KCRCP @CRUCCL RFC RUM UGPCQ MD ? HSKNCP A?@JC @CGLE
SQCB RM QR?PR ? QR?JJCB A?P GQ 0.225 ./K. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC ASPPCLR GL RFC
UGPCQ, EGTCL RFCW ?PC QCN?P?RCB @W 2.00 AK? (@) )Q RFC DMPAC ?RRP?ARGTC MP
PCNSJQGTC?
84. ! 2.50-K QCEKCLR MD UGPC QSNNJWGLE ASPPCLR RM RFC KMRMP MD ?
QS@KCPECB QS@K?PGLC A?PPGCQ 1000 ! ?LB DCCJQ ? 4.00-. PCNSJQGTC DMPAC
DPMK ? N?P?JJCJ UGPC 5.00 AK ?U?W. 7F?R GQ RFC BGPCARGML ?LB K?ELGRSBC MD
RFC ASPPCLR GL RFC MRFCP UGPC?
85. 4FC UGPC A?PPWGLE 400 ! RM RFC KMRMP MD ? AMKKSRCP RP?GL DCCJQ ?L
?RRP?ARGTC DMPAC MD 4.0010
3
N/m BSC RM ? N?P?JJCJ UGPC A?PPWGLE 5.00
! RM ? FC?BJGEFR. (?) (MU D?P ?N?PR ?PC RFC UGPCQ? (@) !PC RFC ASPPCLRQ GL
RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML?
86. !L !# ?NNJG?LAC AMPB F?Q GRQ FMR ?LB LCSRP?J UGPCQ QCN?P?RCB @W 3.00
KK ?LB A?PPGCQ ? 5.00-! ASPPCLR. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC DMPAC NCP KCRCP
@CRUCCL RFC UGPCQ GL RFC AMPB? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK DMPAC NCP KCRCP
@CRUCCL RFC UGPCQ? (A) !PC RFC DMPACQ ?RRP?ARGTC MP PCNSJQGTC? (B) $M
?NNJG?LAC AMPBQ LCCB ?LW QNCAG?J BCQGEL DC?RSPCQ RM AMKNCLQ?RC DMP
RFCQC DMPACQ?
87. F?=KH; 22.57 QFMUQ ? JMLE QRP?GEFR UGPC LC?P ? PCAR?LESJ?P ASPPCLR
JMMN. 7F?R GQ RFC BGPCARGML ?LB K?ELGRSBC MD RFC RMR?J DMPAC ML RFC JMMN?
F?=KH; 22.57
88. &GLB RFC BGPCARGML ?LB K?ELGRSBC MD RFC DMPAC RF?R C?AF UGPC
CVNCPGCLACQ GL F?=KH; 22.58(?) @W, SQGLE TCARMP ?BBGRGML.
#(!04%2 22 Y -!'.%4)3- 807
F?=KH; 22.58
89. &GLB RFC BGPCARGML ?LB K?ELGRSBC MD RFC DMPAC RF?R C?AF UGPC
CVNCPGCLACQ GL F?=KH; 22.58(@), SQGLE TCARMP ?BBGRGML.
90. )LBGA?RC UFCRFCP RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB APC?RCB GL C?AF MD RFC RFPCC
QGRS?RGMLQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 22.59 GQ GLRM MP MSR MD RFC N?EC ML RFC JCDR ?LB
PGEFR MD RFC ASPPCLR.
F?=KH; 22.59
91. 7F?R ?PC RFC BGPCARGMLQ MD RFC DGCJBQ GL RFC ACLRCP MD RFC JMMN ?LB AMGJQ
QFMUL GL F?=KH; 22.60?
F?=KH; 22.60
92. 7F?R ?PC RFC BGPCARGMLQ MD RFC ASPPCLRQ GL RFC JMMN ?LB AMGJQ QFMUL GL
F?=KH; 22.61?
F?=KH; 22.61
93. 4M QCC UFW ?L -2) SRGJGXCQ GPML RM GLAPC?QC RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB APC?RCB
@W ? AMGJ, A?JASJ?RC RFC ASPPCLR LCCBCB GL ? 400-JMMN-NCP-KCRCP AGPASJ?P
AMGJ 0.660 K GL P?BGSQ RM APC?RC ? 1.20-4 DGCJB (RWNGA?J MD ?L -2)
GLQRPSKCLR) ?R GRQ ACLRCP UGRF LM GPML NPCQCLR. 4FC K?ELCRGA DGCJB MD ?
NPMRML GQ ?NNPMVGK?RCJW JGIC RF?R MD ? AGPASJ?P ASPPCLR JMMN
0.65010
15
m GL P?BGSQ A?PPWGLE 1.0510
4
A. 7F?R GQ RFC DGCJB ?R
RFC ACLRCP MD QSAF ? JMMN?
94. )LQGBC ? KMRMP, 30.0 ! N?QQCQ RFPMSEF ? 250-RSPL AGPASJ?P JMMN RF?R GQ
10.0 AK GL P?BGSQ. 7F?R GQ RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF APC?RCB ?R GRQ
ACLRCP?
95. .MLLSAJC?P QS@K?PGLCQ SQC @?RRCPGCQ DMP NMUCP UFCL QS@KCPECB. (?)
&GLB RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB 50.0 AK DPMK ? QRP?GEFR UGPC A?PPWGLE 1200 ! DPMK
RFC @?RRCPGCQ RM RFC BPGTC KCAF?LGQK MD ? QS@K?PGLC. (@) 7F?R GQ RFC DGCJB
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ASPPCLR RF?R DJMUQ GQ RFC CKDRF?R A?SQCQ GR. 4FC ASPPCLR GQ ? PCQSJR MD ?L 8@9 <A7H687 5L 4 6;4A:<A: @4:A8G<6 9<8?7, UFCRFCP MP LMR RFCPC GQ ? N?RF DMP
ASPPCLR RM DJMU.
F?=KH; 23.3 &?P?B?WtQ ?NN?P?RSQ DMP BCKMLQRP?RGLE RF?R ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB A?L NPMBSAC ? ASPPCLR. ! AF?LEC GL RFC DGCJB NPMBSACB @W RFC RMN AMGJ GLBSACQ ?L CKD ?LB, FCLAC, ?
ASPPCLR GL RFC @MRRMK AMGJ. 7FCL RFC QUGRAF GQ MNCLCB ?LB AJMQCB, RFC E?JT?LMKCRCP PCEGQRCPQ ASPPCLRQ GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ. .M ASPPCLR DJMUQ RFPMSEF RFC E?JT?LMKCRCP UFCL
RFC QUGRAF PCK?GLQ AJMQCB MP MNCL.
!L CVNCPGKCLR C?QGJW NCPDMPKCB ?LB MDRCL BMLC GL NFWQGAQ J?@Q GQ GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 23.4. !L CKD GQ GLBSACB GL RFC AMGJ UFCL ? @?P K?ELCR GQ
NSQFCB GL ?LB MSR MD GR. %KDQ MD MNNMQGRC QGELQ ?PC NPMBSACB @W KMRGML GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ, ?LB RFC CKDQ ?PC ?JQM PCTCPQCB @W PCTCPQGLE NMJCQ. 4FC
Q?KC PCQSJRQ ?PC NPMBSACB GD RFC AMGJ GQ KMTCB P?RFCP RF?L RFC K?ELCRrGR GQ RFC PCJ?RGTC KMRGML RF?R GQ GKNMPR?LR. 4FC D?QRCP RFC KMRGML, RFC EPC?RCP
RFC CKD, ?LB RFCPC GQ LM CKD UFCL RFC K?ELCR GQ QR?RGML?PW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC AMGJ.
812 #(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3
F?=KH; 23.4 -MTCKCLR MD ? K?ELCR PCJ?RGTC RM ? AMGJ NPMBSACQ CKDQ ?Q QFMUL. 4FC Q?KC CKDQ ?PC NPMBSACB GD RFC AMGJ GQ KMTCB PCJ?RGTC RM RFC K?ELCR. 4FC EPC?RCP RFC QNCCB,
RFC EPC?RCP RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC CKD, ?LB RFC CKD GQ XCPM UFCL RFCPC GQ LM KMRGML.
4FC KCRFMB MD GLBSAGLE ?L CKD SQCB GL KMQR CJCARPGA ECLCP?RMPQ GQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 23.5. ! AMGJ GQ PMR?RCB GL ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB, NPMBSAGLE ?L ?JRCPL?RGLE
ASPPCLR CKD, UFGAF BCNCLBQ ML PMR?RGML P?RC ?LB MRFCP D?ARMPQ RF?R UGJJ @C CVNJMPCB GL J?RCP QCARGMLQ. .MRC RF?R RFC ECLCP?RMP GQ PCK?PI?@JW QGKGJ?P GL
AMLQRPSARGML RM ? KMRMP (?LMRFCP QWKKCRPW).
F?=KH; 23.5 2MR?RGML MD ? AMGJ GL ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB NPMBSACQ ?L CKD. 4FGQ GQ RFC @?QGA AMLQRPSARGML MD ? ECLCP?RMP, UFCPC UMPI BMLC RM RSPL RFC AMGJ GQ AMLTCPRCB RM CJCARPGA CLCPEW.
.MRC RFC ECLCP?RMP GQ TCPW QGKGJ?P GL AMLQRPSARGML RM ? KMRMP.
3M UC QCC RF?R AF?LEGLE RFC K?ELGRSBC MP BGPCARGML MD ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB NPMBSACQ ?L CKD. %VNCPGKCLRQ PCTC?JCB RF?R RFCPC GQ ? APSAG?J OS?LRGRW A?JJCB
RFC C7=D;J?9 <BKN, , EGTCL @W
(23.1)
= BA cos ,
UFCPC B GQ RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF MTCP ?L ?PC? A , ?R ?L ?LEJC UGRF RFC NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC ?PC? ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 23.6. ADO 9>7D=; ?D
C7=D;J?9 <BKN ?D:K9;I 7D ;C<. 4FGQ NPMACQQ GQ BCDGLCB RM @C ;B;9JHEC7=D;J?9 ?D:K9J?ED. 5LGRQ MD K?ELCRGA DJSV ?PC T m
2
. !Q QCCL GL
F?=KH; 23.6, B cos = B , UFGAF GQ RFC AMKNMLCLR MD B NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC ?PC? A . 4FSQ K?ELCRGA DJSV GQ = B
A , RFC NPMBSAR MD RFC ?PC?

?LB RFC AMKNMLCLR MD RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM GR.
#(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3 813
F?=KH; 23.6 -?ELCRGA DJSV GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB ?LB RFC ?PC? MTCP UFGAF GR CVGQRQ. 4FC DJSV = BA cos GQ PCJ?RCB RM GLBSARGML; ?LW AF?LEC GL GLBSACQ
?L CKD.
!JJ GLBSARGML, GLAJSBGLE RFC CV?KNJCQ EGTCL QM D?P, ?PGQCQ DPMK QMKC AF?LEC GL K?ELCRGA DJSV . &MP CV?KNJC, &?P?B?W AF?LECB B ?LB FCLAC
UFCL MNCLGLE ?LB AJMQGLE RFC QUGRAF GL FGQ ?NN?P?RSQ (QFMUL GL F?=KH; 23.3). 4FGQ GQ ?JQM RPSC DMP RFC @?P K?ELCR ?LB AMGJ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 23.4.
7FCL PMR?RGLE RFC AMGJ MD ? ECLCP?RMP, RFC ?LEJC ?LB, FCLAC, GQ AF?LECB. *SQR FMU EPC?R ?L CKD ?LB UF?R BGPCARGML GR R?ICQ BCNCLB ML RFC
AF?LEC GL ?LB FMU P?NGBJW RFC AF?LEC GQ K?BC, ?Q CV?KGLCB GL RFC LCVR QCARGML.
23.2 F7H7:7OXI %7M E< "D:K9J?ED: %;DPXI %7M
&?P?B?WtQ ?LB ,CLXtQ ,?U
&?P?B?WtQ CVNCPGKCLRQ QFMUCB RF?R RFC CKD GLBSACB @W ? AF?LEC GL K?ELCRGA DJSV BCNCLBQ ML MLJW ? DCU D?ARMPQ. &GPQR, CKD GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM
RFC AF?LEC GL DJSV . 3CAMLB, CKD GQ EPC?RCQR UFCL RFC AF?LEC GL RGKC t GQ QK?JJCQRrRF?R GQ, CKD GQ GLTCPQCJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM t . &GL?JJW, GD ?
AMGJ F?Q N RSPLQ, ?L CKD UGJJ @C NPMBSACB RF?R GQ N RGKCQ EPC?RCP RF?L DMP ? QGLEJC AMGJ, QM RF?R CKD GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM N . 4FC COS?RGML DMP
RFC CKD GLBSACB @W ? AF?LEC GL K?ELCRGA DJSV GQ
(23.2)
emf = N
t
.
4FGQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN GQ ILMUL ?Q F7H7:7OXI B7M E< ?D:K9J?ED. 4FC SLGRQ DMP CKD ?PC TMJRQ, ?Q GQ SQS?J.
4FC KGLSQ QGEL GL &?P?B?WtQ J?U MD GLBSARGML GQ TCPW GKNMPR?LR. 4FC KGLSQ KC?LQ RF?R G;8 8@9 6E84G8F 4 6HEE8AG 4A7 @4:A8G<6 9<8?7 B G;4G BCCBF8
G;8 6;4A:8 <A 9?HK UG;<F <F >ABJA 4F #8AMVF ?4J. 4FC BGPCARGML (EGTCL @W RFC KGLSQ QGEL) MD RFC CKDGQ QM GKNMPR?LR RF?R GR GQ A?JJCB %;DPXI B7M
?DRCP RFC 2SQQG?L (CGLPGAF ,CLX (1804q1865), UFM, JGIC &?P?B?W ?LB (CLPW,GLBCNCLBCLRJW GLTCQRGE?RCB ?QNCARQ MD GLBSARGML. &?P?B?W U?Q ?U?PC MD
RFC BGPCARGML, @SR ,CLX QR?RCB GR QM AJC?PJW RF?R FC GQ APCBGRCB DMP GRQ BGQAMTCPW. (3CC F?=KH; 23.7.)
F?=KH; 23.7 (?) 7FCL RFGQ @?P K?ELCR GQ RFPSQR GLRM RFC AMGJ, RFC QRPCLERF MD RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB GLAPC?QCQ GL RFC AMGJ. 4FC ASPPCLR GLBSACB GL RFC AMGJ APC?RCQ ?LMRFCP DGCJB, GL RFC
MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML MD RFC @?P K?ELCRtQ RM MNNMQC RFC GLAPC?QC. 4FGQ GQ MLC ?QNCAR MD #8AMVF ?4JU<A7H6G<BA BCCBF8F 4AL 6;4A:8 <A 9?HK. (@) ?LB (A) ?PC RUM MRFCP QGRS?RGMLQ.
6CPGDW DMP WMSPQCJD RF?R RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC GLBSACB B
coil
QFMUL GLBCCB MNNMQCQ RFC AF?LEC GL DJSV ?LB RF?R RFC ASPPCLR BGPCARGML QFMUL GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF 2(2-2.
814 #(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3
0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE 3RP?RCEW DMP ,CLXtQ ,?U
4M SQC ,CLXtQ J?U RM BCRCPKGLC RFC BGPCARGMLQ MD RFC GLBSACB K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ, ASPPCLRQ, ?LB CKDQ:
1. -?IC ? QICRAF MD RFC QGRS?RGML DMP SQC GL TGQS?JGXGLE ?LB PCAMPBGLE BGPCARGMLQ.
2. $CRCPKGLC RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB ".
3. $CRCPKGLC UFCRFCP RFC DJSV GQ GLAPC?QGLE MP BCAPC?QGLE.
4. .MU BCRCPKGLC RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC GLBSACB K?ELCRGA DGCJB ". )R MNNMQCQ RFC 6;4A:8 GL DJSV @W ?BBGLE MP QS@RP?ARGLE DPMK RFC MPGEGL?J DGCJB.
5. 5QC 2(2-2 RM BCRCPKGLC RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC GLBSACB ASPPCLR ) RF?R GQ PCQNMLQG@JC DMP RFC GLBSACB K?ELCRGA DGCJB ".
6. 4FC BGPCARGML (MP NMJ?PGRW) MD RFC GLBSACB CKD UGJJ LMU BPGTC ? ASPPCLR GL RFGQ BGPCARGML ?LB A?L @C PCNPCQCLRCB ?Q ASPPCLR CKCPEGLE DPMK RFC
NMQGRGTC RCPKGL?J MD RFC CKD ?LB PCRSPLGLE RM GRQ LCE?RGTC RCPKGL?J.
&MP NP?ARGAC, ?NNJW RFCQC QRCNQ RM RFC QGRS?RGMLQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 23.7 ?LB RM MRFCPQ RF?R ?PC N?PR MD RFC DMJJMUGLE RCVR K?RCPG?J.
!NNJGA?RGMLQ MD %JCARPMK?ELCRGA )LBSARGML
4FCPC ?PC K?LW ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD &?P?B?WtQ ,?U MD GLBSARGML, ?Q UC UGJJ CVNJMPC GL RFGQ AF?NRCP ?LB MRFCPQ. !R RFGQ HSLARSPC, JCR SQ KCLRGML QCTCP?J RF?R
F?TC RM BM UGRF B?R? QRMP?EC ?LB K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ. ! TCPW GKNMPR?LR ?NNJGA?RGML F?Q RM BM UGRF ?SBGM ?LB TGBCM E86BE7<A: G4C8F. ! NJ?QRGA R?NC, AM?RCB
UGRF GPML MVGBC, KMTCQ N?QR ? PCAMPBGLE FC?B. 4FGQ PCAMPBGLE FC?B GQ @?QGA?JJW ? PMSLB GPML PGLE ?@MSR UFGAF GQ UP?NNCB ? AMGJ MD UGPCr?L
CJCARPMK?ELCR (F?=KH; 23.8). ! QGEL?J GL RFC DMPK MD ? T?PWGLE GLNSR ASPPCLR DPMK ? KGAPMNFMLC MP A?KCP? EMCQ RM RFC PCAMPBGLE FC?B. 4FCQC QGEL?JQ
(UFGAF ?PC ? DSLARGML MD RFC QGEL?J ?KNJGRSBC ?LB DPCOSCLAW) NPMBSAC T?PWGLE K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ ?R RFC PCAMPBGLE FC?B. !Q RFC R?NC KMTCQ N?QR RFC
PCAMPBGLE FC?B, RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB MPGCLR?RGMLQ MD RFC GPML MVGBC KMJCASJCQ ML RFC R?NC ?PC AF?LECB RFSQ PCAMPBGLE RFC QGEL?J. )L RFC NJ?W@?AI KMBC,
RFC K?ELCRGXCB R?NC GQ PSL N?QR ?LMRFCP FC?B, QGKGJ?P GL QRPSARSPC RM RFC PCAMPBGLE FC?B. 4FC BGDDCPCLR K?ELCRGA DGCJB MPGCLR?RGMLQ MD RFC GPML MVGBC
KMJCASJCQ ML RFC R?NC GLBSACQ ?L CKD GL RFC AMGJ MD UGPC GL RFC NJ?W@?AI FC?B. 4FGQ QGEL?J RFCL GQ QCLR RM ? JMSBQNC?ICP MP TGBCM NJ?WCP.
F?=KH; 23.8 2CAMPBGLE ?LB NJ?W@?AI FC?BQ SQCB UGRF ?SBGM ?LB TGBCM K?ELCRGA R?NCQ. (APCBGR: 3RCTC *SPTCRQML)
3GKGJ?P NPGLAGNJCQ ?NNJW RM AMKNSRCP F?PB BPGTCQ, CVACNR ?R ? KSAF D?QRCP P?RC. (CPC PCAMPBGLEQ ?PC ML ? AM?RCB, QNGLLGLE BGQI. 2C?B FC?BQ FGQRMPGA?JJW
UCPC K?BC RM UMPI ML RFC NPGLAGNJC MD GLBSARGML. (MUCTCP, RFC GLNSR GLDMPK?RGML GQ A?PPGCB GL BGEGR?J P?RFCP RF?L ?L?JME DMPK q ? QCPGCQ MD 0tQ MP 1tQ ?PC
UPGRRCL SNML RFC QNGLLGLE F?PB BPGTC. 4MB?W, KMQR F?PB BPGTC PC?BMSR BCTGACQ BM LMR UMPI ML RFC NPGLAGNJC MD GLBSARGML, @SR SQC ? RCAFLGOSC ILMUL ?Q
:<4AG @4:A8GBE8F<FG4A68. (4FC BGQAMTCPW RF?R UC?I AF?LECQ GL ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB GL ? RFGL DGJK MD GPML ?LB AFPMKGSK AMSJB @PGLE ?@MSR KSAF J?PECP
AF?LECQ GL CJCARPGA?J PCQGQR?LAC U?Q MLC MD RFC DGPQR J?PEC QSAACQQCQ MD L?LMRCAFLMJMEW.) !LMRFCP ?NNJGA?RGML MD GLBSARGML GQ DMSLB ML RFC K?ELCRGA
QRPGNC ML RFC @?AI MD WMSP NCPQML?J APCBGR A?PB ?Q SQCB ?R RFC EPMACPW QRMPC MP RFC !4- K?AFGLC. 4FGQ UMPIQ ML RFC Q?KC NPGLAGNJC ?Q RFC ?SBGM MP
TGBCM R?NC KCLRGMLCB GL RFC J?QR N?P?EP?NF GL UFGAF ? FC?B PC?BQ NCPQML?J GLDMPK?RGML DPMK WMSP A?PB.
!LMRFCP ?NNJGA?RGML MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA GLBSARGML GQ UFCL CJCARPGA?J QGEL?JQ LCCB RM @C RP?LQKGRRCB ?APMQQ ? @?PPGCP. #MLQGBCP RFC 6B6;?84E <@C?4AG
QFMUL @CJMU. 3MSLB GQ NGAICB SN @W ? KGAPMNFMLC ML RFC MSRQGBC MD RFC QISJJ ?LB GQ SQCB RM QCR SN ? T?PWGLE K?ELCRGA DGCJB. ! ASPPCLR GQ GLBSACB GL ?
PCACGTCP QCASPCB GL RFC @MLC @CLC?RF RFC QIGL ?LB RP?LQKGRRCB RM CJCARPMBCQ GL RFC GLLCP C?P. %JCARPMK?ELCRGA GLBSARGML A?L @C SQCB GL MRFCP
GLQR?LACQ UFCPC CJCARPGA QGEL?JQ LCCB RM @C AMLTCWCB ?APMQQ T?PGMSQ KCBG?.
F?=KH; 23.9 %JCARPMK?ELCRGA GLBSARGML SQCB GL RP?LQKGRRGLE CJCARPGA ASPPCLRQ ?APMQQ KCBGSKQ. 4FC BCTGAC ML RFC @?@WtQ FC?B GLBSACQ ?L CJCARPGA?J ASPPCLR GL ? PCACGTCP QCASPCB
GL RFC @MLC @CLC?RF RFC QIGL. (APCBGR: "HMPL +LCRQAF)
!LMRFCP AMLRCKNMP?PW ?PC? MD PCQC?PAF GL UFGAF CJCARPMK?ELCRGA GLBSARGML GQ @CGLE QSAACQQDSJJW GKNJCKCLRCB (?LB UGRF QS@QR?LRG?J NMRCLRG?J) GQ
RP?LQAP?LG?J K?ELCRGA QGKSJ?RGML. ! FMQR MD BGQMPBCPQ, GLAJSBGLE BCNPCQQGML ?LB F?JJSAGL?RGMLQ A?L @C RP?ACB RM GPPCESJ?P JMA?JGXCB CJCARPGA?J ?ARGTGRW GL
RFC @P?GL. )L GE4AF6E4A<4? @4:A8G<6 FG<@H?4G<BA, ? P?NGBJW T?PWGLE ?LB TCPW JMA?JGXCB K?ELCRGA DGCJB GQ NJ?ACB AJMQC RM ACPR?GL QGRCQ GBCLRGDGCB GL RFC @P?GL.
7C?I CJCARPGA ASPPCLRQ ?PC GLBSACB GL RFC GBCLRGDGCB QGRCQ ?LB A?L PCQSJR GL PCAMTCPW MD CJCARPGA?J DSLARGMLGLE GL RFC @P?GL RGQQSC.
*?88C 4CA84 (uRFC ACQQ?RGML MD @PC?RFv) ?DDCARQ @MRF ?BSJRQ ?LB GLD?LRQ (CQNCAG?JJW NPCK?RSPC @?@GCQ ?LB GR K?W @C ? A?SQC MD QSBBCL GLD?LR BC?RFQ
;3)$=). )L QSAF GLBGTGBS?JQ, @PC?RF A?L QRMN PCNC?RCBJW BSPGLE RFCGP QJCCN. ! ACQQ?RGML MD KMPC RF?L 20 QCAMLBQ A?L @C TCPW B?LECPMSQ. 3RPMIC, FC?PR
D?GJSPC, ?LB RGPCBLCQQ ?PC HSQR QMKC MD RFC NMQQG@JC AMLQCOSCLACQ DMP ? NCPQML F?TGLE QJCCN ?NLC?. 4FC AMLACPL GL GLD?LRQ GQ RFC QRMNNGLE MD @PC?RF
DMP RFCQC JMLECP RGKCQ. /LC RWNC MD KMLGRMP RM ?JCPR N?PCLRQ UFCL ? AFGJB GQ LMR @PC?RFGLE SQCQ CJCARPMK?ELCRGA GLBSARGML. ! UGPC UP?NNCB ?PMSLB RFC
GLD?LRtQ AFCQR F?Q ?L ?JRCPL?RGLE ASPPCLR PSLLGLE RFPMSEF GR. 4FC CVN?LQGML ?LB AMLRP?ARGML MD RFC GLD?LRtQ AFCQR ?Q RFC GLD?LR @PC?RFCQ AF?LECQ RFC
?PC? RFPMSEF RFC AMGJ. ! NGAISN AMGJ JMA?RCB LC?P@W F?Q ?L ?JRCPL?RGLE ASPPCLR GLBSACB GL GR BSC RM RFC AF?LEGLE K?ELCRGA DGCJB MD RFC GLGRG?J UGPC. )D RFC
AFGJB QRMNQ @PC?RFGLE, RFCPC UGJJ @C ? AF?LEC GL RFC GLBSACB ASPPCLR, ?LB QM ? N?PCLR A?L @C ?JCPRCB.
#(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3 815
,CLXtQ J?U GQ ? K?LGDCQR?RGML MD RFC AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW. 4FC GLBSACB CKD NPMBSACQ ? ASPPCLR RF?R MNNMQCQ RFC AF?LEC GL DJSV, @CA?SQC ?
AF?LEC GL DJSV KC?LQ ? AF?LEC GL CLCPEW. %LCPEW A?L CLRCP MP JC?TC, @SR LMR GLQR?LR?LCMSQJW. ,CLXtQ J?U GQ ? AMLQCOSCLAC. !Q RFC AF?LEC
@CEGLQ, RFC J?U Q?WQ GLBSARGML MNNMQCQ ?LB, RFSQ, QJMUQ RFC AF?LEC. )L D?AR, GD RFC GLBSACB CKD UCPC GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q RFC AF?LEC GL DJSV,
RFCPC UMSJB @C ? NMQGRGTC DCCB@?AI RF?R UMSJB EGTC SQ DPCC CLCPEW DPMK LM ?NN?PCLR QMSPACrAMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW UMSJB @C TGMJ?RCB.
EN7CFB; 23.1 C7B9KB7J?D= EC<: !EM H;7J "I J>; "D:K9;: EC<?
#?JASJ?RC RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC GLBSACB CKD UFCL RFC K?ELCR GL F?=KH; 23.7(?) GQ RFPSQR GLRM RFC AMGJ, EGTCL RFC DMJJMUGLE GLDMPK?RGML: RFC QGLEJC
JMMN AMGJ F?Q ? P?BGSQ MD 6.00 AK ?LB RFC ?TCP?EC T?JSC MD B cos (RFGQ GQ EGTCL, QGLAC RFC @?P K?ELCRtQ DGCJB GQ AMKNJCV) GLAPC?QCQ DPMK 0.0500
4 RM 0.250 4 GL 0.100 Q.
,JH7J;=O
4M DGLB RFC @4:A<GH78 MD CKD, UC SQC &?P?B?WtQ J?U MD GLBSARGML ?Q QR?RCB @W emf = N
t
, @SR UGRFMSR RFC KGLSQ QGEL RF?R GLBGA?RCQ
BGPCARGML:
(23.3)
emf = N
t
.
,EBKJ?ED
7C ?PC EGTCL RF?R N = 1 ?LB t = 0.100 s , @SR UC KSQR BCRCPKGLC RFC AF?LEC GL DJSV @CDMPC UC A?L DGLB CKD. 3GLAC RFC ?PC? MD RFC
JMMN GQ DGVCB, UC QCC RF?R
(23.4)
= (BA cos ) = A(B cos ).
.MU (B cos ) = 0.200 T , QGLAC GR U?Q EGTCL RF?R B cos AF?LECQ DPMK 0.0500 RM 0.250 4. 4FC ?PC? MD RFC JMMN GQ
A = r
2
= (3.14...)(0.060 m)
2
= 1.1310
2
m
2
. 4FSQ,
(23.5)
= (1.1310
2
m
2
)(0.200 T).
%LRCPGLE RFC BCRCPKGLCB T?JSCQ GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP CKD EGTCQ
(23.6)
Emf = N
t
=
(1.1310
2
m
2
)(0.200 T)
0.100 s
= 22.6 mV.
D?I9KII?ED
7FGJC RFGQ GQ ?L C?QGJW KC?QSPCB TMJR?EC, GR GQ ACPR?GLJW LMR J?PEC CLMSEF DMP KMQR NP?ARGA?J ?NNJGA?RGMLQ. -MPC JMMNQ GL RFC AMGJ, ? QRPMLECP K?ELCR,
?LB D?QRCP KMTCKCLR K?IC GLBSARGML RFC NP?ARGA?J QMSPAC MD TMJR?ECQ RF?R GR GQ.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: &?P?B?W'Q %JCARPMK?ELCRGA ,?@
0J?W UGRF ? @?P K?ELCR ?LB AMGJQ RM JC?PL ?@MSR &?P?B?W'Q J?U. -MTC ? @?P K?ELCR LC?P MLC MP RUM AMGJQ RM K?IC ? JGEFR @SJ@ EJMU. 6GCU RFC
K?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLCQ. ! KCRCP QFMUQ RFC BGPCARGML ?LB K?ELGRSBC MD RFC ASPPCLR. 6GCU RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLCQ MP SQC ? KCRCP RM QFMU RFC BGPCARGML
?LB K?ELGRSBC MD RFC ASPPCLR. 9MS A?L ?JQM NJ?W UGRF CJCARPMK?ELCRQ, ECLCP?RMPQ ?LB RP?LQDMPKCPQ!
F?=KH; 23.10 F7H7:7O'I EB;9JHEC7=D;J?9 %78 (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42392/1.4/<7H7:7O6;D.@7H)
23.3 &EJ?ED7B EC<
!Q UC F?TC QCCL, ?LW AF?LEC GL K?ELCRGA DJSV GLBSACQ ?L CKD MNNMQGLE RF?R AF?LECr? NPMACQQ ILMUL ?Q GLBSARGML. -MRGML GQ MLC MD RFC K?HMP
A?SQCQ MD GLBSARGML. &MP CV?KNJC, ? K?ELCR KMTCB RMU?PB ? AMGJ GLBSACQ ?L CKD, ?LB ? AMGJ KMTCB RMU?PB ? K?ELCR NPMBSACQ ? QGKGJ?P CKD. )L RFGQ
QCARGML, UC AMLACLRP?RC ML KMRGML GL ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB RF?R GQ QR?RGML?PW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF, NPMBSAGLE UF?R GQ JMMQCJW A?JJCB @BG<BA4? 8@9.
/LC QGRS?RGML UFCPC KMRGML?J CKD MAASPQ GQ ILMUL ?Q RFC (?JJ CDDCAR ?LB F?Q ?JPC?BW @CCL CV?KGLCB. #F?PECQ KMTGLE GL ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB CVNCPGCLAC
RFC K?ELCRGA DMPAC F = qvB sin , UFGAF KMTCQ MNNMQGRC AF?PECQ GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ ?LB NPMBSACQ ?L emf = Bv . 7C Q?U RF?R RFC (?JJ CDDCAR
F?Q ?NNJGA?RGMLQ, GLAJSBGLE KC?QSPCKCLRQ MD B ?LB v . 7C UGJJ LMU QCC RF?R RFC (?JJ CDDCAR GQ MLC ?QNCAR MD RFC @PM?BCP NFCLMKCLML MD GLBSARGML,
?LB UC UGJJ DGLB RF?R KMRGML?J CKD A?L @C SQCB ?Q ? NMUCP QMSPAC.
#MLQGBCP RFC QGRS?RGML QFMUL GL F?=KH; 23.11. ! PMB GQ KMTCB ?R ? QNCCB v ?JMLE ? N?GP MD AMLBSARGLE P?GJQ QCN?P?RCB @W ? BGQR?LAC GL ? SLGDMPK
K?ELCRGA DGCJB B . 4FC P?GJQ ?PC QR?RGML?PW PCJ?RGTC RM B ?LB ?PC AMLLCARCB RM ? QR?RGML?PW PCQGQRMP R . 4FC PCQGQRMP AMSJB @C ?LWRFGLE DPMK ? JGEFR @SJ@
RM ? TMJRKCRCP. #MLQGBCP RFC ?PC? CLAJMQCB @W RFC KMTGLE PMB, P?GJQ, ?LB PCQGQRMP. B GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFGQ ?PC?, ?LB RFC ?PC? GQ GLAPC?QGLE ?Q RFC
816 #(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3
PMB KMTCQ. 4FSQ RFC K?ELCRGA DJSV CLAJMQCB @W RFC P?GJQ, PMB, ?LB PCQGQRMP GQ GLAPC?QGLE. 7FCL DJSV AF?LECQ, ?L CKD GQ GLBSACB ?AAMPBGLE RM
&?P?B?WtQ J?U MD GLBSARGML.
F?=KH; 23.11 (?) ! KMRGML?J emf = Bv GQ GLBSACB @CRUCCL RFC P?GJQ UFCL RFGQ PMB KMTCQ RM RFC PGEFR GL RFC SLGDMPK K?ELCRGA DGCJB. 4FC K?ELCRGA DGCJB B GQ GLRM RFC N?EC,
NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC KMTGLE PMB ?LB P?GJQ ?LB, FCLAC, RM RFC ?PC? CLAJMQCB @W RFCK. (@) ,CLXtQ J?U EGTCQ RFC BGPCARGMLQ MD RFC GLBSACB DGCJB ?LB ASPPCLR, ?LB RFC NMJ?PGRW MD RFC
GLBSACB CKD. 3GLAC RFC DJSV GQ GLAPC?QGLE, RFC GLBSACB DGCJB GQ GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML, MP MSR MD RFC N?EC. 2(2-2 EGTCQ RFC ASPPCLR BGPCARGML QFMUL, ?LB RFC NMJ?PGRW MD RFC PMB
UGJJ BPGTC QSAF ? ASPPCLR. 2(2-1 ?JQM GLBGA?RCQ RFC Q?KC NMJ?PGRW DMP RFC PMB. (.MRC RF?R RFC QAPGNR % QWK@MJ SQCB GL RFC COSGT?JCLR AGPASGR ?R RFC @MRRMK MD N?PR (@) PCNPCQCLRQ
CKD.)
4M DGLB RFC K?ELGRSBC MD CKD GLBSACB ?JMLE RFC KMTGLE PMB, UC SQC &?P?B?WtQ J?U MD GLBSARGML UGRFMSR RFC QGEL:
(23.7)
emf = N
t
.
(CPC ?LB @CJMU, uCKDv GKNJGCQ RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC CKD. )L RFGQ COS?RGML, N = 1 ?LB RFC DJSV = BA cos . 7C F?TC = 0 ?LB cos = 1 ,
QGLAC B GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM A . .MU = (BA) = BA , QGLAC B GQ SLGDMPK. .MRC RF?R RFC ?PC? QUCNR MSR @W RFC PMB GQ A = x .
%LRCPGLE RFCQC OS?LRGRGCQ GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP CKD WGCJBQ
(23.8)
emf =
BA
t
= B
x
t
.
&GL?JJW, LMRC RF?R x / t = v , RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC PMB. %LRCPGLE RFGQ GLRM RFC J?QR CVNPCQQGML QFMUQ RF?R
(23.9)
emf = Bv (B, , and v perpendicular)
GQ RFC KMRGML?J CKD. 4FGQ GQ RFC Q?KC CVNPCQQGML EGTCL DMP RFC (?JJ CDDCAR NPCTGMSQJW.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 5LGDGA?RGML MD &MPACQ
4FCPC ?PC K?LW AMLLCARGMLQ @CRUCCL RFC CJCARPGA DMPAC ?LB RFC K?ELCRGA DMPAC. 4FC D?AR RF?R ? KMTGLE CJCARPGA DGCJB NPMBSACQ ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB
?LB, AMLTCPQCJW, ? KMTGLE K?ELCRGA DGCJB NPMBSACQ ?L CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ N?PR MD UFW CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA DMPACQ ?PC LMU AMLQGBCPCB RM @C BGDDCPCLR
K?LGDCQR?RGMLQ MD RFC Q?KC DMPAC. 4FGQ AJ?QQGA SLGDGA?RGML MD CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA DMPACQ GLRM UF?R GQ A?JJCB RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA DMPAC GQ RFC
GLQNGP?RGML DMP AMLRCKNMP?PW CDDMPRQ RM SLGDW MRFCP @?QGA DMPACQ.
#(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3 817
4M DGLB RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC GLBSACB DGCJB, RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC ASPPCLR, ?LB RFC NMJ?PGRW MD RFC GLBSACB CKD, UC ?NNJW ,CLXtQ J?U ?Q CVNJ?GLCB GL
F7H7:7O'I %7M E< "D:K9J?ED: %;DP'I %7M. (3CC F?=KH; 23.11(@).) &JSV GQ GLAPC?QGLE, QGLAC RFC ?PC? CLAJMQCB GQ GLAPC?QGLE. 4FSQ RFC GLBSACB DGCJB
KSQR MNNMQC RFC CVGQRGLE MLC ?LB @C MSR MD RFC N?EC. !LB QM RFC 2(2-2 PCOSGPCQ RF?R @C AMSLRCPAJMAIUGQC, UFGAF GL RSPL KC?LQ RFC RMN MD RFC PMB GQ
NMQGRGTC ?Q QFMUL.
-MRGML?J CKD ?JQM MAASPQ GD RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB KMTCQ ?LB RFC PMB (MP MRFCP M@HCAR) GQ QR?RGML?PW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF (MP QMKC M@QCPTCP). 7C F?TC QCCL
?L CV?KNJC MD RFGQ GL RFC QGRS?RGML UFCPC ? KMTGLE K?ELCR GLBSACQ ?L CKD GL ? QR?RGML?PW AMGJ. )R GQ RFC PCJ?RGTC KMRGML RF?R GQ GKNMPR?LR. 7F?R GQ
CKCPEGLE GL RFCQC M@QCPT?RGMLQ GQ ? AMLLCARGML @CRUCCL K?ELCRGA ?LB CJCARPGA DGCJBQ. ! KMTGLE K?ELCRGA DGCJB NPMBSACQ ?L CJCARPGA DGCJB RFPMSEF GRQ
GLBSACB CKD. 7C ?JPC?BW F?TC QCCL RF?R ? KMTGLE CJCARPGA DGCJB NPMBSACQ ? K?ELCRGA DGCJBrKMTGLE AF?PEC GKNJGCQ KMTGLE CJCARPGA DGCJB ?LB KMTGLE
AF?PEC NPMBSACQ ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB.
-MRGML?J CKDQ GL RFC %?PRFtQ UC?I K?ELCRGA DGCJB ?PC LMR MPBGL?PGJW TCPW J?PEC, MP UC UMSJB LMRGAC TMJR?EC ?JMLE KCR?J PMBQ, QSAF ?Q ? QAPCUBPGTCP,
BSPGLE MPBGL?PW KMRGMLQ. &MP CV?KNJC, ? QGKNJC A?JASJ?RGML MD RFC KMRGML?J CKD MD ? 1 K PMB KMTGLE ?R 3.0 K/Q NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC %?PRFtQ DGCJB EGTCQ
emf = Bv = (5.010
5
T)(1.0 m)(3.0 m/s) = 150 V . 4FGQ QK?JJ T?JSC GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF CVNCPGCLAC. 4FCPC GQ ? QNCAR?ASJ?P CVACNRGML,
FMUCTCP. )L 1992 ?LB 1996, ?RRCKNRQ UCPC K?BC UGRF RFC QN?AC QFSRRJC RM APC?RC J?PEC KMRGML?J CKDQ. 4FC 4CRFCPCB 3?RCJJGRC U?Q RM @C JCR MSR ML ?
20 IK JCLERF MD UGPC ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 23.12, RM APC?RC ? 5 I6 CKD @W KMTGLE ?R MP@GR?J QNCCB RFPMSEF RFC %?PRFtQ DGCJB. 4FGQ CKD AMSJB @C SQCB RM
AMLTCPR QMKC MD RFC QFSRRJCtQ IGLCRGA ?LB NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW GLRM CJCARPGA?J CLCPEW GD ? AMKNJCRC AGPASGR AMSJB @C K?BC. 4M AMKNJCRC RFC AGPASGR, RFC
QR?RGML?PW GMLMQNFCPC U?Q RM QSNNJW ? PCRSPL N?RF DMP RFC ASPPCLR RM DJMU. (4FC GMLMQNFCPC GQ RFC P?PCDGCB ?LB N?PRG?JJW GMLGXCB ?RKMQNFCPC ?R MP@GR?J
?JRGRSBCQ. )R AMLBSARQ @CA?SQC MD RFC GMLGX?RGML. 4FC GMLMQNFCPC QCPTCQ RFC Q?KC DSLARGML ?Q RFC QR?RGML?PW P?GJQ ?LB AMLLCARGLE PCQGQRMP GL F?=KH;
23.11, UGRFMSR UFGAF RFCPC UMSJB LMR @C ? AMKNJCRC AGPASGR.) $P?E ML RFC ASPPCLR GL RFC A?@JC BSC RM RFC K?ELCRGA DMPAC F = IB sin BMCQ RFC UMPI
RF?R PCBSACQ RFC QFSRRJCtQ IGLCRGA ?LB NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW ?LB ?JJMUQ GR RM @C AMLTCPRCB RM CJCARPGA?J CLCPEW. 4FC RCQRQ UCPC @MRF SLQSAACQQDSJ. )L RFC DGPQR,
RFC A?@JC FSLE SN ?LB AMSJB MLJW @C CVRCLBCB ? AMSNJC MD FSLBPCB KCRCPQ; GL RFC QCAMLB, RFC A?@JC @PMIC UFCL ?JKMQR DSJJW CVRCLBCB. EN7CFB; 23.2
GLBGA?RCQ DC?QG@GJGRW GL NPGLAGNJC.
EN7CFB; 23.2 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; %7H=; &EJ?ED7B EC< E< 7D (8@;9J ?D (H8?J
F?=KH; 23.12 -MRGML?J CKD ?Q CJCARPGA?J NMUCP AMLTCPQGML DMP RFC QN?AC QFSRRJC GQ RFC KMRGT?RGML DMP RFC 4CRFCPCB 3?RCJJGRC CVNCPGKCLR. ! 5 I6 CKD U?Q NPCBGARCB RM @C
GLBSACB GL RFC 20 IK JMLE RCRFCP UFGJC KMTGLE ?R MP@GR?J QNCCB GL RFC %?PRFtQ K?ELCRGA DGCJB. 4FC AGPASGR GQ AMKNJCRCB @W ? PCRSPL N?RF RFPMSEF RFC QR?RGML?PW GMLMQNFCPC.
#?JASJ?RC RFC KMRGML?J CKD GLBSACB ?JMLE ? 20.0 IK JMLE AMLBSARMP KMTGLE ?R ?L MP@GR?J QNCCB MD 7.80 IK/Q NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC %?PRFtQ
5.0010
5
T K?ELCRGA DGCJB.
,JH7J;=O
4FGQ GQ ? QRP?GEFRDMPU?PB ?NNJGA?RGML MD RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP KMRGML?J CKDr emf = Bv .
,EBKJ?ED
%LRCPGLE RFC EGTCL T?JSCQ GLRM emf = Bv EGTCQ
(23.10)
emf = Bv
= (5.0010
5
T)(2.010
4
m)(7.8010
3
m/s)
= 7.8010
3
V.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC T?JSC M@R?GLCB GQ EPC?RCP RF?L RFC 5 I6 KC?QSPCB TMJR?EC DMP RFC QFSRRJC CVNCPGKCLR, QGLAC RFC ?ARS?J MP@GR?J KMRGML MD RFC RCRFCP GQ LMR
NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC %?PRFtQ DGCJB. 4FC 7.80 I6 T?JSC GQ RFC K?VGKSK CKD M@R?GLCB UFCL = 90 ?LB sin = 1 .
818 #(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3
23.4 E::O CKHH;DJI 7D: &7=D;J?9 D7CF?D=
%BBW #SPPCLRQ ?LB -?ELCRGA $?KNGLE
!Q BGQASQQCB GL &EJ?ED7B EC<, KMRGML?J CKD GQ GLBSACB UFCL ? AMLBSARMP KMTCQ GL ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB MP UFCL ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB KMTCQ PCJ?RGTC RM ?
AMLBSARMP. )D KMRGML?J CKD A?L A?SQC ? ASPPCLR JMMN GL RFC AMLBSARMP, UC PCDCP RM RF?R ASPPCLR ?Q ?L ;::O 9KHH;DJ. %BBW ASPPCLRQ A?L NPMBSAC
QGELGDGA?LR BP?E, A?JJCB C7=D;J?9 :7CF?D=, ML RFC KMRGML GLTMJTCB. #MLQGBCP RFC ?NN?P?RSQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 23.13, UFGAF QUGLEQ ? NCLBSJSK @M@
@CRUCCL RFC NMJCQ MD ? QRPMLE K?ELCR. (4FGQ GQ ?LMRFCP D?TMPGRC NFWQGAQ J?@ ?ARGTGRW.) )D RFC @M@ GQ KCR?J, RFCPC GQ QGELGDGA?LR BP?E ML RFC @M@ ?Q GR CLRCPQ
?LB JC?TCQ RFC DGCJB, OSGAIJW B?KNGLE RFC KMRGML. )D, FMUCTCP, RFC @M@ GQ ? QJMRRCB KCR?J NJ?RC, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 23.13(@), RFCPC GQ ? KSAF QK?JJCP
CDDCAR BSC RM RFC K?ELCR. 4FCPC GQ LM BGQACPLG@JC CDDCAR ML ? @M@ K?BC MD ?L GLQSJ?RMP. 7FW GQ RFCPC BP?E GL @MRF BGPCARGMLQ, ?LB ?PC RFCPC ?LW SQCQ DMP
K?ELCRGA BP?E?
F?=KH; 23.13 ! AMKKML NFWQGAQ BCKMLQRP?RGML BCTGAC DMP CVNJMPGLE CBBW ASPPCLRQ ?LB K?ELCRGA B?KNGLE. (?) 4FC KMRGML MD ? KCR?J NCLBSJSK @M@ QUGLEGLE @CRUCCL RFC
NMJCQ MD ? K?ELCR GQ OSGAIJW B?KNCB @W RFC ?ARGML MD CBBW ASPPCLRQ. (@) 4FCPC GQ JGRRJC CDDCAR ML RFC KMRGML MD ? QJMRRCB KCR?J @M@, GKNJWGLE RF?R CBBW ASPPCLRQ ?PC K?BC JCQQ
CDDCARGTC. (A) 4FCPC GQ ?JQM LM K?ELCRGA B?KNGLE ML ? LMLAMLBSARGLE @M@, QGLAC RFC CBBW ASPPCLRQ ?PC CVRPCKCJW QK?JJ.
F?=KH; 23.14 QFMUQ UF?R F?NNCLQ RM RFC KCR?J NJ?RC ?Q GR CLRCPQ ?LB JC?TCQ RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB. )L @MRF A?QCQ, GR CVNCPGCLACQ ? DMPAC MNNMQGLE GRQ
KMRGML. !Q GR CLRCPQ DPMK RFC JCDR, DJSV GLAPC?QCQ, ?LB QM ?L CBBW ASPPCLR GQ QCR SN (&?P?B?WtQ J?U) GL RFC AMSLRCPAJMAIUGQC BGPCARGML (,CLXtQ J?U), ?Q
QFMUL. /LJW RFC PGEFR-F?LB QGBC MD RFC ASPPCLR JMMN GQ GL RFC DGCJB, QM RF?R RFCPC GQ ?L SLMNNMQCB DMPAC ML GR RM RFC JCDR (2(2-1). 7FCL RFC KCR?J NJ?RC GQ
AMKNJCRCJW GLQGBC RFC DGCJB, RFCPC GQ LM CBBW ASPPCLR GD RFC DGCJB GQ SLGDMPK, QGLAC RFC DJSV PCK?GLQ AMLQR?LR GL RFGQ PCEGML. "SR UFCL RFC NJ?RC JC?TCQ RFC
DGCJB ML RFC PGEFR, DJSV BCAPC?QCQ, A?SQGLE ?L CBBW ASPPCLR GL RFC AJMAIUGQC BGPCARGML RF?R, ?E?GL, CVNCPGCLACQ ? DMPAC RM RFC JCDR, DSPRFCP QJMUGLE RFC
KMRGML. ! QGKGJ?P ?L?JWQGQ MD UF?R F?NNCLQ UFCL RFC NJ?RC QUGLEQ DPMK RFC PGEFR RMU?PB RFC JCDR QFMUQ RF?R GRQ KMRGML GQ ?JQM B?KNCB UFCL CLRCPGLE
?LB JC?TGLE RFC DGCJB.
F?=KH; 23.14 ! KMPC BCR?GJCB JMMI ?R RFC AMLBSARGLE NJ?RC N?QQGLE @CRUCCL RFC NMJCQ MD ? K?ELCR. !Q GR CLRCPQ ?LB JC?TCQ RFC DGCJB, RFC AF?LEC GL DJSV NPMBSACQ ?L CBBW
ASPPCLR. -?ELCRGA DMPAC ML RFC ASPPCLR JMMN MNNMQCQ RFC KMRGML. 4FCPC GQ LM ASPPCLR ?LB LM K?ELCRGA BP?E UFCL RFC NJ?RC GQ AMKNJCRCJW GLQGBC RFC SLGDMPK DGCJB.
7FCL ? QJMRRCB KCR?J NJ?RC CLRCPQ RFC DGCJB, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 23.15, ?L CKD GQ GLBSACB @W RFC AF?LEC GL DJSV, @SR GR GQ JCQQ CDDCARGTC @CA?SQC RFC
QJMRQ JGKGR RFC QGXC MD RFC ASPPCLR JMMNQ. -MPCMTCP, ?BH?ACLR JMMNQ F?TC ASPPCLRQ GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ, ?LB RFCGP CDDCARQ A?LACJ. 7FCL ?L GLQSJ?RGLE
K?RCPG?J GQ SQCB, RFC CBBW ASPPCLR GQ CVRPCKCJW QK?JJ, ?LB QM K?ELCRGA B?KNGLE ML GLQSJ?RMPQ GQ LCEJGEG@JC. )D CBBW ASPPCLRQ ?PC RM @C ?TMGBCB GL
AMLBSARMPQ, RFCL RFCW A?L @C QJMRRCB MP AMLQRPSARCB MD RFGL J?WCPQ MD AMLBSARGLE K?RCPG?J QCN?P?RCB @W GLQSJ?RGLE QFCCRQ.
#(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3 819
F?=KH; 23.15 %BBW ASPPCLRQ GLBSACB GL ? QJMRRCB KCR?J NJ?RC CLRCPGLE ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB DMPK QK?JJ JMMNQ, ?LB RFC DMPACQ ML RFCK RCLB RM A?LACJ, RFCPC@W K?IGLE K?ELCRGA BP?E
?JKMQR XCPM.
!NNJGA?RGMLQ MD -?ELCRGA $?KNGLE
/LC SQC MD K?ELCRGA B?KNGLE GQ DMSLB GL QCLQGRGTC J?@MP?RMPW @?J?LACQ. 4M F?TC K?VGKSK QCLQGRGTGRW ?LB ?AASP?AW, RFC @?J?LAC KSQR @C ?Q DPGARGML-
DPCC ?Q NMQQG@JC. "SR GD GR GQ DPGARGML-DPCC, RFCL GR UGJJ MQAGJJ?RC DMP ? TCPW JMLE RGKC. -?ELCRGA B?KNGLE GQ ? QGKNJC ?LB GBC?J QMJSRGML. 7GRF K?ELCRGA
B?KNGLE, BP?E GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM QNCCB ?LB @CAMKCQ XCPM ?R XCPM TCJMAGRW. 4FSQ RFC MQAGJJ?RGMLQ ?PC OSGAIJW B?KNCB, ?DRCP UFGAF RFC B?KNGLE DMPAC
BGQ?NNC?PQ, ?JJMUGLE RFC @?J?LAC RM @C TCPW QCLQGRGTC. (3CC F?=KH; 23.16.) )L KMQR @?J?LACQ, K?ELCRGA B?KNGLE GQ ?AAMKNJGQFCB UGRF ? AMLBSARGLE
BGQA RF?R PMR?RCQ GL ? DGVCB DGCJB.
F?=KH; 23.16 -?ELCRGA B?KNGLE MD RFGQ QCLQGRGTC @?J?LAC QJMUQ GRQ MQAGJJ?RGMLQ. 3GLAC &?P?B?WtQ J?U MD GLBSARGML EGTCQ RFC EPC?RCQR CDDCAR DMP RFC KMQR P?NGB AF?LEC, B?KNGLE GQ
EPC?RCQR DMP J?PEC MQAGJJ?RGMLQ ?LB EMCQ RM XCPM ?Q RFC KMRGML QRMNQ.
3GLAC CBBW ASPPCLRQ ?LB K?ELCRGA B?KNGLE MAASP MLJW GL AMLBSARMPQ, PCAWAJGLE ACLRCPQ A?L SQC K?ELCRQ RM QCN?P?RC KCR?JQ DPMK MRFCP K?RCPG?JQ.
4P?QF GQ BSKNCB GL @?RAFCQ BMUL ? P?KN, @CLC?RF UFGAF JGCQ ? NMUCPDSJ K?ELCR. #MLBSARMPQ GL RFC RP?QF ?PC QJMUCB @W K?ELCRGA B?KNGLE UFGJC
LMLKCR?JQ GL RFC RP?QF KMTC ML, QCN?P?RGLE DPMK RFC KCR?JQ. (3CC F?=KH; 23.17.) 4FGQ UMPIQ DMP ?JJ KCR?JQ, LMR HSQR DCPPMK?ELCRGA MLCQ. ! K?ELCR A?L
QCN?P?RC MSR RFC DCPPMK?ELCRGA K?RCPG?JQ ?JMLC @W ?ARGLE ML QR?RGML?PW RP?QF.
820 #(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3
F?=KH; 23.17 -CR?JQ A?L @C QCN?P?RCB DPMK MRFCP RP?QF @W K?ELCRGA BP?E. %BBW ASPPCLRQ ?LB K?ELCRGA BP?E ?PC APC?RCB GL RFC KCR?JQ QCLR BMUL RFGQ P?KN @W RFC NMUCPDSJ
K?ELCR @CLC?RF GR. .MLKCR?JQ KMTC ML.
/RFCP K?HMP ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD CBBW ASPPCLRQ ?PC GL KCR?J BCRCARMPQ ?LB @P?IGLE QWQRCKQ GL RP?GLQ ?LB PMJJCP AM?QRCPQ. 0MPR?@JC KCR?J BCRCARMPQ (F?=KH;
23.18) AMLQGQR MD ? NPGK?PW AMGJ A?PPWGLE ?L ?JRCPL?RGLE ASPPCLR ?LB ? QCAMLB?PW AMGJ GL UFGAF ? ASPPCLR GQ GLBSACB. !L CBBW ASPPCLR UGJJ @C GLBSACB GL ?
NGCAC MD KCR?J AJMQC RM RFC BCRCARMP UFGAF UGJJ A?SQC ? AF?LEC GL RFC GLBSACB ASPPCLR UGRFGL RFC QCAMLB?PW AMGJ, JC?BGLE RM QMKC QMPR MD QGEL?J JGIC ?
QFPGJJ LMGQC. "P?IGLE SQGLE CBBW ASPPCLRQ GQ Q?DCP @CA?SQC D?ARMPQ QSAF ?Q P?GL BM LMR ?DDCAR RFC @P?IGLE ?LB RFC @P?IGLE GQ QKMMRFCP. (MUCTCP, CBBW
ASPPCLRQ A?LLMR @PGLE RFC KMRGML RM ? AMKNJCRC QRMN, QGLAC RFC DMPAC NPMBSACB BCAPC?QCQ UGRF QNCCB. 4FSQ, QNCCB A?L @C PCBSACB DPMK Q?W 20 K/Q RM
5 K/Q, @SR ?LMRFCP DMPK MD @P?IGLE GQ LCCBCB RM AMKNJCRCJW QRMN RFC TCFGAJC. 'CLCP?JJW, NMUCPDSJ P?PC C?PRF K?ELCRQ QSAF ?Q LCMBWKGSK K?ELCRQ ?PC
SQCB GL PMJJCP AM?QRCPQ. F?=KH; 23.19 QFMUQ PMUQ MD K?ELCRQ GL QSAF ?L ?NNJGA?RGML. 4FC TCFGAJC F?Q KCR?J DGLQ (LMPK?JJW AMLR?GLGLE AMNNCP) UFGAF
N?QQ RFPMSEF RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB QJMUGLE RFC TCFGAJC BMUL GL KSAF RFC Q?KC U?W ?Q UGRF RFC NCLBSJSK @M@ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 23.13.
F?=KH; 23.18 ! QMJBGCP GL )P?O SQCQ ? KCR?J BCRCARMP RM QC?PAF DMP CVNJMQGTCQ ?LB UC?NMLQ. (APCBGR: 5.3. !PKW)
F?=KH; 23.19 4FC PMUQ MD P?PC C?PRF K?ELCRQ (NPMRPSBGLE FMPGXMLR?JJW) ?PC SQCB DMP K?ELCRGA @P?IGLE GL PMJJCP AM?QRCPQ. (APCBGR: 3RCD?L 3AFCCP, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
)LBSARGML AMMIRMNQ F?TC CJCARPMK?ELCRQ SLBCP RFCGP QSPD?AC. 4FC K?ELCRGA DGCJB GQ T?PGCB P?NGBJW NPMBSAGLE CBBW ASPPCLRQ GL RFC @?QC MD RFC NMR,
A?SQGLE RFC NMR ?LB GRQ AMLRCLRQ RM GLAPC?QC GL RCKNCP?RSPC. )LBSARGML AMMIRMNQ F?TC FGEF CDDGAGCLAGCQ ?LB EMMB PCQNMLQC RGKCQ @SR RFC @?QC MD RFC
NMR LCCBQ RM @C DCPPMK?ELCRGA, GPML MP QRCCJ DMP GLBSARGML RM UMPI.
#(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3 821
23.5 EB;9JH?9 ;D;H7JEHI
EB;9JH?9 =;D;H7JEHI GLBSAC ?L CKD @W PMR?RGLE ? AMGJ GL ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB, ?Q @PGCDJW BGQASQQCB GL "D:K9;: EC< 7D: &7=D;J?9 FBKN. 7C UGJJ LMU
CVNJMPC ECLCP?RMPQ GL KMPC BCR?GJ. #MLQGBCP RFC DMJJMUGLE CV?KNJC.
EN7CFB; 23.3 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; EC< "D:K9;: ?D 7 ;D;H7JEH CE?B
4FC ECLCP?RMP AMGJ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 23.20 GQ PMR?RCB RFPMSEF MLC-DMSPRF MD ? PCTMJSRGML (DPMK = 0 RM = 90 ) GL 15.0 KQ. 4FC 200-RSPL
AGPASJ?P AMGJ F?Q ? 5.00 AK P?BGSQ ?LB GQ GL ? SLGDMPK 1.25 4 K?ELCRGA DGCJB. 7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC CKD GLBSACB?
F?=KH; 23.20 7FCL RFGQ ECLCP?RMP AMGJ GQ PMR?RCB RFPMSEF MLC-DMSPRF MD ? PCTMJSRGML, RFC K?ELCRGA DJSV AF?LECQ DPMK GRQ K?VGKSK RM XCPM, GLBSAGLE ?L CKD.
,JH7J;=O
7C SQC &?P?B?WtQ J?U MD GLBSARGML RM DGLB RFC ?TCP?EC CKD GLBSACB MTCP ? RGKC t :
(23.11)
emf = N
t
.
7C ILMU RF?R N = 200 ?LB t = 15.0 ms , ?LB QM UC KSQR BCRCPKGLC RFC AF?LEC GL DJSV RM DGLB CKD.
,EBKJ?ED
3GLAC RFC ?PC? MD RFC JMMN ?LB RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF ?PC AMLQR?LR, UC QCC RF?R
(23.12)
= (BA cos ) = AB(cos ).
.MU, (cos ) = 1.0 , QGLAC GR U?Q EGTCL RF?R EMCQ DPMK 0 RM 90 . 4FSQ = AB , ?LB
(23.13)
emf = N
AB
t
.
4FC ?PC? MD RFC JMMN GQ A = r
2
= (3.14...)(0.0500 m)
2
= 7.8510
3
m
2
. %LRCPGLE RFGQ T?JSC EGTCQ
(23.14)
emf = 200
(7.8510
3
m
2
)(1.25 T)
15.010
3
s
= 131 V.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ GQ ? NP?ARGA?J ?TCP?EC T?JSC, QGKGJ?P RM RFC 120 6 SQCB GL FMSQCFMJB NMUCP.
4FC CKD A?JASJ?RCB GL EN7CFB; 23.3 GQ RFC ?TCP?EC MTCP MLC-DMSPRF MD ? PCTMJSRGML. 7F?R GQ RFC CKD ?R ?LW EGTCL GLQR?LR? )R T?PGCQ UGRF RFC ?LEJC
@CRUCCL RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB ?LB ? NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC AMGJ. 7C A?L ECR ?L CVNPCQQGML DMP CKD ?Q ? DSLARGML MD RGKC @W AMLQGBCPGLE RFC KMRGML?J CKD ML
? PMR?RGLE PCAR?LESJ?P AMGJ MD UGBRF w ?LB FCGEFR GL ? SLGDMPK K?ELCRGA DGCJB, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 23.21.
822 #(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3
F?=KH; 23.21 ! ECLCP?RMP UGRF ? QGLEJC PCAR?LESJ?P AMGJ PMR?RCB ?R AMLQR?LR ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW GL ? SLGDMPK K?ELCRGA DGCJB NPMBSACQ ?L CKD RF?R T?PGCQ QGLSQMGB?JJW GL RGKC. .MRC
RFC ECLCP?RMP GQ QGKGJ?P RM ? KMRMP, CVACNR RFC QF?DR GQ PMR?RCB RM NPMBSAC ? ASPPCLR P?RFCP RF?L RFC MRFCP U?W ?PMSLB.
#F?PECQ GL RFC UGPCQ MD RFC JMMN CVNCPGCLAC RFC K?ELCRGA DMPAC, @CA?SQC RFCW ?PC KMTGLE GL ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB. #F?PECQ GL RFC TCPRGA?J UGPCQ CVNCPGCLAC
DMPACQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC UGPC, A?SQGLE ASPPCLRQ. "SR RFMQC GL RFC RMN ?LB @MRRMK QCEKCLRQ DCCJ ? DMPAC NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC UGPC, UFGAF BMCQ LMR A?SQC ?
ASPPCLR. 7C A?L RFSQ DGLB RFC GLBSACB CKD @W AMLQGBCPGLE MLJW RFC QGBC UGPCQ. -MRGML?J CKD GQ EGTCL RM @C emf = Bv , UFCPC RFC TCJMAGRW I GQ
NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB B . (CPC RFC TCJMAGRW GQ ?R ?L ?LEJC UGRF B , QM RF?R GRQ AMKNMLCLR NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM B GQ v sin (QCC F?=KH;
23.21). 4FSQ GL RFGQ A?QC RFC CKD GLBSACB ML C?AF QGBC GQ emf = Bv sin , ?LB RFCW ?PC GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML. 4FC RMR?J CKD ?PMSLB RFC JMMN GQ
RFCL
(23.15)
emf = 2Bv sin .
4FGQ CVNPCQQGML GQ T?JGB, @SR GR BMCQ LMR EGTC CKD ?Q ? DSLARGML MD RGKC. 4M DGLB RFC RGKC BCNCLBCLAC MD CKD, UC ?QQSKC RFC AMGJ PMR?RCQ ?R ? AMLQR?LR
?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW . 4FC ?LEJC GQ PCJ?RCB RM ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW @W = t , QM RF?R
(23.16)
emf = 2Bv sin t.
.MU, JGLC?P TCJMAGRW v GQ PCJ?RCB RM ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW @W v = r. (CPC r = w/ 2 , QM RF?R v = (w/ 2), ?LB
(23.17)
emf = 2B
w
2
sin t = (w)B sin t.
.MRGLE RF?R RFC ?PC? MD RFC JMMN GQ A = w, ?LB ?JJMUGLE DMP N JMMNQ, UC DGLB RF?R
(23.18)
emf = NAB sin t
GQ RFC ;C< ?D:K9;: ?D 7 =;D;H7JEH 9E?B MD N RSPLQ ?LB ?PC? A PMR?RGLE ?R ? AMLQR?LR ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW GL ? SLGDMPK K?ELCRGA DGCJB B . 4FGQ A?L
?JQM @C CVNPCQQCB ?Q
(23.19)
emf = emf
0
sin t,
UFCPC
(23.20)
emf
0
= NAB
GQ RFC K?VGKSK (F;7A) ;C<. .MRC RF?R RFC DPCOSCLAW MD RFC MQAGJJ?RGML GQ f = / 2 , ?LB RFC NCPGMB GQ T = 1 / f = 2 / . F?=KH; 23.22 QFMUQ ?
EP?NF MD CKD ?Q ? DSLARGML MD RGKC, ?LB GR LMU QCCKQ PC?QML?@JC RF?R !# TMJR?EC GQ QGLSQMGB?J.
F?=KH; 23.22 4FC CKD MD ? ECLCP?RMP GQ QCLR RM ? JGEFR @SJ@ UGRF RFC QWQRCK MD PGLEQ ?LB @PSQFCQ QFMUL. 4FC EP?NF EGTCQ RFC CKD MD RFC ECLCP?RMP ?Q ? DSLARGML MD RGKC. emf
0
GQ RFC NC?I CKD. 4FC NCPGMB GQ T = 1 / f = 2 / , UFCPC f GQ RFC DPCOSCLAW. .MRC RF?R RFC QAPGNR % QR?LBQ DMP CKD.
4FC D?AR RF?R RFC NC?I CKD, emf
0
= NAB, K?ICQ EMMB QCLQC. 4FC EPC?RCP RFC LSK@CP MD AMGJQ, RFC J?PECP RFCGP ?PC?, ?LB RFC QRPMLECP RFC DGCJB, RFC
EPC?RCP RFC MSRNSR TMJR?EC. )R GQ GLRCPCQRGLE RF?R RFC D?QRCP RFC ECLCP?RMP GQ QNSL (EPC?RCP ), RFC EPC?RCP RFC CKD. 4FGQ GQ LMRGAC?@JC ML @GAWAJC
ECLCP?RMPQr?R JC?QR RFC AFC?NCP T?PGCRGCQ. /LC MD RFC ?SRFMPQ ?Q ? HSTCLGJC DMSLB GR ?KSQGLE RM PGBC FGQ @GAWAJC D?QR CLMSEF RM @SPL MSR FGQ JGEFRQ, SLRGJ
FC F?B RM PGBC FMKC JGEFRJCQQ MLC B?PI LGEFR.
#(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3 823
F?=KH; 23.23 QFMUQ ? QAFCKC @W UFGAF ? ECLCP?RMP A?L @C K?BC RM NPMBSAC NSJQCB $#. -MPC CJ?@MP?RC ?PP?LECKCLRQ MD KSJRGNJC AMGJQ ?LB QNJGR
PGLEQ A?L NPMBSAC QKMMRFCP $#, ?JRFMSEF CJCARPMLGA P?RFCP RF?L KCAF?LGA?J KC?LQ ?PC SQS?JJW SQCB RM K?IC PGNNJC-DPCC $#.
F?=KH; 23.23 3NJGR PGLEQ, A?JJCB AMKKSR?RMPQ, NPMBSAC ? NSJQCB $# CKD MSRNSR GL RFGQ AMLDGESP?RGML.
EN7CFB; 23.4 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; &7N?CKC EC< E< 7 ;D;H7JEH
#?JASJ?RC RFC K?VGKSK CKD, emf
0
, MD RFC ECLCP?RMP RF?R U?Q RFC QS@HCAR MD EN7CFB; 23.3.
,JH7J;=O
/LAC , RFC ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW, GQ BCRCPKGLCB, emf
0
= NAB A?L @C SQCB RM DGLB emf
0
. !JJ MRFCP OS?LRGRGCQ ?PC ILMUL.
,EBKJ?ED
!LESJ?P TCJMAGRW GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC AF?LEC GL ?LEJC NCP SLGR RGKC:
(23.21)
=

t
.
/LC-DMSPRF MD ? PCTMJSRGML GQ /2 P?BG?LQ, ?LB RFC RGKC GQ 0.0150 Q; RFSQ,
(23.22)
=
/ 2 rad
0.0150 s
= 104.7 rad/s.
104.7 P?B/Q GQ CV?ARJW 1000 PNK. 7C QS@QRGRSRC RFGQ T?JSC DMP ?LB RFC GLDMPK?RGML DPMK RFC NPCTGMSQ CV?KNJC GLRM emf
0
= NAB, WGCJBGLE
(23.23)
emf
0
= NAB
= 200(7.8510
3
m
2
)(1.25 T)(104.7 rad/s)
= 206 V
.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC K?VGKSK CKD GQ EPC?RCP RF?L RFC ?TCP?EC CKD MD 131 6 DMSLB GL RFC NPCTGMSQ CV?KNJC, ?Q GR QFMSJB @C.
)L PC?J JGDC, CJCARPGA ECLCP?RMPQ JMMI ? JMR BGDDCPCLR RF?L RFC DGESPCQ GL RFGQ QCARGML, @SR RFC NPGLAGNJCQ ?PC RFC Q?KC. 4FC QMSPAC MD KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW
RF?R RSPLQ RFC AMGJ A?L @C D?JJGLE U?RCP (FWBPMNMUCP), QRC?K NPMBSACB @W RFC @SPLGLE MD DMQQGJ DSCJQ, MP RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD UGLB. F?=KH; 23.24 QFMUQ
? ASR?U?W TGCU MD ? QRC?K RSP@GLC; QRC?K KMTCQ MTCP RFC @J?BCQ AMLLCARCB RM RFC QF?DR, UFGAF PMR?RCQ RFC AMGJ UGRFGL RFC ECLCP?RMP.
824 #(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3
F?=KH; 23.24 3RC?K RSP@GLC/ECLCP?RMP. 4FC QRC?K NPMBSACB @W @SPLGLE AM?J GKN?ARQ RFC RSP@GLC @J?BCQ, RSPLGLE RFC QF?DR UFGAF GQ AMLLCARCB RM RFC ECLCP?RMP. (APCBGR:
.?@ML?AM, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
'CLCP?RMPQ GJJSQRP?RCB GL RFGQ QCARGML JMMI TCPW KSAF JGIC RFC KMRMPQ GJJSQRP?RCB NPCTGMSQJW. 4FGQ GQ LMR AMGLAGBCLR?J. )L D?AR, ? KMRMP @CAMKCQ ?
ECLCP?RMP UFCL GRQ QF?DR PMR?RCQ. #CPR?GL C?PJW ?SRMKM@GJCQ SQCB RFCGP QR?PRCP KMRMP ?Q ? ECLCP?RMP. )L B79A EC<, UC QF?JJ DSPRFCP CVNJMPC RFC ?ARGML MD
? KMRMP ?Q ? ECLCP?RMP.
23.6 B79A EC<
)R F?Q @CCL LMRCB RF?R KMRMPQ ?LB ECLCP?RMPQ ?PC TCPW QGKGJ?P. 'CLCP?RMPQ AMLTCPR KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW GLRM CJCARPGA?J CLCPEW, UFCPC?Q KMRMPQ AMLTCPR
CJCARPGA?J CLCPEW GLRM KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW. &SPRFCPKMPC, KMRMPQ ?LB ECLCP?RMPQ F?TC RFC Q?KC AMLQRPSARGML. 7FCL RFC AMGJ MD ? KMRMP GQ RSPLCB,
K?ELCRGA DJSV AF?LECQ, ?LB ?L CKD (AMLQGQRCLR UGRF &?P?B?WtQ J?U MD GLBSARGML) GQ GLBSACB. 4FC KMRMP RFSQ ?ARQ ?Q ? ECLCP?RMP UFCLCTCP GRQ AMGJ
PMR?RCQ. 4FGQ UGJJ F?NNCL UFCRFCP RFC QF?DR GQ RSPLCB @W ?L CVRCPL?J GLNSR, JGIC ? @CJR BPGTC, MP @W RFC ?ARGML MD RFC KMRMP GRQCJD. 4F?R GQ, UFCL ? KMRMP GQ
BMGLE UMPI ?LB GRQ QF?DR GQ RSPLGLE, ?L CKD GQ ECLCP?RCB. ,CLXtQ J?U RCJJQ SQ RFC CKD MNNMQCQ ?LW AF?LEC, QM RF?R RFC GLNSR CKD RF?R NMUCPQ RFC KMRMP
UGJJ @C MNNMQCB @W RFC KMRMPtQ QCJD-ECLCP?RCB CKD, A?JJCB RFC 879A ;C< MD RFC KMRMP. (3CC F?=KH; 23.25.)
F?=KH; 23.25 4FC AMGJ MD ? $# KMRMP GQ PCNPCQCLRCB ?Q ? PCQGQRMP GL RFGQ QAFCK?RGA. 4FC @?AI CKD GQ PCNPCQCLRCB ?Q ? T?PG?@JC CKD RF?R MNNMQCQ RFC MLC BPGTGLE RFC KMRMP. "?AI
CKD GQ XCPM UFCL RFC KMRMP GQ LMR RSPLGLE, ?LB GR GLAPC?QCQ NPMNMPRGML?JJW RM RFC KMRMPtQ ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW.
"?AI CKD GQ RFC ECLCP?RMP MSRNSR MD ? KMRMP, ?LB QM GR GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC KMRMPtQ ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW . )R GQ XCPM UFCL RFC KMRMP GQ DGPQR RSPLCB ML,
KC?LGLE RF?R RFC AMGJ PCACGTCQ RFC DSJJ BPGTGLE TMJR?EC ?LB RFC KMRMP BP?UQ K?VGKSK ASPPCLR UFCL GR GQ ML @SR LMR RSPLGLE. !Q RFC KMRMP RSPLQ D?QRCP
?LB D?QRCP, RFC @?AI CKD EPMUQ, ?JU?WQ MNNMQGLE RFC BPGTGLE CKD, ?LB PCBSACQ RFC TMJR?EC ?APMQQ RFC AMGJ ?LB RFC ?KMSLR MD ASPPCLR GR BP?UQ. 4FGQ
CDDCAR GQ LMRGAC?@JC GL ? LSK@CP MD QGRS?RGMLQ. 7FCL ? T?ASSK AJC?LCP, PCDPGECP?RMP, MP U?QFGLE K?AFGLC GQ DGPQR RSPLCB ML, JGEFRQ GL RFC Q?KC AGPASGR BGK
@PGCDJW BSC RM RFC IR BPMN NPMBSACB GL DCCBCP JGLCQ @W RFC J?PEC ASPPCLR BP?UL @W RFC KMRMP. 7FCL ? KMRMP DGPQR AMKCQ ML, GR BP?UQ KMPC ASPPCLR RF?L
UFCL GR PSLQ ?R GRQ LMPK?J MNCP?RGLE QNCCB. 7FCL ? KCAF?LGA?J JM?B GQ NJ?ACB ML RFC KMRMP, JGIC ?L CJCARPGA UFCCJAF?GP EMGLE SN ? FGJJ, RFC KMRMP
QJMUQ, RFC @?AI CKD BPMNQ, KMPC ASPPCLR DJMUQ, ?LB KMPC UMPI A?L @C BMLC. )D RFC KMRMP PSLQ ?R RMM JMU ? QNCCB, RFC J?PECP ASPPCLR A?L MTCPFC?R GR
(TG? PCQGQRGTC NMUCP GL RFC AMGJ, P = I
2
R ), NCPF?NQ CTCL @SPLGLE GR MSR. /L RFC MRFCP F?LB, GD RFCPC GQ LM KCAF?LGA?J JM?B ML RFC KMRMP, GR UGJJ GLAPC?QC
GRQ ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW SLRGJ RFC @?AI CKD GQ LC?PJW COS?J RM RFC BPGTGLE CKD. 4FCL RFC KMRMP SQCQ MLJW CLMSEF CLCPEW RM MTCPAMKC DPGARGML.
#MLQGBCP, DMP CV?KNJC, RFC KMRMP AMGJQ PCNPCQCLRCB GL F?=KH; 23.25. 4FC AMGJQ F?TC ? 0.400 COSGT?JCLR PCQGQR?LAC ?LB ?PC BPGTCL @W ? 48.0 6
CKD. 3FMPRJW ?DRCP @CGLE RSPLCB ML, RFCW BP?U ? ASPPCLR I = V/R = (48.0 V)/(0.400 ) = 120 A ?LB, RFSQ, BGQQGN?RC P = I
2
R = 5.76 kW MD
CLCPEW ?Q FC?R RP?LQDCP. 5LBCP LMPK?J MNCP?RGLE AMLBGRGMLQ DMP RFGQ KMRMP, QSNNMQC RFC @?AI CKD GQ 40.0 6. 4FCL ?R MNCP?RGLE QNCCB, RFC RMR?J TMJR?EC
?APMQQ RFC AMGJQ GQ 8.0 6 (48.0 6 KGLSQ RFC 40.0 6 @?AI CKD), ?LB RFC ASPPCLR BP?UL GQ I = V/R = (8.0 V)/(0.400 ) = 20 A. 5LBCP LMPK?J
JM?B, RFCL, RFC NMUCP BGQQGN?RCB GQ P = IV = (20 A) / (8.0 V) = 160 W. 4FC J?RRCP UGJJ LMR A?SQC ? NPM@JCK DMP RFGQ KMRMP, UFCPC?Q RFC DMPKCP
5.76 I7 UMSJB @SPL MSR RFC AMGJQ GD QSQR?GLCB.
23.7 -H7DI<EHC;HI
-H7DI<EHC;HI BM UF?R RFCGP L?KC GKNJGCQrRFCW RP?LQDMPK TMJR?ECQ DPMK MLC T?JSC RM ?LMRFCP (4FC RCPK TMJR?EC GQ SQCB P?RFCP RF?L CKD, @CA?SQC
RP?LQDMPKCPQ F?TC GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC). &MP CV?KNJC, K?LW ACJJ NFMLCQ, J?NRMNQ, TGBCM E?KCQ, ?LB NMUCP RMMJQ ?LB QK?JJ ?NNJG?LACQ F?TC ?
RP?LQDMPKCP @SGJR GLRM RFCGP NJSE-GL SLGR (JGIC RF?R GL F?=KH; 23.26) RF?R AF?LECQ 120 6 MP 240 6 !# GLRM UF?RCTCP TMJR?EC RFC BCTGAC SQCQ.
#(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3 825
4P?LQDMPKCPQ ?PC ?JQM SQCB ?R QCTCP?J NMGLRQ GL RFC NMUCP BGQRPG@SRGML QWQRCKQ, QSAF ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 23.27. 0MUCP GQ QCLR JMLE BGQR?LACQ ?R
FGEF TMJR?ECQ, @CA?SQC JCQQ ASPPCLR GQ PCOSGPCB DMP ? EGTCL ?KMSLR MD NMUCP, ?LB RFGQ KC?LQ JCQQ JGLC JMQQ, ?Q U?Q BGQASQQCB NPCTGMSQJW. "SR FGEF
TMJR?ECQ NMQC EPC?RCP F?X?PBQ, QM RF?R RP?LQDMPKCPQ ?PC CKNJMWCB RM NPMBSAC JMUCP TMJR?EC ?R RFC SQCPtQ JMA?RGML.
F?=KH; 23.26 4FC NJSE-GL RP?LQDMPKCP F?Q @CAMKC GLAPC?QGLEJW D?KGJG?P UGRF RFC NPMJGDCP?RGML MD CJCARPMLGA BCTGACQ RF?R MNCP?RC ML TMJR?ECQ MRFCP RF?L AMKKML 120 6 !#. -MQR
?PC GL RFC 3 RM 12 6 P?LEC. (APCBGR: 3FMN 8RPCKC)
F?=KH; 23.27 4P?LQDMPKCPQ AF?LEC TMJR?ECQ ?R QCTCP?J NMGLRQ GL ? NMUCP BGQRPG@SRGML QWQRCK. %JCARPGA NMUCP GQ SQS?JJW ECLCP?RCB ?R EPC?RCP RF?L 10 I6, ?LB RP?LQKGRRCB JMLE
BGQR?LACQ ?R TMJR?ECQ MTCP 200 I6rQMKCRGKCQ ?Q EPC?R ?Q 700 I6rRM JGKGR CLCPEW JMQQCQ. ,MA?J NMUCP BGQRPG@SRGML RM LCGEF@MPFMMBQ MP GLBSQRPGCQ EMCQ RFPMSEF ? QS@QR?RGML
?LB GQ QCLR QFMPR BGQR?LACQ ?R TMJR?ECQ P?LEGLE DPMK 5 RM 13 I6. 4FGQ GQ PCBSACB RM 120, 240, MP 480 6 DMP Q?DCRW ?R RFC GLBGTGBS?J SQCP QGRC.
4FC RWNC MD RP?LQDMPKCP AMLQGBCPCB GL RFGQ RCVRrQCC F?=KH; 23.28rGQ @?QCB ML &?P?B?WtQ J?U MD GLBSARGML ?LB GQ TCPW QGKGJ?P GL AMLQRPSARGML RM RFC
?NN?P?RSQ &?P?B?W SQCB RM BCKMLQRP?RC K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ AMSJB A?SQC ASPPCLRQ. 4FC RUM AMGJQ ?PC A?JJCB RFC CE<@4EL ?LB F86BA74EL 6B<?F. )L LMPK?J
SQC, RFC GLNSR TMJR?EC GQ NJ?ACB ML RFC NPGK?PW, ?LB RFC QCAMLB?PW NPMBSACQ RFC RP?LQDMPKCB MSRNSR TMJR?EC. .MR MLJW BMCQ RFC GPML AMPC RP?N RFC
K?ELCRGA DGCJB APC?RCB @W RFC NPGK?PW AMGJ, GRQ K?ELCRGX?RGML GLAPC?QCQ RFC DGCJB QRPCLERF. 3GLAC RFC GLNSR TMJR?EC GQ !#, ? RGKC-T?PWGLE K?ELCRGA DJSV GQ
QCLR RM RFC QCAMLB?PW, GLBSAGLE GRQ !# MSRNSR TMJR?EC.
F?=KH; 23.28 ! RWNGA?J AMLQRPSARGML MD ? QGKNJC RP?LQDMPKCP F?Q RUM AMGJQ UMSLB ML ? DCPPMK?ELCRGA AMPC RF?R GQ J?KGL?RCB RM KGLGKGXC CBBW ASPPCLRQ. 4FC K?ELCRGA DGCJB
APC?RCB @W RFC NPGK?PW GQ KMQRJW AMLDGLCB RM ?LB GLAPC?QCB @W RFC AMPC, UFGAF RP?LQKGRQ GR RM RFC QCAMLB?PW AMGJ. !LW AF?LEC GL ASPPCLR GL RFC NPGK?PW GLBSACQ ? ASPPCLR GL RFC
QCAMLB?PW.
&MP RFC QGKNJC RP?LQDMPKCP QFMUL GL F?=KH; 23.28, RFC MSRNSR TMJR?EC V
s
BCNCLBQ ?JKMQR CLRGPCJW ML RFC GLNSR TMJR?EC V
p
?LB RFC P?RGM MD RFC
LSK@CP MD JMMNQ GL RFC NPGK?PW ?LB QCAMLB?PW AMGJQ. &?P?B?WtQ J?U MD GLBSARGML DMP RFC QCAMLB?PW AMGJ EGTCQ GRQ GLBSACB MSRNSR TMJR?EC V
s
RM @C
826 #(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3
(23.24)
V
s
= N
s
t
,
UFCPC N
s
GQ RFC LSK@CP MD JMMNQ GL RFC QCAMLB?PW AMGJ ?LB / t GQ RFC P?RC MD AF?LEC MD K?ELCRGA DJSV. .MRC RF?R RFC MSRNSR TMJR?EC COS?JQ RFC
GLBSACB CKD ( V
s
= emf
s
), NPMTGBCB AMGJ PCQGQR?LAC GQ QK?JJ (? PC?QML?@JC ?QQSKNRGML DMP RP?LQDMPKCPQ). 4FC APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? MD RFC AMGJQ GQ RFC
Q?KC ML CGRFCP QGBC, ?Q GQ RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF, ?LB QM / t GQ RFC Q?KC ML CGRFCP QGBC. 4FC GLNSR NPGK?PW TMJR?EC V
p
GQ ?JQM PCJ?RCB RM
AF?LEGLE DJSV @W
(23.25)
V
p
= N
p
t
.
4FC PC?QML DMP RFGQ GQ ? JGRRJC KMPC QS@RJC. ,CLXtQ J?U RCJJQ SQ RF?R RFC NPGK?PW AMGJ MNNMQCQ RFC AF?LEC GL DJSV A?SQCB @W RFC GLNSR TMJR?EC V
p
, FCLAC
RFC KGLSQ QGEL (4FGQ GQ ?L CV?KNJC MD F8?9-<A7H6G4A68, ? RMNGA RM @C CVNJMPCB GL QMKC BCR?GJ GL J?RCP QCARGMLQ). !QQSKGLE LCEJGEG@JC AMGJ PCQGQR?LAC,
+GPAFFMDDtQ JMMN PSJC RCJJQ SQ RF?R RFC GLBSACB CKD CV?ARJW COS?JQ RFC GLNSR TMJR?EC. 4?IGLE RFC P?RGM MD RFCQC J?QR RUM COS?RGMLQ WGCJBQ ? SQCDSJ
PCJ?RGMLQFGN:
(23.26) V
s
V
p
=
N
s
N
p
.
4FGQ GQ ILMUL ?Q RFC JH7DI<EHC;H ;GK7J?ED, ?LB GR QGKNJW QR?RCQ RF?R RFC P?RGM MD RFC QCAMLB?PW RM NPGK?PW TMJR?ECQ GL ? RP?LQDMPKCP COS?JQ RFC P?RGM
MD RFC LSK@CP MD JMMNQ GL RFCGP AMGJQ.
4FC MSRNSR TMJR?EC MD ? RP?LQDMPKCP A?L @C JCQQ RF?L, EPC?RCP RF?L, MP COS?J RM RFC GLNSR TMJR?EC, BCNCLBGLE ML RFC P?RGM MD RFC LSK@CP MD JMMNQ GL RFCGP
AMGJQ. 3MKC RP?LQDMPKCPQ CTCL NPMTGBC ? T?PG?@JC MSRNSR @W ?JJMUGLE AMLLCARGML RM @C K?BC ?R BGDDCPCLR NMGLRQ ML RFC QCAMLB?PW AMGJ. ! IJ;F-KF
JH7DI<EHC;H GQ MLC RF?R GLAPC?QCQ TMJR?EC, UFCPC?Q ? IJ;F-:EMD JH7DI<EHC;H BCAPC?QCQ TMJR?EC. !QQSKGLE, ?Q UC F?TC, RF?R PCQGQR?LAC GQ
LCEJGEG@JC, RFC CJCARPGA?J NMUCP MSRNSR MD ? RP?LQDMPKCP COS?JQ GRQ GLNSR. 4FGQ GQ LC?PJW RPSC GL NP?ARGACrRP?LQDMPKCP CDDGAGCLAW MDRCL CVACCBQ 99%.
%OS?RGLE RFC NMUCP GLNSR ?LB MSRNSR,
(23.27) P
p
= I
p
V
p
= I
s
V
s
= P
s
.
2C?PP?LEGLE RCPKQ EGTCQ
(23.28)
V
s
V
p
=
I
p
I
s
.
#MK@GLGLE RFGQ UGRF
V
s
V
p
=
N
s
N
p
, UC DGLB RF?R
(23.29)
I
s
I
p
=
N
p
N
s
GQ RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL RFC MSRNSR ?LB GLNSR ASPPCLRQ MD ? RP?LQDMPKCP. 3M GD TMJR?EC GLAPC?QCQ, ASPPCLR BCAPC?QCQ. #MLTCPQCJW, GD TMJR?EC
BCAPC?QCQ, ASPPCLR GLAPC?QCQ.
EN7CFB; 23.5 C7B9KB7J?D= C>7H79J;H?IJ?9I E< 7 ,J;F-.F -H7DI<EHC;H
! NMPR?@JC V-P?W SLGR F?Q ? QRCN-SN RP?LQDMPKCP, RFC 120 6 GLNSR MD UFGAF GQ RP?LQDMPKCB RM RFC 100 I6 MSRNSR LCCBCB @W RFC V-P?W RS@C. 4FC
NPGK?PW F?Q 50 JMMNQ ?LB BP?UQ ? ASPPCLR MD 10.00 ! UFCL GL SQC. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC LSK@CP MD JMMNQ GL RFC QCAMLB?PW? (@) &GLB RFC ASPPCLR MSRNSR
MD RFC QCAMLB?PW.
7C QMJTC
V
s
V
p
=
N
s
N
p
DMP N
s
, RFC LSK@CP MD JMMNQ GL RFC QCAMLB?PW, ?LB CLRCP RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ. 4FGQ EGTCQ
(23.30)
N
s
= N
p
V
s
V
p
= (50)
100,000 V
120 V
= 4.1710
4
.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (7)
! J?PEC LSK@CP MD JMMNQ GL RFC QCAMLB?PW (AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC NPGK?PW) GQ PCOSGPCB RM NPMBSAC QSAF ? J?PEC TMJR?EC. 4FGQ UMSJB @C RPSC DMP LCML
QGEL RP?LQDMPKCPQ ?LB RFMQC QSNNJWGLE FGEF TMJR?EC GLQGBC 46Q ?LB #24Q.
7C A?L QGKGJ?PJW DGLB RFC MSRNSR ASPPCLR MD RFC QCAMLB?PW @W QMJTGLE
I
s
I
p
=
N
p
N
s
DMP I
s
?LB CLRCPGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ. 4FGQ EGTCQ
#(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3 827
(23.31)
I
s
= I
p
N
p
N
s
= (10.00 A)
50
4.1710
4
= 12.0 mA.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (8)
!Q CVNCARCB, RFC ASPPCLR MSRNSR GQ QGELGDGA?LRJW JCQQ RF?L RFC GLNSR. )L ACPR?GL QNCAR?ASJ?P BCKMLQRP?RGMLQ, TCPW J?PEC TMJR?ECQ ?PC SQCB RM NPMBSAC
JMLE ?PAQ, @SR RFCW ?PC PCJ?RGTCJW Q?DC @CA?SQC RFC RP?LQDMPKCP MSRNSR BMCQ LMR QSNNJW ? J?PEC ASPPCLR. .MRC RF?R RFC NMUCP GLNSR FCPC GQ
P
p
= I
p
V
p
= (10.00 A)(120 V) = 1.20 kW. 4FGQ COS?JQ RFC NMUCP MSRNSR P
p
= I
s
V
s
= (12.0 mA)(100 kV) = 1.20 kW, ?Q UC
?QQSKCB GL RFC BCPGT?RGML MD RFC COS?RGMLQ SQCB.
4FC D?AR RF?R RP?LQDMPKCPQ ?PC @?QCB ML &?P?B?WtQ J?U MD GLBSARGML K?ICQ GR AJC?P UFW UC A?LLMR SQC RP?LQDMPKCPQ RM AF?LEC $# TMJR?ECQ. )D RFCPC GQ
LM AF?LEC GL NPGK?PW TMJR?EC, RFCPC GQ LM TMJR?EC GLBSACB GL RFC QCAMLB?PW. /LC NMQQG@GJGRW GQ RM AMLLCAR $# RM RFC NPGK?PW AMGJ RFPMSEF ? QUGRAF. !Q
RFC QUGRAF GQ MNCLCB ?LB AJMQCB, RFC QCAMLB?PW NPMBSACQ ? TMJR?EC JGIC RF?R GL F?=KH; 23.29. 4FGQ GQ LMR PC?JJW ? NP?ARGA?J ?JRCPL?RGTC, ?LB !# GQ GL
AMKKML SQC UFCPCTCP GR GQ LCACQQ?PW RM GLAPC?QC MP BCAPC?QC TMJR?ECQ.
F?=KH; 23.29 4P?LQDMPKCPQ BM LMR UMPI DMP NSPC $# TMJR?EC GLNSR, @SR GD GR GQ QUGRAFCB ML ?LB MDD ?Q ML RFC RMN EP?NF, RFC MSRNSR UGJJ JMMI QMKCRFGLE JGIC RF?R ML RFC @MRRMK
EP?NF. 4FGQ GQ LMR RFC QGLSQMGB?J !# KMQR !# ?NNJG?LACQ LCCB.
EN7CFB; 23.6 C7B9KB7J?D= C>7H79J;H?IJ?9I E< 7 ,J;F-DEMD -H7DI<EHC;H
! @?RRCPW AF?PECP KC?LR DMP ? QCPGCQ AMLLCARGML MD RCL LGAICJ-A?BKGSK @?RRCPGCQ (RMR?J CKD MD 12.5 6 $#) LCCBQ RM F?TC ? 15.0 6 MSRNSR RM AF?PEC
RFC @?RRCPGCQ. )R SQCQ ? QRCN-BMUL RP?LQDMPKCP UGRF ? 200-JMMN NPGK?PW ?LB ? 120 6 GLNSR. (?) (MU K?LW JMMNQ QFMSJB RFCPC @C GL RFC QCAMLB?PW
AMGJ? (@) )D RFC AF?PEGLE ASPPCLR GQ 16.0 !, UF?R GQ RFC GLNSR ASPPCLR?
9MS UMSJB CVNCAR RFC QCAMLB?PW RM F?TC ? QK?JJ LSK@CP MD JMMNQ. 3MJTGLE
V
s
V
p
=
N
s
N
p
DMP N
s
?LB CLRCPGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ EGTCQ
(23.32)
N
s
= N
p
V
s
V
p
= (200)
15.0 V
120 V
= 25.
4FC ASPPCLR GLNSR A?L @C M@R?GLCB @W QMJTGLE
I
s
I
p
=
N
p
N
s
DMP I
p
?LB CLRCPGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ. 4FGQ EGTCQ
(23.33)
I
p
= I
s
N
s
N
p
= (16.0 A)
25
200
= 2.00 A.
D?I9KII?ED
828 #(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3
4FC LSK@CP MD JMMNQ GL RFC QCAMLB?PW GQ QK?JJ, ?Q CVNCARCB DMP ? QRCN-BMUL RP?LQDMPKCP. 7C ?JQM QCC RF?R ? QK?JJ GLNSR ASPPCLR NPMBSACQ ?
J?PECP MSRNSR ASPPCLR GL ? QRCN-BMUL RP?LQDMPKCP. 7FCL RP?LQDMPKCPQ ?PC SQCB RM MNCP?RC J?PEC K?ELCRQ, RFCW QMKCRGKCQ F?TC ? QK?JJ LSK@CP MD
TCPW FC?TW JMMNQ GL RFC QCAMLB?PW. 4FGQ ?JJMUQ RFC QCAMLB?PW RM F?TC JMU GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC ?LB NPMBSAC J?PEC ASPPCLRQ. .MRC ?E?GL RF?R RFGQ
QMJSRGML GQ @?QCB ML RFC ?QQSKNRGML MD 100% CDDGAGCLAWrMP NMUCP MSR COS?JQ NMUCP GL ( P
p
= P
s
)rPC?QML?@JC DMP EMMB RP?LQDMPKCPQ. )L RFGQ
A?QC RFC NPGK?PW ?LB QCAMLB?PW NMUCP GQ 240 7. (6CPGDW RFGQ DMP WMSPQCJD ?Q ? AMLQGQRCLAW AFCAI.) .MRC RF?R RFC .G-#B @?RRCPGCQ LCCB RM @C
AF?PECB DPMK ? $# NMUCP QMSPAC (?Q UMSJB ? 12 6 @?RRCPW). 3M RFC !# MSRNSR MD RFC QCAMLB?PW AMGJ LCCBQ RM @C AMLTCPRCB GLRM $#. 4FGQ GQ BMLC
SQGLE QMKCRFGLE A?JJCB ? PCARGDGCP, UFGAF SQCQ BCTGACQ A?JJCB BGMBCQ RF?R ?JJMU MLJW ? MLC-U?W DJMU MD ASPPCLR.
4P?LQDMPKCPQ F?TC K?LW ?NNJGA?RGMLQ GL CJCARPGA?J Q?DCRW QWQRCKQ, UFGAF ?PC BGQASQQCB GL EB;9JH?97B ,7<;JO: ,OIJ;CI 7D: D;L?9;I.
@SJ@ JGEFR.
23.8 EB;9JH?97B ,7<;JO: ,OIJ;CI 7D: D;L?9;I
%JCARPGAGRW F?Q RUM F?X?PBQ. ! J>;HC7B >7P7H: MAASPQ UFCL RFCPC GQ CJCARPGA?J MTCPFC?RGLE. ! I>E9A >7P7H: MAASPQ UFCL CJCARPGA ASPPCLR N?QQCQ
RFPMSEF ? NCPQML. "MRF F?X?PBQ F?TC ?JPC?BW @CCL BGQASQQCB. (CPC UC UGJJ AMLACLRP?RC ML QWQRCKQ ?LB BCTGACQ RF?R NPCTCLR CJCARPGA?J F?X?PBQ.
F?=KH; 23.31 QFMUQ RFC QAFCK?RGA DMP ? QGKNJC !# AGPASGR UGRF LM Q?DCRW DC?RSPCQ. 4FGQ GQ LMR FMU NMUCP GQ BGQRPG@SRCB GL NP?ARGAC. -MBCPL FMSQCFMJB
?LB GLBSQRPG?J UGPGLE PCOSGPCQ RFC J>H;;-M?H; IOIJ;C, QFMUL QAFCK?RGA?JJW GL F?=KH; 23.32, UFGAF F?Q QCTCP?J Q?DCRW DC?RSPCQ. &GPQR GQ RFC D?KGJG?P
6<E6H<G 5E84>8E (MP 9HF8) RM NPCTCLR RFCPK?J MTCPJM?B. 3CAMLB, RFCPC GQ ? NPMRCARGTC 64F8 ?PMSLB RFC ?NNJG?LAC, QSAF ?Q ? RM?QRCP MP PCDPGECP?RMP. 4FC
A?QCtQ Q?DCRW DC?RSPC GQ RF?R GR NPCTCLRQ ? NCPQML DPMK RMSAFGLE CVNMQCB UGPCQ ?LB AMKGLE GLRM CJCARPGA?J AMLR?AR UGRF RFC AGPASGR, FCJNGLE NPCTCLR
QFMAIQ.
F?=KH; 23.31 3AFCK?RGA MD ? QGKNJC !# AGPASGR UGRF ? TMJR?EC QMSPAC ?LB ? QGLEJC ?NNJG?LAC PCNPCQCLRCB @W RFC PCQGQR?LAC R . 4FCPC ?PC LM Q?DCRW DC?RSPCQ GL RFGQ AGPASGR.
F?=KH; 23.32 4FC RFPCC-UGPC QWQRCK AMLLCARQ RFC LCSRP?J UGPC RM RFC C?PRF ?R RFC TMJR?EC QMSPAC ?LB SQCP JMA?RGML, DMPAGLE GR RM @C ?R XCPM TMJRQ ?LB QSNNJWGLE ?L ?JRCPL?RGTC
PCRSPL N?RF DMP RFC ASPPCLR RFPMSEF RFC C?PRF. !JQM EPMSLBCB RM XCPM TMJRQ GQ RFC A?QC MD RFC ?NNJG?LAC. ! AGPASGR @PC?ICP MP DSQC NPMRCARQ ?E?GLQR RFCPK?J MTCPJM?B ?LB GQ GL
QCPGCQ ML RFC ?ARGTC (JGTC/FMR) UGPC. .MRC RF?R UGPC GLQSJ?RGML AMJMPQ T?PW UGRF PCEGML ?LB GR GQ CQQCLRG?J RM AFCAI JMA?JJW RM BCRCPKGLC UFGAF AMJMP AMBCQ ?PC GL SQC (?LB CTCL GD
RFCW UCPC DMJJMUCB GL RFC N?PRGASJ?P GLQR?JJ?RGML).
#(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3 829
4FCPC ?PC G;E88 6BAA86G<BAF GB 84EG; BE :EBHA7 (FCPC?DRCP PCDCPPCB RM ?Q uC?PRF/EPMSLBv) QFMUL GL F?=KH; 23.32. 2CA?JJ RF?R ?L C?PRF/EPMSLB
AMLLCARGML GQ ? JMU-PCQGQR?LAC N?RF BGPCARJW RM RFC C?PRF. 4FC RUM C?PRF/EPMSLB AMLLCARGMLQ ML RFC A8HGE4? J<E8 DMPAC GR RM @C ?R XCPM TMJRQ PCJ?RGTC RM
RFC C?PRF, EGTGLE RFC UGPC GRQ L?KC. 4FGQ UGPC GQ RFCPCDMPC Q?DC RM RMSAF CTCL GD GRQ GLQSJ?RGML, SQS?JJW UFGRC, GQ KGQQGLE. 4FC LCSRP?J UGPC GQ RFC PCRSPL
N?RF DMP RFC ASPPCLR RM DMJJMU RM AMKNJCRC RFC AGPASGR. &SPRFCPKMPC, RFC RUM C?PRF/EPMSLB AMLLCARGMLQ QSNNJW ?L ?JRCPL?RGTC N?RF RFPMSEF RFC C?PRF, ?
EMMB AMLBSARMP, RM AMKNJCRC RFC AGPASGR. 4FC C?PRF/EPMSLB AMLLCARGML AJMQCQR RM RFC NMUCP QMSPAC AMSJB @C ?R RFC ECLCP?RGLE NJ?LR, UFGJC RFC MRFCP GQ
?R RFC SQCPtQ JMA?RGML. 4FC RFGPB C?PRF/EPMSLB GQ RM RFC A?QC MD RFC ?NNJG?LAC, RFPMSEF RFC EPCCL 84EG;/:EBHA7 J<E8, DMPAGLE RFC A?QC, RMM, RM @C ?R XCPM
TMJRQ. 4FC ?<I8 MP ;BG J<E8 (FCPC?DRCP PCDCPPCB RM ?Q uJGTC/FMRv) QSNNJGCQ TMJR?EC ?LB ASPPCLR RM MNCP?RC RFC ?NNJG?LAC. F?=KH; 23.33 QFMUQ ? KMPC
NGARMPG?J TCPQGML MD FMU RFC RFPCC-UGPC QWQRCK GQ AMLLCARCB RFPMSEF ? RFPCC-NPMLE NJSE RM ?L ?NNJG?LAC.
F?=KH; 23.33 4FC QR?LB?PB RFPCC-NPMLE NJSE A?L MLJW @C GLQCPRCB GL MLC U?W, RM ?QQSPC NPMNCP DSLARGML MD RFC RFPCC-UGPC QWQRCK.
! LMRC ML GLQSJ?RGML AMJMP-AMBGLE: )LQSJ?RGLE NJ?QRGA GQ AMJMP-AMBCB RM GBCLRGDW JGTC/FMR, LCSRP?J ?LB EPMSLB UGPCQ @SR RFCQC AMBCQ T?PW ?PMSLB RFC UMPJB.
,GTC/FMR UGPCQ K?W @C @PMUL, PCB, @J?AI, @JSC MP EPCW. .CSRP?J UGPC K?W @C @JSC, @J?AI MP UFGRC. 3GLAC RFC Q?KC AMJMP K?W @C SQCB DMP JGTC/FMR MP
LCSRP?J GL BGDDCPCLR N?PRQ MD RFC UMPJB, GR GQ CQQCLRG?J RM BCRCPKGLC RFC AMJMP AMBC GL WMSP PCEGML. 4FC MLJW CVACNRGML GQ RFC C?PRF/EPMSLB UGPC UFGAF GQ
MDRCL EPCCL @SR K?W @C WCJJMU MP HSQR @?PC UGPC. 3RPGNCB AM?RGLEQ ?PC QMKCRGKCQ SQCB DMP RFC @CLCDGR MD RFMQC UFM ?PC AMJMP@JGLB.
4FC RFPCC-UGPC QWQRCK PCNJ?ACB RFC MJBCP RUM-UGPC QWQRCK, UFGAF J?AIQ ?L C?PRF/EPMSLB UGPC. 5LBCP MPBGL?PW AGPASKQR?LACQ, GLQSJ?RGML ML RFC JGTC/FMR
?LB LCSRP?J UGPCQ NPCTCLRQ RFC A?QC DPMK @CGLE BGPCARJW GL RFC AGPASGR, QM RF?R RFC C?PRF/EPMSLB UGPC K?W QCCK JGIC BMS@JC NPMRCARGML. 'PMSLBGLE RFC
A?QC QMJTCQ KMPC RF?L MLC NPM@JCK, FMUCTCP. 4FC QGKNJCQR NPM@JCK GQ UMPL GLQSJ?RGML ML RFC JGTC/FMR UGPC RF?R ?JJMUQ GR RM AMLR?AR RFC A?QC, ?Q QFMUL
GL F?=KH; 23.34. ,?AIGLE ?L C?PRF/EPMSLB AMLLCARGML (QMKC NCMNJC ASR RFC RFGPB NPMLE MDD RFC NJSE @CA?SQC RFCW MLJW F?TC MSRB?RCB RUM FMJC
PCACNR?AJCQ), ? QCTCPC QFMAI GQ NMQQG@JC. 4FGQ GQ N?PRGASJ?PJW B?LECPMSQ GL RFC IGRAFCL, UFCPC ? EMMB AMLLCARGML RM C?PRF/EPMSLB GQ ?T?GJ?@JC RFPMSEF
U?RCP ML RFC DJMMP MP ? U?RCP D?SACR. 7GRF RFC C?PRF/EPMSLB AMLLCARGML GLR?AR, RFC AGPASGR @PC?ICP UGJJ RPGN, DMPAGLE PCN?GP MD RFC ?NNJG?LAC. 7FW ?PC QMKC
?NNJG?LACQ QRGJJ QMJB UGRF RUM-NPMLE NJSEQ? 4FCQC F?TC LMLAMLBSARGLE A?QCQ, QSAF ?Q NMUCP RMMJQ UGRF GKN?AR PCQGQR?LR NJ?QRGA A?QCQ, ?LB ?PC A?JJCB
7BH5?L <AFH?4G87. -MBCPL RUM-NPMLE NJSEQ A?L @C GLQCPRCB GLRM RFC ?QWKKCRPGA QR?LB?PB MSRJCR GL MLJW MLC U?W, RM CLQSPC NPMNCP AMLLCARGML MD JGTC/
FMR ?LB LCSRP?J UGPCQ.
830 #(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3
F?=KH; 23.34 7MPL GLQSJ?RGML ?JJMUQ RFC JGTC/FMR UGPC RM AMKC GLRM BGPCAR AMLR?AR UGRF RFC KCR?J A?QC MD RFGQ ?NNJG?LAC. (?) 4FC C?PRF/EPMSLB AMLLCARGML @CGLE @PMICL, RFC
NCPQML GQ QCTCPCJW QFMAICB. 4FC ?NNJG?LAC K?W MNCP?RC LMPK?JJW GL RFGQ QGRS?RGML. (@) 7GRF ? NPMNCP C?PRF/EPMSLB, RFC AGPASGR @PC?ICP RPGNQ, DMPAGLE PCN?GP MD RFC ?NNJG?LAC.
%JCARPMK?ELCRGA GLBSARGML A?SQCQ ? KMPC QS@RJC NPM@JCK RF?R GQ QMJTCB @W EPMSLBGLE RFC A?QC. 4FC !# ASPPCLR GL ?NNJG?LACQ A?L GLBSAC ?L CKD ML
RFC A?QC. )D EPMSLBCB, RFC A?QC TMJR?EC GQ ICNR LC?P XCPM, @SR GD RFC A?QC GQ LMR EPMSLBCB, ? QFMAI A?L MAASP ?Q NGARSPCB GL F?=KH; 23.35. #SPPCLR
BPGTCL @W RFC GLBSACB A?QC CKD GQ A?JJCB ? ?84>4:8 6HEE8AG, ?JRFMSEF ASPPCLR BMCQ LMR LCACQQ?PGJW N?QQ DPMK RFC PCQGQRMP RM RFC A?QC.
F?=KH; 23.35 !# ASPPCLRQ A?L GLBSAC ?L CKD ML RFC A?QC MD ?L ?NNJG?LAC. 4FC TMJR?EC A?L @C J?PEC CLMSEF RM A?SQC ? QFMAI. )D RFC A?QC GQ EPMSLBCB, RFC GLBSACB CKD GQ ICNR
LC?P XCPM.
#(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3 831
! :EBHA7 94H?G <AG8EEHCG8E ('&)) GQ ? Q?DCRW BCTGAC DMSLB GL SNB?RCB IGRAFCL ?LB @?RFPMMK UGPGLE RF?R UMPIQ @?QCB ML CJCARPMK?ELCRGA GLBSARGML. '&)Q
AMKN?PC RFC ASPPCLRQ GL RFC JGTC/FMR ?LB LCSRP?J UGPCQ. 7FCL JGTC/FMR ?LB LCSRP?J ASPPCLRQ ?PC LMR COS?J, GR GQ ?JKMQR ?JU?WQ @CA?SQC ASPPCLR GL RFC
LCSRP?J GQ JCQQ RF?L GL RFC JGTC/FMR UGPC. 4FCL QMKC MD RFC ASPPCLR, ?E?GL A?JJCB ? JC?I?EC ASPPCLR, GQ PCRSPLGLE RM RFC TMJR?EC QMSPAC @W ? N?RF MRFCP
RF?L RFPMSEF RFC LCSRP?J UGPC. )R GQ ?QQSKCB RF?R RFGQ N?RF NPCQCLRQ ? F?X?PB, QSAF ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 23.36. '&)Q ?PC SQS?JJW QCR RM GLRCPPSNR RFC
AGPASGR GD RFC JC?I?EC ASPPCLR GQ EPC?RCP RF?L 5 K!, RFC ?AACNRCB K?VGKSK F?PKJCQQ QFMAI. %TCL GD RFC JC?I?EC ASPPCLR EMCQ Q?DCJW RM C?PRF/EPMSLB
RFPMSEF ?L GLR?AR C?PRF/EPMSLB UGPC, RFC '&) UGJJ RPGN, DMPAGLE PCN?GP MD RFC JC?I?EC.
F?=KH; 23.36 ! EPMSLB D?SJR GLRCPPSNRCP ('&)) AMKN?PCQ RFC ASPPCLRQ GL RFC JGTC/FMR ?LB LCSRP?J UGPCQ ?LB UGJJ RPGN GD RFCGP BGDDCPCLAC CVACCBQ ? Q?DC T?JSC. 4FC JC?I?EC ASPPCLR
FCPC DMJJMUQ ? F?X?PBMSQ N?RF RF?R AMSJB F?TC @CCL NPCTCLRCB @W ?L GLR?AR C?PRF/EPMSLB UGPC.
F?=KH; 23.37 QFMUQ FMU ? '&) UMPIQ. )D RFC ASPPCLRQ GL RFC JGTC/FMR ?LB LCSRP?J UGPCQ ?PC COS?J, RFCL RFCW GLBSAC COS?J ?LB MNNMQGRC CKDQ GL RFC AMGJ.
)D LMR, RFCL RFC AGPASGR @PC?ICP UGJJ RPGN.
F?=KH; 23.37 ! '&) AMKN?PCQ ASPPCLRQ @W SQGLE @MRF RM GLBSAC ?L CKD GL RFC Q?KC AMGJ. )D RFC ASPPCLRQ ?PC COS?J, RFCW UGJJ GLBSAC COS?J @SR MNNMQGRC CKDQ.
!LMRFCP GLBSARGML-@?QCB Q?DCRW BCTGAC GQ RFC <FB?4G<BA GE4AF9BE@8E, QFMUL GL F?=KH; 23.38. -MQR GQMJ?RGML RP?LQDMPKCPQ F?TC COS?J GLNSR ?LB MSRNSR
TMJR?ECQ. 4FCGP DSLARGML GQ RM NSR ? J?PEC PCQGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC MPGEGL?J TMJR?EC QMSPAC ?LB RFC BCTGAC @CGLE MNCP?RCB. 4FGQ NPCTCLRQ ? AMKNJCRC
AGPASGR @CRUCCL RFCK, CTCL GL RFC AGPASKQR?LAC QFMUL. 4FCPC GQ ? AMKNJCRC AGPASGR RFPMSEF RFC ?NNJG?LAC. "SR RFCPC GQ LMR ? AMKNJCRC AGPASGR DMP
ASPPCLR RM DJMU RFPMSEF RFC NCPQML GL RFC DGESPC, UFM GQ RMSAFGLE MLJW MLC MD RFC RP?LQDMPKCPtQ MSRNSR UGPCQ, ?LB LCGRFCP MSRNSR UGPC GQ EPMSLBCB. 4FC
?NNJG?LAC GQ GQMJ?RCB DPMK RFC MPGEGL?J TMJR?EC QMSPAC @W RFC FGEF PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC K?RCPG?J @CRUCCL RFC RP?LQDMPKCP AMGJQ, FCLAC RFC L?KC GQMJ?RGML
RP?LQDMPKCP. &MP ASPPCLR RM DJMU RFPMSEF RFC NCPQML, GR KSQR N?QQ RFPMSEF RFC FGEF-PCQGQR?LAC K?RCPG?J @CRUCCL RFC AMGJQ, RFPMSEF RFC UGPC, RFC NCPQML,
?LB @?AI RFPMSEF RFC C?PRFr? N?RF UGRF QSAF ? J?PEC PCQGQR?LAC RF?R RFC ASPPCLR GQ LCEJGEG@JC.
F?=KH; 23.38 !L GQMJ?RGML RP?LQDMPKCP NSRQ ? J?PEC PCQGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC MPGEGL?J TMJR?EC QMSPAC ?LB RFC BCTGAC, NPCTCLRGLE ? AMKNJCRC AGPASGR @CRUCCL RFCK.
832 #(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3
4FC @?QGAQ MD CJCARPGA?J Q?DCRW NPCQCLRCB FCPC FCJN NPCTCLR K?LW CJCARPGA?J F?X?PBQ. %JCARPGA?J Q?DCRW A?L @C NSPQSCB RM EPC?RCP BCNRFQ. 4FCPC ?PC, DMP
CV?KNJC, NPM@JCKQ PCJ?RCB RM BGDDCPCLR C?PRF/EPMSLB AMLLCARGMLQ DMP ?NNJG?LACQ GL AJMQC NPMVGKGRW. -?LW MRFCP CV?KNJCQ ?PC DMSLB GL FMQNGR?JQ.
-GAPMQFMAI-QCLQGRGTC N?RGCLRQ, DMP GLQR?LAC, PCOSGPC QNCAG?J NPMRCARGML. &MP RFCQC NCMNJC, ASPPCLRQ ?Q JMU ?Q 0.1 K! K?W A?SQC TCLRPGASJ?P DG@PGJJ?RGML.
4FC GLRCPCQRCB PC?BCP A?L SQC RFC K?RCPG?J NPCQCLRCB FCPC ?Q ? @?QGQ DMP DSPRFCP QRSBW.
23.9 "D:K9J7D9;
)LBSARMPQ
)LBSARGML GQ RFC NPMACQQ GL UFGAF ?L CKD GQ GLBSACB @W AF?LEGLE K?ELCRGA DJSV. -?LW CV?KNJCQ F?TC @CCL BGQASQQCB QM D?P, QMKC KMPC CDDCARGTC RF?L
MRFCPQ. 4P?LQDMPKCPQ, DMP CV?KNJC, ?PC BCQGELCB RM @C N?PRGASJ?PJW CDDCARGTC ?R GLBSAGLE ? BCQGPCB TMJR?EC ?LB ASPPCLR UGRF TCPW JGRRJC JMQQ MD CLCPEW RM
MRFCP DMPKQ. )Q RFCPC ? SQCDSJ NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRW PCJ?RCB RM FMU uCDDCARGTCv ? EGTCL BCTGAC GQ? 4FC ?LQUCP GQ WCQ, ?LB RF?R NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRW GQ A?JJCB
?D:K9J7D9;.
&KJK7B ?D:K9J7D9; GQ RFC CDDCAR MD &?P?B?WtQ J?U MD GLBSARGML DMP MLC BCTGAC SNML ?LMRFCP, QSAF ?Q RFC NPGK?PW AMGJ GL RP?LQKGRRGLE CLCPEW RM RFC
QCAMLB?PW GL ? RP?LQDMPKCP. 3CC F?=KH; 23.39, UFCPC QGKNJC AMGJQ GLBSAC CKDQ GL MLC ?LMRFCP.
F?=KH; 23.39 4FCQC AMGJQ A?L GLBSAC CKDQ GL MLC ?LMRFCP JGIC ?L GLCDDGAGCLR RP?LQDMPKCP. 4FCGP KSRS?J GLBSAR?LAC - GLBGA?RCQ RFC CDDCARGTCLCQQ MD RFC AMSNJGLE @CRUCCL RFCK.
(CPC ? AF?LEC GL ASPPCLR GL AMGJ 1 GQ QCCL RM GLBSAC ?L CKD GL AMGJ 2. (.MRC RF?R " E
2
GLBSACB" PCNPCQCLRQ RFC GLBSACB CKD GL AMGJ 2.)
)L RFC K?LW A?QCQ UFCPC RFC ECMKCRPW MD RFC BCTGACQ GQ DGVCB, DJSV GQ AF?LECB @W T?PWGLE ASPPCLR. 7C RFCPCDMPC AMLACLRP?RC ML RFC P?RC MD AF?LEC MD
ASPPCLR, I/t , ?Q RFC A?SQC MD GLBSARGML. ! AF?LEC GL RFC ASPPCLR I
1
GL MLC BCTGAC, AMGJ 1 GL RFC DGESPC, GLBSACQ ?L emf
2
GL RFC MRFCP. 7C CVNPCQQ
RFGQ GL COS?RGML DMPK ?Q
(23.34)
emf
2
= M
I
1
t
,
UFCPC M GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC KSRS?J GLBSAR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC RUM BCTGACQ. 4FC KGLSQ QGEL GQ ?L CVNPCQQGML MD ,CLXtQ J?U. 4FC J?PECP RFC KSRS?J
GLBSAR?LAC M, RFC KMPC CDDCARGTC RFC AMSNJGLE. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC AMGJQ GL F?=KH; 23.39 F?TC ? QK?JJ M AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC RP?LQDMPKCP AMGJQ GL
F?=KH; 23.28. 5LGRQ DMP M ?PC (V s)/A = s , UFGAF GQ L?KCB ? >;DHO ((), ?DRCP *MQCNF (CLPW. 4F?R GQ, 1 H = 1 s .
.?RSPC GQ QWKKCRPGA FCPC. )D UC AF?LEC RFC ASPPCLR I
2
GL AMGJ 2, UC GLBSAC ?L emf
1
GL AMGJ 1, UFGAF GQ EGTCL @W
(23.35)
emf
1
= M
I
2
t
,
UFCPC M GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q DMP RFC PCTCPQC NPMACQQ. 4P?LQDMPKCPQ PSL @?AIU?PB UGRF RFC Q?KC CDDCARGTCLCQQ, MP KSRS?J GLBSAR?LAC M.
! J?PEC KSRS?J GLBSAR?LAC M K?W MP K?W LMR @C BCQGP?@JC. 7C U?LR ? RP?LQDMPKCP RM F?TC ? J?PEC KSRS?J GLBSAR?LAC. "SR ?L ?NNJG?LAC, QSAF ?Q ?L
CJCARPGA AJMRFCQ BPWCP, A?L GLBSAC ? B?LECPMSQ CKD ML GRQ A?QC GD RFC KSRS?J GLBSAR?LAC @CRUCCL GRQ AMGJQ ?LB RFC A?QC GQ J?PEC. /LC U?W RM PCBSAC
KSRS?J GLBSAR?LAC M GQ RM AMSLRCPUGLB AMGJQ RM A?LACJ RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB NPMBSACB. (3CC F?=KH; 23.40.)
#(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3 833
F?=KH; 23.40 4FC FC?RGLE AMGJQ MD ?L CJCARPGA AJMRFCQ BPWCP A?L @C AMSLRCP-UMSLB QM RF?R RFCGP K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ A?LACJ MLC ?LMRFCP, EPC?RJW PCBSAGLE RFC KSRS?J GLBSAR?LAC UGRF
RFC A?QC MD RFC BPWCP.
,;B<-?D:K9J7D9;, RFC CDDCAR MD &?P?B?WtQ J?U MD GLBSARGML MD ? BCTGAC ML GRQCJD, ?JQM CVGQRQ. 7FCL, DMP CV?KNJC, ASPPCLR RFPMSEF ? AMGJ GQ GLAPC?QCB, RFC
K?ELCRGA DGCJB ?LB DJSV ?JQM GLAPC?QC, GLBSAGLE ? AMSLRCP CKD, ?Q PCOSGPCB @W ,CLXtQ J?U. #MLTCPQCJW, GD RFC ASPPCLR GQ BCAPC?QCB, ?L CKD GQ GLBSACB
RF?R MNNMQCQ RFC BCAPC?QC. -MQR BCTGACQ F?TC ? DGVCB ECMKCRPW, ?LB QM RFC AF?LEC GL DJSV GQ BSC CLRGPCJW RM RFC AF?LEC GL ASPPCLR I RFPMSEF RFC
BCTGAC. 4FC GLBSACB CKD GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC NFWQGA?J ECMKCRPW MD RFC BCTGAC ?LB RFC P?RC MD AF?LEC MD ASPPCLR. )R GQ EGTCL @W
(23.36)
emf = L
I
t
,
UFCPC L GQ RFC QCJD-GLBSAR?LAC MD RFC BCTGAC. ! BCTGAC RF?R CVFG@GRQ QGELGDGA?LR QCJD-GLBSAR?LAC GQ A?JJCB ?L ?D:K9JEH, ?LB EGTCL RFC QWK@MJ GL F?=KH;
23.41.
F?=KH; 23.41
4FC KGLSQ QGEL GQ ?L CVNPCQQGML MD ,CLXtQ J?U, GLBGA?RGLE RF?R CKD MNNMQCQ RFC AF?LEC GL ASPPCLR. 5LGRQ MD QCJD-GLBSAR?LAC ?PC FCLPGCQ (() HSQR ?Q DMP
KSRS?J GLBSAR?LAC. 4FC J?PECP RFC QCJD-GLBSAR?LAC L MD ? BCTGAC, RFC EPC?RCP GRQ MNNMQGRGML RM ?LW AF?LEC GL ASPPCLR RFPMSEF GR. &MP CV?KNJC, ? J?PEC
AMGJ UGRF K?LW RSPLQ ?LB ?L GPML AMPC F?Q ? J?PEC L ?LB UGJJ LMR ?JJMU ASPPCLR RM AF?LEC OSGAIJW. 4M ?TMGB RFGQ CDDCAR, ? QK?JJ L KSQR @C ?AFGCTCB,
QSAF ?Q @W AMSLRCPUGLBGLE AMGJQ ?Q GL F?=KH; 23.40.
! 1 ( GLBSARMP GQ ? J?PEC GLBSARMP. 4M GJJSQRP?RC RFGQ, AMLQGBCP ? BCTGAC UGRF L = 1.0 H RF?R F?Q ? 10 ! ASPPCLR DJMUGLE RFPMSEF GR. 7F?R F?NNCLQ GD UC
RPW RM QFSR MDD RFC ASPPCLR P?NGBJW, NCPF?NQ GL MLJW 1.0 KQ? !L CKD, EGTCL @W emf = L(I / t) , UGJJ MNNMQC RFC AF?LEC. 4FSQ ?L CKD UGJJ @C
GLBSACB EGTCL @W emf = L(I / t) = (1.0 H)[(10 A) / (1.0 ms)] = 10,000 V. 4FC NMQGRGTC QGEL KC?LQ RFGQ J?PEC TMJR?EC GQ GL RFC Q?KC
BGPCARGML ?Q RFC ASPPCLR, MNNMQGLE GRQ BCAPC?QC. 3SAF J?PEC CKDQ A?L A?SQC ?PAQ, B?K?EGLE QUGRAFGLE COSGNKCLR, ?LB QM GR K?W @C LCACQQ?PW RM
AF?LEC ASPPCLR KMPC QJMUJW.
4FCPC ?PC SQCQ DMP QSAF ? J?PEC GLBSACB TMJR?EC. #?KCP? DJ?QFCQ SQC ? @?RRCPW, RUM GLBSARMPQ RF?R DSLARGML ?Q ? RP?LQDMPKCP, ?LB ? QUGRAFGLE QWQRCK
MP MQAGJJ?RMP RM GLBSAC J?PEC TMJR?ECQ. (2CKCK@CP RF?R UC LCCB ? AF?LEGLE K?ELCRGA DGCJB, @PMSEFR ?@MSR @W ? AF?LEGLE ASPPCLR, RM GLBSAC ? TMJR?EC GL
?LMRFCP AMGJ.) 4FC MQAGJJ?RMP QWQRCK UGJJ BM RFGQ K?LW RGKCQ ?Q RFC @?RRCPW TMJR?EC GQ @MMQRCB RM MTCP MLC RFMSQ?LB TMJRQ. (9MS K?W FC?P RFC FGEF
NGRAFCB UFGLC DPMK RFC RP?LQDMPKCP ?Q RFC A?N?AGRMP GQ @CGLE AF?PECB.) ! A?N?AGRMP QRMPCQ RFC FGEF TMJR?EC DMP J?RCP SQC GL NMUCPGLE RFC DJ?QF. (3CC
F?=KH; 23.42.)
834 #(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3
F?=KH; 23.42 4FPMSEF P?NGB QUGRAFGLE MD ?L GLBSARMP, 1.5 6 @?RRCPGCQ A?L @C SQCB RM GLBSAC CKDQ MD QCTCP?J RFMSQ?LB TMJRQ. 4FGQ TMJR?EC A?L @C SQCB RM QRMPC AF?PEC GL ?
A?N?AGRMP DMP J?RCP SQC, QSAF ?Q GL ? A?KCP? DJ?QF ?RR?AFKCLR.
)R GQ NMQQG@JC RM A?JASJ?RC L DMP ?L GLBSARMP EGTCL GRQ ECMKCRPW (QGXC ?LB QF?NC) ?LB ILMUGLE RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB RF?R GR NPMBSACQ. 4FGQ GQ BGDDGASJR GL
KMQR A?QCQ, @CA?SQC MD RFC AMKNJCVGRW MD RFC DGCJB APC?RCB. 3M GL RFGQ RCVR RFC GLBSAR?LAC L GQ SQS?JJW ? EGTCL OS?LRGRW. /LC CVACNRGML GQ RFC QMJCLMGB,
@CA?SQC GR F?Q ? TCPW SLGDMPK DGCJB GLQGBC, ? LC?PJW XCPM DGCJB MSRQGBC, ?LB ? QGKNJC QF?NC. )R GQ GLQRPSARGTC RM BCPGTC ?L COS?RGML DMP GRQ GLBSAR?LAC. 7C
QR?PR @W LMRGLE RF?R RFC GLBSACB CKD GQ EGTCL @W &?P?B?WtQ J?U MD GLBSARGML ?Q emf = N(/ t) ?LB, @W RFC BCDGLGRGML MD QCJD-GLBSAR?LAC, ?Q
emf = L(I / t) . %OS?RGLE RFCQC WGCJBQ
(23.37)
emf = N
t
= L
I
t
.
3MJTGLE DMP L EGTCQ
(23.38)
L = N
I
.
4FGQ COS?RGML DMP RFC QCJD-GLBSAR?LAC L MD ? BCTGAC GQ ?JU?WQ T?JGB. )R KC?LQ RF?R QCJD-GLBSAR?LAC L BCNCLBQ ML FMU CDDCARGTC RFC ASPPCLR GQ GL
APC?RGLE DJSV; RFC KMPC CDDCARGTC, RFC EPC?RCP / I GQ.
,CR SQ SQC RFGQ J?QR COS?RGML RM DGLB ?L CVNPCQQGML DMP RFC GLBSAR?LAC MD ? QMJCLMGB. 3GLAC RFC ?PC? A MD ? QMJCLMGB GQ DGVCB, RFC AF?LEC GL DJSV GQ
= (BA) = AB . 4M DGLB B , UC LMRC RF?R RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB MD ? QMJCLMGB GQ EGTCL @W B =
0
nI =
0
NI
. ((CPC n = N / , UFCPC N GQ
RFC LSK@CP MD AMGJQ ?LB GQ RFC QMJCLMGBtQ JCLERF.) /LJW RFC ASPPCLR AF?LECQ, QM RF?R = AB =
0
NA
I
. 3S@QRGRSRGLE GLRM
L = N
I
EGTCQ
(23.39)
L = N
I
= N
0
NA
I
I
.
4FGQ QGKNJGDGCQ RM
(23.40)
L =

0
N
2
A
(solenoid).
4FGQ GQ RFC QCJD-GLBSAR?LAC MD ? QMJCLMGB MD APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? A ?LB JCLERF . .MRC RF?R RFC GLBSAR?LAC BCNCLBQ MLJW ML RFC NFWQGA?J
AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD RFC QMJCLMGB, AMLQGQRCLR UGRF GRQ BCDGLGRGML.
EN7CFB; 23.7 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; ,;B<-?D:K9J7D9; E< 7 &E:;H7J; ,?P; ,EB;DE?:
#?JASJ?RC RFC QCJD-GLBSAR?LAC MD ? 10.0 AK JMLE, 4.00 AK BG?KCRCP QMJCLMGB RF?R F?Q 200 AMGJQ.
,JH7J;=O
4FGQ GQ ? QRP?GEFRDMPU?PB ?NNJGA?RGML MD L =

0
N
2
A
, QGLAC ?JJ OS?LRGRGCQ GL RFC COS?RGML CVACNR L ?PC ILMUL.

,EBKJ?ED
5QC RFC DMJJMUGLE CVNPCQQGML DMP RFC QCJD-GLBSAR?LAC MD ? QMJCLMGB:
(23.41)
L =

0
N
2
A
.
4FC APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? GL RFGQ CV?KNJC GQ A = r
2
= (3.14...)(0.0200 m)
2
= 1.2610
3
m
2
, N GQ EGTCL RM @C 200, ?LB RFC JCLERF GQ
0.100 K. 7C ILMU RFC NCPKC?@GJGRW MD DPCC QN?AC GQ
0
= 410
7
T m/A. 3S@QRGRSRGLE RFCQC GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP L EGTCQ
#(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3 835
(23.42)
L =
(410
7
T m/A)(200)
2
(1.2610
3
m
2
)
0.100 m
= 0.632 mH.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ QMJCLMGB GQ KMBCP?RC GL QGXC. )RQ GLBSAR?LAC MD LC?PJW ? KGJJGFCLPW GQ ?JQM AMLQGBCPCB KMBCP?RC.
/LC AMKKML ?NNJGA?RGML MD GLBSAR?LAC GQ SQCB GL RP?DDGA JGEFRQ RF?R A?L RCJJ UFCL TCFGAJCQ ?PC U?GRGLE ?R RFC GLRCPQCARGML. !L CJCARPGA?J AGPASGR UGRF ?L
GLBSARMP GQ NJ?ACB GL RFC PM?B SLBCP RFC NJ?AC ? U?GRGLE A?P UGJJ QRMN MTCP. 4FC @MBW MD RFC A?P GLAPC?QCQ RFC GLBSAR?LAC ?LB RFC AGPASGR AF?LECQ
QCLBGLE ? QGEL?J RM RFC RP?DDGA JGEFRQ RM AF?LEC AMJMPQ. 3GKGJ?PJW, KCR?J BCRCARMPQ SQCB DMP ?GPNMPR QCASPGRW CKNJMW RFC Q?KC RCAFLGOSC. ! AMGJ MP GLBSARMP
GL RFC KCR?J BCRCARMP DP?KC ?ARQ ?Q @MRF ? RP?LQKGRRCP ?LB ? PCACGTCP. 4FC NSJQCB QGEL?J GL RFC RP?LQKGRRCP AMGJ GLBSACQ ? QGEL?J GL RFC PCACGTCP. 4FC
QCJD-GLBSAR?LAC MD RFC AGPASGR GQ ?DDCARCB @W ?LW KCR?J M@HCAR GL RFC N?RF. 3SAF BCRCARMPQ A?L @C ?BHSQRCB DMP QCLQGRGTGRW ?LB ?JQM A?L GLBGA?RC RFC
?NNPMVGK?RC JMA?RGML MD KCR?J DMSLB ML ? NCPQML. ("SR RFCW UGJJ LMR @C ?@JC RM BCRCAR ?LW NJ?QRGA CVNJMQGTC QSAF ?Q RF?R DMSLB ML RFC uSLBCPUC?P
@MK@CP.v) 3CC F?=KH; 23.43.
F?=KH; 23.43 4FC D?KGJG?P QCASPGRW E?RC ?R ?L ?GPNMPR A?L LMR MLJW BCRCAR KCR?JQ @SR ?JQM GLBGA?RC RFCGP ?NNPMVGK?RC FCGEFR ?@MTC RFC DJMMP. (APCBGR: !JCV@SGPBQ, 7GIGKCBG?
#MKKMLQ)
%LCPEW 3RMPCB GL ?L )LBSARMP
7C ILMU DPMK ,CLXtQ J?U RF?R GLBSAR?LACQ MNNMQC AF?LECQ GL ASPPCLR. 4FCPC GQ ?L ?JRCPL?RGTC U?W RM JMMI ?R RFGQ MNNMQGRGML RF?R GQ @?QCB ML CLCPEW.
%LCPEW GQ QRMPCB GL ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB. )R R?ICQ RGKC RM @SGJB SN CLCPEW, ?LB GR ?JQM R?ICQ RGKC RM BCNJCRC CLCPEW; FCLAC, RFCPC GQ ?L MNNMQGRGML RM P?NGB
AF?LEC. )L ?L GLBSARMP, RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM ASPPCLR ?LB RM RFC GLBSAR?LAC MD RFC BCTGAC. )R A?L @C QFMUL RF?R RFC ;D;H=O
IJEH;: ?D 7D ?D:K9JEH E
ind
GQ EGTCL @W
(23.43)
E
ind
=
1
2
LI
2
.
4FGQ CVNPCQQGML GQ QGKGJ?P RM RF?R DMP RFC CLCPEW QRMPCB GL ? A?N?AGRMP.
EN7CFB; 23.8 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; ED;H=O ,JEH;: ?D J>; F?;B: E< 7 ,EB;DE?:
(MU KSAF CLCPEW GQ QRMPCB GL RFC 0.632 K( GLBSARMP MD RFC NPCACBGLE CV?KNJC UFCL ? 30.0 ! ASPPCLR DJMUQ RFPMSEF GR?
,JH7J;=O
4FC CLCPEW GQ EGTCL @W RFC COS?RGML E
ind
=
1
2
LI
2
, ?LB ?JJ OS?LRGRGCQ CVACNR E
ind
?PC ILMUL.
,EBKJ?ED
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFC T?JSC DMP L DMSLB GL RFC NPCTGMSQ CV?KNJC ?LB RFC EGTCL ASPPCLR GLRM E
ind
=
1
2
LI
2
EGTCQ
(23.44)
E
ind
=
1
2
LI
2
= 0.5(0.63210
3
H)(30.0 A)
2
= 0.284 J.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW GQ ACPR?GLJW CLMSEF RM A?SQC ? QN?PI GD RFC ASPPCLR GQ QSBBCLJW QUGRAFCB MDD. )R A?LLMR @C @SGJR SN GLQR?LR?LCMSQJW SLJCQQ
RFC NMUCP GLNSR GQ GLDGLGRC.
23.10 +% C?H9K?JI
7C ILMU RF?R RFC ASPPCLR RFPMSEF ?L GLBSARMP L A?LLMR @C RSPLCB ML MP MDD GLQR?LR?LCMSQJW. 4FC AF?LEC GL ASPPCLR AF?LECQ DJSV, GLBSAGLE ?L CKD
MNNMQGLE RFC AF?LEC (,CLXtQ J?U). (MU JMLE BMCQ RFC MNNMQGRGML J?QR? #SPPCLR J<?? DJMU ?LB 64A @C RSPLCB MDD, @SR FMU JMLE BMCQ GR R?IC? F?=KH;
23.44 QFMUQ ? QUGRAFGLE AGPASGR RF?R A?L @C SQCB RM CV?KGLC ASPPCLR RFPMSEF ?L GLBSARMP ?Q ? DSLARGML MD RGKC.
836 #(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3
F?=KH; 23.44 (?) !L )# AGPASGR UGRF ? QUGRAF RM RSPL ASPPCLR ML ?LB MDD. 7FCL GL NMQGRGML 1, RFC @?RRCPW, PCQGQRMP, ?LB GLBSARMP ?PC GL QCPGCQ ?LB ? ASPPCLR GQ CQR?@JGQFCB. )L
NMQGRGML 2, RFC @?RRCPW GQ PCKMTCB ?LB RFC ASPPCLR CTCLRS?JJW QRMNQ @CA?SQC MD CLCPEW JMQQ GL RFC PCQGQRMP. (@) ! EP?NF MD ASPPCLR EPMURF TCPQSQ RGKC UFCL RFC QUGRAF GQ KMTCB
RM NMQGRGML 1. (A) ! EP?NF MD ASPPCLR BCA?W UFCL RFC QUGRAF GQ KMTCB RM NMQGRGML 2.
7FCL RFC QUGRAF GQ DGPQR KMTCB RM NMQGRGML 1 (?R t = 0 ), RFC ASPPCLR GQ XCPM ?LB GR CTCLRS?JJW PGQCQ RM I
0
= V/R , UFCPC R GQ RFC RMR?J PCQGQR?LAC MD
RFC AGPASGR. 4FC MNNMQGRGML MD RFC GLBSARMP L GQ EPC?RCQR ?R RFC @CEGLLGLE, @CA?SQC RFC ?KMSLR MD AF?LEC GQ EPC?RCQR. 4FC MNNMQGRGML GR NMQCQ GQ GL RFC
DMPK MD ?L GLBSACB CKD, UFGAF BCAPC?QCQ RM XCPM ?Q RFC ASPPCLR ?NNPM?AFCQ GRQ DGL?J T?JSC. 4FC MNNMQGLE CKD GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC ?KMSLR MD AF?LEC
JCDR. 4FGQ GQ RFC F?JJK?PI MD ?L CVNMLCLRG?J @CF?TGMP, ?LB GR A?L @C QFMUL UGRF A?JASJSQ RF?R
(23.45)
I = I
0
(1 e
t /
) (turning on),
GQ RFC ASPPCLR GL ?L )# AGPASGR UFCL QUGRAFCB ML (.MRC RFC QGKGJ?PGRW RM RFC CVNMLCLRG?J @CF?TGMP MD RFC TMJR?EC ML ? AF?PEGLE A?N?AGRMP). 4FC GLGRG?J
ASPPCLR GQ XCPM ?LB ?NNPM?AFCQ I
0
= V/R UGRF ? 9>7H79J;H?IJ?9 J?C; 9EDIJ7DJ DMP ?L )# AGPASGR, EGTCL @W
(23.46)
=
L
R
,
UFCPC F?Q SLGRQ MD QCAMLBQ, QGLAC 1 H=1 s . )L RFC DGPQR NCPGMB MD RGKC , RFC ASPPCLR PGQCQ DPMK XCPM RM 0.632I
0
, QGLAC
I = I
0
(1 e
1
) = I
0
(1 0.368) = 0.632I
0
. 4FC ASPPCLR UGJJ EM 0.632 MD RFC PCK?GLBCP GL RFC LCVR RGKC . ! UCJJ-ILMUL NPMNCPRW MD RFC
CVNMLCLRG?J GQ RF?R RFC DGL?J T?JSC GQ LCTCP CV?ARJW PC?AFCB, @SR 0.632 MD RFC PCK?GLBCP RM RF?R T?JSC GQ ?AFGCTCB GL CTCPW AF?P?ARCPGQRGA RGKC . )L HSQR
? DCU KSJRGNJCQ MD RFC RGKC , RFC DGL?J T?JSC GQ TCPW LC?PJW ?AFGCTCB, ?Q RFC EP?NF GL F?=KH; 23.44(@) GJJSQRP?RCQ.
4FC AF?P?ARCPGQRGA RGKC BCNCLBQ ML MLJW RUM D?ARMPQ, RFC GLBSAR?LAC L ?LB RFC PCQGQR?LAC R . 4FC EPC?RCP RFC GLBSAR?LAC L , RFC EPC?RCP GQ,
UFGAF K?ICQ QCLQC QGLAC ? J?PEC GLBSAR?LAC GQ TCPW CDDCARGTC GL MNNMQGLE AF?LEC. 4FC QK?JJCP RFC PCQGQR?LAC R , RFC EPC?RCP GQ. !E?GL RFGQ K?ICQ
QCLQC, QGLAC ? QK?JJ PCQGQR?LAC KC?LQ ? J?PEC DGL?J ASPPCLR ?LB ? EPC?RCP AF?LEC RM ECR RFCPC. )L @MRF A?QCQrJ?PEC L ?LB QK?JJ R rKMPC CLCPEW
GQ QRMPCB GL RFC GLBSARMP ?LB KMPC RGKC GQ PCOSGPCB RM ECR GR GL ?LB MSR.
7FCL RFC QUGRAF GL F?=KH; 23.44(?) GQ KMTCB RM NMQGRGML 2 ?LB ASRQ RFC @?RRCPW MSR MD RFC AGPASGR, RFC ASPPCLR BPMNQ @CA?SQC MD CLCPEW BGQQGN?RGML @W
RFC PCQGQRMP. "SR RFGQ GQ ?JQM LMR GLQR?LR?LCMSQ, QGLAC RFC GLBSARMP MNNMQCQ RFC BCAPC?QC GL ASPPCLR @W GLBSAGLE ?L CKD GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML ?Q RFC
@?RRCPW RF?R BPMTC RFC ASPPCLR. &SPRFCPKMPC, RFCPC GQ ? ACPR?GL ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW, (1/2)LI
0
2
, QRMPCB GL RFC GLBSARMP, ?LB GR GQ BGQQGN?RCB ?R ? DGLGRC P?RC.
!Q RFC ASPPCLR ?NNPM?AFCQ XCPM, RFC P?RC MD BCAPC?QC QJMUQ, QGLAC RFC CLCPEW BGQQGN?RGML P?RC GQ I
2
R . /LAC ?E?GL RFC @CF?TGMP GQ CVNMLCLRG?J, ?LB
I GQ DMSLB RM @C
(23.47)
I = I
0
e
t /
(turning of).
(3CC F?=KH; 23.44(A).) )L RFC DGPQR NCPGMB MD RGKC = L / R ?DRCP RFC QUGRAF GQ AJMQCB, RFC ASPPCLR D?JJQ RM 0.368 MD GRQ GLGRG?J T?JSC, QGLAC
I = I
0
e
1
= 0.368I
0
. )L C?AF QSAACQQGTC RGKC , RFC ASPPCLR D?JJQ RM 0.368 MD RFC NPCACBGLE T?JSC, ?LB GL ? DCU KSJRGNJCQ MD , RFC ASPPCLR
@CAMKCQ TCPW AJMQC RM XCPM, ?Q QCCL GL RFC EP?NF GL F?=KH; 23.44(A).
EN7CFB; 23.9 C7B9KB7J?D= C>7H79J;H?IJ?9 -?C; 7D: CKHH;DJ ?D 7D RL C?H9K?J
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC AF?P?ARCPGQRGA RGKC AMLQR?LR DMP ? 7.50 K( GLBSARMP GL QCPGCQ UGRF ? 3.00 PCQGQRMP? (@) &GLB RFC ASPPCLR 5.00 KQ ?DRCP RFC QUGRAF
GQ KMTCB RM NMQGRGML 2 RM BGQAMLLCAR RFC @?RRCPW, GD GR GQ GLGRG?JJW 10.0 !.
,JH7J;=O <EH (7)
4FC RGKC AMLQR?LR DMP ?L )# AGPASGR GQ BCDGLCB @W = L / R .
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
%LRCPGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP EGTCL GL = L / R WGCJBQ
(23.48)
=
L
R
=
7.50 mH
3.00
= 2.50 ms.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (7)
4FGQ GQ ? QK?JJ @SR BCDGLGRCJW DGLGRC RGKC. 4FC AMGJ UGJJ @C TCPW AJMQC RM GRQ DSJJ ASPPCLR GL ?@MSR RCL RGKC AMLQR?LRQ, MP ?@MSR 25 KQ.
#(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3 837
,JH7J;=O <EH (8)
7C A?L DGLB RFC ASPPCLR @W SQGLE I = I
0
e
t /
, MP @W AMLQGBCPGLE RFC BCAJGLC GL QRCNQ. 3GLAC RFC RGKC GQ RUGAC RFC AF?P?ARCPGQRGA RGKC, UC AMLQGBCP
RFC NPMACQQ GL QRCNQ.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
)L RFC DGPQR 2.50 KQ, RFC ASPPCLR BCAJGLCQ RM 0.368 MD GRQ GLGRG?J T?JSC, UFGAF GQ
(23.49)
I = 0.368I
0
= (0.368)(10.0 A)
= 3.68 A at t = 2.50 ms.
!DRCP ?LMRFCP 2.50 KQ, MP ? RMR?J MD 5.00 KQ, RFC ASPPCLR BCAJGLCQ RM 0.368 MD RFC T?JSC HSQR DMSLB. 4F?R GQ,
(23.50)
I = 0.368I = (0.368)(3.68 A)
= 1.35 A at t = 5.00 ms.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (8)
!DRCP ?LMRFCP 5.00 KQ F?Q N?QQCB, RFC ASPPCLR UGJJ @C 0.183 ! (QCC EN;H9?I; 23.99); QM, ?JRFMSEF GR BMCQ BGC MSR, RFC ASPPCLR ACPR?GLJW BMCQ LMR
EM RM XCPM GLQR?LR?LCMSQJW.
)L QSKK?PW, UFCL RFC TMJR?EC ?NNJGCB RM ?L GLBSARMP GQ AF?LECB, RFC ASPPCLR ?JQM AF?LECQ, 5HG G;8 6;4A:8 <A 6HEE8AG ?4:F G;8 6;4A:8 <A IB?G4:8 <A 4A
)# 6<E6H<G. )L +;79J7D9;, "D:K9J?L; 7D: C7F79?J?L;, UC CVNJMPC FMU ?L )# AGPASGR @CF?TCQ UFCL ? QGLSQMGB?J !# TMJR?EC GQ ?NNJGCB.
23.11 +;79J7D9;, "D:K9J?L; 7D: C7F79?J?L;
-?LW AGPASGRQ ?JQM AMLR?GL A?N?AGRMPQ ?LB GLBSARMPQ, GL ?BBGRGML RM PCQGQRMPQ ?LB ?L !# TMJR?EC QMSPAC. 7C F?TC QCCL FMU A?N?AGRMPQ ?LB GLBSARMPQ
PCQNMLB RM $# TMJR?EC UFCL GR GQ QUGRAFCB ML ?LB MDD. 7C UGJJ LMU CVNJMPC FMU GLBSARMPQ ?LB A?N?AGRMPQ PC?AR RM QGLSQMGB?J !# TMJR?EC.
)LBSARMPQ ?LB )LBSARGTC 2C?AR?LAC
3SNNMQC ?L GLBSARMP GQ AMLLCARCB BGPCARJW RM ?L !# TMJR?EC QMSPAC, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 23.45. )R GQ PC?QML?@JC RM ?QQSKC LCEJGEG@JC PCQGQR?LAC, QGLAC
GL NP?ARGAC UC A?L K?IC RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD ?L GLBSARMP QM QK?JJ RF?R GR F?Q ? LCEJGEG@JC CDDCAR ML RFC AGPASGR. !JQM QFMUL GQ ? EP?NF MD TMJR?EC ?LB
ASPPCLR ?Q DSLARGMLQ MD RGKC.
F?=KH; 23.45 (?) !L !# TMJR?EC QMSPAC GL QCPGCQ UGRF ?L GLBSARMP F?TGLE LCEJGEG@JC PCQGQR?LAC. (@) 'P?NF MD ASPPCLR ?LB TMJR?EC ?APMQQ RFC GLBSARMP ?Q DSLARGMLQ MD RGKC.
4FC EP?NF GL F?=KH; 23.45(@) QR?PRQ UGRF TMJR?EC ?R ? K?VGKSK. .MRC RF?R RFC ASPPCLR QR?PRQ ?R XCPM ?LB PGQCQ RM GRQ NC?I 49G8E RFC TMJR?EC RF?R BPGTCQ GR,
HSQR ?Q U?Q RFC A?QC UFCL $# TMJR?EC U?Q QUGRAFCB ML GL RFC NPCACBGLE QCARGML. 7FCL RFC TMJR?EC @CAMKCQ LCE?RGTC ?R NMGLR ?, RFC ASPPCLR @CEGLQ
RM BCAPC?QC; GR @CAMKCQ XCPM ?R NMGLR @, UFCPC TMJR?EC GQ GRQ KMQR LCE?RGTC. 4FC ASPPCLR RFCL @CAMKCQ LCE?RGTC, ?E?GL DMJJMUGLE RFC TMJR?EC. 4FC
TMJR?EC @CAMKCQ NMQGRGTC ?R NMGLR A ?LB @CEGLQ RM K?IC RFC ASPPCLR JCQQ LCE?RGTC. !R NMGLR B, RFC ASPPCLR EMCQ RFPMSEF XCPM HSQR ?Q RFC TMJR?EC
PC?AFCQ GRQ NMQGRGTC NC?I RM QR?PR ?LMRFCP AWAJC. 4FGQ @CF?TGMP GQ QSKK?PGXCB ?Q DMJJMUQ:
!# 6MJR?EC GL ?L )LBSARMP
7FCL ? QGLSQMGB?J TMJR?EC GQ ?NNJGCB RM ?L GLBSARMP, RFC TMJR?EC JC?BQ RFC ASPPCLR @W MLC-DMSPRF MD ? AWAJC, MP @W ? 90 NF?QC ?LEJC.
#SPPCLR J?EQ @CFGLB TMJR?EC, QGLAC GLBSARMPQ MNNMQC AF?LEC GL ASPPCLR. #F?LEGLE ASPPCLR GLBSACQ ? @?AI CKD V = L(I / t) . 4FGQ GQ AMLQGBCPCB
RM @C ?L CDDCARGTC PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC GLBSARMP RM !#. 4FC PKQ ASPPCLR I RFPMSEF ?L GLBSARMP L GQ EGTCL @W ? TCPQGML MD /FKtQ J?U:
(23.51)
I =
V
X
L
,
UFCPC V GQ RFC PKQ TMJR?EC ?APMQQ RFC GLBSARMP ?LB X
L
GQ BCDGLCB RM @C
(23.52)
X
L
= 2fL,
838 #(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3
UGRF f RFC DPCOSCLAW MD RFC !# TMJR?EC QMSPAC GL FCPRX (!L ?L?JWQGQ MD RFC AGPASGR SQGLE +GPAFFMDDtQ JMMN PSJC ?LB A?JASJSQ ?ARS?JJW NPMBSACQ RFGQ
CVNPCQQGML). X
L
GQ A?JJCB RFC ?D:K9J?L; H;79J7D9;, @CA?SQC RFC GLBSARMP PC?ARQ RM GKNCBC RFC ASPPCLR. X
L
F?Q SLGRQ MD MFKQ ( 1 H = 1 s , QM
RF?R DPCOSCLAW RGKCQ GLBSAR?LAC F?Q SLGRQ MD (cycles/s)( s) = ), AMLQGQRCLR UGRF GRQ PMJC ?Q ?L CDDCARGTC PCQGQR?LAC. )R K?ICQ QCLQC RF?R X
L
GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM L , QGLAC RFC EPC?RCP RFC GLBSARGML RFC EPC?RCP GRQ PCQGQR?LAC RM AF?LEC. )R GQ ?JQM PC?QML?@JC RF?R X
L
GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM DPCOSCLAW f
, QGLAC EPC?RCP DPCOSCLAW KC?LQ EPC?RCP AF?LEC GL ASPPCLR. 4F?R GQ, I/t GQ J?PEC DMP J?PEC DPCOSCLAGCQ (J?PEC f , QK?JJ t ). 4FC EPC?RCP RFC
AF?LEC, RFC EPC?RCP RFC MNNMQGRGML MD ?L GLBSARMP.
EN7CFB; 23.10 C7B9KB7J?D= "D:K9J?L; +;79J7D9; 7D: J>;D CKHH;DJ
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC GLBSARGTC PC?AR?LAC MD ? 3.00 K( GLBSARMP UFCL 60.0 (X ?LB 10.0 I(X !# TMJR?ECQ ?PC ?NNJGCB. (@) 7F?R GQ RFC PKQ ASPPCLR ?R
C?AF DPCOSCLAW GD RFC ?NNJGCB PKQ TMJR?EC GQ 120 6?
,JH7J;=O
4FC GLBSARGTC PC?AR?LAC GQ DMSLB BGPCARJW DPMK RFC CVNPCQQGML X
L
= 2fL . /LAC X
L
F?Q @CCL DMSLB ?R C?AF DPCOSCLAW, /FKtQ J?U ?Q QR?RCB GL
RFC %OS?RGML I = V / X
L
A?L @C SQCB RM DGLB RFC ASPPCLR ?R C?AF DPCOSCLAW.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
%LRCPGLE RFC DPCOSCLAW ?LB GLBSAR?LAC GLRM %OS?RGML X
L
= 2fL EGTCQ
(23.53)
X
L
= 2fL = 6.28(60.0 / s)(3.00 mH) = 1.13 at 60 Hz.
3GKGJ?PJW, ?R 10 I(X,
(23.54)
X
L
= 2fL = 6.28(1.0010
4
/s)(3.00 mH) = 188 at 10 kHz.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
4FC PKQ ASPPCLR GQ LMU DMSLB SQGLE RFC TCPQGML MD /FKtQ J?U GL %OS?RGML I = V / X
L
, EGTCL RFC ?NNJGCB PKQ TMJR?EC GQ 120 6. &MP RFC DGPQR
DPCOSCLAW, RFGQ WGCJBQ
(23.55)
I =
V
X
L
=
120 V
1.13
= 106 A at 60 Hz.
(23.56)
I =
V
X
L
=
120 V
188
= 0.637 A at 10 kHz.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC GLBSARMP PC?ARQ TCPW BGDDCPCLRJW ?R RFC RUM BGDDCPCLR DPCOSCLAGCQ. !R RFC FGEFCP DPCOSCLAW, GRQ PC?AR?LAC GQ J?PEC ?LB RFC ASPPCLR GQ QK?JJ,
AMLQGQRCLR UGRF FMU ?L GLBSARMP GKNCBCQ P?NGB AF?LEC. 4FSQ FGEF DPCOSCLAGCQ ?PC GKNCBCB RFC KMQR. )LBSARMPQ A?L @C SQCB RM DGJRCP MSR FGEF
DPCOSCLAGCQ; DMP CV?KNJC, ? J?PEC GLBSARMP A?L @C NSR GL QCPGCQ UGRF ? QMSLB PCNPMBSARGML QWQRCK MP GL QCPGCQ UGRF WMSP FMKC AMKNSRCP RM PCBSAC
FGEF-DPCOSCLAW QMSLB MSRNSR DPMK WMSP QNC?ICPQ MP FGEF-DPCOSCLAW NMUCP QNGICQ GLRM WMSP AMKNSRCP.
.MRC RF?R ?JRFMSEF RFC PCQGQR?LAC GL RFC AGPASGR AMLQGBCPCB GQ LCEJGEG@JC, RFC !# ASPPCLR GQ LMR CVRPCKCJW J?PEC @CA?SQC GLBSARGTC PC?AR?LAC GKNCBCQ GRQ
DJMU. 7GRF !#, RFCPC GQ LM RGKC DMP RFC ASPPCLR RM @CAMKC CVRPCKCJW J?PEC.
#?N?AGRMPQ ?LB #?N?AGRGTC 2C?AR?LAC
#MLQGBCP RFC A?N?AGRMP AMLLCARCB BGPCARJW RM ?L !# TMJR?EC QMSPAC ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 23.46. 4FC PCQGQR?LAC MD ? AGPASGR JGIC RFGQ A?L @C K?BC QM
QK?JJ RF?R GR F?Q ? LCEJGEG@JC CDDCAR AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC A?N?AGRMP, ?LB QM UC A?L ?QQSKC LCEJGEG@JC PCQGQR?LAC. 6MJR?EC ?APMQQ RFC A?N?AGRMP ?LB
ASPPCLR ?PC EP?NFCB ?Q DSLARGMLQ MD RGKC GL RFC DGESPC.
F?=KH; 23.46 (?) !L !# TMJR?EC QMSPAC GL QCPGCQ UGRF ? A?N?AGRMP C F?TGLE LCEJGEG@JC PCQGQR?LAC. (@) 'P?NF MD ASPPCLR ?LB TMJR?EC ?APMQQ RFC A?N?AGRMP ?Q DSLARGMLQ MD RGKC.
4FC EP?NF GL F?=KH; 23.46 QR?PRQ UGRF TMJR?EC ?APMQQ RFC A?N?AGRMP ?R ? K?VGKSK. 4FC ASPPCLR GQ XCPM ?R RFGQ NMGLR, @CA?SQC RFC A?N?AGRMP GQ DSJJW
AF?PECB ?LB F?JRQ RFC DJMU. 4FCL TMJR?EC BPMNQ ?LB RFC ASPPCLR @CAMKCQ LCE?RGTC ?Q RFC A?N?AGRMP BGQAF?PECQ. !R NMGLR ?, RFC A?N?AGRMP F?Q DSJJW
#(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3 839
BGQAF?PECB ( Q = 0 ML GR) ?LB RFC TMJR?EC ?APMQQ GR GQ XCPM. 4FC ASPPCLR PCK?GLQ LCE?RGTC @CRUCCL NMGLRQ ? ?LB @, A?SQGLE RFC TMJR?EC ML RFC
A?N?AGRMP RM PCTCPQC. 4FGQ GQ AMKNJCRC ?R NMGLR @, UFCPC RFC ASPPCLR GQ XCPM ?LB RFC TMJR?EC F?Q GRQ KMQR LCE?RGTC T?JSC. 4FC ASPPCLR @CAMKCQ NMQGRGTC
?DRCP NMGLR @, LCSRP?JGXGLE RFC AF?PEC ML RFC A?N?AGRMP ?LB @PGLEGLE RFC TMJR?EC RM XCPM ?R NMGLR A, UFGAF ?JJMUQ RFC ASPPCLR RM PC?AF GRQ K?VGKSK.
"CRUCCL NMGLRQ A ?LB B, RFC ASPPCLR BPMNQ RM XCPM ?Q RFC TMJR?EC PGQCQ RM GRQ NC?I, ?LB RFC NPMACQQ QR?PRQ RM PCNC?R. 4FPMSEFMSR RFC AWAJC, RFC TMJR?EC
DMJJMUQ UF?R RFC ASPPCLR GQ BMGLE @W MLC-DMSPRF MD ? AWAJC:
!# 6MJR?EC GL ? #?N?AGRMP
7FCL ? QGLSQMGB?J TMJR?EC GQ ?NNJGCB RM ? A?N?AGRMP, RFC TMJR?EC DMJJMUQ RFC ASPPCLR @W MLC-DMSPRF MD ? AWAJC, MP @W ? 90 NF?QC ?LEJC.
4FC A?N?AGRMP GQ ?DDCARGLE RFC ASPPCLR, F?TGLE RFC ?@GJGRW RM QRMN GR ?JRMECRFCP UFCL DSJJW AF?PECB. 3GLAC ?L !# TMJR?EC GQ ?NNJGCB, RFCPC GQ ?L PKQ
ASPPCLR, @SR GR GQ JGKGRCB @W RFC A?N?AGRMP. 4FGQ GQ AMLQGBCPCB RM @C ?L CDDCARGTC PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC A?N?AGRMP RM !#, ?LB QM RFC PKQ ASPPCLR I GL RFC AGPASGR
AMLR?GLGLE MLJW ? A?N?AGRMP C GQ EGTCL @W ?LMRFCP TCPQGML MD /FKtQ J?U RM @C
(23.57)
I =
V
X
C
,
UFCPC V GQ RFC PKQ TMJR?EC ?LB X
C
GQ BCDGLCB (!Q UGRF X
L
, RFGQ CVNPCQQGML DMP X
C
PCQSJRQ DPMK ?L ?L?JWQGQ MD RFC AGPASGR SQGLE +GPAFFMDDtQ PSJCQ
?LB A?JASJSQ) RM @C
(23.58)
X
C
=
1
2fC
,
UFCPC X
C
GQ A?JJCB RFC 97F79?J?L; H;79J7D9;, @CA?SQC RFC A?N?AGRMP PC?ARQ RM GKNCBC RFC ASPPCLR. X
C
F?Q SLGRQ MD MFKQ (TCPGDGA?RGML JCDR ?Q ?L
CVCPAGQC DMP RFC PC?BCP). X
C
GQ GLTCPQCJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC A?N?AGR?LAC C ; RFC J?PECP RFC A?N?AGRMP, RFC EPC?RCP RFC AF?PEC GR A?L QRMPC ?LB RFC
EPC?RCP RFC ASPPCLR RF?R A?L DJMU. )R GQ ?JQM GLTCPQCJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC DPCOSCLAW f ; RFC EPC?RCP RFC DPCOSCLAW, RFC JCQQ RGKC RFCPC GQ RM DSJJW AF?PEC
RFC A?N?AGRMP, ?LB QM GR GKNCBCQ ASPPCLR JCQQ.
EN7CFB; 23.11 C7B9KB7J?D= C7F79?J?L; +;79J7D9; 7D: J>;D CKHH;DJ
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC A?N?AGRGTC PC?AR?LAC MD ? 5.00 K& A?N?AGRMP UFCL 60.0 (X ?LB 10.0 I(X !# TMJR?ECQ ?PC ?NNJGCB. (@) 7F?R GQ RFC PKQ ASPPCLR GD
RFC ?NNJGCB PKQ TMJR?EC GQ 120 6?
,JH7J;=O
4FC A?N?AGRGTC PC?AR?LAC GQ DMSLB BGPCARJW DPMK RFC CVNPCQQGML GL X
C
=
1
2fC
. /LAC X
C
F?Q @CCL DMSLB ?R C?AF DPCOSCLAW, /FKtQ J?U QR?RCB
?Q I = V / X
C
A?L @C SQCB RM DGLB RFC ASPPCLR ?R C?AF DPCOSCLAW.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
%LRCPGLE RFC DPCOSCLAW ?LB A?N?AGR?LAC GLRM X
C
=
1
2fC
EGTCQ
(23.59)
X
C
=
1
2fC
=
1
6.28(60.0 / s)(5.00 F)
= 531 at 60 Hz.
(23.60)
X
C
=
1
2fC
=
1
6.28(1.0010
4
/ s)(5.00 F)
= 3.18 at 10 kHz
.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
4FC PKQ ASPPCLR GQ LMU DMSLB SQGLE RFC TCPQGML MD /FKtQ J?U GL I = V / X
C
, EGTCL RFC ?NNJGCB PKQ TMJR?EC GQ 120 6. &MP RFC DGPQR DPCOSCLAW, RFGQ
WGCJBQ
(23.61)
I =
V
X
C
=
120 V
531
= 0.226 A at 60 Hz.
(23.62)
I =
V
X
C
=
120 V
3.18
= 37.7 A at 10 kHz.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC A?N?AGRMP PC?ARQ TCPW BGDDCPCLRJW ?R RFC RUM BGDDCPCLR DPCOSCLAGCQ, ?LB GL CV?ARJW RFC MNNMQGRC U?W ?L GLBSARMP PC?ARQ. !R RFC FGEFCP DPCOSCLAW,
GRQ PC?AR?LAC GQ QK?JJ ?LB RFC ASPPCLR GQ J?PEC. #?N?AGRMPQ D?TMP AF?LEC, UFCPC?Q GLBSARMPQ MNNMQC AF?LEC. #?N?AGRMPQ GKNCBC JMU DPCOSCLAGCQ
840 #(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3
RFC KMQR, QGLAC JMU DPCOSCLAW ?JJMUQ RFCK RGKC RM @CAMKC AF?PECB ?LB QRMN RFC ASPPCLR. #?N?AGRMPQ A?L @C SQCB RM DGJRCP MSR JMU DPCOSCLAGCQ.
&MP CV?KNJC, ? A?N?AGRMP GL QCPGCQ UGRF ? QMSLB PCNPMBSARGML QWQRCK PGBQ GR MD RFC 60 (X FSK.
!JRFMSEF ? A?N?AGRMP GQ @?QGA?JJW ?L MNCL AGPASGR, RFCPC GQ ?L PKQ ASPPCLR GL ? AGPASGR UGRF ?L !# TMJR?EC ?NNJGCB RM ? A?N?AGRMP. 4FGQ GQ @CA?SQC RFC
TMJR?EC GQ AMLRGLS?JJW PCTCPQGLE, AF?PEGLE ?LB BGQAF?PEGLE RFC A?N?AGRMP. )D RFC DPCOSCLAW EMCQ RM XCPM ($#), X
C
RCLBQ RM GLDGLGRW, ?LB RFC ASPPCLR GQ
XCPM MLAC RFC A?N?AGRMP GQ AF?PECB. !R TCPW FGEF DPCOSCLAGCQ, RFC A?N?AGRMPtQ PC?AR?LAC RCLBQ RM XCPMrGR F?Q ? LCEJGEG@JC PC?AR?LAC ?LB BMCQ LMR
GKNCBC RFC ASPPCLR (GR ?ARQ JGIC ? QGKNJC UGPC). C4C46<GBEF ;4I8 G;8 BCCBF<G8 89986G BA AC 6<E6H<GF G;4G <A7H6GBEF ;4I8.
2CQGQRMPQ GL ?L !# #GPASGR
*SQR ?Q ? PCKGLBCP, AMLQGBCP F?=KH; 23.47, UFGAF QFMUQ ?L !# TMJR?EC ?NNJGCB RM ? PCQGQRMP ?LB ? EP?NF MD TMJR?EC ?LB ASPPCLR TCPQSQ RGKC. 4FC
TMJR?EC ?LB ASPPCLR ?PC CV?ARJW <A C;4F8 GL ? PCQGQRMP. 4FCPC GQ LM DPCOSCLAW BCNCLBCLAC RM RFC @CF?TGMP MD NJ?GL PCQGQR?LAC GL ? AGPASGR:
F?=KH; 23.47 (?) !L !# TMJR?EC QMSPAC GL QCPGCQ UGRF ? PCQGQRMP. (@) 'P?NF MD ASPPCLR ?LB TMJR?EC ?APMQQ RFC PCQGQRMP ?Q DSLARGMLQ MD RGKC, QFMUGLE RFCK RM @C CV?ARJW GL NF?QC.
!# 6MJR?EC GL ? 2CQGQRMP
7FCL ? QGLSQMGB?J TMJR?EC GQ ?NNJGCB RM ? PCQGQRMP, RFC TMJR?EC GQ CV?ARJW GL NF?QC UGRF RFC ASPPCLRrRFCW F?TC ? 0 NF?QC ?LEJC.
23.12 +%C ,;H?;I AC C?H9K?JI
)KNCB?LAC
7FCL ?JMLC GL ?L !# AGPASGR, GLBSARMPQ, A?N?AGRMPQ, ?LB PCQGQRMPQ ?JJ GKNCBC ASPPCLR. (MU BM RFCW @CF?TC UFCL ?JJ RFPCC MAASP RMECRFCP? )LRCPCQRGLEJW,
RFCGP GLBGTGBS?J PCQGQR?LACQ GL MFKQ BM LMR QGKNJW ?BB. "CA?SQC GLBSARMPQ ?LB A?N?AGRMPQ @CF?TC GL MNNMQGRC U?WQ, RFCW N?PRG?JJW RM RMR?JJW A?LACJ
C?AF MRFCPtQ CDDCAR. F?=KH; 23.48 QFMUQ ?L )#C QCPGCQ AGPASGR UGRF ?L !# TMJR?EC QMSPAC, RFC @CF?TGMP MD UFGAF GQ RFC QS@HCAR MD RFGQ QCARGML. 4FC APSV
MD RFC ?L?JWQGQ MD ?L )#C AGPASGR GQ RFC DPCOSCLAW BCNCLBCLAC MD X
L
?LB X
C
, ?LB RFC CDDCAR RFCW F?TC ML RFC NF?QC MD TMJR?EC TCPQSQ ASPPCLR
(CQR?@JGQFCB GL RFC NPCACBGLE QCARGML). 4FCQC EGTC PGQC RM RFC DPCOSCLAW BCNCLBCLAC MD RFC AGPASGR, UGRF GKNMPR?LR uPCQML?LACv DC?RSPCQ RF?R ?PC RFC
@?QGQ MD K?LW ?NNJGA?RGMLQ, QSAF ?Q P?BGM RSLCPQ.
F?=KH; 23.48 !L )#C QCPGCQ AGPASGR UGRF ?L !# TMJR?EC QMSPAC.
4FC AMK@GLCB CDDCAR MD PCQGQR?LAC R , GLBSARGTC PC?AR?LAC X
L
, ?LB A?N?AGRGTC PC?AR?LAC X
C
GQ BCDGLCB RM @C ?CF;:7D9;, ?L !# ?L?JMESC RM
PCQGQR?LAC GL ? $# AGPASGR. #SPPCLR, TMJR?EC, ?LB GKNCB?LAC GL ?L )#C AGPASGR ?PC PCJ?RCB @W ?L !# TCPQGML MD /FKtQ J?U:
(23.63)
I
0
=
V
0
Z
or I
rms
=
V
rms
Z
.
#(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3 841
(CPC I
0
GQ RFC NC?I ASPPCLR, V
0
RFC NC?I QMSPAC TMJR?EC, ?LB Z GQ RFC GKNCB?LAC MD RFC AGPASGR. 4FC SLGRQ MD GKNCB?LAC ?PC MFKQ, ?LB GRQ CDDCAR ML
RFC AGPASGR GQ ?Q WMS KGEFR CVNCAR: RFC EPC?RCP RFC GKNCB?LAC, RFC QK?JJCP RFC ASPPCLR. 4M ECR ?L CVNPCQQGML DMP Z GL RCPKQ MD R , X
L
, ?LB X
C
, UC
UGJJ LMU CV?KGLC FMU RFC TMJR?ECQ ?APMQQ RFC T?PGMSQ AMKNMLCLRQ ?PC PCJ?RCB RM RFC QMSPAC TMJR?EC. 4FMQC TMJR?ECQ ?PC J?@CJCB V
R
, V
L
, ?LB V
C
GL F?=KH; 23.48.
#MLQCPT?RGML MD AF?PEC PCOSGPCQ ASPPCLR RM @C RFC Q?KC GL C?AF N?PR MD RFC AGPASGR ?R ?JJ RGKCQ, QM RF?R UC A?L Q?W RFC ASPPCLRQ GL R , L , ?LB C ?PC
COS?J ?LB GL NF?QC. "SR UC ILMU DPMK RFC NPCACBGLE QCARGML RF?R RFC TMJR?EC ?APMQQ RFC GLBSARMP V
L
JC?BQ RFC ASPPCLR @W MLC-DMSPRF MD ? AWAJC, RFC
TMJR?EC ?APMQQ RFC A?N?AGRMP V
C
DMJJMUQ RFC ASPPCLR @W MLC-DMSPRF MD ? AWAJC, ?LB RFC TMJR?EC ?APMQQ RFC PCQGQRMP V
R
GQ CV?ARJW GL NF?QC UGRF RFC
ASPPCLR. F?=KH; 23.49 QFMUQ RFCQC PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ GL MLC EP?NF, ?Q UCJJ ?Q QFMUGLE RFC RMR?J TMJR?EC ?PMSLB RFC AGPASGR V = V
R
+ V
L
+ V
C
, UFCPC ?JJ
DMSP TMJR?ECQ ?PC RFC GLQR?LR?LCMSQ T?JSCQ. !AAMPBGLE RM +GPAFFMDDtQ JMMN PSJC, RFC RMR?J TMJR?EC ?PMSLB RFC AGPASGR V GQ ?JQM RFC TMJR?EC MD RFC QMSPAC.
9MS A?L QCC DPMK F?=KH; 23.49 RF?R UFGJC V
R
GQ GL NF?QC UGRF RFC ASPPCLR, V
L
JC?BQ @W 90 , ?LB V
C
DMJJMUQ @W 90 . 4FSQ V
L
?LB V
C
?PC
180 MSR MD NF?QC (APCQR RM RPMSEF) ?LB RCLB RM A?LACJ, ?JRFMSEF LMR AMKNJCRCJW SLJCQQ RFCW F?TC RFC Q?KC K?ELGRSBC. 3GLAC RFC NC?I TMJR?ECQ ?PC
LMR ?JGELCB (LMR GL NF?QC), RFC NC?I TMJR?EC V
0
MD RFC QMSPAC BMCQ ABG COS?J RFC QSK MD RFC NC?I TMJR?ECQ ?APMQQ R , L , ?LB C . 4FC ?ARS?J
PCJ?RGMLQFGN GQ
(23.64)
V
0
= V
0R
2
+(V
0L
V
0C
)
2
,
UFCPC V
0R
, V
0L
, ?LB V
0C
?PC RFC NC?I TMJR?ECQ ?APMQQ R , L , ?LB C , PCQNCARGTCJW. .MU, SQGLE /FKtQ J?U ?LB BCDGLGRGMLQ DPMK +;79J7D9;,
"D:K9J?L; 7D: C7F79?J?L;, UC QS@QRGRSRC V
0
= I
0
Z GLRM RFC ?@MTC, ?Q UCJJ ?Q V
0R
= I
0
R , V
0L
= I
0
X
L
, ?LB V
0C
= I
0
X
C
, WGCJBGLE
(23.65)
I
0
Z = I
0
2
R
2
+ (I
0
X
L
I
0
X
C
)
2
= I
0
R
2
+ (X
L
X
C
)
2
.
I
0
A?LACJQ RM WGCJB ?L CVNPCQQGML DMP Z :
(23.66)
Z = R
2
+ (X
L
X
C
)
2
,
UFGAF GQ RFC GKNCB?LAC MD ?L )#C QCPGCQ !# AGPASGR. &MP AGPASGRQ UGRFMSR ? PCQGQRMP, R?IC R = 0 ; DMP RFMQC UGRFMSR ?L GLBSARMP, R?IC X
L
= 0 ; ?LB DMP
RFMQC UGRFMSR ? A?N?AGRMP, R?IC X
C
= 0 .
F?=KH; 23.49 4FGQ EP?NF QFMUQ RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ MD RFC TMJR?ECQ GL ?L )#C AGPASGR RM RFC ASPPCLR. 4FC TMJR?ECQ ?APMQQ RFC AGPASGR CJCKCLRQ ?BB RM COS?J RFC TMJR?EC MD RFC
QMSPAC, UFGAF GQ QCCL RM @C MSR MD NF?QC UGRF RFC ASPPCLR.
EN7CFB; 23.12 C7B9KB7J?D= "CF;:7D9; 7D: CKHH;DJ
!L )#C QCPGCQ AGPASGR F?Q ? 40.0 PCQGQRMP, ? 3.00 K( GLBSARMP, ?LB ? 5.00 F A?N?AGRMP. (?) &GLB RFC AGPASGRtQ GKNCB?LAC ?R 60.0 (X ?LB 10.0
I(X, LMRGLE RF?R RFCQC DPCOSCLAGCQ ?LB RFC T?JSCQ DMP L ?LB C ?PC RFC Q?KC ?Q GL EN7CFB; 23.10 ?LB EN7CFB; 23.11. (@) )D RFC TMJR?EC
QMSPAC F?Q V
rms
= 120 V, UF?R GQ I
rms
?R C?AF DPCOSCLAW?
,JH7J;=O
&MP C?AF DPCOSCLAW, UC SQC Z = R
2
+ (X
L
X
C
)
2
RM DGLB RFC GKNCB?LAC ?LB RFCL /FKtQ J?U RM DGLB ASPPCLR. 7C A?L R?IC ?BT?LR?EC MD RFC
PCQSJRQ MD RFC NPCTGMSQ RUM CV?KNJCQ P?RFCP RF?L A?JASJ?RC RFC PC?AR?LACQ ?E?GL.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
842 #(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3
!R 60.0 (X, RFC T?JSCQ MD RFC PC?AR?LACQ UCPC DMSLB GL EN7CFB; 23.10 RM @C X
L
= 1.13 ?LB GL EN7CFB; 23.11 RM @C X
C
= 531 .
%LRCPGLE RFCQC ?LB RFC EGTCL 40.0 DMP PCQGQR?LAC GLRM Z = R
2
+ (X
L
X
C
)
2
WGCJBQ
(23.67)
Z = R
2
+ (X
L
X
C
)
2
= (40.0 )
2
+ (1.13 531 )
2
= 531 at 60.0 Hz.
3GKGJ?PJW, ?R 10.0 I(X, X
L
= 188 ?LB X
C
= 3.18 , QM RF?R
(23.68)
Z = (40.0 )
2
+ (188 3.18 )
2
= 190 at 10.0 kHz.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (7)
)L @MRF A?QCQ, RFC PCQSJR GQ LC?PJW RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC J?PECQR T?JSC, ?LB RFC GKNCB?LAC GQ BCDGLGRCJW LMR RFC QSK MD RFC GLBGTGBS?J T?JSCQ. )R GQ AJC?P
RF?R X
L
BMKGL?RCQ ?R FGEF DPCOSCLAW ?LB X
C
BMKGL?RCQ ?R JMU DPCOSCLAW.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
4FC ASPPCLR I
rms
A?L @C DMSLB SQGLE RFC !# TCPQGML MD /FKtQ J?U GL %OS?RGML I
rms
= V
rms
/ Z :
I
rms
=
V
rms
Z
=
120 V
531
= 0.226 A ?R 60.0 (X
&GL?JJW, ?R 10.0 I(X, UC DGLB
I
rms
=
V
rms
Z
=
120 V
190
= 0.633 A ?R 10.0 I(X
D?I9KII?ED <EH (7)
4FC ASPPCLR ?R 60.0 (X GQ RFC Q?KC (RM RFPCC BGEGRQ) ?Q DMSLB DMP RFC A?N?AGRMP ?JMLC GL EN7CFB; 23.11. 4FC A?N?AGRMP BMKGL?RCQ ?R JMU DPCOSCLAW.
4FC ASPPCLR ?R 10.0 I(X GQ MLJW QJGEFRJW BGDDCPCLR DPMK RF?R DMSLB DMP RFC GLBSARMP ?JMLC GL EN7CFB; 23.10. 4FC GLBSARMP BMKGL?RCQ ?R FGEF
DPCOSCLAW.
2CQML?LAC GL )#C 3CPGCQ !# #GPASGRQ
(MU BMCQ ?L )#C AGPASGR @CF?TC ?Q ? DSLARGML MD RFC DPCOSCLAW MD RFC BPGTGLE TMJR?EC QMSPAC? #MK@GLGLE /FKtQ J?U, I
rms
= V
rms
/ Z , ?LB RFC
CVNPCQQGML DMP GKNCB?LAC Z DPMK Z = R
2
+ (X
L
X
C
)
2
EGTCQ
(23.69)
I
rms
=
V
rms
R
2
+ (X
L
X
C
)
2
.
4FC PC?AR?LACQ T?PW UGRF DPCOSCLAW, UGRF X
L
J?PEC ?R FGEF DPCOSCLAGCQ ?LB X
C
J?PEC ?R JMU DPCOSCLAGCQ, ?Q UC F?TC QCCL GL RFPCC NPCTGMSQ
CV?KNJCQ. !R QMKC GLRCPKCBG?RC DPCOSCLAW f
0
, RFC PC?AR?LACQ UGJJ @C COS?J ?LB A?LACJ, EGTGLE Z = R rRFGQ GQ ? KGLGKSK T?JSC DMP GKNCB?LAC,
?LB ? K?VGKSK T?JSC DMP I
rms
PCQSJRQ. 7C A?L ECR ?L CVNPCQQGML DMP f
0
@W R?IGLE
(23.70) X
L
= X
C
.
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFC BCDGLGRGMLQ MD X
L
?LB X
C
,
(23.71)
2f
0
L =
1
2f
0
C
.
3MJTGLE RFGQ CVNPCQQGML DMP f
0
WGCJBQ
(23.72)
f
0
=
1
2 LC
,
UFCPC f
0
GQ RFC H;IED7DJ <H;GK;D9O MD ?L )#C QCPGCQ AGPASGR. 4FGQ GQ ?JQM RFC A4GHE4? 9E8DH8A6L ?R UFGAF RFC AGPASGR UMSJB MQAGJJ?RC GD LMR BPGTCL @W
RFC TMJR?EC QMSPAC. !R f
0
, RFC CDDCARQ MD RFC GLBSARMP ?LB A?N?AGRMP A?LACJ, QM RF?R Z = R , ?LB I
rms
GQ ? K?VGKSK.
2CQML?LAC GL !# AGPASGRQ GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM KCAF?LGA?J PCQML?LAC, UFCPC PCQML?LAC GQ BCDGLCB RM @C ? DMPACB MQAGJJ?RGMLrGL RFGQ A?QC, DMPACB @W RFC
TMJR?EC QMSPACr?R RFC L?RSP?J DPCOSCLAW MD RFC QWQRCK. 4FC PCACGTCP GL ? P?BGM GQ ?L )#C AGPASGR RF?R MQAGJJ?RCQ @CQR ?R GRQ f
0
. ! T?PG?@JC A?N?AGRMP GQ
MDRCL SQCB RM ?BHSQR f
0
RM PCACGTC ? BCQGPCB DPCOSCLAW ?LB RM PCHCAR MRFCPQ. F?=KH; 23.50 GQ ? EP?NF MD ASPPCLR ?Q ? DSLARGML MD DPCOSCLAW, GJJSQRP?RGLE
? PCQML?LR NC?I GL I
rms
?R f
0
. 4FC RUM ASPTCQ ?PC DMP RUM BGDDCPCLR AGPASGRQ, UFGAF BGDDCP MLJW GL RFC ?KMSLR MD PCQGQR?LAC GL RFCK. 4FC NC?I GQ JMUCP
#(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3 843
?LB @PM?BCP DMP RFC FGEFCP-PCQGQR?LAC AGPASGR. 4FSQ RFC FGEFCP-PCQGQR?LAC AGPASGR BMCQ LMR PCQML?RC ?Q QRPMLEJW ?LB UMSJB LMR @C ?Q QCJCARGTC GL ? P?BGM
PCACGTCP, DMP CV?KNJC.
F?=KH; 23.50 ! EP?NF MD ASPPCLR TCPQSQ DPCOSCLAW DMP RUM )#C QCPGCQ AGPASGRQ BGDDCPGLE MLJW GL RFC ?KMSLR MD PCQGQR?LAC. "MRF F?TC ? PCQML?LAC ?R f
0
, @SR RF?R DMP RFC FGEFCP
PCQGQR?LAC GQ JMUCP ?LB @PM?BCP. 4FC BPGTGLE !# TMJR?EC QMSPAC F?Q ? DGVCB ?KNJGRSBC V
0
.
EN7CFB; 23.13 C7B9KB7J?D= +;IED7DJ FH;GK;D9O 7D: CKHH;DJ
&MP RFC Q?KC )#C QCPGCQ AGPASGR F?TGLE ? 40.0 PCQGQRMP, ? 3.00 K( GLBSARMP, ?LB ? 5.00 F A?N?AGRMP: (?) &GLB RFC PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAW. (@)
#?JASJ?RC I
rms
?R PCQML?LAC GD V
rms
GQ 120 6.
,JH7J;=O
4FC PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAW GQ DMSLB @W SQGLE RFC CVNPCQQGML GL f
0
=
1
2 LC
. 4FC ASPPCLR ?R RF?R DPCOSCLAW GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q GD RFC PCQGQRMP ?JMLC
UCPC GL RFC AGPASGR.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
%LRCPGLE RFC EGTCL T?JSCQ DMP L ?LB C GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML EGTCL DMP f
0
GL f
0
=
1
2 LC
WGCJBQ
(23.73)
f
0
=
1
2 LC
=
1
2 (3.0010
3
H)(5.0010
6
F)
= 1.30 kHz.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (7)
7C QCC RF?R RFC PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAW GQ @CRUCCL 60.0 (X ?LB 10.0 I(X, RFC RUM DPCOSCLAGCQ AFMQCL GL C?PJGCP CV?KNJCQ. 4FGQ U?Q RM @C CVNCARCB,
QGLAC RFC A?N?AGRMP BMKGL?RCB ?R RFC JMU DPCOSCLAW ?LB RFC GLBSARMP BMKGL?RCB ?R RFC FGEF DPCOSCLAW. 4FCGP CDDCARQ ?PC RFC Q?KC ?R RFGQ
GLRCPKCBG?RC DPCOSCLAW.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
4FC ASPPCLR GQ EGTCL @W /FKtQ J?U. !R PCQML?LAC, RFC RUM PC?AR?LACQ ?PC COS?J ?LB A?LACJ, QM RF?R RFC GKNCB?LAC COS?JQ RFC PCQGQR?LAC ?JMLC.
4FSQ,
(23.74)
I
rms
=
V
rms
Z
=
120 V
40.0
= 3.00 A.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (8)
!R PCQML?LAC, RFC ASPPCLR GQ EPC?RCP RF?L ?R RFC FGEFCP ?LB JMUCP DPCOSCLAGCQ AMLQGBCPCB DMP RFC Q?KC AGPASGR GL RFC NPCACBGLE CV?KNJC.
0MUCP GL )#C 3CPGCQ !# #GPASGRQ
)D ASPPCLR T?PGCQ UGRF DPCOSCLAW GL ?L )#C AGPASGR, RFCL RFC NMUCP BCJGTCPCB RM GR ?JQM T?PGCQ UGRF DPCOSCLAW. "SR RFC ?TCP?EC NMUCP GQ LMR QGKNJW
ASPPCLR RGKCQ TMJR?EC, ?Q GR GQ GL NSPCJW PCQGQRGTC AGPASGRQ. !Q U?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 23.49, TMJR?EC ?LB ASPPCLR ?PC MSR MD NF?QC GL ?L )#C AGPASGR. 4FCPC GQ
? F>7I; 7D=B; @CRUCCL RFC QMSPAC TMJR?EC V ?LB RFC ASPPCLR I , UFGAF A?L @C DMSLB DPMK
(23.75)
cos =
R
Z
.
&MP CV?KNJC, ?R RFC PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAW MP GL ? NSPCJW PCQGQRGTC AGPASGR Z = R , QM RF?R cos = 1 . 4FGQ GKNJGCQ RF?R = 0 ?LB RF?R TMJR?EC ?LB
ASPPCLR ?PC GL NF?QC, ?Q CVNCARCB DMP PCQGQRMPQ. !R MRFCP DPCOSCLAGCQ, ?TCP?EC NMUCP GQ JCQQ RF?L ?R PCQML?LAC. 4FGQ GQ @MRF @CA?SQC TMJR?EC ?LB
ASPPCLR ?PC MSR MD NF?QC ?LB @CA?SQC I
rms
GQ JMUCP. 4FC D?AR RF?R QMSPAC TMJR?EC ?LB ASPPCLR ?PC MSR MD NF?QC ?DDCARQ RFC NMUCP BCJGTCPCB RM RFC
AGPASGR. )R A?L @C QFMUL RF?R RFC 4I8E4:8 CBJ8E GQ
(23.76)
P
ave
= I
rms
V
rms
cos ,
844 #(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3
4FSQ cos GQ A?JJCB RFC FEM;H <79JEH, UFGAF A?L P?LEC DPMK 0 RM 1. 0MUCP D?ARMPQ LC?P 1 ?PC BCQGP?@JC UFCL BCQGELGLE ?L CDDGAGCLR KMRMP, DMP
CV?KNJC. !R RFC PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAW, cos = 1 .
EN7CFB; 23.14 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; )EM;H F79JEH 7D: )EM;H
&MP RFC Q?KC )#C QCPGCQ AGPASGR F?TGLE ? 40.0 PCQGQRMP, ? 3.00 K( GLBSARMP, ? 5.00 F A?N?AGRMP, ?LB ? TMJR?EC QMSPAC UGRF ? V
rms
MD 120
6: (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC NMUCP D?ARMP ?LB NF?QC ?LEJC DMP f = 60.0Hz . (@) 7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC NMUCP ?R 50.0 (X? (A) &GLB RFC ?TCP?EC NMUCP ?R
RFC AGPASGRtQ PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAW.
4FC NMUCP D?ARMP ?R 60.0 (X GQ DMSLB DPMK
(23.77)
cos =
R
Z
.
7C ILMU Z= 531 DPMK EN7CFB; 23.12, QM RF?R
(23.78)
cos =
40.0
531
= 0.0753 at 60.0 Hz.
4FGQ QK?JJ T?JSC GLBGA?RCQ RFC TMJR?EC ?LB ASPPCLR ?PC QGELGDGA?LRJW MSR MD NF?QC. )L D?AR, RFC NF?QC ?LEJC GQ
(23.79)
= cos
1
0.0753 = 85.7 at 60.0 Hz.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (7)
4FC NF?QC ?LEJC GQ AJMQC RM 90 , AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC D?AR RF?R RFC A?N?AGRMP BMKGL?RCQ RFC AGPASGR ?R RFGQ JMU DPCOSCLAW (? NSPC )C AGPASGR F?Q GRQ
TMJR?EC ?LB ASPPCLR 90 MSR MD NF?QC).
4FC ?TCP?EC NMUCP ?R 60.0 (X GQ
(23.80)
P
ave
= I
rms
V
rms
cos .
I
rms
U?Q DMSLB RM @C 0.226 ! GL EN7CFB; 23.12. %LRCPGLE RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ EGTCQ
(23.81)
P
ave
= (0.226 A)(120 V)(0.0753) = 2.04 W at 60.0 Hz.
!R RFC PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAW, UC ILMU cos = 1 , ?LB I
rms
U?Q DMSLB RM @C 6.00 ! GL EN7CFB; 23.13. 4FSQ,
P
ave
= (3.00 A)(120 V)(1) = 360 W ?R PCQML?LAC (1.30 I(X)
D?I9KII?ED
"MRF RFC ASPPCLR ?LB RFC NMUCP D?ARMP ?PC EPC?RCP ?R PCQML?LAC, NPMBSAGLE QGELGDGA?LRJW EPC?RCP NMUCP RF?L ?R FGEFCP ?LB JMUCP DPCOSCLAGCQ.
0MUCP BCJGTCPCB RM ?L )#C QCPGCQ !# AGPASGR GQ BGQQGN?RCB @W RFC PCQGQR?LAC ?JMLC. 4FC GLBSARMP ?LB A?N?AGRMP F?TC CLCPEW GLNSR ?LB MSRNSR @SR BM
LMR BGQQGN?RC GR MSR MD RFC AGPASGR. 2?RFCP RFCW RP?LQDCP CLCPEW @?AI ?LB DMPRF RM MLC ?LMRFCP, UGRF RFC PCQGQRMP BGQQGN?RGLE CV?ARJW UF?R RFC TMJR?EC
QMSPAC NSRQ GLRM RFC AGPASGR. 4FGQ ?QQSKCQ LM QGELGDGA?LR CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML DPMK RFC GLBSARMP ?LB A?N?AGRMP, QSAF ?Q P?BGM U?TCQ. 3SAF
P?BG?RGML A?L F?NNCL ?LB K?W CTCL @C BCQGPCB, ?Q UC UGJJ QCC GL RFC LCVR AF?NRCP ML CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML, @SR GR A?L ?JQM @C QSNNPCQQCB ?Q GQ
RFC A?QC GL RFGQ AF?NRCP. 4FC AGPASGR GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM RFC UFCCJ MD ? A?P BPGTCL MTCP ? AMPPSE?RCB PM?B ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 23.51. 4FC PCESJ?PJW QN?ACB
@SKNQ GL RFC PM?B ?PC ?L?JMEMSQ RM RFC TMJR?EC QMSPAC, BPGTGLE RFC UFCCJ SN ?LB BMUL. 4FC QFMAI ?@QMP@CP GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM RFC PCQGQR?LAC B?KNGLE
?LB JGKGRGLE RFC ?KNJGRSBC MD RFC MQAGJJ?RGML. %LCPEW UGRFGL RFC QWQRCK EMCQ @?AI ?LB DMPRF @CRUCCL IGLCRGA (?L?JMEMSQ RM K?VGKSK ASPPCLR, ?LB
CLCPEW QRMPCB GL ?L GLBSARMP) ?LB NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW QRMPCB GL RFC A?P QNPGLE (?L?JMEMSQ RM LM ASPPCLR, ?LB CLCPEW QRMPCB GL RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB MD ?
A?N?AGRMP). 4FC ?KNJGRSBC MD RFC UFCCJQt KMRGML GQ ? K?VGKSK GD RFC @SKNQ GL RFC PM?B ?PC FGR ?R RFC PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAW.
#(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3 845
F?=KH; 23.51 4FC DMPACB @SR B?KNCB KMRGML MD RFC UFCCJ ML RFC A?P QNPGLE GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM ?L )#C QCPGCQ !# AGPASGR. 4FC QFMAI ?@QMP@CP B?KNQ RFC KMRGML ?LB BGQQGN?RCQ
CLCPEW, ?L?JMEMSQ RM RFC PCQGQR?LAC GL ?L )#C AGPASGR. 4FC K?QQ ?LB QNPGLE BCRCPKGLC RFC PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAW.
! NSPC #C AGPASGR UGRF LCEJGEG@JC PCQGQR?LAC MQAGJJ?RCQ ?R f
0
, RFC Q?KC PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAW ?Q ?L )#C AGPASGR. )R A?L QCPTC ?Q ? DPCOSCLAW QR?LB?PB MP
AJMAI AGPASGRrDMP CV?KNJC, GL ? BGEGR?J UPGQRU?RAF. 7GRF ? TCPW QK?JJ PCQGQR?LAC, MLJW ? TCPW QK?JJ CLCPEW GLNSR GQ LCACQQ?PW RM K?GLR?GL RFC
MQAGJJ?RGMLQ. 4FC AGPASGR GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM ? A?P UGRF LM QFMAI ?@QMP@CPQ. /LAC GR QR?PRQ MQAGJJ?RGLE, GR AMLRGLSCQ ?R GRQ L?RSP?J DPCOSCLAW DMP QMKC RGKC.
F?=KH; 23.52 QFMUQ RFC ?L?JMEW @CRUCCL ?L #C AGPASGR ?LB ? K?QQ ML ? QNPGLE.
F?=KH; 23.52 !L #C AGPASGR GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM ? K?QQ MQAGJJ?RGLE ML ? QNPGLE UGRF LM DPGARGML ?LB LM BPGTGLE DMPAC. %LCPEW KMTCQ @?AI ?LB DMPRF @CRUCCL RFC GLBSARMP ?LB
A?N?AGRMP, HSQR ?Q GR KMTCQ DPMK IGLCRGA RM NMRCLRG?J GL RFC K?QQ-QNPGLE QWQRCK.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: #GPASGR #MLQRPSARGML +GR (!#+$#), 6GPRS?J ,?@
"SGJB AGPASGRQ UGRF A?N?AGRMPQ, GLBSARMPQ, PCQGQRMPQ ?LB !# MP $# TMJR?EC QMSPACQ, ?LB GLQNCAR RFCK SQGLE J?@ GLQRPSKCLRQ QSAF ?Q TMJRKCRCPQ ?LB
?KKCRCPQ.
846 #(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3
879A ;C<:
97F79?J?L; H;79J7D9;:
9>7H79J;H?IJ?9 J?C; 9EDIJ7DJ:
;::O 9KHH;DJ:
;B;9JH?9 =;D;H7JEH:
;B;9JHEC7=D;J?9 ?D:K9J?ED:
;C< ?D:K9;: ?D 7 =;D;H7JEH 9E?B:
;D;H=O IJEH;: ?D 7D ?D:K9JEH:
F7H7:7OXI B7M E< ?D:K9J?ED:
>;DHO:
?CF;:7D9;:
?D:K9J7D9;:
?D:K9J?ED:
?D:K9J?L; H;79J7D9;:
?D:K9JEH:
%;DPXI B7M:
C7=D;J?9 :7CF?D=:
C7=D;J?9 <BKN:
CKJK7B ?D:K9J7D9;:
F;7A ;C<:
F>7I; 7D=B;:
FEM;H <79JEH:
H;IED7DJ <H;GK;D9O:
I;B<-?D:K9J7D9;:
F?=KH; 23.53 C?H9K?J CEDIJHK9J?ED $?J (AC+DC), /?HJK7B %78 (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42431/1.5/9?H9K?J-9EDIJHK9J?ED-A?J-79-L?HJK7B-B786;D.@7H)
BEII7HO
RFC CKD ECLCP?RCB @W ? PSLLGLE KMRMP, @CA?SQC GR AMLQGQRQ MD ? AMGJ RSPLGLE GL ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB; GR MNNMQCQ RFC TMJR?EC NMUCPGLE RFC
KMRMP
RFC MNNMQGRGML MD ? A?N?AGRMP RM ? AF?LEC GL ASPPCLR; A?JASJ?RCB @W X
C
=
1
2fC
BCLMRCB @W , MD ? N?PRGASJ?P QCPGCQ )# AGPASGR GQ A?JASJ?RCB @W =
L
R
, UFCPC L GQ RFC GLBSAR?LAC ?LB R GQ RFC
PCQGQR?LAC
? ASPPCLR JMMN GL ? AMLBSARMP A?SQCB @W KMRGML?J CKD
? BCTGAC DMP AMLTCPRGLE KCAF?LGA?J UMPI GLRM CJCARPGA CLCPEW; GR GLBSACQ ?L CKD @W PMR?RGLE ? AMGJ GL ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB
RFC NPMACQQ MD GLBSAGLE ?L CKD (TMJR?EC) UGRF ? AF?LEC GL K?ELCRGA DJSV
emf = NAB sin t , UFCPC A GQ RFC ?PC? MD ?L N -RSPL AMGJ PMR?RCB ?R ? AMLQR?LR ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW GL ?
SLGDMPK K?ELCRGA DGCJB B , MTCP ? NCPGMB MD RGKC t
QCJD-CVNJ?L?RMPW; A?JASJ?RCB @W E
ind
=
1
2
LI
2
RFC KC?LQ MD A?JASJ?RGLE RFC CKD GL ? AMGJ BSC RM AF?LEGLE K?ELCRGA DJSV, EGTCL @W emf = N
t
RFC SLGR MD GLBSAR?LAC; 1 H = 1 s
RFC !# ?L?JMESC RM PCQGQR?LAC GL ? $# AGPASGR; GR GQ RFC AMK@GLCB CDDCAR MD PCQGQR?LAC, GLBSARGTC PC?AR?LAC, ?LB A?N?AGRGTC PC?AR?LAC GL
RFC DMPK Z = R
2
+ (X
L
X
C
)
2
? NPMNCPRW MD ? BCTGAC BCQAPG@GLE FMU CDDGAGCLR GR GQ ?R GLBSAGLE CKD GL ?LMRFCP BCTGAC
(K?ELCRGA GLBSARGML) RFC APC?RGML MD CKDQ ?LB FCLAC ASPPCLRQ @W K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ
RFC MNNMQGRGML MD ?L GLBSARMP RM ? AF?LEC GL ASPPCLR; A?JASJ?RCB @W X
L
= 2fL
? BCTGAC RF?R CVFG@GRQ QGELGDGA?LR QCJD-GLBSAR?LAC
RFC KGLSQ QGEL GL &?P?B?WtQ J?U, QGELGDWGLE RF?R RFC CKD GLBSACB GL ? AMGJ MNNMQCQ RFC AF?LEC GL K?ELCRGA DJSV
RFC BP?E NPMBSACB @W CBBW ASPPCLRQ
RFC ?KMSLR MD K?ELCRGA DGCJB EMGLE RFPMSEF ? N?PRGASJ?P ?PC?, A?JASJ?RCB UGRF = BA cos UFCPC B GQ RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB
QRPCLERF MTCP ?L ?PC? A ?R ?L ?LEJC UGRF RFC NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC ?PC?
FMU CDDCARGTC ? N?GP MD BCTGACQ ?PC ?R GLBSAGLE CKDQ GL C?AF MRFCP
emf
0
= NAB
BCLMRCB @W , RFC ?KMSLR @W UFGAF RFC TMJR?EC ?LB ASPPCLR ?PC MSR MD NF?QC UGRF C?AF MRFCP GL ? AGPASGR
RFC ?KMSLR @W UFGAF RFC NMUCP BCJGTCPCB GL RFC AGPASGR GQ JCQQ RF?L RFC RFCMPCRGA?J K?VGKSK MD RFC AGPASGR BSC RM TMJR?EC ?LB ASPPCLR
@CGLE MSR MD NF?QC; A?JASJ?RCB @W cos
RFC DPCOSCLAW ?R UFGAF RFC GKNCB?LAC GL ? AGPASGR GQ ?R ? KGLGKSK, ?LB ?JQM RFC DPCOSCLAW ?R UFGAF RFC AGPASGR UMSJB MQAGJJ?RC
GD LMR BPGTCL @W ? TMJR?EC QMSPAC; A?JASJ?RCB @W f
0
=
1
2 LC
FMU CDDCARGTC ? BCTGAC GQ ?R GLBSAGLE CKD GL GRQCJD
#(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3 847
I>E9A >7P7H::
IJ;F-:EMD JH7DI<EHC;H:
IJ;F-KF JH7DI<EHC;H:
J>;HC7B >7P7H::
J>H;;-M?H; IOIJ;C:
JH7DI<EHC;H ;GK7J?ED:
JH7DI<EHC;H:
RFC RCPK DMP CJCARPGA?J F?X?PBQ BSC RM ASPPCLR N?QQGLE RFPMSEF ? FSK?L
? RP?LQDMPKCP RF?R BCAPC?QCQ TMJR?EC
? RP?LQDMPKCP RF?R GLAPC?QCQ TMJR?EC
RFC RCPK DMP CJCARPGA?J F?X?PBQ BSC RM MTCPFC?RGLE
RFC UGPGLE QWQRCK SQCB ?R NPCQCLR DMP Q?DCRW PC?QMLQ, UGRF JGTC, LCSRP?J, ?LB EPMSLB UGPCQ
RFC COS?RGML QFMUGLE RF?R RFC P?RGM MD RFC QCAMLB?PW RM NPGK?PW TMJR?ECQ GL ? RP?LQDMPKCP COS?JQ RFC P?RGM MD RFC LSK@CP MD
JMMNQ GL RFCGP AMGJQ;
V
s
V
p
=
N
s
N
p
? BCTGAC RF?R RP?LQDMPKQ TMJR?ECQ DPMK MLC T?JSC RM ?LMRFCP SQGLE GLBSARGML
,;9J?ED ,KCC7HO
23.1 "D:K9;: EC< 7D: &7=D;J?9 FBKN
w 4FC APSAG?J OS?LRGRW GL GLBSARGML GQ K?ELCRGA DJSV , BCDGLCB RM @C = BA cos , UFCPC B GQ RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF MTCP ?L ?PC? A ?R
?L ?LEJC UGRF RFC NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC ?PC?.
w 5LGRQ MD K?ELCRGA DJSV ?PC T m
2
.
w !LW AF?LEC GL K?ELCRGA DJSV GLBSACQ ?L CKDrRFC NPMACQQ GQ BCDGLCB RM @C CJCARPMK?ELCRGA GLBSARGML.
w &?P?B?WtQ J?U MD GLBSARGML QR?RCQ RF?R RFC CKDGLBSACB @W ? AF?LEC GL K?ELCRGA DJSV GQ
emf = N
t
UFCL DJSV AF?LECQ @W GL ? RGKC t .
w )D CKD GQ GLBSACB GL ? AMGJ, N GQ GRQ LSK@CP MD RSPLQ.
w 4FC KGLSQ QGEL KC?LQ RF?R RFC CKD APC?RCQ ? ASPPCLR I ?LB K?ELCRGA DGCJB B RF?R BCCBF8 G;8 6;4A:8 <A 9?HK rRFGQ MNNMQGRGML GQ ILMUL
?Q ,CLXtQ J?U.
23.3 &EJ?ED7B EC<
w !L CKD GLBSACB @W KMRGML PCJ?RGTC RM ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB B GQ A?JJCB ? @BG<BA4? 8@9 ?LB GQ EGTCL @W
emf = Bv (B, , and v perpendicular),
UFCPC GQ RFC JCLERF MD RFC M@HCAR KMTGLE ?R QNCCB v PCJ?RGTC RM RFC DGCJB.
w #SPPCLR JMMNQ GLBSACB GL KMTGLE AMLBSARMPQ ?PC A?JJCB CBBW ASPPCLRQ.
w 4FCW A?L APC?RC QGELGDGA?LR BP?E, A?JJCB K?ELCRGA B?KNGLE.
w !L CJCARPGA ECLCP?RMP PMR?RCQ ? AMGJ GL ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB, GLBSAGLE ?L CKDEGTCL ?Q ? DSLARGML MD RGKC @W
emf = NAB sin t,
UFCPC A GQ RFC ?PC? MD ?L N -RSPL AMGJ PMR?RCB ?R ? AMLQR?LR ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW GL ? SLGDMPK K?ELCRGA DGCJB B .
w 4FC NC?I CKD emf
0
MD ? ECLCP?RMP GQ
emf
0
= NAB.
23.6 B79A EC<
w !LW PMR?RGLE AMGJ UGJJ F?TC ?L GLBSACB CKDrGL KMRMPQ, RFGQ GQ A?JJCB @?AI CKD, QGLAC GR MNNMQCQ RFC CKD GLNSR RM RFC KMRMP.
23.7 -H7DI<EHC;HI
w 4P?LQDMPKCPQ SQC GLBSARGML RM RP?LQDMPK TMJR?ECQ DPMK MLC T?JSC RM ?LMRFCP.
w &MP ? RP?LQDMPKCP, RFC TMJR?ECQ ?APMQQ RFC NPGK?PW ?LB QCAMLB?PW AMGJQ ?PC PCJ?RCB @W
V
s
V
p
=
N
s
N
p
,
UFCPC V
p
?LB V
s
?PC RFC TMJR?ECQ ?APMQQ NPGK?PW ?LB QCAMLB?PW AMGJQ F?TGLE N
p
?LB N
s
RSPLQ.
w 4FC ASPPCLRQ I
p
?LB I
s
GL RFC NPGK?PW ?LB QCAMLB?PW AMGJQ ?PC PCJ?RCB @W
I
s
I
p
=
N
p
N
s
.
w ! QRCN-SN RP?LQDMPKCP GLAPC?QCQ TMJR?EC ?LB BCAPC?QCQ ASPPCLR, UFCPC?Q ? QRCN-BMUL RP?LQDMPKCP BCAPC?QCQ TMJR?EC ?LB GLAPC?QCQ ASPPCLR.
w %JCARPGA?J Q?DCRW QWQRCKQ ?LB BCTGACQ ?PC CKNJMWCB RM NPCTCLR RFCPK?J ?LB QFMAI F?X?PBQ.
848 #(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3
w #GPASGR @PC?ICPQ ?LB DSQCQ GLRCPPSNR CVACQQGTC ASPPCLRQ RM NPCTCLR RFCPK?J F?X?PBQ.
w 4FC RFPCC-UGPC QWQRCK ES?PBQ ?E?GLQR RFCPK?J ?LB QFMAI F?X?PBQ, SRGJGXGLE JGTC/FMR, LCSRP?J, ?LB C?PRF/EPMSLB UGPCQ, ?LB EPMSLBGLE RFC LCSRP?J
UGPC ?LB A?QC MD RFC ?NNJG?LAC.
w ! EPMSLB D?SJR GLRCPPSNRCP ('&)) NPCTCLRQ QFMAI @W BCRCARGLE RFC JMQQ MD ASPPCLR RM SLGLRCLRGML?J N?RFQ.
w !L GQMJ?RGML RP?LQDMPKCP GLQSJ?RCQ RFC BCTGAC @CGLE NMUCPCB DPMK RFC MPGEGL?J QMSPAC, ?JQM RM NPCTCLR QFMAI.
w -?LW MD RFCQC BCTGACQ SQC GLBSARGML RM NCPDMPK RFCGP @?QGA DSLARGML.
23.9 "D:K9J7D9;
w )LBSAR?LAC GQ RFC NPMNCPRW MD ? BCTGAC RF?R RCJJQ FMU CDDCARGTCJW GR GLBSACQ ?L CKD GL ?LMRFCP BCTGAC.
w -SRS?J GLBSAR?LAC GQ RFC CDDCAR MD RUM BCTGACQ GL GLBSAGLE CKDQ GL C?AF MRFCP.
w ! AF?LEC GL ASPPCLR I
1
/ t GL MLC GLBSACQ ?L CKD emf
2
GL RFC QCAMLB:
emf
2
= M
I
1
t
,
UFCPC M GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC KSRS?J GLBSAR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC RUM BCTGACQ, ?LB RFC KGLSQ QGEL GQ BSC RM ,CLXtQ J?U.
w 3WKKCRPGA?JJW, ? AF?LEC GL ASPPCLR I
2
/ t RFPMSEF RFC QCAMLB BCTGAC GLBSACQ ?L CKD emf
1
GL RFC DGPQR:
emf
1
= M
I
2
t
,
UFCPC M GQ RFC Q?KC KSRS?J GLBSAR?LAC ?Q GL RFC PCTCPQC NPMACQQ.
w #SPPCLR AF?LECQ GL ? BCTGAC GLBSAC ?L CKD GL RFC BCTGAC GRQCJD.
w 3CJD-GLBSAR?LAC GQ RFC CDDCAR MD RFC BCTGAC GLBSAGLE CKD GL GRQCJD.
w 4FC BCTGAC GQ A?JJCB ?L GLBSARMP, ?LB RFC CKD GLBSACB GL GR @W ? AF?LEC GL ASPPCLR RFPMSEF GR GQ
emf = L
I
t
,
UFCPC L GQ RFC QCJD-GLBSAR?LAC MD RFC GLBSARMP, ?LB I / t GQ RFC P?RC MD AF?LEC MD ASPPCLR RFPMSEF GR. 4FC KGLSQ QGEL GLBGA?RCQ RF?R CKD
MNNMQCQ RFC AF?LEC GL ASPPCLR, ?Q PCOSGPCB @W ,CLXtQ J?U.
w 4FC SLGR MD QCJD- ?LB KSRS?J GLBSAR?LAC GQ RFC FCLPW ((), UFCPC 1 H = 1 s .
w 4FC QCJD-GLBSAR?LAC L MD ?L GLBSARMP GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM FMU KSAF DJSV AF?LECQ UGRF ASPPCLR. &MP ?L N -RSPL GLBSARMP,
L = N
I
.
w 4FC QCJD-GLBSAR?LAC MD ? QMJCLMGB GQ
L =

0
N
2
A
(solenoid),
UFCPC N GQ GRQ LSK@CP MD RSPLQ GL RFC QMJCLMGB, A GQ GRQ APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC?, GQ GRQ JCLERF, ?LB
0
= 410
7
T m/A GQ RFC
NCPKC?@GJGRW MD DPCC QN?AC.
w 4FC CLCPEW QRMPCB GL ?L GLBSARMP E
ind
GQ
E
ind
=
1
2
LI
2
.
23.10 +% C?H9K?JI
w 7FCL ? QCPGCQ AMLLCARGML MD ? PCQGQRMP ?LB ?L GLBSARMPr?L )# AGPASGRrGQ AMLLCARCB RM ? TMJR?EC QMSPAC, RFC RGKC T?PG?RGML MD RFC ASPPCLR GQ
I = I
0
(1 e
t /
) (turning on).
UFCPC I
0
= V / R GQ RFC DGL?J ASPPCLR.
w 4FC AF?P?ARCPGQRGA RGKC AMLQR?LR GQ =
L
R
, UFCPC L GQ RFC GLBSAR?LAC ?LB R GQ RFC PCQGQR?LAC.
w )L RFC DGPQR RGKC AMLQR?LR , RFC ASPPCLR PGQCQ DPMK XCPM RM 0.632I
0
, ?LB 0.632 MD RFC PCK?GLBCP GL CTCPW QS@QCOSCLR RGKC GLRCPT?J .
w 7FCL RFC GLBSARMP GQ QFMPRCB RFPMSEF ? PCQGQRMP, ASPPCLR BCAPC?QCQ ?Q
I = I
0
e
t /
(turning of).
(CPC I
0
GQ RFC GLGRG?J ASPPCLR.
w #SPPCLR D?JJQ RM 0.368I
0
GL RFC DGPQR RGKC GLRCPT?J , ?LB 0.368 MD RFC PCK?GLBCP RMU?PB XCPM GL C?AF QS@QCOSCLR RGKC .
23.11 +;79J7D9;, "D:K9J?L; 7D: C7F79?J?L;
w &MP GLBSARMPQ GL !# AGPASGRQ, UC DGLB RF?R UFCL ? QGLSQMGB?J TMJR?EC GQ ?NNJGCB RM ?L GLBSARMP, RFC TMJR?EC JC?BQ RFC ASPPCLR @W MLC-DMSPRF MD ?
AWAJC, MP @W ? 90 NF?QC ?LEJC.
w 4FC MNNMQGRGML MD ?L GLBSARMP RM ? AF?LEC GL ASPPCLR GQ CVNPCQQCB ?Q ? RWNC MD !# PCQGQR?LAC.
w /FKtQ J?U DMP ?L GLBSARMP GQ
I =
V
X
L
,
UFCPC V GQ RFC PKQ TMJR?EC ?APMQQ RFC GLBSARMP.
w X
L
GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC GLBSARGTC PC?AR?LAC, EGTCL @W
#(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3 849
X
L
= 2fL,
UGRF f RFC DPCOSCLAW MD RFC !# TMJR?EC QMSPAC GL FCPRX.
w )LBSARGTC PC?AR?LAC X
L
F?Q SLGRQ MD MFKQ ?LB GQ EPC?RCQR ?R FGEF DPCOSCLAGCQ.
w &MP A?N?AGRMPQ, UC DGLB RF?R UFCL ? QGLSQMGB?J TMJR?EC GQ ?NNJGCB RM ? A?N?AGRMP, RFC TMJR?EC DMJJMUQ RFC ASPPCLR @W MLC-DMSPRF MD ? AWAJC, MP @W ?
90 NF?QC ?LEJC.
w 3GLAC ? A?N?AGRMP A?L QRMN ASPPCLR UFCL DSJJW AF?PECB, GR JGKGRQ ASPPCLR ?LB MDDCPQ ?LMRFCP DMPK MD !# PCQGQR?LAC; /FKtQ J?U DMP ? A?N?AGRMP GQ
I =
V
X
C
,
UFCPC V GQ RFC PKQ TMJR?EC ?APMQQ RFC A?N?AGRMP.
w X
C
GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC A?N?AGRGTC PC?AR?LAC, EGTCL @W
X
C
=
1
2fC
.
w X
C
F?Q SLGRQ MD MFKQ ?LB GQ EPC?RCQR ?R JMU DPCOSCLAGCQ.
23.12 +%C ,;H?;I AC C?H9K?JI
w 4FC !# ?L?JMEW RM PCQGQR?LAC GQ GKNCB?LAC Z , RFC AMK@GLCB CDDCAR MD PCQGQRMPQ, GLBSARMPQ, ?LB A?N?AGRMPQ, BCDGLCB @W RFC !# TCPQGML MD /FKtQ
J?U:
I
0
=
V
0
Z
or I
rms
=
V
rms
Z
,
UFCPC I
0
GQ RFC NC?I ASPPCLR ?LB V
0
GQ RFC NC?I QMSPAC TMJR?EC.
w )KNCB?LAC F?Q SLGRQ MD MFKQ ?LB GQ EGTCL @W Z = R
2
+ (X
L
X
C
)
2
.
w 4FC PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAW f
0
, ?R UFGAF X
L
= X
C
, GQ
f
0
=
1
2 LC
.
w )L ?L !# AGPASGR, RFCPC GQ ? NF?QC ?LEJC @CRUCCL QMSPAC TMJR?EC V ?LB RFC ASPPCLR I , UFGAF A?L @C DMSLB DPMK
cos =
R
Z
,
w = 0 DMP ? NSPCJW PCQGQRGTC AGPASGR MP ?L )#C AGPASGR ?R PCQML?LAC.
w 4FC ?TCP?EC NMUCP BCJGTCPCB RM ?L )#C AGPASGR GQ ?DDCARCB @W RFC NF?QC ?LEJC ?LB GQ EGTCL @W
P
ave
= I
rms
V
rms
cos ,
cos GQ A?JJCB RFC NMUCP D?ARMP, UFGAF P?LECQ DPMK 0 RM 1.
23.1 "D:K9;: EC< 7D: &7=D;J?9 FBKN
1. (MU BM RFC KSJRGNJC-JMMN AMGJQ ?LB GPML PGLE GL RFC TCPQGML MD &?P?B?WtQ ?NN?P?RSQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 23.3 CLF?LAC RFC M@QCPT?RGML MD GLBSACB CKD?
2. 7FCL ? K?ELCR GQ RFPSQR GLRM ? AMGJ ?Q GL F?=KH; 23.4(?), UF?R GQ RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC DMPAC CVCPRCB @W RFC AMGJ ML RFC K?ELCR? $P?U ? BG?EP?K
QFMUGLE RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC ASPPCLR GLBSACB GL RFC AMGJ ?LB RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB GR NPMBSACQ, RM HSQRGDW WMSP PCQNMLQC. (MU BMCQ RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC
DMPAC BCNCLB ML RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC E?JT?LMKCRCP?
3. %VNJ?GL FMU K?ELCRGA DJSV A?L @C XCPM UFCL RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB GQ LMR XCPM.
4. )Q ?L CKD GLBSACB GL RFC AMGJ GL F?=KH; 23.54 UFCL GR GQ QRPCRAFCB? )D QM, QR?RC UFW ?LB EGTC RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC GLBSACB ASPPCLR.
F?=KH; 23.54 ! AGPASJ?P AMGJ MD UGPC GQ QRPCRAFCB GL ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB.
5. ! NCPQML UFM UMPIQ UGRF J?PEC K?ELCRQ QMKCRGKCQ NJ?ACQ FCP FC?B GLQGBC ? QRPMLE DGCJB. 3FC PCNMPRQ DCCJGLE BGXXW ?Q QFC OSGAIJW RSPLQ FCP FC?B.
(MU KGEFR RFGQ @C ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF GLBSARGML?
6. ! N?PRGAJC ?AACJCP?RMP QCLBQ FGEF-TCJMAGRW AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ BMUL ?L CT?AS?RCB NGNC. %VNJ?GL FMU ? AMGJ MD UGPC UP?NNCB ?PMSLB RFC NGNC AMSJB
BCRCAR RFC N?QQ?EC MD GLBGTGBS?J N?PRGAJCQ. 3ICRAF ? EP?NF MD RFC TMJR?EC MSRNSR MD RFC AMGJ ?Q ? QGLEJC N?PRGAJC N?QQCQ RFPMSEF GR.
850 #(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3
23.3 &EJ?ED7B EC<
7. 7FW KSQR N?PR MD RFC AGPASGR @C KMTGLE PCJ?RGTC RM MRFCP N?PRQ, RM F?TC SQ?@JC KMRGML?J CKD? #MLQGBCP, DMP CV?KNJC, RF?R RFC P?GJQ GL F?=KH; 23.11
?PC QR?RGML?PW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB, UFGJC RFC PMB KMTCQ.
8. ! NMUCPDSJ GLBSARGML A?LLML A?L @C K?BC @W NJ?AGLE ? KCR?J AWJGLBCP GLQGBC ? QMJCLMGB AMGJ. 4FC AWJGLBCP GQ DMPACDSJJW CVNCJJCB UFCL QMJCLMGB
ASPPCLR GQ RSPLCB ML P?NGBJW. 5QC &?P?B?WtQ ?LB ,CLXtQ J?UQ RM CVNJ?GL FMU RFGQ UMPIQ. 7FW KGEFR RFC AWJGLBCP ECR JGTC/FMR UFCL RFC A?LLML GQ DGPCB?
9. !L GLBSARGML QRMTC FC?RQ ? NMR UGRF ? AMGJ A?PPWGLE ?L ?JRCPL?RGLE ASPPCLR JMA?RCB @CLC?RF RFC NMR (?LB UGRFMSR ? FMR QSPD?AC). #?L RFC QRMTC QSPD?AC
@C ? AMLBSARMP? 7FW UMLtR ? AMGJ A?PPWGLE ? BGPCAR ASPPCLR UMPI?
10. %VNJ?GL FMU WMS AMSJB RF?U MSR ? DPMXCL U?RCP NGNC @W UP?NNGLE ? AMGJ A?PPWGLE ?L ?JRCPL?RGLE ASPPCLR ?PMSLB GR. $MCQ GR K?RRCP UFCRFCP MP LMR RFC
NGNC GQ ? AMLBSARMP? %VNJ?GL.
11. %VNJ?GL UFW K?ELCRGA B?KNGLE KGEFR LMR @C CDDCARGTC ML ?L M@HCAR K?BC MD QCTCP?J RFGL AMLBSARGLE J?WCPQ QCN?P?RCB @W GLQSJ?RGML.
12. %VNJ?GL FMU CJCARPMK?ELCRGA GLBSARGML A?L @C SQCB RM BCRCAR KCR?JQ? 4FGQ RCAFLGOSC GQ N?PRGASJ?PJW GKNMPR?LR GL BCRCARGLE @SPGCB J?LBKGLCQ DMP
BGQNMQ?J, ECMNFWQGA?J NPMQNCARGLE ?LB ?R ?GPNMPRQ.
13. 5QGLE 2(2-1, QFMU RF?R RFC CKDQ GL RFC QGBCQ MD RFC ECLCP?RMP JMMN GL F?=KH; 23.23 ?PC GL RFC Q?KC QCLQC ?LB RFSQ ?BB.
14. 4FC QMSPAC MD ? ECLCP?RMPtQ CJCARPGA?J CLCPEW MSRNSR GQ RFC UMPI BMLC RM RSPL GRQ AMGJQ. (MU GQ RFC UMPI LCCBCB RM RSPL RFC ECLCP?RMP PCJ?RCB RM
,CLXtQ J?U?
23.6 B79A EC<
15. 3SNNMQC WMS DGLB RF?R RFC @CJR BPGTC AMLLCARGLE ? NMUCPDSJ KMRMP RM ?L ?GP AMLBGRGMLGLE SLGR GQ @PMICL ?LB RFC KMRMP GQ PSLLGLE DPCCJW. 3FMSJB WMS
@C UMPPGCB RF?R RFC KMRMP GQ AMLQSKGLE ? EPC?R BC?J MD CLCPEW DMP LM SQCDSJ NSPNMQC? %VNJ?GL UFW MP UFW LMR.
23.7 -H7DI<EHC;HI
16. %VNJ?GL UF?R A?SQCQ NFWQGA?J TG@P?RGMLQ GL RP?LQDMPKCPQ ?R RUGAC RFC DPCOSCLAW MD RFC !# NMUCP GLTMJTCB.
17. $MCQ NJ?QRGA GLQSJ?RGML ML JGTC/FMR UGPCQ NPCTCLR QFMAI F?X?PBQ, RFCPK?J F?X?PBQ, MP @MRF?
18. 7FW ?PC MPBGL?PW AGPASGR @PC?ICPQ ?LB DSQCQ GLCDDCARGTC GL NPCTCLRGLE QFMAIQ?
19. ! '&) K?W RPGN HSQR @CA?SQC RFC JGTC/FMR ?LB LCSRP?J UGPCQ AMLLCARCB RM GR ?PC QGELGDGA?LRJW BGDDCPCLR GL JCLERF. %VNJ?GL UFW.
23.9 "D:K9J7D9;
20. (MU UMSJB WMS NJ?AC RUM GBCLRGA?J DJ?R AMGJQ GL AMLR?AR QM RF?R RFCW F?B RFC EPC?RCQR KSRS?J GLBSAR?LAC? 4FC JC?QR?
21. (MU UMSJB WMS QF?NC ? EGTCL JCLERF MD UGPC RM EGTC GR RFC EPC?RCQR QCJD-GLBSAR?LAC? 4FC JC?QR?
22. 6CPGDW, ?Q U?Q AMLAJSBCB UGRFMSR NPMMD GL EN7CFB; 23.7, RF?R SLGRQ MD T m
2
/ A = s = H.
23.11 +;79J7D9;, "D:K9J?L; 7D: C7F79?J?L;
23. 0PCQ@WASQGQ GQ ? FC?PGLE JMQQ BSC RM ?EC RF?R NPMEPCQQGTCJW ?DDCARQ FGEFCP DPCOSCLAGCQ. ! FC?PGLE ?GB ?KNJGDGCP GQ BCQGELCB RM ?KNJGDW ?JJ
DPCOSCLAGCQ COS?JJW. 4M ?BHSQR GRQ MSRNSR DMP NPCQ@WASQGQ, UMSJB WMS NSR ? A?N?AGRMP GL QCPGCQ MP N?P?JJCJ UGRF RFC FC?PGLE ?GBtQ QNC?ICP? %VNJ?GL.
24. 7MSJB WMS SQC ? J?PEC GLBSAR?LAC MP ? J?PEC A?N?AGR?LAC GL QCPGCQ UGRF ? QWQRCK RM DGJRCP MSR JMU DPCOSCLAGCQ, QSAF ?Q RFC 100 (X FSK GL ? QMSLB
QWQRCK? %VNJ?GL.
25. (GEF-DPCOSCLAW LMGQC GL !# NMUCP A?L B?K?EC AMKNSRCPQ. $MCQ RFC NJSE-GL SLGR BCQGELCB RM NPCTCLR RFGQ B?K?EC SQC ? J?PEC GLBSAR?LAC MP ?
J?PEC A?N?AGR?LAC (GL QCPGCQ UGRF RFC AMKNSRCP) RM DGJRCP MSR QSAF FGEF DPCOSCLAGCQ? %VNJ?GL.
26. $MCQ GLBSAR?LAC BCNCLB ML ASPPCLR, DPCOSCLAW, MP @MRF? 7F?R ?@MSR GLBSARGTC PC?AR?LAC?
27. %VNJ?GL UFW RFC A?N?AGRMP GL F?=KH; 23.55(?) ?ARQ ?Q ? JMU-DPCOSCLAW DGJRCP @CRUCCL RFC RUM AGPASGRQ, UFCPC?Q RF?R GL F?=KH; 23.55(@) ?ARQ ?Q ?
FGEF-DPCOSCLAW DGJRCP.
#(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3 851
F?=KH; 23.55 #?N?AGRMPQ ?LB GLBSARMPQ. #?N?AGRMP UGRF FGEF DPCOSCLAW ?LB JMU DPCOSCLAW.
28. )D RFC A?N?AGRMPQ GL F?=KH; 23.55 ?PC PCNJ?ACB @W GLBSARMPQ, UFGAF ?ARQ ?Q ? JMU-DPCOSCLAW DGJRCP ?LB UFGAF ?Q ? FGEF-DPCOSCLAW DGJRCP?
23.12 +%C ,;H?;I AC C?H9K?JI
29. $MCQ RFC PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAW MD ?L !# AGPASGR BCNCLB ML RFC NC?I TMJR?EC MD RFC !# QMSPAC? %VNJ?GL UFW MP UFW LMR.
30. 3SNNMQC WMS F?TC ? KMRMP UGRF ? NMUCP D?ARMP QGELGDGA?LRJW JCQQ RF?L 1. %VNJ?GL UFW GR UMSJB @C @CRRCP RM GKNPMTC RFC NMUCP D?ARMP ?Q ? KCRFMB MD
GKNPMTGLE RFC KMRMPtQ MSRNSR, P?RFCP RF?L RM GLAPC?QC RFC TMJR?EC GLNSR.
852 #(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3
23.1 "D:K9;: EC< 7D: &7=D;J?9 FBKN
31. 7F?R GQ RFC T?JSC MD RFC K?ELCRGA DJSV ?R AMGJ 2 GL F?=KH; 23.56 BSC RM
AMGJ 1?
F?=KH; 23.56 (?) 4FC NJ?LCQ MD RFC RUM AMGJQ ?PC NCPNCLBGASJ?P. (@) 4FC UGPC GQ
NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC NJ?LC MD RFC AMGJ.
32. 7F?R GQ RFC T?JSC MD RFC K?ELCRGA DJSV RFPMSEF RFC AMGJ GL F?=KH;
23.56(@) BSC RM RFC UGPC?
33. 2CDCPPGLE RM F?=KH; 23.57(?), UF?R GQ RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC ASPPCLR
GLBSACB GL AMGJ 2: (?) )D RFC ASPPCLR GL AMGJ 1 GLAPC?QCQ? (@) )D RFC ASPPCLR GL
AMGJ 1 BCAPC?QCQ? (A) )D RFC ASPPCLR GL AMGJ 1 GQ AMLQR?LR? %VNJGAGRJW QFMU
FMU WMS DMJJMU RFC QRCNQ GL RFC )HE8B;C-,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=O <EH %;DP'I
%7M.
F?=KH; 23.57 (?) 4FC AMGJQ JGC GL RFC Q?KC NJ?LC. (@) 4FC UGPC GQ GL RFC NJ?LC MD RFC AMGJ
34. 2CDCPPGLE RM F?=KH; 23.57(@), UF?R GQ RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC ASPPCLR
GLBSACB GL RFC AMGJ: (?) )D RFC ASPPCLR GL RFC UGPC GLAPC?QCQ? (@) )D RFC
ASPPCLR GL RFC UGPC BCAPC?QCQ? (A) )D RFC ASPPCLR GL RFC UGPC QSBBCLJW
AF?LECQ BGPCARGML? %VNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU RFC QRCNQ GL RFC
)HE8B;C-,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=O <EH %;DPXI %7M.
35. 2CDCPPGLE RM F?=KH; 23.58, UF?R ?PC RFC BGPCARGMLQ MD RFC ASPPCLRQ GL
AMGJQ 1, 2, ?LB 3 (?QQSKC RF?R RFC AMGJQ ?PC JWGLE GL RFC NJ?LC MD RFC
AGPASGR): (?) 7FCL RFC QUGRAF GQ DGPQR AJMQCB? (@) 7FCL RFC QUGRAF F?Q @CCL
AJMQCB DMP ? JMLE RGKC? (A) *SQR ?DRCP RFC QUGRAF GQ MNCLCB?
F?=KH; 23.58
36. 2CNC?R RFC NPCTGMSQ NPM@JCK UGRF RFC @?RRCPW PCTCPQCB.
37. 6CPGDW RF?R RFC SLGRQ MD / t ?PC TMJRQ. 4F?R GQ, QFMU RF?R
1 T m
2
/ s = 1 V.
38. 3SNNMQC ? 50-RSPL AMGJ JGCQ GL RFC NJ?LC MD RFC N?EC GL ? SLGDMPK
K?ELCRGA DGCJB RF?R GQ BGPCARCB GLRM RFC N?EC. 4FC AMGJ MPGEGL?JJW F?Q ?L
?PC? MD 0.250 m
2
. )R GQ QRPCRAFCB RM F?TC LM ?PC? GL 0.100 Q. 7F?R GQ RFC
BGPCARGML ?LB K?ELGRSBC MD RFC GLBSACB CKD GD RFC SLGDMPK K?ELCRGA DGCJB
F?Q ? QRPCLERF MD 1.50 4?
39. (?) !L -2) RCAFLGAG?L KMTCQ FGQ F?LB DPMK ? PCEGML MD TCPW JMU
K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF GLRM ?L -2) QA?LLCPtQ 2.00 4 DGCJB UGRF FGQ DGLECPQ
NMGLRGLE GL RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC DGCJB. &GLB RFC ?TCP?EC CKD GLBSACB GL FGQ
UCBBGLE PGLE, EGTCL GRQ BG?KCRCP GQ 2.20 AK ?LB ?QQSKGLE GR R?ICQ 0.250 Q
RM KMTC GR GLRM RFC DGCJB. (@) $GQASQQ UFCRFCP RFGQ ASPPCLR UMSJB
QGELGDGA?LRJW AF?LEC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC PGLE.
2CDCPPGLE RM RFC QGRS?RGML GL RFC NPCTGMSQ NPM@JCK: (?) 7F?R ASPPCLR GQ
GLBSACB GL RFC PGLE GD GRQ PCQGQR?LAC GQ 0.0100 ? (@) 7F?R ?TCP?EC
NMUCP GQ BGQQGN?RCB? (A) 7F?R K?ELCRGA DGCJB GQ GLBSACB ?R RFC ACLRCP MD
RFC PGLE? (B) 7F?R GQ RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC GLBSACB K?ELCRGA DGCJB PCJ?RGTC RM
RFC -2)tQ DGCJB?
41. !L CKD GQ GLBSACB @W PMR?RGLE ? 1000-RSPL, 20.0 AK BG?KCRCP AMGJ GL
RFC %?PRFtQ 5.0010
5
T K?ELCRGA DGCJB. 7F?R ?TCP?EC CKD GQ GLBSACB,
EGTCL RFC NJ?LC MD RFC AMGJ GQ MPGEGL?JJW NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC %?PRFtQ DGCJB
?LB GQ PMR?RCB RM @C N?P?JJCJ RM RFC DGCJB GL 10.0 KQ?
42. ! 0.250 K P?BGSQ, 500-RSPL AMGJ GQ PMR?RCB MLC-DMSPRF MD ? PCTMJSRGML GL
4.17 KQ, MPGEGL?JJW F?TGLE GRQ NJ?LC NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM ? SLGDMPK K?ELCRGA
DGCJB. (4FGQ GQ 60 PCT/Q.) &GLB RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF LCCBCB RM GLBSAC
?L ?TCP?EC CKD MD 10,000 6.
!NNPMVGK?RCJW FMU BMCQ RFC CKD GLBSACB GL RFC JMMN GL F?=KH; 23.57(@)
BCNCLB ML RFC BGQR?LAC MD RFC ACLRCP MD RFC JMMN DPMK RFC UGPC?
(?) ! JGEFRLGLE @MJR NPMBSACQ ? P?NGBJW T?PWGLE K?ELCRGA DGCJB. )D RFC @MJR
QRPGICQ RFC C?PRF TCPRGA?JJW ?LB ?ARQ JGIC ? ASPPCLR GL ? JMLE QRP?GEFR UGPC, GR
UGJJ GLBSAC ? TMJR?EC GL ? JMMN ?JGELCB JGIC RF?R GL F?=KH; 23.57(@). 7F?R
TMJR?EC GQ GLBSACB GL ? 1.00 K BG?KCRCP JMMN 50.0 K DPMK ?
2.0010
6
A JGEFRLGLE QRPGIC, GD RFC ASPPCLR D?JJQ RM XCPM GL 25.0 s ? (@)
$GQASQQ AGPASKQR?LACQ SLBCP UFGAF QSAF ? TMJR?EC UMSJB NPMBSAC
LMRGAC?@JC AMLQCOSCLACQ.
23.3 &EJ?ED7B EC<
45. 5QC &?P?B?WtQ J?U, ,CLXtQ J?U, ?LB 2(2-1 RM QFMU RF?R RFC K?ELCRGA
DMPAC ML RFC ASPPCLR GL RFC KMTGLE PMB GL F?=KH; 23.11 GQ GL RFC MNNMQGRC
BGPCARGML MD GRQ TCJMAGRW.
46. )D ? ASPPCLR DJMUQ GL RFC 3?RCJJGRC 4CRFCP QFMUL GL F?=KH; 23.12, SQC
&?P?B?WtQ J?U, ,CLXtQ J?U, ?LB 2(2-1 RM QFMU RF?R RFCPC GQ ? K?ELCRGA
DMPAC ML RFC RCRFCP GL RFC BGPCARGML MNNMQGRC RM GRQ TCJMAGRW.
47. (?) ! HCR ?GPNJ?LC UGRF ? 75.0 K UGLEQN?L GQ DJWGLE ?R 280 K/Q. 7F?R
CKD GQ GLBSACB @CRUCCL UGLE RGNQ GD RFC TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLR MD RFC %?PRFtQ
DGCJB GQ 3.0010
5
T ? (@) )Q ?L CKD MD RFGQ K?ELGRSBC JGICJW RM F?TC ?LW
AMLQCOSCLACQ? %VNJ?GL.
48. (?) ! LMLDCPPMSQ QAPCUBPGTCP GQ @CGLE SQCB GL ? 2.00 4 K?ELCRGA DGCJB.
7F?R K?VGKSK CKD A?L @C GLBSACB ?JMLE GRQ 12.0 AK JCLERF UFCL GR
KMTCQ ?R 6.00 K/Q? (@) )Q GR JGICJW RF?R RFGQ CKD UGJJ F?TC ?LW
AMLQCOSCLACQ MP CTCL @C LMRGACB?
49. !R UF?R QNCCB KSQR RFC QJGBGLE PMB GL F?=KH; 23.11 KMTC RM NPMBSAC
?L CKD MD 1.00 6 GL ? 1.50 4 DGCJB, EGTCL RFC PMBtQ JCLERF GQ 30.0 AK?
50. 4FC 12.0 AK JMLE PMB GL F?=KH; 23.11 KMTCQ ?R 4.00 K/Q. 7F?R GQ RFC
QRPCLERF MD RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB GD ? 95.0 6 CKD GQ GLBSACB?
51. 0PMTC RF?R UFCL B , , ?LB v ?PC LMR KSRS?JJW NCPNCLBGASJ?P,
KMRGML?J CKD GQ EGTCL @W emf = Bvsin . )D v GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM B ,
RFCL GQ RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL ?LB B . )D GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM B ,
RFCL GQ RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL v ?LB B .
#(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3 853
52. )L RFC !SESQR 1992 QN?AC QFSRRJC DJGEFR, MLJW 250 K MD RFC AMLBSARGLE
RCRFCP AMLQGBCPCB GL EN7CFB; 23.2 AMSJB @C JCR MSR. ! 40.0 6 KMRGML?J
CKD U?Q ECLCP?RCB GL RFC %?PRFtQ 5.0010
5
T DGCJB, UFGJC KMTGLE ?R
7.8010
3
m/s . 7F?R U?Q RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL RFC QFSRRJCtQ TCJMAGRW ?LB
RFC %?PRFtQ DGCJB, ?QQSKGLE RFC AMLBSARMP U?Q NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC DGCJB?
$CPGTC ?L CVNPCQQGML DMP RFC ASPPCLR GL ? QWQRCK JGIC RF?R GL F?=KH; 23.11,
SLBCP RFC DMJJMUGLE AMLBGRGMLQ. 4FC PCQGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC P?GJQ GQ R ,
RFC P?GJQ ?LB RFC KMTGLE PMB ?PC GBCLRGA?J GL APMQQ QCARGML A ?LB F?TC
RFC Q?KC PCQGQRGTGRW . 4FC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC P?GJQ GQ J, ?LB RFC PMB
KMTCQ ?R AMLQR?LR QNCCB v NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC SLGDMPK DGCJB B . !R RGKC
XCPM, RFC KMTGLE PMB GQ LCVR RM RFC PCQGQR?LAC R .
4FC 4CRFCPCB 3?RCJJGRC GL F?=KH; 23.12 F?Q ? K?QQ MD 525 IE ?LB GQ ?R RFC
CLB MD ? 20.0 IK JMLE, 2.50 KK BG?KCRCP A?@JC UGRF RFC RCLQGJC QRPCLERF
MD QRCCJ. (?) (MU KSAF BMCQ RFC A?@JC QRPCRAF GD ? 100 . DMPAC GQ CVCPRCB
RM NSJJ RFC Q?RCJJGRC GL? (!QQSKC RFC Q?RCJJGRC ?LB QFSRRJC ?PC ?R RFC Q?KC
?JRGRSBC ?@MTC RFC %?PRF.) (@) 7F?R GQ RFC CDDCARGTC DMPAC AMLQR?LR MD RFC
A?@JC? (A) (MU KSAF CLCPEW GQ QRMPCB GL GR UFCL QRPCRAFCB @W RFC 100 .
DMPAC?
4FC 4CRFCPCB 3?RCJJGRC BGQASQQCB GL RFGQ KMBSJC GQ NPMBSAGLE 5.00 I6, ?LB
? ASPPCLR MD 10.0 ! DJMUQ. (?) 7F?R K?ELCRGA BP?E DMPAC BMCQ RFGQ NPMBSAC
GD RFC QWQRCK GQ KMTGLE ?R 7.80 IK/Q? (@) (MU KSAF IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ
PCKMTCB DPMK RFC QWQRCK GL 1.00 F, LCEJCARGLE ?LW AF?LEC GL ?JRGRSBC MP
TCJMAGRW BSPGLE RF?R RGKC? (A) 7F?R GQ RFC AF?LEC GL TCJMAGRW GD RFC K?QQ MD
RFC QWQRCK GQ 100,000 IE? (B) $GQASQQ RFC JMLE RCPK AMLQCOSCLACQ (Q?W,
? UCCI-JMLE KGQQGML) ML RFC QN?AC QFSRRJCtQ MP@GR, LMRGLE UF?R CDDCAR ?
BCAPC?QC GL TCJMAGRW F?Q ?LB ?QQCQQGLE RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC CDDCAR.
56. -?IC ? BP?UGLE QGKGJ?P RM F?=KH; 23.14, @SR UGRF RFC NCLBSJSK
KMTGLE GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML. 4FCL SQC &?P?B?WtQ J?U, ,CLXtQ J?U, ?LB
2(2-1 RM QFMU RF?R K?ELCRGA DMPAC MNNMQCQ KMRGML.
57.
F?=KH; 23.59 ! AMGJ GQ KMTCB GLRM ?LB MSR MD ? PCEGML MD SLGDMPK K?ELCRGA DGCJB. ! AMGJ
GQ KMTCB RFPMSEF ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 23.59. 4FC DGCJB GQ
SLGDMPK GLQGBC RFC PCAR?LEJC ?LB XCPM MSRQGBC. 7F?R GQ RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC
GLBSACB ASPPCLR ?LB UF?R GQ RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC K?ELCRGA DMPAC ML RFC AMGJ
?R C?AF NMQGRGML QFMUL?
58. #?JASJ?RC RFC NC?I TMJR?EC MD ? ECLCP?RMP RF?R PMR?RCQ GRQ 200-RSPL,
0.100 K BG?KCRCP AMGJ ?R 3600 PNK GL ? 0.800 4 DGCJB.
59. !R UF?R ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW GL PNK UGJJ RFC NC?I TMJR?EC MD ? ECLCP?RMP @C
480 6, GD GRQ 500-RSPL, 8.00 AK BG?KCRCP AMGJ PMR?RCQ GL ? 0.250 4 DGCJB?
60. 7F?R GQ RFC NC?I CKD ECLCP?RCB @W PMR?RGLE ? 1000-RSPL, 20.0 AK
BG?KCRCP AMGJ GL RFC %?PRFtQ 5.0010
5
T K?ELCRGA DGCJB, EGTCL RFC
NJ?LC MD RFC AMGJ GQ MPGEGL?JJW NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC %?PRFtQ DGCJB ?LB GQ
PMR?RCB RM @C N?P?JJCJ RM RFC DGCJB GL 10.0 KQ?
61. 7F?R GQ RFC NC?I CKD ECLCP?RCB @W ? 0.250 K P?BGSQ, 500-RSPL AMGJ GQ
PMR?RCB MLC-DMSPRF MD ? PCTMJSRGML GL 4.17 KQ, MPGEGL?JJW F?TGLE GRQ NJ?LC
NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM ? SLGDMPK K?ELCRGA DGCJB. (4FGQ GQ 60 PCT/Q.)
62. (?) ! @GAWAJC ECLCP?RMP PMR?RCQ ?R 1875 P?B/Q, NPMBSAGLE ?L 18.0 6
NC?I CKD. )R F?Q ? 1.00 @W 3.00 AK PCAR?LESJ?P AMGJ GL ? 0.640 4 DGCJB.
(MU K?LW RSPLQ ?PC GL RFC AMGJ? (@) )Q RFGQ LSK@CP MD RSPLQ MD UGPC
NP?ARGA?J DMP ? 1.00 @W 3.00 AK AMGJ?
4FGQ NPM@JCK PCDCPQ RM RFC @GAWAJC ECLCP?RMP AMLQGBCPCB GL RFC NPCTGMSQ
NPM@JCK. )R GQ BPGTCL @W ? 1.60 AK BG?KCRCP UFCCJ RF?R PMJJQ ML RFC MSRQGBC
PGK MD RFC @GAWAJC RGPC. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC @GAWAJC GD RFC
ECLCP?RMPtQ ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW GQ 1875 P?B/Q? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK CKD
MD RFC ECLCP?RMP UFCL RFC @GAWAJC KMTCQ ?R 10.0 K/Q, LMRGLE RF?R GR U?Q
18.0 6 SLBCP RFC MPGEGL?J AMLBGRGMLQ? (A) )D RFC QMNFGQRGA?RCB ECLCP?RMP
A?L T?PW GRQ MUL K?ELCRGA DGCJB, UF?R DGCJB QRPCLERF UGJJ GR LCCB ?R 5.00 K/Q
RM NPMBSAC ? 9.00 6 K?VGKSK CKD?
64. (?) ! A?P ECLCP?RMP RSPLQ ?R 400 PNK UFCL RFC CLEGLC GQ GBJGLE. )RQ
300-RSPL, 5.00 @W 8.00 AK PCAR?LESJ?P AMGJ PMR?RCQ GL ?L ?BHSQR?@JC
K?ELCRGA DGCJB QM RF?R GR A?L NPMBSAC QSDDGAGCLR TMJR?EC CTCL ?R JMU PNKQ.
7F?R GQ RFC DGCJB QRPCLERF LCCBCB RM NPMBSAC ? 24.0 6 NC?I CKD? (@)
$GQASQQ FMU RFGQ PCOSGPCB DGCJB QRPCLERF AMKN?PCQ RM RFMQC ?T?GJ?@JC GL
NCPK?LCLR ?LB CJCARPMK?ELCRQ.
65. 3FMU RF?R GD ? AMGJ PMR?RCQ ?R ?L ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW , RFC NCPGMB MD GRQ
!# MSRNSR GQ 2/ .
66. ! 75-RSPL, 10.0 AK BG?KCRCP AMGJ PMR?RCQ ?R ?L ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW MD 8.00
P?B/Q GL ? 1.25 4 DGCJB, QR?PRGLE UGRF RFC NJ?LC MD RFC AMGJ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC
DGCJB. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC NC?I CKD? (@) !R UF?R RGKC GQ RFC NC?I CKD DGPQR
PC?AFCB? (A) !R UF?R RGKC GQ RFC CKD DGPQR ?R GRQ KMQR LCE?RGTC? (B) 7F?R GQ
RFC NCPGMB MD RFC !# TMJR?EC MSRNSR?
67. (?) )D RFC CKD MD ? AMGJ PMR?RGLE GL ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB GQ XCPM ?R t = 0 ,
?LB GLAPC?QCQ RM GRQ DGPQR NC?I ?R t = 0.100 ms , UF?R GQ RFC ?LESJ?P
TCJMAGRW MD RFC AMGJ? (@) !R UF?R RGKC UGJJ GRQ LCVR K?VGKSK MAASP? (A)
7F?R GQ RFC NCPGMB MD RFC MSRNSR? (B) 7FCL GQ RFC MSRNSR DGPQR MLC-DMSPRF MD
GRQ K?VGKSK? (C) 7FCL GQ GR LCVR MLC-DMSPRF MD GRQ K?VGKSK?
! 500-RSPL AMGJ UGRF ? 0.250 m
2
?PC? GQ QNSL GL RFC %?PRFtQ
5.0010
5
T DGCJB, NPMBSAGLE ? 12.0 I6 K?VGKSK CKD. (?) !R UF?R
?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW KSQR RFC AMGJ @C QNSL? (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR
RFGQ PCQSJR? (A) 7FGAF ?QQSKNRGML MP NPCKGQC GQ PCQNMLQG@JC?
23.6 B79A EC<
69. 3SNNMQC ? KMRMP AMLLCARCB RM ? 120 6 QMSPAC BP?UQ 10.0 ! UFCL GR
DGPQR QR?PRQ. (?) 7F?R GQ GRQ PCQGQR?LAC? (@) 7F?R ASPPCLR BMCQ GR BP?U ?R GRQ
LMPK?J MNCP?RGLE QNCCB UFCL GR BCTCJMNQ ? 100 6 @?AI CKD?
70. ! KMRMP MNCP?RGLE ML 240 6 CJCARPGAGRW F?Q ? 180 6 @?AI CKD ?R
MNCP?RGLE QNCCB ?LB BP?UQ ? 12.0 ! ASPPCLR. (?) 7F?R GQ GRQ PCQGQR?LAC?
(@) 7F?R ASPPCLR BMCQ GR BP?U UFCL GR GQ DGPQR QR?PRCB?
71. 7F?R GQ RFC @?AI CKD MD ? 120 6 KMRMP RF?R BP?UQ 8.00 ! ?R GRQ LMPK?J
QNCCB ?LB 20.0 ! UFCL DGPQR QR?PRGLE?
72. 4FC KMRMP GL ? RMW A?P MNCP?RCQ ML 6.00 6, BCTCJMNGLE ? 4.50 6 @?AI
CKD ?R LMPK?J QNCCB. )D GR BP?UQ 3.00 ! ?R LMPK?J QNCCB, UF?R ASPPCLR
BMCQ GR BP?U UFCL QR?PRGLE?
4FC KMRMP GL ? RMW A?P GQ NMUCPCB @W DMSP @?RRCPGCQ GL QCPGCQ, UFGAF
NPMBSAC ? RMR?J CKD MD 6.00 6. 4FC KMRMP BP?UQ 3.00 ! ?LB BCTCJMNQ ?
4.50 6 @?AI CKD ?R LMPK?J QNCCB. %?AF @?RRCPW F?Q ? 0.100 GLRCPL?J
PCQGQR?LAC. 7F?R GQ RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC KMRMP?
23.7 -H7DI<EHC;HI
74. ! NJSE-GL RP?LQDMPKCP, JGIC RF?R GL F?=KH; 23.29, QSNNJGCQ 9.00 6 RM ?
TGBCM E?KC QWQRCK. (?) (MU K?LW RSPLQ ?PC GL GRQ QCAMLB?PW AMGJ, GD GRQ
GLNSR TMJR?EC GQ 120 6 ?LB RFC NPGK?PW AMGJ F?Q 400 RSPLQ? (@) 7F?R GQ GRQ
GLNSR ASPPCLR UFCL GRQ MSRNSR GQ 1.30 !?
75. !L !KCPGA?L RP?TCJCP GL .CU :C?J?LB A?PPGCQ ? RP?LQDMPKCP RM AMLTCPR
.CU :C?J?LBtQ QR?LB?PB 240 6 RM 120 6 QM RF?R QFC A?L SQC QMKC QK?JJ
?NNJG?LACQ ML FCP RPGN. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC P?RGM MD RSPLQ GL RFC NPGK?PW ?LB
QCAMLB?PW AMGJQ MD FCP RP?LQDMPKCP? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC P?RGM MD GLNSR RM MSRNSR
ASPPCLR? (A) (MU AMSJB ? .CU :C?J?LBCP RP?TCJGLE GL RFC 5LGRCB 3R?RCQ
SQC RFGQ Q?KC RP?LQDMPKCP RM NMUCP FCP 240 6 ?NNJG?LACQ DPMK 120 6?
76. ! A?QQCRRC PCAMPBCP SQCQ ? NJSE-GL RP?LQDMPKCP RM AMLTCPR 120 6 RM
12.0 6, UGRF ? K?VGKSK ASPPCLR MSRNSR MD 200 K!. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC ASPPCLR
854 #(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3
GLNSR? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC NMUCP GLNSR? (A) )Q RFGQ ?KMSLR MD NMUCP
PC?QML?@JC DMP ? QK?JJ ?NNJG?LAC?
77. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC TMJR?EC MSRNSR MD ? RP?LQDMPKCP SQCB DMP PCAF?PEC?@JC
DJ?QFJGEFR @?RRCPGCQ, GD GRQ NPGK?PW F?Q 500 RSPLQ, GRQ QCAMLB?PW 4 RSPLQ, ?LB
RFC GLNSR TMJR?EC GQ 120 6? (@) 7F?R GLNSR ASPPCLR GQ PCOSGPCB RM NPMBSAC ?
4.00 ! MSRNSR? (A) 7F?R GQ RFC NMUCP GLNSR?
78. (?) 4FC NJSE-GL RP?LQDMPKCP DMP ? J?NRMN AMKNSRCP NSRQ MSR 7.50 6 ?LB
A?L QSNNJW ? K?VGKSK ASPPCLR MD 2.00 !. 7F?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK GLNSR
ASPPCLR GD RFC GLNSR TMJR?EC GQ 240 6? !QQSKC 100% CDDGAGCLAW. (@) )D RFC
?ARS?J CDDGAGCLAW GQ JCQQ RF?L 100%, UMSJB RFC GLNSR ASPPCLR LCCB RM @C
EPC?RCP MP QK?JJCP? %VNJ?GL.
79. ! KSJRGNSPNMQC RP?LQDMPKCP F?Q ? QCAMLB?PW AMGJ UGRF QCTCP?J NMGLRQ
?R UFGAF ? TMJR?EC A?L @C CVRP?ARCB, EGTGLE MSRNSRQ MD 5.60, 12.0, ?LB 480
6. (?) 4FC GLNSR TMJR?EC GQ 240 6 RM ? NPGK?PW AMGJ MD 280 RSPLQ. 7F?R ?PC
RFC LSK@CPQ MD RSPLQ GL RFC N?PRQ MD RFC QCAMLB?PW SQCB RM NPMBSAC RFC
MSRNSR TMJR?ECQ? (@) )D RFC K?VGKSK GLNSR ASPPCLR GQ 5.00 !, UF?R ?PC RFC
K?VGKSK MSRNSR ASPPCLRQ (C?AF SQCB ?JMLC)?
80. ! J?PEC NMUCP NJ?LR ECLCP?RCQ CJCARPGAGRW ?R 12.0 I6. )RQ MJB
RP?LQDMPKCP MLAC AMLTCPRCB RFC TMJR?EC RM 335 I6. 4FC QCAMLB?PW MD RFGQ
RP?LQDMPKCP GQ @CGLE PCNJ?ACB QM RF?R GRQ MSRNSR A?L @C 750 I6 DMP KMPC
CDDGAGCLR APMQQ-AMSLRPW RP?LQKGQQGML ML SNEP?BCB RP?LQKGQQGML JGLCQ. (?)
7F?R GQ RFC P?RGM MD RSPLQ GL RFC LCU QCAMLB?PW AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC MJB
QCAMLB?PW? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC P?RGM MD LCU ASPPCLR MSRNSR RM MJB MSRNSR (?R
335 I6) DMP RFC Q?KC NMUCP? (A) )D RFC SNEP?BCB RP?LQKGQQGML JGLCQ F?TC
RFC Q?KC PCQGQR?LAC, UF?R GQ RFC P?RGM MD LCU JGLC NMUCP JMQQ RM MJB?
81. )D RFC NMUCP MSRNSR GL RFC NPCTGMSQ NPM@JCK GQ 1000 -7 ?LB JGLC
PCQGQR?LAC GQ 2.00 , UF?R UCPC RFC MJB ?LB LCU JGLC JMQQCQ?
4FC 335 I6 !# CJCARPGAGRW DPMK ? NMUCP RP?LQKGQQGML JGLC GQ DCB GLRM RFC
NPGK?PW AMGJ MD ? RP?LQDMPKCP. 4FC P?RGM MD RFC LSK@CP MD RSPLQ GL RFC
QCAMLB?PW RM RFC LSK@CP GL RFC NPGK?PW GQ N
s
/ N
p
= 1000 . (?) 7F?R
TMJR?EC GQ GLBSACB GL RFC QCAMLB?PW? (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ
#MLQGBCP ? BMS@JC RP?LQDMPKCP RM @C SQCB RM APC?RC TCPW J?PEC TMJR?ECQ.
4FC BCTGAC AMLQGQRQ MD RUM QR?ECQ. 4FC DGPQR GQ ? RP?LQDMPKCP RF?R
NPMBSACQ ? KSAF J?PECP MSRNSR TMJR?EC RF?L GRQ GLNSR. 4FC MSRNSR MD RFC
DGPQR RP?LQDMPKCP GQ SQCB ?Q GLNSR RM ? QCAMLB RP?LQDMPKCP RF?R DSPRFCP
GLAPC?QCQ RFC TMJR?EC. #MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS A?JASJ?RC RFC
MSRNSR TMJR?EC MD RFC DGL?J QR?EC @?QCB ML RFC GLNSR TMJR?EC MD RFC DGPQR
QR?EC ?LB RFC LSK@CP MD RSPLQ MP JMMNQ GL @MRF N?PRQ MD @MRF RP?LQDMPKCPQ
(DMSP AMGJQ GL ?JJ). !JQM A?JASJ?RC RFC K?VGKSK MSRNSR ASPPCLR MD RFC DGL?J
QR?EC @?QCB ML RFC GLNSR ASPPCLR. $GQASQQ RFC NMQQG@GJGRW MD NMUCP JMQQCQ
GL RFC BCTGACQ ?LB RFC CDDCAR ML RFC MSRNSR ASPPCLR ?LB NMUCP.
! QFMPR AGPASGR RM RFC EPMSLBCB KCR?J A?QC MD ?L ?NNJG?LAC MAASPQ ?Q
QFMUL GL F?=KH; 23.60. 4FC NCPQML RMSAFGLE RFC A?QC GQ UCR ?LB MLJW
F?Q ? 3.00 k PCQGQR?LAC RM C?PRF/EPMSLB. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC TMJR?EC ML
RFC A?QC GD 5.00 K! DJMUQ RFPMSEF RFC NCPQML? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC ASPPCLR GL
RFC QFMPR AGPASGR GD RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC C?PRF/EPMSLB UGPC GQ 0.200 ?
(A) 7GJJ RFGQ RPGEECP RFC 20.0 ! AGPASGR @PC?ICP QSNNJWGLE RFC ?NNJG?LAC?
F?=KH; 23.60 ! NCPQML A?L @C QFMAICB CTCL UFCL RFC A?QC MD ?L ?NNJG?LAC GQ
EPMSLBCB. 4FC J?PEC QFMPR AGPASGR ASPPCLR NPMBSACQ ? TMJR?EC ML RFC A?QC MD RFC
?NNJG?LAC, QGLAC RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD RFC C?PRF/EPMSLB UGPC GQ LMR XCPM.
23.9 "D:K9J7D9;
85. 4UM AMGJQ ?PC NJ?ACB AJMQC RMECRFCP GL ? NFWQGAQ J?@ RM BCKMLQRP?RC
&?P?B?WtQ J?U MD GLBSARGML. ! ASPPCLR MD 5.00 ! GL MLC GQ QUGRAFCB MDD GL
1.00 KQ, GLBSAGLE ? 9.00 6 CKD GL RFC MRFCP. 7F?R GQ RFCGP KSRS?J
GLBSAR?LAC?
86. )D RUM AMGJQ NJ?ACB LCVR RM MLC ?LMRFCP F?TC ? KSRS?J GLBSAR?LAC MD
5.00 K(, UF?R TMJR?EC GQ GLBSACB GL MLC UFCL RFC 2.00 ! ASPPCLR GL RFC
MRFCP GQ QUGRAFCB MDD GL 30.0 KQ?
87. 4FC 4.00 ! ASPPCLR RFPMSEF ? 7.50 K( GLBSARMP GQ QUGRAFCB MDD GL 8.33
KQ. 7F?R GQ RFC CKD GLBSACB MNNMQGLE RFGQ?
88. ! BCTGAC GQ RSPLCB ML ?LB 3.00 ! DJMUQ RFPMSEF GR 0.100 KQ J?RCP.
7F?R GQ RFC QCJD-GLBSAR?LAC MD RFC BCTGAC GD ?L GLBSACB 150 6 CKD
MNNMQCQ RFGQ?
89. 3R?PRGLE UGRF emf
2
= M
I
1
t
, QFMU RF?R RFC SLGRQ MD GLBSAR?LAC
?PC (V s)/A = s .
90. #?KCP? DJ?QFCQ AF?PEC ? A?N?AGRMP RM FGEF TMJR?EC @W QUGRAFGLE RFC
ASPPCLR RFPMSEF ?L GLBSARMP ML ?LB MDD P?NGBJW. )L UF?R RGKC KSQR RFC
0.100 ! ASPPCLR RFPMSEF ? 2.00 K( GLBSARMP @C QUGRAFCB ML MP MDD RM
GLBSAC ? 500 6 CKD?
91. ! J?PEC PCQC?PAF QMJCLMGB F?Q ? QCJD-GLBSAR?LAC MD 25.0 (. (?) 7F?R
GLBSACB CKD MNNMQCQ QFSRRGLE GR MDD UFCL 100 ! MD ASPPCLR RFPMSEF GR GQ
QUGRAFCB MDD GL 80.0 KQ? (@) (MU KSAF CLCPEW GQ QRMPCB GL RFC GLBSARMP ?R
DSJJ ASPPCLR? (A) !R UF?R P?RC GL U?RRQ KSQR CLCPEW @C BGQQGN?RCB RM QUGRAF
RFC ASPPCLR MDD GL 80.0 KQ? (B) )L TGCU MD RFC ?LQUCP RM RFC J?QR N?PR, GQ GR
QSPNPGQGLE RF?R QFSRRGLE GR BMUL RFGQ OSGAIJW GQ BGDDGASJR?
92. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC QCJD-GLBSAR?LAC MD ? 50.0 AK JMLE, 10.0 AK BG?KCRCP
QMJCLMGB F?TGLE 1000 JMMNQ. (@) (MU KSAF CLCPEW GQ QRMPCB GL RFGQ
GLBSARMP UFCL 20.0 ! MD ASPPCLR DJMUQ RFPMSEF GR? (A) (MU D?QR A?L GR @C
RSPLCB MDD GD RFC GLBSACB CKD A?LLMR CVACCB 3.00 6?
93. ! NPCAGQGML J?@MP?RMPW PCQGQRMP GQ K?BC MD ? AMGJ MD UGPC 1.50 AK GL
BG?KCRCP ?LB 4.00 AK JMLE, ?LB GR F?Q 500 RSPLQ. (?) 7F?R GQ GRQ QCJD-
GLBSAR?LAC? (@) 7F?R ?TCP?EC CKD GQ GLBSACB GD RFC 12.0 ! ASPPCLR
RFPMSEF GR GQ RSPLCB ML GL 5.00 KQ (MLC-DMSPRF MD ? AWAJC DMP 50 (X !#)?
(A) 7F?R GQ GRQ GLBSAR?LAC GD GR GQ QFMPRCLCB RM F?JD GRQ JCLERF ?LB AMSLRCP-
UMSLB (RUM J?WCPQ MD 250 RSPLQ GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ)?
94. 4FC FC?RGLE AMGJQ GL ? F?GP BPWCP ?PC 0.800 AK GL BG?KCRCP, F?TC ?
AMK@GLCB JCLERF MD 1.00 K, ?LB ? RMR?J MD 400 RSPLQ. (?) 7F?R GQ RFCGP RMR?J
QCJD-GLBSAR?LAC ?QQSKGLE RFCW ?AR JGIC ? QGLEJC QMJCLMGB? (@) (MU KSAF
CLCPEW GQ QRMPCB GL RFCK UFCL 6.00 ! DJMUQ? (A) 7F?R ?TCP?EC CKD
MNNMQCQ QFSRRGLE RFCK MDD GD RFGQ GQ BMLC GL 5.00 KQ (MLC-DMSPRF MD ? AWAJC
DMP 50 (X !#)?
#(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3 855
95. 7FCL RFC 20.0 ! ASPPCLR RFPMSEF ?L GLBSARMP GQ RSPLCB MDD GL 1.50 KQ,
?L 800 6 CKD GQ GLBSACB, MNNMQGLE RFC AF?LEC. 7F?R GQ RFC T?JSC MD RFC
QCJD-GLBSAR?LAC?
96. (MU D?QR A?L RFC 150 ! ASPPCLR RFPMSEF ? 0.250 ( GLBSARMP @C QFSR MDD
GD RFC GLBSACB CKD A?LLMR CVACCB 75.0 6?
! TCPW J?PEC, QSNCPAMLBSARGLE QMJCLMGB QSAF ?Q MLC SQCB GL -2) QA?LQ,
QRMPCQ 1.00 -* MD CLCPEW GL GRQ K?ELCRGA DGCJB UFCL 100 ! DJMUQ. (?) &GLB
GRQ QCJD-GLBSAR?LAC. (@) )D RFC AMGJQ uEM LMPK?J,v RFCW E?GL PCQGQR?LAC ?LB
QR?PR RM BGQQGN?RC RFCPK?J CLCPEW. 7F?R RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QC GQ NPMBSACB
GD ?JJ RFC QRMPCB CLCPEW EMCQ GLRM FC?RGLE RFC 1000 IE K?ELCR, EGTCL GRQ
?TCP?EC QNCAGDGA FC?R GQ 200 J/kgC ?
! 25.0 ( GLBSARMP F?Q 100 ! MD ASPPCLR RSPLCB MDD GL 1.00 KQ. (?) 7F?R
TMJR?EC GQ GLBSACB RM MNNMQC RFGQ? (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ
23.10 +% C?H9K?JI
99. )D WMS U?LR ? AF?P?ARCPGQRGA )# RGKC AMLQR?LR MD 1.00 Q, ?LB WMS F?TC
? 500 PCQGQRMP, UF?R T?JSC MD QCJD-GLBSAR?LAC GQ LCCBCB?
100. 9MSP )# AGPASGR F?Q ? AF?P?ARCPGQRGA RGKC AMLQR?LR MD 20.0 LQ, ?LB ?
PCQGQR?LAC MD 5.00 M. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC GLBSAR?LAC MD RFC AGPASGR? (@)
7F?R PCQGQR?LAC UMSJB EGTC WMS ? 1.00 LQ RGKC AMLQR?LR, NCPF?NQ LCCBCB
DMP OSGAI PCQNMLQC GL ?L MQAGJJMQAMNC?
101. ! J?PEC QSNCPAMLBSARGLE K?ELCR, SQCB DMP K?ELCRGA PCQML?LAC
GK?EGLE, F?Q ? 50.0 ( GLBSAR?LAC. )D WMS U?LR ASPPCLR RFPMSEF GR RM @C
?BHSQR?@JC UGRF ? 1.00 Q AF?P?ARCPGQRGA RGKC AMLQR?LR, UF?R GQ RFC KGLGKSK
PCQGQR?LAC MD QWQRCK?
102. 6CPGDW RF?R ?DRCP ? RGKC MD 10.0 KQ, RFC ASPPCLR DMP RFC QGRS?RGML
AMLQGBCPCB GL EN7CFB; 23.9 UGJJ @C 0.183 ! ?Q QR?RCB.
103. 3SNNMQC WMS F?TC ? QSNNJW MD GLBSARMPQ P?LEGLE DPMK 1.00 L( RM
10.0 (, ?LB PCQGQRMPQ P?LEGLE DPMK 0.100 RM 1.00 M. 7F?R GQ RFC
P?LEC MD AF?P?ARCPGQRGA )# RGKC AMLQR?LRQ WMS A?L NPMBSAC @W AMLLCARGLE
? QGLEJC PCQGQRMP RM ? QGLEJC GLBSARMP?
104. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC AF?P?ARCPGQRGA RGKC AMLQR?LR MD ? 25.0 K( GLBSARMP
RF?R F?Q ? PCQGQR?LAC MD 4.00 ? (@) )D GR GQ AMLLCARCB RM ? 12.0 6
@?RRCPW, UF?R GQ RFC ASPPCLR ?DRCP 12.5 KQ?
105. 7F?R NCPACLR?EC MD RFC DGL?J ASPPCLR I
0
DJMUQ RFPMSEF ?L GLBSARMP
L GL QCPGCQ UGRF ? PCQGQRMP R , RFPCC RGKC AMLQR?LRQ ?DRCP RFC AGPASGR GQ
AMKNJCRCB?
106. 4FC 5.00 ! ASPPCLR RFPMSEF ? 1.50 ( GLBSARMP GQ BGQQGN?RCB @W ?
2.00 PCQGQRMP GL ? AGPASGR JGIC RF?R GL F?=KH; 23.44 UGRF RFC QUGRAF GL
NMQGRGML 2. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC GLGRG?J CLCPEW GL RFC GLBSARMP? (@) (MU JMLE UGJJ
GR R?IC RFC ASPPCLR RM BCAJGLC RM 5.00% MD GRQ GLGRG?J T?JSC? (A) #?JASJ?RC RFC
?TCP?EC NMUCP BGQQGN?RCB, ?LB AMKN?PC GR UGRF RFC GLGRG?J NMUCP
BGQQGN?RCB @W RFC PCQGQRMP.
107. (?) 5QC RFC CV?AR CVNMLCLRG?J RPC?RKCLR RM DGLB FMU KSAF RGKC GQ
PCOSGPCB RM @PGLE RFC ASPPCLR RFPMSEF ?L 80.0 K( GLBSARMP GL QCPGCQ UGRF ?
15.0 PCQGQRMP RM 99.0% MD GRQ DGL?J T?JSC, QR?PRGLE DPMK XCPM. (@)
#MKN?PC WMSP ?LQUCP RM RFC ?NNPMVGK?RC RPC?RKCLR SQGLE GLRCEP?J
LSK@CPQ MD . (A) $GQASQQ FMU QGELGDGA?LR RFC BGDDCPCLAC GQ.
108. (?) 5QGLE RFC CV?AR CVNMLCLRG?J RPC?RKCLR, DGLB RFC RGKC PCOSGPCB DMP
RFC ASPPCLR RFPMSEF ? 2.00 ( GLBSARMP GL QCPGCQ UGRF ? 0.500 PCQGQRMP
RM @C PCBSACB RM 0.100% MD GRQ MPGEGL?J T?JSC. (@) #MKN?PC WMSP ?LQUCP RM
RFC ?NNPMVGK?RC RPC?RKCLR SQGLE GLRCEP?J LSK@CPQ MD . (A) $GQASQQ FMU
QGELGDGA?LR RFC BGDDCPCLAC GQ.
23.11 +;79J7D9;, "D:K9J?L; 7D: C7F79?J?L;
109. !R UF?R DPCOSCLAW UGJJ ? 30.0 K( GLBSARMP F?TC ? PC?AR?LAC MD
100 ?
110. 7F?R T?JSC MD GLBSAR?LAC QFMSJB @C SQCB GD ? 20.0 k PC?AR?LAC GQ
LCCBCB ?R ? DPCOSCLAW MD 500 (X?
111. 7F?R A?N?AGR?LAC QFMSJB @C SQCB RM NPMBSAC ? 2.00 M
PC?AR?LAC ?R 60.0 (X?
112. !R UF?R DPCOSCLAW UGJJ ?L 80.0 K& A?N?AGRMP F?TC ? PC?AR?LAC MD
0.250 ?
113. (?) &GLB RFC ASPPCLR RFPMSEF ? 0.500 ( GLBSARMP AMLLCARCB RM ? 60.0
(X, 480 6 !# QMSPAC. (@) 7F?R UMSJB RFC ASPPCLR @C ?R 100 I(X?
114. (?) 7F?R ASPPCLR DJMUQ UFCL ? 60.0 (X, 480 6 !# QMSPAC GQ
AMLLCARCB RM ? 0.250 F A?N?AGRMP? (@) 7F?R UMSJB RFC ASPPCLR @C ?R
25.0 I(X?
115. ! 20.0 I(X, 16.0 6 QMSPAC AMLLCARCB RM ?L GLBSARMP NPMBSACQ ? 2.00
! ASPPCLR. 7F?R GQ RFC GLBSAR?LAC?
116. ! 20.0 (X, 16.0 6 QMSPAC NPMBSACQ ? 2.00 K! ASPPCLR UFCL
AMLLCARCB RM ? A?N?AGRMP. 7F?R GQ RFC A?N?AGR?LAC?
117. (?) !L GLBSARMP BCQGELCB RM DGJRCP FGEF-DPCOSCLAW LMGQC DPMK NMUCP
QSNNJGCB RM ? NCPQML?J AMKNSRCP GQ NJ?ACB GL QCPGCQ UGRF RFC AMKNSRCP.
7F?R KGLGKSK GLBSAR?LAC QFMSJB GR F?TC RM NPMBSAC ? 2.00 k
PC?AR?LAC DMP 15.0 I(X LMGQC? (@) 7F?R GQ GRQ PC?AR?LAC ?R 60.0 (X?
118. 4FC A?N?AGRMP GL F?=KH; 23.55(?) GQ BCQGELCB RM DGJRCP JMU-DPCOSCLAW
QGEL?JQ, GKNCBGLE RFCGP RP?LQKGQQGML @CRUCCL AGPASGRQ. (?) 7F?R
A?N?AGR?LAC GQ LCCBCB RM NPMBSAC ? 100 k PC?AR?LAC ?R ? DPCOSCLAW
MD 120 (X? (@) 7F?R UMSJB GRQ PC?AR?LAC @C ?R 1.00 -(X? (A) $GQASQQ RFC
GKNJGA?RGMLQ MD WMSP ?LQUCPQ RM (?) ?LB (@).
119. 4FC A?N?AGRMP GL F?=KH; 23.55(@) UGJJ DGJRCP FGEF-DPCOSCLAW QGEL?JQ @W
QFMPRGLE RFCK RM C?PRF/EPMSLB. (?) 7F?R A?N?AGR?LAC GQ LCCBCB RM
NPMBSAC ? PC?AR?LAC MD 10.0 m DMP ? 5.00 I(X QGEL?J? (@) 7F?R UMSJB
GRQ PC?AR?LAC @C ?R 3.00 (X? (A) $GQASQQ RFC GKNJGA?RGMLQ MD WMSP ?LQUCPQ
RM (?) ?LB (@).
)L ? PCAMPBGLE MD TMJR?ECQ BSC RM @P?GL ?ARGTGRW (?L %%'), ? 10.0 K6
QGEL?J UGRF ? 0.500 (X DPCOSCLAW GQ ?NNJGCB RM ? A?N?AGRMP, NPMBSAGLE ?
ASPPCLR MD 100 K!. 2CQGQR?LAC GQ LCEJGEG@JC. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC A?N?AGR?LAC?
(@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ PCQSJR? (A) 7FGAF ?QQSKNRGML MP
NPCKGQC GQ PCQNMLQG@JC?
#MLQGBCP RFC SQC MD ?L GLBSARMP GL QCPGCQ UGRF ? AMKNSRCP MNCP?RGLE ML 60
(X CJCARPGAGRW. #MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS A?JASJ?RC RFC PCJ?RGTC
PCBSARGML GL TMJR?EC MD GLAMKGLE FGEF DPCOSCLAW LMGQC AMKN?PCB RM 60 (X
TMJR?EC. !KMLE RFC RFGLEQ RM AMLQGBCP ?PC RFC ?AACNR?@JC QCPGCQ
PC?AR?LAC MD RFC GLBSARMP DMP 60 (X NMUCP ?LB RFC JGICJW DPCOSCLAGCQ MD
LMGQC AMKGLE RFPMSEF RFC NMUCP JGLCQ.
23.12 +%C ,;H?;I AC C?H9K?JI
122. !L )# AGPASGR AMLQGQRQ MD ? 40.0 PCQGQRMP ?LB ? 3.00 K( GLBSARMP.
(?) &GLB GRQ GKNCB?LAC Z ?R 60.0 (X ?LB 10.0 I(X. (@) #MKN?PC RFCQC
T?JSCQ MD Z UGRF RFMQC DMSLB GL EN7CFB; 23.12 GL UFGAF RFCPC U?Q ?JQM
? A?N?AGRMP.
123. !L )C AGPASGR AMLQGQRQ MD ? 40.0 PCQGQRMP ?LB ? 5.00 F
A?N?AGRMP. (?) &GLB GRQ GKNCB?LAC ?R 60.0 (X ?LB 10.0 I(X. (@) #MKN?PC
RFCQC T?JSCQ MD Z UGRF RFMQC DMSLB GL EN7CFB; 23.12, GL UFGAF RFCPC
U?Q ?JQM ?L GLBSARMP.
124. !L #C AGPASGR AMLQGQRQ MD ? 3.00 mH GLBSARMP ?LB ? 5.00 F
A?N?AGRMP. (?) &GLB GRQ GKNCB?LAC ?R 60.0 (X ?LB 10.0 I(X. (@) #MKN?PC
RFCQC T?JSCQ MD Z UGRF RFMQC DMSLB GL EN7CFB; 23.12 GL UFGAF RFCPC U?Q
?JQM ? PCQGQRMP.
125. 7F?R GQ RFC PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAW MD ? 0.500 K( GLBSARMP AMLLCARCB RM
? 40.0 F A?N?AGRMP?
856 #(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3
126. 4M PCACGTC !- P?BGM, WMS U?LR ?L )#C AGPASGR RF?R A?L @C K?BC RM
PCQML?RC ?R ?LW DPCOSCLAW @CRUCCL 500 ?LB 1650 I(X. 4FGQ GQ
?AAMKNJGQFCB UGRF ? DGVCB 1.00 H GLBSARMP AMLLCARCB RM ? T?PG?@JC
A?N?AGRMP. 7F?R P?LEC MD A?N?AGR?LAC GQ LCCBCB?
127. 3SNNMQC WMS F?TC ? QSNNJW MD GLBSARMPQ P?LEGLE DPMK 1.00 L( RM
10.0 (, ?LB A?N?AGRMPQ P?LEGLE DPMK 1.00 N& RM 0.100 &. 7F?R GQ RFC
P?LEC MD PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAGCQ RF?R A?L @C ?AFGCTCB DPMK AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD
? QGLEJC GLBSARMP ?LB ? QGLEJC A?N?AGRMP?
128. 7F?R A?N?AGR?LAC BM WMS LCCB RM NPMBSAC ? PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAW MD
1.00 '(X, UFCL SQGLE ?L 8.00 L( GLBSARMP?
129. 7F?R GLBSAR?LAC BM WMS LCCB RM NPMBSAC ? PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAW MD
60.0 (X, UFCL SQGLE ? 2.00 F A?N?AGRMP?
130. 4FC JMUCQR DPCOSCLAW GL RFC &- P?BGM @?LB GQ 88.0 -(X. (?) 7F?R
GLBSAR?LAC GQ LCCBCB RM NPMBSAC RFGQ PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAW GD GR GQ
AMLLCARCB RM ? 2.50 N& A?N?AGRMP? (@) 4FC A?N?AGRMP GQ T?PG?@JC, RM ?JJMU
RFC PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAW RM @C ?BHSQRCB RM ?Q FGEF ?Q 108 -(X. 7F?R KSQR
RFC A?N?AGR?LAC @C ?R RFGQ DPCOSCLAW?
131. !L )#C QCPGCQ AGPASGR F?Q ? 2.50 PCQGQRMP, ? 100 H GLBSARMP,
?LB ?L 80.0 F A?N?AGRMP.(?) &GLB RFC AGPASGRtQ GKNCB?LAC ?R 120 (X. (@)
&GLB RFC AGPASGRtQ GKNCB?LAC ?R 5.00 I(X. (A) )D RFC TMJR?EC QMSPAC F?Q
V
rms
= 5.60 V, UF?R GQ I
rms
?R C?AF DPCOSCLAW? (B) 7F?R GQ RFC
PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAW MD RFC AGPASGR? (C) 7F?R GQ I
rms
?R PCQML?LAC?
132. !L )#C QCPGCQ AGPASGR F?Q ? 1.00 k PCQGQRMP, ? 150 H GLBSARMP,
?LB ? 25.0 L& A?N?AGRMP. (?) &GLB RFC AGPASGRtQ GKNCB?LAC ?R 500 (X. (@)
&GLB RFC AGPASGRtQ GKNCB?LAC ?R 7.50 I(X. (A) )D RFC TMJR?EC QMSPAC F?Q
V
rms
= 408 V, UF?R GQ I
rms
?R C?AF DPCOSCLAW? (B) 7F?R GQ RFC
PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAW MD RFC AGPASGR? (C) 7F?R GQ I
rms
?R PCQML?LAC?
133. !L )#C QCPGCQ AGPASGR F?Q ? 2.50 PCQGQRMP, ? 100 H GLBSARMP,
?LB ?L 80.0 F A?N?AGRMP. (?) &GLB RFC NMUCP D?ARMP ?R f = 120 Hz .
(@) 7F?R GQ RFC NF?QC ?LEJC ?R 120 (X? (A) 7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC NMUCP ?R
120 (X? (B) &GLB RFC ?TCP?EC NMUCP ?R RFC AGPASGRtQ PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAW.
134. !L )#C QCPGCQ AGPASGR F?Q ? 1.00 k PCQGQRMP, ? 150 H GLBSARMP,
?LB ? 25.0 L& A?N?AGRMP. (?) &GLB RFC NMUCP D?ARMP ?R f = 7.50 Hz . (@)
7F?R GQ RFC NF?QC ?LEJC ?R RFGQ DPCOSCLAW? (A) 7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC NMUCP
?R RFGQ DPCOSCLAW? (B) &GLB RFC ?TCP?EC NMUCP ?R RFC AGPASGRtQ PCQML?LR
DPCOSCLAW.
135. !L )#C QCPGCQ AGPASGR F?Q ? 200 PCQGQRMP ?LB ? 25.0 K( GLBSARMP.
!R 8000 (X, RFC NF?QC ?LEJC GQ 45.0 . (?) 7F?R GQ RFC GKNCB?LAC? (@)
&GLB RFC AGPASGRtQ A?N?AGR?LAC. (A) )D V
rms
= 408 V GQ ?NNJGCB, UF?R GQ
RFC ?TCP?EC NMUCP QSNNJGCB?
136. 2CDCPPGLE RM EN7CFB; 23.14, DGLB RFC ?TCP?EC NMUCP ?R 10.0 I(X.
#(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3 857
858 #(!04%2 23 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# ).$5#4)/., !# #)2#5)43, !.$ %,%#42)#!, 4%#(./,/')%3
24 %,%#42/-!'.%4)# 7!6%3
F?=KH; 24.1 (SK?L CWCQ BCRCAR RFCQC MP?LEC uQC? EMJBGCv DGQF QUGKKGLE MTCP ? AMP?J PCCD GL RFC @JSC U?RCPQ MD RFC 'SJD MD %GJ?R (2CB 3C?) SQGLE TGQG@JC JGEFR. (APCBGR:
$?TGBB?PMK, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
,C?PLGLE /@HCARGTCQ
24.1. &7NM;BBXI EGK7J?EDI: EB;9JHEC7=D;J?9 07L;I )H;:?9J;: 7D: (8I;HL;:
24.2. )HE:K9J?ED E< EB;9JHEC7=D;J?9 07L;I
24.3. ->; EB;9JHEC7=D;J?9 ,F;9JHKC
24.4. ED;H=O ?D EB;9JHEC7=D;J?9 07L;I
"DJHE:K9J?ED JE EB;9JHEC7=D;J?9 07L;I
4FC @C?SRW MD ? AMP?J PCCD, RFC U?PK P?BG?LAC MD QSLQFGLC, RFC QRGLE MD QSL@SPL, RFC 8-P?W PCTC?JGLE ? @PMICL @MLC, CTCL KGAPMU?TC NMNAMPLr?JJ ?PC
@PMSEFR RM SQ @W ;B;9JHEC7=D;J?9 M7L;I. 4FC JGQR MD RFC T?PGMSQ RWNCQ MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ, P?LEGLE DPMK P?BGM RP?LQKGQQGML U?TCQ RM LSAJC?P
E?KK?-P?W ( -P?W) CKGQQGMLQ, GQ GLRCPCQRGLE GL GRQCJD.
%TCL KMPC GLRPGESGLE GQ RF?R ?JJ MD RFCQC UGBCJW T?PGCB NFCLMKCL? ?PC BGDDCPCLR K?LGDCQR?RGMLQ MD RFC Q?KC RFGLErCJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ. (3CC
F?=KH; 24.2.) 7F?R ?PC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ? (MU ?PC RFCW APC?RCB, ?LB FMU BM RFCW RP?TCJ? (MU A?L UC SLBCPQR?LB ?LB MPE?LGXC RFCGP UGBCJW
T?PWGLE NPMNCPRGCQ? 7F?R GQ RFCGP PCJ?RGMLQFGN RM CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA CDDCARQ? 4FCQC ?LB MRFCP OSCQRGMLQ UGJJ @C CVNJMPCB.
-GQAMLACNRGML !JCPR: 3MSLB 7?TCQ TQ. 2?BGM 7?TCQ
-?LW NCMNJC AMLDSQC QMSLB U?TCQ UGRF H7:?E M7L;I, MLC RWNC MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA (%-) U?TC. (MUCTCP, QMSLB ?LB P?BGM U?TCQ ?PC AMKNJCRCJW
BGDDCPCLR NFCLMKCL?. 3MSLB APC?RCQ NPCQQSPC T?PG?RGMLQ (U?TCQ) GL K?RRCP, QSAF ?Q ?GP MP U?RCP, MP WMSP C?PBPSK. #MLTCPQCJW, P?BGM U?TCQ ?PC
8?86GEB@4:A8G<6 J4I8F, JGIC TGQG@JC JGEFR, GLDP?PCB, SJRP?TGMJCR, 8-P?WQ, ?LB E?KK? P?WQ. %- U?TCQ BMLtR LCCB ? KCBGSK GL UFGAF RM NPMN?E?RC;
RFCW A?L RP?TCJ RFPMSEF ? T?ASSK, QSAF ?Q MSRCP QN?AC.
! P?BGM UMPIQ @CA?SQC QMSLB U?TCQ NJ?WCB @W RFC $.*. ?R RFC P?BGM QR?RGML ?PC AMLTCPRCB GLRM CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ, RFCL CLAMBCB ?LB
RP?LQKGRRCB GL RFC P?BGM-DPCOSCLAW P?LEC. 4FC P?BGM GL WMSP A?P PCACGTCQ RFC P?BGM U?TCQ, BCAMBCQ RFC GLDMPK?RGML, ?LB SQCQ ? QNC?ICP RM AF?LEC
GR @?AI GLRM ? QMSLB U?TC, @PGLEGLE QUCCR KSQGA RM WMSP C?PQ.
#(!04%2 24 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# 7!6%3 859
$GQAMTCPGLE ? .CU 0FCLMKCLML
)R GQ UMPRF LMRGLE ?R RFC MSRQCR RF?R RFC ECLCP?J NFCLMKCLML MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ U?Q NPCBGARCB @W RFCMPW @CDMPC GR U?Q PC?JGXCB RF?R JGEFR GQ ?
DMPK MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC. 4FC NPCBGARGML U?Q K?BC @W *?KCQ #JCPI -?VUCJJ GL RFC KGB-19RF ACLRSPW UFCL FC DMPKSJ?RCB ? QGLEJC RFCMPW
AMK@GLGLE ?JJ RFC CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA CDDCARQ ILMUL @W QAGCLRGQRQ ?R RF?R RGKC. u%JCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQv U?Q RFC L?KC FC E?TC RM RFC NFCLMKCL?
FGQ RFCMPW NPCBGARCB.
3SAF ? RFCMPCRGA?J NPCBGARGML DMJJMUCB @W CVNCPGKCLR?J TCPGDGA?RGML GQ ?L GLBGA?RGML MD RFC NMUCP MD QAGCLAC GL ECLCP?J, ?LB NFWQGAQ GL N?PRGASJ?P. 4FC
SLBCPJWGLE AMLLCARGMLQ ?LB SLGRW MD NFWQGAQ ?JJMU ACPR?GL EPC?R KGLBQ RM QMJTC NSXXJCQ UGRFMSR F?TGLE ?JJ RFC NGCACQ. 4FC NPCBGARGML MD
CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ GQ MLC MD RFC KMQR QNCAR?ASJ?P CV?KNJCQ MD RFGQ NMUCP. #CPR?GL MRFCPQ, QSAF ?Q RFC NPCBGARGML MD ?LRGK?RRCP, UGJJ @C BGQASQQCB
GL J?RCP KMBSJCQ.
F?=KH; 24.2 4FC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ QCLR ?LB PCACGTCB @W RFGQ 50-DMMR P?B?P BGQF ?LRCLL? ?R +CLLCBW 3N?AC #CLRCP GL &JMPGB? ?PC LMR TGQG@JC, @SR FCJN RP?AI CVNCLB?@JC
J?SLAF TCFGAJCQ UGRF FGEF-BCDGLGRGML GK?ECPW. 4FC DGPQR SQC MD RFGQ #-@?LB P?B?P BGQF U?Q DMP RFC J?SLAF MD RFC !RJ?Q 6 PMAICR QCLBGLE RFC .CU (MPGXMLQ NPM@C RMU?PB 0JSRM.
(APCBGR: .!3!)
24.1 &7NM;BBXI EGK7J?EDI: EB;9JHEC7=D;J?9 07L;I )H;:?9J;: 7D: (8I;HL;:
4FC 3AMRQK?L *?KCQ #JCPI -?VUCJJ (1831q1879) GQ PCE?PBCB ?Q RFC EPC?RCQR RFCMPCRGA?J NFWQGAGQR MD RFC 19RF ACLRSPW. (3CC F?=KH; 24.3.) !JRFMSEF
FC BGCB WMSLE, -?VUCJJ LMR MLJW DMPKSJ?RCB ? AMKNJCRC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA RFCMPW, PCNPCQCLRCB @W &7NM;BBXI ;GK7J?EDI, FC ?JQM BCTCJMNCB RFC IGLCRGA
RFCMPW MD E?QCQ ?LB K?BC QGELGDGA?LR AMLRPG@SRGMLQ RM RFC SLBCPQR?LBGLE MD AMJMP TGQGML ?LB RFC L?RSPC MD 3?RSPLtQ PGLEQ.
F?=KH; 24.3 *?KCQ #JCPI -?VUCJJ, ? 19RF-ACLRSPW NFWQGAGQR, BCTCJMNCB ? RFCMPW RF?R CVNJ?GLCB RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL CJCARPGAGRW ?LB K?ELCRGQK ?LB AMPPCARJW NPCBGARCB RF?R
TGQG@JC JGEFR GQ A?SQCB @W CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ. (APCBGR: '. *. 3RMB?PR)
-?VUCJJ @PMSEFR RMECRFCP ?JJ RFC UMPI RF?R F?B @CCL BMLC @W @PGJJG?LR NFWQGAGQRQ QSAF ?Q /CPQRCB, #MSJMK@, '?SQQ, ?LB &?P?B?W, ?LB ?BBCB FGQ MUL
GLQGEFRQ RM BCTCJMN RFC MTCP?PAFGLE RFCMPW MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGQK. -?VUCJJtQ COS?RGMLQ ?PC N?P?NFP?QCB FCPC GL UMPBQ @CA?SQC RFCGP K?RFCK?RGA?J
QR?RCKCLR GQ @CWMLB RFC JCTCJ MD RFGQ RCVR. (MUCTCP, RFC COS?RGMLQ GJJSQRP?RC FMU ?NN?PCLRJW QGKNJC K?RFCK?RGA?J QR?RCKCLRQ A?L CJCE?LRJW SLGRC ?LB
CVNPCQQ ? KSJRGRSBC MD AMLACNRQrUFW K?RFCK?RGAQ GQ RFC J?LES?EC MD QAGCLAC.
-?VUCJJtQ %OS?RGMLQ
1. EB;9JH?9 <?;B: B?D;I MPGEGL?RC ML NMQGRGTC AF?PECQ ?LB RCPKGL?RC ML LCE?RGTC AF?PECQ. 4FC CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ BCDGLCB ?Q RFC DMPAC NCP SLGR
AF?PEC ML ? RCQR AF?PEC, ?LB RFC QRPCLERF MD RFC DMPAC GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC CJCARPGA AMLQR?LR
0
, ?JQM ILMUL ?Q RFC NCPKGRRGTGRW MD DPCC QN?AC.
&PMK -?VUCJJtQ DGPQR COS?RGML UC M@R?GL ? QNCAG?J DMPK MD #MSJMK@tQ J?U ILMUL ?Q '?SQQtQ J?U DMP CJCARPGAGRW.
2. &7=D;J?9 <?;B: B?D;I ?PC AMLRGLSMSQ, F?TGLE LM @CEGLLGLE MP CLB. .M K?ELCRGA KMLMNMJCQ ?PC ILMUL RM CVGQR. 4FC QRPCLERF MD RFC K?ELCRGA
DMPAC GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC K?ELCRGA AMLQR?LR
0
, ?JQM ILMUL ?Q RFC NCPKC?@GJGRW MD DPCC QN?AC. 4FGQ QCAMLB MD -?VUCJJtQ COS?RGMLQ GQ ILMUL
?Q '?SQQtQ J?U DMP K?ELCRGQK.
3. ! AF?LEGLE K?ELCRGA DGCJB GLBSACQ ?L CJCARPMKMRGTC DMPAC (CKD) ?LB, FCLAC, ?L CJCARPGA DGCJB. 4FC BGPCARGML MD RFC CKD MNNMQCQ RFC AF?LEC.
4FGQ RFGPB MD -?VUCJJtQ COS?RGMLQ GQ &?P?B?WtQ J?U MD GLBSARGML, ?LB GLAJSBCQ ,CLXtQ J?U.
860 #(!04%2 24 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# 7!6%3
4. -?ELCRGA DGCJBQ ?PC ECLCP?RCB @W KMTGLE AF?PECQ MP @W AF?LEGLE CJCARPGA DGCJBQ. 4FGQ DMSPRF MD -?VUCJJtQ COS?RGMLQ CLAMKN?QQCQ !KNCPCtQ
J?U ?LB ?BBQ ?LMRFCP QMSPAC MD K?ELCRGQKrAF?LEGLE CJCARPGA DGCJBQ.
-?VUCJJtQ COS?RGMLQ CLAMKN?QQ RFC K?HMP J?UQ MD CJCARPGAGRW ?LB K?ELCRGQK. 7F?R GQ LMR QM ?NN?PCLR GQ RFC QWKKCRPW RF?R -?VUCJJ GLRPMBSACB GL FGQ
K?RFCK?RGA?J DP?KCUMPI. %QNCAG?JJW GKNMPR?LR GQ FGQ ?BBGRGML MD RFC FWNMRFCQGQ RF?R AF?LEGLE CJCARPGA DGCJBQ APC?RC K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ. 4FGQ GQ CV?ARJW
?L?JMEMSQ (?LB QWKKCRPGA) RM &?P?B?WtQ J?U MD GLBSARGML ?LB F?B @CCL QSQNCARCB DMP QMKC RGKC, @SR DGRQ @C?SRGDSJJW GLRM -?VUCJJtQ COS?RGMLQ.
3WKKCRPW GQ ?NN?PCLR GL L?RSPC GL ? UGBC P?LEC MD QGRS?RGMLQ. )L AMLRCKNMP?PW PCQC?PAF, QWKKCRPW NJ?WQ ? K?HMP N?PR GL RFC QC?PAF DMP QS@-?RMKGA
N?PRGAJCQ SQGLE K?QQGTC KSJRGL?RGML?J N?PRGAJC ?AACJCP?RMPQ QSAF ?Q RFC LCU ,?PEC (?BPML #MJJGBCP ?R #%2..
-?VUCJJtQ AMKNJCRC ?LB QWKKCRPGA RFCMPW QFMUCB RF?R CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA DMPACQ ?PC LMR QCN?P?RC, @SR BGDDCPCLR K?LGDCQR?RGMLQ MD RFC Q?KC
RFGLErRFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA DMPAC. 4FGQ AJ?QQGA?J SLGDGA?RGML MD DMPACQ GQ MLC KMRGT?RGML DMP ASPPCLR ?RRCKNRQ RM SLGDW RFC DMSP @?QGA DMPACQ GL
L?RSPCrRFC EP?TGR?RGML?J, CJCARPGA?J, QRPMLE, ?LB UC?I LSAJC?P DMPACQ.
3GLAC AF?LEGLE CJCARPGA DGCJBQ APC?RC PCJ?RGTCJW UC?I K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ, RFCW AMSJB LMR @C C?QGJW BCRCARCB ?R RFC RGKC MD -?VUCJJtQ FWNMRFCQGQ. -?VUCJJ
PC?JGXCB, FMUCTCP, RF?R MQAGJJ?RGLE AF?PECQ, JGIC RFMQC GL !# AGPASGRQ, NPMBSAC AF?LEGLE CJCARPGA DGCJBQ. (C NPCBGARCB RF?R RFCQC AF?LEGLE DGCJBQ UMSJB
NPMN?E?RC DPMK RFC QMSPAC JGIC U?TCQ ECLCP?RCB ML ? J?IC @W ? HSKNGLE DGQF.
4FC U?TCQ NPCBGARCB @W -?VUCJJ UMSJB AMLQGQR MD MQAGJJ?RGLE CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA DGCJBQrBCDGLCB RM @C ?L CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC (%- U?TC).
%JCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ UMSJB @C A?N?@JC MD CVCPRGLE DMPACQ ML AF?PECQ EPC?R BGQR?LACQ DPMK RFCGP QMSPAC, ?LB RFCW KGEFR RFSQ @C BCRCAR?@JC. -?VUCJJ
A?JASJ?RCB RF?R CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ UMSJB NPMN?E?RC ?R ? QNCCB EGTCL @W RFC COS?RGML
(24.1)
c =
1
0
.
7FCL RFC T?JSCQ DMP
0
?LB
0
?PC CLRCPCB GLRM RFC COS?RGML DMP c , UC DGLB RF?R
(24.2)
c =
1
(8.8510
12 C
2
N m
2
)(410
7 T m
A
)
= 3.0010
8
m/s,
UFGAF GQ RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. )L D?AR, -?VUCJJ AMLAJSBCB RF?R JGEFR GQ ?L CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC F?TGLE QSAF U?TCJCLERFQ RF?R GR A?L @C BCRCARCB @W RFC
CWC.
/RFCP U?TCJCLERFQ QFMSJB CVGQRrGR PCK?GLCB RM @C QCCL GD RFCW BGB. )D QM, -?VUCJJtQ RFCMPW ?LB PCK?PI?@JC NPCBGARGMLQ UMSJB @C TCPGDGCB, RFC EPC?RCQR
RPGSKNF MD NFWQGAQ QGLAC .CURML. %VNCPGKCLR?J TCPGDGA?RGML A?KC UGRFGL ? DCU WC?PQ, @SR LMR @CDMPC -?VUCJJtQ BC?RF.
(CPRXtQ /@QCPT?RGMLQ
4FC 'CPK?L NFWQGAGQR (CGLPGAF (CPRX (1857q1894) U?Q RFC DGPQR RM ECLCP?RC ?LB BCRCAR ACPR?GL RWNCQ MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ GL RFC J?@MP?RMPW.
3R?PRGLE GL 1887, FC NCPDMPKCB ? QCPGCQ MD CVNCPGKCLRQ RF?R LMR MLJW AMLDGPKCB RFC CVGQRCLAC MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ, @SR ?JQM TCPGDGCB RF?R RFCW
RP?TCJ ?R RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR.
(CPRX SQCB ?L !# RLC (PCQGQRMP-GLBSARMP-A?N?AGRMP) AGPASGR RF?R PCQML?RCQ ?R ? ILMUL DPCOSCLAW f
0
=
1
2 LC
?LB AMLLCARCB GR RM ? JMMN MD UGPC ?Q
QFMUL GL F?=KH; 24.4. (GEF TMJR?ECQ GLBSACB ?APMQQ RFC E?N GL RFC JMMN NPMBSACB QN?PIQ RF?R UCPC TGQG@JC CTGBCLAC MD RFC ASPPCLR GL RFC AGPASGR ?LB
RF?R FCJNCB ECLCP?RC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ.
!APMQQ RFC J?@MP?RMPW, (CPRX F?B ?LMRFCP JMMN ?RR?AFCB RM ?LMRFCP RLC AGPASGR, UFGAF AMSJB @C RSLCB (?Q RFC BG?J ML ? P?BGM) RM RFC Q?KC PCQML?LR
DPCOSCLAW ?Q RFC DGPQR ?LB AMSJB, RFSQ, @C K?BC RM PCACGTC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ. 4FGQ JMMN ?JQM F?B ? E?N ?APMQQ UFGAF QN?PIQ UCPC ECLCP?RCB,
EGTGLE QMJGB CTGBCLAC RF?R CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ F?B @CCL PCACGTCB.
F?=KH; 24.4 4FC ?NN?P?RSQ SQCB @W (CPRX GL 1887 RM ECLCP?RC ?LB BCRCAR CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ. !L RLC AGPASGR AMLLCARCB RM RFC DGPQR JMMN A?SQCB QN?PIQ ?APMQQ ? E?N GL
RFC UGPC JMMN ?LB ECLCP?RCB CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ. 3N?PIQ ?APMQQ ? E?N GL RFC QCAMLB JMMN JMA?RCB ?APMQQ RFC J?@MP?RMPW E?TC CTGBCLAC RF?R RFC U?TCQ F?B @CCL PCACGTCB.
(CPRX ?JQM QRSBGCB RFC PCDJCARGML, PCDP?ARGML, ?LB GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPLQ MD RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ FC ECLCP?RCB, TCPGDWGLE RFCGP U?TC AF?P?ARCP. (C
U?Q ?@JC RM BCRCPKGLC U?TCJCLERF DPMK RFC GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPLQ, ?LB ILMUGLE RFCGP DPCOSCLAW, FC AMSJB A?JASJ?RC RFC NPMN?E?RGML QNCCB SQGLE RFC
COS?RGML = f (TCJMAGRWrMP QNCCBrCOS?JQ DPCOSCLAW RGKCQ U?TCJCLERF). (CPRX U?Q RFSQ ?@JC RM NPMTC RF?R CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ RP?TCJ ?R RFC
QNCCB MD JGEFR. 4FC 3) SLGR DMP DPCOSCLAW, RFC FCPRX ( 1 Hz = 1 cycle/sec ), GQ L?KCB GL FGQ FMLMP.
#(!04%2 24 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# 7!6%3 861
24.2 )HE:K9J?ED E< EB;9JHEC7=D;J?9 07L;I
7C A?L ECR ? EMMB SLBCPQR?LBGLE MD ;B;9JHEC7=D;J?9 M7L;I (%-) @W AMLQGBCPGLE FMU RFCW ?PC NPMBSACB. 7FCLCTCP ? ASPPCLR T?PGCQ, ?QQMAG?RCB
CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ T?PW, KMTGLE MSR DPMK RFC QMSPAC JGIC U?TCQ. 0CPF?NQ RFC C?QGCQR QGRS?RGML RM TGQS?JGXC GQ ? T?PWGLE ASPPCLR GL ? JMLE
QRP?GEFR UGPC, NPMBSACB @W ?L !# ECLCP?RMP ?R GRQ ACLRCP, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 24.5.
F?=KH; 24.5 4FGQ JMLE QRP?GEFR EP?W UGPC UGRF ?L !# ECLCP?RMP ?R GRQ ACLRCP @CAMKCQ ? @PM?BA?QR ?LRCLL? DMP CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ. 3FMUL FCPC ?PC RFC AF?PEC BGQRPG@SRGMLQ
?R DMSP BGDDCPCLR RGKCQ. 4FC CJCARPGA DGCJB ( E) NPMN?E?RCQ ?U?W DPMK RFC ?LRCLL? ?R RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR, DMPKGLE N?PR MD ?L CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC.
4FC ;B;9JH?9 <?;B: ( E) QFMUL QSPPMSLBGLE RFC UGPC GQ NPMBSACB @W RFC AF?PEC BGQRPG@SRGML ML RFC UGPC. "MRF RFC E ?LB RFC AF?PEC BGQRPG@SRGML T?PW ?Q
RFC ASPPCLR AF?LECQ. 4FC AF?LEGLE DGCJB NPMN?E?RCQ MSRU?PB ?R RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR.
4FCPC GQ ?L ?QQMAG?RCB C7=D;J?9 <?;B: ( B) UFGAF NPMN?E?RCQ MSRU?PB ?Q UCJJ (QCC F?=KH; 24.6). 4FC CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ ?PC AJMQCJW PCJ?RCB
?LB NPMN?E?RC ?Q ?L CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC. 4FGQ GQ UF?R F?NNCLQ GL @PM?BA?QR ?LRCLL?C QSAF ?Q RFMQC GL P?BGM ?LB 46 QR?RGMLQ.
#JMQCP CV?KGL?RGML MD RFC MLC AMKNJCRC AWAJC QFMUL GL F?=KH; 24.5 PCTC?JQ RFC NCPGMBGA L?RSPC MD RFC ECLCP?RMP-BPGTCL AF?PECQ MQAGJJ?RGLE SN ?LB
BMUL GL RFC ?LRCLL? ?LB RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB NPMBSACB. !R RGKC t = 0 , RFCPC GQ RFC K?VGKSK QCN?P?RGML MD AF?PEC, UGRF LCE?RGTC AF?PECQ ?R RFC RMN ?LB
NMQGRGTC AF?PECQ ?R RFC @MRRMK, NPMBSAGLE RFC K?VGKSK K?ELGRSBC MD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB (MP E -DGCJB) GL RFC SNU?PB BGPCARGML. /LC-DMSPRF MD ? AWAJC J?RCP,
RFCPC GQ LM AF?PEC QCN?P?RGML ?LB RFC DGCJB LCVR RM RFC ?LRCLL? GQ XCPM, UFGJC RFC K?VGKSK E -DGCJB F?Q KMTCB ?U?W ?R QNCCB c .
!Q RFC NPMACQQ AMLRGLSCQ, RFC AF?PEC QCN?P?RGML PCTCPQCQ ?LB RFC DGCJB PC?AFCQ GRQ K?VGKSK BMULU?PB T?JSC, PCRSPLQ RM XCPM, ?LB PGQCQ RM GRQ
K?VGKSK SNU?PB T?JSC ?R RFC CLB MD MLC AMKNJCRC AWAJC. 4FC MSREMGLE U?TC F?Q ?L 7CFB?JK:; NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC K?VGKSK QCN?P?RGML MD AF?PEC.
)RQ M7L;B;D=J> () GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC NCPGMB MD RFC MQAGJJ?RGML ?LB, FCLAC, GQ QK?JJCP DMP QFMPR NCPGMBQ MP FGEF DPCOSCLAGCQ. (!Q SQS?J, U?TCJCLERF
?LB <H;GK;D9O

f
?PC GLTCPQCJW NPMNMPRGML?J.)

%JCARPGA ?LB -?ELCRGA 7?TCQ: -MTGLE 4MECRFCP
&MJJMUGLE !KNCPCtQ J?U, ASPPCLR GL RFC ?LRCLL? NPMBSACQ ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 24.6. 4FC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL E ?LB B GQ QFMUL ?R
MLC GLQR?LR GL F?=KH; 24.6 (?). !Q RFC ASPPCLR T?PGCQ, RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB T?PGCQ GL K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML.
F?=KH; 24.6 (?) 4FC ASPPCLR GL RFC ?LRCLL? NPMBSACQ RFC AGPASJ?P K?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLCQ. 4FC ASPPCLR ( I ) NPMBSACQ RFC QCN?P?RGML MD AF?PEC ?JMLE RFC UGPC, UFGAF GL RSPL APC?RCQ
RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB ?Q QFMUL. (@) 4FC CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ ( E ?LB B) LC?P RFC UGPC ?PC NCPNCLBGASJ?P; RFCW ?PC QFMUL FCPC DMP MLC NMGLR GL QN?AC. (A) 4FC K?ELCRGA
DGCJB T?PGCQ UGRF ASPPCLR ?LB NPMN?E?RCQ ?U?W DPMK RFC ?LRCLL? ?R RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR.
4FC K?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLCQ ?JQM NPMN?E?RC ?U?W DPMK RFC ?LRCLL? ?R RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR, DMPKGLE RFC MRFCP N?PR MD RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC, ?Q QCCL GL
F?=KH; 24.6 (@). 4FC K?ELCRGA N?PR MD RFC U?TC F?Q RFC Q?KC NCPGMB ?LB U?TCJCLERF ?Q RFC CJCARPGA N?PR, QGLAC RFCW ?PC @MRF NPMBSACB @W RFC Q?KC
KMTCKCLR ?LB QCN?P?RGML MD AF?PECQ GL RFC ?LRCLL?.
862 #(!04%2 24 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# 7!6%3
4FC CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA U?TCQ ?PC QFMUL RMECRFCP ?R MLC GLQR?LR GL RGKC GL F?=KH; 24.7. 4FC CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ NPMBSACB @W ? JMLE
QRP?GEFR UGPC ?LRCLL? ?PC CV?ARJW GL NF?QC. .MRC RF?R RFCW ?PC NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM MLC ?LMRFCP ?LB RM RFC BGPCARGML MD NPMN?E?RGML, K?IGLE RFGQ ?
JH7DIL;HI; M7L;.
F?=KH; 24.7 ! N?PR MD RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC QCLR MSR DPMK RFC ?LRCLL? ?R MLC GLQR?LR GL RGKC. 4FC CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ ( E ?LB B) ?PC GL NF?QC, ?LB RFCW ?PC
NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM MLC ?LMRFCP ?LB RFC BGPCARGML MD NPMN?E?RGML. &MP AJ?PGRW, RFC U?TCQ ?PC QFMUL MLJW ?JMLE MLC BGPCARGML, @SR RFCW NPMN?E?RC MSR GL MRFCP BGPCARGMLQ RMM.
%JCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ ECLCP?JJW NPMN?E?RC MSR DPMK ? QMSPAC GL ?JJ BGPCARGMLQ, QMKCRGKCQ DMPKGLE ? AMKNJCV P?BG?RGML N?RRCPL. ! JGLC?P ?LRCLL? JGIC
RFGQ MLC UGJJ LMR P?BG?RC N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ JCLERF, DMP CV?KNJC. 4FC U?TC GQ QFMUL GL MLC BGPCARGML DPMK RFC ?LRCLL? GL F?=KH; 24.7 RM GJJSQRP?RC GRQ @?QGA
AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ.
)LQRC?B MD RFC !# ECLCP?RMP, RFC ?LRCLL? A?L ?JQM @C BPGTCL @W ?L !# AGPASGR. )L D?AR, AF?PECQ P?BG?RC UFCLCTCP RFCW ?PC ?AACJCP?RCB. "SR UFGJC ?
ASPPCLR GL ? AGPASGR LCCBQ ? AMKNJCRC N?RF, ?L ?LRCLL? F?Q ? T?PWGLE AF?PEC BGQRPG@SRGML DMPKGLE ? IJ7D:?D= M7L;, BPGTCL @W RFC !#. 4FC BGKCLQGMLQ
MD RFC ?LRCLL? ?PC APGRGA?J DMP BCRCPKGLGLE RFC DPCOSCLAW MD RFC P?BG?RCB CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ. 4FGQ GQ ? H;IED7DJ NFCLMKCLML ?LB UFCL UC RSLC
P?BGMQ MP 46, UC T?PW CJCARPGA?J NPMNCPRGCQ RM ?AFGCTC ?NNPMNPG?RC PCQML?LR AMLBGRGMLQ GL RFC ?LRCLL?.
2CACGTGLE %JCARPMK?ELCRGA 7?TCQ
%JCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ A?PPW CLCPEW ?U?W DPMK RFCGP QMSPAC, QGKGJ?P RM ? QMSLB U?TC A?PPWGLE CLCPEW ?U?W DPMK ? QR?LBGLE U?TC ML ? ESGR?P QRPGLE.
!L ?LRCLL? DMP PCACGTGLE %- QGEL?JQ UMPIQ GL PCTCPQC. !LB JGIC ?LRCLL?Q RF?R NPMBSAC %- U?TCQ, PCACGTCP ?LRCLL?Q ?PC QNCAG?JJW BCQGELCB RM
PCQML?RC ?R N?PRGASJ?P DPCOSCLAGCQ.
!L GLAMKGLE CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC ?AACJCP?RCQ CJCARPMLQ GL RFC ?LRCLL?, QCRRGLE SN ? QR?LBGLE U?TC. )D RFC P?BGM MP 46 GQ QUGRAFCB ML, CJCARPGA?J
AMKNMLCLRQ NGAI SN ?LB ?KNJGDW RFC QGEL?J DMPKCB @W RFC ?AACJCP?RGLE CJCARPMLQ. 4FC QGEL?J GQ RFCL AMLTCPRCB RM ?SBGM ?LB/MP TGBCM DMPK?R.
3MKCRGKCQ @GE PCACGTCP BGQFCQ ?PC SQCB RM DMASQ RFC QGEL?J MLRM ?L ?LRCLL?.
)L D?AR, AF?PECQ P?BG?RC UFCLCTCP RFCW ?PC ?AACJCP?RCB. 7FCL BCQGELGLE AGPASGRQ, UC MDRCL ?QQSKC RF?R CLCPEW BMCQ LMR OSGAIJW CQA?NC !# AGPASGRQ,
?LB KMQRJW RFGQ GQ RPSC. ! @PM?BA?QR ?LRCLL? GQ QNCAG?JJW BCQGELCB RM CLF?LAC RFC P?RC MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML, ?LB QFGCJBGLE GQ LCACQQ?PW RM
ICCN RFC P?BG?RGML AJMQC RM XCPM. 3MKC D?KGJG?P NFCLMKCL? ?PC @?QCB ML RFC NPMBSARGML MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ @W T?PWGLE ASPPCLRQ. 9MSP
KGAPMU?TC MTCL, DMP CV?KNJC, QCLBQ CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ, A?JJCB KGAPMU?TCQ, DPMK ? AMLAC?JCB ?LRCLL? RF?R F?Q ?L MQAGJJ?RGLE ASPPCLR GKNMQCB
ML GR.
2CJ?RGLE E -&GCJB ?LB B -&GCJB 3RPCLERFQ
4FCPC GQ ? PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL RFC E - ?LB B -DGCJB QRPCLERFQ GL ?L CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC. 4FGQ A?L @C SLBCPQRMMB @W ?E?GL AMLQGBCPGLE RFC ?LRCLL?
HSQR BCQAPG@CB. 4FC QRPMLECP RFC E -DGCJB APC?RCB @W ? QCN?P?RGML MD AF?PEC, RFC EPC?RCP RFC ASPPCLR ?LB, FCLAC, RFC EPC?RCP RFC B -DGCJB APC?RCB.
3GLAC ASPPCLR GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM TMJR?EC (/FKtQ J?U) ?LB TMJR?EC GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM E -DGCJB QRPCLERF, RFC RUM QFMSJB @C BGPCARJW
NPMNMPRGML?J. )R A?L @C QFMUL RF?R RFC K?ELGRSBCQ MD RFC DGCJBQ BM F?TC ? AMLQR?LR P?RGM, COS?J RM RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. 4F?R GQ,
(24.3) E
B
= c
GQ RFC P?RGM MD E -DGCJB QRPCLERF RM B -DGCJB QRPCLERF GL ?LW CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC. 4FGQ GQ RPSC ?R ?JJ RGKCQ ?LB ?R ?JJ JMA?RGMLQ GL QN?AC. ! QGKNJC ?LB
CJCE?LR PCQSJR.
EN7CFB; 24.1 C7B9KB7J?D= B-F?;B: ,JH;D=J> ?D 7D EB;9JHEC7=D;J?9 07L;
7F?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK QRPCLERF MD RFC B -DGCJB GL ?L CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC RF?R F?Q ? K?VGKSK E -DGCJB QRPCLERF MD 1000 V/m?
,JH7J;=O
4M DGLB RFC B -DGCJB QRPCLERF, UC PC?PP?LEC RFC ?@MTC COS?RGML RM QMJTC DMP B , WGCJBGLE
(24.4)
B =
E
c
.
,EBKJ?ED
7C ?PC EGTCL E , ?LB c GQ RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. %LRCPGLE RFCQC GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP B WGCJBQ
#(!04%2 24 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# 7!6%3 863
(24.5)
B =
1000 V/m
3.0010
8
m/s
= 3.3310
-6
T,
7FCPC 4 QR?LBQ DMP 4CQJ?, ? KC?QSPC MD K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC B -DGCJB QRPCLERF GQ JCQQ RF?L ? RCLRF MD RFC %?PRFtQ ?BKGRRCBJW UC?I K?ELCRGA DGCJB. 4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R ? PCJ?RGTCJW QRPMLE CJCARPGA DGCJB MD 1000
6/K GQ ?AAMKN?LGCB @W ? PCJ?RGTCJW UC?I K?ELCRGA DGCJB. .MRC RF?R ?Q RFGQ U?TC QNPC?BQ MSR, Q?W UGRF BGQR?LAC DPMK ?L ?LRCLL?, GRQ DGCJB
QRPCLERFQ @CAMKC NPMEPCQQGTCJW UC?ICP.
4FC PCQSJR MD RFGQ CV?KNJC GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC QR?RCKCLR K?BC GL RFC KMBSJC &7NM;BBXI EGK7J?EDI: EB;9JHEC7=D;J?9 07L;I )H;:?9J;: 7D:
(8I;HL;: RF?R AF?LEGLE CJCARPGA DGCJBQ APC?RC PCJ?RGTCJW UC?I K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ. 4FCW A?L @C BCRCARCB GL CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ, FMUCTCP, @W R?IGLE
?BT?LR?EC MD RFC NFCLMKCLML MD PCQML?LAC, ?Q (CPRX BGB. ! QWQRCK UGRF RFC Q?KC L?RSP?J DPCOSCLAW ?Q RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC A?L @C K?BC RM
MQAGJJ?RC. !JJ P?BGM ?LB 46 PCACGTCPQ SQC RFGQ NPGLAGNJC RM NGAI SN ?LB RFCL ?KNJGDW UC?I CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ, UFGJC PCHCARGLE ?JJ MRFCPQ LMR ?R RFCGP
PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAW.
4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR: !LRCLL?Q
&MP WMSP 46 MP P?BGM ?R FMKC, GBCLRGDW RFC ?LRCLL?, ?LB QICRAF GRQ QF?NC. )D WMS BMLtR F?TC A?@JC, WMS KGEFR F?TC ?L MSRBMMP MP GLBMMP 46
?LRCLL?. %QRGK?RC GRQ QGXC. )D RFC 46 QGEL?J GQ @CRUCCL 60 ?LB 216 -(X DMP @?QGA AF?LLCJQ, RFCL UF?R GQ RFC U?TCJCLERF MD RFMQC %- U?TCQ?
4PW RSLGLE RFC P?BGM ?LB LMRC RFC QK?JJ P?LEC MD DPCOSCLAGCQ ?R UFGAF ? PC?QML?@JC QGEL?J DMP RF?R QR?RGML GQ PCACGTCB. (4FGQ GQ C?QGCP UGRF BGEGR?J
PC?BMSR.) )D WMS F?TC ? A?P UGRF ? P?BGM ?LB CVRCLB?@JC ?LRCLL?, LMRC RFC OS?JGRW MD PCACNRGML ?Q RFC JCLERF MD RFC ?LRCLL? GQ AF?LECB.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: 2?BGM 7?TCQ ?LB %JCARPMK?ELCRGA &GCJBQ
"PM?BA?QR P?BGM U?TCQ DPMK +0F%4. 7GEEJC RFC RP?LQKGRRCP CJCARPML K?LS?JJW MP F?TC GR MQAGJJ?RC ?SRMK?RGA?JJW. $GQNJ?W RFC DGCJB ?Q ? ASPTC MP
TCARMPQ. 4FC QRPGN AF?PR QFMUQ RFC CJCARPML NMQGRGMLQ ?R RFC RP?LQKGRRCP ?LB ?R RFC PCACGTCP.
F?=KH; 24.8 +7:?E 07L;I 7D: EB;9JHEC7=D;J?9 F?;B:I (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42440/1.5/H7:?E-M7L;I6;D.@7H)
24.3 ->; EB;9JHEC7=D;J?9 ,F;9JHKC
)L RFGQ KMBSJC UC CV?KGLC FMU CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ ?PC AJ?QQGDGCB GLRM A?RCEMPGCQ QSAF ?Q P?BGM, GLDP?PCB, SJRP?TGMJCR, ?LB QM ML, QM RF?R UC A?L
SLBCPQR?LB QMKC MD RFCGP QGKGJ?PGRGCQ ?Q UCJJ ?Q QMKC MD RFCGP BGDDCPCLACQ. 7C UGJJ ?JQM DGLB RF?R RFCPC ?PC K?LW AMLLCARGMLQ UGRF NPCTGMSQJW BGQASQQCB
RMNGAQ, QSAF ?Q U?TCJCLERF ?LB PCQML?LAC. ! @PGCD MTCPTGCU MD RFC NPMBSARGML ?LB SRGJGX?RGML MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ GQ DMSLB GL -78B; 24.1.
4?@JC 24.1 %JCARPMK?ELCRGA 7?TCQ
-OF; E< E&
M7L;
)HE:K9J?ED AFFB?97J?EDI %?<; I9?;D9;I 7IF;9J "IIK;I
2?BGM & 46 !AACJCP?RGLE AF?PECQ
#MKKSLGA?RGMLQ 2CKMRC
AMLRPMJQ
-2)
2COSGPCQ AMLRPMJQ DMP @?LB
SQC
-GAPMU?TCQ
!AACJCP?RGLE AF?PECQ & RFCPK?J
?EGR?RGML
#MKKSLGA?RGMLQ /TCLQ
2?B?P
$CCN FC?RGLE #CJJ NFMLC SQC
)LDP?PCB
4FCPK?J ?EGR?RGMLQ & CJCARPMLGA
RP?LQGRGMLQ
4FCPK?J GK?EGLE (C?RGLE !@QMP@CB @W ?RKMQNFCPC 'PCCLFMSQC CDDCAR
6GQG@JC JGEFR
RP?LQGRGMLQ
!JJ NCPT?QGTC
0FMRMQWLRFCQGQ (SK?L
TGQGML
5JRP?TGMJCR
RP?LQGRGMLQ
3RCPGJGX?RGML #?LACP AMLRPMJ 6GR?KGL $ NPMBSARGML
/XMLC BCNJCRGML #?LACP
A?SQGLE
8-P?WQ
)LLCP CJCARPMLGA RP?LQGRGMLQ ?LB D?QR
AMJJGQGMLQ
-CBGA?J 3CASPGRW
-CBGA?J BG?ELMQGQ #?LACP
RFCP?NW
#?LACP A?SQGLE
'?KK? P?WQ .SAJC?P BCA?W .SAJC?P KCBGAGLC3CASPGRW
-CBGA?J BG?ELMQGQ #?LACP
RFCP?NW
#?LACP A?SQGLE 2?BG?RGML
B?K?EC
864 #(!04%2 24 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# 7!6%3
#MLLCARGMLQ: 7?TCQ
4FCPC ?PC K?LW RWNCQ MD U?TCQ, QSAF ?Q U?RCP U?TCQ ?LB CTCL C?PRFOS?ICQ. !KMLE RFC K?LW QF?PCB ?RRPG@SRCQ MD U?TCQ ?PC NPMN?E?RGML
QNCCB, DPCOSCLAW, ?LB U?TCJCLERF. 4FCQC ?PC ?JU?WQ PCJ?RCB @W RFC CVNPCQQGML v
W
= f . 4FGQ KMBSJC AMLACLRP?RCQ ML %- U?TCQ, @SR MRFCP
KMBSJCQ AMLR?GL CV?KNJCQ MD ?JJ MD RFCQC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ DMP QMSLB U?TCQ ?LB QS@KGAPMQAMNGA N?PRGAJCQ.
!Q LMRCB @CDMPC, ?L CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC F?Q ? DPCOSCLAW ?LB ? U?TCJCLERF ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF GR ?LB RP?TCJQ ?R RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR, MP c . 4FC
PCJ?RGMLQFGN ?KMLE RFCQC U?TC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ A?L @C BCQAPG@CB @W v
W
= f , UFCPC v
W
GQ RFC NPMN?E?RGML QNCCB MD RFC U?TC, f GQ RFC DPCOSCLAW,
?LB GQ RFC U?TCJCLERF. (CPC v
W
= c , QM RF?R DMP ?JJ CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ,
(24.6)
c = f.
4FSQ, DMP ?JJ CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ, RFC EPC?RCP RFC DPCOSCLAW, RFC QK?JJCP RFC U?TCJCLERF.
F?=KH; 24.9 QFMUQ FMU RFC T?PGMSQ RWNCQ MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ ?PC A?RCEMPGXCB ?AAMPBGLE RM RFCGP U?TCJCLERFQ ?LB DPCOSCLAGCQrRF?R GQ, GR QFMUQ
RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA QNCARPSK. -?LW MD RFC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD RFC T?PGMSQ RWNCQ MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ ?PC PCJ?RCB RM RFCGP DPCOSCLAGCQ ?LB
U?TCJCLERFQ, ?Q UC QF?JJ QCC.
F?=KH; 24.9 4FC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA QNCARPSK, QFMUGLE RFC K?HMP A?RCEMPGCQ MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ. 4FC P?LEC MD DPCOSCLAGCQ ?LB U?TCJCLERFQ GQ PCK?PI?@JC. 4FC BGTGBGLE
JGLC @CRUCCL QMKC A?RCEMPGCQ GQ BGQRGLAR, UFCPC?Q MRFCP A?RCEMPGCQ MTCPJ?N.
%JCARPMK?ELCRGA 3NCARPSK: 2SJCQ MD 4FSK@
4FPCC PSJCQ RF?R ?NNJW RM CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ GL ECLCP?J ?PC ?Q DMJJMUQ:
w (GEF-DPCOSCLAW CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ ?PC KMPC CLCPECRGA ?LB ?PC KMPC ?@JC RM NCLCRP?RC RF?L JMU-DPCOSCLAW U?TCQ.
w (GEF-DPCOSCLAW CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ A?L A?PPW KMPC GLDMPK?RGML NCP SLGR RGKC RF?L JMU-DPCOSCLAW U?TCQ.
w 4FC QFMPRCP RFC U?TCJCLERF MD ?LW CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC NPM@GLE ? K?RCPG?J, RFC QK?JJCP RFC BCR?GJ GR GQ NMQQG@JC RM PCQMJTC.
.MRC RF?R RFCPC ?PC CVACNRGMLQ RM RFCQC PSJCQ MD RFSK@.
4P?LQKGQQGML, 2CDJCARGML, ?LB !@QMPNRGML
7F?R F?NNCLQ UFCL ?L CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC GKNGLECQ ML ? K?RCPG?J? )D RFC K?RCPG?J GQ RP?LQN?PCLR RM RFC N?PRGASJ?P DPCOSCLAW, RFCL RFC U?TC A?L
J?PECJW @C RP?LQKGRRCB. )D RFC K?RCPG?J GQ MN?OSC RM RFC DPCOSCLAW, RFCL RFC U?TC A?L @C RMR?JJW PCDJCARCB. 4FC U?TC A?L ?JQM @C ?@QMP@CB @W RFC
K?RCPG?J, GLBGA?RGLE RF?R RFCPC GQ QMKC GLRCP?ARGML @CRUCCL RFC U?TC ?LB RFC K?RCPG?J, QSAF ?Q RFC RFCPK?J ?EGR?RGML MD KMJCASJCQ.
/D AMSPQC GR GQ NMQQG@JC RM F?TC N?PRG?J RP?LQKGQQGML, PCDJCARGML, ?LB ?@QMPNRGML. 7C LMPK?JJW ?QQMAG?RC RFCQC NPMNCPRGCQ UGRF TGQG@JC JGEFR, @SR RFCW BM
?NNJW RM ?JJ CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ. 7F?R GQ LMR M@TGMSQ GQ RF?R QMKCRFGLE RF?R GQ RP?LQN?PCLR RM JGEFR K?W @C MN?OSC ?R MRFCP DPCOSCLAGCQ. &MP
CV?KNJC, MPBGL?PW EJ?QQ GQ RP?LQN?PCLR RM TGQG@JC JGEFR @SR J?PECJW MN?OSC RM SJRP?TGMJCR P?BG?RGML. (SK?L QIGL GQ MN?OSC RM TGQG@JC JGEFRrUC A?LLMR QCC
RFPMSEF NCMNJCr@SR RP?LQN?PCLR RM 8-P?WQ.
2?BGM ?LB 46 7?TCQ
4FC @PM?B A?RCEMPW MD H7:?E M7L;I GQ BCDGLCB RM AMLR?GL ?LW CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC NPMBSACB @W ASPPCLRQ GL UGPCQ ?LB AGPASGRQ. )RQ L?KC BCPGTCQ DPMK
RFCGP KMQR AMKKML SQC ?Q ? A?PPGCP MD ?SBGM GLDMPK?RGML (G.C., P?BGM). 4FC L?KC GQ ?NNJGCB RM CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ MD QGKGJ?P DPCOSCLAGCQ PCE?PBJCQQ
MD QMSPAC. 2?BGM U?TCQ DPMK MSRCP QN?AC, DMP CV?KNJC, BM LMR AMKC DPMK ?JGCL P?BGM QR?RGMLQ. 4FCW ?PC APC?RCB @W K?LW ?QRPMLMKGA?J NFCLMKCL?,
?LB RFCGP QRSBW F?Q PCTC?JCB KSAF ?@MSR L?RSPC ML RFC J?PECQR QA?JCQ.
4FCPC ?PC K?LW SQCQ DMP P?BGM U?TCQ, ?LB QM RFC A?RCEMPW GQ BGTGBCB GLRM K?LW QS@A?RCEMPGCQ, GLAJSBGLE KGAPMU?TCQ ?LB RFMQC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA
U?TCQ SQCB DMP !- ?LB &- P?BGM, ACJJSJ?P RCJCNFMLCQ, ?LB 46.
4FC JMUCQR AMKKMLJW CLAMSLRCPCB P?BGM DPCOSCLAGCQ ?PC NPMBSACB @W FGEF-TMJR?EC !# NMUCP RP?LQKGQQGML JGLCQ ?R DPCOSCLAGCQ MD 50 MP 60 (X. (3CC
F?=KH; 24.10.) 4FCQC CVRPCKCJW JMLE U?TCJCLERF CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ (?@MSR 6000 IK!) ?PC MLC KC?LQ MD CLCPEW JMQQ GL JMLE-BGQR?LAC NMUCP
RP?LQKGQQGML.
#(!04%2 24 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# 7!6%3 865
F?=KH; 24.10 4FGQ FGEF-TMJR?EC RP?ARGML NMUCP JGLC PSLLGLE RM %SRGLECL 2?GJU?W 3S@QR?RGML GL 'CPK?LW P?BG?RCQ CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ UGRF TCPW JMLE U?TCJCLERFQ. (APCBGR:
:MLI43, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
4FCPC GQ ?L MLEMGLE AMLRPMTCPQW PCE?PBGLE NMRCLRG?J FC?JRF F?X?PBQ ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF CVNMQSPC RM RFCQC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA DGCJBQ ( E -DGCJBQ). 3MKC
NCMNJC QSQNCAR RF?R JGTGLE LC?P QSAF RP?LQKGQQGML JGLCQ K?W A?SQC ? T?PGCRW MD GJJLCQQCQ, GLAJSBGLE A?LACP. "SR BCKMEP?NFGA B?R? ?PC CGRFCP
GLAMLAJSQGTC MP QGKNJW BM LMR QSNNMPR RFC F?X?PB RFCMPW. 2CACLR PCNMPRQ RF?R F?TC JMMICB ?R K?LW %SPMNC?L ?LB !KCPGA?L CNGBCKGMJMEGA?J QRSBGCQ
F?TC DMSLB LM GLAPC?QC GL PGQI DMP A?LACP BSC RM CVNMQSPC RM E -DGCJBQ.
ENJH;C;BO BEM <H;GK;D9O (E%F) P?BGM U?TCQ MD ?@MSR 1 I(X ?PC SQCB RM AMKKSLGA?RC UGRF QS@KCPECB QS@K?PGLCQ. 4FC ?@GJGRW MD P?BGM U?TCQ RM
NCLCRP?RC Q?JR U?RCP GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFCGP U?TCJCLERF (KSAF JGIC SJRP?QMSLB NCLCRP?RGLE RGQQSC)rRFC JMLECP RFC U?TCJCLERF, RFC D?PRFCP RFCW NCLCRP?RC.
3GLAC Q?JR U?RCP GQ ? EMMB AMLBSARMP, P?BGM U?TCQ ?PC QRPMLEJW ?@QMP@CB @W GR, ?LB TCPW JMLE U?TCJCLERFQ ?PC LCCBCB RM PC?AF ? QS@K?PGLC SLBCP RFC
QSPD?AC. (3CC F?=KH; 24.11.)
F?=KH; 24.11 6CPW JMLE U?TCJCLERF P?BGM U?TCQ ?PC LCCBCB RM PC?AF RFGQ QS@K?PGLC, PCOSGPGLE CVRPCKCJW JMU DPCOSCLAW QGEL?JQ (%,&). 3FMPRCP U?TCJCLERFQ BM LMR NCLCRP?RC RM
?LW QGELGDGA?LR BCNRF.
!- P?BGM U?TCQ ?PC SQCB RM A?PPW AMKKCPAG?J P?BGM QGEL?JQ GL RFC DPCOSCLAW P?LEC DPMK 540 RM 1600 I(X. 4FC ?@@PCTG?RGML !- QR?LBQ DMP 7CFB?JK:;
CE:KB7J?ED, UFGAF GQ RFC KCRFMB DMP NJ?AGLE GLDMPK?RGML ML RFCQC U?TCQ. (3CC F?=KH; 24.12.) ! 97HH?;H M7L; F?TGLE RFC @?QGA DPCOSCLAW MD RFC P?BGM
QR?RGML, Q?W 1530 I(X, GQ T?PGCB MP KMBSJ?RCB GL ?KNJGRSBC @W ?L ?SBGM QGEL?J. 4FC PCQSJRGLE U?TC F?Q ? AMLQR?LR DPCOSCLAW, @SR ? T?PWGLE ?KNJGRSBC.
! P?BGM PCACGTCP RSLCB RM F?TC RFC Q?KC PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAW ?Q RFC A?PPGCP U?TC A?L NGAI SN RFC QGEL?J, UFGJC PCHCARGLE RFC K?LW MRFCP DPCOSCLAGCQ
GKNGLEGLE ML GRQ ?LRCLL?. 4FC PCACGTCPtQ AGPASGRPW GQ BCQGELCB RM PCQNMLB RM T?PG?RGMLQ GL ?KNJGRSBC MD RFC A?PPGCP U?TC RM PCNJGA?RC RFC MPGEGL?J ?SBGM
QGEL?J. 4F?R ?SBGM QGEL?J GQ ?KNJGDGCB RM BPGTC ? QNC?ICP MP NCPF?NQ RM @C PCAMPBCB.
F?=KH; 24.12 !KNJGRSBC KMBSJ?RGML DMP !- P?BGM. (?) ! A?PPGCP U?TC ?R RFC QR?RGMLtQ @?QGA DPCOSCLAW. (@) !L ?SBGM QGEL?J ?R KSAF JMUCP ?SBG@JC DPCOSCLAGCQ. (A) 4FC ?KNJGRSBC
MD RFC A?PPGCP GQ KMBSJ?RCB @W RFC ?SBGM QGEL?J UGRFMSR AF?LEGLE GRQ @?QGA DPCOSCLAW.
&- 2?BGM 7?TCQ
&- P?BGM U?TCQ ?PC ?JQM SQCB DMP AMKKCPAG?J P?BGM RP?LQKGQQGML, @SR GL RFC DPCOSCLAW P?LEC MD 88 RM 108 -(X. &- QR?LBQ DMP <H;GK;D9O
CE:KB7J?ED, ?LMRFCP KCRFMB MD A?PPWGLE GLDMPK?RGML. (3CC F?=KH; 24.13.) (CPC ? A?PPGCP U?TC F?TGLE RFC @?QGA DPCOSCLAW MD RFC P?BGM QR?RGML,
NCPF?NQ 105.1 -(X, GQ KMBSJ?RCB GL DPCOSCLAW @W RFC ?SBGM QGEL?J, NPMBSAGLE ? U?TC MD AMLQR?LR ?KNJGRSBC @SR T?PWGLE DPCOSCLAW.
866 #(!04%2 24 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# 7!6%3
F?=KH; 24.13 &PCOSCLAW KMBSJ?RGML DMP &- P?BGM. (?) ! A?PPGCP U?TC ?R RFC QR?RGMLtQ @?QGA DPCOSCLAW. (@) !L ?SBGM QGEL?J ?R KSAF JMUCP ?SBG@JC DPCOSCLAGCQ. (A) 4FC DPCOSCLAW
MD RFC A?PPGCP GQ KMBSJ?RCB @W RFC ?SBGM QGEL?J UGRFMSR AF?LEGLE GRQ ?KNJGRSBC.
3GLAC ?SBG@JC DPCOSCLAGCQ P?LEC SN RM 20 I(X (MP 0.020 -(X) ?R KMQR, RFC DPCOSCLAW MD RFC &- P?BGM U?TC A?L T?PW DPMK RFC A?PPGCP @W ?Q KSAF ?Q
0.020 -(X. 4FSQ RFC A?PPGCP DPCOSCLAGCQ MD RUM BGDDCPCLR P?BGM QR?RGMLQ A?LLMR @C AJMQCP RF?L 0.020 -(X. !L &- PCACGTCP GQ RSLCB RM PCQML?RC ?R RFC
A?PPGCP DPCOSCLAW ?LB F?Q AGPASGRPW RF?R PCQNMLBQ RM T?PG?RGMLQ GL DPCOSCLAW, PCNPMBSAGLE RFC ?SBGM GLDMPK?RGML.
&- P?BGM GQ GLFCPCLRJW JCQQ QS@HCAR RM LMGQC DPMK QRP?W P?BGM QMSPACQ RF?L !- P?BGM. 4FC PC?QML GQ RF?R ?KNJGRSBCQ MD U?TCQ ?BB. 3M ?L !- PCACGTCP
UMSJB GLRCPNPCR LMGQC ?BBCB MLRM RFC ?KNJGRSBC MD GRQ A?PPGCP U?TC ?Q N?PR MD RFC GLDMPK?RGML. !L &- PCACGTCP A?L @C K?BC RM PCHCAR ?KNJGRSBCQ MRFCP
RF?L RF?R MD RFC @?QGA A?PPGCP U?TC ?LB MLJW JMMI DMP T?PG?RGMLQ GL DPCOSCLAW. )R GQ RFSQ C?QGCP RM PCHCAR LMGQC DPMK &-, QGLAC LMGQC NPMBSACQ ? T?PG?RGML
GL ?KNJGRSBC.
-;B;L?I?ED GQ ?JQM @PM?BA?QR ML CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ. 3GLAC RFC U?TCQ KSQR A?PPW ? EPC?R BC?J MD TGQS?J ?Q UCJJ ?Q ?SBGM GLDMPK?RGML, C?AF AF?LLCJ
PCOSGPCQ ? J?PECP P?LEC MD DPCOSCLAGCQ RF?L QGKNJC P?BGM RP?LQKGQQGML. 46 AF?LLCJQ SRGJGXC DPCOSCLAGCQ GL RFC P?LEC MD 54 RM 88 -(X ?LB 174 RM 222
-(X. (4FC CLRGPC &- P?BGM @?LB JGCQ @CRUCCL AF?LLCJQ 88 -(X ?LB 174 -(X.) 4FCQC 46 AF?LLCJQ ?PC A?JJCB 6(& (DMP L;HO >?=> <H;GK;D9O). /RFCP
AF?LLCJQ A?JJCB 5(& (DMP KBJH7 >?=> <H;GK;D9O) SRGJGXC ?L CTCL FGEFCP DPCOSCLAW P?LEC MD 470 RM 1000 -(X.
4FC 46 TGBCM QGEL?J GQ !-, UFGJC RFC 46 ?SBGM GQ &-. .MRC RF?R RFCQC DPCOSCLAGCQ ?PC RFMQC MD DPCC RP?LQKGQQGML UGRF RFC SQCP SRGJGXGLE ?L MJB-
D?QFGMLCB PMMD ?LRCLL?. 3?RCJJGRC BGQFCQ ?LB A?@JC RP?LQKGQQGML MD 46 MAASPQ ?R QGELGDGA?LRJW FGEFCP DPCOSCLAGCQ ?LB GQ P?NGBJW CTMJTGLE UGRF RFC SQC MD
RFC FGEF-BCDGLGRGML MP ($ DMPK?R.
EN7CFB; 24.2 C7B9KB7J?D= 07L;B;D=J>I E< +7:?E 07L;I
#?JASJ?RC RFC U?TCJCLERFQ MD ? 1530-I(X !- P?BGM QGEL?J, ? 105.1--(X &- P?BGM QGEL?J, ?LB ? 1.90-'(X ACJJ NFMLC QGEL?J.
,JH7J;=O
4FC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL U?TCJCLERF ?LB DPCOSCLAW GQ c = f , UFCPC c = 3.0010
8
m/ s GQ RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR (RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR GQ MLJW TCPW
QJGEFRJW QK?JJCP GL ?GP RF?L GR GQ GL ? T?ASSK). 7C A?L PC?PP?LEC RFGQ COS?RGML RM DGLB RFC U?TCJCLERF DMP ?JJ RFPCC DPCOSCLAGCQ.
,EBKJ?ED
2C?PP?LEGLE EGTCQ
(24.7)
=
c
f
.
(?) &MP RFC f = 1530 kHz !- P?BGM QGEL?J, RFCL,
(24.8)
=
3.0010
8
m/s
153010
3
cycles/s
= 196 m.
(@) &MP RFC f = 105.1 MHz &- P?BGM QGEL?J,
(24.9)
=
3.0010
8
m/s
105.110
6
cycles/s
= 2.85 m.
(A) !LB DMP RFC f = 1.90 GHz ACJJ NFMLC,
(24.10)
=
3.0010
8
m/s
1.9010
9
cycles/s
= 0.158 m.
D?I9KII?ED
#(!04%2 24 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# 7!6%3 867
4FCQC U?TCJCLERFQ ?PC AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC QNCARPSK GL F?=KH; 24.9. 4FC U?TCJCLERFQ ?PC ?JQM PCJ?RCB RM MRFCP NPMNCPRGCQ MD RFCQC
CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ, ?Q UC QF?JJ QCC.
4FC U?TCJCLERFQ DMSLB GL RFC NPCACBGLE CV?KNJC ?PC PCNPCQCLR?RGTC MD !-, &-, ?LB ACJJ NFMLCQ, ?LB ?AAMSLR DMP QMKC MD RFC BGDDCPCLACQ GL FMU RFCW
?PC @PM?BA?QR ?LB FMU UCJJ RFCW RP?TCJ. 4FC KMQR CDDGAGCLR JCLERF DMP ? JGLC?P ?LRCLL?, QSAF ?Q BGQASQQCB GL )HE:K9J?ED E< EB;9JHEC7=D;J?9 07L;I,
GQ / 2 , F?JD RFC U?TCJCLERF MD RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC. 4FSQ ? TCPW J?PEC ?LRCLL? GQ LCCBCB RM CDDGAGCLRJW @PM?BA?QR RWNGA?J !- P?BGM UGRF GRQ
A?PPGCP U?TCJCLERFQ ML RFC MPBCP MD FSLBPCBQ MD KCRCPQ.
/LC @CLCDGR RM RFCQC JMLE !- U?TCJCLERFQ GQ RF?R RFCW A?L EM MTCP ?LB ?PMSLB P?RFCP J?PEC M@QR?AJCQ (JGIC @SGJBGLEQ ?LB FGJJQ), HSQR ?Q MAC?L U?TCQ
A?L EM ?PMSLB J?PEC PMAIQ. &- ?LB 46 ?PC @CQR PCACGTCB UFCL RFCPC GQ ? JGLC MD QGEFR @CRUCCL RFC @PM?BA?QR ?LRCLL? ?LB PCACGTCP, ?LB RFCW ?PC MDRCL
QCLR DPMK TCPW R?JJ QRPSARSPCQ. &-, 46, ?LB KM@GJC NFMLC ?LRCLL?Q RFCKQCJTCQ ?PC KSAF QK?JJCP RF?L RFMQC SQCB DMP !-, @SR RFCW ?PC CJCT?RCB RM
?AFGCTC ?L SLM@QRPSARCB JGLC MD QGEFR. (3CC F?=KH; 24.14.)
F?=KH; 24.14 (?) ! J?PEC RMUCP GQ SQCB RM @PM?BA?QR 46 QGEL?JQ. 4FC ?ARS?J ?LRCLL?Q ?PC QK?JJ QRPSARSPCQ ML RMN MD RFC RMUCPrRFCW ?PC NJ?ACB ?R EPC?R FCGEFRQ RM F?TC ? AJC?P
JGLC MD QGEFR MTCP ? J?PEC @PM?BA?QR ?PC?. (APCBGR: /XGXM, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ) (@) 4FC .44 $MIMKM KM@GJC NFMLC RMUCP ?R 4MIMPMX?U? #GRW, *?N?L. (APCBGR: RMIMPMRCL,
7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
2?BGM 7?TC )LRCPDCPCLAC
!QRPMLMKCPQ ?LB ?QRPMNFWQGAGQRQ AMJJCAR QGEL?JQ DPMK MSRCP QN?AC SQGLE CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ. ! AMKKML NPM@JCK DMP ?QRPMNFWQGAGQRQ GQ RFC
uNMJJSRGMLv DPMK CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML NCPT?BGLE MSP QSPPMSLBGLEQ DPMK AMKKSLGA?RGML QWQRCKQ GL ECLCP?J. %TCL CTCPWB?W E?BECRQ JGIC MSP A?P
ICWQ F?TGLE RFC D?AGJGRW RM JMAI A?P BMMPQ PCKMRCJW ?LB @CGLE ?@JC RM RSPL 46Q ML ?LB MDD SQGLE PCKMRCQ GLTMJTC P?BGM-U?TC DPCOSCLAGCQ. )L MPBCP RM
NPCTCLR GLRCPDCPCLAC @CRUCCL ?JJ RFCQC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA QGEL?JQ, QRPGAR PCESJ?RGMLQ ?PC BP?UL SN DMP BGDDCPCLR MPE?LGX?RGMLQ RM SRGJGXC BGDDCPCLR P?BGM
DPCOSCLAW @?LBQ.
/LC PC?QML UFW UC ?PC QMKCRGKCQ ?QICB RM QUGRAF MDD MSP KM@GJC NFMLCQ (MNCP?RGLE GL RFC P?LEC MD 1.9 '(X) ML ?GPNJ?LCQ ?LB GL FMQNGR?JQ GQ RF?R
GKNMPR?LR AMKKSLGA?RGMLQ MP KCBGA?J COSGNKCLR MDRCL SQCQ QGKGJ?P P?BGM DPCOSCLAGCQ ?LB RFCGP MNCP?RGML A?L @C ?DDCARCB @W DPCOSCLAGCQ SQCB GL RFC
AMKKSLGA?RGML BCTGACQ.
&MP CV?KNJC, P?BGM U?TCQ SQCB GL K?ELCRGA PCQML?LAC GK?EGLE (-2)) F?TC DPCOSCLAGCQ ML RFC MPBCP MD 100 -(X, ?JRFMSEF RFGQ T?PGCQ QGELGDGA?LRJW
BCNCLBGLE ML RFC QRPCLERF MD RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB SQCB ?LB RFC LSAJC?P RWNC @CGLE QA?LLCB. -2) GQ ?L GKNMPR?LR KCBGA?J GK?EGLE ?LB PCQC?PAF RMMJ,
NPMBSAGLE FGEFJW BCR?GJCB RUM- ?LB RFPCC-BGKCLQGML?J GK?ECQ. 2?BGM U?TCQ ?PC @PM?BA?QR, ?@QMP@CB, ?LB PCCKGRRCB GL ? PCQML?LAC NPMACQQ RF?R GQ
QCLQGRGTC RM RFC BCLQGRW MD LSAJCG (SQS?JJW NPMRMLQ MP FWBPMECL LSAJCG).
4FC U?TCJCLERF MD 100--(X P?BGM U?TCQ GQ 3 K, WCR SQGLE RFC QCLQGRGTGRW MD RFC PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAW RM RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF, BCR?GJQ QK?JJCP RF?L
? KGJJGKCRCP A?L @C GK?ECB. 4FGQ GQ ? EMMB CV?KNJC MD ?L CVACNRGML RM ? PSJC MD RFSK@ (GL RFGQ A?QC, RFC PS@PGA RF?R BCR?GJQ KSAF QK?JJCP RF?L RFC
NPM@CtQ U?TCJCLERF A?LLMR @C BCRCARCB). 4FC GLRCLQGRW MD RFC P?BGM U?TCQ SQCB GL -2) NPCQCLRQ JGRRJC MP LM F?X?PB RM FSK?L FC?JRF.
-GAPMU?TCQ
&?9HEM7L;I ?PC RFC FGEFCQR-DPCOSCLAW CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ RF?R A?L @C NPMBSACB @W ASPPCLRQ GL K?APMQAMNGA AGPASGRQ ?LB BCTGACQ. -GAPMU?TC
DPCOSCLAGCQ P?LEC DPMK ?@MSR 10
9
Hz RM RFC FGEFCQR NP?ARGA?J LC PCQML?LAC ?R LC?PJW 10
12
Hz . 3GLAC RFCW F?TC FGEF DPCOSCLAGCQ, RFCGP
U?TCJCLERFQ ?PC QFMPR AMKN?PCB UGRF RFMQC MD MRFCP P?BGM U?TCQrFCLAC RFC L?KC uKGAPMU?TC.v
-GAPMU?TCQ A?L ?JQM @C NPMBSACB @W ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ. 4FCW ?PC, DMP CV?KNJC, ? AMKNMLCLR MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML ECLCP?RCB @W J>;HC7B
7=?J7J?ED. 4FC RFCPK?J KMRGML MD ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ GL ?LW M@HCAR ?R ? RCKNCP?RSPC ?@MTC ?@QMJSRC XCPM A?SQCQ RFCK RM CKGR ?LB ?@QMP@ P?BG?RGML.
3GLAC GR GQ NMQQG@JC RM A?PPW KMPC GLDMPK?RGML NCP SLGR RGKC ML FGEF DPCOSCLAGCQ, KGAPMU?TCQ ?PC OSGRC QSGR?@JC DMP AMKKSLGA?RGMLQ. -MQR Q?RCJJGRC-
RP?LQKGRRCB GLDMPK?RGML GQ A?PPGCB ML KGAPMU?TCQ, ?Q ?PC J?LB-@?QCB JMLE-BGQR?LAC RP?LQKGQQGMLQ. ! AJC?P JGLC MD QGEFR @CRUCCL RP?LQKGRRCP ?LB
PCACGTCP GQ LCCBCB @CA?SQC MD RFC QFMPR U?TCJCLERFQ GLTMJTCB.
+7:7H GQ ? AMKKML ?NNJGA?RGML MD KGAPMU?TCQ RF?R U?Q DGPQR BCTCJMNCB GL 7MPJB 7?P )). "W BCRCARGLE ?LB RGKGLE KGAPMU?TC CAFMCQ, P?B?P QWQRCKQ
A?L BCRCPKGLC RFC BGQR?LAC RM M@HCARQ ?Q BGTCPQC ?Q AJMSBQ ?LB ?GPAP?DR. ! $MNNJCP QFGDR GL RFC P?B?P CAFM A?L @C SQCB RM BCRCPKGLC RFC QNCCB MD ? A?P
MP RFC GLRCLQGRW MD ? P?GLQRMPK. 3MNFGQRGA?RCB P?B?P QWQRCKQ ?PC SQCB RM K?N RFC %?PRF ?LB MRFCP NJ?LCRQ, UGRF ? PCQMJSRGML JGKGRCB @W U?TCJCLERF.
(3CC F?=KH; 24.15.) 4FC QFMPRCP RFC U?TCJCLERF MD ?LW NPM@C, RFC QK?JJCP RFC BCR?GJ GR GQ NMQQG@JC RM M@QCPTC.
868 #(!04%2 24 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# 7!6%3
F?=KH; 24.15 !L GK?EC MD 3GD -MLQ UGRF J?T? DJMUQ ML 6CLSQ, @?QCB ML -?ECJJ?L QWLRFCRGA ?NCPRSPC P?B?P B?R? AMK@GLCB UGRF P?B?P ?JRGKCRPW RM NPMBSAC ? RFPCC-BGKCLQGML?J
K?N MD RFC QSPD?AC. 4FC 6CLSQG?L ?RKMQNFCPC GQ MN?OSC RM TGQG@JC JGEFR, @SR LMR RM RFC KGAPMU?TCQ RF?R UCPC SQCB RM APC?RC RFGQ GK?EC. (APCBGR: .33$#, .!3!/*0,)
(C?RGLE UGRF -GAPMU?TCQ
(MU BMCQ RFC S@GOSGRMSQ KGAPMU?TC MTCL NPMBSAC KGAPMU?TCQ CJCARPMLGA?JJW, ?LB UFW BMCQ DMMB ?@QMP@ RFCK NPCDCPCLRG?JJW? -GAPMU?TCQ ?R ?
DPCOSCLAW MD 2.45 '(X ?PC NPMBSACB @W ?AACJCP?RGLE CJCARPMLQ. 4FC KGAPMU?TCQ ?PC RFCL SQCB RM GLBSAC ?L ?JRCPL?RGLE CJCARPGA DGCJB GL RFC MTCL.
7?RCP ?LB QMKC MRFCP AMLQRGRSCLRQ MD DMMB F?TC ? QJGEFRJW LCE?RGTC AF?PEC ?R MLC CLB ?LB ? QJGEFRJW NMQGRGTC AF?PEC ?R MLC CLB (A?JJCB NMJ?P
KMJCASJCQ). 4FC P?LEC MD KGAPMU?TC DPCOSCLAGCQ GQ QNCAG?JJW QCJCARCB QM RF?R RFC NMJ?P KMJCASJCQ, GL RPWGLE RM ICCN MPGCLRGLE RFCKQCJTCQ UGRF RFC
CJCARPGA DGCJB, ?@QMP@ RFCQC CLCPEGCQ ?LB GLAPC?QC RFCGP RCKNCP?RSPCQrA?JJCB BGCJCARPGA FC?RGLE.
4FC CLCPEW RFCPC@W ?@QMP@CB PCQSJRQ GL RFCPK?J ?EGR?RGML FC?RGLE DMMB ?LB LMR RFC NJ?RC, UFGAF BMCQ LMR AMLR?GL U?RCP. (MR QNMRQ GL RFC DMMB ?PC
PCJ?RCB RM AMLQRPSARGTC ?LB BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPLQ. 2MR?RGLE ?LRCLL?Q ?LB DMMB RSPLR?@JCQ FCJN QNPC?B MSR RFC FMR QNMRQ.
!LMRFCP SQC MD KGAPMU?TCQ DMP FC?RGLE GQ UGRFGL RFC FSK?L @MBW. -GAPMU?TCQ UGJJ NCLCRP?RC KMPC RF?L QFMPRCP U?TCJCLERFQ GLRM RGQQSC ?LB QM A?L
?AAMKNJGQF uBCCN FC?RGLEv (A?JJCB KGAPMU?TC BG?RFCPKW). 4FGQ GQ SQCB DMP RPC?RGLE KSQASJ?P N?GLQ, QN?QKQ, RCLBMLGRGQ, ?LB PFCSK?RMGB ?PRFPGRGQ.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLRr-GAPMU?TC /TCLQ
1. ,MMI ?R RFC BMMP MD ? KGAPMU?TC MTCL. $CQAPG@C RFC QRPSARSPC MD RFC BMMP. 7FW GQ RFCPC ? KCR?J EPGB ML RFC BMMP? (MU BMCQ RFC QGXC MD RFC
FMJCQ GL RFC EPGB AMKN?PC UGRF RFC U?TCJCLERFQ MD KGAPMU?TCQ SQCB GL KGAPMU?TC MTCLQ? 7F?R GQ RFGQ U?TCJCLERF?
2. 0J?AC ? EJ?QQ MD U?RCP (?@MSR 250 KJ) GL RFC KGAPMU?TC ?LB FC?R GR DMP 30 QCAMLBQ. -C?QSPC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC E?GL (RFC T ). !QQSKGLE RF?R
RFC NMUCP MSRNSR MD RFC MTCL GQ 1000 7, A?JASJ?RC RFC CDDGAGCLAW MD RFC FC?R-RP?LQDCP NPMACQQ.
3. 2CKMTC RFC PMR?RGLE RSPLR?@JC MP KMTGLE NJ?RC ?LB NJ?AC ? ASN MD U?RCP GL QCTCP?J NJ?ACQ ?JMLE ? JGLC N?P?JJCJ UGRF RFC MNCLGLE. (C?R DMP 30
QCAMLBQ ?LB KC?QSPC RFC T DMP C?AF NMQGRGML. $M WMS QCC A?QCQ MD BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC?
-GAPMU?TCQ ECLCP?RCB @W ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ D?P ?U?W GL RGKC ?LB QN?AC A?L @C PCACGTCB ?LB BCRCARCB @W CJCARPMLGA AGPASGRQ. $CCN QN?AC ?ARQ JGIC
? @J?AI@MBW UGRF ? 2.7 + RCKNCP?RSPC, P?BG?RGLE KMQR MD GRQ CLCPEW GL RFC KGAPMU?TC DPCOSCLAW P?LEC. )L 1964, 0CLXG?Q ?LB 7GJQML BCRCARCB RFGQ
P?BG?RGML ?LB CTCLRS?JJW PCAMELGXCB RF?R GR U?Q RFC P?BG?RGML MD RFC "GE "?LEtQ AMMJCB PCKL?LRQ.
)LDP?PCB 2?BG?RGML
4FC KGAPMU?TC ?LB GLDP?PCB PCEGMLQ MD RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA QNCARPSK MTCPJ?N (QCC F?=KH; 24.9). "D<H7H;: H7:?7J?ED GQ ECLCP?JJW NPMBSACB @W RFCPK?J
KMRGML ?LB RFC TG@P?RGML ?LB PMR?RGML MD ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ. %JCARPMLGA RP?LQGRGMLQ GL ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ A?L ?JQM NPMBSAC GLDP?PCB P?BG?RGML.
4FC P?LEC MD GLDP?PCB DPCOSCLAGCQ CVRCLBQ SN RM RFC JMUCP JGKGR MD TGQG@JC JGEFR, HSQR @CJMU PCB. )L D?AR, GLDP?PCB KC?LQ u@CJMU PCB.v &PCOSCLAGCQ ?R GRQ
SNNCP JGKGR ?PC RMM FGEF RM @C NPMBSACB @W ?AACJCP?RGLE CJCARPMLQ GL AGPASGRQ, @SR QK?JJ QWQRCKQ, QSAF ?Q ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ, A?L TG@P?RC D?QR CLMSEF
RM NPMBSAC RFCQC U?TCQ.
7?RCP KMJCASJCQ PMR?RC ?LB TG@P?RC N?PRGASJ?PJW UCJJ ?R GLDP?PCB DPCOSCLAGCQ, CKGRRGLE ?LB ?@QMP@GLE RFCK QM CDDGAGCLRJW RF?R RFC CKGQQGTGRW DMP QIGL GQ
e = 0.97 GL RFC GLDP?PCB. .GEFR-TGQGML QAMNCQ A?L BCRCAR RFC GLDP?PCB CKGRRCB @W T?PGMSQ U?PK M@HCARQ, GLAJSBGLE FSK?LQ, ?LB AMLTCPR GR RM TGQG@JC
JGEFR.
7C A?L CV?KGLC P?BG?LR FC?R RP?LQDCP DPMK ? FMSQC @W SQGLE ? A?KCP? A?N?@JC MD BCRCARGLE GLDP?PCB P?BG?RGML. 2CAMLL?GQQ?LAC Q?RCJJGRCQ A?L BCRCAR
@SGJBGLEQ, TCFGAJCQ, ?LB CTCL GLBGTGBS?J FSK?LQ @W RFCGP GLDP?PCB CKGQQGMLQ, UFMQC NMUCP P?BG?RGML GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC DMSPRF NMUCP MD RFC ?@QMJSRC
RCKNCP?RSPC. -MPC KSLB?LCJW, UC SQC GLDP?PCB J?KNQ, QMKC MD UFGAF ?PC A?JJCB OS?PRX FC?RCPQ, RM NPCDCPCLRG?JJW U?PK SQ @CA?SQC UC ?@QMP@ GLDP?PCB
@CRRCP RF?L MSP QSPPMSLBGLEQ.
4FC 3SL P?BG?RCQ JGIC ? LC?PJW NCPDCAR @J?AI@MBW (RF?R GQ, GR F?Q e = 1 ), UGRF ? 6000 + QSPD?AC RCKNCP?RSPC. !@MSR F?JD MD RFC QMJ?P CLCPEW ?PPGTGLE ?R
RFC %?PRF GQ GL RFC GLDP?PCB PCEGML, UGRF KMQR MD RFC PCQR GL RFC TGQG@JC N?PR MD RFC QNCARPSK, ?LB ? PCJ?RGTCJW QK?JJ ?KMSLR GL RFC SJRP?TGMJCR. /L ?TCP?EC,
50 NCPACLR MD RFC GLAGBCLR QMJ?P CLCPEW GQ ?@QMP@CB @W RFC %?PRF.
4FC PCJ?RGTCJW AMLQR?LR RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC %?PRF GQ ? PCQSJR MD RFC CLCPEW @?J?LAC @CRUCCL RFC GLAMKGLE QMJ?P P?BG?RGML ?LB RFC CLCPEW P?BG?RCB DPMK
RFC %?PRF. -MQR MD RFC GLDP?PCB P?BG?RGML CKGRRCB DPMK RFC %?PRF GQ ?@QMP@CB @W CO
2
?LB H
2
O GL RFC ?RKMQNFCPC ?LB RFCL P?BG?RCB @?AI RM %?PRF
MP GLRM MSRCP QN?AC. 4FGQ P?BG?RGML @?AI RM %?PRF GQ ILMUL ?Q RFC EPCCLFMSQC CDDCAR, ?LB GR K?GLR?GLQ RFC QSPD?AC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC %?PRF ?@MSR
40C FGEFCP RF?L GR UMSJB @C GD RFCPC GQ LM ?@QMPNRGML. 3MKC QAGCLRGQRQ RFGLI RF?R RFC GLAPC?QCB AMLACLRP?RGML MD CO
2
?LB MRFCP EPCCLFMSQC E?QCQ
GL RFC ?RKMQNFCPC, PCQSJRGLE DPMK GLAPC?QCQ GL DMQQGJ DSCJ @SPLGLE, F?Q GLAPC?QCB EJM@?J ?TCP?EC RCKNCP?RSPCQ.
#(!04%2 24 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# 7!6%3 869
6GQG@JC ,GEFR
/?I?8B; B?=>J GQ RFC L?PPMU QCEKCLR MD RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA QNCARPSK RM UFGAF RFC LMPK?J FSK?L CWC PCQNMLBQ. 6GQG@JC JGEFR GQ NPMBSACB @W TG@P?RGMLQ
?LB PMR?RGMLQ MD ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ, ?Q UCJJ ?Q @W CJCARPMLGA RP?LQGRGMLQ UGRFGL ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ. 4FC PCACGTCPQ MP BCRCARMPQ MD JGEFR J?PECJW
SRGJGXC CJCARPMLGA RP?LQGRGMLQ. 7C Q?W RFC ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ ?PC CVAGRCB UFCL RFCW ?@QMP@ ?LB PCJ?V UFCL RFCW CKGR RFPMSEF CJCARPMLGA RP?LQGRGMLQ.
F?=KH; 24.16 QFMUQ RFGQ N?PR MD RFC QNCARPSK, RMECRFCP UGRF RFC AMJMPQ ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF N?PRGASJ?P NSPC U?TCJCLERFQ. 7C SQS?JJW PCDCP RM TGQG@JC JGEFR ?Q
F?TGLE U?TCJCLERFQ MD @CRUCCL 400 LK ?LB 750 LK. (4FC PCRGL? MD RFC CWC ?ARS?JJW PCQNMLBQ RM RFC JMUCQR SJRP?TGMJCR DPCOSCLAGCQ, @SR RFCQC BM LMR
LMPK?JJW PC?AF RFC PCRGL? @CA?SQC RFCW ?PC ?@QMP@CB @W RFC AMPLC? ?LB JCLQ MD RFC CWC.)
2CB JGEFR F?Q RFC JMUCQR DPCOSCLAGCQ ?LB JMLECQR U?TCJCLERFQ, UFGJC TGMJCR F?Q RFC FGEFCQR DPCOSCLAGCQ ?LB QFMPRCQR U?TCJCLERFQ. "J?AI@MBW
P?BG?RGML DPMK RFC 3SL NC?IQ GL RFC TGQG@JC N?PR MD RFC QNCARPSK @SR GQ KMPC GLRCLQC GL RFC PCB RF?L GL RFC TGMJCR, K?IGLE RFC 3SL WCJJMUGQF GL
?NNC?P?LAC.
F?=KH; 24.16 ! QK?JJ N?PR MD RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA QNCARPSK RF?R GLAJSBCQ GRQ TGQG@JC AMKNMLCLRQ. 4FC BGTGQGMLQ @CRUCCL GLDP?PCB, TGQG@JC, ?LB SJRP?TGMJCR ?PC LMR NCPDCARJW BGQRGLAR,
LMP ?PC RFMQC @CRUCCL RFC QCTCL P?GL@MU AMJMPQ.
,GTGLE RFGLEQrNJ?LRQ ?LB ?LGK?JQrF?TC CTMJTCB RM SRGJGXC ?LB PCQNMLB RM N?PRQ MD RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA QNCARPSK RFCW ?PC CK@CBBCB GL. 6GQG@JC JGEFR
GQ RFC KMQR NPCBMKGL?LR ?LB UC CLHMW RFC @C?SRW MD L?RSPC RFPMSEF TGQG@JC JGEFR. 0J?LRQ ?PC KMPC QCJCARGTC. 0FMRMQWLRFCQGQ K?ICQ SQC MD N?PRQ MD RFC
TGQG@JC QNCARPSK RM K?IC QSE?PQ.
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$SPGLE J?QCP TGQGML AMPPCARGML, ? @PGCD @SPQR MD 193-LK SJRP?TGMJCR JGEFR GQ NPMHCARCB MLRM RFC AMPLC? MD ? N?RGCLR. )R K?ICQ ? QNMR 0.80 KK GL
BG?KCRCP ?LB CT?NMP?RCQ ? J?WCP MD AMPLC? 0.30 m RFGAI. #?JASJ?RC RFC CLCPEW ?@QMP@CB, ?QQSKGLE RFC AMPLC?J RGQQSC F?Q RFC Q?KC NPMNCPRGCQ
?Q U?RCP; GR GQ GLGRG?JJW ?R 34C. !QQSKC RFC CT?NMP?RCB RGQQSC JC?TCQ ?R ? RCKNCP?RSPC MD 100C.
,JH7J;=O
4FC CLCPEW DPMK RFC J?QCP JGEFR EMCQ RMU?PB P?GQGLE RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC RGQQSC ?LB ?JQM RMU?PB CT?NMP?RGLE GR. 4FSQ UC F?TC RUM ?KMSLRQ MD
FC?R RM ?BB RMECRFCP. !JQM, UC LCCB RM DGLB RFC K?QQ MD AMPLC?J RGQQSC GLTMJTCB.
,EBKJ?ED
4M DGESPC MSR RFC FC?R PCOSGPCB RM P?GQC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC RGQQSC RM 100C, UC A?L ?NNJW AMLACNRQ MD RFCPK?J CLCPEW. 7C ILMU RF?R
(24.11) Q = mcT,
UFCPC 1 GQ RFC FC?R PCOSGPCB RM P?GQC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC, T GQ RFC BCQGPCB AF?LEC GL RCKNCP?RSPC, m GQ RFC K?QQ MD RGQQSC RM @C FC?RCB, ?LB c
GQ RFC QNCAGDGA FC?R MD U?RCP COS?J RM 4186 */IE/+.
7GRFMSR ILMUGLE RFC K?QQ m ?R RFGQ NMGLR, UC F?TC
(24.12)
Q = m(4186 J/kg/K)(100C 34C) = m(276,276 J/kg) = m(276 kJ/kg).
4FC J?RCLR FC?R MD T?NMPGX?RGML MD U?RCP GQ 2256 I*/IE, QM RF?R RFC CLCPEW LCCBCB RM CT?NMP?RC K?QQ m GQ
(24.13)
Q
v
= mL
v
= m(2256 kJ/kg).
4M DGLB RFC K?QQ m, UC SQC RFC COS?RGML = m/ V, UFCPC GQ RFC BCLQGRW MD RFC RGQQSC ?LB V GQ GRQ TMJSKC. &MP RFGQ A?QC,
(24.14) m = V
= (1000 kg/m
3
)(areathickness(m
3
))
= (1000 kg/m
3
)((0.8010
3
m)
2
/ 4)(0.3010
6
m)
= 0.15110
9
kg.
4FCPCDMPC, RFC RMR?J CLCPEW ?@QMP@CB @W RFC RGQQSC GL RFC CWC GQ RFC QSK MD Q ?LB Q
v
:
(24.15)
Q
tot
= m(cT + L
v
) = (0.15110
9
kg)(276 kJ/kg + 2256 kJ/kg) = 38210
9
kJ.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC J?QCPQ SQCB DMP RFGQ CWC QSPECPW ?PC CVAGKCP J?QCPQ, UFMQC JGEFR GQ UCJJ ?@QMP@CB @W @GMJMEGA?J RGQQSC. 4FCW CT?NMP?RC P?RFCP RF?L @SPL RFC
RGQQSC, ?LB A?L @C SQCB DMP NPCAGQGML UMPI. -MQR J?QCPQ SQCB DMP RFGQ RWNC MD CWC QSPECPW F?TC ?L ?TCP?EC NMUCP P?RGLE MD ?@MSR MLC U?RR. &MP MSP
CV?KNJC, GD UC ?QQSKC RF?R C?AF J?QCP @SPQR DPMK RFGQ NSJQCB J?QCP J?QRQ DMP 10 LQ, ?LB RFCPC ?PC 400 @SPQRQ NCP QCAMLB, RFCL RFC ?TCP?EC NMUCP
GQ Q
tot
400 = 150 mW.
870 #(!04%2 24 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# 7!6%3
/NRGAQ GQ RFC QRSBW MD RFC @CF?TGMP MD TGQG@JC JGEFR ?LB MRFCP DMPKQ MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ. /NRGAQ D?JJQ GLRM RUM BGQRGLAR A?RCEMPGCQ. 7FCL
CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML, QSAF ?Q TGQG@JC JGEFR, GLRCP?ARQ UGRF M@HCARQ RF?R ?PC J?PEC AMKN?PCB UGRF GRQ U?TCJCLERF, GRQ KMRGML A?L @C PCNPCQCLRCB @W
QRP?GEFR JGLCQ JGIC P?WQ. 2?W MNRGAQ GQ RFC QRSBW MD QSAF QGRS?RGMLQ ?LB GLAJSBCQ JCLQCQ ?LB KGPPMPQ.
7FCL CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML GLRCP?ARQ UGRF M@HCARQ ?@MSR RFC Q?KC QGXC ?Q RFC U?TCJCLERF MP QK?JJCP, GRQ U?TC L?RSPC @CAMKCQ ?NN?PCLR. &MP
CV?KNJC, M@QCPT?@JC BCR?GJ GQ JGKGRCB @W RFC U?TCJCLERF, ?LB QM TGQG@JC JGEFR A?L LCTCP BCRCAR GLBGTGBS?J ?RMKQ, @CA?SQC RFCW ?PC QM KSAF QK?JJCP
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4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR: #MJMPQ 4F?R -?RAF
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AMJMPQ ?PC NPCQCLR GL RFCQC?
5JRP?TGMJCR 2?BG?RGML
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TGQG@JC JGEFR. 5JRP?TGMJCR GQ ?JQM NPMBSACB @W ?RMKGA ?LB KMJCASJ?P KMRGMLQ ?LB CJCARPMLGA RP?LQGRGMLQ. 4FC U?TCJCLERFQ MD SJRP?TGMJCR CVRCLB DPMK 400
LK BMUL RM ?@MSR 10 LK ?R GRQ FGEFCQR DPCOSCLAGCQ, UFGAF MTCPJ?N UGRF RFC JMUCQR 8-P?W DPCOSCLAGCQ. )R U?Q PCAMELGXCB ?Q C?PJW ?Q 1801 @W *MF?LL
2GRRCP RF?R RFC QMJ?P QNCARPSK F?B ?L GLTGQG@JC AMKNMLCLR @CWMLB RFC TGMJCR P?LEC.
3MJ?P 56 P?BG?RGML GQ @PM?BJW QS@BGTGBCB GLRM RFPCC PCEGMLQ: 56-! (320q400 LK), 56-" (290q320 LK), ?LB 56-# (220q290 LK), P?LICB DPMK JMLE RM
QFMPRCP U?TCJCLERFQ (DPMK QK?JJCP RM J?PECP CLCPEGCQ). -MQR 56-" ?LB ?JJ 56-# GQ ?@QMP@CB @W MXMLC ( O
3
) KMJCASJCQ GL RFC SNNCP ?RKMQNFCPC.
#MLQCOSCLRJW, 99% MD RFC QMJ?P 56 P?BG?RGML PC?AFGLE RFC %?PRFtQ QSPD?AC GQ 56-!.
(SK?L %VNMQSPC RM 56 2?BG?RGML
)R GQ J?PECJW CVNMQSPC RM 56-" RF?R A?SQCQ QIGL A?LACP. )R GQ CQRGK?RCB RF?R ?Q K?LW ?Q 20% MD ?BSJRQ UGJJ BCTCJMN QIGL A?LACP MTCP RFC AMSPQC MD RFCGP
JGDCRGKC. !E?GL, RPC?RKCLR GQ MDRCL QSAACQQDSJ GD A?SEFR C?PJW. $CQNGRC TCPW JGRRJC 56-" PC?AFGLE RFC %?PRFtQ QSPD?AC, RFCPC ?PC QS@QR?LRG?J GLAPC?QCQ GL
QIGL-A?LACP P?RCQ GL AMSLRPGCQ QSAF ?Q !SQRP?JG?, GLBGA?RGLE FMU GKNMPR?LR GR GQ RF?R 56-" ?LB 56-# AMLRGLSC RM @C ?@QMP@CB @W RFC SNNCP ?RKMQNFCPC.
!JJ 56 P?BG?RGML A?L B?K?EC AMJJ?ECL DG@CPQ, PCQSJRGLE GL ?L ?AACJCP?RGML MD RFC ?EGLE NPMACQQ MD QIGL ?LB RFC DMPK?RGML MD UPGLIJCQ. "CA?SQC RFCPC GQ
QM JGRRJC 56-" ?LB 56-# PC?AFGLE RFC %?PRFtQ QSPD?AC, QSL@SPL GQ A?SQCB @W J?PEC CVNMQSPCQ, ?LB QIGL A?LACP DPMK PCNC?RCB CVNMQSPC. 3MKC QRSBGCQ
GLBGA?RC ? JGLI @CRUCCL MTCPCVNMQSPC RM RFC 3SL UFCL WMSLE ?LB KCJ?LMK? J?RCP GL JGDC.
4FC R?LLGLE PCQNMLQC GQ ? BCDCLQC KCAF?LGQK GL UFGAF RFC @MBW NPMBSACQ NGEKCLRQ RM ?@QMP@ DSRSPC CVNMQSPCQ GL GLCPR QIGL J?WCPQ ?@MTC JGTGLE ACJJQ.
"?QGA?JJW 56-" P?BG?RGML CVAGRCQ $.! KMJCASJCQ, BGQRMPRGLE RFC $.! FCJGV, JC?BGLE RM KSR?RGMLQ ?LB RFC NMQQG@JC DMPK?RGML MD A?LACPMSQ ACJJQ.
2CNC?RCB CVNMQSPC RM 56-" K?W ?JQM JC?B RM RFC DMPK?RGML MD A?R?P?ARQ GL RFC CWCQr? A?SQC MD @JGLBLCQQ ?KMLE NCMNJC JGTGLE GL RFC COS?RMPG?J @CJR
UFCPC KCBGA?J RPC?RKCLR GQ JGKGRCB. #?R?P?ARQ, AJMSBGLE GL RFC CWCtQ JCLQ ?LB ? JMQQ MD TGQGML, ?PC ?EC PCJ?RCB; 60% MD RFMQC @CRUCCL RFC ?ECQ MD 65
?LB 74 UGJJ BCTCJMN A?R?P?ARQ. (MUCTCP, RPC?RKCLR GQ C?QW ?LB QSAACQQDSJ, ?Q MLC PCNJ?ACQ RFC JCLQ MD RFC CWC UGRF ? NJ?QRGA JCLQ. 0PCTCLRGML GQ
GKNMPR?LR. %WC NPMRCARGML DPMK 56 GQ KMPC CDDCARGTC UGRF NJ?QRGA QSLEJ?QQCQ RF?L RFMQC K?BC MD EJ?QQ.
! K?HMP ?ASRC CDDCAR MD CVRPCKC 56 CVNMQSPC GQ RFC QSNNPCQQGML MD RFC GKKSLC QWQRCK, @MRF JMA?JJW ?LB RFPMSEFMSR RFC @MBW.
,MU-GLRCLQGRW SJRP?TGMJCR GQ SQCB RM QRCPGJGXC F?GPASRRGLE GKNJCKCLRQ, GKNJWGLE RF?R RFC CLCPEW ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF SJRP?TGMJCR GQ BCNMQGRCB GL ? K?LLCP
BGDDCPCLR DPMK JMUCP-DPCOSCLAW CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ. (!ARS?JJW RFGQ GQ RPSC DMP ?JJ CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ UGRF DPCOSCLAGCQ EPC?RCP RF?L TGQG@JC JGEFR.)
&J?QF NFMRMEP?NFW GQ ECLCP?JJW LMR ?JJMUCB MD NPCAGMSQ ?PRUMPIQ ?LB AMJMPCB NPGLRQ @CA?SQC RFC 56 P?BG?RGML DPMK RFC DJ?QF A?L A?SQC NFMRM-
BCEP?B?RGML GL RFC ?PRUMPIQ. /DRCL ?PRUMPIQ UGJJ F?TC ?L CVRP?-RFGAI J?WCP MD EJ?QQ GL DPMLR MD RFCK, UFGAF GQ CQNCAG?JJW BCQGELCB RM ?@QMP@ 56
P?BG?RGML.
56 ,GEFR ?LB RFC /XMLC ,?WCP
)D ?JJ MD RFC 3SLtQ SJRP?TGMJCR P?BG?RGML PC?AFCB RFC %?PRFtQ QSPD?AC, RFCPC UMSJB @C CVRPCKCJW EP?TC CDDCARQ ML RFC @GMQNFCPC DPMK RFC QCTCPC ACJJ
B?K?EC GR A?SQCQ. (MUCTCP, RFC J?WCP MD MXMLC ( O
3
) GL MSP SNNCP ?RKMQNFCPC (10 RM 50 IK ?@MTC RFC %?PRF) NPMRCARQ JGDC @W ?@QMP@GLE KMQR MD RFC
B?LECPMSQ 56 P?BG?RGML.
5LDMPRSL?RCJW, RMB?W UC ?PC M@QCPTGLE ? BCNJCRGML GL MXMLC AMLACLRP?RGMLQ GL RFC SNNCP ?RKMQNFCPC. 4FGQ BCNJCRGML F?Q JCB RM RFC DMPK?RGML MD ?L
uMXMLC FMJCv GL RFC SNNCP ?RKMQNFCPC. 4FC FMJC GQ KMPC ACLRCPCB MTCP RFC QMSRFCPL FCKGQNFCPC, ?LB AF?LECQ UGRF RFC QC?QMLQ, @CGLE J?PECQR GL RFC
QNPGLE. 4FGQ BCNJCRGML GQ ?RRPG@SRCB RM RFC @PC?IBMUL MD MXMLC KMJCASJCQ @W PCDPGECP?LR E?QCQ A?JJCB AFJMPMDJSMPMA?P@MLQ (#&#Q).
4FC 56 P?BG?RGML FCJNQ BGQQMAG?RC RFC #&#tQ, PCJC?QGLE FGEFJW PC?ARGTC AFJMPGLC (#J) ?RMKQ, UFGAF A?R?JWXC RFC BCQRPSARGML MD RFC MXMLC J?WCP. &MP
CV?KNJC, RFC PC?ARGML MD CFCl
3
UGRF ? NFMRML MD JGEFR (hv) A?L @C UPGRRCL ?Q:
(24.16)
CFCl
3
+ hv CFCl
2
+ Cl.
4FC #J ?RMK RFCL A?R?JWXCQ RFC @PC?IBMUL MD MXMLC ?Q DMJJMUQ:
(24.17)
Cl + O
3
ClO + O
2
and ClO + O
3
Cl + 2O
2
.
! QGLEJC AFJMPGLC ?RMK AMSJB BCQRPMW MXMLC KMJCASJCQ DMP SN RM RUM WC?PQ @CDMPC @CGLE RP?LQNMPRCB BMUL RM RFC QSPD?AC. 4FC #&#Q ?PC PCJ?RGTCJW
QR?@JC ?LB UGJJ AMLRPG@SRC RM MXMLC BCNJCRGML DMP WC?PQ RM AMKC. #&#Q ?PC DMSLB GL PCDPGECP?LRQ, ?GP AMLBGRGMLGLE QWQRCKQ, DM?KQ, ?LB ?CPMQMJQ.
)LRCPL?RGML?J AMLACPL MTCP RFGQ NPM@JCK JCB RM RFC CQR?@JGQFKCLR MD RFC u-MLRPC?J 0PMRMAMJv ?EPCCKCLR (1987) RM NF?QC MSR #&# NPMBSARGML GL KMQR
AMSLRPGCQ. (MUCTCP, BCTCJMNGLE-AMSLRPW N?PRGAGN?RGML GQ LCCBCB GD UMPJBUGBC NPMBSARGML ?LB CJGKGL?RGML MD #&#Q GQ RM @C ?AFGCTCB. 0PM@?@JW RFC
J?PECQR AMLRPG@SRMP RM #&# CKGQQGMLQ RMB?W GQ )LBG?. "SR RFC NPMRMAMJ QCCKQ RM @C UMPIGLE, ?Q RFCPC ?PC QGELQ MD ?L MXMLC PCAMTCPW. (3CC F?=KH;
24.17.)
#(!04%2 24 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# 7!6%3 871
F?=KH; 24.17 4FGQ K?N MD MXMLC AMLACLRP?RGML MTCP !LR?PARGA? GL /ARM@CP 2011 QFMUQ QCTCPC BCNJCRGML QSQNCARCB RM @C A?SQCB @W #&#Q. ,CQQ BP?K?RGA @SR KMPC ECLCP?J
BCNJCRGML F?Q @CCL M@QCPTCB MTCP LMPRFCPL J?RGRSBCQ, QSEECQRGLE RFC CDDCAR GQ EJM@?J. 7GRF JCQQ MXMLC, KMPC SJRP?TGMJCR P?BG?RGML DPMK RFC 3SL PC?AFCQ RFC QSPD?AC, A?SQGLE
KMPC B?K?EC. (APCBGR: .!3! /XMLC 7?RAF)
"CLCDGRQ MD 56 ,GEFR
"CQGBCQ RFC ?BTCPQC CDDCARQ MD SJRP?TGMJCR P?BG?RGML, RFCPC ?PC ?JQM @CLCDGRQ MD CVNMQSPC GL L?RSPC ?LB SQCQ GL RCAFLMJMEW. 6GR?KGL $ NPMBSARGML GL RFC
QIGL (CNGBCPKGQ) PCQSJRQ DPMK CVNMQSPC RM 56" P?BG?RGML, ECLCP?JJW DPMK QSLJGEFR. ! LSK@CP MD QRSBGCQ GLBGA?RC J?AI MD TGR?KGL $ A?L PCQSJR GL RFC
BCTCJMNKCLR MD ? P?LEC MD A?LACPQ (NPMQR?RC, @PC?QR, AMJML), QM ? ACPR?GL ?KMSLR MD 56 CVNMQSPC GQ FCJNDSJ. ,?AI MD TGR?KGL $ GQ ?JQM JGLICB RM
MQRCMNMPMQGQ. %VNMQSPCQ (UGRF LM QSLQAPCCL) MD 10 KGLSRCQ ? B?W RM ?PKQ, D?AC, ?LB JCEQ KGEFR @C QSDDGAGCLR RM NPMTGBC RFC ?AACNRCB BGCR?PW JCTCJ.
(MUCTCP, GL RFC UGLRCP RGKC LMPRF MD ?@MSR 37 J?RGRSBC, KMQR 56" ECRQ @JMAICB @W RFC ?RKMQNFCPC.
56 P?BG?RGML GQ SQCB GL RFC RPC?RKCLR MD GLD?LRGJC H?SLBGAC ?LB GL QMKC QIGL AMLBGRGMLQ. )R GQ ?JQM SQCB GL QRCPGJGXGLE UMPIQN?ACQ ?LB RMMJQ, ?LB IGJJGLE
ECPKQ GL ? UGBC P?LEC MD ?NNJGA?RGMLQ. )R GQ ?JQM SQCB ?Q ?L ?L?JWRGA?J RMMJ RM GBCLRGDW QS@QR?LACQ.
7FCL CVNMQCB RM SJRP?TGMJCR, QMKC QS@QR?LACQ, QSAF ?Q KGLCP?JQ, EJMU GL AF?P?ARCPGQRGA TGQG@JC U?TCJCLERFQ, ? NPMACQQ A?JJCB DJSMPCQACLAC. 3M-A?JJCB
@J?AI JGEFRQ CKGR SJRP?TGMJCR RM A?SQC NMQRCPQ ?LB AJMRFGLE RM DJSMPCQAC GL RFC TGQG@JC. 5JRP?TGMJCR GQ ?JQM SQCB GL QNCAG?J KGAPMQAMNCQ RM BCRCAR BCR?GJQ
QK?JJCP RF?L RFMQC M@QCPT?@JC UGRF JMLECP-U?TCJCLERF TGQG@JC-JGEFR KGAPMQAMNCQ.
4FGLEQ 'PC?R ?LB 3K?JJ: ! 3S@KGAPMQAMNGA 6GCU MD 8-2?W 0PMBSARGML
8-P?WQ A?L @C APC?RCB GL ? FGEF-TMJR?EC BGQAF?PEC. 4FCW ?PC CKGRRCB GL RFC K?RCPG?J QRPSAI @W CJCARPMLQ GL RFC BGQAF?PEC ASPPCLR. 4FCPC ?PC RUM
KCAF?LGQKQ @W UFGAF RFC CJCARPMLQ APC?RC 8-P?WQ.
4FC DGPQR KCRFMB GQ GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 24.18. !L CJCARPML GQ ?AACJCP?RCB GL ?L CT?AS?RCB RS@C @W ? FGEF NMQGRGTC TMJR?EC. 4FC CJCARPML QRPGICQ ?
KCR?J NJ?RC (C.E., AMNNCP) ?LB NPMBSACQ 8-P?WQ. 3GLAC RFGQ GQ ? FGEF-TMJR?EC BGQAF?PEC, RFC CJCARPML E?GLQ QSDDGAGCLR CLCPEW RM GMLGXC RFC ?RMK.
F?=KH; 24.18 !PRGQRtQ AMLACNRGML MD ?L CJCARPML GMLGXGLE ?L ?RMK DMJJMUCB @W RFC PCA?NRSPC MD ?L CJCARPML ?LB CKGQQGML MD ?L 8-P?W. !L CLCPECRGA CJCARPML QRPGICQ ?L ?RMK
?LB ILMAIQ ?L CJCARPML MSR MD MLC MD RFC MP@GRQ AJMQCQR RM RFC LSAJCSQ. ,?RCP, RFC ?RMK A?NRSPCQ ?LMRFCP CJCARPML, ?LB RFC CLCPEW PCJC?QCB @W GRQ D?JJ GLRM ? JMU MP@GR
ECLCP?RCQ ? FGEF-CLCPEW %- U?TC A?JJCB ?L 8-P?W.
)L RFC A?QC QFMUL, ?L GLLCP-QFCJJ CJCARPML (MLC GL ?L MP@GR PCJ?RGTCJW AJMQC RM ?LB RGEFRJW @MSLB RM RFC LSAJCSQ) GQ CHCARCB. ! QFMPR RGKC J?RCP,
?LMRFCP CJCARPML GQ A?NRSPCB ?LB D?JJQ GLRM RFC MP@GR GL ? QGLEJC EPC?R NJSLEC. 4FC CLCPEW PCJC?QCB @W RFGQ D?JJ GQ EGTCL RM ?L %- U?TC ILMUL ?Q ?L
8-P?W. 3GLAC RFC MP@GRQ MD RFC ?RMK ?PC SLGOSC RM RFC RWNC MD ?RMK, RFC CLCPEW MD RFC 8-P?W GQ AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MD RFC ?RMK, FCLAC RFC L?KC
AF?P?ARCPGQRGA 8-P?W.
872 #(!04%2 24 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# 7!6%3
4FC QCAMLB KCRFMB @W UFGAF ?L CLCPECRGA CJCARPML APC?RCQ ?L 8-P?W UFCL GR QRPGICQ ? K?RCPG?J GQ GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 24.19. 4FC CJCARPML
GLRCP?ARQ UGRF AF?PECQ GL RFC K?RCPG?J ?Q GR NCLCRP?RCQ. 4FCQC AMJJGQGMLQ RP?LQDCP IGLCRGA CLCPEW DPMK RFC CJCARPML RM RFC CJCARPMLQ ?LB ?RMKQ GL RFC
K?RCPG?J.
F?=KH; 24.19 !PRGQRtQ AMLACNRGML MD ?L CJCARPML @CGLE QJMUCB @W AMJJGQGMLQ GL ? K?RCPG?J ?LB CKGRRGLE 8-P?W P?BG?RGML. 4FGQ CLCPECRGA CJCARPML K?ICQ LSKCPMSQ AMJJGQGMLQ
UGRF CJCARPMLQ ?LB ?RMKQ GL ? K?RCPG?J GR NCLCRP?RCQ. !L ?AACJCP?RCB AF?PEC P?BG?RCQ %- U?TCQ, ? QCAMLB KCRFMB @W UFGAF 8-P?WQ ?PC APC?RCB.
! JMQQ MD IGLCRGA CLCPEW GKNJGCQ ?L ?AACJCP?RGML, GL RFGQ A?QC BCAPC?QGLE RFC CJCARPMLtQ TCJMAGRW. 7FCLCTCP ? AF?PEC GQ ?AACJCP?RCB, GR P?BG?RCQ %-
U?TCQ. 'GTCL RFC FGEF CLCPEW MD RFC CJCARPML, RFCQC %- U?TCQ A?L F?TC FGEF CLCPEW. 7C A?JJ RFCK 8-P?WQ. 3GLAC RFC NPMACQQ GQ P?LBMK, ? @PM?B
QNCARPSK MD 8-P?W CLCPEW GQ CKGRRCB RF?R GQ KMPC AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MD RFC CJCARPML CLCPEW RF?L RFC RWNC MD K?RCPG?J RFC CJCARPML CLAMSLRCPQ. 3SAF %-
P?BG?RGML GQ A?JJCB u@PCKQQRP?FJSLEv ('CPK?L DMP u@P?IGLE P?BG?RGMLv).
8-2?WQ
)L RFC 1850Q, QAGCLRGQRQ (QSAF ?Q &?P?B?W) @CE?L CVNCPGKCLRGLE UGRF FGEF-TMJR?EC CJCARPGA?J BGQAF?PECQ GL RS@CQ DGJJCB UGRF P?PCDGCB E?QCQ. )R U?Q J?RCP
DMSLB RF?R RFCQC BGQAF?PECQ APC?RCB ?L GLTGQG@JC, NCLCRP?RGLE DMPK MD TCPW FGEF DPCOSCLAW CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML. 4FGQ P?BG?RGML U?Q A?JJCB ?L 1-
H7O, @CA?SQC GRQ GBCLRGRW ?LB L?RSPC UCPC SLILMUL.
!Q BCQAPG@CB GL ->?D=I H;7J 7D: ,C7BB, RFCPC ?PC RUM KCRFMBQ @W UFGAF 8-P?WQ ?PC APC?RCBr@MRF ?PC QS@KGAPMQAMNGA NPMACQQCQ ?LB A?L @C
A?SQCB @W FGEF-TMJR?EC BGQAF?PECQ. 7FGJC RFC JMU-DPCOSCLAW CLB MD RFC 8-P?W P?LEC MTCPJ?NQ UGRF RFC SJRP?TGMJCR, 8-P?WQ CVRCLB RM KSAF FGEFCP
DPCOSCLAGCQ (?LB CLCPEGCQ).
8-P?WQ F?TC ?BTCPQC CDDCARQ ML JGTGLE ACJJQ QGKGJ?P RM RFMQC MD SJRP?TGMJCR P?BG?RGML, ?LB RFCW F?TC RFC ?BBGRGML?J JG?@GJGRW MD @CGLE KMPC NCLCRP?RGLE,
?DDCARGLE KMPC RF?L RFC QSPD?AC J?WCPQ MD ACJJQ. #?LACP ?LB ECLCRGA BCDCARQ A?L @C GLBSACB @W CVNMQSPC RM 8-P?WQ. "CA?SQC MD RFCGP CDDCAR ML P?NGBJW
BGTGBGLE ACJJQ, 8-P?WQ A?L ?JQM @C SQCB RM RPC?R ?LB CTCL ASPC A?LACP.
4FC UGBCQR SQC MD 8-P?WQ GQ DMP GK?EGLE M@HCARQ RF?R ?PC MN?OSC RM TGQG@JC JGEFR, QSAF ?Q RFC FSK?L @MBW MP ?GPAP?DR N?PRQ. )L FSK?LQ, RFC PGQI MD ACJJ
B?K?EC GQ UCGEFCB A?PCDSJJW ?E?GLQR RFC @CLCDGR MD RFC BG?ELMQRGA GLDMPK?RGML M@R?GLCB. (MUCTCP, OSCQRGMLQ F?TC PGQCL GL PCACLR WC?PQ ?Q RM
?AAGBCLR?J MTCPCVNMQSPC MD QMKC NCMNJC BSPGLE #4 QA?LQr? KGQR?IC ?R JC?QR GL N?PR BSC RM NMMP KMLGRMPGLE MD P?BG?RGML BMQC.
4FC ?@GJGRW MD 8-P?WQ RM NCLCRP?RC K?RRCP BCNCLBQ ML BCLQGRW, ?LB QM ?L 8-P?W GK?EC A?L PCTC?J TCPW BCR?GJCB BCLQGRW GLDMPK?RGML. F?=KH; 24.20 QFMUQ
?L CV?KNJC MD RFC QGKNJCQR RWNC MD 8-P?W GK?EC, ?L 8-P?W QF?BMU ML DGJK. 4FC ?KMSLR MD GLDMPK?RGML GL ? QGKNJC 8-P?W GK?EC GQ GKNPCQQGTC, @SR KMPC
QMNFGQRGA?RCB RCAFLGOSCQ, QSAF ?Q #4 QA?LQ, A?L PCTC?J RFPCC-BGKCLQGML?J GLDMPK?RGML UGRF BCR?GJQ QK?JJCP RF?L ? KGJJGKCRCP.
F?=KH; 24.20 4FGQ QF?BMU 8-P?W GK?EC QFMUQ K?LW GLRCPCQRGLE DC?RSPCQ, QSAF ?Q ?PRGDGAG?J FC?PR T?JTCQ, ? N?ACK?ICP, ?LB RFC UGPCQ SQCB RM AJMQC RFC QRCPLSK. (APCBGR: 0. 0.
5PMLC)
4FC SQC MD 8-P?W RCAFLMJMEW GL KCBGAGLC GQ A?JJCB P?BGMJMEWr?L CQR?@JGQFCB ?LB PCJ?RGTCJW AFC?N RMMJ GL AMKN?PGQML RM KMPC QMNFGQRGA?RCB
RCAFLMJMEGCQ. #MLQCOSCLRJW, 8-P?WQ ?PC UGBCJW ?T?GJ?@JC ?LB SQCB CVRCLQGTCJW GL KCBGA?J BG?ELMQRGAQ. $SPGLE 7MPJB 7?P ), KM@GJC 8-P?W SLGRQ,
?BTMA?RCB @W -?B?KC -?PGC #SPGC, UCPC SQCB RM BG?ELMQC QMJBGCPQ.
"CA?SQC RFCW A?L F?TC U?TCJCLERFQ JCQQ RF?L 0.01 LK, 8-P?WQ A?L @C QA?RRCPCB (? NPMACQQ A?JJCB 8-P?W BGDDP?ARGML) RM BCRCAR RFC QF?NC MD KMJCASJCQ
?LB RFC QRPSARSPC MD APWQR?JQ. 8-P?W BGDDP?ARGML U?Q APSAG?J RM #PGAI, 7?RQML, ?LB 7GJIGLQ GL RFC BCRCPKGL?RGML MD RFC QF?NC MD RFC BMS@JC-FCJGV $.!
KMJCASJC.
#(!04%2 24 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# 7!6%3 873
8-P?WQ ?PC ?JQM SQCB ?Q ? NPCAGQC RMMJ DMP RP?AC-KCR?J ?L?JWQGQ GL 8-P?W GLBSACB DJSMPCQACLAC, GL UFGAF RFC CLCPEW MD RFC 8-P?W CKGQQGMLQ ?PC PCJ?RCB
RM RFC QNCAGDGA RWNCQ MD CJCKCLRQ ?LB ?KMSLRQ MD K?RCPG?JQ NPCQCLR.
'?KK? 2?WQ
3MML ?DRCP LSAJC?P P?BGM?ARGTGRW U?Q DGPQR BCRCARCB GL 1896, GR U?Q DMSLB RF?R ?R JC?QR RFPCC BGQRGLAR RWNCQ MD P?BG?RGML UCPC @CGLE CKGRRCB. 4FC KMQR
NCLCRP?RGLE LSAJC?P P?BG?RGML U?Q A?JJCB ? =7CC7 H7O ( H7O) (?E?GL ? L?KC EGTCL @CA?SQC GRQ GBCLRGRW ?LB AF?P?ARCP UCPC SLILMUL), ?LB GR U?Q
J?RCP DMSLB RM @C ?L CVRPCKCJW FGEF DPCOSCLAW CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC.
)L D?AR, P?WQ ?PC ?LW CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML CKGRRCB @W ? LSAJCSQ. 4FGQ A?L @C DPMK L?RSP?J LSAJC?P BCA?W MP GLBSACB LSAJC?P NPMACQQCQ GL
LSAJC?P PC?ARMPQ ?LB UC?NMLQ. 4FC JMUCP CLB MD RFC -ray DPCOSCLAW P?LEC MTCPJ?NQ RFC SNNCP CLB MD RFC 8-P?W P?LEC, @SR P?WQ A?L F?TC RFC
FGEFCQR DPCOSCLAW MD ?LW CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML.
'?KK? P?WQ F?TC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ GBCLRGA?J RM 8-P?WQ MD RFC Q?KC DPCOSCLAWrRFCW BGDDCP MLJW GL QMSPAC. !R FGEFCP DPCOSCLAGCQ, P?WQ ?PC KMPC
NCLCRP?RGLE ?LB KMPC B?K?EGLE RM JGTGLE RGQQSC. 4FCW F?TC K?LW MD RFC Q?KC SQCQ ?Q 8-P?WQ, GLAJSBGLE A?LACP RFCP?NW. '?KK? P?BG?RGML DPMK
P?BGM?ARGTC K?RCPG?JQ GQ SQCB GL LSAJC?P KCBGAGLC.
F?=KH; 24.21 QFMUQ ? KCBGA?J GK?EC @?QCB ML P?WQ. &MMB QNMGJ?EC A?L @C EPC?RJW GLFG@GRCB @W CVNMQGLE GR RM J?PEC BMQCQ MD P?BG?RGML, RFCPC@W
M@JGRCP?RGLE PCQNMLQG@JC KGAPMMPE?LGQKQ. $?K?EC RM DMMB ACJJQ RFPMSEF GPP?BG?RGML MAASPQ ?Q UCJJ, ?LB RFC JMLE-RCPK F?X?PBQ MD AMLQSKGLE P?BG?RGML-
NPCQCPTCB DMMB ?PC SLILMUL ?LB AMLRPMTCPQG?J DMP QMKC EPMSNQ. "MRF 8-P?W ?LB -ray RCAFLMJMEGCQ ?PC ?JQM SQCB GL QA?LLGLE JSEE?EC ?R ?GPNMPRQ.
F?=KH; 24.21 4FGQ GQ ?L GK?EC MD RFC P?WQ CKGRRCB @W LSAJCG GL ? AMKNMSLB RF?R GQ AMLACLRP?RCB GL RFC @MLCQ ?LB CJGKGL?RCB RFPMSEF RFC IGBLCWQ. "MLC A?LACP GQ CTGBCLACB
@W LMLSLGDMPK AMLACLRP?RGML GL QGKGJ?P QRPSARSPCQ. &MP CV?KNJC, QMKC PG@Q ?PC B?PICP RF?L MRFCPQ. (APCBGR: 0. 0. 5PMLC)
$CRCARGLE %JCARPMK?ELCRGA 7?TCQ DPMK 3N?AC
! DGL?J LMRC ML QR?P E?XGLE. 4FC CLRGPC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA QNCARPSK GQ SQCB @W PCQC?PAFCPQ DMP GLTCQRGE?RGLE QR?PQ, QN?AC, ?LB RGKC. !Q LMRCB C?PJGCP,
0CLXG?Q ?LB 7GJQML BCRCARCB KGAPMU?TCQ RM GBCLRGDW RFC @?AIEPMSLB P?BG?RGML MPGEGL?RGLE DPMK RFC "GE "?LE. 2?BGM RCJCQAMNCQ QSAF ?Q RFC !PCAG@M
2?BGM 4CJCQAMNC GL 0SCPRM 2GAM ?LB 0?PICQ /@QCPT?RMPW GL !SQRP?JG? UCPC BCQGELCB RM BCRCAR P?BGM U?TCQ.
)LDP?PCB RCJCQAMNCQ LCCB RM F?TC RFCGP BCRCARMPQ AMMJCB @W JGOSGB LGRPMECL RM @C ?@JC RM E?RFCP SQCDSJ QGEL?JQ. 3GLAC GLDP?PCB P?BG?RGML GQ NPCBMKGL?LRJW
DPMK RFCPK?J ?EGR?RGML, GD RFC BCRCARMPQ UCPC LMR AMMJCB, RFC TG@P?RGMLQ MD RFC KMJCASJCQ GL RFC ?LRCLL? UMSJB @C QRPMLECP RF?L RFC QGEL?J @CGLE
AMJJCARCB.
874 #(!04%2 24 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# 7!6%3
4FC KMQR D?KMSQ MD RFCQC GLDP?PCB QCLQGRGTC RCJCQAMNCQ GQ RFC *?KCQ #JCPI -?VUCJJ 4CJCQAMNC GL (?U?GG. 4FC C?PJGCQR RCJCQAMNCQ, BCTCJMNCB GL RFC
QCTCLRCCLRF ACLRSPW, UCPC MNRGA?J RCJCQAMNCQ, AMJJCARGLE TGQG@JC JGEFR. 4CJCQAMNCQ GL RFC SJRP?TGMJCR, 8-P?W, ?LB -P?W PCEGMLQ ?PC NJ?ACB MSRQGBC RFC
?RKMQNFCPC ML Q?RCJJGRCQ MP@GRGLE RFC %?PRF.
4FC (S@@JC 3N?AC 4CJCQAMNC (J?SLAFCB GL 1990) E?RFCPQ SJRP?TGMJCR P?BG?RGML ?Q UCJJ ?Q TGQG@JC JGEFR. )L RFC 8-P?W PCEGML, RFCPC GQ RFC #F?LBP? 8-P?W
/@QCPT?RMPW (J?SLAFCB GL 1999), ?LB GL RFC -P?W PCEGML, RFCPC GQ RFC LCU &CPKG '?KK?-P?W 3N?AC 4CJCQAMNC (J?SLAFCB GL 2008rR?IGLE RFC NJ?AC
MD RFC #MKNRML '?KK? 2?W /@QCPT?RMPW, 1991q2000.).
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: #MJMP 6GQGML
-?IC ? UFMJC P?GL@MU @W KGVGLE PCB, EPCCL, ?LB @JSC JGEFR. #F?LEC RFC U?TCJCLERF MD ? KMLMAFPMK?RGA @C?K MP DGJRCP UFGRC JGEFR. 6GCU RFC JGEFR
?Q ? QMJGB @C?K, MP QCC RFC GLBGTGBS?J NFMRMLQ.
F?=KH; 24.22 CEBEH /?I?ED (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42444/1.6/9EBEH-L?I?ED6;D.@7H)
24.4 ED;H=O ?D EB;9JHEC7=D;J?9 07L;I
!LWMLC UFM F?Q SQCB ? KGAPMU?TC MTCL ILMUQ RFCPC GQ CLCPEW GL ;B;9JHEC7=D;J?9 M7L;I. 3MKCRGKCQ RFGQ CLCPEW GQ M@TGMSQ, QSAF ?Q GL RFC
U?PKRF MD RFC QSKKCP QSL. /RFCP RGKCQ GR GQ QS@RJC, QSAF ?Q RFC SLDCJR CLCPEW MD E?KK? P?WQ, UFGAF A?L BCQRPMW JGTGLE ACJJQ.
%JCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ A?L @PGLE CLCPEW GLRM ? QWQRCK @W TGPRSC MD RFCGP ;B;9JH?9 7D: C7=D;J?9 <?;B:I. 4FCQC DGCJBQ A?L CVCPR DMPACQ ?LB KMTC
AF?PECQ GL RFC QWQRCK ?LB, RFSQ, BM UMPI ML RFCK. )D RFC DPCOSCLAW MD RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC L?RSP?J DPCOSCLAGCQ MD RFC QWQRCK
(QSAF ?Q KGAPMU?TCQ ?R RFC PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAW MD U?RCP KMJCASJCQ), RFC RP?LQDCP MD CLCPEW GQ KSAF KMPC CDDGAGCLR.
#MLLCARGMLQ: 7?TCQ ?LB 0?PRGAJCQ
4FC @CF?TGMP MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML AJC?PJW CVFG@GRQ U?TC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ. "SR UC QF?JJ DGLB GL J?RCP KMBSJCQ RF?R ?R FGEF DPCOSCLAGCQ,
CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML ?JQM CVFG@GRQ N?PRGAJC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ. 4FCQC N?PRGAJC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ UGJJ @C SQCB RM CVNJ?GL KMPC MD RFC NPMNCPRGCQ MD RFC
CJCARPMK?ELCRGA QNCARPSK ?LB RM GLRPMBSAC RFC DMPK?J QRSBW MD KMBCPL NFWQGAQ.
!LMRFCP QR?PRJGLE BGQAMTCPW MD KMBCPL NFWQGAQ GQ RF?R N?PRGAJCQ, QSAF ?Q CJCARPMLQ ?LB NPMRMLQ, CVFG@GR U?TC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ. 4FGQ QGKSJR?LCMSQ
QF?PGLE MD U?TC ?LB N?PRGAJC NPMNCPRGCQ DMP ?JJ QS@KGAPMQAMNGA CLRGRGCQ GQ MLC MD RFC EPC?R QWKKCRPGCQ GL L?RSPC.
F?=KH; 24.23 %LCPEW A?PPGCB @W ? U?TC GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM GRQ ?KNJGRSBC QOS?PCB. 7GRF CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ, J?PECP E -DGCJBQ ?LB B -DGCJBQ CVCPR J?PECP DMPACQ ?LB A?L BM
KMPC UMPI.
"SR RFCPC GQ CLCPEW GL ?L CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC, UFCRFCP GR GQ ?@QMP@CB MP LMR. /LAC APC?RCB, RFC DGCJBQ A?PPW CLCPEW ?U?W DPMK ? QMSPAC. )D ?@QMP@CB,
RFC DGCJB QRPCLERFQ ?PC BGKGLGQFCB ?LB ?LWRFGLE JCDR RP?TCJQ ML. #JC?PJW, RFC J?PECP RFC QRPCLERF MD RFC CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ, RFC KMPC UMPI RFCW
A?L BM ?LB RFC EPC?RCP RFC CLCPEW RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC A?PPGCQ.
! U?TCtQ CLCPEW GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM GRQ 7CFB?JK:; QOS?PCB ( E
2
MP B
2
). 4FGQ GQ RPSC DMP U?TCQ ML ESGR?P QRPGLEQ, DMP U?RCP U?TCQ, ?LB DMP QMSLB
U?TCQ, UFCPC ?KNJGRSBC GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM NPCQQSPC. )L CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ, RFC ?KNJGRSBC GQ RFC C7N?CKC <?;B: IJH;D=J> MD RFC CJCARPGA ?LB
K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ. (3CC F?=KH; 24.23.)
4FSQ RFC CLCPEW A?PPGCB ?LB RFC ?DJ;DI?JO I MD ?L CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM E
2
?LB B
2
. )L D?AR, DMP ? AMLRGLSMSQ QGLSQMGB?J
CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC, RFC ?TCP?EC GLRCLQGRW I
ave
GQ EGTCL @W
(24.18)
I
ave
=
c
0
E
0
2
2
,
UFCPC c GQ RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR,
0
GQ RFC NCPKGRRGTGRW MD DPCC QN?AC, ?LB E
0
GQ RFC K?VGKSK CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF; GLRCLQGRW, ?Q ?JU?WQ, GQ NMUCP NCP
SLGR ?PC? (FCPC GL W/m
2
).
#(!04%2 24 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# 7!6%3 875
4FC ?TCP?EC GLRCLQGRW MD ?L CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC I
ave
A?L ?JQM @C CVNPCQQCB GL RCPKQ MD RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF @W SQGLE RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN
B = E / c , ?LB RFC D?AR RF?R
0
= 1 /
0
c
2
, UFCPC
0
GQ RFC NCPKC?@GJGRW MD DPCC QN?AC. !JEC@P?GA K?LGNSJ?RGML NPMBSACQ RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN
(24.19)
I
ave
=
cB
0
2
2
0
,
UFCPC B
0
GQ RFC K?VGKSK K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF.
/LC KMPC CVNPCQQGML DMP I
ave
GL RCPKQ MD @MRF CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERFQ GQ SQCDSJ. 3S@QRGRSRGLE RFC D?AR RF?R c B
0
= E
0
, RFC NPCTGMSQ
CVNPCQQGML @CAMKCQ
(24.20)
I
ave
=
E
0
B
0
2
0
.
7FGAFCTCP MD RFC RFPCC NPCACBGLE COS?RGMLQ GQ KMQR AMLTCLGCLR A?L @C SQCB, QGLAC RFCW ?PC PC?JJW HSQR BGDDCPCLR TCPQGMLQ MD RFC Q?KC NPGLAGNJC: %LCPEW
GL ? U?TC GQ PCJ?RCB RM ?KNJGRSBC QOS?PCB. &SPRFCPKMPC, QGLAC RFCQC COS?RGMLQ ?PC @?QCB ML RFC ?QQSKNRGML RF?R RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ ?PC
QGLSQMGB?J, NC?I GLRCLQGRW GQ RUGAC RFC ?TCP?EC; RF?R GQ, I
0
= 2I
ave
.
EN7CFB; 24.4 C7B9KB7J; &?9HEM7L; "DJ;DI?J?;I 7D: F?;B:I
/L GRQ FGEFCQR NMUCP QCRRGLE, ? ACPR?GL KGAPMU?TC MTCL NPMHCARQ 1.00 I7 MD KGAPMU?TCQ MLRM ? 30.0 @W 40.0 AK ?PC?. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC GLRCLQGRW GL
W/m
2
? (@) #?JASJ?RC RFC NC?I CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF E
0
GL RFCQC U?TCQ. (A) 7F?R GQ RFC NC?I K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF B
0
?
,JH7J;=O
)L N?PR (?), UC A?L DGLB GLRCLQGRW DPMK GRQ BCDGLGRGML ?Q NMUCP NCP SLGR ?PC?. /LAC RFC GLRCLQGRW GQ ILMUL, UC A?L SQC RFC COS?RGMLQ @CJMU RM DGLB
RFC DGCJB QRPCLERFQ ?QICB DMP GL N?PRQ (@) ?LB (A).
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
%LRCPGLE RFC EGTCL NMUCP GLRM RFC BCDGLGRGML MD GLRCLQGRW, ?LB LMRGLE RFC ?PC? GQ 0.300 @W 0.400 K, WGCJBQ
(24.21)
I =
P
A
=
1.00 kW
0.300 m 0.400 m
.
(CPC I = I
ave
, QM RF?R
(24.22)
I
ave
=
1000 W
0.120 m
2
= 8.3310
3
W/m
2
.
.MRC RF?R RFC NC?I GLRCLQGRW GQ RUGAC RFC ?TCP?EC:
(24.23)
I
0
= 2I
ave
= 1.6710
4
W/ m
2
.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
4M DGLB E
0
, UC A?L PC?PP?LEC RFC DGPQR COS?RGML EGTCL ?@MTC DMP I
ave
RM EGTC
(24.24)
E
0
=

2I
ave
c
0
1/2
.
(24.25)
E
0
=
2(8.3310
3
W/m
2
)
(3.0010
8
m/s)(8.8510
12
C
2
/ N m
2
)
= 2.5110
3
V/m.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (9)
0CPF?NQ RFC C?QGCQR U?W RM DGLB K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF, LMU RF?R RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF GQ ILMUL, GQ RM SQC RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN EGTCL @W
(24.26)
B
0
=
E
0
c
.
(24.27)
B
0
=
2.5110
3
V/m
3.010
8
m/s
= 8.3510
6
T.
D?I9KII?ED
876 #(!04%2 24 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# 7!6%3
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7CFB?JK:;:
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;B;9JH?9 <?;B::
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c GQ ? J?PEC LSK@CP.
BEII7HO
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?SBGM QGEL?J, PCQSJRGLE GL ? U?TC UGRF AMLQR?LR DPCOSCLAW @SR T?PWGLE ?KNJGRSBC
RFC FCGEFR, MP K?ELGRSBC, MD ?L CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC
?L CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC RF?R A?PPGCQ ? QGEL?J @W KMBSJ?RGML MD GRQ ?KNJGRSBC MP DPCOSCLAW
? N?RRCPL MD GK?EGL?PW JGLCQ RF?R CVRCLB @CRUCCL ?L CJCARPGA QMSPAC ?LB AF?PECB M@HCARQ GL RFC QSPPMSLBGLE ?PC?, UGRF ?PPMUQ
NMGLRCB ?U?W DPMK NMQGRGTCJW AF?PECB M@HCARQ ?LB RMU?PB LCE?RGTCJW AF?PECB M@HCARQ. 4FC KMPC JGLCQ GL RFC N?RRCPL, RFC QRPMLECP RFC CJCARPGA
DGCJB GL RF?R PCEGML
RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB, BCLMRCB E-DGCJB
? TCARMP OS?LRGRW (E); RFC JGLCQ MD CJCARPGA DMPAC NCP SLGR AF?PEC, KMTGLE P?BG?JJW MSRU?PB DPMK ? NMQGRGTC AF?PEC ?LB GL RMU?PB ?
LCE?RGTC AF?PEC
RFC DSJJ P?LEC MD U?TCJCLERFQ MP DPCOSCLAGCQ MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML
P?BG?RGML GL RFC DMPK MD U?TCQ MD CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA CLCPEW
CLCPEW NPMBSACB NCP SLGR AF?PEC, BP?UL DPMK ? QMSPAC RF?R NPMBSACQ ?L CJCARPGA?J ASPPCLR
CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML UGRF U?TCJCLERFQ SQS?JJW GL RFC P?LEC MD 0 RM 300 (X, @SR ?JQM ?@MSR 1I(X
? KCRFMB MD NJ?AGLE GLDMPK?RGML ML CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ @W KMBSJ?RGLE RFC DPCOSCLAW MD ? A?PPGCP U?TC UGRF ?L
?SBGM QGEL?J, NPMBSAGLE ? U?TC MD AMLQR?LR ?KNJGRSBC @SR T?PWGLE DPCOSCLAW
RFC LSK@CP MD AMKNJCRC U?TC AWAJCQ (SN-BMUL-SN) N?QQGLE ? EGTCL NMGLR UGRFGL MLC QCAMLB (AWAJCQ/QCAMLB)
( P?W); CVRPCKCJW FGEF DPCOSCLAW CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML CKGRRCB @W RFC LSAJCSQ MD ?L ?RMK, CGRFCP DPMK L?RSP?J LSAJC?P BCA?W MP
GLBSACB LSAJC?P NPMACQQCQ GL LSAJC?P PC?ARMPQ ?LB UC?NMLQ. 4FC JMUCP CLB MD RFC -P?W DPCOSCLAW P?LEC MTCPJ?NQ RFC SNNCP CLB MD RFC 8-
P?W P?LEC, @SR P?WQ A?L F?TC RFC FGEFCQR DPCOSCLAW MD ?LW CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML
?L 3) SLGR BCLMRGLE RFC DPCOSCLAW MD ?L CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC, GL AWAJCQ NCP QCAMLB
? PCEGML MD RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA QNCARPSK UGRF ? DPCOSCLAW P?LEC RF?R CVRCLBQ DPMK HSQR @CJMU RFC PCB PCEGML MD RFC TGQG@JC
JGEFR QNCARPSK SN RM RFC KGAPMU?TC PCEGML, MP DPMK 0.74 m RM 300 m
RFC NMUCP MD ?L CJCARPGA MP K?ELCRGA DGCJB NCP SLGR ?PC?, DMP CV?KNJC, 7?RRQ NCP QOS?PC KCRCP
? QCR MD DMSP COS?RGMLQ RF?R AMKNPGQC ? AMKNJCRC, MTCP?PAFGLE RFCMPW MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGQK
? N?RRCPL MD AMLRGLSMSQ, GK?EGL?PW JGLCQ RF?R CKCPEC DPMK ?LB CLRCP GLRM MNNMQGRC K?ELCRGA NMJCQ. 4FC BCLQGRW MD RFC JGLCQ
GLBGA?RCQ RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB
RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB, BCLMRCB B-DGCJB
? TCARMP OS?LRGRW (B); A?L @C SQCB RM BCRCPKGLC RFC K?ELCRGA DMPAC ML ? KMTGLE AF?PECB N?PRGAJC
RFC K?VGKSK ?KNJGRSBC ?L CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC A?L PC?AF, PCNPCQCLRGLE RFC K?VGKSK ?KMSLR MD CJCARPGA DMPAC ?LB/MP
K?ELCRGA DJSV RF?R RFC U?TC A?L CVCPR
CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ UGRF U?TCJCLERFQ GL RFC P?LEC DPMK 1 KK RM 1 K; RFCW A?L @C NPMBSACB @W ASPPCLRQ GL K?APMQAMNGA AGPASGRQ
?LB BCTGACQ
RM DJSARS?RC @?AI ?LB DMPRF GL ? QRC?BW @C?R
?L CJCARPGA AGPASGR RF?R GLAJSBCQ ? PCQGQRMP, A?N?AGRMP ?LB GLBSARMP
? AMKKML ?NNJGA?RGML MD KGAPMU?TCQ. 2?B?P A?L BCRCPKGLC RFC BGQR?LAC RM M@HCARQ ?Q BGTCPQC ?Q AJMSBQ ?LB ?GPAP?DR, ?Q UCJJ ?Q BCRCPKGLC
RFC QNCCB MD ? A?P MP RFC GLRCLQGRW MD ? P?GLQRMPK
CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ UGRF U?TCJCLERFQ GL RFC P?LEC DPMK 1 KK RM 100 IK; RFCW ?PC NPMBSACB @W ASPPCLRQ GL UGPCQ ?LB AGPASGRQ ?LB
@W ?QRPMLMKGA?J NFCLMKCL?
? QWQRCK RF?R BGQNJ?WQ CLF?LACB MQAGJJ?RGML UFCL QS@HCARCB RM ? NCPGMBGA BGQRSP@?LAC MD RFC Q?KC DPCOSCLAW ?Q GRQ L?RSP?J DPCOSCLAW
GL ? T?ASSK, QSAF ?Q QN?AC, RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR GQ ? AMLQR?LR 3 V 10
8
K/Q
#(!04%2 24 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# 7!6%3 877
IJ7D:?D= M7L;:
-/:
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M7L;B;D=J>:
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TGBCM ?LB ?SBGM QGEL?JQ @PM?BA?QR ML CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ
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?@QMP@ P?BG?RGML
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46 AF?LLCJQ GL ?L CTCL FGEFCP DPCOSCLAW P?LEC RF?L 6(&, MD 470 RM 1000 -(X
CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML GL RFC P?LEC CVRCLBGLE SNU?PB GL DPCOSCLAW DPMK TGMJCR JGEFR ?LB MTCPJ?NNGLE UGRF RFC JMUCQR
8-P?W DPCOSCLAGCQ, UGRF U?TCJCLERFQ DPMK 400 LK BMUL RM ?@MSR 10 LK
46 AF?LLCJQ SRGJGXGLE DPCOSCLAGCQ GL RFC RUM P?LECQ MD 54 RM 88 -(X ?LB 174 RM 222 -(X
RFC L?PPMU QCEKCLR MD RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA QNCARPSK RM UFGAF RFC LMPK?J FSK?L CWC PCQNMLBQ
RFC BGQR?LAC DPMK MLC NC?I RM RFC LCVR GL ? U?TC
GLTGQG@JC, NCLCRP?RGLE DMPK MD TCPW FGEF DPCOSCLAW CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML, MTCPJ?NNGLE @MRF RFC SJRP?TGMJCR P?LEC ?LB RFC -P?W P?LEC
,;9J?ED ,KCC7HO
24.1 &7NM;BBXI EGK7J?EDI: EB;9JHEC7=D;J?9 07L;I )H;:?9J;: 7D: (8I;HL;:
w %JCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ AMLQGQR MD MQAGJJ?RGLE CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ ?LB NPMN?E?RC ?R RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR c . 4FCW UCPC NPCBGARCB @W
-?VUCJJ, UFM ?JQM QFMUCB RF?R
c =
1
0
,
UFCPC
0
GQ RFC NCPKC?@GJGRW MD DPCC QN?AC ?LB
0
GQ RFC NCPKGRRGTGRW MD DPCC QN?AC.
w -?VUCJJtQ NPCBGARGML MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ PCQSJRCB DPMK FGQ DMPKSJ?RGML MD ? AMKNJCRC ?LB QWKKCRPGA RFCMPW MD CJCARPGAGRW ?LB K?ELCRGQK,
ILMUL ?Q -?VUCJJtQ COS?RGMLQ.
w 4FCQC DMSP COS?RGMLQ ?PC N?P?NFP?QCB GL RFGQ RCVR, P?RFCP RF?L NPCQCLRCB LSKCPGA?JJW, ?LB CLAMKN?QQ RFC K?HMP J?UQ MD CJCARPGAGRW ?LB
K?ELCRGQK. &GPQR GQ '?SQQtQ J?U DMP CJCARPGAGRW, QCAMLB GQ '?SQQtQ J?U DMP K?ELCRGQK, RFGPB GQ &?P?B?WtQ J?U MD GLBSARGML, GLAJSBGLE ,CLXtQ J?U,
?LB DMSPRF GQ !KNCPCtQ J?U GL ? QWKKCRPGA DMPKSJ?RGML RF?R ?BBQ ?LMRFCP QMSPAC MD K?ELCRGQKrAF?LEGLE CJCARPGA DGCJBQ.
w %JCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ ?PC APC?RCB @W MQAGJJ?RGLE AF?PECQ (UFGAF P?BG?RC UFCLCTCP ?AACJCP?RCB) ?LB F?TC RFC Q?KC DPCOSCLAW ?Q RFC
MQAGJJ?RGML.
w 3GLAC RFC CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ GL KMQR CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ ?PC NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC BGPCARGML GL UFGAF RFC U?TC KMTCQ, GR GQ MPBGL?PGJW
? RP?LQTCPQC U?TC.
w 4FC QRPCLERFQ MD RFC CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA N?PRQ MD RFC U?TC ?PC PCJ?RCB @W
E
B
= c,
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24.3 ->; EB;9JHEC7=D;J?9 ,F;9JHKC
w 4FC PCJ?RGMLQFGN ?KMLE RFC QNCCB MD NPMN?E?RGML, U?TCJCLERF, ?LB DPCOSCLAW DMP ?LW U?TC GQ EGTCL @W v
W
= f , QM RF?R DMP CJCARPMK?ELCRGA
U?TCQ,
c = f,
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w 4FC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA QNCARPSK GQ QCN?P?RCB GLRM K?LW A?RCEMPGCQ ?LB QS@A?RCEMPGCQ, @?QCB ML RFC DPCOSCLAW ?LB U?TCJCLERF, QMSPAC, ?LB SQCQ
MD RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ.
w !LW CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC NPMBSACB @W ASPPCLRQ GL UGPCQ GQ AJ?QQGDGCB ?Q ? P?BGM U?TC, RFC JMUCQR DPCOSCLAW CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ. 2?BGM
U?TCQ ?PC BGTGBCB GLRM K?LW RWNCQ, BCNCLBGLE ML RFCGP ?NNJGA?RGMLQ, P?LEGLE SN RM KGAPMU?TCQ ?R RFCGP FGEFCQR DPCOSCLAGCQ.
w )LDP?PCB P?BG?RGML JGCQ @CJMU TGQG@JC JGEFR GL DPCOSCLAW ?LB GQ NPMBSACB @W RFCPK?J KMRGML ?LB RFC TG@P?RGML ?LB PMR?RGML MD ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ.
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AMJMPQ T?PW UGRF DPCOSCLAW, DPMK PCB ?R RFC JMUCQR RM TGMJCR ?R RFC FGEFCQR.
w 5JRP?TGMJCR P?BG?RGML QR?PRQ UGRF DPCOSCLAGCQ HSQR ?@MTC TGMJCR GL RFC TGQG@JC P?LEC ?LB GQ NPMBSACB NPGK?PGJW @W CJCARPMLGA RP?LQGRGMLQ GL ?RMKQ ?LB
KMJCASJCQ.
w 8-P?WQ ?PC APC?RCB GL FGEF-TMJR?EC BGQAF?PECQ ?LB @W CJCARPML @MK@?PBKCLR MD KCR?J R?PECRQ. 4FCGP JMUCQR DPCOSCLAGCQ MTCPJ?N RFC SJRP?TGMJCR
P?LEC @SR CVRCLB RM KSAF FGEFCP T?JSCQ, MTCPJ?NNGLE ?R RFC FGEF CLB UGRF E?KK? P?WQ.
w '?KK? P?WQ ?PC LSAJC?P GL MPGEGL ?LB ?PC BCDGLCB RM GLAJSBC RFC FGEFCQR-DPCOSCLAW CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML MD ?LW RWNC.
w 4FC CLCPEW A?PPGCB @W ?LW U?TC GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM GRQ ?KNJGRSBC QOS?PCB. &MP CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ, RFGQ KC?LQ GLRCLQGRW A?L @C CVNPCQQCB ?Q
I
ave
=
c
0
E
0
2
2
,
878 #(!04%2 24 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# 7!6%3
UFCPC I
ave
GQ RFC ?TCP?EC GLRCLQGRW GL W/m
2
, ?LB E
0
GQ RFC K?VGKSK CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF MD ? AMLRGLSMSQ QGLSQMGB?J U?TC.
w 4FGQ A?L ?JQM @C CVNPCQQCB GL RCPKQ MD RFC K?VGKSK K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF B
0
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I
ave
=
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I
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0
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0
.
w 4FC RFPCC CVNPCQQGMLQ DMP I
ave
?PC ?JJ COSGT?JCLR.
1. 4FC BGPCARGML MD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB QFMUL GL C?AF N?PR MD F?=KH; 24.5 GQ RF?R NPMBSACB @W RFC AF?PEC BGQRPG@SRGML GL RFC UGPC. *SQRGDW RFC BGPCARGML
QFMUL GL C?AF N?PR, SQGLE RFC #MSJMK@ DMPAC J?U ?LB RFC BCDGLGRGML MD E = F/ q , UFCPC q GQ ? NMQGRGTC RCQR AF?PEC.
2. )Q RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB QFMUL GL F?=KH; 24.6 (?) AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC PGEFR-F?LB PSJC DMP ASPPCLR (2(2-2) GL RFC BGPCARGML QFMUL GL RFC
DGESPC?
3. 7FW GQ RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC ASPPCLR QFMUL GL C?AF N?PR MD F?=KH; 24.6 MNNMQGRC RM RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB NPMBSACB @W RFC UGPCtQ AF?PEC QCN?P?RGML?
4. )L UFGAF QGRS?RGML QFMUL GL F?=KH; 24.24 UGJJ RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC @C KMPC QSAACQQDSJ GL GLBSAGLE ? ASPPCLR GL RFC UGPC? %VNJ?GL.
F?=KH; 24.24 %JCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ ?NNPM?AFGLE JMLE QRP?GEFR UGPCQ.
5. )L UFGAF QGRS?RGML QFMUL GL F?=KH; 24.25 UGJJ RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC @C KMPC QSAACQQDSJ GL GLBSAGLE ? ASPPCLR GL RFC JMMN? %VNJ?GL.
F?=KH; 24.25 %JCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ ?NNPM?AFGLE ? UGPC JMMN.
6. 3FMSJB RFC QRP?GEFR UGPC ?LRCLL? MD ? P?BGM @C TCPRGA?J MP FMPGXMLR?J RM @CQR PCACGTC P?BGM U?TCQ @PM?BA?QR @W ? TCPRGA?J RP?LQKGRRCP ?LRCLL?? (MU
QFMSJB ? JMMN ?LRCLL? @C ?JGELCB RM @CQR PCACGTC RFC QGEL?JQ? (.MRC RF?R RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC JMMN RF?R NPMBSACQ RFC @CQR PCACNRGML A?L @C SQCB RM
BCRCPKGLC RFC JMA?RGML MD RFC QMSPAC. )R GQ SQCB DMP RF?R NSPNMQC GL RP?AIGLE R?EECB ?LGK?JQ GL L?RSPC QRSBGCQ, DMP CV?KNJC.)
7. 5LBCP UF?R AMLBGRGMLQ KGEFR UGPCQ GL ? $# AGPASGR CKGR CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ?
8. 'GTC ?L CV?KNJC MD GLRCPDCPCLAC MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ.
9. F?=KH; 24.26 QFMUQ RFC GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPL MD RUM P?BGM ?LRCLL?Q @PM?BA?QRGLE RFC Q?KC QGEL?J. %VNJ?GL FMU RFGQ GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM RFC GLRCPDCPCLAC
N?RRCPL DMP QMSLB NPMBSACB @W RUM QNC?ICPQ. #MSJB RFGQ @C SQCB RM K?IC ? BGPCARGML?J ?LRCLL? QWQRCK RF?R @PM?BA?QRQ NPCDCPCLRG?JJW GL ACPR?GL
BGPCARGMLQ? %VNJ?GL.
#(!04%2 24 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# 7!6%3 879
F?=KH; 24.26 !L MTCPFC?B TGCU MD RUM P?BGM @PM?BA?QR ?LRCLL?Q QCLBGLE RFC Q?KC QGEL?J, ?LB RFC GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPL RFCW NPMBSAC.
10. #?L ?L ?LRCLL? @C ?LW JCLERF? %VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP.
24.3 ->; EB;9JHEC7=D;J?9 ,F;9JHKC
11. )D WMS JGTC GL ? PCEGML RF?R F?Q ? N?PRGASJ?P 46 QR?RGML, WMS A?L QMKCRGKCQ NGAI SN QMKC MD GRQ ?SBGM NMPRGML ML WMSP &- P?BGM PCACGTCP. %VNJ?GL FMU
RFGQ GQ NMQQG@JC. $MCQ GR GKNJW RF?R 46 ?SBGM GQ @PM?BA?QR ?Q &-?
12. %VNJ?GL UFW NCMNJC UFM F?TC RFC JCLQ MD RFCGP CWC PCKMTCB @CA?SQC MD A?R?P?ARQ ?PC ?@JC RM QCC JMU-DPCOSCLAW SJRP?TGMJCR.
13. (MU BM DJSMPCQACLR QM?N PCQGBSCQ K?IC AJMRFGLE JMMI u@PGEFRCP ?LB UFGRCPv GL MSRBMMP JGEFR? 7MSJB RFGQ @C CDDCARGTC GL A?LBJCJGEFR?
14. 'GTC ?L CV?KNJC MD PCQML?LAC GL RFC PCACNRGML MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ.
15. )JJSQRP?RC RF?R RFC QGXC MD BCR?GJQ MD ?L M@HCAR RF?R A?L @C BCRCARCB UGRF CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFCGP U?TCJCLERF, @W AMKN?PGLE BCR?GJQ
M@QCPT?@JC UGRF RUM BGDDCPCLR RWNCQ (DMP CV?KNJC, P?B?P ?LB TGQG@JC JGEFR MP GLDP?PCB ?LB 8-P?WQ).
16. 7FW BMLtR @SGJBGLEQ @JMAI P?BGM U?TCQ ?Q AMKNJCRCJW ?Q RFCW BM TGQG@JC JGEFR?
17. -?IC ? JGQR MD QMKC CTCPWB?W M@HCARQ ?LB BCAGBC UFCRFCP RFCW ?PC RP?LQN?PCLR MP MN?OSC RM C?AF MD RFC RWNCQ MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ.
18. 9MSP DPGCLB Q?WQ RF?R KMPC N?RRCPLQ ?LB AMJMPQ A?L @C QCCL ML RFC UGLEQ MD @GPBQ GD TGCUCB GL SJRP?TGMJCR JGEFR. 7MSJB WMS ?EPCC UGRF WMSP DPGCLB?
%VNJ?GL WMSP ?LQUCP.
19. 4FC P?RC ?R UFGAF GLDMPK?RGML A?L @C RP?LQKGRRCB ML ?L CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC DPCOSCLAW MD RFC U?TC. )Q RFGQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF
RFC D?AR RF?R J?QCP RCJCNFMLC RP?LQKGQQGML ?R TGQG@JC DPCOSCLAGCQ A?PPGCQ D?P KMPC AMLTCPQ?RGMLQ NCP MNRGA?J DG@CP RF?L AMLTCLRGML?J CJCARPMLGA
RP?LQKGQQGML GL ? UGPC? 7F?R GQ RFC GKNJGA?RGML DMP %,& P?BGM AMKKSLGA?RGML UGRF QS@K?PGLCQ?
20. 'GTC ?L CV?KNJC MD CLCPEW A?PPGCB @W ?L CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC.
21. )L ?L -2) QA?L, ? FGEFCP K?ELCRGA DGCJB PCOSGPCQ FGEFCP DPCOSCLAW P?BGM U?TCQ RM PCQML?RC UGRF RFC LSAJC?P RWNC UFMQC BCLQGRW ?LB JMA?RGML GQ
@CGLE GK?ECB. 7F?R CDDCAR BMCQ EMGLE RM ? J?PECP K?ELCRGA DGCJB F?TC ML RFC KMQR CDDGAGCLR ?LRCLL? RM @PM?BA?QR RFMQC P?BGM U?TCQ? $MCQ GR D?TMP ?
QK?JJCP MP J?PECP ?LRCLL??
22. ,?QCP TGQGML AMPPCARGML MDRCL SQCQ ?L CVAGKCP J?QCP RF?R NPMBSACQ 193-LK CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML. 4FGQ U?TCJCLERF GQ CVRPCKCJW QRPMLEJW
?@QMP@CB @W RFC AMPLC? ?LB ?@J?RCQ GR GL ? K?LLCP RF?R PCQF?NCQ RFC AMPLC? RM AMPPCAR TGQGML BCDCARQ. %VNJ?GL FMU RFC QRPMLE ?@QMPNRGML FCJNQ
AMLACLRP?RC RFC CLCPEW GL ? RFGL J?WCP ?LB RFSQ EGTC EPC?RCP ?AASP?AW GL QF?NGLE RFC AMPLC?. !JQM CVNJ?GL FMU RFGQ QRPMLE ?@QMPNRGML JGKGRQ B?K?EC RM
RFC JCLQ ?LB PCRGL? MD RFC CWC.
880 #(!04%2 24 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# 7!6%3
24.1 &7NM;BBXI EGK7J?EDI: EB;9JHEC7=D;J?9 07L;I
)H;:?9J;: 7D: (8I;HL;:
23. 6CPGDW RF?R RFC AMPPCAR T?JSC DMP RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR c GQ M@R?GLCB UFCL
LSKCPGA?J T?JSCQ DMP RFC NCPKC?@GJGRW ?LB NCPKGRRGTGRW MD DPCC QN?AC (
0
?LB
0
) ?PC CLRCPCB GLRM RFC COS?RGML c =
1
0
.
24. 3FMU RF?R, UFCL 3) SLGRQ DMP
0
?LB
0
?PC CLRCPCB, RFC SLGRQ EGTCL
@W RFC PGEFR-F?LB QGBC MD RFC COS?RGML GL RFC NPM@JCK ?@MTC ?PC K/Q.
25. 7F?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF GL ?L CJCARPMK?ELCRGA
U?TC RF?R F?Q ? K?VGKSK K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF MD 5.0010
4
T
(?@MSR 10 RGKCQ RFC %?PRFtQ)?
26. 4FC K?VGKSK K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF MD ?L CJCARPMK?ELCRGA DGCJB GQ
510
6
T . #?JASJ?RC RFC K?VGKSK CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF GD RFC U?TC GQ
RP?TCJGLE GL ? KCBGSK GL UFGAF RFC QNCCB MD RFC U?TC GQ 0.75c .
27. 6CPGDW RFC SLGRQ M@R?GLCB DMP K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF B GL EN7CFB;
24.1 (SQGLE RFC COS?RGML B =
E
c
) ?PC GL D?AR RCQJ?Q (4).
24.3 ->; EB;9JHEC7=D;J?9 ,F;9JHKC
28. (?) 4UM KGAPMU?TC DPCOSCLAGCQ ?PC ?SRFMPGXCB DMP SQC GL KGAPMU?TC
MTCLQ: 900 ?LB 2560 -(X. #?JASJ?RC RFC U?TCJCLERF MD C?AF. (@) 7FGAF
DPCOSCLAW UMSJB NPMBSAC QK?JJCP FMR QNMRQ GL DMMBQ BSC RM GLRCPDCPCLAC
CDDCARQ?
29. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC P?LEC MD U?TCJCLERFQ DMP !- P?BGM EGTCL GRQ
DPCOSCLAW P?LEC GQ 540 RM 1600 I(X. (@) $M RFC Q?KC DMP RFC &-
DPCOSCLAW P?LEC MD 88.0 RM 108 -(X.
30. ! P?BGM QR?RGML SRGJGXCQ DPCOSCLAGCQ @CRUCCL AMKKCPAG?J !- ?LB &-.
7F?R GQ RFC DPCOSCLAW MD ? 11.12-K-U?TCJCLERF AF?LLCJ?
31. &GLB RFC DPCOSCLAW P?LEC MD TGQG@JC JGEFR, EGTCL RF?R GR CLAMKN?QQCQ
U?TCJCLERFQ DPMK 380 RM 760 LK.
32. #MK@GLE WMSP F?GP JC?BQ RM CVACQQ CJCARPMLQ ML RFC AMK@. (MU D?QR
UMSJB WMS F?TC RM KMTC RFC AMK@ SN ?LB BMUL RM NPMBSAC PCB JGEFR?
33. %JCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML F?TGLE ? 15.0 m U?TCJCLERF GQ
AJ?QQGDGCB ?Q GLDP?PCB P?BG?RGML. 7F?R GQ GRQ DPCOSCLAW?
34. !NNPMVGK?RCJW UF?R GQ RFC QK?JJCQR BCR?GJ M@QCPT?@JC UGRF ?
KGAPMQAMNC RF?R SQCQ SJRP?TGMJCR JGEFR MD DPCOSCLAW 1.2010
15
Hz ?
35. ! P?B?P SQCB RM BCRCAR RFC NPCQCLAC MD ?GPAP?DR PCACGTCQ ? NSJQC RF?R
F?Q PCDJCARCB MDD ?L M@HCAR 610
5
s ?DRCP GR U?Q RP?LQKGRRCB. 7F?R GQ
RFC BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC P?B?P QR?RGML RM RFC PCDJCARGLE M@HCAR?
36. 3MKC P?B?P QWQRCKQ BCRCAR RFC QGXC ?LB QF?NC MD M@HCARQ QSAF ?Q
?GPAP?DR ?LB ECMJMEGA?J RCPP?GL. !NNPMVGK?RCJW UF?R GQ RFC QK?JJCQR
M@QCPT?@JC BCR?GJ SRGJGXGLE 500--(X P?B?P?
37. $CRCPKGLC RFC ?KMSLR MD RGKC GR R?ICQ DMP 8-P?WQ MD DPCOSCLAW
310
18
Hz RM RP?TCJ (?) 1 KK ?LB (@) 1 AK.
38. )D WMS UGQF RM BCRCAR BCR?GJQ MD RFC QGXC MD ?RMKQ (?@MSR 110
10
m
) UGRF CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML, GR KSQR F?TC ? U?TCJCLERF MD ?@MSR RFGQ
QGXC. (?) 7F?R GQ GRQ DPCOSCLAW? (@) 7F?R RWNC MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML
KGEFR RFGQ @C?
39. )D RFC 3SL QSBBCLJW RSPLCB MDD, UC UMSJB LMR ILMU GR SLRGJ GRQ JGEFR
QRMNNCB AMKGLE. (MU JMLE UMSJB RF?R @C, EGTCL RF?R RFC 3SL GQ
1.5010
11
m ?U?W?
40. $GQR?LACQ GL QN?AC ?PC MDRCL OSMRCB GL SLGRQ MD JGEFR WC?PQ, RFC
BGQR?LAC JGEFR RP?TCJQ GL MLC WC?P. (?) (MU K?LW KCRCPQ GQ ? JGEFR WC?P?
(@) (MU K?LW KCRCPQ GQ GR RM !LBPMKCB?, RFC LC?PCQR J?PEC E?J?VW, EGTCL
RF?R GR GQ 2.0010
6
JGEFR WC?PQ ?U?W? (A) 4FC KMQR BGQR?LR E?J?VW WCR
BGQAMTCPCB GQ 12.010
9
JGEFR WC?PQ ?U?W. (MU D?P GQ RFGQ GL KCRCPQ?
41. ! ACPR?GL 50.0-(X !# NMUCP JGLC P?BG?RCQ ?L CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC
F?TGLE ? K?VGKSK CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF MD 13.0 I6/K. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC
U?TCJCLERF MD RFGQ TCPW JMU DPCOSCLAW CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC? (@) 7F?R GQ
GRQ K?VGKSK K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF?
42. $SPGLE LMPK?J @C?RGLE, RFC FC?PR APC?RCQ ? K?VGKSK 4.00-K6
NMRCLRG?J ?APMQQ 0.300 K MD ? NCPQMLtQ AFCQR, APC?RGLE ? 1.00-(X
CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF
APC?RCB? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC AMPPCQNMLBGLE K?VGKSK K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF
GL RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC? (A) 7F?R GQ RFC U?TCJCLERF MD RFC
CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC?
43. (?) 4FC GBC?J QGXC (KMQR CDDGAGCLR) DMP ? @PM?BA?QR ?LRCLL? UGRF MLC
CLB ML RFC EPMSLB GQ MLC-DMSPRF RFC U?TCJCLERF ( / 4 ) MD RFC
CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML @CGLE QCLR MSR. )D ? LCU P?BGM QR?RGML F?Q QSAF
?L ?LRCLL? RF?R GQ 50.0 K FGEF, UF?R DPCOSCLAW BMCQ GR @PM?BA?QR KMQR
CDDGAGCLRJW? )Q RFGQ GL RFC !- MP &- @?LB? (@) $GQASQQ RFC ?L?JMEW MD RFC
DSLB?KCLR?J PCQML?LR KMBC MD ?L ?GP AMJSKL AJMQCB ?R MLC CLB RM RFC
PCQML?LAC MD ASPPCLRQ ML ?L ?LRCLL? RF?R GQ MLC-DMSPRF RFCGP U?TCJCLERF.
44. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC U?TCJCLERF MD 100--(X P?BGM U?TCQ SQCB GL ?L -2)
SLGR? (@) )D RFC DPCOSCLAGCQ ?PC QUCNR MTCP ? 1.00 P?LEC ACLRCPCB ML
100 -(X, UF?R GQ RFC P?LEC MD U?TCJCLERFQ @PM?BA?QR?
45. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC DPCOSCLAW MD RFC 193-LK SJRP?TGMJCR P?BG?RGML SQCB GL
J?QCP CWC QSPECPW? (@) !QQSKGLE RFC ?AASP?AW UGRF UFGAF RFGQ %-
P?BG?RGML A?L ?@J?RC RFC AMPLC? GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM U?TCJCLERF,
FMU KSAF KMPC ?AASP?RC A?L RFGQ 56 @C RF?L RFC QFMPRCQR TGQG@JC
U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR?
46. 46-PCACNRGML ?LRCLL?Q DMP 6(& ?PC AMLQRPSARCB UGRF APMQQ UGPCQ
QSNNMPRCB ?R RFCGP ACLRCPQ, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 24.27. 4FC GBC?J JCLERF DMP
RFC APMQQ UGPCQ GQ MLC-F?JD RFC U?TCJCLERF RM @C PCACGTCB, UGRF RFC KMPC
CVNCLQGTC ?LRCLL?Q F?TGLE MLC DMP C?AF AF?LLCJ. 3SNNMQC WMS KC?QSPC
RFC JCLERFQ MD RFC UGPCQ DMP N?PRGASJ?P AF?LLCJQ ?LB DGLB RFCK RM @C 1.94
?LB 0.753 K JMLE, PCQNCARGTCJW. 7F?R ?PC RFC DPCOSCLAGCQ DMP RFCQC
AF?LLCJQ?
F?=KH; 24.27 ! RCJCTGQGML PCACNRGML ?LRCLL? F?Q APMQQ UGPCQ MD T?PGMSQ JCLERFQ RM
KMQR CDDGAGCLRJW PCACGTC BGDDCPCLR U?TCJCLERFQ.
47. #MLTCPQ?RGMLQ UGRF ?QRPML?SRQ ML JSL?P U?JIQ F?B ?L CAFM RF?R U?Q
SQCB RM CQRGK?RC RFC BGQR?LAC RM RFC -MML. 4FC QMSLB QNMICL @W RFC
NCPQML ML %?PRF U?Q RP?LQDMPKCB GLRM ? P?BGM QGEL?J QCLR RM RFC -MML,
?LB RP?LQDMPKCB @?AI GLRM QMSLB ML ? QNC?ICP GLQGBC RFC ?QRPML?SRtQ
QN?AC QSGR. 4FGQ QMSLB U?Q NGAICB SN @W RFC KGAPMNFMLC GL RFC QN?AC
QSGR (GLRCLBCB DMP RFC ?QRPML?SRtQ TMGAC) ?LB QCLR @?AI RM %?PRF ?Q ? P?BGM
CAFM MD QMPRQ. )D RFC PMSLB-RPGN RGKC U?Q 2.60 Q, UF?R U?Q RFC ?NNPMVGK?RC
BGQR?LAC RM RFC -MML, LCEJCARGLE ?LW BCJ?WQ GL RFC CJCARPMLGAQ?
48. ,SL?P ?QRPML?SRQ NJ?ACB ? PCDJCARMP ML RFC -MMLtQ QSPD?AC, MDD UFGAF ?
J?QCP @C?K GQ NCPGMBGA?JJW PCDJCARCB. 4FC BGQR?LAC RM RFC -MML GQ
A?JASJ?RCB DPMK RFC PMSLB-RPGN RGKC. (?) 4M UF?R ?AASP?AW GL KCRCPQ A?L
RFC BGQR?LAC RM RFC -MML @C BCRCPKGLCB, GD RFGQ RGKC A?L @C KC?QSPCB RM
#(!04%2 24 Y %,%#42/-!'.%4)# 7!6%3 881
0.100 LQ? (@) 7F?R NCPACLR ?AASP?AW GQ RFGQ, EGTCL RFC ?TCP?EC BGQR?LAC
RM RFC -MML GQ 3.8410
8
m?
49. 2?B?P GQ SQCB RM BCRCPKGLC BGQR?LACQ RM T?PGMSQ M@HCARQ @W KC?QSPGLE
RFC PMSLB-RPGN RGKC DMP ?L CAFM DPMK RFC M@HCAR. (?) (MU D?P ?U?W GQ RFC
NJ?LCR 6CLSQ GD RFC CAFM RGKC GQ 1000 Q? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC CAFM RGKC DMP ?
A?P 75.0 K DPMK ? (GEFU?W 0MJGAC P?B?P SLGR? (A) (MU ?AASP?RCJW (GL
L?LMQCAMLBQ) KSQR WMS @C ?@JC RM KC?QSPC RFC CAFM RGKC RM ?L ?GPNJ?LC
12.0 IK ?U?W RM BCRCPKGLC GRQ BGQR?LAC UGRFGL 10.0 K?
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC P?RGM MD RFC FGEFCQR RM JMUCQR DPCOSCLAGCQ MD
CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ RFC CWC A?L QCC, EGTCL RFC U?TCJCLERF P?LEC MD
TGQG@JC JGEFR GQ DPMK 380 RM 760 LK. (@) #MKN?PC RFGQ UGRF RFC P?RGM MD
FGEFCQR RM JMUCQR DPCOSCLAGCQ RFC C?P A?L FC?P.
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC P?RC GL U?RRQ ?R UFGAF FC?R RP?LQDCP RFPMSEF P?BG?RGML
MAASPQ (?JKMQR CLRGPCJW GL RFC GLDP?PCB) DPMK 1.0 m
2
MD RFC %?PRFtQ
QSPD?AC ?R LGEFR. !QQSKC RFC CKGQQGTGRW GQ 0.90, RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC
%?PRF GQ 15C, ?LB RF?R MD MSRCP QN?AC GQ 2.7 +. (@) #MKN?PC RFC
GLRCLQGRW MD RFGQ P?BG?RGML UGRF RF?R AMKGLE RM RFC %?PRF DPMK RFC 3SL
BSPGLE RFC B?W, UFGAF ?TCP?ECQ ?@MSR 800 W/m
2
, MLJW F?JD MD UFGAF GQ
?@QMP@CB. (A) 7F?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF GL RFC
MSREMGLE P?BG?RGML, ?QQSKGLE GR GQ ? AMLRGLSMSQ U?TC?
52. 7F?R GQ RFC GLRCLQGRW MD ?L CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC UGRF ? NC?I CJCARPGA
DGCJB QRPCLERF MD 125 6/K?
53. &GLB RFC GLRCLQGRW MD ?L CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC F?TGLE ? NC?I K?ELCRGA
DGCJB QRPCLERF MD 4.0010
9
T .
54. !QQSKC RFC FCJGSK-LCML J?QCPQ AMKKMLJW SQCB GL QRSBCLR NFWQGAQ
J?@MP?RMPGCQ F?TC NMUCP MSRNSRQ MD 0.250 K7. (?) )D QSAF ? J?QCP @C?K GQ
NPMHCARCB MLRM ? AGPASJ?P QNMR 1.00 KK GL BG?KCRCP, UF?R GQ GRQ GLRCLQGRW?
(@) &GLB RFC NC?I K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF. (A) &GLB RFC NC?I CJCARPGA DGCJB
QRPCLERF.
55. !L !- P?BGM RP?LQKGRRCP @PM?BA?QRQ 50.0 I7 MD NMUCP SLGDMPKJW GL ?JJ
BGPCARGMLQ. (?) !QQSKGLE ?JJ MD RFC P?BGM U?TCQ RF?R QRPGIC RFC EPMSLB ?PC
AMKNJCRCJW ?@QMP@CB, ?LB RF?R RFCPC GQ LM ?@QMPNRGML @W RFC ?RKMQNFCPC
MP MRFCP M@HCARQ, UF?R GQ RFC GLRCLQGRW 30.0 IK ?U?W? ((GLR: (?JD RFC
NMUCP UGJJ @C QNPC?B MTCP RFC ?PC? MD ? FCKGQNFCPC.) (@) 7F?R GQ RFC
K?VGKSK CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF ?R RFGQ BGQR?LAC?
56. 3SNNMQC RFC K?VGKSK Q?DC GLRCLQGRW MD KGAPMU?TCQ DMP FSK?L
CVNMQSPC GQ R?ICL RM @C 1.00 W/m
2
. (?) )D ? P?B?P SLGR JC?IQ 10.0 7 MD
KGAPMU?TCQ (MRFCP RF?L RFMQC QCLR @W GRQ ?LRCLL?) SLGDMPKJW GL ?JJ
BGPCARGMLQ, FMU D?P ?U?W KSQR WMS @C RM @C CVNMQCB RM ?L GLRCLQGRW
AMLQGBCPCB RM @C Q?DC? !QQSKC RF?R RFC NMUCP QNPC?BQ SLGDMPKJW MTCP
RFC ?PC? MD ? QNFCPC UGRF LM AMKNJGA?RGMLQ DPMK ?@QMPNRGML MP PCDJCARGML.
(@) 7F?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF ?R RFC Q?DC GLRCLQGRW?
(.MRC RF?R C?PJW P?B?P SLGRQ JC?ICB KMPC RF?L KMBCPL MLCQ BM. 4FGQ
A?SQCB GBCLRGDG?@JC FC?JRF NPM@JCKQ, QSAF ?Q A?R?P?ARQ, DMP NCMNJC UFM
UMPICB LC?P RFCK.)
57. ! 2.50-K-BG?KCRCP SLGTCPQGRW AMKKSLGA?RGMLQ Q?RCJJGRC BGQF PCACGTCQ
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i
. 4FC ?LEJCQ ?PC KC?QSPCB PCJ?RGTC RM RFC NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC
QSPD?AC ?R RFC NMGLR UFCPC RFC P?W QRPGICQ RFC QSPD?AC.
F?=KH; 25.5 ,GEFR GQ BGDDSQCB UFCL GR PCDJCARQ DPMK ? PMSEF QSPD?AC. (CPC K?LW N?P?JJCJ P?WQ ?PC GLAGBCLR, @SR RFCW ?PC PCDJCARCB ?R K?LW BGDDCPCLR ?LEJCQ QGLAC RFC QSPD?AC GQ
PMSEF.
F?=KH; 25.6 7FCL ? QFCCR MD N?NCP GQ GJJSKGL?RCB UGRF K?LW N?P?JJCJ GLAGBCLR P?WQ, GR A?L @C QCCL ?R K?LW BGDDCPCLR ?LEJCQ, @CA?SQC GRQ QSPD?AC GQ PMSEF ?LB BGDDSQCQ RFC JGEFR.
#(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3 887
F?=KH; 25.7 ! KGPPMP GJJSKGL?RCB @W K?LW N?P?JJCJ P?WQ PCDJCARQ RFCK GL MLJW MLC BGPCARGML, QGLAC GRQ QSPD?AC GQ TCPW QKMMRF. /LJW RFC M@QCPTCP ?R ? N?PRGASJ?P ?LEJC UGJJ QCC RFC
PCDJCARCB JGEFR.
F?=KH; 25.8 -MMLJGEFR GQ QNPC?B MSR UFCL GR GQ PCDJCARCB @W RFC J?IC, QGLAC RFC QSPD?AC GQ QFGLW @SR SLCTCL. (APCBGR: $GCEM 4MPPCQ 3GJTCQRPC, &JGAIP)
4FC J?U MD PCDJCARGML GQ TCPW QGKNJC: 4FC ?LEJC MD PCDJCARGML COS?JQ RFC ?LEJC MD GLAGBCLAC.
4FC ,?U MD 2CDJCARGML
4FC ?LEJC MD PCDJCARGML COS?JQ RFC ?LEJC MD GLAGBCLAC.
7FCL UC QCC MSPQCJTCQ GL ? KGPPMP, GR ?NNC?PQ RF?R MSP GK?EC GQ ?ARS?JJW @CFGLB RFC KGPPMP. 4FGQ GQ GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 25.9. 7C QCC RFC JGEFR AMKGLE
DPMK ? BGPCARGML BCRCPKGLCB @W RFC J?U MD PCDJCARGML. 4FC ?LEJCQ ?PC QSAF RF?R MSP GK?EC GQ CV?ARJW RFC Q?KC BGQR?LAC @CFGLB RFC KGPPMP ?Q UC QR?LB
?U?W DPMK RFC KGPPMP. )D RFC KGPPMP GQ ML RFC U?JJ MD ? PMMK, RFC GK?ECQ GL GR ?PC ?JJ @CFGLB RFC KGPPMP, UFGAF A?L K?IC RFC PMMK QCCK @GEECP. !JRFMSEF
RFCQC KGPPMP GK?ECQ K?IC M@HCARQ ?NNC?P RM @C UFCPC RFCW A?LLMR @C (JGIC @CFGLB ? QMJGB U?JJ), RFC GK?ECQ ?PC LMR DGEKCLRQ MD MSP GK?EGL?RGML. -GPPMP
GK?ECQ A?L @C NFMRMEP?NFCB ?LB TGBCMR?NCB @W GLQRPSKCLRQ ?LB JMMI HSQR ?Q RFCW BM UGRF MSP CWCQ (MNRGA?J GLQRPSKCLRQ RFCKQCJTCQ). 4FC NPCAGQC
K?LLCP GL UFGAF GK?ECQ ?PC DMPKCB @W KGPPMPQ ?LB JCLQCQ UGJJ @C RPC?RCB GL J?RCP QCARGMLQ MD RFGQ AF?NRCP.
F?=KH; 25.9 /SP GK?EC GL ? KGPPMP GQ @CFGLB RFC KGPPMP. 4FC RUM P?WQ QFMUL ?PC RFMQC RF?R QRPGIC RFC KGPPMP ?R HSQR RFC AMPPCAR ?LEJCQ RM @C PCDJCARCB GLRM RFC CWCQ MD RFC NCPQML.
4FC GK?EC ?NNC?PQ RM @C GL RFC BGPCARGML RFC P?WQ ?PC AMKGLE DPMK UFCL RFCW CLRCP RFC CWCQ.
4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR: ,?U MD 2CDJCARGML
4?IC ? NGCAC MD N?NCP ?LB QFGLC ? DJ?QFJGEFR ?R ?L ?LEJC ?R RFC N?NCP, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 25.6. .MU QFGLC RFC DJ?QFJGEFR ?R ? KGPPMP ?R ?L ?LEJC.
$M WMSP M@QCPT?RGMLQ AMLDGPK RFC NPCBGARGMLQ GL F?=KH; 25.6 ?LB F?=KH; 25.7? 3FGLC RFC DJ?QFJGEFR ML T?PGMSQ QSPD?ACQ ?LB BCRCPKGLC UFCRFCP
RFC PCDJCARCB JGEFR GQ BGDDSQC MP LMR. 9MS A?L AFMMQC ? QFGLW KCR?JJGA JGB MD ? NMR MP WMSP QIGL. 5QGLE RFC KGPPMP ?LB DJ?QFJGEFR, A?L WMS AMLDGPK RFC
888 #(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3
J?U MD PCDJCARGML? 9MS UGJJ LCCB RM BP?U JGLCQ ML ? NGCAC MD N?NCP QFMUGLE RFC GLAGBCLR ?LB PCDJCARCB P?WQ. (4FGQ N?PR UMPIQ CTCL @CRRCP GD WMS SQC
? J?QCP NCLAGJ.)
25.3 ->; %7M E< +;<H79J?ED
)R GQ C?QW RM LMRGAC QMKC MBB RFGLEQ UFCL JMMIGLE GLRM ? DGQF R?LI. &MP CV?KNJC, WMS K?W QCC RFC Q?KC DGQF ?NNC?PGLE RM @C GL RUM BGDDCPCLR NJ?ACQ.
(3CC F?=KH; 25.10.) 4FGQ GQ @CA?SQC JGEFR AMKGLE DPMK RFC DGQF RM SQ AF?LECQ BGPCARGML UFCL GR JC?TCQ RFC R?LI, ?LB GL RFGQ A?QC, GR A?L RP?TCJ RUM
BGDDCPCLR N?RFQ RM ECR RM MSP CWCQ. 4FC AF?LEGLE MD ? JGEFR P?WtQ BGPCARGML (JMMQCJW A?JJCB @CLBGLE) UFCL GR N?QQCQ RFPMSEF T?PG?RGMLQ GL K?RRCP GQ A?JJCB
H;<H79J?ED. 2CDP?ARGML GQ PCQNMLQG@JC DMP ? RPCKCLBMSQ P?LEC MD MNRGA?J NFCLMKCL?, DPMK RFC ?ARGML MD JCLQCQ RM TMGAC RP?LQKGQQGML RFPMSEF MNRGA?J
DG@CPQ.
2CDP?ARGML
4FC AF?LEGLE MD ? JGEFR P?WtQ BGPCARGML (JMMQCJW A?JJCB @CLBGLE) UFCL GR N?QQCQ RFPMSEF T?PG?RGMLQ GL K?RRCP GQ A?JJCB PCDP?ARGML.
3NCCB MD ,GEFR
4FC QNCCB MD JGEFR c LMR MLJW ?DDCARQ PCDP?ARGML, GR GQ MLC MD RFC ACLRP?J AMLACNRQ MD %GLQRCGLtQ RFCMPW MD PCJ?RGTGRW. !Q RFC ?AASP?AW MD RFC
KC?QSPCKCLRQ MD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR UCPC GKNPMTCB, c U?Q DMSLB LMR RM BCNCLB ML RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC QMSPAC MP RFC M@QCPTCP. (MUCTCP, RFC
QNCCB MD JGEFR BMCQ T?PW GL ? NPCAGQC K?LLCP UGRF RFC K?RCPG?J GR RP?TCPQCQ. 4FCQC D?ARQ F?TC D?P-PC?AFGLE GKNJGA?RGMLQ, ?Q UC UGJJ QCC GL ,F;9?7B
+;B7J?L?JO. )R K?ICQ AMLLCARGMLQ @CRUCCL QN?AC ?LB RGKC ?LB ?JRCPQ MSP CVNCAR?RGMLQ RF?R ?JJ M@QCPTCPQ KC?QSPC RFC Q?KC RGKC DMP RFC Q?KC
CTCLR, DMP CV?KNJC. 4FC QNCCB MD JGEFR GQ QM GKNMPR?LR RF?R GRQ T?JSC GL ? T?ASSK GQ MLC MD RFC KMQR DSLB?KCLR?J AMLQR?LRQ GL L?RSPC ?Q UCJJ ?Q
@CGLE MLC MD RFC DMSP DSLB?KCLR?J 3) SLGRQ.
F?=KH; 25.10 ,MMIGLE ?R RFC DGQF R?LI ?Q QFMUL, UC A?L QCC RFC Q?KC DGQF GL RUM BGDDCPCLR JMA?RGMLQ, @CA?SQC JGEFR AF?LECQ BGPCARGMLQ UFCL GR N?QQCQ DPMK U?RCP RM ?GP. )L RFGQ
A?QC, RFC JGEFR A?L PC?AF RFC M@QCPTCP @W RUM BGDDCPCLR N?RFQ, ?LB QM RFC DGQF QCCKQ RM @C GL RUM BGDDCPCLR NJ?ACQ. 4FGQ @CLBGLE MD JGEFR GQ A?JJCB PCDP?ARGML ?LB GQ PCQNMLQG@JC DMP
K?LW MNRGA?J NFCLMKCL?.
7FW BMCQ JGEFR AF?LEC BGPCARGML UFCL N?QQGLE DPMK MLC K?RCPG?J (KCBGSK) RM ?LMRFCP? )R GQ @CA?SQC JGEFR AF?LECQ QNCCB UFCL EMGLE DPMK MLC
K?RCPG?J RM ?LMRFCP. 3M @CDMPC UC QRSBW RFC J?U MD PCDP?ARGML, GR GQ SQCDSJ RM BGQASQQ RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR ?LB FMU GR T?PGCQ GL BGDDCPCLR KCBG?.
4FC 3NCCB MD ,GEFR
%?PJW ?RRCKNRQ RM KC?QSPC RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR, QSAF ?Q RFMQC K?BC @W '?JGJCM, BCRCPKGLCB RF?R JGEFR KMTCB CVRPCKCJW D?QR, NCPF?NQ GLQR?LR?LCMSQJW.
4FC DGPQR PC?J CTGBCLAC RF?R JGEFR RP?TCJCB ?R ? DGLGRC QNCCB A?KC DPMK RFC $?LGQF ?QRPMLMKCP /JC 2MCKCP GL RFC J?RC 17RF ACLRSPW. 2MCKCP F?B LMRCB
RF?R RFC ?TCP?EC MP@GR?J NCPGMB MD MLC MD *SNGRCPtQ KMMLQ, ?Q KC?QSPCB DPMK %?PRF, T?PGCB BCNCLBGLE ML UFCRFCP %?PRF U?Q KMTGLE RMU?PB MP ?U?W
DPMK *SNGRCP. (C AMPPCARJW AMLAJSBCB RF?R RFC ?NN?PCLR AF?LEC GL NCPGMB U?Q BSC RM RFC AF?LEC GL BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL %?PRF ?LB *SNGRCP ?LB RFC RGKC GR
RMMI JGEFR RM RP?TCJ RFGQ BGQR?LAC. &PMK FGQ 1676 B?R?, ? T?JSC MD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR U?Q A?JASJ?RCB RM @C 2.2610
8
m/s (MLJW 25% BGDDCPCLR DPMK
RMB?WtQ ?AACNRCB T?JSC). )L KMPC PCACLR RGKCQ, NFWQGAGQRQ F?TC KC?QSPCB RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR GL LSKCPMSQ U?WQ ?LB UGRF GLAPC?QGLE ?AASP?AW. /LC
N?PRGASJ?PJW BGPCAR KCRFMB, SQCB GL 1887 @W RFC !KCPGA?L NFWQGAGQR !J@CPR -GAFCJQML (1852q1931), GQ GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 25.11. ,GEFR PCDJCARCB DPMK ?
PMR?RGLE QCR MD KGPPMPQ U?Q PCDJCARCB DPMK ? QR?RGML?PW KGPPMP 35 IK ?U?W ?LB PCRSPLCB RM RFC PMR?RGLE KGPPMPQ. 4FC RGKC DMP RFC JGEFR RM RP?TCJ A?L @C
BCRCPKGLCB @W FMU D?QR RFC KGPPMPQ KSQR PMR?RC DMP RFC JGEFR RM @C PCRSPLCB RM RFC M@QCPTCPtQ CWC.
#(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3 889
F?=KH; 25.11 ! QAFCK?RGA MD C?PJW ?NN?P?RSQ SQCB @W -GAFCJQML ?LB MRFCPQ RM BCRCPKGLC RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. !Q RFC KGPPMPQ PMR?RC, RFC PCDJCARCB P?W GQ MLJW @PGCDJW BGPCARCB ?R RFC
QR?RGML?PW KGPPMP. 4FC PCRSPLGLE P?W UGJJ @C PCDJCARCB GLRM RFC M@QCPTCP'Q CWC MLJW GD RFC LCVR KGPPMP F?Q PMR?RCB GLRM RFC AMPPCAR NMQGRGML HSQR ?Q RFC P?W PCRSPLQ. "W KC?QSPGLE RFC
AMPPCAR PMR?RGML P?RC, RFC RGKC DMP RFC PMSLB RPGN A?L @C KC?QSPCB ?LB RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR A?JASJ?RCB. -GAFCJQMLtQ A?JASJ?RCB T?JSC MD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR U?Q MLJW 0.04% BGDDCPCLR
DPMK RFC T?JSC SQCB RMB?W.
4FC QNCCB MD JGEFR GQ LMU ILMUL RM EPC?R NPCAGQGML. )L D?AR, RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR GL ? T?ASSK c GQ QM GKNMPR?LR RF?R GR GQ ?AACNRCB ?Q MLC MD RFC @?QGA
NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ ?LB F?Q RFC DGVCB T?JSC
(25.1)
c = 2.997245810
8
m/s 3.0010
8
m/s,
UFCPC RFC ?NNPMVGK?RC T?JSC MD 3.0010
8
m/s GQ SQCB UFCLCTCP RFPCC-BGEGR ?AASP?AW GQ QSDDGAGCLR. 4FC QNCCB MD JGEFR RFPMSEF K?RRCP GQ JCQQ RF?L GR
GQ GL ? T?ASSK, @CA?SQC JGEFR GLRCP?ARQ UGRF ?RMKQ GL ? K?RCPG?J. 4FC QNCCB MD JGEFR BCNCLBQ QRPMLEJW ML RFC RWNC MD K?RCPG?J, QGLAC GRQ GLRCP?ARGML UGRF
BGDDCPCLR ?RMKQ, APWQR?J J?RRGACQ, ?LB MRFCP QS@QRPSARSPCQ T?PGCQ. 7C BCDGLC RFC ?D:;N E< H;<H79J?ED n MD ? K?RCPG?J RM @C
(25.2)
n =
c
v
,
UFCPC v GQ RFC M@QCPTCB QNCCB MD JGEFR GL RFC K?RCPG?J. 3GLAC RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR GQ ?JU?WQ JCQQ RF?L c GL K?RRCP ?LB COS?JQ c MLJW GL ? T?ASSK, RFC
GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML GQ ?JU?WQ EPC?RCP RF?L MP COS?J RM MLC.
6?JSC MD RFC 3NCCB MD ,GEFR
(25.3)
c = 2.997245810
8
m/s 3.0010
8
m/s
)LBCV MD 2CDP?ARGML
(25.4)
n =
c
v
4F?R GQ, n 1 . -78B; 25.1 EGTCQ RFC GLBGACQ MD PCDP?ARGML DMP QMKC PCNPCQCLR?RGTC QS@QR?LACQ. 4FC T?JSCQ ?PC JGQRCB DMP ? N?PRGASJ?P U?TCJCLERF MD
JGEFR, @CA?SQC RFCW T?PW QJGEFRJW UGRF U?TCJCLERF. (4FGQ A?L F?TC GKNMPR?LR CDDCARQ, QSAF ?Q AMJMPQ NPMBSACB @W ? NPGQK.) .MRC RF?R DMP E?QCQ, n GQ
AJMQC RM 1.0. 4FGQ QCCKQ PC?QML?@JC, QGLAC ?RMKQ GL E?QCQ ?PC UGBCJW QCN?P?RCB ?LB JGEFR RP?TCJQ ?R c GL RFC T?ASSK @CRUCCL ?RMKQ. )R GQ AMKKML RM
R?IC n = 1 DMP E?QCQ SLJCQQ EPC?R NPCAGQGML GQ LCCBCB. !JRFMSEF RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR v GL ? KCBGSK T?PGCQ AMLQGBCP?@JW DPMK GRQ T?JSC c GL ?
T?ASSK, GR GQ QRGJJ ? J?PEC QNCCB.
890 #(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3
4?@JC 25.1 )LBCV MD 2CDP?ARGML GL
6?PGMSQ -CBG?
&;:?KC .
G"3&3 "4 0C , 1 "4-
!GP 1.000293
#?P@ML BGMVGBC 1.00045
(WBPMECL 1.000139
/VWECL 1.000271
L*15*%3 "4 20C
"CLXCLC 1.501
#?P@ML BGQSJDGBC 1.628
#?P@ML RCRP?AFJMPGBC 1.461
%RF?LMJ 1.361
'JWACPGLC 1.473
7?RCP, DPCQF 1.333
S/,*%3 "4 20C
$G?KMLB 2.419
&JSMPGRC 1.434
'J?QQ, APMUL 1.52
'J?QQ, DJGLR 1.66
)AC ?R 20C 1.309
0MJWQRWPCLC 1.49
0JCVGEJ?Q 1.51
1S?PRX, APWQR?JJGLC 1.544
1S?PRX, DSQCB 1.458
3MBGSK AFJMPGBC 1.544
:GPAML 1.923
EN7CFB; 25.1 ,F;;: E< %?=>J ?D &7JJ;H
#?JASJ?RC RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR GL XGPAML, ? K?RCPG?J SQCB GL HCUCJPW RM GKGR?RC BG?KMLB.
,JH7J;=O
4FC QNCCB MD JGEFR GL ? K?RCPG?J, v , A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB DPMK RFC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML n MD RFC K?RCPG?J SQGLE RFC COS?RGML n = c / v .
,EBKJ?ED
4FC COS?RGML DMP GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML QR?RCQ RF?R n = c / v . 2C?PP?LEGLE RFGQ RM BCRCPKGLC v EGTCQ
(25.5)
v =
c
n
.
4FC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML DMP XGPAML GQ EGTCL ?Q 1.923 GL -78B; 25.1, ?LB c GQ EGTCL GL RFC COS?RGML DMP QNCCB MD JGEFR. %LRCPGLE RFCQC T?JSCQ GL RFC
J?QR CVNPCQQGML EGTCQ
(25.6)
v =
3.0010
8
m/s
1.923
= 1.5610
8
m/s.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ QNCCB GQ QJGEFRJW J?PECP RF?L F?JD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR GL ? T?ASSK ?LB GQ QRGJJ FGEF AMKN?PCB UGRF QNCCBQ UC LMPK?JJW CVNCPGCLAC. 4FC MLJW
QS@QR?LAC JGQRCB GL -78B; 25.1 RF?R F?Q ? EPC?RCP GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML RF?L XGPAML GQ BG?KMLB. 7C QF?JJ QCC J?RCP RF?R RFC J?PEC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML
DMP XGPAML K?ICQ GR QN?PIJC KMPC RF?L EJ?QQ, @SR JCQQ RF?L BG?KMLB.
,?U MD 2CDP?ARGML
F?=KH; 25.12 QFMUQ FMU ? P?W MD JGEFR AF?LECQ BGPCARGML UFCL GR N?QQCQ DPMK MLC KCBGSK RM ?LMRFCP. !Q @CDMPC, RFC ?LEJCQ ?PC KC?QSPCB PCJ?RGTC RM
? NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC QSPD?AC ?R RFC NMGLR UFCPC RFC JGEFR P?W APMQQCQ GR. (3MKC MD RFC GLAGBCLR JGEFR UGJJ @C PCDJCARCB DPMK RFC QSPD?AC, @SR DMP LMU UC
UGJJ AMLACLRP?RC ML RFC JGEFR RF?R GQ RP?LQKGRRCB.) 4FC AF?LEC GL BGPCARGML MD RFC JGEFR P?W BCNCLBQ ML FMU RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR AF?LECQ. 4FC AF?LEC GL
#(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3 891
RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC GLBGACQ MD PCDP?ARGML MD RFC KCBG? GLTMJTCB. )L RFC QGRS?RGMLQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 25.12, KCBGSK 2 F?Q ? EPC?RCP GLBCV
MD PCDP?ARGML RF?L KCBGSK 1. 4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR GQ JCQQ GL KCBGSK 2 RF?L GL KCBGSK 1. .MRC RF?R ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 25.12(?), RFC
BGPCARGML MD RFC P?W KMTCQ AJMQCP RM RFC NCPNCLBGASJ?P UFCL GR QJMUQ BMUL. #MLTCPQCJW, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 25.12(@), RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC P?W KMTCQ
?U?W DPMK RFC NCPNCLBGASJ?P UFCL GR QNCCBQ SN. 4FC N?RF GQ CV?ARJW PCTCPQG@JC. )L @MRF A?QCQ, WMS A?L GK?EGLC UF?R F?NNCLQ @W RFGLIGLE ?@MSR
NSQFGLE ? J?UL KMUCP DPMK ? DMMRN?RF MLRM EP?QQ, ?LB TGAC TCPQ?. 'MGLE DPMK RFC DMMRN?RF RM EP?QQ, RFC DPMLR UFCCJQ ?PC QJMUCB ?LB NSJJCB RM RFC
QGBC ?Q QFMUL. 4FGQ GQ RFC Q?KC AF?LEC GL BGPCARGML ?Q DMP JGEFR UFCL GR EMCQ DPMK ? D?QR KCBGSK RM ? QJMU MLC. 7FCL EMGLE DPMK RFC EP?QQ RM RFC
DMMRN?RF, RFC DPMLR UFCCJQ A?L KMTC D?QRCP ?LB RFC KMUCP AF?LECQ BGPCARGML ?Q QFMUL. 4FGQ, RMM, GQ RFC Q?KC AF?LEC GL BGPCARGML ?Q DMP JGEFR EMGLE
DPMK QJMU RM D?QR.
F?=KH; 25.12 4FC AF?LEC GL BGPCARGML MD ? JGEFR P?W BCNCLBQ ML FMU RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR AF?LECQ UFCL GR APMQQCQ DPMK MLC KCBGSK RM ?LMRFCP. 4FC QNCCB MD JGEFR GQ EPC?RCP GL
KCBGSK 1 RF?L GL KCBGSK 2 GL RFC QGRS?RGMLQ QFMUL FCPC. (?) ! P?W MD JGEFR KMTCQ AJMQCP RM RFC NCPNCLBGASJ?P UFCL GR QJMUQ BMUL. 4FGQ GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM UF?R F?NNCLQ UFCL ?
J?UL KMUCP EMCQ DPMK ? DMMRN?RF RM EP?QQ. (@) ! P?W MD JGEFR KMTCQ ?U?W DPMK RFC NCPNCLBGASJ?P UFCL GR QNCCBQ SN. 4FGQ GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM UF?R F?NNCLQ UFCL ? J?UL KMUCP
EMCQ DPMK EP?QQ RM DMMRN?RF. 4FC N?RFQ ?PC CV?ARJW PCTCPQG@JC.
4FC ?KMSLR RF?R ? JGEFR P?W AF?LECQ GRQ BGPCARGML BCNCLBQ @MRF ML RFC GLAGBCLR ?LEJC ?LB RFC ?KMSLR RF?R RFC QNCCB AF?LECQ. &MP ? P?W ?R ? EGTCL
GLAGBCLR ?LEJC, ? J?PEC AF?LEC GL QNCCB A?SQCQ ? J?PEC AF?LEC GL BGPCARGML, ?LB RFSQ ? J?PEC AF?LEC GL ?LEJC. 4FC CV?AR K?RFCK?RGA?J PCJ?RGMLQFGN GQ
RFC B7M E< H;<H79J?ED, MP u3LCJJtQ ,?U,v UFGAF GQ QR?RCB GL COS?RGML DMPK ?Q
(25.7)
n
1
sin
1
= n
2
sin
2
.
(CPC n
1
?LB n
2
?PC RFC GLBGACQ MD PCDP?ARGML DMP KCBGSK 1 ?LB 2, ?LB
1
?LB
2
?PC RFC ?LEJCQ @CRUCCL RFC P?WQ ?LB RFC NCPNCLBGASJ?P GL
KCBGSK 1 ?LB 2, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 25.12. 4FC GLAMKGLE P?W GQ A?JJCB RFC GLAGBCLR P?W ?LB RFC MSREMGLE P?W RFC PCDP?ARCB P?W, ?LB RFC ?QQMAG?RCB
?LEJCQ RFC GLAGBCLR ?LEJC ?LB RFC PCDP?ARCB ?LEJC. 4FC J?U MD PCDP?ARGML GQ ?JQM A?JJCB 3LCJJtQ J?U ?DRCP RFC $SRAF K?RFCK?RGAG?L 7GJJC@PMPB 3LCJJ
(1591q1626), UFM BGQAMTCPCB GR GL 1621. 3LCJJtQ CVNCPGKCLRQ QFMUCB RF?R RFC J?U MD PCDP?ARGML U?Q M@CWCB ?LB RF?R ? AF?P?ARCPGQRGA GLBCV MD
PCDP?ARGML n AMSJB @C ?QQGELCB RM ? EGTCL KCBGSK. 3LCJJ U?Q LMR ?U?PC RF?R RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR T?PGCB GL BGDDCPCLR KCBG?, @SR RFPMSEF CVNCPGKCLRQ FC
U?Q ?@JC RM BCRCPKGLC GLBGACQ MD PCDP?ARGML DPMK RFC U?W JGEFR P?WQ AF?LECB BGPCARGML.
4FC ,?U MD 2CDP?ARGML
(25.8)
n
1
sin
1
= n
2
sin
2
4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR: ! "PMICL 0CLAGJ
! AJ?QQGA M@QCPT?RGML MD PCDP?ARGML MAASPQ UFCL ? NCLAGJ GQ NJ?ACB GL ? EJ?QQ F?JD DGJJCB UGRF U?RCP. $M RFGQ ?LB M@QCPTC RFC QF?NC MD RFC NCLAGJ
UFCL WMS JMMI ?R RFC NCLAGJ QGBCU?WQ, RF?R GQ, RFPMSEF ?GP, EJ?QQ, U?RCP. %VNJ?GL WMSP M@QCPT?RGMLQ. $P?U P?W BG?EP?KQ DMP RFC QGRS?RGML.
EN7CFB; 25.2 D;J;HC?D; J>; "D:;N E< +;<H79J?ED <HEC +;<H79J?ED D7J7
&GLB RFC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML DMP KCBGSK 2 GL F?=KH; 25.12(?), ?QQSKGLE KCBGSK 1 GQ ?GP ?LB EGTCL RFC GLAGBCLR ?LEJC GQ 30.0 ?LB RFC ?LEJC MD
PCDP?ARGML GQ 22.0 .
,JH7J;=O
4FC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML DMP ?GP GQ R?ICL RM @C 1 GL KMQR A?QCQ (?LB SN RM DMSP QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ, GR GQ 1.000). 4FSQ n
1
= 1.00 FCPC. &PMK RFC EGTCL
GLDMPK?RGML,
1
= 30.0 ?LB
2
= 22.0 . 7GRF RFGQ GLDMPK?RGML, RFC MLJW SLILMUL GL 3LCJJtQ J?U GQ n
2
, QM RF?R GR A?L @C SQCB RM DGLB RFGQ
SLILMUL.
,EBKJ?ED
3LCJJtQ J?U GQ
(25.9)
n
1
sin
1
= n
2
sin
2
.
2C?PP?LEGLE RM GQMJ?RC n
2
EGTCQ
892 #(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3
(25.10)
n
2
= n
1
sin
1
sin
2
.
%LRCPGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ,
(25.11)
n
2
= 1.00
sin 30.0
sin 22.0
=
0.500
0.375
= 1.33.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ GQ RFC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML DMP U?RCP, ?LB 3LCJJ AMSJB F?TC BCRCPKGLCB GR @W KC?QSPGLE RFC ?LEJCQ ?LB NCPDMPKGLE RFGQ A?JASJ?RGML. (C UMSJB
RFCL F?TC DMSLB 1.33 RM @C RFC ?NNPMNPG?RC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML DMP U?RCP GL ?JJ MRFCP QGRS?RGMLQ, QSAF ?Q UFCL ? P?W N?QQCQ DPMK U?RCP RM EJ?QQ.
4MB?W UC A?L TCPGDW RF?R RFC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR GL ? KCBGSK @W KC?QSPGLE RF?R QNCCB BGPCARJW.
EN7CFB; 25.3 A %7H=;H C>7D=; ?D D?H;9J?ED
3SNNMQC RF?R GL ? QGRS?RGML JGIC RF?R GL EN7CFB; 25.2, JGEFR EMCQ DPMK ?GP RM BG?KMLB ?LB RF?R RFC GLAGBCLR ?LEJC GQ 30.0 . #?JASJ?RC RFC ?LEJC MD
PCDP?ARGML
2
GL RFC BG?KMLB.
,JH7J;=O
!E?GL RFC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML DMP ?GP GQ R?ICL RM @C n
1
= 1.00 , ?LB UC ?PC EGTCL
1
= 30.0 . 7C A?L JMMI SN RFC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML DMP
BG?KMLB GL -78B; 25.1, DGLBGLE n
2
= 2.419 . 4FC MLJW SLILMUL GL 3LCJJtQ J?U GQ
2
, UFGAF UC UGQF RM BCRCPKGLC.
,EBKJ?ED
3MJTGLE 3LCJJtQ J?U DMP QGL
2
WGCJBQ
(25.12)
sin
2
=
n
1
n
2
sin
1
.
%LRCPGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ,
(25.13)
sin
2
=
1.00
2.419
sin 30.0=
0.413
(0.500) = 0.207.
4FC ?LEJC GQ RFSQ
(25.14)
2
= sin
1
0.207 = 11.9.
D?I9KII?ED
&MP RFC Q?KC 30 ?LEJC MD GLAGBCLAC, RFC ?LEJC MD PCDP?ARGML GL BG?KMLB GQ QGELGDGA?LRJW QK?JJCP RF?L GL U?RCP ( 11.9 P?RFCP RF?L 22 rQCC RFC
NPCACBGLE CV?KNJC). 4FGQ KC?LQ RFCPC GQ ? J?PECP AF?LEC GL BGPCARGML GL BG?KMLB. 4FC A?SQC MD ? J?PEC AF?LEC GL BGPCARGML GQ ? J?PEC AF?LEC GL
RFC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML (MP QNCCB). )L ECLCP?J, RFC J?PECP RFC AF?LEC GL QNCCB, RFC EPC?RCP RFC CDDCAR ML RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC P?W.
25.4 -EJ7B "DJ;HD7B +;<B;9J?ED
! EMMB-OS?JGRW KGPPMP K?W PCDJCAR KMPC RF?L 90% MD RFC JGEFR RF?R D?JJQ ML GR, ?@QMP@GLE RFC PCQR. "SR GR UMSJB @C SQCDSJ RM F?TC ? KGPPMP RF?R PCDJCARQ ?JJ
MD RFC JGEFR RF?R D?JJQ ML GR. )LRCPCQRGLEJW, UC A?L NPMBSAC GBG4? E89?86G<BA SQGLE ?L ?QNCAR MD E89E46G<BA.
#MLQGBCP UF?R F?NNCLQ UFCL ? P?W MD JGEFR QRPGICQ RFC QSPD?AC @CRUCCL RUM K?RCPG?JQ, QSAF ?Q GQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 25.13(?). 0?PR MD RFC JGEFR APMQQCQ
RFC @MSLB?PW ?LB GQ PCDP?ARCB; RFC PCQR GQ PCDJCARCB. )D, ?Q QFMUL GL RFC DGESPC, RFC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML DMP RFC QCAMLB KCBGSK GQ JCQQ RF?L DMP RFC DGPQR,
RFC P?W @CLBQ ?U?W DPMK RFC NCPNCLBGASJ?P. (3GLAC n
1
> n
2
, RFC ?LEJC MD PCDP?ARGML GQ EPC?RCP RF?L RFC ?LEJC MD GLAGBCLACrRF?R GQ,
1
>
2
.) .MU
GK?EGLC UF?R F?NNCLQ ?Q RFC GLAGBCLR ?LEJC GQ GLAPC?QCB. 4FGQ A?SQCQ
2
RM GLAPC?QC ?JQM. 4FC J?PECQR RFC ?LEJC MD PCDP?ARGML
2
A?L @C GQ 90 , ?Q
QFMUL GL F?=KH; 25.13(@).4FC 9H?J?97B 7D=B;
c
DMP ? AMK@GL?RGML MD K?RCPG?JQ GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC GLAGBCLR ?LEJC
1
RF?R NPMBSACQ ?L ?LEJC MD
PCDP?ARGML MD 90 . 4F?R GQ,
c
GQ RFC GLAGBCLR ?LEJC DMP UFGAF
2
= 90 . )D RFC GLAGBCLR ?LEJC
1
GQ EPC?RCP RF?L RFC APGRGA?J ?LEJC, ?Q QFMUL GL
F?=KH; 25.13(A), RFCL ?JJ MD RFC JGEFR GQ PCDJCARCB @?AI GLRM KCBGSK 1, ? AMLBGRGML A?JJCB JEJ7B ?DJ;HD7B H;<B;9J?ED.
CH?J?97B AD=B;
4FC GLAGBCLR ?LEJC
1
RF?R NPMBSACQ ?L ?LEJC MD PCDP?ARGML MD 90 GQ A?JJCB RFC APGRGA?J ?LEJC,
c
.
#(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3 893
F?=KH; 25.13 (?) ! P?W MD JGEFR APMQQCQ ? @MSLB?PW UFCPC RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR GLAPC?QCQ ?LB RFC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML BCAPC?QCQ. 4F?R GQ, n
2
< n
1
. 4FC P?W @CLBQ ?U?W DPMK RFC
NCPNCLBGASJ?P. (@) 4FC APGRGA?J ?LEJC
c
GQ RFC MLC DMP UFGAF RFC ?LEJC MD PCDP?ARGML GQ . (A) 4MR?J GLRCPL?J PCDJCARGML MAASPQ UFCL RFC GLAGBCLR ?LEJC GQ EPC?RCP RF?L RFC APGRGA?J
?LEJC.
3LCJJtQ J?U QR?RCQ RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL ?LEJCQ ?LB GLBGACQ MD PCDP?ARGML. )R GQ EGTCL @W
(25.15)
n
1
sin
1
= n
2
sin
2
.
7FCL RFC GLAGBCLR ?LEJC COS?JQ RFC APGRGA?J ?LEJC (
1
=
c
), RFC ?LEJC MD PCDP?ARGML GQ 90 (
2
= 90 ). .MRGLE RF?R sin 90=1 , 3LCJJtQ J?U GL RFGQ
A?QC @CAMKCQ
(25.16)
n
1
sin
1
= n
2
.
4FC APGRGA?J ?LEJC
c
DMP ? EGTCL AMK@GL?RGML MD K?RCPG?JQ GQ RFSQ
(25.17)
c
= sin
1
n
2
/ n
1
for n
1
> n
2
.
4MR?J GLRCPL?J PCDJCARGML MAASPQ DMP ?LW GLAGBCLR ?LEJC EPC?RCP RF?L RFC APGRGA?J ?LEJC
c
, ?LB GR A?L MLJW MAASP UFCL RFC QCAMLB KCBGSK F?Q ?L GLBCV
MD PCDP?ARGML JCQQ RF?L RFC DGPQR. .MRC RFC ?@MTC COS?RGML GQ UPGRRCL DMP ? JGEFR P?W RF?R RP?TCJQ GL KCBGSK 1 ?LB PCDJCARQ DPMK KCBGSK 2, ?Q QFMUL GL RFC
DGESPC.
EN7CFB; 25.4 !EM B?= ?I J>; CH?J?97B AD=B; !;H;?
7F?R GQ RFC APGRGA?J ?LEJC DMP JGEFR RP?TCJGLE GL ? NMJWQRWPCLC (? RWNC MD NJ?QRGA) NGNC QSPPMSLBCB @W ?GP?
,JH7J;=O
894 #(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3
4FC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML DMP NMJWQRWPCLC GQ DMSLB RM @C 1.49 GL F?=KH; 25.14, ?LB RFC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML MD ?GP A?L @C R?ICL RM @C 1.00, ?Q @CDMPC.
4FSQ, RFC AMLBGRGML RF?R RFC QCAMLB KCBGSK (?GP) F?Q ?L GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML JCQQ RF?L RFC DGPQR (NJ?QRGA) GQ Q?RGQDGCB, ?LB RFC COS?RGML
c
= sin
1
n
2
/ n
1
A?L @C SQCB RM DGLB RFC APGRGA?J ?LEJC

c
. (CPC, RFCL, n
2
= 1.00 ?LB n
1
= 1.49 .
,EBKJ?ED
4FC APGRGA?J ?LEJC GQ EGTCL @W
(25.18)
c
= sin
1
n
2
/ n
1
.
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFC GBCLRGDGCB T?JSCQ EGTCQ
(25.19)
c
= sin
1
(1.00 / 1.49) = sin
1
(0.671)
42.2.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R ?LW P?W MD JGEFR GLQGBC RFC NJ?QRGA RF?R QRPGICQ RFC QSPD?AC ?R ?L ?LEJC EPC?RCP RF?L 42.2 UGJJ @C RMR?JJW PCDJCARCB. 4FGQ UGJJ K?IC
RFC GLQGBC QSPD?AC MD RFC AJC?P NJ?QRGA ? NCPDCAR KGPPMP DMP QSAF P?WQ UGRFMSR ?LW LCCB DMP RFC QGJTCPGLE SQCB ML AMKKML KGPPMPQ. $GDDCPCLR
AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD K?RCPG?JQ F?TC BGDDCPCLR APGRGA?J ?LEJCQ, @SR ?LW AMK@GL?RGML UGRF n
1
> n
2
A?L NPMBSAC RMR?J GLRCPL?J PCDJCARGML. 4FC Q?KC
A?JASJ?RGML ?Q K?BC FCPC QFMUQ RF?R RFC APGRGA?J ?LEJC DMP ? P?W EMGLE DPMK U?RCP RM ?GP GQ 48.6 , UFGJC RF?R DPMK BG?KMLB RM ?GP GQ 24.4 , ?LB
RF?R DPMK DJGLR EJ?QQ RM APMUL EJ?QQ GQ 66.3 . 4FCPC GQ LM RMR?J PCDJCARGML DMP P?WQ EMGLE GL RFC MRFCP BGPCARGMLrDMP CV?KNJC, DPMK ?GP RM
U?RCPrQGLAC RFC AMLBGRGML RF?R RFC QCAMLB KCBGSK KSQR F?TC ? QK?JJCP GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML GQ LMR Q?RGQDGCB. ! LSK@CP MD GLRCPCQRGLE ?NNJGA?RGMLQ
MD RMR?J GLRCPL?J PCDJCARGML DMJJMU.
&G@CP /NRGAQ: %LBMQAMNCQ RM 4CJCNFMLCQ
&G@CP MNRGAQ GQ MLC ?NNJGA?RGML MD RMR?J GLRCPL?J PCDJCARGML RF?R GQ GL UGBC SQC. )L AMKKSLGA?RGMLQ, GR GQ SQCB RM RP?LQKGR RCJCNFMLC, GLRCPLCR, ?LB A?@JC 46
QGEL?JQ. F?8;H EFJ?9I CKNJMWQ RFC RP?LQKGQQGML MD JGEFR BMUL DG@CPQ MD NJ?QRGA MP EJ?QQ. "CA?SQC RFC DG@CPQ ?PC RFGL, JGEFR CLRCPGLE MLC GQ JGICJW RM QRPGIC
RFC GLQGBC QSPD?AC ?R ?L ?LEJC EPC?RCP RF?L RFC APGRGA?J ?LEJC ?LB, RFSQ, @C RMR?JJW PCDJCARCB (3CC F?=KH; 25.14.) 4FC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML MSRQGBC RFC DG@CP
KSQR @C QK?JJCP RF?L GLQGBC, ? AMLBGRGML RF?R GQ C?QGJW Q?RGQDGCB @W AM?RGLE RFC MSRQGBC MD RFC DG@CP UGRF ? K?RCPG?J F?TGLE ?L ?NNPMNPG?RC PCDP?ARGTC
GLBCV. )L D?AR, KMQR DG@CPQ F?TC ? T?PWGLE PCDP?ARGTC GLBCV RM ?JJMU KMPC JGEFR RM @C ESGBCB ?JMLE RFC DG@CP RFPMSEF RMR?J GLRCPL?J PCDP?ARGML. 2?WQ ?PC
PCDJCARCB ?PMSLB AMPLCPQ ?Q QFMUL, K?IGLE RFC DG@CPQ GLRM RGLW JGEFR NGNCQ.
F?=KH; 25.14 ,GEFR CLRCPGLE ? RFGL DG@CP K?W QRPGIC RFC GLQGBC QSPD?AC ?R J?PEC MP EP?XGLE ?LEJCQ ?LB GQ AMKNJCRCJW PCDJCARCB GD RFCQC ?LEJCQ CVACCB RFC APGRGA?J ?LEJC. 3SAF P?WQ
AMLRGLSC BMUL RFC DG@CP, CTCL DMJJMUGLE GR ?PMSLB AMPLCPQ, QGLAC RFC ?LEJCQ MD PCDJCARGML ?LB GLAGBCLAC PCK?GL J?PEC.
"SLBJCQ MD DG@CPQ A?L @C SQCB RM RP?LQKGR ?L GK?EC UGRFMSR ? JCLQ, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 25.15. 4FC MSRNSR MD ? BCTGAC A?JJCB ?L ;D:EI9EF; GQ
QFMUL GL F?=KH; 25.15(@). %LBMQAMNCQ ?PC SQCB RM CVNJMPC RFC @MBW RFPMSEF T?PGMSQ MPGDGACQ MP KGLMP GLAGQGMLQ. ,GEFR GQ RP?LQKGRRCB BMUL MLC DG@CP
@SLBJC RM GJJSKGL?RC GLRCPL?J N?PRQ, ?LB RFC PCDJCARCB JGEFR GQ RP?LQKGRRCB @?AI MSR RFPMSEF ?LMRFCP RM @C M@QCPTCB. 3SPECPW A?L @C NCPDMPKCB, QSAF ?Q
?PRFPMQAMNGA QSPECPW ML RFC ILCC HMGLR, CKNJMWGLE ASRRGLE RMMJQ ?RR?AFCB RM ?LB M@QCPTCB UGRF RFC CLBMQAMNC. 3?KNJCQ A?L ?JQM @C M@R?GLCB, QSAF ?Q
@W J?QQMGLE ?L GLRCQRGL?J NMJWN DMP CVRCPL?J CV?KGL?RGML.
&G@CP MNRGAQ F?Q PCTMJSRGMLGXCB QSPEGA?J RCAFLGOSCQ ?LB M@QCPT?RGMLQ UGRFGL RFC @MBW. 4FCPC ?PC ? FMQR MD KCBGA?J BG?ELMQRGA ?LB RFCP?NCSRGA SQCQ.
4FC DJCVG@GJGRW MD RFC DG@CP MNRGA @SLBJC ?JJMUQ GR RM L?TGE?RC ?PMSLB BGDDGASJR ?LB QK?JJ PCEGMLQ GL RFC @MBW, QSAF ?Q RFC GLRCQRGLCQ, RFC FC?PR, @JMMB
TCQQCJQ, ?LB HMGLRQ. 4P?LQKGQQGML MD ?L GLRCLQC J?QCP @C?K RM @SPL ?U?W M@QRPSARGLE NJ?OSCQ GL K?HMP ?PRCPGCQ ?Q UCJJ ?Q BCJGTCPGLE JGEFR RM ?ARGT?RC
AFCKMRFCP?NW BPSEQ ?PC @CAMKGLE AMKKMLNJ?AC. /NRGA?J DG@CPQ F?TC GL D?AR CL?@JCB KGAPMQSPECPW ?LB PCKMRC QSPECPW UFCPC RFC GLAGQGMLQ ?PC QK?JJ
?LB RFC QSPECMLtQ DGLECPQ BM LMR LCCB RM RMSAF RFC BGQC?QCB RGQQSC.
#(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3 895
F?=KH; 25.15 (?) !L GK?EC GQ RP?LQKGRRCB @W ? @SLBJC MD DG@CPQ RF?R F?TC DGVCB LCGEF@MPQ. (@) !L CLBMQAMNC GQ SQCB RM NPM@C RFC @MBW, @MRF RP?LQKGRRGLE JGEFR RM RFC GLRCPGMP ?LB
PCRSPLGLE ?L GK?EC QSAF ?Q RFC MLC QFMUL. (APCBGR: -CB>#F?MQ, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
&G@CPQ GL @SLBJCQ ?PC QSPPMSLBCB @W ? AJ?BBGLE K?RCPG?J RF?R F?Q ? JMUCP GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML RF?L RFC AMPC. (3CC F?=KH; 25.16.) 4FC AJ?BBGLE NPCTCLRQ
JGEFR DPMK @CGLE RP?LQKGRRCB @CRUCCL DG@CPQ GL ? @SLBJC. 7GRFMSR AJ?BBGLE, JGEFR AMSJB N?QQ @CRUCCL DG@CPQ GL AMLR?AR, QGLAC RFCGP GLBGACQ MD PCDP?ARGML
?PC GBCLRGA?J. 3GLAC LM JGEFR ECRQ GLRM RFC AJ?BBGLE (RFCPC GQ RMR?J GLRCPL?J PCDJCARGML @?AI GLRM RFC AMPC), LMLC A?L @C RP?LQKGRRCB @CRUCCL AJ?B DG@CPQ
RF?R ?PC GL AMLR?AR UGRF MLC ?LMRFCP. 4FC AJ?BBGLE NPCTCLRQ JGEFR DPMK CQA?NGLE MSR MD RFC DG@CP; GLQRC?B KMQR MD RFC JGEFR GQ NPMN?E?RCB ?JMLE RFC
JCLERF MD RFC DG@CP, KGLGKGXGLE RFC JMQQ MD QGEL?J ?LB CLQSPGLE RF?R ? OS?JGRW GK?EC GQ DMPKCB ?R RFC MRFCP CLB. 4FC AJ?BBGLE ?LB ?L ?BBGRGML?J
NPMRCARGTC J?WCP K?IC MNRGA?J DG@CPQ DJCVG@JC ?LB BSP?@JC.
F?=KH; 25.16 &G@CPQ GL @SLBJCQ ?PC AJ?B @W ? K?RCPG?J RF?R F?Q ? JMUCP GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML RF?L RFC AMPC RM CLQSPC RMR?J GLRCPL?J PCDJCARGML, CTCL UFCL DG@CPQ ?PC GL AMLR?AR UGRF
MLC ?LMRFCP. 4FGQ QFMUQ ? QGLEJC DG@CP UGRF GRQ AJ?BBGLE.
#J?BBGLE
4FC AJ?BBGLE NPCTCLRQ JGEFR DPMK @CGLE RP?LQKGRRCB @CRUCCL DG@CPQ GL ? @SLBJC.
3NCAG?J RGLW JCLQCQ RF?R A?L @C ?RR?AFCB RM RFC CLBQ MD @SLBJCQ MD DG@CPQ ?PC @CGLE BCQGELCB ?LB D?@PGA?RCB. ,GEFR CKCPEGLE DPMK ? DG@CP @SLBJC A?L @C
DMASQCB ?LB ? RGLW QNMR A?L @C GK?ECB. )L QMKC A?QCQ RFC QNMR A?L @C QA?LLCB, ?JJMUGLE OS?JGRW GK?EGLE MD ? PCEGML GLQGBC RFC @MBW. 3NCAG?J KGLSRC
MNRGA?J DGJRCPQ GLQCPRCB ?R RFC CLB MD RFC DG@CP @SLBJC F?TC RFC A?N?AGRW RM GK?EC RCLQ MD KGAPMLQ @CJMU RFC QSPD?AC UGRFMSR ASRRGLE RFC QSPD?ACrLML-
GLRPSQGTC BG?ELMQRGAQ. 4FGQ GQ N?PRGASJ?PJW SQCDSJ DMP BCRCPKGLGLE RFC CVRCLR MD A?LACPQ GL RFC QRMK?AF ?LB @MUCJ.
-MQR RCJCNFMLC AMLTCPQ?RGMLQ ?LB )LRCPLCR AMKKSLGA?RGMLQ ?PC LMU A?PPGCB @W J?QCP QGEL?JQ ?JMLE MNRGA?J DG@CPQ. %VRCLQGTC MNRGA?J DG@CP A?@JCQ F?TC
@CCL NJ?ACB ML RFC MAC?L DJMMP ?LB SLBCPEPMSLB RM CL?@JC MNRGA?J AMKKSLGA?RGMLQ. /NRGA?J DG@CP AMKKSLGA?RGML QWQRCKQ MDDCP QCTCP?J ?BT?LR?ECQ
MTCP CJCARPGA?J (AMNNCP) @?QCB QWQRCKQ, N?PRGASJ?PJW DMP JMLE BGQR?LACQ. 4FC DG@CPQ A?L @C K?BC QM RP?LQN?PCLR RF?R JGEFR A?L RP?TCJ K?LW IGJMKCRCPQ
@CDMPC GR @CAMKCQ BGK CLMSEF RM PCOSGPC ?KNJGDGA?RGMLrKSAF QSNCPGMP RM AMNNCP AMLBSARMPQ. 4FGQ NPMNCPRW MD MNRGA?J DG@CPQ GQ A?JJCB ?BJ ?BFF. ,?QCPQ
CKGR JGEFR UGRF AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ RF?R ?JJMU D?P KMPC AMLTCPQ?RGMLQ GL MLC DG@CP RF?L ?PC NMQQG@JC UGRF CJCARPGA QGEL?JQ ML ? QGLEJC AMLBSARMP. 4FGQ NPMNCPRW
MD MNRGA?J DG@CPQ GQ A?JJCB ;<:; 54A7J<7G;. /NRGA?J QGEL?JQ GL MLC DG@CP BM LMR NPMBSAC SLBCQGP?@JC CDDCARQ GL MRFCP ?BH?ACLR DG@CPQ. 4FGQ NPMNCPRW MD
MNRGA?J DG@CPQ GQ A?JJCB E87H687 6EBFFG4?>. 7C QF?JJ CVNJMPC RFC SLGOSC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD J?QCP P?BG?RGML GL ? J?RCP AF?NRCP.
#MPLCP 2CDJCARMPQ ?LB $G?KMLBQ
! JGEFR P?W RF?R QRPGICQ ?L M@HCAR AMLQGQRGLE MD RUM KSRS?JJW NCPNCLBGASJ?P PCDJCARGLE QSPD?ACQ GQ PCDJCARCB @?AI CV?ARJW N?P?JJCJ RM RFC BGPCARGML DPMK
UFGAF GR A?KC. 4FGQ GQ RPSC UFCLCTCP RFC PCDJCARGLE QSPD?ACQ ?PC NCPNCLBGASJ?P, ?LB GR GQ GLBCNCLBCLR MD RFC ?LEJC MD GLAGBCLAC. 3SAF ?L M@HCAR, QFMUL
GL F?=KH; 25.52, GQ A?JJCB ? 9EHD;H H;<B;9JEH, QGLAC RFC JGEFR @MSLACQ DPMK GRQ GLQGBC AMPLCP. -?LW GLCVNCLQGTC PCDJCARMP @SRRMLQ ML @GAWAJCQ, A?PQ, ?LB
U?PLGLE QGELQ F?TC AMPLCP PCDJCARMPQ BCQGELCB RM PCRSPL JGEFR GL RFC BGPCARGML DPMK UFGAF GR MPGEGL?RCB. )R U?Q KMPC CVNCLQGTC DMP ?QRPML?SRQ RM NJ?AC
MLC ML RFC KMML. ,?QCP QGEL?JQ A?L @C @MSLACB DPMK RF?R AMPLCP PCDJCARMP RM KC?QSPC RFC EP?BS?JJW GLAPC?QGLE BGQR?LAC RM RFC KMML UGRF EPC?R
NPCAGQGML.
896 #(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3
F?=KH; 25.17 (?) !QRPML?SRQ NJ?ACB ? AMPLCP PCDJCARMP ML RFC KMML RM KC?QSPC GRQ EP?BS?JJW GLAPC?QGLE MP@GR?J BGQR?LAC. (APCBGR: .!3!) (@) 4FC @PGEFR QNMRQ ML RFCQC @GAWAJC
Q?DCRW PCDJCARMPQ ?PC PCDJCARGMLQ MD RFC DJ?QF MD RFC A?KCP? RF?R RMMI RFGQ NGARSPC ML ? B?PI LGEFR. (APCBGR: *SJM, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
#MPLCP PCDJCARMPQ ?PC NCPDCARJW CDDGAGCLR UFCL RFC AMLBGRGMLQ DMP RMR?J GLRCPL?J PCDJCARGML ?PC Q?RGQDGCB. 7GRF AMKKML K?RCPG?JQ, GR GQ C?QW RM M@R?GL ?
APGRGA?J ?LEJC RF?R GQ JCQQ RF?L 45 . /LC SQC MD RFCQC NCPDCAR KGPPMPQ GQ GL @GLMASJ?PQ, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 25.18. !LMRFCP SQC GQ GL NCPGQAMNCQ DMSLB GL
QS@K?PGLCQ.
F?=KH; 25.18 4FCQC @GLMASJ?PQ CKNJMW AMPLCP PCDJCARMPQ UGRF RMR?J GLRCPL?J PCDJCARGML RM ECR JGEFR RM RFC M@QCPTCPtQ CWCQ.
4FC 3N?PIJC MD $G?KMLBQ
4MR?J GLRCPL?J PCDJCARGML, AMSNJCB UGRF ? J?PEC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML, CVNJ?GLQ UFW BG?KMLBQ QN?PIJC KMPC RF?L MRFCP K?RCPG?JQ. 4FC APGRGA?J ?LEJC DMP ?
BG?KMLB-RM-?GP QSPD?AC GQ MLJW 24.4 , ?LB QM UFCL JGEFR CLRCPQ ? BG?KMLB, GR F?Q RPMS@JC ECRRGLE @?AI MSR. (3CC F?=KH; 25.19.) !JRFMSEF JGEFR DPCCJW
CLRCPQ RFC BG?KMLB, GR A?L CVGR MLJW GD GR K?ICQ ?L ?LEJC JCQQ RF?L 24.4 . &?ACRQ ML BG?KMLBQ ?PC QNCAGDGA?JJW GLRCLBCB RM K?IC RFGQ SLJGICJW, QM RF?R
RFC JGEFR A?L CVGR MLJW GL ACPR?GL NJ?ACQ. 'MMB BG?KMLBQ ?PC TCPW AJC?P, QM RF?R RFC JGEFR K?ICQ K?LW GLRCPL?J PCDJCARGMLQ ?LB GQ AMLACLRP?RCB ?R RFC DCU
NJ?ACQ GR A?L CVGRrFCLAC RFC QN?PIJC. (:GPAML GQ ? L?RSP?J ECKQRMLC RF?R F?Q ?L CVACNRGML?JJW J?PEC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML, @SR LMR ?Q J?PEC ?Q BG?KMLB,
QM GR GQ LMR ?Q FGEFJW NPGXCB. #S@GA XGPAMLG? GQ K?LSD?ARSPCB ?LB F?Q ?L CTCL FGEFCP GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML ( 2.17 ), @SR QRGJJ JCQQ RF?L RF?R MD BG?KMLB.)
4FC AMJMPQ WMS QCC CKCPEGLE DPMK ? QN?PIJGLE BG?KMLB ?PC LMR BSC RM RFC BG?KMLBtQ AMJMP, UFGAF GQ SQS?JJW LC?PJW AMJMPJCQQ. 4FMQC AMJMPQ PCQSJR DPMK
BGQNCPQGML, RFC RMNGA MD D?IF;HI?ED: ->; +7?D8EM 7D: )H?ICI. #MJMPCB BG?KMLBQ ECR RFCGP AMJMP DPMK QRPSARSP?J BCDCARQ MD RFC APWQR?J J?RRGAC ?LB RFC
GLAJSQGML MD KGLSRC OS?LRGRGCQ MD EP?NFGRC ?LB MRFCP K?RCPG?JQ. 4FC !PEWJC -GLC GL 7CQRCPL !SQRP?JG? NPMBSACQ ?PMSLB 90% MD RFC UMPJBtQ NGLI, PCB,
AF?KN?ELC, ?LB AMEL?A BG?KMLBQ, UFGJC ?PMSLB 50% MD RFC UMPJBtQ AJC?P BG?KMLBQ AMKC DPMK ACLRP?J ?LB QMSRFCPL !DPGA?.
#(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3 897
F?=KH; 25.19 ,GEFR A?LLMR C?QGJW CQA?NC ? BG?KMLB, @CA?SQC GRQ APGRGA?J ?LEJC UGRF ?GP GQ QM QK?JJ. -MQR PCDJCARGMLQ ?PC RMR?J, ?LB RFC D?ACRQ ?PC NJ?ACB QM RF?R JGEFR A?L CVGR MLJW
GL N?PRGASJ?P U?WQrRFSQ AMLACLRP?RGLE RFC JGEFR ?LB K?IGLE RFC BG?KMLB QN?PIJC.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: "CLBGLE ,GEFR
%VNJMPC @CLBGLE MD JGEFR @CRUCCL RUM KCBG? UGRF BGDDCPCLR GLBGACQ MD PCDP?ARGML. 3CC FMU AF?LEGLE DPMK ?GP RM U?RCP RM EJ?QQ AF?LECQ RFC @CLBGLE
?LEJC. 0J?W UGRF NPGQKQ MD BGDDCPCLR QF?NCQ ?LB K?IC P?GL@MUQ.
F?=KH; 25.20 B;D:?D= %?=>J (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42462/1.5/8;D:?D=-B?=>J6;D.@7H)
25.5 D?IF;HI?ED: ->; +7?D8EM 7D: )H?ICI
%TCPWMLC CLHMWQ RFC QNCAR?AJC MD ? P?GL@MU EJGKKCPGLE ?E?GLQR ? B?PI QRMPKW QIW. (MU BMCQ QSLJGEFR D?JJGLE ML AJC?P BPMNQ MD P?GL ECR @PMICL GLRM RFC
P?GL@MU MD AMJMPQ UC QCC? 4FC Q?KC NPMACQQ A?SQCQ UFGRC JGEFR RM @C @PMICL GLRM AMJMPQ @W ? AJC?P EJ?QQ NPGQK MP ? BG?KMLB. (3CC F?=KH; 25.21.)
F?=KH; 25.21 4FC AMJMPQ MD RFC P?GL@MU (?) ?LB RFMQC NPMBSACB @W ? NPGQK (@) ?PC GBCLRGA?J. (APCBGR: !JDPCBM55, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ; .!3!)
7C QCC ?@MSR QGV AMJMPQ GL ? P?GL@MUrPCB, MP?LEC, WCJJMU, EPCCL, @JSC, ?LB TGMJCR; QMKCRGKCQ GLBGEM GQ JGQRCB, RMM. 4FMQC AMJMPQ ?PC ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF
BGDDCPCLR U?TCJCLERFQ MD JGEFR, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 25.22. 7FCL MSP CWC PCACGTCQ NSPC-U?TCJCLERF JGEFR, UC RCLB RM QCC MLJW MLC MD RFC QGV AMJMPQ,
BCNCLBGLE ML U?TCJCLERF. 4FC RFMSQ?LBQ MD MRFCP FSCQ UC A?L QCLQC GL MRFCP QGRS?RGMLQ ?PC MSP CWCtQ PCQNMLQC RM T?PGMSQ KGVRSPCQ MD U?TCJCLERFQ.
7FGRC JGEFR, GL N?PRGASJ?P, GQ ? D?GPJW SLGDMPK KGVRSPC MD ?JJ TGQG@JC U?TCJCLERFQ. 3SLJGEFR, AMLQGBCPCB RM @C UFGRC, ?ARS?JJW ?NNC?PQ RM @C ? @GR WCJJMU
@CA?SQC MD GRQ KGVRSPC MD U?TCJCLERFQ, @SR GR BMCQ AMLR?GL ?JJ TGQG@JC U?TCJCLERFQ. 4FC QCOSCLAC MD AMJMPQ GL P?GL@MUQ GQ RFC Q?KC QCOSCLAC ?Q RFC
AMJMPQ NJMRRCB TCPQSQ U?TCJCLERF GL F?=KH; 25.22. 7F?R RFGQ GKNJGCQ GQ RF?R UFGRC JGEFR GQ QNPC?B MSR ?AAMPBGLE RM U?TCJCLERF GL ? P?GL@MU. D?IF;HI?ED
GQ BCDGLCB ?Q RFC QNPC?BGLE MD UFGRC JGEFR GLRM GRQ DSJJ QNCARPSK MD U?TCJCLERFQ. -MPC RCAFLGA?JJW, BGQNCPQGML MAASPQ UFCLCTCP RFCPC GQ ? NPMACQQ RF?R
AF?LECQ RFC BGPCARGML MD JGEFR GL ? K?LLCP RF?R BCNCLBQ ML U?TCJCLERF. $GQNCPQGML, ?Q ? ECLCP?J NFCLMKCLML, A?L MAASP DMP ?LW RWNC MD U?TC ?LB
?JU?WQ GLTMJTCQ U?TCJCLERF-BCNCLBCLR NPMACQQCQ.
898 #(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3
$GQNCPQGML
$GQNCPQGML GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC QNPC?BGLE MD UFGRC JGEFR GLRM GRQ DSJJ QNCARPSK MD U?TCJCLERFQ.
F?=KH; 25.22 %TCL RFMSEF P?GL@MUQ ?PC ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF QCTCL AMJMPQ, RFC P?GL@MU GQ ? AMLRGLSMSQ BGQRPG@SRGML MD AMJMPQ ?AAMPBGLE RM U?TCJCLERFQ.
2CDP?ARGML GQ PCQNMLQG@JC DMP BGQNCPQGML GL P?GL@MUQ ?LB K?LW MRFCP QGRS?RGMLQ. 4FC ?LEJC MD PCDP?ARGML BCNCLBQ ML RFC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML, ?Q UC Q?U
GL ->; %7M E< +;<H79J?ED. 7C ILMU RF?R RFC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML n BCNCLBQ ML RFC KCBGSK. "SR DMP ? EGTCL KCBGSK, n ?JQM BCNCLBQ ML
U?TCJCLERF. (3CC -78B; 25.2. .MRC RF?R, DMP ? EGTCL KCBGSK, n GLAPC?QCQ ?Q U?TCJCLERF BCAPC?QCQ ?LB GQ EPC?RCQR DMP TGMJCR JGEFR. 4FSQ TGMJCR JGEFR GQ
@CLR KMPC RF?L PCB JGEFR, ?Q QFMUL DMP ? NPGQK GL F?=KH; 25.23(@), ?LB RFC JGEFR GQ BGQNCPQCB GLRM RFC Q?KC QCOSCLAC MD U?TCJCLERFQ ?Q QCCL GL
F?=KH; 25.21 ?LB F?=KH; 25.22.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: $GQNCPQGML
!LW RWNC MD U?TC A?L CVFG@GR BGQNCPQGML. 3MSLB U?TCQ, ?JJ RWNCQ MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ, ?LB U?RCP U?TCQ A?L @C BGQNCPQCB ?AAMPBGLE RM
U?TCJCLERF. $GQNCPQGML MAASPQ UFCLCTCP RFC QNCCB MD NPMN?E?RGML BCNCLBQ ML U?TCJCLERF, RFSQ QCN?P?RGLE ?LB QNPC?BGLE MSR T?PGMSQ
U?TCJCLERFQ. $GQNCPQGML K?W PCOSGPC QNCAG?J AGPASKQR?LACQ ?LB A?L PCQSJR GL QNCAR?ASJ?P BGQNJ?WQ QSAF ?Q GL RFC NPMBSARGML MD ? P?GL@MU. 4FGQ GQ
?JQM RPSC DMP QMSLB, QGLAC ?JJ DPCOSCLAGCQ MPBGL?PGJW RP?TCJ ?R RFC Q?KC QNCCB. )D WMS JGQRCL RM QMSLB RFPMSEF ? JMLE RS@C, QSAF ?Q ? T?ASSK
AJC?LCP FMQC, WMS A?L C?QGJW FC?P GR GQ BGQNCPQCB @W GLRCP?ARGML UGRF RFC RS@C. $GQNCPQGML, GL D?AR, A?L PCTC?J ? EPC?R BC?J ?@MSR UF?R RFC U?TC F?Q
CLAMSLRCPCB RF?R BGQNCPQCQ GRQ U?TCJCLERFQ. 4FC BGQNCPQGML MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML DPMK MSRCP QN?AC, DMP CV?KNJC, F?Q PCTC?JCB KSAF
?@MSR UF?R CVGQRQ @CRUCCL RFC QR?PQrRFC QM-A?JJCB CKNRW QN?AC.
4?@JC 25.2 )LBCV MD 2CDP?ARGML A GL 3CJCARCB -CBG? ?R 6?PGMSQ 7?TCJCLERFQ
&;:?KC +;: (660 DC) (H7D=; (610 DC) 2;BBEM (580 DC) H;;D (550 DC) BBK; (470 DC) /?EB;J (410 DC)
7?RCP 1.331 1.332 1.333 1.335 1.338 1.342
$G?KMLB 2.410 2.415 2.417 2.426 2.444 2.458
'J?QQ, APMUL 1.512 1.514 1.518 1.519 1.524 1.530
'J?QQ, DJGLR 1.662 1.665 1.667 1.674 1.684 1.698
0MJWQRWPCLC 1.488 1.490 1.492 1.493 1.499 1.506
1S?PRX, DSQCB 1.455 1.456 1.458 1.459 1.462 1.468
#(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3 899
F?=KH; 25.23 (?) ! NSPC U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR D?JJQ MLRM ? NPGQK ?LB GQ PCDP?ARCB ?R @MRF QSPD?ACQ. (@) 7FGRC JGEFR GQ BGQNCPQCB @W RFC NPGQK (QFMUL CV?EECP?RCB). 3GLAC RFC GLBCV
MD PCDP?ARGML T?PGCQ UGRF U?TCJCLERF, RFC ?LEJCQ MD PCDP?ARGML T?PW UGRF U?TCJCLERF. ! QCOSCLAC MD PCB RM TGMJCR GQ NPMBSACB, @CA?SQC RFC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML GLAPC?QCQ QRC?BGJW
UGRF BCAPC?QGLE U?TCJCLERF.
2?GL@MUQ ?PC NPMBSACB @W ? AMK@GL?RGML MD PCDP?ARGML ?LB PCDJCARGML. 9MS K?W F?TC LMRGACB RF?R WMS QCC ? P?GL@MU MLJW UFCL WMS JMMI ?U?W DPMK
RFC QSL. ,GEFR CLRCPQ ? BPMN MD U?RCP ?LB GQ PCDJCARCB DPMK RFC @?AI MD RFC BPMN, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 25.24. 4FC JGEFR GQ PCDP?ARCB @MRF ?Q GR CLRCPQ ?LB
?Q GR JC?TCQ RFC BPMN. 3GLAC RFC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML MD U?RCP T?PGCQ UGRF U?TCJCLERF, RFC JGEFR GQ BGQNCPQCB, ?LB ? P?GL@MU GQ M@QCPTCB, ?Q QFMUL GL
F?=KH; 25.25 (?). (4FCPC GQ LM BGQNCPQGML A?SQCB @W PCDJCARGML ?R RFC @?AI QSPD?AC, QGLAC RFC J?U MD PCDJCARGML BMCQ LMR BCNCLB ML U?TCJCLERF.) 4FC
?ARS?J P?GL@MU MD AMJMPQ QCCL @W ?L M@QCPTCP BCNCLBQ ML RFC KWPG?B MD P?WQ @CGLE PCDP?ARCB ?LB PCDJCARCB RMU?PB RFC M@QCPTCPtQ CWCQ DPMK LSKCPMSQ
BPMNQ MD U?RCP. 4FC CDDCAR GQ KMQR QNCAR?ASJ?P UFCL RFC @?AIEPMSLB GQ B?PI, ?Q GL QRMPKW UC?RFCP, @SR A?L ?JQM @C M@QCPTCB GL U?RCPD?JJQ ?LB J?UL
QNPGLIJCPQ. 4FC ?PA MD ? P?GL@MU AMKCQ DPMK RFC LCCB RM @C JMMIGLE ?R ? QNCAGDGA ?LEJC PCJ?RGTC RM RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC QSL, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH;
25.25 (@). ()D RFCPC ?PC RUM PCDJCARGMLQ MD JGEFR UGRFGL RFC U?RCP BPMN, ?LMRFCP uQCAMLB?PWv P?GL@MU GQ NPMBSACB. 4FGQ P?PC CTCLR NPMBSACQ ?L ?PA RF?R
JGCQ ?@MTC RFC NPGK?PW P?GL@MU ?PArQCC F?=KH; 25.25 (A).)
2?GL@MUQ
2?GL@MUQ ?PC NPMBSACB @W ? AMK@GL?RGML MD PCDP?ARGML ?LB PCDJCARGML.
F?=KH; 25.24 0?PR MD RFC JGEFR D?JJGLE ML RFGQ U?RCP BPMN CLRCPQ ?LB GQ PCDJCARCB DPMK RFC @?AI MD RFC BPMN. 4FGQ JGEFR GQ PCDP?ARCB ?LB BGQNCPQCB @MRF ?Q GR CLRCPQ ?LB ?Q GR JC?TCQ
RFC BPMN.
900 #(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3
F?=KH; 25.25 (?) $GDDCPCLR AMJMPQ CKCPEC GL BGDDCPCLR BGPCARGMLQ, ?LB QM WMS KSQR JMMI ?R BGDDCPCLR JMA?RGMLQ RM QCC RFC T?PGMSQ AMJMPQ MD ? P?GL@MU. (@) 4FC ?PA MD ? P?GL@MU
PCQSJRQ DPMK RFC D?AR RF?R ? JGLC @CRUCCL RFC M@QCPTCP ?LB ?LW NMGLR ML RFC ?PA KSQR K?IC RFC AMPPCAR ?LEJC UGRF RFC N?P?JJCJ P?WQ MD QSLJGEFR RM PCACGTC RFC PCDP?ARCB P?WQ. (A)
$MS@JC P?GL@MU. (APCBGR: .GAFMJ?Q, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
$GQNCPQGML K?W NPMBSAC @C?SRGDSJ P?GL@MUQ, @SR GR A?L A?SQC NPM@JCKQ GL MNRGA?J QWQRCKQ. 7FGRC JGEFR SQCB RM RP?LQKGR KCQQ?ECQ GL ? DG@CP GQ
BGQNCPQCB, QNPC?BGLE MSR GL RGKC ?LB CTCLRS?JJW MTCPJ?NNGLE UGRF MRFCP KCQQ?ECQ. 3GLAC ? J?QCP NPMBSACQ ? LC?PJW NSPC U?TCJCLERF, GRQ JGEFR
CVNCPGCLACQ JGRRJC BGQNCPQGML, ?L ?BT?LR?EC MTCP UFGRC JGEFR DMP RP?LQKGQQGML MD GLDMPK?RGML. )L AMLRP?QR, BGQNCPQGML MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ AMKGLE RM
SQ DPMK MSRCP QN?AC A?L @C SQCB RM BCRCPKGLC RFC ?KMSLR MD K?RRCP RFCW N?QQ RFPMSEF. !Q UGRF K?LW NFCLMKCL?, BGQNCPQGML A?L @C SQCDSJ MP ?
LSGQ?LAC, BCNCLBGLE ML RFC QGRS?RGML ?LB MSP FSK?L EM?JQ.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: 'CMKCRPGA /NRGAQ
(MU BMCQ ? JCLQ DMPK ?L GK?EC? 3CC FMU JGEFR P?WQ ?PC PCDP?ARCB @W ? JCLQ. 7?RAF FMU RFC GK?EC AF?LECQ UFCL WMS ?BHSQR RFC DMA?J JCLERF MD
RFC JCLQ, KMTC RFC M@HCAR, KMTC RFC JCLQ, MP KMTC RFC QAPCCL.
#(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3 901
F?=KH; 25.26 ;EC;JH?9 (FJ?9I (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42466/1.5/=;EC;JH?9-EFJ?9I6;D.@7H)
25.6 "C7=; FEHC7J?ED 8O %;DI;I
,CLQCQ ?PC DMSLB GL ? FSEC ?PP?W MD MNRGA?J GLQRPSKCLRQ, P?LEGLE DPMK ? QGKNJC K?ELGDWGLE EJ?QQ RM RFC CWC RM ? A?KCP?tQ XMMK JCLQ. )L RFGQ QCARGML,
UC UGJJ SQC RFC J?U MD PCDP?ARGML RM CVNJMPC RFC NPMNCPRGCQ MD JCLQCQ ?LB FMU RFCW DMPK GK?ECQ.
4FC UMPB ?8AF BCPGTCQ DPMK RFC ,?RGL UMPB DMP ? JCLRGJ @C?L, RFC QF?NC MD UFGAF GQ QGKGJ?P RM RFC AMLTCV JCLQ GL F?=KH; 25.27. 4FC AMLTCV JCLQ QFMUL
F?Q @CCL QF?NCB QM RF?R ?JJ JGEFR P?WQ RF?R CLRCP GR N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ ?VGQ APMQQ MLC ?LMRFCP ?R ? QGLEJC NMGLR ML RFC MNNMQGRC QGBC MD RFC JCLQ. (4FC ?VGQ GQ
BCDGLCB RM @C ? JGLC LMPK?J RM RFC JCLQ ?R GRQ ACLRCP, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 25.27.) 3SAF ? JCLQ GQ A?JJCB ? 9EDL;H=?D= (EH 9EDL;N) B;DI DMP RFC
AMLTCPEGLE CDDCAR GR F?Q ML JGEFR P?WQ. !L CVN?LBCB TGCU MD RFC N?RF MD MLC P?W RFPMSEF RFC JCLQ GQ QFMUL, RM GJJSQRP?RC FMU RFC P?W AF?LECQ BGPCARGML
@MRF ?Q GR CLRCPQ ?LB ?Q GR JC?TCQ RFC JCLQ. 3GLAC RFC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML MD RFC JCLQ GQ EPC?RCP RF?L RF?R MD ?GP, RFC P?W KMTCQ RMU?PBQ RFC NCPNCLBGASJ?P
?Q GR CLRCPQ ?LB ?U?W DPMK RFC NCPNCLBGASJ?P ?Q GR JC?TCQ. (4FGQ GQ GL ?AAMPB?LAC UGRF RFC J?U MD PCDP?ARGML.) $SC RM RFC JCLQtQ QF?NC, JGEFR GQ RFSQ @CLR
RMU?PB RFC ?VGQ ?R @MRF QSPD?ACQ. 4FC NMGLR ?R UFGAF RFC P?WQ APMQQ GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC <E97B FE?DJ & MD RFC JCLQ. 4FC BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC ACLRCP MD RFC
JCLQ RM GRQ DMA?J NMGLR GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC <E97B B;D=J> f MD RFC JCLQ. F?=KH; 25.28 QFMUQ FMU ? AMLTCPEGLE JCLQ, QSAF ?Q RF?R GL ? K?ELGDWGLE EJ?QQ,
A?L AMLTCPEC RFC LC?PJW N?P?JJCJ JGEFR P?WQ DPMK RFC QSL RM ? QK?JJ QNMR.
F?=KH; 25.27 2?WQ MD JGEFR CLRCPGLE ? AMLTCPEGLE JCLQ N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ ?VGQ AMLTCPEC ?R GRQ DMA?J NMGLR &. (2?W 2 JGCQ ML RFC ?VGQ MD RFC JCLQ.) 4FC BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC ACLRCP MD RFC
JCLQ RM RFC DMA?J NMGLR GQ RFC JCLQtQ DMA?J JCLERF f . !L CVN?LBCB TGCU MD RFC N?RF R?ICL @W P?W 1 QFMUQ RFC NCPNCLBGASJ?PQ ?LB RFC ?LEJCQ MD GLAGBCLAC ?LB PCDP?ARGML ?R @MRF
QSPD?ACQ.
#MLTCPEGLE MP #MLTCV ,CLQ
4FC JCLQ GL UFGAF JGEFR P?WQ RF?R CLRCP GR N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ ?VGQ APMQQ MLC ?LMRFCP ?R ? QGLEJC NMGLR ML RFC MNNMQGRC QGBC UGRF ? AMLTCPEGLE CDDCAR GQ
A?JJCB AMLTCPEGLE JCLQ.
&MA?J 0MGLR &
4FC NMGLR ?R UFGAF RFC JGEFR P?WQ APMQQ GQ A?JJCB RFC DMA?J NMGLR & MD RFC JCLQ.
&MA?J ,CLERF f
4FC BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC ACLRCP MD RFC JCLQ RM GRQ DMA?J NMGLR GQ A?JJCB DMA?J JCLERF f .
902 #(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3
F?=KH; 25.28 3SLJGEFR DMASQCB @W ? AMLTCPEGLE K?ELGDWGLE EJ?QQ A?L @SPL N?NCP. ,GEFR P?WQ DPMK RFC QSL ?PC LC?PJW N?P?JJCJ ?LB APMQQ ?R RFC DMA?J NMGLR MD RFC JCLQ. 4FC KMPC
NMUCPDSJ RFC JCLQ, RFC AJMQCP RM RFC JCLQ RFC P?WQ UGJJ APMQQ.
4FC EPC?RCP CDDCAR ? JCLQ F?Q ML JGEFR P?WQ, RFC KMPC NMUCPDSJ GR GQ Q?GB RM @C. &MP CV?KNJC, ? NMUCPDSJ AMLTCPEGLE JCLQ UGJJ DMASQ N?P?JJCJ JGEFR P?WQ
AJMQCP RM GRQCJD ?LB UGJJ F?TC ? QK?JJCP DMA?J JCLERF RF?L ? UC?I JCLQ. 4FC JGEFR UGJJ ?JQM DMASQ GLRM ? QK?JJCP ?LB KMPC GLRCLQC QNMR DMP ? KMPC NMUCPDSJ
JCLQ. 4FC FEM;H P MD ? JCLQ GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC GLTCPQC MD GRQ DMA?J JCLERF. )L COS?RGML DMPK, RFGQ GQ
(25.20)
P =
1
f
.
0MUCP P
4FC FEM;H P MD ? JCLQ GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC GLTCPQC MD GRQ DMA?J JCLERF. )L COS?RGML DMPK, RFGQ GQ
(25.21)
P =
1
f
.
UFCPC f GQ RFC DMA?J JCLERF MD RFC JCLQ, UFGAF KSQR @C EGTCL GL KCRCPQ (?LB LMR AK MP KK). 4FC NMUCP MD ? JCLQ P F?Q RFC SLGR BGMNRCPQ ($),
NPMTGBCB RF?R RFC DMA?J JCLERF GQ EGTCL GL KCRCPQ. 4F?R GQ, 1 D = 1 / m, MP 1 m
1
. (.MRC RF?R RFGQ NMUCP (MNRGA?J NMUCP, ?ARS?JJW) GQ LMR RFC Q?KC
?Q NMUCP GL U?RRQ BCDGLCB GL 0EHA, ED;H=O, 7D: ED;H=O +;IEKH9;I. )R GQ ? AMLACNR PCJ?RCB RM RFC CDDCAR MD MNRGA?J BCTGACQ ML JGEFR.) /NRMKCRPGQRQ
NPCQAPG@C AMKKML QNCAR?AJCQ ?LB AMLR?AR JCLQCQ GL SLGRQ MD BGMNRCPQ.
EN7CFB; 25.5 0>7J ?I J>; )EM;H E< 7 CECCED &7=D?<O?D= B7II?
3SNNMQC WMS R?IC ? K?ELGDWGLE EJ?QQ MSR ML ? QSLLW B?W ?LB WMS DGLB RF?R GR AMLACLRP?RCQ QSLJGEFR RM ? QK?JJ QNMR 8.00 AK ?U?W DPMK RFC JCLQ.
7F?R ?PC RFC DMA?J JCLERF ?LB NMUCP MD RFC JCLQ?
,JH7J;=O
4FC QGRS?RGML FCPC GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q RFMQC QFMUL GL F?=KH; 25.27 ?LB F?=KH; 25.28. 4FC 3SL GQ QM D?P ?U?W RF?R RFC 3SLtQ P?WQ ?PC LC?PJW N?P?JJCJ
UFCL RFCW PC?AF %?PRF. 4FC K?ELGDWGLE EJ?QQ GQ ? AMLTCV (MP AMLTCPEGLE) JCLQ, DMASQGLE RFC LC?PJW N?P?JJCJ P?WQ MD QSLJGEFR. 4FSQ RFC DMA?J JCLERF
MD RFC JCLQ GQ RFC BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC JCLQ RM RFC QNMR, ?LB GRQ NMUCP GQ RFC GLTCPQC MD RFGQ BGQR?LAC (GL K).
,EBKJ?ED
4FC DMA?J JCLERF MD RFC JCLQ GQ RFC BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC ACLRCP MD RFC JCLQ RM RFC QNMR, EGTCL RM @C 8.00 AK. 4FSQ,
(25.22)
f = 8.00 cm.
4M DGLB RFC NMUCP MD RFC JCLQ, UC KSQR DGPQR AMLTCPR RFC DMA?J JCLERF RM KCRCPQ; RFCL, UC QS@QRGRSRC RFGQ T?JSC GLRM RFC COS?RGML DMP NMUCP. 4FGQ
EGTCQ
(25.23)
P =
1
f
=
1
0.0800 m
= 12.5 D.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ GQ ? PCJ?RGTCJW NMUCPDSJ JCLQ. 4FC NMUCP MD ? JCLQ GL BGMNRCPQ QFMSJB LMR @C AMLDSQCB UGRF RFC D?KGJG?P AMLACNR MD NMUCP GL U?RRQ. )R GQ ?L
SLDMPRSL?RC D?AR RF?R RFC UMPB uNMUCPv GQ SQCB DMP RUM AMKNJCRCJW BGDDCPCLR AMLACNRQ. )D WMS CV?KGLC ? NPCQAPGNRGML DMP CWCEJ?QQCQ, WMS UGJJ LMRC
JCLQ NMUCPQ EGTCL GL BGMNRCPQ. )D WMS CV?KGLC RFC J?@CJ ML ? KMRMP, WMS UGJJ LMRC CLCPEW AMLQSKNRGML P?RC EGTCL ?Q ? NMUCP GL U?RRQ.
F?=KH; 25.29 QFMUQ ? AMLA?TC JCLQ ?LB RFC CDDCAR GR F?Q ML P?WQ MD JGEFR RF?R CLRCP GR N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ ?VGQ (RFC N?RF R?ICL @W P?W 2 GL RFC DGESPC GQ RFC ?VGQ
MD RFC JCLQ). 4FC AMLA?TC JCLQ GQ ? :?L;H=?D= B;DI, @CA?SQC GR A?SQCQ RFC JGEFR P?WQ RM @CLB ?U?W (BGTCPEC) DPMK GRQ ?VGQ. )L RFGQ A?QC, RFC JCLQ F?Q
@CCL QF?NCB QM RF?R ?JJ JGEFR P?WQ CLRCPGLE GR N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ ?VGQ ?NNC?P RM MPGEGL?RC DPMK RFC Q?KC NMGLR, F , BCDGLCB RM @C RFC DMA?J NMGLR MD ? BGTCPEGLE
JCLQ. 4FC BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC ACLRCP MD RFC JCLQ RM RFC DMA?J NMGLR GQ ?E?GL A?JJCB RFC DMA?J JCLERF f MD RFC JCLQ. .MRC RF?R RFC DMA?J JCLERF ?LB NMUCP MD
#(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3 903
? BGTCPEGLE JCLQ ?PC BCDGLCB RM @C LCE?RGTC. &MP CV?KNJC, GD RFC BGQR?LAC RM F GL F?=KH; 25.29 GQ 5.00 AK, RFCL RFC DMA?J JCLERF GQ f = 5.00 cm
?LB RFC NMUCP MD RFC JCLQ GQ P = 20 D. !L CVN?LBCB TGCU MD RFC N?RF MD MLC P?W RFPMSEF RFC JCLQ GQ QFMUL GL RFC DGESPC RM GJJSQRP?RC FMU RFC QF?NC
MD RFC JCLQ, RMECRFCP UGRF RFC J?U MD PCDP?ARGML, A?SQCQ RFC P?W RM DMJJMU GRQ N?PRGASJ?P N?RF ?LB @C BGTCPECB.
F?=KH; 25.29 2?WQ MD JGEFR CLRCPGLE ? BGTCPEGLE JCLQ N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ ?VGQ ?PC BGTCPECB, ?LB ?JJ ?NNC?P RM MPGEGL?RC ?R GRQ DMA?J NMGLR F . 4FC B?QFCB JGLCQ ?PC LMR P?WQrRFCW
GLBGA?RC RFC BGPCARGMLQ DPMK UFGAF RFC P?WQ ?NNC?P RM AMKC. 4FC DMA?J JCLERF f MD ? BGTCPEGLE JCLQ GQ LCE?RGTC. !L CVN?LBCB TGCU MD RFC N?RF R?ICL @W P?W 1 QFMUQ RFC
NCPNCLBGASJ?PQ ?LB RFC ?LEJCQ MD GLAGBCLAC ?LB PCDP?ARGML ?R @MRF QSPD?ACQ.
$GTCPEGLE ,CLQ
! JCLQ RF?R A?SQCQ RFC JGEFR P?WQ RM @CLB ?U?W DPMK GRQ ?VGQ GQ A?JJCB ? BGTCPEGLE JCLQ.
!Q LMRCB GL RFC GLGRG?J BGQASQQGML MD RFC J?U MD PCDP?ARGML GL ->; %7M E< +;<H79J?ED, RFC N?RFQ MD JGEFR P?WQ ?PC CV?ARJW PCTCPQG@JC. 4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R RFC
BGPCARGML MD RFC ?PPMUQ AMSJB @C PCTCPQCB DMP ?JJ MD RFC P?WQ GL F?=KH; 25.27 ?LB F?=KH; 25.29. &MP CV?KNJC, GD ? NMGLR JGEFR QMSPAC GQ NJ?ACB ?R RFC
DMA?J NMGLR MD ? AMLTCV JCLQ, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 25.30, N?P?JJCJ JGEFR P?WQ CKCPEC DPMK RFC MRFCP QGBC.
F?=KH; 25.30 ! QK?JJ JGEFR QMSPAC, JGIC ? JGEFR @SJ@ DGJ?KCLR, NJ?ACB ?R RFC DMA?J NMGLR MD ? AMLTCV JCLQ, PCQSJRQ GL N?P?JJCJ P?WQ MD JGEFR CKCPEGLE DPMK RFC MRFCP QGBC. 4FC N?RFQ
?PC CV?ARJW RFC PCTCPQC MD RFMQC QFMUL GL F?=KH; 25.27. 4FGQ RCAFLGOSC GQ SQCB GL JGEFRFMSQCQ ?LB QMKCRGKCQ GL RP?DDGA JGEFRQ RM NPMBSAC ? BGPCARGML?J @C?K MD JGEFR DPMK ?
QMSPAC RF?R CKGRQ JGEFR GL ?JJ BGPCARGMLQ.
2?W 4P?AGLE ?LB 4FGL ,CLQCQ
+7O JH79?D= GQ RFC RCAFLGOSC MD BCRCPKGLGLE MP DMJJMUGLE (RP?AGLE) RFC N?RFQ RF?R JGEFR P?WQ R?IC. &MP P?WQ N?QQGLE RFPMSEF K?RRCP, RFC J?U MD PCDP?ARGML
GQ SQCB RM RP?AC RFC N?RFQ. (CPC UC SQC P?W RP?AGLE RM FCJN SQ SLBCPQR?LB RFC ?ARGML MD JCLQCQ GL QGRS?RGMLQ P?LEGLE DPMK DMPKGLE GK?ECQ ML DGJK RM
K?ELGDWGLE QK?JJ NPGLR RM AMPPCARGLE LC?PQGEFRCBLCQQ. 7FGJC P?W RP?AGLE DMP AMKNJGA?RCB JCLQCQ, QSAF ?Q RFMQC DMSLB GL QMNFGQRGA?RCB A?KCP?Q, K?W
PCOSGPC AMKNSRCP RCAFLGOSCQ, RFCPC GQ ? QCR MD QGKNJC PSJCQ DMP RP?AGLE P?WQ RFPMSEF RFGL JCLQCQ. ! J>?D B;DI GQ BCDGLCB RM @C MLC UFMQC RFGAILCQQ
?JJMUQ P?WQ RM PCDP?AR, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 25.27, @SR BMCQ LMR ?JJMU NPMNCPRGCQ QSAF ?Q BGQNCPQGML ?LB ?@CPP?RGMLQ. !L GBC?J RFGL JCLQ F?Q RUM
PCDP?ARGLE QSPD?ACQ @SR RFC JCLQ GQ RFGL CLMSEF RM ?QQSKC RF?R JGEFR P?WQ @CLB MLJW MLAC. ! RFGL QWKKCRPGA?J JCLQ F?Q RUM DMA?J NMGLRQ, MLC ML CGRFCP
QGBC ?LB @MRF ?R RFC Q?KC BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC JCLQ. (3CC F?=KH; 25.31.) !LMRFCP GKNMPR?LR AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MD ? RFGL JCLQ GQ RF?R JGEFR P?WQ RFPMSEF GRQ
ACLRCP ?PC BCDJCARCB @W ? LCEJGEG@JC ?KMSLR, ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 25.32.
4FGL ,CLQ
! RFGL JCLQ GQ BCDGLCB RM @C MLC UFMQC RFGAILCQQ ?JJMUQ P?WQ RM PCDP?AR @SR BMCQ LMR ?JJMU NPMNCPRGCQ QSAF ?Q BGQNCPQGML ?LB ?@CPP?RGMLQ.
4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR: ! 6GQGR RM RFC /NRGAG?L
,MMI RFPMSEF WMSP CWCEJ?QQCQ (MP RFMQC MD ? DPGCLB) @?AIU?PB ?LB DMPU?PB ?LB AMKKCLR ML UFCRFCP RFCW ?AR JGIC RFGL JCLQCQ.
904 #(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3
F?=KH; 25.31 4FGL JCLQCQ F?TC RFC Q?KC DMA?J JCLERF ML CGRFCP QGBC. (?) 0?P?JJCJ JGEFR P?WQ CLRCPGLE ? AMLTCPEGLE JCLQ DPMK RFC PGEFR APMQQ ?R GRQ DMA?J NMGLR ML RFC JCDR. (@)
0?P?JJCJ JGEFR P?WQ CLRCPGLE ? BGTCPEGLE JCLQ DPMK RFC PGEFR QCCK RM AMKC DPMK RFC DMA?J NMGLR ML RFC PGEFR.
F?=KH; 25.32 4FC JGEFR P?W RFPMSEF RFC ACLRCP MD ? RFGL JCLQ GQ BCDJCARCB @W ? LCEJGEG@JC ?KMSLR ?LB GQ ?QQSKCB RM CKCPEC N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ MPGEGL?J N?RF (QFMUL ?Q ? QF?BCB JGLC).
5QGLE N?NCP, NCLAGJ, ?LB ? QRP?GEFR CBEC, P?W RP?AGLE A?L ?AASP?RCJW BCQAPG@C RFC MNCP?RGML MD ? JCLQ. 4FC PSJCQ DMP P?W RP?AGLE DMP RFGL JCLQCQ ?PC
@?QCB ML RFC GJJSQRP?RGMLQ ?JPC?BW BGQASQQCB:
1. ! P?W CLRCPGLE ? AMLTCPEGLE JCLQ N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ ?VGQ N?QQCQ RFPMSEF RFC DMA?J NMGLR & MD RFC JCLQ ML RFC MRFCP QGBC. (3CC P?WQ 1 ?LB 3 GL F?=KH;
25.27.)
2. ! P?W CLRCPGLE ? BGTCPEGLE JCLQ N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ ?VGQ QCCKQ RM AMKC DPMK RFC DMA?J NMGLR &. (3CC P?WQ 1 ?LB 3 GL F?=KH; 25.29.)
3. ! P?W N?QQGLE RFPMSEF RFC ACLRCP MD CGRFCP ? AMLTCPEGLE MP ? BGTCPEGLE JCLQ BMCQ LMR AF?LEC BGPCARGML. (3CC F?=KH; 25.32, ?LB QCC P?W 2 GL
F?=KH; 25.27 ?LB F?=KH; 25.29.)
4. ! P?W CLRCPGLE ? AMLTCPEGLE JCLQ RFPMSEF GRQ DMA?J NMGLR CVGRQ N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ ?VGQ. (4FC PCTCPQC MD P?WQ 1 ?LB 3 GL F?=KH; 25.27.)
5. ! P?W RF?R CLRCPQ ? BGTCPEGLE JCLQ @W FC?BGLE RMU?PB RFC DMA?J NMGLR ML RFC MNNMQGRC QGBC CVGRQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC ?VGQ. (4FC PCTCPQC MD P?WQ 1 ?LB 3 GL
F?=KH; 25.29.)
2SJCQ DMP 2?W 4P?AGLE
1. ! P?W CLRCPGLE ? AMLTCPEGLE JCLQ N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ ?VGQ N?QQCQ RFPMSEF RFC DMA?J NMGLR & MD RFC JCLQ ML RFC MRFCP QGBC.
2. ! P?W CLRCPGLE ? BGTCPEGLE JCLQ N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ ?VGQ QCCKQ RM AMKC DPMK RFC DMA?J NMGLR &.
3. ! P?W N?QQGLE RFPMSEF RFC ACLRCP MD CGRFCP ? AMLTCPEGLE MP ? BGTCPEGLE JCLQ BMCQ LMR AF?LEC BGPCARGML.
4. ! P?W CLRCPGLE ? AMLTCPEGLE JCLQ RFPMSEF GRQ DMA?J NMGLR CVGRQ N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ ?VGQ.
5. ! P?W RF?R CLRCPQ ? BGTCPEGLE JCLQ @W FC?BGLE RMU?PB RFC DMA?J NMGLR ML RFC MNNMQGRC QGBC CVGRQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC ?VGQ.
#(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3 905
)K?EC &MPK?RGML @W 4FGL ,CLQCQ
)L QMKC AGPASKQR?LACQ, ? JCLQ DMPKQ ?L M@TGMSQ GK?EC, QSAF ?Q UFCL ? KMTGC NPMHCARMP A?QRQ ?L GK?EC MLRM ? QAPCCL. )L MRFCP A?QCQ, RFC GK?EC GQ
JCQQ M@TGMSQ. 7FCPC, DMP CV?KNJC, GQ RFC GK?EC DMPKCB @W CWCEJ?QQCQ? 7C UGJJ SQC P?W RP?AGLE DMP RFGL JCLQCQ RM GJJSQRP?RC FMU RFCW DMPK GK?ECQ, ?LB
UC UGJJ BCTCJMN COS?RGMLQ RM BCQAPG@C RFC GK?EC DMPK?RGML OS?LRGR?RGTCJW.
#MLQGBCP ?L M@HCAR QMKC BGQR?LAC ?U?W DPMK ? AMLTCPEGLE JCLQ, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 25.33. 4M DGLB RFC JMA?RGML ?LB QGXC MD RFC GK?EC DMPKCB, UC
RP?AC RFC N?RFQ MD QCJCARCB JGEFR P?WQ MPGEGL?RGLE DPMK MLC NMGLR ML RFC M@HCAR, GL RFGQ A?QC RFC RMN MD RFC NCPQMLtQ FC?B. 4FC DGESPC QFMUQ RFPCC P?WQ
DPMK RFC RMN MD RFC M@HCAR RF?R A?L @C RP?ACB SQGLE RFC P?W RP?AGLE PSJCQ EGTCL ?@MTC. (2?WQ JC?TC RFGQ NMGLR EMGLE GL K?LW BGPCARGMLQ, @SR UC
AMLACLRP?RC ML MLJW ? DCU UGRF N?RFQ RF?R ?PC C?QW RM RP?AC.) 4FC DGPQR P?W GQ MLC RF?R CLRCPQ RFC JCLQ N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ ?VGQ ?LB N?QQCQ RFPMSEF RFC DMA?J
NMGLR ML RFC MRFCP QGBC (PSJC 1). 4FC QCAMLB P?W N?QQCQ RFPMSEF RFC ACLRCP MD RFC JCLQ UGRFMSR AF?LEGLE BGPCARGML (PSJC 3). 4FC RFGPB P?W N?QQCQ RFPMSEF
RFC LC?PCP DMA?J NMGLR ML GRQ U?W GLRM RFC JCLQ ?LB JC?TCQ RFC JCLQ N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ ?VGQ (PSJC 4). 4FC RFPCC P?WQ APMQQ ?R RFC Q?KC NMGLR ML RFC MRFCP QGBC
MD RFC JCLQ. 4FC GK?EC MD RFC RMN MD RFC NCPQMLtQ FC?B GQ JMA?RCB ?R RFGQ NMGLR. !JJ P?WQ RF?R AMKC DPMK RFC Q?KC NMGLR ML RFC RMN MD RFC NCPQMLtQ FC?B
?PC PCDP?ARCB GL QSAF ? U?W ?Q RM APMQQ ?R RFC NMGLR QFMUL. 2?WQ DPMK ?LMRFCP NMGLR ML RFC M@HCAR, QSAF ?Q FCP @CJR @SAIJC, UGJJ ?JQM APMQQ ?R ?LMRFCP
AMKKML NMGLR, DMPKGLE ? AMKNJCRC GK?EC, ?Q QFMUL. !JRFMSEF RFPCC P?WQ ?PC RP?ACB GL F?=KH; 25.33, MLJW RUM ?PC LCACQQ?PW RM JMA?RC RFC GK?EC. )R GQ
@CQR RM RP?AC P?WQ DMP UFGAF RFCPC ?PC QGKNJC P?W RP?AGLE PSJCQ. "CDMPC ?NNJWGLE P?W RP?AGLE RM MRFCP QGRS?RGMLQ, JCR SQ AMLQGBCP RFC CV?KNJC QFMUL GL
F?=KH; 25.33 GL KMPC BCR?GJ.
F?=KH; 25.33 2?W RP?AGLE GQ SQCB RM JMA?RC RFC GK?EC DMPKCB @W ? JCLQ. 2?WQ MPGEGL?RGLE DPMK RFC Q?KC NMGLR ML RFC M@HCAR ?PC RP?ACBrRFC RFPCC AFMQCL P?WQ C?AF DMJJMU MLC
MD RFC PSJCQ DMP P?W RP?AGLE, QM RF?R RFCGP N?RFQ ?PC C?QW RM BCRCPKGLC. 4FC GK?EC GQ JMA?RCB ?R RFC NMGLR UFCPC RFC P?WQ APMQQ. )L RFGQ A?QC, ? PC?J GK?ECrMLC RF?R A?L @C
NPMHCARCB ML ? QAPCCLrGQ DMPKCB.
4FC GK?EC DMPKCB GL F?=KH; 25.33 GQ ? H;7B ?C7=;, KC?LGLE RF?R GR A?L @C NPMHCARCB. 4F?R GQ, JGEFR P?WQ DPMK MLC NMGLR ML RFC M@HCAR ?ARS?JJW APMQQ ?R
RFC JMA?RGML MD RFC GK?EC ?LB A?L @C NPMHCARCB MLRM ? QAPCCL, ? NGCAC MD DGJK, MP RFC PCRGL? MD ?L CWC, DMP CV?KNJC. F?=KH; 25.34 QFMUQ FMU QSAF ?L
GK?EC UMSJB @C NPMHCARCB MLRM DGJK @W ? A?KCP? JCLQ. 4FGQ DGESPC ?JQM QFMUQ FMU ? PC?J GK?EC GQ NPMHCARCB MLRM RFC PCRGL? @W RFC JCLQ MD ?L CWC. .MRC
RF?R RFC GK?EC GQ RFCPC UFCRFCP GR GQ NPMHCARCB MLRM ? QAPCCL MP LMR.
2C?J )K?EC
4FC GK?EC GL UFGAF JGEFR P?WQ DPMK MLC NMGLR ML RFC M@HCAR ?ARS?JJW APMQQ ?R RFC JMA?RGML MD RFC GK?EC ?LB A?L @C NPMHCARCB MLRM ? QAPCCL, ? NGCAC
MD DGJK, MP RFC PCRGL? MD ?L CWC GQ A?JJCB ? PC?J GK?EC.
906 #(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3
F?=KH; 25.34 2C?J GK?ECQ A?L @C NPMHCARCB. (?) ! PC?J GK?EC MD RFC NCPQML GQ NPMHCARCB MLRM DGJK. (@) 4FC AMLTCPEGLE L?RSPC MD RFC KSJRGNJC QSPD?ACQ RF?R K?IC SN RFC CWC
PCQSJR GL RFC NPMHCARGML MD ? PC?J GK?EC ML RFC PCRGL?.
3CTCP?J GKNMPR?LR BGQR?LACQ ?NNC?P GL F?=KH; 25.33. 7C BCDGLC d
o
RM @C RFC M@HCAR BGQR?LAC, RFC BGQR?LAC MD ?L M@HCAR DPMK RFC ACLRCP MD ? JCLQ.
"C7=; :?IJ7D9; d
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GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC BGQR?LAC MD RFC GK?EC DPMK RFC ACLRCP MD ? JCLQ. 4FC FCGEFR MD RFC M@HCAR ?LB FCGEFR MD RFC GK?EC ?PC EGTCL
RFC QWK@MJQ h
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?LB h
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, PCQNCARGTCJW. )K?ECQ RF?R ?NNC?P SNPGEFR PCJ?RGTC RM RFC M@HCAR F?TC FCGEFRQ RF?R ?PC NMQGRGTC ?LB RFMQC RF?R ?PC GLTCPRCB
F?TC LCE?RGTC FCGEFRQ. 5QGLE RFC PSJCQ MD P?W RP?AGLE ?LB K?IGLE ? QA?JC BP?UGLE UGRF N?NCP ?LB NCLAGJ, JGIC RF?R GL F?=KH; 25.33, UC A?L ?AASP?RCJW
BCQAPG@C RFC JMA?RGML ?LB QGXC MD ?L GK?EC. "SR RFC PC?J @CLCDGR MD P?W RP?AGLE GQ GL TGQS?JGXGLE FMU GK?ECQ ?PC DMPKCB GL ? T?PGCRW MD QGRS?RGMLQ. 4M
M@R?GL LSKCPGA?J GLDMPK?RGML, UC SQC ? N?GP MD COS?RGMLQ RF?R A?L @C BCPGTCB DPMK ? ECMKCRPGA ?L?JWQGQ MD P?W RP?AGLE DMP RFGL JCLQCQ. 4FC J>?D B;DI
;GK7J?EDI ?PC
(25.24) 1
d
o
+
1
d
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=
1
f
?LB
(25.25)
h
i
h
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=
d
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d
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= m.
7C BCDGLC RFC P?RGM MD GK?EC FCGEFR RM M@HCAR FCGEFR ( h
i
/ h
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) RM @C RFC C7=D?<?97J?ED m. (4FC KGLSQ QGEL GL RFC COS?RGML ?@MTC UGJJ @C BGQASQQCB
QFMPRJW.) 4FC RFGL JCLQ COS?RGMLQ ?PC @PM?BJW ?NNJGA?@JC RM ?JJ QGRS?RGMLQ GLTMJTGLE RFGL JCLQCQ (?LB uRFGLv KGPPMPQ, ?Q UC UGJJ QCC J?RCP). 7C UGJJ CVNJMPC
K?LW DC?RSPCQ MD GK?EC DMPK?RGML GL RFC DMJJMUGLE UMPICB CV?KNJCQ.
)K?EC $GQR?LAC
4FC BGQR?LAC MD RFC GK?EC DPMK RFC ACLRCP MD RFC JCLQ GQ A?JJCB GK?EC BGQR?LAC.
4FGL ,CLQ %OS?RGMLQ ?LB -?ELGDGA?RGML
(25.26) 1
d
o
+
1
d
i
=
1
f
(25.27)
h
i
h
o
=
d
i
d
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= m
EN7CFB; 25.6 F?D:?D= J>; "C7=; E< 7 %?=>J BKB8 F?B7C;DJ 8O +7O -H79?D= 7D: 8O J>; ->?D %;DI EGK7J?EDI
! AJC?P EJ?QQ JGEFR @SJ@ GQ NJ?ACB 0.750 K DPMK ? AMLTCV JCLQ F?TGLE ? 0.500 K DMA?J JCLERF, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 25.35. 5QC P?W RP?AGLE RM ECR ?L
?NNPMVGK?RC JMA?RGML DMP RFC GK?EC. 4FCL SQC RFC RFGL JCLQ COS?RGMLQ RM A?JASJ?RC (?) RFC JMA?RGML MD RFC GK?EC ?LB (@) GRQ K?ELGDGA?RGML. 6CPGDW
RF?R P?W RP?AGLE ?LB RFC RFGL JCLQ COS?RGMLQ NPMBSAC AMLQGQRCLR PCQSJRQ.
#(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3 907
F?=KH; 25.35 ! JGEFR @SJ@ NJ?ACB 0.750 K DPMK ? JCLQ F?TGLE ? 0.500 K DMA?J JCLERF NPMBSACQ ? PC?J GK?EC ML ? NMQRCP @M?PB ?Q BGQASQQCB GL RFC CV?KNJC ?@MTC. 2?W
RP?AGLE NPCBGARQ RFC GK?EC JMA?RGML ?LB QGXC.
3GLAC RFC M@HCAR GQ NJ?ACB D?PRFCP ?U?W DPMK ? AMLTCPEGLE JCLQ RF?L RFC DMA?J JCLERF MD RFC JCLQ, RFGQ QGRS?RGML GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM RFMQC GJJSQRP?RCB GL
F?=KH; 25.33 ?LB F?=KH; 25.34. 2?W RP?AGLE RM QA?JC QFMSJB NPMBSAC QGKGJ?P PCQSJRQ DMP d
i
. .SKCPGA?J QMJSRGMLQ DMP d
i
?LB m A?L @C M@R?GLCB
SQGLE RFC RFGL JCLQ COS?RGMLQ, LMRGLE RF?R d
o
= 0.750 m and f = 0.500 m.
,EBKJ?EDI (+7O JH79?D=)
4FC P?W RP?AGLE RM QA?JC GL F?=KH; 25.35 QFMUQ RUM P?WQ DPMK ? NMGLR ML RFC @SJ@tQ DGJ?KCLR APMQQGLE ?@MSR 1.50 K ML RFC D?P QGBC MD RFC JCLQ.
4FSQ RFC GK?EC BGQR?LAC d
i
GQ ?@MSR 1.50 K. 3GKGJ?PJW, RFC GK?EC FCGEFR @?QCB ML P?W RP?AGLE GQ EPC?RCP RF?L RFC M@HCAR FCGEFR @W ?@MSR ? D?ARMP
MD 2, ?LB RFC GK?EC GQ GLTCPRCB. 4FSQ m GQ ?@MSR q2. 4FC KGLSQ QGEL GLBGA?RCQ RF?R RFC GK?EC GQ GLTCPRCB.
4FC RFGL JCLQ COS?RGMLQ A?L @C SQCB RM DGLB d
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DPMK RFC EGTCL GLDMPK?RGML:
(25.28) 1
d
o
+
1
d
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=
1
f
.
2C?PP?LEGLE RM GQMJ?RC d
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EGTCQ
(25.29) 1
d
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f

1
d
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.
%LRCPGLE ILMUL OS?LRGRGCQ EGTCQ ? T?JSC DMP 1 / d
i
:
(25.30)
1
d
i
=
1
0.500 m

1
0.750 m
=
0.667
m
.
4FGQ KSQR @C GLTCPRCB RM DGLB d
i
:
(25.31)
d
i
=
m
0.667
= 1.50 m.
.MRC RF?R ?LMRFCP U?W RM DGLB d
i
GQ RM PC?PP?LEC RFC COS?RGML:
(25.32) 1
d
i
=
1
f

1
d
o
.
4FGQ WGCJBQ RFC COS?RGML DMP RFC GK?EC BGQR?LAC ?Q:
(25.33)
d
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=
fd
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d
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f
.
.MRC RF?R RFCPC GQ LM GLTCPRGLE FCPC.
4FC RFGL JCLQ COS?RGMLQ A?L @C SQCB RM DGLB RFC K?ELGDGA?RGML m, QGLAC @MRF d
i
?LB d
o
?PC ILMUL. %LRCPGLE RFCGP T?JSCQ EGTCQ
(25.34)
m =
d
i
d
o
=
1.50 m
0.750 m
= 2.00.
D?I9KII?ED
.MRC RF?R RFC KGLSQ QGEL A?SQCQ RFC K?ELGDGA?RGML RM @C LCE?RGTC UFCL RFC GK?EC GQ GLTCPRCB. 2?W RP?AGLE ?LB RFC SQC MD RFC RFGL JCLQ COS?RGMLQ
NPMBSAC AMLQGQRCLR PCQSJRQ. 4FC RFGL JCLQ COS?RGMLQ EGTC RFC KMQR NPCAGQC PCQSJRQ, @CGLE JGKGRCB MLJW @W RFC ?AASP?AW MD RFC EGTCL GLDMPK?RGML. 2?W
RP?AGLE GQ JGKGRCB @W RFC ?AASP?AW UGRF UFGAF WMS A?L BP?U, @SR GR GQ FGEFJW SQCDSJ @MRF AMLACNRS?JJW ?LB TGQS?JJW.
2C?J GK?ECQ, QSAF ?Q RFC MLC AMLQGBCPCB GL RFC NPCTGMSQ CV?KNJC, ?PC DMPKCB @W AMLTCPEGLE JCLQCQ UFCLCTCP ?L M@HCAR GQ D?PRFCP DPMK RFC JCLQ RF?L
GRQ DMA?J JCLERF. 4FGQ GQ RPSC DMP KMTGC NPMHCARMPQ, A?KCP?Q, ?LB RFC CWC. 7C QF?JJ PCDCP RM RFCQC ?Q 64F8 1 GK?ECQ. ! A?QC 1 GK?EC GQ DMPKCB UFCL
d
o
> f ?LB f GQ NMQGRGTC, ?Q GL F?=KH; 25.36(?). (! QSKK?PW MD RFC RFPCC A?QCQ MP RWNCQ MD GK?EC DMPK?RGML ?NNC?PQ ?R RFC CLB MD RFGQ QCARGML.)
908 #(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3
! BGDDCPCLR RWNC MD GK?EC GQ DMPKCB UFCL ?L M@HCAR, QSAF ?Q ? NCPQML'Q D?AC, GQ FCJB AJMQC RM ? AMLTCV JCLQ. 4FC GK?EC GQ SNPGEFR ?LB J?PECP RF?L RFC
M@HCAR, ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 25.36(@), ?LB QM RFC JCLQ GQ A?JJCB ? K?ELGDGCP. )D WMS QJMUJW NSJJ RFC K?ELGDGCP ?U?W DPMK RFC D?AC, WMS UGJJ QCC RF?R RFC
K?ELGDGA?RGML QRC?BGJW GLAPC?QCQ SLRGJ RFC GK?EC @CEGLQ RM @JSP. 0SJJGLE RFC K?ELGDGCP CTCL D?PRFCP ?U?W NPMBSACQ ?L GLTCPRCB GK?EC ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH;
25.36(?). 4FC BGQR?LAC ?R UFGAF RFC GK?EC @JSPQ, ?LB @CWMLB UFGAF GR GLTCPRQ, GQ RFC DMA?J JCLERF MD RFC JCLQ. 4M SQC ? AMLTCV JCLQ ?Q ? K?ELGDGCP, RFC
M@HCAR KSQR @C AJMQCP RM RFC AMLTCPEGLE JCLQ RF?L GRQ DMA?J JCLERF. 4FGQ GQ A?JJCB ? 64F8 2 GK?EC. ! A?QC 2 GK?EC GQ DMPKCB UFCL d
o
< f ?LB f GQ
NMQGRGTC.
F?=KH; 25.36 (?) 7FCL ? AMLTCPEGLE JCLQ GQ FCJB D?PRFCP ?U?W DPMK RFC D?AC RF?L RFC JCLQtQ DMA?J JCLERF, ?L GLTCPRCB GK?EC GQ DMPKCB. 4FGQ GQ ? A?QC 1 GK?EC. .MRC RF?R RFC
GK?EC GQ GL DMASQ @SR RFC D?AC GQ LMR, @CA?SQC RFC GK?EC GQ KSAF AJMQCP RM RFC A?KCP? R?IGLE RFGQ NFMRMEP?NF RF?L RFC D?AC. (APCBGR: $?-MLE-?L, &JGAIP) (@) ! K?ELGDGCB GK?EC
MD ? D?AC GQ NPMBSACB @W NJ?AGLE GR AJMQCP RM RFC AMLTCPEGLE JCLQ RF?L GRQ DMA?J JCLERF. 4FGQ GQ ? A?QC 2 GK?EC. (APCBGR: #?QCW &JCQCP, &JGAIP)
F?=KH; 25.37 SQCQ P?W RP?AGLE RM QFMU FMU ?L GK?EC GQ DMPKCB UFCL ?L M@HCAR GQ FCJB AJMQCP RM ? AMLTCPEGLE JCLQ RF?L GRQ DMA?J JCLERF. 2?WQ AMKGLE
DPMK ? AMKKML NMGLR ML RFC M@HCAR AMLRGLSC RM BGTCPEC ?DRCP N?QQGLE RFPMSEF RFC JCLQ, @SR ?JJ ?NNC?P RM MPGEGL?RC DPMK ? NMGLR ?R RFC JMA?RGML MD RFC
GK?EC. 4FC GK?EC GQ ML RFC Q?KC QGBC MD RFC JCLQ ?Q RFC M@HCAR ?LB GQ D?PRFCP ?U?W DPMK RFC JCLQ RF?L RFC M@HCAR. 4FGQ GK?EC, JGIC ?JJ A?QC 2 GK?ECQ,
A?LLMR @C NPMHCARCB ?LB, FCLAC, GQ A?JJCB ? L?HJK7B ?C7=;. ,GEFR P?WQ MLJW ?NNC?P RM MPGEGL?RC ?R ? TGPRS?J GK?EC; RFCW BM LMR ?ARS?JJW N?QQ RFPMSEF
RF?R JMA?RGML GL QN?AC. ! QAPCCL NJ?ACB ?R RFC JMA?RGML MD ? TGPRS?J GK?EC UGJJ PCACGTC MLJW BGDDSQC JGEFR DPMK RFC M@HCAR, LMR DMASQCB P?WQ DPMK RFC JCLQ.
!BBGRGML?JJW, ? QAPCCL NJ?ACB ML RFC MNNMQGRC QGBC MD RFC JCLQ UGJJ PCACGTC P?WQ RF?R ?PC QRGJJ BGTCPEGLE, ?LB QM LM GK?EC UGJJ @C NPMHCARCB ML GR. 7C A?L
QCC RFC K?ELGDGCB GK?EC UGRF MSP CWCQ, @CA?SQC RFC JCLQ MD RFC CWC AMLTCPECQ RFC P?WQ GLRM ? PC?J GK?EC NPMHCARCB ML MSP PCRGL?. &GL?JJW, UC LMRC RF?R
? TGPRS?J GK?EC GQ SNPGEFR ?LB J?PECP RF?L RFC M@HCAR, KC?LGLE RF?R RFC K?ELGDGA?RGML GQ NMQGRGTC ?LB EPC?RCP RF?L 1.
#(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3 909
F?=KH; 25.37 2?W RP?AGLE NPCBGARQ RFC GK?EC JMA?RGML ?LB QGXC DMP ?L M@HCAR FCJB AJMQCP RM ? AMLTCPEGLE JCLQ RF?L GRQ DMA?J JCLERF. 2?W 1 CLRCPQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC ?VGQ ?LB CVGRQ
RFPMSEF RFC DMA?J NMGLR ML RFC MNNMQGRC QGBC, UFGJC P?W 2 N?QQCQ RFPMSEF RFC ACLRCP MD RFC JCLQ UGRFMSR AF?LEGLE N?RF. 4FC RUM P?WQ AMLRGLSC RM BGTCPEC ML RFC MRFCP QGBC MD RFC
JCLQ, @SR @MRF ?NNC?P RM AMKC DPMK ? AMKKML NMGLR, JMA?RGLE RFC SNPGEFR, K?ELGDGCB, TGPRS?J GK?EC. 4FGQ GQ ? A?QC 2 GK?EC.
6GPRS?J )K?EC
!L GK?EC RF?R GQ ML RFC Q?KC QGBC MD RFC JCLQ ?Q RFC M@HCAR ?LB A?LLMR @C NPMHCARCB ML ? QAPCCL GQ A?JJCB ? TGPRS?J GK?EC.
EN7CFB; 25.7 "C7=; )HE:K9;: 8O 7 &7=D?<O?D= B7II
3SNNMQC RFC @MMI N?EC GL F?=KH; 25.37 (?) GQ FCJB 7.50 AK DPMK ? AMLTCV JCLQ MD DMA?J JCLERF 10.0 AK, QSAF ?Q ? RWNGA?J K?ELGDWGLE EJ?QQ KGEFR
F?TC. 7F?R K?ELGDGA?RGML GQ NPMBSACB?
7C ?PC EGTCL RF?R d
o
= 7.50 cm ?LB f = 10.0 cm, QM UC F?TC ? QGRS?RGML UFCPC RFC M@HCAR GQ NJ?ACB AJMQCP RM RFC JCLQ RF?L GRQ DMA?J JCLERF.
7C RFCPCDMPC CVNCAR RM ECR ? A?QC 2 TGPRS?J GK?EC UGRF ? NMQGRGTC K?ELGDGA?RGML RF?R GQ EPC?RCP RF?L 1. 2?W RP?AGLE NPMBSACQ ?L GK?EC JGIC RF?R
QFMUL GL F?=KH; 25.37, @SR UC UGJJ SQC RFC RFGL JCLQ COS?RGMLQ RM ECR LSKCPGA?J QMJSRGMLQ GL RFGQ CV?KNJC.
,EBKJ?ED
4M DGLB RFC K?ELGDGA?RGML m, UC RPW RM SQC K?ELGDGA?RGML COS?RGML, m = d
i
/ d
o
. 7C BM LMR F?TC ? T?JSC DMP d
i
, QM RF?R UC KSQR DGPQR DGLB RFC
JMA?RGML MD RFC GK?EC SQGLE JCLQ COS?RGML. (4FC NPMACBSPC GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q DMJJMUCB GL RFC NPCACBGLE CV?KNJC, UFCPC d
o
?LB f UCPC ILMUL.)
2C?PP?LEGLE RFC K?ELGDGA?RGML COS?RGML RM GQMJ?RC d
i
EGTCQ
(25.35) 1
d
i
=
1
f

1
d
o
.
%LRCPGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ, UC M@R?GL ? T?JSC DMP 1/d
i
:
(25.36)
1
d
i
=
1
10.0 cm

1
7.50 cm
=
0.0333
cm
.
i
:
(25.37)
d
i
=
cm
0.0333
= 30.0 cm.
.MU RFC RFGL JCLQ COS?RGML A?L @C SQCB RM DGLB RFC K?ELGDGA?RGML m, QGLAC @MRF d
i
?LB d
o
(25.38)
m =
d
i
d
o
=
30.0 cm
10.0 cm
= 3.00.
910 #(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3
D?I9KII?ED
! LSK@CP MD PCQSJRQ GL RFGQ CV?KNJC ?PC RPSC MD ?JJ A?QC 2 GK?ECQ, ?Q UCJJ ?Q @CGLE AMLQGQRCLR UGRF F?=KH; 25.37. -?ELGDGA?RGML GQ GLBCCB NMQGRGTC
(?Q NPCBGARCB), KC?LGLE RFC GK?EC GQ SNPGEFR. 4FC K?ELGDGA?RGML GQ ?JQM EPC?RCP RF?L 1, KC?LGLE RF?R RFC GK?EC GQ J?PECP RF?L RFC M@HCARrGL RFGQ
A?QC, @W ? D?ARMP MD 3. .MRC RF?R RFC GK?EC BGQR?LAC GQ LCE?RGTC. 4FGQ KC?LQ RFC GK?EC GQ ML RFC Q?KC QGBC MD RFC JCLQ ?Q RFC M@HCAR. 4FSQ RFC
GK?EC A?LLMR @C NPMHCARCB ?LB GQ TGPRS?J. (.CE?RGTC T?JSCQ MD d
i
MAASP DMP TGPRS?J GK?ECQ.) 4FC GK?EC GQ D?PRFCP DPMK RFC JCLQ RF?L RFC M@HCAR,
QGLAC RFC GK?EC BGQR?LAC GQ EPC?RCP GL K?ELGRSBC RF?L RFC M@HCAR BGQR?LAC. 4FC JMA?RGML MD RFC GK?EC GQ LMR M@TGMSQ UFCL WMS JMMI RFPMSEF ?
K?ELGDGCP. )L D?AR, QGLAC RFC GK?EC GQ @GEECP RF?L RFC M@HCAR, WMS K?W RFGLI RFC GK?EC GQ AJMQCP RF?L RFC M@HCAR. "SR RFC GK?EC GQ D?PRFCP ?U?W, ?
D?AR RF?R GQ SQCDSJ GL AMPPCARGLE D?PQGEFRCBLCQQ, ?Q UC QF?JJ QCC GL ? J?RCP QCARGML.
! RFGPB RWNC MD GK?EC GQ DMPKCB @W ? BGTCPEGLE MP AMLA?TC JCLQ. 4PW JMMIGLE RFPMSEF CWCEJ?QQCQ KC?LR RM AMPPCAR LC?PQGEFRCBLCQQ. (3CC F?=KH;
25.38.) 9MS UGJJ QCC ?L GK?EC RF?R GQ SNPGEFR @SR QK?JJCP RF?L RFC M@HCAR. 4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R RFC K?ELGDGA?RGML GQ NMQGRGTC @SR JCQQ RF?L 1. 4FC P?W
BG?EP?K GL F?=KH; 25.39 QFMUQ RF?R RFC GK?EC GQ ML RFC Q?KC QGBC MD RFC JCLQ ?Q RFC M@HCAR ?LB, FCLAC, A?LLMR @C NPMHCARCBrGR GQ ? TGPRS?J GK?EC.
.MRC RF?R RFC GK?EC GQ AJMQCP RM RFC JCLQ RF?L RFC M@HCAR. 4FGQ GQ ? 64F8 3 GK?EC, DMPKCB DMP ?LW M@HCAR @W ? LCE?RGTC DMA?J JCLERF MP BGTCPEGLE JCLQ.
F?=KH; 25.38 ! A?P TGCUCB RFPMSEF ? AMLA?TC MP BGTCPEGLE JCLQ JMMIQ SNPGEFR. 4FGQ GQ ? A?QC 3 GK?EC. (APCBGR: $?LGCJ /GLCQ, &JGAIP)
F?=KH; 25.39 2?W RP?AGLE NPCBGARQ RFC GK?EC JMA?RGML ?LB QGXC DMP ? AMLA?TC MP BGTCPEGLE JCLQ. 2?W 1 CLRCPQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC ?VGQ ?LB GQ @CLR QM RF?R GR ?NNC?PQ RM MPGEGL?RC DPMK
RFC DMA?J NMGLR. 2?W 2 N?QQCQ RFPMSEF RFC ACLRCP MD RFC JCLQ UGRFMSR AF?LEGLE N?RF. 4FC RUM P?WQ ?NNC?P RM AMKC DPMK ? AMKKML NMGLR, JMA?RGLE RFC SNPGEFR GK?EC. 4FGQ GQ ?
A?QC 3 GK?EC, UFGAF GQ AJMQCP RM RFC JCLQ RF?L RFC M@HCAR ?LB QK?JJCP GL FCGEFR.
EN7CFB; 25.8 "C7=; )HE:K9;: 8O 7 CED97L; %;DI
3SNNMQC ?L M@HCAR QSAF ?Q ? @MMI N?EC GQ FCJB 7.50 AK DPMK ? AMLA?TC JCLQ MD DMA?J JCLERF q10.0 AK. 3SAF ? JCLQ AMSJB @C SQCB GL CWCEJ?QQCQ
RM AMPPCAR NPMLMSLACB LC?PQGEFRCBLCQQ. 7F?R K?ELGDGA?RGML GQ NPMBSACB?
4FGQ CV?KNJC GQ GBCLRGA?J RM RFC NPCACBGLE MLC, CVACNR RF?R RFC DMA?J JCLERF GQ LCE?RGTC DMP ? AMLA?TC MP BGTCPEGLE JCLQ. 4FC KCRFMB MD QMJSRGML GQ
RFSQ RFC Q?KC, @SR RFC PCQSJRQ ?PC BGDDCPCLR GL GKNMPR?LR U?WQ.
#(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3 911
,EBKJ?ED
4M DGLB RFC K?ELGDGA?RGML m, UC KSQR DGPQR DGLB RFC GK?EC BGQR?LAC d
i
SQGLE RFGL JCLQ COS?RGML
(25.39) 1
d
i
=
1
f

1
d
o
,
MP GRQ ?JRCPL?RGTC PC?PP?LECKCLR
(25.40)
d
i
=
fd
o
d
o
f
.
7C ?PC EGTCL RF?R f = 10.0 cm ?LB d
o
= 7.50 cm. %LRCPGLE RFCQC WGCJBQ ? T?JSC DMP 1/d
i
:
(25.41)
1
d
i
=
1
10.0 cm

1
7.50 cm
=
0.2333
cm
.
i
:
(25.42)
d
i
=
cm
0.2333
= 4.29 cm.
/P
(25.43)
d
i
=
(7.5)(10)
7.5 (10)
= 75 / 17.5 = 4.29 cm.

.MU RFC K?ELGDGA?RGML COS?RGML A?L @C SQCB RM DGLB RFC K?ELGDGA?RGML m, QGLAC @MRF d
i
?LB d
o
(25.44)
m =
d
i
d
o
=
4.29 cm
7.50 cm
= 0.571.
D?I9KII?ED
! LSK@CP MD PCQSJRQ GL RFGQ CV?KNJC ?PC RPSC MD ?JJ A?QC 3 GK?ECQ, ?Q UCJJ ?Q @CGLE AMLQGQRCLR UGRF F?=KH; 25.39. -?ELGDGA?RGML GQ NMQGRGTC (?Q
NPCBGARCB), KC?LGLE RFC GK?EC GQ SNPGEFR. 4FC K?ELGDGA?RGML GQ ?JQM JCQQ RF?L 1, KC?LGLE RFC GK?EC GQ QK?JJCP RF?L RFC M@HCARrGL RFGQ A?QC, ? JGRRJC
MTCP F?JD GRQ QGXC. 4FC GK?EC BGQR?LAC GQ LCE?RGTC, KC?LGLE RFC GK?EC GQ ML RFC Q?KC QGBC MD RFC JCLQ ?Q RFC M@HCAR. (4FC GK?EC GQ TGPRS?J.) 4FC
GK?EC GQ AJMQCP RM RFC JCLQ RF?L RFC M@HCAR, QGLAC RFC GK?EC BGQR?LAC GQ QK?JJCP GL K?ELGRSBC RF?L RFC M@HCAR BGQR?LAC. 4FC JMA?RGML MD RFC GK?EC GQ
LMR M@TGMSQ UFCL WMS JMMI RFPMSEF ? AMLA?TC JCLQ. )L D?AR, QGLAC RFC GK?EC GQ QK?JJCP RF?L RFC M@HCAR, WMS K?W RFGLI GR GQ D?PRFCP ?U?W. "SR RFC
GK?EC GQ AJMQCP RF?L RFC M@HCAR, ? D?AR RF?R GQ SQCDSJ GL AMPPCARGLE LC?PQGEFRCBLCQQ, ?Q UC QF?JJ QCC GL ? J?RCP QCARGML.
-78B; 25.3 QSKK?PGXCQ RFC RFPCC RWNCQ MD GK?ECQ DMPKCB @W QGLEJC RFGL JCLQCQ. 4FCQC ?PC PCDCPPCB RM ?Q A?QC 1, 2, ?LB 3 GK?ECQ. #MLTCV
(AMLTCPEGLE) JCLQCQ A?L DMPK CGRFCP PC?J MP TGPRS?J GK?ECQ (A?QCQ 1 ?LB 2, PCQNCARGTCJW), UFCPC?Q AMLA?TC (BGTCPEGLE) JCLQCQ A?L DMPK MLJW TGPRS?J
GK?ECQ (?JU?WQ A?QC 3). 2C?J GK?ECQ ?PC ?JU?WQ GLTCPRCB, @SR RFCW A?L @C CGRFCP J?PECP MP QK?JJCP RF?L RFC M@HCAR. &MP CV?KNJC, ? QJGBC NPMHCARMP
DMPKQ ?L GK?EC J?PECP RF?L RFC QJGBC, UFCPC?Q ? A?KCP? K?ICQ ?L GK?EC QK?JJCP RF?L RFC M@HCAR @CGLE NFMRMEP?NFCB. 6GPRS?J GK?ECQ ?PC ?JU?WQ
SNPGEFR ?LB A?LLMR @C NPMHCARCB. 6GPRS?J GK?ECQ ?PC J?PECP RF?L RFC M@HCAR MLJW GL A?QC 2, UFCPC ? AMLTCV JCLQ GQ SQCB. 4FC TGPRS?J GK?EC NPMBSACB @W
? AMLA?TC JCLQ GQ ?JU?WQ QK?JJCP RF?L RFC M@HCARr? A?QC 3 GK?EC. 7C A?L QCC ?LB NFMRMEP?NF TGPRS?J GK?ECQ MLJW @W SQGLE ?L ?BBGRGML?J JCLQ RM
DMPK ? PC?J GK?EC.
4?@JC 25.3 4FPCC 4WNCQ MD )K?ECQ &MPKCB "W 4FGL ,CLQCQ
-OF; FEHC;: M>;D "C7=; JOF; %? -
#?QC 1
f NMQGRGTC, d
o
> f
PC?J NMQGRGTC LCE?RGTC
#?QC 2
f NMQGRGTC, d
o
< f
TGPRS?J LCE?RGTC NMQGRGTC m > 1
#?QC 3
f LCE?RGTC
TGPRS?J LCE?RGTC NMQGRGTC m < 1
)L "C7=; FEHC7J?ED 8O &?HHEHI, UC QF?JJ QCC RF?R KGPPMPQ A?L DMPK CV?ARJW RFC Q?KC RWNCQ MD GK?ECQ ?Q JCLQCQ.
4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR: #MLACLRP?RGLE 3SLJGEFR
&GLB QCTCP?J JCLQCQ ?LB BCRCPKGLC UFCRFCP RFCW ?PC AMLTCPEGLE MP BGTCPEGLE. )L ECLCP?J RFMQC RF?R ?PC RFGAICP LC?P RFC CBECQ ?PC BGTCPEGLE ?LB
RFMQC RF?R ?PC RFGAICP LC?P RFC ACLRCP ?PC AMLTCPEGLE. /L ? @PGEFR QSLLW B?W R?IC RFC AMLTCPEGLE JCLQCQ MSRQGBC ?LB RPW DMASQGLE RFC QSLJGEFR
MLRM ? NGCAC MD N?NCP. $CRCPKGLC RFC DMA?J JCLERFQ MD RFC JCLQCQ. "C A?PCDSJ @CA?SQC RFC N?NCP K?W QR?PR RM @SPL, BCNCLBGLE ML RFC RWNC MD JCLQ
WMS F?TC QCJCARCB.
0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE 3RP?RCEGCQ DMP ,CLQCQ
3RCN 1. %V?KGLC RFC QGRS?RGML RM BCRCPKGLC RF?R GK?EC DMPK?RGML @W ? JCLQ GQ GLTMJTCB.
912 #(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3
3RCN 2. $CRCPKGLC UFCRFCP P?W RP?AGLE, RFC RFGL JCLQ COS?RGMLQ, MP @MRF ?PC RM @C CKNJMWCB. ! QICRAF GQ TCPW SQCDSJ CTCL GD P?W RP?AGLE GQ LMR
QNCAGDGA?JJW PCOSGPCB @W RFC NPM@JCK. 7PGRC QWK@MJQ ?LB T?JSCQ ML RFC QICRAF.
3RCN 3. )BCLRGDW CV?ARJW UF?R LCCBQ RM @C BCRCPKGLCB GL RFC NPM@JCK (GBCLRGDW RFC SLILMULQ).
3RCN 4. -?IC ?JGQR MD UF?R GQ EGTCL MP A?L @C GLDCPPCB DPMK RFC NPM@JCK ?Q QR?RCB (GBCLRGDW RFC ILMULQ). )R GQ FCJNDSJ RM BCRCPKGLC UFCRFCP RFC QGRS?RGML
GLTMJTCQ ? A?QC 1, 2, MP 3 GK?EC. 7FGJC RFCQC ?PC HSQR L?KCQ DMP RWNCQ MD GK?ECQ, RFCW F?TC ACPR?GL AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ (EGTCL GL -78B; 25.3) RF?R A?L @C MD
EPC?R SQC GL QMJTGLE NPM@JCKQ.
3RCN 5. )D P?W RP?AGLE GQ PCOSGPCB, SQC RFC P?W RP?AGLE PSJCQ JGQRCB LC?P RFC @CEGLLGLE MD RFGQ QCARGML.
3RCN 6. -MQR OS?LRGR?RGTC NPM@JCKQ PCOSGPC RFC SQC MD RFC RFGL JCLQ COS?RGMLQ. 4FCQC ?PC QMJTCB GL RFC SQS?J K?LLCP @W QS@QRGRSRGLE ILMULQ ?LB
QMJTGLE DMP SLILMULQ. 3CTCP?J UMPICB CV?KNJCQ QCPTC ?Q ESGBCQ.
3RCN 7. #FCAI RM QCC GD RFC ?LQUCP GQ PC?QML?@JC: $MCQ GR K?IC QCLQC? )D WMS F?TC GBCLRGDGCB RFC RWNC MD GK?EC (A?QC 1, 2, MP 3), WMS QFMSJB ?QQCQQ
UFCRFCP WMSP ?LQUCP GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC RWNC MD GK?EC, K?ELGDGA?RGML, ?LB QM ML.
-GQAMLACNRGML !JCPR
7C BM LMR PC?JGXC RF?R JGEFR P?WQ ?PC AMKGLE DPMK CTCPW N?PR MD RFC M@HCAR, N?QQGLE RFPMSEF CTCPW N?PR MD RFC JCLQ, ?LB ?JJ A?L @C SQCB RM DMPK RFC
DGL?J GK?EC.
7C ECLCP?JJW DCCJ RFC CLRGPC JCLQ, MP KGPPMP, GQ LCCBCB RM DMPK ?L GK?EC. !ARS?JJW, F?JD ? JCLQ UGJJ DMPK RFC Q?KC, RFMSEF ? D?GLRCP, GK?EC.
25.7 "C7=; FEHC7J?ED 8O &?HHEHI
7C MLJW F?TC RM JMMI ?Q D?P ?Q RFC LC?PCQR @?RFPMMK RM DGLB ?L CV?KNJC MD ?L GK?EC DMPKCB @W ? KGPPMP. )K?ECQ GL DJ?R KGPPMPQ ?PC RFC Q?KC QGXC ?Q
RFC M@HCAR ?LB ?PC JMA?RCB @CFGLB RFC KGPPMP. ,GIC JCLQCQ, KGPPMPQ A?L DMPK ? T?PGCRW MD GK?ECQ. &MP CV?KNJC, BCLR?J KGPPMPQ K?W NPMBSAC ? K?ELGDGCB
GK?EC, HSQR ?Q K?ICSN KGPPMPQ BM. 3CASPGRW KGPPMPQ GL QFMNQ, ML RFC MRFCP F?LB, DMPK GK?ECQ RF?R ?PC QK?JJCP RF?L RFC M@HCAR. 7C UGJJ SQC RFC J?U MD
PCDJCARGML RM SLBCPQR?LB FMU KGPPMPQ DMPK GK?ECQ, ?LB UC UGJJ DGLB RF?R KGPPMP GK?ECQ ?PC ?L?JMEMSQ RM RFMQC DMPKCB @W JCLQCQ.
F?=KH; 25.40 FCJNQ GJJSQRP?RC FMU ? DJ?R KGPPMP DMPKQ ?L GK?EC. 4UM P?WQ ?PC QFMUL CKCPEGLE DPMK RFC Q?KC NMGLR, QRPGIGLE RFC KGPPMP, ?LB @CGLE
PCDJCARCB GLRM RFC M@QCPTCPtQ CWC. 4FC P?WQ A?L BGTCPEC QJGEFRJW, ?LB @MRF QRGJJ ECR GLRM RFC CWC. )D RFC P?WQ ?PC CVRP?NMJ?RCB @?AIU?PB, RFCW QCCK RM
MPGEGL?RC DPMK ? AMKKML NMGLR @CFGLB RFC KGPPMP, JMA?RGLE RFC GK?EC. (4FC N?RFQ MD RFC PCDJCARCB P?WQ GLRM RFC CWC ?PC RFC Q?KC ?Q GD RFCW F?B AMKC
BGPCARJW DPMK RF?R NMGLR @CFGLB RFC KGPPMP.) 5QGLE RFC J?U MD PCDJCARGMLrRFC ?LEJC MD PCDJCARGML COS?JQ RFC ?LEJC MD GLAGBCLACrUC A?L QCC RF?R RFC
GK?EC ?LB M@HCAR ?PC RFC Q?KC BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC KGPPMP. 4FGQ GQ ? TGPRS?J GK?EC, QGLAC GR A?LLMR @C NPMHCARCBrRFC P?WQ MLJW ?NNC?P RM MPGEGL?RC DPMK ?
AMKKML NMGLR @CFGLB RFC KGPPMP. /@TGMSQJW, GD WMS U?JI @CFGLB RFC KGPPMP, WMS A?LLMR QCC RFC GK?EC, QGLAC RFC P?WQ BM LMR EM RFCPC. "SR GL DPMLR MD RFC
KGPPMP, RFC P?WQ @CF?TC CV?ARJW ?Q GD RFCW F?B AMKC DPMK @CFGLB RFC KGPPMP, QM RF?R GQ UFCPC RFC GK?EC GQ QGRS?RCB.
F?=KH; 25.40 4UM QCRQ MD P?WQ DPMK AMKKML NMGLRQ ML ?L M@HCAR ?PC PCDJCARCB @W ? DJ?R KGPPMP GLRM RFC CWC MD ?L M@QCPTCP. 4FC PCDJCARCB P?WQ QCCK RM MPGEGL?RC DPMK @CFGLB RFC
KGPPMP, JMA?RGLE RFC TGPRS?J GK?EC.
.MU JCR SQ AMLQGBCP RFC DMA?J JCLERF MD ? KGPPMPrDMP CV?KNJC, RFC AMLA?TC QNFCPGA?J KGPPMPQ GL F?=KH; 25.41. 2?WQ MD JGEFR RF?R QRPGIC RFC QSPD?AC
DMJJMU RFC J?U MD PCDJCARGML. &MP ? KGPPMP RF?R GQ J?PEC AMKN?PCB UGRF GRQ P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC, ?Q GL F?=KH; 25.41(?), UC QCC RF?R RFC PCDJCARCB P?WQ BM LMR
APMQQ ?R RFC Q?KC NMGLR, ?LB RFC KGPPMP BMCQ LMR F?TC ? UCJJ-BCDGLCB DMA?J NMGLR. )D RFC KGPPMP F?B RFC QF?NC MD ? N?P?@MJ?, RFC P?WQ UMSJB ?JJ APMQQ ?R
? QGLEJC NMGLR, ?LB RFC KGPPMP UMSJB F?TC ? UCJJ-BCDGLCB DMA?J NMGLR. "SR N?P?@MJGA KGPPMPQ ?PC KSAF KMPC CVNCLQGTC RM K?IC RF?L QNFCPGA?J KGPPMPQ.
4FC QMJSRGML GQ RM SQC ? KGPPMP RF?R GQ QK?JJ AMKN?PCB UGRF GRQ P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 25.41(@). (4FGQ GQ RFC KGPPMP COSGT?JCLR MD RFC
RFGL JCLQ ?NNPMVGK?RGML.) 4M ? TCPW EMMB ?NNPMVGK?RGML, RFGQ KGPPMP F?Q ? UCJJ-BCDGLCB DMA?J NMGLR ?R & RF?R GQ RFC DMA?J BGQR?LAC f DPMK RFC ACLRCP MD
RFC KGPPMP. 4FC DMA?J JCLERF f MD ? AMLA?TC KGPPMP GQ NMQGRGTC, QGLAC GR GQ ? AMLTCPEGLE KGPPMP.
#(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3 913
F?=KH; 25.41 (?) 0?P?JJCJ P?WQ PCDJCARCB DPMK ? J?PEC QNFCPGA?J KGPPMP BM LMR ?JJ APMQQ ?R ? AMKKML NMGLR. (@) )D ? QNFCPGA?J KGPPMP GQ QK?JJ AMKN?PCB UGRF GRQ P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC,
N?P?JJCJ P?WQ ?PC DMASQCB RM ? AMKKML NMGLR. 4FC BGQR?LAC MD RFC DMA?J NMGLR DPMK RFC ACLRCP MD RFC KGPPMP GQ GRQ DMA?J JCLERF f . 3GLAC RFGQ KGPPMP GQ AMLTCPEGLE, GR F?Q ? NMQGRGTC
DMA?J JCLERF.
*SQR ?Q DMP JCLQCQ, RFC QFMPRCP RFC DMA?J JCLERF, RFC KMPC NMUCPDSJ RFC KGPPMP; RFSQ, P = 1 / f DMP ? KGPPMP, RMM. ! KMPC QRPMLEJW ASPTCB KGPPMP F?Q ?
QFMPRCP DMA?J JCLERF ?LB ? EPC?RCP NMUCP. 5QGLE RFC J?U MD PCDJCARGML ?LB QMKC QGKNJC RPGEMLMKCRPW, GR A?L @C QFMUL RF?R RFC DMA?J JCLERF GQ F?JD RFC
P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC, MP
(25.45)
f =
R
2
,
UFCPC R GQ RFC P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC MD ? QNFCPGA?J KGPPMP. 4FC QK?JJCP RFC P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC, RFC QK?JJCP RFC DMA?J JCLERF ?LB, RFSQ, RFC KMPC NMUCPDSJ
RFC KGPPMP.
4FC AMLTCV KGPPMP QFMUL GL F?=KH; 25.42 ?JQM F?Q ? DMA?J NMGLR. 0?P?JJCJ P?WQ MD JGEFR PCDJCARCB DPMK RFC KGPPMP QCCK RM MPGEGL?RC DPMK RFC NMGLR & ?R
RFC DMA?J BGQR?LAC f @CFGLB RFC KGPPMP. 4FC DMA?J JCLERF ?LB NMUCP MD ? AMLTCV KGPPMP ?PC LCE?RGTC, QGLAC GR GQ ? BGTCPEGLE KGPPMP.
F?=KH; 25.42 0?P?JJCJ P?WQ MD JGEFR PCDJCARCB DPMK ? AMLTCV QNFCPGA?J KGPPMP (QK?JJ GL QGXC AMKN?PCB UGRF GRQ P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC) QCCK RM MPGEGL?RC DPMK ? UCJJ-BCDGLCB DMA?J NMGLR
?R RFC DMA?J BGQR?LAC f @CFGLB RFC KGPPMP. #MLTCV KGPPMPQ BGTCPEC JGEFR P?WQ ?LB, RFSQ, F?TC ? LCE?RGTC DMA?J JCLERF.
2?W RP?AGLE GQ ?Q SQCDSJ DMP KGPPMPQ ?Q DMP JCLQCQ. 4FC PSJCQ DMP P?W RP?AGLE DMP KGPPMPQ ?PC @?QCB ML RFC GJJSQRP?RGMLQ HSQR BGQASQQCB:
1. ! P?W ?NNPM?AFGLE ? AMLA?TC AMLTCPEGLE KGPPMP N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ ?VGQ GQ PCDJCARCB RFPMSEF RFC DMA?J NMGLR & MD RFC KGPPMP ML RFC Q?KC QGBC. (3CC P?WQ
1 ?LB 3 GL F?=KH; 25.41(@).)
2. ! P?W ?NNPM?AFGLE ? AMLTCV BGTCPEGLE KGPPMP N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ ?VGQ GQ PCDJCARCB QM RF?R GR QCCKQ RM AMKC DPMK RFC DMA?J NMGLR & @CFGLB RFC KGPPMP.
(3CC P?WQ 1 ?LB 3 GL F?=KH; 25.42.)
3. !LW P?W QRPGIGLE RFC ACLRCP MD ? KGPPMP GQ DMJJMUCB @W ?NNJWGLE RFC J?U MD PCDJCARGML; GR K?ICQ RFC Q?KC ?LEJC UGRF RFC ?VGQ UFCL JC?TGLE ?Q UFCL
?NNPM?AFGLE. (3CC P?W 2 GL F?=KH; 25.43.)
4. ! P?W ?NNPM?AFGLE ? AMLA?TC AMLTCPEGLE KGPPMP RFPMSEF GRQ DMA?J NMGLR GQ PCDJCARCB N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ ?VGQ. (4FC PCTCPQC MD P?WQ 1 ?LB 3 GL F?=KH;
25.41.)
914 #(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3
5. ! P?W ?NNPM?AFGLE ? AMLTCV BGTCPEGLE KGPPMP @W FC?BGLE RMU?PB GRQ DMA?J NMGLR ML RFC MNNMQGRC QGBC GQ PCDJCARCB N?P?JJCJ RM RFC ?VGQ. (4FC PCTCPQC
MD P?WQ 1 ?LB 3 GL F?=KH; 25.42.)
7C UGJJ SQC P?W RP?AGLE RM GJJSQRP?RC FMU GK?ECQ ?PC DMPKCB @W KGPPMPQ, ?LB UC A?L SQC P?W RP?AGLE OS?LRGR?RGTCJW RM M@R?GL LSKCPGA?J GLDMPK?RGML. "SR
QGLAC UC ?QQSKC C?AF KGPPMP GQ QK?JJ AMKN?PCB UGRF GRQ P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC, UC A?L SQC RFC RFGL JCLQ COS?RGMLQ DMP KGPPMPQ HSQR ?Q UC BGB DMP JCLQCQ.
#MLQGBCP RFC QGRS?RGML QFMUL GL F?=KH; 25.43, AMLA?TC QNFCPGA?J KGPPMP PCDJCARGML, GL UFGAF ?L M@HCAR GQ NJ?ACB D?PRFCP DPMK ? AMLA?TC (AMLTCPEGLE)
KGPPMP RF?L GRQ DMA?J JCLERF. 4F?R GQ, f GQ NMQGRGTC ?LB d
o
> f , QM RF?R UC K?W CVNCAR ?L GK?EC QGKGJ?P RM RFC A?QC 1 PC?J GK?EC DMPKCB @W ?
AMLTCPEGLE JCLQ. 2?W RP?AGLE GL F?=KH; 25.43 QFMUQ RF?R RFC P?WQ DPMK ? AMKKML NMGLR ML RFC M@HCAR ?JJ APMQQ ?R ? NMGLR ML RFC Q?KC QGBC MD RFC
KGPPMP ?Q RFC M@HCAR. 4FSQ ? PC?J GK?EC A?L @C NPMHCARCB MLRM ? QAPCCL NJ?ACB ?R RFGQ JMA?RGML. 4FC GK?EC BGQR?LAC GQ NMQGRGTC, ?LB RFC GK?EC GQ
GLTCPRCB, QM GRQ K?ELGDGA?RGML GQ LCE?RGTC. 4FGQ GQ ? 64F8 1 <@4:8 9BE @<EEBEF. )R BGDDCPQ DPMK RFC A?QC 1 GK?EC DMP JCLQCQ MLJW GL RF?R RFC GK?EC GQ ML RFC
Q?KC QGBC MD RFC KGPPMP ?Q RFC M@HCAR. )R GQ MRFCPUGQC GBCLRGA?J.
F?=KH; 25.43 ! A?QC 1 GK?EC DMP ? KGPPMP. !L M@HCAR GQ D?PRFCP DPMK RFC AMLTCPEGLE KGPPMP RF?L GRQ DMA?J JCLERF. 2?WQ DPMK ? AMKKML NMGLR ML RFC M@HCAR ?PC RP?ACB SQGLE RFC
PSJCQ GL RFC RCVR. 2?W 1 ?NNPM?AFCQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC ?VGQ, P?W 2 QRPGICQ RFC ACLRCP MD RFC KGPPMP, ?LB P?W 3 EMCQ RFPMSEF RFC DMA?J NMGLR ML RFC U?W RMU?PB RFC KGPPMP. !JJ RFPCC P?WQ
APMQQ ?R RFC Q?KC NMGLR ?DRCP @CGLE PCDJCARCB, JMA?RGLE RFC GLTCPRCB PC?J GK?EC. !JRFMSEF RFPCC P?WQ ?PC QFMUL, MLJW RUM MD RFC RFPCC ?PC LCCBCB RM JMA?RC RFC GK?EC ?LB
BCRCPKGLC GRQ FCGEFR.
EN7CFB; 25.9 A CED97L; +;<B;9JEH
%JCARPGA PMMK FC?RCPQ SQC ? AMLA?TC KGPPMP RM PCDJCAR GLDP?PCB ()2) P?BG?RGML DPMK FMR AMGJQ. .MRC RF?R )2 DMJJMUQ RFC Q?KC J?U MD PCDJCARGML ?Q
TGQG@JC JGEFR. 'GTCL RF?R RFC KGPPMP F?Q ? P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC MD 50.0 AK ?LB NPMBSACQ ?L GK?EC MD RFC AMGJQ 3.00 K ?U?W DPMK RFC KGPPMP, UFCPC
?PC RFC AMGJQ?
7C ?PC EGTCL RF?R RFC AMLA?TC KGPPMP NPMHCARQ ? PC?J GK?EC MD RFC AMGJQ ?R ?L GK?EC BGQR?LAC d
i
= 3.00 m. 4FC AMGJQ ?PC RFC M@HCAR, ?LB UC ?PC
?QICB RM DGLB RFCGP JMA?RGMLrRF?R GQ, RM DGLB RFC M@HCAR BGQR?LAC d
o
. 7C ?PC ?JQM EGTCL RFC P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC MD RFC KGPPMP, QM RF?R GRQ DMA?J JCLERF
GQ f = R
/
2 = 25.0 cm (NMQGRGTC QGLAC RFC KGPPMP GQ AMLA?TC MP AMLTCPEGLE). !QQSKGLE RFC KGPPMP GQ QK?JJ AMKN?PCB UGRF GRQ P?BGSQ MD
ASPT?RSPC, UC A?L SQC RFC RFGL JCLQ COS?RGMLQ, RM QMJTC RFGQ NPM@JCK.
,EBKJ?ED
3GLAC d
i
?LB f ?PC ILMUL, RFGL JCLQ COS?RGML A?L @C SQCB RM DGLB d
o
:
(25.46) 1
d
o
+
1
d
i
=
1
f
.
2C?PP?LEGLE RM GQMJ?RC d
o
EGTCQ
(25.47) 1
d
o
=
1
f

1
d
i
.
%LRCPGLE ILMUL OS?LRGRGCQ EGTCQ ? T?JSC DMP 1/d
o
:
(25.48)
1
d
o
=
1
0.250 m

1
3.00 m
=
3.667
m
.
o
:
(25.49)
d
o
=
1 m
3.667
= 27.3 cm.
D?I9KII?ED
.MRC RF?R RFC M@HCAR (RFC DGJ?KCLR) GQ D?PRFCP DPMK RFC KGPPMP RF?L RFC KGPPMPtQ DMA?J JCLERF. 4FGQ GQ ? A?QC 1 GK?EC ( d
o
> f ?LB f NMQGRGTC),
AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC D?AR RF?R ? PC?J GK?EC GQ DMPKCB. 9MS UGJJ ECR RFC KMQR AMLACLRP?RCB RFCPK?J CLCPEW BGPCARJW GL DPMLR MD RFC KGPPMP ?LB 3.00 K
?U?W DPMK GR. 'CLCP?JJW, RFGQ GQ LMR BCQGP?@JC, QGLAC GR AMSJB A?SQC @SPLQ. 5QS?JJW, WMS U?LR RFC P?WQ RM CKCPEC N?P?JJCJ, ?LB RFGQ GQ ?AAMKNJGQFCB
@W F?TGLE RFC DGJ?KCLR ?R RFC DMA?J NMGLR MD RFC KGPPMP.
.MRC RF?R RFC DGJ?KCLR FCPC GQ LMR KSAF D?PRFCP DPMK RFC KGPPMP RF?L GRQ DMA?J JCLERF ?LB RF?R RFC GK?EC NPMBSACB GQ AMLQGBCP?@JW D?PRFCP ?U?W.
4FGQ GQ CV?ARJW ?L?JMEMSQ RM ? QJGBC NPMHCARMP. 0J?AGLE ? QJGBC MLJW QJGEFRJW D?PRFCP ?U?W DPMK RFC NPMHCARMP JCLQ RF?L GRQ DMA?J JCLERF NPMBSACQ ?L
#(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3 915
GK?EC QGELGDGA?LRJW D?PRFCP ?U?W. !Q RFC M@HCAR ECRQ AJMQCP RM RFC DMA?J BGQR?LAC, RFC GK?EC ECRQ D?PRFCP ?U?W. )L D?AR, ?Q RFC M@HCAR BGQR?LAC
?NNPM?AFCQ RFC DMA?J JCLERF, RFC GK?EC BGQR?LAC ?NNPM?AFCQ GLDGLGRW ?LB RFC P?WQ ?PC QCLR MSR N?P?JJCJ RM MLC ?LMRFCP.
EN7CFB; 25.10 ,EB7H EB;9JH?9 ;D;H7J?D= ,OIJ;C
/LC MD RFC QMJ?P RCAFLMJMEGCQ SQCB RMB?W DMP ECLCP?RGLE CJCARPGAGRW GQ ? BCTGAC (A?JJCB ? N?P?@MJGA RPMSEF MP AMLACLRP?RGLE AMJJCARMP) RF?R
AMLACLRP?RCQ RFC QSLJGEFR MLRM ? @J?AICLCB NGNC RF?R AMLR?GLQ ? DJSGB. 4FGQ FC?RCB DJSGB GQ NSKNCB RM ? FC?R CVAF?LECP, UFCPC GRQ FC?R CLCPEW GQ
RP?LQDCPPCB RM ?LMRFCP QWQRCK RF?R GQ SQCB RM ECLCP?RC QRC?Kr?LB QM ECLCP?RC CJCARPGAGRW RFPMSEF ? AMLTCLRGML?J QRC?K AWAJC. F?=KH; 25.44
QFMUQ QSAF ? UMPIGLE QWQRCK GL QMSRFCPL #?JGDMPLG?. #MLA?TC KGPPMPQ ?PC SQCB RM AMLACLRP?RC RFC QSLJGEFR MLRM RFC NGNC. 4FC KGPPMP F?Q RFC
?NNPMVGK?RC QF?NC MD ? QCARGML MD ? AWJGLBCP. &MP RFC NPM@JCK, ?QQSKC RF?R RFC KGPPMP GQ CV?ARJW MLC-OS?PRCP MD ? DSJJ AWJGLBCP.
?. )D UC UGQF RM NJ?AC RFC DJSGB-A?PPWGLE NGNC 40.0 AK DPMK RFC AMLA?TC KGPPMP ?R RFC KGPPMPtQ DMA?J NMGLR, UF?R UGJJ @C RFC P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC MD
RFC KGPPMP?
@. 0CP KCRCP MD NGNC, UF?R UGJJ @C RFC ?KMSLR MD QSLJGEFR AMLACLRP?RCB MLRM RFC NGNC, ?QQSKGLE RFC GLQMJ?RGML (GLAGBCLR QMJ?P P?BG?RGML) GQ
0.900 kW/m
2
?
A. )D RFC DJSGB-A?PPWGLE NGNC F?Q ? 2.00-AK BG?KCRCP, UF?R UGJJ @C RFC RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QC MD RFC DJSGB NCP KCRCP MD NGNC MTCP ? NCPGMB MD MLC
KGLSRC? !QQSKC ?JJ RFC QMJ?P P?BG?RGML GLAGBCLR ML RFC PCDJCARMP GQ ?@QMP@CB @W RFC NGNC, ?LB RF?R RFC DJSGB GQ KGLCP?J MGJ.
,JH7J;=O
4M QMJTC ?L AG8:E4G87 CBA68CG 'EB5?8@ UC KSQR DGPQR GBCLRGDW RFC NFWQGA?J NPGLAGNJCQ GLTMJTCB. 0?PR (?) GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC ASPPCLR RMNGA. 0?PR (@)
GLTMJTCQ ? JGRRJC K?RF, NPGK?PGJW ECMKCRPW. 0?PR (A) PCOSGPCQ ?L SLBCPQR?LBGLE MD FC?R ?LB BCLQGRW.
,EBKJ?ED JE (7)
4M ? EMMB ?NNPMVGK?RGML DMP ? AMLA?TC MP QCKG-QNFCPGA?J QSPD?AC, RFC NMGLR UFCPC RFC N?P?JJCJ P?WQ DPMK RFC QSL AMLTCPEC UGJJ @C ?R RFC DMA?J
NMGLR, QM R = 2f = 80.0 cm.
,EBKJ?ED JE (8)
4FC GLQMJ?RGML GQ 900 W/m
2
. 7C KSQR DGLB RFC APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? A MD RFC AMLA?TC KGPPMP, QGLAC RFC NMUCP BCJGTCPCB GQ 900 W/m
2
A.
4FC KGPPMP GL RFGQ A?QC GQ ? OS?PRCP-QCARGML MD ? AWJGLBCP, QM RFC ?PC? DMP ? JCLERF L MD RFC KGPPMP GQ A =
1
4
(2R)L . 4FC ?PC? DMP ? JCLERF MD 1.00
K GQ RFCL
(25.50)
A =

2
R(1.00 m) =
(3.14)
2
(0.800 m)(1.00 m) = 1.26 m
2
.
4FC GLQMJ?RGML ML RFC 1.00-K JCLERF MD NGNC GQ RFCL
(25.51)
9.0010
2 W
m
2
1.26 m
2
= 1130 W.
,EBKJ?ED JE (9)
4FC GLAPC?QC GL RCKNCP?RSPC GQ EGTCL @W Q = mcT . 4FC K?QQ m MD RFC KGLCP?J MGJ GL RFC MLC-KCRCP QCARGML MD NGNC GQ
(25.52)
m = V =
d
2
2
(1.00 m)
=

8.0010
2
kg/m
3
(3.14)(0.0100 m)
2
(1.00 m)
= 0.251 kg.
4FCPCDMPC, RFC GLAPC?QC GL RCKNCP?RSPC GL MLC KGLSRC GQ
(25.53) T = Q/ mc
=
(1130 W)(60.0 s)
(0.251 kg)(1670 Jkg/C)
= 162C.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (9)
!L ?PP?W MD QSAF NGNCQ GL RFC #?JGDMPLG? BCQCPR A?L NPMTGBC ? RFCPK?J MSRNSR MD 250 -7 ML ? QSLLW B?W, UGRF DJSGBQ PC?AFGLE RCKNCP?RSPCQ ?Q FGEF
?Q 400C. 7C ?PC AMLQGBCPGLE MLJW MLC KCRCP MD NGNC FCPC, ?LB GELMPGLE FC?R JMQQCQ ?JMLE RFC NGNC.
916 #(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3
F?=KH; 25.44 0?P?@MJGA RPMSEF AMJJCARMPQ ?PC SQCB RM ECLCP?RC CJCARPGAGRW GL QMSRFCPL #?JGDMPLG?. (APCBGR: IHIMJ@, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
7F?R F?NNCLQ GD ?L M@HCAR GQ AJMQCP RM ? AMLA?TC KGPPMP RF?L GRQ DMA?J JCLERF? 4FGQ GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM ? A?QC 2 GK?EC DMP JCLQCQ ( d
o
< f ?LB f
NMQGRGTC), UFGAF GQ ? K?ELGDGCP. )L D?AR, RFGQ GQ FMU K?ICSN KGPPMPQ ?AR ?Q K?ELGDGCPQ. F?=KH; 25.45(?) SQCQ P?W RP?AGLE RM JMA?RC RFC GK?EC MD ?L
M@HCAR NJ?ACB AJMQC RM ? AMLA?TC KGPPMP. 2?WQ DPMK ? AMKKML NMGLR ML RFC M@HCAR ?PC PCDJCARCB GL QSAF ? K?LLCP RF?R RFCW ?NNC?P RM @C AMKGLE
DPMK @CFGLB RFC KGPPMP, KC?LGLE RF?R RFC GK?EC GQ TGPRS?J ?LB A?LLMR @C NPMHCARCB. !Q UGRF ? K?ELGDWGLE EJ?QQ, RFC GK?EC GQ SNPGEFR ?LB J?PECP
RF?L RFC M@HCAR. 4FGQ GQ ? 64F8 2 <@4:8 9BE @<EEBEF ?LB GQ CV?ARJW ?L?JMEMSQ RM RF?R DMP JCLQCQ.
F?=KH; 25.45 (?) #?QC 2 GK?ECQ DMP KGPPMPQ ?PC DMPKCB UFCL ? AMLTCPEGLE KGPPMP F?Q ?L M@HCAR AJMQCP RM GR RF?L GRQ DMA?J JCLERF. 2?W 1 ?NNPM?AFCQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC ?VGQ, P?W
2 QRPGICQ RFC ACLRCP MD RFC KGPPMP, ?LB P?W 3 ?NNPM?AFCQ RFC KGPPMP ?Q GD GR A?KC DPMK RFC DMA?J NMGLR. (@) ! K?ELGDWGLE KGPPMP QFMUGLE RFC PCDJCARGML. (APCBGR: -GIC -CJPMQC,
&JGAIP)
!JJ RFPCC P?WQ ?NNC?P RM MPGEGL?RC DPMK RFC Q?KC NMGLR ?DRCP @CGLE PCDJCARCB, JMA?RGLE RFC SNPGEFR TGPRS?J GK?EC @CFGLB RFC KGPPMP ?LB QFMUGLE GR RM
@C J?PECP RF?L RFC M@HCAR. (@) -?ICSN KGPPMPQ ?PC NCPF?NQ RFC KMQR AMKKML SQC MD ? AMLA?TC KGPPMP RM NPMBSAC ? J?PECP, SNPGEFR GK?EC.
! AMLTCV KGPPMP GQ ? BGTCPEGLE KGPPMP ( f GQ LCE?RGTC) ?LB DMPKQ MLJW MLC RWNC MD GK?EC. )R GQ ? 64F8 3 GK?ECrMLC RF?R GQ SNPGEFR ?LB QK?JJCP
RF?L RFC M@HCAR, HSQR ?Q DMP BGTCPEGLE JCLQCQ. F?=KH; 25.46(?) SQCQ P?W RP?AGLE RM GJJSQRP?RC RFC JMA?RGML ?LB QGXC MD RFC A?QC 3 GK?EC DMP KGPPMPQ.
3GLAC RFC GK?EC GQ @CFGLB RFC KGPPMP, GR A?LLMR @C NPMHCARCB ?LB GQ RFSQ ? TGPRS?J GK?EC. )R GQ ?JQM QCCL RM @C QK?JJCP RF?L RFC M@HCAR.
#(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3 917
F?=KH; 25.46 #?QC 3 GK?ECQ DMP KGPPMPQ ?PC DMPKCB @W ?LW AMLTCV KGPPMP. 2?W 1 ?NNPM?AFCQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC ?VGQ, P?W 2 QRPGICQ RFC ACLRCP MD RFC KGPPMP, ?LB P?W 3
?NNPM?AFCQ RMU?PB RFC DMA?J NMGLR. !JJ RFPCC P?WQ ?NNC?P RM MPGEGL?RC DPMK RFC Q?KC NMGLR ?DRCP @CGLE PCDJCARCB, JMA?RGLE RFC SNPGEFR TGPRS?J GK?EC @CFGLB RFC KGPPMP ?LB
QFMUGLE GR RM @C QK?JJCP RF?L RFC M@HCAR. (@) 3CASPGRW KGPPMPQ ?PC AMLTCV, NPMBSAGLE ? QK?JJCP, SNPGEFR GK?EC. "CA?SQC RFC GK?EC GQ QK?JJCP, ? J?PECP ?PC? GQ GK?ECB
AMKN?PCB RM UF?R UMSJB @C M@QCPTCB DMP ? DJ?R KGPPMP (?LB FCLAC QCASPGRW GQ GKNPMTCB). (APCBGR: ,?SP? $t!JCQQ?LBPM, &JGAIP)
EN7CFB; 25.11 "C7=; ?D 7 CEDL;N &?HHEH
! ICP?RMKCRCP GQ ? BCTGAC SQCB RM KC?QSPC RFC ASPT?RSPC MD RFC AMPLC?, N?PRGASJ?PJW DMP DGRRGLE AMLR?AR JCLQCQ. ,GEFR GQ PCDJCARCB DPMK RFC AMPLC?,
UFGAF ?ARQ JGIC ? AMLTCV KGPPMP, ?LB RFC ICP?RMKCRCP KC?QSPCQ RFC K?ELGDGA?RGML MD RFC GK?EC. 4FC QK?JJCP RFC K?ELGDGA?RGML, RFC QK?JJCP RFC
P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC MD RFC AMPLC?. )D RFC JGEFR QMSPAC GQ 12.0 AK DPMK RFC AMPLC? ?LB RFC GK?ECtQ K?ELGDGA?RGML GQ 0.0320, UF?R GQ RFC AMPLC?tQ
P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC?
,JH7J;=O
)D UC A?L DGLB RFC DMA?J JCLERF MD RFC AMLTCV KGPPMP DMPKCB @W RFC AMPLC?, UC A?L DGLB GRQ P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC (RFC P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC GQ RUGAC RFC
DMA?J JCLERF MD ? QNFCPGA?J KGPPMP). 7C ?PC EGTCL RF?R RFC M@HCAR BGQR?LAC GQ d
o
= 12.0 cm ?LB RF?R m = 0.0320 . 7C DGPQR QMJTC DMP RFC GK?EC
BGQR?LAC d
i
, ?LB RFCL DMP f .
,EBKJ?ED
m = d
i
/ d
o
. 3MJTGLE RFGQ CVNPCQQGML DMP d
i
EGTCQ
(25.54)
d
i
= md
o
.
(25.55)
d
i
= (0.0320)(12.0 cm) = 0.384 cm.
(25.56) 1
f
=
1
d
o
+
1
d
i
(25.57)
1
f
=
1
12.0 cm
+
1
0.384 cm
=
2.52
cm
.
4FGQ KSQR @C GLTCPRCB RM DGLB f :
(25.58)
f =
cm
2.52
= 0.400 cm.
918 #(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3
9EDL;H=?D= B;DI:
9EDL;H=?D= C?HHEH:
9EHD;H H;<B;9JEH:
9H?J?97B 7D=B;:
:?IF;HI?ED:
:?L;H=?D= B;DI:
:?L;H=?D= C?HHEH:
<?8;H EFJ?9I:
<E97B B;D=J>:
<E97B FE?DJ:
=;EC;JH?9 EFJ?9I:
?D:;N E< H;<H79J?ED:
B7M E< H;<B;9J?ED:
B7M E< H;<B;9J?ED:
C7=D?<?97J?ED:
C?HHEH:
FEM;H:
H7?D8EM:
H7O:
H;7B ?C7=;:
H;<H79J?ED:
L?HJK7B ?C7=;:
4FC P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC GQ RUGAC RFC DMA?J JCLERF, QM RF?R
(25.59)
R = 2 f = 0.800 cm.
D?I9KII?ED
!JRFMSEF RFC DMA?J JCLERF f MD ? AMLTCV KGPPMP GQ BCDGLCB RM @C LCE?RGTC, UC R?IC RFC ?@QMJSRC T?JSC RM EGTC SQ ? NMQGRGTC T?JSC DMP R . 4FC
P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC DMSLB FCPC GQ PC?QML?@JC DMP ? AMPLC?. 4FC BGQR?LAC DPMK AMPLC? RM PCRGL? GL ?L ?BSJR CWC GQ ?@MSR 2.0 AK. )L NP?ARGAC, K?LW
AMPLC?Q ?PC LMR QNFCPGA?J, AMKNJGA?RGLE RFC HM@ MD DGRRGLE AMLR?AR JCLQCQ. .MRC RF?R RFC GK?EC BGQR?LAC FCPC GQ LCE?RGTC, AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC D?AR
RF?R RFC GK?EC GQ @CFGLB RFC KGPPMP, UFCPC GR A?LLMR @C NPMHCARCB. )L RFGQ QCARGMLtQ 0PM@JCKQ ?LB %VCPAGQCQ, WMS UGJJ QFMU RF?R DMP ? DGVCB M@HCAR
BGQR?LAC, RFC QK?JJCP RFC P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC, RFC QK?JJCP RFC K?ELGDGA?RGML.
4FC RFPCC RWNCQ MD GK?ECQ DMPKCB @W KGPPMPQ (A?QCQ 1, 2, ?LB 3) ?PC CV?ARJW ?L?JMEMSQ RM RFMQC DMPKCB @W JCLQCQ, ?Q QSKK?PGXCB GL RFC R?@JC ?R
RFC CLB MD "C7=; FEHC7J?ED 8O %;DI;I. )R GQ C?QGCQR RM AMLACLRP?RC ML MLJW RFPCC RWNCQ MD GK?ECQrRFCL PCKCK@CP RF?R AMLA?TC KGPPMPQ ?AR JGIC
AMLTCV JCLQCQ, UFCPC?Q AMLTCV KGPPMPQ ?AR JGIC AMLA?TC JCLQCQ.
4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR: #MLA?TC -GPPMPQ #JMQC RM (MKC
&GLB ? DJ?QFJGEFR ?LB GBCLRGDW RFC ASPTCB KGPPMP SQCB GL GR. &GLB ?LMRFCP DJ?QFJGEFR ?LB QFGLC RFC DGPQR DJ?QFJGEFR MLRM RFC QCAMLB MLC, UFGAF GQ RSPLCB
MDD. %QRGK?RC RFC DMA?J JCLERF MD RFC KGPPMP. 9MS KGEFR RPW QFGLGLE ? DJ?QFJGEFR ML RFC ASPTCB KGPPMP @CFGLB RFC FC?BJGEFR MD ? A?P, ICCNGLE RFC
FC?BJGEFR QUGRAFCB MDD, ?LB BCRCPKGLC GRQ DMA?J JCLERF.
0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE 3RP?RCEW DMP -GPPMPQ
3RCN 1. %V?KGLC RFC QGRS?RGML RM BCRCPKGLC RF?R GK?EC DMPK?RGML @W ? KGPPMP GQ GLTMJTCB.
3RCN 2. 2CDCP RM RFC )HE8B;C-,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=?;I <EH %;DI;I. 4FC Q?KC QRP?RCEGCQ ?PC T?JGB DMP KGPPMPQ ?Q DMP JCLQCQ UGRF MLC OS?JGDGA?RGMLrSQC RFC
P?W RP?AGLE PSJCQ DMP KGPPMPQ JGQRCB C?PJGCP GL RFGQ QCARGML.
BEII7HO
? AMLTCV JCLQ GL UFGAF JGEFR P?WQ RF?R CLRCP GR N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ ?VGQ AMLTCPEC ?R ? QGLEJC NMGLR ML RFC MNNMQGRC QGBC
? AMLA?TC KGPPMP GL UFGAF JGEFR P?WQ RF?R QRPGIC GR N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ ?VGQ AMLTCPEC ?R MLC MP KMPC NMGLRQ ?JMLE RFC ?VGQ
?L M@HCAR AMLQGQRGLE MD RUM KSRS?JJW NCPNCLBGASJ?P PCDJCARGLE QSPD?ACQ, QM RF?R RFC JGEFR RF?R CLRCPQ GQ PCDJCARCB @?AI CV?ARJW
N?P?JJCJ RM RFC BGPCARGML DPMK UFGAF GR A?KC
GLAGBCLR ?LEJC RF?R NPMBSACQ ?L ?LEJC MD PCDP?ARGML MD 90
QNPC?BGLE MD UFGRC JGEFR GLRM GRQ DSJJ QNCARPSK MD U?TCJCLERFQ
? AMLA?TC JCLQ GL UFGAF JGEFR P?WQ RF?R CLRCP GR N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ ?VGQ @CLB ?U?W (BGTCPEC) DPMK GRQ ?VGQ
? AMLTCV KGPPMP GL UFGAF JGEFR P?WQ RF?R QRPGIC GR N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ ?VGQ @CLB ?U?W (BGTCPEC) DPMK GRQ ?VGQ
RP?LQKGQQGML MD JGEFR BMUL DG@CPQ MD NJ?QRGA MP EJ?QQ, ?NNJWGLE RFC NPGLAGNJC MD RMR?J GLRCPL?J PCDJCARGML
BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC ACLRCP MD ? JCLQ MP ASPTCB KGPPMP RM GRQ DMA?J NMGLR
DMP ? AMLTCPEGLE JCLQ MP KGPPMP, RFC NMGLR ?R UFGAF AMLTCPEGLE JGEFR P?WQ APMQQ; DMP ? BGTCPEGLE JCLQ MP KGPPMP, RFC NMGLR DPMK UFGAF
BGTCPEGLE JGEFR P?WQ ?NNC?P RM MPGEGL?RC
N?PR MD MNRGAQ BC?JGLE UGRF RFC P?W ?QNCAR MD JGEFR
DMP ? K?RCPG?J, RFC P?RGM MD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR GL T?ASSK RM RF?R GL RFC K?RCPG?J
?LEJC MD PCDJCARGML COS?JQ RFC ?LEJC MD GLAGBCLAC
?LEJC MD PCDJCARGML COS?JQ RFC ?LEJC MD GLAGBCLAC
P?RGM MD GK?EC FCGEFR RM M@HCAR FCGEFR
QKMMRF QSPD?AC RF?R PCDJCARQ JGEFR ?R QNCAGDGA ?LEJCQ, DMPKGLE ?L GK?EC MD RFC NCPQML MP M@HCAR GL DPMLR MD GR
GLTCPQC MD DMA?J JCLERF
BGQNCPQGML MD QSLJGEFR GLRM ? AMLRGLSMSQ BGQRPG@SRGML MD AMJMPQ ?AAMPBGLE RM U?TCJCLERF, NPMBSACB @W RFC PCDP?ARGML ?LB PCDJCARGML MD
QSLJGEFR @W U?RCP BPMNJCRQ GL RFC QIW
QRP?GEFR JGLC RF?R MPGEGL?RCQ ?R QMKC NMGLR
GK?EC RF?R A?L @C NPMHCARCB
AF?LEGLE MD ? JGEFR P?WtQ BGPCARGML UFCL GR N?QQCQ RFPMSEF T?PG?RGMLQ GL K?RRCP
GK?EC RF?R A?LLMR @C NPMHCARCB
#(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3 919
P?H9ED: L?RSP?J ECKQRMLC UGRF ? J?PEC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML
,;9J?ED ,KCC7HO
25.1 ->; +7O AIF;9J E< %?=>J
w ! QRP?GEFR JGLC RF?R MPGEGL?RCQ ?R QMKC NMGLR GQ A?JJCB ? P?W.
w 4FC N?PR MD MNRGAQ BC?JGLE UGRF RFC P?W ?QNCAR MD JGEFR GQ A?JJCB ECMKCRPGA MNRGAQ.
w ,GEFR A?L RP?TCJ GL RFPCC U?WQ DPMK ? QMSPAC RM ?LMRFCP JMA?RGML: (1) BGPCARJW DPMK RFC QMSPAC RFPMSEF CKNRW QN?AC; (2) RFPMSEF T?PGMSQ KCBG?; (3)
?DRCP @CGLE PCDJCARCB DPMK ? KGPPMP.
25.2 ->; %7M E< +;<B;9J?ED
w 4FC ?LEJC MD PCDJCARGML COS?JQ RFC ?LEJC MD GLAGBCLAC.
w ! KGPPMP F?Q ? QKMMRF QSPD?AC ?LB PCDJCARQ JGEFR ?R QNCAGDGA ?LEJCQ.
w ,GEFR GQ BGDDSQCB UFCL GR PCDJCARQ DPMK ? PMSEF QSPD?AC.
w -GPPMP GK?ECQ A?L @C NFMRMEP?NFCB ?LB TGBCMR?NCB @W GLQRPSKCLRQ.
25.3 ->; %7M E< +;<H79J?ED
w 4FC AF?LEGLE MD ? JGEFR P?WtQ BGPCARGML UFCL GR N?QQCQ RFPMSEF T?PG?RGMLQ GL K?RRCP GQ A?JJCB PCDP?ARGML.
w 4FC QNCCB MD JGEFR GL T?ASSK c = 2.997245810
8
m/s 3.0010
8
m/s.
w )LBCV MD PCDP?ARGML n =
c
v
, UFCPC v GQ RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR GL RFC K?RCPG?J, c GQ RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR GL T?ASSK, ?LB n GQ RFC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML.
w 3LCJJtQ J?U, RFC J?U MD PCDP?ARGML, GQ QR?RCB GL COS?RGML DMPK ?Q n
1
sin
1
= n
2
sin
2
.
w 4FC GLAGBCLR ?LEJC RF?R NPMBSACQ ?L ?LEJC MD PCDP?ARGML MD 90 GQ A?JJCB APGRGA?J ?LEJC.
w 4MR?J GLRCPL?J PCDJCARGML GQ ? NFCLMKCLML RF?R MAASPQ ?R RFC @MSLB?PW @CRUCCL RUM KCBGSKQ, QSAF RF?R GD RFC GLAGBCLR ?LEJC GL RFC DGPQR KCBGSK GQ
EPC?RCP RF?L RFC APGRGA?J ?LEJC, RFCL ?JJ RFC JGEFR GQ PCDJCARCB @?AI GLRM RF?R KCBGSK.
w &G@CP MNRGAQ GLTMJTCQ RFC RP?LQKGQQGML MD JGEFR BMUL DG@CPQ MD NJ?QRGA MP EJ?QQ, ?NNJWGLE RFC NPGLAGNJC MD RMR?J GLRCPL?J PCDJCARGML.
w %LBMQAMNCQ ?PC SQCB RM CVNJMPC RFC @MBW RFPMSEF T?PGMSQ MPGDGACQ MP KGLMP GLAGQGMLQ, @?QCB ML RFC RP?LQKGQQGML MD JGEFR RFPMSEF MNRGA?J DG@CPQ.
w #J?BBGLE NPCTCLRQ JGEFR DPMK @CGLE RP?LQKGRRCB @CRUCCL DG@CPQ GL ? @SLBJC.
w $G?KMLBQ QN?PIJC BSC RM RMR?J GLRCPL?J PCDJCARGML AMSNJCB UGRF ? J?PEC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML.
w 4FC QNPC?BGLE MD UFGRC JGEFR GLRM GRQ DSJJ QNCARPSK MD U?TCJCLERFQ GQ A?JJCB BGQNCPQGML.
w 2?GL@MUQ ?PC NPMBSACB @W ? AMK@GL?RGML MD PCDP?ARGML ?LB PCDJCARGML ?LB GLTMJTC RFC BGQNCPQGML MD QSLJGEFR GLRM ? AMLRGLSMSQ BGQRPG@SRGML MD
AMJMPQ.
w $GQNCPQGML NPMBSACQ @C?SRGDSJ P?GL@MUQ @SR ?JQM A?SQCQ NPM@JCKQ GL ACPR?GL MNRGA?J QWQRCKQ.
w ,GEFR P?WQ CLRCPGLE ? AMLTCPEGLE JCLQ N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ ?VGQ APMQQ MLC ?LMRFCP ?R ? QGLEJC NMGLR ML RFC MNNMQGRC QGBC.
w &MP ? AMLTCPEGLE JCLQ, RFC DMA?J NMGLR GQ RFC NMGLR ?R UFGAF AMLTCPEGLE JGEFR P?WQ APMQQ; DMP ? BGTCPEGLE JCLQ, RFC DMA?J NMGLR GQ RFC NMGLR DPMK UFGAF
BGTCPEGLE JGEFR P?WQ ?NNC?P RM MPGEGL?RC.
w 4FC BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC ACLRCP MD RFC JCLQ RM GRQ DMA?J NMGLR GQ A?JJCB RFC DMA?J JCLERF f .
w 0MUCP P MD ? JCLQ GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC GLTCPQC MD GRQ DMA?J JCLERF, P =
1
f
.
w ! JCLQ RF?R A?SQCQ RFC JGEFR P?WQ RM @CLB ?U?W DPMK GRQ ?VGQ GQ A?JJCB ? BGTCPEGLE JCLQ.
w 2?W RP?AGLE GQ RFC RCAFLGOSC MD EP?NFGA?JJW BCRCPKGLGLE RFC N?RFQ RF?R JGEFR P?WQ R?IC.
w 4FC GK?EC GL UFGAF JGEFR P?WQ DPMK MLC NMGLR ML RFC M@HCAR ?ARS?JJW APMQQ ?R RFC JMA?RGML MD RFC GK?EC ?LB A?L @C NPMHCARCB MLRM ? QAPCCL, ?
NGCAC MD DGJK, MP RFC PCRGL? MD ?L CWC GQ A?JJCB ? PC?J GK?EC.
w 4FGL JCLQ COS?RGMLQ ?PC
1
d
o
+
1
d
i
=
1
f
?LB
h
i
h
o
=
d
i
d
o
= m (K?ELGDGA?RGML).
w 4FC BGQR?LAC MD RFC GK?EC DPMK RFC ACLRCP MD RFC JCLQ GQ A?JJCB GK?EC BGQR?LAC.
w !L GK?EC RF?R GQ ML RFC Q?KC QGBC MD RFC JCLQ ?Q RFC M@HCAR ?LB A?LLMR @C NPMHCARCB ML ? QAPCCL GQ A?JJCB ? TGPRS?J GK?EC.
w 4FC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD ?L GK?EC DMPKCB @W ? DJ?R KGPPMP ?PC: (?) 4FC GK?EC ?LB M@HCAR ?PC RFC Q?KC BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC KGPPMP, (@) 4FC GK?EC GQ ?
TGPRS?J GK?EC, ?LB (A) 4FC GK?EC GQ QGRS?RCB @CFGLB RFC KGPPMP.
w )K?EC JCLERF GQ F?JD RFC P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC.
f =
R
2
w ! AMLTCV KGPPMP GQ ? BGTCPEGLE KGPPMP ?LB DMPKQ MLJW MLC RWNC MD GK?EC, L?KCJW ? TGPRS?J GK?EC.
25.2 ->; %7M E< +;<B;9J?ED
1. 5QGLE RFC J?U MD PCDJCARGML, CVNJ?GL FMU NMUBCP R?ICQ RFC QFGLC MDD MD ? NCPQMLtQ LMQC. 7F?R GQ RFC L?KC MD RFC MNRGA?J CDDCAR?
25.3 ->; %7M E< +;<H79J?ED
920 #(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3
2. $GDDSQGML @W PCDJCARGML DPMK ? PMSEF QSPD?AC GQ BCQAPG@CB GL RFGQ AF?NRCP. ,GEFR A?L ?JQM @C BGDDSQCB @W PCDP?ARGML. $CQAPG@C FMU RFGQ MAASPQ GL ?
QNCAGDGA QGRS?RGML, QSAF ?Q JGEFR GLRCP?ARGLE UGRF APSQFCB GAC.
3. 7FW GQ RFC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML ?JU?WQ EPC?RCP RF?L MP COS?J RM 1?
4. $MCQ RFC D?AR RF?R RFC JGEFR DJ?QF DPMK JGEFRLGLE PC?AFCQ WMS @CDMPC GRQ QMSLB NPMTC RF?R RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR GQ CVRPCKCJW J?PEC MP QGKNJW RF?R GR GQ
EPC?RCP RF?L RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB? $GQASQQ FMU WMS AMSJB SQC RFGQ CDDCAR RM ECR ?L CQRGK?RC MD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR.
5. 7GJJ JGEFR AF?LEC BGPCARGML RMU?PB MP ?U?W DPMK RFC NCPNCLBGASJ?P UFCL GR EMCQ DPMK ?GP RM U?RCP? 7?RCP RM EJ?QQ? 'J?QQ RM ?GP?
6. %VNJ?GL UFW ?L M@HCAR GL U?RCP ?JU?WQ ?NNC?PQ RM @C ?R ? BCNRF QF?JJMUCP RF?L GR ?ARS?JJW GQ? 7FW BM NCMNJC QMKCRGKCQ QSQR?GL LCAI ?LB QNGL?J
GLHSPGCQ UFCL BGTGLE GLRM SLD?KGJG?P NMLBQ MP U?RCPQ?
7. %VNJ?GL UFW ? NCPQMLtQ JCEQ ?NNC?P TCPW QFMPR UFCL U?BGLE GL ? NMMJ. *SQRGDW WMSP CVNJ?L?RGML UGRF ? P?W BG?EP?K QFMUGLE RFC N?RF MD P?WQ DPMK
RFC DCCR RM RFC CWC MD ?L M@QCPTCP UFM GQ MSR MD RFC U?RCP.
8. 7FW GQ RFC DPMLR QSPD?AC MD ? RFCPKMKCRCP ASPTCB ?Q QFMUL?
F?=KH; 25.47 4FC ASPTCB QSPD?AC MD RFC RFCPKMKCRCP QCPTCQ ? NSPNMQC.
9. 3SNNMQC JGEFR UCPC GLAGBCLR DPMK ?GP MLRM ? K?RCPG?J RF?R F?B ? LCE?RGTC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML, Q?W q1.3; UFCPC BMCQ RFC PCDP?ARCB JGEFR P?W EM?
10. ! PGLE UGRF ? AMJMPJCQQ ECKQRMLC GQ BPMNNCB GLRM U?RCP. 4FC ECKQRMLC @CAMKCQ GLTGQG@JC UFCL QS@KCPECB. #?L GR @C ? BG?KMLB? %VNJ?GL.
11. ! FGEF-OS?JGRW BG?KMLB K?W @C OSGRC AJC?P ?LB AMJMPJCQQ, RP?LQKGRRGLE ?JJ TGQG@JC U?TCJCLERFQ UGRF JGRRJC ?@QMPNRGML. %VNJ?GL FMU GR A?L QN?PIJC UGRF
DJ?QFCQ MD @PGJJG?LR AMJMP UFCL GJJSKGL?RCB @W UFGRC JGEFR.
12. )Q GR NMQQG@JC RF?R RMR?J GLRCPL?J PCDJCARGML NJ?WQ ? PMJC GL P?GL@MUQ? %VNJ?GL GL RCPKQ MD GLBGACQ MD PCDP?ARGML ?LB ?LEJCQ, NCPF?NQ PCDCPPGLE RM F?=KH;
25.48. 3MKC MD SQ F?TC QCCL RFC DMPK?RGML MD ? BMS@JC P?GL@MU. )Q GR NFWQGA?JJW NMQQG@JC RM M@QCPTC ? RPGNJC P?GL@MU?
F?=KH; 25.48 $MS@JC P?GL@MUQ ?PC LMR ? TCPW AMKKML M@QCPT?LAC. (APCBGR: )LTGARSQ/5812, &JGAIP)
13. 4FC KMQR AMKKML RWNC MD KGP?EC GQ ?L GJJSQGML RF?R JGEFR DPMK D?P?U?W M@HCARQ GQ PCDJCARCB @W ? NMMJ MD U?RCP RF?R GQ LMR PC?JJW RFCPC. -GP?ECQ ?PC
ECLCP?JJW M@QCPTCB GL BCQCPRQ, UFCL RFCPC GQ ? FMR J?WCP MD ?GP LC?P RFC EPMSLB. 'GTCL RF?R RFC PCDP?ARGTC GLBCV MD ?GP GQ JMUCP DMP ?GP ?R FGEFCP
RCKNCP?RSPCQ, CVNJ?GL FMU KGP?ECQ A?L @C DMPKCB.
14. )R A?L @C ?PESCB RF?R ? DJ?R NGCAC MD EJ?QQ, QSAF ?Q GL ? UGLBMU, GQ JGIC ? JCLQ UGRF ?L GLDGLGRC DMA?J JCLERF. )D QM, UFCPC BMCQ GR DMPK ?L GK?EC? 4F?R
GQ, FMU ?PC d
i
?LB d
o
PCJ?RCB?
15. 9MS A?L MDRCL QCC ? PCDJCARGML UFCL JMMIGLE ?R ? QFCCR MD EJ?QQ, N?PRGASJ?PJW GD GR GQ B?PICP ML RFC MRFCP QGBC. %VNJ?GL UFW WMS A?L MDRCL QCC ?
BMS@JC GK?EC GL QSAF AGPASKQR?LACQ.
16. 7FCL WMS DMASQ ? A?KCP?, WMS ?BHSQR RFC BGQR?LAC MD RFC JCLQ DPMK RFC DGJK. )D RFC A?KCP? JCLQ ?ARQ JGIC ? RFGL JCLQ, UFW A?L GR LMR @C ? DGVCB
BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC DGJK DMP @MRF LC?P ?LB BGQR?LR M@HCARQ?
17. ! RFGL JCLQ F?Q RUM DMA?J NMGLRQ, MLC ML CGRFCP QGBC, ?R COS?J BGQR?LACQ DPMK GRQ ACLRCP, ?LB QFMSJB @CF?TC RFC Q?KC DMP JGEFR CLRCPGLE DPMK CGRFCP
QGBC. ,MMI RFPMSEF WMSP CWCEJ?QQCQ (MP RFMQC MD ? DPGCLB) @?AIU?PB ?LB DMPU?PB ?LB AMKKCLR ML UFCRFCP RFCW ?PC RFGL JCLQCQ.
18. 7GJJ RFC DMA?J JCLERF MD ? JCLQ AF?LEC UFCL GR GQ QS@KCPECB GL U?RCP? %VNJ?GL.
#(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3 921
19. 7F?R ?PC RFC BGDDCPCLACQ @CRUCCL PC?J ?LB TGPRS?J GK?ECQ? (MU A?L WMS RCJJ (@W JMMIGLE) UFCRFCP ?L GK?EC DMPKCB @W ? QGLEJC JCLQ MP KGPPMP GQ
PC?J MP TGPRS?J?
20. #?L WMS QCC ? TGPRS?J GK?EC? #?L WMS NFMRMEP?NF MLC? #?L MLC @C NPMHCARCB MLRM ? QAPCCL UGRF ?BBGRGML?J JCLQCQ MP KGPPMPQ? %VNJ?GL WMSP
PCQNMLQCQ.
21. )Q GR LCACQQ?PW RM NPMHCAR ? PC?J GK?EC MLRM ? QAPCCL DMP GR RM CVGQR?
22. !R UF?R BGQR?LAC GQ ?L GK?EC 4?J4LF JMA?RCBr?R d
o
, d
i
, MP f ?
23. 5LBCP UF?R AGPASKQR?LACQ UGJJ ?L GK?EC @C JMA?RCB ?R RFC DMA?J NMGLR MD ? JCLQ MP KGPPMP?
24. 7F?R GQ KC?LR @W ? LCE?RGTC K?ELGDGA?RGML? 7F?R GQ KC?LR @W ? K?ELGDGA?RGML RF?R GQ JCQQ RF?L 1 GL K?ELGRSBC?
25. #?L ? A?QC 1 GK?EC @C J?PECP RF?L RFC M@HCAR CTCL RFMSEF GRQ K?ELGDGA?RGML GQ ?JU?WQ LCE?RGTC? %VNJ?GL.
26. F?=KH; 25.49 QFMUQ ? JGEFR @SJ@ @CRUCCL RUM KGPPMPQ. /LC KGPPMP NPMBSACQ ? @C?K MD JGEFR UGRF N?P?JJCJ P?WQ; RFC MRFCP ICCNQ JGEFR DPMK CQA?NGLE
UGRFMSR @CGLE NSR GLRM RFC @C?K. 7FCPC GQ RFC DGJ?KCLR MD RFC JGEFR GL PCJ?RGML RM RFC DMA?J NMGLR MP P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC MD C?AF KGPPMP?
F?=KH; 25.49 4FC RUM KGPPMPQ RP?N KMQR MD RFC @SJ@tQ JGEFR ?LB DMPK ? BGPCARGML?J @C?K ?Q GL ? FC?BJGEFR.
27. $CTGQC ?L ?PP?LECKCLR MD KGPPMPQ ?JJMUGLE WMS RM QCC RFC @?AI MD WMSP FC?B. 7F?R GQ RFC KGLGKSK LSK@CP MD KGPPMPQ LCCBCB DMP RFGQ R?QI?
28. )D WMS UGQF RM QCC WMSP CLRGPC @MBW GL ? DJ?R KGPPMP (DPMK FC?B RM RMC), FMU R?JJ QFMSJB RFC KGPPMP @C? $MCQ GRQ QGXC BCNCLB SNML WMSP BGQR?LAC ?U?W
DPMK RFC KGPPMP? 0PMTGBC ? QICRAF.
29. )R A?L @C ?PESCB RF?R ? DJ?R KGPPMP F?Q ?L GLDGLGRC DMA?J JCLERF. )D QM, UFCPC BMCQ GR DMPK ?L GK?EC? 4F?R GQ, FMU ?PC d
i
?LB d
o
PCJ?RCB?
30. 7FW ?PC BGTCPEGLE KGPPMPQ MDRCL SQCB DMP PC?P-TGCU KGPPMPQ GL TCFGAJCQ? 7F?R GQ RFC K?GL BGQ?BT?LR?EC MD SQGLE QSAF ? KGPPMP AMKN?PCB UGRF ? DJ?R
MLC?
922 #(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3
25.1 ->; +7O AIF;9J E< %?=>J
31. 3SNNMQC ? K?L QR?LBQ GL DPMLR MD ? KGPPMP ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 25.50.
(GQ CWCQ ?PC 1.65 K ?@MTC RFC DJMMP, ?LB RFC RMN MD FGQ FC?B GQ 0.13 K
FGEFCP. &GLB RFC FCGEFR ?@MTC RFC DJMMP MD RFC RMN ?LB @MRRMK MD RFC
QK?JJCQR KGPPMP GL UFGAF FC A?L QCC @MRF RFC RMN MD FGQ FC?B ?LB FGQ DCCR.
(MU GQ RFGQ BGQR?LAC PCJ?RCB RM RFC K?LtQ FCGEFR?
F?=KH; 25.50 ! DSJJ-JCLERF KGPPMP GQ MLC GL UFGAF WMS A?L QCC ?JJ MD WMSPQCJD. )R LCCB
LMR @C ?Q @GE ?Q WMS, ?LB GRQ QGXC GQ GLBCNCLBCLR MD WMSP BGQR?LAC DPMK GR.
25.2 ->; %7M E< +;<B;9J?ED
32. 3FMU RF?R UFCL JGEFR PCDJCARQ DPMK RUM KGPPMPQ RF?R KCCR C?AF MRFCP ?R
? PGEFR ?LEJC, RFC MSREMGLE P?W GQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC GLAMKGLE P?W, ?Q
GJJSQRP?RCB GL RFC DMJJMUGLE DGESPC.
F?=KH; 25.51 ! AMPLCP PCDJCARMP QCLBQ RFC PCDJCARCB P?W @?AI GL ? BGPCARGML N?P?JJCJ RM
RFC GLAGBCLR P?W, GLBCNCLBCLR MD GLAMKGLE BGPCARGML.
33. ,GEFR QFMUQ QR?ECB UGRF J?QCPQ SQC KMTGLE KGPPMPQ RM QUGLE @C?KQ
?LB APC?RC AMJMPDSJ CDDCARQ. 3FMU RF?R ? JGEFR P?W PCDJCARCB DPMK ? KGPPMP
AF?LECQ BGPCARGML @W 2 UFCL RFC KGPPMP GQ PMR?RCB @W ?L ?LEJC .
34. ! DJ?R KGPPMP GQ LCGRFCP AMLTCPEGLE LMP BGTCPEGLE. 4M NPMTC RFGQ,
AMLQGBCP RUM P?WQ MPGEGL?RGLE DPMK RFC Q?KC NMGLR ?LB BGTCPEGLE ?R ?L
?LEJC . 3FMU RF?R ?DRCP QRPGIGLE ? NJ?LC KGPPMP, RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL RFCGP
BGPCARGMLQ PCK?GLQ .
F?=KH; 25.52 ! DJ?R KGPPMP LCGRFCP AMLTCPECQ LMP BGTCPECQ JGEFR P?WQ. 4UM P?WQ
AMLRGLSC RM BGTCPEC ?R RFC Q?KC ?LEJC ?DRCP PCDJCARGML.
25.3 ->; %7M E< +;<H79J?ED
35. 7F?R GQ RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR GL U?RCP? )L EJWACPGLC?
36. 7F?R GQ RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR GL ?GP? )L APMUL EJ?QQ?
37. #?JASJ?RC RFC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML DMP ? KCBGSK GL UFGAF RFC QNCCB MD
JGEFR GQ 2.01210
8
m/s , ?LB GBCLRGDW RFC KMQR JGICJW QS@QR?LAC @?QCB
ML -78B; 25.1.
38. )L UF?R QS@QR?LAC GL -78B; 25.1 GQ RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR
2.29010
8
m/s ?
39. 4FCPC U?Q ? K?HMP AMJJGQGML MD ?L ?QRCPMGB UGRF RFC -MML GL KCBGCT?J
RGKCQ. )R U?Q BCQAPG@CB @W KMLIQ ?R #?LRCP@SPW #?RFCBP?J GL %LEJ?LB ?Q
? PCB EJMU ML ?LB ?PMSLB RFC -MML. (MU JMLE ?DRCP RFC ?QRCPMGB FGR RFC
-MML, UFGAF GQ 3.8410
5
km ?U?W, UMSJB RFC JGEFR DGPQR ?PPGTC ML
%?PRF?
40. ! QAS@? BGTCP RP?GLGLE GL ? NMMJ JMMIQ ?R FGQ GLQRPSARMP ?Q QFMUL GL
F?=KH; 25.53. 7F?R ?LEJC BMCQ RFC P?W DPMK RFC GLQRPSARMPtQ D?AC K?IC
UGRF RFC NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC U?RCP ?R RFC NMGLR UFCPC RFC P?W CLRCPQ? 4FC
?LEJC @CRUCCL RFC P?W GL RFC U?RCP ?LB RFC NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC U?RCP GQ
25.0 .
F?=KH; 25.53 ! QAS@? BGTCP GL ? NMMJ ?LB FGQ RP?GLCP JMMI ?R C?AF MRFCP.
41. #MKNMLCLRQ MD QMKC AMKNSRCPQ AMKKSLGA?RC UGRF C?AF MRFCP
RFPMSEF MNRGA?J DG@CPQ F?TGLE ?L GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML n = 1.55 . 7F?R RGKC
GL L?LMQCAMLBQ GQ PCOSGPCB DMP ? QGEL?J RM RP?TCJ 0.200 K RFPMSEF QSAF ?
DG@CP?
42. (?) 5QGLE GLDMPK?RGML GL F?=KH; 25.53, DGLB RFC FCGEFR MD RFC
GLQRPSARMPtQ FC?B ?@MTC RFC U?RCP, LMRGLE RF?R WMS UGJJ DGPQR F?TC RM
A?JASJ?RC RFC ?LEJC MD GLAGBCLAC. (@) &GLB RFC ?NN?PCLR BCNRF MD RFC
BGTCPtQ FC?B @CJMU U?RCP ?Q QCCL @W RFC GLQRPSARMP.
#(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3 923
43. 3SNNMQC WMS F?TC ?L SLILMUL AJC?P QS@QR?LAC GKKCPQCB GL U?RCP,
?LB WMS UGQF RM GBCLRGDW GR @W DGLBGLE GRQ GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML. 9MS ?PP?LEC RM
F?TC ? @C?K MD JGEFR CLRCP GR ?R ?L ?LEJC MD 45.0 , ?LB WMS M@QCPTC RFC
?LEJC MD PCDP?ARGML RM @C 40.3 . 7F?R GQ RFC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML MD RFC
QS@QR?LAC ?LB GRQ JGICJW GBCLRGRW?
44. /L RFC -MMLtQ QSPD?AC, JSL?P ?QRPML?SRQ NJ?ACB ? AMPLCP PCDJCARMP, MDD
UFGAF ? J?QCP @C?K GQ NCPGMBGA?JJW PCDJCARCB. 4FC BGQR?LAC RM RFC -MML GQ
A?JASJ?RCB DPMK RFC PMSLB-RPGN RGKC. 7F?R NCPACLR AMPPCARGML GQ LCCBCB RM
?AAMSLR DMP RFC BCJ?W GL RGKC BSC RM RFC QJMUGLE MD JGEFR GL %?PRFtQ
?RKMQNFCPC? !QQSKC RFC BGQR?LAC RM RFC -MML GQ NPCAGQCJW
3.8410
8
m, ?LB %?PRFtQ ?RKMQNFCPC (UFGAF T?PGCQ GL BCLQGRW UGRF
?JRGRSBC) GQ COSGT?JCLR RM ? J?WCP 30.0 IK RFGAI UGRF ? AMLQR?LR GLBCV MD
PCDP?ARGML n = 1.000293 .
45. 3SNNMQC F?=KH; 25.54 PCNPCQCLRQ ? P?W MD JGEFR EMGLE DPMK ?GP RFPMSEF
APMUL EJ?QQ GLRM U?RCP, QSAF ?Q EMGLE GLRM ? DGQF R?LI. #?JASJ?RC RFC
?KMSLR RFC P?W GQ BGQNJ?ACB @W RFC EJ?QQ ( x ), EGTCL RF?R RFC GLAGBCLR
?LEJC GQ 40.0 ?LB RFC EJ?QQ GQ 1.00 AK RFGAI.
46. F?=KH; 25.54 QFMUQ ? P?W MD JGEFR N?QQGLE DPMK MLC KCBGSK GLRM ?
QCAMLB ?LB RFCL ? RFGPB. 3FMU RF?R
3
GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q GR UMSJB @C GD RFC
QCAMLB KCBGSK UCPC LMR NPCQCLR (NPMTGBCB RMR?J GLRCPL?J PCDJCARGML BMCQ
LMR MAASP).
F?=KH; 25.54 ! P?W MD JGEFR N?QQCQ DPMK MLC KCBGSK RM ? RFGPB @W RP?TCJGLE RFPMSEF ?
QCAMLB. 4FC DGL?J BGPCARGML GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q GD RFC QCAMLB KCBGSK UCPC LMR NPCQCLR, @SR
RFC P?W GQ BGQNJ?ACB @W x (QFMUL CV?EECP?RCB).
3SNNMQC JGEFR RP?TCJQ DPMK U?RCP RM ?LMRFCP QS@QR?LAC, UGRF ?L ?LEJC MD
GLAGBCLAC MD 10.0 ?LB ?L ?LEJC MD PCDP?ARGML MD 14.9 . (?) 7F?R GQ RFC
GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML MD RFC MRFCP QS@QR?LAC? (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC
?@MSR RFGQ PCQSJR? (A) 7FGAF ?QQSKNRGMLQ ?PC SLPC?QML?@JC MP
GLAMLQGQRCLR?
#MLQGBCP QSLJGEFR CLRCPGLE RFC %?PRFtQ ?RKMQNFCPC ?R QSLPGQC ?LB
QSLQCRrRF?R GQ, ?R ? 90 GLAGBCLR ?LEJC. 4?IGLE RFC @MSLB?PW @CRUCCL
LC?PJW CKNRW QN?AC ?LB RFC ?RKMQNFCPC RM @C QSBBCL, A?JASJ?RC RFC
?LEJC MD PCDP?ARGML DMP QSLJGEFR. 4FGQ JCLERFCLQ RFC RGKC RFC 3SL ?NNC?PQ
RM @C ?@MTC RFC FMPGXML, @MRF ?R QSLPGQC ?LB QSLQCR. .MU AMLQRPSAR ?
NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS BCRCPKGLC RFC ?LEJC MD PCDP?ARGML DMP BGDDCPCLR
KMBCJQ MD RFC ?RKMQNFCPC, QSAF ?Q T?PGMSQ J?WCPQ MD T?PWGLE BCLQGRW.
9MSP GLQRPSARMP K?W UGQF RM ESGBC WMS ML RFC JCTCJ MD AMKNJCVGRW RM
AMLQGBCP ?LB ML FMU RFC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML T?PGCQ UGRF ?GP BCLQGRW.
,GEFR RP?TCJGLE DPMK U?RCP RM ? ECKQRMLC QRPGICQ RFC QSPD?AC ?R ?L ?LEJC
MD 80.0 ?LB F?Q ?L ?LEJC MD PCDP?ARGML MD 15.2 . (?) 7F?R GQ RFC QNCCB
MD JGEFR GL RFC ECKQRMLC? (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ PCQSJR? (A)
50. 6CPGDW RF?R RFC APGRGA?J ?LEJC DMP JGEFR EMGLE DPMK U?RCP RM ?GP GQ 48.6 ,
?Q BGQASQQCB ?R RFC CLB MD EN7CFB; 25.4, PCE?PBGLE RFC APGRGA?J ?LEJC DMP
JGEFR RP?TCJGLE GL ? NMJWQRWPCLC (? RWNC MD NJ?QRGA) NGNC QSPPMSLBCB @W ?GP.
51. (?) !R RFC CLB MD EN7CFB; 25.4, GR U?Q QR?RCB RF?R RFC APGRGA?J ?LEJC DMP
JGEFR EMGLE DPMK BG?KMLB RM ?GP GQ 24.4 . 6CPGDW RFGQ. (@) 7F?R GQ RFC
APGRGA?J ?LEJC DMP JGEFR EMGLE DPMK XGPAML RM ?GP?
52. !L MNRGA?J DG@CP SQCQ DJGLR EJ?QQ AJ?B UGRF APMUL EJ?QQ. 7F?R GQ RFC
APGRGA?J ?LEJC?
53. !R UF?R KGLGKSK ?LEJC UGJJ WMS ECR RMR?J GLRCPL?J PCDJCARGML MD JGEFR
RP?TCJGLE GL U?RCP ?LB PCDJCARCB DPMK GAC?
54. 3SNNMQC WMS ?PC SQGLE RMR?J GLRCPL?J PCDJCARGML RM K?IC ?L CDDGAGCLR
AMPLCP PCDJCARMP. )D RFCPC GQ ?GP MSRQGBC ?LB RFC GLAGBCLR ?LEJC GQ 45.0 ,
UF?R KSQR @C RFC KGLGKSK GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML MD RFC K?RCPG?J DPMK UFGAF
RFC PCDJCARMP GQ K?BC?
55. 9MS A?L BCRCPKGLC RFC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML MD ? QS@QR?LAC @W
BCRCPKGLGLE GRQ APGRGA?J ?LEJC. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML MD ?
QS@QR?LAC RF?R F?Q ? APGRGA?J ?LEJC MD 68.4 UFCL QS@KCPECB GL U?RCP?
7F?R GQ RFC QS@QR?LAC, @?QCB ML -78B; 25.1? (@) 7F?R UMSJB RFC APGRGA?J
?LEJC @C DMP RFGQ QS@QR?LAC GL ?GP?
56. ! P?W MD JGEFR, CKGRRCB @CLC?RF RFC QSPD?AC MD ?L SLILMUL JGOSGB UGRF
?GP ?@MTC GR, SLBCPEMCQ RMR?J GLRCPL?J PCDJCARGML ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 25.55.
7F?R GQ RFC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML DMP RFC JGOSGB ?LB GRQ JGICJW GBCLRGDGA?RGML?
F?=KH; 25.55 ! JGEFR P?W GLQGBC ? JGOSGB QRPGICQ RFC QSPD?AC ?R RFC APGRGA?J ?LEJC ?LB
SLBCPEMCQ RMR?J GLRCPL?J PCDJCARGML.
57. ! JGEFR P?W CLRCPGLE ?L MNRGA?J DG@CP QSPPMSLBCB @W ?GP GQ DGPQR PCDP?ARCB
?LB RFCL PCDJCARCB ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 25.56. 3FMU RF?R GD RFC DG@CP GQ
K?BC DPMK APMUL EJ?QQ, ?LW GLAGBCLR P?W UGJJ @C RMR?JJW GLRCPL?JJW
PCDJCARCB.
F?=KH; 25.56 ! JGEFR P?W CLRCPQ RFC CLB MD ? DG@CP, RFC QSPD?AC MD UFGAF GQ
NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM GRQ QGBCQ. %V?KGLC RFC AMLBGRGMLQ SLBCP UFGAF GR K?W @C RMR?JJW
GLRCPL?JJW PCDJCARCB.
58. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC P?RGM MD RFC QNCCB MD PCB JGEFR RM TGMJCR JGEFR GL BG?KMLB,
@?QCB ML -78B; 25.2? (@) 7F?R GQ RFGQ P?RGM GL NMJWQRWPCLC? (A) 7FGAF GQ
KMPC BGQNCPQGTC?
59. ! @C?K MD UFGRC JGEFR EMCQ DPMK ?GP GLRM U?RCP ?R ?L GLAGBCLR ?LEJC MD
75.0 . !R UF?R ?LEJCQ ?PC RFC PCB (660 LK) ?LB TGMJCR (410 LK) N?PRQ MD
RFC JGEFR PCDP?ARCB?
60. "W FMU KSAF BM RFC APGRGA?J ?LEJCQ DMP PCB (660 LK) ?LB TGMJCR (410
LK) JGEFR BGDDCP GL ? BG?KMLB QSPPMSLBCB @W ?GP?
924 #(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3
61. (?) ! L?PPMU @C?K MD JGEFR AMLR?GLGLE WCJJMU (580 LK) ?LB EPCCL (550
LK) U?TCJCLERFQ EMCQ DPMK NMJWQRWPCLC RM ?GP, QRPGIGLE RFC QSPD?AC ?R ?
30.0 GLAGBCLR ?LEJC. 7F?R GQ RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL RFC AMJMPQ UFCL RFCW
CKCPEC? (@) (MU D?P UMSJB RFCW F?TC RM RP?TCJ RM @C QCN?P?RCB @W 1.00
KK?
62. ! N?P?JJCJ @C?K MD JGEFR AMLR?GLGLE MP?LEC (610 LK) ?LB TGMJCR (410
LK) U?TCJCLERFQ EMCQ DPMK DSQCB OS?PRX RM U?RCP, QRPGIGLE RFC QSPD?AC
@CRUCCL RFCK ?R ? 60.0 GLAGBCLR ?LEJC. 7F?R GQ RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL RFC
RUM AMJMPQ GL U?RCP?
63. ! P?W MD 610 LK JGEFR EMCQ DPMK ?GP GLRM DSQCB OS?PRX ?R ?L GLAGBCLR
?LEJC MD 55.0 . !R UF?R GLAGBCLR ?LEJC KSQR 470 LK JGEFR CLRCP DJGLR EJ?QQ
RM F?TC RFC Q?KC ?LEJC MD PCDP?ARGML?
64. ! L?PPMU @C?K MD JGEFR AMLR?GLGLE PCB (660 LK) ?LB @JSC (470 LK)
U?TCJCLERFQ RP?TCJQ DPMK ?GP RFPMSEF ? 1.00 AK RFGAI DJ?R NGCAC MD APMUL
EJ?QQ ?LB @?AI RM ?GP ?E?GL. 4FC @C?K QRPGICQ ?R ? 30.0 GLAGBCLR ?LEJC.
(?) !R UF?R ?LEJCQ BM RFC RUM AMJMPQ CKCPEC? (@) "W UF?R BGQR?LAC ?PC
RFC PCB ?LB @JSC QCN?P?RCB UFCL RFCW CKCPEC?
65. ! L?PPMU @C?K MD UFGRC JGEFR CLRCPQ ? NPGQK K?BC MD APMUL EJ?QQ ?R ?
45.0 GLAGBCLR ?LEJC, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 25.57. !R UF?R ?LEJCQ,
R
?LB
V
, BM RFC PCB (660 LK) ?LB TGMJCR (410 LK) AMKNMLCLRQ MD RFC
JGEFR CKCPEC DPMK RFC NPGQK?
F?=KH; 25.57 4FGQ NPGQK UGJJ BGQNCPQC RFC UFGRC JGEFR GLRM ? P?GL@MU MD AMJMPQ. 4FC
GLAGBCLR ?LEJC GQ 45.0 , ?LB RFC ?LEJCQ ?R UFGAF RFC PCB ?LB TGMJCR JGEFR CKCPEC ?PC
R
?LB
V
.
66. 7F?R GQ RFC NMUCP GL BGMNRCPQ MD ? A?KCP? JCLQ RF?R F?Q ? 50.0 KK
DMA?J JCLERF?
67. 9MSP A?KCP?tQ XMMK JCLQ F?Q ?L ?BHSQR?@JC DMA?J JCLERF P?LEGLE DPMK
80.0 RM 200 KK. 7F?R GQ GRQ P?LEC MD NMUCPQ?
68. 7F?R GQ RFC DMA?J JCLERF MD 1.75 $ PC?BGLE EJ?QQCQ DMSLB ML RFC P?AI
GL ? NF?PK?AW?
69. 9MS LMRC RF?R WMSP NPCQAPGNRGML DMP LCU CWCEJ?QQCQ GQ q4.50 $. 7F?R
UGJJ RFCGP DMA?J JCLERF @C?
70. (MU D?P DPMK RFC JCLQ KSQR RFC DGJK GL ? A?KCP? @C, GD RFC JCLQ F?Q ?
35.0 KK DMA?J JCLERF ?LB GQ @CGLE SQCB RM NFMRMEP?NF ? DJMUCP 75.0 AK
?U?W? %VNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU RFC QRCNQ GL RFC 0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE
3RP?RCEW DMP JCLQCQ.
71. ! ACPR?GL QJGBC NPMHCARMP F?Q ? 100 KK DMA?J JCLERF JCLQ. (?) (MU D?P
?U?W GQ RFC QAPCCL, GD ? QJGBC GQ NJ?ACB 103 KK DPMK RFC JCLQ ?LB
NPMBSACQ ? QF?PN GK?EC? (@) )D RFC QJGBC GQ 24.0 @W 36.0 KK, UF?R ?PC RFC
BGKCLQGMLQ MD RFC GK?EC? %VNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU RFC QRCNQ GL RFC
0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE 3RP?RCEW DMP JCLQCQ.
72. ! BMARMP CV?KGLCQ ? KMJC UGRF ? 15.0 AK DMA?J JCLERF K?ELGDWGLE
EJ?QQ FCJB 13.5 AK DPMK RFC KMJC (?) 7FCPC GQ RFC GK?EC? (@) 7F?R GQ GRQ
K?ELGDGA?RGML? (A) (MU @GE GQ RFC GK?EC MD ? 5.00 KK BG?KCRCP KMJC?
73. (MU D?P DPMK ? NGCAC MD N?NCP KSQR WMS FMJB WMSP D?RFCPtQ 2.25 $
PC?BGLE EJ?QQCQ RM RPW RM @SPL ? FMJC GL RFC N?NCP UGRF QSLJGEFR?
74. ! A?KCP? UGRF ? 50.0 KK DMA?J JCLERF JCLQ GQ @CGLE SQCB RM
NFMRMEP?NF ? NCPQML QR?LBGLE 3.00 K ?U?W. (?) (MU D?P DPMK RFC JCLQ
KSQR RFC DGJK @C? (@) )D RFC DGJK GQ 36.0 KK FGEF, UF?R DP?ARGML MD ? 1.75 K
R?JJ NCPQML UGJJ DGR ML GR? (A) $GQASQQ FMU PC?QML?@JC RFGQ QCCKQ, @?QCB ML
WMSP CVNCPGCLAC GL R?IGLE MP NMQGLE DMP NFMRMEP?NFQ.
75. ! A?KCP? JCLQ SQCB DMP R?IGLE AJMQC-SN NFMRMEP?NFQ F?Q ? DMA?J
JCLERF MD 22.0 KK. 4FC D?PRFCQR GR A?L @C NJ?ACB DPMK RFC DGJK GQ 33.0 KK.
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC AJMQCQR M@HCAR RF?R A?L @C NFMRMEP?NFCB? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC
K?ELGDGA?RGML MD RFGQ AJMQCQR M@HCAR?
76. 3SNNMQC WMSP 50.0 KK DMA?J JCLERF A?KCP? JCLQ GQ 51.0 KK ?U?W
DPMK RFC DGJK GL RFC A?KCP?. (?) (MU D?P ?U?W GQ ?L M@HCAR RF?R GQ GL DMASQ?
(@) 7F?R GQ RFC FCGEFR MD RFC M@HCAR GD GRQ GK?EC GQ 2.00 AK FGEF?
77. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC DMA?J JCLERF MD ? K?ELGDWGLE EJ?QQ RF?R NPMBSACQ ?
K?ELGDGA?RGML MD 3.00 UFCL FCJB 5.00 AK DPMK ?L M@HCAR, QSAF ?Q ? P?PC
AMGL? (@) #?JASJ?RC RFC NMUCP MD RFC K?ELGDGCP GL BGMNRCPQ. (A) $GQASQQ
FMU RFGQ NMUCP AMKN?PCQ RM RFMQC DMP QRMPC-@MSEFR PC?BGLE EJ?QQCQ
(RWNGA?JJW 1.0 RM 4.0 $). )Q RFC K?ELGDGCPtQ NMUCP EPC?RCP, ?LB QFMSJB GR
@C?
78. 7F?R K?ELGDGA?RGML UGJJ @C NPMBSACB @W ? JCLQ MD NMUCP q4.00 $
(QSAF ?Q KGEFR @C SQCB RM AMPPCAR KWMNG?) GD ?L M@HCAR GQ FCJB 25.0 AK
?U?W?
79. )L EN7CFB; 25.7, RFC K?ELGDGA?RGML MD ? @MMI FCJB 7.50 AK DPMK ?
10.0 AK DMA?J JCLERF JCLQ U?Q DMSLB RM @C 3.00. (?) &GLB RFC K?ELGDGA?RGML
DMP RFC @MMI UFCL GR GQ FCJB 8.50 AK DPMK RFC K?ELGDGCP. (@) $M RFC Q?KC
DMP UFCL GR GQ FCJB 9.50 AK DPMK RFC K?ELGDGCP. (A) #MKKCLR ML RFC RPCLB
GL K ?Q RFC M@HCAR BGQR?LAC GLAPC?QCQ ?Q GL RFCQC RUM A?JASJ?RGMLQ.
80. 3SNNMQC ? 200 KK DMA?J JCLERF RCJCNFMRM JCLQ GQ @CGLE SQCB RM
NFMRMEP?NF KMSLR?GLQ 10.0 IK ?U?W. (?) 7FCPC GQ RFC GK?EC? (@) 7F?R
GQ RFC FCGEFR MD RFC GK?EC MD ? 1000 K FGEF AJGDD ML MLC MD RFC KMSLR?GLQ?
81. ! A?KCP? UGRF ? 100 KK DMA?J JCLERF JCLQ GQ SQCB RM NFMRMEP?NF RFC
QSL ?LB KMML. 7F?R GQ RFC FCGEFR MD RFC GK?EC MD RFC QSL ML RFC DGJK,
EGTCL RFC QSL GQ 1.4010
6
km GL BG?KCRCP ?LB GQ 1.5010
8
km
?U?W?
82. #MK@GLC RFGL JCLQ COS?RGMLQ RM QFMU RF?R RFC K?ELGDGA?RGML DMP ? RFGL
JCLQ GQ BCRCPKGLCB @W GRQ DMA?J JCLERF ?LB RFC M@HCAR BGQR?LAC ?LB GQ EGTCL
@W m = f /
f d
o
.
83. 7F?R GQ RFC DMA?J JCLERF MD ? K?ICSN KGPPMP RF?R F?Q ? NMUCP MD 1.50
$?
84. 3MKC RCJCNFMRM A?KCP?Q SQC ? KGPPMP P?RFCP RF?L ? JCLQ. 7F?R P?BGSQ
MD ASPT?RSPC KGPPMP GQ LCCBCB RM PCNJ?AC ? 800 KK DMA?J JCLERF RCJCNFMRM
JCLQ?
85. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC DMA?J JCLERF MD RFC KGPPMP DMPKCB @W RFC QFGLW @?AI
MD ? QNMML RF?R F?Q ? 3.00 AK P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC. (@) 7F?R GQ GRQ NMUCP GL
BGMNRCPQ?
86. &GLB RFC K?ELGDGA?RGML MD RFC FC?RCP CJCKCLR GL EN7CFB; 25.9. .MRC
RF?R GRQ J?PEC K?ELGRSBC FCJNQ QNPC?B MSR RFC PCDJCARCB CLCPEW.
87. 7F?R GQ RFC DMA?J JCLERF MD ? K?ICSN KGPPMP RF?R NPMBSACQ ?
K?ELGDGA?RGML MD 1.50 UFCL ? NCPQMLtQ D?AC GQ 12.0 AK ?U?W? %VNJGAGRJW
QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU RFC QRCNQ GL RFC )HE8B;C-,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=O <EH
&?HHEHI.
88. ! QFMNNCP QR?LBGLE 3.00 K DPMK ? AMLTCV QCASPGRW KGPPMP QCCQ FGQ
GK?EC UGRF ? K?ELGDGA?RGML MD 0.250. (?) 7FCPC GQ FGQ GK?EC? (@) 7F?R GQ
RFC DMA?J JCLERF MD RFC KGPPMP? (A) 7F?R GQ GRQ P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC?
,JH7J;=O <EH &?HHEHI.
89. !L M@HCAR 1.50 AK FGEF GQ FCJB 3.00 AK DPMK ? NCPQMLtQ AMPLC?, ?LB
GRQ PCDJCARCB GK?EC GQ KC?QSPCB RM @C 0.167 AK FGEF. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC
K?ELGDGA?RGML? (@) 7FCPC GQ RFC GK?EC? (A) &GLB RFC P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC MD
RFC AMLTCV KGPPMP DMPKCB @W RFC AMPLC?. (.MRC RF?R RFGQ RCAFLGOSC GQ SQCB
@W MNRMKCRPGQRQ RM KC?QSPC RFC ASPT?RSPC MD RFC AMPLC? DMP AMLR?AR JCLQ
DGRRGLE. 4FC GLQRPSKCLR SQCB GQ A?JJCB ? ICP?RMKCRCP, MP ASPTC KC?QSPCP.)
90. 2?W RP?AGLE DMP ? DJ?R KGPPMP QFMUQ RF?R RFC GK?EC GQ JMA?RCB ?
BGQR?LAC @CFGLB RFC KGPPMP COS?J RM RFC BGQR?LAC MD RFC M@HCAR DPMK RFC
KGPPMP. 4FGQ GQ QR?RCB d
i
= d
o
, QGLAC RFGQ GQ ? LCE?RGTC GK?EC BGQR?LAC
(GR GQ ? TGPRS?J GK?EC). (?) 7F?R GQ RFC DMA?J JCLERF MD ? DJ?R KGPPMP? (@) 7F?R
GQ GRQ NMUCP?
#(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3 925
91. 3FMU RF?R DMP ? DJ?R KGPPMP h
i
= h
o
, ILMUGLE RF?R RFC GK?EC GQ ?
BGQR?LAC @CFGLB RFC KGPPMP COS?J GL K?ELGRSBC RM RFC BGQR?LAC MD RFC
M@HCAR DPMK RFC KGPPMP.
92. 5QC RFC J?U MD PCDJCARGML RM NPMTC RF?R RFC DMA?J JCLERF MD ? KGPPMP GQ
F?JD GRQ P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC. 4F?R GQ, NPMTC RF?R f = R/ 2 . .MRC RFGQ GQ
RPSC DMP ? QNFCPGA?J KGPPMP MLJW GD GRQ BG?KCRCP GQ QK?JJ AMKN?PCB UGRF GRQ
P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC.
93. 2CDCPPGLE RM RFC CJCARPGA PMMK FC?RCP AMLQGBCPCB GL RFC DGPQR CV?KNJC
GL RFGQ QCARGML, A?JASJ?RC RFC GLRCLQGRW MD )2 P?BG?RGML GL W/m
2
NPMHCARCB
@W RFC AMLA?TC KGPPMP ML ? NCPQML 3.00 K ?U?W. !QQSKC RF?R RFC FC?RGLE
CJCKCLR P?BG?RCQ 1500 7 ?LB F?Q ?L ?PC? MD 100 cm
2
, ?LB RF?R F?JD MD
RFC P?BG?RCB NMUCP GQ PCDJCARCB ?LB DMASQCB @W RFC KGPPMP.
94. #MLQGBCP ? 250-7 FC?R J?KN DGVCB RM RFC ACGJGLE GL ? @?RFPMMK. )D RFC
DGJ?KCLR GL MLC JGEFR @SPLQ MSR RFCL RFC PCK?GLGLE RFPCC QRGJJ UMPI.
#MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS BCRCPKGLC RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD C?AF
DGJ?KCLR GL MPBCP RM M@R?GL ? ACPR?GL GLRCLQGRW NPMHCARCB ML RFC @?RFPMMK
DJMMP. 4FC ACGJGLE GQ 3.0 K FGEF. 4FC NPM@JCK UGJJ LCCB RM GLTMJTC AMLA?TC
KGPPMPQ @CFGLB RFC DGJ?KCLRQ. 9MSP GLQRPSARMP K?W UGQF RM ESGBC WMS ML RFC
JCTCJ MD AMKNJCVGRW RM AMLQGBCP GL RFC CJCARPGA?J AMKNMLCLRQ.
926 #(!04%2 25 Y '%/-%42)# /04)#3
26 6)3)/. !.$ /04)#!, ).3425-%.43
F?=KH; 26.1 ! QAGCLRGQR CV?KGLCQ KGLSRC BCR?GJQ ML RFC QSPD?AC MD ? BGQI BPGTC ?R ? K?ELGDGA?RGML MD 100,000 RGKCQ. 4FC GK?EC U?Q NPMBSACB SQGLE ?L CJCARPML KGAPMQAMNC.
(APCBGR: 2M@CPR 3AM@JC)
,C?PLGLE /@HCARGTCQ
26.1. )>OI?9I E< J>; EO;
26.2. /?I?ED CEHH;9J?ED
26.3. CEBEH 7D: CEBEH /?I?ED
26.4. &?9HEI9EF;I
26.5. -;B;I9EF;I
26.6. A8;HH7J?EDI
"DJHE:K9J?ED JE /?I?ED 7D: (FJ?97B "DIJHKC;DJI
%VNJMPC FMU RFC GK?EC ML RFC AMKNSRCP QAPCCL GQ DMPKCB. (MU GQ RFC GK?EC DMPK?RGML ML RFC AMKNSRCP QAPCCL BGDDCPCLR DPMK RFC GK?EC DMPK?RGML GL
WMSP CWC ?Q WMS JMMI BMUL RFC KGAPMQAMNC? (MU A?L TGBCMQ MD JGTGLE ACJJ NPMACQQCQ @C R?ICL DMP TGCUGLE J?RCP ML, ?LB @W K?LW BGDDCPCLR NCMNJC?
3CCGLE D?ACQ ?LB M@HCARQ UC JMTC ?LB AFCPGQF GQ ? BCJGEFRrMLCtQ D?TMPGRC RCBBW @C?P, ? NGARSPC ML RFC U?JJ, MP RFC QSL PGQGLE MTCP RFC KMSLR?GLQ.
)LRPGA?RC GK?ECQ FCJN SQ SLBCPQR?LB L?RSPC ?LB ?PC GLT?JS?@JC DMP BCTCJMNGLE RCAFLGOSCQ ?LB RCAFLMJMEGCQ GL MPBCP RM GKNPMTC RFC OS?JGRW MD JGDC. 4FC
GK?EC MD ? PCB @JMMB ACJJ RF?R ?JKMQR DGJJQ RFC APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? MD ? RGLW A?NGJJ?PW K?ICQ SQ UMLBCP FMU @JMMB K?ICQ GR RFPMSEF ?LB LMR ECR QRSAI.
7C ?PC ?@JC RM QCC @?ARCPG? ?LB TGPSQCQ ?LB SLBCPQR?LB RFCGP QRPSARSPC. )R GQ RFC ILMUJCBEC MD NFWQGAQ RF?R NPMTGBCQ DSLB?KCLR?J SLBCPQR?LBGLE ?LB
KMBCJQ PCOSGPCB RM BCTCJMN LCU RCAFLGOSCQ ?LB GLQRPSKCLRQ. 4FCPCDMPC, NFWQGAQ GQ A?JJCB ?L 8A45?<A: F6<8A68r? QAGCLAC RF?R CL?@JCQ BCTCJMNKCLR
?LB ?BT?LACKCLR GL MRFCP ?PC?Q. )R GQ RFPMSEF MNRGAQ ?LB GK?EGLE RF?R NFWQGAQ CL?@JCQ ?BT?LACKCLR GL K?HMP ?PC?Q MD @GMQAGCLACQ. 4FGQ AF?NRCP
GJJSQRP?RCQ RFC CL?@JGLE L?RSPC MD NFWQGAQ RFPMSEF ?L SLBCPQR?LBGLE MD FMU ? FSK?L CWC GQ ?@JC RM QCC ?LB FMU UC ?PC ?@JC RM SQC MNRGA?J GLQRPSKCLRQ
RM QCC @CWMLB UF?R GQ NMQQG@JC UGRF RFC L?ICB CWC. )R GQ AMLTCLGCLR RM A?RCEMPGXC RFCQC GLQRPSKCLRQ ML RFC @?QGQ MD ECMKCRPGA MNRGAQ (QCC ;EC;JH?9
(FJ?9I) ?LB U?TC MNRGAQ (QCC 07L; (FJ?9I).
#(!04%2 26 Y 6)3)/. !.$ /04)#!, ).3425-%.43 927
26.1 )>OI?9I E< J>; EO;
4FC CWC GQ NCPF?NQ RFC KMQR GLRCPCQRGLE MD ?JJ MNRGA?J GLQRPSKCLRQ. 4FC CWC GQ PCK?PI?@JC GL FMU GR DMPKQ GK?ECQ ?LB GL RFC PGAFLCQQ MD BCR?GJ ?LB AMJMP
GR A?L BCRCAR. (MUCTCP, MSP CWCQ AMKKMLJW LCCB QMKC AMPPCARGML, RM PC?AF UF?R GQ A?JJCB uLMPK?Jv TGQGML, @SR QFMSJB @C A?JJCB GBC?J P?RFCP RF?L
LMPK?J. )K?EC DMPK?RGML @W MSP CWCQ ?LB AMKKML TGQGML AMPPCARGML ?PC C?QW RM ?L?JWXC UGRF RFC MNRGAQ BGQASQQCB GL ;EC;JH?9 (FJ?9I.
F?=KH; 26.2 QFMUQ RFC @?QGA ?L?RMKW MD RFC CWC. 4FC AMPLC? ?LB JCLQ DMPK ? QWQRCK RF?R, RM ? EMMB ?NNPMVGK?RGML, ?ARQ ?Q ? QGLEJC RFGL JCLQ. &MP
AJC?P TGQGML, ? PC?J GK?EC KSQR @C NPMHCARCB MLRM RFC JGEFR-QCLQGRGTC PCRGL?, UFGAF JGCQ ?R ? DGVCB BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC JCLQ. 4FC JCLQ MD RFC CWC ?BHSQRQ GRQ
NMUCP RM NPMBSAC ?L GK?EC ML RFC PCRGL? DMP M@HCARQ ?R BGDDCPCLR BGQR?LACQ. 4FC ACLRCP MD RFC GK?EC D?JJQ ML RFC DMTC?, UFGAF F?Q RFC EPC?RCQR BCLQGRW
MD JGEFR PCACNRMPQ ?LB RFC EPC?RCQR ?ASGRW (QF?PNLCQQ) GL RFC TGQS?J DGCJB. 4FC T?PG?@JC MNCLGLE (MP NSNGJ) MD RFC CWC ?JMLE UGRF AFCKGA?J ?B?NR?RGML
?JJMUQ RFC CWC RM BCRCAR JGEFR GLRCLQGRGCQ DPMK RFC JMUCQR M@QCPT?@JC RM 10
10
RGKCQ EPC?RCP (UGRFMSR B?K?EC). 4FGQ GQ ?L GLAPCBG@JC P?LEC MD BCRCARGML.
/SP CWCQ NCPDMPK ? T?QR LSK@CP MD DSLARGMLQ, QSAF ?Q QCLQC BGPCARGML, KMTCKCLR, QMNFGQRGA?RCB AMJMPQ, ?LB BGQR?LAC. 0PMACQQGLE MD TGQS?J LCPTC
GKNSJQCQ @CEGLQ UGRF GLRCPAMLLCARGMLQ GL RFC PCRGL? ?LB AMLRGLSCQ GL RFC @P?GL. 4FC MNRGA LCPTC AMLTCWQ QGEL?JQ PCACGTCB @W RFC CWC RM RFC @P?GL.
F?=KH; 26.2 4FC AMPLC? ?LB JCLQ MD ?L CWC ?AR RMECRFCP RM DMPK ? PC?J GK?EC ML RFC JGEFR-QCLQGLE PCRGL?, UFGAF F?Q GRQ BCLQCQR AMLACLRP?RGML MD PCACNRMPQ GL RFC DMTC? ?LB ?
@JGLB QNMR MTCP RFC MNRGA LCPTC. 4FC NMUCP MD RFC JCLQ MD ?L CWC GQ ?BHSQR?@JC RM NPMTGBC ?L GK?EC ML RFC PCRGL? DMP T?PWGLE M@HCAR BGQR?LACQ. ,?WCPQ MD RGQQSCQ UGRF T?PWGLE
GLBGACQ MD PCDP?ARGML GL RFC JCLQ ?PC QFMUL FCPC. (MUCTCP, RFCW F?TC @CCL MKGRRCB DPMK MRFCP NGARSPCQ DMP AJ?PGRW.
2CDP?ARGTC GLBGACQ ?PC APSAG?J RM GK?EC DMPK?RGML SQGLE JCLQCQ. -78B; 26.1 QFMUQ PCDP?ARGTC GLBGACQ PCJCT?LR RM RFC CWC. 4FC @GEECQR AF?LEC GL RFC
PCDP?ARGTC GLBCV, ?LB @CLBGLE MD P?WQ, MAASPQ ?R RFC AMPLC? P?RFCP RF?L RFC JCLQ. 4FC P?W BG?EP?K GL F?=KH; 26.3 QFMUQ GK?EC DMPK?RGML @W RFC AMPLC?
?LB JCLQ MD RFC CWC. 4FC P?WQ @CLB ?AAMPBGLE RM RFC PCDP?ARGTC GLBGACQ NPMTGBCB GL -78B; 26.1. 4FC AMPLC? NPMTGBCQ ?@MSR RUM-RFGPBQ MD RFC NMUCP MD
RFC CWC, MUGLE RM RFC D?AR RF?R QNCCB MD JGEFR AF?LECQ AMLQGBCP?@JW UFGJC RP?TCJGLE DPMK ?GP GLRM AMPLC?. 4FC JCLQ NPMTGBCQ RFC PCK?GLGLE NMUCP
LCCBCB RM NPMBSAC ?L GK?EC ML RFC PCRGL?. 4FC AMPLC? ?LB JCLQ A?L @C RPC?RCB ?Q ? QGLEJC RFGL JCLQ, CTCL RFMSEF RFC JGEFR P?WQ N?QQ RFPMSEF QCTCP?J
J?WCPQ MD K?RCPG?J (QSAF ?Q AMPLC?, ?OSCMSQ FSKMP, QCTCP?J J?WCPQ GL RFC JCLQ, ?LB TGRPCMSQ FSKMP), AF?LEGLE BGPCARGML ?R C?AF GLRCPD?AC. 4FC GK?EC
DMPKCB GQ KSAF JGIC RFC MLC NPMBSACB @W ? QGLEJC AMLTCV JCLQ. 4FGQ GQ ? A?QC 1 GK?EC. )K?ECQ DMPKCB GL RFC CWC ?PC GLTCPRCB @SR RFC @P?GL GLTCPRQ
RFCK MLAC KMPC RM K?IC RFCK QCCK SNPGEFR.
4?@JC 26.1 2CDP?ARGTC )LBGACQ 2CJCT?LR RM RFC %WC
&7J;H?7B "D:;N E< +;<H79J?ED
7?RCP 1.33
!GP 1.0
#MPLC? 1.38
!OSCMSQ FSKMP 1.34
,CLQ 1.41 ?TCP?EC (T?PGCQ RFPMSEFMSR RFC JCLQ, EPC?RCQR GL ACLRCP)
6GRPCMSQ FSKMP 1.34
F?=KH; 26.3 !L GK?EC GQ DMPKCB ML RFC PCRGL? UGRF JGEFR P?WQ AMLTCPEGLE KMQR ?R RFC AMPLC? ?LB SNML CLRCPGLE ?LB CVGRGLE RFC JCLQ. 2?WQ DPMK RFC RMN ?LB @MRRMK MD RFC M@HCAR
?PC RP?ACB ?LB NPMBSAC ?L GLTCPRCB PC?J GK?EC ML RFC PCRGL?. 4FC BGQR?LAC RM RFC M@HCAR GQ BP?UL QK?JJCP RF?L QA?JC.
928 #(!04%2 26 Y 6)3)/. !.$ /04)#!, ).3425-%.43
!Q LMRCB, RFC GK?EC KSQR D?JJ NPCAGQCJW ML RFC PCRGL? RM NPMBSAC AJC?P TGQGML r RF?R GQ, RFC GK?EC BGQR?LAC d
i
KSQR COS?J RFC JCLQ-RM-PCRGL? BGQR?LAC.
"CA?SQC RFC JCLQ-RM-PCRGL? BGQR?LAC BMCQ LMR AF?LEC, RFC GK?EC BGQR?LAC d
i
KSQR @C RFC Q?KC DMP M@HCARQ ?R ?JJ BGQR?LACQ. 4FC CWC K?L?ECQ RFGQ @W
T?PWGLE RFC NMUCP (?LB DMA?J JCLERF) MD RFC JCLQ RM ?AAMKKMB?RC DMP M@HCARQ ?R T?PGMSQ BGQR?LACQ. 4FC NPMACQQ MD ?BHSQRGLE RFC CWCtQ DMA?J JCLERF GQ
A?JJCB 799ECCE:7J?ED. ! NCPQML UGRF LMPK?J (GBC?J) TGQGML A?L QCC M@HCARQ AJC?PJW ?R BGQR?LACQ P?LEGLE DPMK 25 AK RM CQQCLRG?JJW GLDGLGRW. (MUCTCP,
?JRFMSEF RFC LC?P NMGLR (RFC QFMPRCQR BGQR?LAC ?R UFGAF ? QF?PN DMASQ A?L @C M@R?GLCB) GLAPC?QCQ UGRF ?EC (@CAMKGLE KCRCPQ DMP QMKC MJBCP NCMNJC),
UC UGJJ AMLQGBCP GR RM @C 25 AK GL MSP RPC?RKCLR FCPC.
F?=KH; 26.4 QFMUQ RFC ?AAMKKMB?RGML MD RFC CWC DMP BGQR?LR ?LB LC?P TGQGML. 3GLAC JGEFR P?WQ DPMK ? LC?P@W M@HCAR A?L BGTCPEC ?LB QRGJJ CLRCP RFC CWC,
RFC JCLQ KSQR @C KMPC AMLTCPEGLE (KMPC NMUCPDSJ) DMP AJMQC TGQGML RF?L DMP BGQR?LR TGQGML. 4M @C KMPC AMLTCPEGLE, RFC JCLQ GQ K?BC RFGAICP @W RFC
?ARGML MD RFC AGJG?PW KSQAJC QSPPMSLBGLE GR. 4FC CWC GQ KMQR PCJ?VCB UFCL TGCUGLE BGQR?LR M@HCARQ, MLC PC?QML RF?R KGAPMQAMNCQ ?LB RCJCQAMNCQ ?PC
BCQGELCB RM NPMBSAC BGQR?LR GK?ECQ. 6GQGML MD TCPW BGQR?LR M@HCARQ GQ A?JJCB GBG4??L E8?4K87, UFGJC AJMQC TGQGML GQ RCPKCB 466B@@B74G87, UGRF RFC
AJMQCQR TGQGML @CGLE 9H??L 466B@@B74G87.
F?=KH; 26.4 2CJ?VCB ?LB ?AAMKKMB?RCB TGQGML DMP BGQR?LR ?LB AJMQC M@HCARQ. (?) ,GEFR P?WQ DPMK RFC Q?KC NMGLR ML ? BGQR?LR M@HCAR KSQR @C LC?PJW N?P?JJCJ UFGJC CLRCPGLE RFC
CWC ?LB KMPC C?QGJW AMLTCPEC RM NPMBSAC ?L GK?EC ML RFC PCRGL?. (@) ,GEFR P?WQ DPMK ? LC?P@W M@HCAR A?L BGTCPEC KMPC ?LB QRGJJ CLRCP RFC CWC. ! KMPC NMUCPDSJ JCLQ GQ LCCBCB
RM AMLTCPEC RFCK ML RFC PCRGL? RF?L GD RFCW UCPC N?P?JJCJ.
7C UGJJ SQC RFC RFGL JCLQ COS?RGMLQ RM CV?KGLC GK?EC DMPK?RGML @W RFC CWC OS?LRGR?RGTCJW. &GPQR, LMRC RFC NMUCP MD ? JCLQ GQ EGTCL ?Q p = 1 / f , QM UC
PCUPGRC RFC RFGL JCLQ COS?RGMLQ ?Q
(26.1)
P =
1
d
o
+
1
d
i
?LB
(26.2)
h
i
h
o
=
d
i
d
o
= m.
7C SLBCPQR?LB RF?R d
i
KSQR COS?J RFC JCLQ-RM-PCRGL? BGQR?LAC RM M@R?GL AJC?P TGQGML, ?LB RF?R LMPK?J TGQGML GQ NMQQG@JC DMP M@HCARQ ?R BGQR?LACQ
d
o
= 25 cm RM GLDGLGRW.
#(!04%2 26 Y 6)3)/. !.$ /04)#!, ).3425-%.43 929
4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR: 4FC 0SNGJ
,MMI ?R RFC ACLRP?J RP?LQN?PCLR ?PC? MD QMKCMLCtQ CWC, RFC NSNGJ, GL LMPK?J PMMK JGEFR. %QRGK?RC RFC BG?KCRCP MD RFC NSNGJ. .MU RSPL MDD RFC JGEFRQ
?LB B?PICL RFC PMMK. !DRCP ? DCU KGLSRCQ RSPL ML RFC JGEFRQ ?LB NPMKNRJW CQRGK?RC RFC BG?KCRCP MD RFC NSNGJ. 7F?R F?NNCLQ RM RFC NSNGJ ?Q RFC
CWC ?BHSQRQ RM RFC PMMK JGEFR? %VNJ?GL WMSP M@QCPT?RGMLQ.
4FC CWC A?L BCRCAR ?L GKNPCQQGTC ?KMSLR MD BCR?GJ, AMLQGBCPGLE FMU QK?JJ RFC GK?EC GQ ML RFC PCRGL?. 4M ECR QMKC GBC? MD FMU QK?JJ RFC GK?EC A?L
@C, AMLQGBCP RFC DMJJMUGLE CV?KNJC.
EN7CFB; 26.1 ,?P; E< "C7=; ED +;J?D7
7F?R GQ RFC QGXC MD RFC GK?EC ML RFC PCRGL? MD ? 1.2010
2
AK BG?KCRCP FSK?L F?GP, FCJB ?R ?PKtQ JCLERF (60.0 AK) ?U?W? 4?IC RFC JCLQ-RM-
PCRGL? BGQR?LAC RM @C 2.00 AK.
,JH7J;=O
7C U?LR RM DGLB RFC FCGEFR MD RFC GK?EC h
i
, EGTCL RFC FCGEFR MD RFC M@HCAR GQ h
o
= 1.2010
2
AK. 7C ?JQM ILMU RF?R RFC M@HCAR GQ 60.0 AK
?U?W, QM RF?R d
o
= 60.0 cm. &MP AJC?P TGQGML, RFC GK?EC BGQR?LAC KSQR COS?J RFC JCLQ-RM-PCRGL? BGQR?LAC, ?LB QM d
i
= 2.00 cm . 4FC COS?RGML
h
i
h
o
=
d
i
d
o
= m A?L @C SQCB RM DGLB h
i
UGRF RFC ILMUL GLDMPK?RGML.
,EBKJ?ED
4FC MLJW SLILMUL T?PG?@JC GL RFC COS?RGML
h
i
h
o
=
d
i
d
o
= m GQ h
i
:
(26.3)
h
i
h
o
=
d
i
d
o
.
2C?PP?LEGLE RM GQMJ?RC h
i
WGCJBQ
(26.4)
h
i
= h
o

d
i
d
o
.
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ EGTCQ
(26.5)
h
i
= (1.2010
2
cm)
2.00 cm
60.0 cm
= 4.0010
4
cm.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ RPSJW QK?JJ GK?EC GQ LMR RFC QK?JJCQR BGQACPLG@JCrRF?R GQ, RFC JGKGR RM TGQS?J ?ASGRW GQ CTCL QK?JJCP RF?L RFGQ. ,GKGR?RGMLQ ML TGQS?J ?ASGRW F?TC
RM BM UGRF RFC U?TC NPMNCPRGCQ MD JGEFR ?LB UGJJ @C BGQASQQCB GL RFC LCVR AF?NRCP. 3MKC JGKGR?RGML GQ ?JQM BSC RM RFC GLFCPCLR ?L?RMKW MD RFC CWC
?LB NPMACQQGLE RF?R MAASPQ GL MSP @P?GL.
EN7CFB; 26.2 )EM;H +7D=; E< J>; EO;
#?JASJ?RC RFC NMUCP MD RFC CWC UFCL TGCUGLE M@HCARQ ?R RFC EPC?RCQR ?LB QK?JJCQR BGQR?LACQ NMQQG@JC UGRF LMPK?J TGQGML, ?QQSKGLE ? JCLQ-RM-
PCRGL? BGQR?LAC MD 2.00 AK (? RWNGA?J T?JSC).
,JH7J;=O
&MP AJC?P TGQGML, RFC GK?EC KSQR @C ML RFC PCRGL?, ?LB QM d
i
= 2.00 cm FCPC. &MP BGQR?LR TGQGML, d
o
, ?LB DMP AJMQC TGQGML,
d
o
= 25.0 cm, ?Q BGQASQQCB C?PJGCP. 4FC COS?RGML P =
1
d
o
+
1
d
i
?Q UPGRRCL HSQR ?@MTC, A?L @C SQCB BGPCARJW RM QMJTC DMP P GL @MRF A?QCQ,
QGLAC UC ILMU d
i
?LB d
o
. 0MUCP F?Q SLGRQ MD BGMNRCPQ, UFCPC 1 D = 1/m, ?LB QM UC QFMSJB CVNPCQQ ?JJ BGQR?LACQ GL KCRCPQ.
,EBKJ?ED
&MP BGQR?LR TGQGML,
(26.6)
P =
1
d
o
+
1
d
i
=
1
+
1
0.0200 m
.
3GLAC 1 / = 0 , RFGQ EGTCQ
(26.7)
P = 0 + 50.0 / m = 50.0 D (distant vision).
.MU, DMP AJMQC TGQGML,
930 #(!04%2 26 Y 6)3)/. !.$ /04)#!, ).3425-%.43
(26.8)
P =
1
d
o
+
1
d
i
=
1
0.250 m
+
1
0.0200 m
=
4.00
m
+
50.0
m
= 4.00 D + 50.0 D
= 54.0 D (close vision).
D?I9KII?ED
&MP ?L CWC UGRF RFGQ RWNGA?J 2.00 AK JCLQ-RM-PCRGL? BGQR?LAC, RFC NMUCP MD RFC CWC P?LECQ DPMK 50.0 $ (DMP BGQR?LR RMR?JJW PCJ?VCB TGQGML) RM 54.0 $
(DMP AJMQC DSJJW ?AAMKKMB?RCB TGQGML), UFGAF GQ ?L 8% GLAPC?QC. 4FGQ GLAPC?QC GL NMUCP DMP AJMQC TGQGML GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC NPCACBGLE
BGQASQQGML ?LB RFC P?W RP?AGLE GL F?=KH; 26.4. !L 8% ?@GJGRW RM ?AAMKKMB?RC GQ AMLQGBCPCB LMPK?J @SR GQ RWNGA?J DMP NCMNJC UFM ?PC ?@MSR 40
WC?PQ MJB. 9MSLECP NCMNJC F?TC EPC?RCP ?AAMKKMB?RGML ?@GJGRW, UFCPC?Q MJBCP NCMNJC EP?BS?JJW JMQC RFC ?@GJGRW RM ?AAMKKMB?RC. 7FCL ?L
MNRMKCRPGQR GBCLRGDGCQ ?AAMKKMB?RGML ?Q ? NPM@JCK GL CJBCP NCMNJC, GR GQ KMQR JGICJW BSC RM QRGDDCLGLE MD RFC JCLQ. 4FC JCLQ MD RFC CWC AF?LECQ UGRF
?EC GL U?WQ RF?R RCLB RM NPCQCPTC RFC ?@GJGRW RM QCC BGQR?LR M@HCARQ AJC?PJW @SR BM LMR ?JJMU RFC CWC RM ?AAMKKMB?RC DMP AJMQC TGQGML, ? AMLBGRGML
A?JJCB FH;I8OEF?7 (JGRCP?JJW, CJBCP CWC). 4M AMPPCAR RFGQ TGQGML BCDCAR, UC NJ?AC ? AMLTCPEGLE, NMQGRGTC NMUCP JCLQ GL DPMLR MD RFC CWC, QSAF ?Q DMSLB
GL PC?BGLE EJ?QQCQ. #MKKMLJW ?T?GJ?@JC PC?BGLE EJ?QQCQ ?PC P?RCB @W RFCGP NMUCP GL BGMNRCPQ, RWNGA?JJW P?LEGLE DPMK 1.0 RM 3.5 $.
26.2 /?I?ED CEHH;9J?ED
4FC LCCB DMP QMKC RWNC MD TGQGML AMPPCARGML GQ TCPW AMKKML. #MKKML TGQGML BCDCARQ ?PC C?QW RM SLBCPQR?LB, ?LB QMKC ?PC QGKNJC RM AMPPCAR. F?=KH;
26.5 GJJSQRP?RCQ RUM AMKKML TGQGML BCDCARQ. ';7HI?=>J;:D;II, MP COEF?7, GQ RFC GL?@GJGRW RM QCC BGQR?LR M@HCARQ AJC?PJW UFGJC AJMQC M@HCARQ ?PC AJC?P.
4FC CWC MTCPAMLTCPECQ RFC LC?PJW N?P?JJCJ P?WQ DPMK ? BGQR?LR M@HCAR, ?LB RFC P?WQ APMQQ GL DPMLR MD RFC PCRGL?. -MPC BGTCPECLR P?WQ DPMK ? AJMQC M@HCAR
?PC AMLTCPECB ML RFC PCRGL? DMP ? AJC?P GK?EC. 4FC BGQR?LAC RM RFC D?PRFCQR M@HCAR RF?R A?L @C QCCL AJC?PJW GQ A?JJCB RFC <7H FE?DJ MD RFC CWC (LMPK?JJW
GLDGLGRW). F7HI?=>J;:D;II, MP >OF;HEF?7, GQ RFC GL?@GJGRW RM QCC AJMQC M@HCARQ AJC?PJW UFGJC BGQR?LR M@HCARQ K?W @C AJC?P. ! D?PQGEFRCB CWC BMCQ LMR
AMLTCPEC QSDDGAGCLR P?WQ DPMK ? AJMQC M@HCAR RM K?IC RFC P?WQ KCCR ML RFC PCRGL?. ,CQQ BGTCPEGLE P?WQ DPMK ? BGQR?LR M@HCAR A?L @C AMLTCPECB DMP ?
AJC?P GK?EC. 4FC BGQR?LAC RM RFC AJMQCQR M@HCAR RF?R A?L @C QCCL AJC?PJW GQ A?JJCB RFC D;7H FE?DJ MD RFC CWC (LMPK?JJW 25 AK).
F?=KH; 26.5 (?) 4FC LC?PQGEFRCB (KWMNGA) CWC AMLTCPECQ P?WQ DPMK ? BGQR?LR M@HCAR GL DPMLR MD RFC PCRGL?; RFSQ, RFCW ?PC BGTCPEGLE UFCL RFCW QRPGIC RFC PCRGL?, NPMBSAGLE ? @JSPPW
GK?EC. 4FGQ A?L @C A?SQCB @W RFC JCLQ MD RFC CWC @CGLE RMM NMUCPDSJ MP RFC JCLERF MD RFC CWC @CGLE RMM EPC?R. (@) 4FC D?PQGEFRCB (FWNCPMNGA) CWC GQ SL?@JC RM AMLTCPEC RFC P?WQ
DPMK ? AJMQC M@HCAR @W RFC RGKC RFCW QRPGIC RFC PCRGL?, NPMBSAGLE @JSPPW AJMQC TGQGML. 4FGQ A?L @C A?SQCB @W GLQSDDGAGCLR NMUCP GL RFC JCLQ MP @W RFC CWC @CGLE RMM QFMPR.
3GLAC RFC LC?PQGEFRCB CWC MTCP AMLTCPECQ JGEFR P?WQ, RFC AMPPCARGML DMP LC?PQGEFRCBLCQQ GQ RM NJ?AC ? BGTCPEGLE QNCAR?AJC JCLQ GL DPMLR MD RFC CWC. 4FGQ
PCBSACQ RFC NMUCP MD ?L CWC RF?R GQ RMM NMUCPDSJ. !LMRFCP U?W MD RFGLIGLE ?@MSR RFGQ GQ RF?R ? BGTCPEGLE QNCAR?AJC JCLQ NPMBSACQ ? A?QC 3 GK?EC,
UFGAF GQ AJMQCP RM RFC CWC RF?L RFC M@HCAR (QCC F?=KH; 26.6). 4M BCRCPKGLC RFC QNCAR?AJC NMUCP LCCBCB DMP AMPPCARGML, WMS KSQR ILMU RFC NCPQMLtQ D?P
NMGLRrRF?R GQ, WMS KSQR ILMU RFC EPC?RCQR BGQR?LAC ?R UFGAF RFC NCPQML A?L QCC AJC?PJW. 4FCL RFC GK?EC NPMBSACB @W ? QNCAR?AJC JCLQ KSQR @C ?R RFGQ
BGQR?LAC MP AJMQCP DMP RFC LC?PQGEFRCB NCPQML RM @C ?@JC RM QCC GR AJC?PJW. )R GQ UMPRF LMRGLE RF?R UC?PGLE EJ?QQCQ BMCQ LMR AF?LEC RFC CWC GL ?LW U?W.
4FC CWCEJ?QQ JCLQ GQ QGKNJW SQCB RM APC?RC ?L GK?EC MD RFC M@HCAR ?R ? BGQR?LAC UFCPC RFC LC?PQGEFRCB NCPQML A?L QCC GR AJC?PJW. 7FCPC?Q QMKCMLC
LMR UC?PGLE EJ?QQCQ A?L QCC AJC?PJW B5=86GF RF?R D?JJ @CRUCCL RFCGP LC?P NMGLR ?LB RFCGP D?P NMGLR, QMKCMLC UC?PGLE EJ?QQCQ A?L QCC <@4:8F RF?R D?JJ
@CRUCCL RFCGP LC?P NMGLR ?LB RFCGP D?P NMGLR.
#(!04%2 26 Y 6)3)/. !.$ /04)#!, ).3425-%.43 931
F?=KH; 26.6 #MPPCARGML MD LC?PQGEFRCBLCQQ PCOSGPCQ ? BGTCPEGLE JCLQ RF?R AMKNCLQ?RCQ DMP RFC MTCPAMLTCPECLAC @W RFC CWC. 4FC BGTCPEGLE JCLQ NPMBSACQ ?L GK?EC AJMQCP RM
RFC CWC RF?L RFC M@HCAR, QM RF?R RFC LC?PQGEFRCB NCPQML A?L QCC GR AJC?PJW.
EN7CFB; 26.3 CEHH;9J?D= ';7HI?=>J;:D;II
7F?R NMUCP MD QNCAR?AJC JCLQ GQ LCCBCB RM AMPPCAR RFC TGQGML MD ? LC?PQGEFRCB NCPQML UFMQC D?P NMGLR GQ 30.0 AK? !QQSKC RFC QNCAR?AJC
(AMPPCARGTC) JCLQ GQ FCJB 1.50 AK ?U?W DPMK RFC CWC @W CWCEJ?QQ DP?KCQ.
,JH7J;=O
9MS U?LR RFGQ LC?PQGEFRCB NCPQML RM @C ?@JC RM QCC TCPW BGQR?LR M@HCARQ AJC?PJW. 4F?R KC?LQ RFC QNCAR?AJC JCLQ KSQR NPMBSAC ?L GK?EC 30.0 AK
DPMK RFC CWC DMP ?L M@HCAR TCPW D?P ?U?W. !L GK?EC 30.0 AK DPMK RFC CWC UGJJ @C 28.5 AK RM RFC JCDR MD RFC QNCAR?AJC JCLQ (QCC F?=KH; 26.6).
4FCPCDMPC, UC KSQR ECR d
i
= 28.5 cm UFCL d
o
. 4FC GK?EC BGQR?LAC GQ LCE?RGTC, @CA?SQC GR GQ ML RFC Q?KC QGBC MD RFC QNCAR?AJC ?Q
RFC M@HCAR.
,EBKJ?ED
3GLAC d
i
?LB d
o
?PC ILMUL, RFC NMUCP MD RFC QNCAR?AJC JCLQ A?L @C DMSLB SQGLE P =
1
d
o
+
1
d
i
?Q UPGRRCL C?PJGCP:
(26.9)
P =
1
d
o
+
1
d
i
=
1
+
1
0.285 m
.
3GLAC 1/ = 0 , UC M@R?GL:
(26.10)
P = 0 3.51 / m = 3.51 D.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC LCE?RGTC NMUCP GLBGA?RCQ ? BGTCPEGLE (MP AMLA?TC) JCLQ, ?Q CVNCARCB. 4FC QNCAR?AJC NPMBSACQ ? A?QC 3 GK?EC AJMQCP RM RFC CWC, UFCPC RFC
NCPQML A?L QCC GR. )D WMS CV?KGLC CWCEJ?QQCQ DMP LC?PQGEFRCB NCMNJC, WMS UGJJ DGLB RFC JCLQCQ ?PC RFGLLCQR GL RFC ACLRCP. !BBGRGML?JJW, GD WMS
CV?KGLC ? NPCQAPGNRGML DMP CWCEJ?QQCQ DMP LC?PQGEFRCB NCMNJC, WMS UGJJ DGLB RF?R RFC NPCQAPG@CB NMUCP GQ LCE?RGTC ?LB EGTCL GL SLGRQ MD BGMNRCPQ.
3GLAC RFC D?PQGEFRCB CWC SLBCP AMLTCPECQ JGEFR P?WQ, RFC AMPPCARGML DMP D?PQGEFRCBLCQQ GQ RM NJ?AC ? AMLTCPEGLE QNCAR?AJC JCLQ GL DPMLR MD RFC CWC. 4FGQ
GLAPC?QCQ RFC NMUCP MD ?L CWC RF?R GQ RMM UC?I. !LMRFCP U?W MD RFGLIGLE ?@MSR RFGQ GQ RF?R ? AMLTCPEGLE QNCAR?AJC JCLQ NPMBSACQ ? A?QC 2 GK?EC,
UFGAF GQ D?PRFCP DPMK RFC CWC RF?L RFC M@HCAR (QCC F?=KH; 26.7). 4M BCRCPKGLC RFC QNCAR?AJC NMUCP LCCBCB DMP AMPPCARGML, WMS KSQR ILMU RFC NCPQMLtQ
LC?P NMGLRrRF?R GQ, WMS KSQR ILMU RFC QK?JJCQR BGQR?LAC ?R UFGAF RFC NCPQML A?L QCC AJC?PJW. 4FCL RFC GK?EC NPMBSACB @W ? QNCAR?AJC JCLQ KSQR @C
?R RFGQ BGQR?LAC MP D?PRFCP DMP RFC D?PQGEFRCB NCPQML RM @C ?@JC RM QCC GR AJC?PJW.
932 #(!04%2 26 Y 6)3)/. !.$ /04)#!, ).3425-%.43
F?=KH; 26.7 #MPPCARGML MD D?PQGEFRCBLCQQ SQCQ ? AMLTCPEGLE JCLQ RF?R AMKNCLQ?RCQ DMP RFC SLBCP AMLTCPECLAC @W RFC CWC. 4FC AMLTCPEGLE JCLQ NPMBSACQ ?L GK?EC D?PRFCP DPMK
RFC CWC RF?L RFC M@HCAR, QM RF?R RFC D?PQGEFRCB NCPQML A?L QCC GR AJC?PJW.
EN7CFB; 26.4 CEHH;9J?D= F7HI?=>J;:D;II
7F?R NMUCP MD QNCAR?AJC JCLQ GQ LCCBCB RM ?JJMU ? D?PQGEFRCB NCPQML, UFMQC LC?P NMGLR GQ 1.00 K, RM QCC ?L M@HCAR AJC?PJW RF?R GQ 25.0 AK ?U?W?
!QQSKC RFC QNCAR?AJC (AMPPCARGTC) JCLQ GQ FCJB 1.50 AK ?U?W DPMK RFC CWC @W CWCEJ?QQ DP?KCQ.
,JH7J;=O
7FCL ?L M@HCAR GQ FCJB 25.0 AK DPMK RFC NCPQMLtQ CWCQ, RFC QNCAR?AJC JCLQ KSQR NPMBSAC ?L GK?EC 1.00 K ?U?W (RFC LC?P NMGLR). !L GK?EC 1.00
K DPMK RFC CWC UGJJ @C 98.5 AK RM RFC JCDR MD RFC QNCAR?AJC JCLQ @CA?SQC RFC QNCAR?AJC JCLQ GQ 1.50 AK DPMK RFC CWC (QCC F?=KH; 26.7). 4FCPCDMPC,
d
i
= 98.5 cm. 4FC GK?EC BGQR?LAC GQ LCE?RGTC, @CA?SQC GR GQ ML RFC Q?KC QGBC MD RFC QNCAR?AJC ?Q RFC M@HCAR. 4FC M@HCAR GQ 23.5 AK RM RFC JCDR
MD RFC QNCAR?AJC, QM RF?R d
o
= 23.5 cm.
,EBKJ?ED
3GLAC d
i
?LB d
o
?PC ILMUL, RFC NMUCP MD RFC QNCAR?AJC JCLQ A?L @C DMSLB SQGLE P =
1
d
o
+
1
d
i
:
(26.11)
P =
1
d
o
+
1
d
i
=
1
0.235 m
+
1
0.985 m
= 4.26 D 1.02 D = 3.24 D.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC NMQGRGTC NMUCP GLBGA?RCQ ? AMLTCPEGLE (AMLTCV) JCLQ, ?Q CVNCARCB. 4FC AMLTCV QNCAR?AJC NPMBSACQ ? A?QC 2 GK?EC D?PRFCP DPMK RFC CWC,
UFCPC RFC NCPQML A?L QCC GR. )D WMS CV?KGLC CWCEJ?QQCQ MD D?PQGEFRCB NCMNJC, WMS UGJJ DGLB RFC JCLQCQ RM @C RFGAICQR GL RFC ACLRCP. )L ?BBGRGML, ?
NPCQAPGNRGML MD CWCEJ?QQCQ DMP D?PQGEFRCB NCMNJC F?Q ? NPCQAPG@CB NMUCP RF?R GQ NMQGRGTC.
!LMRFCP AMKKML TGQGML BCDCAR GQ 7IJ?=C7J?IC, ?L SLCTCLLCQQ MP ?QWKKCRPW GL RFC DMASQ MD RFC CWC. &MP CV?KNJC, P?WQ N?QQGLE RFPMSEF ? TCPRGA?J
PCEGML MD RFC CWC K?W DMASQ AJMQCP RF?L P?WQ N?QQGLE RFPMSEF ? FMPGXMLR?J PCEGML, PCQSJRGLE GL RFC GK?EC ?NNC?PGLE CJMLE?RCB. 4FGQ GQ KMQRJW BSC RM
GPPCESJ?PGRGCQ GL RFC QF?NC MD RFC AMPLC? @SR A?L ?JQM @C BSC RM JCLQ GPPCESJ?PGRGCQ MP SLCTCLLCQQ GL RFC PCRGL?. "CA?SQC MD RFCQC GPPCESJ?PGRGCQ, BGDDCPCLR
N?PRQ MD RFC JCLQ QWQRCK NPMBSAC GK?ECQ ?R BGDDCPCLR JMA?RGMLQ. 4FC CWC-@P?GL QWQRCK A?L AMKNCLQ?RC DMP QMKC MD RFCQC GPPCESJ?PGRGCQ, @SR RFCW
ECLCP?JJW K?LGDCQR RFCKQCJTCQ ?Q JCQQ BGQRGLAR TGQGML MP QF?PNCP GK?ECQ ?JMLE ACPR?GL ?VCQ. F?=KH; 26.8 QFMUQ ? AF?PR SQCB RM BCRCAR ?QRGEK?RGQK.
!QRGEK?RGQK A?L @C ?R JC?QR N?PRG?JJW AMPPCARCB UGRF ? QNCAR?AJC F?TGLE RFC MNNMQGRC GPPCESJ?PGRW MD RFC CWC. )D ?L CWCEJ?QQ NPCQAPGNRGML F?Q ? AWJGLBPGA?J
AMPPCARGML, GR GQ RFCPC RM AMPPCAR ?QRGEK?RGQK. 4FC LMPK?J AMPPCARGMLQ DMP QFMPR- MP D?PQGEFRCBLCQQ ?PC QNFCPGA?J AMPPCARGMLQ, SLGDMPK ?JMLE ?JJ ?VCQ.
#(!04%2 26 Y 6)3)/. !.$ /04)#!, ).3425-%.43 933
F?=KH; 26.8 4FGQ AF?PR A?L BCRCAR ?QRGEK?RGQK, SLCTCLLCQQ GL RFC DMASQ MD RFC CWC. #FCAI C?AF MD WMSP CWCQ QCN?P?RCJW @W JMMIGLE ?R RFC ACLRCP APMQQ (UGRFMSR QNCAR?AJCQ GD
WMS UC?P RFCK). )D JGLCQ ?JMLE QMKC ?VCQ ?NNC?P B?PICP MP AJC?PCP RF?L MRFCPQ, WMS F?TC ?L ?QRGEK?RGQK.
#MLR?AR JCLQCQ F?TC ?BT?LR?ECQ MTCP EJ?QQCQ @CWMLB RFCGP AMQKCRGA ?QNCARQ. /LC NPM@JCK UGRF EJ?QQCQ GQ RF?R ?Q RFC CWC KMTCQ, GR GQ LMR ?R ? DGVCB
BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC QNCAR?AJC JCLQ. #MLR?ARQ PCQR ML ?LB KMTC UGRF RFC CWC, CJGKGL?RGLE RFGQ NPM@JCK. "CA?SQC AMLR?ARQ AMTCP ? QGELGDGA?LR NMPRGML MD
RFC AMPLC?, RFCW NPMTGBC QSNCPGMP NCPGNFCP?J TGQGML AMKN?PCB UGRF CWCEJ?QQCQ. #MLR?ARQ ?JQM AMPPCAR QMKC AMPLC?J ?QRGEK?RGQK A?SQCB @W QSPD?AC
GPPCESJ?PGRGCQ. 4FC RC?P J?WCP @CRUCCL RFC QKMMRF AMLR?AR ?LB RFC AMPLC? DGJJQ GL RFC GPPCESJ?PGRGCQ. 3GLAC RFC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML MD RFC RC?P J?WCP ?LB RFC
AMPLC? ?PC TCPW QGKGJ?P, WMS LMU F?TC ? PCESJ?P MNRGA?J QSPD?AC GL NJ?AC MD ?L GPPCESJ?P MLC. )D RFC ASPT?RSPC MD ? AMLR?AR JCLQ GQ LMR RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC
AMPLC? (?Q K?W @C LCACQQ?PW UGRF QMKC GLBGTGBS?JQ RM M@R?GL ? AMKDMPR?@JC DGR), RFC RC?P J?WCP @CRUCCL RFC AMLR?AR ?LB AMPLC? ?ARQ ?Q ? JCLQ. )D RFC
RC?P J?WCP GQ RFGLLCP GL RFC ACLRCP RF?L ?R RFC CBECQ, GR F?Q ? LCE?RGTC NMUCP, DMP CV?KNJC. 3IGJJCB MNRMKCRPGQRQ UGJJ ?BHSQR RFC NMUCP MD RFC AMLR?AR RM
AMKNCLQ?RC.
%7I;H L?I?ED 9EHH;9J?ED F?Q NPMEPCQQCB P?NGBJW GL RFC J?QR DCU WC?PQ. )R GQ RFC J?RCQR ?LB @W D?P RFC KMQR QSAACQQDSJ GL ? QCPGCQ MD NPMACBSPCQ RF?R
AMPPCAR TGQGML @W PCQF?NGLE RFC AMPLC?. !Q LMRCB ?R RFC @CEGLLGLE MD RFGQ QCARGML, RFC AMPLC? ?AAMSLRQ DMP ?@MSR RUM-RFGPBQ MD RFC NMUCP MD RFC CWC.
4FSQ, QK?JJ ?BHSQRKCLRQ MD GRQ ASPT?RSPC F?TC RFC Q?KC CDDCAR ?Q NSRRGLE ? JCLQ GL DPMLR MD RFC CWC. 4M ? PC?QML?@JC ?NNPMVGK?RGML, RFC NMUCP MD
KSJRGNJC JCLQCQ NJ?ACB AJMQC RMECRFCP COS?JQ RFC QSK MD RFCGP NMUCPQ. &MP CV?KNJC, ? AMLA?TC QNCAR?AJC JCLQ (DMP LC?PQGEFRCBLCQQ) F?TGLE
P = 3.00 D F?Q RFC Q?KC CDDCAR ML TGQGML ?Q PCBSAGLE RFC NMUCP MD RFC CWC GRQCJD @W 3.00 $. 3M RM AMPPCAR RFC CWC DMP LC?PQGEFRCBLCQQ, RFC AMPLC?
GQ DJ?RRCLCB RM PCBSAC GRQ NMUCP. 3GKGJ?PJW, RM AMPPCAR DMP D?PQGEFRCBLCQQ, RFC ASPT?RSPC MD RFC AMPLC? GQ CLF?LACB RM GLAPC?QC RFC NMUCP MD RFC CWCrRFC
Q?KC CDDCAR ?Q RFC NMQGRGTC NMUCP QNCAR?AJC JCLQ SQCB DMP D?PQGEFRCBLCQQ. ,?QCP TGQGML AMPPCARGML SQCQ FGEF GLRCLQGRW CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML RM
?@J?RC (RM PCKMTC K?RCPG?J DPMK RFC QSPD?AC) ?LB PCQF?NC RFC AMPLC?J QSPD?ACQ.
4MB?W, RFC KMQR AMKKMLJW SQCB J?QCP TGQGML AMPPCARGML NPMACBSPC GQ #4F8E <A F<GH "8E4GB@<?8HF<F (#A*"). 4FC RMN J?WCP MD RFC AMPLC? GQ QSPEGA?JJW
NCCJCB @?AI ?LB RFC SLBCPJWGLE RGQQSC ?@J?RCB @W KSJRGNJC @SPQRQ MD DGLCJW AMLRPMJJCB SJRP?TGMJCR P?BG?RGML NPMBSACB @W ?L CVAGKCP J?QCP. ,?QCPQ ?PC
SQCB @CA?SQC RFCW LMR MLJW NPMBSAC UCJJ-DMASQCB GLRCLQC JGEFR, @SR RFCW ?JQM CKGR TCPW NSPC U?TCJCLERF CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML RF?R A?L @C
AMLRPMJJCB KMPC ?AASP?RCJW RF?L KGVCB U?TCJCLERF JGEFR. 4FC 193 LK U?TCJCLERF 56 AMKKMLJW SQCB GQ CVRPCKCJW ?LB QRPMLEJW ?@QMP@CB @W AMPLC?J
RGQQSC, ?JJMUGLE NPCAGQC CT?NMP?RGML MD TCPW RFGL J?WCPQ. ! AMKNSRCP AMLRPMJJCB NPMEP?K ?NNJGCQ KMPC @SPQRQ, SQS?JJW ?R ? P?RC MD 10 NCP QCAMLB, RM RFC
?PC?Q RF?R PCOSGPC BCCNCP PCKMT?J. 4WNGA?JJW ? QNMR JCQQ RF?L 1 KK GL BG?KCRCP ?LB ?@MSR 0.3 m GL RFGAILCQQ GQ PCKMTCB @W C?AF @SPQR.
.C?PQGEFRCBLCQQ, D?PQGEFRCBLCQQ, ?LB ?QRGEK?RGQK A?L @C AMPPCARCB UGRF ?L ?AASP?AW RF?R NPMBSACQ LMPK?J BGQR?LR TGQGML GL KMPC RF?L 90% MD RFC
N?RGCLRQ, GL K?LW A?QCQ PGEFR ?U?W. 4FC AMPLC?J DJ?N GQ PCNJ?ACB; FC?JGLE R?ICQ NJ?AC P?NGBJW ?LB GQ LC?PJW N?GLJCQQ. -MPC RF?L 1 KGJJGML !KCPGA?LQ NCP
WC?P SLBCPEM ,!3)+ (QCC F?=KH; 26.9).
F?=KH; 26.9 ,?QCP TGQGML AMPPCARGML GQ @CGLE NCPDMPKCB SQGLE RFC ,!3)+ NPMACBSPC. 2CQF?NGLE MD RFC AMPLC? @W J?QCP ?@J?RGML GQ @?QCB ML ? A?PCDSJ ?QQCQQKCLR MD RFC N?RGCLRtQ
TGQGML ?LB GQ AMKNSRCP AMLRPMJJCB. 4FC SNNCP AMPLC?J J?WCP GQ RCKNMP?PGJW NCCJCB @?AI ?LB KGLGK?JJW BGQRSP@CB GL ,!3)+, NPMTGBGLE DMP KMPC P?NGB ?LB JCQQ N?GLDSJ FC?JGLE MD RFC
JCQQ QCLQGRGTC RGQQSCQ @CJMU. (APCBGR: 5.3. .?TW NFMRM @W -?QQ #MKKSLGA?RGML 3NCAG?JGQR 1QR #J?QQ "PGCL !FM)
26.3 CEBEH 7D: CEBEH /?I?ED
4FC EGDR MD TGQGML GQ K?BC PGAFCP @W RFC CVGQRCLAC MD AMJMP. /@HCARQ ?LB JGEFRQ ?@MSLB UGRF RFMSQ?LBQ MD FSCQ RF?R QRGKSJ?RC MSP CWCQ, @P?GLQ, ?LB
CKMRGMLQ. 4UM @?QGA OSCQRGMLQ ?PC ?BBPCQQCB GL RFGQ @PGCD RPC?RKCLRrUF?R BMCQ AMJMP KC?L GL QAGCLRGDGA RCPKQ, ?LB FMU BM UC, ?Q FSK?LQ, NCPACGTC
GR?
3GKNJC 4FCMPW MD #MJMP 6GQGML
7C F?TC ?JPC?BW LMRCB RF?R AMJMP GQ ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF RFC U?TCJCLERF MD TGQG@JC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML. 7FCL MSP CWCQ PCACGTC NSPC-U?TCJCLERF
JGEFR, UC RCLB RM QCC MLJW ? DCU AMJMPQ. 3GV MD RFCQC (KMQR MDRCL JGQRCB) ?PC PCB, MP?LEC, WCJJMU, EPCCL, @JSC, ?LB TGMJCR. 4FCQC ?PC RFC P?GL@MU MD AMJMPQ
934 #(!04%2 26 Y 6)3)/. !.$ /04)#!, ).3425-%.43
NPMBSACB UFCL UFGRC JGEFR GQ BGQNCPQCB ?AAMPBGLE RM BGDDCPCLR U?TCJCLERFQ. 4FCPC ?PC RFMSQ?LBQ MD MRFCP >K;I RF?R UC A?L NCPACGTC. 4FCQC GLAJSBC
@PMUL, RC?J, EMJB, NGLI, ?LB UFGRC. /LC QGKNJC RFCMPW MD AMJMP TGQGML GKNJGCQ RF?R ?JJ RFCQC FSCQ ?PC MSP CWCtQ PCQNMLQC RM BGDDCPCLR AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD
U?TCJCLERFQ. 4FGQ GQ RPSC RM ?L CVRCLR, @SR UC DGLB RF?R AMJMP NCPACNRGML GQ CTCL QS@RJCP RF?L MSP CWCtQ PCQNMLQC DMP T?PGMSQ U?TCJCLERFQ MD JGEFR.
4FC RUM K?HMP RWNCQ MD JGEFR-QCLQGLE ACJJQ (NFMRMPCACNRMPQ) GL RFC PCRGL? ?PC HE:I 7D: 9ED;I. 2MBQ ?PC KMPC QCLQGRGTC RF?L AMLCQ @W ? D?ARMP MD
?@MSR 1000 ?LB ?PC QMJCJW PCQNMLQG@JC DMP NCPGNFCP?J TGQGML ?Q UCJJ ?Q TGQGML GL TCPW B?PI CLTGPMLKCLRQ. 4FCW ?PC ?JQM GKNMPR?LR DMP KMRGML BCRCARGML.
4FCPC ?PC ?@MSR 120 KGJJGML PMBQ GL RFC FSK?L PCRGL?. 2MBQ BM LMR WGCJB AMJMP GLDMPK?RGML. 9MS K?W LMRGAC RF?R WMS JMQC AMJMP TGQGML UFCL GR GQ TCPW
B?PI, @SR WMS PCR?GL RFC ?@GJGRW RM BGQACPL EPCW QA?JCQ.
4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR: 2MBQ ?LB #MLCQ
1. 'M GLRM ? B?PICLCB PMMK DPMK ? @PGEFRJW JGR PMMK, MP DPMK MSRQGBC GL RFC 3SL. (MU JMLE BGB GR R?IC RM QR?PR QCCGLE QF?NCQ KMPC AJC?PJW? 7F?R
?@MSR AMJMP? 2CRSPL RM RFC @PGEFR PMMK. $GB GR R?IC ? DCU KGLSRCQ @CDMPC WMS AMSJB QCC RFGLEQ AJC?PJW?
2. $CKMLQRP?RC RFC QCLQGRGTGRW MD DMTC?J TGQGML. ,MMI ?R RFC JCRRCP ' GL RFC UMPB 2/'%23. 7F?R ?@MSR RFC AJ?PGRW MD RFC JCRRCPQ ML CGRFCP QGBC MD
'?
#MLCQ ?PC KMQR AMLACLRP?RCB GL RFC DMTC?, RFC ACLRP?J PCEGML MD RFC PCRGL?. 4FCPC ?PC LM PMBQ FCPC. 4FC DMTC? GQ ?R RFC ACLRCP MD RFC K?ASJ?, ? 5 KK
BG?KCRCP PCEGML PCQNMLQG@JC DMP MSP ACLRP?J TGQGML. 4FC AMLCQ UMPI @CQR GL @PGEFR JGEFR ?LB ?PC PCQNMLQG@JC DMP FGEF PCQMJSRGML TGQGML. 4FCPC ?PC ?@MSR 6
KGJJGML AMLCQ GL RFC FSK?L PCRGL?. 4FCPC ?PC RFPCC RWNCQ MD AMLCQ, ?LB C?AF RWNC GQ QCLQGRGTC RM BGDDCPCLR P?LECQ MD U?TCJCLERFQ, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL
F?=KH; 26.10. ! I?CFB?<?;: J>;EHO E< 9EBEH L?I?ED GQ RF?R RFCPC ?PC RFPCC CE<@4EL 6B?BEF AMPPCQNMLBGLE RM RFC RFPCC RWNCQ MD AMLCQ. 4FC RFMSQ?LBQ MD
MRFCP FSCQ RF?R UC A?L BGQRGLESGQF ?KMLE ?PC APC?RCB @W T?PGMSQ AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD QRGKSJ?RGMLQ MD RFC RFPCC RWNCQ MD AMLCQ. #MJMP RCJCTGQGML SQCQ ?
RFPCC-AMJMP QWQRCK GL UFGAF RFC QAPCCL GQ AMTCPCB UGRF COS?J LSK@CPQ MD PCB, EPCCL, ?LB @JSC NFMQNFMP BMRQ. 4FC @PM?B P?LEC MD FSCQ ? TGCUCP QCCQ
GQ NPMBSACB @W T?PGMSQ AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD RFCQC RFPCC AMJMPQ. &MP CV?KNJC, WMS UGJJ NCPACGTC WCJJMU UFCL PCB ?LB EPCCL ?PC GJJSKGL?RCB UGRF RFC AMPPCAR
P?RGM MD GLRCLQGRGCQ. 7FGRC K?W @C QCLQCB UFCL ?JJ RFPCC ?PC GJJSKGL?RCB. 4FCL, GR UMSJB QCCK RF?R ?JJ FSCQ A?L @C NPMBSACB @W ?BBGLE RFPCC NPGK?PW
AMJMPQ GL T?PGMSQ NPMNMPRGMLQ. "SR RFCPC GQ ?L GLBGA?RGML RF?R AMJMP TGQGML GQ KMPC QMNFGQRGA?RCB. 4FCPC GQ LM SLGOSC QCR MD RFPCC NPGK?PW AMJMPQ. !LMRFCP
QCR RF?R UMPIQ GQ WCJJMU, EPCCL, ?LB @JSC. ! DSPRFCP GLBGA?RGML MD RFC LCCB DMP ? KMPC AMKNJCV RFCMPW MD AMJMP TGQGML GQ RF?R T?PGMSQ BGDDCPCLR
AMK@GL?RGMLQ A?L NPMBSAC RFC Q?KC FSC. 9CJJMU A?L @C QCLQCB UGRF WCJJMU JGEFR, MP UGRF ? AMK@GL?RGML MD PCB ?LB EPCCL, ?LB ?JQM UGRF UFGRC JGEFR
DPMK UFGAF TGMJCR F?Q @CCL PCKMTCB. 4FC RFPCC-NPGK?PW-AMJMPQ ?QNCAR MD AMJMP TGQGML GQ UCJJ CQR?@JGQFCB; KMPC QMNFGQRGA?RCB RFCMPGCQ CVN?LB ML GR
P?RFCP RF?L BCLW GR.
F?=KH; 26.10 4FC GK?EC QFMUQ RFC PCJ?RGTC QCLQGRGTGRW MD RFC RFPCC RWNCQ MD AMLCQ, UFGAF ?PC L?KCB ?AAMPBGLE RM U?TCJCLERFQ MD EPC?RCQR QCLQGRGTGRW. 2MBQ ?PC ?@MSR 1000
RGKCQ KMPC QCLQGRGTC, ?LB RFCGP ASPTC NC?IQ ?R ?@MSR 500 LK. %TGBCLAC DMP RFC RFPCC RWNCQ MD AMLCQ AMKCQ DPMK BGPCAR KC?QSPCKCLRQ GL ?LGK?J ?LB FSK?L CWCQ ?LB RCQRGLE MD
AMJMP @JGLB NCMNJC.
#MLQGBCP UFW T?PGMSQ M@HCARQ BGQNJ?W AMJMPrRF?R GQ, UFW ?PC DC?RFCPQ @JSC ?LB PCB GL ? APGKQML PMQCJJ?? 4FC GEH8 6B?BE B9 4A B5=86G GQ BCDGLCB @W GRQ
?@QMPNRGTC MP PCDJCARGTC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ. F?=KH; 26.11 QFMUQ UFGRC JGEFR D?JJGLE ML RFPCC BGDDCPCLR M@HCARQ, MLC NSPC @JSC, MLC NSPC PCB, ?LB MLC @J?AI,
?Q UCJJ ?Q NSPC PCB JGEFR D?JJGLE ML ? UFGRC M@HCAR. /RFCP FSCQ ?PC APC?RCB @W KMPC AMKNJCV ?@QMPNRGML AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ. 0GLI, DMP CV?KNJC ML ? E?J?F
AMAI?RMM, A?L @C BSC RM UC?I ?@QMPNRGML MD ?JJ AMJMPQ CVACNR PCB. !L M@HCAR A?L ?NNC?P ? BGDDCPCLR AMJMP SLBCP LML-UFGRC GJJSKGL?RGML. &MP CV?KNJC, ?
NSPC @JSC M@HCAR GJJSKGL?RCB UGRF NSPC PCB JGEFR UGJJ 4CC84E @J?AI, @CA?SQC GR ?@QMP@Q ?JJ RFC PCB JGEFR D?JJGLE ML GR. "SR, RFC RPSC AMJMP MD RFC M@HCAR GQ
@JSC, UFGAF GQ GLBCNCLBCLR MD GJJSKGL?RGML.
F?=KH; 26.11 !@QMPNRGML AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ BCRCPKGLC RFC RPSC AMJMP MD ?L M@HCAR. (CPC, RFPCC M@HCARQ ?PC GJJSKGL?RCB @W UFGRC JGEFR, ?LB MLC @W NSPC PCB JGEFR. 7FGRC GQ RFC COS?J
KGVRSPC MD ?JJ TGQG@JC U?TCJCLERFQ; @J?AI GQ RFC ?@QCLAC MD JGEFR.
#(!04%2 26 Y 6)3)/. !.$ /04)#!, ).3425-%.43 935
3GKGJ?PJW, ?<:;G FBHE68F ;4I8 6B?BEF RF?R ?PC BCDGLCB @W RFC U?TCJCLERFQ RFCW NPMBSAC. ! FCJGSK-LCML J?QCP CKGRQ NSPC PCB JGEFR. )L D?AR, RFC NFP?QC
uNSPC PCB JGEFRv GQ BCDGLCB @W F?TGLE ? QF?PN AMLQRP?GLCB QNCARPSK, ? AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MD J?QCP JGEFR. 4FC 3SL NPMBSACQ ? @PM?B WCJJMUGQF QNCARPSK,
DJSMPCQACLR JGEFRQ CKGR @JSGQF-UFGRC JGEFR, ?LB GLA?LBCQACLR JGEFRQ CKGR PCBBGQF-UFGRC FSCQ ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 26.12. !Q WMS UMSJB CVNCAR, WMS QCLQC
RFCQC AMJMPQ UFCL TGCUGLE RFC JGEFR QMSPAC BGPCARJW MP UFCL GJJSKGL?RGLE ? UFGRC M@HCAR UGRF RFCK. !JJ MD RFGQ DGRQ LC?RJW GLRM RFC QGKNJGDGCB RFCMPW RF?R ?
AMK@GL?RGML MD U?TCJCLERFQ NPMBSACQ T?PGMSQ FSCQ.
4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR: %VNJMPGLE #MJMP !BBGRGML
4FGQ ?ARGTGRW GQ @CQR BMLC UGRF NJ?QRGA QFCCRQ MD BGDDCPCLR AMJMPQ ?Q RFCW ?JJMU KMPC JGEFR RM N?QQ RFPMSEF RM MSP CWCQ. (MUCTCP, RFGL QFCCRQ MD
N?NCP ?LB D?@PGA A?L ?JQM @C SQCB. /TCPJ?W BGDDCPCLR AMJMPQ MD RFC K?RCPG?J ?LB FMJB RFCK SN RM ? UFGRC JGEFR. 5QGLE RFC RFCMPW BCQAPG@CB ?@MTC,
CVNJ?GL RFC AMJMPQ WMS M@QCPTC. 9MS AMSJB ?JQM RPW KGVGLE BGDDCPCLR AP?WML AMJMPQ.
F?=KH; 26.12 %KGQQGML QNCARP? DMP T?PGMSQ JGEFR QMSPACQ ?PC QFMUL. #SPTC ! GQ ?TCP?EC QSLJGEFR ?R %?PRFtQ QSPD?AC, ASPTC " GQ JGEFR DPMK ? DJSMPCQACLR J?KN, ?LB ASPTC # GQ RFC
MSRNSR MD ?L GLA?LBCQACLR JGEFR. 4FC QNGIC DMP ? FCJGSK-LCML J?QCP (ASPTC $) GQ BSC RM GRQ NSPC U?TCJCLERF CKGQQGML. 4FC QNGICQ GL RFC DJSMPCQACLR MSRNSR ?PC BSC RM ?RMKGA
QNCARP?r? RMNGA RF?R UGJJ @C CVNJMPCB J?RCP.
#MJMP #MLQR?LAW ?LB ? -MBGDGCB 4FCMPW MD #MJMP 6GQGML
4FC CWC-@P?GL AMJMP-QCLQGLE QWQRCK A?L, @W AMKN?PGLE T?PGMSQ M@HCARQ GL GRQ TGCU, NCPACGTC RFC RPSC AMJMP MD ?L M@HCAR SLBCP T?PWGLE JGEFRGLE
AMLBGRGMLQr?L ?@GJGRW RF?R GQ A?JJCB 9EBEH 9EDIJ7D9O. 7C A?L QCLQC RF?R ? UFGRC R?@JCAJMRF, DMP CV?KNJC, GQ UFGRC UFCRFCP GR GQ GJJSKGL?RCB @W QSLJGEFR,
DJSMPCQACLR JGEFR, MP A?LBJCJGEFR. 4FC U?TCJCLERFQ CLRCPGLE RFC CWC ?PC OSGRC BGDDCPCLR GL C?AF A?QC, ?Q RFC EP?NFQ GL F?=KH; 26.12 GKNJW, @SR MSP AMJMP
TGQGML A?L BCRCAR RFC RPSC AMJMP @W AMKN?PGLE RFC R?@JCAJMRF UGRF GRQ QSPPMSLBGLEQ.
4FCMPGCQ RF?R R?IC AMJMP AMLQR?LAW GLRM ?AAMSLR ?PC @?QCB ML ? J?PEC @MBW MD ?L?RMKGA?J CTGBCLAC ?Q UCJJ ?Q NCPACNRS?J QRSBGCQ. 4FCPC ?PC LCPTC
AMLLCARGMLQ ?KMLE RFC JGEFR PCACNRMPQ ML RFC PCRGL?, ?LB RFCPC ?PC D?P DCUCP LCPTC AMLLCARGMLQ RM RFC @P?GL RF?L RFCPC ?PC PMBQ ?LB AMLCQ. 4FGQ
KC?LQ RF?R RFCPC GQ QGEL?J NPMACQQGLE GL RFC CWC @CDMPC GLDMPK?RGML GQ QCLR RM RFC @P?GL. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC CWC K?ICQ AMKN?PGQMLQ @CRUCCL ?BH?ACLR
JGEFR PCACNRMPQ ?LB GQ TCPW QCLQGRGTC RM CBECQ ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 26.13. 2?RFCP RF?L PCQNMLBGLE QGKNJW RM RFC JGEFR CLRCPGLE RFC CWC, UFGAF GQ SLGDMPK GL
RFC T?PGMSQ PCAR?LEJCQ GL RFGQ DGESPC, RFC CWC PCQNMLBQ RM RFC CBECQ ?LB QCLQCQ D?JQC B?PILCQQ T?PG?RGMLQ.
F?=KH; 26.13 4FC GKNMPR?LAC MD CBECQ GQ QFMUL. !JRFMSEF RFC EPCW QRPGNQ ?PC SLGDMPKJW QF?BCB, ?Q GLBGA?RCB @W RFC EP?NF GKKCBG?RCJW @CJMU RFCK, RFCW BM LMR ?NNC?P SLGDMPK
?R ?JJ. )LQRC?B, RFCW ?PC NCPACGTCB B?PICP ML RFC B?PI QGBC ?LB JGEFRCP ML RFC JGEFR QGBC MD RFC CBEC, ?Q QFMUL GL RFC @MRRMK EP?NF. 4FGQ GQ BSC RM LCPTC GKNSJQC NPMACQQGLE GL RFC
CWC.
936 #(!04%2 26 Y 6)3)/. !.$ /04)#!, ).3425-%.43
/LC RFCMPW RF?R R?ICQ T?PGMSQ D?ARMPQ GLRM ?AAMSLR U?Q ?BT?LACB @W %BUGL ,?LB (1909 q 1991), RFC APC?RGTC DMSLBCP MD RFC 0MJ?PMGB #MPNMP?RGML.
,?LB NPMNMQCB, @?QCB N?PRJW ML FGQ K?LW CJCE?LR CVNCPGKCLRQ, RF?R RFC RFPCC RWNCQ MD AMLCQ ?PC MPE?LGXCB GLRM QWQRCKQ A?JJCB H;J?D;N;I. %?AF
PCRGLCV DMPKQ ?L GK?EC RF?R GQ AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC MRFCPQ, ?LB RFC CWC-@P?GL QWQRCK RFSQ A?L AMKN?PC ? A?LBJC-GJJSKGL?RCB UFGRC R?@JC AJMRF UGRF GRQ
ECLCP?JJW PCBBGQF QSPPMSLBGLEQ ?LB BCRCPKGLC RF?R GR GQ ?ARS?JJW UFGRC. 4FGQ H;J?D;N J>;EHO E< 9EBEH L?I?ED GQ ?L CV?KNJC MD KMBGDGCB RFCMPGCQ MD AMJMP
TGQGML RF?R ?RRCKNR RM ?AAMSLR DMP GRQ QS@RJCRGCQ. /LC QRPGIGLE CVNCPGKCLR NCPDMPKCB @W ,?LB BCKMLQRP?RCQ RF?R QMKC RWNC MD GK?EC AMKN?PGQML K?W
NPMBSAC AMJMP TGQGML. 4UM NGARSPCQ ?PC R?ICL MD ? QACLC ML @J?AI-?LB-UFGRC DGJK, MLC SQGLE ? PCB DGJRCP, RFC MRFCP ? @JSC DGJRCP. 2CQSJRGLE @J?AI-?LB-UFGRC
QJGBCQ ?PC RFCL NPMHCARCB ?LB QSNCPGKNMQCB ML ? QAPCCL, NPMBSAGLE ? @J?AI-?LB-UFGRC GK?EC, ?Q CVNCARCB. 4FCL ? PCB DGJRCP GQ NJ?ACB GL DPMLR MD RFC
QJGBC R?ICL UGRF ? PCB DGJRCP, ?LB RFC GK?ECQ ?PC ?E?GL QSNCPGKNMQCB ML ? QAPCCL. 9MS UMSJB CVNCAR ?L GK?EC GL T?PGMSQ QF?BCQ MD NGLI, @SR GLQRC?B,
RFC GK?EC ?NNC?PQ RM FSK?LQ GL DSJJ AMJMP UGRF ?JJ RFC FSCQ MD RFC MPGEGL?J QACLC. 4FGQ GKNJGCQ RF?R AMJMP TGQGML A?L @C GLBSACB @W AMKN?PGQML MD RFC
@J?AI-?LB-UFGRC ?LB PCB GK?ECQ. #MJMP TGQGML GQ LMR AMKNJCRCJW SLBCPQRMMB MP CVNJ?GLCB, ?LB RFC PCRGLCV RFCMPW GQ LMR RMR?JJW ?AACNRCB. )R GQ ?NN?PCLR
RF?R AMJMP TGQGML GQ KSAF QS@RJCP RF?L UF?R ? DGPQR JMMI KGEFR GKNJW.
26.4 &?9HEI9EF;I
!JRFMSEF RFC CWC GQ K?PTCJMSQ GL GRQ ?@GJGRW RM QCC M@HCARQ J?PEC ?LB QK?JJ, GR M@TGMSQJW F?Q JGKGR?RGMLQ RM RFC QK?JJCQR BCR?GJQ GR A?L BCRCAR. (SK?L
BCQGPC RM QCC @CWMLB UF?R GQ NMQQG@JC UGRF RFC L?ICB CWC JCB RM RFC SQC MD MNRGA?J GLQRPSKCLRQ. )L RFGQ QCARGML UC UGJJ CV?KGLC KGAPMQAMNCQ,
GLQRPSKCLRQ DMP CLJ?PEGLE RFC BCR?GJ RF?R UC A?LLMR QCC UGRF RFC SL?GBCB CWC. 4FC KGAPMQAMNC GQ ? KSJRGNJC-CJCKCLR QWQRCK F?TGLE KMPC RF?L ? QGLEJC
JCLQ MP KGPPMP. (3CC F?=KH; 26.15) ! KGAPMQAMNC A?L @C K?BC DPMK RUM AMLTCV JCLQCQ. 4FC GK?EC DMPKCB @W RFC DGPQR CJCKCLR @CAMKCQ RFC M@HCAR DMP
RFC QCAMLB CJCKCLR. 4FC QCAMLB CJCKCLR DMPKQ GRQ MUL GK?EC, UFGAF GQ RFC M@HCAR DMP RFC RFGPB CJCKCLR, ?LB QM ML. 2?W RP?AGLE FCJNQ RM TGQS?JGXC RFC
GK?EC DMPKCB. )D RFC BCTGAC GQ AMKNMQCB MD RFGL JCLQCQ ?LB KGPPMPQ RF?R M@CW RFC RFGL JCLQ COS?RGMLQ, RFCL GR GQ LMR BGDDGASJR RM BCQAPG@C RFCGP @CF?TGMP
LSKCPGA?JJW.
F?=KH; 26.15 -SJRGNJC JCLQCQ ?LB KGPPMPQ ?PC SQCB GL RFGQ KGAPMQAMNC. (APCBGR: 5.3. .?TW NFMRM @W 4MK 7?R?L?@C)
-GAPMQAMNCQ UCPC DGPQR BCTCJMNCB GL RFC C?PJW 1600Q @W CWCEJ?QQ K?ICPQ GL 4FC .CRFCPJ?LBQ ?LB $CLK?PI. 4FC QGKNJCQR 9ECFEKD: C?9HEI9EF; GQ
AMLQRPSARCB DPMK RUM AMLTCV JCLQCQ ?Q QFMUL QAFCK?RGA?JJW GL F?=KH; 26.16. 4FC DGPQR JCLQ GQ A?JJCB RFC E8@;9J?L; B;DI, ?LB F?Q RWNGA?J K?ELGDGA?RGML
T?JSCQ DPMK 5 RM 100 . )L QR?LB?PB KGAPMQAMNCQ, RFC M@HCARGTCQ ?PC KMSLRCB QSAF RF?R UFCL WMS QUGRAF @CRUCCL M@HCARGTCQ, RFC Q?KNJC PCK?GLQ
GL DMASQ. /@HCARGTCQ ?PP?LECB GL RFGQ U?W ?PC BCQAPG@CB ?Q N?PDMA?J. 4FC QCAMLB, RFC ;O;F?;9;, ?JQM PCDCPPCB RM ?Q RFC MASJ?P, F?Q QCTCP?J JCLQCQ
UFGAF QJGBC GLQGBC ? AWJGLBPGA?J @?PPCJ. 4FC DMASQGLE ?@GJGRW GQ NPMTGBCB @W RFC KMTCKCLR MD @MRF RFC M@HCARGTC JCLQ ?LB RFC CWCNGCAC. 4FC NSPNMQC MD ?
KGAPMQAMNC GQ RM K?ELGDW QK?JJ M@HCARQ, ?LB @MRF JCLQCQ AMLRPG@SRC RM RFC DGL?J K?ELGDGA?RGML. !BBGRGML?JJW, RFC DGL?J CLJ?PECB GK?EC GQ NPMBSACB GL ?
JMA?RGML D?P CLMSEF DPMK RFC M@QCPTCP RM @C C?QGJW TGCUCB, QGLAC RFC CWC A?LLMR DMASQ ML M@HCARQ MP GK?ECQ RF?R ?PC RMM AJMQC.
#(!04%2 26 Y 6)3)/. !.$ /04)#!, ).3425-%.43 937
F?=KH; 26.16 ! AMKNMSLB KGAPMQAMNC AMKNMQCB MD RUM JCLQCQ, ?L M@HCARGTC ?LB ?L CWCNGCAC. 4FC M@HCARGTC DMPKQ ? A?QC 1 GK?EC RF?R GQ J?PECP RF?L RFC M@HCAR. 4FGQ DGPQR
GK?EC GQ RFC M@HCAR DMP RFC CWCNGCAC. 4FC CWCNGCAC DMPKQ ? A?QC 2 DGL?J GK?EC RF?R GQ DSPRFCP K?ELGDGCB.
4M QCC FMU RFC KGAPMQAMNC GL F?=KH; 26.16 DMPKQ ?L GK?EC, UC AMLQGBCP GRQ RUM JCLQCQ GL QSAACQQGML. 4FC M@HCAR GQ QJGEFRJW D?PRFCP ?U?W DPMK RFC
M@HCARGTC JCLQ RF?L GRQ DMA?J JCLERF f
o
, NPMBSAGLE ? A?QC 1 GK?EC RF?R GQ J?PECP RF?L RFC M@HCAR. 4FGQ DGPQR GK?EC GQ RFC M@HCAR DMP RFC QCAMLB JCLQ, MP
CWCNGCAC. 4FC CWCNGCAC GQ GLRCLRGML?JJW JMA?RCB QM GR A?L DSPRFCP K?ELGDW RFC GK?EC. 4FC CWCNGCAC GQ NJ?ACB QM RF?R RFC DGPQR GK?EC GQ AJMQCP RM GR RF?L
GRQ DMA?J JCLERF f
e
. 4FSQ RFC CWCNGCAC ?ARQ ?Q ? K?ELGDWGLE EJ?QQ, ?LB RFC DGL?J GK?EC GQ K?BC CTCL J?PECP. 4FC DGL?J GK?EC PCK?GLQ GLTCPRCB, @SR GR GQ
D?PRFCP DPMK RFC M@QCPTCP, K?IGLE GR C?QW RM TGCU (RFC CWC GQ KMQR PCJ?VCB UFCL TGCUGLE BGQR?LR M@HCARQ ?LB LMPK?JJW A?LLMR DMASQ AJMQCP RF?L 25 AK).
3GLAC C?AF JCLQ NPMBSACQ ? K?ELGDGA?RGML RF?R KSJRGNJGCQ RFC FCGEFR MD RFC GK?EC, GR GQ ?NN?PCLR RF?R RFC MTCP?JJ K?ELGDGA?RGML m GQ RFC NPMBSAR MD RFC
GLBGTGBS?J K?ELGDGA?RGMLQ:
(26.12) m = m
o
m
e
,
UFCPC m
o
GQ RFC K?ELGDGA?RGML MD RFC M@HCARGTC ?LB m
e
GQ RFC K?ELGDGA?RGML MD RFC CWCNGCAC. 4FGQ COS?RGML A?L @C ECLCP?JGXCB DMP ?LW AMK@GL?RGML
MD RFGL JCLQCQ ?LB KGPPMPQ RF?R M@CW RFC RFGL JCLQ COS?RGMLQ.
/TCP?JJ -?ELGDGA?RGML
4FC MTCP?JJ K?ELGDGA?RGML MD ? KSJRGNJC-CJCKCLR QWQRCK GQ RFC NPMBSAR MD RFC GLBGTGBS?J K?ELGDGA?RGMLQ MD GRQ CJCKCLRQ.
EN7CFB; 26.5 &?9HEI9EF; &7=D?<?97J?ED
#?JASJ?RC RFC K?ELGDGA?RGML MD ?L M@HCAR NJ?ACB 6.20 KK DPMK ? AMKNMSLB KGAPMQAMNC RF?R F?Q ? 6.00 KK DMA?J JCLERF M@HCARGTC ?LB ? 50.0 KK
DMA?J JCLERF CWCNGCAC. 4FC M@HCARGTC ?LB CWCNGCAC ?PC QCN?P?RCB @W 23.0 AK.
4FGQ QGRS?RGML GQ QGKGJ?P RM RF?R QFMUL GL F?=KH; 26.16. 4M DGLB RFC MTCP?JJ K?ELGDGA?RGML, UC KSQR DGLB RFC K?ELGDGA?RGML MD RFC M@HCARGTC, RFCL RFC
K?ELGDGA?RGML MD RFC CWCNGCAC. 4FGQ GLTMJTCQ SQGLE RFC RFGL JCLQ COS?RGML.
,EBKJ?ED
4FC K?ELGDGA?RGML MD RFC M@HCARGTC JCLQ GQ EGTCL ?Q
(26.13)
m
o
=
d
i
d
o
,
UFCPC d
o
?LB d
i
?PC RFC M@HCAR ?LB GK?EC BGQR?LACQ, PCQNCARGTCJW, DMP RFC M@HCARGTC JCLQ ?Q J?@CJCB GL F?=KH; 26.16. 4FC M@HCAR BGQR?LAC GQ
EGTCL RM @C d
o
= 6.20 mm, @SR RFC GK?EC BGQR?LAC d
i
GQ LMR ILMUL. )QMJ?RGLE d
i
, UC F?TC
(26.14) 1
d
i
=
1
f
o

1
d
o
,
UFCPC f
o
GQ RFC DMA?J JCLERF MD RFC M@HCARGTC JCLQ. 3S@QRGRSRGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ EGTCQ
(26.15)
1
d
i
=
1
6.00 mm

1
6.20 mm
=
0.00538
mm
.
7C GLTCPR RFGQ RM DGLB d
i
:
(26.16)
d
i
= 186 mm.
938 #(!04%2 26 Y 6)3)/. !.$ /04)#!, ).3425-%.43
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFGQ GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP m
o
EGTCQ
(26.17)
m
o
=
d
i
d
o
=
186 mm
6.20 mm
= 30.0.
.MU UC KSQR DGLB RFC K?ELGDGA?RGML MD RFC CWCNGCAC, UFGAF GQ EGTCL @W
(26.18)
m
e
=
d
i
d
o
,
UFCPC d
i
?LB d
o
?PC RFC GK?EC ?LB M@HCAR BGQR?LACQ DMP RFC CWCNGCAC (QCC F?=KH; 26.16). 4FC M@HCAR BGQR?LAC GQ RFC BGQR?LAC MD RFC DGPQR
GK?EC DPMK RFC CWCNGCAC. 3GLAC RFC DGPQR GK?EC GQ 186 KK RM RFC PGEFR MD RFC M@HCARGTC ?LB RFC CWCNGCAC GQ 230 KK RM RFC PGEFR MD RFC M@HCARGTC,
RFC M@HCAR BGQR?LAC GQ d
o
= 230 mm 186 mm = 44.0 mm. 4FGQ NJ?ACQ RFC DGPQR GK?EC AJMQCP RM RFC CWCNGCAC RF?L GRQ DMA?J JCLERF, QM RF?R
RFC CWCNGCAC UGJJ DMPK ? A?QC 2 GK?EC ?Q QFMUL GL RFC DGESPC. 7C QRGJJ LCCB RM DGLB RFC JMA?RGML MD RFC DGL?J GK?EC d
i
GL MPBCP RM DGLB RFC
K?ELGDGA?RGML. 4FGQ GQ BMLC ?Q @CDMPC RM M@R?GL ? T?JSC DMP 1 / d
i
:
(26.19)
1
d
i
=
1
f
e

1
d
o
=
1
50.0 mm

1
44.0 mm
=
0.00273
mm
.
)LTCPRGLE EGTCQ
(26.20)
d
i
=
mm
0.00273
= 367 mm.
4FC CWCNGCACtQ K?ELGDGA?RGML GQ RFSQ
(26.21)
m
e
=
d
i
d
o
=
367 mm
44.0 mm
= 8.33.
3M RFC MTCP?JJ K?ELGDGA?RGML GQ
(26.22)
m = m
o
m
e
= ( 30.0)(8.33) = 250.
D?I9KII?ED
"MRF RFC M@HCARGTC ?LB RFC CWCNGCAC AMLRPG@SRC RM RFC MTCP?JJ K?ELGDGA?RGML, UFGAF GQ J?PEC ?LB LCE?RGTC, AMLQGQRCLR UGRF F?=KH; 26.16, UFCPC RFC
GK?EC GQ QCCL RM @C J?PEC ?LB GLTCPRCB. )L RFGQ A?QC, RFC GK?EC GQ TGPRS?J ?LB GLTCPRCB, UFGAF A?LLMR F?NNCL DMP ? QGLEJC CJCKCLR (A?QC 2 ?LB
A?QC 3 GK?ECQ DMP QGLEJC CJCKCLRQ ?PC TGPRS?J ?LB SNPGEFR). 4FC DGL?J GK?EC GQ 367 KK (0.367 K) RM RFC JCDR MD RFC CWCNGCAC. (?B RFC CWCNGCAC
@CCL NJ?ACB D?PRFCP DPMK RFC M@HCARGTC, GR AMSJB F?TC DMPKCB ? A?QC 1 GK?EC RM RFC PGEFR. 3SAF ?L GK?EC AMSJB @C NPMHCARCB ML ? QAPCCL, @SR GR
UMSJB @C @CFGLB RFC FC?B MD RFC NCPQML GL RFC DGESPC ?LB LMR ?NNPMNPG?RC DMP BGPCAR TGCUGLE. 4FC NPMACBSPC SQCB RM QMJTC RFGQ CV?KNJC GQ
?NNJGA?@JC GL ?LW KSJRGNJC-CJCKCLR QWQRCK. %?AF CJCKCLR GQ RPC?RCB GL RSPL, UGRF C?AF DMPKGLE ?L GK?EC RF?R @CAMKCQ RFC M@HCAR DMP RFC LCVR
CJCKCLR. 4FC NPMACQQ GQ LMR KMPC BGDDGASJR RF?L DMP QGLEJC JCLQCQ MP KGPPMPQ, MLJW JCLERFGCP.
.MPK?J MNRGA?J KGAPMQAMNCQ A?L K?ELGDW SN RM 1500 UGRF ? RFCMPCRGA?J PCQMJSRGML MD 0.2 m. 4FC JCLQCQ A?L @C OSGRC AMKNJGA?RCB ?LB ?PC
AMKNMQCB MD KSJRGNJC CJCKCLRQ RM PCBSAC ?@CPP?RGMLQ. -GAPMQAMNC M@HCARGTC JCLQCQ ?PC N?PRGASJ?PJW GKNMPR?LR ?Q RFCW NPGK?PGJW E?RFCP JGEFR DPMK RFC
QNCAGKCL. 4FPCC N?P?KCRCPQ BCQAPG@C KGAPMQAMNC M@HCARGTCQ: RFC DKC;H?97B 7F;HJKH; (NA) , RFC K?ELGDGA?RGML (m) , ?LB RFC UMPIGLE BGQR?LAC. 4FC
NA GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC JGEFR E?RFCPGLE ?@GJGRW MD ? JCLQ ?LB GQ M@R?GLCB SQGLE RFC ?LEJC MD ?AACNR?LAC DMPKCB @W RFC K?VGKSK AMLC MD P?WQ DMASQGLE
ML RFC QNCAGKCL (QCC F?=KH; 26.17(?)) ?LB GQ EGTCL @W
(26.23)
NA = n sin ,
UFCPC n GQ RFC PCDP?ARGTC GLBCV MD RFC KCBGSK @CRUCCL RFC JCLQ ?LB RFC QNCAGKCL ?LB = / 2 . !Q RFC ?LEJC MD ?AACNR?LAC EGTCL @W
GLAPC?QCQ, NA @CAMKCQ J?PECP ?LB KMPC JGEFR GQ E?RFCPCB DPMK ? QK?JJCP DMA?J PCEGML EGTGLE FGEFCP PCQMJSRGML. ! 0.75NA M@HCARGTC EGTCQ KMPC
BCR?GJ RF?L ? 0.10NA M@HCARGTC.
#(!04%2 26 Y 6)3)/. !.$ /04)#!, ).3425-%.43 939
F?=KH; 26.17 (?) 4FC LSKCPGA?J ?NCPRSPC (NA) MD ? KGAPMQAMNC M@HCARGTC JCLQ PCDCPQ RM RFC JGEFR-E?RFCPGLE ?@GJGRW MD RFC JCLQ ?LB GQ A?JASJ?RCB SQGLE F?JD RFC ?LEJC MD
?AACNR?LAC . (@) (CPC, GQ F?JD RFC ?AACNR?LAC ?LEJC DMP JGEFR P?WQ DPMK ? QNCAGKCL CLRCPGLE ? A?KCP? JCLQ, ?LB D GQ RFC BG?KCRCP MD RFC ?NCPRSPC RF?R AMLRPMJQ RFC JGEFR
CLRCPGLE RFC JCLQ.
7FGJC RFC LSKCPGA?J ?NCPRSPC A?L @C SQCB RM AMKN?PC PCQMJSRGMLQ MD T?PGMSQ M@HCARGTCQ, GR BMCQ LMR GLBGA?RC FMU D?P RFC JCLQ AMSJB @C DPMK RFC
QNCAGKCL. 4FGQ GQ QNCAGDGCB @W RFC uUMPIGLE BGQR?LAC,v UFGAF GQ RFC BGQR?LAC (GL KK SQS?JJW) DPMK RFC DPMLR JCLQ CJCKCLR MD RFC M@HCARGTC RM RFC
QNCAGKCL, MP AMTCP EJ?QQ. 4FC FGEFCP RFC NA RFC AJMQCP RFC JCLQ UGJJ @C RM RFC QNCAGKCL ?LB RFC KMPC AF?LACQ RFCPC ?PC MD @PC?IGLE RFC AMTCP QJGN
?LB B?K?EGLE @MRF RFC QNCAGKCL ?LB RFC JCLQ. 4FC DMA?J JCLERF MD ?L M@HCARGTC JCLQ GQ BGDDCPCLR RF?L RFC UMPIGLE BGQR?LAC. 4FGQ GQ @CA?SQC M@HCARGTC
JCLQCQ ?PC K?BC MD ? AMK@GL?RGML MD JCLQCQ ?LB RFC DMA?J JCLERF GQ KC?QSPCB DPMK GLQGBC RFC @?PPCJ. 4FC UMPIGLE BGQR?LAC GQ ? N?P?KCRCP RF?R
KGAPMQAMNGQRQ A?L SQC KMPC PC?BGJW ?Q GR GQ KC?QSPCB DPMK RFC MSRCPKMQR JCLQ. 4FC UMPIGLE BGQR?LAC BCAPC?QCQ ?Q RFC NA ?LB K?ELGDGA?RGML @MRF
GLAPC?QC.
4FC RCPK f / # GL ECLCP?J GQ A?JJCB RFC f -LSK@CP ?LB GQ SQCB RM BCLMRC RFC JGEFR NCP SLGR ?PC? PC?AFGLE RFC GK?EC NJ?LC. )L NFMRMEP?NFW, ?L GK?EC
MD ?L M@HCAR ?R GLDGLGRW GQ DMPKCB ?R RFC DMA?J NMGLR ?LB RFC f -LSK@CP GQ EGTCL @W RFC P?RGM MD RFC DMA?J JCLERF f MD RFC JCLQ ?LB RFC BG?KCRCP D MD RFC
?NCPRSPC AMLRPMJJGLE RFC JGEFR GLRM RFC JCLQ (QCC F?=KH; 26.17(@)). )D RFC ?AACNR?LAC ?LEJC GQ QK?JJ RFC NA MD RFC JCLQ A?L ?JQM @C SQCB ?Q EGTCL
@CJMU.
(26.24)
f /# =
f
D

1
2NA
.
!Q RFC f -LSK@CP BCAPC?QCQ, RFC A?KCP? GQ ?@JC RM E?RFCP JGEFR DPMK ? J?PECP ?LEJC, EGTGLE UGBC-?LEJC NFMRMEP?NFW. !Q SQS?J RFCPC GQ ? RP?BC-MDD. !
EPC?RCP f / # KC?LQ JCQQ JGEFR PC?AFCQ RFC GK?EC NJ?LC. ! QCRRGLE MD f / 16 SQS?JJW ?JJMUQ MLC RM R?IC NGARSPCQ GL @PGEFR QSLJGEFR ?Q RFC ?NCPRSPC
BG?KCRCP GQ QK?JJ. )L MNRGA?J DG@CPQ, JGEFR LCCBQ RM @C DMASQCB GLRM RFC DG@CP. F?=KH; 26.18 QFMUQ RFC ?LEJC SQCB GL A?JASJ?RGLE RFC NA MD ?L MNRGA?J
DG@CP.
F?=KH; 26.18 ,GEFR P?WQ CLRCP ?L MNRGA?J DG@CP. 4FC LSKCPGA?J ?NCPRSPC MD RFC MNRGA?J DG@CP A?L @C BCRCPKGLCB @W SQGLE RFC ?LEJC
max
.
#?L RFC NA @C J?PECP RF?L 1.00? 4FC ?LQUCP GQ sWCQt GD UC SQC GKKCPQGML JCLQCQ GL UFGAF ? KCBGSK QSAF ?Q MGJ, EJWACPGLC MP U?RCP GQ NJ?ACB
@CRUCCL RFC M@HCARGTC ?LB RFC KGAPMQAMNC AMTCP QJGN. 4FGQ KGLGKGXCQ RFC KGQK?RAF GL PCDP?ARGTC GLBGACQ ?Q JGEFR P?WQ EM RFPMSEF BGDDCPCLR KCBG?,
ECLCP?JJW NPMTGBGLE ? EPC?RCP JGEFR-E?RFCPGLE ?@GJGRW ?LB ?L GLAPC?QC GL PCQMJSRGML. F?=KH; 26.19 QFMUQ JGEFR P?WQ UFCL SQGLE ?GP ?LB GKKCPQGML JCLQCQ.
940 #(!04%2 26 Y 6)3)/. !.$ /04)#!, ).3425-%.43
F?=KH; 26.19 ,GEFR P?WQ DPMK ? QNCAGKCL CLRCPGLE RFC M@HCARGTC. 0?RFQ DMP GKKCPQGML KCBGSK MD ?GP (?), U?RCP (@) (n = 1.33) , ?LB MGJ (A) (n = 1.51) ?PC QFMUL. 4FC
U?RCP ?LB MGJ GKKCPQGMLQ ?JJMU KMPC P?WQ RM CLRCP RFC M@HCARGTC, GLAPC?QGLE RFC PCQMJSRGML.
7FCL SQGLE ? KGAPMQAMNC UC BM LMR QCC RFC CLRGPC CVRCLR MD RFC Q?KNJC. $CNCLBGLE ML RFC CWCNGCAC ?LB M@HCARGTC JCLQ UC QCC ? PCQRPGARCB PCEGML
UFGAF UC Q?W GQ RFC DGCJB MD TGCU. 4FC M@HCARGTC GQ RFCL K?LGNSJ?RCB GL RUM-BGKCLQGMLQ ?@MTC RFC Q?KNJC RM TGCU MRFCP PCEGMLQ MD RFC Q?KNJC.
%JCARPMLGA QA?LLGLE MD CGRFCP RFC M@HCARGTC MP RFC Q?KNJC GQ SQCB GL QA?LLGLE KGAPMQAMNW. 4FC GK?EC DMPKCB ?R C?AF NMGLR BSPGLE RFC QA?LLGLE GQ
AMK@GLCB SQGLE ? AMKNSRCP RM ECLCP?RC ?L GK?EC MD ? J?PECP PCEGML MD RFC Q?KNJC ?R ? QCJCARCB K?ELGDGA?RGML.
7FCL SQGLE ? KGAPMQAMNC, UC PCJW ML E?RFCPGLE JGEFR RM DMPK ?L GK?EC. (CLAC KMQR QNCAGKCLQ LCCB RM @C GJJSKGL?RCB, N?PRGASJ?PJW ?R FGEFCP
K?ELGDGA?RGMLQ, UFCL M@QCPTGLE BCR?GJQ RF?R ?PC QM QK?JJ RF?R RFCW PCDJCAR MLJW QK?JJ ?KMSLRQ MD JGEFR. 4M K?IC QSAF M@HCARQ C?QGJW TGQG@JC, RFC GLRCLQGRW
MD JGEFR D?JJGLE ML RFCK LCCBQ RM @C GLAPC?QCB. 3NCAG?J GJJSKGL?RGLE QWQRCKQ A?JJCB AMLBCLQCPQ ?PC SQCB DMP RFGQ NSPNMQC. 4FC RWNC MD AMLBCLQCP RF?R GQ
QSGR?@JC DMP ?L ?NNJGA?RGML BCNCLBQ ML FMU RFC QNCAGKCL GQ CV?KGLCB, UFCRFCP @W RP?LQKGQQGML, QA?RRCPGLE MP PCDJCARGLE. 3CC F?=KH; 26.20 DMP ?L
CV?KNJC MD C?AF. 7FGRC JGEFR QMSPACQ ?PC AMKKML ?LB J?QCPQ ?PC MDRCL SQCB. ,?QCP JGEFR GJJSKGL?RGML RCLBQ RM @C OSGRC GLRCLQC ?LB GR GQ GKNMPR?LR RM
CLQSPC RF?R RFC JGEFR BMCQ LMR PCQSJR GL RFC BCEP?B?RGML MD RFC QNCAGKCL.
F?=KH; 26.20 )JJSKGL?RGML MD ? QNCAGKCL GL ? KGAPMQAMNC. (?) 4P?LQKGRRCB JGEFR DPMK ? AMLBCLQCP JCLQ. (@) 4P?LQKGRRCB JGEFR DPMK ? KGPPMP AMLBCLQCP. (A) $?PI DGCJB GJJSKGL?RGML
@W QA?RRCPGLE (RFC GJJSKGL?RGLE @C?K KGQQCQ RFC M@HCARGTC JCLQ). (B) (GEF K?ELGDGA?RGML GJJSKGL?RGML UGRF PCDJCARCB JGEFR q LMPK?JJW J?QCP JGEFR.
7C LMPK?JJW ?QQMAG?RC KGAPMQAMNCQ UGRF TGQG@JC JGEFR @SR V P?W ?LB CJCARPML KGAPMQAMNCQ NPMTGBC EPC?RCP PCQMJSRGML. 4FC DMASQGLE ?LB @?QGA NFWQGAQ GQ
RFC Q?KC ?Q RF?R HSQR BCQAPG@CB, CTCL RFMSEF RFC JCLQCQ PCOSGPC BGDDCPCLR RCAFLMJMEW. 4FC CJCARPML KGAPMQAMNC PCOSGPCQ T?ASSK AF?K@CPQ QM RF?R RFC
CJCARPMLQ A?L NPMACCB SLFCCBCB. -?ELGDGA?RGMLQ MD 50 KGJJGML RGKCQ NPMTGBC RFC ?@GJGRW RM BCRCPKGLC NMQGRGMLQ MD GLBGTGBS?J ?RMKQ UGRFGL K?RCPG?JQ. !L
CJCARPML KGAPMQAMNC GQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 26.21. 7C BM LMR SQC MSP CWCQ RM DMPK GK?ECQ; P?RFCP GK?ECQ ?PC PCAMPBCB CJCARPMLGA?JJW ?LB BGQNJ?WCB ML
AMKNSRCPQ. )L D?AR M@QCPTGLE ?LB Q?TGLE GK?ECQ DMPKCB @W MNRGA?J KGAPMQAMNCQ ML AMKNSRCPQ GQ LMU BMLC PMSRGLCJW. 6GBCM PCAMPBGLEQ MD UF?R MAASPQ
#(!04%2 26 Y 6)3)/. !.$ /04)#!, ).3425-%.43 941
GL ? KGAPMQAMNC A?L @C K?BC DMP TGCUGLE @W K?LW NCMNJC ?R J?RCP B?RCQ. 0FWQGAQ NPMTGBCQ RFC QAGCLAC ?LB RMMJQ LCCBCB RM ECLCP?RC RFC QCOSCLAC MD
RGKC-J?NQC GK?ECQ MD KCGMQGQ QGKGJ?P RM RFC QCOSCLAC QICRAFCB GL F?=KH; 26.22.
F?=KH; 26.21 !L CJCARPML KGAPMQAMNC F?Q RFC A?N?@GJGRW RM GK?EC GLBGTGBS?J ?RMKQ ML ? K?RCPG?J. 4FC KGAPMQAMNC SQCQ T?ASSK RCAFLMJMEW, QMNFGQRGA?RCB BCRCARMPQ ?LB QR?RC MD
RFC ?PR GK?EC NPMACQQGLE QMDRU?PC. (APCBGR: $?TC 0?NC)
F?=KH; 26.22 4FC GK?EC QFMUQ ? QCOSCLAC MD CTCLRQ RF?R R?ICQ NJ?AC BSPGLE KCGMQGQ. (APCBGR: 0?RPeAG?2, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ; .?RGML?J #CLRCP DMP "GMRCAFLMJMEW )LDMPK?RGML)
4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR: -?IC ? ,CLQ
,MMI RFPMSEF ? AJC?P EJ?QQ MP NJ?QRGA @MRRJC ?LB BCQAPG@C UF?R WMS QCC. .MU DGJJ RFC @MRRJC UGRF U?RCP ?LB BCQAPG@C UF?R WMS QCC. 5QC RFC U?RCP
@MRRJC ?Q ? JCLQ RM NPMBSAC RFC GK?EC MD ? @PGEFR M@HCAR ?LB CQRGK?RC RFC DMA?J JCLERF MD RFC U?RCP @MRRJC JCLQ. (MU GQ RFC DMA?J JCLERF ? DSLARGML MD
RFC BCNRF MD U?RCP GL RFC @MRRJC?
26.5 -;B;I9EF;I
4CJCQAMNCQ ?PC KC?LR DMP TGCUGLE BGQR?LR M@HCARQ, NPMBSAGLE ?L GK?EC RF?R GQ J?PECP RF?L RFC GK?EC RF?R A?L @C QCCL UGRF RFC SL?GBCB CWC.
4CJCQAMNCQ E?RFCP D?P KMPC JGEFR RF?L RFC CWC, ?JJMUGLE BGK M@HCARQ RM @C M@QCPTCB UGRF EPC?RCP K?ELGDGA?RGML ?LB @CRRCP PCQMJSRGML. !JRFMSEF '?JGJCM
GQ MDRCL APCBGRCB UGRF GLTCLRGLE RFC RCJCQAMNC, FC ?ARS?JJW BGB LMR. 7F?R FC BGB U?Q KMPC GKNMPR?LR. (C AMLQRPSARCB QCTCP?J C?PJW RCJCQAMNCQ, U?Q RFC
DGPQR RM QRSBW RFC FC?TCLQ UGRF RFCK, ?LB K?BC KMLSKCLR?J BGQAMTCPGCQ SQGLE RFCK. !KMLE RFCQC ?PC RFC KMMLQ MD *SNGRCP, RFC AP?RCPQ ?LB
KMSLR?GLQ ML RFC -MML, RFC BCR?GJQ MD QSLQNMRQ, ?LB RFC D?AR RF?R RFC -GJIW 7?W GQ AMKNMQCB MD T?QR LSK@CPQ MD GLBGTGBS?J QR?PQ.
F?=KH; 26.23(?) QFMUQ ? RCJCQAMNC K?BC MD RUM JCLQCQ, RFC AMLTCV M@HCARGTC ?LB RFC AMLA?TC CWCNGCAC, RFC Q?KC AMLQRPSARGML SQCB @W '?JGJCM.
3SAF ?L ?PP?LECKCLR NPMBSACQ ?L SNPGEFR GK?EC ?LB GQ SQCB GL QNWEJ?QQCQ ?LB MNCP? EJ?QQCQ.
942 #(!04%2 26 Y 6)3)/. !.$ /04)#!, ).3425-%.43
F?=KH; 26.23 (?) '?JGJCM K?BC RCJCQAMNCQ UGRF ? AMLTCV M@HCARGTC ?LB ? AMLA?TC CWCNGCAC. 4FCQC NPMBSAC ?L SNPGEFR GK?EC ?LB ?PC SQCB GL QNWEJ?QQCQ. (@) -MQR QGKNJC
RCJCQAMNCQ F?TC RUM AMLTCV JCLQCQ. 4FC M@HCARGTC DMPKQ ? A?QC 1 GK?EC RF?R GQ RFC M@HCAR DMP RFC CWCNGCAC. 4FC CWCNGCAC DMPKQ ? A?QC 2 DGL?J GK?EC RF?R GQ K?ELGDGCB.
4FC KMQR AMKKML RUM-JCLQ RCJCQAMNC, JGIC RFC QGKNJC KGAPMQAMNC, SQCQ RUM AMLTCV JCLQCQ ?LB GQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 26.23(@). 4FC M@HCAR GQ QM D?P
?U?W DPMK RFC RCJCQAMNC RF?R GR GQ CQQCLRG?JJW ?R GLDGLGRW AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC DMA?J JCLERFQ MD RFC JCLQCQ ( d
o
). 4FC DGPQR GK?EC GQ RFSQ NPMBSACB ?R
d
i
= f
o
, ?Q QFMUL GL RFC DGESPC. 4M NPMTC RFGQ, LMRC RF?R
(26.25) 1
d
i
=
1
f
o

1
d
o
=
1
f
o

1
.
"CA?SQC 1 / = 0 , RFGQ QGKNJGDGCQ RM
(26.26) 1
d
i
=
1
f
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,
UFGAF GKNJGCQ RF?R d
i
= f
o
, ?Q AJ?GKCB. )R GQ RPSC RF?R DMP ?LW BGQR?LR M@HCAR ?LB ?LW JCLQ MP KGPPMP, RFC GK?EC GQ ?R RFC DMA?J JCLERF.
4FC DGPQR GK?EC DMPKCB @W ? RCJCQAMNC M@HCARGTC ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 26.23(@) UGJJ LMR @C J?PEC AMKN?PCB UGRF UF?R WMS KGEFR QCC @W JMMIGLE ?R RFC
M@HCAR BGPCARJW. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC QNMR DMPKCB @W QSLJGEFR DMASQCB ML ? NGCAC MD N?NCP @W ? K?ELGDWGLE EJ?QQ GQ RFC GK?EC MD RFC 3SL, ?LB GR GQ QK?JJ.
4FC RCJCQAMNC CWCNGCAC (JGIC RFC KGAPMQAMNC CWCNGCAC) K?ELGDGCQ RFGQ DGPQR GK?EC. 4FC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC CWCNGCAC ?LB RFC M@HCARGTC JCLQ GQ K?BC
QJGEFRJW JCQQ RF?L RFC QSK MD RFCGP DMA?J JCLERFQ QM RF?R RFC DGPQR GK?EC GQ AJMQCP RM RFC CWCNGCAC RF?L GRQ DMA?J JCLERF. 4F?R GQ, d
o
GQ JCQQ RF?L f
e
, ?LB
QM RFC CWCNGCAC DMPKQ ? A?QC 2 GK?EC RF?R GQ J?PEC ?LB RM RFC JCDR DMP C?QW TGCUGLE. )D RFC ?LEJC QS@RCLBCB @W ?L M@HCAR ?Q TGCUCB @W RFC SL?GBCB CWC
GQ , ?LB RFC ?LEJC QS@RCLBCB @W RFC RCJCQAMNC GK?EC GQ , RFCL RFC 7D=KB7H C7=D?<?97J?ED M GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFCGP P?RGM. 4F?R GQ, M = / . )R
A?L @C QFMUL RF?R RFC ?LESJ?P K?ELGDGA?RGML MD ? RCJCQAMNC GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC DMA?J JCLERFQ MD RFC M@HCARGTC ?LB CWCNGCAC; ?LB GQ EGTCL @W
(26.27)
M =

=
f
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f
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.
4FC KGLSQ QGEL GLBGA?RCQ RFC GK?EC GQ GLTCPRCB. 4M M@R?GL RFC EPC?RCQR ?LESJ?P K?ELGDGA?RGML, GR GQ @CQR RM F?TC ? JMLE DMA?J JCLERF M@HCARGTC ?LB ?
QFMPR DMA?J JCLERF CWCNGCAC. 4FC EPC?RCP RFC ?LESJ?P K?ELGDGA?RGML M, RFC J?PECP ?L M@HCAR UGJJ ?NNC?P UFCL TGCUCB RFPMSEF ? RCJCQAMNC, K?IGLE
KMPC BCR?GJQ TGQG@JC. ,GKGRQ RM M@QCPT?@JC BCR?GJQ ?PC GKNMQCB @W K?LW D?ARMPQ, GLAJSBGLE JCLQ OS?JGRW ?LB ?RKMQNFCPGA BGQRSP@?LAC.
4FC GK?EC GL KMQR RCJCQAMNCQ GQ GLTCPRCB, UFGAF GQ SLGKNMPR?LR DMP M@QCPTGLE RFC QR?PQ @SR ? PC?J NPM@JCK DMP MRFCP ?NNJGA?RGMLQ, QSAF ?Q RCJCQAMNCQ
ML QFGNQ MP RCJCQAMNGA ESL QGEFRQ. )D ?L SNPGEFR GK?EC GQ LCCBCB, '?JGJCMtQ ?PP?LECKCLR GL F?=KH; 26.23(?) A?L @C SQCB. "SR ? KMPC AMKKML
?PP?LECKCLR GQ RM SQC ? RFGPB AMLTCV JCLQ ?Q ?L CWCNGCAC, GLAPC?QGLE RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC DGPQR RUM ?LB GLTCPRGLE RFC GK?EC MLAC ?E?GL ?Q QCCL
GL F?=KH; 26.24.
#(!04%2 26 Y 6)3)/. !.$ /04)#!, ).3425-%.43 943
F?=KH; 26.24 4FGQ ?PP?LECKCLR MD RFPCC JCLQCQ GL ? RCJCQAMNC NPMBSACQ ?L SNPGEFR DGL?J GK?EC. 4FC DGPQR RUM JCLQCQ ?PC D?P CLMSEF ?N?PR RF?R RFC QCAMLB JCLQ GLTCPRQ RFC GK?EC
MD RFC DGPQR MLC KMPC RGKC. 4FC RFGPB JCLQ ?ARQ ?Q ? K?ELGDGCP ?LB ICCNQ RFC GK?EC SNPGEFR ?LB GL ? JMA?RGML RF?R GQ C?QW RM TGCU.
! RCJCQAMNC A?L ?JQM @C K?BC UGRF ? AMLA?TC KGPPMP ?Q GRQ DGPQR CJCKCLR MP M@HCARGTC, QGLAC ? AMLA?TC KGPPMP ?ARQ JGIC ? AMLTCV JCLQ ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH;
26.25. &J?R KGPPMPQ ?PC MDRCL CKNJMWCB GL MNRGA?J GLQRPSKCLRQ RM K?IC RFCK KMPC AMKN?AR MP RM QCLB JGEFR RM A?KCP?Q ?LB MRFCP QCLQGLE BCTGACQ.
4FCPC ?PC K?LW ?BT?LR?ECQ RM SQGLE KGPPMPQ P?RFCP RF?L JCLQCQ DMP RCJCQAMNC M@HCARGTCQ. -GPPMPQ A?L @C AMLQRPSARCB KSAF J?PECP RF?L JCLQCQ ?LB
A?L, RFSQ, E?RFCP J?PEC ?KMSLRQ MD JGEFR, ?Q LCCBCB RM TGCU BGQR?LR E?J?VGCQ, DMP CV?KNJC. ,?PEC ?LB PCJ?RGTCJW DJ?R KGPPMPQ F?TC TCPW JMLE DMA?J JCLERFQ,
QM RF?R EPC?R ?LESJ?P K?ELGDGA?RGML GQ NMQQG@JC.
F?=KH; 26.25 ! RUM-CJCKCLR RCJCQAMNC AMKNMQCB MD ? KGPPMP ?Q RFC M@HCARGTC ?LB ? JCLQ DMP RFC CWCNGCAC GQ QFMUL. 4FGQ RCJCQAMNC DMPKQ ?L GK?EC GL RFC Q?KC K?LLCP ?Q RFC
RUM-AMLTCV-JCLQ RCJCQAMNC ?JPC?BW BGQASQQCB, @SR GR BMCQ LMR QSDDCP DPMK AFPMK?RGA ?@CPP?RGMLQ. 3SAF RCJCQAMNCQ A?L E?RFCP KMPC JGEFR, QGLAC J?PECP KGPPMPQ RF?L JCLQCQ A?L @C
AMLQRPSARCB.
4CJCQAMNCQ, JGIC KGAPMQAMNCQ, A?L SRGJGXC ? P?LEC MD DPCOSCLAGCQ DPMK RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA QNCARPSK. F?=KH; 26.26(?) QFMUQ RFC !SQRP?JG? 4CJCQAMNC
#MKN?AR !PP?W, UFGAF SQCQ QGV 22-K ?LRCLL?Q DMP K?NNGLE RFC QMSRFCPL QIGCQ SQGLE P?BGM U?TCQ. F?=KH; 26.26(@) QFMUQ RFC DMASQGLE MD V P?WQ ML
RFC #F?LBP? 8-P?W /@QCPT?RMPWr? Q?RCJJGRC MP@GRGLE C?PRF QGLAC 1999 ?LB JMMIGLE ?R FGEF RCKNCP?RSPC CTCLRQ ?Q CVNJMBGLE QR?PQ, OS?Q?PQ, ?LB @J?AI
FMJCQ. 8 P?WQ, UGRF KSAF KMPC CLCPEW ?LB QFMPRCP U?TCJCLERFQ RF?L 2& ?LB JGEFR, ?PC K?GLJW ?@QMP@CB ?LB LMR PCDJCARCB UFCL GLAGBCLR NCPNCLBGASJ?P
RM RFC KCBGSK. "SR RFCW A?L @C PCDJCARCB UFCL GLAGBCLR ?R QK?JJ EJ?LAGLE ?LEJCQ, KSAF JGIC ? PMAI UGJJ QIGN ML ? J?IC GD RFPMUL ?R ? QK?JJ ?LEJC. 4FC
KGPPMPQ DMP RFC #F?LBP? AMLQGQR MD ? JMLE @?PPCJJCB N?RFU?W ?LB 4 N?GPQ MD KGPPMPQ RM DMASQ RFC P?WQ ?R ? NMGLR 10 KCRCPQ ?U?W DPMK RFC CLRP?LAC. 4FC
KGPPMPQ ?PC CVRPCKCJW QKMMRF ?LB AMLQGQR MD ? EJ?QQ ACP?KGA @?QC UGRF ? RFGL AM?RGLE MD KCR?J (GPGBGSK). &MSP N?GPQ MD NPCAGQGML K?LSD?ARSPCB KGPPMPQ
?PC CVOSGQGRCJW QF?NCB ?LB ?JGELCB QM RF?R V P?WQ PGAMAFCR MDD RFC KGPPMPQ JGIC @SJJCRQ MDD ? U?JJ, DMASQGLE ML ? QNMR.
944 #(!04%2 26 Y 6)3)/. !.$ /04)#!, ).3425-%.43
F?=KH; 26.26 (?) 4FC !SQRP?JG? 4CJCQAMNC #MKN?AR !PP?W ?R .?PP?@PG (500 IK .7 MD 3WBLCW). (APCBGR: )?L "?GJCW) (@) 4FC DMASQGLE MD V P?WQ ML RFC #F?LBP? /@QCPT?RMPW, ?
Q?RCJJGRC MP@GRGLE C?PRF. 8 P?WQ PGAMAFCR MDD 4 N?GPQ MD KGPPMPQ DMPKGLE ? @?PPCJJCB N?RFU?W JC?BGLE RM RFC DMASQ NMGLR. (APCBGR: .!3!)
! ASPPCLR CVAGRGLE BCTCJMNKCLR GQ ? AMJJ?@MP?RGTC CDDMPR GLTMJTGLE 17 AMSLRPGCQ RM AMLQRPSAR ? 3OS?PC +GJMKCRPC !PP?W (3+!) MD RCJCQAMNCQ A?N?@JC MD
AMTCPGLE DPMK 80 -(X RM 2 '(X. 4FC GLGRG?J QR?EC MD RFC NPMHCAR GQ RFC AMLQRPSARGML MD RFC !SQRP?JG?L 3OS?PC +GJMKCRPC !PP?W 0?RFDGLBCP GL 7CQRCPL
!SQRP?JG? (QCC F?=KH; 26.27). 4FC NPMHCAR UGJJ SQC ASRRGLE-CBEC RCAFLMJMEGCQ QSAF ?Q 7:7FJ?L; EFJ?9I GL UFGAF RFC JCLQ MP KGPPMP GQ AMLQRPSARCB DPMK
JMRQ MD A?PCDSJJW ?JGELCB RGLW JCLQCQ ?LB KGPPMPQ RF?R A?L @C K?LGNSJ?RCB SQGLE AMKNSRCPQ. ! P?LEC MD P?NGBJW AF?LEGLE BGQRMPRGMLQ A?L @C KGLGKGXCB @W
BCDMPKGLE MP RGJRGLE RFC RGLW JCLQCQ ?LB KGPPMPQ. 4FC SQC MD ?B?NRGTC MNRGAQ GL TGQGML AMPPCARGML GQ ? ASPPCLR ?PC? MD PCQC?PAF.
F?=KH; 26.27 !L ?PRGQRtQ GKNPCQQGML MD RFC !SQRP?JG?L 3OS?PC +GJMKCRPC !PP?W 0?RFDGLBCP GL 7CQRCPL !SQRP?JG? GQ BGQNJ?WCB. (APCBGR: 30$/, 8),/345$)/3)
26.6 A8;HH7J?EDI
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BGQRMPRGML GL ?L GK?EC. 4FCPC ?PC ? T?PGCRW MD ?@CPP?RGMLQ BSC RM ? JCLQ QGXC, K?RCPG?J, RFGAILCQQ, ?LB NMQGRGML MD RFC M@HCAR. /LC AMKKML RWNC MD
?@CPP?RGML GQ AFPMK?RGA ?@CPP?RGML, UFGAF GQ PCJ?RCB RM AMJMP. 3GLAC RFC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML MD JCLQCQ BCNCLBQ ML AMJMP MP U?TCJCLERF, GK?ECQ ?PC
NPMBSACB ?R BGDDCPCLR NJ?ACQ ?LB UGRF BGDDCPCLR K?ELGDGA?RGMLQ DMP BGDDCPCLR AMJMPQ. (4FC J?U MD PCDJCARGML GQ GLBCNCLBCLR MD U?TCJCLERF, ?LB QM KGPPMPQ
BM LMR F?TC RFGQ NPM@JCK. 4FGQ GQ ?LMRFCP ?BT?LR?EC DMP KGPPMPQ GL MNRGA?J QWQRCKQ QSAF ?Q RCJCQAMNCQ.) F?=KH; 26.28(?) QFMUQ AFPMK?RGA ?@CPP?RGML
DMP ? QGLEJC AMLTCV JCLQ ?LB GRQ N?PRG?J AMPPCARGML UGRF ? RUM-JCLQ QWQRCK. 6GMJCR P?WQ ?PC @CLR KMPC RF?L PCB, QGLAC RFCW F?TC ? FGEFCP GLBCV MD
PCDP?ARGML ?LB ?PC RFSQ DMASQCB AJMQCP RM RFC JCLQ. 4FC BGTCPEGLE JCLQ N?PRG?JJW AMPPCARQ RFGQ, ?JRFMSEF GR GQ SQS?JJW LMR NMQQG@JC RM BM QM AMKNJCRCJW.
,CLQCQ MD BGDDCPCLR K?RCPG?JQ ?LB F?TGLE BGDDCPCLR BGQNCPQGMLQ K?W @C SQCB. &MP CV?KNJC ?L ?AFPMK?RGA BMS@JCR AMLQGQRGLE MD ? AMLTCPEGLE JCLQ K?BC
MD APMUL EJ?QQ ?LB ? BGTCPEGLE JCLQ K?BC MD DJGLR EJ?QQ GL AMLR?AR A?L BP?K?RGA?JJW PCBSAC AFPMK?RGA ?@CPP?RGML (QCC F?=KH; 26.28(@)).
1SGRC MDRCL GL ?L GK?EGLE QWQRCK RFC M@HCAR GQ MDD-ACLRCP. #MLQCOSCLRJW, BGDDCPCLR N?PRQ MD ? JCLQ MP KGPPMP BM LMR PCDP?AR MP PCDJCAR RFC GK?EC RM RFC
Q?KC NMGLR. 4FGQ RWNC MD ?@CPP?RGML GQ A?JJCB ? AMK? ?LB GQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 26.29. 4FC GK?EC GL RFGQ A?QC MDRCL ?NNC?PQ NC?P-QF?NCB. !LMRFCP
AMKKML ?@CPP?RGML GQ QNFCPGA?J ?@CPP?RGML UFCPC P?WQ AMLTCPEGLE DPMK RFC MSRCP CBECQ MD ? JCLQ AMLTCPEC RM ? DMASQ AJMQCP RM RFC JCLQ ?LB P?WQ
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? AF?PR SQCB RM BCRCAR ?QRGEK?RGQK GQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 26.8. 3SAF ?@CPP?RGMLQ ?LB A?L ?JQM @C ?L GQQSC UGRF K?LSD?ARSPCB JCLQCQ.
F?=KH; 26.28 (?) #FPMK?RGA ?@CPP?RGML GQ A?SQCB @W RFC BCNCLBCLAC MD ? JCLQtQ GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML ML AMJMP (U?TCJCLERF). 4FC JCLQ GQ KMPC NMUCPDSJ DMP TGMJCR (6) RF?L DMP PCB
(2), NPMBSAGLE GK?ECQ UGRF BGDDCPCLR JMA?RGMLQ ?LB K?ELGDGA?RGMLQ. (@) -SJRGNJC-JCLQ QWQRCKQ A?L N?PRG?JJW AMPPCAR AFPMK?RGA ?@CPP?RGMLQ, @SR RFCW K?W PCOSGPC JCLQCQ MD BGDDCPCLR
K?RCPG?JQ ?LB ?BB RM RFC CVNCLQC MD MNRGA?J QWQRCKQ QSAF ?Q A?KCP?Q.
F?=KH; 26.29 ! AMK? GQ ?L ?@CPP?RGML A?SQCB @W ?L M@HCAR RF?R GQ MDD-ACLRCP, MDRCL PCQSJRGLE GL ? NC?P-QF?NCB GK?EC. 4FC P?WQ MPGEGL?RC DPMK NMGLRQ RF?R ?PC LMR ML RFC MNRGA?J
?VGQ ?LB RFCW BM LMR AMLTCPEC ?R MLC AMKKML DMA?J NMGLR.
F?=KH; 26.30 3NFCPGA?J ?@CPP?RGML GQ A?SQCB @W P?WQ DMASQGLE ?R BGDDCPCLR BGQR?LACQ DPMK RFC JCLQ.
4FC GK?EC NPMBSACB @W ?L MNRGA?J QWQRCK LCCBQ RM @C @PGEFR CLMSEF RM @C BGQACPLCB. )R GQ MDRCL ? AF?JJCLEC RM M@R?GL ? QSDDGAGCLRJW @PGEFR GK?EC. 4FC
@PGEFRLCQQ GQ BCRCPKGLCB @W RFC ?KMSLR MD JGEFR N?QQGLE RFPMSEF RFC MNRGA?J QWQRCK. 4FC MNRGA?J AMKNMLCLRQ BCRCPKGLGLE RFC @PGEFRLCQQ ?PC RFC
BG?KCRCP MD RFC JCLQ ?LB RFC BG?KCRCP MD NSNGJQ, BG?NFP?EKQ MP ?NCPRSPC QRMNQ NJ?ACB GL DPMLR MD JCLQCQ. /NRGA?J QWQRCKQ MDRCL F?TC CLRP?LAC ?LB CVGR
NSNGJQ RM QNCAGDGA?JJW PCBSAC ?@CPP?RGMLQ @SR RFCW GLCTGR?@JW PCBSAC @PGEFRLCQQ ?Q UCJJ. #MLQCOSCLRJW, MNRGA?J QWQRCKQ LCCB RM QRPGIC ? @?J?LAC
@CRUCCL RFC T?PGMSQ AMKNMLCLRQ SQCB. 4FC GPGQ GL RFC CWC BGJ?RCQ ?LB AMLQRPGARQ, ?ARGLE ?Q ?L CLRP?LAC NSNGJ. 9MS A?L QCC M@HCARQ KMPC AJC?PJW @W
JMMIGLE RFPMSEF ? QK?JJ FMJC K?BC UGRF WMSP F?LB GL RFC QF?NC MD ? DGQR. 3OSGLRGLE, MP SQGLE ? QK?JJ FMJC GL ? NGCAC MD N?NCP, ?JQM UGJJ K?IC RFC M@HCAR
QF?PNCP.
3M FMU ?PC ?@CPP?RGMLQ AMPPCARCB? 4FC JCLQCQ K?W ?JQM F?TC QNCAG?JJW QF?NCB QSPD?ACQ, ?Q MNNMQCB RM RFC QGKNJC QNFCPGA?J QF?NC RF?R GQ PCJ?RGTCJW
C?QW RM NPMBSAC. %VNCLQGTC A?KCP? JCLQCQ ?PC J?PEC GL BG?KCRCP, QM RF?R RFCW A?L E?RFCP KMPC JGEFR, ?LB LCCB QCTCP?J CJCKCLRQ RM AMPPCAR DMP T?PGMSQ
?@CPP?RGMLQ. &SPRFCP, ?BT?LACQ GL K?RCPG?JQ QAGCLAC F?TC PCQSJRCB GL JCLQCQ UGRF ? P?LEC MD PCDP?ARGTC GLBGACQrRCAFLGA?JJW PCDCPPCB RM ?Q EP?BCB GLBCV
('2).) JCLQCQ. 3NCAR?AJCQ MDRCL F?TC RFC ?@GJGRW RM NPMTGBC ? P?LEC MD DMASQGLE ?@GJGRW SQGLE QGKGJ?P RCAFLGOSCQ. '2). JCLQCQ ?PC N?PRGASJ?PJW GKNMPR?LR
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AMJJCARCB ?LB ACPR?GL AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD RFC MNRGA?J QWQRCK ?PC ILMUL. 3MKC MD RFCQC RCAFLGOSCQ ?PC QMNFGQRGA?RCB TCPQGMLQ MD UF?R ?PC ?T?GJ?@JC ML
AMKKCPAG?J N?AI?ECQ JGIC !BM@C 0FMRMQFMN.
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D?GJSPC MD P?WQ RM AMLTCPEC ?R MLC DMASQ @CA?SQC MD JGKGR?RGMLQ MP BCDCARQ GL ? JCLQ MP KGPPMP
RFC ?@GJGRW MD RFC CWC RM ?BHSQR GRQ DMA?J JCLERF GQ ILMUL ?Q ?AAMKKMB?RGML
MNRGA?J RCAFLMJMEW GL UFGAF AMKNSRCPQ ?BHSQR RFC JCLQCQ ?LB KGPPMPQ GL ? BCTGAC RM AMPPCAR DMP GK?EC BGQRMPRGMLQ
? P?RGM PCJ?RCB RM RFC DMA?J JCLERFQ MD RFC M@HCARGTC ?LB CWCNGCAC ?LB EGTCL ?Q M =
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AMLQGQRCLAW GL RFC AMJMP
? KGAPMQAMNC AMLQRPSARCB DPMK RUM AMLTCV JCLQCQ, RFC DGPQR QCPTGLE ?Q RFC MASJ?P JCLQ(AJMQC RM RFC CWC) ?LB RFC QCAMLB
QCPTGLE ?Q RFC M@HCARGTC JCLQ
RFC JCLQ MP AMK@GL?RGML MD JCLQCQ GL ?L MNRGA?J GLQRPSKCLR LC?PCQR RM RFC CWC MD RFC M@QCPTCP
RFC M@HCAR NMGLR GK?ECB @W RFC CWC MLRM RFC PCRGL? GL ?L SL?AAMKKMB?RCB CWC
?LMRFCP RCPK DMP FWNCPMNG?, RFC AMLBGRGML MD ?L CWC UFCPC GLAMKGLE P?WQ MD JGEFR PC?AF RFC PCRGL? @CDMPC RFCW AMLTCPEC GLRM ?
DMASQCB GK?EC
GBCLRGRW MD ? AMJMP ?Q GR PCJ?RCQ QNCAGDGA?JJW RM RFC QNCARPSK
RFC AMLBGRGML MD ?L CWC UFCPC GLAMKGLE P?WQ MD JGEFR PC?AF RFC PCRGL? @CDMPC RFCW AMLTCPEC GLRM ? DMASQCB GK?EC
? KCBGA?J NPMACBSPC SQCB RM AMPPCAR ?QRGEK?RGQK ?LB CWCQGEFR BCDGAGCLAGCQ QSAF ?Q KWMNG? ?LB FWNCPMNG?
? TGQS?J BCDCAR GL UFGAF BGQR?LR M@HCARQ ?NNC?P @JSPPCB @CA?SQC RFCGP GK?ECQ ?PC DMASQCB GL DPMLR MD RFC PCRGL? P?RFCP RF?L @CGLE DMASQCB
ML RFC PCRGL?
RFC NMGLR LC?PCQR RFC CWC ?R UFGAF ?L M@HCAR GQ ?AASP?RCJW DMASQCB ML RFC PCRGL? ?R DSJJ ?AAMKKMB?RGML
?LMRFCP RCPK DMP KWMNG?, ? TGQS?J BCDCAR GL UFGAF BGQR?LR M@HCARQ ?NNC?P @JSPPCB @CA?SQC RFCGP GK?ECQ ?PC DMASQCB GL DPMLR MD RFC
PCRGL? P?RFCP RF?L @CGLE DMASQCB ML RFC PCRGL?
? LSK@CP MP KC?QSPC RF?R CVNPCQQCQ RFC ?@GJGRW MD ? JCLQ RM PCQMJTC DGLC BCR?GJ GL ?L M@HCAR @CGLE M@QCPTCB. $CPGTCB @W
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UFCPC n GQ RFC PCDP?ARGTC GLBCV MD RFC KCBGSK @CRUCCL RFC JCLQ ?LB RFC QNCAGKCL ?LB = / 2
RFC JCLQ LC?PCQR RM RFC M@HCAR @CGLE CV?KGLCB
? AMLBGRGML GL UFGAF RFC JCLQ MD RFC CWC @CAMKCQ NPMEPCQQGTCJW SL?@JC RM DMASQ ML M@HCARQ AJMQC RM RFC TGCUCP
RFC ?@GJGRW RM NCPACGTC AMJMP GL ?L ?K@GCLR-AMJMPCB CLTGPMLKCLR
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RFC RUM ?PC?Q PCQNMLQG@JC DMP RFC NPMACQQGLE MD TGQS?J GLDMPK?RGML
RUM RWNCQ MD NFMRMPCACNRMPQ GL RFC FSK?L PCRGL?; PMBQ ?PC PCQNMLQG@JC DMP TGQGML ?R JMU JGEFR JCTCJQ, UFGJC AMLCQ ?PC ?ARGTC ?R
FGEFCP JGEFR JCTCJQ
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w &MP AJMQC TGQGML, RFC CWC GQ DSJJW ?AAMKKMB?RCB ?LB F?Q GRQ EPC?RCQR NMUCP, UFCPC?Q DMP BGQR?LR TGQGML, GR GQ RMR?JJW PCJ?VCB ?LB F?Q GRQ QK?JJCQR
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TGQGML.
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w 7C NCPACGTC K?LW FSCQ, DPMK JGEFR F?TGLE KGVRSPCQ MD U?TCJCLERFQ.
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w -GAPMQAMNCQ ?PC GLQRPSKCLRQ DMP ?JJMUGLE SQ RM QCC BCR?GJ UC UMSJB LMR @C ?@JC RM QCC UGRF RFC SL?GBCB CWC ?LB AMLQGQR MD ? P?LEC MD
AMKNMLCLRQ.
w 4FC CWCNGCAC ?LB M@HCARGTC AMLRPG@SRC RM RFC K?ELGDGA?RGML. 4FC LSKCPGA?J ?NCPRSPC (NA) MD ?L M@HCARGTC GQ EGTCL @W
NA = n sin
UFCPC n GQ RFC PCDP?ARGTC GLBCV ?LB RFC ?LEJC MD ?AACNR?LAC.
w )KKCPQGML RCAFLGOSCQ ?PC MDRCL SQCB RM GKNPMTC RFC JGEFR E?RFCPGLE ?@GJGRW MD KGAPMQAMNCQ. 4FC QNCAGKCL GQ GJJSKGL?RCB @W RP?LQKGRRCB, QA?RRCPCB
MP PCDJCARCB JGEFR RFMSEF ? AMLBCLQCP.
w 4FC f /# BCQAPG@CQ RFC JGEFR E?RFCPGLE ?@GJGRW MD ? JCLQ. )R GQ EGTCL @W
f /# =
f
D

1
2NA
.
26.5 -;B;I9EF;I
w 3GKNJC RCJCQAMNCQ A?L @C K?BC UGRF RUM JCLQCQ. 4FCW ?PC SQCB DMP TGCUGLE M@HCARQ ?R J?PEC BGQR?LACQ ?LB SRGJGXC RFC CLRGPC P?LEC MD RFC
CJCARPMK?ELCRGA QNCARPSK.
w 4FC ?LESJ?P K?ELGDGA?RGML - DMP ? RCJCQAMNC GQ EGTCL @W
M =

=
f
o
f
e
,
UFCPC GQ RFC ?LEJC QS@RCLBCB @W ?L M@HCAR TGCUCB @W RFC SL?GBCB CWC, GQ RFC ?LEJC QS@RCLBCB @W ? K?ELGDGCB GK?EC, ?LB f
o
?LB f
e
?PC RFC DMA?J JCLERFQ MD RFC M@HCARGTC ?LB RFC CWCNGCAC.
26.6 A8;HH7J?EDI
w !@CPP?RGMLQ MP GK?EC BGQRMPRGMLQ A?L ?PGQC BSC RM RFC DGLGRC RFGAILCQQ MD MNRGA?J GLQRPSKCLRQ, GKNCPDCARGMLQ GL RFC MNRGA?J AMKNMLCLRQ, ?LB
JGKGR?RGMLQ ML RFC U?WQ GL UFGAF RFC AMKNMLCLRQ ?PC SQCB.
w 4FC KC?LQ DMP AMPPCARGLE ?@CPP?RGMLQ P?LEC DPMK @CRRCP AMKNMLCLRQ RM AMKNSR?RGML?J RCAFLGOSCQ.
26.1 )>OI?9I E< J>; EO;
1. )D RFC JCLQ MD ? NCPQMLtQ CWC GQ PCKMTCB @CA?SQC MD A?R?P?ARQ (?Q F?Q @CCL BMLC QGLAC ?LAGCLR RGKCQ), UFW UMSJB WMS CVNCAR ? QNCAR?AJC JCLQ MD
?@MSR 16 $ RM @C NPCQAPG@CB?
2. ! A?R?P?AR GQ AJMSBGLCQQ GL RFC JCLQ MD RFC CWC. )Q JGEFR BGQNCPQCB MP BGDDSQCB @W GR?
3. 7FCL J?QCP JGEFR GQ QFMLC GLRM ? PCJ?VCB LMPK?J-TGQGML CWC RM PCN?GP ? RC?P @W QNMR-UCJBGLE RFC PCRGL? RM RFC @?AI MD RFC CWC, RFC P?WQ CLRCPGLE RFC
CWC KSQR @C N?P?JJCJ. 7FW?
4. (MU BMCQ RFC NMUCP MD ? BPW AMLR?AR JCLQ AMKN?PC UGRF GRQ NMUCP UFCL PCQRGLE ML RFC RC?P J?WCP MD RFC CWC? %VNJ?GL.
5. 7FW GQ WMSP TGQGML QM @JSPPW UFCL WMS MNCL WMSP CWCQ UFGJC QUGKKGLE SLBCP U?RCP? (MU BMCQ ? D?AC K?QI CL?@JC AJC?P TGQGML?
6. )R F?Q @CAMKC AMKKML RM PCNJ?AC RFC A?R?P?AR-AJMSBCB JCLQ MD RFC CWC UGRF ?L GLRCPL?J JCLQ. 4FGQ GLRP?MASJ?P JCLQ A?L @C AFMQCL QM RF?R RFC NCPQML
F?Q NCPDCAR BGQR?LR TGQGML. 7GJJ RFC NCPQML @C ?@JC RM PC?B UGRFMSR EJ?QQCQ? )D RFC NCPQML U?Q LC?PQGEFRCB, GQ RFC NMUCP MD RFC GLRP?MASJ?P JCLQ EPC?RCP
MP JCQQ RF?L RFC PCKMTCB JCLQ?
7. )D RFC AMPLC? GQ RM @C PCQF?NCB (RFGQ A?L @C BMLC QSPEGA?JJW MP UGRF AMLR?AR JCLQCQ) RM AMPPCAR KWMNG?, QFMSJB GRQ ASPT?RSPC @C K?BC EPC?RCP MP
QK?JJCP? %VNJ?GL. !JQM CVNJ?GL FMU FWNCPMNG? A?L @C AMPPCARCB.
948 #(!04%2 26 Y 6)3)/. !.$ /04)#!, ).3425-%.43
8. )D RFCPC GQ ? DGVCB NCPACLR SLACPR?GLRW GL ,!3)+ PCQF?NGLE MD RFC AMPLC?, UFW UMSJB WMS CVNCAR RFMQC NCMNJC UGRF RFC EPC?RCQR AMPPCARGML RM F?TC ?
NMMPCP AF?LAC MD LMPK?J BGQR?LR TGQGML ?DRCP RFC NPMACBSPC?
9. ! NCPQML UGRF NPCQ@WMNG? F?Q JMQR QMKC MP ?JJ MD RFC ?@GJGRW RM ?AAMKKMB?RC RFC NMUCP MD RFC CWC. )D QSAF ? NCPQMLtQ BGQR?LR TGQGML GQ AMPPCARCB UGRF
,!3)+, UGJJ QFC QRGJJ LCCB PC?BGLE EJ?QQCQ? %VNJ?GL.
10. ! NSPC PCB M@HCAR ML ? @J?AI @?AIEPMSLB QCCKQ RM BGQ?NNC?P UFCL GJJSKGL?RCB UGRF NSPC EPCCL JGEFR. %VNJ?GL UFW.
11. 7F?R GQ AMJMP AMLQR?LAW, ?LB UF?R ?PC GRQ JGKGR?RGMLQ?
12. 4FCPC ?PC BGDDCPCLR RWNCQ MD AMJMP @JGLBLCQQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC K?JDSLARGML MD BGDDCPCLR RWNCQ MD AMLCQ. 7FW UMSJB GR @C N?PRGASJ?PJW SQCDSJ RM QRSBW RFMQC
P?PC GLBGTGBS?JQ UFM ?PC AMJMP @JGLB MLJW GL MLC CWC MP UFM F?TC ? BGDDCPCLR RWNC MD AMJMP @JGLBLCQQ GL C?AF CWC?
13. 0PMNMQC ? U?W RM QRSBW RFC DSLARGML MD RFC PMBQ ?JMLC, EGTCL RFCW A?L QCLQC JGEFR ?@MSR 1000 RGKCQ BGKKCP RF?L RFC AMLCQ.
26.4 &?9HEI9EF;I
14. 'CMKCRPGA MNRGAQ BCQAPG@CQ RFC GLRCP?ARGML MD JGEFR UGRF K?APMQAMNGA M@HCARQ. 7FW, RFCL, GQ GR AMPPCAR RM SQC ECMKCRPGA MNRGAQ RM ?L?JWQC ?
KGAPMQAMNCtQ GK?EC?
15. 4FC GK?EC NPMBSACB @W RFC KGAPMQAMNC GL F?=KH; 26.16 A?LLMR @C NPMHCARCB. #MSJB CVRP? JCLQCQ MP KGPPMPQ NPMHCAR GR? %VNJ?GL.
16. 7FW LMR F?TC RFC M@HCARGTC MD ? KGAPMQAMNC DMPK ? A?QC 2 GK?EC UGRF ? J?PEC K?ELGDGA?RGML? ((GLR: #MLQGBCP RFC JMA?RGML MD RF?R GK?EC ?LB RFC
BGDDGASJRW RF?R UMSJB NMQC DMP SQGLE RFC CWCNGCAC ?Q ? K?ELGDGCP.)
17. 7F?R ?BT?LR?ECQ BM MGJ GKKCPQGML M@HCARGTCQ MDDCP?
18. (MU BMCQ RFC NA MD ? KGAPMQAMNC AMKN?PC UGRF RFC NA MD ?L MNRGA?J DG@CP?
26.5 -;B;I9EF;I
19. )D WMS U?LR WMSP KGAPMQAMNC MP RCJCQAMNC RM NPMHCAR ? PC?J GK?EC MLRM ? QAPCCL, FMU UMSJB WMS AF?LEC RFC NJ?ACKCLR MD RFC CWCNGCAC PCJ?RGTC RM
RFC M@HCARGTC?
26.6 A8;HH7J?EDI
20. ,GQR RFC T?PGMSQ RWNCQ MD ?@CPP?RGMLQ. 7F?R A?SQCQ RFCK ?LB FMU A?L C?AF @C PCBSACB?
#(!04%2 26 Y 6)3)/. !.$ /04)#!, ).3425-%.43 949
26.1 )>OI?9I E< J>; EO;
.DB;II EJ>;HM?I; IJ7J;:, J>; B;DI-JE-H;J?D7 :?IJ7D9; ?I 2.00 9C.
21. 7F?R GQ RFC NMUCP MD RFC CWC UFCL TGCUGLE ?L M@HCAR 50.0 AK ?U?W?
22. #?JASJ?RC RFC NMUCP MD RFC CWC UFCL TGCUGLE ?L M@HCAR 3.00 K ?U?W.
23. (?) 4FC NPGLR GL K?LW @MMIQ ?TCP?ECQ 3.50 KK GL FCGEFR. (MU FGEF GQ
RFC GK?EC MD RFC NPGLR ML RFC PCRGL? UFCL RFC @MMI GQ FCJB 30.0 AK DPMK
RFC CWC?
(@) #MKN?PC RFC QGXC MD RFC NPGLR RM RFC QGXCQ MD PMBQ ?LB AMLCQ GL RFC
DMTC? ?LB BGQASQQ RFC NMQQG@JC BCR?GJQ M@QCPT?@JC GL RFC JCRRCPQ. (4FC CWC-
@P?GL QWQRCK A?L NCPDMPK @CRRCP @CA?SQC MD GLRCPAMLLCARGMLQ ?LB FGEFCP
MPBCP GK?EC NPMACQQGLE.)
24. 3SNNMQC ? ACPR?GL NCPQMLtQ TGQS?J ?ASGRW GQ QSAF RF?R FC A?L QCC
M@HCARQ AJC?PJW RF?R DMPK ?L GK?EC 4.00 m FGEF ML FGQ PCRGL?. 7F?R GQ
RFC K?VGKSK BGQR?LAC ?R UFGAF FC A?L PC?B RFC 75.0 AK FGEF JCRRCPQ ML
RFC QGBC MD ?L ?GPNJ?LC?
25. 0CMNJC UFM BM TCPW BCR?GJCB UMPI AJMQC SN, QSAF ?Q HCUCJJCPQ, MDRCL
A?L QCC M@HCARQ AJC?PJW ?R KSAF AJMQCP BGQR?LAC RF?L RFC LMPK?J 25 AK.
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC NMUCP MD RFC CWCQ MD ? UMK?L UFM A?L QCC ?L M@HCAR
AJC?PJW ?R ? BGQR?LAC MD MLJW 8.00 AK?
(@) 7F?R GQ RFC QGXC MD ?L GK?EC MD ? 1.00 KK M@HCAR, QSAF ?Q JCRRCPGLE
GLQGBC ? PGLE, FCJB ?R RFGQ BGQR?LAC?
(A) 7F?R UMSJB RFC QGXC MD RFC GK?EC @C GD RFC M@HCAR UCPC FCJB ?R RFC
LMPK?J 25.0 AK BGQR?LAC?
26. 7F?R GQ RFC D?P NMGLR MD ? NCPQML UFMQC CWCQ F?TC ? PCJ?VCB NMUCP MD
50.5 $?
27. 7F?R GQ RFC LC?P NMGLR MD ? NCPQML UFMQC CWCQ F?TC ?L
?AAMKKMB?RCB NMUCP MD 53.5 $?
28. (?) ! J?QCP TGQGML AMPPCARGML PCQF?NGLE RFC AMPLC? MD ? KWMNGA N?RGCLR
PCBSACQ RFC NMUCP MD FGQ CWC @W 9.00 $, UGRF ? 5.0% SLACPR?GLRW GL RFC
DGL?J AMPPCARGML. 7F?R GQ RFC P?LEC MD BGMNRCPQ DMP QNCAR?AJC JCLQCQ RF?R
RFGQ NCPQML KGEFR LCCB ?DRCP ,!3)+ NPMACBSPC? (@) 7?Q RFC NCPQML
LC?PQGEFRCB MP D?PQGEFRCB @CDMPC RFC NPMACBSPC? (MU BM WMS ILMU?
29. )L ? ,!3)+ TGQGML AMPPCARGML, RFC NMUCP MD ? N?RGCLRtQ CWC GQ GLAPC?QCB
@W 3.00 $. !QQSKGLE RFGQ NPMBSACQ LMPK?J AJMQC TGQGML, UF?R U?Q RFC
N?RGCLRtQ LC?P NMGLR @CDMPC RFC NPMACBSPC?
30. 7F?R U?Q RFC NPCTGMSQ D?P NMGLR MD ? N?RGCLR UFM F?B J?QCP TGQGML
AMPPCARGML RF?R PCBSACB RFC NMUCP MD FCP CWC @W 7.00 $, NPMBSAGLE LMPK?J
BGQR?LR TGQGML DMP FCP?
31. ! QCTCPCJW KWMNGA N?RGCLR F?Q ? D?P NMGLR MD 5.00 AK. "W FMU K?LW
BGMNRCPQ QFMSJB RFC NMUCP MD FGQ CWC @C PCBSACB GL J?QCP TGQGML AMPPCARGML
RM M@R?GL LMPK?J BGQR?LR TGQGML DMP FGK?
32. ! QRSBCLRtQ CWCQ, UFGJC PC?BGLE RFC @J?AI@M?PB, F?TC ? NMUCP MD 51.0
$. (MU D?P GQ RFC @M?PB DPMK FGQ CWCQ?
33. 4FC NMUCP MD ? NFWQGAG?LtQ CWCQ GQ 53.0 $ UFGJC CV?KGLGLE ? N?RGCLR.
(MU D?P DPMK FCP CWCQ GQ RFC DC?RSPC @CGLE CV?KGLCB?
34. ! WMSLE UMK?L UGRF LMPK?J BGQR?LR TGQGML F?Q ? 10.0% ?@GJGRW RM
?AAMKKMB?RC (RF?R GQ, GLAPC?QC) RFC NMUCP MD FCP CWCQ. 7F?R GQ RFC
AJMQCQR M@HCAR QFC A?L QCC AJC?PJW?
35. 4FC D?P NMGLR MD ? KWMNGA ?BKGLGQRP?RMP GQ 50.0 AK. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC
PCJ?VCB NMUCP MD FGQ CWCQ? (@) )D FC F?Q RFC LMPK?J 8.00% ?@GJGRW RM
?AAMKKMB?RC, UF?R GQ RFC AJMQCQR M@HCAR FC A?L QCC AJC?PJW?
36. ! TCPW KWMNGA K?L F?Q ? D?P NMGLR MD 20.0 AK. 7F?R NMUCP AMLR?AR
JCLQ (UFCL ML RFC CWC) UGJJ AMPPCAR FGQ BGQR?LR TGQGML?
37. 2CNC?R RFC NPCTGMSQ NPM@JCK DMP CWCEJ?QQCQ FCJB 1.50 AK DPMK RFC
CWCQ.
38. ! KWMNGA NCPQML QCCQ RF?R FCP AMLR?AR JCLQ NPCQAPGNRGML GQ 4.00 D.
7F?R GQ FCP D?P NMGLR?
39. 2CNC?R RFC NPCTGMSQ NPM@JCK DMP EJ?QQCQ RF?R ?PC 1.75 AK DPMK RFC
CWCQ.
40. 4FC AMLR?AR JCLQ NPCQAPGNRGML DMP ? KGJBJW D?PQGEFRCB NCPQML GQ 0.750
$, ?LB RFC NCPQML F?Q ? LC?P NMGLR MD 29.0 AK. 7F?R GQ RFC NMUCP MD RFC
RC?P J?WCP @CRUCCL RFC AMPLC? ?LB RFC JCLQ GD RFC AMPPCARGML GQ GBC?J,
R?IGLE RFC RC?P J?WCP GLRM ?AAMSLR?
41. ! LC?PQGEFRCB K?L A?LLMR QCC M@HCARQ AJC?PJW @CWMLB 20 AK DPMK FGQ
CWCQ. (MU AJMQC KSQR FC QR?LB RM ? KGPPMP GL MPBCP RM QCC UF?R FC GQ
BMGLE UFCL FC QF?TCQ?
42. ! KMRFCP QCCQ RF?R FCP AFGJBtQ AMLR?AR JCLQ NPCQAPGNRGML GQ 0.750 $.
7F?R GQ RFC AFGJBtQ LC?P NMGLR?
43. 2CNC?R RFC NPCTGMSQ NPM@JCK DMP EJ?QQCQ RF?R ?PC 2.20 AK DPMK RFC
CWCQ.
44. 4FC AMLR?AR JCLQ NPCQAPGNRGML DMP ? LC?PQGEFRCB NCPQML GQ 4.00 D
?LB RFC NCPQML F?Q ? D?P NMGLR MD 22.5 AK. 7F?R GQ RFC NMUCP MD RFC RC?P
J?WCP @CRUCCL RFC AMPLC? ?LB RFC JCLQ GD RFC AMPPCARGML GQ GBC?J, R?IGLE RFC
RC?P J?WCP GLRM ?AAMSLR?
! @MW F?Q ? LC?P NMGLR MD 50 AK ?LB ? D?P NMGLR MD 500 AK. 7GJJ ?
4.00 D JCLQ AMPPCAR FGQ D?P NMGLR RM GLDGLGRW?
26.4 &?9HEI9EF;I
46. ! KGAPMQAMNC UGRF ?L MTCP?JJ K?ELGDGA?RGML MD 800 F?Q ?L M@HCARGTC
RF?R K?ELGDGCQ @W 200. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC K?ELGDGA?RGML MD RFC CWCNGCAC? (@)
)D RFCPC ?PC RUM MRFCP M@HCARGTCQ RF?R A?L @C SQCB, F?TGLE K?ELGDGA?RGMLQ
MD 100 ?LB 400, UF?R MRFCP RMR?J K?ELGDGA?RGMLQ ?PC NMQQG@JC?
47. (?) 7F?R K?ELGDGA?RGML GQ NPMBSACB @W ? 0.150 AK DMA?J JCLERF
KGAPMQAMNC M@HCARGTC RF?R GQ 0.155 AK DPMK RFC M@HCAR @CGLE TGCUCB? (@)
7F?R GQ RFC MTCP?JJ K?ELGDGA?RGML GD ?L 8 CWCNGCAC (MLC RF?R NPMBSACQ ?
K?ELGDGA?RGML MD 8.00) GQ SQCB?
48. (?) 7FCPC BMCQ ?L M@HCAR LCCB RM @C NJ?ACB PCJ?RGTC RM ? KGAPMQAMNC
DMP GRQ 0.500 AK DMA?J JCLERF M@HCARGTC RM NPMBSAC ? K?ELGDGA?RGML MD
400 ? (@) 7FCPC QFMSJB RFC 5.00 AK DMA?J JCLERF CWCNGCAC @C NJ?ACB RM
NPMBSAC ? DSPRFCP DMSPDMJB (4.00) K?ELGDGA?RGML?
49. 9MS QUGRAF DPMK ? 1.40NA 60 MGJ GKKCPQGML M@HCARGTC RM ?
1.40NA 60 MGJ GKKCPQGML M@HCARGTC. 7F?R ?PC RFC ?AACNR?LAC ?LEJCQ
DMP C?AF? #MKN?PC ?LB AMKKCLR ML RFC T?JSCQ. 7FGAF UMSJB WMS SQC
DGPQR RM JMA?RC RFC R?PECR ?PC? ML WMSP QNCAGKCL?
50. !L ?KMC@? GQ 0.305 AK ?U?W DPMK RFC 0.300 AK DMA?J JCLERF
M@HCARGTC JCLQ MD ? KGAPMQAMNC. (?) 7FCPC GQ RFC GK?EC DMPKCB @W RFC
M@HCARGTC JCLQ? (@) 7F?R GQ RFGQ GK?ECtQ K?ELGDGA?RGML? (A) !L CWCNGCAC
UGRF ? 2.00 AK DMA?J JCLERF GQ NJ?ACB 20.0 AK DPMK RFC M@HCARGTC. 7FCPC
GQ RFC DGL?J GK?EC? (B) 7F?R K?ELGDGA?RGML GQ NPMBSACB @W RFC CWCNGCAC?
(C) 7F?R GQ RFC MTCP?JJ K?ELGDGA?RGML? (3CC F?=KH; 26.16.)
51. 9MS ?PC SQGLE ? QR?LB?PB KGAPMQAMNC UGRF ? 0.10NA 4 M@HCARGTC
?LB QUGRAF RM ? 0.65NA 40 M@HCARGTC. 7F?R ?PC RFC ?AACNR?LAC
?LEJCQ DMP C?AF? #MKN?PC ?LB AMKKCLR ML RFC T?JSCQ. 7FGAF UMSJB WMS
SQC DGPQR RM JMA?RC RFC R?PECR ?PC? ML MD WMSP QNCAGKCL? (3CC F?=KH;
26.17.)
9MSP DPGCLBQ QFMU WMS ?L GK?EC RFPMSEF ? KGAPMQAMNC. 4FCW RCJJ WMS RF?R
RFC KGAPMQAMNC F?Q ?L M@HCARGTC UGRF ? 0.500 AK DMA?J JCLERF ?LB ?L
CWCNGCAC UGRF ? 5.00 AK DMA?J JCLERF. 4FC PCQSJRGLE MTCP?JJ K?ELGDGA?RGML
GQ 250,000. !PC RFCQC TG?@JC T?JSCQ DMP ? KGAPMQAMNC?
26.5 -;B;I9EF;I
.DB;II EJ>;HM?I; IJ7J;:, J>; B;DI-JE-H;J?D7 :?IJ7D9; ?I 2.00 9C.
53. 7F?R GQ RFC ?LESJ?P K?ELGDGA?RGML MD ? RCJCQAMNC RF?R F?Q ? 100 AK
DMA?J JCLERF M@HCARGTC ?LB ? 2.50 AK DMA?J JCLERF CWCNGCAC?
54. &GLB RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC M@HCARGTC ?LB CWCNGCAC JCLQCQ GL RFC
RCJCQAMNC GL RFC ?@MTC NPM@JCK LCCBCB RM NPMBSAC ? DGL?J GK?EC TCPW D?P
950 #(!04%2 26 Y 6)3)/. !.$ /04)#!, ).3425-%.43
DPMK RFC M@QCPTCP, UFCPC TGQGML GQ KMQR PCJ?VCB. .MRC RF?R ? RCJCQAMNC GQ
LMPK?JJW SQCB RM TGCU TCPW BGQR?LR M@HCARQ.
55. ! J?PEC PCDJCARGLE RCJCQAMNC F?Q ?L M@HCARGTC KGPPMP UGRF ? 10.0 m
P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC. 7F?R ?LESJ?P K?ELGDGA?RGML BMCQ GR NPMBSAC UFCL ?
3.00 m DMA?J JCLERF CWCNGCAC GQ SQCB?
56. ! QK?JJ RCJCQAMNC F?Q ? AMLA?TC KGPPMP UGRF ? 2.00 K P?BGSQ MD
ASPT?RSPC DMP GRQ M@HCARGTC. )RQ CWCNGCAC GQ ? 4.00 AK DMA?J JCLERF JCLQ. (?)
7F?R GQ RFC RCJCQAMNCtQ ?LESJ?P K?ELGDGA?RGML? (@) 7F?R ?LEJC GQ
QS@RCLBCB @W ? 25,000 IK BG?KCRCP QSLQNMR? (A) 7F?R GQ RFC ?LEJC MD GRQ
RCJCQAMNGA GK?EC?
57. ! 7.5 @GLMASJ?P NPMBSACQ ?L ?LESJ?P K?ELGDGA?RGML MD 7.50 ,
?ARGLE JGIC ? RCJCQAMNC. (-GPPMPQ ?PC SQCB RM K?IC RFC GK?EC SNPGEFR.) )D
RFC @GLMASJ?PQ F?TC M@HCARGTC JCLQCQ UGRF ? 75.0 AK DMA?J JCLERF, UF?R GQ
RFC DMA?J JCLERF MD RFC CWCNGCAC JCLQCQ?
#MLQGBCP ? RCJCQAMNC MD RFC RWNC SQCB @W '?JGJCM, F?TGLE ? AMLTCV
M@HCARGTC ?LB ? AMLA?TC CWCNGCAC ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 26.23(?).
#MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS A?JASJ?RC RFC JMA?RGML ?LB QGXC MD RFC
GK?EC NPMBSACB. !KMLE RFC RFGLEQ RM @C AMLQGBCPCB ?PC RFC DMA?J JCLERFQ
MD RFC JCLQCQ ?LB RFCGP PCJ?RGTC NJ?ACKCLRQ ?Q UCJJ ?Q RFC QGXC ?LB
JMA?RGML MD RFC M@HCAR. 6CPGDW RF?R RFC ?LESJ?P K?ELGDGA?RGML GQ EPC?RCP RF?L
MLC. 4F?R GQ, RFC ?LEJC QS@RCLBCB ?R RFC CWC @W RFC GK?EC GQ EPC?RCP RF?L
RFC ?LEJC QS@RCLBCB @W RFC M@HCAR.
26.6 A8;HH7J?EDI
(?) $SPGLE J?QCP TGQGML AMPPCARGML, ? @PGCD @SPQR MD 193 LK SJRP?TGMJCR JGEFR
GQ NPMHCARCB MLRM RFC AMPLC? MD RFC N?RGCLR. )R K?ICQ ? QNMR 1.00 KK GL
BG?KCRCP ?LB BCNMQGRQ 0.500 K* MD CLCPEW. #?JASJ?RC RFC BCNRF MD RFC
J?WCP ?@J?RCB, ?QQSKGLE RFC AMPLC?J RGQQSC F?Q RFC Q?KC NPMNCPRGCQ ?Q
U?RCP ?LB GQ GLGRG?JJW ?R 34.0C. 4FC RGQQSCtQ RCKNCP?RSPC GQ GLAPC?QCB RM
100C ?LB CT?NMP?RCB UGRFMSR DSPRFCP RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QC.
(@) $MCQ WMSP ?LQUCP GKNJW RF?R RFC QF?NC MD RFC AMPLC? A?L @C DGLCJW
AMLRPMJJCB?
#(!04%2 26 Y 6)3)/. !.$ /04)#!, ).3425-%.43 951
952 #(!04%2 26 Y 6)3)/. !.$ /04)#!, ).3425-%.43
27 7!6% /04)#3
F?=KH; 27.1 4FC AMJMPQ PCDJCARCB @W RFGQ AMKN?AR BGQA T?PW UGRF ?LEJC ?LB ?PC LMR A?SQCB @W NGEKCLRQ. #MJMPQ QSAF ?Q RFCQC ?PC BGPCAR CTGBCLAC MD RFC U?TC AF?P?ARCP MD JGEFR.
(APCBGR: )LDMNPM, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
,C?PLGLE /@HCARGTCQ
27.1. ->; 07L; AIF;9J E< %?=>J: "DJ;H<;H;D9;
27.2. !KO=;DI'I )H?D9?FB;: D?<<H79J?ED
27.3. 2EKD=XI DEK8B; ,B?J ENF;H?C;DJ
27.4. &KBJ?FB; ,B?J D?<<H79J?ED
27.5. ,?D=B; ,B?J D?<<H79J?ED
27.6. %?C?JI E< +;IEBKJ?ED: ->; +7OB;?=> CH?J;H?ED
27.7. ->?D F?BC "DJ;H<;H;D9;
27.8. )EB7H?P7J?ED
27.9. *ENJ;D:;: -EF?9* &?9HEI9EFO ED>7D9;: 8O J>; 07L; C>7H79J;H?IJ?9I E< %?=>J
"DJHE:K9J?ED JE 07L; (FJ?9I
%V?KGLC ? AMKN?AR BGQA SLBCP UFGRC JGEFR, LMRGLE RFC AMJMPQ M@QCPTCB ?LB JMA?RGMLQ MD RFC AMJMPQ. $CRCPKGLC GD RFC QNCARP? ?PC DMPKCB @W BGDDP?ARGML
DPMK AGPASJ?P JGLCQ ACLRCPCB ?R RFC KGBBJC MD RFC BGQA ?LB, GD QM, UF?R GQ RFCGP QN?AGLE. )D LMR, BCRCPKGLC RFC RWNC MD QN?AGLE. !JQM UGRF RFC #$, CVNJMPC
RFC QNCARP? MD ? DCU JGEFR QMSPACQ, QSAF ?Q ? A?LBJC DJ?KC, GLA?LBCQACLR @SJ@, F?JMECL JGEFR, ?LB DJSMPCQACLR JGEFR. +LMUGLE RFC QN?AGLE MD RFC PMUQ MD
NGRQ GL RFC AMKN?AR BGQA, CQRGK?RC RFC K?VGKSK QN?AGLE RF?R UGJJ ?JJMU RFC EGTCL LSK@CP MD KCE?@WRCQ MD GLDMPK?RGML RM @C QRMPCB.
)D WMS F?TC CTCP JMMICB ?R RFC PCBQ, @JSCQ, ?LB EPCCLQ GL ? QSLJGR QM?N @S@@JC ?LB UMLBCPCB FMU QRP?U-AMJMPCB QM?NW U?RCP AMSJB NPMBSAC RFCK, WMS
F?TC FGR SNML MLC MD RFC K?LW NFCLMKCL? RF?R A?L MLJW @C CVNJ?GLCB @W RFC U?TC AF?P?ARCP MD JGEFR (QCC F?=KH; 27.2). 4FC Q?KC GQ RPSC DMP RFC
AMJMPQ QCCL GL ?L MGJ QJGAI MP GL RFC JGEFR PCDJCARCB DPMK ? AMKN?AR BGQA. 4FCQC ?LB MRFCP GLRCPCQRGLE NFCLMKCL?, QSAF ?Q RFC BGQNCPQGML MD UFGRC JGEFR
GLRM ? P?GL@MU MD AMJMPQ UFCL N?QQCB RFPMSEF ? L?PPMU QJGR, A?LLMR @C CVNJ?GLCB DSJJW @W ECMKCRPGA MNRGAQ. )L RFCQC A?QCQ, JGEFR GLRCP?ARQ UGRF QK?JJ
M@HCARQ ?LB CVFG@GRQ GRQ U?TC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ. 4FC @P?LAF MD MNRGAQ RF?R AMLQGBCPQ RFC @CF?TGMP MD JGEFR UFCL GR CVFG@GRQ U?TC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ
(N?PRGASJ?PJW UFCL GR GLRCP?ARQ UGRF QK?JJ M@HCARQ) GQ A?JJCB U?TC MNRGAQ (QMKCRGKCQ A?JJCB NFWQGA?J MNRGAQ). )R GQ RFC RMNGA MD RFGQ AF?NRCP.
#(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3 953
F?=KH; 27.2 4FCQC QM?N @S@@JCQ CVFG@GR @PGJJG?LR AMJMPQ UFCL CVNMQCB RM QSLJGEFR. (MU ?PC RFC AMJMPQ NPMBSACB GD RFCW ?PC LMR NGEKCLRQ GL RFC QM?N? (APCBGR: 3AMRR 2M@GLQML,
&JGAIP)
27.1 ->; 07L; AIF;9J E< %?=>J: "DJ;H<;H;D9;
7C ILMU RF?R TGQG@JC JGEFR GQ RFC RWNC MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC RM UFGAF MSP CWCQ PCQNMLB. ,GIC ?JJ MRFCP CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ, GR M@CWQ RFC COS?RGML
(27.1)
c = f ,
UFCPC c = 310
8
m/s GQ RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR GL T?ASSK, f GQ RFC DPCOSCLAW MD RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ, ?LB GQ GRQ U?TCJCLERF. 4FC P?LEC MD
TGQG@JC U?TCJCLERFQ GQ ?NNPMVGK?RCJW 380 RM 760 LK. !Q GQ RPSC DMP ?JJ U?TCQ, JGEFR RP?TCJQ GL QRP?GEFR JGLCQ ?LB ?ARQ JGIC ? P?W UFCL GR GLRCP?ARQ UGRF
M@HCARQ QCTCP?J RGKCQ ?Q J?PEC ?Q GRQ U?TCJCLERF. (MUCTCP, UFCL GR GLRCP?ARQ UGRF QK?JJCP M@HCARQ, GR BGQNJ?WQ GRQ U?TC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ NPMKGLCLRJW.
)LRCPDCPCLAC GQ RFC F?JJK?PI MD ? U?TC, ?LB GL F?=KH; 27.3 @MRF RFC P?W ?LB U?TC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD JGEFR A?L @C QCCL. 4FC J?QCP @C?K CKGRRCB @W RFC
M@QCPT?RMPW CNGRMKGXCQ ? P?W, RP?TCJGLE GL ? QRP?GEFR JGLC. (MUCTCP, N?QQGLE ? NSPC-U?TCJCLERF @C?K RFPMSEF TCPRGA?J QJGRQ UGRF ? QGXC AJMQC RM RFC
U?TCJCLERF MD RFC @C?K PCTC?JQ RFC U?TC AF?P?ARCP MD JGEFR, ?Q RFC @C?K QNPC?BQ MSR FMPGXMLR?JJW GLRM ? N?RRCPL MD @PGEFR ?LB B?PI PCEGMLQ A?SQCB @W
QWQRCK?RGA AMLQRPSARGTC ?LB BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC. 2?RFCP RF?L QNPC?BGLE MSR, ? P?W UMSJB AMLRGLSC RP?TCJGLE QRP?GEFR ?FC?B ?DRCP N?QQGLE RFPMSEF
QJGRQ.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 7?TCQ
4FC KMQR ACPR?GL GLBGA?RGML MD ? U?TC GQ GLRCPDCPCLAC. 4FGQ U?TC AF?P?ARCPGQRGA GQ KMQR NPMKGLCLR UFCL RFC U?TC GLRCP?ARQ UGRF ?L M@HCAR RF?R GQ
LMR J?PEC AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC U?TCJCLERF. )LRCPDCPCLAC GQ M@QCPTCB DMP U?RCP U?TCQ, QMSLB U?TCQ, JGEFR U?TCQ, ?LB (?Q UC UGJJ QCC GL ,F;9?7B
+;B7J?L?JO) DMP K?RRCP U?TCQ, QSAF ?Q CJCARPMLQ QA?RRCPCB DPMK ? APWQR?J.
F?=KH; 27.3 (?) 4FC J?QCP @C?K CKGRRCB @W ?L M@QCPT?RMPW ?ARQ JGIC ? P?W, RP?TCJGLE GL ? QRP?GEFR JGLC. 4FGQ J?QCP @C?K GQ DPMK RFC 0?P?L?J /@QCPT?RMPW MD RFC %SPMNC?L
3MSRFCPL /@QCPT?RMPW. (APCBGR: 9SPG "CJCRQIW, %SPMNC?L 3MSRFCPL /@QCPT?RMPW) (@) ! J?QCP @C?K N?QQGLE RFPMSEF ? EPGB MD TCPRGA?J QJGRQ NPMBSACQ ?L GLRCPDCPCLAC
N?RRCPLrAF?P?ARCPGQRGA MD ? U?TC. (APCBGR: 3FGK'ML ?LB 3J?T? 2W@I?, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
,GEFR F?Q U?TC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ GL T?PGMSQ KCBG? ?Q UCJJ ?Q GL ? T?ASSK. 7FCL JGEFR EMCQ DPMK ? T?ASSK RM QMKC KCBGSK, JGIC U?RCP, GRQ QNCCB ?LB
U?TCJCLERF AF?LEC, @SR GRQ DPCOSCLAW f PCK?GLQ RFC Q?KC. (7C A?L RFGLI MD JGEFR ?Q ? DMPACB MQAGJJ?RGML RF?R KSQR F?TC RFC DPCOSCLAW MD RFC MPGEGL?J
954 #(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3
QMSPAC.) 4FC QNCCB MD JGEFR GL ? KCBGSK GQ v = c / n , UFCPC n GQ GRQ GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML. )D UC BGTGBC @MRF QGBCQ MD COS?RGML c = f @W n , UC ECR
c / n = v = f / n . 4FGQ GKNJGCQ RF?R v = f
n
, UFCPC
n
GQ RFC M7L;B;D=J> ?D 7 C;:?KC ?LB RF?R
(27.2)
n
=

n
,
UFCPC GQ RFC U?TCJCLERF GL T?ASSK ?LB n GQ RFC KCBGSKtQ GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML. 4FCPCDMPC, RFC U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR GQ QK?JJCP GL ?LW KCBGSK RF?L GR
GQ GL T?ASSK. )L U?RCP, DMP CV?KNJC, UFGAF F?Q n = 1.333 , RFC P?LEC MD TGQG@JC U?TCJCLERFQ GQ (380 nm)/1.333 RM (760 nm)/1.333 , MP
n
= 285 to 570 nm. !JRFMSEF U?TCJCLERFQ AF?LEC UFGJC RP?TCJGLE DPMK MLC KCBGSK RM ?LMRFCP, AMJMPQ BM LMR, QGLAC AMJMPQ ?PC ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF
DPCOSCLAW.
27.2 !KO=;DI'I )H?D9?FB;: D?<<H79J?ED
F?=KH; 27.4 QFMUQ FMU ? RP?LQTCPQC U?TC JMMIQ ?Q TGCUCB DPMK ?@MTC ?LB DPMK RFC QGBC. ! JGEFR U?TC A?L @C GK?EGLCB RM NPMN?E?RC JGIC RFGQ,
?JRFMSEF UC BM LMR ?ARS?JJW QCC GR UGEEJGLE RFPMSEF QN?AC. &PMK ?@MTC, UC TGCU RFC U?TCDPMLRQ (MP U?TC APCQRQ) ?Q UC UMSJB @W JMMIGLE BMUL ML RFC
MAC?L U?TCQ. 4FC QGBC TGCU UMSJB @C ? EP?NF MD RFC CJCARPGA MP K?ELCRGA DGCJB. 4FC TGCU DPMK ?@MTC GQ NCPF?NQ RFC KMQR SQCDSJ GL BCTCJMNGLE
AMLACNRQ ?@MSR U?TC MNRGAQ.
F?=KH; 27.4 ! RP?LQTCPQC U?TC, QSAF ?Q ?L CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC JGIC JGEFR, ?Q TGCUCB DPMK ?@MTC ?LB DPMK RFC QGBC. 4FC BGPCARGML MD NPMN?E?RGML GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC
U?TCDPMLRQ (MP U?TC APCQRQ) ?LB GQ PCNPCQCLRCB @W ?L ?PPMU JGIC ? P?W.
4FC $SRAF QAGCLRGQR #FPGQRG??L (SWECLQ (1629q1695) BCTCJMNCB ? SQCDSJ RCAFLGOSC DMP BCRCPKGLGLE GL BCR?GJ FMU ?LB UFCPC U?TCQ NPMN?E?RC.
3R?PRGLE DPMK QMKC ILMUL NMQGRGML, !KO=;DIXI FH?D9?FB; QR?RCQ RF?R:
EL;HO FE?DJ ED 7 M7L;<HEDJ ?I 7 IEKH9; E< M7L;B;JI J>7J IFH;7: EKJ ?D J>; <EHM7H: :?H;9J?ED 7J J>; I7C; IF;;: 7I J>; M7L; ?JI;B<. ->; D;M
M7L;<HEDJ ?I 7 B?D; J7D=;DJ JE 7BB E< J>; M7L;B;JI.
F?=KH; 27.5 QFMUQ FMU (SWECLQtQ NPGLAGNJC GQ ?NNJGCB. ! U?TCDPMLR GQ RFC JMLE CBEC RF?R KMTCQ, DMP CV?KNJC, RFC APCQR MP RFC RPMSEF. %?AF NMGLR ML
RFC U?TCDPMLR CKGRQ ? QCKGAGPASJ?P U?TC RF?R KMTCQ ?R RFC NPMN?E?RGML QNCCB v . 4FCQC ?PC BP?UL ?R ? RGKC t J?RCP, QM RF?R RFCW F?TC KMTCB ?
BGQR?LAC s = vt . 4FC LCU U?TCDPMLR GQ ? JGLC R?LECLR RM RFC U?TCJCRQ ?LB GQ UFCPC UC UMSJB CVNCAR RFC U?TC RM @C ? RGKC t J?RCP. (SWECLQtQ
NPGLAGNJC UMPIQ DMP ?JJ RWNCQ MD U?TCQ, GLAJSBGLE U?RCP U?TCQ, QMSLB U?TCQ, ?LB JGEFR U?TCQ. 7C UGJJ DGLB GR SQCDSJ LMR MLJW GL BCQAPG@GLE FMU JGEFR
U?TCQ NPMN?E?RC, @SR ?JQM GL CVNJ?GLGLE RFC J?UQ MD PCDJCARGML ?LB PCDP?ARGML. )L ?BBGRGML, UC UGJJ QCC RF?R (SWECLQtQ NPGLAGNJC RCJJQ SQ FMU ?LB UFCPC
JGEFR P?WQ GLRCPDCPC.
#(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3 955
F?=KH; 27.5 (SWECLQtQ NPGLAGNJC ?NNJGCB RM ? QRP?GEFR U?TCDPMLR. %?AF NMGLR ML RFC U?TCDPMLR CKGRQ ? QCKGAGPASJ?P U?TCJCR RF?R KMTCQ ? BGQR?LAC s =vt . 4FC LCU U?TCDPMLR GQ
? JGLC R?LECLR RM RFC U?TCJCRQ.
F?=KH; 27.6 QFMUQ FMU ? KGPPMP PCDJCARQ ?L GLAMKGLE U?TC ?R ?L ?LEJC COS?J RM RFC GLAGBCLR ?LEJC, TCPGDWGLE RFC J?U MD PCDJCARGML. !Q RFC U?TCDPMLR
QRPGICQ RFC KGPPMP, U?TCJCRQ ?PC DGPQR CKGRRCB DPMK RFC JCDR N?PR MD RFC KGPPMP ?LB RFCL RFC PGEFR. 4FC U?TCJCRQ AJMQCP RM RFC JCDR F?TC F?B RGKC RM RP?TCJ
D?PRFCP, NPMBSAGLE ? U?TCDPMLR RP?TCJGLE GL RFC BGPCARGML QFMUL.
F?=KH; 27.6 (SWECLQtQ NPGLAGNJC ?NNJGCB RM ? QRP?GEFR U?TCDPMLR QRPGIGLE ? KGPPMP. 4FC U?TCJCRQ QFMUL UCPC CKGRRCB ?Q C?AF NMGLR ML RFC U?TCDPMLR QRPSAI RFC KGPPMP. 4FC
R?LECLR RM RFCQC U?TCJCRQ QFMUQ RF?R RFC LCU U?TCDPMLR F?Q @CCL PCDJCARCB ?R ?L ?LEJC COS?J RM RFC GLAGBCLR ?LEJC. 4FC BGPCARGML MD NPMN?E?RGML GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC
U?TCDPMLR, ?Q QFMUL @W RFC BMULU?PB-NMGLRGLE ?PPMUQ.
4FC J?U MD PCDP?ARGML A?L @C CVNJ?GLCB @W ?NNJWGLE (SWECLQtQ NPGLAGNJC RM ? U?TCDPMLR N?QQGLE DPMK MLC KCBGSK RM ?LMRFCP (QCC F?=KH; 27.7). %?AF
U?TCJCR GL RFC DGESPC U?Q CKGRRCB UFCL RFC U?TCDPMLR APMQQCB RFC GLRCPD?AC @CRUCCL RFC KCBG?. 3GLAC RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR GQ QK?JJCP GL RFC QCAMLB
KCBGSK, RFC U?TCQ BM LMR RP?TCJ ?Q D?P GL ? EGTCL RGKC, ?LB RFC LCU U?TCDPMLR AF?LECQ BGPCARGML ?Q QFMUL. 4FGQ CVNJ?GLQ UFW ? P?W AF?LECQ
BGPCARGML RM @CAMKC AJMQCP RM RFC NCPNCLBGASJ?P UFCL JGEFR QJMUQ BMUL. 3LCJJtQ J?U A?L @C BCPGTCB DPMK RFC ECMKCRPW GL F?=KH; 27.7, @SR RFGQ GQ JCDR ?Q
?L CVCPAGQC DMP ?K@GRGMSQ PC?BCPQ.
F?=KH; 27.7 (SWECLQtQ NPGLAGNJC ?NNJGCB RM ? QRP?GEFR U?TCDPMLR RP?TCJGLE DPMK MLC KCBGSK RM ?LMRFCP UFCPC GRQ QNCCB GQ JCQQ. 4FC P?W @CLBQ RMU?PB RFC NCPNCLBGASJ?P, QGLAC
RFC U?TCJCRQ F?TC ? JMUCP QNCCB GL RFC QCAMLB KCBGSK.
7F?R F?NNCLQ UFCL ? U?TC N?QQCQ RFPMSEF ?L MNCLGLE, QSAF ?Q JGEFR QFGLGLE RFPMSEF ?L MNCL BMMP GLRM ? B?PI PMMK? &MP JGEFR, UC CVNCAR RM QCC ?
QF?PN QF?BMU MD RFC BMMPU?W ML RFC DJMMP MD RFC PMMK, ?LB UC CVNCAR LM JGEFR RM @CLB ?PMSLB AMPLCPQ GLRM MRFCP N?PRQ MD RFC PMMK. 7FCL QMSLB
N?QQCQ RFPMSEF ? BMMP, UC CVNCAR RM FC?P GR CTCPWUFCPC GL RFC PMMK ?LB, RFSQ, CVNCAR RF?R QMSLB QNPC?BQ MSR UFCL N?QQGLE RFPMSEF QSAF ?L MNCLGLE
(QCC F?=KH; 27.8). 7F?R GQ RFC BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL RFC @CF?TGMP MD QMSLB U?TCQ ?LB JGEFR U?TCQ GL RFGQ A?QC? 4FC ?LQUCP GQ RF?R JGEFR F?Q TCPW QFMPR
U?TCJCLERFQ ?LB ?ARQ JGIC ? P?W. 3MSLB F?Q U?TCJCLERFQ ML RFC MPBCP MD RFC QGXC MD RFC BMMP ?LB @CLBQ ?PMSLB AMPLCPQ (DMP DPCOSCLAW MD 1000 (X,
= c / f = (330 m/ s) / (1000 s
1
) = 0.33 m, ?@MSR RFPCC RGKCQ QK?JJCP RF?L RFC UGBRF MD RFC BMMPU?W).
956 #(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3
F?=KH; 27.8 (?) ,GEFR N?QQGLE RFPMSEF ? BMMPU?W K?ICQ ? QF?PN MSRJGLC ML RFC DJMMP. 3GLAC JGEFRtQ U?TCJCLERF GQ TCPW QK?JJ AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC QGXC MD RFC BMMP, GR ?ARQ JGIC ? P?W.
(@) 3MSLB U?TCQ @CLB GLRM ?JJ N?PRQ MD RFC PMMK, ? U?TC CDDCAR, @CA?SQC RFCGP U?TCJCLERF GQ QGKGJ?P RM RFC QGXC MD RFC BMMP.
)D UC N?QQ JGEFR RFPMSEF QK?JJCP MNCLGLEQ, MDRCL A?JJCB QJGRQ, UC A?L SQC (SWECLQtQ NPGLAGNJC RM QCC RF?R JGEFR @CLBQ ?Q QMSLB BMCQ (QCC F?=KH; 27.9).
4FC @CLBGLE MD ? U?TC ?PMSLB RFC CBECQ MD ?L MNCLGLE MP ?L M@QR?AJC GQ A?JJCB :?<<H79J?ED. $GDDP?ARGML GQ ? U?TC AF?P?ARCPGQRGA ?LB MAASPQ DMP ?JJ
RWNCQ MD U?TCQ. )D BGDDP?ARGML GQ M@QCPTCB DMP QMKC NFCLMKCLML, GR GQ CTGBCLAC RF?R RFC NFCLMKCLML GQ ? U?TC. 4FSQ RFC FMPGXMLR?J BGDDP?ARGML MD RFC
J?QCP @C?K ?DRCP GR N?QQCQ RFPMSEF QJGRQ GL F?=KH; 27.3 GQ CTGBCLAC RF?R JGEFR GQ ? U?TC.
F?=KH; 27.9 (SWECLQtQ NPGLAGNJC ?NNJGCB RM ? QRP?GEFR U?TCDPMLR QRPGIGLE ?L MNCLGLE. 4FC CBECQ MD RFC U?TCDPMLR @CLB ?DRCP N?QQGLE RFPMSEF RFC MNCLGLE, ? NPMACQQ A?JJCB
BGDDP?ARGML. 4FC ?KMSLR MD @CLBGLE GQ KMPC CVRPCKC DMP ? QK?JJ MNCLGLE, AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC D?AR RF?R U?TC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ ?PC KMQR LMRGAC?@JC DMP GLRCP?ARGMLQ UGRF M@HCARQ ?@MSR
RFC Q?KC QGXC ?Q RFC U?TCJCLERF.
27.3 2EKD=XI DEK8B; ,B?J ENF;H?C;DJ
!JRFMSEF #FPGQRG??L (SWECLQ RFMSEFR RF?R JGEFR U?Q ? U?TC, )Q??A .CURML BGB LMR. .CURML DCJR RF?R RFCPC UCPC MRFCP CVNJ?L?RGMLQ DMP AMJMP, ?LB DMP
RFC GLRCPDCPCLAC ?LB BGDDP?ARGML CDDCARQ RF?R UCPC M@QCPT?@JC ?R RFC RGKC. /UGLE RM .CURMLtQ RPCKCLBMSQ QR?RSPC, FGQ TGCU ECLCP?JJW NPCT?GJCB. 4FC D?AR
RF?R (SWECLQtQ NPGLAGNJC UMPICB U?Q LMR AMLQGBCPCB CTGBCLAC RF?R U?Q BGPCAR CLMSEF RM NPMTC RF?R JGEFR GQ ? U?TC. 4FC ?AACNR?LAC MD RFC U?TC
AF?P?ARCP MD JGEFR A?KC K?LW WC?PQ J?RCP UFCL, GL 1801, RFC %LEJGQF NFWQGAGQR ?LB NFWQGAG?L 4FMK?Q 9MSLE (1773q1829) BGB FGQ LMU-AJ?QQGA BMS@JC
QJGR CVNCPGKCLR (QCC F?=KH; 27.10).
F?=KH; 27.10 9MSLEtQ BMS@JC QJGR CVNCPGKCLR. (CPC NSPC-U?TCJCLERF JGEFR QCLR RFPMSEF ? N?GP MD TCPRGA?J QJGRQ GQ BGDDP?ARCB GLRM ? N?RRCPL ML RFC QAPCCL MD LSKCPMSQ TCPRGA?J JGLCQ
QNPC?B MSR FMPGXMLR?JJW. 7GRFMSR BGDDP?ARGML ?LB GLRCPDCPCLAC, RFC JGEFR UMSJB QGKNJW K?IC RUM JGLCQ ML RFC QAPCCL.
7FW BM UC LMR MPBGL?PGJW M@QCPTC U?TC @CF?TGMP DMP JGEFR, QSAF ?Q M@QCPTCB GL 9MSLEtQ BMS@JC QJGR CVNCPGKCLR? &GPQR, JGEFR KSQR GLRCP?AR UGRF
QMKCRFGLE QK?JJ, QSAF ?Q RFC AJMQCJW QN?ACB QJGRQ SQCB @W 9MSLE, RM QFMU NPMLMSLACB U?TC CDDCARQ. &SPRFCPKMPC, 9MSLE DGPQR N?QQCB JGEFR DPMK ?
QGLEJC QMSPAC (RFC 3SL) RFPMSEF ? QGLEJC QJGR RM K?IC RFC JGEFR QMKCUF?R AMFCPCLR. "W 9E>;H;DJ, UC KC?L U?TCQ ?PC GL NF?QC MP F?TC ? BCDGLGRC
NF?QC PCJ?RGMLQFGN. "D9E>;H;DJ KC?LQ RFC U?TCQ F?TC P?LBMK NF?QC PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ. 7FW BGB 9MSLE RFCL N?QQ RFC JGEFR RFPMSEF ? BMS@JC QJGR? 4FC
?LQUCP RM RFGQ OSCQRGML GQ RF?R RUM QJGRQ NPMTGBC RUM AMFCPCLR JGEFR QMSPACQ RF?R RFCL GLRCPDCPC AMLQRPSARGTCJW MP BCQRPSARGTCJW. 9MSLE SQCB QSLJGEFR,
UFCPC C?AF U?TCJCLERF DMPKQ GRQ MUL N?RRCPL, K?IGLE RFC CDDCAR KMPC BGDDGASJR RM QCC. 7C GJJSQRP?RC RFC BMS@JC QJGR CVNCPGKCLR UGRF KMLMAFPMK?RGA
(QGLEJC ) JGEFR RM AJ?PGDW RFC CDDCAR. F?=KH; 27.11 QFMUQ RFC NSPC AMLQRPSARGTC ?LB BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC MD RUM U?TCQ F?TGLE RFC Q?KC U?TCJCLERF
?LB ?KNJGRSBC.
#(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3 957
F?=KH; 27.11 4FC ?KNJGRSBCQ MD U?TCQ ?BB. (?) 0SPC AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC GQ M@R?GLCB UFCL GBCLRGA?J U?TCQ ?PC GL NF?QC. (@) 0SPC BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC MAASPQ UFCL
GBCLRGA?J U?TCQ ?PC CV?ARJW MSR MD NF?QC, MP QFGDRCB @W F?JD ? U?TCJCLERF.
7FCL JGEFR N?QQCQ RFPMSEF L?PPMU QJGRQ, GR GQ BGDDP?ARCB GLRM QCKGAGPASJ?P U?TCQ, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 27.12(?). 0SPC AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC MAASPQ
UFCPC RFC U?TCQ ?PC APCQR RM APCQR MP RPMSEF RM RPMSEF. 0SPC BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC MAASPQ UFCPC RFCW ?PC APCQR RM RPMSEF. 4FC JGEFR KSQR D?JJ ML ?
QAPCCL ?LB @C QA?RRCPCB GLRM MSP CWCQ DMP SQ RM QCC RFC N?RRCPL. !L ?L?JMEMSQ N?RRCPL DMP U?RCP U?TCQ GQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 27.12(@). .MRC RF?R PCEGMLQ
MD AMLQRPSARGTC ?LB BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC KMTC MSR DPMK RFC QJGRQ ?R UCJJ-BCDGLCB ?LEJCQ RM RFC MPGEGL?J @C?K. 4FCQC ?LEJCQ BCNCLB ML U?TCJCLERF
?LB RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC QJGRQ, ?Q UC QF?JJ QCC @CJMU.
F?=KH; 27.12 $MS@JC QJGRQ NPMBSAC RUM AMFCPCLR QMSPACQ MD U?TCQ RF?R GLRCPDCPC. (?) ,GEFR QNPC?BQ MSR (BGDDP?ARQ) DPMK C?AF QJGR, @CA?SQC RFC QJGRQ ?PC L?PPMU. 4FCQC U?TCQ
MTCPJ?N ?LB GLRCPDCPC AMLQRPSARGTCJW (@PGEFR JGLCQ) ?LB BCQRPSARGTCJW (B?PI PCEGMLQ). 7C A?L MLJW QCC RFGQ GD RFC JGEFR D?JJQ MLRM ? QAPCCL ?LB GQ QA?RRCPCB GLRM MSP CWCQ. (@) $MS@JC
QJGR GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPL DMP U?RCP U?TCQ ?PC LC?PJW GBCLRGA?J RM RF?R DMP JGEFR. 7?TC ?ARGML GQ EPC?RCQR GL PCEGMLQ MD AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC ?LB JC?QR GL PCEGMLQ MD BCQRPSARGTC
GLRCPDCPCLAC. (A) 7FCL JGEFR RF?R F?Q N?QQCB RFPMSEF BMS@JC QJGRQ D?JJQ ML ? QAPCCL, UC QCC ? N?RRCPL QSAF ?Q RFGQ. (APCBGR: 0!3#/)
4M SLBCPQR?LB RFC BMS@JC QJGR GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPL, UC AMLQGBCP FMU RUM U?TCQ RP?TCJ DPMK RFC QJGRQ RM RFC QAPCCL, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 27.13. %?AF
QJGR GQ ? BGDDCPCLR BGQR?LAC DPMK ? EGTCL NMGLR ML RFC QAPCCL. 4FSQ BGDDCPCLR LSK@CPQ MD U?TCJCLERFQ DGR GLRM C?AF N?RF. 7?TCQ QR?PR MSR DPMK RFC QJGRQ GL
NF?QC (APCQR RM APCQR), @SR RFCW K?W CLB SN MSR MD NF?QC (APCQR RM RPMSEF) ?R RFC QAPCCL GD RFC N?RFQ BGDDCP GL JCLERF @W F?JD ? U?TCJCLERF, GLRCPDCPGLE
BCQRPSARGTCJW ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 27.13(?). )D RFC N?RFQ BGDDCP @W ? UFMJC U?TCJCLERF, RFCL RFC U?TCQ ?PPGTC GL NF?QC (APCQR RM APCQR) ?R RFC QAPCCL,
GLRCPDCPGLE AMLQRPSARGTCJW ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 27.13(@). -MPC ECLCP?JJW, GD RFC N?RFQ R?ICL @W RFC RUM U?TCQ BGDDCP @W ?LW F?JD-GLRCEP?J LSK@CP MD
U?TCJCLERFQ ; (1 / 2) , (3 / 2) , (5 / 2) , CRA.=, RFCL BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC MAASPQ. 3GKGJ?PJW, GD RFC N?RFQ R?ICL @W RFC RUM U?TCQ BGDDCP @W ?LW
GLRCEP?J LSK@CP MD U?TCJCLERFQ ( , 2 , 3 , CRA.), RFCL AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC MAASPQ.
958 #(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3
4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR: 5QGLE &GLECPQ ?Q 3JGRQ
,MMI ?R ? JGEFR, QSAF ?Q ? QRPCCR J?KN MP GLA?LBCQACLR @SJ@, RFPMSEF RFC L?PPMU E?N @CRUCCL RUM DGLECPQ FCJB AJMQC RMECRFCP. 7F?R RWNC MD N?RRCPL
BM WMS QCC? (MU BMCQ GR AF?LEC UFCL WMS ?JJMU RFC DGLECPQ RM KMTC ? JGRRJC D?PRFCP ?N?PR? )Q GR KMPC BGQRGLAR DMP ? KMLMAFPMK?RGA QMSPAC, QSAF ?Q
RFC WCJJMU JGEFR DPMK ? QMBGSK T?NMP J?KN, RF?L DMP ?L GLA?LBCQACLR @SJ@?
F?=KH; 27.13 7?TCQ DMJJMU BGDDCPCLR N?RFQ DPMK RFC QJGRQ RM ? AMKKML NMGLR ML ? QAPCCL. (?) $CQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC MAASPQ FCPC, @CA?SQC MLC N?RF GQ ? F?JD U?TCJCLERF JMLECP
RF?L RFC MRFCP. 4FC U?TCQ QR?PR GL NF?QC @SR ?PPGTC MSR MD NF?QC. (@) #MLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC MAASPQ FCPC @CA?SQC MLC N?RF GQ ? UFMJC U?TCJCLERF JMLECP RF?L RFC MRFCP. 4FC
U?TCQ QR?PR MSR ?LB ?PPGTC GL NF?QC.
F?=KH; 27.14 QFMUQ FMU RM BCRCPKGLC RFC N?RF JCLERF BGDDCPCLAC DMP U?TCQ RP?TCJGLE DPMK RUM QJGRQ RM ? AMKKML NMGLR ML ? QAPCCL. )D RFC QAPCCL GQ ?
J?PEC BGQR?LAC ?U?W AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC QJGRQ, RFCL RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL RFC N?RF ?LB ? JGLC DPMK RFC QJGRQ RM RFC QAPCCL (QCC RFC
DGESPC) GQ LC?PJW RFC Q?KC DMP C?AF N?RF. 4FC BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL RFC N?RFQ GQ QFMUL GL RFC DGESPC; QGKNJC RPGEMLMKCRPW QFMUQ GR RM @C d sin , UFCPC
d GQ RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC QJGRQ. 4M M@R?GL 9EDIJHK9J?L; ?DJ;H<;H;D9; <EH 7 :EK8B; IB?J, RFC N?RF JCLERF BGDDCPCLAC KSQR @C ?L GLRCEP?J KSJRGNJC MD
RFC U?TCJCLERF, MP
(27.3)
d sin = m, for m = 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, (constructive).
3GKGJ?PJW, RM M@R?GL :;IJHK9J?L; ?DJ;H<;H;D9; <EH 7 :EK8B; IB?J, RFC N?RF JCLERF BGDDCPCLAC KSQR @C ? F?JD-GLRCEP?J KSJRGNJC MD RFC U?TCJCLERF, MP
(27.4)
d sin =

m +
1
2
, for m = 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, (destructive),
UFCPC GQ RFC U?TCJCLERF MD RFC JGEFR, d GQ RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL QJGRQ, ?LB GQ RFC ?LEJC DPMK RFC MPGEGL?J BGPCARGML MD RFC @C?K ?Q BGQASQQCB
?@MTC. 7C A?JJ m RFC EH:;H MD RFC GLRCPDCPCLAC. &MP CV?KNJC, m = 4 GQ DMSPRF-MPBCP GLRCPDCPCLAC.
F?=KH; 27.14 4FC N?RFQ DPMK C?AF QJGR RM ? AMKKML NMGLR ML RFC QAPCCL BGDDCP @W ?L ?KMSLR d sin , ?QQSKGLE RFC BGQR?LAC RM RFC QAPCCL GQ KSAF EPC?RCP RF?L RFC BGQR?LAC
@CRUCCL QJGRQ (LMR RM QA?JC FCPC).
4FC COS?RGMLQ DMP BMS@JC QJGR GLRCPDCPCLAC GKNJW RF?R ? QCPGCQ MD @PGEFR ?LB B?PI JGLCQ ?PC DMPKCB. &MP TCPRGA?J QJGRQ, RFC JGEFR QNPC?BQ MSR FMPGXMLR?JJW ML
CGRFCP QGBC MD RFC GLAGBCLR @C?K GLRM ? N?RRCPL A?JJCB GLRCPDCPCLAC DPGLECQ, GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 27.15. 4FC GLRCLQGRW MD RFC @PGEFR DPGLECQ D?JJQ MDD ML
CGRFCP QGBC, @CGLE @PGEFRCQR ?R RFC ACLRCP. 4FC AJMQCP RFC QJGRQ ?PC, RFC KMPC GQ RFC QNPC?BGLE MD RFC @PGEFR DPGLECQ. 7C A?L QCC RFGQ @W CV?KGLGLE RFC
COS?RGML
(27.5)
d sin = m, for m = 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, .
&MP DGVCB ?LB m, RFC QK?JJCP d GQ, RFC J?PECP KSQR @C, QGLAC sin = m / d . 4FGQ GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF MSP AMLRCLRGML RF?R U?TC CDDCARQ ?PC
KMQR LMRGAC?@JC UFCL RFC M@HCAR RFC U?TC CLAMSLRCPQ (FCPC, QJGRQ ? BGQR?LAC d ?N?PR) GQ QK?JJ. 3K?JJ d EGTCQ J?PEC , FCLAC ? J?PEC CDDCAR.
#(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3 959
F?=KH; 27.15 4FC GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPL DMP ? BMS@JC QJGR F?Q ?L GLRCLQGRW RF?R D?JJQ MDD UGRF ?LEJC. 4FC NFMRMEP?NF QFMUQ KSJRGNJC @PGEFR ?LB B?PI JGLCQ, MP DPGLECQ, DMPKCB @W JGEFR
N?QQGLE RFPMSEF ? BMS@JC QJGR.
EN7CFB; 27.1 F?D:?D= 7 07L;B;D=J> <HEC 7D "DJ;H<;H;D9; )7JJ;HD
3SNNMQC WMS N?QQ JGEFR DPMK ? (C-.C J?QCP RFPMSEF RUM QJGRQ QCN?P?RCB @W 0.0100 KK ?LB DGLB RF?R RFC RFGPB @PGEFR JGLC ML ? QAPCCL GQ DMPKCB ?R
?L ?LEJC MD 10.95 PCJ?RGTC RM RFC GLAGBCLR @C?K. 7F?R GQ RFC U?TCJCLERF MD RFC JGEFR?
,JH7J;=O
4FC RFGPB @PGEFR JGLC GQ BSC RM RFGPB-MPBCP AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC, UFGAF KC?LQ RF?R m = 3 . 7C ?PC EGTCL d = 0.0100 mm ?LB = 10.95 .
4FC U?TCJCLERF A?L RFSQ @C DMSLB SQGLE RFC COS?RGML d sin = m DMP AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC.
,EBKJ?ED
4FC COS?RGML GQ d sin = m . 3MJTGLE DMP RFC U?TCJCLERF EGTCQ
(27.6)
=
d sin
m
.
(27.7)
=
(0.0100 mm)(sin 10.95)
3
= 6.3310
4
mm = 633 nm.
D?I9KII?ED
4M RFPCC BGEGRQ, RFGQ GQ RFC U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR CKGRRCB @W RFC AMKKML (C-.C J?QCP. .MR @W AMGLAGBCLAC, RFGQ PCB AMJMP GQ QGKGJ?P RM RF?R CKGRRCB @W
LCML JGEFRQ. -MPC GKNMPR?LR, FMUCTCP, GQ RFC D?AR RF?R GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPLQ A?L @C SQCB RM KC?QSPC U?TCJCLERF. 9MSLE BGB RFGQ DMP TGQG@JC
U?TCJCLERFQ. 4FGQ ?L?JWRGA?J RCAFLGOSC GQ QRGJJ UGBCJW SQCB RM KC?QSPC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA QNCARP?. &MP ? EGTCL MPBCP, RFC ?LEJC DMP AMLQRPSARGTC
GLRCPDCPCLAC GLAPC?QCQ UGRF , QM RF?R QNCARP? (KC?QSPCKCLRQ MD GLRCLQGRW TCPQSQ U?TCJCLERF) A?L @C M@R?GLCB.
EN7CFB; 27.2 C7B9KB7J?D= !?=>;IJ (H:;H )EII?8B;
)LRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPLQ BM LMR F?TC ?L GLDGLGRC LSK@CP MD JGLCQ, QGLAC RFCPC GQ ? JGKGR RM FMU @GE m A?L @C. 7F?R GQ RFC FGEFCQR-MPBCP AMLQRPSARGTC
GLRCPDCPCLAC NMQQG@JC UGRF RFC QWQRCK BCQAPG@CB GL RFC NPCACBGLE CV?KNJC?
4FC COS?RGML d sin = m (for m = 0, 1, 1, 2, 2,

BCQAPG@CQ AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC. &MP DGVCB T?JSCQ MD d ?LB , RFC J?PECP
m GQ, RFC J?PECP sin GQ. (MUCTCP, RFC K?VGKSK T?JSC RF?R sin A?L F?TC GQ 1, DMP ?L ?LEJC MD 90 . (,?PECP ?LEJCQ GKNJW RF?R JGEFR EMCQ
@?AIU?PB ?LB BMCQ LMR PC?AF RFC QAPCCL ?R ?JJ.) ,CR SQ DGLB UFGAF m AMPPCQNMLBQ RM RFGQ K?VGKSK BGDDP?ARGML ?LEJC.
,EBKJ?ED
3MJTGLE RFC COS?RGML d sin = m DMP m EGTCQ
(27.8)
m =
d sin
.
4?IGLE sin = 1 ?LB QS@QRGRSRGLE RFC T?JSCQ MD d ?LB DPMK RFC NPCACBGLE CV?KNJC EGTCQ
(27.9)
m =
(0.0100 mm)(1)
633 nm
15.8.
4FCPCDMPC, RFC J?PECQR GLRCECP m A?L @C GQ 15, MP
(27.10)
m = 15.
960 #(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3
D?I9KII?ED
4FC LSK@CP MD DPGLECQ BCNCLBQ ML RFC U?TCJCLERF ?LB QJGR QCN?P?RGML. 4FC LSK@CP MD DPGLECQ UGJJ @C TCPW J?PEC DMP J?PEC QJGR QCN?P?RGMLQ.
(MUCTCP, GD RFC QJGR QCN?P?RGML @CAMKCQ KSAF EPC?RCP RF?L RFC U?TCJCLERF, RFC GLRCLQGRW MD RFC GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPL AF?LECQ QM RF?R RFC QAPCCL
F?Q RUM @PGEFR JGLCQ A?QR @W RFC QJGRQ, ?Q CVNCARCB UFCL JGEFR @CF?TCQ JGIC ? P?W. 7C ?JQM LMRC RF?R RFC DPGLECQ ECR D?GLRCP DSPRFCP ?U?W DPMK RFC
ACLRCP. #MLQCOSCLRJW, LMR ?JJ 15 DPGLECQ K?W @C M@QCPT?@JC.
27.4 &KBJ?FB; ,B?J D?<<H79J?ED
!L GLRCPCQRGLE RFGLE F?NNCLQ GD WMS N?QQ JGEFR RFPMSEF ? J?PEC LSK@CP MD CTCLJW QN?ACB N?P?JJCJ QJGRQ, A?JJCB ? :?<<H79J?ED =H7J?D=. !L GLRCPDCPCLAC
N?RRCPL GQ APC?RCB RF?R GQ TCPW QGKGJ?P RM RFC MLC DMPKCB @W ? BMS@JC QJGR (QCC F?=KH; 27.16). ! BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE A?L @C K?LSD?ARSPCB @W QAP?RAFGLE
EJ?QQ UGRF ? QF?PN RMMJ GL ? LSK@CP MD NPCAGQCJW NMQGRGMLCB N?P?JJCJ JGLCQ, UGRF RFC SLRMSAFCB PCEGMLQ ?ARGLE JGIC QJGRQ. 4FCQC A?L @C NFMRMEP?NFGA?JJW
K?QQ NPMBSACB P?RFCP AFC?NJW. $GDDP?ARGML EP?RGLEQ UMPI @MRF DMP RP?LQKGQQGML MD JGEFR, ?Q GL F?=KH; 27.16, ?LB DMP PCDJCARGML MD JGEFR, ?Q ML @SRRCPDJW
UGLEQ ?LB RFC !SQRP?JG?L MN?J GL F?=KH; 27.17 MP RFC #$ NGARSPCB GL RFC MNCLGLE NFMRMEP?NF MD RFGQ AF?NRCP, F?=KH; 27.1. )L ?BBGRGML RM RFCGP SQC ?Q
LMTCJRW GRCKQ, BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLEQ ?PC AMKKMLJW SQCB DMP QNCARPMQAMNGA BGQNCPQGML ?LB ?L?JWQGQ MD JGEFR. 7F?R K?ICQ RFCK N?PRGASJ?PJW SQCDSJ GQ RFC
D?AR RF?R RFCW DMPK ? QF?PNCP N?RRCPL RF?L BMS@JC QJGRQ BM. 4F?R GQ, RFCGP @PGEFR PCEGMLQ ?PC L?PPMUCP ?LB @PGEFRCP, UFGJC RFCGP B?PI PCEGMLQ ?PC B?PICP.
F?=KH; 27.18 QFMUQ GBC?JGXCB EP?NFQ BCKMLQRP?RGLE RFC QF?PNCP N?RRCPL. .?RSP?J BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLEQ MAASP GL RFC DC?RFCPQ MD ACPR?GL @GPBQ. 4GLW, DGLECP-
JGIC QRPSARSPCQ GL PCESJ?P N?RRCPLQ ?AR ?Q PCDJCARGML EP?RGLEQ, NPMBSAGLE AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC RF?R EGTCQ RFC DC?RFCPQ AMJMPQ LMR QMJCJW BSC RM RFCGP
NGEKCLR?RGML. 4FGQ GQ A?JJCB GPGBCQACLAC.
F?=KH; 27.16 ! BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE GQ ? J?PEC LSK@CP MD CTCLJW QN?ACB N?P?JJCJ QJGRQ. (?) ,GEFR N?QQGLE RFPMSEF GQ BGDDP?ARCB GL ? N?RRCPL QGKGJ?P RM ? BMS@JC QJGR, UGRF @PGEFR PCEGMLQ
?R T?PGMSQ ?LEJCQ. (@) 4FC N?RRCPL M@R?GLCB DMP UFGRC JGEFR GLAGBCLR ML ? EP?RGLE. 4FC ACLRP?J K?VGKSK GQ UFGRC, ?LB RFC FGEFCP-MPBCP K?VGK? BGQNCPQC UFGRC JGEFR GLRM ? P?GL@MU
MD AMJMPQ.
F?=KH; 27.17 (?) 4FGQ !SQRP?JG?L MN?J ?LB (@) RFC @SRRCPDJW UGLEQ F?TC PMUQ MD PCDJCARMPQ RF?R ?AR JGIC PCDJCARGML EP?RGLEQ, PCDJCARGLE BGDDCPCLR AMJMPQ ?R BGDDCPCLR ?LEJCQ. (APCBGRQ: (?)
/N?JQ-/L-"J?AI.AMK, TG? &JGAIP (@) UFMJMEUFW, &JGAIP)
#(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3 961
F?=KH; 27.18 )BC?JGXCB EP?NFQ MD RFC GLRCLQGRW MD JGEFR N?QQGLE RFPMSEF ? BMS@JC QJGR (?) ?LB ? BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE (@) DMP KMLMAFPMK?RGA JGEFR. -?VGK? A?L @C NPMBSACB ?R RFC
Q?KC ?LEJCQ, @SR RFMQC DMP RFC BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE ?PC L?PPMUCP ?LB FCLAC QF?PNCP. 4FC K?VGK? @CAMKC L?PPMUCP ?LB RFC PCEGMLQ @CRUCCL B?PICP ?Q RFC LSK@CP MD QJGRQ GQ
GLAPC?QCB.
4FC ?L?JWQGQ MD ? BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE GQ TCPW QGKGJ?P RM RF?R DMP ? BMS@JC QJGR (QCC F?=KH; 27.19). !Q UC ILMU DPMK MSP BGQASQQGML MD BMS@JC QJGRQ GL
2EKD='I DEK8B; ,B?J ENF;H?C;DJ, JGEFR GQ BGDDP?ARCB @W C?AF QJGR ?LB QNPC?BQ MSR ?DRCP N?QQGLE RFPMSEF. 2?WQ RP?TCJGLE GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML (?R ?L
?LEJC PCJ?RGTC RM RFC GLAGBCLR BGPCARGML) ?PC QFMUL GL RFC DGESPC. %?AF MD RFCQC P?WQ RP?TCJQ ? BGDDCPCLR BGQR?LAC RM ? AMKKML NMGLR ML ? QAPCCL D?P
?U?W. 4FC P?WQ QR?PR GL NF?QC, ?LB RFCW A?L @C GL MP MSR MD NF?QC UFCL RFCW PC?AF ? QAPCCL, BCNCLBGLE ML RFC BGDDCPCLAC GL RFC N?RF JCLERFQ RP?TCJCB.
!Q QCCL GL RFC DGESPC, C?AF P?W RP?TCJQ ? BGQR?LAC d sin BGDDCPCLR DPMK RF?R MD GRQ LCGEF@MP, UFCPC d GQ RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL QJGRQ. )D RFGQ BGQR?LAC
COS?JQ ?L GLRCEP?J LSK@CP MD U?TCJCLERFQ, RFC P?WQ ?JJ ?PPGTC GL NF?QC, ?LB AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC (? K?VGKSK) GQ M@R?GLCB. 4FSQ, RFC AMLBGRGML
LCACQQ?PW RM M@R?GL 9EDIJHK9J?L; ?DJ;H<;H;D9; <EH 7 :?<<H79J?ED =H7J?D= GQ
(27.11)
d sin = m, for m = 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, (constructive),
UFCPC d GQ RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL QJGRQ GL RFC EP?RGLE, GQ RFC U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR, ?LB m GQ RFC MPBCP MD RFC K?VGKSK. .MRC RF?R RFGQ GQ CV?ARJW RFC
Q?KC COS?RGML ?Q DMP BMS@JC QJGRQ QCN?P?RCB @W d . (MUCTCP, RFC QJGRQ ?PC SQS?JJW AJMQCP GL BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLEQ RF?L GL BMS@JC QJGRQ, NPMBSAGLE DCUCP
K?VGK? ?R J?PECP ?LEJCQ.
F?=KH; 27.19 $GDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE QFMUGLE JGEFR P?WQ DPMK C?AF QJGR RP?TCJGLE GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML. %?AF P?W RP?TCJQ ? BGDDCPCLR BGQR?LAC RM PC?AF ? AMKKML NMGLR ML ? QAPCCL (LMR
QFMUL). %?AF P?W RP?TCJQ ? BGQR?LAC d sin BGDDCPCLR DPMK RF?R MD GRQ LCGEF@MP.
7FCPC ?PC BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLEQ SQCB? $GDDP?ARGML EP?RGLEQ ?PC ICW AMKNMLCLRQ MD KMLMAFPMK?RMPQ SQCB, DMP CV?KNJC, GL MNRGA?J GK?EGLE MD N?PRGASJ?P
U?TCJCLERFQ DPMK @GMJMEGA?J MP KCBGA?J Q?KNJCQ. ! BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE A?L @C AFMQCL RM QNCAGDGA?JJW ?L?JWXC ? U?TCJCLERF CKGRRCB @W KMJCASJCQ GL
BGQC?QCB ACJJQ GL ? @GMNQW Q?KNJC MP RM FCJN CVAGRC QRP?RCEGA KMJCASJCQ GL RFC Q?KNJC UGRF ? QCJCARCB DPCOSCLAW MD JGEFR. !LMRFCP TGR?J SQC GQ GL MNRGA?J
DG@CP RCAFLMJMEGCQ UFCPC DG@CPQ ?PC BCQGELCB RM NPMTGBC MNRGKSK NCPDMPK?LAC ?R QNCAGDGA U?TCJCLERFQ. ! P?LEC MD BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLEQ ?PC ?T?GJ?@JC DMP
QCJCARGLE QNCAGDGA U?TCJCLERFQ DMP QSAF SQC.
962 #(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3
4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR: 2?GL@MUQ ML ? #$
4FC QN?AGLE d MD RFC EPMMTCQ GL ? #$ MP $6$ A?L @C UCJJ BCRCPKGLCB @W SQGLE ? J?QCP ?LB RFC COS?RGML
d sin = m, for m = 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, . (MUCTCP, UC A?L QRGJJ K?IC ? EMMB CQRGK?RC MD RFGQ QN?AGLE @W SQGLE UFGRC JGEFR ?LB RFC
P?GL@MU MD AMJMPQ RF?R AMKCQ DPMK RFC GLRCPDCPCLAC. 2CDJCAR QSLJGEFR DPMK ? #$ MLRM ? U?JJ ?LB SQC WMSP @CQR HSBEKCLR MD RFC JMA?RGML MD ?
QRPMLEJW BGDDP?ARCB AMJMP RM DGLB RFC QCN?P?RGML d .
EN7CFB; 27.3 C7B9KB7J?D= -OF?97B D?<<H79J?ED H7J?D= E<<;9JI
$GDDP?ARGML EP?RGLEQ UGRF 10,000 JGLCQ NCP ACLRGKCRCP ?PC PC?BGJW ?T?GJ?@JC. 3SNNMQC WMS F?TC MLC, ?LB WMS QCLB ? @C?K MD UFGRC JGEFR RFPMSEF GR
RM ? QAPCCL 2.00 K ?U?W. (?) &GLB RFC ?LEJCQ DMP RFC DGPQR-MPBCP BGDDP?ARGML MD RFC QFMPRCQR ?LB JMLECQR U?TCJCLERFQ MD TGQG@JC JGEFR (380 ?LB 760
LK). (@) 7F?R GQ RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC CLBQ MD RFC P?GL@MU MD TGQG@JC JGEFR NPMBSACB ML RFC QAPCCL DMP DGPQR-MPBCP GLRCPDCPCLAC? (3CC F?=KH;
27.20.)
F?=KH; 27.20 4FC BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE AMLQGBCPCB GL RFGQ CV?KNJC NPMBSACQ ? P?GL@MU MD AMJMPQ ML ? QAPCCL ? BGQR?LAC x = 2.00 m DPMK RFC EP?RGLE. 4FC BGQR?LACQ
?JMLE RFC QAPCCL ?PC KC?QSPCB NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC x -BGPCARGML. )L MRFCP UMPBQ, RFC P?GL@MU N?RRCPL CVRCLBQ MSR MD RFC N?EC.
,JH7J;=O
4FC ?LEJCQ A?L @C DMSLB SQGLE RFC COS?RGML
(27.12)
d sin = m (for m = 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, )
MLAC ? T?JSC DMP RFC QJGR QN?AGLE d F?Q @CCL BCRCPKGLCB. 3GLAC RFCPC ?PC 10,000 JGLCQ NCP ACLRGKCRCP, C?AF JGLC GQ QCN?P?RCB @W 1/10,000 MD ?
ACLRGKCRCP. /LAC RFC ?LEJCQ ?PC DMSLB, RFC BGQR?LACQ ?JMLE RFC QAPCCL A?L @C DMSLB SQGLE QGKNJC RPGEMLMKCRPW.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
4FC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL QJGRQ GQ d = (1 cm) / 10,000 = 1.0010
4
cm MP 1.0010
6
m. ,CR SQ A?JJ RFC RUM ?LEJCQ
V
DMP TGMJCR (380 LK)
?LB
R
DMP PCB (760 LK). 3MJTGLE RFC COS?RGML d sin
V
= m DMP sin
V
,
(27.13)
sin
V
=
m
V
d
,
UFCPC m = 1 DMP DGPQR MPBCP ?LB
V
= 380 nm = 3.8010
7
m. 3S@QRGRSRGLE RFCQC T?JSCQ EGTCQ
(27.14)
sin
V
=
3.8010
7
m
1.0010
6
m
= 0.380.
4FSQ RFC ?LEJC
V
GQ
(27.15)
V
= sin
1
0.380 = 22.33.
3GKGJ?PJW,
#(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3 963
(27.16)
sin
R
=
7.6010
7
m
1.0010
6
m
.
4FSQ RFC ?LEJC
R
GQ
(27.17)
R
= sin
1
0.760 = 49.46.
.MRGAC RF?R GL @MRF COS?RGMLQ, UC PCNMPRCB RFC PCQSJRQ MD RFCQC GLRCPKCBG?RC A?JASJ?RGMLQ RM DMSP QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ RM SQC UGRF RFC A?JASJ?RGML GL
N?PR (@).
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
4FC BGQR?LACQ ML RFC QAPCCL ?PC J?@CJCB y
V
?LB y
R
GL F?=KH; 27.20. .MRGLE RF?R tan = y / x , UC A?L QMJTC DMP y
V
?LB y
R
. 4F?R GQ,
(27.18)
y
V
= x tan
V
= (2.00 m)(tan 22.33) = 0.815 m
?LB
(27.19)
y
R
= x tan
R
= (2.00 m)(tan 49.46) = 2.338 m.
4FC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFCK GQ RFCPCDMPC
(27.20)
y
R
y
V
= 1.52 m.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC J?PEC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC PCB ?LB TGMJCR CLBQ MD RFC P?GL@MU NPMBSACB DPMK RFC UFGRC JGEFR GLBGA?RCQ RFC NMRCLRG?J RFGQ BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE F?Q
?Q ? QNCARPMQAMNGA RMMJ. 4FC KMPC GR A?L QNPC?B MSR RFC U?TCJCLERFQ (EPC?RCP BGQNCPQGML), RFC KMPC BCR?GJ A?L @C QCCL GL ? QNCARPSK. 4FGQ
BCNCLBQ ML RFC OS?JGRW MD RFC BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLErGR KSQR @C TCPW NPCAGQCJW K?BC GL ?BBGRGML RM F?TGLE AJMQCJW QN?ACB JGLCQ.
27.5 ,?D=B; ,B?J D?<<H79J?ED
,GEFR N?QQGLE RFPMSEF ? QGLEJC QJGR DMPKQ ? BGDDP?ARGML N?RRCPL QMKCUF?R BGDDCPCLR DPMK RFMQC DMPKCB @W BMS@JC QJGRQ MP BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLEQ. F?=KH; 27.21
QFMUQ ? QGLEJC QJGR BGDDP?ARGML N?RRCPL. .MRC RF?R RFC ACLRP?J K?VGKSK GQ J?PECP RF?L RFMQC ML CGRFCP QGBC, ?LB RF?R RFC GLRCLQGRW BCAPC?QCQ P?NGBJW ML
CGRFCP QGBC. )L AMLRP?QR, ? BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE NPMBSACQ CTCLJW QN?ACB JGLCQ RF?R BGK QJMUJW ML CGRFCP QGBC MD ACLRCP.
F?=KH; 27.21 (?) 3GLEJC QJGR BGDDP?ARGML N?RRCPL. -MLMAFPMK?RGA JGEFR N?QQGLE RFPMSEF ? QGLEJC QJGR F?Q ? ACLRP?J K?VGKSK ?LB K?LW QK?JJCP ?LB BGKKCP K?VGK? ML CGRFCP QGBC.
4FC ACLRP?J K?VGKSK GQ QGV RGKCQ FGEFCP RF?L QFMUL. (@) 4FC BP?UGLE QFMUQ RFC @PGEFR ACLRP?J K?VGKSK ?LB BGKKCP ?LB RFGLLCP K?VGK? ML CGRFCP QGBC.
4FC ?L?JWQGQ MD QGLEJC QJGR BGDDP?ARGML GQ GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 27.22. (CPC UC AMLQGBCP JGEFR AMKGLE DPMK BGDDCPCLR N?PRQ MD RFC F4@8 QJGR. !AAMPBGLE RM
(SWECLQtQ NPGLAGNJC, CTCPW N?PR MD RFC U?TCDPMLR GL RFC QJGR CKGRQ U?TCJCRQ. 4FCQC ?PC JGIC P?WQ RF?R QR?PR MSR GL NF?QC ?LB FC?B GL ?JJ BGPCARGMLQ. (%?AF
P?W GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC U?TCDPMLR MD ? U?TCJCR.) !QQSKGLE RFC QAPCCL GQ TCPW D?P ?U?W AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC QGXC MD RFC QJGR, P?WQ FC?BGLE RMU?PB ?
AMKKML BCQRGL?RGML ?PC LC?PJW N?P?JJCJ. 7FCL RFCW RP?TCJ QRP?GEFR ?FC?B, ?Q GL F?=KH; 27.22(?), RFCW PCK?GL GL NF?QC, ?LB ? ACLRP?J K?VGKSK GQ
M@R?GLCB. (MUCTCP, UFCL P?WQ RP?TCJ ?R ?L ?LEJC PCJ?RGTC RM RFC MPGEGL?J BGPCARGML MD RFC @C?K, C?AF RP?TCJQ ? BGDDCPCLR BGQR?LAC RM ? AMKKML
JMA?RGML, ?LB RFCW A?L ?PPGTC GL MP MSR MD NF?QC. )L F?=KH; 27.22(@), RFC P?W DPMK RFC @MRRMK RP?TCJQ ? BGQR?LAC MD MLC U?TCJCLERF D?PRFCP RF?L RFC
P?W DPMK RFC RMN. 4FSQ ? P?W DPMK RFC ACLRCP RP?TCJQ ? BGQR?LAC / 2 D?PRFCP RF?L RFC MLC ML RFC JCDR, ?PPGTCQ MSR MD NF?QC, ?LB GLRCPDCPCQ BCQRPSARGTCJW.
! P?W DPMK QJGEFRJW ?@MTC RFC ACLRCP ?LB MLC DPMK QJGEFRJW ?@MTC RFC @MRRMK UGJJ ?JQM A?LACJ MLC ?LMRFCP. )L D?AR, C?AF P?W DPMK RFC QJGR UGJJ F?TC
?LMRFCP RM GLRCPDCPC BCQRPSARGTCJW, ?LB ? KGLGKSK GL GLRCLQGRW UGJJ MAASP ?R RFGQ ?LEJC. 4FCPC UGJJ @C ?LMRFCP KGLGKSK ?R RFC Q?KC ?LEJC RM RFC PGEFR MD
RFC GLAGBCLR BGPCARGML MD RFC JGEFR.
964 #(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3
F?=KH; 27.22 ,GEFR N?QQGLE RFPMSEF ? QGLEJC QJGR GQ BGDDP?ARCB GL ?JJ BGPCARGMLQ ?LB K?W GLRCPDCPC AMLQRPSARGTCJW MP BCQRPSARGTCJW, BCNCLBGLE ML RFC ?LEJC. 4FC BGDDCPCLAC GL N?RF
JCLERF DMP P?WQ DPMK CGRFCP QGBC MD RFC QJGR GQ QCCL RM @C D sin .
!R RFC J?PECP ?LEJC QFMUL GL F?=KH; 27.22(A), RFC N?RF JCLERFQ BGDDCP @W 3 / 2 DMP P?WQ DPMK RFC RMN ?LB @MRRMK MD RFC QJGR. /LC P?W RP?TCJQ ? BGQR?LAC
BGDDCPCLR DPMK RFC P?W DPMK RFC @MRRMK ?LB ?PPGTCQ GL NF?QC, GLRCPDCPGLE AMLQRPSARGTCJW. 4UM P?WQ, C?AF DPMK QJGEFRJW ?@MTC RFMQC RUM, UGJJ ?JQM ?BB
AMLQRPSARGTCJW. -MQR P?WQ DPMK RFC QJGR UGJJ F?TC ?LMRFCP RM GLRCPDCPC UGRF AMLQRPSARGTCJW, ?LB ? K?VGKSK GL GLRCLQGRW UGJJ MAASP ?R RFGQ ?LEJC. (MUCTCP,
?JJ P?WQ BM LMR GLRCPDCPC AMLQRPSARGTCJW DMP RFGQ QGRS?RGML, ?LB QM RFC K?VGKSK GQ LMR ?Q GLRCLQC ?Q RFC ACLRP?J K?VGKSK. &GL?JJW, GL F?=KH; 27.22(B), RFC
?LEJC QFMUL GQ J?PEC CLMSEF RM NPMBSAC ? QCAMLB KGLGKSK. !Q QCCL GL RFC DGESPC, RFC BGDDCPCLAC GL N?RF JCLERF DMP P?WQ DPMK CGRFCP QGBC MD RFC QJGR GQ
D sin , ?LB UC QCC RF?R ? BCQRPSARGTC KGLGKSK GQ M@R?GLCB UFCL RFGQ BGQR?LAC GQ ?L GLRCEP?J KSJRGNJC MD RFC U?TCJCLERF.
F?=KH; 27.23 ! EP?NF MD QGLEJC QJGR BGDDP?ARGML GLRCLQGRW QFMUGLE RFC ACLRP?J K?VGKSK RM @C UGBCP ?LB KSAF KMPC GLRCLQC RF?L RFMQC RM RFC QGBCQ. )L D?AR RFC ACLRP?J K?VGKSK GQ
QGV RGKCQ FGEFCP RF?L QFMUL FCPC.
#(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3 965
4FSQ, RM M@R?GL :;IJHK9J?L; ?DJ;H<;H;D9; <EH 7 I?D=B; IB?J,
(27.21)
D sin = m, for m = 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, (destructive),
UFCPC D GQ RFC QJGR UGBRF, GQ RFC JGEFRtQ U?TCJCLERF, GQ RFC ?LEJC PCJ?RGTC RM RFC MPGEGL?J BGPCARGML MD RFC JGEFR, ?LB m GQ RFC MPBCP MD RFC KGLGKSK.
F?=KH; 27.23 QFMUQ ? EP?NF MD GLRCLQGRW DMP QGLEJC QJGR GLRCPDCPCLAC, ?LB GR GQ ?NN?PCLR RF?R RFC K?VGK? ML CGRFCP QGBC MD RFC ACLRP?J K?VGKSK ?PC KSAF
JCQQ GLRCLQC ?LB LMR ?Q UGBC. 4FGQ GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC GJJSQRP?RGML GL F?=KH; 27.21(@).
EN7CFB; 27.4 C7B9KB7J?D= ,?D=B; ,B?J D?<<H79J?ED
6GQG@JC JGEFR MD U?TCJCLERF 550 LK D?JJQ ML ? QGLEJC QJGR ?LB NPMBSACQ GRQ QCAMLB BGDDP?ARGML KGLGKSK ?R ?L ?LEJC MD 45.0 PCJ?RGTC RM RFC GLAGBCLR
BGPCARGML MD RFC JGEFR. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC UGBRF MD RFC QJGR? (@) !R UF?R ?LEJC GQ RFC DGPQR KGLGKSK NPMBSACB?
F?=KH; 27.24 ! EP?NF MD RFC QGLEJC QJGR BGDDP?ARGML N?RRCPL GQ ?L?JWXCB GL RFGQ CV?KNJC.
,JH7J;=O
&PMK RFC EGTCL GLDMPK?RGML, ?LB ?QQSKGLE RFC QAPCCL GQ D?P ?U?W DPMK RFC QJGR, UC A?L SQC RFC COS?RGML D sin = m DGPQR RM DGLB D, ?LB
?E?GL RM DGLB RFC ?LEJC DMP RFC DGPQR KGLGKSK
1
.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
7C ?PC EGTCL RF?R = 550 nm, m = 2 , ?LB
2
= 45.0 . 3MJTGLE RFC COS?RGML D sin = m DMP D ?LB QS@QRGRSRGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ EGTCQ
(27.22)
D =
m
sin
2
=
2(550 nm)
sin 45.0
=
110010
9
0.707
= 1.5610
6
.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
3MJTGLE RFC COS?RGML D sin = m DMP sin
1
?LB QS@QRGRSRGLE RFC ILMUL T?JSCQ EGTCQ
(27.23)
sin
1
=
m
D
=
1
55010
9
m
1.5610
6
m
.
4FSQ RFC ?LEJC
1
GQ
(27.24)
1
= sin
1
0.354 = 20.7.
D?I9KII?ED
7C QCC RF?R RFC QJGR GQ L?PPMU (GR GQ MLJW ? DCU RGKCQ EPC?RCP RF?L RFC U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR). 4FGQ GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC D?AR RF?R JGEFR KSQR GLRCP?AR
UGRF ?L M@HCAR AMKN?P?@JC GL QGXC RM GRQ U?TCJCLERF GL MPBCP RM CVFG@GR QGELGDGA?LR U?TC CDDCARQ QSAF ?Q RFGQ QGLEJC QJGR BGDDP?ARGML N?RRCPL. 7C ?JQM
QCC RF?R RFC ACLRP?J K?VGKSK CVRCLBQ 20.7 ML CGRFCP QGBC MD RFC MPGEGL?J @C?K, DMP ? UGBRF MD ?@MSR 41 . 4FC ?LEJC @CRUCCL RFC DGPQR ?LB
QCAMLB KGLGK? GQ MLJW ?@MSR 24 (45.0 20.7) . 4FSQ RFC QCAMLB K?VGKSK GQ MLJW ?@MSR F?JD ?Q UGBC ?Q RFC ACLRP?J K?VGKSK.
966 #(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3
27.6 %?C?JI E< +;IEBKJ?ED: ->; +7OB;?=> CH?J;H?ED
,GEFR BGDDP?ARQ ?Q GR KMTCQ RFPMSEF QN?AC, @CLBGLE ?PMSLB M@QR?AJCQ, GLRCPDCPGLE AMLQRPSARGTCJW ?LB BCQRPSARGTCJW. 7FGJC RFGQ A?L @C SQCB ?Q ?
QNCARPMQAMNGA RMMJr? BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE BGQNCPQCQ JGEFR ?AAMPBGLE RM U?TCJCLERF, DMP CV?KNJC, ?LB GQ SQCB RM NPMBSAC QNCARP?rBGDDP?ARGML ?JQM JGKGRQ
RFC BCR?GJ UC A?L M@R?GL GL GK?ECQ. F?=KH; 27.25(?) QFMUQ RFC CDDCAR MD N?QQGLE JGEFR RFPMSEF ? QK?JJ AGPASJ?P ?NCPRSPC. )LQRC?B MD ? @PGEFR QNMR UGRF
QF?PN CBECQ, ? QNMR UGRF ? DSXXW CBEC QSPPMSLBCB @W AGPAJCQ MD JGEFR GQ M@R?GLCB. 4FGQ N?RRCPL GQ A?SQCB @W BGDDP?ARGML QGKGJ?P RM RF?R NPMBSACB @W ?
QGLEJC QJGR. ,GEFR DPMK BGDDCPCLR N?PRQ MD RFC AGPASJ?P ?NCPRSPC GLRCPDCPCQ AMLQRPSARGTCJW ?LB BCQRPSARGTCJW. 4FC CDDCAR GQ KMQR LMRGAC?@JC UFCL RFC ?NCPRSPC
GQ QK?JJ, @SR RFC CDDCAR GQ RFCPC DMP J?PEC ?NCPRSPCQ, RMM.
F?=KH; 27.25 (?) -MLMAFPMK?RGA JGEFR N?QQCB RFPMSEF ? QK?JJ AGPASJ?P ?NCPRSPC NPMBSACQ RFGQ BGDDP?ARGML N?RRCPL. (@) 4UM NMGLR JGEFR QMSPACQ RF?R ?PC AJMQC RM MLC ?LMRFCP
NPMBSAC MTCPJ?NNGLE GK?ECQ @CA?SQC MD BGDDP?ARGML. (A) )D RFCW ?PC AJMQCP RMECRFCP, RFCW A?LLMR @C PCQMJTCB MP BGQRGLESGQFCB.
(MU BMCQ BGDDP?ARGML ?DDCAR RFC BCR?GJ RF?R A?L @C M@QCPTCB UFCL JGEFR N?QQCQ RFPMSEF ?L ?NCPRSPC? F?=KH; 27.25(@) QFMUQ RFC BGDDP?ARGML N?RRCPL
NPMBSACB @W RUM NMGLR JGEFR QMSPACQ RF?R ?PC AJMQC RM MLC ?LMRFCP. 4FC N?RRCPL GQ QGKGJ?P RM RF?R DMP ? QGLEJC NMGLR QMSPAC, ?LB GR GQ HSQR @?PCJW NMQQG@JC
RM RCJJ RF?R RFCPC ?PC RUM JGEFR QMSPACQ P?RFCP RF?L MLC. )D RFCW UCPC AJMQCP RMECRFCP, ?Q GL F?=KH; 27.25(A), UC AMSJB LMR BGQRGLESGQF RFCK, RFSQ JGKGRGLE
RFC BCR?GJ MP PCQMJSRGML UC A?L M@R?GL. 4FGQ JGKGR GQ ?L GLCQA?N?@JC AMLQCOSCLAC MD RFC U?TC L?RSPC MD JGEFR.
4FCPC ?PC K?LW QGRS?RGMLQ GL UFGAF BGDDP?ARGML JGKGRQ RFC PCQMJSRGML. 4FC ?ASGRW MD MSP TGQGML GQ JGKGRCB @CA?SQC JGEFR N?QQCQ RFPMSEF RFC NSNGJ, RFC
AGPASJ?P ?NCPRSPC MD MSP CWC. "C ?U?PC RF?R RFC BGDDP?ARGML-JGIC QNPC?BGLE MD JGEFR GQ BSC RM RFC JGKGRCB BG?KCRCP MD ? JGEFR @C?K, LMR RFC GLRCP?ARGML UGRF
?L ?NCPRSPC. 4FSQ JGEFR N?QQGLE RFPMSEF ? JCLQ UGRF ? BG?KCRCP D QFMUQ RFGQ CDDCAR ?LB QNPC?BQ, @JSPPGLE RFC GK?EC, HSQR ?Q JGEFR N?QQGLE RFPMSEF ?L
?NCPRSPC MD BG?KCRCP D BMCQ. 3M BGDDP?ARGML JGKGRQ RFC PCQMJSRGML MD ?LW QWQRCK F?TGLE ? JCLQ MP KGPPMP. 4CJCQAMNCQ ?PC ?JQM JGKGRCB @W BGDDP?ARGML,
@CA?SQC MD RFC DGLGRC BG?KCRCP D MD RFCGP NPGK?PW KGPPMP.
4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR: 2CQMJSRGML MD RFC %WC
$P?U RUM JGLCQ ML ? UFGRC QFCCR MD N?NCP (QCTCP?J KK ?N?PR). (MU D?P ?U?W A?L WMS @C ?LB QRGJJ BGQRGLESGQF RFC RUM JGLCQ? 7F?R BMCQ RFGQ RCJJ WMS
?@MSR RFC QGXC MD RFC CWCtQ NSNGJ? #?L WMS @C OS?LRGR?RGTC? (4FC QGXC MD ?L ?BSJRtQ NSNGJ GQ BGQASQQCB GL )>OI?9I E< J>; EO;.)
*SQR UF?R GQ RFC JGKGR? 4M ?LQUCP RF?R OSCQRGML, AMLQGBCP RFC BGDDP?ARGML N?RRCPL DMP ? AGPASJ?P ?NCPRSPC, UFGAF F?Q ? ACLRP?J K?VGKSK RF?R GQ UGBCP ?LB
@PGEFRCP RF?L RFC K?VGK? QSPPMSLBGLE GR (QGKGJ?P RM ? QJGR) ;QCC F?=KH; 27.26(?)=. )R A?L @C QFMUL RF?R, DMP ? AGPASJ?P ?NCPRSPC MD BG?KCRCP D, RFC DGPQR
KGLGKSK GL RFC BGDDP?ARGML N?RRCPL MAASPQ ?R = 1.22 / D (NPMTGBGLE RFC ?NCPRSPC GQ J?PEC AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR, UFGAF GQ RFC A?QC
DMP KMQR MNRGA?J GLQRPSKCLRQ). 4FC ?AACNRCB APGRCPGML DMP BCRCPKGLGLE RFC BGDDP?ARGML JGKGR RM PCQMJSRGML @?QCB ML RFGQ ?LEJC U?Q BCTCJMNCB @W ,MPB
2?WJCGEF GL RFC 19RF ACLRSPW. 4FC +7OB;?=> 9H?J;H?ED DMP RFC BGDDP?ARGML JGKGR RM PCQMJSRGML QR?RCQ RF?R GJB <@4:8F 4E8 =HFG E8FB?I45?8 J;8A G;8 68AG8E B9
G;8 7<99E46G<BA C4GG8EA B9 BA8 <F 7<E86G?L BI8E G;8 9<EFG @<A<@H@ B9 G;8 7<99E46G<BA C4GG8EA B9 G;8 BG;8E. 3CC F?=KH; 27.26(@). 4FC DGPQR KGLGKSK GQ ?R ?L
?LEJC MD = 1.22 / D, QM RF?R RUM NMGLR M@HCARQ ?PC HSQR PCQMJT?@JC GD RFCW ?PC QCN?P?RCB @W RFC ?LEJC
(27.25)
= 1.22
D
,
UFCPC GQ RFC U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR (MP MRFCP CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML) ?LB D GQ RFC BG?KCRCP MD RFC ?NCPRSPC, JCLQ, KGPPMP, CRA., UGRF UFGAF RFC RUM
M@HCARQ ?PC M@QCPTCB. )L RFGQ CVNPCQQGML, F?Q SLGRQ MD P?BG?LQ.
#(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3 967
F?=KH; 27.26 (?) 'P?NF MD GLRCLQGRW MD RFC BGDDP?ARGML N?RRCPL DMP ? AGPASJ?P ?NCPRSPC. .MRC RF?R, QGKGJ?P RM ? QGLEJC QJGR, RFC ACLRP?J K?VGKSK GQ UGBCP ?LB @PGEFRCP RF?L RFMQC RM RFC
QGBCQ. (@) 4UM NMGLR M@HCARQ NPMBSAC MTCPJ?NNGLE BGDDP?ARGML N?RRCPLQ. 3FMUL FCPC GQ RFC 2?WJCGEF APGRCPGML DMP @CGLE HSQR PCQMJT?@JC. 4FC ACLRP?J K?VGKSK MD MLC N?RRCPL JGCQ ML
RFC DGPQR KGLGKSK MD RFC MRFCP.
#MLLCARGMLQ: ,GKGRQ RM +LMUJCBEC
!JJ ?RRCKNRQ RM M@QCPTC RFC QGXC ?LB QF?NC MD M@HCARQ ?PC JGKGRCB @W RFC U?TCJCLERF MD RFC NPM@C. %TCL RFC QK?JJ U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR NPMFG@GRQ
CV?AR NPCAGQGML. 7FCL CVRPCKCJW QK?JJ U?TCJCLERF NPM@CQ ?Q UGRF ?L CJCARPML KGAPMQAMNC ?PC SQCB, RFC QWQRCK GQ BGQRSP@CB, QRGJJ JGKGRGLE MSP
ILMUJCBEC, KSAF ?Q K?IGLE ?L CJCARPGA?J KC?QSPCKCLR ?JRCPQ ? AGPASGR. (CGQCL@CPEtQ SLACPR?GLRW NPGLAGNJC ?QQCPRQ RF?R RFGQ JGKGR GQ DSLB?KCLR?J
?LB GLCQA?N?@JC, ?Q UC QF?JJ QCC GL OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ.
EN7CFB; 27.5 C7B9KB7J?D= D?<<H79J?ED %?C?JI E< J>; !K88B; ,F79; -;B;I9EF;
4FC NPGK?PW KGPPMP MD RFC MP@GRGLE (S@@JC 3N?AC 4CJCQAMNC F?Q ? BG?KCRCP MD 2.40 K. "CGLE GL MP@GR, RFGQ RCJCQAMNC ?TMGBQ RFC BCEP?BGLE CDDCARQ
MD ?RKMQNFCPGA BGQRMPRGML ML GRQ PCQMJSRGML. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL RUM HSQR-PCQMJT?@JC NMGLR JGEFR QMSPACQ (NCPF?NQ RUM QR?PQ)? !QQSKC ?L
?TCP?EC JGEFR U?TCJCLERF MD 550 LK. (@) )D RFCQC RUM QR?PQ ?PC ?R RFC 2 KGJJGML JGEFR WC?P BGQR?LAC MD RFC !LBPMKCB? E?J?VW, FMU AJMQC RMECRFCP
A?L RFCW @C ?LB QRGJJ @C PCQMJTCB? (! JGEFR WC?P, MP JW, GQ RFC BGQR?LAC JGEFR RP?TCJQ GL 1 WC?P.)
,JH7J;=O
4FC 2?WJCGEF APGRCPGML QR?RCB GL RFC COS?RGML = 1.22
D
EGTCQ RFC QK?JJCQR NMQQG@JC ?LEJC @CRUCCL NMGLR QMSPACQ, MP RFC @CQR M@R?GL?@JC
PCQMJSRGML. /LAC RFGQ ?LEJC GQ DMSLB, RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL QR?PQ A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB, QGLAC UC ?PC EGTCL FMU D?P ?U?W RFCW ?PC.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
4FC 2?WJCGEF APGRCPGML DMP RFC KGLGKSK PCQMJT?@JC ?LEJC GQ
(27.26)
= 1.22
D
.
(27.27)
= 1.22
55010
9
m
2.40 m
= 2.8010
7
rad.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
4FC BGQR?LAC s @CRUCCL RUM M@HCARQ ? BGQR?LAC r ?U?W ?LB QCN?P?RCB @W ?L ?LEJC GQ s = r .
(27.28)
s = (2.010
6
ly)(2.8010
7
rad)
= 0.56 ly.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC ?LEJC DMSLB GL N?PR (?) GQ CVRP?MPBGL?PGJW QK?JJ (JCQQ RF?L 1/50,000 MD ? BCEPCC), @CA?SQC RFC NPGK?PW KGPPMP GQ QM J?PEC AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC
U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR. !Q LMRGACB, BGDDP?ARGML CDDCARQ ?PC KMQR LMRGAC?@JC UFCL JGEFR GLRCP?ARQ UGRF M@HCARQ F?TGLE QGXCQ ML RFC MPBCP MD RFC
U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR. (MUCTCP, RFC CDDCAR GQ QRGJJ RFCPC, ?LB RFCPC GQ ? BGDDP?ARGML JGKGR RM UF?R GQ M@QCPT?@JC. 4FC ?ARS?J PCQMJSRGML MD RFC (S@@JC
4CJCQAMNC GQ LMR OSGRC ?Q EMMB ?Q RF?R DMSLB FCPC. !Q UGRF ?JJ GLQRPSKCLRQ, RFCPC ?PC MRFCP CDDCARQ, QSAF ?Q LML-SLGDMPKGRGCQ GL KGPPMPQ MP
?@CPP?RGMLQ GL JCLQCQ RF?R DSPRFCP JGKGR PCQMJSRGML. (MUCTCP, F?=KH; 27.27 EGTCQ ?L GLBGA?RGML MD RFC CVRCLR MD RFC BCR?GJ M@QCPT?@JC UGRF RFC (S@@JC
@CA?SQC MD GRQ QGXC ?LB OS?JGRW ?LB CQNCAG?JJW @CA?SQC GR GQ ?@MTC RFC %?PRFtQ ?RKMQNFCPC.
968 #(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3
F?=KH; 27.27 4FCQC RUM NFMRMEP?NFQ MD RFC -82 E?J?VW EGTC ?L GBC? MD RFC M@QCPT?@JC BCR?GJ SQGLE RFC (S@@JC 3N?AC 4CJCQAMNC AMKN?PCB UGRF RF?R SQGLE ? EPMSLB-
@?QCB RCJCQAMNC. (?) /L RFC JCDR GQ ? EPMSLB-@?QCB GK?EC. (APCBGR: 2GALSL, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ) (@) 4FC NFMRM ML RFC PGEFR U?Q A?NRSPCB @W (S@@JC. (APCBGR: .!3!, %3!,
?LB RFC (S@@JC (CPGR?EC 4C?K (343A)/!52!))
4FC ?LQUCP GL N?PR (@) GLBGA?RCQ RF?R RUM QR?PQ QCN?P?RCB @W ?@MSR F?JD ? JGEFR WC?P A?L @C PCQMJTCB. 4FC ?TCP?EC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL QR?PQ GL ?
E?J?VW GQ ML RFC MPBCP MD 5 JGEFR WC?PQ GL RFC MSRCP N?PRQ ?LB ?@MSR 1 JGEFR WC?P LC?P RFC E?J?ARGA ACLRCP. 4FCPCDMPC, RFC (S@@JC A?L PCQMJTC KMQR MD
RFC GLBGTGBS?J QR?PQ GL !LBPMKCB? E?J?VW, CTCL RFMSEF GR JGCQ ?R QSAF ? FSEC BGQR?LAC RF?R GRQ JGEFR R?ICQ 2 KGJJGML WC?PQ DMP GRQ JGEFR RM PC?AF SQ.
F?=KH; 27.28 QFMUQ ?LMRFCP KGPPMP SQCB RM M@QCPTC P?BGM U?TCQ DPMK MSRCP QN?AC.
F?=KH; 27.28 ! 305-K-BG?KCRCP L?RSP?J @MUJ ?R !PCAG@M GL 0SCPRM 2GAM GQ JGLCB UGRF PCDJCARGTC K?RCPG?J, K?IGLE GR GLRM ? P?BGM RCJCQAMNC. )R GQ RFC J?PECQR ASPTCB DMASQGLE
BGQF GL RFC UMPJB. !JRFMSEF D DMP !PCAG@M GQ KSAF J?PECP RF?L DMP RFC (S@@JC 4CJCQAMNC, GR BCRCARQ KSAF JMLECP U?TCJCLERF P?BG?RGML ?LB GRQ BGDDP?ARGML JGKGR GQ QGELGDGA?LRJW
NMMPCP RF?L (S@@JCtQ. !PCAG@M GQ QRGJJ TCPW SQCDSJ, @CA?SQC GKNMPR?LR GLDMPK?RGML GQ A?PPGCB @W P?BGM U?TCQ RF?R GQ LMR A?PPGCB @W TGQG@JC JGEFR. (APCBGR: 4?RW?L? 4CKGP@SJ?RMT?,
&JGAIP)
$GDDP?ARGML GQ LMR MLJW ? NPM@JCK DMP MNRGA?J GLQRPSKCLRQ @SR ?JQM DMP RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML GRQCJD. !LW @C?K MD JGEFR F?TGLE ? DGLGRC BG?KCRCP D
?LB ? U?TCJCLERF CVFG@GRQ BGDDP?ARGML QNPC?BGLE. 4FC @C?K QNPC?BQ MSR UGRF ?L ?LEJC EGTCL @W RFC COS?RGML = 1.22
D
. 4?IC, DMP CV?KNJC, ?
J?QCP @C?K K?BC MD P?WQ ?Q N?P?JJCJ ?Q NMQQG@JC (?LEJCQ @CRUCCL P?WQ ?Q AJMQC RM = 0 ?Q NMQQG@JC) GLQRC?B QNPC?BQ MSR ?R ?L ?LEJC
= 1.22 / D, UFCPC D GQ RFC BG?KCRCP MD RFC @C?K ?LB GQ GRQ U?TCJCLERF. 4FGQ QNPC?BGLE GQ GKNMQQG@JC RM M@QCPTC DMP ? DJ?QFJGEFR, @CA?SQC GRQ
@C?K GQ LMR TCPW N?P?JJCJ RM QR?PR UGRF. (MUCTCP, DMP JMLE-BGQR?LAC RP?LQKGQQGML MD J?QCP @C?KQ MP KGAPMU?TC QGEL?JQ, BGDDP?ARGML QNPC?BGLE A?L @C
QGELGDGA?LR (QCC F?=KH; 27.29). 4M ?TMGB RFGQ, UC A?L GLAPC?QC D. 4FGQ GQ BMLC DMP J?QCP JGEFR QCLR RM RFC -MML RM KC?QSPC GRQ BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC %?PRF.
4FC J?QCP @C?K GQ CVN?LBCB RFPMSEF ? RCJCQAMNC RM K?IC D KSAF J?PECP ?LB QK?JJCP.
F?=KH; 27.29 4FC @C?K NPMBSACB @W RFGQ KGAPMU?TC RP?LQKGQQGML ?LRCLL? UGJJ QNPC?B MSR ?R ? KGLGKSK ?LEJC = 1.22 / D BSC RM BGDDP?ARGML. )R GQ GKNMQQG@JC RM NPMBSAC
? LC?P-N?P?JJCJ @C?K, @CA?SQC RFC @C?K F?Q ? JGKGRCB BG?KCRCP.
)L KMQR @GMJMEW J?@MP?RMPGCQ, PCQMJSRGML GQ NPCQCLRCB UFCL RFC SQC MD RFC KGAPMQAMNC GQ GLRPMBSACB. 4FC ?@GJGRW MD ? JCLQ RM NPMBSAC QF?PN GK?ECQ MD
RUM AJMQCJW QN?ACB NMGLR M@HCARQ GQ A?JJCB PCQMJSRGML. 4FC QK?JJCP RFC BGQR?LAC x @W UFGAF RUM M@HCARQ A?L @C QCN?P?RCB ?LB QRGJJ @C QCCL ?Q BGQRGLAR,
RFC EPC?RCP RFC PCQMJSRGML. 4FC PCQMJTGLE NMUCP MD ? JCLQ GQ BCDGLCB ?Q RF?R BGQR?LAC x . !L CVNPCQQGML DMP PCQMJTGLE NMUCP GQ M@R?GLCB DPMK RFC
2?WJCGEF APGRCPGML. )L F?=KH; 27.30(?) UC F?TC RUM NMGLR M@HCARQ QCN?P?RCB @W ? BGQR?LAC x . !AAMPBGLE RM RFC 2?WJCGEF APGRCPGML, PCQMJSRGML GQ NMQQG@JC
UFCL RFC KGLGKSK ?LESJ?P QCN?P?RGML GQ
(27.29)
= 1.22
D
=
x
d
,
#(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3 969
UFCPC d GQ RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC QNCAGKCL ?LB RFC M@HCARGTC JCLQ, ?LB UC F?TC SQCB RFC QK?JJ ?LEJC ?NNPMVGK?RGML (G.C., UC F?TC ?QQSKCB RF?R
x GQ KSAF QK?JJCP RF?L d ), QM RF?R tan sin .
4FCPCDMPC, RFC PCQMJTGLE NMUCP GQ
(27.30)
x = 1.22
d
D
.
!LMRFCP U?W RM JMMI ?R RFGQ GQ @W PC-CV?KGLGLE RFC AMLACNR MD .SKCPGA?J !NCPRSPC ( NA ) BGQASQQCB GL &?9HEI9EF;I. 4FCPC, NA GQ ? KC?QSPC MD RFC
K?VGKSK ?AACNR?LAC ?LEJC ?R UFGAF RFC DG@CP UGJJ R?IC JGEFR ?LB QRGJJ AMLR?GL GR UGRFGL RFC DG@CP. F?=KH; 27.30(@) QFMUQ ? JCLQ ?LB ?L M@HCAR ?R NMGLR 0.
4FC NA FCPC GQ ? KC?QSPC MD RFC ?@GJGRW MD RFC JCLQ RM E?RFCP JGEFR ?LB PCQMJTC DGLC BCR?GJ. 4FC ?LEJC QS@RCLBCB @W RFC JCLQ ?R GRQ DMASQ GQ BCDGLCB RM
@C = 2 . &PMK RFC DGESPC ?LB ?E?GL SQGLE RFC QK?JJ ?LEJC ?NNPMVGK?RGML, UC A?L UPGRC
(27.31)
sin =
D/ 2
d
=
D
2d
.
4FC NA DMP ? JCLQ GQ NA = n sin , UFCPC n GQ RFC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML MD RFC KCBGSK @CRUCCL RFC M@HCARGTC JCLQ ?LB RFC M@HCAR ?R NMGLR 0.
&PMK RFGQ BCDGLGRGML DMP NA , UC A?L QCC RF?R
(27.32)
x = 1.22
d
D
= 1.22

2 sin
= 0.61
n
NA
.
)L ? KGAPMQAMNC, NA GQ GKNMPR?LR @CA?SQC GR PCJ?RCQ RM RFC PCQMJTGLE NMUCP MD ? JCLQ. ! JCLQ UGRF ? J?PEC NA UGJJ @C ?@JC RM PCQMJTC DGLCP BCR?GJQ.
,CLQCQ UGRF J?PECP NA UGJJ ?JQM @C ?@JC RM AMJJCAR KMPC JGEFR ?LB QM EGTC ? @PGEFRCP GK?EC. !LMRFCP U?W RM BCQAPG@C RFGQ QGRS?RGML GQ RF?R RFC J?PECP RFC
NA , RFC J?PECP RFC AMLC MD JGEFR RF?R A?L @C @PMSEFR GLRM RFC JCLQ, ?LB QM KMPC MD RFC BGDDP?ARGML KMBCQ UGJJ @C AMJJCARCB. 4FSQ RFC KGAPMQAMNC F?Q
KMPC GLDMPK?RGML RM DMPK ? AJC?P GK?EC, ?LB QM GRQ PCQMJTGLE NMUCP UGJJ @C FGEFCP.
F?=KH; 27.30 (?) 4UM NMGLRQ QCN?P?RCB @W ?R BGQR?LAC x ?LB ? NMQGRGMLCB ? BGQR?LAC d ?U?W DPMK RFC M@HCARGTC. (APCBGR: )LDMNPM, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ) (@) 4CPKQ ?LB
QWK@MJQ SQCB GL BGQASQQGML MD PCQMJTGLE NMUCP DMP ? JCLQ ?LB ?L M@HCAR ?R NMGLR 0. (APCBGR: )LDMNPM, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
/LC MD RFC AMLQCOSCLACQ MD BGDDP?ARGML GQ RF?R RFC DMA?J NMGLR MD ? @C?K F?Q ? DGLGRC UGBRF ?LB GLRCLQGRW BGQRPG@SRGML. #MLQGBCP DMASQGLE UFCL MLJW
AMLQGBCPGLE ECMKCRPGA MNRGAQ, QFMUL GL F?=KH; 27.31(?). 4FC DMA?J NMGLR GQ GLDGLGRCJW QK?JJ UGRF ? FSEC GLRCLQGRW ?LB RFC A?N?AGRW RM GLAGLCP?RC KMQR
Q?KNJCQ GPPCQNCARGTC MD RFC NA MD RFC M@HCARGTC JCLQ. &MP U?TC MNRGAQ, BSC RM BGDDP?ARGML, RFC DMA?J NMGLR QNPC?BQ RM @CAMKC ? DMA?J QNMR (QCC F?=KH;
27.31(@)) UGRF RFC QGXC MD RFC QNMR BCAPC?QGLE UGRF GLAPC?QGLE NA . #MLQCOSCLRJW, RFC GLRCLQGRW GL RFC DMA?J QNMR GLAPC?QCQ UGRF GLAPC?QGLE NA . 4FC
FGEFCP RFC NA , RFC EPC?RCP RFC AF?LACQ MD NFMRMBCEP?BGLE RFC QNCAGKCL. (MUCTCP, RFC QNMR LCTCP @CAMKCQ ? RPSC NMGLR.
970 #(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3
F?=KH; 27.31 (?) )L ECMKCRPGA MNRGAQ, RFC DMASQ GQ ? NMGLR, @SR GR GQ LMR NFWQGA?JJW NMQQG@JC RM NPMBSAC QSAF ? NMGLR @CA?SQC GR GKNJGCQ GLDGLGRC GLRCLQGRW. (@) )L U?TC MNRGAQ, RFC
DMASQ GQ ?L CVRCLBCB PCEGML.
27.7 ->?D F?BC "DJ;H<;H;D9;
4FC @PGEFR AMJMPQ QCCL GL ?L MGJ QJGAI DJM?RGLE ML U?RCP MP GL ? QSLJGR QM?N @S@@JC ?PC A?SQCB @W GLRCPDCPCLAC. 4FC @PGEFRCQR AMJMPQ ?PC RFMQC RF?R
GLRCPDCPC AMLQRPSARGTCJW. 4FGQ GLRCPDCPCLAC GQ @CRUCCL JGEFR PCDJCARCB DPMK BGDDCPCLR QSPD?ACQ MD ? RFGL DGJK; RFSQ, RFC CDDCAR GQ ILMUL ?Q J>?D <?BC
?DJ;H<;H;D9;. !Q LMRGACB @CDMPC, GLRCPDCPCLAC CDDCARQ ?PC KMQR NPMKGLCLR UFCL JGEFR GLRCP?ARQ UGRF QMKCRFGLE F?TGLE ? QGXC QGKGJ?P RM GRQ U?TCJCLERF. !
RFGL DGJK GQ MLC F?TGLE ? RFGAILCQQ t QK?JJCP RF?L ? DCU RGKCQ RFC U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR, . 3GLAC AMJMP GQ ?QQMAG?RCB GLBGPCARJW UGRF ?LB QGLAC ?JJ
GLRCPDCPCLAC BCNCLBQ GL QMKC U?W ML RFC P?RGM MD RM RFC QGXC MD RFC M@HCAR GLTMJTCB, UC QFMSJB CVNCAR RM QCC BGDDCPCLR AMJMPQ DMP BGDDCPCLR
RFGAILCQQCQ MD ? DGJK, ?Q GL F?=KH; 27.32.
F?=KH; 27.32 4FCQC QM?N @S@@JCQ CVFG@GR @PGJJG?LR AMJMPQ UFCL CVNMQCB RM QSLJGEFR. (APCBGR: 3AMRR 2M@GLQML, &JGAIP)
7F?R A?SQCQ RFGL DGJK GLRCPDCPCLAC? F?=KH; 27.33 QFMUQ FMU JGEFR PCDJCARCB DPMK RFC RMN ?LB @MRRMK QSPD?ACQ MD ? DGJK A?L GLRCPDCPC. )LAGBCLR JGEFR GQ
MLJW N?PRG?JJW PCDJCARCB DPMK RFC RMN QSPD?AC MD RFC DGJK (P?W 1). 4FC PCK?GLBCP CLRCPQ RFC DGJK ?LB GQ GRQCJD N?PRG?JJW PCDJCARCB DPMK RFC @MRRMK QSPD?AC.
0?PR MD RFC JGEFR PCDJCARCB DPMK RFC @MRRMK QSPD?AC A?L CKCPEC DPMK RFC RMN MD RFC DGJK (P?W 2) ?LB GLRCPDCPC UGRF JGEFR PCDJCARCB DPMK RFC RMN (P?W 1).
3GLAC RFC P?W RF?R CLRCPQ RFC DGJK RP?TCJQ ? EPC?RCP BGQR?LAC, GR K?W @C GL MP MSR MD NF?QC UGRF RFC P?W PCDJCARCB DPMK RFC RMN. (MUCTCP, AMLQGBCP DMP ?
KMKCLR, ?E?GL, RFC @S@@JCQ GL F?=KH; 27.32. 4FC @S@@JCQ ?PC B?PICQR UFCPC RFCW ?PC RFGLLCQR. &SPRFCPKMPC, GD WMS M@QCPTC ? QM?N @S@@JC A?PCDSJJW,
WMS UGJJ LMRC GR ECRQ B?PI ?R RFC NMGLR UFCPC GR @PC?IQ. &MP TCPW RFGL DGJKQ, RFC BGDDCPCLAC GL N?RF JCLERFQ MD P?W 1 ?LB P?W 2 GL F?=KH; 27.33 GQ LCEJGEG@JC;
QM UFW QFMSJB RFCW GLRCPDCPC BCQRPSARGTCJW ?LB LMR AMLQRPSARGTCJW? 4FC ?LQUCP GQ RF?R ? NF?QC AF?LEC A?L MAASP SNML PCDJCARGML. 4FC PSJC GQ ?Q
DMJJMUQ:
0>;D B?=>J H;<B;9JI <HEC 7 C;:?KC >7L?D= 7D ?D:;N E< H;<H79J?ED =H;7J;H J>7D J>7J E< J>; C;:?KC ?D M>?9> ?J ?I JH7L;B?D=, 7 180 F>7I;
9>7D=; (EH 7 / 2 I>?<J) E99KHI.
#(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3 971
F?=KH; 27.33 ,GEFR QRPGIGLE ? RFGL DGJK GQ N?PRG?JJW PCDJCARCB (P?W 1) ?LB N?PRG?JJW PCDP?ARCB ?R RFC RMN QSPD?AC. 4FC PCDP?ARCB P?W GQ N?PRG?JJW PCDJCARCB ?R RFC @MRRMK QSPD?AC ?LB
CKCPECQ ?Q P?W 2. 4FCQC P?WQ UGJJ GLRCPDCPC GL ? U?W RF?R BCNCLBQ ML RFC RFGAILCQQ MD RFC DGJK ?LB RFC GLBGACQ MD PCDP?ARGML MD RFC T?PGMSQ KCBG?.
)D RFC DGJK GL F?=KH; 27.33 GQ ? QM?N @S@@JC (CQQCLRG?JJW U?RCP UGRF ?GP ML @MRF QGBCQ), RFCL RFCPC GQ ? / 2 QFGDR DMP P?W 1 ?LB LMLC DMP P?W 2. 4FSQ,
UFCL RFC DGJK GQ TCPW RFGL, RFC N?RF JCLERF BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL RFC RUM P?WQ GQ LCEJGEG@JC, RFCW ?PC CV?ARJW MSR MD NF?QC, ?LB BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC UGJJ
MAASP ?R ?JJ U?TCJCLERFQ ?LB QM RFC QM?N @S@@JC UGJJ @C B?PI FCPC.
4FC RFGAILCQQ MD RFC DGJK PCJ?RGTC RM RFC U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR GQ RFC MRFCP APSAG?J D?ARMP GL RFGL DGJK GLRCPDCPCLAC. 2?W 2 GL F?=KH; 27.33 RP?TCJQ ? EPC?RCP
BGQR?LAC RF?L P?W 1. &MP JGEFR GLAGBCLR NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC QSPD?AC, P?W 2 RP?TCJQ ? BGQR?LAC ?NNPMVGK?RCJW 2t D?PRFCP RF?L P?W 1. 7FCL RFGQ BGQR?LAC GQ
?L GLRCEP?J MP F?JD-GLRCEP?J KSJRGNJC MD RFC U?TCJCLERF GL RFC KCBGSK (
n
= / n , UFCPC GQ RFC U?TCJCLERF GL T?ASSK ?LB n GQ RFC GLBCV MD
PCDP?ARGML), AMLQRPSARGTC MP BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC MAASPQ, BCNCLBGLE ?JQM ML UFCRFCP RFCPC GQ ? NF?QC AF?LEC GL CGRFCP P?W.
EN7CFB; 27.6 C7B9KB7J?D= 'ED-H;<B;9J?L; %;DI CE7J?D= .I?D= ->?D F?BC "DJ;H<;H;D9;
3MNFGQRGA?RCB A?KCP?Q SQC ? QCPGCQ MD QCTCP?J JCLQCQ. ,GEFR A?L PCDJCAR DPMK RFC QSPD?ACQ MD RFCQC T?PGMSQ JCLQCQ ?LB BCEP?BC GK?EC AJ?PGRW. 4M
JGKGR RFCQC PCDJCARGMLQ, JCLQCQ ?PC AM?RCB UGRF ? RFGL J?WCP MD K?ELCQGSK DJSMPGBC RF?R A?SQCQ BCQRPSARGTC RFGL DGJK GLRCPDCPCLAC. 7F?R GQ RFC
RFGLLCQR RFGQ DGJK A?L @C, GD GRQ GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML GQ 1.38 ?LB GR GQ BCQGELCB RM JGKGR RFC PCDJCARGML MD 550-LK JGEFR, LMPK?JJW RFC KMQR GLRCLQC TGQG@JC
U?TCJCLERF? 4FC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML MD EJ?QQ GQ 1.52.
,JH7J;=O
2CDCP RM F?=KH; 27.33 ?LB SQC n
1
= 100 DMP ?GP, n
2
= 1.38 , ?LB n
3
= 1.52 . "MRF P?W 1 ?LB P?W 2 UGJJ F?TC ? / 2 QFGDR SNML PCDJCARGML.
4FSQ, RM M@R?GL BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC, P?W 2 UGJJ LCCB RM RP?TCJ ? F?JD U?TCJCLERF D?PRFCP RF?L P?W 1. &MP P?WQ GLAGBCLR NCPNCLBGASJ?PJW, RFC N?RF
JCLERF BGDDCPCLAC GQ 2t .
,EBKJ?ED
4M M@R?GL BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC FCPC,
(27.33)
2t =

n
2
2
,
UFCPC
n
2
GQ RFC U?TCJCLERF GL RFC DGJK ?LB GQ EGTCL @W
n
2
=

n
2
.
4FSQ,
(27.34)
2t =
/ n
2
2
.
3MJTGLE DMP t ?LB CLRCPGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ WGCJBQ
(27.35)
t =
/ n
2
4
=
(550 nm) / 1.38
4
= 99.6 nm.
D?I9KII?ED
972 #(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3
&GJKQ QSAF ?Q RFC MLC GL RFGQ CV?KNJC ?PC KMQR CDDCARGTC GL NPMBSAGLE BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC UFCL RFC RFGLLCQR J?WCP GQ SQCB, QGLAC JGEFR MTCP ?
@PM?BCP P?LEC MD GLAGBCLR ?LEJCQ UGJJ @C PCBSACB GL GLRCLQGRW. 4FCQC DGJKQ ?PC A?JJCB LML-PCDJCARGTC AM?RGLEQ; RFGQ GQ MLJW ?L ?NNPMVGK?RCJW AMPPCAR
BCQAPGNRGML, RFMSEF, QGLAC MRFCP U?TCJCLERFQ UGJJ MLJW @C N?PRG?JJW A?LACJJCB. .ML-PCDJCARGTC AM?RGLEQ ?PC SQCB GL A?P UGLBMUQ ?LB QSLEJ?QQCQ.
4FGL DGJK GLRCPDCPCLAC GQ KMQR AMLQRPSARGTC MP KMQR BCQRPSARGTC UFCL RFC N?RF JCLERF BGDDCPCLAC DMP RFC RUM P?WQ GQ ?L GLRCEP?J MP F?JD-GLRCEP?J
U?TCJCLERF, PCQNCARGTCJW. 4F?R GQ, DMP P?WQ GLAGBCLR NCPNCLBGASJ?PJW, 2t =
n
, 2
n
, 3
n
, MP 2t =
n
/ 2, 3
n
/ 2, 5
n
/ 2, . 4M ILMU UFCRFCP
GLRCPDCPCLAC GQ AMLQRPSARGTC MP BCQRPSARGTC, WMS KSQR ?JQM BCRCPKGLC GD RFCPC GQ ? NF?QC AF?LEC SNML PCDJCARGML. 4FGL DGJK GLRCPDCPCLAC RFSQ BCNCLBQ ML
DGJK RFGAILCQQ, RFC U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR, ?LB RFC PCDP?ARGTC GLBGACQ. &MP UFGRC JGEFR GLAGBCLR ML ? DGJK RF?R T?PGCQ GL RFGAILCQQ, WMS UGJJ M@QCPTC P?GL@MU
AMJMPQ MD AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC DMP T?PGMSQ U?TCJCLERFQ ?Q RFC RFGAILCQQ T?PGCQ.
EN7CFB; 27.7 ,E7F BK88B;I: &EH; ->7D (D; ->?9AD;II 97D 8; CEDIJHK9J?L;
(?) 7F?R ?PC RFC RFPCC QK?JJCQR RFGAILCQQCQ MD ? QM?N @S@@JC RF?R NPMBSAC AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC DMP PCB JGEFR UGRF ? U?TCJCLERF MD 650 LK?
4FC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML MD QM?N GQ R?ICL RM @C RFC Q?KC ?Q RF?R MD U?RCP. (@) 7F?R RFPCC QK?JJCQR RFGAILCQQCQ UGJJ EGTC BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC?
5QC F?=KH; 27.33 RM TGQS?JGXC RFC @S@@JC. .MRC RF?R n
1
= n
3
= 1.00 DMP ?GP, ?LB n
2
= 1.333 DMP QM?N (COSGT?JCLR RM U?RCP). 4FCPC GQ ? / 2
QFGDR DMP P?W 1 PCDJCARCB DPMK RFC RMN QSPD?AC MD RFC @S@@JC, ?LB LM QFGDR DMP P?W 2 PCDJCARCB DPMK RFC @MRRMK QSPD?AC. 4M ECR AMLQRPSARGTC
GLRCPDCPCLAC, RFCL, RFC N?RF JCLERF BGDDCPCLAC ( 2t ) KSQR @C ? F?JD-GLRCEP?J KSJRGNJC MD RFC U?TCJCLERFrRFC DGPQR RFPCC @CGLE
n
/ 2, 3
n
/ 2 , ?LB
5
n
/ 2 . 4M ECR BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC, RFC N?RF JCLERF BGDDCPCLAC KSQR @C ?L GLRCEP?J KSJRGNJC MD RFC U?TCJCLERFrRFC DGPQR RFPCC @CGLE 0,
n
,
?LB 2
n
.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
CBAFGEH6G<I8 <AG8E98E8A68 MAASPQ FCPC UFCL
(27.36)
2t
c
=

n
2
,
3
n
2
,
5
n
2
, .
4FC QK?JJCQR AMLQRPSARGTC RFGAILCQQ t
c
RFSQ GQ
(27.37)
t
c
=

n
4
=
/ n
4
=
(650 nm) / 1.333
4
= 122 nm.
4FC LCVR RFGAILCQQ RF?R EGTCQ AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC GQ t
c
= 3
n
/ 4 , QM RF?R
(27.38)
t
c
= 366 nm.
&GL?JJW, RFC RFGPB RFGAILCQQ NPMBSAGLE AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC GQ t
c
5
n
/ 4 , QM RF?R
(27.39)
t
c
= 610 nm.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
&MP 78FGEH6G<I8 <AG8E98E8A68, RFC N?RF JCLERF BGDDCPCLAC FCPC GQ ?L GLRCEP?J KSJRGNJC MD RFC U?TCJCLERF. 4FC DGPQR MAASPQ DMP XCPM RFGAILCQQ, QGLAC
RFCPC GQ ? NF?QC AF?LEC ?R RFC RMN QSPD?AC. 4F?R GQ,
(27.40) t
d
= 0.
4FC DGPQR LML-XCPM RFGAILCQQ NPMBSAGLE BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC GQ
(27.41)
2t
d
=
n
.
(27.42)
t
d
=

2
=
/ n
2
=
(650 nm) / 1.333
2
= 244 nm.
&GL?JJW, RFC RFGPB BCQRPSARGTC RFGAILCQQ GQ 2t
d
= 2
n
, QM RF?R
(27.43)
t
d
=
n
=

n
=
650 nm
1.333
= 488 nm.
D?I9KII?ED
)D RFC @S@@JC U?Q GJJSKGL?RCB UGRF NSPC PCB JGEFR, UC UMSJB QCC @PGEFR ?LB B?PI @?LBQ ?R TCPW SLGDMPK GLAPC?QCQ GL RFGAILCQQ. &GPQR UMSJB @C ?
B?PI @?LB ?R 0 RFGAILCQQ, RFCL @PGEFR ?R 122 LK RFGAILCQQ, RFCL B?PI ?R 244 LK, @PGEFR ?R 366 LK, B?PI ?R 488 LK, ?LB @PGEFR ?R 610 LK. )D RFC
@S@@JC T?PGCB QKMMRFJW GL RFGAILCQQ, JGIC ? QKMMRF UCBEC, RFCL RFC @?LBQ UMSJB @C CTCLJW QN?ACB.
#(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3 973
!LMRFCP CV?KNJC MD RFGL DGJK GLRCPDCPCLAC A?L @C QCCL UFCL KGAPMQAMNC QJGBCQ ?PC QCN?P?RCB (QCC F?=KH; 27.34). 4FC QJGBCQ ?PC TCPW DJ?R, QM RF?R RFC
UCBEC MD ?GP @CRUCCL RFCK GLAPC?QCQ GL RFGAILCQQ TCPW SLGDMPKJW. ! NF?QC AF?LEC MAASPQ ?R RFC QCAMLB QSPD?AC @SR LMR RFC DGPQR, ?LB QM RFCPC GQ ?
B?PI @?LB UFCPC RFC QJGBCQ RMSAF. 4FC P?GL@MU AMJMPQ MD AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC PCNC?R, EMGLE DPMK TGMJCR RM PCB ?E?GL ?LB ?E?GL ?Q RFC BGQR?LAC
@CRUCCL RFC QJGBCQ GLAPC?QCQ. !Q RFC J?WCP MD ?GP GLAPC?QCQ, RFC @?LBQ @CAMKC KMPC BGDDGASJR RM QCC, @CA?SQC QJGEFR AF?LECQ GL GLAGBCLR ?LEJC F?TC
EPC?RCP CDDCARQ ML N?RF JCLERF BGDDCPCLACQ. )D NSPC-U?TCJCLERF JGEFR GLQRC?B MD UFGRC JGEFR GQ SQCB, RFCL @PGEFR ?LB B?PI @?LBQ ?PC M@R?GLCB P?RFCP RF?L
PCNC?RGLE P?GL@MU AMJMPQ.
F?=KH; 27.34 (?) 4FC P?GL@MU AMJMP @?LBQ ?PC NPMBSACB @W RFGL DGJK GLRCPDCPCLAC GL RFC ?GP @CRUCCL RFC RUM EJ?QQ QJGBCQ. (@) 3AFCK?RGA MD RFC N?RFQ R?ICL @W P?WQ GL RFC UCBEC
MD ?GP @CRUCCL RFC QJGBCQ.
!L GKNMPR?LR ?NNJGA?RGML MD RFGL DGJK GLRCPDCPCLAC GQ DMSLB GL RFC K?LSD?ARSPGLE MD MNRGA?J GLQRPSKCLRQ. ! JCLQ MP KGPPMP A?L @C AMKN?PCB UGRF ? K?QRCP
?Q GR GQ @CGLE EPMSLB, ?JJMUGLE GR RM @C QF?NCB RM ?L ?AASP?AW MD JCQQ RF?L ? U?TCJCLERF MTCP GRQ CLRGPC QSPD?AC. F?=KH; 27.35 GJJSQRP?RCQ RFC
NFCLMKCLML A?JJCB .CURMLtQ PGLEQ, UFGAF MAASPQ UFCL RFC NJ?LC QSPD?ACQ MD RUM JCLQCQ ?PC NJ?ACB RMECRFCP. (4FC AGPASJ?P @?LBQ ?PC A?JJCB .CURMLtQ
PGLEQ @CA?SQC )Q??A .CURML BCQAPG@CB RFCK ?LB RFCGP SQC GL BCR?GJ. .CURML BGB LMR BGQAMTCP RFCK; 2M@CPR (MMIC BGB, ?LB .CURML BGB LMR @CJGCTC
RFCW UCPC BSC RM RFC U?TC AF?P?ARCP MD JGEFR.) %?AF QSAACQQGTC PGLE MD ? EGTCL AMJMP GLBGA?RCQ ?L GLAPC?QC MD MLJW MLC U?TCJCLERF GL RFC BGQR?LAC
@CRUCCL RFC JCLQ ?LB RFC @J?LI, QM RF?R EPC?R NPCAGQGML A?L @C M@R?GLCB. /LAC RFC JCLQ GQ NCPDCAR, RFCPC UGJJ @C LM PGLEQ.
F?=KH; 27.35 u.CURML'Q PGLEQv GLRCPDCPCLAC DPGLECQ ?PC NPMBSACB UFCL RUM NJ?LM-AMLTCV JCLQCQ ?PC NJ?ACB RMECRFCP UGRF RFCGP NJ?LC QSPD?ACQ GL AMLR?AR. 4FC PGLEQ ?PC APC?RCB
@W GLRCPDCPCLAC @CRUCCL RFC JGEFR PCDJCARCB MDD RFC RUM QSPD?ACQ ?Q ? PCQSJR MD ? QJGEFR E?N @CRUCCL RFCK, GLBGA?RGLE RF?R RFCQC QSPD?ACQ ?PC LMR NPCAGQCJW NJ?LC @SR ?PC QJGEFRJW
AMLTCV. (APCBGR: 5JD 3CGDCPR, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
4FC UGLEQ MD ACPR?GL KMRFQ ?LB @SRRCPDJGCQ F?TC LC?PJW GPGBCQACLR AMJMPQ BSC RM RFGL DGJK GLRCPDCPCLAC. )L ?BBGRGML RM NGEKCLR?RGML, RFC UGLEtQ AMJMP GQ
?DDCARCB EPC?RJW @W AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC MD ACPR?GL U?TCJCLERFQ PCDJCARCB DPMK GRQ DGJK-AM?RCB QSPD?AC. #?P K?LSD?ARSPCPQ ?PC MDDCPGLE QNCAG?J N?GLR
HM@Q RF?R SQC RFGL DGJK GLRCPDCPCLAC RM NPMBSAC AMJMPQ RF?R AF?LEC UGRF ?LEJC. 4FGQ CVNCLQGTC MNRGML GQ @?QCB ML T?PG?RGML MD RFGL DGJK N?RF JCLERF
BGDDCPCLACQ UGRF ?LEJC. 3CASPGRW DC?RSPCQ ML APCBGR A?PBQ, @?LILMRCQ, BPGTGLE JGACLQCQ ?LB QGKGJ?P GRCKQ NPMLC RM DMPECPW SQC RFGL DGJK GLRCPDCPCLAC,
BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLEQ, MP FMJMEP?KQ. !SQRP?JG? JCB RFC U?W UGRF BMJJ?P @GJJQ NPGLRCB ML NMJWKCP UGRF ? BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE QCASPGRW DC?RSPC K?IGLE RFC
ASPPCLAW BGDDGASJR RM DMPEC. /RFCP AMSLRPGCQ QSAF ?Q .CU :C?J?LB ?LB 4?GU?L ?PC SQGLE QGKGJ?P RCAFLMJMEGCQ, UFGJC RFC 5LGRCB 3R?RCQ ASPPCLAW GLAJSBCQ
? RFGL DGJK GLRCPDCPCLAC CDDCAR.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLRr4FGL &GJK )LRCPDCPCLAC
/LC DC?RSPC MD RFGL DGJK GLRCPDCPCLAC ?LB BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLEQ GQ RF?R RFC N?RRCPL QFGDRQ ?Q WMS AF?LEC RFC ?LEJC ?R UFGAF WMS JMMI MP KMTC WMSP
FC?B. &GLB CV?KNJCQ MD RFGL DGJK GLRCPDCPCLAC ?LB EP?RGLEQ ?PMSLB WMS. %VNJ?GL FMU RFC N?RRCPLQ AF?LEC DMP C?AF QNCAGDGA CV?KNJC. &GLB
CV?KNJCQ UFCPC RFC RFGAILCQQ AF?LECQ EGTGLE PGQC RM AF?LEGLE AMJMPQ. )D WMS A?L DGLB RUM KGAPMQAMNC QJGBCQ, RFCL RPW M@QCPTGLE RFC CDDCAR QFMUL
GL F?=KH; 27.34. 4PW QCN?P?RGLE MLC CLB MD RFC RUM QJGBCQ UGRF ? F?GP MP K?W@C ? RFGL NGCAC MD N?NCP ?LB M@QCPTC RFC CDDCAR.
0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE 3RP?RCEGCQ DMP 7?TC /NRGAQ
,J;F 1. EK4@<A8 G;8 F<GH4G<BA GB 78G8E@<A8 G;4G <AG8E98E8A68 <F <AIB?I87. )BCLRGDW UFCRFCP QJGRQ MP RFGL DGJK GLRCPDCPCLAC ?PC AMLQGBCPCB GL RFC NPM@JCK.
,J;F 2. 9 F?<GF 4E8 <AIB?I87, LMRC RF?R BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLEQ ?LB BMS@JC QJGRQ NPMBSAC TCPW QGKGJ?P GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPLQ, @SR RF?R EP?RGLEQ F?TC L?PPMUCP
(QF?PNCP) K?VGK?. 3GLEJC QJGR N?RRCPLQ ?PC AF?P?ARCPGXCB @W ? J?PEC ACLRP?J K?VGKSK ?LB QK?JJCP K?VGK? RM RFC QGBCQ.
,J;F 3. 9 G;<A 9<?@ <AG8E98E8A68 <F <AIB?I87, G4>8 ABG8 B9 G;8 C4G; ?8A:G; 7<998E8A68 58GJ88A G;8 GJB E4LF G;4G <AG8E98E8. "C ACPR?GL RM SQC RFC
U?TCJCLERF GL RFC KCBGSK GLTMJTCB, QGLAC GR BGDDCPQ DPMK RFC U?TCJCLERF GL T?ASSK. .MRC ?JQM RF?R RFCPC GQ ?L ?BBGRGML?J / 2 NF?QC QFGDR UFCL JGEFR
PCDJCARQ DPMK ? KCBGSK UGRF ? EPC?RCP GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML.
,J;F 4. 78AG<9L 8K46G?L J;4G A887F GB 58 78G8E@<A87 <A G;8 CEB5?8@ (<78AG<9L G;8 HA>ABJAF). ! UPGRRCL JGQR GQ SQCDSJ. $P?U ? BG?EP?K MD RFC QGRS?RGML.
,?@CJGLE RFC BG?EP?K GQ SQCDSJ.
,J;F 5. $4>8 4 ?<FG B9 J;4G <F :<I8A BE 64A 58 <A98EE87 9EB@ G;8 CEB5?8@ 4F FG4G87 (<78AG<9L G;8 >ABJAF).
974 #(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3
,J;F 6. *B?I8 G;8 4CCEBCE<4G8 8DH4G<BA 9BE G;8 DH4AG<GL GB 58 78G8E@<A87 (G;8 HA>ABJA), 4A7 8AG8E G;8 >ABJAF. 3JGRQ, EP?RGLEQ, ?LB RFC 2?WJCGEF JGKGR
GLTMJTC COS?RGMLQ.
,J;F 7. FBE G;<A 9<?@ <AG8E98E8A68, LBH J<?? ;4I8 6BAFGEH6G<I8 <AG8E98E8A68 9BE 4 GBG4? F;<9G G;4G <F 4A <AG8:E4? AH@58E B9 J4I8?8A:G;F. 0BH J<?? ;4I8
78FGEH6G<I8 <AG8E98E8A68 9BE 4 GBG4? F;<9G B9 4 ;4?9-<AG8:E4? AH@58E B9 J4I8?8A:G;F. !JU?WQ ICCN GL KGLB RF?R APCQR RM APCQR GQ AMLQRPSARGTC UFCPC?Q APCQR
RM RPMSEF GQ BCQRPSARGTC.
,J;F 8. C;86> GB F88 <9 G;8 4AFJ8E <F E84FBA45?8: DB8F <G @4>8 F8AF8? !LEJCQ GL GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPLQ A?LLMR @C EPC?RCP RF?L 90 , DMP CV?KNJC.
27.8 )EB7H?P7J?ED
0MJ?PMGB QSLEJ?QQCQ ?PC D?KGJG?P RM KMQR MD SQ. 4FCW F?TC ? QNCAG?J ?@GJGRW RM ASR RFC EJ?PC MD JGEFR PCDJCARCB DPMK U?RCP MP EJ?QQ (QCC F?=KH; 27.36).
0MJ?PMGBQ F?TC RFGQ ?@GJGRW @CA?SQC MD ? U?TC AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MD JGEFR A?JJCB NMJ?PGX?RGML. 7F?R GQ NMJ?PGX?RGML? (MU GQ GR NPMBSACB? 7F?R ?PC QMKC MD GRQ
SQCQ? 4FC ?LQUCPQ RM RFCQC OSCQRGMLQ ?PC PCJ?RCB RM RFC U?TC AF?P?ARCP MD JGEFR.
F?=KH; 27.36 4FCQC RUM NFMRMEP?NFQ MD ? PGTCP QFMU RFC CDDCAR MD ? NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCP GL PCBSAGLE EJ?PC GL JGEFR PCDJCARCB DPMK RFC QSPD?AC MD U?RCP. 0?PR (@) MD RFGQ DGESPC U?Q R?ICL
UGRF ? NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCP ?LB N?PR (?) U?Q LMR. !Q ? PCQSJR, RFC PCDJCARGML MD AJMSBQ ?LB QIW M@QCPTCB GL N?PR (?) GQ LMR M@QCPTCB GL N?PR (@). 0MJ?PGXGLE QSLEJ?QQCQ ?PC N?PRGASJ?PJW
SQCDSJ ML QLMU ?LB U?RCP. (APCBGR: !KGRFQFQ, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
,GEFR GQ MLC RWNC MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA (%-) U?TC. !Q LMRCB C?PJGCP, %- U?TCQ ?PC GE4AFI8EF8 J4I8F AMLQGQRGLE MD T?PWGLE CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ
RF?R MQAGJJ?RC NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC BGPCARGML MD NPMN?E?RGML (QCC F?=KH; 27.37). 4FCPC ?PC QNCAGDGA BGPCARGMLQ DMP RFC MQAGJJ?RGMLQ MD RFC CJCARPGA ?LB
K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ. )EB7H?P7J?ED GQ RFC ?RRPG@SRC RF?R ? U?TCtQ MQAGJJ?RGMLQ F?TC ? BCDGLGRC BGPCARGML PCJ?RGTC RM RFC BGPCARGML MD NPMN?E?RGML MD RFC U?TC.
(4FGQ GQ LMR RFC Q?KC RWNC MD NMJ?PGX?RGML ?Q RF?R BGQASQQCB DMP RFC QCN?P?RGML MD AF?PECQ.) 7?TCQ F?TGLE QSAF ? BGPCARGML ?PC Q?GB RM @C FEB7H?P;:.
&MP ?L %- U?TC, UC BCDGLC RFC :?H;9J?ED E< FEB7H?P7J?ED RM @C RFC BGPCARGML N?P?JJCJ RM RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB. 4FSQ UC A?L RFGLI MD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB ?PPMUQ
?Q QFMUGLE RFC BGPCARGML MD NMJ?PGX?RGML, ?Q GL F?=KH; 27.37.
F?=KH; 27.37 !L %- U?TC, QSAF ?Q JGEFR, GQ ? RP?LQTCPQC U?TC. 4FC CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ ?PC NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC BGPCARGML MD NPMN?E?RGML.
4M CV?KGLC RFGQ DSPRFCP, AMLQGBCP RFC RP?LQTCPQC U?TCQ GL RFC PMNCQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 27.38. 4FC MQAGJJ?RGMLQ GL MLC PMNC ?PC GL ? TCPRGA?J NJ?LC ?LB
?PC Q?GB RM @C L;HJ?97BBO FEB7H?P;:. 4FMQC GL RFC MRFCP PMNC ?PC GL ? FMPGXMLR?J NJ?LC ?LB ?PC >EH?PEDJ7BBO FEB7H?P;:. )D ? TCPRGA?J QJGR GQ NJ?ACB ML RFC
DGPQR PMNC, RFC U?TCQ N?QQ RFPMSEF. (MUCTCP, ? TCPRGA?J QJGR @JMAIQ RFC FMPGXMLR?JJW NMJ?PGXCB U?TCQ. &MP %- U?TCQ, RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ
?L?JMEMSQ RM RFC BGQRSP@?LACQ ML RFC PMNCQ.
F?=KH; 27.38 4FC RP?LQTCPQC MQAGJJ?RGMLQ GL MLC PMNC ?PC GL ? TCPRGA?J NJ?LC, ?LB RFMQC GL RFC MRFCP PMNC ?PC GL ? FMPGXMLR?J NJ?LC. 4FC DGPQR GQ Q?GB RM @C TCPRGA?JJW NMJ?PGXCB, ?LB
RFC MRFCP GQ Q?GB RM @C FMPGXMLR?JJW NMJ?PGXCB. 6CPRGA?J QJGRQ N?QQ TCPRGA?JJW NMJ?PGXCB U?TCQ ?LB @JMAI FMPGXMLR?JJW NMJ?PGXCB U?TCQ.
4FC 3SL ?LB K?LW MRFCP JGEFR QMSPACQ NPMBSAC U?TCQ RF?R ?PC P?LBMKJW NMJ?PGXCB (QCC F?=KH; 27.39). 3SAF JGEFR GQ Q?GB RM @C KDFEB7H?P;: @CA?SQC
GR GQ AMKNMQCB MD K?LW U?TCQ UGRF ?JJ NMQQG@JC BGPCARGMLQ MD NMJ?PGX?RGML. 0MJ?PMGB K?RCPG?JQ, GLTCLRCB @W RFC DMSLBCP MD 0MJ?PMGB #MPNMP?RGML, %BUGL
#(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3 975
,?LB, ?AR ?Q ? CB?4E<M<A: QJGR DMP JGEFR, ?JJMUGLE MLJW NMJ?PGX?RGML GL MLC BGPCARGML RM N?QQ RFPMSEF. 0MJ?PGXGLE DGJRCPQ ?PC AMKNMQCB MD JMLE KMJCASJCQ
?JGELCB GL MLC BGPCARGML. 4FGLIGLE MD RFC KMJCASJCQ ?Q K?LW QJGRQ, ?L?JMEMSQ RM RFMQC DMP RFC MQAGJJ?RGLE PMNCQ, UC A?L SLBCPQR?LB UFW MLJW JGEFR UGRF ?
QNCAGDGA NMJ?PGX?RGML A?L ECR RFPMSEF. 4FC 7N?I E< 7 FEB7H?P?D= <?BJ;H GQ RFC BGPCARGML ?JMLE UFGAF RFC DGJRCP N?QQCQ RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB MD ?L %- U?TC (QCC
F?=KH; 27.40).
F?=KH; 27.39 4FC QJCLBCP ?PPMU PCNPCQCLRQ ? P?W MD SLNMJ?PGXCB JGEFR. 4FC @MJB ?PPMUQ PCNPCQCLR RFC BGPCARGML MD NMJ?PGX?RGML MD RFC GLBGTGBS?J U?TCQ AMKNMQGLE RFC P?W. 3GLAC
RFC JGEFR GQ SLNMJ?PGXCB, RFC ?PPMUQ NMGLR GL ?JJ BGPCARGMLQ.
F?=KH; 27.40 ! NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCP F?Q ? NMJ?PGX?RGML ?VGQ RF?R ?ARQ ?Q ? QJGR N?QQGLE RFPMSEF CJCARPGA DGCJBQ N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ BGPCARGML. 4FC BGPCARGML MD NMJ?PGX?RGML MD ?L %- U?TC GQ
BCDGLCB RM @C RFC BGPCARGML MD GRQ CJCARPGA DGCJB.
F?=KH; 27.41 QFMUQ RFC CDDCAR MD RUM NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCPQ ML MPGEGL?JJW SLNMJ?PGXCB JGEFR. 4FC DGPQR DGJRCP NMJ?PGXCQ RFC JGEFR ?JMLE GRQ ?VGQ. 7FCL RFC ?VCQ MD
RFC DGPQR ?LB QCAMLB DGJRCPQ ?PC ?JGELCB (N?P?JJCJ), RFCL ?JJ MD RFC NMJ?PGXCB JGEFR N?QQCB @W RFC DGPQR DGJRCP GQ ?JQM N?QQCB @W RFC QCAMLB. )D RFC QCAMLB
NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCP GQ PMR?RCB, MLJW RFC AMKNMLCLR MD RFC JGEFR N?P?JJCJ RM RFC QCAMLB DGJRCPtQ ?VGQ GQ N?QQCB. 7FCL RFC ?VCQ ?PC NCPNCLBGASJ?P, LM JGEFR GQ
N?QQCB @W RFC QCAMLB.
/LJW RFC AMKNMLCLR MD RFC %- U?TC N?P?JJCJ RM RFC ?VGQ MD ? DGJRCP GQ N?QQCB. ,CR SQ A?JJ RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL RFC BGPCARGML MD NMJ?PGX?RGML ?LB RFC ?VGQ MD
? DGJRCP . )D RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB F?Q ?L ?KNJGRSBC E , RFCL RFC RP?LQKGRRCB N?PR MD RFC U?TC F?Q ?L ?KNJGRSBC E cos (QCC F?=KH; 27.42). 3GLAC RFC
GLRCLQGRW MD ? U?TC GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM GRQ ?KNJGRSBC QOS?PCB, RFC GLRCLQGRW I MD RFC RP?LQKGRRCB U?TC GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC GLAGBCLR U?TC @W
(27.44)
I = I
0
cos
2
,
UFCPC I
0
GQ RFC GLRCLQGRW MD RFC NMJ?PGXCB U?TC @CDMPC N?QQGLE RFPMSEF RFC DGJRCP. (4FC ?@MTC COS?RGML GQ ILMUL ?Q -?JSQtQ J?U.)
976 #(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3
F?=KH; 27.41 4FC CDDCAR MD PMR?RGLE RUM NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCPQ, UFCPC RFC DGPQR NMJ?PGXCQ RFC JGEFR. (?) !JJ MD RFC NMJ?PGXCB JGEFR GQ N?QQCB @W RFC QCAMLB NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCP, @CA?SQC GRQ ?VGQ
GQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC DGPQR. (@) !Q RFC QCAMLB GQ PMR?RCB, MLJW N?PR MD RFC JGEFR GQ N?QQCB. (A) 7FCL RFC QCAMLB GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC DGPQR, LM JGEFR GQ N?QQCB. (B) )L RFGQ NFMRMEP?NF, ?
NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCP GQ NJ?ACB ?@MTC RUM MRFCPQ. )RQ ?VGQ GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC DGJRCP ML RFC PGEFR (B?PI ?PC?) ?LB N?P?JJCJ RM RFC DGJRCP ML RFC JCDR (JGEFRCP ?PC?). (APCBGR: 0.0. 5PMLC)
F?=KH; 27.42 ! NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCP RP?LQKGRQ MLJW RFC AMKNMLCLR MD RFC U?TC N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ ?VGQ, E cos , PCBSAGLE RFC GLRCLQGRW MD ?LW JGEFR LMR NMJ?PGXCB N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ ?VGQ.
EN7CFB; 27.8 C7B9KB7J?D= "DJ;DI?JO +;:K9J?ED 8O 7 )EB7H?P?D= F?BJ;H
7F?R ?LEJC GQ LCCBCB @CRUCCL RFC BGPCARGML MD NMJ?PGXCB JGEFR ?LB RFC ?VGQ MD ? NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCP RM PCBSAC GRQ GLRCLQGRW @W 90.0%?
,JH7J;=O
7FCL RFC GLRCLQGRW GQ PCBSACB @W 90.0%, GR GQ 10.0% MP 0.100 RGKCQ GRQ MPGEGL?J T?JSC. 4F?R GQ, I = 0.100I
0
. 5QGLE RFGQ GLDMPK?RGML, RFC
COS?RGML I = I
0
cos
2
A?L @C SQCB RM QMJTC DMP RFC LCCBCB ?LEJC.
,EBKJ?ED
3MJTGLE RFC COS?RGML I = I
0
cos
2
DMP cos ?LB QS@QRGRSRGLE UGRF RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL I ?LB I
0
EGTCQ
(27.45)
cos =
I
I
0
=
0.100I
0
I
0
= 0.3162.
3MJTGLE DMP WGCJBQ
(27.46)
= cos
1
0.3162 = 71.6.
D?I9KII?ED
! D?GPJW J?PEC ?LEJC @CRUCCL RFC BGPCARGML MD NMJ?PGX?RGML ?LB RFC DGJRCP ?VGQ GQ LCCBCB RM PCBSAC RFC GLRCLQGRW RM 10.0% MD GRQ MPGEGL?J T?JSC. 4FGQ
QCCKQ PC?QML?@JC @?QCB ML CVNCPGKCLRGLE UGRF NMJ?PGXGLE DGJKQ. )R GQ GLRCPCQRGLE RF?R, ?R ?L ?LEJC MD 45 , RFC GLRCLQGRW GQ PCBSACB RM 50% MD GRQ
MPGEGL?J T?JSC (?Q WMS UGJJ QFMU GL RFGQ QCARGMLtQ 0PM@JCKQ & %VCPAGQCQ). .MRC RF?R 71.6 GQ 18.4 DPMK PCBSAGLE RFC GLRCLQGRW RM XCPM, ?LB RF?R ?R
?L ?LEJC MD 18.4 RFC GLRCLQGRW GQ PCBSACB RM 90.0% MD GRQ MPGEGL?J T?JSC (?Q WMS UGJJ ?JQM QFMU GL 0PM@JCKQ & %VCPAGQCQ), EGTGLE CTGBCLAC MD
QWKKCRPW.
0MJ?PGX?RGML @W 2CDJCARGML
"W LMU WMS A?L NPM@?@JW ESCQQ RF?R 0MJ?PMGB QSLEJ?QQCQ ASR RFC EJ?PC GL PCDJCARCB JGEFR @CA?SQC RF?R JGEFR GQ NMJ?PGXCB. 9MS A?L AFCAI RFGQ DMP WMSPQCJD
@W FMJBGLE 0MJ?PMGB QSLEJ?QQCQ GL DPMLR MD WMS ?LB PMR?RGLE RFCK UFGJC JMMIGLE ?R JGEFR PCDJCARCB DPMK U?RCP MP EJ?QQ. !Q WMS PMR?RC RFC QSLEJ?QQCQ, WMS
#(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3 977
UGJJ LMRGAC RFC JGEFR ECRQ @PGEFR ?LB BGK, @SR LMR AMKNJCRCJW @J?AI. 4FGQ GKNJGCQ RFC PCDJCARCB JGEFR GQ N?PRG?JJW NMJ?PGXCB ?LB A?LLMR @C AMKNJCRCJW
@JMAICB @W ? NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCP.
F?=KH; 27.43 GJJSQRP?RCQ UF?R F?NNCLQ UFCL SLNMJ?PGXCB JGEFR GQ PCDJCARCB DPMK ? QSPD?AC. 6CPRGA?JJW NMJ?PGXCB JGEFR GQ NPCDCPCLRG?JJW PCDP?ARCB ?R RFC
QSPD?AC, QM RF?R G;8 E89?86G87 ?<:;G <F ?89G @BE8 ;BE<MBAG4??L CB?4E<M87. 4FC PC?QMLQ DMP RFGQ NFCLMKCLML ?PC @CWMLB RFC QAMNC MD RFGQ RCVR, @SR ?
AMLTCLGCLR KLCKMLGA DMP PCKCK@CPGLE RFGQ GQ RM GK?EGLC RFC NMJ?PGX?RGML BGPCARGML RM @C JGIC ?L ?PPMU. 6CPRGA?J NMJ?PGX?RGML UMSJB @C JGIC ?L ?PPMU
NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC QSPD?AC ?LB UMSJB @C KMPC JGICJW RM QRGAI ?LB LMR @C PCDJCARCB. (MPGXMLR?J NMJ?PGX?RGML GQ JGIC ?L ?PPMU @MSLAGLE ML GRQ QGBC ?LB
UMSJB @C KMPC JGICJW RM @C PCDJCARCB. 3SLEJ?QQCQ UGRF TCPRGA?J ?VCQ UMSJB RFCL @JMAI KMPC PCDJCARCB JGEFR RF?L SLNMJ?PGXCB JGEFR DPMK MRFCP QMSPACQ.
F?=KH; 27.43 0MJ?PGX?RGML @W PCDJCARGML. 5LNMJ?PGXCB JGEFR F?Q COS?J ?KMSLRQ MD TCPRGA?J ?LB FMPGXMLR?J NMJ?PGX?RGML. !DRCP GLRCP?ARGML UGRF ? QSPD?AC, RFC TCPRGA?J AMKNMLCLRQ ?PC
NPCDCPCLRG?JJW ?@QMP@CB MP PCDP?ARCB, JC?TGLE RFC PCDJCARCB JGEFR KMPC FMPGXMLR?JJW NMJ?PGXCB. 4FGQ GQ ?IGL RM ?PPMUQ QRPGIGLE ML RFCGP QGBCQ @MSLAGLE MDD, UFCPC?Q ?PPMUQ QRPGIGLE ML
RFCGP RGNQ EM GLRM RFC QSPD?AC.
3GLAC RFC N?PR MD RFC JGEFR RF?R GQ LMR PCDJCARCB GQ PCDP?ARCB, RFC ?KMSLR MD NMJ?PGX?RGML BCNCLBQ ML RFC GLBGACQ MD PCDP?ARGML MD RFC KCBG? GLTMJTCB. )R A?L
@C QFMUL RF?R H;<B;9J;: B?=>J ?I 9ECFB;J;BO FEB7H?P;: ?R ? ?LEJC MD PCDJCARGML
b
, EGTCL @W
(27.47)
tan
b
=
n
2
n
1
,
UFCPC n
1
GQ RFC KCBGSK GL UFGAF RFC GLAGBCLR ?LB PCDJCARCB JGEFR RP?TCJ ?LB n
2
GQ RFC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML MD RFC KCBGSK RF?R DMPKQ RFC GLRCPD?AC RF?R
PCDJCARQ RFC JGEFR. 4FGQ COS?RGML GQ ILMUL ?Q BH;MIJ;HXI B7M, ?LB
b
GQ ILMUL ?Q BH;MIJ;HXI 7D=B;, L?KCB ?DRCP RFC 19RF-ACLRSPW 3AMRRGQF NFWQGAGQR
UFM BGQAMTCPCB RFCK.
4FGLEQ 'PC?R ?LB 3K?JJ: !RMKGA %VNJ?L?RGML MD 0MJ?PGXGLE &GJRCPQ
0MJ?PGXGLE DGJRCPQ F?TC ? NMJ?PGX?RGML ?VGQ RF?R ?ARQ ?Q ? QJGR. 4FGQ QJGR N?QQCQ CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ (MDRCL TGQG@JC JGEFR) RF?R F?TC ?L CJCARPGA DGCJB
N?P?JJCJ RM RFC ?VGQ. 4FGQ GQ ?AAMKNJGQFCB UGRF JMLE KMJCASJCQ ?JGELCB NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC ?VGQ ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 27.44.
F?=KH; 27.44 ,MLE KMJCASJCQ ?PC ?JGELCB NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC ?VGQ MD ? NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCP. 4FC AMKNMLCLR MD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB GL ?L %- U?TC NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFCQC
KMJCASJCQ N?QQCQ RFPMSEF RFC DGJRCP, UFGJC RFC AMKNMLCLR N?P?JJCJ RM RFC KMJCASJCQ GQ ?@QMP@CB.
F?=KH; 27.45 GJJSQRP?RCQ FMU RFC AMKNMLCLR MD RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB N?P?JJCJ RM RFC JMLE KMJCASJCQ GQ ?@QMP@CB. !L CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC GQ AMKNMQCB
MD MQAGJJ?RGLE CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ. 4FC CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ QRPMLE AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB ?LB GQ KMPC CDDCARGTC GL CVCPRGLE DMPAC ML
AF?PECQ GL RFC KMJCASJCQ. 4FC KMQR ?DDCARCB AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ ?PC RFC CJCARPMLQ GL RFC KMJCASJCQ, QGLAC CJCARPML K?QQCQ ?PC QK?JJ. )D RFC
CJCARPML GQ DMPACB RM MQAGJJ?RC, GR A?L ?@QMP@ CLCPEW DPMK RFC %- U?TC. 4FGQ PCBSACQ RFC DGCJBQ GL RFC U?TC ?LB, FCLAC, PCBSACQ GRQ GLRCLQGRW. )L
JMLE KMJCASJCQ, CJCARPMLQ A?L KMPC C?QGJW MQAGJJ?RC N?P?JJCJ RM RFC KMJCASJC RF?L GL RFC NCPNCLBGASJ?P BGPCARGML. 4FC CJCARPMLQ ?PC @MSLB RM RFC
978 #(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3
KMJCASJC ?LB ?PC KMPC PCQRPGARCB GL RFCGP KMTCKCLR NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC KMJCASJC. 4FSQ, RFC CJCARPMLQ A?L ?@QMP@ %- U?TCQ RF?R F?TC ?
AMKNMLCLR MD RFCGP CJCARPGA DGCJB N?P?JJCJ RM RFC KMJCASJC. 4FC CJCARPMLQ ?PC KSAF JCQQ PCQNMLQGTC RM CJCARPGA DGCJBQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC KMJCASJC
?LB UGJJ ?JJMU RFMQC DGCJBQ RM N?QQ. 4FSQ RFC ?VGQ MD RFC NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCP GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC JCLERF MD RFC KMJCASJC.
F?=KH; 27.45 !PRGQRtQ AMLACNRGML MD ?L CJCARPML GL ? JMLE KMJCASJC MQAGJJ?RGLE N?P?JJCJ RM RFC KMJCASJC. 4FC MQAGJJ?RGML MD RFC CJCARPML ?@QMP@Q CLCPEW ?LB PCBSACQ RFC
GLRCLQGRW MD RFC AMKNMLCLR MD RFC %- U?TC RF?R GQ N?P?JJCJ RM RFC KMJCASJC.
EN7CFB; 27.9 C7B9KB7J?D= )EB7H?P7J?ED 8O +;<B;9J?ED
(?) !R UF?R ?LEJC UGJJ JGEFR RP?TCJGLE GL ?GP @C AMKNJCRCJW NMJ?PGXCB FMPGXMLR?JJW UFCL PCDJCARCB DPMK U?RCP? (@) &PMK EJ?QQ?
,JH7J;=O
!JJ UC LCCB RM QMJTC RFCQC NPM@JCKQ ?PC RFC GLBGACQ MD PCDP?ARGML. !GP F?Q n
1
= 1.00, U?RCP F?Q n
2
= 1.333, ?LB APMUL EJ?QQ F?Q
n
2
= 1.520 . 4FC COS?RGML tan
b
=
n
2
n
1
A?L @C BGPCARJW ?NNJGCB RM DGLB
b
GL C?AF A?QC.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
0SRRGLE RFC ILMUL OS?LRGRGCQ GLRM RFC COS?RGML
(27.48)
tan
b
=
n
2
n
1
EGTCQ
(27.49)
tan
b
=
n
2
n
1
=
1.333
1.00
= 1.333.
3MJTGLE DMP RFC ?LEJC
b
WGCJBQ
(27.50)
b
= tan
1
1.333 = 53.1.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
3GKGJ?PJW, DMP APMUL EJ?QQ ?LB ?GP,
(27.51)
tan
b
=
n
2
n
1
=
1.520
1.00
= 1.52.
4FSQ,
(27.52)
b
= tan
1
1.52 = 56.7.
D?I9KII?ED
,GEFR PCDJCARCB ?R RFCQC ?LEJCQ AMSJB @C AMKNJCRCJW @JMAICB @W ? EMMB NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCP FCJB UGRF GRQ 4K<F I8EG<64?. "PCUQRCPtQ ?LEJC DMP U?RCP ?LB ?GP
?PC QGKGJ?P RM RFMQC DMP EJ?QQ ?LB ?GP, QM RF?R QSLEJ?QQCQ ?PC COS?JJW CDDCARGTC DMP JGEFR PCDJCARCB DPMK CGRFCP U?RCP MP EJ?QQ SLBCP QGKGJ?P
AGPASKQR?LACQ. ,GEFR LMR PCDJCARCB GQ PCDP?ARCB GLRM RFCQC KCBG?. 3M ?R ?L GLAGBCLR ?LEJC COS?J RM "PCUQRCPtQ ?LEJC, RFC PCDP?ARCB JGEFR UGJJ @C
#(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3 979
QJGEFRJW NMJ?PGXCB TCPRGA?JJW. )R UGJJ LMR @C AMKNJCRCJW NMJ?PGXCB TCPRGA?JJW, @CA?SQC MLJW ? QK?JJ DP?ARGML MD RFC GLAGBCLR JGEFR GQ PCDJCARCB, ?LB QM ?
QGELGDGA?LR ?KMSLR MD FMPGXMLR?JJW NMJ?PGXCB JGEFR GQ PCDP?ARCB.
0MJ?PGX?RGML @W 3A?RRCPGLE
)D WMS FMJB WMSP 0MJ?PMGB QSLEJ?QQCQ GL DPMLR MD WMS ?LB PMR?RC RFCK UFGJC JMMIGLE ?R @JSC QIW, WMS UGJJ QCC RFC QIW ECR @PGEFR ?LB BGK. 4FGQ GQ ? AJC?P
GLBGA?RGML RF?R JGEFR QA?RRCPCB @W ?GP GQ N?PRG?JJW NMJ?PGXCB. F?=KH; 27.46 FCJNQ GJJSQRP?RC FMU RFGQ F?NNCLQ. 3GLAC JGEFR GQ ? RP?LQTCPQC %- U?TC, GR
TG@P?RCQ RFC CJCARPMLQ MD ?GP KMJCASJCQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC BGPCARGML GR GQ RP?TCJGLE. 4FC CJCARPMLQ RFCL P?BG?RC JGIC QK?JJ ?LRCLL?C. 3GLAC RFCW ?PC
MQAGJJ?RGLE NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC JGEFR P?W, RFCW NPMBSAC %- P?BG?RGML RF?R GQ NMJ?PGXCB NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC P?W. 7FCL
TGCUGLE RFC JGEFR ?JMLE ? JGLC NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC MPGEGL?J P?W, ?Q GL F?=KH; 27.46, RFCPC A?L @C LM NMJ?PGX?RGML GL RFC QA?RRCPCB JGEFR N?P?JJCJ RM RFC
MPGEGL?J P?W, @CA?SQC RF?R UMSJB PCOSGPC RFC MPGEGL?J P?W RM @C ? JMLEGRSBGL?J U?TC. !JMLE MRFCP BGPCARGMLQ, ? AMKNMLCLR MD RFC MRFCP NMJ?PGX?RGML A?L @C
NPMHCARCB ?JMLE RFC JGLC MD QGEFR, ?LB RFC QA?RRCPCB JGEFR UGJJ MLJW @C N?PRG?JJW NMJ?PGXCB. &SPRFCPKMPC, KSJRGNJC QA?RRCPGLE A?L @PGLE JGEFR RM WMSP CWCQ
DPMK MRFCP BGPCARGMLQ ?LB A?L AMLR?GL BGDDCPCLR NMJ?PGX?RGMLQ.
F?=KH; 27.46 0MJ?PGX?RGML @W QA?RRCPGLE. 5LNMJ?PGXCB JGEFR QA?RRCPGLE DPMK ?GP KMJCASJCQ QF?ICQ RFCGP CJCARPMLQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC MPGEGL?J P?W. 4FC QA?RRCPCB
JGEFR RFCPCDMPC F?Q ? NMJ?PGX?RGML NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC MPGEGL?J BGPCARGML ?LB LMLC N?P?JJCJ RM RFC MPGEGL?J BGPCARGML.
0FMRMEP?NFQ MD RFC QIW A?L @C B?PICLCB @W NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCPQ, ? RPGAI SQCB @W K?LW NFMRMEP?NFCPQ RM K?IC AJMSBQ @PGEFRCP @W AMLRP?QR. 3A?RRCPGLE
DPMK MRFCP N?PRGAJCQ, QSAF ?Q QKMIC MP BSQR, A?L ?JQM NMJ?PGXC JGEFR. $CRCARGLE NMJ?PGX?RGML GL QA?RRCPCB %- U?TCQ A?L @C ? SQCDSJ ?L?JWRGA?J RMMJ GL
BCRCPKGLGLE RFC QA?RRCPGLE QMSPAC.
4FCPC GQ ? P?LEC MD MNRGA?J CDDCARQ SQCB GL QSLEJ?QQCQ. "CQGBCQ @CGLE 0MJ?PMGB, MRFCP QSLEJ?QQCQ F?TC AMJMPCB NGEKCLRQ CK@CBBCB GL RFCK, UFGJC
MRFCPQ SQC LML-PCDJCARGTC MP CTCL PCDJCARGTC AM?RGLEQ. ! PCACLR BCTCJMNKCLR GQ NFMRMAFPMKGA JCLQCQ, UFGAF B?PICL GL RFC QSLJGEFR ?LB @CAMKC AJC?P
GLBMMPQ. 0FMRMAFPMKGA JCLQCQ ?PC CK@CBBCB UGRF MPE?LGA KGAPMAPWQR?JJGLC KMJCASJCQ RF?R AF?LEC RFCGP NPMNCPRGCQ UFCL CVNMQCB RM 56 GL QSLJGEFR, @SR
@CAMKC AJC?P GL ?PRGDGAG?J JGEFRGLE UGRF LM 56.
4?IC-(MKC %VNCPGKCLR: 0MJ?PGX?RGML
&GLB 0MJ?PMGB QSLEJ?QQCQ ?LB PMR?RC MLC UFGJC FMJBGLE RFC MRFCP QRGJJ ?LB JMMI ?R BGDDCPCLR QSPD?ACQ ?LB M@HCARQ. %VNJ?GL WMSP M@QCPT?RGMLQ. 7F?R
GQ RFC BGDDCPCLAC GL ?LEJC DPMK UFCL WMS QCC ? K?VGKSK GLRCLQGRW RM UFCL WMS QCC ? KGLGKSK GLRCLQGRW? &GLB ? PCDJCARGTC EJ?QQ QSPD?AC ?LB BM
RFC Q?KC. !R UF?R ?LEJC BMCQ RFC EJ?QQ LCCB RM @C MPGCLRCB RM EGTC KGLGKSK EJ?PC?
,GOSGB #PWQR?JQ ?LB /RFCP 0MJ?PGX?RGML %DDCARQ GL -?RCPG?JQ
7FGJC WMS ?PC SLBMS@RCBJW ?U?PC MD JGOSGB APWQR?J BGQNJ?WQ (,#$Q) DMSLB GL U?RAFCQ, A?JASJ?RMPQ, AMKNSRCP QAPCCLQ, ACJJNFMLCQ, DJ?R QAPCCL
RCJCTGQGMLQ, ?LB MRFCP KWPG?B NJ?ACQ, WMS K?W LMR @C ?U?PC RF?R RFCW ?PC @?QCB ML NMJ?PGX?RGML. ,GOSGB APWQR?JQ ?PC QM L?KCB @CA?SQC RFCGP
KMJCASJCQ A?L @C ?JGELCB CTCL RFMSEF RFCW ?PC GL ? JGOSGB. ,GOSGB APWQR?JQ F?TC RFC NPMNCPRW RF?R RFCW A?L PMR?RC RFC NMJ?PGX?RGML MD JGEFR N?QQGLE
RFPMSEF RFCK @W 90 . &SPRFCPKMPC, RFGQ NPMNCPRW A?L @C RSPLCB MDD @W RFC ?NNJGA?RGML MD ? TMJR?EC, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 27.47. )R GQ NMQQG@JC RM
K?LGNSJ?RC RFGQ AF?P?ARCPGQRGA OSGAIJW ?LB GL QK?JJ UCJJ-BCDGLCB PCEGMLQ RM APC?RC RFC AMLRP?QR N?RRCPLQ UC QCC GL QM K?LW ,#$ BCTGACQ.
)L DJ?R QAPCCL ,#$ RCJCTGQGMLQ, RFCPC GQ ? J?PEC JGEFR ?R RFC @?AI MD RFC 46. 4FC JGEFR RP?TCJQ RM RFC DPMLR QAPCCL RFPMSEF KGJJGMLQ MD RGLW SLGRQ A?JJCB NGVCJQ
(NGARSPC CJCKCLRQ). /LC MD RFCQC GQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 27.47 (?) ?LB (@). %?AF SLGR F?Q RFPCC ACJJQ, UGRF PCB, @JSC, MP EPCCL DGJRCPQ, C?AF AMLRPMJJCB
GLBCNCLBCLRJW. 7FCL RFC TMJR?EC ?APMQQ ? JGOSGB APWQR?J GQ QUGRAFCB MDD, RFC JGOSGB APWQR?J N?QQCQ RFC JGEFR RFPMSEF RFC N?PRGASJ?P DGJRCP. /LC A?L T?PW RFC
NGARSPC AMLRP?QR @W T?PWGLE RFC QRPCLERF MD RFC TMJR?EC ?NNJGCB RM RFC JGOSGB APWQR?J.
980 #(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3
F?=KH; 27.47 (?) 0MJ?PGXCB JGEFR GQ PMR?RCB 90 @W ? JGOSGB APWQR?J ?LB RFCL N?QQCB @W ? NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCP RF?R F?Q GRQ ?VGQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC MPGEGL?J NMJ?PGX?RGML BGPCARGML. (@)
7FCL ? TMJR?EC GQ ?NNJGCB RM RFC JGOSGB APWQR?J, RFC NMJ?PGXCB JGEFR GQ LMR PMR?RCB ?LB GQ @JMAICB @W RFC DGJRCP, K?IGLE RFC PCEGML B?PI GL AMKN?PGQML UGRF GRQ QSPPMSLBGLEQ. (A) ,#$Q
A?L @C K?BC AMJMP QNCAGDGA, QK?JJ, ?LB D?QR CLMSEF RM SQC GL J?NRMN AMKNSRCPQ ?LB 46Q. (APCBGR: *ML 3SJJGT?L)
-?LW APWQR?JQ ?LB QMJSRGMLQ PMR?RC RFC NJ?LC MD NMJ?PGX?RGML MD JGEFR N?QQGLE RFPMSEF RFCK. 3SAF QS@QR?LACQ ?PC Q?GB RM @C EFJ?97BBO 79J?L;. %V?KNJCQ
GLAJSBC QSE?P U?RCP, GLQSJGL, ?LB AMJJ?ECL (QCC F?=KH; 27.48). )L ?BBGRGML RM BCNCLBGLE ML RFC RWNC MD QS@QR?LAC, RFC ?KMSLR ?LB BGPCARGML MD PMR?RGML
BCNCLBQ ML ? LSK@CP MD D?ARMPQ. !KMLE RFCQC GQ RFC AMLACLRP?RGML MD RFC QS@QR?LAC, RFC BGQR?LAC RFC JGEFR RP?TCJQ RFPMSEF GR, ?LB RFC U?TCJCLERF MD
JGEFR. /NRGA?J ?ARGTGRW GQ BSC RM RFC ?QWKKCRPGA QF?NC MD KMJCASJCQ GL RFC QS@QR?LAC, QSAF ?Q @CGLE FCJGA?J. -C?QSPCKCLRQ MD RFC PMR?RGML MD NMJ?PGXCB
JGEFR N?QQGLE RFPMSEF QS@QR?LACQ A?L RFSQ @C SQCB RM KC?QSPC AMLACLRP?RGMLQ, ? QR?LB?PB RCAFLGOSC DMP QSE?PQ. )R A?L ?JQM EGTC GLDMPK?RGML ML RFC
QF?NCQ MD KMJCASJCQ, QSAF ?Q NPMRCGLQ, ?LB D?ARMPQ RF?R ?DDCAR RFCGP QF?NCQ, QSAF ?Q RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB N(.
F?=KH; 27.48 /NRGA?J ?ARGTGRW GQ RFC ?@GJGRW MD QMKC QS@QR?LACQ RM PMR?RC RFC NJ?LC MD NMJ?PGX?RGML MD JGEFR N?QQGLE RFPMSEF RFCK. 4FC PMR?RGML GQ BCRCARCB UGRF ? NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCP MP
?L?JWXCP.
'J?QQ ?LB NJ?QRGA @CAMKC MNRGA?JJW ?ARGTC UFCL QRPCQQCB; RFC EPC?RCP RFC QRPCQQ, RFC EPC?RCP RFC CDDCAR. /NRGA?J QRPCQQ ?L?JWQGQ ML AMKNJGA?RCB QF?NCQ
A?L @C NCPDMPKCB @W K?IGLE NJ?QRGA KMBCJQ MD RFCK ?LB M@QCPTGLE RFCK RFPMSEF APMQQCB DGJRCPQ, ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 27.49. )R GQ ?NN?PCLR RF?R RFC CDDCAR
BCNCLBQ ML U?TCJCLERF ?Q UCJJ ?Q QRPCQQ. 4FC U?TCJCLERF BCNCLBCLAC GQ QMKCRGKCQ ?JQM SQCB DMP ?PRGQRGA NSPNMQCQ.
#(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3 981
F?=KH; 27.49 /NRGA?J QRPCQQ ?L?JWQGQ MD ? NJ?QRGA JCLQ NJ?ACB @CRUCCL APMQQCB NMJ?PGXCPQ. (APCBGR: )LDMNPM, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
!LMRFCP GLRCPCQRGLE NFCLMKCLML ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF NMJ?PGXCB JGEFR GQ RFC ?@GJGRW MD QMKC APWQR?JQ RM QNJGR ?L SLNMJ?PGXCB @C?K MD JGEFR GLRM RUM. 3SAF
APWQR?JQ ?PC Q?GB RM @C 8?H;<H?D=;DJ (QCC F?=KH; 27.50). %?AF MD RFC QCN?P?RCB P?WQ F?Q ? QNCAGDGA NMJ?PGX?RGML. /LC @CF?TCQ LMPK?JJW ?LB GQ A?JJCB
RFC MPBGL?PW P?W, UFCPC?Q RFC MRFCP BMCQ LMR M@CW 3LCJJtQ J?U ?LB GQ A?JJCB RFC CVRP?MPBGL?PW P?W. "GPCDPGLECLR APWQR?JQ A?L @C SQCB RM NPMBSAC
NMJ?PGXCB @C?KQ DPMK SLNMJ?PGXCB JGEFR. 3MKC @GPCDPGLECLR K?RCPG?JQ NPCDCPCLRG?JJW ?@QMP@ MLC MD RFC NMJ?PGX?RGMLQ. 4FCQC K?RCPG?JQ ?PC A?JJCB BGAFPMGA
?LB A?L NPMBSAC NMJ?PGX?RGML @W RFGQ NPCDCPCLRG?J ?@QMPNRGML. 4FGQ GQ DSLB?KCLR?JJW FMU NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCPQ ?LB MRFCP NMJ?PGXCPQ UMPI. 4FC GLRCPCQRCB
PC?BCP GQ GLTGRCB RM DSPRFCP NSPQSC RFC LSKCPMSQ NPMNCPRGCQ MD K?RCPG?JQ PCJ?RCB RM NMJ?PGX?RGML.
F?=KH; 27.50 "GPCDPGLECLR K?RCPG?JQ, QSAF ?Q RFC AMKKML KGLCP?J A?JAGRC, QNJGR SLNMJ?PGXCB @C?KQ MD JGEFR GLRM RUM. 4FC MPBGL?PW P?W @CF?TCQ ?Q CVNCARCB, @SR RFC CVRP?MPBGL?PW
P?W BMCQ LMR M@CW 3LCJJtQ J?U.
27.9 *ENJ;D:;: -EF?9* &?9HEI9EFO ED>7D9;: 8O J>; 07L; C>7H79J;H?IJ?9I E< %?=>J
0FWQGAQ PCQC?PAF SLBCPNGLQ RFC ?BT?LACKCLR MD BCTCJMNKCLRQ GL KGAPMQAMNW. !Q UC E?GL ILMUJCBEC MD RFC U?TC L?RSPC MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ
?LB KCRFMBQ RM ?L?JWXC ?LB GLRCPNPCR QGEL?JQ, LCU KGAPMQAMNCQ RF?R CL?@JC SQ RM uQCCv KMPC ?PC @CGLE BCTCJMNCB. )R GQ RFC CTMJSRGML ?LB LCUCP
ECLCP?RGML MD KGAPMQAMNCQ RF?R ?PC BCQAPG@CB GL RFGQ QCARGML.
4FC SQC MD KGAPMQAMNCQ (KGAPMQAMNW) RM M@QCPTC QK?JJ BCR?GJQ GQ JGKGRCB @W RFC U?TC L?RSPC MD JGEFR. /UGLE RM RFC D?AR RF?R JGEFR BGDDP?ARQ QGELGDGA?LRJW
?PMSLB QK?JJ M@HCARQ, GR @CAMKCQ GKNMQQG@JC RM M@QCPTC BCR?GJQ QGELGDGA?LRJW QK?JJCP RF?L RFC U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR. /LC PSJC MD RFSK@ F?Q GR RF?R ?JJ
BCR?GJQ QK?JJCP RF?L ?@MSR ?PC BGDDGASJR RM M@QCPTC. 2?B?P, DMP CV?KNJC, A?L BCRCAR RFC QGXC MD ?L ?GPAP?DR, @SR LMR GRQ GLBGTGBS?J PGTCRQ, QGLAC RFC
U?TCJCLERF MD KMQR P?B?P GQ QCTCP?J ACLRGKCRCPQ MP EPC?RCP. 3GKGJ?PJW, TGQG@JC JGEFR A?LLMR BCRCAR GLBGTGBS?J ?RMKQ, QGLAC ?RMKQ ?PC ?@MSR 0.1 LK GL QGXC
?LB TGQG@JC U?TCJCLERFQ P?LEC DPMK 380 RM 760 LK. )PMLGA?JJW, QNCAG?J RCAFLGOSCQ SQCB RM M@R?GL RFC @CQR NMQQG@JC PCQMJSRGML UGRF KGAPMQAMNCQ R?IC
?BT?LR?EC MD RFC Q?KC U?TC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD JGEFR RF?R SJRGK?RCJW JGKGR RFC BCR?GJ.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 7?TCQ
!JJ ?RRCKNRQ RM M@QCPTC RFC QGXC ?LB QF?NC MD M@HCARQ ?PC JGKGRCB @W RFC U?TCJCLERF MD RFC NPM@C. 3ML?P ?LB KCBGA?J SJRP?QMSLB ?PC JGKGRCB @W RFC
U?TCJCLERF MD QMSLB RFCW CKNJMW. 7C QF?JJ QCC RF?R RFGQ GQ ?JQM RPSC GL CJCARPML KGAPMQAMNW, QGLAC CJCARPMLQ F?TC ? U?TCJCLERF. (CGQCL@CPEtQ
SLACPR?GLRW NPGLAGNJC ?QQCPRQ RF?R RFGQ JGKGR GQ DSLB?KCLR?J ?LB GLCQA?N?@JC, ?Q UC QF?JJ QCC GL OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ.
4FC KMQR M@TGMSQ KCRFMB MD M@R?GLGLE @CRRCP BCR?GJ GQ RM SRGJGXC QFMPRCP U?TCJCLERFQ. .BJH7L?EB;J (./) C?9HEI9EF;I F?TC @CCL AMLQRPSARCB UGRF
QNCAG?J JCLQCQ RF?R RP?LQKGR 56 P?WQ ?LB SRGJGXC NFMRMEP?NFGA MP CJCARPMLGA RCAFLGOSCQ RM PCAMPB GK?ECQ. 4FC QFMPRCP 56 U?TCJCLERFQ ?JJMU QMKCUF?R
EPC?RCP BCR?GJ RM @C M@QCPTCB, @SR BP?U@?AIQ, QSAF ?Q RFC F?X?PB MD 56 RM JGTGLE RGQQSC ?LB RFC LCCB DMP QNCAG?J BCRCARGML BCTGACQ ?LB JCLQCQ (UFGAF
RCLB RM @C BGQNCPQGTC GL RFC 56), QCTCPCJW JGKGR RFC SQC MD 56 KGAPMQAMNCQ. %JQCUFCPC, UC UGJJ CVNJMPC NP?ARGA?J SQCQ MD TCPW QFMPR U?TCJCLERF %-
U?TCQ, QSAF ?Q V P?WQ, ?LB MRFCP QFMPR-U?TCJCLERF NPM@CQ, QSAF ?Q CJCARPMLQ GL CJCARPML KGAPMQAMNCQ, RM BCRCAR QK?JJ BCR?GJQ.
!LMRFCP BGDDGASJRW GL KGAPMQAMNW GQ RFC D?AR RF?R K?LW KGAPMQAMNGA M@HCARQ BM LMR ?@QMP@ KSAF MD RFC JGEFR N?QQGLE RFPMSEF RFCK. 4FC J?AI MD AMLRP?QR
K?ICQ GK?EC GLRCPNPCR?RGML TCPW BGDDGASJR. CEDJH7IJ GQ RFC BGDDCPCLAC GL GLRCLQGRW @CRUCCL M@HCARQ ?LB RFC @?AIEPMSLB ML UFGAF RFCW ?PC M@QCPTCB.
3R?GLQ (QSAF ?Q BWCQ, DJSMPMNFMPCQ, CRA.) ?PC AMKKMLJW CKNJMWCB RM CLF?LAC AMLRP?QR, @SR RFCQC RCLB RM @C ?NNJGA?RGML QNCAGDGA. -MPC ECLCP?J U?TC
GLRCPDCPCLAC RCAFLGOSCQ A?L @C SQCB RM NPMBSAC AMLRP?QR. F?=KH; 27.51 QFMUQ RFC N?QQ?EC MD JGEFR RFPMSEF ? Q?KNJC. 3GLAC RFC GLBGACQ MD PCDP?ARGML
BGDDCP, RFC LSK@CP MD U?TCJCLERFQ GL RFC N?RFQ BGDDCPQ. ,GEFR CKCPEGLE DPMK RFC M@HCAR GQ RFSQ MSR MD NF?QC UGRF JGEFR DPMK RFC @?AIEPMSLB ?LB UGJJ
GLRCPDCPC BGDDCPCLRJW, NPMBSAGLE CLF?LACB AMLRP?QR, CQNCAG?JJW GD RFC JGEFR GQ AMFCPCLR ?LB KMLMAFPMK?RGAr?Q GL J?QCP JGEFR.
982 #(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3
F?=KH; 27.51 ,GEFR P?WQ N?QQGLE RFPMSEF ? Q?KNJC SLBCP ? KGAPMQAMNC UGJJ CKCPEC UGRF BGDDCPCLR NF?QCQ BCNCLBGLE ML RFCGP N?RFQ. 4FC M@HCAR QFMUL F?Q ? EPC?RCP GLBCV MD
PCDP?ARGML RF?L RFC @?AIEPMSLB, ?LB QM RFC U?TCJCLERF BCAPC?QCQ ?Q RFC P?W N?QQCQ RFPMSEF GR. 3SNCPGKNMQGLE RFCQC P?WQ NPMBSACQ GLRCPDCPCLAC RF?R T?PGCQ UGRF N?RF,
CLF?LAGLE AMLRP?QR @CRUCCL RFC M@HCAR ?LB @?AIEPMSLB.
"DJ;H<;H;D9; C?9HEI9EF;I CLF?LAC AMLRP?QR @CRUCCL M@HCARQ ?LB @?AIEPMSLB @W QSNCPGKNMQGLE ? PCDCPCLAC @C?K MD JGEFR SNML RFC JGEFR CKCPEGLE
DPMK RFC Q?KNJC. 3GLAC JGEFR DPMK RFC @?AIEPMSLB ?LB M@HCARQ BGDDCP GL NF?QC, RFCPC UGJJ @C BGDDCPCLR ?KMSLRQ MD AMLQRPSARGTC ?LB BCQRPSARGTC
GLRCPDCPCLAC, NPMBSAGLE RFC BCQGPCB AMLRP?QR GL DGL?J GLRCLQGRW. F?=KH; 27.52 QFMUQ QAFCK?RGA?JJW FMU RFGQ GQ BMLC. 0?P?JJCJ P?WQ MD JGEFR DPMK ? QMSPAC
?PC QNJGR GLRM RUM @C?KQ @W ? F?JD-QGJTCPCB KGPPMP. 4FCQC @C?KQ ?PC A?JJCB RFC M@HCAR ?LB PCDCPCLAC @C?KQ. %?AF @C?K N?QQCQ RFPMSEF GBCLRGA?J
MNRGA?J CJCKCLRQ, CVACNR RF?R RFC M@HCAR @C?K N?QQCQ RFPMSEF RFC M@HCAR UC UGQF RM M@QCPTC KGAPMQAMNGA?JJW. 4FC JGEFR @C?KQ ?PC PCAMK@GLCB @W
?LMRFCP F?JD-QGJTCPCB KGPPMP ?LB GLRCPDCPC. 3GLAC RFC JGEFR P?WQ N?QQGLE RFPMSEF BGDDCPCLR N?PRQ MD RFC M@HCAR F?TC BGDDCPCLR NF?QCQ, GLRCPDCPCLAC UGJJ @C
QGELGDGA?LRJW BGDDCPCLR ?LB, FCLAC, F?TC EPC?RCP AMLRP?QR @CRUCCL RFCK.
F?=KH; 27.52 !L GLRCPDCPCLAC KGAPMQAMNC SRGJGXCQ GLRCPDCPCLAC @CRUCCL RFC PCDCPCLAC ?LB M@HCAR @C?K RM CLF?LAC AMLRP?QR. 4FC RUM @C?KQ ?PC QNJGR @W ? F?JD-QGJTCPCB KGPPMP;
RFC M@HCAR @C?K GQ QCLR RFPMSEF RFC M@HCAR, ?LB RFC PCDCPCLAC @C?K GQ QCLR RFPMSEF MRFCPUGQC GBCLRGA?J MNRGA?J CJCKCLRQ. 4FC @C?KQ ?PC PCAMK@GLCB @W ?LMRFCP F?JD-QGJTCPCB
KGPPMP, ?LB RFC GLRCPDCPCLAC BCNCLBQ ML RFC T?PGMSQ NF?QCQ CKCPEGLE DPMK BGDDCPCLR N?PRQ MD RFC M@HCAR, CLF?LAGLE AMLRP?QR.
!LMRFCP RWNC MD KGAPMQAMNC SRGJGXGLE U?TC GLRCPDCPCLAC ?LB BGDDCPCLACQ GL NF?QCQ RM CLF?LAC AMLRP?QR GQ A?JJCB RFC F>7I;-9EDJH7IJ C?9HEI9EF;.
7FGJC GRQ NPGLAGNJC GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC GLRCPDCPCLAC KGAPMQAMNC, RFC NF?QC-AMLRP?QR KGAPMQAMNC GQ QGKNJCP RM SQC ?LB AMLQRPSAR. )RQ GKN?AR (?LB RFC
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1953. F?=KH; 27.53 QFMUQ RFC @?QGA AMLQRPSARGML MD ? NF?QC-AMLRP?QR KGAPMQAMNC. 0F?QC BGDDCPCLACQ @CRUCCL JGEFR N?QQGLE RFPMSEF RFC M@HCAR ?LB
@?AIEPMSLB ?PC NPMBSACB @W N?QQGLE RFC P?WQ RFPMSEF BGDDCPCLR N?PRQ MD ? NF?QC NJ?RC (QM A?JJCB @CA?SQC GR QFGDRQ RFC NF?QC MD RFC JGEFR N?QQGLE
RFPMSEF GR). 4FCQC RUM JGEFR P?WQ ?PC QSNCPGKNMQCB GL RFC GK?EC NJ?LC, NPMBSAGLE AMLRP?QR BSC RM RFCGP GLRCPDCPCLAC.
#(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3 983
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P?WQ RFPMSEF BGDDCPCLR N?PRQ MD ? NF?QC NJ?RC. 4FC JGEFR P?WQ ?PC QSNCPGKNMQCB GL RFC GK?EC NJ?LC, NPMBSAGLE AMLRP?QR BSC RM RFCGP GLRCPDCPCLAC.
! FEB7H?P7J?ED C?9HEI9EF; ?JQM CLF?LACQ AMLRP?QR @W SRGJGXGLE ? U?TC AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MD JGEFR. 0MJ?PGX?RGML KGAPMQAMNCQ ?PC SQCDSJ DMP M@HCARQ RF?R ?PC
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RFCL M@QCPTCB RFPMSEF ? NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCP RF?R GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC MPGEGL?J NMJ?PGX?RGML BGPCARGML. .C?PJW RP?LQN?PCLR M@HCARQ A?L RFCL ?NNC?P UGRF
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RFC ?ARGML MD RFC NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCP GL N?QQGLE MLJW AMKNMLCLRQ N?P?JJCJ RM GRQ ?VGQ.
!N?PR DPMK RFC 56 KGAPMQAMNC, RFC T?PG?RGMLQ MD KGAPMQAMNW BGQASQQCB QM D?P GL RFGQ QCARGML ?PC ?T?GJ?@JC ?Q ?RR?AFKCLRQ RM D?GPJW QR?LB?PB
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GQ GBCLRGDGCB; MSR-MD-DMASQ PCEGMLQ ?@MTC ?LB @CJMU RFGQ NJ?LC ?PC QS@RP?ARCB MSR @W ? AMKNSRCP QM RFC GK?EC OS?JGRW GQ KSAF @CRRCP. 4FGQ RWNC MD
KGAPMQAMNC K?ICQ SQC MD DJSMPCQACLAC, UFCPC ? J?QCP NPMTGBCQ RFC CVAGR?RGML JGEFR. ,?QCP JGEFR N?QQGLE RFPMSEF ? RGLW ?NCPRSPC A?JJCB ? NGLFMJC DMPKQ
?L CVRCLBCB DMA?J PCEGML UGRFGL RFC QNCAGKCL. 4FC PCDJCARCB JGEFR N?QQCQ RFPMSEF RFC M@HCARGTC JCLQ RM ? QCAMLB NGLFMJC ?LB RFC NFMRMKSJRGNJGCP
BCRCARMP, QCC F?=KH; 27.54. 4FC QCAMLB NGLFMJC GQ RFC ICW FCPC ?LB QCPTCQ RM @JMAI KSAF MD RFC JGEFR DPMK NMGLRQ RF?R ?PC LMR ?R RFC DMA?J NMGLR MD RFC
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RFGAICP QNCAGKCLQ, ?LB QM F?Q @CAMKC OSGRC NMNSJ?P.
4FC LCVR JCTCJ MD QMNFGQRGA?RGML GQ NPMTGBCB @W KGAPMQAMNCQ ?RR?AFCB RM GLQRPSKCLRQ RF?R GQMJ?RC ?LB BCRCAR MLJW ? QK?JJ U?TCJCLERF @?LB MD
JGEFRrKMLMAFPMK?RMPQ ?LB QNCARP?J ?L?JWXCPQ. (CPC, RFC KMLMAFPMK?RGA JGEFR DPMK ? J?QCP GQ QA?RRCPCB DPMK RFC QNCAGKCL. 4FGQ QA?RRCPCB JGEFR QFGDRQ
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984 #(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3
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#(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3 985
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n
= / n . )RQ DPCOSCLAW GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q GL T?ASSK.
27.2 !KO=;DI'I )H?D9?FB;: D?<<H79J?ED
w !L ?AASP?RC RCAFLGOSC DMP BCRCPKGLGLE FMU ?LB UFCPC U?TCQ NPMN?E?RC GQ EGTCL @W (SWECLQtQ NPGLAGNJC: %TCPW NMGLR ML ? U?TCDPMLR GQ ? QMSPAC
MD U?TCJCRQ RF?R QNPC?B MSR GL RFC DMPU?PB BGPCARGML ?R RFC Q?KC QNCCB ?Q RFC U?TC GRQCJD. 4FC LCU U?TCDPMLR GQ ? JGLC R?LECLR RM ?JJ MD RFC
U?TCJCRQ.
w $GDDP?ARGML GQ RFC @CLBGLE MD ? U?TC ?PMSLB RFC CBECQ MD ?L MNCLGLE MP MRFCP M@QR?AJC.
w 9MSLEtQ BMS@JC QJGR CVNCPGKCLR E?TC BCDGLGRGTC NPMMD MD RFC U?TC AF?P?ARCP MD JGEFR.
w !L GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPL GQ M@R?GLCB @W RFC QSNCPNMQGRGML MD JGEFR DPMK RUM QJGRQ.
w 4FCPC GQ AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC UFCL d sin = m (for m = 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, ) , UFCPC d GQ RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC QJGRQ, GQ RFC
?LEJC PCJ?RGTC RM RFC GLAGBCLR BGPCARGML, ?LB m GQ RFC MPBCP MD RFC GLRCPDCPCLAC.
w 4FCPC GQ BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC UFCL d sin =

m +
1
2
(for m = 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, ) .
w ! BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE GQ ? J?PEC AMJJCARGML MD CTCLJW QN?ACB N?P?JJCJ QJGRQ RF?R NPMBSACQ ?L GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPL QGKGJ?P RM @SR QF?PNCP RF?L RF?R MD ?
BMS@JC QJGR.
w 4FCPC GQ AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC DMP ? BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE UFCL d sin = m (for m = 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, ) , UFCPC d GQ RFC BGQR?LAC
@CRUCCL QJGRQ GL RFC EP?RGLE, GQ RFC U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR, ?LB m GQ RFC MPBCP MD RFC K?VGKSK.
27.5 ,?D=B; ,B?J D?<<H79J?ED
w ! QGLEJC QJGR NPMBSACQ ?L GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPL AF?P?ARCPGXCB @W ? @PM?B ACLRP?J K?VGKSK UGRF L?PPMUCP ?LB BGKKCP K?VGK? RM RFC QGBCQ.
w 4FCPC GQ BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC DMP ? QGLEJC QJGR UFCL D sin = m, (for m = 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, ) , UFCPC D GQ RFC QJGR UGBRF, GQ RFC
JGEFRtQ U?TCJCLERF, GQ RFC ?LEJC PCJ?RGTC RM RFC MPGEGL?J BGPCARGML MD RFC JGEFR, ?LB m GQ RFC MPBCP MD RFC KGLGKSK. .MRC RF?R RFCPC GQ LM m = 0
KGLGKSK.
w $GDDP?ARGML JGKGRQ PCQMJSRGML.
w &MP ? AGPASJ?P ?NCPRSPC, JCLQ, MP KGPPMP, RFC 2?WJCGEF APGRCPGML QR?RCQ RF?R RUM GK?ECQ ?PC HSQR PCQMJT?@JC UFCL RFC ACLRCP MD RFC BGDDP?ARGML N?RRCPL
MD MLC GQ BGPCARJW MTCP RFC DGPQR KGLGKSK MD RFC BGDDP?ARGML N?RRCPL MD RFC MRFCP.
986 #(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3
w 4FGQ MAASPQ DMP RUM NMGLR M@HCARQ QCN?P?RCB @W RFC ?LEJC = 1.22
D
, UFCPC GQ RFC U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR (MP MRFCP CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML)
?LB D GQ RFC BG?KCRCP MD RFC ?NCPRSPC, JCLQ, KGPPMP, CRA. 4FGQ COS?RGML ?JQM EGTCQ RFC ?LESJ?P QNPC?BGLE MD ? QMSPAC MD JGEFR F?TGLE ? BG?KCRCP
D.
27.7 ->?D F?BC "DJ;H<;H;D9;
w 4FGL DGJK GLRCPDCPCLAC MAASPQ @CRUCCL RFC JGEFR PCDJCARCB DPMK RFC RMN ?LB @MRRMK QSPD?ACQ MD ? DGJK. )L ?BBGRGML RM RFC N?RF JCLERF BGDDCPCLAC,
RFCPC A?L @C ? NF?QC AF?LEC.
w 7FCL JGEFR PCDJCARQ DPMK ? KCBGSK F?TGLE ?L GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML EPC?RCP RF?L RF?R MD RFC KCBGSK GL UFGAF GR GQ RP?TCJGLE, ? 180 NF?QC AF?LEC
(MP ? / 2 QFGDR) MAASPQ.
27.8 )EB7H?P7J?ED
w 0MJ?PGX?RGML GQ RFC ?RRPG@SRC RF?R U?TC MQAGJJ?RGMLQ F?TC ? BCDGLGRC BGPCARGML PCJ?RGTC RM RFC BGPCARGML MD NPMN?E?RGML MD RFC U?TC.
w %- U?TCQ ?PC RP?LQTCPQC U?TCQ RF?R K?W @C NMJ?PGXCB.
w 4FC BGPCARGML MD NMJ?PGX?RGML GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC BGPCARGML N?P?JJCJ RM RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB MD RFC %- U?TC.
w 5LNMJ?PGXCB JGEFR GQ AMKNMQCB MD K?LW P?WQ F?TGLE P?LBMK NMJ?PGX?RGML BGPCARGMLQ.
w ,GEFR A?L @C NMJ?PGXCB @W N?QQGLE GR RFPMSEF ? NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCP MP MRFCP NMJ?PGXGLE K?RCPG?J. 4FC GLRCLQGRW I MD NMJ?PGXCB JGEFR ?DRCP N?QQGLE
RFPMSEF ? NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCP GQ I = I
0
cos
2
, UFCPC I
0
GQ RFC MPGEGL?J GLRCLQGRW ?LB GQ RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL RFC BGPCARGML MD NMJ?PGX?RGML ?LB RFC
?VGQ MD RFC DGJRCP.
w 0MJ?PGX?RGML GQ ?JQM NPMBSACB @W PCDJCARGML.
w "PCUQRCPtQ J?U QR?RCQ RF?R PCDJCARCB JGEFR UGJJ @C AMKNJCRCJW NMJ?PGXCB ?R RFC ?LEJC MD PCDJCARGML
b
, ILMUL ?Q "PCUQRCPtQ ?LEJC, EGTCL @W ?
QR?RCKCLR ILMUL ?Q "PCUQRCPtQ J?U: tan
b
=
n
2
n
1
, UFCPC n
1
2
GQ RFC GLBCV
MD PCDP?ARGML MD RFC KCBGSK RF?R DMPKQ RFC GLRCPD?AC RF?R PCDJCARQ RFC JGEFR.
w 0MJ?PGX?RGML A?L ?JQM @C NPMBSACB @W QA?RRCPGLE.
w 4FCPC ?PC ? LSK@CP MD RWNCQ MD MNRGA?JJW ?ARGTC QS@QR?LACQ RF?R PMR?RC RFC BGPCARGML MD NMJ?PGX?RGML MD JGEFR N?QQGLE RFPMSEF RFCK.
w 4M GKNPMTC KGAPMQAMNC GK?ECQ, T?PGMSQ RCAFLGOSCQ SRGJGXGLE RFC U?TC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD JGEFR F?TC @CCL BCTCJMNCB. -?LW MD RFCQC CLF?LAC
AMLRP?QR UGRF GLRCPDCPCLAC CDDCARQ.
27.1 ->; 07L; AIF;9J E< %?=>J: "DJ;H<;H;D9;
1. 7F?R RWNC MD CVNCPGKCLR?J CTGBCLAC GLBGA?RCQ RF?R JGEFR GQ ? U?TC?
2. 'GTC ?L CV?KNJC MD ? U?TC AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MD JGEFR RF?R GQ C?QGJW M@QCPTCB MSRQGBC RFC J?@MP?RMPW.
27.2 !KO=;DI'I )H?D9?FB;: D?<<H79J?ED
3. (MU BM U?TC CDDCARQ BCNCLB ML RFC QGXC MD RFC M@HCAR UGRF UFGAF RFC U?TC GLRCP?ARQ? &MP CV?KNJC, UFW BMCQ QMSLB @CLB ?PMSLB RFC AMPLCP MD ?
@SGJBGLE UFGJC JGEFR BMCQ LMR?
4. 5LBCP UF?R AMLBGRGMLQ A?L JGEFR @C KMBCJCB JGIC ? P?W? ,GIC ? U?TC?
5. 'M MSRQGBC GL RFC QSLJGEFR ?LB M@QCPTC WMSP QF?BMU. )R F?Q DSXXW CBECQ CTCL GD WMS BM LMR. )Q RFGQ ? BGDDP?ARGML CDDCAR? %VNJ?GL.
6. 7FW BMCQ RFC U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR BCAPC?QC UFCL GR N?QQCQ DPMK T?ASSK GLRM ? KCBGSK? 3R?RC UFGAF ?RRPG@SRCQ AF?LEC ?LB UFGAF QR?W RFC Q?KC
?LB, RFSQ, PCOSGPC RFC U?TCJCLERF RM BCAPC?QC.
7. $MCQ (SWECLQtQ NPGLAGNJC ?NNJW RM ?JJ RWNCQ MD U?TCQ?
8. 9MSLEtQ BMS@JC QJGR CVNCPGKCLR @PC?IQ ? QGLEJC JGEFR @C?K GLRM RUM QMSPACQ. 7MSJB RFC Q?KC N?RRCPL @C M@R?GLCB DMP RUM GLBCNCLBCLR QMSPACQ MD
JGEFR, QSAF ?Q RFC FC?BJGEFRQ MD ? BGQR?LR A?P? %VNJ?GL.
9. 3SNNMQC WMS SQC RFC Q?KC BMS@JC QJGR RM NCPDMPK 9MSLEtQ BMS@JC QJGR CVNCPGKCLR GL ?GP ?LB RFCL PCNC?R RFC CVNCPGKCLR GL U?RCP. $M RFC ?LEJCQ RM
RFC Q?KC N?PRQ MD RFC GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPL ECR J?PECP MP QK?JJCP? $MCQ RFC AMJMP MD RFC JGEFR AF?LEC? %VNJ?GL.
10. )Q GR NMQQG@JC RM APC?RC ? QGRS?RGML GL UFGAF RFCPC GQ MLJW BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC? %VNJ?GL.
11. F?=KH; 27.55 QFMUQ RFC ACLRP?J N?PR MD RFC GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPL DMP ? NSPC U?TCJCLERF MD PCB JGEFR NPMHCARCB MLRM ? BMS@JC QJGR. 4FC N?RRCPL GQ
?ARS?JJW ? AMK@GL?RGML MD QGLEJC QJGR ?LB BMS@JC QJGR GLRCPDCPCLAC. .MRC RF?R RFC @PGEFR QNMRQ ?PC CTCLJW QN?ACB. )Q RFGQ ? BMS@JC QJGR MP QGLEJC QJGR
AF?P?ARCPGQRGA? .MRC RF?R QMKC MD RFC @PGEFR QNMRQ ?PC BGK ML CGRFCP QGBC MD RFC ACLRCP. )Q RFGQ ? QGLEJC QJGR MP BMS@JC QJGR AF?P?ARCPGQRGA? 7FGAF GQ
QK?JJCP, RFC QJGR UGBRF MP RFC QCN?P?RGML @CRUCCL QJGRQ? %VNJ?GL WMSP PCQNMLQCQ.
F?=KH; 27.55 4FGQ BMS@JC QJGR GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPL ?JQM QFMUQ QGELQ MD QGLEJC QJGR GLRCPDCPCLAC. (APCBGR: 0!3#/)
#(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3 987
12. 7F?R GQ RFC ?BT?LR?EC MD ? BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE MTCP ? BMS@JC QJGR GL BGQNCPQGLE JGEFR GLRM ? QNCARPSK?
13. 7F?R ?PC RFC ?BT?LR?ECQ MD ? BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE MTCP ? NPGQK GL BGQNCPQGLE JGEFR DMP QNCARP?J ?L?JWQGQ?
14. #?L RFC JGLCQ GL ? BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE @C RMM AJMQC RMECRFCP RM @C SQCDSJ ?Q ? QNCARPMQAMNGA RMMJ DMP TGQG@JC JGEFR? )D QM, UF?R RWNC MD %- P?BG?RGML
UMSJB RFC EP?RGLE @C QSGR?@JC DMP? %VNJ?GL.
15. )D ? @C?K MD UFGRC JGEFR N?QQCQ RFPMSEF ? BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE UGRF TCPRGA?J JGLCQ, RFC JGEFR GQ BGQNCPQCB GLRM P?GL@MU AMJMPQ ML RFC PGEFR ?LB JCDR. )D ?
EJ?QQ NPGQK BGQNCPQCQ UFGRC JGEFR RM RFC PGEFR GLRM ? P?GL@MU, FMU BMCQ RFC QCOSCLAC MD AMJMPQ AMKN?PC UGRF RF?R NPMBSACB ML RFC PGEFR @W ? BGDDP?ARGML
EP?RGLE?
16. 3SNNMQC NSPC-U?TCJCLERF JGEFR D?JJQ ML ? BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE. 7F?R F?NNCLQ RM RFC GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPL GD RFC Q?KC JGEFR D?JJQ ML ? EP?RGLE RF?R F?Q
KMPC JGLCQ NCP ACLRGKCRCP? 7F?R F?NNCLQ RM RFC GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPL GD ? JMLECP-U?TCJCLERF JGEFR D?JJQ ML RFC Q?KC EP?RGLE? %VNJ?GL FMU RFCQC RUM
CDDCARQ ?PC AMLQGQRCLR GL RCPKQ MD RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN MD U?TCJCLERF RM RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL QJGRQ.
17. 3SNNMQC ? DC?RFCP ?NNC?PQ EPCCL @SR F?Q LM EPCCL NGEKCLR. %VNJ?GL GL RCPKQ MD BGDDP?ARGML.
18. )R GQ NMQQG@JC RF?R RFCPC GQ LM KGLGKSK GL RFC GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPL MD ? QGLEJC QJGR. %VNJ?GL UFW. )Q RFC Q?KC RPSC MD BMS@JC QJGRQ ?LB BGDDP?ARGML
EP?RGLEQ?
27.5 ,?D=B; ,B?J D?<<H79J?ED
19. !Q RFC UGBRF MD RFC QJGR NPMBSAGLE ? QGLEJC-QJGR BGDDP?ARGML N?RRCPL GQ PCBSACB, FMU UGJJ RFC BGDDP?ARGML N?RRCPL NPMBSACB AF?LEC?
20. ! @C?K MD JGEFR ?JU?WQ QNPC?BQ MSR. 7FW A?L ? @C?K LMR @C APC?RCB UGRF N?P?JJCJ P?WQ RM NPCTCLR QNPC?BGLE? 7FW A?L JCLQCQ, KGPPMPQ, MP
?NCPRSPCQ LMR @C SQCB RM AMPPCAR RFC QNPC?BGLE?
27.7 ->?D F?BC "DJ;H<;H;D9;
21. 7F?R CDDCAR BMCQ GLAPC?QGLE RFC UCBEC ?LEJC F?TC ML RFC QN?AGLE MD GLRCPDCPCLAC DPGLECQ? )D RFC UCBEC ?LEJC GQ RMM J?PEC, DPGLECQ ?PC LMR
M@QCPTCB. 7FW?
22. (MU GQ RFC BGDDCPCLAC GL N?RFQ R?ICL @W RUM MPGEGL?JJW GL-NF?QC JGEFR U?TCQ PCJ?RCB RM UFCRFCP RFCW GLRCPDCPC AMLQRPSARGTCJW MP BCQRPSARGTCJW? (MU
A?L RFGQ @C ?DDCARCB @W PCDJCARGML? "W PCDP?ARGML?
23. )Q RFCPC ? NF?QC AF?LEC GL RFC JGEFR PCDJCARCB DPMK CGRFCP QSPD?AC MD ? AMLR?AR JCLQ DJM?RGLE ML ? NCPQMLtQ RC?P J?WCP? 4FC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML MD RFC
JCLQ GQ ?@MSR 1.5, ?LB GRQ RMN QSPD?AC GQ BPW.
24. )L NJ?AGLE ? Q?KNJC ML ? KGAPMQAMNC QJGBC, ? EJ?QQ AMTCP GQ NJ?ACB MTCP ? U?RCP BPMN ML RFC EJ?QQ QJGBC. ,GEFR GLAGBCLR DPMK ?@MTC A?L PCDJCAR DPMK
RFC RMN ?LB @MRRMK MD RFC EJ?QQ AMTCP ?LB DPMK RFC EJ?QQ QJGBC @CJMU RFC U?RCP BPMN. !R UFGAF QSPD?ACQ UGJJ RFCPC @C ? NF?QC AF?LEC GL RFC PCDJCARCB
JGEFR?
25. !LQUCP RFC ?@MTC OSCQRGML GD RFC DJSGB @CRUCCL RFC RUM NGCACQ MD APMUL EJ?QQ GQ A?P@ML BGQSJDGBC.
26. 7FGJC AMLRCKNJ?RGLE RFC DMMB T?JSC MD ? QJGAC MD F?K, WMS LMRGAC ? P?GL@MU MD AMJMP PCDJCARCB DPMK GRQ KMGQR QSPD?AC. %VNJ?GL GRQ MPGEGL.
27. !L GLTCLRMP LMRGACQ RF?R ? QM?N @S@@JC GQ B?PI ?R GRQ RFGLLCQR ?LB PC?JGXCQ RF?R BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC GQ R?IGLE NJ?AC DMP ?JJ U?TCJCLERFQ. (MU
AMSJB QFC SQC RFGQ ILMUJCBEC RM K?IC ? LML-PCDJCARGTC AM?RGLE DMP JCLQCQ RF?R GQ CDDCARGTC ?R ?JJ U?TCJCLERFQ? 4F?R GQ, UF?R JGKGRQ UMSJB RFCPC @C ML
RFC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML ?LB RFGAILCQQ MD RFC AM?RGLE? (MU KGEFR RFGQ @C GKNP?ARGA?J?
28. ! LML-PCDJCARGTC AM?RGLE JGIC RFC MLC BCQAPG@CB GL EN7CFB; 27.6 UMPIQ GBC?JJW DMP ? QGLEJC U?TCJCLERF ?LB DMP NCPNCLBGASJ?P GLAGBCLAC. 7F?R
F?NNCLQ DMP MRFCP U?TCJCLERFQ ?LB MRFCP GLAGBCLR BGPCARGMLQ? "C QNCAGDGA.
29. 7FW GQ GR KSAF KMPC BGDDGASJR RM QCC GLRCPDCPCLAC DPGLECQ DMP JGEFR PCDJCARCB DPMK ? RFGAI NGCAC MD EJ?QQ RF?L DPMK ? RFGL DGJK? 7MSJB GR @C C?QGCP GD
KMLMAFPMK?RGA JGEFR UCPC SQCB?
27.8 )EB7H?P7J?ED
30. 5LBCP UF?R AGPASKQR?LACQ GQ RFC NF?QC MD JGEFR AF?LECB @W PCDJCARGML? )Q RFC NF?QC PCJ?RCB RM NMJ?PGX?RGML?
31. #?L ? QMSLB U?TC GL ?GP @C NMJ?PGXCB? %VNJ?GL.
32. .M JGEFR N?QQCQ RFPMSEF RUM NCPDCAR NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCPQ UGRF NCPNCLBGASJ?P ?VCQ. (MUCTCP, GD ? RFGPB NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCP GQ NJ?ACB @CRUCCL RFC MPGEGL?J
RUM, QMKC JGEFR A?L N?QQ. 7FW GQ RFGQ? 5LBCP UF?R AGPASKQR?LACQ BMCQ KMQR MD RFC JGEFR N?QQ?
33. %VNJ?GL UF?R F?NNCLQ RM RFC CLCPEW A?PPGCB @W JGEFR RF?R GR GQ BGKKCB @W N?QQGLE GR RFPMSEF RUM APMQQCB NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCPQ.
34. 7FCL N?PRGAJCQ QA?RRCPGLE JGEFR ?PC KSAF QK?JJCP RF?L GRQ U?TCJCLERF, RFC ?KMSLR MD QA?RRCPGLE GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM 1 /
4
. $MCQ RFGQ KC?L RFCPC GQ
KMPC QA?RRCPGLE DMP QK?JJ RF?L J?PEC ? (MU BMCQ RFGQ PCJ?RC RM RFC D?AR RF?R RFC QIW GQ @JSC?
35. 5QGLE RFC GLDMPK?RGML EGTCL GL RFC NPCACBGLE OSCQRGML, CVNJ?GL UFW QSLQCRQ ?PC PCB.
36. 7FCL JGEFR GQ PCDJCARCB ?R "PCUQRCPtQ ?LEJC DPMK ? QKMMRF QSPD?AC, GR GQ 100% NMJ?PGXCB N?P?JJCJ RM RFC QSPD?AC. 0?PR MD RFC JGEFR UGJJ @C PCDP?ARCB
GLRM RFC QSPD?AC. $CQAPG@C FMU WMS UMSJB BM ?L CVNCPGKCLR RM BCRCPKGLC RFC NMJ?PGX?RGML MD RFC PCDP?ARCB JGEFR. 7F?R BGPCARGML UMSJB WMS CVNCAR RFC
NMJ?PGX?RGML RM F?TC ?LB UMSJB WMS CVNCAR GR RM @C 100%?
37. %VNJ?GL FMU KGAPMQAMNCQ A?L SQC U?TC MNRGAQ RM GKNPMTC AMLRP?QR ?LB UFW RFGQ GQ GKNMPR?LR.
38. ! @PGEFR UFGRC JGEFR SLBCP U?RCP GQ AMJJGK?RCB ?LB BGPCARCB SNML ? NPGQK. 7F?R P?LEC MD AMJMPQ BMCQ MLC QCC CKCPEGLE?
988 #(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3
27.1 ->; 07L; AIF;9J E< %?=>J: "DJ;H<;H;D9;
39. 3FMU RF?R UFCL JGEFR N?QQCQ DPMK ?GP RM U?RCP, GRQ U?TCJCLERF
BCAPC?QCQ RM 0.750 RGKCQ GRQ MPGEGL?J T?JSC.
40. &GLB RFC P?LEC MD TGQG@JC U?TCJCLERFQ MD JGEFR GL APMUL EJ?QQ.
41. 7F?R GQ RFC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML MD ? K?RCPG?J DMP UFGAF RFC U?TCJCLERF
MD JGEFR GQ 0.671 RGKCQ GRQ T?JSC GL ? T?ASSK? )BCLRGDW RFC JGICJW
QS@QR?LAC.
42. !L?JWQGQ MD ?L GLRCPDCPCLAC CDDCAR GL ? AJC?P QMJGB QFMUQ RF?R RFC
U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR GL RFC QMJGB GQ 329 LK. +LMUGLE RFGQ JGEFR AMKCQ DPMK
? (C-.C J?QCP ?LB F?Q ? U?TCJCLERF MD 633 LK GL ?GP, GQ RFC QS@QR?LAC
XGPAML MP BG?KMLB?
43. 7F?R GQ RFC P?RGM MD RFGAILCQQCQ MD APMUL EJ?QQ ?LB U?RCP RF?R UMSJB
AMLR?GL RFC Q?KC LSK@CP MD U?TCJCLERFQ MD JGEFR?
44. !R UF?R ?LEJC GQ RFC DGPQR-MPBCP K?VGKSK DMP 450-LK U?TCJCLERF @JSC
JGEFR D?JJGLE ML BMS@JC QJGRQ QCN?P?RCB @W 0.0500 KK?
45. #?JASJ?RC RFC ?LEJC DMP RFC RFGPB-MPBCP K?VGKSK MD 580-LK
U?TCJCLERF WCJJMU JGEFR D?JJGLE ML BMS@JC QJGRQ QCN?P?RCB @W 0.100 KK.
46. 7F?R GQ RFC QCN?P?RGML @CRUCCL RUM QJGRQ DMP UFGAF 610-LK MP?LEC
JGEFR F?Q GRQ DGPQR K?VGKSK ?R ?L ?LEJC MD 30.0 ?
47. &GLB RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RUM QJGRQ RF?R NPMBSACQ RFC DGPQR KGLGKSK
DMP 410-LK TGMJCR JGEFR ?R ?L ?LEJC MD 45.0 .
48. #?JASJ?RC RFC U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR RF?R F?Q GRQ RFGPB KGLGKSK ?R ?L
?LEJC MD 30.0 UFCL D?JJGLE ML BMS@JC QJGRQ QCN?P?RCB @W 3.00 m.
%VNJGAGRJW, QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU RFC QRCNQ GL )HE8B;C-,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=?;I
<EH 07L; (FJ?9I.
49. 7F?R GQ RFC U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR D?JJGLE ML BMS@JC QJGRQ QCN?P?RCB @W
2.00 m GD RFC RFGPB-MPBCP K?VGKSK GQ ?R ?L ?LEJC MD 60.0 ?
50. !R UF?R ?LEJC GQ RFC DMSPRF-MPBCP K?VGKSK DMP RFC QGRS?RGML GL
EN;H9?I; 27.44?
51. 7F?R GQ RFC FGEFCQR-MPBCP K?VGKSK DMP 400-LK JGEFR D?JJGLE ML BMS@JC
QJGRQ QCN?P?RCB @W 25.0 m?
52. &GLB RFC J?PECQR U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR D?JJGLE ML BMS@JC QJGRQ QCN?P?RCB
@W 1.20 m DMP UFGAF RFCPC GQ ? DGPQR-MPBCP K?VGKSK. )Q RFGQ GL RFC
TGQG@JC N?PR MD RFC QNCARPSK?
53. 7F?R GQ RFC QK?JJCQR QCN?P?RGML @CRUCCL RUM QJGRQ RF?R UGJJ NPMBSAC ?
QCAMLB-MPBCP K?VGKSK DMP 720-LK PCB JGEFR?
54. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC QK?JJCQR QCN?P?RGML @CRUCCL RUM QJGRQ RF?R UGJJ NPMBSAC
? QCAMLB-MPBCP K?VGKSK DMP ?LW TGQG@JC JGEFR? (@) &MP ?JJ TGQG@JC JGEFR?
55. (?) )D RFC DGPQR-MPBCP K?VGKSK DMP NSPC-U?TCJCLERF JGEFR D?JJGLE ML ?
BMS@JC QJGR GQ ?R ?L ?LEJC MD 10.0 , ?R UF?R ?LEJC GQ RFC QCAMLB-MPBCP
K?VGKSK? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC ?LEJC MD RFC DGPQR KGLGKSK? (A) 7F?R GQ RFC
FGEFCQR-MPBCP K?VGKSK NMQQG@JC FCPC?
56. F?=KH; 27.56 QFMUQ ? BMS@JC QJGR JMA?RCB ? BGQR?LAC x DPMK ?
QAPCCL, UGRF RFC BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC ACLRCP MD RFC QAPCCL EGTCL @W y .
7FCL RFC BGQR?LAC d @CRUCCL RFC QJGRQ GQ PCJ?RGTCJW J?PEC, RFCPC UGJJ @C
LSKCPMSQ @PGEFR QNMRQ, A?JJCB DPGLECQ. 3FMU RF?R, DMP QK?JJ ?LEJCQ (UFCPC
sin , UGRF GL P?BG?LQ), RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL DPGLECQ GQ EGTCL @W
y = x / d .
F?=KH; 27.56 4FC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL ?BH?ACLR DPGLECQ GQ y = x / d , ?QQSKGLE RFC
QJGR QCN?P?RGML d GQ J?PEC AMKN?PCB UGRF .
57. 5QGLE RFC PCQSJR MD RFC NPM@JCK ?@MTC, A?JASJ?RC RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL
DPGLECQ DMP 633-LK JGEFR D?JJGLE ML BMS@JC QJGRQ QCN?P?RCB @W 0.0800 KK,
JMA?RCB 3.00 K DPMK ? QAPCCL ?Q GL F?=KH; 27.56.
58. 5QGLE RFC PCQSJR MD RFC NPM@JCK RUM NPM@JCKQ NPGMP, DGLB RFC
U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR RF?R NPMBSACQ DPGLECQ 7.50 KK ?N?PR ML ? QAPCCL 2.00
K DPMK BMS@JC QJGRQ QCN?P?RCB @W 0.120 KK (QCC F?=KH; 27.56).
59. ! BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE F?Q 2000 JGLCQ NCP ACLRGKCRCP. !R UF?R ?LEJC UGJJ
RFC DGPQR-MPBCP K?VGKSK @C DMP 520-LK-U?TCJCLERF EPCCL JGEFR?
60. &GLB RFC ?LEJC DMP RFC RFGPB-MPBCP K?VGKSK DMP 580-LK-U?TCJCLERF
WCJJMU JGEFR D?JJGLE ML ? BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE F?TGLE 1500 JGLCQ NCP
ACLRGKCRCP.
61. (MU K?LW JGLCQ NCP ACLRGKCRCP ?PC RFCPC ML ? BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE RF?R
EGTCQ ? DGPQR-MPBCP K?VGKSK DMP 470-LK @JSC JGEFR ?R ?L ?LEJC MD 25.0 ?
62. 7F?R GQ RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL JGLCQ ML ? BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE RF?R
NPMBSACQ ? QCAMLB-MPBCP K?VGKSK DMP 760-LK PCB JGEFR ?R ?L ?LEJC MD
60.0 ?
63. #?JASJ?RC RFC U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR RF?R F?Q GRQ QCAMLB-MPBCP K?VGKSK
?R 45.0 UFCL D?JJGLE ML ? BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE RF?R F?Q 5000 JGLCQ NCP
ACLRGKCRCP.
64. !L CJCARPGA ASPPCLR RFPMSEF FWBPMECL E?Q NPMBSACQ QCTCP?J BGQRGLAR
U?TCJCLERFQ MD TGQG@JC JGEFR. 7F?R ?PC RFC U?TCJCLERFQ MD RFC FWBPMECL
QNCARPSK, GD RFCW DMPK DGPQR-MPBCP K?VGK? ?R ?LEJCQ MD 24.2 , 25.7 ,
29.1 , ?LB 41.0 UFCL NPMHCARCB ML ? BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE F?TGLE 10,000
JGLCQ NCP ACLRGKCRCP? %VNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU RFC QRCNQ GL
)HE8B;C-,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=?;I <EH 07L; (FJ?9I
65. (?) 7F?R BM RFC DMSP ?LEJCQ GL RFC ?@MTC NPM@JCK @CAMKC GD ?
5000-JGLC-NCP-ACLRGKCRCP BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE GQ SQCB? (@) 5QGLE RFGQ
EP?RGLE, UF?R UMSJB RFC ?LEJCQ @C DMP RFC QCAMLB-MPBCP K?VGK?? (A)
$GQASQQ RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL GLRCEP?J PCBSARGMLQ GL JGLCQ NCP
ACLRGKCRCP ?LB RFC LCU ?LEJCQ MD T?PGMSQ MPBCP K?VGK?.
66. 7F?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK LSK@CP MD JGLCQ NCP ACLRGKCRCP ? BGDDP?ARGML
EP?RGLE A?L F?TC ?LB NPMBSAC ? AMKNJCRC DGPQR-MPBCP QNCARPSK DMP TGQG@JC
JGEFR?
67. 4FC WCJJMU JGEFR DPMK ? QMBGSK T?NMP J?KN F88@F RM @C MD NSPC
U?TCJCLERF, @SR GR NPMBSACQ RUM DGPQR-MPBCP K?VGK? ?R 36.093 ?LB
36.129 UFCL NPMHCARCB ML ? 10,000 JGLC NCP ACLRGKCRCP BGDDP?ARGML
EP?RGLE. 7F?R ?PC RFC RUM U?TCJCLERFQ RM ?L ?AASP?AW MD 0.1 LK?
68. 7F?R GQ RFC QN?AGLE @CRUCCL QRPSARSPCQ GL ? DC?RFCP RF?R ?ARQ ?Q ?
PCDJCARGML EP?RGLE, EGTCL RF?R RFCW NPMBSAC ? DGPQR-MPBCP K?VGKSK DMP
525-LK JGEFR ?R ? 30.0 ?LEJC?
69. 3RPSARSPCQ ML ? @GPB DC?RFCP ?AR JGIC ? PCDJCARGML EP?RGLE F?TGLE 8000
JGLCQ NCP ACLRGKCRCP. 7F?R GQ RFC ?LEJC MD RFC DGPQR-MPBCP K?VGKSK DMP
600-LK JGEFR?
#(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3 989
70. !L MN?J QSAF ?Q RF?R QFMUL GL F?=KH; 27.17 ?ARQ JGIC ? PCDJCARGML
EP?RGLE UGRF PMUQ QCN?P?RCB @W ?@MSR 8 m. )D RFC MN?J GQ GJJSKGL?RCB
LMPK?JJW, (?) ?R UF?R ?LEJC UGJJ PCB JGEFR @C QCCL ?LB (@) ?R UF?R ?LEJC UGJJ
@JSC JGEFR @C QCCL?
71. !R UF?R ?LEJC BMCQ ? BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE NPMBSACQ ? QCAMLB-MPBCP
K?VGKSK DMP JGEFR F?TGLE ? DGPQR-MPBCP K?VGKSK ?R 20.0 ?
72. 3FMU RF?R ? BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE A?LLMR NPMBSAC ? QCAMLB-MPBCP
K?VGKSK DMP ? EGTCL U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR SLJCQQ RFC DGPQR-MPBCP K?VGKSK
GQ ?R ?L ?LEJC JCQQ RF?L 30.0 .
73. )D ? BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE NPMBSACQ ? DGPQR-MPBCP K?VGKSK DMP RFC QFMPRCQR
U?TCJCLERF MD TGQG@JC JGEFR ?R 30.0 , ?R UF?R ?LEJC UGJJ RFC DGPQR-MPBCP
K?VGKSK @C DMP RFC JMLECQR U?TCJCLERF MD TGQG@JC JGEFR?
74. (?) &GLB RFC K?VGKSK LSK@CP MD JGLCQ NCP ACLRGKCRCP ? BGDDP?ARGML
EP?RGLE A?L F?TC ?LB NPMBSAC ? K?VGKSK DMP RFC QK?JJCQR U?TCJCLERF MD
TGQG@JC JGEFR. (@) 7MSJB QSAF ? EP?RGLE @C SQCDSJ DMP SJRP?TGMJCR QNCARP?? (A)
&MP GLDP?PCB QNCARP??
75. (?) 3FMU RF?R ? 30,000-JGLC-NCP-ACLRGKCRCP EP?RGLE UGJJ LMR NPMBSAC ?
K?VGKSK DMP TGQG@JC JGEFR. (@) 7F?R GQ RFC JMLECQR U?TCJCLERF DMP UFGAF GR
BMCQ NPMBSAC ? DGPQR-MPBCP K?VGKSK? (A) 7F?R GQ RFC EPC?RCQR LSK@CP MD
JGLCQ NCP ACLRGKCRCP ? BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE A?L F?TC ?LB NPMBSAC ?
AMKNJCRC QCAMLB-MPBCP QNCARPSK DMP TGQG@JC JGEFR?
76. ! (Cq.C J?QCP @C?K GQ PCDJCARCB DPMK RFC QSPD?AC MD ? #$ MLRM ?
U?JJ. 4FC @PGEFRCQR QNMR GQ RFC PCDJCARCB @C?K ?R ?L ?LEJC COS?J RM RFC
?LEJC MD GLAGBCLAC. (MUCTCP, DPGLECQ ?PC ?JQM M@QCPTCB. )D RFC U?JJ GQ 1.50
K DPMK RFC #$, ?LB RFC DGPQR DPGLEC GQ 0.600 K DPMK RFC ACLRP?J K?VGKSK,
UF?R GQ RFC QN?AGLE MD EPMMTCQ ML RFC #$?
77. 4FC ?L?JWQGQ QFMUL GL RFC DGESPC @CJMU ?JQM ?NNJGCQ RM BGDDP?ARGML
EP?RGLEQ UGRF JGLCQ QCN?P?RCB @W ? BGQR?LAC d . 7F?R GQ RFC BGQR?LAC
@CRUCCL DPGLECQ NPMBSACB @W ? BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE F?TGLE 125 JGLCQ NCP
ACLRGKCRCP DMP 600-LK JGEFR, GD RFC QAPCCL GQ 1.50 K ?U?W?
F?=KH; 27.57 4FC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL ?BH?ACLR DPGLECQ GQ y = x / d , ?QQSKGLE RFC
QJGR QCN?P?RGML d GQ J?PEC AMKN?PCB UGRF .
2CB JGEFR MD U?TCJCLERF MD 700 LK D?JJQ ML ? BMS@JC QJGR QCN?P?RCB @W 400
LK. (?) !R UF?R ?LEJC GQ RFC DGPQR-MPBCP K?VGKSK GL RFC BGDDP?ARGML
N?RRCPL? (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ PCQSJR? (A) 7FGAF
(?) 7F?R TGQG@JC U?TCJCLERF F?Q GRQ DMSPRF-MPBCP K?VGKSK ?R ?L ?LEJC MD
25.0 UFCL NPMHCARCB ML ? 25,000-JGLC-NCP-ACLRGKCRCP BGDDP?ARGML
EP?RGLE? (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ PCQSJR? (A) 7FGAF
#MLQGBCP ? QNCARPMKCRCP @?QCB ML ? BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE. #MLQRPSAR ?
NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS A?JASJ?RC RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RUM U?TCJCLERFQ MD
CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML GL WMSP QNCARPMKCRCP. !KMLE RFC RFGLEQ RM @C
AMLQGBCPCB ?PC RFC U?TCJCLERFQ WMS UGQF RM @C ?@JC RM BGQRGLESGQF, RFC
LSK@CP MD JGLCQ NCP KCRCP ML RFC BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE, ?LB RFC BGQR?LAC
DPMK RFC EP?RGLE RM RFC QAPCCL MP BCRCARMP. $GQASQQ RFC NP?ARGA?JGRW MD RFC
BCTGAC GL RCPKQ MD @CGLE ?@JC RM BGQACPL @CRUCCL U?TCJCLERFQ MD GLRCPCQR.
27.5 ,?D=B; ,B?J D?<<H79J?ED
81. (?) !R UF?R ?LEJC GQ RFC DGPQR KGLGKSK DMP 550-LK JGEFR D?JJGLE ML ?
QGLEJC QJGR MD UGBRF 1.00 m? (@) 7GJJ RFCPC @C ? QCAMLB KGLGKSK?
82. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC ?LEJC ?R UFGAF ? 2.00-m-UGBC QJGR NPMBSACQ GRQ
DGPQR KGLGKSK DMP 410-LK TGMJCR JGEFR. (@) 7FCPC GQ RFC DGPQR KGLGKSK DMP
700-LK PCB JGEFR?
83. (?) (MU UGBC GQ ? QGLEJC QJGR RF?R NPMBSACQ GRQ DGPQR KGLGKSK DMP
633-LK JGEFR ?R ?L ?LEJC MD 28.0 ? (@) !R UF?R ?LEJC UGJJ RFC QCAMLB
KGLGKSK @C?
84. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC UGBRF MD ? QGLEJC QJGR RF?R NPMBSACQ GRQ DGPQR KGLGKSK ?R
60.0 DMP 600-LK JGEFR? (@) &GLB RFC U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR RF?R F?Q GRQ DGPQR
KGLGKSK ?R 62.0 .
85. &GLB RFC U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR RF?R F?Q GRQ RFGPB KGLGKSK ?R ?L ?LEJC MD
48.6 UFCL GR D?JJQ ML ? QGLEJC QJGR MD UGBRF 3.00 m.
86. #?JASJ?RC RFC U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR RF?R NPMBSACQ GRQ DGPQR KGLGKSK ?R ?L
?LEJC MD 36.9 UFCL D?JJGLE ML ? QGLEJC QJGR MD UGBRF 1.00 m.
87. (?) 3MBGSK T?NMP JGEFR ?TCP?EGLE 589 LK GL U?TCJCLERF D?JJQ ML ?
QGLEJC QJGR MD UGBRF 7.50 m. !R UF?R ?LEJC BMCQ GR NPMBSACQ GRQ QCAMLB
KGLGKSK? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC FGEFCQR-MPBCP KGLGKSK NPMBSACB?
88. (?) &GLB RFC ?LEJC MD RFC RFGPB BGDDP?ARGML KGLGKSK DMP 633-LK JGEFR
D?JJGLE ML ? QJGR MD UGBRF 20.0 m. (@) 7F?R QJGR UGBRF UMSJB NJ?AC RFGQ
KGLGKSK ?R 85.0 ? %VNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU RFC QRCNQ GL
)HE8B;C-,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=?;I <EH 07L; (FJ?9I
89. (?) &GLB RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL RFC DGPQR KGLGK? DMP RFC RUM QMBGSK T?NMP
JGLCQ, UFGAF F?TC U?TCJCLERFQ MD 589.1 ?LB 589.6 LK, UFCL RFCW D?JJ
SNML ? QGLEJC QJGR MD UGBRF 2.00 m. (@) 7F?R GQ RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL
RFCQC KGLGK? GD RFC BGDDP?ARGML N?RRCPL D?JJQ ML ? QAPCCL 1.00 K DPMK RFC
QJGR? (A) $GQASQQ RFC C?QC MP BGDDGASJRW MD KC?QSPGLE QSAF ? BGQR?LAC.
90. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC KGLGKSK UGBRF MD ? QGLEJC QJGR (GL KSJRGNJCQ MD ) RF?R
UGJJ NPMBSAC ? DGPQR KGLGKSK DMP ? U?TCJCLERF ? (@) 7F?R GQ GRQ
KGLGKSK UGBRF GD GR NPMBSACQ 50 KGLGK?? (A) 1000 KGLGK??
91. (?) )D ? QGLEJC QJGR NPMBSACQ ? DGPQR KGLGKSK ?R 14.5 , ?R UF?R ?LEJC GQ
RFC QCAMLB-MPBCP KGLGKSK? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC ?LEJC MD RFC RFGPB-MPBCP
KGLGKSK? (A) )Q RFCPC ? DMSPRF-MPBCP KGLGKSK? (B) 5QC WMSP ?LQUCPQ RM
GJJSQRP?RC FMU RFC ?LESJ?P UGBRF MD RFC ACLRP?J K?VGKSK GQ ?@MSR RUGAC RFC
?LESJ?P UGBRF MD RFC LCVR K?VGKSK (UFGAF GQ RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL RFC DGPQR
?LB QCAMLB KGLGK?).
92. ! BMS@JC QJGR NPMBSACQ ? BGDDP?ARGML N?RRCPL RF?R GQ ? AMK@GL?RGML MD
QGLEJC ?LB BMS@JC QJGR GLRCPDCPCLAC. &GLB RFC P?RGM MD RFC UGBRF MD RFC QJGRQ
RM RFC QCN?P?RGML @CRUCCL RFCK, GD RFC DGPQR KGLGKSK MD RFC QGLEJC QJGR
N?RRCPL D?JJQ ML RFC DGDRF K?VGKSK MD RFC BMS@JC QJGR N?RRCPL. (4FGQ UGJJ
EPC?RJW PCBSAC RFC GLRCLQGRW MD RFC DGDRF K?VGKSK.)
! U?RCP @PC?I ?R RFC CLRP?LAC RM ? F?P@MP AMLQGQRQ MD ? PMAI @?PPGCP UGRF ?
50.0-K-UGBC MNCLGLE. /AC?L U?TCQ MD 20.0-K U?TCJCLERF ?NNPM?AF RFC
MNCLGLE QRP?GEFR ML. !R UF?R ?LEJC RM RFC GLAGBCLR BGPCARGML ?PC RFC @M?RQ
GLQGBC RFC F?P@MP KMQR NPMRCARCB ?E?GLQR U?TC ?ARGML?
!L ?GPAP?DR K?GLRCL?LAC RCAFLGAG?L U?JIQ N?QR ? R?JJ F?LE?P BMMP RF?R ?ARQ
JGIC ? QGLEJC QJGR DMP QMSLB CLRCPGLE RFC F?LE?P. /SRQGBC RFC BMMP, ML ? JGLC
NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC MNCLGLE GL RFC BMMP, ? HCR CLEGLC K?ICQ ? 600-(X
QMSLB. !R UF?R ?LEJC UGRF RFC BMMP UGJJ RFC RCAFLGAG?L M@QCPTC RFC DGPQR
KGLGKSK GL QMSLB GLRCLQGRW GD RFC TCPRGA?J MNCLGLE GQ 0.800 K UGBC ?LB
RFC QNCCB MD QMSLB GQ 340 K/Q?
990 #(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3
95. 4FC 300-K-BG?KCRCP !PCAG@M P?BGM RCJCQAMNC NGARSPCB GL F?=KH; 27.28
BCRCARQ P?BGM U?TCQ UGRF ? 4.00 AK ?TCP?EC U?TCJCLERF.
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL RUM HSQR-PCQMJT?@JC NMGLR QMSPACQ DMP RFGQ
RCJCQAMNC?
(@) (MU AJMQC RMECRFCP AMSJB RFCQC NMGLR QMSPACQ @C ?R RFC 2 KGJJGML JGEFR
WC?P BGQR?LAC MD RFC !LBPMKCB? E?J?VW?
96. !QQSKGLE RFC ?LESJ?P PCQMJSRGML DMSLB DMP RFC (S@@JC 4CJCQAMNC GL
EN7CFB; 27.5, UF?R GQ RFC QK?JJCQR BCR?GJ RF?R AMSJB @C M@QCPTCB ML RFC
-MML?
97. $GDDP?ARGML QNPC?BGLE DMP ? DJ?QFJGEFR GQ GLQGELGDGA?LR AMKN?PCB UGRF
MRFCP JGKGR?RGMLQ GL GRQ MNRGAQ, QSAF ?Q QNFCPGA?J ?@CPP?RGMLQ GL GRQ KGPPMP.
4M QFMU RFGQ, A?JASJ?RC RFC KGLGKSK ?LESJ?P QNPC?BGLE MD ? DJ?QFJGEFR
@C?K RF?R GQ MPGEGL?JJW 5.00 AK GL BG?KCRCP UGRF ?L ?TCP?EC U?TCJCLERF MD
600 LK.
98. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC KGLGKSK ?LESJ?P QNPC?B MD ? 633-LK U?TCJCLERF (C-
.C J?QCP @C?K RF?R GQ MPGEGL?JJW 1.00 KK GL BG?KCRCP?
(@) )D RFGQ J?QCP GQ ?GKCB ?R ? KMSLR?GL AJGDD 15.0 IK ?U?W, FMU @GE UGJJ RFC
GJJSKGL?RCB QNMR @C?
(A) (MU @GE ? QNMR UMSJB @C GJJSKGL?RCB ML RFC -MML, LCEJCARGLE
?RKMQNFCPGA CDDCARQ? (4FGQ KGEFR @C BMLC RM FGR ? AMPLCP PCDJCARMP RM
KC?QSPC RFC PMSLB-RPGN RGKC ?LB, FCLAC, BGQR?LAC.) %VNJGAGRJW QFMU FMU
WMS DMJJMU RFC QRCNQ GL )HE8B;C-,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=?;I <EH 07L; (FJ?9I.
99. ! RCJCQAMNC A?L @C SQCB RM CLJ?PEC RFC BG?KCRCP MD ? J?QCP @C?K ?LB
JGKGR BGDDP?ARGML QNPC?BGLE. 4FC J?QCP @C?K GQ QCLR RFPMSEF RFC RCJCQAMNC
GL MNNMQGRC RFC LMPK?J BGPCARGML ?LB A?L RFCL @C NPMHCARCB MLRM ? Q?RCJJGRC
MP RFC -MML.
(?) )D RFGQ GQ BMLC UGRF RFC -MSLR 7GJQML RCJCQAMNC, NPMBSAGLE ? 2.54-K-
BG?KCRCP @C?K MD 633-LK JGEFR, UF?R GQ RFC KGLGKSK ?LESJ?P QNPC?B MD
RFC @C?K?
(@) .CEJCARGLE ?RKMQNFCPGA CDDCARQ, UF?R GQ RFC QGXC MD RFC QNMR RFGQ @C?K
UMSJB K?IC ML RFC -MML, ?QQSKGLE ? JSL?P BGQR?LAC MD 3.8410
8
m?
100. 4FC JGKGR RM RFC CWCtQ ?ASGRW GQ ?ARS?JJW PCJ?RCB RM BGDDP?ARGML @W RFC
NSNGJ.
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL RUM HSQR-PCQMJT?@JC NMGLRQ MD JGEFR DMP ?
3.00-KK-BG?KCRCP NSNGJ, ?QQSKGLE ?L ?TCP?EC U?TCJCLERF MD 550 LK?
(@) 4?IC WMSP PCQSJR RM @C RFC NP?ARGA?J JGKGR DMP RFC CWC. 7F?R GQ RFC
EPC?RCQR NMQQG@JC BGQR?LAC ? A?P A?L @C DPMK WMS GD WMS A?L PCQMJTC GRQ
RUM FC?BJGEFRQ, EGTCL RFCW ?PC 1.30 K ?N?PR?
(A) 7F?R GQ RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RUM HSQR-PCQMJT?@JC NMGLRQ FCJB ?R ?L
?PKtQ JCLERF (0.800 K) DPMK WMSP CWC?
(B) (MU BMCQ WMSP ?LQUCP RM (A) AMKN?PC RM BCR?GJQ WMS LMPK?JJW M@QCPTC
GL CTCPWB?W AGPASKQR?LACQ?
101. 7F?R GQ RFC KGLGKSK BG?KCRCP KGPPMP ML ? RCJCQAMNC RF?R UMSJB
?JJMU WMS RM QCC BCR?GJQ ?Q QK?JJ ?Q 5.00 IK ML RFC -MML QMKC 384,000
IK ?U?W? !QQSKC ?L ?TCP?EC U?TCJCLERF MD 550 LK DMP RFC JGEFR
PCACGTCB.
102. 9MS ?PC RMJB LMR RM QFMMR SLRGJ WMS QCC RFC UFGRCQ MD RFCGP CWCQ. )D RFC
CWCQ ?PC QCN?P?RCB @W 6.5 AK ?LB RFC BG?KCRCP MD WMSP NSNGJ GQ 5.0 KK,
?R UF?R BGQR?LAC A?L WMS PCQMJTC RFC RUM CWCQ SQGLE JGEFR MD U?TCJCLERF
555 LK?
103. (?) 4FC NJ?LCR 0JSRM ?LB GRQ -MML #F?PML ?PC QCN?P?RCB @W 19,600
IK. .CEJCARGLE ?RKMQNFCPGA CDDCARQ, QFMSJB RFC 5.08-K-BG?KCRCP -MSLR
0?JMK?P RCJCQAMNC @C ?@JC RM PCQMJTC RFCQC @MBGCQ UFCL RFCW ?PC
4.5010
9
km DPMK %?PRF? !QQSKC ?L ?TCP?EC U?TCJCLERF MD 550 LK.
(@) )L ?ARS?JGRW, GR GQ HSQR @?PCJW NMQQG@JC RM BGQACPL RF?R 0JSRM ?LB #F?PML
?PC QCN?P?RC @MBGCQ SQGLE ?L %?PRF-@?QCB RCJCQAMNC. 7F?R ?PC RFC
PC?QMLQ DMP RFGQ?
104. 4FC FC?BJGEFRQ MD ? A?P ?PC 1.3 K ?N?PR. 7F?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK
BGQR?LAC ?R UFGAF RFC CWC A?L PCQMJTC RFCQC RUM FC?BJGEFRQ? 4?IC RFC
NSNGJ BG?KCRCP RM @C 0.40 AK.
105. 7FCL BMRQ ?PC NJ?ACB ML ? N?EC DPMK ? J?QCP NPGLRCP, RFCW KSQR @C
AJMQC CLMSEF QM RF?R WMS BM LMR QCC RFC GLBGTGBS?J BMRQ MD GLI. 4M BM RFGQ,
RFC QCN?P?RGML MD RFC BMRQ KSQR @C JCQQ RF?L 2?JCGEFtQ APGRCPGML. 4?IC RFC
NSNGJ MD RFC CWC RM @C 3.0 KK ?LB RFC BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC N?NCP RM RFC CWC
MD 35 AK; DGLB RFC KGLGKSK QCN?P?RGML MD RUM BMRQ QSAF RF?R RFCW A?LLMR
@C PCQMJTCB. (MU K?LW BMRQ NCP GLAF (BNG) BMCQ RFGQ AMPPCQNMLB RM?
!L ?K?RCSP ?QRPMLMKCP U?LRQ RM @SGJB ? RCJCQAMNC UGRF ? BGDDP?ARGML JGKGR
RF?R UGJJ ?JJMU FGK RM QCC GD RFCPC ?PC NCMNJC ML RFC KMMLQ MD *SNGRCP.
(?) 7F?R BG?KCRCP KGPPMP GQ LCCBCB RM @C ?@JC RM QCC 1.00 K BCR?GJ ML ?
*MTG?L -MML ?R ? BGQR?LAC MD 7.5010
8
km DPMK %?PRF? 4FC
U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR ?TCP?ECQ 600 LK.
(@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ PCQSJR?
(A) 7FGAF ?QQSKNRGMLQ ?PC SLPC?QML?@JC MP GLAMLQGQRCLR?
#MLQGBCP BGDDP?ARGML JGKGRQ DMP ?L CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC GLRCP?ARGLE UGRF ?
AGPASJ?P M@HCAR. #MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS A?JASJ?RC RFC JGKGR MD
?LESJ?P PCQMJSRGML UGRF ? BCTGAC, SQGLE RFGQ AGPASJ?P M@HCAR (QSAF ?Q ? JCLQ,
KGPPMP, MP ?LRCLL?) RM K?IC M@QCPT?RGMLQ. !JQM A?JASJ?RC RFC JGKGR RM
QN?RG?J PCQMJSRGML (QSAF ?Q RFC QGXC MD DC?RSPCQ M@QCPT?@JC ML RFC -MML)
DMP M@QCPT?RGMLQ ?R ? QNCAGDGA BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC BCTGAC. !KMLE RFC RFGLEQ
RM @C AMLQGBCPCB ?PC RFC U?TCJCLERF MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML SQCB,
RFC QGXC MD RFC AGPASJ?P M@HCAR, ?LB RFC BGQR?LAC RM RFC QWQRCK MP
NFCLMKCLML @CGLE M@QCPTCB.
27.7 ->?D F?BC "DJ;H<;H;D9;
108. ! QM?N @S@@JC GQ 100 LK RFGAI ?LB GJJSKGL?RCB @W UFGRC JGEFR GLAGBCLR
NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM GRQ QSPD?AC. 7F?R U?TCJCLERF ?LB AMJMP MD TGQG@JC JGEFR GQ
KMQR AMLQRPSARGTCJW PCDJCARCB, ?QQSKGLE RFC Q?KC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML ?Q
U?RCP?
109. !L MGJ QJGAI ML U?RCP GQ 120 LK RFGAI ?LB GJJSKGL?RCB @W UFGRC JGEFR
GLAGBCLR NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM GRQ QSPD?AC. 7F?R AMJMP BMCQ RFC MGJ ?NNC?P
(UF?R GQ RFC KMQR AMLQRPSARGTCJW PCDJCARCB U?TCJCLERF), EGTCL GRQ GLBCV MD
PCDP?ARGML GQ 1.40?
110. #?JASJ?RC RFC KGLGKSK RFGAILCQQ MD ?L MGJ QJGAI ML U?RCP RF?R
?NNC?PQ @JSC UFCL GJJSKGL?RCB @W UFGRC JGEFR NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM GRQ QSPD?AC.
4?IC RFC @JSC U?TCJCLERF RM @C 470 LK ?LB RFC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML MD MGJ
RM @C 1.40.
111. &GLB RFC KGLGKSK RFGAILCQQ MD ? QM?N @S@@JC RF?R ?NNC?PQ PCB UFCL
GJJSKGL?RCB @W UFGRC JGEFR NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM GRQ QSPD?AC. 4?IC RFC
U?TCJCLERF RM @C 680 LK, ?LB ?QQSKC RFC Q?KC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML ?Q
U?RCP.
112. ! DGJK MD QM?NW U?RCP ( n = 1.33 ) ML RMN MD ? NJ?QRGA ASRRGLE @M?PB
F?Q ? RFGAILCQQ MD 233 LK. 7F?R AMJMP GQ KMQR QRPMLEJW PCDJCARCB GD GR GQ
GJJSKGL?RCB NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM GRQ QSPD?AC?
113. 7F?R ?PC RFC RFPCC QK?JJCQR LML-XCPM RFGAILCQQCQ MD QM?NW U?RCP (
n = 1.33 ) ML 0JCVGEJ?Q GD GR ?NNC?PQ EPCCL (AMLQRPSARGTCJW PCDJCARGLE
520-LK JGEFR) UFCL GJJSKGL?RCB NCPNCLBGASJ?PJW @W UFGRC JGEFR? %VNJGAGRJW
QFMU FMU WMS DMJJMU RFC QRCNQ GL )HE8B;C ,EBL?D= ,JH7J;=?;I <EH 07L;
(FJ?9I.
114. 3SNNMQC WMS F?TC ? JCLQ QWQRCK RF?R GQ RM @C SQCB NPGK?PGJW DMP
700-LK PCB JGEFR. 7F?R GQ RFC QCAMLB RFGLLCQR AM?RGLE MD DJSMPGRC
(K?ELCQGSK DJSMPGBC) RF?R UMSJB @C LML-PCDJCARGTC DMP RFGQ U?TCJCLERF?
115. (?) !Q ? QM?N @S@@JC RFGLQ GR @CAMKCQ B?PI, @CA?SQC RFC N?RF JCLERF
BGDDCPCLAC @CAMKCQ QK?JJ AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR ?LB
RFCPC GQ ? NF?QC QFGDR ?R RFC RMN QSPD?AC. )D GR @CAMKCQ B?PI UFCL RFC N?RF
JCLERF BGDDCPCLAC GQ JCQQ RF?L MLC-DMSPRF RFC U?TCJCLERF, UF?R GQ RFC
RFGAICQR RFC @S@@JC A?L @C ?LB ?NNC?P B?PI ?R ?JJ TGQG@JC U?TCJCLERFQ?
!QQSKC RFC Q?KC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML ?Q U?RCP. (@) $GQASQQ RFC DP?EGJGRW MD
RFC DGJK AMLQGBCPGLE RFC RFGAILCQQ DMSLB.
116. ! DGJK MD MGJ ML U?RCP UGJJ ?NNC?P B?PI UFCL GR GQ TCPW RFGL, @CA?SQC
RFC N?RF JCLERF BGDDCPCLAC @CAMKCQ QK?JJ AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC U?TCJCLERF
MD JGEFR ?LB RFCPC GQ ? NF?QC QFGDR ?R RFC RMN QSPD?AC. )D GR @CAMKCQ B?PI
UFCL RFC N?RF JCLERF BGDDCPCLAC GQ JCQQ RF?L MLC-DMSPRF RFC U?TCJCLERF,
UF?R GQ RFC RFGAICQR RFC MGJ A?L @C ?LB ?NNC?P B?PI ?R ?JJ TGQG@JC
U?TCJCLERFQ? /GJ F?Q ?L GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML MD 1.40.
#(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3 991
117. F?=KH; 27.34 QFMUQ RUM EJ?QQ QJGBCQ GJJSKGL?RCB @W NSPC-U?TCJCLERF
JGEFR GLAGBCLR NCPNCLBGASJ?PJW. 4FC RMN QJGBC RMSAFCQ RFC @MRRMK QJGBC ?R
MLC CLB ?LB PCQRQ ML ? 0.100-KK-BG?KCRCP F?GP ?R RFC MRFCP CLB, DMPKGLE
? UCBEC MD ?GP. (?) (MU D?P ?N?PR ?PC RFC B?PI @?LBQ, GD RFC QJGBCQ ?PC 7.50
AK JMLE ?LB 589-LK JGEFR GQ SQCB? (@) )Q RFCPC ?LW BGDDCPCLAC GD RFC QJGBCQ
?PC K?BC DPMK APMUL MP DJGLR EJ?QQ? %VNJ?GL.
118. F?=KH; 27.34 QFMUQ RUM 7.50-AK-JMLE EJ?QQ QJGBCQ GJJSKGL?RCB @W
NSPC 589-LK U?TCJCLERF JGEFR GLAGBCLR NCPNCLBGASJ?PJW. 4FC RMN QJGBC
RMSAFCQ RFC @MRRMK QJGBC ?R MLC CLB ?LB PCQRQ ML QMKC BC@PGQ ?R RFC
MRFCP CLB, DMPKGLE ? UCBEC MD ?GP. (MU RFGAI GQ RFC BC@PGQ, GD RFC B?PI
@?LBQ ?PC 1.00 KK ?N?PR?
119. 2CNC?R EN;H9?I; 27.108, @SR R?IC RFC JGEFR RM @C GLAGBCLR ?R ? 45
?LEJC.
120. 2CNC?R EN;H9?I; 27.109, @SR R?IC RFC JGEFR RM @C GLAGBCLR ?R ? 45
?LEJC.
4M Q?TC KMLCW ML K?IGLE KGJGR?PW ?GPAP?DR GLTGQG@JC RM P?B?P, ?L GLTCLRMP
BCAGBCQ RM AM?R RFCK UGRF ? LML-PCDJCARGTC K?RCPG?J F?TGLE ?L GLBCV MD
PCDP?ARGML MD 1.20, UFGAF GQ @CRUCCL RF?R MD ?GP ?LB RFC QSPD?AC MD RFC
NJ?LC. 4FGQ, FC PC?QMLQ, QFMSJB @C KSAF AFC?NCP RF?L BCQGELGLE 3RC?JRF
@MK@CPQ. (?) 7F?R RFGAILCQQ QFMSJB RFC AM?RGLE @C RM GLFG@GR RFC PCDJCARGML
MD 4.00-AK U?TCJCLERF P?B?P? (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ
PCQSJR? (A) 7FGAF ?QQSKNRGMLQ ?PC SLPC?QML?@JC MP GLAMLQGQRCLR?
27.8 )EB7H?P7J?ED
122. 7F?R ?LEJC GQ LCCBCB @CRUCCL RFC BGPCARGML MD NMJ?PGXCB JGEFR ?LB
RFC ?VGQ MD ? NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCP RM ASR GRQ GLRCLQGRW GL F?JD?
123. 4FC ?LEJC @CRUCCL RFC ?VCQ MD RUM NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCPQ GQ 45.0 . "W
FMU KSAF BMCQ RFC QCAMLB DGJRCP PCBSAC RFC GLRCLQGRW MD RFC JGEFR AMKGLE
RFPMSEF RFC DGPQR?
124. )D WMS F?TC AMKNJCRCJW NMJ?PGXCB JGEFR MD GLRCLQGRW 150 W/ m
2
,
UF?R UGJJ GRQ GLRCLQGRW @C ?DRCP N?QQGLE RFPMSEF ? NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCP UGRF GRQ
?VGQ ?R ?L 89.0 ?LEJC RM RFC JGEFRtQ NMJ?PGX?RGML BGPCARGML?
125. 7F?R ?LEJC UMSJB RFC ?VGQ MD ? NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCP LCCB RM K?IC UGRF
RFC BGPCARGML MD NMJ?PGXCB JGEFR MD GLRCLQGRW 1.00 kW/m
2
RM PCBSAC RFC
GLRCLQGRW RM 10.0 W/m
2
?
126. !R RFC CLB MD EN7CFB; 27.8, GR U?Q QR?RCB RF?R RFC GLRCLQGRW MD
NMJ?PGXCB JGEFR GQ PCBSACB RM 90.0% MD GRQ MPGEGL?J T?JSC @W N?QQGLE
RFPMSEF ? NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCP UGRF GRQ ?VGQ ?R ?L ?LEJC MD 18.4 RM RFC
BGPCARGML MD NMJ?PGX?RGML. 6CPGDW RFGQ QR?RCKCLR.
127. 3FMU RF?R GD WMS F?TC RFPCC NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCPQ, UGRF RFC QCAMLB ?R ?L
?LEJC MD 45 RM RFC DGPQR ?LB RFC RFGPB ?R ?L ?LEJC MD 90.0 RM RFC DGPQR,
RFC GLRCLQGRW MD JGEFR N?QQCB @W RFC DGPQR UGJJ @C PCBSACB RM 25.0% MD GRQ
T?JSC. (4FGQ GQ GL AMLRP?QR RM F?TGLE MLJW RFC DGPQR ?LB RFGPB, UFGAF PCBSACQ
RFC GLRCLQGRW RM XCPM, QM RF?R NJ?AGLE RFC QCAMLB @CRUCCL RFCK GLAPC?QCQ
RFC GLRCLQGRW MD RFC RP?LQKGRRCB JGEFR.)
128. 0PMTC RF?R, GD I GQ RFC GLRCLQGRW MD JGEFR RP?LQKGRRCB @W RUM NMJ?PGXGLE
DGJRCPQ UGRF ?VCQ ?R ?L ?LEJC ?LB I GQ RFC GLRCLQGRW UFCL RFC ?VCQ ?PC
?R ?L ?LEJC 90.0, RFCL I + I = I
0,
RFC MPGEGL?J GLRCLQGRW. ((GLR: 5QC
RFC RPGEMLMKCRPGA GBCLRGRGCQ cos (90.0) = sin ?LB
cos
2
+ sin
2
= 1. )
129. !R UF?R ?LEJC UGJJ JGEFR PCDJCARCB DPMK BG?KMLB @C AMKNJCRCJW
NMJ?PGXCB?
130. 7F?R GQ "PCUQRCPtQ ?LEJC DMP JGEFR RP?TCJGLE GL U?RCP RF?R GQ PCDJCARCB
DPMK APMUL EJ?QQ?
131. ! QAS@? BGTCP QCCQ JGEFR PCDJCARCB DPMK RFC U?RCPtQ QSPD?AC. !R UF?R
?LEJC UGJJ RFGQ JGEFR @C AMKNJCRCJW NMJ?PGXCB?
132. !R UF?R ?LEJC GQ JGEFR GLQGBC APMUL EJ?QQ AMKNJCRCJW NMJ?PGXCB UFCL
PCDJCARCB DPMK U?RCP, ?Q GL ? DGQF R?LI?
133. ,GEFR PCDJCARCB ?R 55.6 DPMK ? UGLBMU GQ AMKNJCRCJW NMJ?PGXCB.
7F?R GQ RFC UGLBMUtQ GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML ?LB RFC JGICJW QS@QR?LAC MD UFGAF
GR GQ K?BC?
134. (?) ,GEFR PCDJCARCB ?R 62.5 DPMK ? ECKQRMLC GL ? PGLE GQ AMKNJCRCJW
NMJ?PGXCB. #?L RFC ECK @C ? BG?KMLB? (@) !R UF?R ?LEJC UMSJB RFC JGEFR
@C AMKNJCRCJW NMJ?PGXCB GD RFC ECK U?Q GL U?RCP?
135. )D
b
GQ "PCUQRCPtQ ?LEJC DMP JGEFR PCDJCARCB DPMK RFC RMN MD ?L
GLRCPD?AC @CRUCCL RUM QS@QR?LACQ, ?LB
b
GQ "PCUQRCPtQ ?LEJC DMP JGEFR
PCDJCARCB DPMK @CJMU, NPMTC RF?R
b
+
b
= 90.0.
)D ? NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCP PCBSACQ RFC GLRCLQGRW MD NMJ?PGXCB JGEFR RM 50.0% MD GRQ
MPGEGL?J T?JSC, @W FMU KSAF ?PC RFC CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ PCBSACB?
3SNNMQC WMS NSR ML RUM N?GPQ MD 0MJ?PMGB QSLEJ?QQCQ UGRF RFCGP ?VCQ ?R
?L ?LEJC MD 15.0 . (MU KSAF JMLECP UGJJ GR R?IC RFC JGEFR RM BCNMQGR ?
EGTCL ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW GL WMSP CWC AMKN?PCB UGRF ? QGLEJC N?GP MD
QSLEJ?QQCQ? !QQSKC RFC JCLQCQ ?PC AJC?P CVACNR DMP RFCGP NMJ?PGXGLE
AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ.
(?) /L ? B?W UFCL RFC GLRCLQGRW MD QSLJGEFR GQ 1.00 kW/ m
2
, ? AGPASJ?P
JCLQ 0.200 K GL BG?KCRCP DMASQCQ JGEFR MLRM U?RCP GL ? @J?AI @C?ICP. 4UM
NMJ?PGXGLE QFCCRQ MD NJ?QRGA ?PC NJ?ACB GL DPMLR MD RFC JCLQ UGRF RFCGP ?VCQ
?R ?L ?LEJC MD 20.0. !QQSKGLE RFC QSLJGEFR GQ SLNMJ?PGXCB ?LB RFC
NMJ?PGXCPQ ?PC 100% CDDGAGCLR, UF?R GQ RFC GLGRG?J P?RC MD FC?RGLE MD RFC
U?RCP GL C/ s , ?QQSKGLE GR GQ 80.0% ?@QMP@CB? 4FC ?JSKGLSK @C?ICP
F?Q ? K?QQ MD 30.0 EP?KQ ?LB AMLR?GLQ 250 EP?KQ MD U?RCP. (@) $M RFC
NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCPQ ECR FMR? %VNJ?GL.
992 #(!04%2 27 Y 7!6% /04)#3
28 30%#)!, 2%,!4)6)49
F?=KH; 28.1 3NCAG?J PCJ?RGTGRW CVNJ?GLQ UFW RP?TCJGLE RM MRFCP QR?P QWQRCKQ, QSAF ?Q RFCQC GL RFC /PGML .C@SJ?, GQ SLPC?QML?@JC SQGLE MSP ASPPCLR JCTCJ MD RCAFLMJMEW. (APCBGR:
Q58W, &JGAIP)
,C?PLGLE /@HCARGTCQ
28.1. E?DIJ;?DXI )EIJKB7J;I
28.2. ,?CKBJ7D;?JO AD: -?C; D?B7J?ED
28.3. %;D=J> CEDJH79J?ED
28.4. +;B7J?L?IJ?9 A::?J?ED E< /;BE9?J?;I
28.5. +;B7J?L?IJ?9 &EC;DJKC
28.6. +;B7J?L?IJ?9 ED;H=O
"DJHE:K9J?ED JE ,F;9?7B +;B7J?L?JO
(?TC WMS CTCP JMMICB SN ?R RFC LGEFR QIW ?LB BPC?KCB MD RP?TCJGLE RM MRFCP NJ?LCRQ GL D?P?U?W QR?P QWQRCKQ? 7MSJB RFCPC @C MRFCP JGDC DMPKQ? 7F?R
UMSJB MRFCP UMPJBQ JMMI JGIC? 9MS KGEFR GK?EGLC RF?R QSAF ?L ?K?XGLE RPGN UMSJB @C NMQQG@JC GD UC AMSJB HSQR RP?TCJ D?QR CLMSEF, @SR WMS UGJJ PC?B GL
RFGQ AF?NRCP UFW RFGQ GQ LMR RPSC. )L 1905 !J@CPR %GLQRCGL BCTCJMNCB RFC RFCMPW MD QNCAG?J PCJ?RGTGRW. 4FGQ RFCMPW CVNJ?GLQ RFC JGKGR ML ?L M@HCARtQ QNCCB
?LB BCQAPG@CQ RFC AMLQCOSCLACQ.
)8?4G<I<GL. 4FC UMPB E8?4G<I<GL KGEFR AMLHSPC ?L GK?EC MD %GLQRCGL, @SR RFC GBC? BGB LMR @CEGL UGRF FGK. 0CMNJC F?TC @CCL CVNJMPGLE PCJ?RGTGRW DMP K?LW
ACLRSPGCQ. 2CJ?RGTGRW GQ RFC QRSBW MD FMU BGDDCPCLR M@QCPTCPQ KC?QSPC RFC Q?KC CTCLR. '?JGJCM ?LB .CURML BCTCJMNCB RFC DGPQR AMPPCAR TCPQGML MD
AJ?QQGA?J PCJ?RGTGRW. %GLQRCGL BCTCJMNCB RFC KMBCPL RFCMPW MD PCJ?RGTGRW. -MBCPL PCJ?RGTGRW GQ BGTGBCB GLRM RUM N?PRQ. *C86<4? E8?4G<I<GL BC?JQ UGRF M@QCPTCPQ
UFM ?PC KMTGLE ?R AMLQR?LR TCJMAGRW. G8A8E4? E8?4G<I<GL BC?JQ UGRF M@QCPTCPQ UFM ?PC SLBCPEMGLE ?AACJCP?RGML. %GLQRCGL GQ D?KMSQ @CA?SQC FGQ
RFCMPGCQ MD PCJ?RGTGRW K?BC PCTMJSRGML?PW NPCBGARGMLQ. -MQR GKNMPR?LRJW, FGQ RFCMPGCQ F?TC @CCL TCPGDGCB RM EPC?R NPCAGQGML GL ? T?QR P?LEC MD
CVNCPGKCLRQ, ?JRCPGLE DMPCTCP MSP AMLACNR MD QN?AC ?LB RGKC.
#(!04%2 28 Y 30%#)!, 2%,!4)6)49 993
F?=KH; 28.2 -?LW NCMNJC RFGLI RF?R !J@CPR %GLQRCGL (1879q1955) U?Q RFC EPC?RCQR NFWQGAGQR MD RFC 20RF ACLRSPW. .MR MLJW BGB FC BCTCJMN KMBCPL PCJ?RGTGRW, RFSQ PCTMJSRGMLGXGLE
MSP AMLACNR MD RFC SLGTCPQC, FC ?JQM K?BC DSLB?KCLR?J AMLRPG@SRGMLQ RM RFC DMSLB?RGMLQ MD OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ. (APCBGR: 4FC ,G@P?PW MD #MLEPCQQ)
)R GQ GKNMPR?LR RM LMRC RF?R ?JRFMSEF AJ?QQGA?J KCAF?LGA, GL ECLCP?J, ?LB AJ?QQGA?J PCJ?RGTGRW, GL N?PRGASJ?P, ?PC JGKGRCB, RFCW ?PC CVRPCKCJW EMMB
?NNPMVGK?RGMLQ DMP J?PEC, QJMU-KMTGLE M@HCARQ. /RFCPUGQC, UC AMSJB LMR SQC AJ?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ RM J?SLAF Q?RCJJGRCQ MP @SGJB @PGBECQ. )L RFC AJ?QQGA?J JGKGR
(M@HCARQ J?PECP RF?L QS@KGAPMQAMNGA ?LB KMTGLE QJMUCP RF?L ?@MSR 1% MD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR), PCJ?RGTGQRGA KCAF?LGAQ @CAMKCQ RFC Q?KC ?Q AJ?QQGA?J
KCAF?LGAQ. 4FGQ D?AR UGJJ @C LMRCB ?R ?NNPMNPG?RC NJ?ACQ RFPMSEFMSR RFGQ AF?NRCP.
28.1 E?DIJ;?DXI )EIJKB7J;I
F?=KH; 28.3 3NCAG?J PCJ?RGTGRW PCQCK@JCQ RPGEMLMKCRPW GL RF?R @MRF ?PC PCJG?@JC @CA?SQC RFCW ?PC @?QCB ML NMQRSJ?RCQ RF?R DJMU MLC DPMK ?LMRFCP GL ? JMEGA?J U?W. (APCBGR: *ML
/?IJCW, &JGAIP)
(?TC WMS CTCP SQCB RFC 0WRF?EMPC?L 4FCMPCK ?LB EMRRCL ? UPMLE ?LQUCP? 0PM@?@JW LMR, SLJCQQ WMS K?BC ? KGQR?IC GL CGRFCP WMSP ?JEC@P? MP WMSP
?PGRFKCRGA. %?AF RGKC WMS NCPDMPK RFC Q?KC A?JASJ?RGML, WMS ILMU RF?R RFC ?LQUCP UGJJ @C RFC Q?KC. 4PGEMLMKCRPW GQ PCJG?@JC @CA?SQC MD RFC ACPR?GLRW
RF?R MLC N?PR ?JU?WQ DJMUQ DPMK ?LMRFCP GL ? JMEGA?J U?W. %?AF N?PR GQ @?QCB ML ? QCR MD NMQRSJ?RCQ, ?LB WMS A?L ?JU?WQ AMLLCAR RFC N?PRQ @W ?NNJWGLE
RFMQC NMQRSJ?RCQ. 0FWQGAQ GQ RFC Q?KC U?W UGRF RFC CVACNRGML RF?R 4?? N?PRQ KSQR BCQAPG@C L?RSPC. )D UC ?PC A?PCDSJ RM AFMMQC RFC AMPPCAR NMQRSJ?RCQ,
RFCL MSP RFCMPW UGJJ DMJJMU ?LB UGJJ @C TCPGDGCB @W CVNCPGKCLR.
%GLQRCGL CQQCLRG?JJW BGB RFC RFCMPCRGA?J ?QNCAR MD RFGQ KCRFMB DMP H;B7J?L?JO. 7GRF RUM BCACNRGTCJW QGKNJC NMQRSJ?RCQ ?LB ? A?PCDSJ AMLQGBCP?RGML MD FMU
KC?QSPCKCLRQ ?PC K?BC, FC NPMBSACB RFC RFCMPW MD IF;9?7B H;B7J?L?JO.
%GLQRCGLtQ &GPQR 0MQRSJ?RC
4FC DGPQR NMQRSJ?RC SNML UFGAF %GLQRCGL @?QCB RFC RFCMPW MD QNCAG?J PCJ?RGTGRW PCJ?RCQ RM PCDCPCLAC DP?KCQ. !JJ TCJMAGRGCQ ?PC KC?QSPCB PCJ?RGTC RM QMKC
DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC. &MP CV?KNJC, ? A?PtQ KMRGML GQ KC?QSPCB PCJ?RGTC RM GRQ QR?PRGLE NMGLR MP RFC PM?B GR GQ KMTGLE MTCP, ? NPMHCARGJCtQ KMRGML GQ
KC?QSPCB PCJ?RGTC RM RFC QSPD?AC GR U?Q J?SLAFCB DPMK, ?LB ? NJ?LCRtQ MP@GR GQ KC?QSPCB PCJ?RGTC RM RFC QR?P GR GQ MP@GRGLE ?PMSLB. 4FC QGKNJCQR DP?KCQ MD
PCDCPCLAC ?PC RFMQC RF?R ?PC LMR ?AACJCP?RCB ?LB ?PC LMR PMR?RGLE. .CURMLtQ DGPQR J?U, RFC J?U MD GLCPRG?, FMJBQ CV?ARJW GL QSAF ? DP?KC.
)LCPRG?J 2CDCPCLAC &P?KC
!L ?D;HJ?7B <H7C; E< H;<;H;D9; GQ ? PCDCPCLAC DP?KC GL UFGAF ? @MBW ?R PCQR PCK?GLQ ?R PCQR ?LB ? @MBW GL KMRGML KMTCQ ?R ? AMLQR?LR QNCCB GL ?
QRP?GEFR JGLC SLJCQQ ?ARCB ML @W ?L MSRQGBC DMPAC.
4FC J?UQ MD NFWQGAQ QCCK RM @C QGKNJCQR GL GLCPRG?J DP?KCQ. &MP CV?KNJC, UFCL WMS ?PC GL ? NJ?LC DJWGLE ?R ? AMLQR?LR ?JRGRSBC ?LB QNCCB, NFWQGAQ
QCCKQ RM UMPI CV?ARJW RFC Q?KC ?Q GD WMS UCPC QR?LBGLE ML RFC QSPD?AC MD RFC %?PRF. (MUCTCP, GL ? NJ?LC RF?R GQ R?IGLE MDD, K?RRCPQ ?PC QMKCUF?R
KMPC AMKNJGA?RCB. )L RFCQC A?QCQ, RFC LCR DMPAC ML ?L M@HCAR, F , GQ LMR COS?J RM RFC NPMBSAR MD K?QQ ?LB ?AACJCP?RGML, ma . )LQRC?B, F GQ COS?J RM
ma NJSQ ? DGARGRGMSQ DMPAC. 4FGQ QGRS?RGML GQ LMR ?Q QGKNJC ?Q GL ?L GLCPRG?J DP?KC. .MR MLJW ?PC J?UQ MD NFWQGAQ QGKNJCQR GL GLCPRG?J DP?KCQ, @SR RFCW
994 #(!04%2 28 Y 30%#)!, 2%,!4)6)49
QFMSJB @C RFC Q?KC GL ?JJ GLCPRG?J DP?KCQ, QGLAC RFCPC GQ LM NPCDCPPCB DP?KC ?LB LM ?@QMJSRC KMRGML. %GLQRCGL GLAMPNMP?RCB RFCQC GBC?Q GLRM FGQ <?HIJ
FEIJKB7J; E< IF;9?7B H;B7J?L?JO.
&GPQR 0MQRSJ?RC MD 3NCAG?J 2CJ?RGTGRW
4FC J?UQ MD NFWQGAQ ?PC RFC Q?KC ?LB A?L @C QR?RCB GL RFCGP QGKNJCQR DMPK GL ?JJ GLCPRG?J DP?KCQ MD PCDCPCLAC.
!Q UGRF K?LW DSLB?KCLR?J QR?RCKCLRQ, RFCPC GQ KMPC RM RFGQ NMQRSJ?RC RF?L KCCRQ RFC CWC. 4FC J?UQ MD NFWQGAQ GLAJSBC MLJW RFMQC RF?R Q?RGQDW RFGQ
NMQRSJ?RC. 7C QF?JJ DGLB RF?R RFC BCDGLGRGMLQ MD PCJ?RGTGQRGA KMKCLRSK ?LB CLCPEW KSQR @C ?JRCPCB RM DGR. !LMRFCP MSRAMKC MD RFGQ NMQRSJ?RC GQ RFC D?KMSQ
COS?RGML E = mc
2
.
%GLQRCGLtQ 3CAMLB 0MQRSJ?RC
4FC QCAMLB NMQRSJ?RC SNML UFGAF %GLQRCGL @?QCB FGQ RFCMPW MD QNCAG?J PCJ?RGTGRW BC?JQ UGRF RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. ,?RC GL RFC 19RF ACLRSPW, RFC K?HMP RCLCRQ
MD AJ?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ UCPC UCJJ CQR?@JGQFCB. 4UM MD RFC KMQR GKNMPR?LR UCPC RFC J?UQ MD CJCARPGAGRW ?LB K?ELCRGQK ?LB .CURMLtQ J?UQ. )L N?PRGASJ?P, RFC
J?UQ MD CJCARPGAGRW ?LB K?ELCRGQK NPCBGAR RF?R JGEFR RP?TCJQ ?R c = 3.0010
8
m/s GL ? T?ASSK, @SR RFCW BM LMR QNCAGDW RFC DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC GL
UFGAF JGEFR F?Q RFGQ QNCCB.
4FCPC U?Q ? AMLRP?BGARGML @CRUCCL RFGQ NPCBGARGML ?LB .CURMLtQ J?UQ, GL UFGAF TCJMAGRGCQ ?BB JGIC QGKNJC TCARMPQ. )D RFC J?RRCP UCPC RPSC, RFCL RUM
M@QCPTCPQ KMTGLE ?R BGDDCPCLR QNCCBQ UMSJB QCC JGEFR RP?TCJGLE ?R BGDDCPCLR QNCCBQ. )K?EGLC UF?R ? JGEFR U?TC UMSJB JMMI JGIC RM ? NCPQML RP?TCJGLE
?JMLE UGRF GR ?R ? QNCCB c . )D QSAF ? KMRGML UCPC NMQQG@JC RFCL RFC U?TC UMSJB @C QR?RGML?PW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC M@QCPTCP. )R UMSJB F?TC CJCARPGA ?LB
K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ RF?R T?PGCB GL QRPCLERF ?R T?PGMSQ BGQR?LACQ DPMK RFC M@QCPTCP @SR UCPC AMLQR?LR GL RGKC. 4FGQ GQ LMR ?JJMUCB @W -?VUCJJtQ COS?RGMLQ.
3M CGRFCP -?VUCJJtQ COS?RGMLQ ?PC UPMLE, MP ?L M@HCAR UGRF K?QQ A?LLMR RP?TCJ ?R QNCCB c . %GLQRCGL AMLAJSBCB RF?R RFC J?RRCP GQ RPSC. !L M@HCAR UGRF
K?QQ A?LLMR RP?TCJ ?R QNCCB c . 4FGQ AMLAJSQGML GKNJGCQ RF?R JGEFR GL ? T?ASSK KSQR ?JU?WQ RP?TCJ ?R QNCCB c PCJ?RGTC RM ?LW M@QCPTCP. -?VUCJJtQ
COS?RGMLQ ?PC AMPPCAR, ?LB .CURMLtQ ?BBGRGML MD TCJMAGRGCQ GQ LMR AMPPCAR DMP JGEFR.
)LTCQRGE?RGMLQ QSAF ?Q 9MSLEtQ BMS@JC QJGR CVNCPGKCLR GL RFC C?PJW-1800Q F?B AMLTGLAGLEJW BCKMLQRP?RCB RF?R JGEFR GQ ? U?TC. -?LW RWNCQ MD U?TCQ
UCPC ILMUL, ?LB ?JJ RP?TCJJCB GL QMKC KCBGSK. 3AGCLRGQRQ RFCPCDMPC ?QQSKCB RF?R ? KCBGSK A?PPGCB JGEFR, CTCL GL ? T?ASSK, ?LB JGEFR RP?TCJJCB ?R ?
QNCCB c PCJ?RGTC RM RF?R KCBGSK. 3R?PRGLE GL RFC KGB-1880Q, RFC !KCPGA?L NFWQGAGQR !. !. -GAFCJQML, J?RCP ?GBCB @W %. 7. -MPJCW, K?BC ? QCPGCQ MD
BGPCAR KC?QSPCKCLRQ MD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. 4FC PCQSJRQ MD RFCGP KC?QSPCKCLRQ UCPC QR?PRJGLE.
-GAFCJQML--MPJCW %VNCPGKCLR
4FC &?9>;BIED-&EHB;O ;NF;H?C;DJ BCKMLQRP?RCB RF?R RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR GL ? T?ASSK GQ GLBCNCLBCLR MD RFC KMRGML MD RFC %?PRF ?@MSR RFC 3SL.
4FC CTCLRS?J AMLAJSQGML BCPGTCB DPMK RFGQ PCQSJR GQ RF?R JGEFR, SLJGIC KCAF?LGA?J U?TCQ QSAF ?Q QMSLB, BMCQ LMR LCCB ? KCBGSK RM A?PPW GR.
&SPRFCPKMPC, RFC -GAFCJQML--MPJCW PCQSJRQ GKNJGCB RF?R RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR c GQ GLBCNCLBCLR MD RFC KMRGML MD RFC QMSPAC PCJ?RGTC RM RFC M@QCPTCP. 4F?R
GQ, CTCPWMLC M@QCPTCQ JGEFR RM KMTC ?R QNCCB c PCE?PBJCQQ MD FMU RFCW KMTC PCJ?RGTC RM RFC QMSPAC MP MLC ?LMRFCP. &MP ? LSK@CP MD WC?PQ, K?LW
QAGCLRGQRQ RPGCB SLQSAACQQDSJJW RM CVNJ?GL RFCQC PCQSJRQ ?LB QRGJJ PCR?GL RFC ECLCP?J ?NNJGA?@GJGRW MD .CURMLtQ J?UQ.
)R U?Q LMR SLRGJ 1905, UFCL %GLQRCGL NS@JGQFCB FGQ DGPQR N?NCP ML QNCAG?J PCJ?RGTGRW, RF?R RFC ASPPCLRJW ?AACNRCB AMLAJSQGML U?Q PC?AFCB. "?QCB KMQRJW
ML FGQ ?L?JWQGQ RF?R RFC J?UQ MD CJCARPGAGRW ?LB K?ELCRGQK UMSJB LMR ?JJMU ?LMRFCP QNCCB DMP JGEFR, ?LB MLJW QJGEFRJW ?U?PC MD RFC -GAFCJQML--MPJCW
CVNCPGKCLR, %GLQRCGL BCR?GJCB FGQ I;9ED: FEIJKB7J; E< IF;9?7B H;B7J?L?JO.
3CAMLB 0MQRSJ?RC MD 3NCAG?J 2CJ?RGTGRW
4FC QNCCB MD JGEFR c GQ ? AMLQR?LR, GLBCNCLBCLR MD RFC PCJ?RGTC KMRGML MD RFC QMSPAC.
$CACNRGTCJW QGKNJC ?LB AMSLRCPGLRSGRGTC, RFGQ ?LB RFC DGPQR NMQRSJ?RC JC?TC ?JJ CJQC MNCL DMP AF?LEC. 3MKC DSLB?KCLR?J AMLACNRQ BM AF?LEC. !KMLE
RFC AF?LECQ ?PC RFC JMQQ MD ?EPCCKCLR ML RFC CJ?NQCB RGKC DMP ?L CTCLR, RFC T?PG?RGML MD BGQR?LAC UGRF QNCCB, ?LB RFC PC?JGX?RGML RF?R K?RRCP ?LB
CLCPEW A?L @C AMLTCPRCB GLRM MLC ?LMRFCP. 9MS UGJJ PC?B ?@MSR RFCQC AMLACNRQ GL RFC DMJJMUGLE QCARGMLQ.
-GQAMLACNRGML !JCPR: #MLQR?LAW MD RFC 3NCCB MD ,GEFR
4FC QNCCB MD JGEFR GQ ? AMLQR?LR c = 3.0010
8
m/s <A 4 I46HH@. )D WMS PCKCK@CP RFC CDDCAR MD RFC GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML DPMK ->; %7M E<
+;<H79J?ED, RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR GQ JMUCP GL K?RRCP.
%VNJ?GL FMU QNCAG?J PCJ?RGTGRW BGDDCPQ DPMK ECLCP?J PCJ?RGTGRW.
,EBKJ?ED
3NCAG?J PCJ?RGTGRW ?NNJGCQ MLJW RM SL?AACJCP?RCB KMRGML, @SR ECLCP?J PCJ?RGTGRW ?NNJGCQ RM ?AACJCP?RCB KMRGML.
#(!04%2 28 Y 30%#)!, 2%,!4)6)49 995
28.2 ,?CKBJ7D;?JO AD: -?C; D?B7J?ED
F?=KH; 28.4 %J?NQCB RGKC DMP ? DMMR P?AC GQ RFC Q?KC DMP ?JJ M@QCPTCPQ, @SR ?R PCJ?RGTGQRGA QNCCBQ, CJ?NQCB RGKC BCNCLBQ ML RFC PCJ?RGTC KMRGML MD RFC M@QCPTCP ?LB RFC CTCLR RF?R
GQ M@QCPTCB. (APCBGR: *?QML %BU?PB 3AMRR "?GL, &JGAIP)
$M RGKC GLRCPT?JQ BCNCLB ML UFM M@QCPTCQ RFCK? )LRSGRGTCJW, UC CVNCAR RFC RGKC DMP ? NPMACQQ, QSAF ?Q RFC CJ?NQCB RGKC DMP ? DMMR P?AC, RM @C RFC
Q?KC DMP ?JJ M@QCPTCPQ. /SP CVNCPGCLAC F?Q @CCL RF?R BGQ?EPCCKCLRQ MTCP CJ?NQCB RGKC F?TC RM BM UGRF RFC ?AASP?AW MD KC?QSPGLE RGKC. 7FCL UC
A?PCDSJJW AMLQGBCP HSQR FMU RGKC GQ KC?QSPCB, FMUCTCP, UC UGJJ DGLB RF?R CJ?NQCB RGKC BCNCLBQ ML RFC PCJ?RGTC KMRGML MD ?L M@QCPTCP UGRF PCQNCAR RM
RFC NPMACQQ @CGLE KC?QSPCB.
3GKSJR?LCGRW
#MLQGBCP FMU UC KC?QSPC CJ?NQCB RGKC. )D UC SQC ? QRMNU?RAF, DMP CV?KNJC, FMU BM UC ILMU UFCL RM QR?PR ?LB QRMN RFC U?RAF? /LC KCRFMB GQ RM
SQC RFC ?PPGT?J MD JGEFR DPMK RFC CTCLR, QSAF ?Q M@QCPTGLE ? JGEFR RSPLGLE EPCCL RM QR?PR ? BP?E P?AC. 4FC RGKGLE UGJJ @C KMPC ?AASP?RC GD QMKC QMPR MD
CJCARPMLGA BCRCARGML GQ SQCB, ?TMGBGLE FSK?L PC?ARGML RGKCQ ?LB MRFCP AMKNJGA?RGMLQ.
.MU QSNNMQC UC SQC RFGQ KCRFMB RM KC?QSPC RFC RGKC GLRCPT?J @CRUCCL RUM DJ?QFCQ MD JGEFR NPMBSACB @W DJ?QF J?KNQ. (3CC F?=KH; 28.5.) 4UM DJ?QF
J?KNQ UGRF M@QCPTCP ! KGBU?W @CRUCCL RFCK ?PC ML ? P?GJ A?P RF?R KMTCQ RM RFC PGEFR PCJ?RGTC RM M@QCPTCP ". 4FC JGEFR DJ?QFCQ ?PC CKGRRCB HSQR ?Q !
N?QQCQ ", QM RF?R @MRF ! ?LB " ?PC COSGBGQR?LR DPMK RFC J?KNQ UFCL RFC JGEFR GQ CKGRRCB. /@QCPTCP " KC?QSPCQ RFC RGKC GLRCPT?J @CRUCCL RFC ?PPGT?J MD
RFC JGEFR DJ?QFCQ. !AAMPBGLE RM NMQRSJ?RC 2, RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR GQ LMR ?DDCARCB @W RFC KMRGML MD RFC J?KNQ PCJ?RGTC RM ". 4FCPCDMPC, JGEFR RP?TCJQ COS?J
BGQR?LACQ RM FGK ?R COS?J QNCCBQ. 4FSQ M@QCPTCP " KC?QSPCQ RFC DJ?QFCQ RM @C QGKSJR?LCMSQ.
F?=KH; 28.5 /@QCPTCP " KC?QSPCQ RFC CJ?NQCB RGKC @CRUCCL RFC ?PPGT?J MD JGEFR DJ?QFCQ ?Q BCQAPG@CB GL RFC RCVR. /@QCPTCP ! KMTCQ UGRF RFC J?KNQ ML ? P?GJ A?P. /@QCPTCP "
PCACGTCQ RFC JGEFR DJ?QFCQ QGKSJR?LCMSQJW, @SR FC LMRCQ RF?R M@QCPTCP ! PCACGTCQ RFC DJ?QF DPMK RFC PGEFR DGPQR. " M@QCPTCQ RFC DJ?QFCQ RM @C QGKSJR?LCMSQ RM FGK @SR LMR RM !.
3GKSJR?LCGRW GQ LMR ?@QMJSRC.
.MU AMLQGBCP UF?R M@QCPTCP " QCCQ F?NNCL RM M@QCPTCP !. 3FC PCACGTCQ RFC JGEFR DPMK RFC PGEFR DGPQR, @CA?SQC QFC F?Q KMTCB RMU?PBQ RF?R DJ?QF
J?KN, JCQQCLGLE RFC BGQR?LAC RFC JGEFR KSQR RP?TCJ ?LB PCBSAGLE RFC RGKC GR R?ICQ RM ECR RM FCP. ,GEFR RP?TCJQ ?R QNCCB c PCJ?RGTC RM @MRF M@QCPTCPQ, @SR
M@QCPTCP " PCK?GLQ COSGBGQR?LR @CRUCCL RFC NMGLRQ UFCPC RFC DJ?QFCQ UCPC CKGRRCB, UFGJC ! ECRQ AJMQCP RM RFC CKGQQGML NMGLR ML RFC PGEFR. &PMK
M@QCPTCP "tQ NMGLR MD TGCU, RFCL, RFCPC GQ ? RGKC GLRCPT?J @CRUCCL RFC ?PPGT?J MD RFC DJ?QFCQ RM M@QCPTCP !. /@QCPTCP " KC?QSPCQ RFC DJ?QFCQ RM @C
QGKSJR?LCMSQ PCJ?RGTC RM FGK @SR LMR PCJ?RGTC RM !. (CPC ? PCJ?RGTC TCJMAGRW @CRUCCL M@QCPTCPQ ?DDCARQ UFCRFCP RUM CTCLRQ ?PC M@QCPTCB RM @C
QGKSJR?LCMSQ. *<@H?G4A8<GL <F ABG 45FB?HG8.
4FGQ GJJSQRP?RCQ RFC NMUCP MD AJC?P RFGLIGLE. 7C KGEFR F?TC ESCQQCB GLAMPPCARJW RF?R GD JGEFR GQ CKGRRCB QGKSJR?LCMSQJW, RFCL RUM M@QCPTCPQ F?JDU?W
@CRUCCL RFC QMSPACQ UMSJB QCC RFC DJ?QFCQ QGKSJR?LCMSQJW. "SR A?PCDSJ ?L?JWQGQ QFMUQ RFGQ LMR RM @C RFC A?QC. %GLQRCGL U?Q @PGJJG?LR ?R RFGQ RWNC MD
996 #(!04%2 28 Y 30%#)!, 2%,!4)6)49
G;BH:;G 8KC8E<@8AG (GL 'CPK?L, u'CB?LICLCVNCPGKCLRv). (C TCPW A?PCDSJJW AMLQGBCPCB FMU ?L M@QCPT?RGML GQ K?BC ?LB BGQPCE?PBCB UF?R KGEFR
QCCK M@TGMSQ. 4FC T?JGBGRW MD RFMSEFR CVNCPGKCLRQ, MD AMSPQC, GQ BCRCPKGLCB @W ?ARS?J M@QCPT?RGML. 4FC ECLGSQ MD %GLQRCGL GQ CTGBCLACB @W RFC D?AR
RF?R CVNCPGKCLRQ F?TC PCNC?RCBJW AMLDGPKCB FGQ RFCMPW MD PCJ?RGTGRW.
)L QSKK?PW: 4UM CTCLRQ ?PC BCDGLCB RM @C QGKSJR?LCMSQ GD ?L M@QCPTCP KC?QSPCQ RFCK ?Q MAASPPGLE ?R RFC Q?KC RGKC (QSAF ?Q @W PCACGTGLE JGEFR DPMK
RFC CTCLRQ). 4UM CTCLRQ ?PC LMR LCACQQ?PGJW QGKSJR?LCMSQ RM ?JJ M@QCPTCPQ.
4GKC $GJ?RGML
4FC AMLQGBCP?RGML MD RFC KC?QSPCKCLR MD CJ?NQCB RGKC ?LB QGKSJR?LCGRW JC?BQ RM ?L GKNMPR?LR PCJ?RGTGQRGA CDDCAR.
4GKC BGJ?RGML
-?C; :?B7J?ED GQ RFC NFCLMKCLML MD RGKC N?QQGLE QJMUCP DMP ?L M@QCPTCP UFM GQ KMTGLE PCJ?RGTC RM ?LMRFCP M@QCPTCP.
3SNNMQC, DMP CV?KNJC, ?L ?QRPML?SR KC?QSPCQ RFC RGKC GR R?ICQ DMP JGEFR RM APMQQ FCP QFGN, @MSLAC MDD ? KGPPMP, ?LB PCRSPL. (3CC F?=KH; 28.6.) (MU
BMCQ RFC CJ?NQCB RGKC RFC ?QRPML?SR KC?QSPCQ AMKN?PC UGRF RFC CJ?NQCB RGKC KC?QSPCB DMP RFC Q?KC CTCLR @W ? NCPQML ML RFC %?PRF? !QIGLE RFGQ
OSCQRGML (?LMRFCP RFMSEFR CVNCPGKCLR) NPMBSACQ ? NPMDMSLB PCQSJR. 7C DGLB RF?R RFC CJ?NQCB RGKC DMP ? NPMACQQ BCNCLBQ ML UFM GQ KC?QSPGLE GR. )L
RFGQ A?QC, RFC RGKC KC?QSPCB @W RFC ?QRPML?SR GQ QK?JJCP RF?L RFC RGKC KC?QSPCB @W RFC %?PRF-@MSLB M@QCPTCP. 4FC N?QQ?EC MD RGKC GQ BGDDCPCLR DMP RFC
M@QCPTCPQ @CA?SQC RFC BGQR?LAC RFC JGEFR RP?TCJQ GL RFC ?QRPML?SRtQ DP?KC GQ QK?JJCP RF?L GL RFC %?PRF-@MSLB DP?KC. ,GEFR RP?TCJQ ?R RFC Q?KC QNCCB GL
C?AF DP?KC, ?LB QM GR UGJJ R?IC JMLECP RM RP?TCJ RFC EPC?RCP BGQR?LAC GL RFC %?PRF-@MSLB DP?KC.
F?=KH; 28.6 (?) !L ?QRPML?SR KC?QSPCQ RFC RGKC t
0
DMP JGEFR RM APMQQ FCP QFGN SQGLE ?L CJCARPMLGA RGKCP. ,GEFR RP?TCJQ ? BGQR?LAC 2D GL RFC ?QRPML?SRtQ DP?KC. (@) ! NCPQML
ML RFC %?PRF QCCQ RFC JGEFR DMJJMU RFC JMLECP N?RF 2s ?LB R?IC ? JMLECP RGKC t . (A) 4FCQC RPG?LEJCQ ?PC SQCB RM DGLB RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL RFC RUM BGQR?LACQ 2D ?LB
2s .
4M OS?LRGR?RGTCJW TCPGDW RF?R RGKC BCNCLBQ ML RFC M@QCPTCP, AMLQGBCP RFC N?RFQ DMJJMUCB @W JGEFR ?Q QCCL @W C?AF M@QCPTCP. (3CC F?=KH; 28.6(A).) 4FC
?QRPML?SR QCCQ RFC JGEFR RP?TCJ QRP?GEFR ?APMQQ ?LB @?AI DMP ? RMR?J BGQR?LAC MD 2D, RUGAC RFC UGBRF MD FCP QFGN. 4FC %?PRF-@MSLB M@QCPTCP QCCQ RFC
JGEFR RP?TCJ ? RMR?J BGQR?LAC 2s . 3GLAC RFC QFGN GQ KMTGLE ?R QNCCB v RM RFC PGEFR PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF, JGEFR KMTGLE RM RFC PGEFR FGRQ RFC KGPPMP GL RFGQ
DP?KC. ,GEFR RP?TCJQ ?R ? QNCCB c GL @MRF DP?KCQ, ?LB @CA?SQC RGKC GQ RFC BGQR?LAC BGTGBCB @W QNCCB, RFC RGKC KC?QSPCB @W RFC ?QRPML?SR GQ
(28.1)
t
0
=
2D
c
.
4FGQ RGKC F?Q ? QCN?P?RC L?KC RM BGQRGLESGQF GR DPMK RFC RGKC KC?QSPCB @W RFC %?PRF-@MSLB M@QCPTCP.
)HEF;H -?C;
)HEF;H J?C; t
0
GQ RFC RGKC KC?QSPCB @W ?L M@QCPTCP ?R PCQR PCJ?RGTC RM RFC CTCLR @CGLE M@QCPTCB.
)L RFC A?QC MD RFC ?QRPML?SR M@QCPTC RFC PCDJCARGLE JGEFR, RFC ?QRPML?SR KC?QSPCQ NPMNCP RGKC. 4FC RGKC KC?QSPCB @W RFC %?PRF-@MSLB M@QCPTCP GQ
(28.2)
t =
2s
c
.
#(!04%2 28 Y 30%#)!, 2%,!4)6)49 997
4M DGLB RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL t
0
?LB t , AMLQGBCP RFC RPG?LEJCQ DMPKCB @W D ?LB s . (3CC F?=KH; 28.6(A).) 4FC RFGPB QGBC MD RFCQC QGKGJ?P
RPG?LEJCQ GQ L , RFC BGQR?LAC RFC ?QRPML?SR KMTCQ ?Q RFC JGEFR EMCQ ?APMQQ FCP QFGN. )L RFC DP?KC MD RFC %?PRF-@MSLB M@QCPTCP,
(28.3)
L =
vt
2
.
5QGLE RFC 0WRF?EMPC?L 4FCMPCK, RFC BGQR?LAC s GQ DMSLB RM @C
(28.4)
s = D
2
+

vt
2
2
.
3S@QRGRSRGLE s GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP RFC RGKC GLRCPT?J t EGTCQ
(28.5)
t =
2s
c
=
2 D
2
+

vt
2
2
c
.
7C QOS?PC RFGQ COS?RGML, UFGAF WGCJBQ
(28.6)
(t)
2
=
4
D
2
+
v
2
(t)
2
4
c
2
=
4D
2
c
2
+
v
2
c
2
(t)
2
.
.MRC RF?R GD UC QOS?PC RFC DGPQR CVNPCQQGML UC F?B DMP t
0
, UC ECR (t
0
)
2
=
4D
2
c
2
. 4FGQ RCPK ?NNC?PQ GL RFC NPCACBGLE COS?RGML, EGTGLE SQ ? KC?LQ
RM PCJ?RC RFC RUM RGKC GLRCPT?JQ. 4FSQ,
(28.7)
(t)
2
= (t
0
)
2
+
v
2
c
2
(t)
2
.
'?RFCPGLE RCPKQ, UC QMJTC DMP t :
(28.8)
(t)
2
1
v
2
c
2
= (t
0
)
2
.
4FSQ,
(28.9)
(t)
2
=
(t
0
)
2
1
v
2
c
2
.
4?IGLE RFC QOS?PC PMMR WGCJBQ ?L GKNMPR?LR PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL CJ?NQCB RGKCQ:
(28.10)
t =
t
0
1
v
2
c
2
= t
0
,
UFCPC
(28.11)
=
1
1
v
2
c
2
.
4FGQ COS?RGML DMP t GQ RPSJW PCK?PI?@JC. &GPQR, ?Q AMLRCLBCB, CJ?NQCB RGKC GQ LMR RFC Q?KC DMP BGDDCPCLR M@QCPTCPQ KMTGLE PCJ?RGTC RM MLC ?LMRFCP,
CTCL RFMSEF @MRF ?PC GL GLCPRG?J DP?KCQ. 0PMNCP RGKC t
0
KC?QSPCB @W ?L M@QCPTCP, JGIC RFC ?QRPML?SR KMTGLE UGRF RFC ?NN?P?RSQ, GQ QK?JJCP RF?L
RGKC KC?QSPCB @W MRFCP M@QCPTCPQ. 3GLAC RFMQC MRFCP M@QCPTCPQ KC?QSPC ? JMLECP RGKC t , RFC CDDCAR GQ A?JJCB RGKC BGJ?RGML. 4FC %?PRF-@MSLB
M@QCPTCP QCCQ RGKC BGJ?RC (ECR JMLECP) DMP ? QWQRCK KMTGLE PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF. !JRCPL?RGTCJW, ?AAMPBGLE RM RFC %?PRF-@MSLB M@QCPTCP, RGKC QJMUQ GL
RFC KMTGLE DP?KC, QGLAC JCQQ RGKC N?QQCQ RFCPC. !JJ AJMAIQ KMTGLE PCJ?RGTC RM ?L M@QCPTCP, GLAJSBGLE @GMJMEGA?J AJMAIQ QSAF ?Q ?EGLE, ?PC M@QCPTCB RM
PSL QJMU AMKN?PCB UGRF ? AJMAI QR?RGML?PW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC M@QCPTCP.
.MRC RF?R GD RFC PCJ?RGTC TCJMAGRW GQ KSAF JCQQ RF?L RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR ( v<<c ), RFCL
v
2
c
2
GQ CVRPCKCJW QK?JJ, ?LB RFC CJ?NQCB RGKCQ t ?LB t
0
?PC
LC?PJW COS?J. !R JMU TCJMAGRGCQ, KMBCPL PCJ?RGTGRW ?NNPM?AFCQ AJ?QQGA?J NFWQGAQrMSP CTCPWB?W CVNCPGCLACQ F?TC TCPW QK?JJ PCJ?RGTGQRGA CDDCARQ.
4FC COS?RGML t = t
0
?JQM GKNJGCQ RF?R PCJ?RGTC TCJMAGRW A?LLMR CVACCB RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. !Q v ?NNPM?AFCQ c , t ?NNPM?AFCQ GLDGLGRW. 4FGQ
UMSJB GKNJW RF?R RGKC GL RFC ?QRPML?SRtQ DP?KC QRMNQ ?R RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. )D v CVACCBCB c , RFCL UC UMSJB @C R?IGLE RFC QOS?PC PMMR MD ? LCE?RGTC
LSK@CP, NPMBSAGLE ?L GK?EGL?PW T?JSC DMP t .
4FCPC GQ AMLQGBCP?@JC CVNCPGKCLR?J CTGBCLAC RF?R RFC COS?RGML t = t
0
GQ AMPPCAR. /LC CV?KNJC GQ DMSLB GL AMQKGA P?W N?PRGAJCQ RF?R AMLRGLSMSQJW
P?GL BMUL ML RFC %?PRF DPMK BCCN QN?AC. 3MKC AMJJGQGMLQ MD RFCQC N?PRGAJCQ UGRF LSAJCG GL RFC SNNCP ?RKMQNFCPC PCQSJR GL QFMPR-JGTCB N?PRGAJCQ A?JJCB
KSMLQ. 4FC F?JD-JGDC (?KMSLR MD RGKC DMP F?JD MD ? K?RCPG?J RM BCA?W) MD ? KSML GQ 1.52 s UFCL GR GQ ?R PCQR PCJ?RGTC RM RFC M@QCPTCP UFM KC?QSPCQ RFC
998 #(!04%2 28 Y 30%#)!, 2%,!4)6)49
F?JD-JGDC. 4FGQ GQ RFC NPMNCP RGKC t
0
. -SMLQ NPMBSACB @W AMQKGA P?W N?PRGAJCQ F?TC ? P?LEC MD TCJMAGRGCQ, UGRF QMKC KMTGLE LC?P RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. )R
F?Q @CCL DMSLB RF?R RFC KSMLtQ F?JD-JGDC ?Q KC?QSPCB @W ?L %?PRF-@MSLB M@QCPTCP ( t ) T?PGCQ UGRF TCJMAGRW CV?ARJW ?Q NPCBGARCB @W RFC COS?RGML
t = t
0
. 4FC D?QRCP RFC KSML KMTCQ, RFC JMLECP GR JGTCQ. 7C ML RFC %?PRF QCC RFC KSMLtQ F?JD-JGDC RGKC BGJ?RCBr?Q TGCUCB DPMK MSP DP?KC, RFC
KSML BCA?WQ KMPC QJMUJW RF?L GR BMCQ UFCL ?R PCQR PCJ?RGTC RM SQ.
EN7CFB; 28.1 C7B9KB7J?D= t <EH 7 +;B7J?L?IJ?9 EL;DJ: !EM %ED= DE;I 7 ,F;;:O &KED %?L;?
3SNNMQC ? AMQKGA P?W AMJJGBGLE UGRF ? LSAJCSQ GL RFC %?PRFtQ SNNCP ?RKMQNFCPC NPMBSACQ ? KSML RF?R F?Q ? TCJMAGRW v = 0.950c . 4FC KSML
RFCL RP?TCJQ ?R AMLQR?LR TCJMAGRW ?LB JGTCQ 1.52 s ?Q KC?QSPCB GL RFC KSMLtQ DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC. (9MS A?L GK?EGLC RFGQ ?Q RFC KSMLtQ GLRCPL?J
AJMAI.) (MU JMLE BMCQ RFC KSML JGTC ?Q KC?QSPCB @W ?L %?PRF-@MSLB M@QCPTCP? (3CC F?=KH; 28.7.)
F?=KH; 28.7 ! KSML GL RFC %?PRFtQ ?RKMQNFCPC JGTCQ JMLECP ?Q KC?QSPCB @W ?L %?PRF-@MSLB M@QCPTCP RF?L KC?QSPCB @W RFC KSMLtQ GLRCPL?J AJMAI.
,JH7J;=O
! AJMAI KMTGLE UGRF RFC QWQRCK @CGLE KC?QSPCB M@QCPTCQ RFC NPMNCP RGKC, QM RFC RGKC UC ?PC EGTCL GQ t
0
= 1.52 s . 4FC %?PRF-@MSLB
M@QCPTCP KC?QSPCQ t ?Q EGTCL @W RFC COS?RGML t = t
0
. 3GLAC UC ILMU RFC TCJMAGRW, RFC A?JASJ?RGML GQ QRP?GEFRDMPU?PB.
,EBKJ?ED
1) )BCLRGDW RFC ILMULQ. v = 0.950c , t
0
= 1.52 s
2) )BCLRGDW RFC SLILMUL. t
3) #FMMQC RFC ?NNPMNPG?RC COS?RGML.
5QC,
(28.12) t = t
0
,
UFCPC
(28.13)
=
1
1
v
2
c
2
.
4) 0JSE RFC ILMULQ GLRM RFC COS?RGML.
&GPQR DGLB .
(28.14)
=
1
1
v
2
c
2
=
1
1
(0.950c)
2
c
2
=
1
1 (0.950)
2
= 3.20.
5QC RFC A?JASJ?RCB T?JSC MD RM BCRCPKGLC t .
#(!04%2 28 Y 30%#)!, 2%,!4)6)49 999
(28.15) t = t
0
= (3.20)(1.52 s)
= 4.87 s
D?I9KII?ED
/LC GKNJGA?RGML MD RFGQ CV?KNJC GQ RF?R QGLAC = 3.20 ?R 95.0% MD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR ( v = 0.950c ), RFC PCJ?RGTGQRGA CDDCARQ ?PC QGELGDGA?LR. 4FC
RUM RGKC GLRCPT?JQ BGDDCP @W RFGQ D?ARMP MD 3.20, UFCPC AJ?QQGA?JJW RFCW UMSJB @C RFC Q?KC. 3MKCRFGLE KMTGLE ?R 0.950c GQ Q?GB RM @C FGEFJW
PCJ?RGTGQRGA.
!LMRFCP GKNJGA?RGML MD RFC NPCACBGLE CV?KNJC GQ RF?R CTCPWRFGLE ?L ?QRPML?SR BMCQ UFCL KMTGLE ?R 95.0% MD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF
R?ICQ 3.20 RGKCQ JMLECP UFCL M@QCPTCB DPMK RFC %?PRF. $MCQ RFC ?QRPML?SR QCLQC RFGQ? /LJW GD QFC JMMIQ MSRQGBC FCP QN?ACQFGN. !JJ KCRFMBQ MD
KC?QSPGLE RGKC GL FCP DP?KC UGJJ @C ?DDCARCB @W RFC Q?KC D?ARMP MD 3.20. 4FGQ GLAJSBCQ FCP UPGQRU?RAF, FC?PR P?RC, ACJJ KCR?@MJGQK P?RC, LCPTC GKNSJQC
P?RC, ?LB QM ML. 3FC UGJJ F?TC LM U?W MD RCJJGLE, QGLAC ?JJ MD FCP AJMAIQ UGJJ ?EPCC UGRF MLC ?LMRFCP @CA?SQC RFCGP PCJ?RGTC TCJMAGRGCQ ?PC XCPM. -MRGML GQ
PCJ?RGTC, LMR ?@QMJSRC. "SR UF?R GD QFC BMCQ JMMI MSR RFC UGLBMU?
2C?J-7MPJB #MLLCARGMLQ
)R K?W QCCK RF?R QNCAG?J PCJ?RGTGRW F?Q JGRRJC CDDCAR ML WMSP JGDC, @SR GR GQ NPM@?@JW KMPC GKNMPR?LR RF?L WMS PC?JGXC. /LC MD RFC KMQR AMKKML CDDCARQ
GQ RFPMSEF RFC 'JM@?J 0MQGRGMLGLE 3WQRCK ('03). %KCPECLAW TCFGAJCQ, N?AI?EC BCJGTCPW QCPTGACQ, CJCARPMLGA K?NQ, ?LB AMKKSLGA?RGMLQ BCTGACQ
?PC HSQR ? DCU MD RFC AMKKML SQCQ MD '03, ?LB RFC '03 QWQRCK AMSJB LMR UMPI UGRFMSR R?IGLE GLRM ?AAMSLR PCJ?RGTGQRGA CDDCARQ. '03 Q?RCJJGRCQ PCJW
ML NPCAGQC RGKC KC?QSPCKCLRQ RM AMKKSLGA?RC. 4FC QGEL?JQ RP?TCJ ?R PCJ?RGTGQRGA QNCCBQ. 7GRFMSR AMPPCARGMLQ DMP RGKC BGJ?RGML, RFC Q?RCJJGRCQ AMSJB
LMR AMKKSLGA?RC, ?LB RFC '03 QWQRCK UMSJB D?GJ UGRFGL KGLSRCQ.
4FC 4UGL 0?P?BMV
!L GLRPGESGLE AMLQCOSCLAC MD RGKC BGJ?RGML GQ RF?R ? QN?AC RP?TCJCP KMTGLE ?R ? FGEF TCJMAGRW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF UMSJB ?EC JCQQ RF?L FCP %?PRF-@MSLB
RUGL. )K?EGLC RFC ?QRPML?SR KMTGLE ?R QSAF ? TCJMAGRW RF?R = 30.0 , ?Q GL F?=KH; 28.8. ! RPGN RF?R R?ICQ 2.00 WC?PQ GL FCP DP?KC UMSJB R?IC 60.0
WC?PQ GL FCP %?PRF-@MSLB RUGLtQ DP?KC. 3SNNMQC RFC ?QRPML?SR RP?TCJCB 1.00 WC?P RM ?LMRFCP QR?P QWQRCK. 3FC @PGCDJW CVNJMPCB RFC ?PC?, ?LB RFCL
RP?TCJCB 1.00 WC?P @?AI. )D RFC ?QRPML?SR U?Q 40 WC?PQ MJB UFCL QFC JCDR, QFC UMSJB @C 42 SNML FCP PCRSPL. %TCPWRFGLE ML RFC %?PRF, FMUCTCP, UMSJB
F?TC ?ECB 60.0 WC?PQ. (CP RUGL, GD QRGJJ ?JGTC, UMSJB @C 100 WC?PQ MJB.
4FC QGRS?RGML UMSJB QCCK BGDDCPCLR RM RFC ?QRPML?SR. "CA?SQC KMRGML GQ PCJ?RGTC, RFC QN?ACQFGN UMSJB QCCK RM @C QR?RGML?PW ?LB RFC %?PRF UMSJB
?NNC?P RM KMTC. (4FGQ GQ RFC QCLQ?RGML WMS F?TC UFCL DJWGLE GL ? HCR.) )D RFC ?QRPML?SR JMMIQ MSR RFC UGLBMU MD RFC QN?ACQFGN, QFC UGJJ QCC RGKC QJMU
BMUL ML RFC %?PRF @W ? D?ARMP MD = 30.0 . 4M FCP, RFC %?PRF-@MSLB QGQRCP UGJJ F?TC ?ECB MLJW 2/30 (1/15) MD ? WC?P, UFGJC QFC ?ECB 2.00 WC?PQ. 4FC
RUM QGQRCPQ A?LLMR @MRF @C AMPPCAR.
F?=KH; 28.8 4FC RUGL N?P?BMV ?QIQ UFW RFC RP?TCJGLE RUGL ?ECQ JCQQ RF?L RFC %?PRF-@MSLB RUGL. 4F?R GQ RFC NPCBGARGML UC M@R?GL GD UC AMLQGBCP RFC %?PRF-@MSLB RUGLtQ DP?KC. )L
RFC ?QRPML?SRtQ DP?KC, FMUCTCP, RFC %?PRF GQ KMTGLE ?LB RGKC PSLQ QJMUCP RFCPC. 7FM GQ AMPPCAR?
!Q UGRF ?JJ N?P?BMVCQ, RFC NPCKGQC GQ D?SJRW ?LB JC?BQ RM AMLRP?BGARMPW AMLAJSQGMLQ. )L D?AR, RFC ?QRPML?SRtQ KMRGML GQ QGELGDGA?LRJW BGDDCPCLR DPMK RF?R MD
RFC %?PRF-@MSLB RUGL. 4FC ?QRPML?SR ?AACJCP?RCQ RM ? FGEF TCJMAGRW ?LB RFCL BCACJCP?RCQ RM TGCU RFC QR?P QWQRCK. 4M PCRSPL RM RFC %?PRF, QFC ?E?GL
?AACJCP?RCQ ?LB BCACJCP?RCQ. 4FC %?PRF-@MSLB RUGL BMCQ LMR CVNCPGCLAC RFCQC ?AACJCP?RGMLQ. 3M RFC QGRS?RGML GQ LMR QWKKCRPGA, ?LB GR GQ LMR AMPPCAR RM
AJ?GK RF?R RFC ?QRPML?SR UGJJ M@QCPTC RFC Q?KC CDDCARQ ?Q FCP %?PRF-@MSLB RUGL. )D WMS SQC QNCAG?J PCJ?RGTGRW RM CV?KGLC RFC RUGL N?P?BMV, WMS KSQR
ICCN GL KGLB RF?R RFC RFCMPW GQ CVNPCQQJW @?QCB ML GLCPRG?J DP?KCQ, UFGAF @W BCDGLGRGML ?PC LMR ?AACJCP?RCB MP PMR?RGLE. %GLQRCGL BCTCJMNCB ECLCP?J
PCJ?RGTGRW RM BC?J UGRF ?AACJCP?RCB DP?KCQ ?LB UGRF EP?TGRW, ? NPGKC QMSPAC MD ?AACJCP?RGML. 9MS A?L ?JQM SQC ECLCP?J PCJ?RGTGRW RM ?BBPCQQ RFC RUGL
N?P?BMV ?LB, ?AAMPBGLE RM ECLCP?J PCJ?RGTGRW, RFC ?QRPML?SR UGJJ ?EC JCQQ. 3MKC GKNMPR?LR AMLACNRS?J ?QNCARQ MD ECLCP?J PCJ?RGTGRW ?PC BGQASQQCB GL
;D;H7B +;B7J?L?JO 7D: *K7DJKC H7L?JO MD RFGQ AMSPQC.
)L 1971, !KCPGA?L NFWQGAGQRQ *MQCNF (?DCJC ?LB 2GAF?PB +C?RGLE TCPGDGCB RGKC BGJ?RGML ?R JMU PCJ?RGTC TCJMAGRGCQ @W DJWGLE CVRPCKCJW ?AASP?RC ?RMKGA
AJMAIQ ?PMSLB RFC %?PRF ML AMKKCPAG?J ?GPAP?DR. 4FCW KC?QSPCB CJ?NQCB RGKC RM ?L ?AASP?AW MD ? DCU L?LMQCAMLBQ ?LB AMKN?PCB GR UGRF RFC RGKC
1000 #(!04%2 28 Y 30%#)!, 2%,!4)6)49
KC?QSPCB @W AJMAIQ JCDR @CFGLB. (?DCJC ?LB +C?RGLEtQ PCQSJRQ UCPC UGRFGL CVNCPGKCLR?J SLACPR?GLRGCQ MD RFC NPCBGARGMLQ MD PCJ?RGTGRW. "MRF QNCAG?J ?LB
ECLCP?J PCJ?RGTGRW F?B RM @C R?ICL GLRM ?AAMSLR, QGLAC EP?TGRW ?LB ?AACJCP?RGMLQ UCPC GLTMJTCB ?Q UCJJ ?Q PCJ?RGTC KMRGML.
1. 7F?R GQ GD v = 0.650c ?
,EBKJ?ED
=
1
1
v
2
c
2
=
1
1
(0.650c)
2
c
2
= 1.32
2. ! N?PRGAJC RP?TCJQ ?R 1.9010
8
m/s ?LB JGTCQ 2.1010
8
s UFCL ?R PCQR PCJ?RGTC RM ?L M@QCPTCP. (MU JMLE BMCQ RFC N?PRGAJC JGTC ?Q TGCUCB
GL RFC J?@MP?RMPW?
,EBKJ?ED
t =

t
1
v
2
c
2
=
2.1010
8
s
1
(1.9010
8
m/s)
2
(3.0010
8
m/s)
2
= 2.7110
8
s
28.3 %;D=J> CEDJH79J?ED
F?=KH; 28.9 0CMNJC KGEFR BCQAPG@C BGQR?LACQ BGDDCPCLRJW, @SR ?R PCJ?RGTGQRGA QNCCBQ, RFC BGQR?LACQ PC?JJW ?PC BGDDCPCLR. (APCBGR: #MPCW ,CMNMJB, &JGAIP)
(?TC WMS CTCP BPGTCL ML ? PM?B RF?R QCCKQ JGIC GR EMCQ ML DMPCTCP? )D WMS JMMI ?FC?B, WMS KGEFR Q?W WMS F?TC ?@MSR 10 IK JCDR RM EM. !LMRFCP RP?TCJCP
KGEFR Q?W RFC PM?B ?FC?B JMMIQ JGIC GRtQ ?@MSR 15 IK JMLE. )D WMS @MRF KC?QSPCB RFC PM?B, FMUCTCP, WMS UMSJB ?EPCC. 4P?TCJGLE ?R CTCPWB?W QNCCBQ,
RFC BGQR?LAC WMS @MRF KC?QSPC UMSJB @C RFC Q?KC. 9MS UGJJ PC?B GL RFGQ QCARGML, FMUCTCP, RF?R RFGQ GQ LMR RPSC ?R PCJ?RGTGQRGA QNCCBQ. #JMQC RM RFC QNCCB
MD JGEFR, BGQR?LACQ KC?QSPCB ?PC LMR RFC Q?KC UFCL KC?QSPCB @W BGDDCPCLR M@QCPTCPQ.
0PMNCP ,CLERF
/LC RFGLE ?JJ M@QCPTCPQ ?EPCC SNML GQ PCJ?RGTC QNCCB. %TCL RFMSEF AJMAIQ KC?QSPC BGDDCPCLR CJ?NQCB RGKCQ DMP RFC Q?KC NPMACQQ, RFCW QRGJJ ?EPCC RF?R
PCJ?RGTC QNCCB, UFGAF GQ BGQR?LAC BGTGBCB @W CJ?NQCB RGKC, GQ RFC Q?KC. 4FGQ GKNJGCQ RF?R BGQR?LAC, RMM, BCNCLBQ ML RFC M@QCPTCPtQ PCJ?RGTC KMRGML. )D
RUM M@QCPTCPQ QCC BGDDCPCLR RGKCQ, RFCL RFCW KSQR ?JQM QCC BGDDCPCLR BGQR?LACQ DMP PCJ?RGTC QNCCB RM @C RFC Q?KC RM C?AF MD RFCK.
4FC KSML BGQASQQCB GL EN7CFB; 28.1 GJJSQRP?RCQ RFGQ AMLACNR. 4M ?L M@QCPTCP ML RFC %?PRF, RFC KSML RP?TCJQ ?R 0.950c DMP 7.05 s DPMK RFC RGKC GR
GQ NPMBSACB SLRGJ GR BCA?WQ. 4FSQ GR RP?TCJQ ? BGQR?LAC
(28.16)
L
0
= vt = (0.950)(3.0010
8
m/s)(7.0510
6
s) = 2.01 km
PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF. )L RFC KSMLtQ DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC, GRQ JGDCRGKC GQ MLJW 2.20 s . )R F?Q CLMSEF RGKC RM RP?TCJ MLJW
(28.17)
L = vt
0
= (0.950)(3.0010
8
m/s)(2.2010
6
s) = 0.627 km.
4FC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC Q?KC RUM CTCLRQ (NPMBSARGML ?LB BCA?W MD ? KSML) BCNCLBQ ML UFM KC?QSPCQ GR ?LB FMU RFCW ?PC KMTGLE PCJ?RGTC RM GR.
0PMNCP ,CLERF
)HEF;H B;D=J> L
0
GQ RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RUM NMGLRQ KC?QSPCB @W ?L M@QCPTCP UFM GQ ?R PCQR PCJ?RGTC RM @MRF MD RFC NMGLRQ.
4FC %?PRF-@MSLB M@QCPTCP KC?QSPCQ RFC NPMNCP JCLERF L
0
, @CA?SQC RFC NMGLRQ ?R UFGAF RFC KSML GQ NPMBSACB ?LB BCA?WQ ?PC QR?RGML?PW PCJ?RGTC RM
RFC %?PRF. 4M RFC KSML, RFC %?PRF, ?GP, ?LB AJMSBQ ?PC KMTGLE, ?LB QM RFC BGQR?LAC L GR QCCQ GQ LMR RFC NPMNCP JCLERF.
#(!04%2 28 Y 30%#)!, 2%,!4)6)49 1001
F?=KH; 28.10 (?) 4FC %?PRF-@MSLB M@QCPTCP QCCQ RFC KSML RP?TCJ 2.01 IK @CRUCCL AJMSBQ. (@) 4FC KSML QCCQ GRQCJD RP?TCJ RFC Q?KC N?RF, @SR MLJW ? BGQR?LAC MD 0.627 IK. 4FC
%?PRF, ?GP, ?LB AJMSBQ ?PC KMTGLE PCJ?RGTC RM RFC KSML GL GRQ DP?KC, ?LB ?JJ ?NNC?P RM F?TC QK?JJCP JCLERFQ ?JMLE RFC BGPCARGML MD RP?TCJ.
,CLERF #MLRP?ARGML
4M BCTCJMN ?L COS?RGML PCJ?RGLE BGQR?LACQ KC?QSPCB @W BGDDCPCLR M@QCPTCPQ, UC LMRC RF?R RFC TCJMAGRW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF-@MSLB M@QCPTCP GL MSP KSML
CV?KNJC GQ EGTCL @W
(28.18)
v =
L
0
t
.
4FC RGKC PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF-@MSLB M@QCPTCP GQ t , QGLAC RFC M@HCAR @CGLE RGKCB GQ KMTGLE PCJ?RGTC RM RFGQ M@QCPTCP. 4FC TCJMAGRW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC
KMTGLE M@QCPTCP GQ EGTCL @W
(28.19)
v =
L
t
0
.
4FC KMTGLE M@QCPTCP RP?TCJQ UGRF RFC KSML ?LB RFCPCDMPC M@QCPTCQ RFC NPMNCP RGKC t
0
. 4FC RUM TCJMAGRGCQ ?PC GBCLRGA?J; RFSQ,
(28.20) L
0
t
=
L
t
0
.
7C ILMU RF?R t = t
0
. 3S@QRGRSRGLE RFGQ COS?RGML GLRM RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN ?@MTC EGTCQ
(28.21)
L =
L
0
.
3S@QRGRSRGLE DMP EGTCQ ?L COS?RGML PCJ?RGLE RFC BGQR?LACQ KC?QSPCB @W BGDDCPCLR M@QCPTCPQ.
%;D=J> CEDJH79J?ED
%;D=J> 9EDJH79J?ED L GQ RFC QFMPRCLGLE MD RFC KC?QSPCB JCLERF MD ?L M@HCAR KMTGLE PCJ?RGTC RM RFC M@QCPTCPtQ DP?KC.
(28.22)
L = L
0
1
v
2
c
2
.
)D UC KC?QSPC RFC JCLERF MD ?LWRFGLE KMTGLE PCJ?RGTC RM MSP DP?KC, UC DGLB GRQ JCLERF L RM @C QK?JJCP RF?L RFC NPMNCP JCLERF L
0
RF?R UMSJB @C
KC?QSPCB GD RFC M@HCAR UCPC QR?RGML?PW. &MP CV?KNJC, GL RFC KSMLtQ PCDCPCLAC DP?KC, RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC NMGLRQ UFCPC GR U?Q NPMBSACB ?LB
UFCPC GR BCA?WCB GQ QFMPRCP. 4FMQC NMGLRQ ?PC DGVCB PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF @SR KMTGLE PCJ?RGTC RM RFC KSML. #JMSBQ ?LB MRFCP M@HCARQ ?PC ?JQM AMLRP?ARCB
?JMLE RFC BGPCARGML MD KMRGML GL RFC KSMLtQ PCDCPCLAC DP?KC.
EN7CFB; 28.2 C7B9KB7J?D= %;D=J> CEDJH79J?ED: ->; D?IJ7D9; 8;JM;;D ,J7HI CEDJH79JI M>;D 2EK -H7L;B 7J !?=>
/;BE9?JO
3SNNMQC ?L ?QRPML?SR, QSAF ?Q RFC RUGL BGQASQQCB GL ,?CKBJ7D;?JO 7D: -?C; D?B7J?ED, RP?TCJQ QM D?QR RF?R = 30.00 . (?) 3FC RP?TCJQ DPMK RFC
%?PRF RM RFC LC?PCQR QR?P QWQRCK, !JNF? #CLR?SPG, 4.300 JGEFR WC?PQ (JW) ?U?W ?Q KC?QSPCB @W ?L %?PRF-@MSLB M@QCPTCP. (MU D?P ?N?PR ?PC RFC
%?PRF ?LB !JNF? #CLR?SPG ?Q KC?QSPCB @W RFC ?QRPML?SR? (@) )L RCPKQ MD c , UF?R GQ FCP TCJMAGRW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF? 9MS K?W LCEJCAR RFC
KMRGML MD RFC %?PRF PCJ?RGTC RM RFC 3SL. (3CC F?=KH; 28.11.)
1002 #(!04%2 28 Y 30%#)!, 2%,!4)6)49
F?=KH; 28.11 (?) 4FC %?PRF-@MSLB M@QCPTCP KC?QSPCQ RFC NPMNCP BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC %?PRF ?LB RFC !JNF? #CLR?SPG. (@) 4FC ?QRPML?SR M@QCPTCQ ? JCLERF AMLRP?ARGML,
QGLAC RFC %?PRF ?LB RFC !JNF? #CLR?SPG KMTC PCJ?RGTC RM FCP QFGN. 3FC A?L RP?TCJ RFGQ QFMPRCP BGQR?LAC GL ? QK?JJCP RGKC (FCP NPMNCP RGKC) UGRFMSR CVACCBGLE RFC QNCCB MD
JGEFR.
,JH7J;=O
&GPQR LMRC RF?R ? JGEFR WC?P (JW) GQ ? AMLTCLGCLR SLGR MD BGQR?LAC ML ?L ?QRPMLMKGA?J QA?JCrGR GQ RFC BGQR?LAC JGEFR RP?TCJQ GL ? WC?P. &MP N?PR (?), LMRC
RF?R RFC 4.300 JW BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC !JNF? #CLR?SPG ?LB RFC %?PRF GQ RFC NPMNCP BGQR?LAC L
0
, @CA?SQC GR GQ KC?QSPCB @W ?L %?PRF-@MSLB
M@QCPTCP RM UFMK @MRF QR?PQ ?PC (?NNPMVGK?RCJW) QR?RGML?PW. 4M RFC ?QRPML?SR, RFC %?PRF ?LB RFC !JNF? #CLR?SPG ?PC KMTGLE @W ?R RFC Q?KC
TCJMAGRW, ?LB QM RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFCK GQ RFC AMLRP?ARCB JCLERF L . )L N?PR (@), UC ?PC EGTCL , ?LB QM UC A?L DGLB v @W PC?PP?LEGLE RFC
BCDGLGRGML MD RM CVNPCQQ v GL RCPKQ MD c .
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
1. )BCLRGDW RFC ILMULQ. L
0
4.300 ly ; = 30.00
2. )BCLRGDW RFC SLILMUL. L
3. #FMMQC RFC ?NNPMNPG?RC COS?RGML. L =
L
0
4. 2C?PP?LEC RFC COS?RGML RM QMJTC DMP RFC SLILMUL.

(28.23)
L =
L
0
=
4.300 ly
30.00
= 0.1433 ly
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
1. )BCLRGDW RFC ILMUL. = 30.00
2. )BCLRGDW RFC SLILMUL. v GL RCPKQ MD c
3. #FMMQC RFC ?NNPMNPG?RC COS?RGML. =
1
1
v
2
c
2
4. 2C?PP?LEC RFC COS?RGML RM QMJTC DMP RFC SLILMUL.
(28.24)
=
1
1
v
2
c
2
30.00 =
1
1
v
2
c
2
3OS?PGLE @MRF QGBCQ MD RFC COS?RGML ?LB PC?PP?LEGLE RCPKQ EGTCQ
(28.25)
900.0 =
1
1
v
2
c
2
QM RF?R
(28.26)
1
v
2
c
2
=
1
900.0
#(!04%2 28 Y 30%#)!, 2%,!4)6)49 1003
?LB
(28.27)
v
2
c
2
= 1
1
900.0
= 0.99888....
4?IGLE RFC QOS?PC PMMR, UC DGLB
(28.28)
v
c
= 0.99944,
UFGAF GQ PC?PP?LECB RM NPMBSAC ? T?JSC DMP RFC TCJMAGRW
(28.29) v= 0.9994c.
D?I9KII?ED
&GPQR, PCKCK@CP RF?R WMS QFMSJB LMR PMSLB MDD A?JASJ?RGMLQ SLRGJ RFC DGL?J PCQSJR GQ M@R?GLCB, MP WMS AMSJB ECR CPPMLCMSQ PCQSJRQ. 4FGQ GQ CQNCAG?JJW
RPSC DMP QNCAG?J PCJ?RGTGRW A?JASJ?RGMLQ, UFCPC RFC BGDDCPCLACQ KGEFR MLJW @C PCTC?JCB ?DRCP QCTCP?J BCAGK?J NJ?ACQ. 4FC PCJ?RGTGQRGA CDDCAR GQ J?PEC
FCPC ( =30.00 ), ?LB UC QCC RF?R v GQ ?NNPM?AFGLE (LMR COS?JGLE) RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. 3GLAC RFC BGQR?LAC ?Q KC?QSPCB @W RFC ?QRPML?SR GQ QM
KSAF QK?JJCP, RFC ?QRPML?SR A?L RP?TCJ GR GL KSAF JCQQ RGKC GL FCP DP?KC.
0CMNJC AMSJB @C QCLR TCPW J?PEC BGQR?LACQ (RFMSQ?LBQ MP CTCL KGJJGMLQ MD JGEFR WC?PQ) ?LB ?EC MLJW ? DCU WC?PQ ML RFC U?W GD RFCW RP?TCJCB ?R
CVRPCKCJW FGEF TCJMAGRGCQ. "SR, JGIC CKGEP?LRQ MD ACLRSPGCQ N?QR, RFCW UMSJB JC?TC RFC %?PRF RFCW ILMU DMPCTCP. %TCL GD RFCW PCRSPLCB, RFMSQ?LBQ RM
KGJJGMLQ MD WC?PQ UMSJB F?TC N?QQCB ML RFC %?PRF, M@JGRCP?RGLE KMQR MD UF?R LMU CVGQRQ. 4FCPC GQ ?JQM ? KMPC QCPGMSQ NP?ARGA?J M@QR?AJC RM RP?TCJGLE ?R
QSAF TCJMAGRGCQ; GKKCLQCJW EPC?RCP CLCPEGCQ RF?L AJ?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ NPCBGARQ UMSJB @C LCCBCB RM ?AFGCTC QSAF FGEF TCJMAGRGCQ. 4FGQ UGJJ @C BGQASQQCB GL
+;B7J7L?IJ?9 ED;H=O.
7FW BMLtR UC LMRGAC JCLERF AMLRP?ARGML GL CTCPWB?W JGDC? 4FC BGQR?LAC RM RFC EPMACPW QFMN BMCQ LMR QCCK RM BCNCLB ML UFCRFCP UC ?PC KMTGLE MP
LMR. %V?KGLGLE RFC COS?RGML L = L
0
1
v
2
c
2
, UC QCC RF?R ?R JMU TCJMAGRGCQ ( v<<c ) RFC JCLERFQ ?PC LC?PJW COS?J, RFC AJ?QQGA?J CVNCAR?RGML. "SR
JCLERF AMLRP?ARGML GQ PC?J, GD LMR AMKKMLJW CVNCPGCLACB. &MP CV?KNJC, ? AF?PECB N?PRGAJC, JGIC ?L CJCARPML, RP?TCJGLE ?R PCJ?RGTGQRGA TCJMAGRW F?Q CJCARPGA
DGCJB JGLCQ RF?R ?PC AMKNPCQQCB ?JMLE RFC BGPCARGML MD KMRGML ?Q QCCL @W ? QR?RGML?PW M@QCPTCP. (3CC F?=KH; 28.12.) !Q RFC CJCARPML N?QQCQ ? BCRCARMP,
QSAF ?Q ? AMGJ MD UGPC, GRQ DGCJB GLRCP?ARQ KSAF KMPC @PGCDJW, ?L CDDCAR M@QCPTCB ?R N?PRGAJC ?AACJCP?RMPQ QSAF ?Q RFC 3 IK JMLE 3R?LDMPB ,GLC?P
!AACJCP?RMP (3,!#). )L D?AR, RM ?L CJCARPML RP?TCJGLE BMUL RFC @C?K NGNC ?R 3,!#, RFC ?AACJCP?RMP ?LB RFC %?PRF ?PC ?JJ KMTGLE @W ?LB ?PC JCLERF
AMLRP?ARCB. 4FC PCJ?RGTGQRGA CDDCAR GQ QM EPC?R RF?L RFC ?AACJCP?RMP GQ MLJW 0.5 K JMLE RM RFC CJCARPML. )R GQ ?ARS?JJW C?QGCP RM ECR RFC CJCARPML @C?K BMUL
RFC NGNC, QGLAC RFC @C?K BMCQ LMR F?TC RM @C ?Q NPCAGQCJW ?GKCB RM ECR BMUL ? QFMPR NGNC ?Q GR UMSJB BMUL MLC 3 IK JMLE. 4FGQ, ?E?GL, GQ ?L
CVNCPGKCLR?J TCPGDGA?RGML MD RFC 3NCAG?J 4FCMPW MD 2CJ?RGTGRW.
F?=KH; 28.12 4FC CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ MD ? FGEF-TCJMAGRW AF?PECB N?PRGAJC ?PC AMKNPCQQCB ?JMLE RFC BGPCARGML MD KMRGML @W JCLERF AMLRP?ARGML. 4FGQ NPMBSACQ ? BGDDCPCLR QGEL?J
UFCL RFC N?PRGAJC EMCQ RFPMSEF ? AMGJ, ?L CVNCPGKCLR?JJW TCPGDGCB CDDCAR MD JCLERF AMLRP?ARGML.
! N?PRGAJC GQ RP?TCJGLE RFPMSEF RFC %?PRFtQ ?RKMQNFCPC ?R ? QNCCB MD 0.750c . 4M ?L %?PRF-@MSLB M@QCPTCP, RFC BGQR?LAC GR RP?TCJQ GQ 2.50 IK. (MU
D?P BMCQ RFC N?PRGAJC RP?TCJ GL RFC N?PRGAJCtQ DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC?
,EBKJ?ED
(28.30)
L=L
0
1
v
2
c
2
= (2.50 km) 1
(0.750c)
2
c
2
= 1.65 km
1004 #(!04%2 28 Y 30%#)!, 2%,!4)6)49
28.4 +;B7J?L?IJ?9 A::?J?ED E< /;BE9?J?;I
F?=KH; 28.13 4FC RMR?J TCJMAGRW MD ? I?W?I, JGIC RFGQ MLC ML RFC $CCPDGCJB 2GTCP GL -?QQ?AFSQCRRQ, GQ GRQ TCJMAGRW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC U?RCP ?Q UCJJ ?Q RFC U?RCPtQ TCJMAGRW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC
PGTCP@?LI. (APCBGR: ?@IDCLPGQ, &JGAIP)
)D WMStTC CTCP QCCL ? I?W?I KMTC BMUL ? D?QR-KMTGLE PGTCP, WMS ILMU RF?R PCK?GLGLE GL RFC Q?KC NJ?AC UMSJB @C F?PB. 4FC PGTCP ASPPCLR NSJJQ RFC
I?W?I ?JMLE. 0SQFGLE RFC M?PQ @?AI ?E?GLQR RFC U?RCP A?L KMTC RFC I?W?I DMPU?PB GL RFC U?RCP, @SR RF?R MLJW ?AAMSLRQ DMP N?PR MD RFC TCJMAGRW. 4FC
I?W?ItQ KMRGML GQ ?L CV?KNJC MD AJ?QQGA?J ?BBGRGML MD TCJMAGRGCQ. )L AJ?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ, TCJMAGRGCQ ?BB ?Q TCARMPQ. 4FC I?W?ItQ TCJMAGRW GQ RFC TCARMP QSK
MD GRQ TCJMAGRW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC U?RCP ?LB RFC U?RCPtQ TCJMAGRW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC PGTCP@?LI.
#J?QQGA?J 6CJMAGRW !BBGRGML
&MP QGKNJGAGRW, UC PCQRPGAR MSP AMLQGBCP?RGML MD TCJMAGRW ?BBGRGML RM MLC-BGKCLQGML?J KMRGML. #J?QQGA?JJW, TCJMAGRGCQ ?BB JGIC PCESJ?P LSK@CPQ GL MLC-
BGKCLQGML?J KMRGML. (3CC F?=KH; 28.14.) 3SNNMQC, DMP CV?KNJC, ? EGPJ GQ PGBGLE GL ? QJCB ?R ? QNCCB 1.0 K/Q PCJ?RGTC RM ?L M@QCPTCP. 3FC RFPMUQ ?
QLMU@?JJ DGPQR DMPU?PB, RFCL @?AIU?PB ?R ? QNCCB MD 1.5 K/Q PCJ?RGTC RM RFC QJCB. 7C BCLMRC BGPCARGML UGRF NJSQ ?LB KGLSQ QGELQ GL MLC BGKCLQGML; GL
RFGQ CV?KNJC, DMPU?PB GQ NMQGRGTC. ,CR v @C RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC QJCB PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF, u RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC QLMU@?JJ PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF-@MSLB
M@QCPTCP, ?LB u RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC QLMU@?JJ PCJ?RGTC RM RFC QJCB.
F?=KH; 28.14 #J?QQGA?JJW, TCJMAGRGCQ ?BB JGIC MPBGL?PW LSK@CPQ GL MLC-BGKCLQGML?J KMRGML. (CPC RFC EGPJ RFPMUQ ? QLMU@?JJ DMPU?PB ?LB RFCL @?AIU?PB DPMK ? QJCB. 4FC TCJMAGRW
MD RFC QJCB PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF GQ v=1.0 m/s . 4FC TCJMAGRW MD RFC QLMU@?JJ PCJ?RGTC RM RFC RPSAI GQ u , UFGJC GRQ TCJMAGRW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF GQ u . #J?QQGA?JJW, u=v+u .
#J?QQGA?J 6CJMAGRW !BBGRGML
(28.31)
u=v+u
4FSQ, UFCL RFC EGPJ RFPMUQ RFC QLMU@?JJ DMPU?PB, u = 1.0 m/s + 1.5 m/s = 2.5 m/s . )R K?ICQ EMMB GLRSGRGTC QCLQC RF?R RFC QLMU@?JJ UGJJ FC?B
RMU?PBQ RFC %?PRF-@MSLB M@QCPTCP D?QRCP, @CA?SQC GR GQ RFPMUL DMPU?PB DPMK ? KMTGLE TCFGAJC. 7FCL RFC EGPJ RFPMUQ RFC QLMU@?JJ @?AIU?PB,
u = 1.0 m/s+( 1.5 m/s) = 0.5 m/s . 4FC KGLSQ QGEL KC?LQ RFC QLMU@?JJ KMTCQ ?U?W DPMK RFC %?PRF-@MSLB M@QCPTCP.
#(!04%2 28 Y 30%#)!, 2%,!4)6)49 1005
2CJ?RGTGQRGA 6CJMAGRW !BBGRGML
4FC QCAMLB NMQRSJ?RC MD PCJ?RGTGRW (TCPGDGCB @W CVRCLQGTC CVNCPGKCLR?J M@QCPT?RGML) Q?WQ RF?R AJ?QQGA?J TCJMAGRW ?BBGRGML BMCQ LMR ?NNJW RM JGEFR. )K?EGLC
? A?P RP?TCJGLE ?R LGEFR ?JMLE ? QRP?GEFR PM?B, ?Q GL F?=KH; 28.15. )D AJ?QQGA?J TCJMAGRW ?BBGRGML ?NNJGCB RM JGEFR, RFCL RFC JGEFR DPMK RFC A?PtQ FC?BJGEFRQ
UMSJB ?NNPM?AF RFC M@QCPTCP ML RFC QGBCU?JI ?R ? QNCCB u=v+c . "SR UC ILMU RF?R JGEFR UGJJ KMTC ?U?W DPMK RFC A?P ?R QNCCB c PCJ?RGTC RM RFC
BPGTCP MD RFC A?P, ?LB JGEFR UGJJ KMTC RMU?PBQ RFC M@QCPTCP ML RFC QGBCU?JI ?R QNCCB c , RMM.
F?=KH; 28.15 !AAMPBGLE RM CVNCPGKCLR ?LB RFC QCAMLB NMQRSJ?RC MD PCJ?RGTGRW, JGEFR DPMK RFC A?PtQ FC?BJGEFRQ KMTCQ ?U?W DPMK RFC A?P ?R QNCCB c ?LB RMU?PBQ RFC M@QCPTCP ML
RFC QGBCU?JI ?R QNCCB c . #J?QQGA?J TCJMAGRW ?BBGRGML GQ LMR T?JGB.
2CJ?RGTGQRGA 6CJMAGRW !BBGRGML
%GRFCP JGEFR GQ ?L CVACNRGML, MP RFC AJ?QQGA?J TCJMAGRW ?BBGRGML DMPKSJ? MLJW UMPIQ ?R JMU TCJMAGRGCQ. 4FC J?RRCP GQ RFC A?QC. 4FC AMPPCAR DMPKSJ? DMP
MLC-BGKCLQGML?J H;B7J?L?IJ?9 L;BE9?JO 7::?J?ED GQ
(28.32)
u =
v+u
1 +
vu
c
2
,
UFCPC v GQ RFC PCJ?RGTC TCJMAGRW @CRUCCL RUM M@QCPTCPQ, u GQ RFC TCJMAGRW MD ?L M@HCAR PCJ?RGTC RM MLC M@QCPTCP, ?LB u GQ RFC TCJMAGRW PCJ?RGTC RM
RFC MRFCP M@QCPTCP. (&MP C?QC MD TGQS?JGX?RGML, UC MDRCL AFMMQC RM KC?QSPC u GL MSP PCDCPCLAC DP?KC, UFGJC QMKCMLC KMTGLE ?R v PCJ?RGTC RM SQ
KC?QSPCQ u .) .MRC RF?R RFC RCPK
vu
c
2
@CAMKCQ TCPW QK?JJ ?R JMU TCJMAGRGCQ, ?LB u =
v+u
1 +
vu
c
2
EGTCQ ? PCQSJR TCPW AJMQC RM AJ?QQGA?J TCJMAGRW
?BBGRGML. !Q @CDMPC, UC QCC RF?R AJ?QQGA?J TCJMAGRW ?BBGRGML GQ ?L CVACJJCLR ?NNPMVGK?RGML RM RFC AMPPCAR PCJ?RGTGQRGA DMPKSJ? DMP QK?JJ TCJMAGRGCQ. .M
UMLBCP RF?R GR QCCKQ AMPPCAR GL MSP CVNCPGCLAC.
EN7CFB; 28.3 ,>EM?D= J>7J J>; ,F;;: E< %?=>J JEM7H:I 7D (8I;HL;H ?I CEDIJ7DJ (?D 7 /79KKC): ->; ,F;;: E<
%?=>J ?I J>; ,F;;: E< %?=>J
3SNNMQC ? QN?ACQFGN FC?BGLE BGPCARJW RMU?PBQ RFC %?PRF ?R F?JD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR QCLBQ ? QGEL?J RM SQ ML ? J?QCP-NPMBSACB @C?K MD JGEFR. 'GTCL
RF?R RFC JGEFR JC?TCQ RFC QFGN ?R QNCCB c ?Q M@QCPTCB DPMK RFC QFGN, A?JASJ?RC RFC QNCCB ?R UFGAF GR ?NNPM?AFCQ RFC %?PRF.
F?=KH; 28.16
,JH7J;=O
"CA?SQC RFC JGEFR ?LB RFC QN?ACQFGN ?PC KMTGLE ?R PCJ?RGTGQRGA QNCCBQ, UC A?LLMR SQC QGKNJC TCJMAGRW ?BBGRGML. )LQRC?B, UC A?L BCRCPKGLC RFC
QNCCB ?R UFGAF RFC JGEFR ?NNPM?AFCQ RFC %?PRF SQGLE PCJ?RGTGQRGA TCJMAGRW ?BBGRGML.
1006 #(!04%2 28 Y 30%#)!, 2%,!4)6)49
,EBKJ?ED
1. )BCLRGDW RFC ILMULQ. v=0.500c ; u = c
2. )BCLRGDW RFC SLILMUL. u
3. #FMMQC RFC ?NNPMNPG?RC COS?RGML. u =
v+u
1 +
vu
c
2
4. 0JSE RFC ILMULQ GLRM RFC COS?RGML.
(28.33)
u =
v+u
1 +
vu
c
2
=
0.500c + c
1 +
(0.500c)(c)
c
2
=
(0.500 + 1)c
1 +
0.500c
2
c
2
=
1.500c
1 + 0.500
=
1.500c
1.500
= c
D?I9KII?ED
2CJ?RGTGQRGA TCJMAGRW ?BBGRGML EGTCQ RFC AMPPCAR PCQSJR. ,GEFR JC?TCQ RFC QFGN ?R QNCCB c ?LB ?NNPM?AFCQ RFC %?PRF ?R QNCCB c . 4FC QNCCB MD JGEFR
GQ GLBCNCLBCLR MD RFC PCJ?RGTC KMRGML MD QMSPAC ?LB M@QCPTCP, UFCRFCP RFC M@QCPTCP GQ ML RFC QFGN MP %?PRF-@MSLB.
6CJMAGRGCQ A?LLMR ?BB RM EPC?RCP RF?L RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR, NPMTGBCB RF?R v GQ JCQQ RF?L c ?LB u BMCQ LMR CVACCB c . 4FC DMJJMUGLE CV?KNJC GJJSQRP?RCQ
RF?R PCJ?RGTGQRGA TCJMAGRW ?BBGRGML GQ LMR ?Q QWKKCRPGA ?Q AJ?QQGA?J TCJMAGRW ?BBGRGML.
EN7CFB; 28.4 CECF7H?D= J>; ,F;;: E< %?=>J JEM7H:I 7D: 7M7O <HEC 7D (8I;HL;H: +;B7J?L?IJ?9 )79A7=;
D;B?L;HO
3SNNMQC RFC QN?ACQFGN GL RFC NPCTGMSQ CV?KNJC GQ ?NNPM?AFGLE RFC %?PRF ?R F?JD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR ?LB QFMMRQ ? A?LGQRCP ?R ? QNCCB MD 0.750c .
(?) !R UF?R TCJMAGRW UGJJ ?L %?PRF-@MSLB M@QCPTCP QCC RFC A?LGQRCP GD GR GQ QFMR BGPCARJW RMU?PBQ RFC %?PRF? (@) )D GR GQ QFMR BGPCARJW ?U?W DPMK RFC
%?PRF? (3CC F?=KH; 28.17.)
F?=KH; 28.17
,JH7J;=O
"CA?SQC RFC A?LGQRCP ?LB RFC QN?ACQFGN ?PC KMTGLE ?R PCJ?RGTGQRGA QNCCBQ, UC KSQR BCRCPKGLC RFC QNCCB MD RFC A?LGQRCP @W ?L %?PRF-@MSLB
M@QCPTCP SQGLE PCJ?RGTGQRGA TCJMAGRW ?BBGRGML GLQRC?B MD QGKNJC TCJMAGRW ?BBGRGML.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
1. )BCLRGDW RFC ILMULQ. v=0.500c ; u = 0.750c
3. #FMMQC RFC ?NNPMNPG?RC COS?RGML. u=
v+u
1 +
vu
c
2
#(!04%2 28 Y 30%#)!, 2%,!4)6)49 1007
(28.34)
u =
v+u
1 +
vu
c
2
=
0.500c +0.750c
1 +
(0.500c)(0.750c)
c
2
=
1.250c
1 + 0.375
= 0.909c
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
1. )BCLRGDW RFC ILMULQ. v = 0.500c ; u = 0.750c
3. #FMMQC RFC ?NNPMNPG?RC COS?RGML. u =
v+u
1 +
vu
c
2
(28.35)
u =
v+u
1 +
vu
c
2
=
0.500c +( 0.750c)
1 +
(0.500c)( 0.750c)
c
2
=
0.250c
1 0.375
= 0.400c
D?I9KII?ED
4FC KGLSQ QGEL GLBGA?RCQ TCJMAGRW ?U?W DPMK RFC %?PRF (GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML DPMK v ), UFGAF KC?LQ RFC A?LGQRCP GQ FC?BGLE RMU?PBQ RFC %?PRF
GL N?PR (?) ?LB ?U?W GL N?PR (@), ?Q CVNCARCB. "SR PCJ?RGTGQRGA TCJMAGRGCQ BM LMR ?BB ?Q QGKNJW ?Q RFCW BM AJ?QQGA?JJW. )L N?PR (?), RFC A?LGQRCP BMCQ
?NNPM?AF RFC %?PRF D?QRCP, @SR LMR ?R RFC QGKNJC QSK MD 1.250c . 4FC RMR?J TCJMAGRW GQ JCQQ RF?L WMS UMSJB ECR AJ?QQGA?JJW. !LB GL N?PR (@), RFC
A?LGQRCP KMTCQ ?U?W DPMK RFC %?PRF ?R ? TCJMAGRW MD 0.400c , UFGAF GQ 94FG8E RF?L RFC 0.250c WMS UMSJB CVNCAR AJ?QQGA?JJW. 4FC TCJMAGRGCQ
?PC LMR CTCL QWKKCRPGA. )L N?PR (?) RFC A?LGQRCP KMTCQ 0.409c D?QRCP RF?L RFC QFGN PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF, UFCPC?Q GL N?PR (@) GR KMTCQ 0.900c
QJMUCP RF?L RFC QFGN.
$MNNJCP 3FGDR
!JRFMSEF RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR BMCQ LMR AF?LEC UGRF PCJ?RGTC TCJMAGRW, RFC DPCOSCLAGCQ ?LB U?TCJCLERFQ MD JGEFR BM. &GPQR BGQASQQCB DMP QMSLB U?TCQ, ?
$MNNJCP QFGDR MAASPQ GL ?LW U?TC UFCL RFCPC GQ PCJ?RGTC KMRGML @CRUCCL QMSPAC ?LB M@QCPTCP.
2CJ?RGTGQRGA $MNNJCP %DDCARQ
4FC M@QCPTCB U?TCJCLERF MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML GQ JMLECP (A?JJCB ? PCB QFGDR) RF?L RF?R CKGRRCB @W RFC QMSPAC UFCL RFC QMSPAC KMTCQ ?U?W
DPMK RFC M@QCPTCP ?LB QFMPRCP (A?JJCB ? @JSC QFGDR) UFCL RFC QMSPAC KMTCQ RMU?PBQ RFC M@QCPTCP.
(28.36)
=
obs
=
s
1 +
u
c
1
u
c
.
)L RFC $MNNJCP COS?RGML,
obs
GQ RFC M@QCPTCB U?TCJCLERF,
s
GQ RFC QMSPAC U?TCJCLERF, ?LB u GQ RFC PCJ?RGTC TCJMAGRW MD RFC QMSPAC RM RFC M@QCPTCP.
4FC TCJMAGRW u GQ NMQGRGTC DMP KMRGML ?U?W DPMK ?L M@QCPTCP ?LB LCE?RGTC DMP KMRGML RMU?PB ?L M@QCPTCP. )L RCPKQ MD QMSPAC DPCOSCLAW ?LB M@QCPTCB
DPCOSCLAW, RFGQ COS?RGML A?L @C UPGRRCL
(28.37)
f
obs
=f
s
1
u
c
1 +
u
c
.
.MRGAC RF?R RFC q ?LB + QGELQ ?PC BGDDCPCLR RF?L GL RFC U?TCJCLERF COS?RGML.
#?PCCP #MLLCARGML: !QRPMLMKCP
)D WMS ?PC GLRCPCQRCB GL ? A?PCCP RF?R PCOSGPCQ ? ILMUJCBEC MD QNCAG?J PCJ?RGTGRW, RFCPCtQ NPM@?@JW LM @CRRCP AMLLCARGML RF?L ?QRPMLMKW.
!QRPMLMKCPQ KSQR R?IC GLRM ?AAMSLR PCJ?RGTGQRGA CDDCARQ UFCL RFCW A?JASJ?RC BGQR?LACQ, RGKCQ, ?LB QNCCBQ MD @J?AI FMJCQ, E?J?VGCQ, OS?Q?PQ, ?LB
?JJ MRFCP ?QRPMLMKGA?J M@HCARQ. 4M F?TC ? A?PCCP GL ?QRPMLMKW, WMS LCCB ?R JC?QR ?L SLBCPEP?BS?RC BCEPCC GL CGRFCP NFWQGAQ MP ?QRPMLMKW, @SR ?
-?QRCPtQ MP BMARMP?J BCEPCC GQ MDRCL PCOSGPCB. 9MS ?JQM LCCB ? EMMB @?AIEPMSLB GL FGEF-JCTCJ K?RFCK?RGAQ.
1008 #(!04%2 28 Y 30%#)!, 2%,!4)6)49
EN7CFB; 28.5 C7B9KB7J?D= 7 DEFFB;H ,>?<J: +7:?E 07L;I <HEC 7 +;9;:?D= 7B7NO
3SNNMQC ? E?J?VW GQ KMTGLE ?U?W DPMK RFC %?PRF ?R ? QNCCB 0.825c . )R CKGRQ P?BGM U?TCQ UGRF ? U?TCJCLERF MD 0.525 m. 7F?R U?TCJCLERF
UMSJB UC BCRCAR ML RFC %?PRF?
,JH7J;=O
"CA?SQC RFC E?J?VW GQ KMTGLE ?R ? PCJ?RGTGQRGA QNCCB, UC KSQR BCRCPKGLC RFC $MNNJCP QFGDR MD RFC P?BGM U?TCQ SQGLE RFC PCJ?RGTGQRGA $MNNJCP QFGDR
GLQRC?B MD RFC AJ?QQGA?J $MNNJCP QFGDR.
,EBKJ?ED
1. )BCLRGDW RFC ILMULQ. u=0.825c ;
s
= 0.525 m
2. )BCLRGDW RFC SLILMUL.
obs
3. #FMMQC RFC ?NNPMNPG?RC COS?RGML.
obs
=
s
1 +
u
c
1
u
c
(28.38)
obs
=
s
1 +
u
c
1
u
c
= (0.525 m)
1 +
0.825c
c
1
0.825c
c
= 1.70 m.
D?I9KII?ED
"CA?SQC RFC E?J?VW GQ KMTGLE ?U?W DPMK RFC %?PRF, UC CVNCAR RFC U?TCJCLERFQ MD P?BG?RGML GR CKGRQ RM @C PCBQFGDRCB. 4FC U?TCJCLERF UC
A?JASJ?RCB GQ 1.70 K, UFGAF GQ PCBQFGDRCB DPMK RFC MPGEGL?J U?TCJCLERF MD 0.525 K.
4FC PCJ?RGTGQRGA $MNNJCP QFGDR GQ C?QW RM M@QCPTC. 4FGQ COS?RGML F?Q CTCPWB?W ?NNJGA?RGMLQ P?LEGLE DPMK $MNNJCP-QFGDRCB P?B?P TCJMAGRW KC?QSPCKCLRQ
MD RP?LQNMPR?RGML RM $MNNJCP-P?B?P QRMPK KMLGRMPGLE. )L ?QRPMLMKGA?J M@QCPT?RGMLQ, RFC PCJ?RGTGQRGA $MNNJCP QFGDR NPMTGBCQ TCJMAGRW GLDMPK?RGML QSAF ?Q
RFC KMRGML ?LB BGQR?LAC MD QR?PQ.
3SNNMQC ? QN?AC NPM@C KMTCQ ?U?W DPMK RFC %?PRF ?R ? QNCCB 0.350c . )R QCLBQ ? P?BGM U?TC KCQQ?EC @?AI RM RFC %?PRF ?R ? DPCOSCLAW MD
1.50 '(X. !R UF?R DPCOSCLAW GQ RFC KCQQ?EC PCACGTCB ML RFC %?PRF?
,EBKJ?ED
(28.39)
f
obs
=f
s
1
u
c
1 +
u
c
= (1.50 GHz)
1
0.350c
c
1 +
0.350c
c
= 1.04 GHz
28.5 +;B7J?L?IJ?9 &EC;DJKC
F?=KH; 28.18 -MKCLRSK GQ ?L GKNMPR?LR AMLACNR DMP RFCQC DMMR@?JJ NJ?WCPQ DPMK RFC 5LGTCPQGRW MD #?JGDMPLG? ?R "CPICJCW ?LB RFC 5LGTCPQGRW MD #?JGDMPLG? ?R $?TGQ. 0J?WCPQ UGRF
KMPC K?QQ MDRCL F?TC ? J?PECP GKN?AR @CA?SQC RFCGP KMKCLRSK GQ J?PECP. &MP M@HCARQ KMTGLE ?R PCJ?RGTGQRGA QNCCBQ, RFC CDDCAR GQ CTCL EPC?RCP. (APCBGR: *MFL -?PRGLCX 0?TJGE?)
)L AJ?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ, KMKCLRSK GQ ? QGKNJC NPMBSAR MD K?QQ ?LB TCJMAGRW. (MUCTCP, UC Q?U GL RFC J?QR QCARGML RF?R UFCL QNCAG?J PCJ?RGTGRW GQ R?ICL GLRM
?AAMSLR, K?QQGTC M@HCARQ F?TC ? QNCCB JGKGR. 7F?R CDDCAR BM WMS RFGLI K?QQ ?LB TCJMAGRW F?TC ML RFC KMKCLRSK MD M@HCARQ KMTGLE ?R PCJ?RGTGQRGA
QNCCBQ?
-MKCLRSK GQ MLC MD RFC KMQR GKNMPR?LR AMLACNRQ GL NFWQGAQ. 4FC @PM?BCQR DMPK MD .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U GQ QR?RCB GL RCPKQ MD KMKCLRSK. -MKCLRSK
GQ AMLQCPTCB UFCLCTCP RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC ML ? QWQRCK GQ XCPM. 4FGQ K?ICQ KMKCLRSK AMLQCPT?RGML ? DSLB?KCLR?J RMMJ DMP ?L?JWXGLE AMJJGQGMLQ.
!JJ MD 0EHA, ED;H=O, 7D: ED;H=O +;IEKH9;I GQ BCTMRCB RM KMKCLRSK, ?LB KMKCLRSK F?Q @CCL GKNMPR?LR DMP K?LW MRFCP RMNGAQ ?Q UCJJ,
N?PRGASJ?PJW UFCPC AMJJGQGMLQ UCPC GLTMJTCB. 7C UGJJ QCC RF?R KMKCLRSK F?Q RFC Q?KC GKNMPR?LAC GL KMBCPL NFWQGAQ. 2CJ?RGTGQRGA KMKCLRSK GQ
AMLQCPTCB, ?LB KSAF MD UF?R UC ILMU ?@MSR QS@?RMKGA QRPSARSPC AMKCQ DPMK RFC ?L?JWQGQ MD AMJJGQGMLQ MD ?AACJCP?RMP-NPMBSACB PCJ?RGTGQRGA N?PRGAJCQ.
#(!04%2 28 Y 30%#)!, 2%,!4)6)49 1009
4FC DGPQR NMQRSJ?RC MD PCJ?RGTGRW QR?RCQ RF?R RFC J?UQ MD NFWQGAQ ?PC RFC Q?KC GL ?JJ GLCPRG?J DP?KCQ. $MCQ RFC J?U MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK QSPTGTC
RFGQ PCOSGPCKCLR ?R FGEF TCJMAGRGCQ? 4FC ?LQUCP GQ WCQ, NPMTGBCB RF?R RFC KMKCLRSK GQ BCDGLCB ?Q DMJJMUQ.
2CJ?RGTGQRGA -MKCLRSK
+;B7J?L?IJ?9 CEC;DJKC p GQ AJ?QQGA?J KMKCLRSK KSJRGNJGCB @W RFC PCJ?RGTGQRGA D?ARMP .
(28.40) p = mu,
UFCPC m GQ RFC H;IJ C7II MD RFC M@HCAR, u GQ GRQ TCJMAGRW PCJ?RGTC RM ?L M@QCPTCP, ?LB RFC PCJ?RGTGQRGA D?ARMP
(28.41)
=
1
1
u
2
c
2
.
.MRC RF?R UC SQC u DMP TCJMAGRW FCPC RM BGQRGLESGQF GR DPMK PCJ?RGTC TCJMAGRW v @CRUCCL M@QCPTCPQ. /LJW MLC M@QCPTCP GQ @CGLE AMLQGBCPCB FCPC. 7GRF
p BCDGLCB GL RFGQ U?W, RMR?J KMKCLRSK p
tot
GQ AMLQCPTCB UFCLCTCP RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC GQ XCPM, HSQR ?Q GL AJ?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ. !E?GL UC QCC RF?R RFC
PCJ?RGTGQRGA OS?LRGRW @CAMKCQ TGPRS?JJW RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC AJ?QQGA?J ?R JMU TCJMAGRGCQ. 4F?R GQ, PCJ?RGTGQRGA KMKCLRSK mu @CAMKCQ RFC AJ?QQGA?J mu ?R
JMU TCJMAGRGCQ, @CA?SQC GQ TCPW LC?PJW COS?J RM 1 ?R JMU TCJMAGRGCQ.
2CJ?RGTGQRGA KMKCLRSK F?Q RFC Q?KC GLRSGRGTC DCCJ ?Q AJ?QQGA?J KMKCLRSK. )R GQ EPC?RCQR DMP J?PEC K?QQCQ KMTGLE ?R FGEF TCJMAGRGCQ, @SR, @CA?SQC MD
RFC D?ARMP , PCJ?RGTGQRGA KMKCLRSK ?NNPM?AFCQ GLDGLGRW ?Q u ?NNPM?AFCQ c . (3CC F?=KH; 28.19.) 4FGQ GQ ?LMRFCP GLBGA?RGML RF?R ?L M@HCAR UGRF K?QQ
A?LLMR PC?AF RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. )D GR BGB, GRQ KMKCLRSK UMSJB @CAMKC GLDGLGRC, ?L SLPC?QML?@JC T?JSC.
F?=KH; 28.19 2CJ?RGTGQRGA KMKCLRSK ?NNPM?AFCQ GLDGLGRW ?Q RFC TCJMAGRW MD ?L M@HCAR ?NNPM?AFCQ RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR.
-GQAMLACNRGML !JCPR: 2CJ?RGTGQRGA -?QQ ?LB -MKCLRSK
4FC PCJ?RGTGQRGA?JJW AMPPCAR BCDGLGRGML MD KMKCLRSK ?Q p = mu GQ QMKCRGKCQ R?ICL RM GKNJW RF?R K?QQ T?PGCQ UGRF TCJMAGRW: m
var
= m,
N?PRGASJ?PJW GL MJBCP RCVR@MMIQ. (MUCTCP, LMRC RF?R m GQ RFC K?QQ MD RFC M@HCAR ?Q KC?QSPCB @W ? NCPQML ?R PCQR PCJ?RGTC RM RFC M@HCAR. 4FSQ, m
GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC PCQR K?QQ, UFGAF AMSJB @C KC?QSPCB ?R PCQR, NCPF?NQ SQGLE EP?TGRW. 7FCL ? K?QQ GQ KMTGLE PCJ?RGTC RM ?L M@QCPTCP, RFC MLJW
U?W RF?R GRQ K?QQ A?L @C BCRCPKGLCB GQ RFPMSEF AMJJGQGMLQ MP MRFCP KC?LQ GL UFGAF KMKCLRSK GQ GLTMJTCB. 3GLAC RFC K?QQ MD ? KMTGLE M@HCAR
A?LLMR @C BCRCPKGLCB GLBCNCLBCLRJW MD KMKCLRSK, RFC MLJW KC?LGLEDSJ K?QQ GQ PCQR K?QQ. 4FSQ, UFCL UC SQC RFC RCPK K?QQ, ?QQSKC GR RM @C
GBCLRGA?J RM PCQR K?QQ.
2CJ?RGTGQRGA KMKCLRSK GQ BCDGLCB GL QSAF ? U?W RF?R RFC AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK UGJJ FMJB GL ?JJ GLCPRG?J DP?KCQ. 7FCLCTCP RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC ML
? QWQRCK GQ XCPM, PCJ?RGTGQRGA KMKCLRSK GQ AMLQCPTCB, HSQR ?Q GQ RFC A?QC DMP AJ?QQGA?J KMKCLRSK. 4FGQ F?Q @CCL TCPGDGCB GL LSKCPMSQ CVNCPGKCLRQ.
)L +;B7J?L?IJ?9 ED;H=O, RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN MD PCJ?RGTGQRGA KMKCLRSK RM CLCPEW GQ CVNJMPCB. 4F?R QS@HCAR UGJJ NPMBSAC MSP DGPQR GLIJGLE RF?R M@HCARQ UGRFMSR
K?QQ K?W ?JQM F?TC KMKCLRSK.
7F?R GQ RFC KMKCLRSK MD ?L CJCARPML RP?TCJGLE ?R ? QNCCB 0.985c ? 4FC PCQR K?QQ MD RFC CJCARPML GQ 9.1110
31
kg .
,EBKJ?ED
(28.42)
p = mu =
mu
1
u
2
c
2
=
(9.1110
31
kg)(0.985)(3.0010
8
m/s)
1
(0.985c)
2
c
2
= 1.5610
21
kg m/s
1010 #(!04%2 28 Y 30%#)!, 2%,!4)6)49
28.6 +;B7J?L?IJ?9 ED;H=O
F?=KH; 28.20 4FC .?RGML?J 3NFCPGA?J 4MPSQ %VNCPGKCLR (.348) F?Q ? DSQGML PC?ARMP GL UFGAF FWBPMECL GQMRMNCQ SLBCPEM DSQGML RM NPMBSAC FCJGSK. )L RFGQ NPMACQQ, ? PCJ?RGTCJW
QK?JJ K?QQ MD DSCJ GQ AMLTCPRCB GLRM ? J?PEC ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW. (APCBGR: 0PGLACRML 0J?QK? 0FWQGAQ ,?@MP?RMPW)
! RMI?K?I GQ ? DMPK MD CVNCPGKCLR?J DSQGML PC?ARMP, UFGAF A?L AF?LEC K?QQ RM CLCPEW. !AAMKNJGQFGLE RFGQ PCOSGPCQ ?L SLBCPQR?LBGLE MD PCJ?RGTGQRGA
CLCPEW. .SAJC?P PC?ARMPQ ?PC NPMMD MD RFC AMLQCPT?RGML MD PCJ?RGTGQRGA CLCPEW.
#MLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW GQ MLC MD RFC KMQR GKNMPR?LR J?UQ GL NFWQGAQ. .MR MLJW BMCQ CLCPEW F?TC K?LW GKNMPR?LR DMPKQ, @SR C?AF DMPK A?L @C
AMLTCPRCB RM ?LW MRFCP. 7C ILMU RF?R AJ?QQGA?JJW RFC RMR?J ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW GL ? QWQRCK PCK?GLQ AMLQR?LR. 2CJ?RGTGQRGA?JJW, CLCPEW GQ QRGJJ AMLQCPTCB,
NPMTGBCB GRQ BCDGLGRGML GQ ?JRCPCB RM GLAJSBC RFC NMQQG@GJGRW MD K?QQ AF?LEGLE RM CLCPEW, ?Q GL RFC PC?ARGMLQ RF?R MAASP UGRFGL ? LSAJC?P PC?ARMP.
2CJ?RGTGQRGA CLCPEW GQ GLRCLRGML?JJW BCDGLCB QM RF?R GR UGJJ @C AMLQCPTCB GL ?JJ GLCPRG?J DP?KCQ, HSQR ?Q GQ RFC A?QC DMP PCJ?RGTGQRGA KMKCLRSK. !Q ?
AMLQCOSCLAC, UC JC?PL RF?R QCTCP?J DSLB?KCLR?J OS?LRGRGCQ ?PC PCJ?RCB GL U?WQ LMR ILMUL GL AJ?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ. !JJ MD RFCQC PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ ?PC TCPGDGCB
@W CVNCPGKCLR ?LB F?TC DSLB?KCLR?J AMLQCOSCLACQ. 4FC ?JRCPCB BCDGLGRGML MD CLCPEW AMLR?GLQ QMKC MD RFC KMQR DSLB?KCLR?J ?LB QNCAR?ASJ?P LCU
GLQGEFRQ GLRM L?RSPC DMSLB GL PCACLR FGQRMPW.
4MR?J %LCPEW ?LB 2CQR %LCPEW
4FC DGPQR NMQRSJ?RC MD PCJ?RGTGRW QR?RCQ RF?R RFC J?UQ MD NFWQGAQ ?PC RFC Q?KC GL ?JJ GLCPRG?J DP?KCQ. %GLQRCGL QFMUCB RF?R RFC J?U MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD
CLCPEW GQ T?JGB PCJ?RGTGQRGA?JJW, GD UC BCDGLC CLCPEW RM GLAJSBC ? PCJ?RGTGQRGA D?ARMP.
4MR?J %LCPEW
-EJ7B ;D;H=O E GQ BCDGLCB RM @C
(28.43)
E = mc
2
,
UFCPC m GQ K?QQ, c GQ RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR, =
1
1
v
2
c
2
, ?LB v GQ RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC K?QQ PCJ?RGTC RM ?L M@QCPTCP. 4FCPC ?PC K?LW ?QNCARQ MD
RFC RMR?J CLCPEW E RF?R UC UGJJ BGQASQQr?KMLE RFCK ?PC FMU IGLCRGA ?LB NMRCLRG?J CLCPEGCQ ?PC GLAJSBCB GL E , ?LB FMU E GQ PCJ?RCB RM
PCJ?RGTGQRGA KMKCLRSK. "SR DGPQR, LMRC RF?R ?R PCQR, RMR?J CLCPEW GQ LMR XCPM. 2?RFCP, UFCL v = 0 , UC F?TC = 1 , ?LB ?L M@HCAR F?Q PCQR CLCPEW.
2CQR %LCPEW
+;IJ ;D;H=O GQ
(28.44)
E
0
= mc
2
.
4FGQ GQ RFC AMPPCAR DMPK MD %GLQRCGLtQ KMQR D?KMSQ COS?RGML, UFGAF DMP RFC DGPQR RGKC QFMUCB RF?R CLCPEW GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC K?QQ MD ?L M@HCAR ?R PCQR. &MP
CV?KNJC, GD CLCPEW GQ QRMPCB GL RFC M@HCAR, GRQ PCQR K?QQ GLAPC?QCQ. 4FGQ ?JQM GKNJGCQ RF?R K?QQ A?L @C BCQRPMWCB RM PCJC?QC CLCPEW. 4FC GKNJGA?RGMLQ MD
RFCQC DGPQR RUM COS?RGMLQ PCE?PBGLE PCJ?RGTGQRGA CLCPEW ?PC QM @PM?B RF?R RFCW UCPC LMR AMKNJCRCJW PCAMELGXCB DMP QMKC WC?PQ ?DRCP %GLQRCGL NS@JGQFCB
RFCK GL 1907, LMP U?Q RFC CVNCPGKCLR?J NPMMD RF?R RFCW ?PC AMPPCAR UGBCJW PCAMELGXCB ?R DGPQR. %GLQRCGL, GR QFMSJB @C LMRCB, BGB SLBCPQR?LB ?LB
BCQAPG@C RFC KC?LGLEQ ?LB GKNJGA?RGMLQ MD FGQ RFCMPW.
EN7CFB; 28.6 C7B9KB7J?D= +;IJ ED;H=O: +;IJ ED;H=O ?I /;HO %7H=;
#?JASJ?RC RFC PCQR CLCPEW MD ? 1.00-E K?QQ.
,JH7J;=O
/LC EP?K GQ ? QK?JJ K?QQrJCQQ RF?L F?JD RFC K?QQ MD ? NCLLW. 7C A?L KSJRGNJW RFGQ K?QQ, GL 3) SLGRQ, @W RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR QOS?PCB RM DGLB RFC
COSGT?JCLR PCQR CLCPEW.
,EBKJ?ED
1. )BCLRGDW RFC ILMULQ. m = 1.0010
3
kg ; c = 3.0010
8
m/s
#(!04%2 28 Y 30%#)!, 2%,!4)6)49 1011
2. )BCLRGDW RFC SLILMUL. E
0
3. #FMMQC RFC ?NNPMNPG?RC COS?RGML. E
0
= mc
2
(28.45)
E
0
= mc
2
= (1.0010
3
kg)(3.0010
8
m/s)
2
= 9.0010
13
kg m
2
/s
2
5. #MLTCPR SLGRQ.
.MRGLE RF?R 1 kg m
2
/s
2
= 1 J , UC QCC RFC PCQR K?QQ CLCPEW GQ
(28.46)
E
0
= 9.0010
13
J.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ GQ ?L CLMPKMSQ ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW DMP ? 1.00-E K?QQ. 7C BM LMR LMRGAC RFGQ CLCPEW, @CA?SQC GR GQ ECLCP?JJW LMR ?T?GJ?@JC. 2CQR CLCPEW GQ J?PEC
@CA?SQC RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR c GQ ? J?PEC LSK@CP ?LB c
2
GQ ? TCPW J?PEC LSK@CP, QM RF?R mc
2
GQ FSEC DMP ?LW K?APMQAMNGA K?QQ. 4FC
9.0010
13
J PCQR K?QQ CLCPEW DMP 1.00 E GQ ?@MSR RUGAC RFC CLCPEW PCJC?QCB @W RFC (GPMQFGK? ?RMKGA @MK@ ?LB ?@MSR 10,000 RGKCQ RFC IGLCRGA
CLCPEW MD ? J?PEC ?GPAP?DR A?PPGCP. )D ? U?W A?L @C DMSLB RM AMLTCPR PCQR K?QQ CLCPEW GLRM QMKC MRFCP DMPK (?LB ?JJ DMPKQ MD CLCPEW A?L @C
AMLTCPRCB GLRM MLC ?LMRFCP), RFCL FSEC ?KMSLRQ MD CLCPEW A?L @C M@R?GLCB DPMK RFC BCQRPSARGML MD K?QQ.
4MB?W, RFC NP?ARGA?J ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD G;8 6BAI8EF<BA B9 @4FF <AGB 4ABG;8E 9BE@ B9 8A8E:L, QSAF ?Q GL LSAJC?P UC?NMLQ ?LB LSAJC?P NMUCP NJ?LRQ, ?PC
UCJJ ILMUL. "SR CV?KNJCQ ?JQM CVGQRCB UFCL %GLQRCGL DGPQR NPMNMQCB RFC AMPPCAR DMPK MD PCJ?RGTGQRGA CLCPEW, ?LB FC BGB BCQAPG@C QMKC MD RFCK. .SAJC?P
P?BG?RGML F?B @CCL BGQAMTCPCB GL RFC NPCTGMSQ BCA?BC, ?LB GR F?B @CCL ? KWQRCPW ?Q RM UFCPC GRQ CLCPEW MPGEGL?RCB. 4FC CVNJ?L?RGML U?Q RF?R, GL
ACPR?GL LSAJC?P NPMACQQCQ, ? QK?JJ ?KMSLR MD K?QQ GQ BCQRPMWCB ?LB CLCPEW GQ PCJC?QCB ?LB A?PPGCB @W LSAJC?P P?BG?RGML. "SR RFC ?KMSLR MD K?QQ
BCQRPMWCB GQ QM QK?JJ RF?R GR GQ BGDDGASJR RM BCRCAR RF?R ?LW GQ KGQQGLE. !JRFMSEF %GLQRCGL NPMNMQCB RFGQ ?Q RFC QMSPAC MD CLCPEW GL RFC P?BGM?ARGTC Q?JRQ
RFCL @CGLE QRSBGCB, GR U?Q K?LW WC?PQ @CDMPC RFCPC U?Q @PM?B PCAMELGRGML RF?R K?QQ AMSJB @C ?LB, GL D?AR, AMKKMLJW GQ AMLTCPRCB RM CLCPEW. (3CC
F?=KH; 28.21.)
F?=KH; 28.21 4FC 3SL (?) ?LB RFC 3SQOSCF?LL? 3RC?K %JCARPGA 3R?RGML (@) @MRF AMLTCPR K?QQ GLRM CLCPEWrRFC 3SL TG? LSAJC?P DSQGML, RFC CJCARPGA QR?RGML TG? LSAJC?P DGQQGML.
(APCBGRQ: (?) .!3!/'MBB?PB 3N?AC &JGEFR #CLRCP, 3AGCLRGDGA 6GQS?JGX?RGML 3RSBGM; (@) 5.3. EMTCPLKCLR)
"CA?SQC MD RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN MD PCQR CLCPEW RM K?QQ, UC LMU AMLQGBCP K?QQ RM @C ? DMPK MD CLCPEW P?RFCP RF?L QMKCRFGLE QCN?P?RC. 4FCPC F?B LMR
CTCL @CCL ? FGLR MD RFGQ NPGMP RM %GLQRCGLtQ UMPI. 3SAF AMLTCPQGML GQ LMU ILMUL RM @C RFC QMSPAC MD RFC 3SLtQ CLCPEW, RFC CLCPEW MD LSAJC?P BCA?W,
?LB CTCL RFC QMSPAC MD CLCPEW ICCNGLE %?PRFtQ GLRCPGMP FMR.
3RMPCB %LCPEW ?LB 0MRCLRG?J %LCPEW
7F?R F?NNCLQ RM CLCPEW QRMPCB GL ?L M@HCAR ?R PCQR, QSAF ?Q RFC CLCPEW NSR GLRM ? @?RRCPW @W AF?PEGLE GR, MP RFC CLCPEW QRMPCB GL ? RMW ESLtQ
AMKNPCQQCB QNPGLE? 4FC CLCPEW GLNSR @CAMKCQ N?PR MD RFC RMR?J CLCPEW MD RFC M@HCAR ?LB, RFSQ, GLAPC?QCQ GRQ PCQR K?QQ. !JJ QRMPCB ?LB NMRCLRG?J
CLCPEW @CAMKCQ K?QQ GL ? QWQRCK. 7FW GQ GR UC BMLtR MPBGL?PGJW LMRGAC RFGQ? )L D?AR, AMLQCPT?RGML MD K?QQ (KC?LGLE RMR?J K?QQ GQ AMLQR?LR) U?Q MLC
MD RFC EPC?R J?UQ TCPGDGCB @W 19RF-ACLRSPW QAGCLAC. 7FW U?Q GR LMR LMRGACB RM @C GLAMPPCAR? 4FC DMJJMUGLE CV?KNJC FCJNQ ?LQUCP RFCQC OSCQRGMLQ.
1012 #(!04%2 28 Y 30%#)!, 2%,!4)6)49
EN7CFB; 28.7 C7B9KB7J?D= +;IJ &7II: A ,C7BB &7II "D9H;7I; :K; JE ED;H=O "DFKJ
! A?P @?RRCPW GQ P?RCB RM @C ?@JC RM KMTC 600 ?KNCPC-FMSPQ (Ah) MD AF?PEC ?R 12.0 6. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC GLAPC?QC GL PCQR K?QQ MD QSAF ? @?RRCPW
UFCL GR GQ R?ICL DPMK @CGLE DSJJW BCNJCRCB RM @CGLE DSJJW AF?PECB. (@) 7F?R NCPACLR GLAPC?QC GQ RFGQ, EGTCL RFC @?RRCPWtQ K?QQ GQ 20.0 IE?
,JH7J;=O
)L N?PR (?), UC DGPQR KSQR DGLB RFC CLCPEW QRMPCB GL RFC @?RRCPW, UFGAF COS?JQ UF?R RFC @?RRCPW A?L QSNNJW GL RFC DMPK MD CJCARPGA?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW.
3GLAC PE
elec
= qV , UC F?TC RM A?JASJ?RC RFC AF?PEC q GL 600 Ah , UFGAF GQ RFC NPMBSAR MD RFC ASPPCLR I ?LB RFC RGKC t . 7C RFCL KSJRGNJW
RFC PCQSJR @W 12.0 6. 7C A?L RFCL A?JASJ?RC RFC @?RRCPWtQ GLAPC?QC GL K?QQ SQGLE E = PE
elec
= (m)c
2
. 0?PR (@) GQ ? QGKNJC P?RGM AMLTCPRCB
RM ? NCPACLR?EC.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
1. )BCLRGDW RFC ILMULQ. I t = 600 A h ; V = 12.0 V; c = 3.0010
8
m/s
2. )BCLRGDW RFC SLILMUL. m
3. #FMMQC RFC ?NNPMNPG?RC COS?RGML. PE
elec
= (m)c
2
4. 2C?PP?LEC RFC COS?RGML RM QMJTC DMP RFC SLILMUL. m =
PE
elec
c
2
(28.47)
m =
PE
elec
c
2
=
qV
c
2
=
(It)V
c
2
=
(600 A h)(12.0 V)
(3.0010
8
)
2
.
7PGRC ?KNCPCQ ! ?Q AMSJMK@Q NCP QCAMLB (#/Q), ?LB AMLTCPR FMSPQ RM QCAMLBQ.
(28.48)
m =
(600 C/s h
3600 s
1 h
(12.0 J/C)
(3.0010
8
m/s)
2
=
(2.1610
6
C)(12.0 J/C)
(3.0010
8
m/s)
2
5QGLE RFC AMLTCPQGML 1 kg m
2
/s
2
= 1 J , UC A?L UPGRC RFC K?QQ ?Q
m = 2.8810
10
kg.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
1. )BCLRGDW RFC ILMULQ. m = 2.8810
10
kg ; m = 20.0 kg
2. )BCLRGDW RFC SLILMUL. % AF?LEC
3. #FMMQC RFC ?NNPMNPG?RC COS?RGML. % increase =
m
m
100%
(28.49)
% increase =
m
m
100%
=
2.8810
10
kg
20.0 kg
100%
= 1.4410
9
%.
D?I9KII?ED
"MRF RFC ?ARS?J GLAPC?QC GL K?QQ ?LB RFC NCPACLR GLAPC?QC ?PC TCPW QK?JJ, QGLAC CLCPEW GQ BGTGBCB @W c
2
, ? TCPW J?PEC LSK@CP. 7C UMSJB F?TC RM
@C ?@JC RM KC?QSPC RFC K?QQ MD RFC @?RRCPW RM ? NPCAGQGML MD ? @GJJGMLRF MD ? NCPACLR, MP 1 N?PR GL 10
11
, RM LMRGAC RFGQ GLAPC?QC. )R GQ LM UMLBCP RF?R
RFC K?QQ T?PG?RGML GQ LMR PC?BGJW M@QCPTCB. )L D?AR, RFGQ AF?LEC GL K?QQ GQ QM QK?JJ RF?R UC K?W OSCQRGML FMU WMS AMSJB TCPGDW GR GQ PC?J. 4FC
?LQUCP GQ DMSLB GL LSAJC?P NPMACQQCQ GL UFGAF RFC NCPACLR?EC MD K?QQ BCQRPMWCB GQ J?PEC CLMSEF RM @C KC?QSPCB. 4FC K?QQ MD RFC DSCJ MD ?
LSAJC?P PC?ARMP, DMP CV?KNJC, GQ KC?QSP?@JW QK?JJCP UFCL GRQ CLCPEW F?Q @CCL SQCB. )L RF?R A?QC, QRMPCB CLCPEW F?Q @CCL PCJC?QCB (AMLTCPRCB
KMQRJW RM FC?R ?LB CJCARPGAGRW) ?LB RFC PCQR K?QQ F?Q BCAPC?QCB. 4FGQ GQ ?JQM RFC A?QC UFCL WMS SQC RFC CLCPEW QRMPCB GL ? @?RRCPW, CVACNR RF?R
RFC QRMPCB CLCPEW GQ KSAF EPC?RCP GL LSAJC?P NPMACQQCQ, K?IGLE RFC AF?LEC GL K?QQ KC?QSP?@JC GL NP?ARGAC ?Q UCJJ ?Q GL RFCMPW.
#(!04%2 28 Y 30%#)!, 2%,!4)6)49 1013
+GLCRGA %LCPEW ?LB RFC 5JRGK?RC 3NCCB ,GKGR
+GLCRGA CLCPEW GQ CLCPEW MD KMRGML. #J?QQGA?JJW, IGLCRGA CLCPEW F?Q RFC D?KGJG?P CVNPCQQGML
1
2
mv
2
. 4FC PCJ?RGTGQRGA CVNPCQQGML DMP IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ
M@R?GLCB DPMK RFC UMPI-CLCPEW RFCMPCK. 4FGQ RFCMPCK QR?RCQ RF?R RFC LCR UMPI ML ? QWQRCK EMCQ GLRM IGLCRGA CLCPEW. )D MSP QWQRCK QR?PRQ DPMK PCQR,
RFCL RFC UMPI-CLCPEW RFCMPCK GQ
(28.50) W
net
= KE.
2CJ?RGTGQRGA?JJW, ?R PCQR UC F?TC PCQR CLCPEW E
0
= mc
2
. 4FC UMPI GLAPC?QCQ RFGQ RM RFC RMR?J CLCPEW E = mc
2
. 4FSQ,
(28.51)
W
net
= E E
0
= mc
2
mc
2
=

1
mc
2
.
2CJ?RGTGQRGA?JJW, UC F?TC W
net
= KE
rel
.
2CJ?RGTGQRGA +GLCRGA %LCPEW
+;B7J?L?IJ?9 A?D;J?9 ;D;H=O GQ
(28.52)
KE
rel
=

1
mc
2
.
7FCL KMRGMLJCQQ, UC F?TC v = 0 ?LB
(28.53)
=
1
1
v
2
c
2
= 1,
QM RF?R KE
rel
= 0 ?R PCQR, ?Q CVNCARCB. "SR RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP PCJ?RGTGQRGA IGLCRGA CLCPEW (QSAF ?Q RMR?J CLCPEW ?LB PCQR CLCPEW) BMCQ LMR JMMI KSAF
JGIC RFC AJ?QQGA?J
1
2
mv
2
. 4M QFMU RF?R RFC AJ?QQGA?J CVNPCQQGML DMP IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ M@R?GLCB ?R JMU TCJMAGRGCQ, UC LMRC RF?R RFC @GLMKG?J CVN?LQGML DMP
?R JMU TCJMAGRGCQ EGTCQ
(28.54)
= 1 +
1
2
v
2
c
2
.
! @GLMKG?J CVN?LQGML GQ ? U?W MD CVNPCQQGLE ?L ?JEC@P?GA OS?LRGRW ?Q ? QSK MD ?L GLDGLGRC QCPGCQ MD RCPKQ. )L QMKC A?QCQ, ?Q GL RFC JGKGR MD QK?JJ
TCJMAGRW FCPC, KMQR RCPKQ ?PC TCPW QK?JJ. 4FSQ RFC CVNPCQQGML BCPGTCB DMP FCPC GQ LMR CV?AR, @SR GR GQ ? TCPW ?AASP?RC ?NNPMVGK?RGML. 4FSQ, ?R JMU
TCJMAGRGCQ,
(28.55)
1 =
1
2
v
2
c
2
.
%LRCPGLE RFGQ GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP PCJ?RGTGQRGA IGLCRGA CLCPEW EGTCQ
(28.56)
KE
rel
=

1
2
v
2
c
2
mc
2
=
1
2
mv
2
= KE
class
.
3M, GL D?AR, PCJ?RGTGQRGA IGLCRGA CLCPEW BMCQ @CAMKC RFC Q?KC ?Q AJ?QQGA?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW UFCL v<<c .
)R GQ CTCL KMPC GLRCPCQRGLE RM GLTCQRGE?RC UF?R F?NNCLQ RM IGLCRGA CLCPEW UFCL RFC TCJMAGRW MD ?L M@HCAR ?NNPM?AFCQ RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. 7C ILMU RF?R
@CAMKCQ GLDGLGRC ?Q v ?NNPM?AFCQ c , QM RF?R +%PCJ ?JQM @CAMKCQ GLDGLGRC ?Q RFC TCJMAGRW ?NNPM?AFCQ RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. (3CC F?=KH; 28.22.) !L
GLDGLGRC ?KMSLR MD UMPI (?LB, FCLAC, ?L GLDGLGRC ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW GLNSR) GQ PCOSGPCB RM ?AACJCP?RC ? K?QQ RM RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR.
4FC 3NCCB MD ,GEFR
'E E8@;9J M?J> C7II 97D 7JJ7?D J>; IF;;: E< B?=>J.
3M RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR GQ RFC SJRGK?RC QNCCB JGKGR DMP ?LW N?PRGAJC F?TGLE K?QQ. !JJ MD RFGQ GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC D?AR RF?R TCJMAGRGCQ JCQQ RF?L c ?JU?WQ
?BB RM JCQQ RF?L c . "MRF RFC PCJ?RGTGQRGA DMPK DMP IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?LB RFC SJRGK?RC QNCCB JGKGR @CGLE c F?TC @CCL AMLDGPKCB GL BCR?GJ GL LSKCPMSQ
CVNCPGKCLRQ. .M K?RRCP FMU KSAF CLCPEW GQ NSR GLRM ?AACJCP?RGLE ? K?QQ, GRQ TCJMAGRW A?L MLJW ?NNPM?AFrLMR PC?AFrRFC QNCCB MD JGEFR.
1014 #(!04%2 28 Y 30%#)!, 2%,!4)6)49
F?=KH; 28.22 4FGQ EP?NF MD KE
rel
TCPQSQ TCJMAGRW QFMUQ FMU IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?NNPM?AFCQ GLDGLGRW ?Q TCJMAGRW ?NNPM?AFCQ RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. )R GQ RFSQ LMR NMQQG@JC DMP ?L M@HCAR
F?TGLE K?QQ RM PC?AF RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. !JQM QFMUL GQ KE
class
, RFC AJ?QQGA?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW, UFGAF GQ QGKGJ?P RM PCJ?RGTGQRGA IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?R JMU TCJMAGRGCQ. .MRC RF?R KSAF
KMPC CLCPEW GQ PCOSGPCB RM PC?AF FGEF TCJMAGRGCQ RF?L NPCBGARCB AJ?QQGA?JJW.
EN7CFB; 28.8 CECF7H?D= $?D;J?9 ED;H=O: +;B7J?L?IJ?9 ED;H=O /;HIKI CB7II?97B $?D;J?9 ED;H=O
!L CJCARPML F?Q ? TCJMAGRW v = 0.990c . (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW GL -C6 MD RFC CJCARPML. (@) #MKN?PC RFGQ UGRF RFC AJ?QQGA?J T?JSC DMP
IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?R RFGQ TCJMAGRW. (4FC K?QQ MD ?L CJCARPML GQ 9.1110
31
kg .)
,JH7J;=O
4FC CVNPCQQGML DMP PCJ?RGTGQRGA IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ ?JU?WQ AMPPCAR, @SR DMP (?) GR KSQR @C SQCB QGLAC RFC TCJMAGRW GQ FGEFJW PCJ?RGTGQRGA (AJMQC RM c ). &GPQR,
UC UGJJ A?JASJ?RC RFC PCJ?RGTGQRGA D?ARMP , ?LB RFCL SQC GR RM BCRCPKGLC RFC PCJ?RGTGQRGA IGLCRGA CLCPEW. &MP (@), UC UGJJ A?JASJ?RC RFC AJ?QQGA?J IGLCRGA
CLCPEW (UFGAF UMSJB @C AJMQC RM RFC PCJ?RGTGQRGA T?JSC GD v UCPC JCQQ RF?L ? DCU NCPACLR MD c ) ?LB QCC RF?R GR GQ LMR RFC Q?KC.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
1. )BCLRGDW RFC ILMULQ. v = 0.990c ; m = 9.1110
31
kg
2. )BCLRGDW RFC SLILMUL. KE
rel
3. #FMMQC RFC ?NNPMNPG?RC COS?RGML. KE
rel
=

1
mc
2
&GPQR A?JASJ?RC . 7C UGJJ A?PPW CVRP? BGEGRQ @CA?SQC RFGQ GQ ?L GLRCPKCBG?RC A?JASJ?RGML.
(28.57)
=
1
1
v
2
c
2
=
1
1
(0.990c)
2
c
2
=
1
1 (0.990)
2
= 7.0888
.CVR, UC SQC RFGQ T?JSC RM A?JASJ?RC RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW.
(28.58)
KE
rel
= ( 1)mc
2
= (7.0888 1)(9.1110
31
kg)(3.0010
8
m/s)
2
= 4.9910
13
J
5. #MLTCPR SLGRQ.
(28.59)
KE
rel
= (4.9910
13
J)
1 MeV
1.6010
13
J
= 3.12 MeV
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
1. ,GQR RFC ILMULQ. v = 0.990c ; m = 9.1110
31
kg
2. ,GQR RFC SLILMUL. KE
class
3. #FMMQC RFC ?NNPMNPG?RC COS?RGML. KE
class
=
1
2
mv
2
#(!04%2 28 Y 30%#)!, 2%,!4)6)49 1015
(28.60)
KE
class
=
1
2
mv
2
=
1
2
(9.0010
31
kg)(0.990)
2
(3.0010
8
m/s)
2
= 4.0210
14
J
5. #MLTCPR SLGRQ.
(28.61)
KE
class
= 4.0210
14
J
1 MeV
1.6010
13
J
= 0.251 MeV
D?I9KII?ED
!Q KGEFR @C CVNCARCB, QGLAC RFC TCJMAGRW GQ 99.0% MD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR, RFC AJ?QQGA?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ QGELGDGA?LRJW MDD DPMK RFC AMPPCAR PCJ?RGTGQRGA
T?JSC. .MRC ?JQM RF?R RFC AJ?QQGA?J T?JSC GQ KSAF QK?JJCP RF?L RFC PCJ?RGTGQRGA T?JSC. )L D?AR, KE
rel
/KE
class
= 12.4 FCPC. 4FGQ GQ QMKC GLBGA?RGML
MD FMU BGDDGASJR GR GQ RM ECR ? K?QQ KMTGLE AJMQC RM RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. -SAF KMPC CLCPEW GQ PCOSGPCB RF?L NPCBGARCB AJ?QQGA?JJW. 3MKC NCMNJC
GLRCPNPCR RFGQ CVRP? CLCPEW ?Q EMGLE GLRM GLAPC?QGLE RFC K?QQ MD RFC QWQRCK, @SR, ?Q BGQASQQCB GL +;B7J?L?IJ?9 &EC;DJKC, RFGQ A?LLMR @C TCPGDGCB
SL?K@GESMSQJW. 7F?R GQ ACPR?GL GQ RF?R CTCP-GLAPC?QGLE ?KMSLRQ MD CLCPEW ?PC LCCBCB RM ECR RFC TCJMAGRW MD ? K?QQ ? JGRRJC AJMQCP RM RF?R MD JGEFR.
!L CLCPEW MD 3 -C6 GQ ? TCPW QK?JJ ?KMSLR DMP ?L CJCARPML, ?LB GR A?L @C ?AFGCTCB UGRF NPCQCLR-B?W N?PRGAJC ?AACJCP?RMPQ. 3,!#, DMP CV?KNJC,
A?L ?AACJCP?RC CJCARPMLQ RM MTCP 5010
9
eV = 50,000 MeV.
)Q RFCPC ?LW NMGLR GL ECRRGLE v ? JGRRJC AJMQCP RM A RF?L 99.0% MP 99.9%? 4FC ?LQUCP GQ WCQ. 7C JC?PL ? EPC?R BC?J @W BMGLE RFGQ. 4FC CLCPEW RF?R
EMCQ GLRM ? FGEF-TCJMAGRW K?QQ A?L @C AMLTCPRCB RM ?LW MRFCP DMPK, GLAJSBGLE GLRM CLRGPCJW LCU K?QQCQ. (3CC F?=KH; 28.23.) -MQR MD UF?R UC
ILMU ?@MSR RFC QS@QRPSARSPC MD K?RRCP ?LB RFC AMJJCARGML MD CVMRGA QFMPR-JGTCB N?PRGAJCQ GL L?RSPC F?Q @CCL JC?PLCB RFGQ U?W. 0?PRGAJCQ ?PC
?AACJCP?RCB RM CVRPCKCJW PCJ?RGTGQRGA CLCPEGCQ ?LB K?BC RM AMJJGBC UGRF MRFCP N?PRGAJCQ, NPMBSAGLE RMR?JJW LCU QNCAGCQ MD N?PRGAJCQ. 0?RRCPLQ GL RFC
AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD RFCQC NPCTGMSQJW SLILMUL N?PRGAJCQ FGLR ?R ? @?QGA QS@QRPSARSPC DMP ?JJ K?RRCP. 4FCQC N?PRGAJCQ ?LB QMKC MD RFCGP AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ
UGJJ @C AMTCPCB GL )7HJ?9B; )>OI?9I.
F?=KH; 28.23 4FC &CPKG .?RGML?J !AACJCP?RMP ,?@MP?RMPW, LC?P "?R?TG?, )JJGLMGQ, U?Q ? QS@?RMKGA N?PRGAJC AMJJGBCP RF?R ?AACJCP?RCB NPMRMLQ ?LB ?LRGNPMRMLQ RM ?RR?GL
CLCPEGCQ SN RM 1 4CT (? RPGJJGML CJCARPMLTMJRQ). 4FC AGPASJ?P NMLBQ LC?P RFC PGLEQ UCPC @SGJR RM BGQQGN?RC U?QRC FC?R. 4FGQ ?AACJCP?RMP U?Q QFSR BMUL GL 3CNRCK@CP 2011.
(APCBGR: &CPKGJ?@, 2CGB?P (?FL)
2CJ?RGTGQRGA %LCPEW ?LB -MKCLRSK
7C ILMU AJ?QQGA?JJW RF?R IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?LB KMKCLRSK ?PC PCJ?RCB RM C?AF MRFCP, QGLAC
(28.62)
KE
class
=
p
2
2m
=
(mv)
2
2m
=
1
2
mv
2
.
2CJ?RGTGQRGA?JJW, UC A?L M@R?GL ? PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL CLCPEW ?LB KMKCLRSK @W ?JEC@P?GA?JJW K?LGNSJ?RGLE RFCGP BCDGLGRGMLQ. 4FGQ NPMBSACQ
(28.63)
E
2
= (pc)
2
+ (mc
2
)
2
,
UFCPC E GQ RFC PCJ?RGTGQRGA RMR?J CLCPEW ?LB p GQ RFC PCJ?RGTGQRGA KMKCLRSK. 4FGQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL PCJ?RGTGQRGA CLCPEW ?LB PCJ?RGTGQRGA KMKCLRSK GQ
KMPC AMKNJGA?RCB RF?L RFC AJ?QQGA?J, @SR UC A?L E?GL QMKC GLRCPCQRGLE LCU GLQGEFRQ @W CV?KGLGLE GR. &GPQR, RMR?J CLCPEW GQ PCJ?RCB RM KMKCLRSK ?LB
PCQR K?QQ. !R PCQR, KMKCLRSK GQ XCPM, ?LB RFC COS?RGML EGTCQ RFC RMR?J CLCPEW RM @C RFC PCQR CLCPEW mc
2
(QM RFGQ COS?RGML GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC
BGQASQQGML MD PCQR CLCPEW ?@MTC). (MUCTCP, ?Q RFC K?QQ GQ ?AACJCP?RCB, GRQ KMKCLRSK p GLAPC?QCQ, RFSQ GLAPC?QGLE RFC RMR?J CLCPEW. !R QSDDGAGCLRJW
FGEF TCJMAGRGCQ, RFC PCQR CLCPEW RCPK (mc
2
)
2
@CAMKCQ LCEJGEG@JC AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC KMKCLRSK RCPK (pc)
2
; RFSQ, E = pc ?R CVRPCKCJW PCJ?RGTGQRGA
TCJMAGRGCQ.
)D UC AMLQGBCP KMKCLRSK p RM @C BGQRGLAR DPMK K?QQ, UC A?L BCRCPKGLC RFC GKNJGA?RGMLQ MD RFC COS?RGML E
2
= (pc)
2
+ (mc
2
)
2
, DMP ? N?PRGAJC RF?R
F?Q LM K?QQ. )D UC R?IC m RM @C XCPM GL RFGQ COS?RGML, RFCL E = pc , MP p = E / c . -?QQJCQQ N?PRGAJCQ F?TC RFGQ KMKCLRSK. 4FCPC ?PC QCTCP?J
K?QQJCQQ N?PRGAJCQ DMSLB GL L?RSPC, GLAJSBGLE NFMRMLQ (RFCQC ?PC OS?LR? MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML). !LMRFCP GKNJGA?RGML GQ RF?R ? K?QQJCQQ N?PRGAJC
KSQR RP?TCJ ?R QNCCB c ?LB MLJW ?R QNCCB c . 7FGJC GR GQ @CWMLB RFC QAMNC MD RFGQ RCVR RM CV?KGLC RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN GL RFC COS?RGML
E
2
= (pc)
2
+ (mc
2
)
2
, GL BCR?GJ, UC A?L QCC RF?R RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN F?Q GKNMPR?LR GKNJGA?RGMLQ GL QNCAG?J PCJ?RGTGRW.
1016 #(!04%2 28 Y 30%#)!, 2%,!4)6)49
9B7II?97B L;BE9?JO 7::?J?ED:
<?HIJ FEIJKB7J; E< IF;9?7B H;B7J?L?JO:
?D;HJ?7B <H7C; E< H;<;H;D9;:
B;D=J> 9EDJH79J?ED:
&?9>;BIED-&EHB;O ;NF;H?C;DJ:
FHEF;H B;D=J>:
FHEF;H J?C;:
H;B7J?L?IJ?9 DEFFB;H ;<<;9JI:
0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE 3RP?RCEGCQ DMP 2CJ?RGTGRW
1. EK4@<A8 G;8 F<GH4G<BA GB 78G8E@<A8 G;4G <G <F A868FF4EL GB HF8 E8?4G<I<GL. 2CJ?RGTGQRGA CDDCARQ ?PC PCJ?RCB RM =
1
1
v
2
c
2
, RFC OS?LRGR?RGTC
PCJ?RGTGQRGA D?ARMP. )D GQ TCPW AJMQC RM 1, RFCL PCJ?RGTGQRGA CDDCARQ ?PC QK?JJ ?LB BGDDCP TCPW JGRRJC DPMK RFC SQS?JJW C?QGCP AJ?QQGA?J A?JASJ?RGMLQ.
2. 78AG<9L 8K46G?L J;4G A887F GB 58 78G8E@<A87 <A G;8 CEB5?8@ (<78AG<9L G;8 HA>ABJAF).
3. $4>8 4 ?<FG B9 J;4G <F :<I8A BE 64A 58 <A98EE87 9EB@ G;8 CEB5?8@ 4F FG4G87 (<78AG<9L G;8 >ABJAF). ,MMI GL N?PRGASJ?P DMP GLDMPK?RGML ML PCJ?RGTC
TCJMAGRW v .
4. $4>8 68EG4<A LBH HA78EFG4A7 G;8 6BA68CGH4? 4FC86GF B9 G;8 CEB5?8@ 589BE8 @4><A: 4AL 64?6H?4G<BAF. $CAGBC, DMP CV?KNJC, UFGAF M@QCPTCP
QCCQ RGKC BGJ?RCB MP JCLERF AMLRP?ARCB @CDMPC NJSEEGLE GLRM COS?RGMLQ. )D WMS F?TC RFMSEFR ?@MSR UFM QCCQ UF?R, UFM GQ KMTGLE UGRF RFC
CTCLR @CGLE M@QCPTCB, UFM QCCQ NPMNCP RGKC, ?LB QM ML, WMS UGJJ DGLB GR KSAF C?QGCP RM BCRCPKGLC GD WMSP A?JASJ?RGML GQ PC?QML?@JC.
5. D8G8E@<A8 G;8 CE<@4EL GLC8 B9 64?6H?4G<BA GB 58 7BA8 GB 9<A7 G;8 HA>ABJAF <78AG<9<87 45BI8. 9MS UGJJ DGLB RFC QCARGML QSKK?PW FCJNDSJ GL
BCRCPKGLGLE UFCRFCP ? JCLERF AMLRP?ARGML, PCJ?RGTGQRGA IGLCRGA CLCPEW, MP QMKC MRFCP AMLACNR GQ GLTMJTCB.
6. DB ABG EBHA7 B99 7HE<A: G;8 64?6H?4G<BA. !Q LMRCB GL RFC RCVR, WMS KSQR MDRCL NCPDMPK WMSP A?JASJ?RGMLQ RM K?LW BGEGRQ RM QCC RFC BCQGPCB
CDDCAR. 9MS K?W PMSLB MDD ?R RFC TCPW CLB MD RFC NPM@JCK, @SR BM LMR SQC ? PMSLBCB LSK@CP GL ? QS@QCOSCLR A?JASJ?RGML.
7. C;86> G;8 4AFJ8E GB F88 <9 <G <F E84FBA45?8: DB8F <G @4>8 F8AF8? 4FGQ K?W @C KMPC BGDDGASJR DMP PCJ?RGTGRW, QGLAC UC BM LMR CLAMSLRCP GR
BGPCARJW. "SR WMS A?L JMMI DMP TCJMAGRGCQ EPC?RCP RF?L c MP PCJ?RGTGQRGA CDDCARQ RF?R ?PC GL RFC UPMLE BGPCARGML (QSAF ?Q ? RGKC AMLRP?ARGML UFCPC
? BGJ?RGML U?Q CVNCARCB).
! NFMRML BCA?WQ GLRM ?L CJCARPML-NMQGRPML N?GP. 7F?R GQ RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD RFC CJCARPML GD GRQ QNCCB GQ 0.992c ?
,EBKJ?ED
(28.64)
KE
rel
= ( 1)mc
2
=
1
1
v
2
c
2
1
mc
2
=
1
1
(0.992c)
2
c
2
1
(9.1110
31
kg)(3.0010
8
m/s)
2
= 5.6710
13
J
BEII7HO
RFC KCRFMB MD ?BBGLE TCJMAGRGCQ UFCL v<<c ; TCJMAGRGCQ ?BB JGIC PCESJ?P LSK@CPQ GL MLC-BGKCLQGML?J KMRGML:
u = v+u , UFCPC v GQ RFC TCJMAGRW @CRUCCL RUM M@QCPTCPQ, u GQ RFC TCJMAGRW MD ?L M@HCAR PCJ?RGTC RM MLC M@QCPTCP, ?LB u GQ RFC TCJMAGRW
PCJ?RGTC RM RFC MRFCP M@QCPTCP
RFC GBC? RF?R RFC J?UQ MD NFWQGAQ ?PC RFC Q?KC ?LB A?L @C QR?RCB GL RFCGP QGKNJCQR DMPK GL ?JJ GLCPRG?J DP?KCQ MD
PCDCPCLAC
? PCDCPCLAC DP?KC GL UFGAF ? @MBW ?R PCQR PCK?GLQ ?R PCQR ?LB ? @MBW GL KMRGML KMTCQ ?R ? AMLQR?LR QNCCB GL ?
QRP?GEFR JGLC SLJCQQ ?ARCB ML @W ?L MSRQGBC DMPAC
L , RFC QFMPRCLGLE MD RFC KC?QSPCB JCLERF MD ?L M@HCAR KMTGLE PCJ?RGTC RM RFC M@QCPTCPtQ DP?KC: L=L
0
1
v
2
c
2
=
L
0
?L GLTCQRGE?RGML NCPDMPKCB GL 1887 RF?R NPMTCB RF?R RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR GL ? T?ASSK GQ RFC Q?KC GL ?JJ DP?KCQ MD
PCDCPCLAC DPMK UFGAF GR GQ TGCUCB
L
0
; RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RUM NMGLRQ KC?QSPCB @W ?L M@QCPTCP UFM GQ ?R PCQR PCJ?RGTC RM @MRF MD RFC NMGLRQ; %?PRF-@MSLB M@QCPTCPQ
KC?QSPC NPMNCP JCLERF UFCL KC?QSPGLE RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RUM NMGLRQ RF?R ?PC QR?RGML?PW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF
t
0
. RFC RGKC KC?QSPCB @W ?L M@QCPTCP ?R PCQR PCJ?RGTC RM RFC CTCLR @CGLE M@QCPTCB: t =
t
0
1
v
2
c
2
= t
0
, UFCPC =
1
1
v
2
c
2
? AF?LEC GL U?TCJCLERF MD P?BG?RGML RF?R GQ KMTGLE PCJ?RGTC RM RFC M@QCPTCP; RFC U?TCJCLERF MD RFC P?BG?RGML GQ JMLECP
(A?JJCB ? PCB QFGDR) RF?L RF?R CKGRRCB @W RFC QMSPAC UFCL RFC QMSPAC KMTCQ ?U?W DPMK RFC M@QCPTCP ?LB QFMPRCP (A?JJCB ? @JSC QFGDR) UFCL RFC
QMSPAC KMTCQ RMU?PB RFC M@QCPTCP; RFC QFGDRCB U?TCJCLERF GQ BCQAPG@CB @W RFC COS?RGML
obs
=
s
1 +
u
c
1
u
c
UFCPC
obs
s
GQ RFC QMSPAC U?TCJCLERF, ?LB u GQ RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC QMSPAC RM RFC M@QCPTCP
#(!04%2 28 Y 30%#)!, 2%,!4)6)49 1017
H;B7J?L?IJ?9 A?D;J?9 ;D;H=O:
H;B7J?L?IJ?9 CEC;DJKC:
H;B7J?L?IJ?9 L;BE9?JO 7::?J?ED:
H;B7J?L?JO:
H;IJ ;D;H=O:
H;IJ C7II:
I;9ED: FEIJKB7J; E< IF;9?7B H;B7J?L?JO:
IF;9?7B H;B7J?L?JO:
J?C; :?B7J?ED:
JEJ7B ;D;H=O:
JM?D F7H7:EN:
RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD ?L M@HCAR KMTGLE ?R PCJ?RGTGQRGA QNCCBQ: KE
rel
=

1
mc
2
, UFCPC =
1
1
v
2
c
2
p , RFC KMKCLRSK MD ?L M@HCAR KMTGLE ?R PCJ?RGTGQRGA TCJMAGRW; p = mu , UFCPC m GQ RFC PCQR K?QQ MD RFC M@HCAR, u GQ
GRQ TCJMAGRW PCJ?RGTC RM ?L M@QCPTCP, ?LB RFC PCJ?RGTGQRGA D?ARMP =
1
1
u
2
c
2
RFC KCRFMB MD ?BBGLE TCJMAGRGCQ MD ?L M@HCAR KMTGLE ?R ? PCJ?RGTGQRGA QNCCB: u=
v+u
1 +
vu
c
2
, UFCPC v GQ RFC PCJ?RGTC
TCJMAGRW @CRUCCL RUM M@QCPTCPQ, u GQ RFC TCJMAGRW MD ?L M@HCAR PCJ?RGTC RM MLC M@QCPTCP, ?LB u GQ RFC TCJMAGRW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC MRFCP M@QCPTCP
RFC QRSBW MD FMU BGDDCPCLR M@QCPTCPQ KC?QSPC RFC Q?KC CTCLR
RFC CLCPEW QRMPCB GL ?L M@HCAR ?R PCQR: E
0
= mc
2
RFC K?QQ MD ?L M@HCAR ?Q KC?QSPCB @W ? NCPQML ?R PCQR PCJ?RGTC RM RFC M@HCAR
RFC GBC? RF?R RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR c GQ ? AMLQR?LR, GLBCNCLBCLR MD RFC QMSPAC
RFC RFCMPW RF?R, GL ?L GLCPRG?J DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC, RFC KMRGML MD ?L M@HCAR GQ PCJ?RGTC RM RFC DP?KC DPMK UFGAF GR GQ TGCUCB MP
KC?QSPCB
RFC NFCLMKCLML MD RGKC N?QQGLE QJMUCP RM ?L M@QCPTCP UFM GQ KMTGLE PCJ?RGTC RM ?LMRFCP M@QCPTCP
BCDGLCB ?Q E = mc
2
, UFCPC =
1
1
v
2
c
2
RFGQ ?QIQ UFW ? RUGL RP?TCJGLE ?R ? PCJ?RGTGQRGA QNCCB ?U?W ?LB RFCL @?AI RMU?PBQ RFC %?PRF ?ECQ JCQQ RF?L RFC %?PRF-@MSLB RUGL.
4FC NPCKGQC RM RFC N?P?BMV GQ D?SJRW @CA?SQC RFC RP?TCJGLE RUGL GQ ?AACJCP?RGLE, ?LB QNCAG?J PCJ?RGTGRW BMCQ LMR ?NNJW RM ?AACJCP?RGLE DP?KCQ MD
PCDCPCLAC
,;9J?ED ,KCC7HO
w 2CJ?RGTGRW GQ RFC QRSBW MD FMU BGDDCPCLR M@QCPTCPQ KC?QSPC RFC Q?KC CTCLR.
w -MBCPL PCJ?RGTGRW GQ BGTGBCB GLRM RUM N?PRQ. 3NCAG?J PCJ?RGTGRW BC?JQ UGRF M@QCPTCPQ UFM ?PC GL SLGDMPK (SL?AACJCP?RCB) KMRGML, UFCPC?Q ECLCP?J
PCJ?RGTGRW GLAJSBCQ ?AACJCP?RCB PCJ?RGTC KMRGML ?LB EP?TGRW. -MBCPL PCJ?RGTGRW GQ AMPPCAR GL ?JJ AGPASKQR?LACQ ?LB, GL RFC JGKGR MD JMU TCJMAGRW ?LB
UC?I EP?TGR?RGML, EGTCQ RFC Q?KC NPCBGARGMLQ ?Q AJ?QQGA?J PCJ?RGTGRW.
w !L GLCPRG?J DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC GQ ? PCDCPCLAC DP?KC GL UFGAF ? @MBW ?R PCQR PCK?GLQ ?R PCQR ?LB ? @MBW GL KMRGML KMTCQ ?R ? AMLQR?LR QNCCB GL ?
QRP?GEFR JGLC SLJCQQ ?ARCB ML @W ?L MSRQGBC DMPAC.
w -MBCPL PCJ?RGTGRW GQ @?QCB ML %GLQRCGLtQ RUM NMQRSJ?RCQ. 4FC DGPQR NMQRSJ?RC MD QNCAG?J PCJ?RGTGRW GQ RFC GBC? RF?R RFC J?UQ MD NFWQGAQ ?PC RFC Q?KC
?LB A?L @C QR?RCB GL RFCGP QGKNJCQR DMPK GL ?JJ GLCPRG?J DP?KCQ MD PCDCPCLAC. 4FC QCAMLB NMQRSJ?RC MD QNCAG?J PCJ?RGTGRW GQ RFC GBC? RF?R RFC QNCCB MD
JGEFR c GQ ? AMLQR?LR, GLBCNCLBCLR MD RFC PCJ?RGTC KMRGML MD RFC QMSPAC.
w 4FC -GAFCJQML--MPJCW CVNCPGKCLR BCKMLQRP?RCB RF?R RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR GL ? T?ASSK GQ GLBCNCLBCLR MD RFC KMRGML MD RFC %?PRF ?@MSR RFC 3SL.
w 4UM CTCLRQ ?PC BCDGLCB RM @C QGKSJR?LCMSQ GD ?L M@QCPTCP KC?QSPCQ RFCK ?Q MAASPPGLE ?R RFC Q?KC RGKC. 4FCW ?PC LMR LCACQQ?PGJW QGKSJR?LCMSQ
RM ?JJ M@QCPTCPQrQGKSJR?LCGRW GQ LMR ?@QMJSRC.
w 4GKC BGJ?RGML GQ RFC NFCLMKCLML MD RGKC N?QQGLE QJMUCP DMP ?L M@QCPTCP UFM GQ KMTGLE PCJ?RGTC RM ?LMRFCP M@QCPTCP.
w /@QCPTCPQ KMTGLE ?R ? PCJ?RGTC TCJMAGRW v BM LMR KC?QSPC RFC Q?KC CJ?NQCB RGKC DMP ?L CTCLR. 0PMNCP RGKC t
0
GQ RFC RGKC KC?QSPCB @W ?L
M@QCPTCP ?R PCQR PCJ?RGTC RM RFC CTCLR @CGLE M@QCPTCB. 0PMNCP RGKC GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC RGKC t KC?QSPCB @W ?L %?PRF-@MSLB M@QCPTCP @W RFC
COS?RGML
t =
t
0
1
v
2
c
2
= t
0
,
UFCPC
=
1
1
v
2
c
2
.
w 4FC COS?RGML PCJ?RGLE NPMNCP RGKC ?LB RGKC KC?QSPCB @W ?L %?PRF-@MSLB M@QCPTCP GKNJGCQ RF?R PCJ?RGTC TCJMAGRW A?LLMR CVACCB RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR.
1018 #(!04%2 28 Y 30%#)!, 2%,!4)6)49
w 4FC RUGL N?P?BMV ?QIQ UFW ? RUGL RP?TCJGLE ?R ? PCJ?RGTGQRGA QNCCB ?U?W ?LB RFCL @?AI RMU?PBQ RFC %?PRF ?ECQ JCQQ RF?L RFC %?PRF-@MSLB RUGL.
4FC NPCKGQC RM RFC N?P?BMV GQ D?SJRW @CA?SQC RFC RP?TCJGLE RUGL GQ ?AACJCP?RGLE. 3NCAG?J PCJ?RGTGRW BMCQ LMR ?NNJW RM ?AACJCP?RGLE DP?KCQ MD
PCDCPCLAC.
w 4GKC BGJ?RGML GQ SQS?JJW LCEJGEG@JC ?R JMU PCJ?RGTC TCJMAGRGCQ, @SR GR BMCQ MAASP, ?LB GR F?Q @CCL TCPGDGCB @W CVNCPGKCLR.
w !JJ M@QCPTCPQ ?EPCC SNML PCJ?RGTC QNCCB.
w $GQR?LAC BCNCLBQ ML ?L M@QCPTCPtQ KMRGML. 0PMNCP JCLERF L
0
GQ RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RUM NMGLRQ KC?QSPCB @W ?L M@QCPTCP UFM GQ ?R PCQR
PCJ?RGTC RM @MRF MD RFC NMGLRQ. %?PRF-@MSLB M@QCPTCPQ KC?QSPC NPMNCP JCLERF UFCL KC?QSPGLE RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RUM NMGLRQ RF?R ?PC
QR?RGML?PW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF.
w ,CLERF AMLRP?ARGML L GQ RFC QFMPRCLGLE MD RFC KC?QSPCB JCLERF MD ?L M@HCAR KMTGLE PCJ?RGTC RM RFC M@QCPTCPtQ DP?KC:
L=L
0
1
v
2
c
2
=
L
0
.
28.4 +;B7J?L?IJ?9 A::?J?ED E< /;BE9?J?;I
w 7GRF AJ?QQGA?J TCJMAGRW ?BBGRGML, TCJMAGRGCQ ?BB JGIC PCESJ?P LSK@CPQ GL MLC-BGKCLQGML?J KMRGML: u=v+u , UFCPC v GQ RFC TCJMAGRW @CRUCCL RUM
M@QCPTCPQ, u GQ RFC TCJMAGRW MD ?L M@HCAR PCJ?RGTC RM MLC M@QCPTCP, ?LB u GQ RFC TCJMAGRW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC MRFCP M@QCPTCP.
w 6CJMAGRGCQ A?LLMR ?BB RM @C EPC?RCP RF?L RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. 2CJ?RGTGQRGA TCJMAGRW ?BBGRGML BCQAPG@CQ RFC TCJMAGRGCQ MD ?L M@HCAR KMTGLE ?R ?
PCJ?RGTGQRGA QNCCB:
u=
v+u
1 +
vu
c
2
w !L M@QCPTCP MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML QCCQ H;B7J?L?IJ?9 DEFFB;H ;<<;9JI GD RFC QMSPAC MD RFC P?BG?RGML GQ KMTGLE PCJ?RGTC RM RFC M@QCPTCP. 4FC
U?TCJCLERF MD RFC P?BG?RGML GQ JMLECP (A?JJCB ? PCB QFGDR) RF?L RF?R CKGRRCB @W RFC QMSPAC UFCL RFC QMSPAC KMTCQ ?U?W DPMK RFC M@QCPTCP ?LB
QFMPRCP (A?JJCB ? @JSC QFGDR) UFCL RFC QMSPAC KMTCQ RMU?PB RFC M@QCPTCP. 4FC QFGDRCB U?TCJCLERF GQ BCQAPG@CB @W RFC COS?RGML
obs
=
s
1 +
u
c
1
u
c
obs
s
GQ RFC QMSPAC U?TCJCLERF, ?LB u GQ RFC PCJ?RGTC TCJMAGRW MD RFC QMSPAC RM RFC M@QCPTCP.
w 4FC J?U MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK GQ T?JGB UFCLCTCP RFC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC GQ XCPM ?LB DMP PCJ?RGTGQRGA KMKCLRSK. 2CJ?RGTGQRGA KMKCLRSK p
GQ AJ?QQGA?J KMKCLRSK KSJRGNJGCB @W RFC PCJ?RGTGQRGA D?ARMP .
w p = mu , UFCPC m GQ RFC PCQR K?QQ MD RFC M@HCAR, u GQ GRQ TCJMAGRW PCJ?RGTC RM ?L M@QCPTCP, ?LB RFC PCJ?RGTGQRGA D?ARMP =
1
1
u
2
c
2
.
w !R JMU TCJMAGRGCQ, PCJ?RGTGQRGA KMKCLRSK GQ COSGT?JCLR RM AJ?QQGA?J KMKCLRSK.
w 2CJ?RGTGQRGA KMKCLRSK ?NNPM?AFCQ GLDGLGRW ?Q u ?NNPM?AFCQ c . 4FGQ GKNJGCQ RF?R ?L M@HCAR UGRF K?QQ A?LLMR PC?AF RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR.
w 2CJ?RGTGQRGA KMKCLRSK GQ AMLQCPTCB, HSQR ?Q AJ?QQGA?J KMKCLRSK GQ AMLQCPTCB.
28.6 +;B7J?L?IJ?9 ED;H=O
w 2CJ?RGTGQRGA CLCPEW GQ AMLQCPTCB ?Q JMLE ?Q UC BCDGLC GR RM GLAJSBC RFC NMQQG@GJGRW MD K?QQ AF?LEGLE RM CLCPEW.
w 4MR?J %LCPEW GQ BCDGLCB ?Q: E = mc
2
, UFCPC =
1
1
v
2
c
2
.
w 2CQR CLCPEW GQ E
0
= mc
2
, KC?LGLE RF?R K?QQ GQ ? DMPK MD CLCPEW. )D CLCPEW GQ QRMPCB GL ?L M@HCAR, GRQ K?QQ GLAPC?QCQ. -?QQ A?L @C BCQRPMWCB
RM PCJC?QC CLCPEW.
w 7C BM LMR MPBGL?PGJW LMRGAC RFC GLAPC?QC MP BCAPC?QC GL K?QQ MD ?L M@HCAR @CA?SQC RFC AF?LEC GL K?QQ GQ QM QK?JJ DMP ? J?PEC GLAPC?QC GL
CLCPEW.
w 4FC PCJ?RGTGQRGA UMPI-CLCPEW RFCMPCK GQ W
net
= E E
0
= mc
2
mc
2
=

1
mc
2
.
w 2CJ?RGTGQRGA?JJW, W
net
= KE
rel
, UFCPC KE
rel
GQ RFC PCJ?RGTGQRGA IGLCRGA CLCPEW.
w 2CJ?RGTGQRGA IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ KE
rel
=

1
mc
2
, UFCPC =
1
1
v
2
c
2
. !R JMU TCJMAGRGCQ, PCJ?RGTGQRGA IGLCRGA CLCPEW PCBSACQ RM AJ?QQGA?J IGLCRGA
CLCPEW.
w 'E E8@;9J M?J> C7II 97D 7JJ7?D J>; IF;;: E< B?=>J @CA?SQC ?L GLDGLGRC ?KMSLR MD UMPI ?LB ?L GLDGLGRC ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW GLNSR GQ PCOSGPCB RM
?AACJCP?RC ? K?QQ RM RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR.
w 4FC COS?RGML E
2
= (pc)
2
+ (mc
2
)
2
PCJ?RCQ RFC PCJ?RGTGQRGA RMR?J CLCPEW E ?LB RFC PCJ?RGTGQRGA KMKCLRSK p . !R CVRPCKCJW FGEF TCJMAGRGCQ, RFC
PCQR CLCPEW mc
2
@CAMKCQ LCEJGEG@JC, ?LB E = pc .
#(!04%2 28 Y 30%#)!, 2%,!4)6)49 1019
1. 7FGAF MD %GLQRCGLtQ NMQRSJ?RCQ MD QNCAG?J PCJ?RGTGRW GLAJSBCQ ? AMLACNR RF?R BMCQ LMR DGR UGRF RFC GBC?Q MD AJ?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ? %VNJ?GL.
2. )Q %?PRF ?L GLCPRG?J DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC? )Q RFC 3SL? *SQRGDW WMSP PCQNMLQC.
3. 7FCL WMS ?PC DJWGLE GL ? AMKKCPAG?J HCR, GR K?W ?NNC?P RM WMS RF?R RFC ?GPNJ?LC GQ QR?RGML?PW ?LB RFC %?PRF GQ KMTGLE @CLC?RF WMS. )Q RFGQ NMGLR MD
TGCU T?JGB? $GQASQQ @PGCDJW.
4. $MCQ KMRGML ?DDCAR RFC P?RC MD ? AJMAI ?Q KC?QSPCB @W ?L M@QCPTCP KMTGLE UGRF GR? $MCQ KMRGML ?DDCAR FMU ?L M@QCPTCP KMTGLE PCJ?RGTC RM ? AJMAI
KC?QSPCQ GRQ P?RC?
5. 4M UFMK BMCQ RFC CJ?NQCB RGKC DMP ? NPMACQQ QCCK RM @C JMLECP, ?L M@QCPTCP KMTGLE PCJ?RGTC RM RFC NPMACQQ MP ?L M@QCPTCP KMTGLE UGRF RFC
NPMACQQ? 7FGAF M@QCPTCP KC?QSPCQ NPMNCP RGKC?
6. (MU AMSJB WMS RP?TCJ D?P GLRM RFC DSRSPC UGRFMSR ?EGLE QGELGDGA?LRJW? #MSJB RFGQ KCRFMB ?JQM ?JJMU WMS RM RP?TCJ GLRM RFC N?QR?
7. 4M UFMK BMCQ ?L M@HCAR QCCK EPC?RCP GL JCLERF, ?L M@QCPTCP KMTGLE UGRF RFC M@HCAR MP ?L M@QCPTCP KMTGLE PCJ?RGTC RM RFC M@HCAR? 7FGAF M@QCPTCP
KC?QSPCQ RFC M@HCARtQ NPMNCP JCLERF?
8. 2CJ?RGTGQRGA CDDCARQ QSAF ?Q RGKC BGJ?RGML ?LB JCLERF AMLRP?ARGML ?PC NPCQCLR DMP A?PQ ?LB ?GPNJ?LCQ. 7FW BM RFCQC CDDCARQ QCCK QRP?LEC RM SQ?
9. 3SNNMQC ?L ?QRPML?SR GQ KMTGLE PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF ?R ? QGELGDGA?LR DP?ARGML MD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. (?) $MCQ FC M@QCPTC RFC P?RC MD FGQ AJMAIQ RM
F?TC QJMUCB? (@) 7F?R AF?LEC GL RFC P?RC MD %?PRF-@MSLB AJMAIQ BMCQ FC QCC? (A) $MCQ FGQ QFGN QCCK RM FGK RM QFMPRCL? (B) 7F?R ?@MSR RFC BGQR?LAC
@CRUCCL QR?PQ RF?R JGC ML JGLCQ N?P?JJCJ RM FGQ KMRGML? (C) $M FC ?LB ?L %?PRF-@MSLB M@QCPTCP ?EPCC ML FGQ TCJMAGRW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF?
28.4 +;B7J?L?IJ?9 A::?J?ED E< /;BE9?J?;I
10. %VNJ?GL RFC KC?LGLE MD RFC RCPKQ uPCB QFGDRv ?LB u@JSC QFGDRv ?Q RFCW PCJ?RC RM RFC PCJ?RGTGQRGA $MNNJCP CDDCAR.
11. 7F?R F?NNCLQ RM RFC PCJ?RGTGQRGA $MNNJCP CDDCAR UFCL PCJ?RGTC TCJMAGRW GQ XCPM? )Q RFGQ RFC CVNCARCB PCQSJR?
12. )Q RFC PCJ?RGTGQRGA $MNNJCP CDDCAR AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC AJ?QQGA?J $MNNJCP CDDCAR GL RFC PCQNCAR RF?R
obs
GQ J?PECP DMP KMRGML ?U?W?
13. !JJ E?J?VGCQ D?PRFCP ?U?W RF?L ?@MSR 5010
6
ly CVFG@GR ? PCB QFGDR GL RFCGP CKGRRCB JGEFR RF?R GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM BGQR?LAC, UGRF RFMQC D?PRFCP ?LB
D?PRFCP ?U?W F?TGLE NPMEPCQQGTCJW EPC?RCP PCB QFGDRQ. 7F?R BMCQ RFGQ GKNJW, ?QQSKGLE RF?R RFC MLJW QMSPAC MD PCB QFGDR GQ PCJ?RGTC KMRGML? ((GLR: !R
RFCQC J?PEC BGQR?LACQ, GR GQ QN?AC GRQCJD RF?R GQ CVN?LBGLE, @SR RFC CDDCAR ML JGEFR GQ RFC Q?KC.)
14. (MU BMCQ KMBCPL PCJ?RGTGRW KMBGDW RFC J?U MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK?
15. )Q GR NMQQG@JC DMP ?L CVRCPL?J DMPAC RM @C ?ARGLE ML ? QWQRCK ?LB PCJ?RGTGQRGA KMKCLRSK RM @C AMLQCPTCB? %VNJ?GL.
28.6 +;B7J?L?IJ?9 ED;H=O
16. (MU ?PC RFC AJ?QQGA?J J?UQ MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW ?LB AMLQCPT?RGML MD K?QQ KMBGDGCB @W KMBCPL PCJ?RGTGRW?
17. 7F?R F?NNCLQ RM RFC K?QQ MD U?RCP GL ? NMR UFCL GR AMMJQ, ?QQSKGLE LM KMJCASJCQ CQA?NC MP ?PC ?BBCB? )Q RFGQ M@QCPT?@JC GL NP?ARGAC? %VNJ?GL.
18. #MLQGBCP ? RFMSEFR CVNCPGKCLR. 9MS NJ?AC ?L CVN?LBCB @?JJMML MD ?GP ML UCGEFGLE QA?JCQ MSRQGBC GL RFC C?PJW KMPLGLE. 4FC @?JJMML QR?WQ ML RFC
QA?JCQ ?LB WMS ?PC ?@JC RM KC?QSPC AF?LECQ GL GRQ K?QQ. $MCQ RFC K?QQ MD RFC @?JJMML AF?LEC ?Q RFC B?W NPMEPCQQCQ? $GQASQQ RFC BGDDGASJRGCQ GL
A?PPWGLE MSR RFGQ CVNCPGKCLR.
19. 4FC K?QQ MD RFC DSCJ GL ? LSAJC?P PC?ARMP BCAPC?QCQ @W ?L M@QCPT?@JC ?KMSLR ?Q GR NSRQ MSR CLCPEW. )Q RFC Q?KC RPSC DMP RFC AM?J ?LB MVWECL
AMK@GLCB GL ? AMLTCLRGML?J NMUCP NJ?LR? )D QM, GQ RFGQ M@QCPT?@JC GL NP?ARGAC DMP RFC AM?J ?LB MVWECL? %VNJ?GL.
20. 7C ILMU RF?R RFC TCJMAGRW MD ?L M@HCAR UGRF K?QQ F?Q ?L SNNCP JGKGR MD c . )Q RFCPC ?L SNNCP JGKGR ML GRQ KMKCLRSK? )RQ CLCPEW? %VNJ?GL.
21. 'GTCL RFC D?AR RF?R JGEFR RP?TCJQ ?R c , A?L GR F?TC K?QQ? %VNJ?GL.
22. )D WMS SQC ?L %?PRF-@?QCB RCJCQAMNC RM NPMHCAR ? J?QCP @C?K MLRM RFC -MML, WMS A?L KMTC RFC QNMR ?APMQQ RFC -MMLtQ QSPD?AC ?R ? TCJMAGRW
EPC?RCP RF?L RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. $MCQ RFGQ TGMJ?RC KMBCPL PCJ?RGTGRW? (.MRC RF?R JGEFR GQ @CGLE QCLR DPMK RFC %?PRF RM RFC -MML, LMR ?APMQQ RFC QSPD?AC MD
RFC -MML.)
1020 #(!04%2 28 Y 30%#)!, 2%,!4)6)49
23. (?) 7F?R GQ GD v = 0.250c ? (@) )D v = 0.500c ?
24. (?) 7F?R GQ GD v = 0.100c ? (@) )D v = 0.900c ?
25. 0?PRGAJCQ A?JJCB -KCQMLQ ?PC NPMBSACB @W ?AACJCP?RMP @C?KQ. )D
RFCQC N?PRGAJCQ RP?TCJ ?R 2.7010
8
m/s ?LB JGTC 2.6010
8
s UFCL ?R
PCQR PCJ?RGTC RM ?L M@QCPTCP, FMU JMLE BM RFCW JGTC ?Q TGCUCB GL RFC
J?@MP?RMPW?
26. 3SNNMQC ? N?PRGAJC A?JJCB ? I?ML GQ APC?RCB @W AMQKGA P?BG?RGML
QRPGIGLE RFC ?RKMQNFCPC. )R KMTCQ @W WMS ?R 0.980c , ?LB GR JGTCQ
1.2410
8
s UFCL ?R PCQR PCJ?RGTC RM ?L M@QCPTCP. (MU JMLE BMCQ GR JGTC
?Q WMS M@QCPTC GR?
27. ! LCSRP?J -KCQML GQ ? N?PRGAJC RF?R A?L @C APC?RCB @W ?AACJCP?RMP
@C?KQ. )D MLC QSAF N?PRGAJC JGTCQ 1.4010
16
s ?Q KC?QSPCB GL RFC
J?@MP?RMPW, ?LB 0.84010
16
s UFCL ?R PCQR PCJ?RGTC RM ?L M@QCPTCP,
UF?R GQ GRQ TCJMAGRW PCJ?RGTC RM RFC J?@MP?RMPW?
28. ! LCSRPML JGTCQ 900 Q UFCL ?R PCQR PCJ?RGTC RM ?L M@QCPTCP. (MU D?QR GQ
RFC LCSRPML KMTGLE PCJ?RGTC RM ?L M@QCPTCP UFM KC?QSPCQ GRQ JGDC QN?L RM
@C 2065 Q?
29. )D PCJ?RGTGQRGA CDDCARQ ?PC RM @C JCQQ RF?L 1%, RFCL KSQR @C JCQQ RF?L
1.01. !R UF?R PCJ?RGTC TCJMAGRW GQ = 1.01 ?
30. )D PCJ?RGTGQRGA CDDCARQ ?PC RM @C JCQQ RF?L 3%, RFCL KSQR @C JCQQ RF?L
1.03. !R UF?R PCJ?RGTC TCJMAGRW GQ = 1.03 ?
31. (?) !R UF?R PCJ?RGTC TCJMAGRW GQ = 1.50 ? (@) !R UF?R PCJ?RGTC TCJMAGRW
GQ = 100 ?
32. (?) !R UF?R PCJ?RGTC TCJMAGRW GQ = 2.00 ? (@) !R UF?R PCJ?RGTC TCJMAGRW
GQ = 10.0 ?
(?) &GLB RFC T?JSC MD DMP RFC DMJJMUGLE QGRS?RGML. !L %?PRF-@MSLB
M@QCPTCP KC?QSPCQ 23.9 F RM F?TC N?QQCB UFGJC QGEL?JQ DPMK ? FGEF-
TCJMAGRW QN?AC NPM@C GLBGA?RC RF?R 24.0 h F?TC N?QQCB ML @M?PB. (@)
7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ PCQSJR? (A) 7FGAF ?QQSKNRGMLQ ?PC
SLPC?QML?@JC MP GLAMLQGQRCLR?
34. ! QN?ACQFGN, 200 K JMLE ?Q QCCL ML @M?PB, KMTCQ @W RFC %?PRF ?R
0.970c . 7F?R GQ GRQ JCLERF ?Q KC?QSPCB @W ?L %?PRF-@MSLB M@QCPTCP?
35. (MU D?QR UMSJB ? 6.0 K-JMLE QNMPRQ A?P F?TC RM @C EMGLE N?QR WMS GL
MPBCP DMP GR RM ?NNC?P MLJW 5.5 K JMLE?
36. (?) (MU D?P BMCQ RFC KSML GL EN7CFB; 28.1 RP?TCJ ?AAMPBGLE RM RFC
%?PRF-@MSLB M@QCPTCP? (@) (MU D?P BMCQ GR RP?TCJ ?Q TGCUCB @W ?L
M@QCPTCP KMTGLE UGRF GR? "?QC WMSP A?JASJ?RGML ML GRQ TCJMAGRW PCJ?RGTC RM
RFC %?PRF ?LB RFC RGKC GR JGTCQ (NPMNCP RGKC). (A) 6CPGDW RF?R RFCQC RUM
BGQR?LACQ ?PC PCJ?RCB RFPMSEF JCLERF AMLRP?ARGML =3.20 .
37. (?) (MU JMLE UMSJB RFC KSML GL EN7CFB; 28.1 F?TC JGTCB ?Q
M@QCPTCB ML RFC %?PRF GD GRQ TCJMAGRW U?Q 0.0500c ? (@) (MU D?P UMSJB GR
F?TC RP?TCJCB ?Q M@QCPTCB ML RFC %?PRF? (A) 7F?R BGQR?LAC GQ RFGQ GL RFC
KSMLtQ DP?KC?
38. (?) (MU JMLE BMCQ GR R?IC RFC ?QRPML?SR GL EN7CFB; 28.2 RM RP?TCJ
4.30 JW ?R 0.99944c (?Q KC?QSPCB @W RFC %?PRF-@MSLB M@QCPTCP)? (@)
(MU JMLE BMCQ GR R?IC ?AAMPBGLE RM RFC ?QRPML?SR? (A) 6CPGDW RF?R RFCQC
RUM RGKCQ ?PC PCJ?RCB RFPMSEF RGKC BGJ?RGML UGRF =30.00 ?Q EGTCL.
39. (?) (MU D?QR UMSJB ?L ?RFJCRC LCCB RM @C PSLLGLE DMP ? 100-K P?AC RM
JMMI 100 WB JMLE? (@) )Q RFC ?LQUCP AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC D?AR RF?R
PCJ?RGTGQRGA CDDCARQ ?PC BGDDGASJR RM M@QCPTC GL MPBGL?PW AGPASKQR?LACQ?
%VNJ?GL.
(?) &GLB RFC T?JSC MD DMP RFC DMJJMUGLE QGRS?RGML. !L ?QRPML?SR KC?QSPCQ
RFC JCLERF MD FCP QN?ACQFGN RM @C 25.0 K, UFGJC ?L %?PRF-@MSLB M@QCPTCP
KC?QSPCQ GR RM @C 100 K. (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ PCQSJR? (A)
! QN?ACQFGN GQ FC?BGLE BGPCARJW RMU?PB RFC %?PRF ?R ? TCJMAGRW MD 0.800c .
4FC ?QRPML?SR ML @M?PB AJ?GKQ RF?R FC A?L QCLB ? A?LGQRCP RMU?PB RFC
%?PRF ?R 1.20c PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC TCJMAGRW RFC
A?LGQRCP KSQR F?TC PCJ?RGTC RM RFC QN?ACQFGN. (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC
GLAMLQGQRCLR?
28.4 +;B7J?L?IJ?9 A::?J?ED E< /;BE9?J?;I
42. 3SNNMQC ? QN?ACQFGN FC?BGLE QRP?GEFR RMU?PBQ RFC %?PRF ?R 0.750c
A?L QFMMR ? A?LGQRCP ?R 0.500c PCJ?RGTC RM RFC QFGN. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC
TCJMAGRW MD RFC A?LGQRCP PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF, GD GR GQ QFMR BGPCARJW ?R RFC
%?PRF? (@) )D GR GQ QFMR BGPCARJW ?U?W DPMK RFC %?PRF?
43. 2CNC?R RFC NPCTGMSQ NPM@JCK UGRF RFC QFGN FC?BGLE BGPCARJW ?U?W DPMK
RFC %?PRF.
44. )D ? QN?ACQFGN GQ ?NNPM?AFGLE RFC %?PRF ?R 0.100c ?LB ? KCQQ?EC
A?NQSJC GQ QCLR RMU?PB GR ?R 0.100c PCJ?RGTC RM RFC %?PRF, UF?R GQ RFC
QNCCB MD RFC A?NQSJC PCJ?RGTC RM RFC QFGN?
45. (?) 3SNNMQC RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR UCPC MLJW 3000 m/s . ! HCR DGEFRCP
KMTGLE RMU?PB ? R?PECR ML RFC EPMSLB ?R 800 m/s QFMMRQ @SJJCRQ, C?AF
F?TGLE ? KSXXJC TCJMAGRW MD 1000 m/s . 7F?R ?PC RFC @SJJCRQt TCJMAGRW
PCJ?RGTC RM RFC R?PECR? (@) )D RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR U?Q RFGQ QK?JJ, UMSJB WMS
M@QCPTC PCJ?RGTGQRGA CDDCARQ GL CTCPWB?W JGDC? $GQASQQ.
46. )D ? E?J?VW KMTGLE ?U?W DPMK RFC %?PRF F?Q ? QNCCB MD 1000 km/s
?LB CKGRQ 656 nm JGEFR AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MD FWBPMECL (RFC KMQR AMKKML
CJCKCLR GL RFC SLGTCPQC). (?) 7F?R U?TCJCLERF UMSJB UC M@QCPTC ML RFC
%?PRF? (@) 7F?R RWNC MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML GQ RFGQ? (A) 7FW GQ RFC
QNCCB MD RFC %?PRF GL GRQ MP@GR LCEJGEG@JC FCPC?
47. ! QN?AC NPM@C QNCCBGLE RMU?PBQ RFC LC?PCQR QR?P KMTCQ ?R 0.250c
?LB QCLBQ P?BGM GLDMPK?RGML ?R ? @PM?BA?QR DPCOSCLAW MD 1.00 '(X. 7F?R
DPCOSCLAW GQ PCACGTCB ML RFC %?PRF?
48. )D RUM QN?ACQFGNQ ?PC FC?BGLE BGPCARJW RMU?PBQ C?AF MRFCP ?R 0.800c
, ?R UF?R QNCCB KSQR ? A?LGQRCP @C QFMR DPMK RFC DGPQR QFGN RM ?NNPM?AF
RFC MRFCP ?R 0.999c ?Q QCCL @W RFC QCAMLB QFGN?
49. 4UM NJ?LCRQ ?PC ML ? AMJJGQGML AMSPQC, FC?BGLE BGPCARJW RMU?PBQ C?AF
MRFCP ?R 0.250c . ! QN?ACQFGN QCLR DPMK MLC NJ?LCR ?NNPM?AFCQ RFC
QCAMLB ?R 0.750c ?Q QCCL @W RFC QCAMLB NJ?LCR. 7F?R GQ RFC TCJMAGRW MD
RFC QFGN PCJ?RGTC RM RFC DGPQR NJ?LCR?
50. 7FCL ? KGQQGJC GQ QFMR DPMK MLC QN?ACQFGN RMU?PBQ ?LMRFCP, GR JC?TCQ
RFC DGPQR ?R 0.950c ?LB ?NNPM?AFCQ RFC MRFCP ?R 0.750c . 7F?R GQ RFC
PCJ?RGTC TCJMAGRW MD RFC RUM QFGNQ?
51. 7F?R GQ RFC PCJ?RGTC TCJMAGRW MD RUM QN?ACQFGNQ GD MLC DGPCQ ? KGQQGJC ?R
RFC MRFCP ?R 0.750c ?LB RFC MRFCP M@QCPTCQ GR RM ?NNPM?AF ?R 0.950c ?
52. .C?P RFC ACLRCP MD MSP E?J?VW, FWBPMECL E?Q GQ KMTGLE BGPCARJW ?U?W
DPMK SQ GL GRQ MP@GR ?@MSR ? @J?AI FMJC. 7C PCACGTC 1900 LK
CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML ?LB ILMU RF?R GR U?Q 1875 LK UFCL CKGRRCB @W
RFC FWBPMECL E?Q. 7F?R GQ RFC QNCCB MD RFC E?Q?
53. ! FGEFU?W N?RPMJ MDDGACP SQCQ ? BCTGAC RF?R KC?QSPCQ RFC QNCCB MD
TCFGAJCQ @W @MSLAGLE P?B?P MDD RFCK ?LB KC?QSPGLE RFC $MNNJCP QFGDR. 4FC
MSREMGLE P?B?P F?Q ? DPCOSCLAW MD 100 '(X ?LB RFC PCRSPLGLE CAFM F?Q ?
#(!04%2 28 Y 30%#)!, 2%,!4)6)49 1021
DPCOSCLAW 15.0 I(X FGEFCP. 7F?R GQ RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC TCFGAJC? .MRC RF?R
RFCPC ?PC RUM $MNNJCP QFGDRQ GL CAFMCQ. "C ACPR?GL LMR RM PMSLB MDD SLRGJ
RFC CLB MD RFC NPM@JCK, @CA?SQC RFC CDDCAR GQ QK?JJ.
54. 0PMTC RF?R DMP ?LW PCJ?RGTC TCJMAGRW v @CRUCCL RUM M@QCPTCPQ, ? @C?K
MD JGEFR QCLR DPMK MLC RM RFC MRFCP UGJJ ?NNPM?AF ?R QNCCB c (NPMTGBCB
RF?R v GQ JCQQ RF?L c , MD AMSPQC).
55. 3FMU RF?R DMP ?LW PCJ?RGTC TCJMAGRW v @CRUCCL RUM M@QCPTCPQ, ? @C?K
MD JGEFR NPMHCARCB @W MLC BGPCARJW ?U?W DPMK RFC MRFCP UGJJ KMTC ?U?W ?R
RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR (NPMTGBCB RF?R v GQ JCQQ RF?L c , MD AMSPQC).
56. (?) !JJ @SR RFC AJMQCQR E?J?VGCQ ?PC PCACBGLE DPMK MSP MUL -GJIW 7?W
'?J?VW. )D ? E?J?VW 12.010
9
ly JW ?U?W GQ PCACBGLE DPMK SQ ?R 0.
0.900c , ?R UF?R TCJMAGRW PCJ?RGTC RM SQ KSQR UC QCLB ?L CVNJMP?RMPW
NPM@C RM ?NNPM?AF RFC MRFCP E?J?VW ?R 0.990c , ?Q KC?QSPCB DPMK RF?R
E?J?VW? (@) (MU JMLE UGJJ GR R?IC RFC NPM@C RM PC?AF RFC MRFCP E?J?VW ?Q
KC?QSPCB DPMK RFC %?PRF? 9MS K?W ?QQSKC RF?R RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC MRFCP
E?J?VW PCK?GLQ AMLQR?LR. (A) (MU JMLE UGJJ GR RFCL R?IC DMP ? P?BGM QGEL?J
RM @C @C?KCB @?AI? (!JJ MD RFGQ GQ NMQQG@JC GL NPGLAGNJC, @SR LMR NP?ARGA?J.)
57. &GLB RFC KMKCLRSK MD ? FCJGSK LSAJCSQ F?TGLE ? K?QQ MD
6.6810
27
kg RF?R GQ KMTGLE ?R 0.200c .
58. 7F?R GQ RFC KMKCLRSK MD ?L CJCARPML RP?TCJGLE ?R 0.980c ?
59. (?) &GLB RFC KMKCLRSK MD ? 1.0010
9
kg ?QRCPMGB FC?BGLE RMU?PBQ
RFC %?PRF ?R 30.0 km/s . (@) &GLB RFC P?RGM MD RFGQ KMKCLRSK RM RFC
AJ?QQGA?J KMKCLRSK. ((GLR: 5QC RFC ?NNPMVGK?RGML RF?R
= 1 + (1 / 2)v
2
/ c
2
?R JMU TCJMAGRGCQ.)
60. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC KMKCLRSK MD ? 2000 IE Q?RCJJGRC MP@GRGLE ?R 4.00 IK/
Q? (@) &GLB RFC P?RGM MD RFGQ KMKCLRSK RM RFC AJ?QQGA?J KMKCLRSK. ((GLR:
5QC RFC ?NNPMVGK?RGML RF?R = 1 + (1 / 2)v
2
/ c
2
?R JMU TCJMAGRGCQ.)
61. 7F?R GQ RFC TCJMAGRW MD ?L CJCARPML RF?R F?Q ? KMKCLRSK MD
3.0410
21
kgm/s ? .MRC RF?R WMS KSQR A?JASJ?RC RFC TCJMAGRW RM ?R
JC?QR DMSP BGEGRQ RM QCC RFC BGDDCPCLAC DPMK c .
62. &GLB RFC TCJMAGRW MD ? NPMRML RF?R F?Q ? KMKCLRSK MD
4.4810
-19
kgm/s.
63. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC QNCCB MD ? 1.00-g N?PRGAJC MD BSQR RF?R F?Q RFC
Q?KC KMKCLRSK ?Q ? NPMRML KMTGLE ?R 0.999c . (@) 7F?R BMCQ RFC
QK?JJ QNCCB RCJJ SQ ?@MSR RFC K?QQ MD ? NPMRML AMKN?PCB RM CTCL ? RGLW
?KMSLR MD K?APMQAMNGA K?RRCP?
64. (?) #?JASJ?RC DMP ? NPMRML RF?R F?Q ? KMKCLRSK MD 1.00 kgm/s.
(@) 7F?R GQ GRQ QNCCB? 3SAF NPMRMLQ DMPK ? P?PC AMKNMLCLR MD AMQKGA
P?BG?RGML UGRF SLACPR?GL MPGEGLQ.
28.6 +;B7J?L?IJ?9 ED;H=O
65. 7F?R GQ RFC PCQR CLCPEW MD ?L CJCARPML, EGTCL GRQ K?QQ GQ
9.1110
31
kg ? 'GTC WMSP ?LQUCP GL HMSJCQ ?LB -C6.
66. &GLB RFC PCQR CLCPEW GL HMSJCQ ?LB -C6 MD ? NPMRML, EGTCL GRQ K?QQ GQ
1.6710
27
kg .
67. )D RFC PCQR CLCPEGCQ MD ? NPMRML ?LB ? LCSRPML (RFC RUM AMLQRGRSCLRQ MD
LSAJCG) ?PC 938.3 ?LB 939.6 -C6 PCQNCARGTCJW, UF?R GQ RFC BGDDCPCLAC GL
RFCGP K?QQCQ GL IGJMEP?KQ?
68. 4FC "GE "?LE RF?R @CE?L RFC SLGTCPQC GQ CQRGK?RCB RM F?TC PCJC?QCB
10
68
J MD CLCPEW. (MU K?LW QR?PQ AMSJB F?JD RFGQ CLCPEW APC?RC,
?QQSKGLE RFC ?TCP?EC QR?PtQ K?QQ GQ 4.0010
30
kg ?
69. ! QSNCPLMT? CVNJMQGML MD ? 2.0010
31
kg QR?P NPMBSACQ
1.0010
44
kg MD CLCPEW. (?) (MU K?LW IGJMEP?KQ MD K?QQ ?PC
AMLTCPRCB RM CLCPEW GL RFC CVNJMQGML? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC P?RGM m/ m MD
K?QQ BCQRPMWCB RM RFC MPGEGL?J K?QQ MD RFC QR?P?
70. (?) 5QGLE B?R? DPMK -78B; 7.1, A?JASJ?RC RFC K?QQ AMLTCPRCB RM
CLCPEW @W RFC DGQQGML MD 1.00 IE MD SP?LGSK. (@) 7F?R GQ RFC P?RGM MD K?QQ
BCQRPMWCB RM RFC MPGEGL?J K?QQ, m/ m?
71. (?) 5QGLE B?R? DPMK -78B; 7.1, A?JASJ?RC RFC ?KMSLR MD K?QQ
AMLTCPRCB RM CLCPEW @W RFC DSQGML MD 1.00 IE MD FWBPMECL. (@) 7F?R GQ RFC
P?RGM MD K?QQ BCQRPMWCB RM RFC MPGEGL?J K?QQ, m/ m? (A) (MU BMCQ RFGQ
AMKN?PC UGRF m/ m DMP RFC DGQQGML MD 1.00 IE MD SP?LGSK?
72. 4FCPC GQ ?NNPMVGK?RCJW 10
34
J MD CLCPEW ?T?GJ?@JC DPMK DSQGML MD
FWBPMECL GL RFC UMPJBtQ MAC?LQ. (?) )D 10
33
J MD RFGQ CLCPEW UCPC
SRGJGXCB, UF?R UMSJB @C RFC BCAPC?QC GL K?QQ MD RFC MAC?LQ? (@) (MU
EPC?R ? TMJSKC MD U?RCP BMCQ RFGQ AMPPCQNMLB RM? (A) #MKKCLR ML
UFCRFCP RFGQ GQ ? QGELGDGA?LR DP?ARGML MD RFC RMR?J K?QQ MD RFC MAC?LQ.
73. ! KSML F?Q ? PCQR K?QQ CLCPEW MD 105.7 -C6, ?LB GR BCA?WQ GLRM ?L
CJCARPML ?LB ? K?QQJCQQ N?PRGAJC. (?) )D ?JJ RFC JMQR K?QQ GQ AMLTCPRCB GLRM
RFC CJCARPMLtQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW, DGLB DMP RFC CJCARPML. (@) 7F?R GQ RFC
CJCARPMLtQ TCJMAGRW?
74. ! -KCQML GQ ? N?PRGAJC RF?R BCA?WQ GLRM ? KSML ?LB ? K?QQJCQQ
N?PRGAJC. 4FC -KCQML F?Q ? PCQR K?QQ CLCPEW MD 139.6 -C6, ?LB RFC
KSML F?Q ? PCQR K?QQ CLCPEW MD 105.7 -C6. 3SNNMQC RFC -KCQML GQ ?R
PCQR ?LB ?JJ MD RFC KGQQGLE K?QQ EMCQ GLRM RFC KSMLtQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW. (MU
D?QR UGJJ RFC KSML KMTC?
75. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC PCJ?RGTGQRGA IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD ? 1000-IE A?P KMTGLE ?R
30.0 K/Q GD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR UCPC MLJW 45.0 K/Q. (@) &GLB RFC P?RGM MD RFC
PCJ?RGTGQRGA IGLCRGA CLCPEW RM AJ?QQGA?J.
76. !JNF? BCA?W GQ LSAJC?P BCA?W GL UFGAF ? FCJGSK LSAJCSQ GQ CKGRRCB. )D
RFC FCJGSK LSAJCSQ F?Q ? K?QQ MD 6.8010
27
kg ?LB GQ EGTCL 5.00
-C6 MD IGLCRGA CLCPEW, UF?R GQ GRQ TCJMAGRW?
77. (?) "CR? BCA?W GQ LSAJC?P BCA?W GL UFGAF ?L CJCARPML GQ CKGRRCB. )D RFC
CJCARPML GQ EGTCL 0.750 -C6 MD IGLCRGA CLCPEW, UF?R GQ GRQ TCJMAGRW? (@)
#MKKCLR ML FMU RFC FGEF TCJMAGRW GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW
?Q GR AMKN?PCQ RM RFC PCQR K?QQ CLCPEW MD RFC CJCARPML.
78. ! NMQGRPML GQ ?L ?LRGK?RRCP TCPQGML MD RFC CJCARPML, F?TGLE CV?ARJW RFC
Q?KC K?QQ. 7FCL ? NMQGRPML ?LB ?L CJCARPML KCCR, RFCW ?LLGFGJ?RC,
AMLTCPRGLE ?JJ MD RFCGP K?QQ GLRM CLCPEW. (?) &GLB RFC CLCPEW PCJC?QCB,
?QQSKGLE LCEJGEG@JC IGLCRGA CLCPEW @CDMPC RFC ?LLGFGJ?RGML. (@) )D RFGQ
CLCPEW GQ EGTCL RM ? NPMRML GL RFC DMPK MD IGLCRGA CLCPEW, UF?R GQ GRQ
TCJMAGRW? (A) )D RFGQ CLCPEW GQ EGTCL RM ?LMRFCP CJCARPML GL RFC DMPK MD
IGLCRGA CLCPEW, UF?R GQ GRQ TCJMAGRW?
79. 7F?R GQ RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW GL -C6 MD ? -KCQML RF?R JGTCQ
1.4010
16
s ?Q KC?QSPCB GL RFC J?@MP?RMPW, ?LB 0.84010
16
s
UFCL ?R PCQR PCJ?RGTC RM ?L M@QCPTCP, EGTCL RF?R GRQ PCQR CLCPEW GQ 135
-C6?
80. &GLB RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW GL -C6 MD ? LCSRPML UGRF ? KC?QSPCB JGDC QN?L
MD 2065 Q, EGTCL GRQ PCQR CLCPEW GQ 939.6 -C6, ?LB PCQR JGDC QN?L GQ 900Q.
81. (?) 3FMU RF?R (pc)
2
/ (mc
2
)
2
=
2
1 . 4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R ?R J?PEC
TCJMAGRGCQ pc>>mc
2
. (@) )Q E pc UFCL = 30.0 , ?Q DMP RFC
?QRPML?SR BGQASQQCB GL RFC RUGL N?P?BMV?
82. /LC AMQKGA P?W LCSRPML F?Q ? TCJMAGRW MD 0.250c PCJ?RGTC RM RFC
%?PRF. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC LCSRPMLtQ RMR?J CLCPEW GL -C6? (@) &GLB GRQ
KMKCLRSK. (A) )Q E pc GL RFGQ QGRS?RGML? $GQASQQ GL RCPKQ MD RFC
COS?RGML EGTCL GL N?PR (?) MD RFC NPCTGMSQ NPM@JCK.
1022 #(!04%2 28 Y 30%#)!, 2%,!4)6)49
83. 7F?R GQ DMP ? NPMRML F?TGLE ? K?QQ CLCPEW MD 938.3 -C6
?AACJCP?RCB RFPMSEF ?L CDDCARGTC NMRCLRG?J MD 1.0 46 (RCP?TMJR) ?R &CPKGJ?@
MSRQGBC #FGA?EM?
84. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC CDDCARGTC ?AACJCP?RGLE NMRCLRG?J DMP CJCARPMLQ ?R RFC
3R?LDMPB ,GLC?P !AACJCP?RMP, GD = 1.0010
5
DMP RFCK? (@) 7F?R GQ
RFCGP RMR?J CLCPEW (LC?PJW RFC Q?KC ?Q IGLCRGA GL RFGQ A?QC) GL 'C6?
85. (?) 5QGLE B?R? DPMK -78B; 7.1, DGLB RFC K?QQ BCQRPMWCB UFCL RFC
CLCPEW GL ? @?PPCJ MD APSBC MGJ GQ PCJC?QCB. (@) 'GTCL RFCQC @?PPCJQ AMLR?GL
200 JGRCPQ ?LB ?QQSKGLE RFC BCLQGRW MD APSBC MGJ GQ 750 kg/m
3
, UF?R GQ
RFC P?RGM MD K?QQ BCQRPMWCB RM MPGEGL?J K?QQ, m/ m?
86. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC CLCPEW PCJC?QCB @W RFC BCQRPSARGML MD 1.00 IE MD
K?QQ. (@) (MU K?LW IGJMEP?KQ AMSJB @C JGDRCB RM ? 10.0 IK FCGEFR @W RFGQ
?KMSLR MD CLCPEW?
87. ! 6?L BC 'P??DD ?AACJCP?RMP SRGJGXCQ ? 50.0 -6 NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC RM
?AACJCP?RC AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ QSAF ?Q NPMRMLQ. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC TCJMAGRW MD ?
NPMRML ?AACJCP?RCB @W QSAF ? NMRCLRG?J? (@) !L CJCARPML?
88. 3SNNMQC WMS SQC ?L ?TCP?EC MD 500 kWh MD CJCARPGA CLCPEW NCP
KMLRF GL WMSP FMKC. (?) (MU JMLE UMSJB 1.00 E MD K?QQ AMLTCPRCB RM
CJCARPGA CLCPEW UGRF ?L CDDGAGCLAW MD 38.0% J?QR WMS? (@) (MU K?LW
FMKCQ AMSJB @C QSNNJGCB ?R RFC 500 kWh NCP KMLRF P?RC DMP MLC WC?P
@W RFC CLCPEW DPMK RFC BCQAPG@CB K?QQ AMLTCPQGML?
89. (?) ! LSAJC?P NMUCP NJ?LR AMLTCPRQ CLCPEW DPMK LSAJC?P DGQQGML GLRM
CJCARPGAGRW UGRF ?L CDDGAGCLAW MD 35.0%. (MU KSAF K?QQ GQ BCQRPMWCB GL
MLC WC?P RM NPMBSAC ? AMLRGLSMSQ 1000 -7 MD CJCARPGA NMUCP? (@) $M WMS
RFGLI GR UMSJB @C NMQQG@JC RM M@QCPTC RFGQ K?QQ JMQQ GD RFC RMR?J K?QQ MD
RFC DSCJ GQ 10
4
kg ?
90. .SAJC?P-NMUCPCB PMAICRQ UCPC PCQC?PAFCB DMP QMKC WC?PQ @CDMPC
Q?DCRW AMLACPLQ @CA?KC N?P?KMSLR. (?) 7F?R DP?ARGML MD ? PMAICRtQ K?QQ
UMSJB F?TC RM @C BCQRPMWCB RM ECR GR GLRM ? JMU %?PRF MP@GR, LCEJCARGLE RFC
BCAPC?QC GL EP?TGRW? (!QQSKC ?L MP@GR?J ?JRGRSBC MD 250 IK, ?LB A?JASJ?RC
@MRF RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW (AJ?QQGA?J) ?LB RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW
LCCBCB.) (@) )D RFC QFGN F?Q ? K?QQ MD 1.0010
5
kg (100 RMLQ), UF?R
RMR?J WGCJB LSAJC?P CVNJMQGML GL RMLQ MD 4.4 GQ LCCBCB?
91. 4FC 3SL NPMBSACQ CLCPEW ?R ? P?RC MD 4.0010
26
7 @W RFC DSQGML MD
FWBPMECL. (?) (MU K?LW IGJMEP?KQ MD FWBPMECL SLBCPEM DSQGML C?AF
QCAMLB? (@) )D RFC 3SL GQ 90.0% FWBPMECL ?LB F?JD MD RFGQ A?L SLBCPEM
DSQGML @CDMPC RFC 3SL AF?LECQ AF?P?ARCP, FMU JMLE AMSJB GR NPMBSAC
CLCPEW ?R GRQ ASPPCLR P?RC? (A) (MU K?LW IGJMEP?KQ MD K?QQ GQ RFC 3SL
JMQGLE NCP QCAMLB? (B) 7F?R DP?ARGML MD GRQ K?QQ UGJJ GR F?TC JMQR GL RFC
RGKC DMSLB GL N?PR (@)?
! NPMRML F?Q ? K?QQ MD 1.6710
27
kg . ! NFWQGAGQR KC?QSPCQ RFC
NPMRMLtQ RMR?J CLCPEW RM @C 50.0 -C6. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC NPMRMLtQ IGLCRGA
CLCPEW? (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ PCQSJR? (A) 7FGAF
#MLQGBCP ? FGEFJW PCJ?RGTGQRGA N?PRGAJC. $GQASQQ UF?R GQ KC?LR @W RFC RCPK
uFGEFJW PCJ?RGTGQRGA.v (.MRC RF?R, GL N?PR, GR KC?LQ RF?R RFC N?PRGAJC A?LLMR @C
K?QQJCQQ.) #MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS A?JASJ?RC RFC U?TCJCLERF MD
QSAF ? N?PRGAJC ?LB QFMU RF?R GR GQ TCPW LC?PJW RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC
U?TCJCLERF MD ? K?QQJCQQ N?PRGAJC, QSAF ?Q ? NFMRML, UGRF RFC Q?KC
CLCPEW. !KMLE RFC RFGLEQ RM @C AMLQGBCPCB ?PC RFC PCQR CLCPEW MD RFC
N?PRGAJC (GR QFMSJB @C ? ILMUL N?PRGAJC) ?LB GRQ RMR?J CLCPEW, UFGAF QFMSJB
@C J?PEC AMKN?PCB RM GRQ PCQR CLCPEW.
#MLQGBCP ?L ?QRPML?SR RP?TCJGLE RM ?LMRFCP QR?P ?R ? PCJ?RGTGQRGA TCJMAGRW.
#MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS A?JASJ?RC RFC RGKC DMP RFC RPGN ?Q
M@QCPTCB ML RFC %?PRF ?LB ?Q M@QCPTCB @W RFC ?QRPML?SR. !JQM A?JASJ?RC
RFC ?KMSLR MD K?QQ RF?R KSQR @C AMLTCPRCB RM CLCPEW RM ECR RFC
?QRPML?SR ?LB QFGN RM RFC TCJMAGRW RP?TCJJCB. !KMLE RFC RFGLEQ RM @C
AMLQGBCPCB ?PC RFC BGQR?LAC RM RFC QR?P, RFC TCJMAGRW, ?LB RFC K?QQ MD RFC
?QRPML?SR ?LB QFGN. 5LJCQQ WMSP GLQRPSARMP BGPCARQ WMS MRFCPUGQC, BM LMR
GLAJSBC ?LW CLCPEW EGTCL RM MRFCP K?QQCQ, QSAF ?Q PMAICR NPMNCJJ?LRQ.
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1024 #(!04%2 28 Y 30%#)!, 2%,!4)6)49
29 ).42/$5#4)/. 4/ 15!.45- 0(93)#3
F?=KH; 29.1 ! @J?AI DJW GK?ECB @W ?L CJCARPML KGAPMQAMNC GQ ?Q KMLQRPMSQ ?Q ?LW QAGCLAC-DGARGML APC?RSPC. (APCBGR: 5.3. $CN?PRKCLR MD !EPGASJRSPC TG? 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
,C?PLGLE /@HCARGTCQ
29.1. *K7DJ?P7J?ED E< ED;H=O
29.2. ->; )>EJE;B;9JH?9 E<<;9J
29.3. )>EJED ED;H=?;I 7D: J>; EB;9JHEC7=D;J?9 ,F;9JHKC
29.4. )>EJED &EC;DJKC
29.5. ->; )7HJ?9B;-07L; DK7B?JO
29.6. ->; 07L; '7JKH; E< &7JJ;H
29.7. )HE878?B?JO: ->; !;?I;D8;H= .D9;HJ7?DJO )H?D9?FB;
29.8. ->; )7HJ?9B;-07L; DK7B?JO +;L?;M;:
"DJHE:K9J?ED JE *K7DJKC )>OI?9I
1S?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ GQ RFC @P?LAF MD NFWQGAQ LCCBCB RM BC?J UGRF QS@KGAPMQAMNGA M@HCARQ. "CA?SQC RFCQC M@HCARQ ?PC QK?JJCP RF?L UC A?L M@QCPTC
BGPCARJW UGRF MSP QCLQCQ ?LB ECLCP?JJW KSQR @C M@QCPTCB UGRF RFC ?GB MD GLQRPSKCLRQ, N?PRQ MD OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ QCCK ?Q DMPCGEL ?LB @GX?PPC ?Q
N?PRQ MD PCJ?RGTGRW. "SR, JGIC PCJ?RGTGRW, OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ F?Q @CCL QFMUL RM @C T?JGBrRPSRF GQ MDRCL QRP?LECP RF?L DGARGML.
#CPR?GL ?QNCARQ MD OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ ?PC D?KGJG?P RM SQ. 7C ?AACNR ?Q D?AR RF?R K?RRCP GQ AMKNMQCB MD ?RMKQ, RFC QK?JJCQR SLGR MD ?L CJCKCLR, ?LB
RF?R RFCQC ?RMKQ AMK@GLC RM DMPK KMJCASJCQ, RFC QK?JJCQR SLGR MD ? AMKNMSLB. (3CC F?=KH; 29.2.) 7FGJC UC A?LLMR QCC RFC GLBGTGBS?J U?RCP
KMJCASJCQ GL ? QRPC?K, DMP CV?KNJC, UC ?PC ?U?PC RF?R RFGQ GQ @CA?SQC KMJCASJCQ ?PC QM QK?JJ ?LB QM LSKCPMSQ GL RF?R QRPC?K. 7FCL GLRPMBSAGLE
?RMKQ, UC AMKKMLJW Q?W RF?R CJCARPMLQ MP@GR ?RMKQ GL BGQAPCRC QFCJJQ ?PMSLB ? RGLW LSAJCSQ, GRQCJD AMKNMQCB MD QK?JJCP N?PRGAJCQ A?JJCB NPMRMLQ ?LB
LCSRPMLQ. 7C ?PC ?JQM ?U?PC RF?R CJCARPGA AF?PEC AMKCQ GL RGLW SLGRQ A?PPGCB ?JKMQR CLRGPCJW @W CJCARPMLQ ?LB NPMRMLQ. !Q UGRF U?RCP KMJCASJCQ GL ?
QRPC?K, UC BM LMR LMRGAC GLBGTGBS?J AF?PECQ GL RFC ASPPCLR RFPMSEF ? JGEFR@SJ@, @CA?SQC RFC AF?PECQ ?PC QM QK?JJ ?LB QM LSKCPMSQ GL RFC K?APMQAMNGA
QGRS?RGMLQ UC QCLQC BGPCARJW.
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F?=KH; 29.2 !RMKQ ?LB RFCGP QS@QRPSARSPC ?PC D?KGJG?P CV?KNJCQ MD M@HCARQ RF?R PCOSGPC OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ RM @C DSJJW CVNJ?GLCB. #CPR?GL MD RFCGP AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ, QSAF ?Q RFC
BGQAPCRC CJCARPML QFCJJQ, ?PC AJ?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ CVNJ?L?RGMLQ. )L OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ UC AMLACNRS?JGXC BGQAPCRC uCJCARPML AJMSBQv ?PMSLB RFC LSAJCSQ.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: 2C?JKQ MD 0FWQGAQ
#J?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ GQ ? EMMB ?NNPMVGK?RGML MD KMBCPL NFWQGAQ SLBCP AMLBGRGMLQ DGPQR BGQASQQCB GL RFC ->; '7JKH; E< ,9?;D9; 7D: )>OI?9I.
1S?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ GQ T?JGB GL ECLCP?J, ?LB GR KSQR @C SQCB P?RFCP RF?L AJ?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ RM BCQAPG@C QK?JJ M@HCARQ, QSAF ?Q ?RMKQ.
!RMKQ, KMJCASJCQ, ?LB DSLB?KCLR?J CJCARPML ?LB NPMRML AF?PECQ ?PC ?JJ CV?KNJCQ MD NFWQGA?J CLRGRGCQ RF?R ?PC GK7DJ?P;:rRF?R GQ, RFCW ?NNC?P MLJW GL
ACPR?GL BGQAPCRC T?JSCQ ?LB BM LMR F?TC CTCPW AMLACGT?@JC T?JSC. 1S?LRGXCB GQ RFC MNNMQGRC MD AMLRGLSMSQ. 7C A?LLMR F?TC ? DP?ARGML MD ?L ?RMK, MP
N?PR MD ?L CJCARPMLtQ AF?PEC, MP 14-1/3 ACLRQ, DMP CV?KNJC. 2?RFCP, CTCPWRFGLE GQ @SGJR MD GLRCEP?J KSJRGNJCQ MD RFCQC QS@QRPSARSPCQ. 1S?LRSK NFWQGAQ GQ
RFC @P?LAF MD NFWQGAQ RF?R BC?JQ UGRF QK?JJ M@HCARQ ?LB RFC OS?LRGX?RGML MD T?PGMSQ CLRGRGCQ, GLAJSBGLE CLCPEW ?LB ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK. *SQR ?Q UGRF
AJ?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ, OS?LRSK NFWQGAQ F?Q QCTCP?J QS@DGCJBQ, QSAF ?Q KCAF?LGAQ ?LB RFC QRSBW MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA DMPACQ. 4FC 9EHH;IFED:;D9;
FH?D9?FB; QR?RCQ RF?R GL RFC AJ?QQGA?J JGKGR (J?PEC, QJMU-KMTGLE M@HCARQ), GK7DJKC C;9>7D?9I @CAMKCQ RFC Q?KC ?Q AJ?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ. )L RFGQ AF?NRCP,
UC @CEGL RFC BCTCJMNKCLR MD OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ ?LB GRQ BCQAPGNRGML MD RFC QRP?LEC QS@KGAPMQAMNGA UMPJB. )L J?RCP AF?NRCPQ, UC UGJJ CV?KGLC K?LW
?PC?Q, QSAF ?Q ?RMKGA ?LB LSAJC?P NFWQGAQ, GL UFGAF OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ GQ APSAG?J.
29.1 *K7DJ?P7J?ED E< ED;H=O
0J?LAItQ #MLRPG@SRGML
%LCPEW GQ OS?LRGXCB GL QMKC QWQRCKQ, KC?LGLE RF?R RFC QWQRCK A?L F?TC MLJW ACPR?GL CLCPEGCQ ?LB LMR ? AMLRGLSSK MD CLCPEGCQ, SLJGIC RFC AJ?QQGA?J
A?QC. 4FGQ UMSJB @C JGIC F?TGLE MLJW ACPR?GL QNCCBQ ?R UFGAF ? A?P A?L RP?TCJ @CA?SQC GRQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW A?L F?TC MLJW ACPR?GL T?JSCQ. 7C ?JQM DGLB
RF?R QMKC DMPKQ MD CLCPEW RP?LQDCP R?IC NJ?AC UGRF BGQAPCRC JSKNQ MD CLCPEW. 7FGJC KMQR MD SQ ?PC D?KGJG?P UGRF RFC OS?LRGX?RGML MD K?RRCP GLRM JSKNQ
A?JJCB ?RMKQ, KMJCASJCQ, ?LB RFC JGIC, UC ?PC JCQQ ?U?PC RF?R CLCPEW, RMM, A?L @C OS?LRGXCB. 3MKC MD RFC C?PJGCQR AJSCQ ?@MSR RFC LCACQQGRW MD
OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ MTCP AJ?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ A?KC DPMK RFC OS?LRGX?RGML MD CLCPEW.
F?=KH; 29.3 'P?NFQ MD @J?AI@MBW P?BG?RGML (DPMK ?L GBC?J P?BG?RMP) ?R RFPCC BGDDCPCLR P?BG?RMP RCKNCP?RSPCQ. 4FC GLRCLQGRW MP P?RC MD P?BG?RGML CKGQQGML GLAPC?QCQ BP?K?RGA?JJW
UGRF RCKNCP?RSPC, ?LB RFC NC?I MD RFC QNCARPSK QFGDRQ RMU?PB RFC TGQG@JC ?LB SJRP?TGMJCR N?PRQ MD RFC QNCARPSK. 4FC QF?NC MD RFC QNCARPSK A?LLMR @C BCQAPG@CB UGRF AJ?QQGA?J
NFWQGAQ.
7FCPC GQ RFC OS?LRGX?RGML MD CLCPEW M@QCPTCB? ,CR SQ @CEGL @W AMLQGBCPGLE RFC CKGQQGML ?LB ?@QMPNRGML MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA (%-) P?BG?RGML. 4FC %-
QNCARPSK P?BG?RCB @W ? FMR QMJGB GQ JGLICB BGPCARJW RM RFC QMJGBtQ RCKNCP?RSPC. (3CC F?=KH; 29.3.) !L GBC?J P?BG?RMP GQ MLC RF?R F?Q ?L CKGQQGTGRW MD 1 ?R
?JJ U?TCJCLERFQ ?LB, RFSQ, GQ HCR @J?AI. )BC?J P?BG?RMPQ ?PC RFCPCDMPC A?JJCB 8B79A8E:?;I, ?LB RFCGP %- P?BG?RGML GQ A?JJCB 8B79A8E:O H7:?7J?ED. )R U?Q
BGQASQQCB RF?R RFC RMR?J GLRCLQGRW MD RFC P?BG?RGML T?PGCQ ?Q T
4
, RFC DMSPRF NMUCP MD RFC ?@QMJSRC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC @MBW, ?LB RF?R RFC NC?I MD RFC
QNCARPSK QFGDRQ RM QFMPRCP U?TCJCLERFQ ?R FGEFCP RCKNCP?RSPCQ. !JJ MD RFGQ QCCKQ OSGRC AMLRGLSMSQ, @SR GR U?Q RFC ASPTC MD RFC QNCARPSK MD GLRCLQGRW
TCPQSQ U?TCJCLERF RF?R E?TC ? AJSC RF?R RFC CLCPEGCQ MD RFC ?RMKQ GL RFC QMJGB ?PC OS?LRGXCB. )L D?AR, NPMTGBGLE ? RFCMPCRGA?J CVNJ?L?RGML DMP RFC
CVNCPGKCLR?JJW KC?QSPCB QF?NC MD RFC QNCARPSK U?Q ? KWQRCPW ?R RFC RSPL MD RFC ACLRSPW. 7FCL RFGQ uSJRP?TGMJCR A?R?QRPMNFCv U?Q CTCLRS?JJW QMJTCB,
RFC ?LQUCPQ JCB RM LCU RCAFLMJMEGCQ QSAF ?Q AMKNSRCPQ ?LB RFC QMNFGQRGA?RCB GK?EGLE RCAFLGOSCQ BCQAPG@CB GL C?PJGCP AF?NRCPQ. /LAC ?E?GL, NFWQGAQ
?Q ?L CL?@JGLE QAGCLAC AF?LECB RFC U?W UC JGTC.
1026 #(!04%2 29 Y ).42/$5#4)/. 4/ 15!.45- 0(93)#3
4FC 'CPK?L NFWQGAGQR -?V 0J?LAI (1858q1947) SQCB RFC GBC? RF?R ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ GL ? @MBW ?AR JGIC MQAGJJ?RMPQ RM ?@QMP@ ?LB CKGR P?BG?RGML.
4FC CLCPEGCQ MD RFC MQAGJJ?RGLE ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ F?B RM @C OS?LRGXCB RM AMPPCARJW BCQAPG@C RFC QF?NC MD RFC @J?AI@MBW QNCARPSK. 0J?LAI BCBSACB
RF?R RFC CLCPEW MD ?L MQAGJJ?RMP F?TGLE ? DPCOSCLAW f GQ EGTCL @W
(29.1)
E =

n +
1
2
hf .
(CPC n GQ ?LW LMLLCE?RGTC GLRCECP (0, 1, 2, 3, x). 4FC QWK@MJ h QR?LBQ DMP )B7D9AXI 9EDIJ7DJ, EGTCL @W
(29.2)
h = 6.62610
34
J s.
4FC COS?RGML E =

n +
1
2
hf KC?LQ RF?R ?L MQAGJJ?RMP F?TGLE ? DPCOSCLAW f (CKGRRGLE ?LB ?@QMP@GLE %- P?BG?RGML MD DPCOSCLAW f ) A?L F?TC GRQ
CLCPEW GLAPC?QC MP BCAPC?QC MLJW GL 7<F6E8G8 QRCNQ MD QGXC
(29.3)
E = hf .
)R KGEFR @C FCJNDSJ RM KCLRGML QMKC K?APMQAMNGA ?L?JMEGCQ MD RFGQ OS?LRGX?RGML MD CLCPEW NFCLMKCL?. 4FGQ GQ JGIC ? NCLBSJSK RF?R F?Q ?
AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MQAGJJ?RGML DPCOSCLAW @SR A?L QUGLE UGRF MLJW ACPR?GL ?KNJGRSBCQ. 1S?LRGX?RGML MD CLCPEW ?JQM PCQCK@JCQ ? QR?LBGLE U?TC ML ? QRPGLE
RF?R ?JJMUQ MLJW N?PRGASJ?P F?PKMLGAQ BCQAPG@CB @W GLRCECPQ. )R GQ ?JQM QGKGJ?P RM EMGLE SN ?LB BMUL ? FGJJ SQGLE BGQAPCRC QR?GP QRCNQ P?RFCP RF?L @CGLE
?@JC RM KMTC SN ?LB BMUL ? AMLRGLSMSQ QJMNC. 9MSP NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW R?ICQ ML BGQAPCRC T?JSCQ ?Q WMS KMTC DPMK QRCN RM QRCN.
5QGLE RFC OS?LRGX?RGML MD MQAGJJ?RMPQ, 0J?LAI U?Q ?@JC RM AMPPCARJW BCQAPG@C RFC CVNCPGKCLR?JJW ILMUL QF?NC MD RFC @J?AI@MBW QNCARPSK. 4FGQ U?Q RFC
DGPQR GLBGA?RGML RF?R CLCPEW GQ QMKCRGKCQ OS?LRGXCB ML ? QK?JJ QA?JC ?LB C?PLCB FGK RFC .M@CJ 0PGXC GL 0FWQGAQ GL 1918. !JRFMSEF 0J?LAItQ RFCMPW
AMKCQ DPMK M@QCPT?RGMLQ MD ? K?APMQAMNGA M@HCAR, GRQ ?L?JWQGQ GQ @?QCB ML ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ. )R U?Q QSAF ? PCTMJSRGML?PW BCN?PRSPC DPMK AJ?QQGA?J
NFWQGAQ RF?R 0J?LAI FGKQCJD U?Q PCJSAR?LR RM ?AACNR FGQ MUL GBC? RF?R CLCPEW QR?RCQ ?PC LMR AMLRGLSMSQ. 4FC ECLCP?J ?AACNR?LAC MD 0J?LAItQ CLCPEW
OS?LRGX?RGML U?Q EPC?RJW CLF?LACB @W %GLQRCGLtQ CVNJ?L?RGML MD RFC NFMRMCJCARPGA CDDCAR (BGQASQQCB GL RFC LCVR QCARGML), UFGAF RMMI CLCPEW
OS?LRGX?RGML ? QRCN DSPRFCP. 0J?LAI U?Q DSJJW GLTMJTCB GL RFC BCTCJMNKCLR MD @MRF C?PJW OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ ?LB PCJ?RGTGRW. (C OSGAIJW CK@P?ACB
%GLQRCGLtQ QNCAG?J PCJ?RGTGRW, NS@JGQFCB GL 1905, ?LB GL 1906 0J?LAI U?Q RFC DGPQR RM QSEECQR RFC AMPPCAR DMPKSJ? DMP PCJ?RGTGQRGA KMKCLRSK, p = mu .
F?=KH; 29.4 4FC 'CPK?L NFWQGAGQR -?V 0J?LAI F?B ? K?HMP GLDJSCLAC ML RFC C?PJW BCTCJMNKCLR MD OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ, @CGLE RFC DGPQR RM PCAMELGXC RF?R CLCPEW GQ QMKCRGKCQ
OS?LRGXCB. 0J?LAI ?JQM K?BC GKNMPR?LR AMLRPG@SRGMLQ RM QNCAG?J PCJ?RGTGRW ?LB AJ?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ. (APCBGR: ,G@P?PW MD #MLEPCQQ, 0PGLRQ ?LB 0FMRMEP?NFQ $GTGQGML TG? 7GIGKCBG?
#MKKMLQ)
.MRC RF?R 0J?LAItQ AMLQR?LR h GQ ? TCPW QK?JJ LSK@CP. 3M DMP ?L GLDP?PCB DPCOSCLAW MD 10
14
Hz @CGLE CKGRRCB @W ? @J?AI@MBW, DMP CV?KNJC, RFC
BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL CLCPEW JCTCJQ GQ MLJW E = hf =(6.6310
34
Js)(10
14
Hz)= 6.6310
20
J, MP ?@MSR 0.4 C6. 4FGQ 0.4 C6 MD CLCPEW GQ
QGELGDGA?LR AMKN?PCB UGRF RWNGA?J ?RMKGA CLCPEGCQ, UFGAF ?PC ML RFC MPBCP MD ?L CJCARPML TMJR, MP RFCPK?J CLCPEGCQ, UFGAF ?PC RWNGA?JJW DP?ARGMLQ MD ?L
CJCARPML TMJR. "SR ML ? K?APMQAMNGA MP AJ?QQGA?J QA?JC, CLCPEGCQ ?PC RWNGA?JJW ML RFC MPBCP MD HMSJCQ. %TCL GD K?APMQAMNGA CLCPEGCQ ?PC OS?LRGXCB, RFC
OS?LRSK QRCNQ ?PC RMM QK?JJ RM @C LMRGACB. 4FGQ GQ ?L CV?KNJC MD RFC AMPPCQNMLBCLAC NPGLAGNJC. &MP ? J?PEC M@HCAR, OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ NPMBSACQ
PCQSJRQ GLBGQRGLESGQF?@JC DPMK RFMQC MD AJ?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ.
!RMKGA 3NCARP?
.MU JCR SQ RSPL MSP ?RRCLRGML RM RFC 8@<FF<BA 4A7 45FBECG<BA B9 E$ E47<4G<BA 5L :4F8F. 4FC 3SL GQ RFC KMQR AMKKML CV?KNJC MD ? @MBW AMLR?GLGLE
E?QCQ CKGRRGLE ?L %- QNCARPSK RF?R GLAJSBCQ TGQG@JC JGEFR. 7C ?JQM QCC CV?KNJCQ GL LCML QGELQ ?LB A?LBJC DJ?KCQ. 3RSBGCQ MD CKGQQGMLQ MD FMR E?QCQ
@CE?L KMPC RF?L RUM ACLRSPGCQ ?EM, ?LB GR U?Q QMML PCAMELGXCB RF?R RFCQC CKGQQGML QNCARP? AMLR?GLCB FSEC ?KMSLRQ MD GLDMPK?RGML. 4FC RWNC MD E?Q
?LB GRQ RCKNCP?RSPC, DMP CV?KNJC, AMSJB @C BCRCPKGLCB. 7C LMU ILMU RF?R RFCQC %- CKGQQGMLQ AMKC DPMK CJCARPMLQ RP?LQGRGMLGLE @CRUCCL CLCPEW
JCTCJQ GL GLBGTGBS?J ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ; RFSQ, RFCW ?PC A?JJCB 7JEC?9 IF;9JH7. !RMKGA QNCARP? PCK?GL ?L GKNMPR?LR ?L?JWRGA?J RMMJ RMB?W. F?=KH; 29.5
QFMUQ ?L CV?KNJC MD ?L CKGQQGML QNCARPSK M@R?GLCB @W N?QQGLE ?L CJCARPGA BGQAF?PEC RFPMSEF ? K?RCPG?J. /LC MD RFC KMQR GKNMPR?LR AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ
MD RFCQC QNCARP? GQ RF?R RFCW ?PC BGQAPCRC. "W RFGQ UC KC?L RF?R MLJW ACPR?GL U?TCJCLERFQ, ?LB FCLAC DPCOSCLAGCQ, ?PC CKGRRCB. 4FGQ GQ A?JJCB ? JGLC
QNCARPSK. )D DPCOSCLAW ?LB CLCPEW ?PC ?QQMAG?RCB ?Q E = hf , RFC CLCPEGCQ MD RFC CJCARPMLQ GL RFC CKGRRGLE ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ ?PC OS?LRGXCB.
4FGQ GQ BGQASQQCB GL KMPC BCR?GJ J?RCP GL RFGQ AF?NRCP.
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F?=KH; 29.5 %KGQQGML QNCARPSK MD MVWECL. 7FCL ?L CJCARPGA?J BGQAF?PEC GQ N?QQCB RFPMSEF ? QS@QR?LAC, GRQ ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ ?@QMP@ CLCPEW, UFGAF GQ PCCKGRRCB ?Q %-
P?BG?RGML. 4FC BGQAPCRC L?RSPC MD RFCQC CKGQQGMLQ GKNJGCQ RF?R RFC CLCPEW QR?RCQ MD RFC ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ ?PC OS?LRGXCB. 3SAF ?RMKGA QNCARP? UCPC SQCB ?Q ?L?JWRGA?J RMMJQ
DMP K?LW BCA?BCQ @CDMPC GR U?Q SLBCPQRMMB UFW RFCW ?PC OS?LRGXCB. (APCBGR: 4CP?TMJR, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
)R U?Q ? K?HMP NSXXJC RF?R ?RMKGA QNCARP? ?PC OS?LRGXCB. 3MKC MD RFC @CQR KGLBQ MD 19RF-ACLRSPW QAGCLAC D?GJCB RM CVNJ?GL UFW RFGQ KGEFR @C. .MR SLRGJ
RFC QCAMLB BCA?BC MD RFC 20RF ACLRSPW BGB ?L ?LQUCP @?QCB ML OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ @CEGL RM CKCPEC. !E?GL ? K?APMQAMNGA MP AJ?QQGA?J @MBW MD E?Q
U?Q GLTMJTCB GL RFC QRSBGCQ, @SR RFC CDDCAR, ?Q UC QF?JJ QCC, GQ BSC RM GLBGTGBS?J ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: -MBCJQ MD RFC (WBPMECL !RMK
(MU BGB QAGCLRGQRQ DGESPC MSR RFC QRPSARSPC MD ?RMKQ UGRFMSR JMMIGLE ?R RFCK? 4PW MSR BGDDCPCLR KMBCJQ @W QFMMRGLE JGEFR ?R RFC ?RMK. #FCAI FMU
RFC NPCBGARGML MD RFC KMBCJ K?RAFCQ RFC CVNCPGKCLR?J PCQSJRQ.
F?=KH; 29.6 &E:;BI E< J>; !O:HE=;D AJEC (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42554/1.4/>O:HE=;D-7JEC6;D.@7H)
29.2 ->; )>EJE;B;9JH?9 E<<;9J
7FCL JGEFR QRPGICQ K?RCPG?JQ, GR A?L CHCAR CJCARPMLQ DPMK RFCK. 4FGQ GQ A?JJCB RFC F>EJE;B;9JH?9 ;<<;9J, KC?LGLE RF?R JGEFR (C;BGB) NPMBSACQ CJCARPGAGRW.
/LC AMKKML SQC MD RFC NFMRMCJCARPGA CDDCAR GQ GL JGEFR KCRCPQ, QSAF ?Q RFMQC RF?R ?BHSQR RFC ?SRMK?RGA GPGQ ML T?PGMSQ RWNCQ MD A?KCP?Q. )L ? QGKGJ?P
U?W, ?LMRFCP SQC GQ GL QMJ?P ACJJQ, ?Q WMS NPM@?@JW F?TC GL WMSP A?JASJ?RMP MP F?TC QCCL ML ? PMMD RMN MP ? PM?BQGBC QGEL. 4FCQC K?IC SQC MD RFC
NFMRMCJCARPGA CDDCAR RM AMLTCPR JGEFR GLRM CJCARPGAGRW DMP PSLLGLE BGDDCPCLR BCTGACQ.
F?=KH; 29.7 4FC NFMRMCJCARPGA CDDCAR A?L @C M@QCPTCB @W ?JJMUGLE JGEFR RM D?JJ ML RFC KCR?J NJ?RC GL RFGQ CT?AS?RCB RS@C. %JCARPMLQ CHCARCB @W RFC JGEFR ?PC AMJJCARCB ML RFC
AMJJCARMP UGPC ?LB KC?QSPCB ?Q ? ASPPCLR. ! PCR?PBGLE TMJR?EC @CRUCCL RFC AMJJCARMP UGPC ?LB NJ?RC A?L RFCL @C ?BHSQRCB QM ?Q RM BCRCPKGLC RFC CLCPEW MD RFC CHCARCB CJCARPMLQ.
&MP CV?KNJC, GD GR GQ QSDDGAGCLRJW LCE?RGTC, LM CJCARPMLQ UGJJ PC?AF RFC UGPC. (APCBGR: 0.0. 5PMLC)
4FGQ CDDCAR F?Q @CCL ILMUL DMP KMPC RF?L ? ACLRSPW ?LB A?L @C QRSBGCB SQGLE ? BCTGAC QSAF ?Q RF?R QFMUL GL F?=KH; 29.7. 4FGQ DGESPC QFMUQ ?L
CT?AS?RCB RS@C UGRF ? KCR?J NJ?RC ?LB ? AMJJCARMP UGPC RF?R ?PC AMLLCARCB @W ? T?PG?@JC TMJR?EC QMSPAC, UGRF RFC AMJJCARMP KMPC LCE?RGTC RF?L RFC
NJ?RC. 7FCL JGEFR (MP MRFCP %- P?BG?RGML) QRPGICQ RFC NJ?RC GL RFC CT?AS?RCB RS@C, GR K?W CHCAR CJCARPMLQ. )D RFC CJCARPMLQ F?TC CLCPEW GL CJCARPML TMJRQ
(C6) EPC?RCP RF?L RFC NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RC ?LB RFC UGPC GL TMJRQ, QMKC CJCARPMLQ UGJJ @C AMJJCARCB ML RFC UGPC. 3GLAC RFC CJCARPML
CLCPEW GL C6 GQ qV , UFCPC q GQ RFC CJCARPML AF?PEC ?LB V GQ RFC NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC, RFC CJCARPML CLCPEW A?L @C KC?QSPCB @W ?BHSQRGLE RFC
PCR?PBGLE TMJR?EC @CRUCCL RFC UGPC ?LB RFC NJ?RC. 4FC TMJR?EC RF?R QRMNQ RFC CJCARPMLQ DPMK PC?AFGLE RFC UGPC COS?JQ RFC CLCPEW GL C6. &MP CV?KNJC, GD
3.00 V @?PCJW QRMNQ RFC CJCARPMLQ, RFCGP CLCPEW GQ 3.00 C6. 4FC LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ CHCARCB A?L @C BCRCPKGLCB @W KC?QSPGLE RFC ASPPCLR @CRUCCL
RFC UGPC ?LB NJ?RC. 4FC KMPC JGEFR, RFC KMPC CJCARPMLQ; ? JGRRJC AGPASGRPW ?JJMUQ RFGQ BCTGAC RM @C SQCB ?Q ? JGEFR KCRCP.
7F?R GQ PC?JJW GKNMPR?LR ?@MSR RFC NFMRMCJCARPGA CDDCAR GQ UF?R !J@CPR %GLQRCGL BCBSACB DPMK GR. %GLQRCGL PC?JGXCB RF?R RFCPC UCPC QCTCP?J AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ
MD RFC NFMRMCJCARPGA CDDCAR RF?R AMSJB @C CVNJ?GLCB MLJW GD E$ E47<4G<BA <F <GF8?9 DH4AG<M87: RFC ?NN?PCLRJW AMLRGLSMSQ QRPC?K MD CLCPEW GL ?L %- U?TC GQ
?ARS?JJW AMKNMQCB MD CLCPEW OS?LR? A?JJCB NFMRMLQ. )L FGQ CVNJ?L?RGML MD RFC NFMRMCJCARPGA CDDCAR, %GLQRCGL BCDGLCB ? OS?LRGXCB SLGR MP OS?LRSK MD %-
CLCPEW, UFGAF UC LMU A?JJ ? F>EJED, UGRF ?L CLCPEW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC DPCOSCLAW MD %- P?BG?RGML. )L COS?RGML DMPK, RFC F>EJED ;D;H=O GQ
(29.4)
E = hf ,
UFCPC E GQ RFC CLCPEW MD ? NFMRML MD DPCOSCLAW f ?LB h GQ 0J?LAItQ AMLQR?LR. 4FGQ PCTMJSRGML?PW GBC? JMMIQ QGKGJ?P RM 0J?LAItQ OS?LRGX?RGML MD
CLCPEW QR?RCQ GL @J?AI@MBW MQAGJJ?RMPQ, @SR GR GQ OSGRC BGDDCPCLR. )R GQ RFC OS?LRGX?RGML MD %- P?BG?RGML GRQCJD. %- U?TCQ ?PC AMKNMQCB MD NFMRMLQ ?LB ?PC
LMR AMLRGLSMSQ QKMMRF U?TCQ ?Q BCQAPG@CB GL NPCTGMSQ AF?NRCPQ ML MNRGAQ. 4FCGP CLCPEW GQ ?@QMP@CB ?LB CKGRRCB GL JSKNQ, LMR AMLRGLSMSQJW. 4FGQ GQ
CV?ARJW AMLQGQRCLR UGRF 0J?LAItQ OS?LRGX?RGML MD CLCPEW JCTCJQ GL @J?AI@MBW MQAGJJ?RMPQ, QGLAC RFCQC MQAGJJ?RMPQ GLAPC?QC ?LB BCAPC?QC RFCGP CLCPEW GL
QRCNQ MD hf @W ?@QMP@GLE ?LB CKGRRGLE NFMRMLQ F?TGLE E = hf . 7C BM LMR M@QCPTC RFGQ UGRF MSP CWCQ, @CA?SQC RFCPC ?PC QM K?LW NFMRMLQ GL
AMKKML JGEFR QMSPACQ RF?R GLBGTGBS?J NFMRMLQ EM SLLMRGACB. (3CC F?=KH; 29.8.) 4FC LCVR QCARGML MD RFC RCVR ()>EJED ED;H=?;I 7D: J>;
EB;9JHEC7=D;J?9 ,F;9JHKC) GQ BCTMRCB RM ? BGQASQQGML MD NFMRMLQ ?LB QMKC MD RFCGP AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ ?LB GKNJGA?RGMLQ. &MP LMU, UC UGJJ SQC RFC
NFMRML AMLACNR RM CVNJ?GL RFC NFMRMCJCARPGA CDDCAR, KSAF ?Q %GLQRCGL BGB.
1028 #(!04%2 29 Y ).42/$5#4)/. 4/ 15!.45- 0(93)#3
F?=KH; 29.8 !L %- U?TC MD DPCOSCLAW f GQ AMKNMQCB MD NFMRMLQ, MP GLBGTGBS?J OS?LR? MD %- P?BG?RGML. 4FC CLCPEW MD C?AF NFMRML GQ E = hf , UFCPC h GQ 0J?LAItQ
AMLQR?LR ?LB f GQ RFC DPCOSCLAW MD RFC %- P?BG?RGML. (GEFCP GLRCLQGRW KC?LQ KMPC NFMRMLQ NCP SLGR ?PC?. 4FC DJ?QFJGEFR CKGRQ J?PEC LSK@CPQ MD NFMRMLQ MD K?LW BGDDCPCLR
DPCOSCLAGCQ, FCLAC MRFCPQ F?TC CLCPEW E = hf , ?LB QM ML.
4FC NFMRMCJCARPGA CDDCAR F?Q RFC NPMNCPRGCQ BGQASQQCB @CJMU. !JJ RFCQC NPMNCPRGCQ ?PC AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC GBC? RF?R GLBGTGBS?J NFMRMLQ MD %- P?BG?RGML
?PC ?@QMP@CB @W GLBGTGBS?J CJCARPMLQ GL ? K?RCPG?J, UGRF RFC CJCARPML E?GLGLE RFC NFMRMLtQ CLCPEW. 3MKC MD RFCQC NPMNCPRGCQ ?PC GLAMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC
GBC? RF?R %- P?BG?RGML GQ ? QGKNJC U?TC. &MP QGKNJGAGRW, JCR SQ AMLQGBCP UF?R F?NNCLQ UGRF KMLMAFPMK?RGA %- P?BG?RGML GL UFGAF ?JJ NFMRMLQ F?TC RFC
Q?KC CLCPEW hf .
1. )D UC T?PW RFC DPCOSCLAW MD RFC %- P?BG?RGML D?JJGLE ML ? K?RCPG?J, UC DGLB RFC DMJJMUGLE: &MP ? EGTCL K?RCPG?J, RFCPC GQ ? RFPCQFMJB DPCOSCLAW f
0
DMP RFC %- P?BG?RGML @CJMU UFGAF LM CJCARPMLQ ?PC CHCARCB, PCE?PBJCQQ MD GLRCLQGRW. )LBGTGBS?J NFMRMLQ GLRCP?AR UGRF GLBGTGBS?J CJCARPMLQ. 4FSQ GD
RFC NFMRML CLCPEW GQ RMM QK?JJ RM @PC?I ?L CJCARPML ?U?W, LM CJCARPMLQ UGJJ @C CHCARCB. )D %- P?BG?RGML U?Q ? QGKNJC U?TC, QSDDGAGCLR CLCPEW
AMSJB @C M@R?GLCB @W GLAPC?QGLE RFC GLRCLQGRW.
2. &A68 E$ E47<4G<BA 94??F BA 4 @4G8E<4?, 8?86GEBAF 4E8 8=86G87 J<G;BHG 78?4L. !Q QMML ?Q ?L GLBGTGBS?J NFMRML MD ? QSDDGAGCLRJW FGEF DPCOSCLAW GQ
?@QMP@CB @W ?L GLBGTGBS?J CJCARPML, RFC CJCARPML GQ CHCARCB. )D RFC %- P?BG?RGML UCPC ? QGKNJC U?TC, QCTCP?J KGLSRCQ UMSJB @C PCOSGPCB DMP
QSDDGAGCLR CLCPEW RM @C BCNMQGRCB RM RFC KCR?J QSPD?AC RM CHCAR ?L CJCARPML.
3. 4FC LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ CHCARCB NCP SLGR RGKC GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC GLRCLQGRW MD RFC %- P?BG?RGML ?LB RM LM MRFCP AF?P?ARCPGQRGA. (GEF-GLRCLQGRW %-
P?BG?RGML AMLQGQRQ MD J?PEC LSK@CPQ MD NFMRMLQ NCP SLGR ?PC?, UGRF ?JJ NFMRMLQ F?TGLE RFC Q?KC AF?P?ARCPGQRGA CLCPEW hf .
4. )D UC T?PW RFC GLRCLQGRW MD RFC %- P?BG?RGML ?LB KC?QSPC RFC CLCPEW MD CHCARCB CJCARPMLQ, UC DGLB RFC DMJJMUGLE: +;8 @4K<@H@ ><A8G<6 8A8E:L B9
8=86G87 8?86GEBAF <F <A78C8A78AG B9 G;8 <AG8AF<GL B9 G;8 E$ E47<4G<BA. 3GLAC RFCPC ?PC QM K?LW CJCARPMLQ GL ? K?RCPG?J, GR GQ CVRPCKCJW SLJGICJW RF?R
RUM NFMRMLQ UGJJ GLRCP?AR UGRF RFC Q?KC CJCARPML ?R RFC Q?KC RGKC, RFCPC@W GLAPC?QGLE RFC CLCPEW EGTCL GR. )LQRC?B (?Q LMRCB GL 3 ?@MTC),
GLAPC?QCB GLRCLQGRW PCQSJRQ GL KMPC CJCARPMLQ MD RFC Q?KC CLCPEW @CGLE CHCARCB. )D %- P?BG?RGML UCPC ? QGKNJC U?TC, ? FGEFCP GLRCLQGRW AMSJB EGTC
KMPC CLCPEW, ?LB FGEFCP-CLCPEW CJCARPMLQ UMSJB @C CHCARCB.
5. 4FC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD ?L CHCARCB CJCARPML COS?JQ RFC NFMRML CLCPEW KGLSQ RFC @GLBGLE CLCPEW MD RFC CJCARPML GL RFC QNCAGDGA K?RCPG?J. !L
GLBGTGBS?J NFMRML A?L EGTC ?JJ MD GRQ CLCPEW RM ?L CJCARPML. 4FC NFMRMLtQ CLCPEW GQ N?PRJW SQCB RM @PC?I RFC CJCARPML ?U?W DPMK RFC K?RCPG?J. 4FC
PCK?GLBCP EMCQ GLRM RFC CHCARCB CJCARPMLtQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW. )L COS?RGML DMPK, RFGQ GQ EGTCL @W
(29.5)
KE
e
= hf BE,
UFCPC KE
e
GQ RFC K?VGKSK IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD RFC CHCARCB CJCARPML, hf GQ RFC NFMRMLtQ CLCPEW, ?LB "% GQ RFC 8?D:?D= ;D;H=O MD RFC CJCARPML RM
RFC N?PRGASJ?P K?RCPG?J. ("% GQ QMKCRGKCQ A?JJCB RFC JBE> 9HA6G<BA MD RFC K?RCPG?J.) 4FGQ COS?RGML, BSC RM %GLQRCGL GL 1905, CVNJ?GLQ RFC NPMNCPRGCQ
MD RFC NFMRMCJCARPGA CDDCAR OS?LRGR?RGTCJW. !L GLBGTGBS?J NFMRML MD %- P?BG?RGML (GR BMCQ LMR AMKC ?LW MRFCP U?W) GLRCP?ARQ UGRF ?L GLBGTGBS?J
CJCARPML, QSNNJWGLE CLMSEF CLCPEW, "%, RM @PC?I GR ?U?W, UGRF RFC PCK?GLBCP EMGLE RM IGLCRGA CLCPEW. 4FC @GLBGLE CLCPEW GQ BE = hf
0
, UFCPC
f
0
GQ RFC RFPCQFMJB DPCOSCLAW DMP RFC N?PRGASJ?P K?RCPG?J. F?=KH; 29.9 QFMUQ ? EP?NF MD K?VGKSK KE
e
TCPQSQ RFC DPCOSCLAW MD GLAGBCLR %-
P?BG?RGML D?JJGLE ML ? N?PRGASJ?P K?RCPG?J.
F?=KH; 29.9 0FMRMCJCARPGA CDDCAR. ! EP?NF MD RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD ?L CHCARCB CJCARPML, KE
e
, TCPQSQ RFC DPCOSCLAW MD %- P?BG?RGML GKNGLEGLE ML ? ACPR?GL K?RCPG?J. 4FCPC GQ ?
RFPCQFMJB DPCOSCLAW @CJMU UFGAF LM CJCARPMLQ ?PC CHCARCB, @CA?SQC RFC GLBGTGBS?J NFMRML GLRCP?ARGLE UGRF ?L GLBGTGBS?J CJCARPML F?Q GLQSDDGAGCLR CLCPEW RM @PC?I GR ?U?W. !@MTC
RFC RFPCQFMJB CLCPEW, KE
e
GLAPC?QCQ JGLC?PJW UGRF f , AMLQGQRCLR UGRF KE
e
= hf BE . 4FC QJMNC MD RFGQ JGLC GQ h rRFC B?R? A?L @C SQCB RM BCRCPKGLC 0J?LAItQ
AMLQR?LR CVNCPGKCLR?JJW. %GLQRCGL E?TC RFC DGPQR QSAACQQDSJ CVNJ?L?RGML MD QSAF B?R? @W NPMNMQGLE RFC GBC? MD NFMRMLQrOS?LR? MD %- P?BG?RGML.
%GLQRCGLtQ GBC? RF?R %- P?BG?RGML GQ OS?LRGXCB U?Q APSAG?J RM RFC @CEGLLGLEQ MD OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ. )R GQ ? D?P KMPC ECLCP?J AMLACNR RF?L GRQ
CVNJ?L?RGML MD RFC NFMRMCJCARPGA CDDCAR KGEFR GKNJW. !JJ %- P?BG?RGML A?L ?JQM @C KMBCJCB GL RFC DMPK MD NFMRMLQ, ?LB RFC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD %-
P?BG?RGML ?PC CLRGPCJW AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFGQ D?AR. (!Q UC UGJJ QCC GL RFC LCVR QCARGML, K?LW ?QNCARQ MD %- P?BG?RGML, QSAF ?Q RFC F?X?PBQ MD SJRP?TGMJCR
(56) P?BG?RGML, A?L @C CVNJ?GLCB BA?L @W NFMRML NPMNCPRGCQ.) -MPC D?KMSQ DMP KMBCPL PCJ?RGTGRW, %GLQRCGL NJ?LRCB ?L GKNMPR?LR QCCB DMP OS?LRSK
#(!04%2 29 Y ).42/$5#4)/. 4/ 15!.45- 0(93)#3 1029
KCAF?LGAQ GL 1905, RFC Q?KC WC?P FC NS@JGQFCB FGQ DGPQR N?NCP ML QNCAG?J PCJ?RGTGRW. (GQ CVNJ?L?RGML MD RFC NFMRMCJCARPGA CDDCAR U?Q RFC @?QGQ DMP RFC
.M@CJ 0PGXC ?U?PBCB RM FGK GL 1921. !JRFMSEF FGQ MRFCP AMLRPG@SRGMLQ RM RFCMPCRGA?J NFWQGAQ UCPC ?JQM LMRCB GL RF?R ?U?PB, QNCAG?J ?LB ECLCP?J
PCJ?RGTGRW UCPC LMR DSJJW PCAMELGXCB GL QNGRC MD F?TGLE @CCL N?PRG?JJW TCPGDGCB @W CVNCPGKCLR @W 1921. !JRFMSEF FCPM-UMPQFGNNCB, RFGQ EPC?R K?L LCTCP
PCACGTCB .M@CJ PCAMELGRGML DMP FGQ KMQR D?KMSQ UMPIrPCJ?RGTGRW.
EN7CFB; 29.1 C7B9KB7J?D= )>EJED ED;H=O 7D: J>; )>EJE;B;9JH?9 E<<;9J: A /?EB;J %?=>J
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC CLCPEW GL HMSJCQ ?LB CJCARPML TMJRQ MD ? NFMRML MD 420-LK TGMJCR JGEFR? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD CJCARPMLQ CHCARCB
DPMK A?JAGSK @W 420-LK TGMJCR JGEFR, EGTCL RF?R RFC @GLBGLE CLCPEW (MP UMPI DSLARGML) MD CJCARPMLQ DMP A?JAGSK KCR?J GQ 2.71 C6?
,JH7J;=O
4M QMJTC N?PR (?), LMRC RF?R RFC CLCPEW MD ? NFMRML GQ EGTCL @W E = hf . &MP N?PR (@), MLAC RFC CLCPEW MD RFC NFMRML GQ A?JASJ?RCB, GR GQ ?
QRP?GEFRDMPU?PB ?NNJGA?RGML MD KE
e
= hf BE RM DGLB RFC CHCARCB CJCARPMLtQ K?VGKSK IGLCRGA CLCPEW, QGLAC "% GQ EGTCL.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
0FMRML CLCPEW GQ EGTCL @W
(29.6)
E = hf
3GLAC UC ?PC EGTCL RFC U?TCJCLERF P?RFCP RF?L RFC DPCOSCLAW, UC QMJTC RFC D?KGJG?P PCJ?RGMLQFGN c = f DMP RFC DPCOSCLAW, WGCJBGLE
(29.7)
f =
c
.
#MK@GLGLE RFCQC RUM COS?RGMLQ EGTCQ RFC SQCDSJ PCJ?RGMLQFGN
(29.8)
E =
hc
.
.MU QS@QRGRSRGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ WGCJBQ
(29.9)
E =
6.6310
34
J s
3.0010
8
m/s
42010
9
m
= 4.7410
19
J.
#MLTCPRGLE RM C6, RFC CLCPEW MD RFC NFMRML GQ
(29.10)
E =

4.7410
19
J
1 eV
1.610
19
J
= 2.96 eV.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
&GLBGLE RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD RFC CHCARCB CJCARPML GQ LMU ? QGKNJC ?NNJGA?RGML MD RFC COS?RGML KE
e
= hf BE . 3S@QRGRSRGLE RFC NFMRML CLCPEW
?LB @GLBGLE CLCPEW WGCJBQ
(29.11)
KE
e
= hf BE = 2.96 eV 2.71 eV = 0.246 eV.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC CLCPEW MD RFGQ 420-LK NFMRML MD TGMJCR JGEFR GQ ? RGLW DP?ARGML MD ? HMSJC, ?LB QM GR GQ LM UMLBCP RF?R ? QGLEJC NFMRML UMSJB @C BGDDGASJR DMP SQ RM
QCLQC BGPCARJWrFSK?LQ ?PC KMPC ?RRSLCB RM CLCPEGCQ ML RFC MPBCP MD HMSJCQ. "SR JMMIGLE ?R RFC CLCPEW GL CJCARPML TMJRQ, UC A?L QCC RF?R RFGQ
NFMRML F?Q CLMSEF CLCPEW RM ?DDCAR ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ. ! $.! KMJCASJC A?L @C @PMICL UGRF ?@MSR 1 C6 MD CLCPEW, DMP CV?KNJC, ?LB RWNGA?J
?RMKGA ?LB KMJCASJ?P CLCPEGCQ ?PC ML RFC MPBCP MD C6, QM RF?R RFC 56 NFMRML GL RFGQ CV?KNJC AMSJB F?TC @GMJMEGA?J CDDCARQ. 4FC CHCARCB CJCARPML
(A?JJCB ? C;BGB8?86GEBA) F?Q ? P?RFCP JMU CLCPEW, ?LB GR UMSJB LMR RP?TCJ D?P, CVACNR GL ? T?ASSK. 4FC CJCARPML UMSJB @C QRMNNCB @W ? PCR?PBGLE
NMRCLRG?J MD @SR 0.26 C6. )L D?AR, GD RFC NFMRML U?TCJCLERF UCPC JMLECP ?LB GRQ CLCPEW JCQQ RF?L 2.71 C6, RFCL RFC DMPKSJ? UMSJB EGTC ? LCE?RGTC
IGLCRGA CLCPEW, ?L GKNMQQG@GJGRW. 4FGQ QGKNJW KC?LQ RF?R RFC 420-LK NFMRMLQ UGRF RFCGP 2.96-C6 CLCPEW ?PC LMR KSAF ?@MTC RFC DPCOSCLAW
RFPCQFMJB. 9MS A?L QFMU DMP WMSPQCJD RF?R RFC RFPCQFMJB U?TCJCLERF GQ 459 LK (@JSC JGEFR). 4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R GD A?JAGSK KCR?J GQ SQCB GL ? JGEFR
KCRCP, RFC KCRCP UGJJ @C GLQCLQGRGTC RM U?TCJCLERFQ JMLECP RF?L RFMQC MD @JSC JGEFR. 3SAF ? JGEFR KCRCP UMSJB @C AMKNJCRCJW GLQCLQGRGTC RM PCB JGEFR,
DMP CV?KNJC.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: 0FMRMCJCARPGA %DDCAR
3CC FMU JGEFR ILMAIQ CJCARPMLQ MDD ? KCR?J R?PECR, ?LB PCAPC?RC RFC CVNCPGKCLR RF?R QN?ULCB RFC DGCJB MD OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ.
F?=KH; 29.10 )>EJE;B;9JH?9 E<<;9J (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42558/1.5/F>EJE;B;9JH?96;D.@7H)
1030 #(!04%2 29 Y ).42/$5#4)/. 4/ 15!.45- 0(93)#3
29.3 )>EJED ED;H=?;I 7D: J>; EB;9JHEC7=D;J?9 ,F;9JHKC
)MLGXGLE 2?BG?RGML
! NFMRML GQ ? OS?LRSK MD %- P?BG?RGML. )RQ CLCPEW GQ EGTCL @W E = hf ?LB GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC DPCOSCLAW f ?LB U?TCJCLERF MD RFC P?BG?RGML @W
(29.12)
E = hf =
hc
(energy of a photon),
UFCPC E GQ RFC CLCPEW MD ? QGLEJC NFMRML ?LB c GQ RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. 7FCL UMPIGLE UGRF QK?JJ QWQRCKQ, CLCPEW GL C6 GQ MDRCL SQCDSJ. .MRC RF?R
0J?LAItQ AMLQR?LR GL RFCQC SLGRQ GQ
(29.13)
h = 4.1410
15
eV s.
3GLAC K?LW U?TCJCLERFQ ?PC QR?RCB GL L?LMKCRCPQ (LK), GR GQ ?JQM SQCDSJ RM ILMU RF?R
(29.14)
hc = 1240 eV nm.
4FCQC UGJJ K?IC K?LW A?JASJ?RGMLQ ? JGRRJC C?QGCP.
!JJ %- P?BG?RGML GQ AMKNMQCB MD NFMRMLQ. F?=KH; 29.11 QFMUQ T?PGMSQ BGTGQGMLQ MD RFC %- QNCARPSK NJMRRCB ?E?GLQR U?TCJCLERF, DPCOSCLAW, ?LB
NFMRML CLCPEW. 0PCTGMSQJW GL RFGQ @MMI, NFMRML AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ UCPC ?JJSBCB RM GL RFC BGQASQQGML MD QMKC MD RFC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD 56, V P?WQ, ?LB
P?WQ, RFC DGPQR MD UFGAF QR?PR UGRF DPCOSCLAGCQ HSQR ?@MTC TGMJCR GL RFC TGQG@JC QNCARPSK. )R U?Q LMRCB RF?R RFCQC RWNCQ MD %- P?BG?RGML F?TC
AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ KSAF BGDDCPCLR RF?L TGQG@JC JGEFR. 7C A?L LMU QCC RF?R QSAF NPMNCPRGCQ ?PGQC @CA?SQC NFMRML CLCPEW GQ J?PECP ?R FGEF DPCOSCLAGCQ.
F?=KH; 29.11 4FC %- QNCARPSK, QFMUGLE K?HMP A?RCEMPGCQ ?Q ? DSLARGML MD NFMRML CLCPEW GL C6, ?Q UCJJ ?Q U?TCJCLERF ?LB DPCOSCLAW. #CPR?GL AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD %- P?BG?RGML
?PC BGPCARJW ?RRPG@SR?@JC RM NFMRML CLCPEW ?JMLC.
4?@JC 29.1 2CNPCQCLR?RGTC %LCPEGCQ DMP 3S@KGAPMQAMNGA %DDCARQ
(/PBCP MD -?ELGRSBC /LJW)
2MR?RGML?J CLCPEGCQ MD KMJCASJCQ 10
5
C6
6G@P?RGML?J CLCPEGCQ MD KMJCASJCQ 0.1 C6
%LCPEW @CRUCCL MSRCP CJCARPML QFCJJQ GL ?RMKQ 1 C6
"GLBGLE CLCPEW MD ? UC?IJW @MSLB KMJCASJC 1 C6
%LCPEW MD PCB JGEFR 2 C6
"GLBGLE CLCPEW MD ? RGEFRJW @MSLB KMJCASJC 10 C6
%LCPEW RM GMLGXC ?RMK MP KMJCASJC 10 RM 1000 C6
0FMRMLQ ?AR ?Q GLBGTGBS?J OS?LR? ?LB GLRCP?AR UGRF GLBGTGBS?J CJCARPMLQ, ?RMKQ, KMJCASJCQ, ?LB QM ML. 4FC CLCPEW ? NFMRML A?PPGCQ GQ, RFSQ, APSAG?J RM
RFC CDDCARQ GR F?Q. -78B; 29.1 JGQRQ PCNPCQCLR?RGTC QS@KGAPMQAMNGA CLCPEGCQ GL C6. 7FCL UC AMKN?PC NFMRML CLCPEGCQ DPMK RFC %- QNCARPSK GL F?=KH;
29.11 UGRF CLCPEGCQ GL RFC R?@JC, UC A?L QCC FMU CDDCARQ T?PW UGRF RFC RWNC MD %- P?BG?RGML.
7CC7 H7OI, ? DMPK MD LSAJC?P ?LB AMQKGA %- P?BG?RGML, A?L F?TC RFC FGEFCQR DPCOSCLAGCQ ?LB, FCLAC, RFC FGEFCQR NFMRML CLCPEGCQ GL RFC %-
QNCARPSK. &MP CV?KNJC, ? -P?W NFMRML UGRF f = 10
21
Hz F?Q ?L CLCPEW E = hf = 6.6310
13
J = 4.14 MeV. 4FGQ GQ QSDDGAGCLR CLCPEW RM
GMLGXC RFMSQ?LBQ MD ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ, QGLAC MLJW 10 RM 1000 C6 ?PC LCCBCB NCP GMLGX?RGML. )L D?AR, P?WQ ?PC MLC RWNC MD ?ED?P?D= H7:?7J?ED, ?Q
?PC V P?WQ ?LB 56, @CA?SQC RFCW NPMBSAC GMLGX?RGML GL K?RCPG?JQ RF?R ?@QMP@ RFCK. "CA?SQC QM KSAF GMLGX?RGML A?L @C NPMBSACB, ? QGLEJC -P?W
NFMRML A?L A?SQC QGELGDGA?LR B?K?EC RM @GMJMEGA?J RGQQSC, IGJJGLE ACJJQ MP B?K?EGLE RFCGP ?@GJGRW RM NPMNCPJW PCNPMBSAC. 7FCL ACJJ PCNPMBSARGML GQ
BGQPSNRCB, RFC PCQSJR A?L @C A?LACP, MLC MD RFC ILMUL CDDCARQ MD CVNMQSPC RM GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML. 3GLAC A?LACP ACJJQ ?PC P?NGBJW PCNPMBSAGLE, RFCW ?PC
#(!04%2 29 Y ).42/$5#4)/. 4/ 15!.45- 0(93)#3 1031
CVACNRGML?JJW QCLQGRGTC RM RFC BGQPSNRGML NPMBSACB @W GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML. 4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML F?Q NMQGRGTC SQCQ GL A?LACP RPC?RKCLR ?Q
UCJJ ?Q PGQIQ GL NPMBSAGLE A?LACP.
F?=KH; 29.12 /LC MD RFC DGPQR V-P?W GK?ECQ, R?ICL @W 2gCLRECL FGKQCJD. 4FC F?LB @CJMLEQ RM "CPRF? 2gCLRECL, FGQ UGDC. (APCBGR: 7GJFCJK #MLP?B 2gLRECL, TG? 7GIGKCBG?
#MKKMLQ)
(GEF NFMRML CLCPEW ?JQM CL?@JCQ P?WQ RM NCLCRP?RC K?RCPG?JQ, QGLAC ? AMJJGQGML UGRF ? QGLEJC ?RMK MP KMJCASJC GQ SLJGICJW RM ?@QMP@ ?JJ RFC P?WtQ
CLCPEW. 4FGQ A?L K?IC P?WQ SQCDSJ ?Q ? NPM@C, ?LB RFCW ?PC QMKCRGKCQ SQCB GL KCBGA?J GK?EGLE. N H7OI, ?Q WMS A?L QCC GL F?=KH; 29.11, MTCPJ?N
UGRF RFC JMU-DPCOSCLAW CLB MD RFC P?W P?LEC. 3GLAC V P?WQ F?TC CLCPEGCQ MD IC6 ?LB SN, GLBGTGBS?J V-P?W NFMRMLQ ?JQM A?L NPMBSAC J?PEC ?KMSLRQ
MD GMLGX?RGML. !R JMUCP NFMRML CLCPEGCQ, V P?WQ ?PC LMR ?Q NCLCRP?RGLE ?Q P?WQ ?LB ?PC QJGEFRJW JCQQ F?X?PBMSQ. 8 P?WQ ?PC GBC?J DMP KCBGA?J GK?EGLE,
RFCGP KMQR AMKKML SQC, ?LB ? D?AR RF?R U?Q PCAMELGXCB GKKCBG?RCJW SNML RFCGP BGQAMTCPW GL 1895 @W RFC 'CPK?L NFWQGAGQR 7. #. 2MCLRECL
(1845q1923). (3CC F?=KH; 29.12.) 7GRFGL MLC WC?P MD RFCGP BGQAMTCPW, V P?WQ (DMP ? RGKC A?JJCB 2MCLRECL P?WQ) UCPC SQCB DMP KCBGA?J BG?ELMQRGAQ.
2MCLRECL PCACGTCB RFC 1901 .M@CJ 0PGXC DMP RFC BGQAMTCPW MD V P?WQ.
#MLLCARGMLQ: #MLQCPT?RGML MD %LCPEW
/LAC ?E?GL, UC DGLB RF?R AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW ?JJMUQ SQ RM AMLQGBCP RFC GLGRG?J ?LB DGL?J DMPKQ RF?R CLCPEW R?ICQ, UGRFMSR F?TGLE RM K?IC
BCR?GJCB A?JASJ?RGMLQ MD RFC GLRCPKCBG?RC QRCNQ. EN7CFB; 29.2 GQ QMJTCB @W AMLQGBCPGLE MLJW RFC GLGRG?J ?LB DGL?J DMPKQ MD CLCPEW.
1032 #(!04%2 29 Y ).42/$5#4)/. 4/ 15!.45- 0(93)#3
F?=KH; 29.13 8 P?WQ ?PC NPMBSACB UFCL CLCPECRGA CJCARPMLQ QRPGIC RFC AMNNCP ?LMBC MD RFGQ A?RFMBC P?W RS@C (#24). %JCARPMLQ (QFMUL FCPC ?Q QCN?P?RC N?PRGAJCQ) GLRCP?AR
GLBGTGBS?JJW UGRF RFC K?RCPG?J RFCW QRPGIC, QMKCRGKCQ NPMBSAGLE NFMRMLQ MD %- P?BG?RGML.
7FGJC P?WQ MPGEGL?RC GL LSAJC?P BCA?W, V P?WQ ?PC NPMBSACB @W RFC NPMACQQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 29.13. %JCARPMLQ CHCARCB @W RFCPK?J ?EGR?RGML DPMK ? FMR
DGJ?KCLR GL ? T?ASSK RS@C ?PC ?AACJCP?RCB RFPMSEF ? FGEF TMJR?EC, E?GLGLE IGLCRGA CLCPEW DPMK RFC CJCARPGA?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW. 7FCL RFCW QRPGIC RFC
?LMBC, RFC CJCARPMLQ AMLTCPR RFCGP IGLCRGA CLCPEW RM ? T?PGCRW MD DMPKQ, GLAJSBGLE RFCPK?J CLCPEW. "SR QGLAC ?L ?AACJCP?RCB AF?PEC P?BG?RCQ %- U?TCQ,
?LB QGLAC RFC CJCARPMLQ ?AR GLBGTGBS?JJW, NFMRMLQ ?PC ?JQM NPMBSACB. 3MKC MD RFCQC V-P?W NFMRMLQ M@R?GL RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD RFC CJCARPML. 4FC
?AACJCP?RCB CJCARPMLQ MPGEGL?RC ?R RFC A?RFMBC, QM QSAF ? RS@C GQ A?JJCB ? A?RFMBC P?W RS@C (#24), ?LB T?PGMSQ TCPQGMLQ MD RFCK ?PC DMSLB GL MJBCP 46
?LB AMKNSRCP QAPCCLQ ?Q UCJJ ?Q GL V-P?W K?AFGLCQ.
EN7CFB; 29.2 1-H7O )>EJED ED;H=O 7D: 1-H7O -K8; /EBJ7=;
&GLB RFC K?VGKSK CLCPEW GL C6 MD ?L V-P?W NFMRML NPMBSACB @W CJCARPMLQ ?AACJCP?RCB RFPMSEF ? NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC MD 50.0 I6 GL ? #24 JGIC RFC
MLC GL F?=KH; 29.13.
,JH7J;=O
%JCARPMLQ A?L EGTC ?JJ MD RFCGP IGLCRGA CLCPEW RM ? QGLEJC NFMRML UFCL RFCW QRPGIC RFC ?LMBC MD ? #24. (4FGQ GQ QMKCRFGLE JGIC RFC NFMRMCJCARPGA
CDDCAR GL PCTCPQC.) 4FC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD RFC CJCARPML AMKCQ DPMK CJCARPGA?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW. 4FSQ UC A?L QGKNJW COS?RC RFC K?VGKSK NFMRML
CLCPEW RM RFC CJCARPGA?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEWrRF?R GQ, hf = qV. (7C BM LMR F?TC RM A?JASJ?RC C?AF QRCN DPMK @CEGLLGLE RM CLB GD UC ILMU RF?R ?JJ MD
RFC QR?PRGLE CLCPEW qV GQ AMLTCPRCB RM RFC DGL?J DMPK hf. )
,EBKJ?ED
4FC K?VGKSK NFMRML CLCPEW GQ hf = qV , UFCPC q GQ RFC AF?PEC MD RFC CJCARPML ?LB V GQ RFC ?AACJCP?RGLE TMJR?EC. 4FSQ,
(29.15)
hf = (1.6010
19
C)(50.010
3
V).
&PMK RFC BCDGLGRGML MD RFC CJCARPML TMJR, UC ILMU 1 eV = 1.6010
19
J , UFCPC 1 J = 1 C V. '?RFCPGLE D?ARMPQ ?LB AMLTCPRGLE CLCPEW RM C6
WGCJBQ
(29.16)
hf = (50.010
3
)(1.6010
19
C V)
1 eV
1.6010
19
C V
= (50.010
3
)(1 eV) = 50.0 keV.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ CV?KNJC NPMBSACQ ? PCQSJR RF?R A?L @C ?NNJGCB RM K?LW QGKGJ?P QGRS?RGMLQ. )D WMS ?AACJCP?RC ? QGLEJC CJCKCLR?PW AF?PEC, JGIC RF?R MD ?L
CJCARPML, RFPMSEF ? NMRCLRG?J EGTCL GL TMJRQ, RFCL GRQ CLCPEW GL C6 F?Q RFC Q?KC LSKCPGA?J T?JSC. 4FSQ ? 50.0-I6 NMRCLRG?J ECLCP?RCQ 50.0 IC6
CJCARPMLQ, UFGAF GL RSPL A?L NPMBSAC NFMRMLQ UGRF ? K?VGKSK CLCPEW MD 50 IC6. 3GKGJ?PJW, ? 100-I6 NMRCLRG?J GL ?L V-P?W RS@C A?L ECLCP?RC SN RM
100-IC6 V-P?W NFMRMLQ. -?LW V-P?W RS@CQ F?TC ?BHSQR?@JC TMJR?ECQ QM RF?R T?PGMSQ CLCPEW V P?WQ UGRF BGDDCPGLE CLCPEGCQ, ?LB RFCPCDMPC BGDDCPGLE
?@GJGRGCQ RM NCLCRP?RC, A?L @C ECLCP?RCB.
#(!04%2 29 Y ).42/$5#4)/. 4/ 15!.45- 0(93)#3 1033
F?=KH; 29.14 8-P?W QNCARPSK M@R?GLCB UFCL CLCPECRGA CJCARPMLQ QRPGIC ? K?RCPG?J. 4FC QKMMRF N?PR MD RFC QNCARPSK GQ @PCKQQRP?FJSLE, UFGJC RFC NC?IQ ?PC AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MD RFC
?LMBC K?RCPG?J. "MRF ?PC ?RMKGA NPMACQQCQ RF?R NPMBSAC CLCPECRGA NFMRMLQ ILMUL ?Q V-P?W NFMRMLQ.
F?=KH; 29.14 QFMUQ RFC QNCARPSK MD V P?WQ M@R?GLCB DPMK ?L V-P?W RS@C. 4FCPC ?PC RUM BGQRGLAR DC?RSPCQ RM RFC QNCARPSK. &GPQR, RFC QKMMRF BGQRPG@SRGML
PCQSJRQ DPMK CJCARPMLQ @CGLE BCACJCP?RCB GL RFC ?LMBC K?RCPG?J. ! ASPTC JGIC RFGQ GQ M@R?GLCB @W BCRCARGLE K?LW NFMRMLQ, ?LB GR GQ ?NN?PCLR RF?R RFC
K?VGKSK CLCPEW GQ SLJGICJW. 4FGQ BCACJCP?RGLE NPMACQQ NPMBSACQ P?BG?RGML RF?R GQ A?JJCB 8H;CIIJH7>BKD= ('CPK?L DMP 5E4><A: E47<4G<BA). 4FC QCAMLB
DC?RSPC GQ RFC CVGQRCLAC MD QF?PN NC?IQ GL RFC QNCARPSK; RFCQC ?PC A?JJCB 9>7H79J;H?IJ?9 N H7OI, QGLAC RFCW ?PC AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MD RFC ?LMBC K?RCPG?J.
#F?P?ARCPGQRGA V P?WQ AMKC DPMK ?RMKGA CVAGR?RGMLQ SLGOSC RM ? EGTCL RWNC MD ?LMBC K?RCPG?J. 4FCW ?PC ?IGL RM JGLCQ GL ?RMKGA QNCARP?, GKNJWGLE RFC
CLCPEW JCTCJQ MD ?RMKQ ?PC OS?LRGXCB. 0FCLMKCL? QSAF ?Q BGQAPCRC ?RMKGA QNCARP? ?LB AF?P?ARCPGQRGA V P?WQ ?PC CVNJMPCB DSPRFCP GL AJEC?9 )>OI?9I.
.BJH7L?EB;J H7:?7J?ED (?NNPMVGK?RCJW 4 C6 RM 300 C6) MTCPJ?NQ UGRF RFC JMU CLB MD RFC CLCPEW P?LEC MD V P?WQ, @SR 56 GQ RWNGA?JJW JMUCP GL CLCPEW. 56
AMKCQ DPMK RFC BC-CVAGR?RGML MD ?RMKQ RF?R K?W @C N?PR MD ? FMR QMJGB MP E?Q. 4FCQC ?RMKQ A?L @C EGTCL CLCPEW RF?R RFCW J?RCP PCJC?QC ?Q 56 @W
LSKCPMSQ NPMACQQCQ, GLAJSBGLE CJCARPGA BGQAF?PEC, LSAJC?P CVNJMQGML, RFCPK?J ?EGR?RGML, ?LB CVNMQSPC RM V P?WQ. ! 56 NFMRML F?Q QSDDGAGCLR CLCPEW RM
GMLGXC ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ, UFGAF K?ICQ GRQ CDDCARQ BGDDCPCLR DPMK RFMQC MD TGQG@JC JGEFR. 56 RFSQ F?Q QMKC MD RFC Q?KC @GMJMEGA?J CDDCARQ ?Q P?WQ
?LB V P?WQ. &MP CV?KNJC, GR A?L A?SQC QIGL A?LACP ?LB GQ SQCB ?Q ? QRCPGJGXCP. 4FC K?HMP BGDDCPCLAC GQ RF?R QCTCP?J 56 NFMRMLQ ?PC PCOSGPCB RM BGQPSNR
ACJJ PCNPMBSARGML MP IGJJ ? @?ARCPGSK, UFCPC?Q QGLEJC -P?W ?LB 8-P?W NFMRMLQ A?L BM RFC Q?KC B?K?EC. "SR QGLAC 56 BMCQ F?TC RFC CLCPEW RM ?JRCP
KMJCASJCQ, GR A?L BM UF?R TGQG@JC JGEFR A?LLMR. /LC MD RFC @CLCDGAG?J ?QNCARQ MD 56 GQ RF?R GR RPGEECPQ RFC NPMBSARGML MD TGR?KGL $ GL RFC QIGL, UFCPC?Q
TGQG@JC JGEFR F?Q GLQSDDGAGCLR CLCPEW NCP NFMRML RM ?JRCP RFC KMJCASJCQ RF?R RPGEECP RFGQ NPMBSARGML. )LD?LRGJC H?SLBGAC GQ RPC?RCB @W CVNMQGLE RFC @?@W RM
56 (UGRF CWC NPMRCARGML), A?JJCB NFMRMRFCP?NW, RFC @CLCDGAG?J CDDCARQ MD UFGAF ?PC RFMSEFR RM @C PCJ?RCB RM GRQ ?@GJGRW RM FCJN NPCTCLR RFC @SGJBSN MD
NMRCLRG?JJW RMVGA @GJGPS@GL GL RFC @JMMB.
EN7CFB; 29.3 )>EJED ED;H=O 7D: E<<;9JI <EH ./
3FMPR-U?TCJCLERF 56 GQ QMKCRGKCQ A?JJCB T?ASSK 56, @CA?SQC GR GQ QRPMLEJW ?@QMP@CB @W ?GP ?LB KSQR @C QRSBGCB GL ? T?ASSK. #?JASJ?RC RFC
NFMRML CLCPEW GL C6 DMP 100-LK T?ASSK 56, ?LB CQRGK?RC RFC LSK@CP MD KMJCASJCQ GR AMSJB GMLGXC MP @PC?I ?N?PR.
,JH7J;=O
5QGLE RFC COS?RGML E = hf ?LB ?NNPMNPG?RC AMLQR?LRQ, UC A?L DGLB RFC NFMRML CLCPEW ?LB AMKN?PC GR UGRF CLCPEW GLDMPK?RGML GL -78B; 29.1.
,EBKJ?ED
4FC CLCPEW MD ? NFMRML GQ EGTCL @W
(29.17)
E = hf =
hc
.
5QGLE hc = 1240 eV nm, UC DGLB RF?R
(29.18)
E =
hc
=
1240 eV nm
100 nm
= 12.4 eV.
D?I9KII?ED
!AAMPBGLE RM -78B; 29.1, RFGQ NFMRML CLCPEW KGEFR @C ?@JC RM GMLGXC ?L ?RMK MP KMJCASJC, ?LB GR GQ ?@MSR UF?R GQ LCCBCB RM @PC?I SN ? RGEFRJW
@MSLB KMJCASJC, QGLAC RFCW ?PC @MSLB @W ?NNPMVGK?RCJW 10 C6. 4FGQ NFMRML CLCPEW AMSJB BCQRPMW ?@MSR ? BMXCL UC?IJW @MSLB KMJCASJCQ.
"CA?SQC MD GRQ FGEF NFMRML CLCPEW, 56 BGQPSNRQ ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ GR GLRCP?ARQ UGRF. /LC EMMB AMLQCOSCLAC GQ RF?R ?JJ @SR RFC JMLECQR-
U?TCJCLERF 56 GQ QRPMLEJW ?@QMP@CB ?LB GQ C?QGJW @JMAICB @W QSLEJ?QQCQ. )L D?AR, KMQR MD RFC 3SLtQ 56 GQ ?@QMP@CB @W ? RFGL J?WCP MD MXMLC GL RFC
SNNCP ?RKMQNFCPC, NPMRCARGLE QCLQGRGTC MPE?LGQKQ ML %?PRF. $?K?EC RM MSP MXMLC J?WCP @W RFC ?BBGRGML MD QSAF AFCKGA?JQ ?Q #&#tQ F?Q PCBSACB
RFGQ NPMRCARGML DMP SQ.
6GQG@JC ,GEFR
4FC P?LEC MD NFMRML CLCPEGCQ DMP L?I?8B; B?=>J DPMK PCB RM TGMJCR GQ 1.63 RM 3.26 C6, PCQNCARGTCJW (JCDR DMP RFGQ AF?NRCPtQ 0PM@JCKQ ?LB %VCPAGQCQ RM
TCPGDW). 4FCQC CLCPEGCQ ?PC ML RFC MPBCP MD RFMQC @CRUCCL MSRCP CJCARPML QFCJJQ GL ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ. 4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R RFCQC NFMRMLQ A?L @C
?@QMP@CB @W ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ. ! F<A:?8 NFMRML A?L ?ARS?JJW QRGKSJ?RC RFC PCRGL?, DMP CV?KNJC, @W ?JRCPGLE ? PCACNRMP KMJCASJC RF?R RFCL RPGEECPQ ?
LCPTC GKNSJQC. 0FMRMLQ A?L @C ?@QMP@CB MP CKGRRCB MLJW @W ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ RF?R F?TC NPCAGQCJW RFC AMPPCAR OS?LRGXCB CLCPEW QRCN RM BM QM. &MP
CV?KNJC, GD ? PCB NFMRML MD DPCOSCLAW f CLAMSLRCPQ ? KMJCASJC RF?R F?Q ?L CLCPEW QRCN, E, COS?J RM hf , RFCL RFC NFMRML A?L @C ?@QMP@CB.
1034 #(!04%2 29 Y ).42/$5#4)/. 4/ 15!.45- 0(93)#3
6GMJCR DJMUCPQ ?@QMP@ PCB ?LB PCDJCAR TGMJCR; RFGQ GKNJGCQ RFCPC GQ LM CLCPEW QRCN @CRUCCL JCTCJQ GL RFC PCACNRMP KMJCASJC COS?J RM RFC TGMJCR NFMRMLtQ
CLCPEW, @SR RFCPC GQ ?L CLCPEW QRCN DMP RFC PCB.
4FCPC ?PC QMKC LMRGAC?@JC BGDDCPCLACQ GL RFC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD JGEFR @CRUCCL RFC RUM CLBQ MD RFC TGQG@JC QNCARPSK RF?R ?PC BSC RM NFMRML CLCPEGCQ.
2CB JGEFR F?Q GLQSDDGAGCLR NFMRML CLCPEW RM CVNMQC KMQR @J?AI-?LB-UFGRC DGJK, ?LB GR GQ RFSQ SQCB RM GJJSKGL?RC B?PIPMMKQ UFCPC QSAF DGJK GQ
BCTCJMNCB. 3GLAC TGMJCR JGEFR F?Q ? FGEFCP NFMRML CLCPEW, BWCQ RF?R ?@QMP@ TGMJCR RCLB RM D?BC KMPC OSGAIJW RF?L RFMQC RF?R BM LMR. (3CC F?=KH;
29.15.) 4?IC ? JMMI ?R QMKC D?BCB AMJMP NMQRCPQ GL ? QRMPCDPMLR QMKC RGKC, ?LB WMS UGJJ LMRGAC RF?R RFC @JSCQ ?LB TGMJCRQ ?PC RFC J?QR RM D?BC. 4FGQ GQ
@CA?SQC MRFCP BWCQ, QSAF ?Q PCB ?LB EPCCL BWCQ, ?@QMP@ @JSC ?LB TGMJCR NFMRMLQ, RFC FGEFCP CLCPEGCQ MD UFGAF @PC?I SN RFCGP UC?IJW @MSLB
KMJCASJCQ. (#MKNJCV KMJCASJCQ QSAF ?Q RFMQC GL BWCQ ?LB $.! RCLB RM @C UC?IJW @MSLB.) "JSC ?LB TGMJCR BWCQ PCDJCAR RFMQC AMJMPQ ?LB, RFCPCDMPC,
BM LMR ?@QMP@ RFCQC KMPC CLCPECRGA NFMRMLQ, RFSQ QSDDCPGLE JCQQ KMJCASJ?P B?K?EC.
F?=KH; 29.15 7FW BM RFC PCBQ, WCJJMUQ, ?LB EPCCLQ D?BC @CDMPC RFC @JSCQ ?LB TGMJCRQ UFCL CVNMQCB RM RFC 3SL, ?Q UGRF RFGQ NMQRCP? 4FC ?LQUCP GQ PCJ?RCB RM NFMRML CLCPEW.
(APCBGR: $C@ #MJJGLQ, &JGAIP)
4P?LQN?PCLR K?RCPG?JQ, QSAF ?Q QMKC EJ?QQCQ, BM LMR ?@QMP@ ?LW TGQG@JC JGEFR, @CA?SQC RFCPC GQ LM CLCPEW QRCN GL RFC ?RMKQ MP KMJCASJCQ RF?R AMSJB
?@QMP@ RFC JGEFR. 3GLAC GLBGTGBS?J NFMRMLQ GLRCP?AR UGRF GLBGTGBS?J ?RMKQ, GR GQ LC?PJW GKNMQQG@JC RM F?TC RUM NFMRMLQ ?@QMP@CB QGKSJR?LCMSQJW RM PC?AF
? J?PEC CLCPEW QRCN. "CA?SQC MD GRQ JMUCP NFMRML CLCPEW, TGQG@JC JGEFR A?L QMKCRGKCQ N?QQ RFPMSEF K?LW IGJMKCRCPQ MD ? QS@QR?LAC, UFGJC FGEFCP
DPCOSCLAGCQ JGIC 56, V P?W, ?LB P?WQ ?PC ?@QMP@CB, @CA?SQC RFCW F?TC QSDDGAGCLR NFMRML CLCPEW RM GMLGXC RFC K?RCPG?J.
EN7CFB; 29.4 !EM &7DO )>EJEDI F;H ,;9ED: DE;I 7 -OF?97B %?=>J BKB8 )HE:K9;?
!QQSKGLE RF?R 10.0% MD ? 100-7 JGEFR @SJ@tQ CLCPEW MSRNSR GQ GL RFC TGQG@JC P?LEC (RWNGA?J DMP GLA?LBCQACLR @SJ@Q) UGRF ?L ?TCP?EC U?TCJCLERF MD
580 LK, A?JASJ?RC RFC LSK@CP MD TGQG@JC NFMRMLQ CKGRRCB NCP QCAMLB.
,JH7J;=O
0MUCP GQ CLCPEW NCP SLGR RGKC, ?LB QM GD UC A?L DGLB RFC CLCPEW NCP NFMRML, UC A?L BCRCPKGLC RFC LSK@CP MD NFMRMLQ NCP QCAMLB. 4FGQ UGJJ @CQR
@C BMLC GL HMSJCQ, QGLAC NMUCP GQ EGTCL GL U?RRQ, UFGAF ?PC HMSJCQ NCP QCAMLB.
,EBKJ?ED
4FC NMUCP GL TGQG@JC JGEFR NPMBSARGML GQ 10.0% MD 100 7, MP 10.0 */Q. 4FC CLCPEW MD RFC ?TCP?EC TGQG@JC NFMRML GQ DMSLB @W QS@QRGRSRGLE RFC EGTCL
?TCP?EC U?TCJCLERF GLRM RFC DMPKSJ?
(29.19)
E =
hc
.
4FGQ NPMBSACQ
(29.20)
E =
(6.6310
34
J s)(3.0010
8
m/s)
58010
9
m
= 3.4310
19
J.
4FC LSK@CP MD TGQG@JC NFMRMLQ NCP QCAMLB GQ RFSQ
(29.21)
photon/s =
10.0 J/s
3.4310
19
J/photon
= 2.9210
19
photon/s.
D?I9KII?ED
#(!04%2 29 Y ).42/$5#4)/. 4/ 15!.45- 0(93)#3 1035
4FGQ GLAPCBG@JC LSK@CP MD NFMRMLQ NCP QCAMLB GQ TCPGDGA?RGML RF?R GLBGTGBS?J NFMRMLQ ?PC GLQGELGDGA?LR GL MPBGL?PW FSK?L CVNCPGCLAC. )R GQ ?JQM ?
TCPGDGA?RGML MD RFC AMPPCQNMLBCLAC NPGLAGNJCrML RFC K?APMQAMNGA QA?JC, OS?LRGX?RGML @CAMKCQ CQQCLRG?JJW AMLRGLSMSQ MP AJ?QQGA?J. &GL?JJW, RFCPC
?PC QM K?LW NFMRMLQ CKGRRCB @W ? 100-7 JGEFR@SJ@ RF?R GR A?L @C QCCL @W RFC SL?GBCB CWC K?LW IGJMKCRCPQ ?U?W.
,MUCP-%LCPEW 0FMRMLQ
"D<H7H;: H7:?7J?ED ("+) F?Q CTCL JMUCP NFMRML CLCPEGCQ RF?L TGQG@JC JGEFR ?LB A?LLMR QGELGDGA?LRJW ?JRCP ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ. )2 A?L @C ?@QMP@CB ?LB
CKGRRCB @W ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ, N?PRGASJ?PJW @CRUCCL AJMQCJW QN?ACB QR?RCQ. )2 GQ CVRPCKCJW QRPMLEJW ?@QMP@CB @W U?RCP, DMP CV?KNJC, @CA?SQC U?RCP
KMJCASJCQ F?TC K?LW QR?RCQ QCN?P?RCB @W CLCPEGCQ ML RFC MPBCP MD 10
5
eV RM 10
2
eV, UCJJ UGRFGL RFC )2 ?LB KGAPMU?TC CLCPEW P?LECQ. 4FGQ GQ
UFW GL RFC )2 P?LEC, QIGL GQ ?JKMQR HCR @J?AI, UGRF ?L CKGQQGTGRW LC?P 1rRFCPC ?PC K?LW QR?RCQ GL U?RCP KMJCASJCQ GL RFC QIGL RF?R A?L ?@QMP@ ? J?PEC
P?LEC MD )2 NFMRML CLCPEGCQ. .MR ?JJ KMJCASJCQ F?TC RFGQ NPMNCPRW. !GP, DMP CV?KNJC, GQ LC?PJW RP?LQN?PCLR RM K?LW )2 DPCOSCLAGCQ.
&?9HEM7L;I ?PC RFC FGEFCQR DPCOSCLAGCQ RF?R A?L @C NPMBSACB @W CJCARPMLGA AGPASGRQ, ?JRFMSEF RFCW ?PC ?JQM NPMBSACB L?RSP?JJW. 4FSQ KGAPMU?TCQ ?PC
QGKGJ?P RM )2 @SR BM LMR CVRCLB RM ?Q FGEF DPCOSCLAGCQ. 4FCPC ?PC QR?RCQ GL U?RCP ?LB MRFCP KMJCASJCQ RF?R F?TC RFC Q?KC DPCOSCLAW ?LB CLCPEW ?Q
KGAPMU?TCQ, RWNGA?JJW ?@MSR 10
5
eV. 4FGQ GQ MLC PC?QML UFW DMMB ?@QMP@Q KGAPMU?TCQ KMPC QRPMLEJW RF?L K?LW MRFCP K?RCPG?JQ, K?IGLE
KGAPMU?TC MTCLQ ?L CDDGAGCLR U?W MD NSRRGLE CLCPEW BGPCARJW GLRM DMMB.
0FMRML CLCPEGCQ DMP @MRF )2 ?LB KGAPMU?TCQ ?PC QM JMU RF?R FSEC LSK@CPQ MD NFMRMLQ ?PC GLTMJTCB GL ?LW QGELGDGA?LR CLCPEW RP?LQDCP @W )2 MP
KGAPMU?TCQ (QSAF ?Q U?PKGLE WMSPQCJD UGRF ? FC?R J?KN MP AMMIGLE NGXX? GL RFC KGAPMU?TC). 6GQG@JC JGEFR, )2, KGAPMU?TCQ, ?LB ?JJ JMUCP DPCOSCLAGCQ
A?LLMR NPMBSAC GMLGX?RGML UGRF QGLEJC NFMRMLQ ?LB BM LMR MPBGL?PGJW F?TC RFC F?X?PBQ MD FGEFCP DPCOSCLAGCQ. 7FCL TGQG@JC, )2, MP KGAPMU?TC P?BG?RGML
<F F?X?PBMSQ, QSAF ?Q RFC GLBSACKCLR MD A?R?P?ARQ @W KGAPMU?TCQ, RFC F?X?PB GQ BSC RM FSEC LSK@CPQ MD NFMRMLQ ?ARGLE RMECRFCP (LMR RM ?L
?AASKSJ?RGML MD NFMRMLQ, QSAF ?Q QRCPGJGX?RGML @W UC?I 56). 4FC LCE?RGTC CDDCARQ MD TGQG@JC, )2, MP KGAPMU?TC P?BG?RGML A?L @C RFCPK?J CDDCARQ, UFGAF
AMSJB @C NPMBSACB @W ?LW FC?R QMSPAC. "SR MLC BGDDCPCLAC GQ RF?R ?R TCPW FGEF GLRCLQGRW, QRPMLE CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ A?L @C NPMBSACB @W
NFMRMLQ ?ARGLE RMECRFCP. 3SAF CJCARPMK?ELCRGA DGCJBQ (%-&) A?L ?ARS?JJW GMLGXC K?RCPG?JQ.
-GQAMLACNRGML !JCPR: (GEF-6MJR?EC 0MUCP ,GLCQ
!JRFMSEF QMKC NCMNJC RFGLI RF?R JGTGLE LC?P FGEF-TMJR?EC NMUCP JGLCQ GQ F?X?PBMSQ RM MLCtQ FC?JRF, MLEMGLE QRSBGCQ MD RFC RP?LQGCLR DGCJB CDDCARQ
NPMBSACB @W RFCQC JGLCQ QFMU RFCGP QRPCLERFQ RM @C GLQSDDGAGCLR RM A?SQC B?K?EC. $CKMEP?NFGA QRSBGCQ ?JQM D?GJ RM QFMU QGELGDGA?LR AMPPCJ?RGML MD
GJJ CDDCARQ UGRF FGEF-TMJR?EC NMUCP JGLCQ. 4FC !KCPGA?L 0FWQGA?J 3MAGCRW GQQSCB ? PCNMPR MTCP 10 WC?PQ ?EM ML NMUCP-JGLC DGCJBQ, UFGAF AMLAJSBCB
RF?R RFC QAGCLRGDGA JGRCP?RSPC ?LB PCTGCUQ MD N?LCJQ QFMU LM AMLQGQRCLR, QGELGDGA?LR JGLI @CRUCCL A?LACP ?LB NMUCP-JGLC DGCJBQ. 4FCW ?JQM DCJR RF?R RFC
uBGTCPQGML MD PCQMSPACQ RM CJGKGL?RC ? RFPC?R UFGAF F?Q LM NCPQS?QGTC QAGCLRGDGA @?QGQ GQ BGQRSP@GLE.v
)R GQ TGPRS?JJW GKNMQQG@JC RM BCRCAR GLBGTGBS?J NFMRMLQ F?TGLE DPCOSCLAGCQ @CJMU KGAPMU?TC DPCOSCLAGCQ, @CA?SQC MD RFCGP JMU NFMRML CLCPEW. "SR RFC
NFMRMLQ ?PC RFCPC. ! AMLRGLSMSQ %- U?TC A?L @C KMBCJCB ?Q NFMRMLQ. !R JMU DPCOSCLAGCQ, %- U?TCQ ?PC ECLCP?JJW RPC?RCB ?Q RGKC- ?LB NMQGRGML-
T?PWGLE CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ UGRF LM BGQACPLG@JC OS?LRGX?RGML. 4FGQ GQ ?LMRFCP CV?KNJC MD RFC AMPPCQNMLBCLAC NPGLAGNJC GL QGRS?RGMLQ GLTMJTGLE
FSEC LSK@CPQ MD NFMRMLQ.
29.4 )>EJED &EC;DJKC
-C?QSPGLE 0FMRML -MKCLRSK
4FC OS?LRSK MD %- P?BG?RGML UC A?JJ ? F>EJED F?Q NPMNCPRGCQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM RFMQC MD N?PRGAJCQ UC A?L QCC, QSAF ?Q EP?GLQ MD Q?LB. ! NFMRML GLRCP?ARQ
?Q ? SLGR GL AMJJGQGMLQ MP UFCL ?@QMP@CB, P?RFCP RF?L ?Q ?L CVRCLQGTC U?TC. -?QQGTC OS?LR?, JGIC CJCARPMLQ, ?JQM ?AR JGIC K?APMQAMNGA
N?PRGAJCQrQMKCRFGLE UC CVNCAR, @CA?SQC RFCW ?PC RFC QK?JJCQR SLGRQ MD K?RRCP. 0?PRGAJCQ A?PPW KMKCLRSK ?Q UCJJ ?Q CLCPEW. $CQNGRC NFMRMLQ F?TGLE
LM K?QQ, RFCPC F?Q JMLE @CCL CTGBCLAC RF?R %- P?BG?RGML A?PPGCQ KMKCLRSK. (-?VUCJJ ?LB MRFCPQ UFM QRSBGCB %- U?TCQ NPCBGARCB RF?R RFCW UMSJB
A?PPW KMKCLRSK.) )R GQ LMU ? UCJJ-CQR?@JGQFCB D?AR RF?R NFMRMLQ 7B F?TC KMKCLRSK. )L D?AR, NFMRML KMKCLRSK GQ QSEECQRCB @W RFC NFMRMCJCARPGA
CDDCAR, UFCPC NFMRMLQ ILMAI CJCARPMLQ MSR MD ? QS@QR?LAC. F?=KH; 29.17 QFMUQ K?APMQAMNGA CTGBCLAC MD NFMRML KMKCLRSK.
1036 #(!04%2 29 Y ).42/$5#4)/. 4/ 15!.45- 0(93)#3
F?=KH; 29.17 4FC R?GJQ MD RFC (?JC-"MNN AMKCR NMGLR ?U?W DPMK RFC 3SL, CTGBCLAC RF?R JGEFR F?Q KMKCLRSK. $SQR CK?L?RGLE DPMK RFC @MBW MD RFC AMKCR DMPKQ RFGQ R?GJ.
0?PRGAJCQ MD BSQR ?PC NSQFCB ?U?W DPMK RFC 3SL @W JGEFR PCDJCARGLE DPMK RFCK. 4FC @JSC GMLGXCB E?Q R?GJ GQ ?JQM NPMBSACB @W NFMRMLQ GLRCP?ARGLE UGRF ?RMKQ GL RFC AMKCR
K?RCPG?J. (APCBGR: 'CMDD #FCQRCP, 5.3. .?TW, TG? 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
F?=KH; 29.17 QFMUQ ? AMKCR UGRF RUM NPMKGLCLR R?GJQ. 7F?R KMQR NCMNJC BM LMR ILMU ?@MSR RFC R?GJQ GQ RF?R RFCW ?JU?WQ NMGLR 4J4L DPMK RFC 3SL
P?RFCP RF?L RP?GJGLE @CFGLB RFC AMKCR (JGIC RFC R?GJ MD "M 0CCNtQ QFCCN). #MKCR R?GJQ ?PC AMKNMQCB MD E?QCQ ?LB BSQR CT?NMP?RCB DPMK RFC @MBW MD RFC
AMKCR ?LB GMLGXCB E?Q. 4FC BSQR N?PRGAJCQ PCAMGJ ?U?W DPMK RFC 3SL UFCL NFMRMLQ QA?RRCP DPMK RFCK. %TGBCLRJW, NFMRMLQ A?PPW KMKCLRSK GL RFC
BGPCARGML MD RFCGP KMRGML (?U?W DPMK RFC 3SL), ?LB QMKC MD RFGQ KMKCLRSK GQ RP?LQDCPPCB RM BSQR N?PRGAJCQ GL AMJJGQGMLQ. '?Q ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ GL
RFC @JSC R?GJ ?PC KMQR ?DDCARCB @W MRFCP N?PRGAJCQ MD P?BG?RGML, QSAF ?Q NPMRMLQ ?LB CJCARPMLQ CK?L?RGLE DPMK RFC 3SL, P?RFCP RF?L @W RFC KMKCLRSK MD
NFMRMLQ.
#MLLCARGMLQ: #MLQCPT?RGML MD -MKCLRSK
.MR MLJW GQ KMKCLRSK AMLQCPTCB GL ?JJ PC?JKQ MD NFWQGAQ, @SR ?JJ RWNCQ MD N?PRGAJCQ ?PC DMSLB RM F?TC KMKCLRSK. 7C CVNCAR N?PRGAJCQ UGRF K?QQ
RM F?TC KMKCLRSK, @SR LMU UC QCC RF?R K?QQJCQQ N?PRGAJCQ GLAJSBGLE NFMRMLQ ?JQM A?PPW KMKCLRSK.
-MKCLRSK GQ AMLQCPTCB GL OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ HSQR ?Q GR GQ GL PCJ?RGTGRW ?LB AJ?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ. 3MKC MD RFC C?PJGCQR BGPCAR CVNCPGKCLR?J CTGBCLAC MD
RFGQ A?KC DPMK QA?RRCPGLE MD V-P?W NFMRMLQ @W CJCARPMLQ GL QS@QR?LACQ, L?KCB #MKNRML QA?RRCPGLE ?DRCP RFC !KCPGA?L NFWQGAGQR !PRFSP (. #MKNRML
(1892q1962). !PMSLB 1923, #MKNRML M@QCPTCB RF?R V P?WQ QA?RRCPCB DPMK K?RCPG?JQ F?B ? BCAPC?QCB CLCPEW ?LB AMPPCARJW ?L?JWXCB RFGQ ?Q @CGLE BSC
RM RFC QA?RRCPGLE MD NFMRMLQ DPMK CJCARPMLQ. 4FGQ NFCLMKCLML AMSJB @C F?LBJCB ?Q ? AMJJGQGML @CRUCCL RUM N?PRGAJCQr? NFMRML ?LB ?L CJCARPML ?R
PCQR GL RFC K?RCPG?J. %LCPEW ?LB KMKCLRSK ?PC AMLQCPTCB GL RFC AMJJGQGML. (3CC F?=KH; 29.18) (C UML ? .M@CJ 0PGXC GL 1929 DMP RFC BGQAMTCPW MD RFGQ
QA?RRCPGLE, LMU A?JJCB RFC CECFJED ;<<;9J, @CA?SQC GR FCJNCB NPMTC RF?R F>EJED CEC;DJKC GQ EGTCL @W
(29.22)
p =
h
,
UFCPC h GQ 0J?LAItQ AMLQR?LR ?LB GQ RFC NFMRML U?TCJCLERF. (.MRC RF?R PCJ?RGTGQRGA KMKCLRSK EGTCL ?Q p = mu GQ T?JGB MLJW DMP N?PRGAJCQ F?TGLE
K?QQ.)
#(!04%2 29 Y ).42/$5#4)/. 4/ 15!.45- 0(93)#3 1037
F?=KH; 29.18 4FC #MKNRML CDDCAR GQ RFC L?KC EGTCL RM RFC QA?RRCPGLE MD ? NFMRML @W ?L CJCARPML. %LCPEW ?LB KMKCLRSK ?PC AMLQCPTCB, PCQSJRGLE GL ? PCBSARGML MD @MRF DMP RFC
QA?RRCPCB NFMRML. 3RSBWGLE RFGQ CDDCAR, #MKNRML TCPGDGCB RF?R NFMRMLQ F?TC KMKCLRSK.
7C A?L QCC RF?R NFMRML KMKCLRSK GQ QK?JJ, QGLAC p = h / ?LB h GQ TCPW QK?JJ. )R GQ DMP RFGQ PC?QML RF?R UC BM LMR MPBGL?PGJW M@QCPTC NFMRML
KMKCLRSK. /SP KGPPMPQ BM LMR PCAMGJ UFCL JGEFR PCDJCARQ DPMK RFCK (CVACNR NCPF?NQ GL A?PRMMLQ). #MKNRML Q?U RFC CDDCARQ MD NFMRML KMKCLRSK
@CA?SQC FC U?Q M@QCPTGLE V P?WQ, UFGAF F?TC ? QK?JJ U?TCJCLERF ?LB ? PCJ?RGTCJW J?PEC KMKCLRSK, GLRCP?ARGLE UGRF RFC JGEFRCQR MD N?PRGAJCQ, RFC
CJCARPML.
EN7CFB; 29.5 EB;9JHED 7D: )>EJED &EC;DJKC CECF7H;:
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC KMKCLRSK MD ? TGQG@JC NFMRML RF?R F?Q ? U?TCJCLERF MD 500 LK. (@) &GLB RFC TCJMAGRW MD ?L CJCARPML F?TGLE RFC Q?KC
KMKCLRSK. (A) 7F?R GQ RFC CLCPEW MD RFC CJCARPML, ?LB FMU BMCQ GR AMKN?PC UGRF RFC CLCPEW MD RFC NFMRML?
,JH7J;=O
&GLBGLE RFC NFMRML KMKCLRSK GQ ? QRP?GEFRDMPU?PB ?NNJGA?RGML MD GRQ BCDGLGRGML: p =
h
. )D UC DGLB RFC NFMRML KMKCLRSK GQ QK?JJ, RFCL UC A?L

?QQSKC RF?R ?L CJCARPML UGRF RFC Q?KC KMKCLRSK UGJJ @C LMLPCJ?RGTGQRGA, K?IGLE GR C?QW RM DGLB GRQ TCJMAGRW ?LB IGLCRGA CLCPEW DPMK RFC AJ?QQGA?J
DMPKSJ?Q.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
0FMRML KMKCLRSK GQ EGTCL @W RFC COS?RGML:
(29.23)
p =
h
.
%LRCPGLE RFC EGTCL NFMRML U?TCJCLERF WGCJBQ
(29.24)
p =
6.6310
34
J s
50010
9
m
= 1.3310
27
kg m/s.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
3GLAC RFGQ KMKCLRSK GQ GLBCCB QK?JJ, UC UGJJ SQC RFC AJ?QQGA?J CVNPCQQGML p = mv RM DGLB RFC TCJMAGRW MD ?L CJCARPML UGRF RFGQ KMKCLRSK.
3MJTGLE DMP v ?LB SQGLE RFC ILMUL T?JSC DMP RFC K?QQ MD ?L CJCARPML EGTCQ
(29.25)
v =
p
m
=
1.3310
27
kg m/s
9.1110
31
kg
= 1460 m/s 1460 m/s.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (9)
4FC CJCARPML F?Q IGLCRGA CLCPEW, UFGAF GQ AJ?QQGA?JJW EGTCL @W
(29.26)
KE
e
=
1
2
mv
2
.
4FSQ,
(29.27)
KE
e
=
1
2
(9.1110
3
kg)(1455 m/s)
2
= 9.6410
25
J.
#MLTCPRGLE RFGQ RM C6 @W KSJRGNJWGLE @W (1 eV) / (1.60210
19
J) WGCJBQ
(29.28)
KE
e
= 6.0210
6
eV.
4FC NFMRML CLCPEW E GQ
(29.29)
E =
hc
=
1240 eV nm
500 nm
= 2.48 eV,
1038 #(!04%2 29 Y ).42/$5#4)/. 4/ 15!.45- 0(93)#3
UFGAF GQ ?@MSR DGTC MPBCPQ MD K?ELGRSBC EPC?RCP.
D?I9KII?ED
0FMRML KMKCLRSK GQ GLBCCB QK?JJ. %TCL GD UC F?TC FSEC LSK@CPQ MD RFCK, RFC RMR?J KMKCLRSK RFCW A?PPW GQ QK?JJ. !L CJCARPML UGRF RFC Q?KC
KMKCLRSK F?Q ? 1460 K/Q TCJMAGRW, UFGAF GQ AJC?PJW LMLPCJ?RGTGQRGA. ! KMPC K?QQGTC N?PRGAJC UGRF RFC Q?KC KMKCLRSK UMSJB F?TC ?L CTCL
QK?JJCP TCJMAGRW. 4FGQ GQ @MPLC MSR @W RFC D?AR RF?R GR R?ICQ D?P JCQQ CLCPEW RM EGTC ?L CJCARPML RFC Q?KC KMKCLRSK ?Q ? NFMRML. "SR ML ?
OS?LRSK-KCAF?LGA?J QA?JC, CQNCAG?JJW DMP FGEF-CLCPEW NFMRMLQ GLRCP?ARGLE UGRF QK?JJ K?QQCQ, NFMRML KMKCLRSK GQ QGELGDGA?LR. %TCL ML ? J?PEC
QA?JC, NFMRML KMKCLRSK A?L F?TC ?L CDDCAR GD RFCPC ?PC CLMSEF MD RFCK ?LB GD RFCPC GQ LMRFGLE RM NPCTCLR RFC QJMU PCAMGJ MD K?RRCP. #MKCR R?GJQ
?PC MLC CV?KNJC, @SR RFCPC ?PC ?JQM NPMNMQ?JQ RM @SGJB QN?AC Q?GJQ RF?R SQC FSEC JMU-K?QQ KGPPMPQ (K?BC MD ?JSKGLGXCB -WJ?P) RM PCDJCAR QSLJGEFR.
)L RFC T?ASSK MD QN?AC, RFC KGPPMPQ UMSJB EP?BS?JJW PCAMGJ ?LB AMSJB ?ARS?JJW R?IC QN?ACAP?DR DPMK NJ?AC RM NJ?AC GL RFC QMJ?P QWQRCK. (3CC
F?=KH; 29.19.)
F?=KH; 29.19 (?) 3N?AC Q?GJQ F?TC @CCL NPMNMQCB RF?R SQC RFC KMKCLRSK MD QSLJGEFR PCDJCARGLE DPMK EGE?LRGA JMU-K?QQ Q?GJQ RM NPMNCJ QN?ACAP?DR ?@MSR RFC QMJ?P QWQRCK. !
2SQQG?L RCQR KMBCJ MD RFGQ (RFC #MQKMQ 1) U?Q J?SLAFCB GL 2005, @SR BGB LMR K?IC GR GLRM MP@GR BSC RM ? PMAICR D?GJSPC. (@) ! 5.3. TCPQGML MD RFGQ, J?@CJCB ,GEFR3?GJ-1, GQ
QAFCBSJCB DMP RPG?J J?SLAFCQ GL RFC DGPQR N?PR MD RFGQ BCA?BC. )R UGJJ F?TC ? 40-K
2
Q?GJ. (APCBGR: +GK .CURML/.!3!)
2CJ?RGTGQRGA 0FMRML -MKCLRSK
4FCPC GQ ? PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL NFMRML KMKCLRSK p ?LB NFMRML CLCPEW E RF?R GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC PCJ?RGML EGTCL NPCTGMSQJW DMP RFC PCJ?RGTGQRGA
RMR?J CLCPEW MD ? N?PRGAJC ?Q E
2
= (pc)
2
+ (mc)
2
. 7C ILMU m GQ XCPM DMP ? NFMRML, @SR p GQ LMR, QM RF?R E
2
= (pc)
2
+ (mc)
2
@CAMKCQ
(29.30) E = pc,
MP
(29.31)
p =
E
c
(photons).
4M AFCAI RFC T?JGBGRW MD RFGQ PCJ?RGML, LMRC RF?R E = hc / DMP ? NFMRML. 3S@QRGRSRGLE RFGQ GLRM p = E/c WGCJBQ
(29.32)
p = (hc / ) / c =
h
,
?Q BCRCPKGLCB CVNCPGKCLR?JJW ?LB BGQASQQCB ?@MTC. 4FSQ, p = E/c GQ COSGT?JCLR RM #MKNRMLtQ PCQSJR p = h / . &MP ? DSPRFCP TCPGDGA?RGML MD RFC
PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL NFMRML CLCPEW ?LB KMKCLRSK, QCC EN7CFB; 29.6.
0FMRML $CRCARMPQ
!JKMQR ?JJ BCRCARGML QWQRCKQ R?JICB ?@MSR RFSQ D?PrCWCQ, NFMRMEP?NFGA NJ?RCQ, NFMRMKSJRGNJGCP RS@CQ GL KGAPMQAMNCQ, ?LB ##$ A?KCP?QrPCJW ML
N?PRGAJC-JGIC NPMNCPRGCQ MD NFMRMLQ GLRCP?ARGLE UGRF ? QCLQGRGTC ?PC?. ! AF?LEC GQ A?SQCB ?LB CGRFCP RFC AF?LEC GQ A?QA?BCB MP XGJJGMLQ MD NMGLRQ ?PC
PCAMPBCB RM DMPK ?L GK?EC UC BCRCAR. 4FCQC BCRCARMPQ ?PC SQCB GL @GMKCBGA?J GK?EGLE QWQRCKQ, ?LB RFCPC GQ MLEMGLE PCQC?PAF GLRM GKNPMTGLE RFC
CDDGAGCLAW MD PCACGTGLE NFMRMLQ, N?PRGASJ?PJW @W AMMJGLE BCRCARGML QWQRCKQ ?LB PCBSAGLE RFCPK?J CDDCARQ.
EN7CFB; 29.6 )>EJED ED;H=O 7D: &EC;DJKC
3FMU RF?R p = E/c DMP RFC NFMRML AMLQGBCPCB GL RFC EN7CFB; 29.5.
,JH7J;=O
7C UGJJ R?IC RFC CLCPEW E DMSLB GL EN7CFB; 29.5, BGTGBC GR @W RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR, ?LB QCC GD RFC Q?KC KMKCLRSK GQ M@R?GLCB ?Q @CDMPC.
,EBKJ?ED
'GTCL RF?R RFC CLCPEW MD RFC NFMRML GQ 2.48 C6 ?LB AMLTCPRGLE RFGQ RM HMSJCQ, UC ECR
(29.33)
p =
E
c
=
(2.48 eV)(1.6010
19
J/eV)
3.0010
8
m/s
= 1.3310
27
kg m/s.
#(!04%2 29 Y ).42/$5#4)/. 4/ 15!.45- 0(93)#3 1039
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ T?JSC DMP KMKCLRSK GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q DMSLB @CDMPC (LMRC RF?R SLPMSLBCB T?JSCQ ?PC SQCB GL ?JJ A?JASJ?RGMLQ RM ?TMGB CTCL QK?JJ PMSLBGLE
CPPMPQ), ?L CVNCARCB TCPGDGA?RGML MD RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN p = E/c . 4FGQ ?JQM KC?LQ RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL CLCPEW, KMKCLRSK, ?LB K?QQ EGTCL @W
E
2
= (pc)
2
+ (mc)
2
?NNJGCQ RM @MRF K?RRCP ?LB NFMRMLQ. /LAC ?E?GL, LMRC RF?R p GQ LMR XCPM, CTCL UFCL m GQ.
0PM@JCK-3MJTGLE 3SEECQRGML
.MRC RF?R RFC DMPKQ MD RFC AMLQR?LRQ h = 4.1410
15
eV s ?LB hc = 1240 eV nm K?W @C N?PRGASJ?PJW SQCDSJ DMP RFGQ QCARGMLtQ 0PM@JCKQ
?LB %VCPAGQCQ.
29.5 ->; )7HJ?9B;-07L; DK7B?JO
7C F?TC JMLE ILMUL RF?R %- P?BG?RGML GQ ? U?TC, A?N?@JC MD GLRCPDCPCLAC ?LB BGDDP?ARGML. 7C LMU QCC RF?R JGEFR A?L @C KMBCJCB ?Q NFMRMLQ, UFGAF
?PC K?QQJCQQ N?PRGAJCQ. 4FGQ K?W QCCK AMLRP?BGARMPW, QGLAC UC MPBGL?PGJW BC?J UGRF J?PEC M@HCARQ RF?R LCTCP ?AR JGIC @MRF U?TC ?LB N?PRGAJC. !L MAC?L
U?TC, DMP CV?KNJC, JMMIQ LMRFGLE JGIC ? PMAI. 4M SLBCPQR?LB QK?JJ-QA?JC NFCLMKCL?, UC K?IC ?L?JMEGCQ UGRF RFC J?PEC-QA?JC NFCLMKCL? UC M@QCPTC
BGPCARJW. 7FCL UC Q?W QMKCRFGLE @CF?TCQ JGIC ? U?TC, UC KC?L GR QFMUQ GLRCPDCPCLAC CDDCARQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM RFMQC QCCL GL MTCPJ?NNGLE U?RCP U?TCQ.
(3CC F?=KH; 29.20.) 4UM CV?KNJCQ MD U?TCQ ?PC QMSLB ?LB %- P?BG?RGML. 7FCL UC Q?W QMKCRFGLE @CF?TCQ JGIC ? N?PRGAJC, UC KC?L RF?R GR GLRCP?ARQ
?Q ? BGQAPCRC SLGR UGRF LM GLRCPDCPCLAC CDDCARQ. %V?KNJCQ MD N?PRGAJCQ GLAJSBC CJCARPMLQ, ?RMKQ, ?LB NFMRMLQ MD %- P?BG?RGML. (MU BM UC R?JI ?@MSR ?
NFCLMKCLML RF?R ?ARQ JGIC @MRF ? N?PRGAJC ?LB ? U?TC?
F?=KH; 29.20 (?) 4FC GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPL DMP JGEFR RFPMSEF ? BMS@JC QJGR GQ ? U?TC NPMNCPRW SLBCPQRMMB @W ?L?JMEW RM U?RCP U?TCQ. (@) 4FC NPMNCPRGCQ MD NFMRMLQ F?TGLE
OS?LRGXCB CLCPEW ?LB KMKCLRSK ?LB ?ARGLE ?Q ? AMLACLRP?RCB SLGR ?PC SLBCPQRMMB @W ?L?JMEW RM K?APMQAMNGA N?PRGAJCQ.
4FCPC GQ LM BMS@R RF?R %- P?BG?RGML GLRCPDCPCQ ?LB F?Q RFC NPMNCPRGCQ MD U?TCJCLERF ?LB DPCOSCLAW. 4FCPC GQ ?JQM LM BMS@R RF?R GR @CF?TCQ ?Q
N?PRGAJCQrNFMRMLQ UGRF BGQAPCRC CLCPEW. 7C A?JJ RFGQ RUMDMJB L?RSPC RFC F7HJ?9B;-M7L; :K7B?JO, KC?LGLE RF?R %- P?BG?RGML F?Q @MRF N?PRGAJC ?LB U?TC
NPMNCPRGCQ. 4FGQ QM-A?JJCB BS?JGRW GQ QGKNJW ? RCPK DMP NPMNCPRGCQ MD RFC NFMRML ?L?JMEMSQ RM NFCLMKCL? UC A?L M@QCPTC BGPCARJW, ML ? K?APMQAMNGA
QA?JC. )D RFGQ RCPK QCCKQ QRP?LEC, GR GQ @CA?SQC UC BM LMR MPBGL?PGJW M@QCPTC BCR?GJQ ML RFC OS?LRSK JCTCJ BGPCARJW, ?LB MSP M@QCPT?RGMLQ WGCJB CGRFCP
N?PRGAJC BE U?TCJGIC NPMNCPRGCQ, @SR LCTCP @MRF QGKSJR?LCMSQJW.
3GLAC UC F?TC ? N?PRGAJC-U?TC BS?JGRW DMP NFMRMLQ, ?LB QGLAC UC F?TC QCCL AMLLCARGMLQ @CRUCCL NFMRMLQ ?LB K?RRCP GL RF?R @MRF F?TC KMKCLRSK, GR
GQ PC?QML?@JC RM ?QI UFCRFCP RFCPC GQ ? N?PRGAJC-U?TC BS?JGRW DMP K?RRCP ?Q UCJJ. )D RFC %- P?BG?RGML UC MLAC RFMSEFR RM @C ? NSPC U?TC F?Q N?PRGAJC
NPMNCPRGCQ, GQ GR NMQQG@JC RF?R K?RRCP F?Q U?TC NPMNCPRGCQ? 4FC ?LQUCP GQ WCQ. 4FC AMLQCOSCLACQ ?PC RPCKCLBMSQ, ?Q UC UGJJ @CEGL RM QCC GL RFC LCVR
QCARGML.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: 1S?LRSK 7?TC )LRCPDCPCLAC
7FCL BM NFMRMLQ, CJCARPMLQ, ?LB ?RMKQ @CF?TC JGIC N?PRGAJCQ ?LB UFCL BM RFCW @CF?TC JGIC U?TCQ? 7?RAF U?TCQ QNPC?B MSR ?LB GLRCPDCPC ?Q
RFCW N?QQ RFPMSEF ? BMS@JC QJGR, RFCL ECR BCRCARCB ML ? QAPCCL ?Q RGLW BMRQ. 5QC OS?LRSK BCRCARMPQ RM CVNJMPC FMU KC?QSPCKCLRQ AF?LEC RFC
U?TCQ ?LB RFC N?RRCPLQ RFCW NPMBSAC ML RFC QAPCCL.
F?=KH; 29.21 *K7DJKC 07L; "DJ;H<;H;D9; (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42573/1.3/GK7DJKC-M7L;-?DJ;H<;H;D9;6;D.@7H)
1040 #(!04%2 29 Y ).42/$5#4)/. 4/ 15!.45- 0(93)#3
29.6 ->; 07L; '7JKH; E< &7JJ;H
$C "PMEJGC 7?TCJCLERF
)L 1923 ? &PCLAF NFWQGAQ EP?BS?RC QRSBCLR L?KCB 0PGLAC ,MSGQ-6GARMP BC "PMEJGC (1892q1987) K?BC ? P?BGA?J NPMNMQ?J @?QCB ML RFC FMNC RF?R
L?RSPC GQ QWKKCRPGA. )D %- P?BG?RGML F?Q @MRF N?PRGAJC ?LB U?TC NPMNCPRGCQ, RFCL L?RSPC UMSJB @C QWKKCRPGA GD K?RRCP ?JQM F?B @MRF N?PRGAJC ?LB U?TC
NPMNCPRGCQ. )D UF?R UC MLAC RFMSEFR MD ?Q ?L SLCOSGTMA?J U?TC (%- P?BG?RGML) GQ ?JQM ? N?PRGAJC, RFCL UF?R UC RFGLI MD ?Q ?L SLCOSGTMA?J N?PRGAJC
(K?RRCP) K?W ?JQM @C ? U?TC. $C "PMEJGCtQ QSEECQRGML, K?BC ?Q N?PR MD FGQ BMARMP?J RFCQGQ, U?Q QM P?BGA?J RF?R GR U?Q EPCCRCB UGRF QMKC QICNRGAGQK. !
AMNW MD FGQ RFCQGQ U?Q QCLR RM %GLQRCGL, UFM Q?GB GR U?Q LMR MLJW NPM@?@JW AMPPCAR, @SR RF?R GR KGEFR @C MD DSLB?KCLR?J GKNMPR?LAC. 7GRF RFC QSNNMPR MD
%GLQRCGL ?LB ? DCU MRFCP NPMKGLCLR NFWQGAGQRQ, BC "PMEJGC U?Q ?U?PBCB FGQ BMARMP?RC.
$C "PMEJGC RMMI @MRF PCJ?RGTGRW ?LB OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ GLRM ?AAMSLR RM BCTCJMN RFC NPMNMQ?J RF?R 4?? C4EG<6?8F ;4I8 4 J4I8?8A:G;, EGTCL @W
(29.34)
=
h
p
(matter and photons),
UFCPC h GQ 0J?LAItQ AMLQR?LR ?LB p GQ KMKCLRSK. 4FGQ GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC :; BHE=B?; M7L;B;D=J>. (.MRC RF?R UC ?JPC?BW F?TC RFGQ DMP NFMRMLQ,
DPMK RFC COS?RGML p = h / .) 4FC F?JJK?PI MD ? U?TC GQ GLRCPDCPCLAC. )D K?RRCP GQ ? U?TC, RFCL GR KSQR CVFG@GR AMLQRPSARGTC ?LB BCQRPSARGTC
GLRCPDCPCLAC. 7FW GQLtR RFGQ MPBGL?PGJW M@QCPTCB? 4FC ?LQUCP GQ RF?R GL MPBCP RM QCC QGELGDGA?LR GLRCPDCPCLAC CDDCARQ, ? U?TC KSQR GLRCP?AR UGRF ?L M@HCAR
?@MSR RFC Q?KC QGXC ?Q GRQ U?TCJCLERF. 3GLAC h GQ TCPW QK?JJ, GQ ?JQM QK?JJ, CQNCAG?JJW DMP K?APMQAMNGA M@HCARQ. ! 3-IE @MUJGLE @?JJ KMTGLE ?R 10
K/Q, DMP CV?KNJC, F?Q
(29.35)
= h / p = (6.6310
34
Js) / [(3 kg)(10 m/s)] = 210
35
m.
4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R RM QCC GRQ U?TC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ, RFC @MUJGLE @?JJ UMSJB F?TC RM GLRCP?AR UGRF QMKCRFGLE ?@MSR 10
35
m GL QGXCrD?P QK?JJCP RF?L
?LWRFGLE ILMUL. 7FCL U?TCQ GLRCP?AR UGRF M@HCARQ KSAF J?PECP RF?L RFCGP U?TCJCLERF, RFCW QFMU LCEJGEG@JC GLRCPDCPCLAC CDDCARQ ?LB KMTC GL QRP?GEFR
JGLCQ (QSAF ?Q JGEFR P?WQ GL ECMKCRPGA MNRGAQ). 4M ECR C?QGJW M@QCPTCB GLRCPDCPCLAC CDDCARQ DPMK N?PRGAJCQ MD K?RRCP, RFC JMLECQR U?TCJCLERF ?LB FCLAC
QK?JJCQR K?QQ NMQQG@JC UMSJB @C SQCDSJ. 4FCPCDMPC, RFGQ CDDCAR U?Q DGPQR M@QCPTCB UGRF CJCARPMLQ.
!KCPGA?L NFWQGAGQRQ #JGLRML *. $?TGQQML ?LB ,CQRCP (. 'CPKCP GL 1925 ?LB, GLBCNCLBCLRJW, "PGRGQF NFWQGAGQR '. 0. 4FMKQML (QML MD *. *. 4FMKQML,
BGQAMTCPCP MD RFC CJCARPML) GL 1926 QA?RRCPCB CJCARPMLQ DPMK APWQR?JQ ?LB DMSLB BGDDP?ARGML N?RRCPLQ. 4FCQC N?RRCPLQ ?PC CV?ARJW AMLQGQRCLR UGRF
GLRCPDCPCLAC MD CJCARPMLQ F?TGLE RFC BC "PMEJGC U?TCJCLERF ?LB ?PC QMKCUF?R ?L?JMEMSQ RM JGEFR GLRCP?ARGLE UGRF ? BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE. (3CC F?=KH;
29.22.)
#MLLCARGMLQ: 7?TCQ
!JJ KGAPMQAMNGA N?PRGAJCQ, UFCRFCP K?QQJCQQ, JGIC NFMRMLQ, MP F?TGLE K?QQ, JGIC CJCARPMLQ, F?TC U?TC NPMNCPRGCQ. 4FC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL
KMKCLRSK ?LB U?TCJCLERF GQ DSLB?KCLR?J DMP ?JJ N?PRGAJCQ.
$C "PMEJGCtQ NPMNMQ?J MD ? U?TC L?RSPC DMP ?JJ N?PRGAJCQ GLGRG?RCB ? PCK?PI?@JW NPMBSARGTC CP? GL UFGAF RFC DMSLB?RGMLQ DMP OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ UCPC
J?GB. )L 1926, RFC !SQRPG?L NFWQGAGQR %PUGL 3AFPgBGLECP (1887q1961) NS@JGQFCB DMSP N?NCPQ GL UFGAF RFC U?TC L?RSPC MD N?PRGAJCQ U?Q RPC?RCB CVNJGAGRJW
UGRF U?TC COS?RGMLQ. !R RFC Q?KC RGKC, K?LW MRFCPQ @CE?L GKNMPR?LR UMPI. !KMLE RFCK U?Q 'CPK?L NFWQGAGQR 7CPLCP (CGQCL@CPE (1901q1976)
UFM, ?KMLE K?LW MRFCP AMLRPG@SRGMLQ RM OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ, DMPKSJ?RCB ? K?RFCK?RGA?J RPC?RKCLR MD RFC U?TC L?RSPC MD K?RRCP RF?R SQCB K?RPGACQ
P?RFCP RF?L U?TC COS?RGMLQ. 7C UGJJ BC?J UGRF QMKC QNCAGDGAQ GL J?RCP QCARGMLQ, @SR GR GQ UMPRF LMRGLE RF?R BC "PMEJGCtQ UMPI U?Q ? U?RCPQFCB DMP RFC
BCTCJMNKCLR MD OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ. $C "PMEJGC U?Q ?U?PBCB RFC .M@CJ 0PGXC GL 1929 DMP FGQ TGQGML, ?Q UCPC $?TGQQML ?LB '. 0. 4FMKQML GL 1937
DMP RFCGP CVNCPGKCLR?J TCPGDGA?RGML MD BC "PMEJGCtQ FWNMRFCQGQ.
F?=KH; 29.22 4FGQ BGDDP?ARGML N?RRCPL U?Q M@R?GLCB DMP CJCARPMLQ BGDDP?ARCB @W APWQR?JJGLC QGJGAML. "PGEFR PCEGMLQ ?PC RFMQC MD AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC, UFGJC B?PI PCEGMLQ ?PC
RFMQC MD BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC. (APCBGR: .BRFC, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
#(!04%2 29 Y ).42/$5#4)/. 4/ 15!.45- 0(93)#3 1041
EN7CFB; 29.7 EB;9JHED 07L;B;D=J> L;HIKI /;BE9?JO 7D: ED;H=O
&MP ?L CJCARPML F?TGLE ? BC "PMEJGC U?TCJCLERF MD 0.167 LK (?NNPMNPG?RC DMP GLRCP?ARGLE UGRF APWQR?J J?RRGAC QRPSARSPCQ RF?R ?PC ?@MSR RFGQ QGXC): (?)
#?JASJ?RC RFC CJCARPMLtQ TCJMAGRW, ?QQSKGLE GR GQ LMLPCJ?RGTGQRGA. (@) #?JASJ?RC RFC CJCARPMLtQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW GL C6.
,JH7J;=O
&MP N?PR (?), QGLAC RFC BC "PMEJGC U?TCJCLERF GQ EGTCL, RFC CJCARPMLtQ TCJMAGRW A?L @C M@R?GLCB DPMK = h / p @W SQGLE RFC LMLPCJ?RGTGQRGA DMPKSJ?
DMP KMKCLRSK, p = mv. &MP N?PR (@), MLAC v GQ M@R?GLCB (?LB GR F?Q @CCL TCPGDGCB RF?R v GQ LMLPCJ?RGTGQRGA), RFC AJ?QQGA?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ
QGKNJW (1 / 2)mv
2
.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFC LMLPCJ?RGTGQRGA DMPKSJ? DMP KMKCLRSK ( p = mv ) GLRM RFC BC "PMEJGC U?TCJCLERF EGTCQ
(29.36)
=
h
p
=
h
mv
.
3MJTGLE DMP v EGTCQ
(29.37)
v =
h
m
.
(29.38)
v =
6.6310
34
J s
(9.1110
31
kg)(0.16710
9
m)
= 4.3610
6
m/s.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
7FGJC D?QR AMKN?PCB UGRF ? A?P, RFGQ CJCARPMLtQ QNCCB GQ LMR FGEFJW PCJ?RGTGQRGA, ?LB QM UC A?L AMKDMPR?@JW SQC RFC AJ?QQGA?J DMPKSJ? RM DGLB RFC
CJCARPMLtQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?LB AMLTCPR GR RM C6 ?Q PCOSCQRCB.
(29.39)
KE =
1
2
mv
2
=
1
2
(9.1110
31
kg)(4.3610
6
m/s)
2
= (86.410
18
J)
1 eV
1.60210
19
J
= 54.0 eV
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ JMU CLCPEW KC?LQ RF?R RFCQC 0.167-LK CJCARPMLQ AMSJB @C M@R?GLCB @W ?AACJCP?RGLE RFCK RFPMSEF ? 54.0-6 CJCARPMQR?RGA NMRCLRG?J, ?L C?QW
R?QI. 4FC PCQSJRQ ?JQM AMLDGPK RFC ?QQSKNRGML RF?R RFC CJCARPMLQ ?PC LMLPCJ?RGTGQRGA, QGLAC RFCGP TCJMAGRW GQ HSQR MTCP 1% MD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR ?LB
RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ ?@MSR 0.01% MD RFC PCQR CLCPEW MD ?L CJCARPML (0.511 -C6). )D RFC CJCARPMLQ F?B RSPLCB MSR RM @C PCJ?RGTGQRGA, UC UMSJB F?TC
F?B RM SQC KMPC GLTMJTCB A?JASJ?RGMLQ CKNJMWGLE PCJ?RGTGQRGA DMPKSJ?Q.
%JCARPML -GAPMQAMNCQ
/LC AMLQCOSCLAC MP SQC MD RFC U?TC L?RSPC MD K?RRCP GQ DMSLB GL RFC CJCARPML KGAPMQAMNC. !Q UC F?TC BGQASQQCB, RFCPC GQ ? JGKGR RM RFC BCR?GJ
M@QCPTCB UGRF ?LW NPM@C F?TGLE ? U?TCJCLERF. 2CQMJSRGML, MP M@QCPT?@JC BCR?GJ, GQ JGKGRCB RM ?@MSR MLC U?TCJCLERF. 3GLAC ? NMRCLRG?J MD MLJW 54 6 A?L
NPMBSAC CJCARPMLQ UGRF QS@-L?LMKCRCP U?TCJCLERFQ, GR GQ C?QW RM ECR CJCARPMLQ UGRF KSAF QK?JJCP U?TCJCLERFQ RF?L RFMQC MD TGQG@JC JGEFR (FSLBPCBQ MD
L?LMKCRCPQ). %JCARPML KGAPMQAMNCQ A?L, RFSQ, @C AMLQRPSARCB RM BCRCAR KSAF QK?JJCP BCR?GJQ RF?L MNRGA?J KGAPMQAMNCQ. (3CC F?=KH; 29.23.)
4FCPC ?PC @?QGA?JJW RUM RWNCQ MD CJCARPML KGAPMQAMNCQ. 4FC RP?LQKGQQGML CJCARPML KGAPMQAMNC (4%-) ?AACJCP?RCQ CJCARPMLQ RF?R ?PC CKGRRCB DPMK ? FMR
DGJ?KCLR (RFC A?RFMBC). 4FC @C?K GQ @PM?BCLCB ?LB RFCL N?QQCQ RFPMSEF RFC Q?KNJC. ! K?ELCRGA JCLQ DMASQCQ RFC @C?K GK?EC MLRM ? DJSMPCQACLR
QAPCCL, ? NFMRMEP?NFGA NJ?RC, MP (KMQR NPM@?@JW) ? ##$ (JGEFR QCLQGRGTC A?KCP?), DPMK UFGAF GR GQ RP?LQDCPPCB RM ? AMKNSRCP. 4FC 4%- GQ QGKGJ?P RM RFC
MNRGA?J KGAPMQAMNC, @SR GR PCOSGPCQ ? RFGL Q?KNJC CV?KGLCB GL ? T?ASSK. (MUCTCP GR A?L PCQMJTC BCR?GJQ ?Q QK?JJ ?Q 0.1 LK ( 10
10
m), NPMTGBGLE
K?ELGDGA?RGMLQ MD 100 KGJJGML RGKCQ RFC QGXC MD RFC MPGEGL?J M@HCAR. 4FC 4%- F?Q ?JJMUCB SQ RM QCC GLBGTGBS?J ?RMKQ ?LB QRPSARSPC MD ACJJ LSAJCG.
4FC QA?LLGLE CJCARPML KGAPMQAMNC (3%-) NPMTGBCQ GK?ECQ @W SQGLE QCAMLB?PW CJCARPMLQ NPMBSACB @W RFC NPGK?PW @C?K GLRCP?ARGLE UGRF RFC QSPD?AC
MD RFC Q?KNJC (QCC F?=KH; 29.23). 4FC 3%- ?JQM SQCQ K?ELCRGA JCLQCQ RM DMASQ RFC @C?K MLRM RFC Q?KNJC. (MUCTCP, GR KMTCQ RFC @C?K ?PMSLB
CJCARPGA?JJW RM uQA?Lv RFC Q?KNJC GL RFC K ?LB L BGPCARGMLQ. ! ##$ BCRCARMP GQ SQCB RM NPMACQQ RFC B?R? DMP C?AF CJCARPML NMQGRGML, NPMBSAGLE GK?ECQ
JGIC RFC MLC ?R RFC @CEGLLGLE MD RFGQ AF?NRCP. 4FC 3%- F?Q RFC ?BT?LR?EC MD LMR PCOSGPGLE ? RFGL Q?KNJC ?LB MD NPMTGBGLE ? 3-$ TGCU. (MUCTCP, GRQ
PCQMJSRGML GQ ?@MSR RCL RGKCQ JCQQ RF?L ? 4%-.
1042 #(!04%2 29 Y ).42/$5#4)/. 4/ 15!.45- 0(93)#3
F?=KH; 29.23 3AFCK?RGA MD ? QA?LLGLE CJCARPML KGAPMQAMNC (3%-) (?) SQCB RM M@QCPTC QK?JJ BCR?GJQ, QSAF ?Q RFMQC QCCL GL RFGQ GK?EC MD ? RMMRF MD ? H<@<CE<FG<F, ? RWNC MD
QF?PI (@). (APCBGR: $?JJ?Q +PCLRXCJ, &JGAIP)
%JCARPMLQ UCPC RFC DGPQR N?PRGAJCQ UGRF K?QQ RM @C BGPCARJW AMLDGPKCB RM F?TC RFC U?TCJCLERF NPMNMQCB @W BC "PMEJGC. 3S@QCOSCLRJW, NPMRMLQ, FCJGSK
LSAJCG, LCSRPMLQ, ?LB K?LW MRFCPQ F?TC @CCL M@QCPTCB RM CVFG@GR GLRCPDCPCLAC UFCL RFCW GLRCP?AR UGRF M@HCARQ F?TGLE QGXCQ QGKGJ?P RM RFCGP BC "PMEJGC
U?TCJCLERF. 4FC BC "PMEJGC U?TCJCLERF DMP K?QQJCQQ N?PRGAJCQ U?Q UCJJ CQR?@JGQFCB GL RFC 1920Q DMP NFMRMLQ, ?LB GR F?Q QGLAC @CCL M@QCPTCB RF?R ?JJ
K?QQJCQQ N?PRGAJCQ F?TC ? BC "PMEJGC U?TCJCLERF = h / p. 4FC U?TC L?RSPC MD ?JJ N?PRGAJCQ GQ ? SLGTCPQ?J AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MD L?RSPC. 7C QF?JJ QCC GL
DMJJMUGLE QCARGMLQ RF?R GKNJGA?RGMLQ MD RFC BC "PMEJGC U?TCJCLERF GLAJSBC RFC OS?LRGX?RGML MD CLCPEW GL ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ, ?LB ?L ?JRCP?RGML MD MSP
@?QGA TGCU MD L?RSPC ML RFC KGAPMQAMNGA QA?JC. 4FC LCVR QCARGML, DMP CV?KNJC, QFMUQ RF?R RFCPC ?PC JGKGRQ RM RFC NPCAGQGML UGRF UFGAF UC K?W K?IC
NPCBGARGMLQ, PCE?PBJCQQ MD FMU F?PB UC RPW. 4FCPC ?PC CTCL JGKGRQ RM RFC NPCAGQGML UGRF UFGAF UC K?W KC?QSPC ?L M@HCARtQ JMA?RGML MP CLCPEW.
-?IGLE #MLLCARGMLQ: ! 3S@KGAPMQAMNGA $GDDP?ARGML 'P?RGLE
4FC U?TC L?RSPC MD K?RRCP ?JJMUQ GR RM CVFG@GR ?JJ RFC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD MRFCP, KMPC D?KGJG?P, U?TCQ. $GDDP?ARGML EP?RGLEQ, DMP CV?KNJC, NPMBSAC
BGDDP?ARGML N?RRCPLQ DMP JGEFR RF?R BCNCLB ML EP?RGLE QN?AGLE ?LB RFC U?TCJCLERF MD RFC JGEFR. 4FGQ CDDCAR, ?Q UGRF KMQR U?TC NFCLMKCL?, GQ KMQR
NPMLMSLACB UFCL RFC U?TC GLRCP?ARQ UGRF M@HCARQ F?TGLE ? QGXC QGKGJ?P RM GRQ U?TCJCLERF. &MP EP?RGLEQ, RFGQ GQ RFC QN?AGLE @CRUCCL KSJRGNJC QJGRQ.)
7FCL CJCARPMLQ GLRCP?AR UGRF ? QWQRCK F?TGLE ? QN?AGLE QGKGJ?P RM RFC CJCARPML U?TCJCLERF, RFCW QFMU RFC Q?KC RWNCQ MD GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPLQ ?Q
JGEFR BMCQ DMP BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLEQ, ?Q QFMUL ?R RMN JCDR GL F?=KH; 29.24.
!RMKQ ?PC QN?ACB ?R PCESJ?P GLRCPT?JQ GL ? APWQR?J ?Q N?P?JJCJ NJ?LCQ, ?Q QFMUL GL RFC @MRRMK N?PR MD F?=KH; 29.24. 4FC QN?AGLEQ @CRUCCL RFCQC
NJ?LCQ ?AR JGIC RFC MNCLGLEQ GL ? BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE. !R ACPR?GL GLAGBCLR ?LEJCQ, RFC N?RFQ MD CJCARPMLQ QA?RRCPGLE DPMK QSAACQQGTC NJ?LCQ BGDDCP @W
MLC U?TCJCLERF ?LB, RFSQ, GLRCPDCPC AMLQRPSARGTCJW. !R MRFCP ?LEJCQ, RFC N?RF JCLERF BGDDCPCLACQ ?PC LMR ?L GLRCEP?J U?TCJCLERF, ?LB RFCPC GQ N?PRG?J
RM RMR?J BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC. 4FGQ RWNC MD QA?RRCPGLE DPMK ? J?PEC APWQR?J UGRF UCJJ-BCDGLCB J?RRGAC NJ?LCQ A?L NPMBSAC BP?K?RGA GLRCPDCPCLAC
N?RRCPLQ. )R GQ A?JJCB BE4:: E89?86G<BA, DMP RFC D?RFCP-?LB-QML RC?K UFM DGPQR CVNJMPCB ?LB ?L?JWXCB GR GL QMKC BCR?GJ. 4FC CVN?LBCB TGCU ?JQM
QFMUQ RFC N?RF-JCLERF BGDDCPCLACQ ?LB GLBGA?RCQ FMU RFCQC BCNCLB ML GLAGBCLR ?LEJC GL ? K?LLCP QGKGJ?P RM RFC BGDDP?ARGML N?RRCPLQ DMP V P?WQ
PCDJCARGLE DPMK ? APWQR?J.
#(!04%2 29 Y ).42/$5#4)/. 4/ 15!.45- 0(93)#3 1043
F?=KH; 29.24 4FC BGDDP?ARGML N?RRCPL ?R RMN JCDR GQ NPMBSACB @W QA?RRCPGLE CJCARPMLQ DPMK ? APWQR?J ?LB GQ EP?NFCB ?Q ? DSLARGML MD GLAGBCLR ?LEJC PCJ?RGTC RM RFC PCESJ?P ?PP?W
MD ?RMKQ GL ? APWQR?J, ?Q QFMUL ?R @MRRMK. %JCARPMLQ QA?RRCPGLE DPMK RFC QCAMLB J?WCP MD ?RMKQ RP?TCJ D?PRFCP RF?L RFMQC QA?RRCPCB DPMK RFC RMN J?WCP. )D RFC N?RF JCLERF
BGDDCPCLAC (0,$) GQ ?L GLRCEP?J U?TCJCLERF, RFCPC GQ AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC.
,CR SQ R?IC RFC QN?AGLE @CRUCCL N?P?JJCJ NJ?LCQ MD ?RMKQ GL RFC APWQR?J RM @C d . !Q KCLRGMLCB, GD RFC N?RF JCLERF BGDDCPCLAC (0,$) DMP RFC
CJCARPMLQ GQ ? UFMJC LSK@CP MD U?TCJCLERFQ, RFCPC UGJJ @C AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLACrRF?R GQ, PLD = n(n = 1, 2, 3, ) . "CA?SQC
AB = BC = d sin , UC F?TC AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC UFCL n = 2d sin . 4FGQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN GQ A?JJCB RFC BE4:: 8DH4G<BA ?LB ?NNJGCQ LMR
MLJW RM CJCARPMLQ @SR ?JQM RM V P?WQ.
4FC U?TCJCLERF MD K?RRCP GQ ? QS@KGAPMQAMNGA AF?P?ARCPGQRGA RF?R CVNJ?GLQ ? K?APMQAMNGA NFCLMKCLML QSAF ?Q "P?EE PCDJCARGML. 3GKGJ?PJW, RFC
U?TCJCLERF MD JGEFR GQ ? QS@KGAPMQAMNGA AF?P?ARCPGQRGA RF?R CVNJ?GLQ RFC K?APMQAMNGA NFCLMKCLML MD BGDDP?ARGML N?RRCPLQ.
29.7 )HE878?B?JO: ->; !;?I;D8;H= .D9;HJ7?DJO )H?D9?FB;
0PM@?@GJGRW $GQRPG@SRGML
-?RRCP ?LB NFMRMLQ ?PC U?TCQ, GKNJWGLE RFCW ?PC QNPC?B MSR MTCP QMKC BGQR?LAC. 7F?R GQ RFC NMQGRGML MD ? N?PRGAJC, QSAF ?Q ?L CJCARPML? )Q GR ?R RFC
ACLRCP MD RFC U?TC? 4FC ?LQUCP JGCQ GL FMU WMS KC?QSPC RFC NMQGRGML MD ?L CJCARPML. %VNCPGKCLRQ QFMU RF?R WMS UGJJ DGLB RFC CJCARPML ?R QMKC BCDGLGRC
JMA?RGML, SLJGIC ? U?TC. "SR GD WMS QCR SN CV?ARJW RFC Q?KC QGRS?RGML ?LB KC?QSPC GR ?E?GL, WMS UGJJ DGLB RFC CJCARPML GL ? BGDDCPCLR JMA?RGML, MDRCL D?P
MSRQGBC ?LW CVNCPGKCLR?J SLACPR?GLRW GL WMSP KC?QSPCKCLR. 2CNC?RCB KC?QSPCKCLRQ UGJJ BGQNJ?W ? QR?RGQRGA?J BGQRPG@SRGML MD JMA?RGMLQ RF?R ?NNC?PQ
U?TCJGIC. (3CC F?=KH; 29.25.)
1044 #(!04%2 29 Y ).42/$5#4)/. 4/ 15!.45- 0(93)#3
F?=KH; 29.25 4FC @SGJBGLE SN MD RFC BGDDP?ARGML N?RRCPL MD CJCARPMLQ QA?RRCPCB DPMK ? APWQR?J QSPD?AC. %?AF CJCARPML ?PPGTCQ ?R ? BCDGLGRC JMA?RGML, UFGAF A?LLMR @C NPCAGQCJW
NPCBGARCB. 4FC MTCP?JJ BGQRPG@SRGML QFMUL ?R RFC @MRRMK A?L @C NPCBGARCB ?Q RFC BGDDP?ARGML MD U?TCQ F?TGLE RFC BC "PMEJGC U?TCJCLERF MD RFC CJCARPMLQ.
F?=KH; 29.26 $MS@JC-QJGR GLRCPDCPCLAC DMP CJCARPMLQ (?) ?LB NFMRMLQ (@) GQ GBCLRGA?J DMP COS?J U?TCJCLERFQ ?LB COS?J QJGR QCN?P?RGMLQ. "MRF N?RRCPLQ ?PC NPM@?@GJGRW BGQRPG@SRGMLQ GL
RFC QCLQC RF?R RFCW ?PC @SGJR SN @W GLBGTGBS?J N?PRGAJCQ RP?TCPQGLE RFC ?NN?P?RSQ, RFC N?RFQ MD UFGAF ?PC LMR GLBGTGBS?JJW NPCBGAR?@JC.
!DRCP BC "PMEJGC NPMNMQCB RFC U?TC L?RSPC MD K?RRCP, K?LW NFWQGAGQRQ, GLAJSBGLE 3AFPgBGLECP ?LB (CGQCL@CPE, CVNJMPCB RFC AMLQCOSCLACQ. 4FC GBC?
OSGAIJW CKCPECB RF?R, 5864HF8 B9 <GF J4I8 6;4E46G8E, 4 C4EG<6?8VF GE4=86GBEL 4A7 78FG<A4G<BA 64AABG 58 CE86<F8?L CE87<6G87 9BE 846; C4EG<6?8 <A7<I<7H4??L.
(MUCTCP, C?AF N?PRGAJC EMCQ RM ? BCDGLGRC NJ?AC (?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 29.25). !DRCP AMKNGJGLE CLMSEF B?R?, WMS ECR ? BGQRPG@SRGML PCJ?RCB RM RFC
N?PRGAJCtQ U?TCJCLERF ?LB BGDDP?ARGML N?RRCPL. 4FCPC GQ ? ACPR?GL CEB545<?<GL MD DGLBGLE RFC N?PRGAJC ?R ? EGTCL JMA?RGML, ?LB RFC MTCP?JJ N?RRCPL GQ A?JJCB ?
FHE878?B?JO :?IJH?8KJ?ED. 4FMQC UFM BCTCJMNCB OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ BCTGQCB COS?RGMLQ RF?R NPCBGARCB RFC NPM@?@GJGRW BGQRPG@SRGML GL T?PGMSQ
AGPASKQR?LACQ.
)R GQ QMKCUF?R BGQOSGCRGLE RM RFGLI RF?R WMS A?LLMR NPCBGAR CV?ARJW UFCPC ?L GLBGTGBS?J N?PRGAJC UGJJ EM, MP CTCL DMJJMU GR RM GRQ BCQRGL?RGML. ,CR SQ CVNJMPC
UF?R F?NNCLQ GD UC RPW RM DMJJMU ? N?PRGAJC. #MLQGBCP RFC BMS@JC-QJGR N?RRCPLQ M@R?GLCB DMP CJCARPMLQ ?LB NFMRMLQ GL F?=KH; 29.26. &GPQR, UC LMRC RF?R
RFCQC N?RRCPLQ ?PC GBCLRGA?J, DMJJMUGLE d sin = m , RFC COS?RGML DMP BMS@JC-QJGR AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC BCTCJMNCB GL )>EJED ED;H=?;I 7D: J>;
EB;9JHEC7=D;J?9 ,F;9JHKC, UFCPC d GQ RFC QJGR QCN?P?RGML ?LB GQ RFC CJCARPML MP NFMRML U?TCJCLERF.
"MRF N?RRCPLQ @SGJB SN QR?RGQRGA?JJW ?Q GLBGTGBS?J N?PRGAJCQ D?JJ ML RFC BCRCARMP. 4FGQ A?L @C M@QCPTCB DMP NFMRMLQ MP CJCARPMLQrDMP LMU, JCR SQ
AMLACLRP?RC ML CJCARPMLQ. 9MS KGEFR GK?EGLC RF?R RFC CJCARPMLQ ?PC GLRCPDCPGLE UGRF MLC ?LMRFCP ?Q ?LW U?TCQ BM. 4M RCQR RFGQ, WMS A?L JMUCP RFC
GLRCLQGRW SLRGJ RFCPC GQ LCTCP KMPC RF?L MLC CJCARPML @CRUCCL RFC QJGRQ ?LB RFC QAPCCL. 4FC Q?KC GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPL @SGJBQ SN! 4FGQ GKNJGCQ RF?R ?
N?PRGAJCtQ NPM@?@GJGRW BGQRPG@SRGML QN?LQ @MRF QJGRQ, ?LB RFC N?PRGAJCQ ?ARS?JJW GLRCPDCPC UGRF RFCKQCJTCQ. $MCQ RFGQ ?JQM KC?L RF?R RFC CJCARPML EMCQ
RFPMSEF @MRF QJGRQ? !L CJCARPML GQ ? @?QGA SLGR MD K?RRCP RF?R GQ LMR BGTGQG@JC. "SR GR GQ ? D?GP OSCQRGML, ?LB QM UC QFMSJB JMMI RM QCC GD RFC CJCARPML
RP?TCPQCQ MLC QJGR MP RFC MRFCP, MP @MRF. /LC NMQQG@GJGRW GQ RM F?TC AMGJQ ?PMSLB RFC QJGRQ RF?R BCRCAR AF?PECQ KMTGLE RFPMSEF RFCK. 7F?R GQ M@QCPTCB GQ
RF?R ?L CJCARPML ?JU?WQ EMCQ RFPMSEF MLC QJGR MP RFC MRFCP; GR BMCQ LMR QNJGR RM EM RFPMSEF @MRF. "SR RFCPC GQ ? A?RAF. )D WMS BCRCPKGLC RF?R RFC CJCARPML
UCLR RFPMSEF MLC MD RFC QJGRQ, WMS LM JMLECP ECR ? BMS@JC QJGR N?RRCPLrGLQRC?B, WMS ECR QGLEJC QJGR GLRCPDCPCLAC. 4FCPC GQ LM CQA?NC @W SQGLE ?LMRFCP
KCRFMB MD BCRCPKGLGLE UFGAF QJGR RFC CJCARPML UCLR RFPMSEF. +LMUGLE RFC N?PRGAJC UCLR RFPMSEF MLC QJGR DMPACQ ? QGLEJC-QJGR N?RRCPL. )D WMS BM LMR
M@QCPTC UFGAF QJGR RFC CJCARPML EMCQ RFPMSEF, WMS M@R?GL ? BMS@JC-QJGR N?RRCPL.
(CGQCL@CPE 5LACPR?GLRW
(MU BMCQ ILMUGLE UFGAF QJGR RFC CJCARPML N?QQCB RFPMSEF AF?LEC RFC N?RRCPL? 4FC ?LQUCP GQ DSLB?KCLR?JJW GKNMPR?LRr@84FHE8@8AG 49986GF G;8
FLFG8@ 58<A: B5F8EI87. )LDMPK?RGML A?L @C JMQR, ?LB GL QMKC A?QCQ GR GQ GKNMQQG@JC RM KC?QSPC RUM NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ QGKSJR?LCMSQJW RM CV?AR
NPCAGQGML. &MP CV?KNJC, WMS A?L KC?QSPC RFC NMQGRGML MD ? KMTGLE CJCARPML @W QA?RRCPGLE JGEFR MP MRFCP CJCARPMLQ DPMK GR. 4FMQC NPM@CQ F?TC
KMKCLRSK RFCKQCJTCQ, ?LB @W QA?RRCPGLE DPMK RFC CJCARPML, RFCW AF?LEC GRQ KMKCLRSK <A 4 @4AA8E G;4G ?BF8F <A9BE@4G<BA. 4FCPC GQ ? JGKGR RM
?@QMJSRC ILMUJCBEC, CTCL GL NPGLAGNJC.
#(!04%2 29 Y ).42/$5#4)/. 4/ 15!.45- 0(93)#3 1045
F?=KH; 29.27 7CPLCP (CGQCL@CPE U?Q MLC MD RFC @CQR MD RFMQC NFWQGAGQRQ UFM BCTCJMNCB C?PJW OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ. .MR MLJW BGB FGQ UMPI CL?@JC ? BCQAPGNRGML MD L?RSPC ML RFC
TCPW QK?JJ QA?JC, GR ?JQM AF?LECB MSP TGCU MD RFC ?T?GJ?@GJGRW MD ILMUJCBEC. !JRFMSEF FC GQ SLGTCPQ?JJW PCAMELGXCB DMP FGQ @PGJJG?LAC ?LB RFC GKNMPR?LAC MD FGQ UMPI (FC PCACGTCB
RFC .M@CJ 0PGXC GL 1932, DMP CV?KNJC), (CGQCL@CPE PCK?GLCB GL 'CPK?LW BSPGLE 7MPJB 7?P )) ?LB FC?BCB RFC 'CPK?L CDDMPR RM @SGJB ? LSAJC?P @MK@, NCPK?LCLRJW ?JGCL?RGLE
FGKQCJD DPMK KMQR MD RFC QAGCLRGDGA AMKKSLGRW. (APCBGR: !SRFMP 5LILMUL, TG? 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
)R U?Q 7CPLCP (CGQCL@CPE UFM DGPQR QR?RCB RFGQ JGKGR RM ILMUJCBEC GL 1929 ?Q ? PCQSJR MD FGQ UMPI ML OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ ?LB RFC U?TC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ
MD ?JJ N?PRGAJCQ. (3CC F?=KH; 29.27). 3NCAGDGA?JJW, AMLQGBCP QGKSJR?LCMSQJW KC?QSPGLE RFC NMQGRGML ?LB KMKCLRSK MD ?L CJCARPML (GR AMSJB @C ?LW
N?PRGAJC). 4FCPC GQ ?L KD9;HJ7?DJO ?D FEI?J?ED x RF?R GQ ?NNPMVGK?RCJW COS?J RM RFC U?TCJCLERF MD RFC N?PRGAJC. 4F?R GQ,
(29.40)
x .
!Q BGQASQQCB ?@MTC, ? U?TC GQ LMR JMA?RCB ?R MLC NMGLR GL QN?AC. )D RFC CJCARPMLtQ NMQGRGML GQ KC?QSPCB PCNC?RCBJW, ? QNPC?B GL JMA?RGMLQ UGJJ @C
M@QCPTCB, GKNJWGLE ?L SLACPR?GLRW GL NMQGRGML x . 4M BCRCAR RFC NMQGRGML MD RFC N?PRGAJC, UC KSQR GLRCP?AR UGRF GR, QSAF ?Q F?TGLE GR AMJJGBC UGRF ?
BCRCARMP. )L RFC AMJJGQGML, RFC N?PRGAJC UGJJ JMQC KMKCLRSK. 4FGQ AF?LEC GL KMKCLRSK AMSJB @C ?LWUFCPC DPMK AJMQC RM XCPM RM RFC RMR?J KMKCLRSK MD
RFC N?PRGAJC, p = h / . )R GQ LMR NMQQG@JC RM RCJJ FMU KSAF KMKCLRSK UGJJ @C RP?LQDCPPCB RM ? BCRCARMP, ?LB QM RFCPC GQ ?L KD9;HJ7?DJO ?D CEC;DJKC
p , RMM. )L D?AR, RFC SLACPR?GLRW GL KMKCLRSK K?W @C ?Q J?PEC ?Q RFC KMKCLRSK GRQCJD, UFGAF GL COS?RGML DMPK KC?LQ RF?R
(29.41)
p
h
.
4FC SLACPR?GLRW GL NMQGRGML A?L @C PCBSACB @W SQGLE ? QFMPRCP-U?TCJCLERF CJCARPML, QGLAC x . "SR QFMPRCLGLE RFC U?TCJCLERF GLAPC?QCQ RFC
SLACPR?GLRW GL KMKCLRSK, QGLAC p h / . #MLTCPQCJW, RFC SLACPR?GLRW GL KMKCLRSK A?L @C PCBSACB @W SQGLE ? JMLECP-U?TCJCLERF CJCARPML, @SR
RFGQ GLAPC?QCQ RFC SLACPR?GLRW GL NMQGRGML. -?RFCK?RGA?JJW, WMS A?L CVNPCQQ RFGQ RP?BC-MDD @W KSJRGNJWGLE RFC SLACPR?GLRGCQ. 4FC U?TCJCLERF A?LACJQ,
JC?TGLE
(29.42)
xp h.
3M GD MLC SLACPR?GLRW GQ PCBSACB, RFC MRFCP KSQR GLAPC?QC QM RF?R RFCGP NPMBSAR GQ

h .
7GRF RFC SQC MD ?BT?LACB K?RFCK?RGAQ, (CGQCL@CPE QFMUCB RF?R RFC @CQR RF?R A?L @C BMLC GL ? F<@H?G4A8BHF @84FHE8@8AG B9 CBF<G<BA 4A7
@B@8AGH@ GQ
(29.43)
xp
h
4
.
4FGQ GQ ILMUL ?Q RFC !;?I;D8;H= KD9;HJ7?DJO FH?D9?FB;. )R GQ GKNMQQG@JC RM KC?QSPC NMQGRGML x ?LB KMKCLRSK p QGKSJR?LCMSQJW UGRF SLACPR?GLRGCQ
x ?LB p RF?R KSJRGNJW RM @C JCQQ RF?L h / 4 . .CGRFCP SLACPR?GLRW A?L @C XCPM. .CGRFCP SLACPR?GLRW A?L @CAMKC QK?JJ UGRFMSR RFC MRFCP @CAMKGLE
J?PEC. ! QK?JJ U?TCJCLERF ?JJMUQ ?AASP?RC NMQGRGML KC?QSPCKCLR, @SR GR GLAPC?QCQ RFC KMKCLRSK MD RFC NPM@C RM RFC NMGLR RF?R GR DSPRFCP BGQRSP@Q RFC
KMKCLRSK MD ? QWQRCK @CGLE KC?QSPCB. &MP CV?KNJC, GD ?L CJCARPML GQ QA?RRCPCB DPMK ?L ?RMK ?LB F?Q ? U?TCJCLERF QK?JJ CLMSEF RM BCRCAR RFC
NMQGRGML MD CJCARPMLQ GL RFC ?RMK, GRQ KMKCLRSK A?L ILMAI RFC CJCARPMLQ DPMK RFCGP MP@GRQ GL ? K?LLCP RF?R JMQCQ GLDMPK?RGML ?@MSR RFCGP MPGEGL?J
KMRGML. )R GQ RFCPCDMPC GKNMQQG@JC RM DMJJMU ?L CJCARPML GL GRQ MP@GR ?PMSLB ?L ?RMK. )D WMS KC?QSPC RFC CJCARPMLtQ NMQGRGML, WMS UGJJ DGLB GR GL ? BCDGLGRC
JMA?RGML, @SR RFC ?RMK UGJJ @C BGQPSNRCB. 2CNC?RCB KC?QSPCKCLRQ ML GBCLRGA?J ?RMKQ UGJJ NPMBSAC GLRCPCQRGLE NPM@?@GJGRW BGQRPG@SRGMLQ DMP CJCARPMLQ
?PMSLB RFC ?RMK, @SR RFCW UGJJ LMR NPMBSAC KMRGML GLDMPK?RGML. 4FC NPM@?@GJGRW BGQRPG@SRGMLQ ?PC PCDCPPCB RM ?Q CJCARPML AJMSBQ MP MP@GR?JQ. 4FC QF?NCQ
MD RFCQC MP@GR?JQ ?PC MDRCL QFMUL GL ECLCP?J AFCKGQRPW RCVRQ ?LB ?PC BGQASQQCB GL ->; 07L; '7JKH; E< &7JJ;H C7KI;I *K7DJ?P7J?ED.
EN7CFB; 29.8 !;?I;D8;H= .D9;HJ7?DJO )H?D9?FB; ?D )EI?J?ED 7D: &EC;DJKC <EH 7D AJEC
(?) )D RFC NMQGRGML MD ?L CJCARPML GL ?L ?RMK GQ KC?QSPCB RM ?L ?AASP?AW MD 0.0100 LK, UF?R GQ RFC CJCARPMLtQ SLACPR?GLRW GL TCJMAGRW? (@) )D RFC
CJCARPML F?Q RFGQ TCJMAGRW, UF?R GQ GRQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW GL C6?
1046 #(!04%2 29 Y ).42/$5#4)/. 4/ 15!.45- 0(93)#3
,JH7J;=O
4FC SLACPR?GLRW GL NMQGRGML GQ RFC ?AASP?AW MD RFC KC?QSPCKCLR, MP x = 0.0100 nm. 4FSQ RFC QK?JJCQR SLACPR?GLRW GL KMKCLRSK p A?L @C
A?JASJ?RCB SQGLE xp h/4 . /LAC RFC SLACPR?GLRW GL KMKCLRSK p GQ DMSLB, RFC SLACPR?GLRW GL TCJMAGRW A?L @C DMSLB DPMK p = mv .
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
5QGLE RFC COS?JQ QGEL GL RFC SLACPR?GLRW NPGLAGNJC RM CVNPCQQ RFC KGLGKSK SLACPR?GLRW, UC F?TC
(29.44)
xp =
h
4
.
3MJTGLE DMP p ?LB QS@QRGRSRGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ EGTCQ
(29.45)
p =
h
4x
=
6.6310
34
J s
4(1.0010
11
m)
= 5.2810
24
kg m/s.
4FSQ,
(29.46)
p = 5.2810
24
kg m/s = mv.
3MJTGLE DMP v ?LB QS@QRGRSRGLE RFC K?QQ MD ?L CJCARPML EGTCQ
(29.47)
v =
p
m
=
5.2810
24
kg m/s
9.1110
31
kg
= 5.7910
6
m/s.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
!JRFMSEF J?PEC, RFGQ TCJMAGRW GQ LMR FGEFJW PCJ?RGTGQRGA, ?LB QM RFC CJCARPMLtQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW GQ
(29.48)
KE
e
=
1
2
mv
2
=
1
2
(9.1110
31
kg)(5.7910
6
m/s)
2
= (1.5310
17
J)
1 eV
1.6010
19
J
= 95.5 eV.
D?I9KII?ED
3GLAC ?RMKQ ?PC PMSEFJW 0.1 LK GL QGXC, ILMUGLE RFC NMQGRGML MD ?L CJCARPML RM 0.0100 LK JMA?JGXCQ GR PC?QML?@JW UCJJ GLQGBC RFC ?RMK. 4FGQ UMSJB
@C JGIC @CGLE ?@JC RM QCC BCR?GJQ MLC-RCLRF RFC QGXC MD RFC ?RMK. "SR RFC AMLQCOSCLR SLACPR?GLRW GL TCJMAGRW GQ J?PEC. 9MS ACPR?GLJW AMSJB LMR DMJJMU
GR TCPW UCJJ GD GRQ TCJMAGRW GQ QM SLACPR?GL. 4M ECR ? DSPRFCP GBC? MD FMU J?PEC RFC SLACPR?GLRW GL TCJMAGRW GQ, UC ?QQSKCB RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC CJCARPML
U?Q COS?J RM GRQ SLACPR?GLRW ?LB DMSLB RFGQ E?TC ? IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD 95.5 C6. 4FGQ GQ QGELGDGA?LRJW EPC?RCP RF?L RFC RWNGA?J CLCPEW BGDDCPCLAC
@CRUCCL JCTCJQ GL ?RMKQ (QCC -78B; 29.1), QM RF?R GR GQ GKNMQQG@JC RM ECR ? KC?LGLEDSJ CLCPEW DMP RFC CJCARPML GD UC ILMU GRQ NMQGRGML CTCL
KMBCP?RCJW UCJJ.
7FW BMLtR UC LMRGAC (CGQCL@CPEtQ SLACPR?GLRW NPGLAGNJC GL CTCPWB?W JGDC? 4FC ?LQUCP GQ RF?R 0J?LAItQ AMLQR?LR GQ TCPW QK?JJ. 4FSQ RFC JMUCP JGKGR GL RFC
SLACPR?GLRW MD KC?QSPGLE RFC NMQGRGML ?LB KMKCLRSK MD J?PEC M@HCARQ GQ LCEJGEG@JC. 7C A?L BCRCAR QSLJGEFR PCDJCARCB DPMK *SNGRCP ?LB DMJJMU RFC NJ?LCR
GL GRQ MP@GR ?PMSLB RFC 3SL. 4FC PCDJCARCB QSLJGEFR ?JRCPQ RFC KMKCLRSK MD *SNGRCP ?LB APC?RCQ ?L SLACPR?GLRW GL GRQ KMKCLRSK, @SR RFGQ GQ RMR?JJW
LCEJGEG@JC AMKN?PCB UGRF *SNGRCPtQ FSEC KMKCLRSK. 4FC AMPPCQNMLBCLAC NPGLAGNJC RCJJQ SQ RF?R RFC NPCBGARGMLQ MD OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ @CAMKC
GLBGQRGLESGQF?@JC DPMK AJ?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ DMP J?PEC M@HCARQ, UFGAF GQ RFC A?QC FCPC.
(CGQCL@CPE 5LACPR?GLRW DMP %LCPEW ?LB 4GKC
4FCPC GQ ?LMRFCP DMPK MD !;?I;D8;H=XI KD9;HJ7?DJO FH?D9?FB; DMP F<@H?G4A8BHF @84FHE8@8AGF B9 8A8E:L 4A7 G<@8. )L COS?RGML DMPK,
(29.49)
Et
h
4
,
UFCPC E GQ RFC KD9;HJ7?DJO ?D ;D;H=O ?LB t GQ RFC KD9;HJ7?DJO ?D J?C;. 4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R UGRFGL ? RGKC GLRCPT?J t , GR GQ LMR NMQQG@JC RM KC?QSPC
CLCPEW NPCAGQCJWrRFCPC UGJJ @C ?L SLACPR?GLRW E GL RFC KC?QSPCKCLR. )L MPBCP RM KC?QSPC CLCPEW KMPC NPCAGQCJW (RM K?IC E QK?JJCP), UC KSQR
GLAPC?QC t . 4FGQ RGKC GLRCPT?J K?W @C RFC ?KMSLR MD RGKC UC R?IC RM K?IC RFC KC?QSPCKCLR, MP GR AMSJB @C RFC ?KMSLR MD RGKC ? N?PRGASJ?P QR?RC
CVGQRQ, ?Q GL RFC LCVR EN7CFB; 29.9.
EN7CFB; 29.9 !;?I;D8;H= .D9;HJ7?DJO )H?D9?FB; <EH ED;H=O 7D: -?C; <EH 7D AJEC
!L ?RMK GL ?L CVAGRCB QR?RC RCKNMP?PGJW QRMPCQ CLCPEW. )D RFC JGDCRGKC MD RFGQ CVAGRCB QR?RC GQ KC?QSPCB RM @C 1.010
10
s , UF?R GQ RFC KGLGKSK
SLACPR?GLRW GL RFC CLCPEW MD RFC QR?RC GL C6?
,JH7J;=O
#(!04%2 29 Y ).42/$5#4)/. 4/ 15!.45- 0(93)#3 1047
4FC KGLGKSK SLACPR?GLRW GL CLCPEW E GQ DMSLB @W SQGLE RFC COS?JQ QGEL GL Et h/4 ?LB AMPPCQNMLBQ RM ? PC?QML?@JC AFMGAC DMP RFC
SLACPR?GLRW GL RGKC. 4FC J?PECQR RFC SLACPR?GLRW GL RGKC A?L @C GQ RFC DSJJ JGDCRGKC MD RFC CVAGRCB QR?RC, MP t = 1.010
10
s .
,EBKJ?ED
3MJTGLE RFC SLACPR?GLRW NPGLAGNJC DMP E ?LB QS@QRGRSRGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ EGTCQ
(29.50)
E =
h
4t
=
6.6310
34
J s
4(1.010
10
s)
= 5.310
25
J.
.MU AMLTCPRGLE RM C6 WGCJBQ
(29.51)
E = (5.310
25
J)
1 eV
1.610
19
J
= 3.310
6
eV.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC JGDCRGKC MD 10
10
s GQ RWNGA?J MD CVAGRCB QR?RCQ GL ?RMKQrML FSK?L RGKC QA?JCQ, RFCW OSGAIJW CKGR RFCGP QRMPCB CLCPEW. !L SLACPR?GLRW GL
CLCPEW MD MLJW ? DCU KGJJGMLRFQ MD ?L C6 PCQSJRQ. 4FGQ SLACPR?GLRW GQ QK?JJ AMKN?PCB UGRF RWNGA?J CVAGR?RGML CLCPEGCQ GL ?RMKQ, UFGAF ?PC ML RFC
MPBCP MD 1 C6. 3M FCPC RFC SLACPR?GLRW NPGLAGNJC JGKGRQ RFC ?AASP?AW UGRF UFGAF UC A?L KC?QSPC RFC JGDCRGKC ?LB CLCPEW MD QSAF QR?RCQ, @SR LMR
TCPW QGELGDGA?LRJW.
4FC SLACPR?GLRW NPGLAGNJC DMP CLCPEW ?LB RGKC A?L @C MD EPC?R QGELGDGA?LAC GD RFC JGDCRGKC MD ? QWQRCK GQ TCPW QFMPR. 4FCL t GQ TCPW QK?JJ, ?LB E GQ
AMLQCOSCLRJW TCPW J?PEC. 3MKC LSAJCG ?LB CVMRGA N?PRGAJCQ F?TC CVRPCKCJW QFMPR JGDCRGKCQ (?Q QK?JJ ?Q 10
25
s ), A?SQGLE SLACPR?GLRGCQ GL CLCPEW ?Q
EPC?R ?Q K?LW 'C6 ( 10
9
eV). 3RMPCB CLCPEW ?NNC?PQ ?Q GLAPC?QCB PCQR K?QQ, ?LB QM RFGQ KC?LQ RF?R RFCPC GQ QGELGDGA?LR SLACPR?GLRW GL RFC PCQR
K?QQ MD QFMPR-JGTCB N?PRGAJCQ. 7FCL KC?QSPCB PCNC?RCBJW, ? QNPC?B MD K?QQCQ MP BCA?W CLCPEGCQ ?PC M@R?GLCB. 4FC QNPC?B GQ E . 9MS KGEFR ?QI
UFCRFCP RFGQ SLACPR?GLRW GL CLCPEW AMSJB @C ?TMGBCB @W LMR KC?QSPGLE RFC JGDCRGKC. 4FC ?LQUCP GQ LM. .?RSPC ILMUQ RFC JGDCRGKC, ?LB QM GRQ @PCTGRW
?DDCARQ RFC CLCPEW MD RFC N?PRGAJC. 4FGQ GQ QM UCJJ CQR?@JGQFCB CVNCPGKCLR?JJW RF?R RFC SLACPR?GLRW GL BCA?W CLCPEW GQ SQCB RM A?JASJ?RC RFC JGDCRGKC MD
QFMPR-JGTCB QR?RCQ. 3MKC LSAJCG ?LB N?PRGAJCQ ?PC QM QFMPR-JGTCB RF?R GR GQ BGDDGASJR RM KC?QSPC RFCGP JGDCRGKC. "SR GD RFCGP BCA?W CLCPEW A?L @C KC?QSPCB,
GRQ QNPC?B GQ E , ?LB RFGQ GQ SQCB GL RFC SLACPR?GLRW NPGLAGNJC ( Et h/4 ) RM A?JASJ?RC RFC JGDCRGKC t .
4FCPC GQ ?LMRFCP AMLQCOSCLAC MD RFC SLACPR?GLRW NPGLAGNJC DMP CLCPEW ?LB RGKC. )D CLCPEW GQ SLACPR?GL @W E , RFCL AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW A?L @C
TGMJ?RCB @W E DMP ? RGKC t . .CGRFCP RFC NFWQGAGQR LMP L?RSPC A?L RCJJ RF?R AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW F?Q @CCL TGMJ?RCB, GD RFC TGMJ?RGML GQ RCKNMP?PW
?LB QK?JJCP RF?L RFC SLACPR?GLRW GL CLCPEW. 7FGJC RFGQ QMSLBQ GLLMASMSQ CLMSEF, UC QF?JJ QCC GL J?RCP AF?NRCPQ RF?R GR ?JJMUQ RFC RCKNMP?PW APC?RGML MD
K?RRCP DPMK LMRFGLE ?LB F?Q GKNJGA?RGMLQ DMP FMU L?RSPC RP?LQKGRQ DMPACQ MTCP TCPW QK?JJ BGQR?LACQ.
&GL?JJW, LMRC RF?R GL RFC BGQASQQGML MD N?PRGAJCQ ?LB U?TCQ, UC F?TC QR?RCB RF?R GLBGTGBS?J KC?QSPCKCLRQ NPMBSAC NPCAGQC MP N?PRGAJC-JGIC PCQSJRQ. !
BCDGLGRC NMQGRGML GQ BCRCPKGLCB C?AF RGKC UC M@QCPTC ?L CJCARPML, DMP CV?KNJC. "SR PCNC?RCB KC?QSPCKCLRQ NPMBSAC ? QNPC?B GL T?JSCQ AMLQGQRCLR
UGRF U?TC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ. 4FC EPC?R RFCMPCRGA?J NFWQGAGQR 2GAF?PB &CWLK?L (1918q1988) AMKKCLRCB, u7F?R RFCPC ?PC, ?PC N?PRGAJCQ.v 7FCL WMS
M@QCPTC CLMSEF MD RFCK, RFCW BGQRPG@SRC RFCKQCJTCQ ?Q WMS UMSJB CVNCAR DMP ? U?TC NFCLMKCLML. (MUCTCP, UF?R RFCPC ?PC ?Q RFCW RP?TCJ UC A?LLMR
RCJJ @CA?SQC, UFCL UC BM RPW RM KC?QSPC, UC ?DDCAR RFC RP?TCJGLE.
29.8 ->; )7HJ?9B;-07L; DK7B?JO +;L?;M;:
)7HJ?9B;-M7L; :K7B?JOrRFC D?AR RF?R ?JJ N?PRGAJCQ F?TC U?TC NPMNCPRGCQrGQ MLC MD RFC AMPLCPQRMLCQ MD OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ. 7C DGPQR A?KC ?APMQQ GR GL
RFC RPC?RKCLR MD NFMRMLQ, RFMQC N?PRGAJCQ MD %- P?BG?RGML RF?R CVFG@GR @MRF N?PRGAJC ?LB U?TC NPMNCPRGCQ, @SR LMR ?R RFC Q?KC RGKC. ,?RCP GR U?Q LMRCB
RF?R N?PRGAJCQ MD K?RRCP F?TC U?TC NPMNCPRGCQ ?Q UCJJ. 4FC BS?J NPMNCPRGCQ MD N?PRGAJCQ ?LB U?TCQ ?PC DMSLB DMP ?JJ N?PRGAJCQ, UFCRFCP K?QQJCQQ JGIC
NFMRMLQ, MP F?TGLE ? K?QQ JGIC CJCARPMLQ. (3CC F?=KH; 29.28.)
F?=KH; 29.28 /L ? OS?LRSK-KCAF?LGA?J QA?JC (G.C., TCPW QK?JJ), N?PRGAJCQ UGRF ?LB UGRFMSR K?QQ F?TC U?TC NPMNCPRGCQ. &MP CV?KNJC, @MRF CJCARPMLQ ?LB NFMRMLQ F?TC
U?TCJCLERFQ @SR ?JQM @CF?TC ?Q N?PRGAJCQ.
4FCPC ?PC K?LW QS@KGAPMQAMNGA N?PRGAJCQ GL L?RSPC. -MQR F?TC K?QQ ?LB ?PC CVNCARCB RM ?AR ?Q N?PRGAJCQ, MP RFC QK?JJCQR SLGRQ MD K?RRCP. !JJ RFCQC
K?QQCQ F?TC U?TC NPMNCPRGCQ, UGRF U?TCJCLERFQ EGTCL @W RFC BC "PMEJGC PCJ?RGMLQFGN = h / p . 3M, RMM, BM AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD RFCQC N?PRGAJCQ, QSAF ?Q
LSAJCG, ?RMKQ, ?LB KMJCASJCQ. !Q ? AMK@GL?RGML MD K?QQCQ @CAMKCQ J?PEC, N?PRGASJ?PJW GD GR GQ J?PEC CLMSEF RM @C A?JJCB K?APMQAMNGA, GRQ U?TC L?RSPC
@CAMKCQ BGDDGASJR RM M@QCPTC. 4FGQ GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF MSP AMKKML CVNCPGCLAC UGRF K?RRCP.
1048 #(!04%2 29 Y ).42/$5#4)/. 4/ 15!.45- 0(93)#3
3MKC N?PRGAJCQ GL L?RSPC ?PC K?QQJCQQ. 7C F?TC MLJW RPC?RCB RFC NFMRML QM D?P, @SR ?JJ K?QQJCQQ CLRGRGCQ RP?TCJ ?R RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR, F?TC ?
U?TCJCLERF, ?LB CVFG@GR N?PRGAJC ?LB U?TC @CF?TGMPQ. 4FCW F?TC KMKCLRSK EGTCL @W ? PC?PP?LECKCLR MD RFC BC "PMEJGC PCJ?RGMLQFGN, p = h / . )L
J?PEC AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD RFCQC K?QQJCQQ N?PRGAJCQ (QSAF J?PEC AMK@GL?RGMLQ ?PC AMKKML MLJW DMP NFMRMLQ MP %- U?TCQ), RFCPC GQ KMQRJW U?TC @CF?TGMP
SNML BCRCARGML, ?LB RFC N?PRGAJC L?RSPC @CAMKCQ BGDDGASJR RM M@QCPTC. 4FGQ GQ ?JQM AMLQGQRCLR UGRF CVNCPGCLAC. (3CC F?=KH; 29.29.)
F?=KH; 29.29 /L ? AJ?QQGA?J QA?JC (K?APMQAMNGA), N?PRGAJCQ UGRF K?QQ @CF?TC ?Q N?PRGAJCQ ?LB LMR ?Q U?TCQ. 0?PRGAJCQ UGRFMSR K?QQ ?AR ?Q U?TCQ ?LB LMR ?Q N?PRGAJCQ.
4FC N?PRGAJC-U?TC BS?JGRW GQ ? SLGTCPQ?J ?RRPG@SRC. )R GQ ?LMRFCP AMLLCARGML @CRUCCL K?RRCP ?LB CLCPEW. .MR MLJW F?Q KMBCPL NFWQGAQ @CCL ?@JC RM
BCQAPG@C L?RSPC DMP FGEF QNCCBQ ?LB QK?JJ QGXCQ, GR F?Q ?JQM BGQAMTCPCB LCU AMLLCARGMLQ ?LB QWKKCRPGCQ. 4FCPC GQ EPC?RCP SLGRW ?LB QWKKCRPW GL
L?RSPC RF?L U?Q ILMUL GL RFC AJ?QQGA?J CP?r@SR RFCW UCPC BPC?KR MD. ! @C?SRGDSJ NMCK UPGRRCL @W RFC %LEJGQF NMCR 7GJJG?K "J?IC QMKC RUM ACLRSPGCQ
?EM AMLR?GLQ RFC DMJJMUGLE DMSP JGLCQ:
4M QCC RFC 7MPJB GL ? 'P?GL MD 3?LB
!LB ? (C?TCL GL ? 7GJB &JMUCP
(MJB )LDGLGRW GL RFC N?JK MD WMSP F?LB
!LB %RCPLGRW GL ?L FMSP
)LRCEP?RCB #MLACNRQ
4FC NPM@JCK QCR DMP RFGQ QCARGML GLTMJTCQ AMLACNRQ DPMK RFGQ AF?NRCP ?LB QCTCP?J MRFCPQ. 0FWQGAQ GQ KMQR GLRCPCQRGLE UFCL ?NNJGCB RM ECLCP?J QGRS?RGMLQ
GLTMJTGLE KMPC RF?L ? L?PPMU QCR MD NFWQGA?J NPGLAGNJCQ. &MP CV?KNJC, NFMRMLQ F?TC KMKCLRSK, FCLAC RFC PCJCT?LAC MD %?D;7H &EC;DJKC 7D:
CEBB?I?EDI. 4FC DMJJMUGLE RMNGAQ ?PC GLTMJTCB GL QMKC MP ?JJ MD RFC NPM@JCKQ GL RFGQ QCARGML:
w DOD7C?9I: ';MJEDXI %7MI E< &EJ?ED
w 0EHA, ED;H=O, 7D: ED;H=O +;IEKH9;I
w %?D;7H &EC;DJKC 7D: CEBB?I?EDI
w !;7J 7D: !;7J -H7DI<;H &;J>E:I
w EB;9JH?9 )EJ;DJ?7B 7D: EB;9JH?9 F?;B:
w EB;9JH?9 CKHH;DJ, +;I?IJ7D9;, 7D: (>CXI %7M
w 07L; (FJ?9I
w ,F;9?7B +;B7J?L?JO
1. )BCLRGDW UFGAF NFWQGA?J NPGLAGNJCQ ?PC GLTMJTCB.
2. 3MJTC RFC NPM@JCK SQGLE QRP?RCEGCQ MSRJGLCB GL RFC RCVR.
EN7CFB; 29.10 GJJSQRP?RCQ FMU RFCQC QRP?RCEGCQ ?PC ?NNJGCB RM ?L GLRCEP?RCB-AMLACNR NPM@JCK.
EN7CFB; 29.10 +;9E?B E< 7 DKIJ )7HJ?9B; 7<J;H A8IEH8?D= 7 )>EJED
4FC DMJJMUGLE RMNGAQ ?PC GLTMJTCB GL RFGQ GLRCEP?RCB AMLACNRQ UMPICB CV?KNJC:
4?@JC 29.2 4MNGAQ
0FMRMLQ (OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ)
,GLC?P -MKCLRSK
! 550-LK NFMRML (TGQG@JC JGEFR) GQ ?@QMP@CB @W ? 1.00-g N?PRGAJC MD BSQR GL MSRCP QN?AC. (?) &GLB RFC KMKCLRSK MD QSAF ? NFMRML. (@) 7F?R GQ
RFC PCAMGJ TCJMAGRW MD RFC N?PRGAJC MD BSQR, ?QQSKGLE GR GQ GLGRG?JJW ?R PCQR?
,JH7J;=O ,J;F 1
4M QMJTC ?L <AG8:E4G87-6BA68CG CEB5?8@, QSAF ?Q RFMQC DMJJMUGLE RFGQ CV?KNJC, UC KSQR DGPQR GBCLRGDW RFC NFWQGA?J NPGLAGNJCQ GLTMJTCB ?LB GBCLRGDW
RFC AF?NRCPQ GL UFGAF RFCW ?PC DMSLB. 0?PR (?) MD RFGQ CV?KNJC ?QIQ DMP RFC @B@8AGH@ B9 4 C;BGBA, ? RMNGA MD RFC NPCQCLR AF?NRCP. 0?PR (@)
AMLQGBCPQ E86B<? 9B??BJ<A: 4 6B??<F<BA, ? RMNGA MD %?D;7H &EC;DJKC 7D: CEBB?I?EDI.
,JH7J;=O ,J;F 2
4FC DMJJMUGLE QMJSRGMLQ RM C?AF N?PR MD RFC CV?KNJC GJJSQRP?RC FMU QNCAGDGA NPM@JCK-QMJTGLE QRP?RCEGCQ ?PC ?NNJGCB. 4FCQC GLTMJTC GBCLRGDWGLE
ILMULQ ?LB SLILMULQ, AFCAIGLE RM QCC GD RFC ?LQUCP GQ PC?QML?@JC, ?LB QM ML.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
4FC KMKCLRSK MD ? NFMRML GQ PCJ?RCB RM GRQ U?TCJCLERF @W RFC COS?RGML:
#(!04%2 29 Y ).42/$5#4)/. 4/ 15!.45- 0(93)#3 1049
7JEC?9 IF;9JH7:
8?D:?D= ;D;H=O:
8B79A8E:O H7:?7J?ED:
8B79A8E:O:
8H;CIIJH7>BKD=:
CECFJED ;<<;9J:
9>7H79J;H?IJ?9 N H7OI:
9EHH;IFED:;D9; FH?D9?FB;:
:; BHE=B?; M7L;B;D=J>:
=7CC7 H7O:
!;?I;D8;H=XI KD9;HJ7?DJO FH?D9?FB;:
?D<H7H;: H7:?7J?ED:
?ED?P?D= H7:?7J?ED:
C?9HEM7L;I:
(29.52)
p =
h
.
%LRCPGLE RFC ILMUL T?JSC DMP 0J?LAItQ AMLQR?LR h ?LB EGTCL RFC U?TCJCLERF , UC M@R?GL
(29.53)
p =
6.6310
34
J s
55010
9
m
= 1.2110
27
kg m/s.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (7)
4FGQ KMKCLRSK GQ QK?JJ, ?Q CVNCARCB DPMK BGQASQQGMLQ GL RFC RCVR ?LB RFC D?AR RF?R NFMRMLQ MD TGQG@JC JGEFR A?PPW QK?JJ ?KMSLRQ MD CLCPEW ?LB
KMKCLRSK AMKN?PCB UGRF RFMQC A?PPGCB @W K?APMQAMNGA M@HCARQ.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
#MLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK GL RFC ?@QMPNRGML MD RFGQ NFMRML @W ? EP?GL MD BSQR A?L @C ?L?JWXCB SQGLE RFC COS?RGML:
(29.54)
p
1
+ p
2
= p
1
+p
2
(F
net
= 0).
4FC LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC GQ XCPM, QGLAC RFC BSQR GQ GL MSRCP QN?AC. ,CR 1 PCNPCQCLR RFC NFMRML ?LB 2 RFC BSQR N?PRGAJC. "CDMPC RFC AMJJGQGML, RFC BSQR GQ
?R PCQR (PCJ?RGTC RM QMKC M@QCPTCP); ?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML, RFCPC GQ LM NFMRML (GR GQ ?@QMP@CB). 3M AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK A?L @C UPGRRCL
(29.55)
p
1
= p
2
= mv,
UFCPC p
1
GQ RFC NFMRML KMKCLRSK @CDMPC RFC AMJJGQGML ?LB p
2
GQ RFC BSQR KMKCLRSK ?DRCP RFC AMJJGQGML. 4FC K?QQ ?LB PCAMGJ TCJMAGRW MD RFC
BSQR ?PC m ?LB v , PCQNCARGTCJW. 3MJTGLE RFGQ DMP v , RFC PCOSCQRCB OS?LRGRW, WGCJBQ
(29.56)
v =
p
m
,
UFCPC p GQ RFC NFMRML KMKCLRSK DMSLB GL N?PR (?). %LRCPGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ (LMRGLE RF?R ? KGAPMEP?K GQ 10
9
kg ) EGTCQ
(29.57)
v =
1.2110
27
kg m/s
1.0010
9
kg
= 1.2110
18
m/s.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC PCAMGJ TCJMAGRW MD RFC N?PRGAJC MD BSQR GQ CVRPCKCJW QK?JJ. !Q UC F?TC LMRCB, FMUCTCP, RFCPC ?PC GKKCLQC LSK@CPQ MD NFMRMLQ GL QSLJGEFR ?LB
MRFCP K?APMQAMNGA QMSPACQ. )L RGKC, AMJJGQGMLQ ?LB ?@QMPNRGML MD K?LW NFMRMLQ AMSJB A?SQC ? QGELGDGA?LR PCAMGJ MD RFC BSQR, ?Q M@QCPTCB GL AMKCR
R?GJQ.
BEII7HO
RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA CKGQQGML DPMK ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ
?JQM A?JJCB RFC JBE> 9HA6G<BA; RFC ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW LCACQQ?PW RM CHCAR ?L CJCARPML DPMK ? K?RCPG?J
RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML DPMK ? @J?AI@MBW
?L GBC?J P?BG?RMP, UFGAF A?L P?BG?RC COS?JJW UCJJ ?R ?JJ U?TCJCLERFQ
'CPK?L DMP 5E4><A: E47<4G<BA; NPMBSACB UFCL CJCARPMLQ ?PC BCACJCP?RCB
RFC NFCLMKCLML UFCPC@W V P?WQ QA?RRCPCB DPMK K?RCPG?JQ F?TC BCAPC?QCB CLCPEW
V P?WQ UFMQC CLCPEW BCNCLBQ ML RFC K?RCPG?J RFCW UCPC NPMBSACB GL
GL RFC AJ?QQGA?J JGKGR (J?PEC, QJMU-KMTGLE M@HCARQ), OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ @CAMKCQ RFC Q?KC ?Q AJ?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ
RFC U?TCJCLERF NMQQCQQCB @W ? N?PRGAJC MD K?RRCP, A?JASJ?RCB @W = h / p
?JQM -P?W; FGEFCQR-CLCPEW NFMRML GL RFC %- QNCARPSK
? DSLB?KCLR?J JGKGR RM RFC NPCAGQGML UGRF UFGAF N?GPQ MD OS?LRGRGCQ (KMKCLRSK ?LB NMQGRGML, ?LB CLCPEW ?LB
RGKC) A?L @C KC?QSPCB
NFMRMLQ UGRF CLCPEGCQ QJGEFRJW JCQQ RF?L PCB JGEFR
P?BG?RGML RF?R GMLGXCQ K?RCPG?JQ RF?R ?@QMP@ GR
NFMRMLQ UGRF U?TCJCLERFQ ML RFC MPBCP MD ? KGAPML ( m)
1050 #(!04%2 29 Y ).42/$5#4)/. 4/ 15!.45- 0(93)#3
)B7D9AXI 9EDIJ7DJ:
F7HJ?9B;-M7L; :K7B?JO:
F>EJE;B;9JH?9 ;<<;9J:
F>EJED ;D;H=O:
F>EJED CEC;DJKC:
F>EJED:
FHE878?B?JO :?IJH?8KJ?ED:
GK7DJ?P;::
GK7DJKC C;9>7D?9I:
KBJH7L?EB;J H7:?7J?ED:
KD9;HJ7?DJO ?D ;D;H=O:
KD9;HJ7?DJO ?D CEC;DJKC:
KD9;HJ7?DJO ?D FEI?J?ED:
KD9;HJ7?DJO ?D J?C;:
L?I?8B; B?=>J:
N H7O:
h = 6.62610
34
J s
RFC NPMNCPRW MD @CF?TGLE JGIC CGRFCP ? N?PRGAJC MP ? U?TC; RFC RCPK DMP RFC NFCLMKCLML RF?R ?JJ N?PRGAJCQ F?TC U?TC
AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ
RFC NFCLMKCLML UFCPC@W QMKC K?RCPG?JQ CHCAR CJCARPMLQ UFCL JGEFR GQ QFGLCB ML RFCK
RFC ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW ? NFMRML F?Q; E = hf
RFC ?KMSLR MD KMKCLRSK ? NFMRML F?Q, A?JASJ?RCB @W p =
h
=
E
c
? OS?LRSK, MP N?PRGAJC, MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML
RFC MTCP?JJ QN?RG?J BGQRPG@SRGML MD NPM@?@GJGRGCQ RM DGLB ? N?PRGAJC ?R ? EGTCL JMA?RGML
RFC D?AR RF?R ACPR?GL NFWQGA?J CLRGRGCQ CVGQR MLJW UGRF N?PRGASJ?P BGQAPCRC T?JSCQ ?LB LMR CTCPW AMLACGT?@JC T?JSC
RFC @P?LAF MD NFWQGAQ RF?R BC?JQ UGRF QK?JJ M@HCARQ ?LB UGRF RFC OS?LRGX?RGML MD T?PGMSQ CLRGRGCQ, CQNCAG?JJW CLCPEW
56; GMLGXGLE NFMRMLQ QJGEFRJW KMPC CLCPECRGA RF?L TGMJCR JGEFR
J?AI MD NPCAGQGML MP J?AI MD ILMUJCBEC MD NPCAGQC PCQSJRQ GL KC?QSPCKCLRQ MD CLCPEW
J?AI MD NPCAGQGML MP J?AI MD ILMUJCBEC MD NPCAGQC PCQSJRQ GL KC?QSPCKCLRQ MD KMKCLRSK
J?AI MD NPCAGQGML MP J?AI MD ILMUJCBEC MD NPCAGQC PCQSJRQ GL KC?QSPCKCLRQ MD NMQGRGML
J?AI MD NPCAGQGML MP J?AI MD ILMUJCBEC MD NPCAGQC PCQSJRQ GL KC?QSPCKCLRQ MD RGKC
RFC P?LEC MD NFMRML CLCPEGCQ RFC FSK?L CWC A?L BCRCAR
%- NFMRML @CRUCCL -P?W ?LB 56 GL CLCPEW
,;9J?ED ,KCC7HO
w 4FC DGPQR GLBGA?RGML RF?R CLCPEW GQ QMKCRGKCQ OS?LRGXCB A?KC DPMK @J?AI@MBW P?BG?RGML, UFGAF GQ RFC CKGQQGML MD %- P?BG?RGML @W ?L M@HCAR UGRF
?L CKGQQGTGRW MD 1.
w 0J?LAI PCAMELGXCB RF?R RFC CLCPEW JCTCJQ MD RFC CKGRRGLE ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ UCPC OS?LRGXCB, UGRF MLJW RFC ?JJMUCB T?JSCQ MD E =

n +
1
2
hf ,
UFCPC n GQ ?LW LML-LCE?RGTC GLRCECP (0, 1, 2, 3, x).
w h GQ 0J?LAItQ AMLQR?LR, UFMQC T?JSC GQ h = 6.62610
34
J s.
w 4FSQ, RFC MQAGJJ?RMPW ?@QMPNRGML ?LB CKGQQGML CLCPEGCQ MD ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ GL ? @J?AI@MBW AMSJB GLAPC?QC MP BCAPC?QC MLJW GL QRCNQ MD QGXC
E = hf UFCPC f GQ RFC DPCOSCLAW MD RFC MQAGJJ?RMPW L?RSPC MD RFC ?@QMPNRGML ?LB CKGQQGML MD %- P?BG?RGML.
w !LMRFCP GLBGA?RGML MD CLCPEW JCTCJQ @CGLE OS?LRGXCB GL ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ AMKCQ DPMK RFC JGLCQ GL ?RMKGA QNCARP?, UFGAF ?PC RFC %-
CKGQQGMLQ MD GLBGTGBS?J ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ.
29.2 ->; )>EJE;B;9JH?9 E<<;9J
w 4FC NFMRMCJCARPGA CDDCAR GQ RFC NPMACQQ GL UFGAF %- P?BG?RGML CHCARQ CJCARPMLQ DPMK ? K?RCPG?J.
w %GLQRCGL NPMNMQCB NFMRMLQ RM @C OS?LR? MD %- P?BG?RGML F?TGLE CLCPEW E = hf , UFCPC f GQ RFC DPCOSCLAW MD RFC P?BG?RGML.
w !JJ %- P?BG?RGML GQ AMKNMQCB MD NFMRMLQ. !Q %GLQRCGL CVNJ?GLCB, ?JJ AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD RFC NFMRMCJCARPGA CDDCAR ?PC BSC RM RFC GLRCP?ARGML MD
GLBGTGBS?J NFMRMLQ UGRF GLBGTGBS?J CJCARPMLQ.
w 4FC K?VGKSK IGLCRGA CLCPEW KE
e
MD CHCARCB CJCARPMLQ (NFMRMCJCARPMLQ) GQ EGTCL @W KE
e
= hf BE , UFCPC hf GQ RFC NFMRML CLCPEW ?LB "%
GQ RFC @GLBGLE CLCPEW (MP UMPI DSLARGML) MD RFC CJCARPML RM RFC N?PRGASJ?P K?RCPG?J.
w 0FMRML CLCPEW GQ PCQNMLQG@JC DMP K?LW AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD %- P?BG?RGML, @CGLE N?PRGASJ?PJW LMRGAC?@JC ?R FGEF DPCOSCLAGCQ.
w 0FMRMLQ F?TC @MRF U?TC ?LB N?PRGAJC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ.
w 0FMRMLQ F?TC KMKCLRSK, EGTCL @W p =
h
, UFCPC GQ RFC NFMRML U?TCJCLERF.

w 0FMRML CLCPEW ?LB KMKCLRSK ?PC PCJ?RCB @W p =
E
c
, UFCPC E = hf = hc / DMP ? NFMRML.
29.5 ->; )7HJ?9B;-07L; DK7B?JO
w %- P?BG?RGML A?L @CF?TC JGIC CGRFCP ? N?PRGAJC MP ? U?TC.
w 4FGQ GQ RCPKCB N?PRGAJC-U?TC BS?JGRW.
#(!04%2 29 Y ).42/$5#4)/. 4/ 15!.45- 0(93)#3 1051
29.6 ->; 07L; '7JKH; E< &7JJ;H
w 0?PRGAJCQ MD K?RRCP ?JQM F?TC ? U?TCJCLERF, A?JJCB RFC BC "PMEJGC U?TCJCLERF, EGTCL @W =
h
p
, UFCPC p GQ KMKCLRSK.
w -?RRCP GQ DMSLB RM F?TC RFC Q?KC <AG8E98E8A68 6;4E46G8E<FG<6F ?Q ?LW MRFCP U?TC.
w -?RRCP GQ DMSLB RM F?TC RFC Q?KC GLRCPDCPCLAC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ ?Q ?LW MRFCP U?TC.
w 4FCPC GQ LMU ? NPM@?@GJGRW BGQRPG@SRGML DMP RFC JMA?RGML MD ? N?PRGAJC P?RFCP RF?L ? BCDGLGRC NMQGRGML.
w !LMRFCP AMLQCOSCLAC MD RFC U?TC AF?P?ARCP MD ?JJ N?PRGAJCQ GQ RFC (CGQCL@CPE SLACPR?GLRW NPGLAGNJC, UFGAF JGKGRQ RFC NPCAGQGML UGRF UFGAF ACPR?GL
NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRGCQ A?L @C ILMUL QGKSJR?LCMSQJW. &MP NMQGRGML ?LB KMKCLRSK, RFC SLACPR?GLRW NPGLAGNJC GQ xp
h
4
, UFCPC x GQ RFC
SLACPR?GLRW GL NMQGRGML ?LB p GQ RFC SLACPR?GLRW GL KMKCLRSK.
w &MP CLCPEW ?LB RGKC, RFC SLACPR?GLRW NPGLAGNJC GQ Et
h
4
UFCPC E GQ RFC SLACPR?GLRW GL CLCPEW ?LB t GQ RFC SLACPR?GLRW GL RGKC.
w 4FCQC QK?JJ JGKGRQ ?PC DSLB?KCLR?JJW GKNMPR?LR ML RFC OS?LRSK-KCAF?LGA?J QA?JC.
29.8 ->; )7HJ?9B;-07L; DK7B?JO +;L?;M;:
w 4FC N?PRGAJC-U?TC BS?JGRW PCDCPQ RM RFC D?AR RF?R ?JJ N?PRGAJCQrRFMQC UGRF K?QQ ?LB RFMQC UGRFMSR K?QQrF?TC U?TC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ.
w 4FGQ GQ ? DSPRFCP AMLLCARGML @CRUCCL K?QQ ?LB CLCPEW.
1. 'GTC ?L CV?KNJC MD ? NFWQGA?J CLRGRW RF?R GQ OS?LRGXCB. 3R?RC QNCAGDGA?JJW UF?R RFC CLRGRW GQ ?LB UF?R RFC JGKGRQ ?PC ML GRQ T?JSCQ.
2. 'GTC ?L CV?KNJC MD ? NFWQGA?J CLRGRW RF?R GQ LMR OS?LRGXCB, GL RF?R GR GQ AMLRGLSMSQ ?LB K?W F?TC ? AMLRGLSMSQ P?LEC MD T?JSCQ.
3. 7F?R ?QNCAR MD RFC @J?AI@MBW QNCARPSK DMPACB 0J?LAI RM NPMNMQC OS?LRGX?RGML MD CLCPEW JCTCJQ GL GRQ ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ?
4. )D 0J?LAItQ AMLQR?LR UCPC J?PEC, Q?W 10
34
RGKCQ EPC?RCP RF?L GR GQ, UC UMSJB M@QCPTC K?APMQAMNGA CLRGRGCQ RM @C OS?LRGXCB. $CQAPG@C RFC KMRGMLQ MD
? AFGJBtQ QUGLE SLBCP QSAF AGPASKQR?LACQ.
5. 7FW BMLtR UC LMRGAC OS?LRGX?RGML GL CTCPWB?W CTCLRQ?
29.2 ->; )>EJE;B;9JH?9 E<<;9J
6. )Q TGQG@JC JGEFR RFC MLJW RWNC MD %- P?BG?RGML RF?R A?L A?SQC RFC NFMRMCJCARPGA CDDCAR?
7. 7FGAF ?QNCARQ MD RFC NFMRMCJCARPGA CDDCAR A?LLMR @C CVNJ?GLCB UGRFMSR NFMRMLQ? 7FGAF A?L @C CVNJ?GLCB UGRFMSR NFMRMLQ? !PC RFC J?RRCP
GLAMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC CVGQRCLAC MD NFMRMLQ?
8. )Q RFC NFMRMCJCARPGA CDDCAR ? BGPCAR AMLQCOSCLAC MD RFC U?TC AF?P?ARCP MD %- P?BG?RGML MP MD RFC N?PRGAJC AF?P?ARCP MD %- P?BG?RGML? %VNJ?GL @PGCDJW.
9. )LQSJ?RMPQ (LMLKCR?JQ) F?TC ? FGEFCP "% RF?L KCR?JQ, ?LB GR GQ KMPC BGDDGASJR DMP NFMRMLQ RM CHCAR CJCARPMLQ DPMK GLQSJ?RMPQ. $GQASQQ FMU RFGQ PCJ?RCQ
RM RFC DPCC AF?PECQ GL KCR?JQ RF?R K?IC RFCK EMMB AMLBSARMPQ.
10. )D WMS NGAI SN ?LB QF?IC ? NGCAC MD KCR?J RF?R F?Q CJCARPMLQ GL GR DPCC RM KMTC ?Q ? ASPPCLR, LM CJCARPMLQ D?JJ MSR. 9CR GD WMS FC?R RFC KCR?J,
CJCARPMLQ A?L @C @MGJCB MDD. %VNJ?GL @MRF MD RFCQC D?ARQ ?Q RFCW PCJ?RC RM RFC ?KMSLR ?LB BGQRPG@SRGML MD CLCPEW GLTMJTCB UGRF QF?IGLE RFC M@HCAR ?Q
AMKN?PCB UGRF FC?RGLE GR.
11. 7FW ?PC 56, V P?WQ, ?LB P?WQ A?JJCB GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML?
12. (MU A?L RPC?RGLE DMMB UGRF GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML FCJN ICCN GR DPMK QNMGJGLE? 56 GQ LMR TCPW NCLCRP?RGLE. 7F?R CJQC AMSJB @C SQCB?
13. 3MKC RCJCTGQGML RS@CQ ?PC #24Q. 4FCW SQC ?L ?NNPMVGK?RCJW 30-I6 ?AACJCP?RGLE NMRCLRG?J RM QCLB CJCARPMLQ RM RFC QAPCCL, UFCPC RFC CJCARPMLQ
QRGKSJ?RC NFMQNFMPQ RM CKGR RFC JGEFR RF?R DMPKQ RFC NGARSPCQ UC U?RAF. 7MSJB WMS CVNCAR V P?WQ ?JQM RM @C APC?RCB?
14. 4?LLGLE Q?JMLQ SQC uQ?DCv 56 UGRF ? JMLECP U?TCJCLERF RF?L QMKC MD RFC 56 GL QSLJGEFR. 4FGQ uQ?DCv 56 F?Q CLMSEF NFMRML CLCPEW RM RPGEECP RFC
R?LLGLE KCAF?LGQK. )Q GR JGICJW RM @C ?@JC RM A?SQC ACJJ B?K?EC ?LB GLBSAC A?LACP UGRF NPMJMLECB CVNMQSPC?
15. 9MSP NSNGJQ BGJ?RC UFCL TGQG@JC JGEFR GLRCLQGRW GQ PCBSACB. $MCQ UC?PGLE QSLEJ?QQCQ RF?R J?AI 56 @JMAICPQ GLAPC?QC MP BCAPC?QC RFC 56 F?X?PB RM
WMSP CWCQ? %VNJ?GL.
16. /LC AMSJB DCCJ FC?R RP?LQDCP GL RFC DMPK MD GLDP?PCB P?BG?RGML DPMK ? J?PEC LSAJC?P @MK@ BCRML?RCB GL RFC ?RKMQNFCPC 75 IK DPMK WMS. (MUCTCP,
LMLC MD RFC NPMDSQCJW CKGRRCB V P?WQ MP P?WQ PC?AFCQ WMS. %VNJ?GL.
17. #?L ? QGLEJC KGAPMU?TC NFMRML A?SQC ACJJ B?K?EC? %VNJ?GL.
18. )L ?L V-P?W RS@C, RFC K?VGKSK NFMRML CLCPEW GQ EGTCL @W hf = qV. 7MSJB GR @C RCAFLGA?JJW KMPC AMPPCAR RM Q?W hf = qV + BE, UFCPC "% GQ
RFC @GLBGLE CLCPEW MD CJCARPMLQ GL RFC R?PECR ?LMBC? 7FW GQLtR RFC CLCPEW QR?RCB RFC J?RRCP U?W?
19. 7FGAF DMPKSJ? K?W @C SQCB DMP RFC KMKCLRSK MD ?JJ N?PRGAJCQ, UGRF MP UGRFMSR K?QQ?
20. )Q RFCPC ?LW KC?QSP?@JC BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL RFC KMKCLRSK MD ? NFMRML ?LB RFC KMKCLRSK MD K?RRCP?
1052 #(!04%2 29 Y ).42/$5#4)/. 4/ 15!.45- 0(93)#3
21. 7FW BMLtR UC DCCJ RFC KMKCLRSK MD QSLJGEFR UFCL UC ?PC ML RFC @C?AF?
29.6 ->; 07L; '7JKH; E< &7JJ;H
22. (MU BMCQ RFC GLRCPDCPCLAC MD U?RCP U?TCQ BGDDCP DPMK RFC GLRCPDCPCLAC MD CJCARPMLQ? (MU ?PC RFCW ?L?JMEMSQ?
23. $CQAPG@C MLC RWNC MD CTGBCLAC DMP RFC U?TC L?RSPC MD K?RRCP.
24. $CQAPG@C MLC RWNC MD CTGBCLAC DMP RFC N?PRGAJC L?RSPC MD %- P?BG?RGML.
25. 7F?R GQ RFC (CGQCL@CPE SLACPR?GLRW NPGLAGNJC? $MCQ GR NJ?AC JGKGRQ ML UF?R A?L @C ILMUL?
29.8 ->; )7HJ?9B;-07L; DK7B?JO +;L?;M;:
26. )L UF?R U?WQ ?PC K?RRCP ?LB CLCPEW PCJ?RCB RF?R UCPC LMR ILMUL @CDMPC RFC BCTCJMNKCLR MD PCJ?RGTGRW ?LB OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ?
)L UF?R U?WQ ?PC K?RRCP ?LB CLCPEW PCJ?RCB RF?R UCPC LMR ILMUL @CDMPC RFC BCTCJMNKCLR MD PCJ?RGTGRW ?LB OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ?
#(!04%2 29 Y ).42/$5#4)/. 4/ 15!.45- 0(93)#3 1053
27. ! ,G"P KMJCASJC MQAGJJ?RCQ UGRF ? DPCOSCLAW MD 1.710
13
Hz. (?)
7F?R GQ RFC BGDDCPCLAC GL CLCPEW GL C6 @CRUCCL ?JJMUCB MQAGJJ?RMP QR?RCQ?
(@) 7F?R GQ RFC ?NNPMVGK?RC T?JSC MD n DMP ? QR?RC F?TGLE ?L CLCPEW MD
1.0 C6?
28. 4FC BGDDCPCLAC GL CLCPEW @CRUCCL ?JJMUCB MQAGJJ?RMP QR?RCQ GL ("P
KMJCASJCQ GQ 0.330 C6. 7F?R GQ RFC MQAGJJ?RGML DPCOSCLAW MD RFGQ
KMJCASJC?
29. ! NFWQGAGQR GQ U?RAFGLE ? 15-IE MP?LESR?L ?R ? XMM QUGLE J?XGJW GL ?
RGPC ?R RFC CLB MD ? PMNC. (C (RFC NFWQGAGQR) LMRGACQ RF?R C?AF MQAGJJ?RGML
R?ICQ 3.00 Q ?LB FWNMRFCQGXCQ RF?R RFC CLCPEW GQ OS?LRGXCB. (?) 7F?R GQ
RFC BGDDCPCLAC GL CLCPEW GL HMSJCQ @CRUCCL ?JJMUCB MQAGJJ?RMP QR?RCQ? (@)
7F?R GQ RFC T?JSC MD n DMP ? QR?RC UFCPC RFC CLCPEW GQ 5.00 *? (A) #?L
RFC OS?LRGX?RGML @C M@QCPTCB?
29.2 ->; )>EJE;B;9JH?9 E<<;9J
30. 7F?R GQ RFC JMLECQR-U?TCJCLERF %- P?BG?RGML RF?R A?L CHCAR ?
NFMRMCJCARPML DPMK QGJTCP, EGTCL RF?R RFC @GLBGLE CLCPEW GQ 4.73 C6? )Q RFGQ
GL RFC TGQG@JC P?LEC?
31. &GLB RFC JMLECQR-U?TCJCLERF NFMRML RF?R A?L CHCAR ?L CJCARPML DPMK
NMR?QQGSK, EGTCL RF?R RFC @GLBGLE CLCPEW GQ 2.24 C6. )Q RFGQ TGQG@JC %-
P?BG?RGML?
32. 7F?R GQ RFC @GLBGLE CLCPEW GL C6 MD CJCARPMLQ GL K?ELCQGSK, GD RFC
JMLECQR-U?TCJCLERF NFMRML RF?R A?L CHCAR CJCARPMLQ GQ 337 LK?
33. #?JASJ?RC RFC @GLBGLE CLCPEW GL C6 MD CJCARPMLQ GL ?JSKGLSK, GD RFC
JMLECQR-U?TCJCLERF NFMRML RF?R A?L CHCAR RFCK GQ 304 LK.
34. 7F?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK IGLCRGA CLCPEW GL C6 MD CJCARPMLQ CHCARCB DPMK
QMBGSK KCR?J @W 450-LK %- P?BG?RGML, EGTCL RF?R RFC @GLBGLE CLCPEW GQ
2.28 C6?
35. 56 P?BG?RGML F?TGLE ? U?TCJCLERF MD 120 LK D?JJQ ML EMJB KCR?J, RM
UFGAF CJCARPMLQ ?PC @MSLB @W 4.82 C6. 7F?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK IGLCRGA
CLCPEW MD RFC CHCARCB NFMRMCJCARPMLQ?
36. 6GMJCR JGEFR MD U?TCJCLERF 400 LK CHCARQ CJCARPMLQ UGRF ? K?VGKSK
IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD 0.860 C6 DPMK QMBGSK KCR?J. 7F?R GQ RFC @GLBGLE CLCPEW
MD CJCARPMLQ RM QMBGSK KCR?J?
37. 56 P?BG?RGML F?TGLE ? 300-LK U?TCJCLERF D?JJQ ML SP?LGSK KCR?J,
CHCARGLE 0.500-C6 CJCARPMLQ. 7F?R GQ RFC @GLBGLE CLCPEW MD CJCARPMLQ RM
SP?LGSK KCR?J?
38. 7F?R GQ RFC U?TCJCLERF MD %- P?BG?RGML RF?R CHCARQ 2.00-C6 CJCARPMLQ
DPMK A?JAGSK KCR?J, EGTCL RF?R RFC @GLBGLE CLCPEW GQ 2.71 C6? 7F?R RWNC
MD %- P?BG?RGML GQ RFGQ?
39. &GLB RFC U?TCJCLERF MD NFMRMLQ RF?R CHCAR 0.100-C6 CJCARPMLQ DPMK
NMR?QQGSK, EGTCL RF?R RFC @GLBGLE CLCPEW GQ 2.24 C6. !PC RFCQC NFMRMLQ
TGQG@JC?
40. 7F?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK TCJMAGRW MD CJCARPMLQ CHCARCB DPMK ? K?RCPG?J @W
80-LK NFMRMLQ, GD RFCW ?PC @MSLB RM RFC K?RCPG?J @W 4.73 C6?
41. 0FMRMCJCARPMLQ DPMK ? K?RCPG?J UGRF ? @GLBGLE CLCPEW MD 2.71 C6 ?PC
CHCARCB @W 420-LK NFMRMLQ. /LAC CHCARCB, FMU JMLE BMCQ GR R?IC RFCQC
CJCARPMLQ RM RP?TCJ 2.50 AK RM ? BCRCARGML BCTGAC?
42. ! J?QCP UGRF ? NMUCP MSRNSR MD 2.00 K7 ?R ? U?TCJCLERF MD 400 LK GQ
NPMHCARCB MLRM A?JAGSK KCR?J. (?) (MU K?LW CJCARPMLQ NCP QCAMLB ?PC
CHCARCB? (@) 7F?R NMUCP GQ A?PPGCB ?U?W @W RFC CJCARPMLQ, EGTCL RF?R RFC
@GLBGLE CLCPEW GQ 2.71 C6?
43. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC LSK@CP MD NFMRMCJCARPMLQ NCP QCAMLB CHCARCB DPMK ?
1.00-KK
2
?PC? MD QMBGSK KCR?J @W 500-LK %- P?BG?RGML F?TGLE ?L
GLRCLQGRW MD 1.30 kW/m
2
(RFC GLRCLQGRW MD QSLJGEFR ?@MTC RFC %?PRFtQ
?RKMQNFCPC). (@) 'GTCL RF?R RFC @GLBGLE CLCPEW GQ 2.28 C6, UF?R NMUCP GQ
A?PPGCB ?U?W @W RFC CJCARPMLQ? (A) 4FC CJCARPMLQ A?PPW ?U?W JCQQ NMUCP
RF?L @PMSEFR GL @W RFC NFMRMLQ. 7FCPC BMCQ RFC MRFCP NMUCP EM? (MU
A?L GR @C PCAMTCPCB?
2CB JGEFR F?TGLE ? U?TCJCLERF MD 700 LK GQ NPMHCARCB MLRM K?ELCQGSK
KCR?J RM UFGAF CJCARPMLQ ?PC @MSLB @W 3.68 C6. (?) 5QC
KE
e
= hf BE RM A?JASJ?RC RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD RFC CHCARCB CJCARPMLQ.
(@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ PCQSJR? (A) 7FGAF ?QQSKNRGMLQ ?PC
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC @GLBGLE CLCPEW MD CJCARPMLQ RM ? K?RCPG?J DPMK UFGAF
4.00-C6 CJCARPMLQ ?PC CHCARCB @W 400-LK %- P?BG?RGML? (@) 7F?R GQ
SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ PCQSJR? (A) 7FGAF ?QQSKNRGMLQ ?PC SLPC?QML?@JC
MP GLAMLQGQRCLR?
29.3 )>EJED ED;H=?;I 7D: J>; EB;9JHEC7=D;J?9
,F;9JHKC
46. 7F?R GQ RFC CLCPEW GL HMSJCQ ?LB C6 MD ? NFMRML GL ? P?BGM U?TC DPMK
?L !- QR?RGML RF?R F?Q ? 1530-I(X @PM?BA?QR DPCOSCLAW?
47. (?) &GLB RFC CLCPEW GL HMSJCQ ?LB C6 MD NFMRMLQ GL P?BGM U?TCQ DPMK
?L &- QR?RGML RF?R F?Q ? 90.0--(X @PM?BA?QR DPCOSCLAW. (@) 7F?R BMCQ
RFGQ GKNJW ?@MSR RFC LSK@CP MD NFMRMLQ NCP QCAMLB RF?R RFC P?BGM QR?RGML
KSQR @PM?BA?QR?
48. #?JASJ?RC RFC DPCOSCLAW GL FCPRX MD ? 1.00--C6 -P?W NFMRML.
49. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC U?TCJCLERF MD ? 1.00-C6 NFMRML? (@) &GLB GRQ
DPCOSCLAW GL FCPRX. (A) )BCLRGDW RFC RWNC MD %- P?BG?RGML.
50. $M RFC SLGR AMLTCPQGMLQ LCACQQ?PW RM QFMU RF?R
hc = 1240 eV nm, ?Q QR?RCB GL RFC RCVR.
51. #MLDGPK RFC QR?RCKCLR GL RFC RCVR RF?R RFC P?LEC MD NFMRML CLCPEGCQ
DMP TGQG@JC JGEFR GQ 1.63 RM 3.26 C6, EGTCL RF?R RFC P?LEC MD TGQG@JC
U?TCJCLERFQ GQ 380 RM 760 LK.
52. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC CLCPEW GL C6 MD ?L )2 NFMRML MD DPCOSCLAW
2.0010
13
Hz. (@) (MU K?LW MD RFCQC NFMRMLQ UMSJB LCCB RM @C
?@QMP@CB QGKSJR?LCMSQJW @W ? RGEFRJW @MSLB KMJCASJC RM @PC?I GR ?N?PR?
(A) 7F?R GQ RFC CLCPEW GL C6 MD ? P?W MD DPCOSCLAW 3.0010
20
Hz?
(B) (MU K?LW RGEFRJW @MSLB KMJCASJCQ AMSJB ? QGLEJC QSAF P?W @PC?I
?N?PR?
53. 0PMTC RF?R, RM RFPCC-BGEGR ?AASP?AW, h = 4.1410
15
eV s, ?Q
QR?RCB GL RFC RCVR.
54. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC K?VGKSK CLCPEW GL C6 MD NFMRMLQ NPMBSACB GL ? #24
SQGLE ? 25.0-I6 ?AACJCP?RGLE NMRCLRG?J, QSAF ?Q ? AMJMP 46? (@) 7F?R GQ
RFCGP DPCOSCLAW?
55. 7F?R GQ RFC ?AACJCP?RGLE TMJR?EC MD ?L V-P?W RS@C RF?R NPMBSACQ V P?WQ
UGRF ? QFMPRCQR U?TCJCLERF MD 0.0103 LK?
56. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC P?RGM MD NMUCP MSRNSRQ @W RUM KGAPMU?TC MTCLQ F?TGLE
DPCOSCLAGCQ MD 950 ?LB 2560 -(X, GD RFCW CKGR RFC Q?KC LSK@CP MD
NFMRMLQ NCP QCAMLB? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC P?RGM MD NFMRMLQ NCP QCAMLB GD RFCW
F?TC RFC Q?KC NMUCP MSRNSR?
57. (MU K?LW NFMRMLQ NCP QCAMLB ?PC CKGRRCB @W RFC ?LRCLL? MD ?
KGAPMU?TC MTCL, GD GRQ NMUCP MSRNSR GQ 1.00 I7 ?R ? DPCOSCLAW MD 2560
-(X?
58. 3MKC Q?RCJJGRCQ SQC LSAJC?P NMUCP. (?) )D QSAF ? Q?RCJJGRC CKGRQ ?
1.00-7 DJSV MD P?WQ F?TGLE ?L ?TCP?EC CLCPEW MD 0.500 -C6, FMU
K?LW ?PC CKGRRCB NCP QCAMLB? (@) 4FCQC P?WQ ?DDCAR MRFCP Q?RCJJGRCQ.
(MU D?P ?U?W KSQR ?LMRFCP Q?RCJJGRC @C RM MLJW PCACGTC MLC P?W NCP
QCAMLB NCP QOS?PC KCRCP?
59. (?) )D RFC NMUCP MSRNSR MD ? 650-I(X P?BGM QR?RGML GQ 50.0 I7, FMU
K?LW NFMRMLQ NCP QCAMLB ?PC NPMBSACB? (@) )D RFC P?BGM U?TCQ ?PC
@PM?BA?QR SLGDMPKJW GL ?JJ BGPCARGMLQ, DGLB RFC LSK@CP MD NFMRMLQ NCP
QCAMLB NCP QOS?PC KCRCP ?R ? BGQR?LAC MD 100 IK. !QQSKC LM PCDJCARGML
DPMK RFC EPMSLB MP ?@QMPNRGML @W RFC ?GP.
60. (MU K?LW V-P?W NFMRMLQ NCP QCAMLB ?PC APC?RCB @W ?L V-P?W RS@C
RF?R NPMBSACQ ? DJSV MD V P?WQ F?TGLE ? NMUCP MD 1.00 7? !QQSKC RFC
?TCP?EC CLCPEW NCP NFMRML GQ 75.0 IC6.
1054 #(!04%2 29 Y ).42/$5#4)/. 4/ 15!.45- 0(93)#3
61. (?) (MU D?P ?U?W KSQR WMS @C DPMK ? 650-I(X P?BGM QR?RGML UGRF
NMUCP 50.0 I7 DMP RFCPC RM @C MLJW MLC NFMRML NCP QCAMLB NCP QOS?PC
KCRCP? !QQSKC LM PCDJCARGMLQ MP ?@QMPNRGML, ?Q GD WMS UCPC GL BCCN MSRCP
QN?AC. (@) $GQASQQ RFC GKNJGA?RGMLQ DMP BCRCARGLE GLRCJJGECLR JGDC GL MRFCP
QMJ?P QWQRCKQ @W BCRCARGLE RFCGP P?BGM @PM?BA?QRQ.
62. !QQSKGLE RF?R 10.0% MD ? 100-7 JGEFR @SJ@tQ CLCPEW MSRNSR GQ GL RFC
TGQG@JC P?LEC (RWNGA?J DMP GLA?LBCQACLR @SJ@Q) UGRF ?L ?TCP?EC U?TCJCLERF
MD 580 LK, ?LB RF?R RFC NFMRMLQ QNPC?B MSR SLGDMPKJW ?LB ?PC LMR
?@QMP@CB @W RFC ?RKMQNFCPC, FMU D?P ?U?W UMSJB WMS @C GD 500 NFMRMLQ
NCP QCAMLB CLRCP RFC 3.00-KK BG?KCRCP NSNGJ MD WMSP CWC? (4FGQ LSK@CP
C?QGJW QRGKSJ?RCQ RFC PCRGL?.)
#MLQGBCP ? J?QCP NCL. #MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS A?JASJ?RC RFC
LSK@CP MD NFMRMLQ NCP QCAMLB CKGRRCB @W RFC NCL. !KMLE RFC RFGLEQ RM
@C AMLQGBCPCB ?PC RFC J?QCP NCLtQ U?TCJCLERF ?LB NMUCP MSRNSR. 9MSP
GLQRPSARMP K?W ?JQM UGQF DMP WMS RM BCRCPKGLC RFC KGLGKSK BGDDP?ARGML
QNPC?BGLE GL RFC @C?K ?LB RFC LSK@CP MD NFMRMLQ NCP QOS?PC ACLRGKCRCP
RFC NCL A?L NPMHCAR ?R QMKC J?PEC BGQR?LAC. )L RFGQ J?RRCP A?QC, WMS UGJJ
?JQM LCCB RM AMLQGBCP RFC MSRNSR QGXC MD RFC J?QCP @C?K, RFC BGQR?LAC RM
RFC M@HCAR @CGLE GJJSKGL?RCB, ?LB ?LW ?@QMPNRGML MP QA?RRCPGLE ?JMLE RFC
U?W.
64. (?) &GLB RFC KMKCLRSK MD ? 4.00-AK-U?TCJCLERF KGAPMU?TC NFMRML.
(@) $GQASQQ UFW WMS CVNCAR RFC ?LQUCP RM (?) RM @C TCPW QK?JJ.
65. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC KMKCLRSK MD ? 0.0100-LK-U?TCJCLERF NFMRML RF?R
AMSJB BCRCAR BCR?GJQ MD ?L ?RMK? (@) 7F?R GQ GRQ CLCPEW GL -C6?
66. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC U?TCJCLERF MD ? NFMRML RF?R F?Q ? KMKCLRSK MD
5.0010
29
kg m/s ? (@) &GLB GRQ CLCPEW GL C6.
67. (?) ! -P?W NFMRML F?Q ? KMKCLRSK MD 8.0010
21
kg m/s .
7F?R GQ GRQ U?TCJCLERF? (@) #?JASJ?RC GRQ CLCPEW GL -C6.
68. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC KMKCLRSK MD ? NFMRML F?TGLE ? U?TCJCLERF MD
2.50 m. (@) &GLB RFC TCJMAGRW MD ?L CJCARPML F?TGLE RFC Q?KC
KMKCLRSK. (A) 7F?R GQ RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD RFC CJCARPML, ?LB FMU BMCQ
GR AMKN?PC UGRF RF?R MD RFC NFMRML?
69. 2CNC?R RFC NPCTGMSQ NPM@JCK DMP ? 10.0-LK-U?TCJCLERF NFMRML.
70. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC U?TCJCLERF MD ? NFMRML RF?R F?Q RFC Q?KC
KMKCLRSK ?Q ? NPMRML KMTGLE ?R 1.00% MD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. (@) 7F?R GQ
RFC CLCPEW MD RFC NFMRML GL -C6? (A) 7F?R GQ RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD RFC
NPMRML GL -C6?
71. (?) &GLB RFC KMKCLRSK MD ? 100-IC6 V-P?W NFMRML. (@) &GLB RFC
COSGT?JCLR TCJMAGRW MD ? LCSRPML UGRF RFC Q?KC KMKCLRSK. (A) 7F?R GQ RFC
LCSRPMLtQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW GL IC6?
72. 4?IC RFC P?RGM MD PCJ?RGTGQRGA PCQR CLCPEW, E = mc
2
, RM PCJ?RGTGQRGA
KMKCLRSK, p = mu , ?LB QFMU RF?R GL RFC JGKGR RF?R K?QQ ?NNPM?AFCQ
XCPM, WMS DGLB E / p = c .
#MLQGBCP ? QN?AC Q?GJ QSAF ?Q KCLRGMLCB GL EN7CFB; 29.5. #MLQRPSAR ?
NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS A?JASJ?RC RFC JGEFR NPCQQSPC ML RFC Q?GJ GL N/m
2
NPMBSACB @W PCDJCARGLE QSLJGEFR. !JQM A?JASJ?RC RFC DMPAC RF?R AMSJB @C
NPMBSACB ?LB FMU KSAF CDDCAR RF?R UMSJB F?TC ML ? QN?ACAP?DR. !KMLE
RFC RFGLEQ RM @C AMLQGBCPCB ?PC RFC GLRCLQGRW MD QSLJGEFR, GRQ ?TCP?EC
U?TCJCLERF, RFC LSK@CP MD NFMRMLQ NCP QOS?PC KCRCP RFGQ GKNJGCQ, RFC
?PC? MD RFC QN?AC Q?GJ, ?LB RFC K?QQ MD RFC QWQRCK @CGLE ?AACJCP?RCB.
! A?P DCCJQ ? QK?JJ DMPAC BSC RM RFC JGEFR GR QCLBQ MSR DPMK GRQ FC?BJGEFRQ,
COS?J RM RFC KMKCLRSK MD RFC JGEFR BGTGBCB @W RFC RGKC GL UFGAF GR GQ
CKGRRCB. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC NMUCP MD C?AF FC?BJGEFR, GD RFCW CVCPR ? RMR?J
DMPAC MD 2.0010
2
N @?AIU?PB ML RFC A?P. (@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC
GLAMLQGQRCLR?
29.6 ->; 07L; '7JKH; E< &7JJ;H
75. !R UF?R TCJMAGRW UGJJ ?L CJCARPML F?TC ? U?TCJCLERF MD 1.00 K?
76. 7F?R GQ RFC U?TCJCLERF MD ?L CJCARPML KMTGLE ?R 3.00% MD RFC QNCCB
MD JGEFR?
77. !R UF?R TCJMAGRW BMCQ ? NPMRML F?TC ? 6.00-DK U?TCJCLERF (?@MSR RFC
QGXC MD ? LSAJCSQ)? !QQSKC RFC NPMRML GQ LMLPCJ?RGTGQRGA. (1 DCKRMKCRCP =
10
15
m. )
78. 7F?R GQ RFC TCJMAGRW MD ? 0.400-IE @GJJG?PB @?JJ GD GRQ U?TCJCLERF GQ 7.50
AK (J?PEC CLMSEF DMP GR RM GLRCPDCPC UGRF MRFCP @GJJG?PB @?JJQ)?
79. &GLB RFC U?TCJCLERF MD ? NPMRML KMTGLE ?R 1.00% MD RFC QNCCB MD
JGEFR.
80. %VNCPGKCLRQ ?PC NCPDMPKCB UGRF SJRP?AMJB LCSRPMLQ F?TGLE TCJMAGRGCQ
?Q QK?JJ ?Q 1.00 K/Q. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC U?TCJCLERF MD QSAF ? LCSRPML? (@)
7F?R GQ GRQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW GL C6?
81. (?) &GLB RFC TCJMAGRW MD ? LCSRPML RF?R F?Q ? 6.00-DK U?TCJCLERF
(?@MSR RFC QGXC MD ? LSAJCSQ). !QQSKC RFC LCSRPML GQ LMLPCJ?RGTGQRGA. (@)
7F?R GQ RFC LCSRPMLtQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW GL -C6?
82. 7F?R GQ RFC U?TCJCLERF MD ?L CJCARPML ?AACJCP?RCB RFPMSEF ? 30.0-I6
NMRCLRG?J, ?Q GL ? 46 RS@C?
83. 7F?R GQ RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD ?L CJCARPML GL ? 4%- F?TGLE ?
0.0100-LK U?TCJCLERF?
84. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC TCJMAGRW MD ?L CJCARPML RF?R F?Q ? U?TCJCLERF MD
1.00 m. (@) 4FPMSEF UF?R TMJR?EC KSQR RFC CJCARPML @C ?AACJCP?RCB RM
F?TC RFGQ TCJMAGRW?
85. 4FC TCJMAGRW MD ? NPMRML CKCPEGLE DPMK ? 6?L BC 'P??DD ?AACJCP?RMP GQ
25.0% MD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC NPMRMLtQ U?TCJCLERF? (@)
7F?R GQ GRQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW, ?QQSKGLE GR GQ LMLPCJ?RGTGQRGA? (A) 7F?R U?Q RFC
COSGT?JCLR TMJR?EC RFPMSEF UFGAF GR U?Q ?AACJCP?RCB?
86. 4FC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD ?L CJCARPML ?AACJCP?RCB GL ?L V-P?W RS@C GQ 100
IC6. !QQSKGLE GR GQ LMLPCJ?RGTGQRGA, UF?R GQ GRQ U?TCJCLERF?
(?) !QQSKGLE GR GQ LMLPCJ?RGTGQRGA, A?JASJ?RC RFC TCJMAGRW MD ?L CJCARPML UGRF
? 0.100-DK U?TCJCLERF (QK?JJ CLMSEF RM BCRCAR BCR?GJQ MD ? LSAJCSQ). (@)
7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ PCQSJR? (A) 7FGAF ?QQSKNRGMLQ ?PC
88. (?) )D RFC NMQGRGML MD ?L CJCARPML GL ? KCK@P?LC GQ KC?QSPCB RM ?L
?AASP?AW MD 1.00 m, UF?R GQ RFC CJCARPMLtQ KGLGKSK SLACPR?GLRW GL
TCJMAGRW? (@) )D RFC CJCARPML F?Q RFGQ TCJMAGRW, UF?R GQ GRQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW GL
C6? (A) 7F?R ?PC RFC GKNJGA?RGMLQ MD RFGQ CLCPEW, AMKN?PGLE GR RM RWNGA?J
KMJCASJ?P @GLBGLE CLCPEGCQ?
89. (?) )D RFC NMQGRGML MD ? AFJMPGLC GML GL ? KCK@P?LC GQ KC?QSPCB RM ?L
?AASP?AW MD 1.00 m, UF?R GQ GRQ KGLGKSK SLACPR?GLRW GL TCJMAGRW, EGTCL
GRQ K?QQ GQ 5.8610
26
kg ? (@) )D RFC GML F?Q RFGQ TCJMAGRW, UF?R GQ GRQ
IGLCRGA CLCPEW GL C6, ?LB FMU BMCQ RFGQ AMKN?PC UGRF RWNGA?J KMJCASJ?P
@GLBGLE CLCPEGCQ?
90. 3SNNMQC RFC TCJMAGRW MD ?L CJCARPML GL ?L ?RMK GQ ILMUL RM ?L
?AASP?AW MD 2.010
3
m/s (PC?QML?@JW ?AASP?RC AMKN?PCB UGRF MP@GR?J
TCJMAGRGCQ). 7F?R GQ RFC CJCARPMLtQ KGLGKSK SLACPR?GLRW GL NMQGRGML, ?LB
FMU BMCQ RFGQ AMKN?PC UGRF RFC ?NNPMVGK?RC 0.1-LK QGXC MD RFC ?RMK?
91. 4FC TCJMAGRW MD ? NPMRML GL ?L ?AACJCP?RMP GQ ILMUL RM ?L ?AASP?AW MD
0.250% MD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. (4FGQ AMSJB @C QK?JJ AMKN?PCB UGRF GRQ
TCJMAGRW.) 7F?R GQ RFC QK?JJCQR NMQQG@JC SLACPR?GLRW GL GRQ NMQGRGML?
92. ! PCJ?RGTCJW JMLE-JGTCB CVAGRCB QR?RC MD ?L ?RMK F?Q ? JGDCRGKC MD 3.00
KQ. 7F?R GQ RFC KGLGKSK SLACPR?GLRW GL GRQ CLCPEW?
93. (?) 4FC JGDCRGKC MD ? FGEFJW SLQR?@JC LSAJCSQ GQ 10
20
s . 7F?R GQ RFC
QK?JJCQR SLACPR?GLRW GL GRQ BCA?W CLCPEW? (@) #MKN?PC RFGQ UGRF RFC PCQR
CLCPEW MD ?L CJCARPML.
#(!04%2 29 Y ).42/$5#4)/. 4/ 15!.45- 0(93)#3 1055
94. 4FC BCA?W CLCPEW MD ? QFMPR-JGTCB N?PRGAJC F?Q ?L SLACPR?GLRW MD 1.0
-C6 BSC RM GRQ QFMPR JGDCRGKC. 7F?R GQ RFC QK?JJCQR JGDCRGKC GR A?L F?TC?
95. 4FC BCA?W CLCPEW MD ? QFMPR-JGTCB LSAJC?P CVAGRCB QR?RC F?Q ?L
SLACPR?GLRW MD 2.0 C6 BSC RM GRQ QFMPR JGDCRGKC. 7F?R GQ RFC QK?JJCQR JGDCRGKC
GR A?L F?TC?
96. 7F?R GQ RFC ?NNPMVGK?RC SLACPR?GLRW GL RFC K?QQ MD ? KSML, ?Q
BCRCPKGLCB DPMK GRQ BCA?W JGDCRGKC?
97. $CPGTC RFC ?NNPMVGK?RC DMPK MD (CGQCL@CPEtQ SLACPR?GLRW NPGLAGNJC DMP
CLCPEW ?LB RGKC, Et h , SQGLE RFC DMJJMUGLE ?PESKCLRQ: 3GLAC RFC
NMQGRGML MD ? N?PRGAJC GQ SLACPR?GL @W x , UFCPC GQ RFC U?TCJCLERF
MD RFC NFMRML SQCB RM CV?KGLC GR, RFCPC GQ ?L SLACPR?GLRW GL RFC RGKC RFC
NFMRML R?ICQ RM RP?TCPQC x . &SPRFCPKMPC, RFC NFMRML F?Q ?L CLCPEW
PCJ?RCB RM GRQ U?TCJCLERF, ?LB GR A?L RP?LQDCP QMKC MP ?JJ MD RFGQ CLCPEW RM
RFC M@HCAR @CGLE CV?KGLCB. 4FSQ RFC SLACPR?GLRW GL RFC CLCPEW MD RFC
M@HCAR GQ ?JQM PCJ?RCB RM . &GLB t ?LB E ; RFCL KSJRGNJW RFCK RM EGTC
RFC ?NNPMVGK?RC SLACPR?GLRW NPGLAGNJC.
29.8 ->; )7HJ?9B;-07L; DK7B?JO +;L?;M;:
4FC 54.0-C6 CJCARPML GL EN7CFB; 29.7 F?Q ? 0.167-LK U?TCJCLERF. )D
QSAF CJCARPMLQ ?PC N?QQCB RFPMSEF ? BMS@JC QJGR ?LB F?TC RFCGP DGPQR
K?VGKSK ?R ?L ?LEJC MD 25.0 , UF?R GQ RFC QJGR QCN?P?RGML d ?
!L CJCARPML KGAPMQAMNC NPMBSACQ CJCARPMLQ UGRF ? 2.00-NK U?TCJCLERF. )D
RFCQC ?PC N?QQCB RFPMSEF ? 1.00-LK QGLEJC QJGR, ?R UF?R ?LEJC UGJJ RFC DGPQR
BGDDP?ARGML KGLGKSK @C DMSLB?
! ACPR?GL FC?R J?KN CKGRQ 200 7 MD KMQRJW )2 P?BG?RGML ?TCP?EGLE 1500
LK GL U?TCJCLERF. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC NFMRML CLCPEW GL HMSJCQ? (@)
(MU K?LW MD RFCQC NFMRMLQ ?PC PCOSGPCB RM GLAPC?QC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD ?
NCPQMLtQ QFMSJBCP @W 2.0C, ?QQSKGLE RFC ?DDCARCB K?QQ GQ 4.0 IE UGRF
? QNCAGDGA FC?R MD 0.83 kcal/kg C. !JQM ?QQSKC LM MRFCP QGELGDGA?LR
FC?R RP?LQDCP. (A) (MU JMLE BMCQ RFGQ R?IC?
/L GRQ FGEF NMUCP QCRRGLE, ? KGAPMU?TC MTCL NPMBSACQ 900 7 MD 2560
-(X KGAPMU?TCQ. (?) (MU K?LW NFMRMLQ NCP QCAMLB GQ RFGQ? (@) (MU
K?LW NFMRMLQ ?PC PCOSGPCB RM GLAPC?QC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD ? 0.500-IE
K?QQ MD N?QR? @W 45.0C, ?QQSKGLE ? QNCAGDGA FC?R MD
0.900 kcal/kg C? .CEJCAR ?JJ MRFCP FC?R RP?LQDCP. (A) (MU JMLE KSQR
RFC KGAPMU?TC MNCP?RMP U?GR DMP RFCGP N?QR? RM @C PC?BW?
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC ?KMSLR MD KGAPMU?TC CLCPEW GL HMSJCQ LCCBCB RM P?GQC
RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD 1.00 IE MD QMSN DPMK 20.0C RM 100C. (@) 7F?R GQ
RFC RMR?J KMKCLRSK MD ?JJ RFC KGAPMU?TC NFMRMLQ GR R?ICQ RM BM RFGQ? (A)
#?JASJ?RC RFC TCJMAGRW MD ? 1.00-IE K?QQ UGRF RFC Q?KC KMKCLRSK. (B)
7F?R GQ RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD RFGQ K?QQ?
(?) 7F?R GQ DMP ?L CJCARPML CKCPEGLE DPMK RFC 3R?LDMPB ,GLC?P
!AACJCP?RMP UGRF ? RMR?J CLCPEW MD 50.0 'C6? (@) &GLB GRQ KMKCLRSK. (A)
7F?R GQ RFC CJCARPMLtQ U?TCJCLERF?
(?) 7F?R GQ DMP ? NPMRML F?TGLE ?L CLCPEW MD 1.00 4C6, NPMBSACB @W RFC
&CPKGJ?@ ?AACJCP?RMP? (@) &GLB GRQ KMKCLRSK. (A) 7F?R GQ RFC NPMRMLtQ
U?TCJCLERF?
!L CJCARPML KGAPMQAMNC N?QQCQ 1.00-NK-U?TCJCLERF CJCARPMLQ RFPMSEF ?
AGPASJ?P ?NCPRSPC 2.00 m GL BG?KCRCP. 7F?R GQ RFC ?LEJC @CRUCCL RUM
HSQR-PCQMJT?@JC NMGLR QMSPACQ DMP RFGQ KGAPMQAMNC?
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC TCJMAGRW MD CJCARPMLQ RF?R DMPK RFC Q?KC N?RRCPL ?Q
450-LK JGEFR UFCL N?QQCB RFPMSEF ? BMS@JC QJGR. (@) #?JASJ?RC RFC IGLCRGA
CLCPEW MD C?AF ?LB AMKN?PC RFCK. (A) 7MSJB CGRFCP @C C?QGCP RM
ECLCP?RC RF?L RFC MRFCP? %VNJ?GL.
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC QCN?P?RGML @CRUCCL BMS@JC QJGRQ RF?R NPMBSACQ ? QCAMLB-
MPBCP KGLGKSK ?R 45.0 DMP 650-LK JGEFR? (@) 7F?R QJGR QCN?P?RGML GQ
LCCBCB RM NPMBSAC RFC Q?KC N?RRCPL DMP 1.00-IC6 NPMRMLQ.
! J?QCP UGRF ? NMUCP MSRNSR MD 2.00 K7 ?R ? U?TCJCLERF MD 400 LK GQ
NPMHCARCB MLRM A?JAGSK KCR?J. (?) (MU K?LW CJCARPMLQ NCP QCAMLB ?PC
CHCARCB? (@) 7F?R NMUCP GQ A?PPGCB ?U?W @W RFC CJCARPMLQ, EGTCL RF?R RFC
@GLBGLE CLCPEW GQ 2.71 C6? (A) #?JASJ?RC RFC ASPPCLR MD CHCARCB CJCARPMLQ.
(B) )D RFC NFMRMCJCARPGA K?RCPG?J GQ CJCARPGA?JJW GLQSJ?RCB ?LB ?ARQ JGIC ?
2.00-N& A?N?AGRMP, FMU JMLE UGJJ ASPPCLR DJMU @CDMPC RFC A?N?AGRMP TMJR?EC
QRMNQ GR?
/LC NPM@JCK UGRF V P?WQ GQ RF?R RFCW ?PC LMR QCLQCB. #?JASJ?RC RFC
RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QC MD ? PCQC?PAFCP CVNMQCB GL ? DCU QCAMLBQ RM ?
LC?PJW D?R?J ?AAGBCLR?J BMQC MD V P?WQ SLBCP RFC DMJJMUGLE AMLBGRGMLQ. 4FC
CLCPEW MD RFC V-P?W NFMRMLQ GQ 200 IC6, ?LB 4.0010
13
MD RFCK ?PC
?@QMP@CB NCP IGJMEP?K MD RGQQSC, RFC QNCAGDGA FC?R MD UFGAF GQ
0.830 kcal/kg C. (.MRC RF?R KCBGA?J BG?ELMQRGA V-P?W K?AFGLCQ
64AABG NPMBSAC ?L GLRCLQGRW RFGQ EPC?R.)
! 1.00-DK NFMRML F?Q ? U?TCJCLERF QFMPR CLMSEF RM BCRCAR QMKC
GLDMPK?RGML ?@MSR LSAJCG. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC NFMRML KMKCLRSK? (@) 7F?R GQ
GRQ CLCPEW GL HMSJCQ ?LB -C6? (A) 7F?R GQ RFC (PCJ?RGTGQRGA) TCJMAGRW MD ?L
CJCARPML UGRF RFC Q?KC KMKCLRSK? (B) #?JASJ?RC RFC CJCARPMLtQ IGLCRGA
CLCPEW.
4FC KMKCLRSK MD JGEFR GQ CV?ARJW PCTCPQCB UFCL PCDJCARCB QRP?GEFR @?AI
DPMK ? KGPPMP, ?QQSKGLE LCEJGEG@JC PCAMGJ MD RFC KGPPMP. 4FSQ RFC AF?LEC GL
KMKCLRSK GQ RUGAC RFC NFMRML KMKCLRSK. 3SNNMQC JGEFR MD GLRCLQGRW
1.00 kW/m
2
PCDJCARQ DPMK ? KGPPMP MD ?PC? 2.00 m
2
. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC
CLCPEW PCDJCARCB GL 1.00 Q. (@) 7F?R GQ RFC KMKCLRSK GKN?PRCB RM RFC
KGPPMP? (A) 5QGLE RFC KMQR ECLCP?J DMPK MD .CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U, UF?R GQ
RFC DMPAC ML RFC KGPPMP? (B) $MCQ RFC ?QQSKNRGML MD LM KGPPMP PCAMGJ QCCK
PC?QML?@JC?
3SLJGEFR ?@MTC RFC %?PRFtQ ?RKMQNFCPC F?Q ?L GLRCLQGRW MD 1.30 kW/m
2
. )D RFGQ GQ PCDJCARCB QRP?GEFR @?AI DPMK ? KGPPMP RF?R F?Q MLJW ? QK?JJ PCAMGJ,
RFC JGEFRtQ KMKCLRSK GQ CV?ARJW PCTCPQCB, EGTGLE RFC KGPPMP RUGAC RFC
GLAGBCLR KMKCLRSK. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC DMPAC NCP QOS?PC KCRCP MD KGPPMP.
(@) 6CPW JMU K?QQ KGPPMPQ A?L @C AMLQRPSARCB GL RFC LC?P UCGEFRJCQQLCQQ
MD QN?AC, ?LB ?RR?AFCB RM ? QN?ACQFGN RM Q?GJ GR. /LAC BMLC, RFC ?TCP?EC
K?QQ NCP QOS?PC KCRCP MD RFC QN?ACQFGN GQ 0.100 IE. &GLB RFC
?AACJCP?RGML MD RFC QN?ACQFGN GD ?JJ MRFCP DMPACQ ?PC @?J?LACB. (A) (MU D?QR
GQ GR KMTGLE 24 FMSPQ J?RCP?
1056 #(!04%2 29 Y ).42/$5#4)/. 4/ 15!.45- 0(93)#3
30 !4/-)# 0(93)#3
F?=KH; 30.1 )LBGTGBS?J A?P@ML ?RMKQ ?PC TGQG@JC GL RFGQ GK?EC MD ? A?P@ML L?LMRS@C K?BC @W ? QA?LLGLE RSLLCJGLE CJCARPML KGAPMQAMNC. (APCBGR: 4?LCP 9GJBGPGK, .?RGML?J )LQRGRSRC
MD 3R?LB?PBQ ?LB 4CAFLMJMEW, TG? 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
,C?PLGLE /@HCARGTCQ
30.1. D?I9EL;HO E< J>; AJEC
30.2. D?I9EL;HO E< J>; )7HJI E< J>; AJEC: EB;9JHEDI 7D: 'K9B;?
30.3. BE>HXI ->;EHO E< J>; !O:HE=;D AJEC
30.4. 1 +7OI: AJEC?9 (H?=?DI 7D: AFFB?97J?EDI
30.5. AFFB?97J?EDI E< AJEC?9 EN9?J7J?EDI 7D: D;-EN9?J7J?EDI
30.6. ->; 07L; '7JKH; E< &7JJ;H C7KI;I *K7DJ?P7J?ED
30.7. )7JJ;HDI ?D ,F;9JH7 +;L;7B &EH; *K7DJ?P7J?ED
30.8. *K7DJKC 'KC8;HI 7D: +KB;I
30.9. ->; )7KB? EN9BKI?ED )H?D9?FB;
"DJHE:K9J?ED JE AJEC?9 )>OI?9I
&PMK AFGJBFMMB ML, UC JC?PL RF?R ?RMKQ ?PC ? QS@QRPSARSPC MD ?JJ RFGLEQ ?PMSLB SQ, DPMK RFC ?GP UC @PC?RFC RM RFC ?SRSKL JC?TCQ RF?R @J?LICR ? DMPCQR
RP?GJ. )LTGQG@JC RM RFC CWC, RFC CVGQRCLAC ?LB NPMNCPRGCQ MD ?RMKQ ?PC SQCB RM CVNJ?GL K?LW NFCLMKCL?r? RFCKC DMSLB RFPMSEFMSR RFGQ RCVR. )L RFGQ
AF?NRCP, UC BGQASQQ RFC BGQAMTCPW MD ?RMKQ ?LB RFCGP MUL QS@QRPSARSPCQ; UC RFCL ?NNJW OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ RM RFC BCQAPGNRGML MD ?RMKQ, ?LB RFCGP
NPMNCPRGCQ ?LB GLRCP?ARGMLQ. !JMLE RFC U?W, UC UGJJ DGLB, KSAF JGIC RFC QAGCLRGQRQ UFM K?BC RFC MPGEGL?J BGQAMTCPGCQ, RF?R LCU AMLACNRQ CKCPEC UGRF
?NNJGA?RGMLQ D?P @CWMLB RFC @MSLB?PGCQ MD ?RMKGA NFWQGAQ.
30.1 D?I9EL;HO E< J>; AJEC
(MU BM UC ILMU RF?R ?RMKQ ?PC PC?JJW RFCPC GD UC A?LLMR QCC RFCK UGRF MSP CWCQ? ! @PGCD ?AAMSLR MD RFC NPMEPCQQGML DPMK RFC NPMNMQ?J MD ?RMKQ @W
RFC 'PCCIQ RM RFC DGPQR BGPCAR CTGBCLAC MD RFCGP CVGQRCLAC DMJJMUQ.
0CMNJC F?TC JMLE QNCASJ?RCB ?@MSR RFC QRPSARSPC MD K?RRCP ?LB RFC CVGQRCLAC MD ?RMKQ. 4FC C?PJGCQR QGELGDGA?LR GBC?Q RM QSPTGTC ?PC BSC RM RFC ?LAGCLR
'PCCIQ GL RFC DGDRF ACLRSPW "#%, CQNCAG?JJW RFMQC MD RFC NFGJMQMNFCPQ ,CSAGNNSQ ?LB $CKMAPGRSQ. (4FCPC GQ QMKC CTGBCLAC RF?R NFGJMQMNFCPQ GL @MRF
)LBG? ?LB #FGL? K?BC QGKGJ?P QNCASJ?RGMLQ, ?R ?@MSR RFC Q?KC RGKC.) 4FCW AMLQGBCPCB RFC OSCQRGML MD UFCRFCP ? QS@QR?LAC A?L @C BGTGBCB UGRFMSR
JGKGR GLRM CTCP QK?JJCP NGCACQ. 4FCPC ?PC MLJW ? DCU NMQQG@JC ?LQUCPQ RM RFGQ OSCQRGML. /LC GQ RF?R GLDGLGRCQGK?JJW QK?JJ QS@BGTGQGML GQ NMQQG@JC. !LMRFCP
GQ UF?R $CKMAPGRSQ GL N?PRGASJ?P @CJGCTCBrRF?R RFCPC GQ ? QK?JJCQR SLGR RF?R A?LLMR @C DSPRFCP QS@BGTGBCB. $CKMAPGRSQ A?JJCB RFGQ RFC 7JEC. 7C LMU
ILMU RF?R ?RMKQ RFCKQCJTCQ A?L @C QS@BGTGBCB, @SR RFCGP GBCLRGRW GQ BCQRPMWCB GL RFC NPMACQQ, QM RFC 'PCCIQ UCPC AMPPCAR GL ? PCQNCAR. 4FC 'PCCIQ
?JQM DCJR RF?R ?RMKQ UCPC GL AMLQR?LR KMRGML, ?LMRFCP AMPPCAR LMRGML.
4FC 'PCCIQ ?LB MRFCPQ QNCASJ?RCB ?@MSR RFC NPMNCPRGCQ MD ?RMKQ, NPMNMQGLE RF?R MLJW ? DCU RWNCQ CVGQRCB ?LB RF?R ?JJ K?RRCP U?Q DMPKCB ?Q T?PGMSQ
AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD RFCQC RWNCQ. 4FC D?KMSQ NPMNMQ?J RF?R RFC @?QGA CJCKCLRQ UCPC C?PRF, ?GP, DGPC, ?LB U?RCP U?Q @PGJJG?LR, @SR GLAMPPCAR. 4FC 'PCCIQ F?B
GBCLRGDGCB RFC KMQR AMKKML CV?KNJCQ MD RFC DMSP QR?RCQ MD K?RRCP (QMJGB, E?Q, NJ?QK?, ?LB JGOSGB), P?RFCP RF?L RFC @?QGA CJCKCLRQ. -MPC RF?L 2000
WC?PQ N?QQCB @CDMPC M@QCPT?RGMLQ AMSJB @C K?BC UGRF COSGNKCLR A?N?@JC MD PCTC?JGLE RFC RPSC L?RSPC MD ?RMKQ.
/TCP RFC ACLRSPGCQ, BGQAMTCPGCQ UCPC K?BC PCE?PBGLE RFC NPMNCPRGCQ MD QS@QR?LACQ ?LB RFCGP AFCKGA?J PC?ARGMLQ. #CPR?GL QWQRCK?RGA DC?RSPCQ UCPC
PCAMELGXCB, @SR QGKGJ?PGRGCQ @CRUCCL AMKKML ?LB P?PC CJCKCLRQ PCQSJRCB GL CDDMPRQ RM RP?LQKSRC RFCK (JC?B GLRM EMJB, GL N?PRGASJ?P) DMP DGL?LAG?J E?GL.
3CAPCAW U?Q CLBCKGA. !JAFCKGQRQ BGQAMTCPCB ?LB PCBGQAMTCPCB K?LW D?ARQ @SR BGB LMR K?IC RFCK @PM?BJW ?T?GJ?@JC. !Q RFC -GBBJC !ECQ CLBCB,
?JAFCKW EP?BS?JJW D?BCB, ?LB RFC QAGCLAC MD AFCKGQRPW ?PMQC. )R U?Q LM JMLECP NMQQG@JC, LMP AMLQGBCPCB BCQGP?@JC, RM ICCN BGQAMTCPGCQ QCAPCR.
#MJJCARGTC ILMUJCBEC EPCU, ?LB @W RFC @CEGLLGLE MD RFC 19RF ACLRSPW, ?L GKNMPR?LR D?AR U?Q UCJJ CQR?@JGQFCBrRFC K?QQCQ MD PC?AR?LRQ GL QNCAGDGA
AFCKGA?J PC?ARGMLQ ?JU?WQ F?TC ? N?PRGASJ?P K?QQ P?RGM. 4FGQ GQ TCPW QRPMLE GLBGPCAR CTGBCLAC RF?R RFCPC ?PC @?QGA SLGRQ (?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ) RF?R
F?TC RFCQC Q?KC K?QQ P?RGMQ. 4FC %LEJGQF AFCKGQR *MFL $?JRML (1766q1844) BGB KSAF MD RFGQ UMPI, UGRF QGELGDGA?LR AMLRPG@SRGMLQ @W RFC )R?JG?L
NFWQGAGQR !KCBCM !TME?BPM (1776q1856). )R U?Q !TME?BPM UFM BCTCJMNCB RFC GBC? MD ? DGVCB LSK@CP MD ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ GL ? KMJC, ?LB RFGQ
QNCAG?J LSK@CP GQ A?JJCB !TME?BPMtQ LSK@CP GL FGQ FMLMP. 4FC !SQRPG?L NFWQGAGQR *MF?LL *MQCD ,MQAFKGBR U?Q RFC DGPQR RM KC?QSPC RFC T?JSC MD RFC
AMLQR?LR GL 1865 SQGLE RFC IGLCRGA RFCMPW MD E?QCQ.
#(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3 1057
0?RRCPLQ ?LB 3WQRCK?RGAQ
4FC PCAMELGRGML ?LB ?NNPCAG?RGML MD N?RRCPLQ F?Q CL?@JCB SQ RM K?IC K?LW BGQAMTCPGCQ. 4FC NCPGMBGA R?@JC MD CJCKCLRQ U?Q NPMNMQCB ?Q ?L
MPE?LGXCB QSKK?PW MD RFC ILMUL CJCKCLRQ JMLE @CDMPC ?JJ CJCKCLRQ F?B @CCL BGQAMTCPCB, ?LB GR JCB RM K?LW MRFCP BGQAMTCPGCQ. 7C QF?JJ QCC GL
J?RCP AF?NRCPQ RF?R N?RRCPLQ GL RFC NPMNCPRGCQ MD QS@?RMKGA N?PRGAJCQ JCB RM RFC NPMNMQ?J MD OS?PIQ ?Q RFCGP SLBCPJWGLE QRPSARSPC, ?L GBC? RF?R GQ QRGJJ
@C?PGLE DPSGR.
+LMUJCBEC MD RFC NPMNCPRGCQ MD CJCKCLRQ ?LB AMKNMSLBQ EPCU, ASJKGL?RGLE GL RFC KGB-19RF-ACLRSPW BCTCJMNKCLR MD RFC NCPGMBGA R?@JC MD RFC CJCKCLRQ
@W $KGRPG -CLBCJCCT (1834q1907), RFC EPC?R 2SQQG?L AFCKGQR. -CLBCJCCT NPMNMQCB ?L GLECLGMSQ ?PP?W RF?R FGEFJGEFRCB RFC NCPGMBGA L?RSPC MD RFC
NPMNCPRGCQ MD CJCKCLRQ. "CJGCTGLE GL RFC QWQRCK?RGAQ MD RFC NCPGMBGA R?@JC, FC ?JQM NPCBGARCB RFC CVGQRCLAC MD RFCL-SLILMUL CJCKCLRQ RM AMKNJCRC GR.
/LAC RFCQC CJCKCLRQ UCPC BGQAMTCPCB ?LB BCRCPKGLCB RM F?TC NPMNCPRGCQ NPCBGARCB @W -CLBCJCCT, FGQ NCPGMBGA R?@JC @CA?KC SLGTCPQ?JJW ?AACNRCB.
!JQM BSPGLE RFC 19RF ACLRSPW, RFC IGLCRGA RFCMPW MD E?QCQ U?Q BCTCJMNCB. +GLCRGA RFCMPW GQ @?QCB ML RFC CVGQRCLAC MD ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ GL P?LBMK
RFCPK?J KMRGML ?LB NPMTGBCQ ? KGAPMQAMNGA CVNJ?L?RGML MD RFC E?Q J?UQ, FC?R RP?LQDCP, ?LB RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ (QCC "DJHE:K9J?ED JE -;CF;H7JKH;,
$?D;J?9 ->;EHO, 7D: J>; 7I %7MI ?LB "DJHE:K9J?ED JE %7MI E< ->;HCE:OD7C?9I). +GLCRGA RFCMPW UMPIQ QM UCJJ RF?R GR GQ ?LMRFCP QRPMLE GLBGA?RGML
MD RFC CVGQRCLAC MD ?RMKQ. "SR GR GQ QRGJJ GLBGPCAR CTGBCLACrGLBGTGBS?J ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ F?B LMR @CCL M@QCPTCB. 4FCPC UCPC FC?RCB BC@?RCQ ?@MSR
RFC T?JGBGRW MD IGLCRGA RFCMPW SLRGJ BGPCAR CTGBCLAC MD ?RMKQ U?Q M@R?GLCB.
4FC DGPQR RPSJW BGPCAR CTGBCLAC MD ?RMKQ GQ APCBGRCB RM 2M@CPR "PMUL, ? 3AMRRGQF @MR?LGQR. )L 1827, FC LMRGACB RF?R RGLW NMJJCL EP?GLQ QSQNCLBCB GL QRGJJ
U?RCP KMTCB ?@MSR GL AMKNJCV N?RFQ. 4FGQ A?L @C M@QCPTCB UGRF ? KGAPMQAMNC DMP ?LW QK?JJ N?PRGAJCQ GL ? DJSGB. 4FC KMRGML GQ A?SQCB @W RFC P?LBMK
RFCPK?J KMRGMLQ MD DJSGB KMJCASJCQ AMJJGBGLE UGRF N?PRGAJCQ GL RFC DJSGB, ?LB GR GQ LMU A?JJCB BHEMD?7D CEJ?ED. (3CC F?=KH; 30.2.) 3R?RGQRGA?J DJSARS?RGMLQ
GL RFC LSK@CPQ MD KMJCASJCQ QRPGIGLE RFC QGBCQ MD ? TGQG@JC N?PRGAJC A?SQC GR RM KMTC DGPQR RFGQ U?W, RFCL RF?R. !JRFMSEF RFC KMJCASJCQ A?LLMR @C BGPCARJW
M@QCPTCB, RFCGP CDDCARQ ML RFC N?PRGAJC A?L @C. "W CV?KGLGLE "PMULG?L KMRGML, RFC QGXC MD KMJCASJCQ A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB. 4FC QK?JJCP ?LB KMPC
LSKCPMSQ RFCW ?PC, RFC QK?JJCP RFC DJSARS?RGMLQ GL RFC LSK@CPQ QRPGIGLE BGDDCPCLR QGBCQ.
F?=KH; 30.2 4FC NMQGRGML MD ? NMJJCL EP?GL GL U?RCP, KC?QSPCB CTCPW DCU QCAMLBQ SLBCP ? KGAPMQAMNC, CVFG@GRQ "PMULG?L KMRGML. "PMULG?L KMRGML GQ BSC RM DJSARS?RGMLQ GL RFC
LSK@CP MD ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ AMJJGBGLE UGRF ? QK?JJ K?QQ, A?SQGLE GR RM KMTC ?@MSR GL AMKNJCV N?RFQ. 4FGQ GQ LC?PJW BGPCAR CTGBCLAC DMP RFC CVGQRCLAC MD ?RMKQ, NPMTGBGLE ?
Q?RGQD?ARMPW ?JRCPL?RGTC CVNJ?L?RGML A?LLMR @C DMSLB.
)R U?Q !J@CPR %GLQRCGL UFM, QR?PRGLE GL FGQ CNMAF?J WC?P MD 1905, NS@JGQFCB QCTCP?J N?NCPQ RF?R CVNJ?GLCB NPCAGQCJW FMU "PMULG?L KMRGML AMSJB @C
SQCB RM KC?QSPC RFC QGXC MD ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ. ()L 1905 %GLQRCGL APC?RCB QNCAG?J PCJ?RGTGRW, NPMNMQCB NFMRMLQ ?Q OS?LR? MD %- P?BG?RGML, ?LB
NPMBSACB ? RFCMPW MD "PMULG?L KMRGML RF?R ?JJMUCB RFC QGXC MD ?RMKQ RM @C BCRCPKGLCB. !JJ MD RFGQ U?Q BMLC GL FGQ QN?PC RGKC, QGLAC FC UMPICB B?WQ
?Q ? N?RCLR CV?KGLCP. !LW MLC MD RFCQC TCPW @?QGA UMPIQ AMSJB F?TC @CCL RFC APMULGLE ?AFGCTCKCLR MD ?L CLRGPC A?PCCPrWCR %GLQRCGL BGB CTCL KMPC
GL J?RCP WC?PQ.) 4FCGP QGXCQ UCPC MLJW ?NNPMVGK?RCJW ILMUL RM @C 10
10
m, @?QCB ML ? AMKN?PGQML MD J?RCLR FC?R MD T?NMPGX?RGML ?LB QSPD?AC
RCLQGML K?BC GL ?@MSR 1805 @W 4FMK?Q 9MSLE MD BMS@JC-QJGR D?KC ?LB RFC D?KMSQ ?QRPMLMKCP ?LB K?RFCK?RGAG?L 3GKML ,?NJ?AC.
5QGLE %GLQRCGLtQ GBC?Q, RFC &PCLAF NFWQGAGQR *C?L-"?NRGQRC 0CPPGL (1870q1942) A?PCDSJJW M@QCPTCB "PMULG?L KMRGML; LMR MLJW BGB FC AMLDGPK %GLQRCGLtQ
RFCMPW, FC ?JQM NPMBSACB ?AASP?RC QGXCQ DMP ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ. 3GLAC KMJCASJ?P UCGEFRQ ?LB BCLQGRGCQ MD K?RCPG?JQ UCPC UCJJ CQR?@JGQFCB, ILMUGLE
?RMKGA ?LB KMJCASJ?P QGXCQ ?JJMUCB ? NPCAGQC T?JSC DMP !TME?BPMtQ LSK@CP RM @C M@R?GLCB. ()D UC ILMU FMU @GE ?L ?RMK GQ, UC ILMU FMU K?LW DGR
GLRM ? ACPR?GL TMJSKC.) 0CPPGL ?JQM SQCB RFCQC GBC?Q RM CVNJ?GL ?RMKGA ?LB KMJCASJ?P ?EGR?RGML CDDCARQ GL QCBGKCLR?RGML, ?LB FC PCACGTCB RFC 1926
.M@CJ 0PGXC DMP FGQ ?AFGCTCKCLRQ. -MQR QAGCLRGQRQ UCPC ?JPC?BW AMLTGLACB MD RFC CVGQRCLAC MD ?RMKQ, @SR RFC ?AASP?RC M@QCPT?RGML ?LB ?L?JWQGQ MD
"PMULG?L KMRGML U?Q AMLAJSQGTCrGR U?Q RFC DGPQR RPSJW BGPCAR CTGBCLAC.
! FSEC ?PP?W MD BGPCAR ?LB GLBGPCAR CTGBCLAC DMP RFC CVGQRCLAC MD ?RMKQ LMU CVGQRQ. &MP CV?KNJC, GR F?Q @CAMKC NMQQG@JC RM ?AACJCP?RC GMLQ (KSAF ?Q
CJCARPMLQ ?PC ?AACJCP?RCB GL A?RFMBC-P?W RS@CQ) ?LB RM BCRCAR RFCK GLBGTGBS?JJW ?Q UCJJ ?Q KC?QSPC RFCGP K?QQCQ (QCC &EH; AFFB?97J?EDI E<
&7=D;J?IC DMP ? BGQASQQGML MD K?QQ QNCARPMKCRCPQ). /RFCP BCTGACQ RF?R M@QCPTC GLBGTGBS?J ?RMKQ, QSAF ?Q RFC QA?LLGLE RSLLCJGLE CJCARPML
KGAPMQAMNC, UGJJ @C BGQASQQCB CJQCUFCPC. (3CC F?=KH; 30.3.) !JJ MD MSP SLBCPQR?LBGLE MD RFC NPMNCPRGCQ MD K?RRCP GQ @?QCB ML ?LB AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC
?RMK. 4FC ?RMKtQ QS@QRPSARSPCQ, QSAF ?Q CJCARPML QFCJJQ ?LB RFC LSAJCSQ, ?PC @MRF GLRCPCQRGLE ?LB GKNMPR?LR. 4FC LSAJCSQ GL RSPL F?Q ? QS@QRPSARSPC,
?Q BM RFC N?PRGAJCQ MD UFGAF GR GQ AMKNMQCB. 4FCQC RMNGAQ, ?LB RFC OSCQRGML MD UFCRFCP RFCPC GQ ? QK?JJCQR @?QGA QRPSARSPC RM K?RRCP, UGJJ @C CVNJMPCB GL
J?RCP N?PRQ MD RFC RCVR.
1058 #(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3
F?=KH; 30.3 )LBGTGBS?J ?RMKQ A?L @C BCRCARCB UGRF BCTGACQ QSAF ?Q RFC QA?LLGLE RSLLCJGLE CJCARPML KGAPMQAMNC RF?R NPMBSACB RFGQ GK?EC MD GLBGTGBS?J EMJB ?RMKQ ML ? EP?NFGRC
QS@QRP?RC. (APCBGR: %PUGL 2MQQCL, %GLBFMTCL 5LGTCPQGRW MD 4CAFLMJMEW, TG? 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
30.2 D?I9EL;HO E< J>; )7HJI E< J>; AJEC: EB;9JHEDI 7D: 'K9B;?
*SQR ?Q ?RMKQ ?PC ? QS@QRPSARSPC MD K?RRCP, CJCARPMLQ ?LB LSAJCG ?PC QS@QRPSARSPCQ MD RFC ?RMK. 4FC CVNCPGKCLRQ RF?R UCPC SQCB RM BGQAMTCP CJCARPMLQ
?LB LSAJCG PCTC?J QMKC MD RFC @?QGA NPMNCPRGCQ MD ?RMKQ ?LB A?L @C PC?BGJW SLBCPQRMMB SQGLE GBC?Q QSAF ?Q CJCARPMQR?RGA ?LB K?ELCRGA DMPAC, ?JPC?BW
AMTCPCB GL NPCTGMSQ AF?NRCPQ.
#F?PECQ ?LB %JCARPMK?ELCRGA &MPACQ
)L NPCTGMSQ BGQASQQGMLQ, UC F?TC LMRCB RF?R NMQGRGTC AF?PEC GQ ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF LSAJCG ?LB LCE?RGTC AF?PEC UGRF CJCARPMLQ. 7C F?TC ?JQM AMTCPCB
K?LW ?QNCARQ MD RFC CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA DMPACQ RF?R ?DDCAR AF?PECQ. 7C UGJJ LMU CVNJMPC RFC BGQAMTCPW MD RFC CJCARPML ?LB LSAJCSQ ?Q
QS@QRPSARSPCQ MD RFC ?RMK ?LB CV?KGLC RFCGP AMLRPG@SRGMLQ RM RFC NPMNCPRGCQ MD ?RMKQ.
4FC %JCARPML
'?Q BGQAF?PEC RS@CQ, QSAF ?Q RF?R QFMUL GL F?=KH; 30.4, AMLQGQR MD ?L CT?AS?RCB EJ?QQ RS@C AMLR?GLGLE RUM KCR?J CJCARPMBCQ ?LB ? P?PCDGCB E?Q.
7FCL ? FGEF TMJR?EC GQ ?NNJGCB RM RFC CJCARPMBCQ, RFC E?Q EJMUQ. 4FCQC RS@CQ UCPC RFC NPCASPQMPQ RM RMB?WtQ LCML JGEFRQ. 4FCW UCPC DGPQR QRSBGCB
QCPGMSQJW @W (CGLPGAF 'CGQQJCP, ? 'CPK?L GLTCLRMP ?LB EJ?QQ@JMUCP, QR?PRGLE GL RFC 1860Q. 4FC %LEJGQF QAGCLRGQR 7GJJG?K #PMMICQ, ?KMLE MRFCPQ,
AMLRGLSCB RM QRSBW UF?R DMP QMKC RGKC UCPC A?JJCB #PMMICQ RS@CQ, UFCPCGL CJCARPMLQ ?PC DPCCB DPMK ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ GL RFC P?PCDGCB E?Q GLQGBC
RFC RS@C ?LB ?PC ?AACJCP?RCB DPMK RFC A?RFMBC (LCE?RGTC) RM RFC ?LMBC (NMQGRGTC) @W RFC FGEF NMRCLRG?J. 4FCQC u64G;B78 E4LFv AMJJGBC UGRF RFC E?Q
?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ ?LB CVAGRC RFCK, PCQSJRGLE GL RFC CKGQQGML MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA (%-) P?BG?RGML RF?R K?ICQ RFC CJCARPMLQt N?RF TGQG@JC ?Q ? P?W RF?R
QNPC?BQ ?LB D?BCQ ?Q GR KMTCQ ?U?W DPMK RFC A?RFMBC.
'?Q BGQAF?PEC RS@CQ RMB?W ?PC KMQR AMKKMLJW A?JJCB 97J>E:;-H7O JK8;I, @CA?SQC RFC P?WQ MPGEGL?RC ?R RFC A?RFMBC. #PMMICQ QFMUCB RF?R RFC
CJCARPMLQ A?PPW KMKCLRSK (RFCW A?L K?IC ? QK?JJ N?BBJC UFCCJ PMR?RC). (C ?JQM DMSLB RF?R RFCGP LMPK?JJW QRP?GEFR N?RF GQ @CLR @W ? K?ELCR GL RFC
BGPCARGML CVNCARCB DMP ? LCE?RGTC AF?PEC KMTGLE ?U?W DPMK RFC A?RFMBC. 4FCQC UCPC RFC DGPQR BGPCAR GLBGA?RGMLQ MD CJCARPMLQ ?LB RFCGP AF?PEC.
F?=KH; 30.4 ! E?Q BGQAF?PEC RS@C EJMUQ UFCL ? FGEF TMJR?EC GQ ?NNJGCB RM GR. %JCARPMLQ CKGRRCB DPMK RFC A?RFMBC ?PC ?AACJCP?RCB RMU?PB RFC ?LMBC; RFCW CVAGRC ?RMKQ ?LB
KMJCASJCQ GL RFC E?Q, UFGAF EJMU GL PCQNMLQC. /LAC A?JJCB 'CGQQJCP RS@CQ ?LB J?RCP #PMMICQ RS@CQ, RFCW ?PC LMU ILMUL ?Q A?RFMBC-P?W RS@CQ (#24Q) ?LB ?PC DMSLB GL MJBCP
46Q, AMKNSRCP QAPCCLQ, ?LB V-P?W K?AFGLCQ. 7FCL ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB GQ ?NNJGCB, RFC @C?K @CLBQ GL RFC BGPCARGML CVNCARCB DMP LCE?RGTC AF?PEC. (APCBGR: 0?SJ $MULCW, &JGAIP)
4FC %LEJGQF NFWQGAGQR *. *. 4FMKQML (1856q1940) GKNPMTCB ?LB CVN?LBCB RFC QAMNC MD CVNCPGKCLRQ UGRF E?Q BGQAF?PEC RS@CQ. (3CC F?=KH; 30.5 ?LB
F?=KH; 30.6.) (C TCPGDGCB RFC LCE?RGTC AF?PEC MD RFC A?RFMBC P?WQ UGRF @MRF K?ELCRGA ?LB CJCARPGA DGCJBQ. !BBGRGML?JJW, FC AMJJCARCB RFC P?WQ GL ? KCR?J
ASN ?LB DMSLB ?L CVACQQ MD LCE?RGTC AF?PEC. 4FMKQML U?Q ?JQM ?@JC RM KC?QSPC RFC P?RGM MD RFC AF?PEC MD RFC CJCARPML RM GRQ K?QQ, q
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#(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3 1059
RF?R N?QQCQ RFPMSEF AF?PEGLE NJ?RCQ AMLLCARCB RM ? FGEF-TMJR?EC NMUCP QSNNJW. !L CJCARPGA DGCJB E GQ NPMBSACB @CRUCCL RFC AF?PEGLE NJ?RCQ, ?LB RFC
A?RFMBC-P?W RS@C GQ NJ?ACB @CRUCCL RFC NMJCQ MD ? K?ELCR QM RF?R RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB E GQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB B MD RFC K?ELCR. 4FCQC
DGCJBQ, @CGLE NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM C?AF MRFCP, NPMBSAC MNNMQGLE DMPACQ ML RFC CJCARPMLQ. !Q BGQASQQCB DMP K?QQ QNCARPMKCRCPQ GL &EH; AFFB?97J?EDI E<
&7=D;J?IC, GD RFC LCR DMPAC BSC RM RFC DGCJBQ T?LGQFCQ, RFCL RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC AF?PECB N?PRGAJC GQ v = E / B . )L RFGQ K?LLCP, 4FMKQML BCRCPKGLCB
RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC CJCARPMLQ ?LB RFCL KMTCB RFC @C?K SN ?LB BMUL @W ?BHSQRGLE RFC CJCARPGA DGCJB.
F?=KH; 30.5 *. *. 4FMKQML (APCBGR: UUU.DGPQRUMPJBU?P.AMK, TG? 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
F?=KH; 30.6 $G?EP?K MD 4FMKQMLtQ #24. (APCBGR: +SPXML, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
F?=KH; 30.7 4FGQ QAFCK?RGA QFMUQ RFC CJCARPML @C?K GL ? #24 N?QQGLE RFPMSEF APMQQCB CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ ?LB A?SQGLE NFMQNFMP RM EJMU UFCL QRPGIGLE RFC CLB MD RFC
RS@C.
4M QCC FMU RFC ?KMSLR MD BCDJCARGML GQ SQCB RM A?JASJ?RC q
e
/ m
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, LMRC RF?R RFC BCDJCARGML GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC CJCARPGA DMPAC ML RFC CJCARPML:
(30.1) F = q
e
E.
"SR RFC TCPRGA?J BCDJCARGML GQ ?JQM PCJ?RCB RM RFC CJCARPMLtQ K?QQ, QGLAC RFC CJCARPMLtQ ?AACJCP?RGML GQ
(30.2)
a =
F
m
e
.
4FC T?JSC MD F GQ LMR ILMUL, QGLAC q
e
U?Q LMR WCR ILMUL. 3S@QRGRSRGLE RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP CJCARPGA DMPAC GLRM RFC CVNPCQQGML DMP ?AACJCP?RGML WGCJBQ
(30.3)
a =
F
m
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=
q
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.
1060 #(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3
'?RFCPGLE RCPKQ, UC F?TC
(30.4)
q
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m
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=
a
E
.
4FC BCDJCARGML GQ ?L?JWXCB RM ECR a , ?LB E GQ BCRCPKGLCB DPMK RFC ?NNJGCB TMJR?EC ?LB BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ; RFSQ,
q
e
m
e
A?L @C BCRCPKGLCB.
7GRF RFC TCJMAGRW ILMUL, ?LMRFCP KC?QSPCKCLR MD
q
e
m
e
A?L @C M@R?GLCB @W @CLBGLE RFC @C?K MD CJCARPMLQ UGRF RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB. 3GLAC
F
mag
= q
e
vB = m
e
a , UC F?TC q
e
/ m
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= a / vB . #MLQGQRCLR PCQSJRQ ?PC M@R?GLCB SQGLE K?ELCRGA BCDJCARGML.
7F?R GQ QM GKNMPR?LR ?@MSR q
e
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, RFC P?RGM MD RFC CJCARPMLtQ AF?PEC RM GRQ K?QQ? 4FC T?JSC M@R?GLCB GQ
(30.5)
q
e
m
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= 1.7610
11
C/kg (electron).
4FGQ GQ ? FSEC LSK@CP, ?Q 4FMKQML PC?JGXCB, ?LB GR GKNJGCQ RF?R RFC CJCARPML F?Q ? TCPW QK?JJ K?QQ. )R U?Q ILMUL DPMK CJCARPMNJ?RGLE RF?R ?@MSR
10
8
C/kg GQ LCCBCB RM NJ?RC ? K?RCPG?J, ? D?ARMP MD ?@MSR 1000 JCQQ RF?L RFC AF?PEC NCP IGJMEP?K MD CJCARPMLQ. 4FMKQML UCLR ML RM BM RFC Q?KC
CVNCPGKCLR DMP NMQGRGTCJW AF?PECB FWBPMECL GMLQ (LMU ILMUL RM @C @?PC NPMRMLQ) ?LB DMSLB ? AF?PEC NCP IGJMEP?K ?@MSR 1000 RGKCQ QK?JJCP RF?L RF?R
DMP RFC CJCARPML, GKNJWGLE RF?R RFC NPMRML GQ ?@MSR 1000 RGKCQ KMPC K?QQGTC RF?L RFC CJCARPML. 4MB?W, UC ILMU KMPC NPCAGQCJW RF?R
(30.6)
q
p
m
p
= 9.5810
7
C/kg(proton),
UFCPC q
p
GQ RFC AF?PEC MD RFC NPMRML ?LB m
p
GQ GRQ K?QQ. 4FGQ P?RGM (RM DMSP QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ) GQ 1836 RGKCQ JCQQ AF?PEC NCP IGJMEP?K RF?L DMP RFC
CJCARPML. 3GLAC RFC AF?PECQ MD CJCARPMLQ ?LB NPMRMLQ ?PC COS?J GL K?ELGRSBC, RFGQ GKNJGCQ m
p
= 1836m
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.
4FMKQML NCPDMPKCB ? T?PGCRW MD CVNCPGKCLRQ SQGLE BGDDCPGLE E?QCQ GL BGQAF?PEC RS@CQ ?LB CKNJMWGLE MRFCP KCRFMBQ, QSAF ?Q RFC NFMRMCJCARPGA CDDCAR,
DMP DPCCGLE CJCARPMLQ DPMK ?RMKQ. (C ?JU?WQ DMSLB RFC Q?KC NPMNCPRGCQ DMP RFC CJCARPML, NPMTGLE GR RM @C ?L GLBCNCLBCLR N?PRGAJC. &MP FGQ UMPI, RFC
GKNMPR?LR NGCACQ MD UFGAF FC @CE?L RM NS@JGQF GL 1897, 4FMKQML U?Q ?U?PBCB RFC 1906 .M@CJ 0PGXC GL 0FWQGAQ. )L PCRPMQNCAR, GR GQ BGDDGASJR RM
?NNPCAG?RC FMU ?QRMLGQFGLE GR U?Q RM DGLB RF?R RFC ?RMK F?Q ? QS@QRPSARSPC. 4FMKQML FGKQCJD Q?GB, u)R U?Q MLJW UFCL ) U?Q AMLTGLACB RF?R RFC
CVNCPGKCLR JCDR LM CQA?NC DPMK GR RF?R ) NS@JGQFCB KW @CJGCD GL RFC CVGQRCLAC MD @MBGCQ QK?JJCP RF?L ?RMKQ.v
4FMKQML ?RRCKNRCB RM KC?QSPC RFC AF?PEC MD GLBGTGBS?J CJCARPMLQ, @SR FGQ KCRFMB AMSJB BCRCPKGLC GRQ AF?PEC MLJW RM RFC MPBCP MD K?ELGRSBC
CVNCARCB.
3GLAC &?P?B?WtQ CVNCPGKCLRQ UGRF CJCARPMNJ?RGLE GL RFC 1830Q, GR F?B @CCL ILMUL RF?R ?@MSR 100,000 # NCP KMJC U?Q LCCBCB RM NJ?RC QGLEJW GMLGXCB
GMLQ. $GTGBGLE RFGQ @W RFC LSK@CP MD GMLQ NCP KMJC (RF?R GQ, @W !TME?BPMtQ LSK@CP), UFGAF U?Q ?NNPMVGK?RCJW ILMUL, RFC AF?PEC NCP GML U?Q
A?JASJ?RCB RM @C ?@MSR 1.610
19
C, AJMQC RM RFC ?ARS?J T?JSC.
!L !KCPGA?L NFWQGAGQR, 2M@CPR -GJJGI?L (1868q1953) (QCC F?=KH; 30.8), BCAGBCB RM GKNPMTC SNML 4FMKQMLtQ CVNCPGKCLR DMP KC?QSPGLE q
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CTCLRS?JJW DMPACB RM RPW ?LMRFCP ?NNPM?AF, UFGAF GQ LMU ? AJ?QQGA CVNCPGKCLR NCPDMPKCB @W QRSBCLRQ. 4FC -GJJGI?L MGJ BPMN CVNCPGKCLR GQ QFMUL GL
F?=KH; 30.9.
F?=KH; 30.8 2M@CPR -GJJGI?L (APCBGR: 5LILMUL !SRFMP, TG? 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
#(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3 1061
F?=KH; 30.9 4FC -GJJGI?L MGJ BPMN CVNCPGKCLR NPMBSACB RFC DGPQR ?AASP?RC BGPCAR KC?QSPCKCLR MD RFC AF?PEC ML CJCARPMLQ, MLC MD RFC KMQR DSLB?KCLR?J AMLQR?LRQ GL L?RSPC. &GLC
BPMNQ MD MGJ @CAMKC AF?PECB UFCL QNP?WCB. 4FCGP KMTCKCLR GQ M@QCPTCB @CRUCCL KCR?J NJ?RCQ UGRF ? NMRCLRG?J ?NNJGCB RM MNNMQC RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC. 4FC @?J?LAC MD
EP?TGR?RGML?J ?LB CJCARPGA DMPACQ ?JJMUQ RFC A?JASJ?RGML MD RFC AF?PEC ML ? BPMN. 4FC AF?PEC GQ DMSLB RM @C OS?LRGXCB GL SLGRQ MD 1.610
19
C, RFSQ BCRCPKGLGLE BGPCARJW
RFC AF?PEC MD RFC CVACQQ ?LB KGQQGLE CJCARPMLQ ML RFC MGJ BPMNQ.
)L RFC -GJJGI?L MGJ BPMN CVNCPGKCLR, DGLC BPMNQ MD MGJ ?PC QNP?WCB DPMK ?L ?RMKGXCP. 3MKC MD RFCQC ?PC AF?PECB @W RFC NPMACQQ ?LB A?L RFCL @C
QSQNCLBCB @CRUCCL KCR?J NJ?RCQ @W ? TMJR?EC @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ. )L RFGQ QGRS?RGML, RFC UCGEFR MD RFC BPMN GQ @?J?LACB @W RFC CJCARPGA DMPAC:
(30.7) m
drop
g = q
e
E
4FC CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ NPMBSACB @W RFC ?NNJGCB TMJR?EC, FCLAC, E = V / d , ?LB V GQ ?BHSQRCB RM HSQR @?J?LAC RFC BPMNtQ UCGEFR. 4FC BPMNQ A?L @C QCCL
?Q NMGLRQ MD PCDJCARCB JGEFR SQGLE ? KGAPMQAMNC, @SR RFCW ?PC RMM QK?JJ RM BGPCARJW KC?QSPC RFCGP QGXC ?LB K?QQ. 4FC K?QQ MD RFC BPMN GQ BCRCPKGLCB @W
M@QCPTGLE FMU D?QR GR D?JJQ UFCL RFC TMJR?EC GQ RSPLCB MDD. 3GLAC ?GP PCQGQR?LAC GQ TCPW QGELGDGA?LR DMP RFCQC QS@KGAPMQAMNGA BPMNQ, RFC KMPC K?QQGTC
BPMNQ D?JJ D?QRCP RF?L RFC JCQQ K?QQGTC, ?LB QMNFGQRGA?RCB QCBGKCLR?RGML A?JASJ?RGMLQ A?L PCTC?J RFCGP K?QQ. /GJ GQ SQCB P?RFCP RF?L U?RCP, @CA?SQC GR
BMCQ LMR PC?BGJW CT?NMP?RC, ?LB QM K?QQ GQ LC?PJW AMLQR?LR. /LAC RFC K?QQ MD RFC BPMN GQ ILMUL, RFC AF?PEC MD RFC CJCARPML GQ EGTCL @W PC?PP?LEGLE
RFC NPCTGMSQ COS?RGML:
(30.8)
q =
m
drop
g
E
=
m
drop
gd
V
,
UFCPC d GQ RFC QCN?P?RGML MD RFC NJ?RCQ ?LB V GQ RFC TMJR?EC RF?R FMJBQ RFC BPMN KMRGMLJCQQ. (4FC Q?KC BPMN A?L @C M@QCPTCB DMP QCTCP?J FMSPQ RM
QCC RF?R GR PC?JJW GQ KMRGMLJCQQ.) "W 1913 -GJJGI?L F?B KC?QSPCB RFC AF?PEC MD RFC CJCARPML q
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RM ?L ?AASP?AW MD 1%, ?LB FC GKNPMTCB RFGQ @W ? D?ARMP
MD 10 UGRFGL ? DCU WC?PQ RM ? T?JSC MD 1.6010
19
C. (C ?JQM M@QCPTCB RF?R ?JJ AF?PECQ UCPC KSJRGNJCQ MD RFC @?QGA CJCARPML AF?PEC ?LB RF?R
QSBBCL AF?LECQ AMSJB MAASP GL UFGAF CJCARPMLQ UCPC ?BBCB MP PCKMTCB DPMK RFC BPMNQ. &MP RFGQ TCPW DSLB?KCLR?J BGPCAR KC?QSPCKCLR MD q
e
?LB DMP
FGQ QRSBGCQ MD RFC NFMRMCJCARPGA CDDCAR, -GJJGI?L U?Q ?U?PBCB RFC 1923 .M@CJ 0PGXC GL 0FWQGAQ.
7GRF RFC AF?PEC MD RFC CJCARPML ILMUL ?LB RFC AF?PEC-RM-K?QQ P?RGM ILMUL, RFC CJCARPMLtQ K?QQ A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB. )R GQ
(30.9)
m =
q
e
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m
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.
(30.10)
m
e
=
1.6010
19
C
1.7610
11
C/kg
MP
(30.11)
m
e
= 9.1110
31
kg (electrons mass),
UFCPC RFC PMSLB-MDD CPPMPQ F?TC @CCL AMPPCARCB. 4FC K?QQ MD RFC CJCARPML F?Q @CCL TCPGDGCB GL K?LW QS@QCOSCLR CVNCPGKCLRQ ?LB GQ LMU ILMUL RM ?L
?AASP?AW MD @CRRCP RF?L MLC N?PR GL MLC KGJJGML. )R GQ ?L GLAPCBG@JW QK?JJ K?QQ ?LB PCK?GLQ RFC QK?JJCQR ILMUL K?QQ MD ?LW N?PRGAJC RF?R F?Q K?QQ.
(3MKC N?PRGAJCQ, QSAF ?Q NFMRMLQ, ?PC K?QQJCQQ ?LB A?LLMR @C @PMSEFR RM PCQR, @SR RP?TCJ ?R RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR.) ! QGKGJ?P A?JASJ?RGML EGTCQ RFC K?QQCQ
MD MRFCP N?PRGAJCQ, GLAJSBGLE RFC NPMRML. 4M RFPCC BGEGRQ, RFC K?QQ MD RFC NPMRML GQ LMU ILMUL RM @C
(30.12)
m
p
= 1.6710
27
kg (protons mass),
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?RMKQ, RFC CJCARPML, ?LB DSPRFCP RM QFMU RF?R GR F?B MLJW ? RGLW DP?ARGML MD RFC K?QQ MD ?L ?RMK. 4FC LSAJCSQ MD ?L ?RMK AMLR?GLQ KMQR MD GRQ K?QQ, ?LB
RFC L?RSPC MD RFC LSAJCSQ U?Q AMKNJCRCJW SL?LRGAGN?RCB.
!LMRFCP GKNMPR?LR AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MD OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ U?Q ?JQM @CEGLLGLE RM CKCPEC. !JJ CJCARPMLQ ?PC GBCLRGA?J RM MLC ?LMRFCP. 4FC AF?PEC ?LB
K?QQ MD CJCARPMLQ ?PC LMR ?TCP?EC T?JSCQ; P?RFCP, RFCW ?PC SLGOSC T?JSCQ RF?R ?JJ CJCARPMLQ F?TC. 4FGQ GQ RPSC MD MRFCP DSLB?KCLR?J CLRGRGCQ ?R RFC
QS@KGAPMQAMNGA JCTCJ. !JJ NPMRMLQ ?PC GBCLRGA?J RM MLC ?LMRFCP, ?LB QM ML.
1062 #(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3
4FC .SAJCSQ
(CPC, UC CV?KGLC RFC DGPQR BGPCAR CTGBCLAC MD RFC QGXC ?LB K?QQ MD RFC LSAJCSQ. )L J?RCP AF?NRCPQ, UC UGJJ CV?KGLC K?LW MRFCP ?QNCARQ MD LSAJC?P
NFWQGAQ, @SR RFC @?QGA GLDMPK?RGML ML LSAJC?P QGXC ?LB K?QQ GQ QM GKNMPR?LR RM SLBCPQR?LBGLE RFC ?RMK RF?R UC AMLQGBCP GR FCPC.
.SAJC?P P?BGM?ARGTGRW U?Q BGQAMTCPCB GL 1896, ?LB GR U?Q QMML RFC QS@HCAR MD GLRCLQC QRSBW @W ? LSK@CP MD RFC @CQR QAGCLRGQRQ GL RFC UMPJB. !KMLE
RFCK U?Q .CU :C?J?LBCP ,MPB %PLCQR 2SRFCPDMPB, UFM K?BC LSKCPMSQ DSLB?KCLR?J BGQAMTCPGCQ ?LB C?PLCB RFC RGRJC MD uD?RFCP MD LSAJC?P NFWQGAQ.v
"MPL GL .CJQML, 2SRFCPDMPB BGB FGQ NMQREP?BS?RC QRSBGCQ ?R RFC #?TCLBGQF ,?@MP?RMPGCQ GL %LEJ?LB @CDMPC R?IGLE SN ? NMQGRGML ?R -A'GJJ 5LGTCPQGRW GL
#?L?B? UFCPC FC BGB RFC UMPI RF?R C?PLCB FGK ? .M@CJ 0PGXC GL #FCKGQRPW GL 1908. )L RFC ?PC? MD ?RMKGA ?LB LSAJC?P NFWQGAQ, RFCPC GQ KSAF MTCPJ?N
@CRUCCL AFCKGQRPW ?LB NFWQGAQ, UGRF NFWQGAQ NPMTGBGLE RFC DSLB?KCLR?J CL?@JGLE RFCMPGCQ. (C PCRSPLCB RM %LEJ?LB GL J?RCP WC?PQ ?LB F?B QGV DSRSPC
.M@CJ 0PGXC UGLLCPQ ?Q QRSBCLRQ. 2SRFCPDMPB SQCB LSAJC?P P?BG?RGML RM BGPCARJW CV?KGLC RFC QGXC ?LB K?QQ MD RFC ?RMKGA LSAJCSQ. 4FC CVNCPGKCLR FC
BCTGQCB GQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 30.10. ! P?BGM?ARGTC QMSPAC RF?R CKGRQ ?JNF? P?BG?RGML U?Q NJ?ACB GL ? JC?B AMLR?GLCP UGRF ? FMJC GL MLC QGBC RM NPMBSAC ?
@C?K MD ?JNF? N?PRGAJCQ, UFGAF ?PC ? RWNC MD GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML CHCARCB @W RFC LSAJCG MD ? P?BGM?ARGTC QMSPAC. ! RFGL EMJB DMGJ U?Q NJ?ACB GL RFC @C?K,
?LB RFC QA?RRCPGLE MD RFC ?JNF? N?PRGAJCQ U?Q M@QCPTCB @W RFC EJMU RFCW A?SQCB UFCL RFCW QRPSAI ? NFMQNFMP QAPCCL.
F?=KH; 30.10 2SRFCPDMPBtQ CVNCPGKCLR E?TC BGPCAR CTGBCLAC DMP RFC QGXC ?LB K?QQ MD RFC LSAJCSQ @W QA?RRCPGLE ?JNF? N?PRGAJCQ DPMK ? RFGL EMJB DMGJ. !JNF? N?PRGAJCQ UGRF CLCPEGCQ
MD ?@MSR 5 MeV ?PC CKGRRCB DPMK ? P?BGM?ARGTC QMSPAC (UFGAF GQ ? QK?JJ KCR?J AMLR?GLCP GL UFGAF ? QNCAGDGA ?KMSLR MD ? P?BGM?ARGTC K?RCPG?J GQ QC?JCB), ?PC AMJJGK?RCB GLRM ?
@C?K, ?LB D?JJ SNML RFC DMGJ. 4FC LSK@CP MD N?PRGAJCQ RF?R NCLCRP?RC RFC DMGJ MP QA?RRCP RM T?PGMSQ ?LEJCQ GLBGA?RCQ RF?R EMJB LSAJCG ?PC TCPW QK?JJ ?LB AMLR?GL LC?PJW ?JJ MD RFC
EMJB ?RMKtQ K?QQ. 4FGQ GQ N?PRGASJ?PJW GLBGA?RCB @W RFC ?JNF? N?PRGAJCQ RF?R QA?RRCP RM TCPW J?PEC ?LEJCQ, KSAF JGIC ? QMAACP @?JJ @MSLAGLE MDD ? EM?JGCtQ FC?B.
!JNF? N?PRGAJCQ UCPC ILMUL RM @C RFC BMS@JW AF?PECB NMQGRGTC LSAJCG MD FCJGSK ?RMKQ RF?R F?B IGLCRGA CLCPEGCQ ML RFC MPBCP MD 5 MeV UFCL CKGRRCB
GL LSAJC?P BCA?W, UFGAF GQ RFC BGQGLRCEP?RGML MD RFC LSAJCSQ MD ?L SLQR?@JC LSAJGBC @W RFC QNMLR?LCMSQ CKGQQGML MD AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ. 4FCQC N?PRGAJCQ
GLRCP?AR UGRF K?RRCP KMQRJW TG? RFC #MSJMK@ DMPAC, ?LB RFC K?LLCP GL UFGAF RFCW QA?RRCP DPMK LSAJCG A?L PCTC?J LSAJC?P QGXC ?LB K?QQ. 4FGQ GQ
?L?JMEMSQ RM M@QCPTGLE FMU ? @MUJGLE @?JJ GQ QA?RRCPCB @W ?L M@HCAR WMS A?LLMR QCC BGPCARJW. "CA?SQC RFC ?JNF? N?PRGAJCtQ CLCPEW GQ QM J?PEC
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DMGJ KSAF JGIC ? QSNCPQMLGA @MUJGLE @?JJ UMSJB AP?QF RFPMSEF ? DCU BMXCL PMUQ MD @MUJGLE NGLQ. 4FMKQML F?B CLTGQGMLCB RFC ?RMK RM @C ? QK?JJ
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BCDJCARGMLQ GL QSAF ? KMBCJ. )LQRC?B, 2SRFCPDMPB ?LB FGQ AMJJ?@MP?RMPQ DMSLB RF?R ?JNF? N?PRGAJCQ MAA?QGML?JJW UCPC QA?RRCPCB RM J?PEC ?LEJCQ, QMKC
CTCL @?AI GL RFC BGPCARGML DPMK UFGAF RFCW A?KC! $CR?GJCB ?L?JWQGQ SQGLE AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK ?LB CLCPEWrN?PRGASJ?PJW MD RFC QK?JJ LSK@CP
RF?R A?KC QRP?GEFR @?AIrGKNJGCB RF?R EMJB LSAJCG ?PC TCPW QK?JJ AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC QGXC MD ? EMJB ?RMK, AMLR?GL ?JKMQR ?JJ MD RFC ?RMKtQ K?QQ, ?LB ?PC
RGEFRJW @MSLB. 3GLAC RFC EMJB LSAJCSQ GQ QCTCP?J RGKCQ KMPC K?QQGTC RF?L RFC ?JNF? N?PRGAJC, ? FC?B-ML AMJJGQGML UMSJB QA?RRCP RFC ?JNF? N?PRGAJC
QRP?GEFR @?AI RMU?PB RFC QMSPAC. )L ?BBGRGML, RFC QK?JJCP RFC LSAJCSQ, RFC DCUCP ?JNF? N?PRGAJCQ RF?R UMSJB FGR MLC FC?B ML.
!JRFMSEF RFC PCQSJRQ MD RFC CVNCPGKCLR UCPC NS@JGQFCB @W FGQ AMJJC?ESCQ GL 1909, GR RMMI 2SRFCPDMPB RUM WC?PQ RM AMLTGLAC FGKQCJD MD RFCGP KC?LGLE.
,GIC 4FMKQML @CDMPC FGK, 2SRFCPDMPB U?Q PCJSAR?LR RM ?AACNR QSAF P?BGA?J PCQSJRQ. .?RSPC ML ? QK?JJ QA?JC GQ QM SLJGIC MSP AJ?QQGA?J UMPJB RF?R CTCL
RFMQC ?R RFC DMPCDPMLR MD BGQAMTCPW ?PC QMKCRGKCQ QSPNPGQCB. 2SRFCPDMPB J?RCP UPMRC: u)R U?Q ?JKMQR ?Q GLAPCBG@JC ?Q GD WMS DGPCB ? 15-GLAF QFCJJ ?R ?
NGCAC MD RGQQSC N?NCP ?LB GR A?KC @?AI ?LB FGR WMS. /L AMLQGBCP?RGML, ) PC?JGXCB RF?R RFGQ QA?RRCPGLE @?AIU?PBQ ... ;KC?LR= ... RFC EPC?RCQR N?PR MD RFC
K?QQ MD RFC ?RMK U?Q AMLACLRP?RCB GL ? RGLW LSAJCSQ.v )L 1911, 2SRFCPDMPB NS@JGQFCB FGQ ?L?JWQGQ RMECRFCP UGRF ? NPMNMQCB KMBCJ MD RFC ?RMK. 4FC
QGXC MD RFC LSAJCSQ U?Q BCRCPKGLCB RM @C ?@MSR 10
15
m, MP 100,000 RGKCQ QK?JJCP RF?L RFC ?RMK. 4FGQ GKNJGCQ ? FSEC BCLQGRW, ML RFC MPBCP MD
10
15
g/cm
3
, T?QRJW SLJGIC ?LW K?APMQAMNGA K?RRCP. !JQM GKNJGCB GQ RFC CVGQRCLAC MD NPCTGMSQJW SLILMUL LSAJC?P DMPACQ RM AMSLRCP?AR RFC FSEC
PCNSJQGTC #MSJMK@ DMPACQ ?KMLE RFC NMQGRGTC AF?PECQ GL RFC LSAJCSQ. (SEC DMPACQ UMSJB ?JQM @C AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC J?PEC CLCPEGCQ CKGRRCB GL LSAJC?P
P?BG?RGML.
4FC QK?JJ QGXC MD RFC LSAJCSQ ?JQM GKNJGCQ RF?R RFC ?RMK GQ KMQRJW CKNRW GLQGBC. )L D?AR, GL 2SRFCPDMPBtQ CVNCPGKCLR, KMQR ?JNF?Q UCLR QRP?GEFR RFPMSEF
RFC EMJB DMGJ UGRF TCPW JGRRJC QA?RRCPGLE, QGLAC CJCARPMLQ F?TC QSAF QK?JJ K?QQCQ ?LB QGLAC RFC ?RMK U?Q KMQRJW CKNRW UGRF LMRFGLE DMP RFC ?JNF? RM FGR.
4FCPC UCPC ?JPC?BW FGLRQ MD RFGQ ?R RFC RGKC 2SRFCPDMPB NCPDMPKCB FGQ CVNCPGKCLRQ, QGLAC CLCPECRGA CJCARPMLQ F?B @CCL M@QCPTCB RM NCLCRP?RC RFGL DMGJQ
KMPC C?QGJW RF?L CVNCARCB. F?=KH; 30.11 QFMUQ ? QAFCK?RGA MD RFC ?RMKQ GL ? RFGL DMGJ UGRF AGPAJCQ PCNPCQCLRGLE RFC QGXC MD RFC ?RMKQ (?@MSR
10
10
m) ?LB BMRQ PCNPCQCLRGLE RFC LSAJCG. (4FC BMRQ ?PC LMR RM QA?JCrGD RFCW UCPC, WMS UMSJB LCCB ? KGAPMQAMNC RM QCC RFCK.) -MQR ?JNF?
N?PRGAJCQ KGQQ RFC QK?JJ LSAJCG ?LB ?PC MLJW QJGEFRJW QA?RRCPCB @W CJCARPMLQ. /AA?QGML?JJW, (?@MSR MLAC GL 8000 RGKCQ GL 2SRFCPDMPBtQ CVNCPGKCLR), ?L
?JNF? FGRQ ? LSAJCSQ FC?B-ML ?LB GQ QA?RRCPCB QRP?GEFR @?AIU?PB.
#(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3 1063
F?=KH; 30.11 !L CVN?LBCB TGCU MD RFC ?RMKQ GL RFC EMJB DMGJ GL 2SRFCPDMPBtQ CVNCPGKCLR. #GPAJCQ PCNPCQCLR RFC ?RMKQ (?@MSR 10
10
m GL BG?KCRCP), UFGJC RFC BMRQ PCNPCQCLR
RFC LSAJCG (?@MSR 10
15
m GL BG?KCRCP). 4M @C TGQG@JC, RFC BMRQ ?PC KSAF J?PECP RF?L QA?JC. -MQR ?JNF? N?PRGAJCQ AP?QF RFPMSEF @SR ?PC PCJ?RGTCJW SL?DDCARCB @CA?SQC MD RFCGP
FGEF CLCPEW ?LB RFC CJCARPMLtQ QK?JJ K?QQ. 3MKC, FMUCTCP, FC?B QRP?GEFR RMU?PB ? LSAJCSQ ?LB ?PC QA?RRCPCB QRP?GEFR @?AI. ! BCR?GJCB ?L?JWQGQ EGTCQ RFC QGXC ?LB K?QQ MD RFC
LSAJCSQ.
"?QCB ML RFC QGXC ?LB K?QQ MD RFC LSAJCSQ PCTC?JCB @W FGQ CVNCPGKCLR, ?Q UCJJ ?Q RFC K?QQ MD CJCARPMLQ, 2SRFCPDMPB NPMNMQCB RFC FB7D;J7HO CE:;B
E< J>; 7JEC. 4FC NJ?LCR?PW KMBCJ MD RFC ?RMK NGARSPCQ JMU-K?QQ CJCARPMLQ MP@GRGLE ? J?PEC-K?QQ LSAJCSQ. 4FC QGXCQ MD RFC CJCARPML MP@GRQ ?PC J?PEC
AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC QGXC MD RFC LSAJCSQ, UGRF KMQRJW T?ASSK GLQGBC RFC ?RMK. 4FGQ NGARSPC GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM FMU JMU-K?QQ NJ?LCRQ GL MSP QMJ?P QWQRCK
MP@GR RFC J?PEC-K?QQ 3SL ?R BGQR?LACQ J?PEC AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC QGXC MD RFC QSL. )L RFC ?RMK, RFC ?RRP?ARGTC #MSJMK@ DMPAC GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM EP?TGR?RGML GL
RFC NJ?LCR?PW QWQRCK. (3CC F?=KH; 30.12.) .MRC RF?R ? KMBCJ MP KCLR?J NGARSPC GQ LCCBCB RM CVNJ?GL CVNCPGKCLR?J PCQSJRQ, QGLAC RFC ?RMK GQ RMM QK?JJ
RM @C BGPCARJW M@QCPTCB UGRF TGQG@JC JGEFR.
F?=KH; 30.12 2SRFCPDMPBtQ NJ?LCR?PW KMBCJ MD RFC ?RMK GLAMPNMP?RCQ RFC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD RFC LSAJCSQ, CJCARPMLQ, ?LB RFC QGXC MD RFC ?RMK. 4FGQ KMBCJ U?Q RFC DGPQR RM
PCAMELGXC RFC QRPSARSPC MD ?RMKQ, GL UFGAF JMU-K?QQ CJCARPMLQ MP@GR ? TCPW QK?JJ, K?QQGTC LSAJCSQ GL MP@GRQ KSAF J?PECP RF?L RFC LSAJCSQ. 4FC ?RMK GQ KMQRJW CKNRW ?LB GQ
?L?JMEMSQ RM MSP NJ?LCR?PW QWQRCK.
2SRFCPDMPBtQ NJ?LCR?PW KMBCJ MD RFC ?RMK U?Q APSAG?J RM SLBCPQR?LBGLE RFC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD ?RMKQ, ?LB RFCGP GLRCP?ARGMLQ ?LB CLCPEGCQ, ?Q UC QF?JJ
QCC GL RFC LCVR DCU QCARGMLQ. !JQM, GR U?Q ?L GLBGA?RGML MD FMU BGDDCPCLR L?RSPC GQ DPMK RFC D?KGJG?P AJ?QQGA?J UMPJB ML RFC QK?JJ, OS?LRSK KCAF?LGA?J
QA?JC. 4FC BGQAMTCPW MD ? QS@QRPSARSPC RM ?JJ K?RRCP GL RFC DMPK MD ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ U?Q LMU @CGLE R?ICL ? QRCN DSPRFCP RM PCTC?J ? QS@QRPSARSPC MD
?RMKQ RF?R U?Q QGKNJCP RF?L RFC 92 CJCKCLRQ RFCL ILMUL. 7C F?TC AMLRGLSCB RM QC?PAF DMP BCCNCP QS@QRPSARSPCQ, QSAF ?Q RFMQC GLQGBC RFC LSAJCSQ,
UGRF QMKC QSAACQQ. )L J?RCP AF?NRCPQ, UC UGJJ DMJJMU RFGQ OSCQR GL RFC BGQASQQGML MD OS?PIQ ?LB MRFCP CJCKCLR?PW N?PRGAJCQ, ?LB UC UGJJ JMMI ?R RFC
BGPCARGML RFC QC?PAF QCCKQ LMU RM @C FC?BGLE.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: 2SRFCPDMPB 3A?RRCPGLE
(MU BGB 2SRFCPDMPB DGESPC MSR RFC QRPSARSPC MD RFC ?RMK UGRFMSR @CGLE ?@JC RM QCC GR? 3GKSJ?RC RFC D?KMSQ CVNCPGKCLR GL UFGAF FC BGQNPMTCB RFC
0JSK 0SBBGLE KMBCJ MD RFC ?RMK @W M@QCPTGLE ?JNF? N?PRGAJCQ @MSLAGLE MDD ?RMKQ ?LB BCRCPKGLGLE RF?R RFCW KSQR F?TC ? QK?JJ AMPC.
F?=KH; 30.13 +KJ>;H<EH: ,97JJ;H?D= (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42592/1.6/HKJ>;H<EH:-I97JJ;H?D=6;D.@7H)
30.3 BE>HXI ->;EHO E< J>; !O:HE=;D AJEC
4FC EPC?R $?LGQF NFWQGAGQR .GCJQ "MFP (1885q1962) K?BC GKKCBG?RC SQC MD 2SRFCPDMPBtQ NJ?LCR?PW KMBCJ MD RFC ?RMK. (F?=KH; 30.14). "MFP @CA?KC
AMLTGLACB MD GRQ T?JGBGRW ?LB QNCLR N?PR MD 1912 ?R 2SRFCPDMPBtQ J?@MP?RMPW. )L 1913, ?DRCP PCRSPLGLE RM #MNCLF?ECL, FC @CE?L NS@JGQFGLE FGQ RFCMPW MD
RFC QGKNJCQR ?RMK, FWBPMECL, @?QCB ML RFC NJ?LCR?PW KMBCJ MD RFC ?RMK. &MP BCA?BCQ, K?LW OSCQRGMLQ F?B @CCL ?QICB ?@MSR ?RMKGA AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ.
&PMK RFCGP QGXCQ RM RFCGP QNCARP?, KSAF U?Q ILMUL ?@MSR ?RMKQ, @SR JGRRJC F?B @CCL CVNJ?GLCB GL RCPKQ MD RFC J?UQ MD NFWQGAQ. "MFPtQ RFCMPW CVNJ?GLCB
RFC ?RMKGA QNCARPSK MD FWBPMECL ?LB CQR?@JGQFCB LCU ?LB @PM?BJW ?NNJGA?@JC NPGLAGNJCQ GL OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ.
1064 #(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3
F?=KH; 30.14 .GCJQ "MFP, $?LGQF NFWQGAGQR, SQCB RFC NJ?LCR?PW KMBCJ MD RFC ?RMK RM CVNJ?GL RFC ?RMKGA QNCARPSK ?LB QGXC MD RFC FWBPMECL ?RMK. (GQ K?LW AMLRPG@SRGMLQ RM RFC
BCTCJMNKCLR MD ?RMKGA NFWQGAQ ?LB OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ, FGQ NCPQML?J GLDJSCLAC ML K?LW QRSBCLRQ ?LB AMJJC?ESCQ, ?LB FGQ NCPQML?J GLRCEPGRW, CQNCAG?JJW GL RFC D?AC MD .?XG
MNNPCQQGML, C?PLCB FGK ? NPMKGLCLR NJ?AC GL FGQRMPW. (APCBGR: 5LILMUL !SRFMP, TG? 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
-WQRCPGCQ MD !RMKGA 3NCARP?
!Q LMRCB GL *K7DJ?P7J?ED E< ED;H=O , RFC CLCPEGCQ MD QMKC QK?JJ QWQRCKQ ?PC OS?LRGXCB. !RMKGA ?LB KMJCASJ?P CKGQQGML ?LB ?@QMPNRGML QNCARP?
F?TC @CCL ILMUL DMP MTCP ? ACLRSPW RM @C BGQAPCRC (MP OS?LRGXCB). (3CC F?=KH; 30.15.) -?VUCJJ ?LB MRFCPQ F?B PC?JGXCB RF?R RFCPC KSQR @C ?
AMLLCARGML @CRUCCL RFC QNCARPSK MD ?L ?RMK ?LB GRQ QRPSARSPC, QMKCRFGLE JGIC RFC PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAGCQ MD KSQGA?J GLQRPSKCLRQ. "SR, GL QNGRC MD WC?PQ
MD CDDMPRQ @W K?LW EPC?R KGLBQ, LM MLC F?B ? UMPI?@JC RFCMPW. ()R U?Q ? PSLLGLE HMIC RF?R ?LW RFCMPW MD ?RMKGA ?LB KMJCASJ?P QNCARP? AMSJB @C
BCQRPMWCB @W RFPMUGLE ? @MMI MD B?R? ?R GR, QM AMKNJCV UCPC RFC QNCARP?.) &MJJMUGLE %GLQRCGLtQ NPMNMQ?J MD NFMRMLQ UGRF OS?LRGXCB CLCPEGCQ BGPCARJW
NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFCGP U?TCJCLERFQ, GR @CA?KC CTCL KMPC CTGBCLR RF?R CJCARPMLQ GL ?RMKQ A?L CVGQR MLJW GL BGQAPCRC MP@GRQ.
F?=KH; 30.15 0?PR (?) QFMUQ, DPMK JCDR RM PGEFR, ? BGQAF?PEC RS@C, QJGR, ?LB BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE NPMBSAGLE ? JGLC QNCARPSK. 0?PR (@) QFMUQ RFC CKGQQGML JGLC QNCARPSK DMP GPML. 4FC
BGQAPCRC JGLCQ GKNJW OS?LRGXCB CLCPEW QR?RCQ DMP RFC ?RMKQ RF?R NPMBSAC RFCK. 4FC JGLC QNCARPSK DMP C?AF CJCKCLR GQ SLGOSC, NPMTGBGLE ? NMUCPDSJ ?LB KSAF SQCB ?L?JWRGA?J
RMMJ, ?LB K?LW JGLC QNCARP? UCPC UCJJ ILMUL DMP K?LW WC?PQ @CDMPC RFCW AMSJB @C CVNJ?GLCB UGRF NFWQGAQ. (APCBGR DMP (@): 9RRPGSK91, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
)L QMKC A?QCQ, GR F?B @CCL NMQQG@JC RM BCTGQC DMPKSJ?Q RF?R BCQAPG@CB RFC CKGQQGML QNCARP?. !Q WMS KGEFR CVNCAR, RFC QGKNJCQR ?RMKrFWBPMECL, UGRF
GRQ QGLEJC CJCARPMLrF?Q ? PCJ?RGTCJW QGKNJC QNCARPSK. 4FC FWBPMECL QNCARPSK F?B @CCL M@QCPTCB GL RFC GLDP?PCB ()2), TGQG@JC, ?LB SJRP?TGMJCR (56), ?LB
QCTCP?J QCPGCQ MD QNCARP?J JGLCQ F?B @CCL M@QCPTCB. (3CC F?=KH; 30.16.) 4FCQC QCPGCQ ?PC L?KCB ?DRCP C?PJW PCQC?PAFCPQ UFM QRSBGCB RFCK GL
N?PRGASJ?P BCNRF.
4FC M@QCPTCB >O:HE=;D-IF;9JHKC M7L;B;D=J>I A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB SQGLE RFC DMJJMUGLE DMPKSJ?:
(30.13)
1
= R
1
n
f
2

1
n
i
2
,
UFCPC GQ RFC U?TCJCLERF MD RFC CKGRRCB %- P?BG?RGML ?LB R GQ RFC +O:8;H= 9EDIJ7DJ, BCRCPKGLCB @W RFC CVNCPGKCLR RM @C
(30.14)
R = 1.09710
7
/ m (or m
1
).
4FC AMLQR?LR n
f
GQ ? NMQGRGTC GLRCECP ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF ? QNCAGDGA QCPGCQ. &MP RFC ,WK?L QCPGCQ, n
f
= 1 ; DMP RFC "?JKCP QCPGCQ, n
f
= 2 ; DMP RFC
0?QAFCL QCPGCQ, n
f
= 3 ; ?LB QM ML. 4FC ,WK?L QCPGCQ GQ CLRGPCJW GL RFC 56, UFGJC N?PR MD RFC "?JKCP QCPGCQ GQ TGQG@JC UGRF RFC PCK?GLBCP 56. 4FC
0?QAFCL QCPGCQ ?LB ?JJ RFC PCQR ?PC CLRGPCJW )2. 4FCPC ?PC ?NN?PCLRJW ?L SLJGKGRCB LSK@CP MD QCPGCQ, ?JRFMSEF RFCW JGC NPMEPCQQGTCJW D?PRFCP GLRM RFC
GLDP?PCB ?LB @CAMKC BGDDGASJR RM M@QCPTC ?Q n
f
GLAPC?QCQ. 4FC AMLQR?LR n
i
GQ ? NMQGRGTC GLRCECP, @SR GR KSQR @C EPC?RCP RF?L n
f
. 4FSQ, DMP RFC "?JKCP
#(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3 1065
QCPGCQ, n
f
= 2 ?LB n
i
= 3, 4, 5, 6, ... . .MRC RF?R n
i
A?L ?NNPM?AF GLDGLGRW. 7FGJC RFC DMPKSJ? GL RFC U?TCJCLERFQ COS?RGML U?Q HSQR ? PCAGNC
BCQGELCB RM DGR B?R? ?LB U?Q LMR @?QCB ML NFWQGA?J NPGLAGNJCQ, GR BGB GKNJW ? BCCNCP KC?LGLE. "?JKCP DGPQR BCTGQCB RFC DMPKSJ? DMP FGQ QCPGCQ ?JMLC, ?LB
GR U?Q J?RCP DMSLB RM BCQAPG@C ?JJ RFC MRFCP QCPGCQ @W SQGLE BGDDCPCLR T?JSCQ MD n
f
. "MFP U?Q RFC DGPQR RM AMKNPCFCLB RFC BCCNCP KC?LGLE. !E?GL, UC
QCC RFC GLRCPNJ?W @CRUCCL CVNCPGKCLR ?LB RFCMPW GL NFWQGAQ. %VNCPGKCLR?JJW, RFC QNCARP? UCPC UCJJ CQR?@JGQFCB, ?L COS?RGML U?Q DMSLB RM DGR RFC
CVNCPGKCLR?J B?R?, @SR RFC RFCMPCRGA?J DMSLB?RGML U?Q KGQQGLE.
F?=KH; 30.16 ! QAFCK?RGA MD RFC FWBPMECL QNCARPSK QFMUQ QCTCP?J QCPGCQ L?KCB DMP RFMQC UFM AMLRPG@SRCB KMQR RM RFCGP BCRCPKGL?RGML. 0?PR MD RFC "?JKCP QCPGCQ GQ GL RFC
TGQG@JC QNCARPSK, UFGJC RFC ,WK?L QCPGCQ GQ CLRGPCJW GL RFC 56, ?LB RFC 0?QAFCL QCPGCQ ?LB MRFCPQ ?PC GL RFC )2. 6?JSCQ MD n
f
?LB n
i
?PC QFMUL DMP QMKC MD RFC JGLCQ.
EN7CFB; 30.1 C7B9KB7J?D= 07L; "DJ;H<;H;D9; E< 7 !O:HE=;D %?D;
7F?R GQ RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC QJGRQ MD ? EP?RGLE RF?R NPMBSACQ ? DGPQR-MPBCP K?VGKSK DMP RFC QCAMLB "?JKCP JGLC ?R ?L ?LEJC MD 15 ?
&MP ?L )LRCEP?RCB #MLACNR NPM@JCK, UC KSQR DGPQR GBCLRGDW RFC NFWQGA?J NPGLAGNJCQ GLTMJTCB. )L RFGQ CV?KNJC, UC LCCB RM ILMU (?) RFC U?TCJCLERF
MD JGEFR ?Q UCJJ ?Q (@) AMLBGRGMLQ DMP ?L GLRCPDCPCLAC K?VGKSK DMP RFC N?RRCPL DPMK ? BMS@JC QJGR. 0?PR (?) BC?JQ UGRF ? RMNGA MD RFC NPCQCLR AF?NRCP,
UFGJC N?PR (@) AMLQGBCPQ RFC U?TC GLRCPDCPCLAC K?RCPG?J MD 07L; (FJ?9I.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
!O:HE=;D IF;9JHKC M7L;B;D=J>. 4FC "?JKCP QCPGCQ PCOSGPCQ RF?R n
f
= 2 . 4FC DGPQR JGLC GL RFC QCPGCQ GQ R?ICL RM @C DMP n
i
= 3 , ?LB QM RFC
QCAMLB UMSJB F?TC n
i
= 4 .
4FC A?JASJ?RGML GQ ? QRP?GEFRDMPU?PB ?NNJGA?RGML MD RFC U?TCJCLERF COS?RGML. %LRCPGLE RFC BCRCPKGLCB T?JSCQ DMP n
f
?LB n
i
WGCJBQ
(30.15)
1
= R
1
n
f
2

1
n
i
2
1.09710
7
m
1
1
2
2

1
4
2
= 2.05710
6
m
1
.
)LTCPRGLE RM DGLB EGTCQ
(30.16)
=
1
2.05710
6
m
1
= 48610
9
m
= 486 nm.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (7)
4FGQ GQ GLBCCB RFC CVNCPGKCLR?JJW M@QCPTCB U?TCJCLERF, AMPPCQNMLBGLE RM RFC QCAMLB (@JSC-EPCCL) JGLC GL RFC "?JKCP QCPGCQ. -MPC GKNPCQQGTC GQ
RFC D?AR RF?R RFC Q?KC QGKNJC PCAGNC NPCBGARQ 4?? MD RFC FWBPMECL QNCARPSK JGLCQ, GLAJSBGLE LCU MLCQ M@QCPTCB GL QS@QCOSCLR CVNCPGKCLRQ. 7F?R
GQ L?RSPC RCJJGLE SQ?
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
DEK8B;-IB?J ?DJ;H<;H;D9; (07L; (FJ?9I). 4M M@R?GL AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC DMP ? BMS@JC QJGR, RFC N?RF JCLERF BGDDCPCLAC DPMK RUM QJGRQ KSQR @C ?L
GLRCEP?J KSJRGNJC MD RFC U?TCJCLERF. 4FGQ AMLBGRGML U?Q CVNPCQQCB @W RFC COS?RGML
(30.17)
d sin = m,
UFCPC d GQ RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL QJGRQ ?LB GQ RFC ?LEJC DPMK RFC MPGEGL?J BGPCARGML MD RFC @C?K. 4FC LSK@CP m GQ RFC MPBCP MD RFC
GLRCPDCPCLAC; m = 1 GL RFGQ CV?KNJC. 3MJTGLE DMP d ?LB CLRCPGLE ILMUL T?JSCQ WGCJBQ
(30.18)
d =
(1)(486 nm)
sin 15
= 1.8810
6
m.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (8)
4FGQ LSK@CP GQ QGKGJ?P RM RFMQC SQCB GL RFC GLRCPDCPCLAC CV?KNJCQ MD "DJHE:K9J?ED JE *K7DJKC )>OI?9I (?LB GQ AJMQC RM RFC QN?AGLE @CRUCCL
QJGRQ GL AMKKMLJW SQCB BGDDP?ARGML EJ?QQCQ).
1066 #(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3
"MFPtQ 3MJSRGML DMP (WBPMECL
"MFP U?Q ?@JC RM BCPGTC RFC DMPKSJ? DMP RFC FWBPMECL QNCARPSK SQGLE @?QGA NFWQGAQ, RFC NJ?LCR?PW KMBCJ MD RFC ?RMK, ?LB QMKC TCPW GKNMPR?LR LCU
NPMNMQ?JQ. (GQ DGPQR NPMNMQ?J GQ RF?R MLJW ACPR?GL MP@GRQ ?PC ?JJMUCB: UC Q?W RF?R G;8 BE5<GF B9 8?86GEBAF <A 4GB@F 4E8 DH4AG<M87. %?AF MP@GR F?Q ?
BGDDCPCLR CLCPEW, ?LB CJCARPMLQ A?L KMTC RM ? FGEFCP MP@GR @W ?@QMP@GLE CLCPEW ?LB BPMN RM ? JMUCP MP@GR @W CKGRRGLE CLCPEW. )D RFC MP@GRQ ?PC
OS?LRGXCB, RFC ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW ?@QMP@CB MP CKGRRCB GQ ?JQM OS?LRGXCB, NPMBSAGLE BGQAPCRC QNCARP?. 0FMRML ?@QMPNRGML ?LB CKGQQGML ?PC ?KMLE RFC
NPGK?PW KCRFMBQ MD RP?LQDCPPGLE CLCPEW GLRM ?LB MSR MD ?RMKQ. 4FC CLCPEGCQ MD RFC NFMRMLQ ?PC OS?LRGXCB, ?LB RFCGP CLCPEW GQ CVNJ?GLCB ?Q @CGLE
COS?J RM RFC AF?LEC GL CLCPEW MD RFC CJCARPML UFCL GR KMTCQ DPMK MLC MP@GR RM ?LMRFCP. )L COS?RGML DMPK, RFGQ GQ
(30.19)
E = hf = E
i
E
f
.
(CPC, E GQ RFC AF?LEC GL CLCPEW @CRUCCL RFC GLGRG?J ?LB DGL?J MP@GRQ, ?LB hf GQ RFC CLCPEW MD RFC ?@QMP@CB MP CKGRRCB NFMRML. )R GQ OSGRC JMEGA?J (RF?R
GQ, CVNCARCB DPMK MSP CTCPWB?W CVNCPGCLAC) RF?R CLCPEW GQ GLTMJTCB GL AF?LEGLE MP@GRQ. ! @J?QR MD CLCPEW GQ PCOSGPCB DMP RFC QN?AC QFSRRJC, DMP CV?KNJC,
RM AJGK@ RM ? FGEFCP MP@GR. 7F?R GQ LMR CVNCARCB GQ RF?R ?RMKGA MP@GRQ QFMSJB @C OS?LRGXCB. 4FGQ GQ LMR M@QCPTCB DMP Q?RCJJGRCQ MP NJ?LCRQ, UFGAF A?L F?TC
?LW MP@GR EGTCL RFC NPMNCP CLCPEW. (3CC F?=KH; 30.17.)
F?=KH; 30.17 4FC NJ?LCR?PW KMBCJ MD RFC ?RMK, ?Q KMBGDGCB @W "MFP, F?Q RFC MP@GRQ MD RFC CJCARPMLQ OS?LRGXCB. /LJW ACPR?GL MP@GRQ ?PC ?JJMUCB, CVNJ?GLGLE UFW ?RMKGA QNCARP?
?PC BGQAPCRC (OS?LRGXCB). 4FC CLCPEW A?PPGCB ?U?W DPMK ?L ?RMK @W ? NFMRML AMKCQ DPMK RFC CJCARPML BPMNNGLE DPMK MLC ?JJMUCB MP@GR RM ?LMRFCP ?LB GQ RFSQ OS?LRGXCB. 4FGQ GQ
JGICUGQC RPSC DMP ?RMKGA ?@QMPNRGML MD NFMRMLQ.
F?=KH; 30.18 QFMUQ ?L ;D;H=O-B;L;B :?7=H7C, ? AMLTCLGCLR U?W RM BGQNJ?W CLCPEW QR?RCQ. )L RFC NPCQCLR BGQASQQGML, UC R?IC RFCQC RM @C RFC ?JJMUCB
CLCPEW JCTCJQ MD RFC CJCARPML. %LCPEW GQ NJMRRCB TCPRGA?JJW UGRF RFC JMUCQR MP EPMSLB QR?RC ?R RFC @MRRMK ?LB UGRF CVAGRCB QR?RCQ ?@MTC. 'GTCL RFC
CLCPEGCQ MD RFC JGLCQ GL ?L ?RMKGA QNCARPSK, GR GQ NMQQG@JC (?JRFMSEF QMKCRGKCQ TCPW BGDDGASJR) RM BCRCPKGLC RFC CLCPEW JCTCJQ MD ?L ?RMK. %LCPEW-JCTCJ
BG?EP?KQ ?PC SQCB DMP K?LW QWQRCKQ, GLAJSBGLE KMJCASJCQ ?LB LSAJCG. ! RFCMPW MD RFC ?RMK MP ?LW MRFCP QWQRCK KSQR NPCBGAR GRQ CLCPEGCQ @?QCB ML
RFC NFWQGAQ MD RFC QWQRCK.
F?=KH; 30.18 !L CLCPEW-JCTCJ BG?EP?K NJMRQ CLCPEW TCPRGA?JJW ?LB GQ SQCDSJ GL TGQS?JGXGLE RFC CLCPEW QR?RCQ MD ? QWQRCK ?LB RFC RP?LQGRGMLQ @CRUCCL RFCK. 4FGQ BG?EP?K GQ DMP
RFC FWBPMECL-?RMK CJCARPMLQ, QFMUGLE ? RP?LQGRGML @CRUCCL RUM MP@GRQ F?TGLE CLCPEGCQ E
4
?LB E
2
.
"MFP U?Q AJCTCP CLMSEF RM DGLB ? U?W RM A?JASJ?RC RFC CJCARPML MP@GR?J CLCPEGCQ GL FWBPMECL. 4FGQ U?Q ?L GKNMPR?LR DGPQR QRCN RF?R F?Q @CCL GKNPMTCB
SNML, @SR GR GQ UCJJ UMPRF PCNC?RGLE FCPC, @CA?SQC GR BMCQ AMPPCARJW BCQAPG@C K?LW AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD FWBPMECL. !QQSKGLE AGPASJ?P MP@GRQ, "MFP
NPMNMQCB RF?R RFC 7D=KB7H CEC;DJKC L E< 7D ;B;9JHED ?D ?JI EH8?J ?I GK7DJ?P;:, RF?R GQ, GR F?Q MLJW QNCAGDGA, BGQAPCRC T?JSCQ. 4FC T?JSC DMP L GQ
EGTCL @W RFC DMPKSJ?
#(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3 1067
(30.20)
L = m
e
vr
n
= n
h
2
(n = 1, 2, 3, ),
UFCPC L GQ RFC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK, m
e
GQ RFC CJCARPMLtQ K?QQ, r
n
GQ RFC P?BGSQ MD RFC n RF MP@GR, ?LB h GQ 0J?LAItQ AMLQR?LR. .MRC RF?R ?LESJ?P
KMKCLRSK GQ L = I. &MP ? QK?JJ M@HCAR ?R ? P?BGSQ r, I = mr
2
?LB = v / r , QM RF?R L =

mr
2
(v / r) = mvr . 1S?LRGX?RGML Q?WQ RF?R RFGQ

T?JSC MD mvr A?L MLJW @C COS?J RM h / 2, 2h / 2, 3h / 2 , CRA. !R RFC RGKC, "MFP FGKQCJD BGB LMR ILMU UFW ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK QFMSJB @C OS?LRGXCB, @SR
SQGLE RFGQ ?QQSKNRGML FC U?Q ?@JC RM A?JASJ?RC RFC CLCPEGCQ GL RFC FWBPMECL QNCARPSK, QMKCRFGLE LM MLC CJQC F?B BMLC ?R RFC RGKC.
&PMK "MFPtQ ?QQSKNRGMLQ, UC UGJJ LMU BCPGTC ? LSK@CP MD GKNMPR?LR NPMNCPRGCQ MD RFC FWBPMECL ?RMK DPMK RFC AJ?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ UC F?TC AMTCPCB GL
RFC RCVR. 7C QR?PR @W LMRGLE RFC ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC A?SQGLE RFC CJCARPML RM DMJJMU ? AGPASJ?P N?RF GQ QSNNJGCB @W RFC #MSJMK@ DMPAC. 4M @C KMPC ECLCP?J,
UC LMRC RF?R RFGQ ?L?JWQGQ GQ T?JGB DMP ?LW QGLEJC-CJCARPML ?RMK. 3M, GD ? LSAJCSQ F?Q Z NPMRMLQ ( Z = 1 DMP FWBPMECL, 2 DMP FCJGSK, CRA.) ?LB MLJW MLC
CJCARPML, RF?R ?RMK GQ A?JJCB ? >O:HE=;D-B?A; 7JEC. 4FC QNCARP? MD FWBPMECL-JGIC GMLQ ?PC QGKGJ?P RM FWBPMECL, @SR QFGDRCB RM FGEFCP CLCPEW @W RFC
EPC?RCP ?RRP?ARGTC DMPAC @CRUCCL RFC CJCARPML ?LB LSAJCSQ. 4FC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC GQ m
e
v
2
/ r
n
, UFGJC RFC #MSJMK@ DMPAC GQ
k
Zq
e
(q
e
) / r
n
2
. 4FC R?AGR ?QQSKNRGML FCPC GQ RF?R RFC LSAJCSQ GQ KMPC K?QQGTC RF?L RFC QR?RGML?PW CJCARPML, ?LB RFC CJCARPML MP@GRQ ?@MSR GR. 4FGQ GQ
AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC NJ?LCR?PW KMBCJ MD RFC ?RMK. %OS?RGLE RFCQC,
(30.21)
k
Zq
e
2
r
n
2
=
m
e
v
2
r
n
(Coulomb = centripetal).
!LESJ?P KMKCLRSK OS?LRGX?RGML GQ QR?RCB GL ?L C?PJGCP COS?RGML. 7C QMJTC RF?R COS?RGML DMP v , QS@QRGRSRC GR GLRM RFC ?@MTC, ?LB PC?PP?LEC RFC
CVNPCQQGML RM M@R?GL RFC P?BGSQ MD RFC MP@GR. 4FGQ WGCJBQ:
(30.22)
r
n
=
n
2
Z
a
B
, for allowed orbits(n = 1,2,3, ),
UFCPC a
B
GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC BE>H H7:?KI, QGLAC DMP RFC JMUCQR MP@GR (n = 1) ?LB DMP FWBPMECL (Z = 1) , r
1
= a
B
. )R GQ JCDR DMP RFGQ AF?NRCPtQ
0PM@JCKQ ?LB %VCPAGQCQ RM QFMU RF?R RFC "MFP P?BGSQ GQ
(30.23)
a
B
=
h
2
4
2
m
e
kq
e
2
= 0.52910
10
m.
4FCQC J?QR RUM COS?RGMLQ A?L @C SQCB RM A?JASJ?RC RFC H7:?? E< J>; 7BBEM;: (GK7DJ?P;:) ;B;9JHED EH8?JI ?D 7DO >O:HE=;D-B?A; 7JEC. )R GQ GKNPCQQGTC
RF?R RFC DMPKSJ? EGTCQ RFC AMPPCAR QGXC MD FWBPMECL, UFGAF GQ KC?QSPCB CVNCPGKCLR?JJW RM @C TCPW AJMQC RM RFC "MFP P?BGSQ. 4FC C?PJGCP COS?RGML ?JQM
RCJJQ SQ RF?R RFC MP@GR?J P?BGSQ GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM n
2
, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 30.19.
F?=KH; 30.19 4FC ?JJMUCB CJCARPML MP@GRQ GL FWBPMECL F?TC RFC P?BGG QFMUL. 4FCQC P?BGG UCPC DGPQR A?JASJ?RCB @W "MFP ?LB ?PC EGTCL @W RFC COS?RGML r
n
=
n
2
Z
a
B
. 4FC JMUCQR
MP@GR F?Q RFC CVNCPGKCLR?JJW TCPGDGCB BG?KCRCP MD ? FWBPMECL ?RMK.
4M ECR RFC CJCARPML MP@GR?J CLCPEGCQ, UC QR?PR @W LMRGLE RF?R RFC CJCARPML CLCPEW GQ RFC QSK MD GRQ IGLCRGA ?LB NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW:
(30.24) E
n
= KE + PE.
+GLCRGA CLCPEW GQ RFC D?KGJG?P KE = (1 / 2)m
e
v
2
, ?QQSKGLE RFC CJCARPML GQ LMR KMTGLE ?R PCJ?RGTGQRGA QNCCBQ. 0MRCLRG?J CLCPEW DMP RFC CJCARPML GQ
CJCARPGA?J, MP PE = q
e
V , UFCPC V GQ RFC NMRCLRG?J BSC RM RFC LSAJCSQ, UFGAF JMMIQ JGIC ? NMGLR AF?PEC. 4FC LSAJCSQ F?Q ? NMQGRGTC AF?PEC Zq
e
;
1068 #(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3
RFSQ, V = kZq
e
/ r
n
, PCA?JJGLE ?L C?PJGCP COS?RGML DMP RFC NMRCLRG?J BSC RM ? NMGLR AF?PEC. 3GLAC RFC CJCARPMLtQ AF?PEC GQ LCE?RGTC, UC QCC RF?R
PE = kZq
e
/ r
n
. %LRCPGLE RFC CVNPCQQGMLQ DMP KE ?LB PE , UC DGLB
(30.25)
E
n
=
1
2
m
e
v
2
k
Zq
e
2
r
n
.
.MU UC QS@QRGRSRC r
n
?LB v DPMK C?PJGCP COS?RGMLQ GLRM RFC ?@MTC CVNPCQQGML DMP CLCPEW. !JEC@P?GA K?LGNSJ?RGML WGCJBQ
(30.26)
E
n
=
Z
2
n
2
E
0
(n = 1, 2, 3, ...)
DMP RFC MP@GR?J ;D;H=?;I E< >O:HE=;D-B?A; 7JECI. (CPC, E
0
GQ RFC =HEKD:-IJ7J; ;D;H=O (n = 1) DMP FWBPMECL (Z = 1) ?LB GQ EGTCL @W
(30.27)
E
0
=
2
2
q
e
4
m
e
k
2
h
2
= 13.6 eV.
4FSQ, DMP FWBPMECL,
(30.28)
E
n
=
13.6 eV
n
2
(n = 1, 2, 3, ...).
F?=KH; 30.20 QFMUQ ?L CLCPEW-JCTCJ BG?EP?K DMP FWBPMECL RF?R ?JQM GJJSQRP?RCQ FMU RFC T?PGMSQ QNCARP?J QCPGCQ DMP FWBPMECL ?PC PCJ?RCB RM RP?LQGRGMLQ
@CRUCCL CLCPEW JCTCJQ.
F?=KH; 30.20 %LCPEW-JCTCJ BG?EP?K DMP FWBPMECL QFMUGLE RFC ,WK?L, "?JKCP, ?LB 0?QAFCL QCPGCQ MD RP?LQGRGMLQ. 4FC MP@GR?J CLCPEGCQ ?PC A?JASJ?RCB SQGLE RFC ?@MTC COS?RGML,
DGPQR BCPGTCB @W "MFP.
%JCARPML RMR?J CLCPEGCQ ?PC LCE?RGTC, QGLAC RFC CJCARPML GQ @MSLB RM RFC LSAJCSQ, ?L?JMEMSQ RM @CGLE GL ? FMJC UGRFMSR CLMSEF IGLCRGA CLCPEW RM
CQA?NC. !Q n ?NNPM?AFCQ GLDGLGRW, RFC RMR?J CLCPEW @CAMKCQ XCPM. 4FGQ AMPPCQNMLBQ RM ? DPCC CJCARPML UGRF LM IGLCRGA CLCPEW, QGLAC r
n
ECRQ TCPW
J?PEC DMP J?PEC n , ?LB RFC CJCARPGA NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW RFSQ @CAMKCQ XCPM. 4FSQ, 13.6 C6 GQ LCCBCB RM GMLGXC FWBPMECL (RM EM DPMK q13.6 C6 RM 0, MP
SL@MSLB), ?L CVNCPGKCLR?JJW TCPGDGCB LSK@CP. 'GTCL KMPC CLCPEW, RFC CJCARPML @CAMKCQ SL@MSLB UGRF QMKC IGLCRGA CLCPEW. &MP CV?KNJC, EGTGLE 15.0
C6 RM ?L CJCARPML GL RFC EPMSLB QR?RC MD FWBPMECL QRPGNQ GR DPMK RFC ?RMK ?LB JC?TCQ GR UGRF 1.4 C6 MD IGLCRGA CLCPEW.
&GL?JJW, JCR SQ AMLQGBCP RFC CLCPEW MD ? NFMRML CKGRRCB GL ? BMULU?PB RP?LQGRGML, EGTCL @W RFC COS?RGML RM @C
(30.29)
E = hf = E
i
E
f
.
3S@QRGRSRGLE E
n
= ( 13.6 eV/ n
2
) , UC QCC RF?R
#(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3 1069
(30.30)
hf = (13.6 eV)
1
n
f
2

1
n
i
2
.
$GTGBGLE @MRF QGBCQ MD RFGQ COS?RGML @W hc EGTCQ ?L CVNPCQQGML DMP 1 / :
(30.31)
hf
hc
=
f
c
=
1
=
(13.6 eV)
hc
1
n
f
2

1
n
i
2
.
)R A?L @C QFMUL RF?R
(30.32)
13.6 eV
hc
=
(13.6 eV)
1.60210
19
J/eV
6.62610
34
Js
2.99810
8
m/s
= 1.09710
7
m
1
= R
GQ RFC +O:8;H= 9EDIJ7DJ. 4FSQ, UC F?TC SQCB "MFPtQ ?QQSKNRGMLQ RM BCPGTC RFC DMPKSJ? DGPQR NPMNMQCB @W "?JKCP WC?PQ C?PJGCP ?Q ? PCAGNC RM DGR
CVNCPGKCLR?J B?R?.
(30.33)
1
= R
1
n
f
2

1
n
i
2
7C QCC RF?R "MFPtQ RFCMPW MD RFC FWBPMECL ?RMK ?LQUCPQ RFC OSCQRGML ?Q RM UFW RFGQ NPCTGMSQJW ILMUL DMPKSJ? BCQAPG@CQ RFC FWBPMECL QNCARPSK. )R GQ
@CA?SQC RFC CLCPEW JCTCJQ ?PC NPMNMPRGML?J RM 1 / n
2
, UFCPC n GQ ? LML-LCE?RGTC GLRCECP. ! BMULU?PB RP?LQGRGML PCJC?QCQ CLCPEW, ?LB QM n
i
KSQR @C
EPC?RCP RF?L n
f
. 4FC T?PGMSQ QCPGCQ ?PC RFMQC UFCPC RFC RP?LQGRGMLQ CLB ML ? ACPR?GL JCTCJ. &MP RFC ,WK?L QCPGCQ, n
f
= 1 r RF?R GQ, ?JJ RFC
RP?LQGRGMLQ CLB GL RFC EPMSLB QR?RC (QCC ?JQM F?=KH; 30.20). &MP RFC "?JKCP QCPGCQ, n
f
= 2 , MP ?JJ RFC RP?LQGRGMLQ CLB GL RFC DGPQR CVAGRCB QR?RC; ?LB QM
ML. 7F?R U?Q MLAC ? PCAGNC GQ LMU @?QCB GL NFWQGAQ, ?LB QMKCRFGLE LCU GQ CKCPEGLEr?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK GQ OS?LRGXCB.
4PGSKNFQ ?LB ,GKGRQ MD RFC "MFP 4FCMPW
"MFP BGB UF?R LM MLC F?B @CCL ?@JC RM BM @CDMPC. .MR MLJW BGB FC CVNJ?GL RFC QNCARPSK MD FWBPMECL, FC AMPPCARJW A?JASJ?RCB RFC QGXC MD RFC ?RMK DPMK
@?QGA NFWQGAQ. 3MKC MD FGQ GBC?Q ?PC @PM?BJW ?NNJGA?@JC. %JCARPML MP@GR?J CLCPEGCQ ?PC OS?LRGXCB GL ?JJ ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ. !LESJ?P KMKCLRSK GQ
OS?LRGXCB. 4FC CJCARPMLQ BM LMR QNGP?J GLRM RFC LSAJCSQ, ?Q CVNCARCB AJ?QQGA?JJW (?AACJCP?RCB AF?PECQ P?BG?RC, QM RF?R RFC CJCARPML MP@GRQ AJ?QQGA?JJW
UMSJB BCA?W OSGAIJW, ?LB RFC CJCARPMLQ UMSJB QGR ML RFC LSAJCSQrK?RRCP UMSJB AMJJ?NQC). 4FCQC ?PC K?HMP RPGSKNFQ.
"SR RFCPC ?PC JGKGRQ RM "MFPtQ RFCMPW. )R A?LLMR @C ?NNJGCB RM KSJRGCJCARPML ?RMKQ, CTCL MLC ?Q QGKNJC ?Q ? RUM-CJCARPML FCJGSK ?RMK. "MFPtQ KMBCJ GQ
UF?R UC A?JJ F8@<6?4FF<64?. 4FC MP@GRQ ?PC OS?LRGXCB (LMLAJ?QQGA?J) @SR ?PC ?QQSKCB RM @C QGKNJC AGPASJ?P N?RFQ (AJ?QQGA?J). !Q OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ
U?Q BCTCJMNCB, GR @CA?KC AJC?P RF?R RFCPC ?PC LM UCJJ-BCDGLCB MP@GRQ; P?RFCP, RFCPC ?PC AJMSBQ MD NPM@?@GJGRW. "MFPtQ RFCMPW ?JQM BGB LMR CVNJ?GL RF?R
QMKC QNCARP?J JGLCQ ?PC BMS@JCRQ (QNJGR GLRM RUM) UFCL CV?KGLCB AJMQCJW. 7C QF?JJ CV?KGLC K?LW MD RFCQC ?QNCARQ MD OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ GL KMPC
BCR?GJ, @SR GR QFMSJB @C ICNR GL KGLB RF?R "MFP BGB LMR D?GJ. 2?RFCP, FC K?BC TCPW GKNMPR?LR QRCNQ ?JMLE RFC N?RF RM EPC?RCP ILMUJCBEC ?LB J?GB RFC
DMSLB?RGML DMP ?JJ MD ?RMKGA NFWQGAQ RF?R F?Q QGLAC CTMJTCB.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: -MBCJQ MD RFC (WBPMECL !RMK
(MU BGB QAGCLRGQRQ DGESPC MSR RFC QRPSARSPC MD ?RMKQ UGRFMSR JMMIGLE ?R RFCK? 4PW MSR BGDDCPCLR KMBCJQ @W QFMMRGLE JGEFR ?R RFC ?RMK. #FCAI FMU
RFC NPCBGARGML MD RFC KMBCJ K?RAFCQ RFC CVNCPGKCLR?J PCQSJRQ.
F?=KH; 30.21 &E:;BI E< J>; !O:HE=;D AJEC (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42596/1.5/>O:HE=;D-7JEC6;D.@7H)
30.4 1 +7OI: AJEC?9 (H?=?DI 7D: AFFB?97J?EDI
%?AF RWNC MD ?RMK (MP CJCKCLR) F?Q GRQ MUL AF?P?ARCPGQRGA CJCARPMK?ELCRGA QNCARPSK. 1 H7OI JGC ?R RFC FGEF-DPCOSCLAW CLB MD ?L ?RMKtQ QNCARPSK ?LB
?PC AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MD RFC ?RMK ?Q UCJJ. )L RFGQ QCARGML, UC CVNJMPC AF?P?ARCPGQRGA V P?WQ ?LB QMKC MD RFCGP GKNMPR?LR ?NNJGA?RGMLQ.
7C F?TC NPCTGMSQJW BGQASQQCB V P?WQ ?Q ? N?PR MD RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA QNCARPSK GL )>EJED ED;H=?;I 7D: J>; EB;9JHEC7=D;J?9 ,F;9JHKC. 4F?R
KMBSJC GJJSQRP?RCB FMU ?L V-P?W RS@C (? QNCAG?JGXCB #24) NPMBSACQ V P?WQ. %JCARPMLQ CKGRRCB DPMK ? FMR DGJ?KCLR ?PC ?AACJCP?RCB UGRF ? FGEF TMJR?EC,
E?GLGLE QGELGDGA?LR IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?LB QRPGIGLE RFC ?LMBC.
4FCPC ?PC RUM NPMACQQCQ @W UFGAF V P?WQ ?PC NPMBSACB GL RFC ?LMBC MD ?L V-P?W RS@C. )L MLC NPMACQQ, RFC BCACJCP?RGML MD CJCARPMLQ NPMBSACQ V P?WQ,
?LB RFCQC V P?WQ ?PC A?JJCB 5E8@FFGE4;?HA:, MP @P?IGLE P?BG?RGML. 4FC QCAMLB NPMACQQ GQ ?RMKGA GL L?RSPC ?LB NPMBSACQ 6;4E46G8E<FG<6 K E4LF, QM
A?JJCB @CA?SQC RFCW ?PC AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MD RFC ?LMBC K?RCPG?J. 4FC V-P?W QNCARPSK GL F?=KH; 30.22 GQ RWNGA?J MD UF?R GQ NPMBSACB @W ?L V-P?W RS@C,
QFMUGLE ? @PM?B ASPTC MD @PCKQQRP?FJSLE P?BG?RGML UGRF AF?P?ARCPGQRGA V-P?W NC?IQ ML GR.
1070 #(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3
F?=KH; 30.22 8-P?W QNCARPSK M@R?GLCB UFCL CLCPECRGA CJCARPMLQ QRPGIC ? K?RCPG?J, QSAF ?Q GL RFC ?LMBC MD ? #24. 4FC QKMMRF N?PR MD RFC QNCARPSK GQ @PCKQQRP?FJSLE P?BG?RGML,
UFGJC RFC NC?IQ ?PC AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MD RFC ?LMBC K?RCPG?J. ! BGDDCPCLR ?LMBC K?RCPG?J UMSJB F?TC AF?P?ARCPGQRGA V-P?W NC?IQ ?R BGDDCPCLR DPCOSCLAGCQ.
4FC QNCARPSK GL F?=KH; 30.22 GQ AMJJCARCB MTCP ? NCPGMB MD RGKC GL UFGAF K?LW CJCARPMLQ QRPGIC RFC ?LMBC, UGRF ? T?PGCRW MD NMQQG@JC MSRAMKCQ DMP
C?AF FGR. 4FC @PM?B P?LEC MD V-P?W CLCPEGCQ GL RFC @PCKQQRP?FJSLE P?BG?RGML GLBGA?RCQ RF?R ?L GLAGBCLR CJCARPMLtQ CLCPEW GQ LMR SQS?JJW AMLTCPRCB
CLRGPCJW GLRM NFMRML CLCPEW. 4FC FGEFCQR-CLCPEW V P?W NPMBSACB GQ MLC DMP UFGAF ?JJ MD RFC CJCARPMLtQ CLCPEW U?Q AMLTCPRCB RM NFMRML CLCPEW. 4FSQ RFC
?AACJCP?RGLE TMJR?EC ?LB RFC K?VGKSK V-P?W CLCPEW ?PC PCJ?RCB @W AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW. %JCARPGA NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW GQ AMLTCPRCB RM IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?LB
RFCL RM NFMRML CLCPEW, QM RF?R E
max
= hf
max
= q
e
V. 5LGRQ MD CJCARPML TMJRQ ?PC AMLTCLGCLR. &MP CV?KNJC, ? 100-I6 ?AACJCP?RGLE TMJR?EC NPMBSACQ
V-P?W NFMRMLQ UGRF ? K?VGKSK CLCPEW MD 100 IC6.
3MKC CJCARPMLQ CVAGRC ?RMKQ GL RFC ?LMBC. 0?PR MD RFC CLCPEW RF?R RFCW BCNMQGR @W AMJJGQGML UGRF ?L ?RMK PCQSJRQ GL MLC MP KMPC MD RFC ?RMKtQ GLLCP
CJCARPMLQ @CGLE ILMAICB GLRM ? FGEFCP MP@GR MP RFC ?RMK @CGLE GMLGXCB. 7FCL RFC ?LMBCtQ ?RMKQ BC-CVAGRC, RFCW CKGR AF?P?ARCPGQRGA CJCARPMK?ELCRGA
P?BG?RGML. 4FC KMQR CLCPECRGA MD RFCQC ?PC NPMBSACB UFCL ?L GLLCP-QFCJJ T?A?LAW GQ DGJJCBrRF?R GQ, UFCL ?L n = 1 MP n = 2 QFCJJ CJCARPML F?Q @CCL
CVAGRCB RM ? FGEFCP JCTCJ, ?LB ?LMRFCP CJCARPML D?JJQ GLRM RFC T?A?LR QNMR. ! 6;4E46G8E<FG<6 K E4L (QCC )>EJED ED;H=?;I 7D: J>; EB;9JHEC7=D;J?9
,F;9JHKC) GQ CJCARPMK?ELCRGA (%-) P?BG?RGML CKGRRCB @W ?L ?RMK UFCL ?L GLLCP-QFCJJ T?A?LAW GQ DGJJCB. F?=KH; 30.23 QFMUQ ? PCNPCQCLR?RGTC CLCPEW-
JCTCJ BG?EP?K RF?R GJJSQRP?RCQ RFC J?@CJGLE MD AF?P?ARCPGQRGA V P?WQ. 8 P?WQ APC?RCB UFCL ?L CJCARPML D?JJQ GLRM ?L n = 1 QFCJJ T?A?LAW ?PC A?JJCB K
UFCL RFCW AMKC DPMK RFC LCVR FGEFCP JCTCJ; RF?R GQ, ?L n = 2 RM n = 1 RP?LQGRGML. 4FC J?@CJQ K, L, M,... AMKC DPMK RFC MJBCP ?JNF?@CRGA?J J?@CJGLE
MD QFCJJQ QR?PRGLE UGRF K P?RFCP RF?L SQGLE RFC NPGLAGN?J OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ 1, 2, 3, x. ! KMPC CLCPECRGA K
V P?W GQ NPMBSACB UFCL ?L CJCARPML D?JJQ

GLRM ?L n = 1 QFCJJ T?A?LAW DPMK RFC n = 3 QFCJJ; RF?R GQ, ?L n = 3 RM n = 1 RP?LQGRGML. 3GKGJ?PJW, UFCL ?L CJCARPML D?JJQ GLRM RFC n = 2 QFCJJ DPMK
RFC n = 3 QFCJJ, ?L L
V P?W GQ APC?RCB. 4FC CLCPEGCQ MD RFCQC V P?WQ BCNCLB ML RFC CLCPEGCQ MD CJCARPML QR?RCQ GL RFC N?PRGASJ?P ?RMK ?LB, RFSQ, ?PC
AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MD RF?R CJCKCLR: CTCPW CJCKCLR F?Q GR MUL QCR MD V-P?W CLCPEGCQ. 4FGQ NPMNCPRW A?L @C SQCB RM GBCLRGDW CJCKCLRQ, DMP CV?KNJC, RM DGLB
RP?AC (QK?JJ) ?KMSLRQ MD ?L CJCKCLR GL ?L CLTGPMLKCLR?J MP @GMJMEGA?J Q?KNJC.
F?=KH; 30.23 ! AF?P?ARCPGQRGA V P?W GQ CKGRRCB UFCL ?L CJCARPML DGJJQ ?L GLLCP-QFCJJ T?A?LAW, ?Q QFMUL DMP QCTCP?J RP?LQGRGMLQ GL RFGQ ?NNPMVGK?RC CLCPEW JCTCJ BG?EP?K DMP ?
KSJRGNJC-CJCARPML ?RMK. #F?P?ARCPGQRGA V P?WQ ?PC J?@CJCB ?AAMPBGLE RM RFC QFCJJ RF?R F?B RFC T?A?LAW ?LB RFC QFCJJ DPMK UFGAF RFC CJCARPML A?KC. ! K
V P?W, DMP CV?KNJC, GQ

NPMBSACB UFCL ?L CJCARPML AMKGLE DPMK RFC n = 2 QFCJJ DGJJQ RFC n = 1 QFCJJ T?A?LAW.
EN7CFB; 30.2 C>7H79J;H?IJ?9 1-+7O ED;H=O
#?JASJ?RC RFC ?NNPMVGK?RC CLCPEW MD ? K
V P?W DPMK ? RSLEQRCL ?LMBC GL ?L V-P?W RS@C.

,JH7J;=O
(MU BM UC A?JASJ?RC CLCPEGCQ GL ? KSJRGNJC-CJCARPML ?RMK? )L RFC A?QC MD AF?P?ARCPGQRGA V P?WQ, RFC DMJJMUGLE ?NNPMVGK?RC A?JASJ?RGML GQ
PC?QML?@JC. #F?P?ARCPGQRGA V P?WQ ?PC NPMBSACB UFCL ?L GLLCP-QFCJJ T?A?LAW GQ DGJJCB. )LLCP-QFCJJ CJCARPMLQ ?PC LC?PCP RFC LSAJCSQ RF?L MRFCPQ GL
?L ?RMK ?LB RFSQ DCCJ JGRRJC LCR CDDCAR DPMK RFC MRFCPQ. 4FGQ GQ QGKGJ?P RM UF?R F?NNCLQ GLQGBC ? AF?PECB AMLBSARMP, UFCPC GRQ CVACQQ AF?PEC GQ
BGQRPG@SRCB MTCP RFC QSPD?AC QM RF?R GR NPMBSACQ LM CJCARPGA DGCJB GLQGBC. )R GQ PC?QML?@JC RM ?QQSKC RFC GLLCP-QFCJJ CJCARPMLQ F?TC FWBPMECL-JGIC
#(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3 1071
CLCPEGCQ, ?Q EGTCL @W E
n
=
Z
2
n
2
E
0
(n = 1, 2, 3, ...) . !Q LMRCB, ? K
V P?W GQ NPMBSACB @W ?L n = 2 RM n = 1 RP?LQGRGML. 3GLAC RFCPC ?PC

RUM CJCARPMLQ GL ? DGJJCB K QFCJJ, ? T?A?LAW UMSJB JC?TC MLC CJCARPML, QM RF?R RFC CDDCARGTC AF?PEC UMSJB @C Z 1 P?RFCP RF?L Z . &MP RSLEQRCL,
Z = 74 , QM RF?R RFC CDDCARGTC AF?PEC GQ 73.
,EBKJ?ED
E
n
=
Z
2
n
2
E
0
(n = 1, 2, 3, ...) EGTCQ RFC MP@GR?J CLCPEGCQ DMP FWBPMECL-JGIC ?RMKQ RM @C E
n
= (Z
2
/ n
2
)E
0
, UFCPC E
0
= 13.6 eV. !Q
LMRCB, RFC CDDCARGTC Z GQ 73. .MU RFC K
V-P?W CLCPEW GQ EGTCL @W

(30.34) E
K
= E = E
i
E
f
= E
2
E
1
,
UFCPC
(30.35)
E
1
=
Z
2
1
2
E
0
=
73
2
1
13.6 eV
= 72.5 keV
?LB
(30.36)
E
2
=
Z
2
2
2
E
0
=
73
2
4
13.6 eV
= 18.1 keV.
4FSQ,
(30.37)
E
K
= 18.1 keV

72.5 keV
= 54.4 keV.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ J?PEC NFMRML CLCPEW GQ RWNGA?J MD AF?P?ARCPGQRGA V P?WQ DPMK FC?TW CJCKCLRQ. )R GQ J?PEC AMKN?PCB UGRF MRFCP ?RMKGA CKGQQGMLQ @CA?SQC GR GQ
NPMBSACB UFCL ?L GLLCP-QFCJJ T?A?LAW GQ DGJJCB, ?LB GLLCP-QFCJJ CJCARPMLQ ?PC RGEFRJW @MSLB. #F?P?ARCPGQRGA V P?W CLCPEGCQ @CAMKC NPMEPCQQGTCJW
J?PECP DMP FC?TGCP CJCKCLRQ @CA?SQC RFCGP CLCPEW GLAPC?QCQ ?NNPMVGK?RCJW ?Q Z
2
. 3GELGDGA?LR ?AACJCP?RGLE TMJR?EC GQ LCCBCB RM APC?RC RFCQC
GLLCP-QFCJJ T?A?LAGCQ. )L RFC A?QC MD RSLEQRCL, ?R JC?QR 72.5 I6 GQ LCCBCB, @CA?SQC MRFCP QFCJJQ ?PC DGJJCB ?LB WMS A?LLMR QGKNJW @SKN MLC
CJCARPML RM ? FGEFCP DGJJCB QFCJJ. 4SLEQRCL GQ ? AMKKML ?LMBC K?RCPG?J GL V-P?W RS@CQ; QM KSAF MD RFC CLCPEW MD RFC GKNGLEGLE CJCARPMLQ GQ
?@QMP@CB, P?GQGLE GRQ RCKNCP?RSPC, RF?R ? FGEF-KCJRGLE-NMGLR K?RCPG?J JGIC RSLEQRCL GQ PCOSGPCB.
-CBGA?J ?LB /RFCP $G?ELMQRGA 5QCQ MD 8-P?WQ
!JJ MD SQ A?L GBCLRGDW BG?ELMQRGA SQCQ MD V-P?W NFMRMLQ. !KMLE RFCQC ?PC RFC SLGTCPQ?J BCLR?J ?LB KCBGA?J V P?WQ RF?R F?TC @CAMKC ?L CQQCLRG?J N?PR
MD KCBGA?J BG?ELMQRGAQ. (3CC F?=KH; 30.25 ?LB F?=KH; 30.26.) 8 P?WQ ?PC ?JQM SQCB RM GLQNCAR MSP JSEE?EC ?R ?GPNMPRQ, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 30.24, ?LB
DMP C?PJW BCRCARGML MD AP?AIQ GL APSAG?J ?GPAP?DR AMKNMLCLRQ. !L V P?W GQ LMR MLJW ? LMSL KC?LGLE FGEF-CLCPEW NFMRML, GR ?JQM GQ ?L GK?EC NPMBSACB @W V
P?WQ, ?LB GR F?Q @CCL K?BC GLRM ? D?KGJG?P TCP@rRM @C V-P?WCB.
F?=KH; 30.24 !L V-P?W GK?EC PCTC?JQ DGJJGLEQ GL ? NCPQMLtQ RCCRF. (APCBGR: $KGRPW ', 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
F?=KH; 30.25 4FGQ V-P?W GK?EC MD ? NCPQMLtQ AFCQR QFMUQ K?LW BCR?GJQ, GLAJSBGLE ?L ?PRGDGAG?J N?ACK?ICP. (APCBGR: 3SLXG99, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
1072 #(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3
F?=KH; 30.26 4FGQ V-P?W GK?EC QFMUQ RFC AMLRCLRQ MD ? NGCAC MD JSEE?EC. 4FC BCLQCP RFC K?RCPG?J, RFC B?PICP RFC QF?BMU. (APCBGR: )$SIC, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
4FC KMQR AMKKML V-P?W GK?ECQ ?PC QGKNJC QF?BMUQ. 3GLAC V-P?W NFMRMLQ F?TC FGEF CLCPEGCQ, RFCW NCLCRP?RC K?RCPG?JQ RF?R ?PC MN?OSC RM TGQG@JC
JGEFR. 4FC KMPC CLCPEW ?L V-P?W NFMRML F?Q, RFC KMPC K?RCPG?J GR UGJJ NCLCRP?RC. 3M ?L V-P?W RS@C K?W @C MNCP?RCB ?R 50.0 I6 DMP ? AFCQR V P?W,
UFCPC?Q GR K?W LCCB RM @C MNCP?RCB ?R 100 I6 RM CV?KGLC ? @PMICL JCE GL ? A?QR. 4FC BCNRF MD NCLCRP?RGML GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC BCLQGRW MD RFC K?RCPG?J ?Q
UCJJ ?Q RM RFC CLCPEW MD RFC NFMRML. 4FC BCLQCP RFC K?RCPG?J, RFC DCUCP V-P?W NFMRMLQ ECR RFPMSEF ?LB RFC B?PICP RFC QF?BMU. 4FSQ V P?WQ CVACJ ?R
BCRCARGLE @PC?IQ GL @MLCQ ?LB GL GK?EGLE MRFCP NFWQGMJMEGA?J QRPSARSPCQ, QSAF ?Q QMKC RSKMPQ, RF?R BGDDCP GL BCLQGRW DPMK QSPPMSLBGLE K?RCPG?J.
"CA?SQC MD RFCGP FGEF NFMRML CLCPEW, V P?WQ NPMBSAC QGELGDGA?LR GMLGX?RGML GL K?RCPG?JQ ?LB B?K?EC ACJJQ GL @GMJMEGA?J MPE?LGQKQ. -MBCPL SQCQ
KGLGKGXC CVNMQSPC RM RFC N?RGCLR ?LB CJGKGL?RC CVNMQSPC RM MRFCPQ. "GMJMEGA?J CDDCARQ MD V P?WQ UGJJ @C CVNJMPCB GL RFC LCVR AF?NRCP ?JMLE UGRF MRFCP
RWNCQ MD GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML QSAF ?Q RFMQC NPMBSACB @W LSAJCG.
!Q RFC V-P?W CLCPEW GLAPC?QCQ, RFC #MKNRML CDDCAR (QCC )>EJED &EC;DJKC) @CAMKCQ KMPC GKNMPR?LR GL RFC ?RRCLS?RGML MD RFC V P?WQ. (CPC, RFC V
P?W QA?RRCPQ DPMK ?L MSRCP CJCARPML QFCJJ MD RFC ?RMK, EGTGLE RFC CHCARCB CJCARPML QMKC IGLCRGA CLCPEW UFGJC JMQGLE CLCPEW GRQCJD. 4FC NPM@?@GJGRW DMP
?RRCLS?RGML MD RFC V P?WQ BCNCLBQ SNML RFC LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ NPCQCLR (RFC K?RCPG?JtQ BCLQGRW) ?Q UCJJ ?Q RFC RFGAILCQQ MD RFC K?RCPG?J. #FCKGA?J
AMKNMQGRGML MD RFC KCBGSK, ?Q AF?P?ARCPGXCB @W GRQ ?RMKGA LSK@CP Z , GQ LMR GKNMPR?LR FCPC. ,MU-CLCPEW V P?WQ NPMTGBC @CRRCP AMLRP?QR (QF?PNCP
GK?ECQ). (MUCTCP, BSC RM EPC?RCP ?RRCLS?RGML ?LB JCQQ QA?RRCPGLE, RFCW ?PC KMPC ?@QMP@CB @W RFGAICP K?RCPG?JQ. 'PC?RCP AMLRP?QR A?L @C ?AFGCTCB @W
GLHCARGLE ? QS@QR?LAC UGRF ? J?PEC ?RMKGA LSK@CP, QSAF ?Q @?PGSK MP GMBGLC. 4FC QRPSARSPC MD RFC N?PR MD RFC @MBW RF?R AMLR?GLQ RFC QS@QR?LAC (C.E.,
RFC E?QRPM-GLRCQRGL?J RP?AR MP RFC ?@BMKCL) A?L C?QGJW @C QCCL RFGQ U?W.
"PC?QR A?LACP GQ RFC QCAMLB-JC?BGLE A?SQC MD BC?RF ?KMLE UMKCL UMPJBUGBC. %?PJW BCRCARGML A?L @C TCPW CDDCARGTC, FCLAC RFC GKNMPR?LAC MD V-P?W
BG?ELMQRGAQ. ! K?KKMEP?K A?LLMR BG?ELMQC ? K?JGEL?LR RSKMP, MLJW EGTC CTGBCLAC MD ? JSKN MP PCEGML MD GLAPC?QCB BCLQGRW UGRFGL RFC @PC?QR. 8-P?W
?@QMPNRGML @W BGDDCPCLR RWNCQ MD QMDR RGQQSC GQ TCPW QGKGJ?P, QM AMLRP?QR GQ BGDDGASJR; RFGQ GQ CQNCAG?JJW RPSC DMP WMSLECP UMKCL, UFM RWNGA?JJW F?TC BCLQCP
@PC?QRQ. &MP MJBCP UMKCL UFM ?PC ?R EPC?RCP PGQI MD BCTCJMNGLE @PC?QR A?LACP, RFC NPCQCLAC MD KMPC D?R GL RFC @PC?QR EGTCQ RFC JSKN MP RSKMP KMPC
AMLRP?QR. -2) (-?ELCRGA PCQML?LAC GK?EGLE) F?Q PCACLRJW @CCL SQCB ?Q ? QSNNJCKCLR RM AMLTCLRGML?J V P?WQ RM GKNPMTC BCRCARGML ?LB CJGKGL?RC D?JQC
NMQGRGTCQ. 4FC QS@HCARtQ P?BG?RGML BMQC DPMK V P?WQ UGJJ @C RPC?RCB GL ? J?RCP AF?NRCP.
! QR?LB?PB V P?W EGTCQ MLJW ? RUM-BGKCLQGML?J TGCU MD RFC M@HCAR. $CLQC @MLCQ KGEFR FGBC GK?ECQ MD QMDR RGQQSC MP MPE?LQ. )D WMS RMMI ?LMRFCP V P?W
DPMK RFC QGBC MD RFC NCPQML (RFC DGPQR MLC @CGLE DPMK RFC DPMLR), WMS UMSJB E?GL ?BBGRGML?J GLDMPK?RGML. 7FGJC QF?BMU GK?ECQ ?PC QSDDGAGCLR GL K?LW
?NNJGA?RGMLQ, D?P KMPC QMNFGQRGA?RCB GK?ECQ A?L @C NPMBSACB UGRF KMBCPL RCAFLMJMEW. F?=KH; 30.27 QFMUQ RFC SQC MD ? AMKNSRCB RMKMEP?NFW (#4)
QA?LLCP, ?JQM A?JJCB AMKNSRCB ?VG?J RMKMEP?NFW (#!4) QA?LLCP. 8 P?WQ ?PC N?QQCB RFPMSEF ? L?PPMU QCARGML (A?JJCB ? QJGAC) MD RFC N?RGCLRtQ @MBW (MP
@MBW N?PR) MTCP ? P?LEC MD BGPCARGMLQ. !L ?PP?W MD K?LW BCRCARMPQ ML RFC MRFCP QGBC MD RFC N?RGCLR PCEGQRCPQ RFC V P?WQ. 4FC QWQRCK GQ RFCL PMR?RCB
?PMSLB RFC N?RGCLR ?LB ?LMRFCP GK?EC GQ R?ICL, ?LB QM ML. 4FC V-P?W RS@C ?LB BCRCARMP ?PP?W ?PC KCAF?LGA?JJW ?RR?AFCB ?LB QM PMR?RC RMECRFCP.
#MKNJCV AMKNSRCP GK?EC NPMACQQGLE MD RFC PCJ?RGTC ?@QMPNRGML MD RFC V P?WQ ?JMLE BGDDCPCLR BGPCARGMLQ NPMBSACQ ? FGEFJW-BCR?GJCB GK?EC. $GDDCPCLR
QJGACQ ?PC R?ICL ?Q RFC N?RGCLR KMTCQ RFPMSEF RFC QA?LLCP ML ? R?@JC. -SJRGNJC GK?ECQ MD BGDDCPCLR QJGACQ A?L ?JQM @C AMKNSRCP ?L?JWXCB RM NPMBSAC
RFPCC-BGKCLQGML?J GLDMPK?RGML, QMKCRGKCQ CLF?LAGLE QNCAGDGA RWNCQ MD RGQQSC, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 30.28. '. (MSLQDGCJB (5+) ?LB !. #MPK?AI (53)
UML RFC .M@CJ 0PGXC GL -CBGAGLC GL 1979 DMP RFCGP BCTCJMNKCLR MD AMKNSRCB RMKMEP?NFW.
F?=KH; 30.27 ! N?RGCLR @CGLE NMQGRGMLCB GL ? #4 QA?LLCP ?@M?PB RFC FMQNGR?J QFGN 53.3 -CPAW. 4FC #4 QA?LLCP N?QQCQ V P?WQ RFPMSEF QJGACQ MD RFC N?RGCLRtQ @MBW (MP @MBW
N?PR) MTCP ? P?LEC MD BGPCARGMLQ. 4FC PCJ?RGTC ?@QMPNRGML MD RFC V P?WQ ?JMLE BGDDCPCLR BGPCARGMLQ GQ AMKNSRCP ?L?JWXCB RM NPMBSAC FGEFJW BCR?GJCB GK?ECQ. 4FPCC-BGKCLQGML?J
GLDMPK?RGML A?L @C M@R?GLCB DPMK KSJRGNJC QJGACQ. (APCBGR: 2C@CAA? -M?R, 5.3. .?TW)
#(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3 1073
F?=KH; 30.28 4FGQ RFPCC-BGKCLQGML?J GK?EC MD ? QISJJ U?Q NPMBSACB @W AMKNSRCB RMKMEP?NFW, GLTMJTGLE ?L?JWQGQ MD QCTCP?J V-P?W QJGACQ MD RFC FC?B. (APCBGR: %K?GJQF?LI?P,
7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
8-2?W $GDDP?ARGML ?LB #PWQR?JJMEP?NFW
3GLAC V-P?W NFMRMLQ ?PC TCPW CLCPECRGA, RFCW F?TC PCJ?RGTCJW QFMPR U?TCJCLERFQ. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC 54.4-IC6 K
V P?W MD EN7CFB; 30.2 F?Q ?

U?TCJCLERF = hc / E = 0.0228 nm. 4FSQ, RWNGA?J V-P?W NFMRMLQ ?AR JGIC P?WQ UFCL RFCW CLAMSLRCP K?APMQAMNGA M@HCARQ, JGIC RCCRF, ?LB NPMBSAC
QF?PN QF?BMUQ; FMUCTCP, QGLAC ?RMKQ ?PC ML RFC MPBCP MD 0.1 LK GL QGXC, V P?WQ A?L @C SQCB RM BCRCAR RFC JMA?RGML, QF?NC, ?LB QGXC MD ?RMKQ ?LB
KMJCASJCQ. 4FC NPMACQQ GQ A?JJCB N-H7O :?<<H79J?ED, @CA?SQC GR GLTMJTCQ RFC BGDDP?ARGML ?LB GLRCPDCPCLAC MD V P?WQ RM NPMBSAC N?RRCPLQ RF?R A?L @C
?L?JWXCB DMP GLDMPK?RGML ?@MSR RFC QRPSARSPCQ RF?R QA?RRCPCB RFC V P?WQ. 0CPF?NQ RFC KMQR D?KMSQ CV?KNJC MD V-P?W BGDDP?ARGML GQ RFC BGQAMTCPW MD RFC
BMS@JC-FCJGV QRPSARSPC MD $.! GL 1953 @W ?L GLRCPL?RGML?J RC?K MD QAGCLRGQRQ UMPIGLE ?R RFC #?TCLBGQF ,?@MP?RMPWr!KCPGA?L *?KCQ 7?RQML,
%LEJGQFK?L &P?LAGQ #PGAI, ?LB .CU :C?J?LBq@MPL -?SPGAC 7GJIGLQ. 5QGLE V-P?W BGDDP?ARGML B?R? NPMBSACB @W 2MQ?JGLB &P?LIJGL, RFCW UCPC RFC DGPQR RM
BGQACPL RFC QRPSARSPC MD $.! RF?R GQ QM APSAG?J RM JGDC. &MP RFGQ, 7?RQML, #PGAI, ?LB 7GJIGLQ UCPC ?U?PBCB RFC 1962 .M@CJ 0PGXC GL 0FWQGMJMEW MP
-CBGAGLC. 4FCPC GQ KSAF BC@?RC ?LB AMLRPMTCPQW MTCP RFC GQQSC RF?R 2MQ?JGLB &P?LIJGL U?Q LMR GLAJSBCB GL RFC NPGXC.
F?=KH; 30.29 QFMUQ ? BGDDP?ARGML N?RRCPL NPMBSACB @W RFC QA?RRCPGLE MD V P?WQ DPMK ? APWQR?J. 4FGQ NPMACQQ GQ ILMUL ?Q V-P?W APWQR?JJMEP?NFW @CA?SQC
MD RFC GLDMPK?RGML GR A?L WGCJB ?@MSR APWQR?J QRPSARSPC, ?LB GR U?Q RFC RWNC MD B?R? 2MQ?JGLB &P?LIJGL QSNNJGCB RM 7?RQML ?LB #PGAI DMP $.!. .MR MLJW BM
V P?WQ AMLDGPK RFC QGXC ?LB QF?NC MD ?RMKQ, RFCW EGTC GLDMPK?RGML ML RFC ?RMKGA ?PP?LECKCLRQ GL K?RCPG?JQ. &MP CV?KNJC, ASPPCLR PCQC?PAF GL FGEF-
RCKNCP?RSPC QSNCPAMLBSARMPQ GLTMJTCQ AMKNJCV K?RCPG?JQ UFMQC J?RRGAC ?PP?LECKCLRQ ?PC APSAG?J RM M@R?GLGLE ? QSNCPAMLBSARGLE K?RCPG?J. 4FCQC A?L
@C QRSBGCB SQGLE V-P?W APWQR?JJMEP?NFW.
F?=KH; 30.29 8-P?W BGDDP?ARGML DPMK RFC APWQR?J MD ? NPMRCGL, FCL CEE JWQMXWKC, NPMBSACB RFGQ GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPL. !L?JWQGQ MD RFC N?RRCPL WGCJBQ GLDMPK?RGML ?@MSR RFC QRPSARSPC
MD RFC NPMRCGL. (APCBGR: $CJ45, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
(GQRMPGA?JJW, RFC QA?RRCPGLE MD V P?WQ DPMK APWQR?JQ U?Q SQCB RM NPMTC RF?R V P?WQ ?PC CLCPECRGA %- U?TCQ. 4FGQ U?Q QSQNCARCB DPMK RFC RGKC MD RFC
BGQAMTCPW MD V P?WQ GL 1895, @SR GR U?Q LMR SLRGJ 1912 RF?R RFC 'CPK?L -?V TML ,?SC (1879q1960) AMLTGLACB RUM MD FGQ AMJJC?ESCQ RM QA?RRCP V P?WQ
DPMK APWQR?JQ. )D ? BGDDP?ARGML N?RRCPL GQ M@R?GLCB, FC PC?QMLCB, RFCL RFC V P?WQ KSQR @C U?TCQ, ?LB RFCGP U?TCJCLERF AMSJB @C BCRCPKGLCB. (4FC
QN?AGLE MD ?RMKQ GL T?PGMSQ APWQR?JQ U?Q PC?QML?@JW UCJJ ILMUL ?R RFC RGKC, @?QCB ML EMMB T?JSCQ DMP !TME?BPMtQ LSK@CP.) 4FC CVNCPGKCLRQ UCPC
AMLTGLAGLE, ?LB RFC 1914 .M@CJ 0PGXC GL 0FWQGAQ U?Q EGTCL RM TML ,?SC DMP FGQ QSEECQRGML JC?BGLE RM RFC NPMMD RF?R V P?WQ ?PC %- U?TCQ. )L 1915, RFC
SLGOSC D?RFCP-?LB-QML RC?K MD 3GP 7GJJG?K (CLPW "P?EE ?LB FGQ QML 3GP 7GJJG?K ,?UPCLAC "P?EE UCPC ?U?PBCB ? HMGLR .M@CJ 0PGXC DMP GLTCLRGLE RFC V-
P?W QNCARPMKCRCP ?LB RFC RFCL-LCU QAGCLAC MD V-P?W ?L?JWQGQ. 4FC CJBCP "P?EE F?B KGEP?RCB RM !SQRP?JG? DPMK %LEJ?LB HSQR ?DRCP EP?BS?RGLE GL
K?RFCK?RGAQ. (C JC?PLCB NFWQGAQ ?LB AFCKGQRPW BSPGLE FGQ A?PCCP ?R RFC 5LGTCPQGRW MD !BCJ?GBC. 4FC WMSLECP "P?EE U?Q @MPL GL !BCJ?GBC @SR UCLR
@?AI RM RFC #?TCLBGQF ,?@MP?RMPGCQ GL %LEJ?LB RM ? A?PCCP GL V-P?W ?LB LCSRPML APWQR?JJMEP?NFW; FC NPMTGBCB QSNNMPR DMP 7?RQML, #PGAI, ?LB 7GJIGLQ
DMP RFCGP UMPI ML SLP?TCJGLE RFC KWQRCPGCQ MD $.! ?LB RM -?V 0CPSRX DMP FGQ 1962 .M@CJ 0PGXC-UGLLGLE UMPI ML RFC QRPSARSPC MD FCKMEJM@GL. (CPC
?E?GL, UC UGRLCQQ RFC CL?@JGLE L?RSPC MD NFWQGAQrCQR?@JGQFGLE GLQRPSKCLRQ ?LB BCQGELGLE CVNCPGKCLRQ ?Q UCJJ ?Q QMJTGLE KWQRCPGCQ GL RFC @GMKCBGA?J
QAGCLACQ.
#CPR?GL MRFCP SQCQ DMP V P?WQ UGJJ @C QRSBGCB GL J?RCP AF?NRCPQ. 8 P?WQ ?PC SQCDSJ GL RFC RPC?RKCLR MD A?LACP @CA?SQC MD RFC GLFG@GRGLE CDDCAR RFCW F?TC ML
ACJJ PCNPMBSARGML. 8 P?WQ M@QCPTCB AMKGLE DPMK MSRCP QN?AC ?PC SQCDSJ GL BCRCPKGLGLE RFC L?RSPC MD RFCGP QMSPACQ, QSAF ?Q LCSRPML QR?PQ ?LB NMQQG@JW
@J?AI FMJCQ. #PC?RCB GL LSAJC?P @MK@ CVNJMQGMLQ, V P?WQ A?L ?JQM @C SQCB RM BCRCAR AJ?LBCQRGLC ?RKMQNFCPGA RCQRQ MD RFCQC UC?NMLQ. 8 P?WQ A?L
A?SQC CVAGR?RGMLQ MD ?RMKQ, UFGAF RFCL DJSMPCQAC (CKGRRGLE AF?P?ARCPGQRGA %- P?BG?RGML), K?IGLE V-P?W-GLBSACB DJSMPCQACLAC ? T?JS?@JC ?L?JWRGA?J RMMJ
GL ? P?LEC MD DGCJBQ DPMK ?PR RM ?PAF?CMJMEW.
1074 #(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3
30.5 AFFB?97J?EDI E< AJEC?9 EN9?J7J?EDI 7D: D;-EN9?J7J?EDI
-?LW NPMNCPRGCQ MD K?RRCP ?LB NFCLMKCL? GL L?RSPC ?PC BGPCARJW PCJ?RCB RM ?RMKGA CLCPEW JCTCJQ ?LB RFCGP ?QQMAG?RCB CVAGR?RGMLQ ?LB BC-CVAGR?RGMLQ.
4FC AMJMP MD ? PMQC, RFC MSRNSR MD ? J?QCP, ?LB RFC RP?LQN?PCLAW MD ?GP ?PC @SR ? DCU CV?KNJCQ. (3CC F?=KH; 30.30.) 7FGJC GR K?W LMR ?NNC?P RF?R EJMU-
GL-RFC-B?PI N?H?K?Q ?LB J?QCPQ F?TC KSAF GL AMKKML, RFCW ?PC GL D?AR BGDDCPCLR ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD QGKGJ?P ?RMKGA BC-CVAGR?RGMLQ.
F?=KH; 30.30 ,GEFR DPMK ? J?QCP GQ @?QCB ML ? N?PRGASJ?P RWNC MD ?RMKGA BC-CVAGR?RGML. (APCBGR: *CDD +CWXCP)
4FC AMJMP MD ? K?RCPG?J GQ BSC RM RFC ?@GJGRW MD GRQ ?RMKQ RM ?@QMP@ ACPR?GL U?TCJCLERFQ UFGJC PCDJCARGLE MP PCCKGRRGLE MRFCPQ. ! QGKNJC PCB K?RCPG?J, DMP
CV?KNJC ? RMK?RM, ?@QMP@Q ?JJ TGQG@JC U?TCJCLERFQ CVACNR PCB. 4FGQ GQ @CA?SQC RFC ?RMKQ MD GRQ FWBPMA?P@ML NGEKCLR (JWAMNCLC) F?TC JCTCJQ
QCN?P?RCB @W ? T?PGCRW MD CLCPEGCQ AMPPCQNMLBGLE RM ?JJ TGQG@JC NFMRML CLCPEGCQ CVACNR PCB. !GP GQ ?LMRFCP GLRCPCQRGLE CV?KNJC. )R GQ RP?LQN?PCLR RM
TGQG@JC JGEFR, @CA?SQC RFCPC ?PC DCU CLCPEW JCTCJQ RF?R TGQG@JC NFMRMLQ A?L CVAGRC GL ?GP KMJCASJCQ ?LB ?RMKQ. 6GQG@JC JGEFR, RFSQ, A?LLMR @C ?@QMP@CB.
&SPRFCPKMPC, TGQG@JC JGEFR GQ MLJW UC?IJW QA?RRCPCB @W ?GP, @CA?SQC TGQG@JC U?TCJCLERFQ ?PC QM KSAF EPC?RCP RF?L RFC QGXCQ MD RFC ?GP KMJCASJCQ ?LB
?RMKQ. ,GEFR KSQR N?QQ RFPMSEF IGJMKCRCPQ MD ?GP RM QA?RRCP CLMSEF RM A?SQC PCB QSLQCRQ ?LB @JSC QIGCQ.
&JSMPCQACLAC ?LB 0FMQNFMPCQACLAC
4FC ?@GJGRW MD ? K?RCPG?J RM CKGR T?PGMSQ U?TCJCLERFQ MD JGEFR GQ QGKGJ?PJW PCJ?RCB RM GRQ ?RMKGA CLCPEW JCTCJQ. F?=KH; 30.31 QFMUQ ? QAMPNGML GJJSKGL?RCB
@W ? 56 J?KN, QMKCRGKCQ A?JJCB ? @J?AI JGEFR. 3MKC PMAIQ ?JQM EJMU GL @J?AI JGEFR, RFC N?PRGASJ?P AMJMPQ @CGLE ? DSLARGML MD RFC PMAItQ KGLCP?J
AMKNMQGRGML. "J?AI JGEFRQ ?PC ?JQM SQCB RM K?IC ACPR?GL NMQRCPQ EJMU.
F?=KH; 30.31 /@HCARQ EJMU GL RFC TGQG@JC QNCARPSK UFCL GJJSKGL?RCB @W ?L SJRP?TGMJCR (@J?AI) JGEFR. %KGQQGMLQ ?PC AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MD RFC KGLCP?J GLTMJTCB, QGLAC RFCW ?PC PCJ?RCB RM
GRQ CLCPEW JCTCJQ. )L RFC A?QC MD QAMPNGMLQ, NPMRCGLQ LC?P RFC QSPD?AC MD RFCGP QIGL EGTC MDD RFC AF?P?ARCPGQRGA @JSC EJMU. 4FGQ GQ ? AMJMPDSJ CV?KNJC MD DJSMPCQACLAC GL UFGAF
CVAGR?RGML GQ GLBSACB @W 56 P?BG?RGML UFGJC BC-CVAGR?RGML MAASPQ GL RFC DMPK MD TGQG@JC JGEFR. (APCBGR: +CL "MQK?, &JGAIP)
)L RFC DJSMPCQACLAC NPMACQQ, ?L ?RMK GQ CVAGRCB RM ? JCTCJ QCTCP?J QRCNQ ?@MTC GRQ EPMSLB QR?RC @W RFC ?@QMPNRGML MD ? PCJ?RGTCJW FGEF-CLCPEW 56
NFMRML. 4FGQ GQ A?JJCB 7JEC?9 ;N9?J7J?ED. /LAC GR GQ CVAGRCB, RFC ?RMK A?L BC-CVAGRC GL QCTCP?J U?WQ, MLC MD UFGAF GQ RM PC-CKGR ? NFMRML MD RFC Q?KC
CLCPEW ?Q CVAGRCB GR, ? QGLEJC QRCN @?AI RM RFC EPMSLB QR?RC. 4FGQ GQ A?JJCB 7JEC?9 :;-;N9?J7J?ED. !JJ MRFCP N?RFQ MD BC-CVAGR?RGML GLTMJTC QK?JJCP QRCNQ,
GL UFGAF JMUCP-CLCPEW (JMLECP U?TCJCLERF) NFMRMLQ ?PC CKGRRCB. 3MKC MD RFCQC K?W @C GL RFC TGQG@JC P?LEC, QSAF ?Q DMP RFC QAMPNGML GL F?=KH; 30.31.
FBKEH;I9;D9; GQ BCDGLCB RM @C ?LW NPMACQQ GL UFGAF ?L ?RMK MP KMJCASJC, CVAGRCB @W ? NFMRML MD ? EGTCL CLCPEW, ?LB BC-CVAGRCQ @W CKGQQGML MD ?
JMUCP-CLCPEW NFMRML.
&JSMPCQACLAC A?L @C GLBSACB @W K?LW RWNCQ MD CLCPEW GLNSR. &JSMPCQACLR N?GLR, BWCQ, ?LB CTCL QM?N PCQGBSCQ GL AJMRFCQ K?IC AMJMPQ QCCK @PGEFRCP
GL QSLJGEFR @W AMLTCPRGLE QMKC 56 GLRM TGQG@JC JGEFR. 8 P?WQ A?L GLBSAC DJSMPCQACLAC, ?Q GQ BMLC GL V-P?W DJSMPMQAMNW RM K?IC @PGEFRCP TGQG@JC GK?ECQ.
%JCARPGA BGQAF?PECQ A?L GLBSAC DJSMPCQACLAC, ?Q GL QM-A?JJCB LCML JGEFRQ ?LB GL E?Q-BGQAF?PEC RS@CQ RF?R NPMBSAC ?RMKGA ?LB KMJCASJ?P QNCARP?.
#MKKML DJSMPCQACLR JGEFRQ SQC ?L CJCARPGA BGQAF?PEC GL KCPASPW T?NMP RM A?SQC ?RMKGA CKGQQGMLQ DPMK KCPASPW ?RMKQ. 4FC GLQGBC MD ? DJSMPCQACLR
JGEFR GQ AM?RCB UGRF ? DJSMPCQACLR K?RCPG?J RF?R CKGRQ TGQG@JC JGEFR MTCP ? @PM?B QNCARPSK MD U?TCJCLERFQ. "W AFMMQGLE ?L ?NNPMNPG?RC AM?RGLE,
DJSMPCQACLR JGEFRQ A?L @C K?BC KMPC JGIC QSLJGEFR MP JGIC RFC PCBBGQF EJMU MD A?LBJCJGEFR, BCNCLBGLE ML LCCBQ. &JSMPCQACLR JGEFRQ ?PC KMPC CDDGAGCLR GL
AMLTCPRGLE CJCARPGA?J CLCPEW GLRM TGQG@JC JGEFR RF?L GLA?LBCQACLR DGJ?KCLRQ (?@MSR DMSP RGKCQ ?Q CDDGAGCLR), RFC @J?AI@MBW P?BG?RGML MD UFGAF GQ NPGK?PGJW GL
RFC GLDP?PCB BSC RM RCKNCP?RSPC JGKGR?RGMLQ.
4FGQ ?RMK GQ CVAGRCB RM MLC MD GRQ FGEFCP JCTCJQ @W ?@QMP@GLE ? 56 NFMRML. )R A?L BC-CVAGRC GL ? QGLEJC QRCN, PC-CKGRRGLE ? NFMRML MD RFC Q?KC CLCPEW, MP
GL QCTCP?J QRCNQ. 4FC NPMACQQ GQ A?JJCB DJSMPCQACLAC GD RFC ?RMK BC-CVAGRCQ GL QK?JJCP QRCNQ, CKGRRGLE CLCPEW BGDDCPCLR DPMK RF?R UFGAF CVAGRCB GR.
&JSMPCQACLAC A?L @C GLBSACB @W ? T?PGCRW MD CLCPEW GLNSRQ, QSAF ?Q 56, V-P?WQ, ?LB CJCARPGA?J BGQAF?PEC.
4FC QNCAR?ASJ?P 7?GRMKM A?TCQ ML .MPRF )QJ?LB GL .CU :C?J?LB NPMTGBC ? L?RSP?J F?@GR?R DMP EJMU-UMPKQ. 4FC EJMU-UMPKQ F?LE SN RM 70 QGJI
RFPC?BQ MD ?@MSR 30 MP 40 AK C?AF RM RP?N NPCW RF?R DJW RMU?PBQ RFCK GL RFC B?PI. 4FC DJSMPCQACLAC NPMACQQ GQ TCPW CDDGAGCLR, UGRF LC?PJW 100% MD RFC
CLCPEW GLNSR RSPLGLE GLRM JGEFR. ()L AMKN?PGQML, DJSMPCQACLR JGEFRQ ?PC ?@MSR 20% CDDGAGCLR.)
&JSMPCQACLAC F?Q K?LW SQCQ GL @GMJMEW ?LB KCBGAGLC. )R GQ AMKKMLJW SQCB RM J?@CJ ?LB DMJJMU ? KMJCASJC UGRFGL ? ACJJ. 3SAF R?EEGLE ?JJMUQ MLC RM
QRSBW RFC QRPSARSPC MD $.! ?LB NPMRCGLQ. &JSMPCQACLR BWCQ ?LB ?LRG@MBGCQ ?PC SQS?JJW SQCB RM R?E RFC KMJCASJCQ, UFGAF ?PC RFCL GJJSKGL?RCB UGRF 56
JGEFR ?LB RFCGP CKGQQGML MD TGQG@JC JGEFR GQ M@QCPTCB. 3GLAC RFC DJSMPCQACLAC MD C?AF CJCKCLR GQ AF?P?ARCPGQRGA, GBCLRGDGA?RGML MD CJCKCLRQ UGRFGL ? Q?KNJC
A?L @C BMLC RFGQ U?W.
#(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3 1075
F?=KH; 30.32 QFMUQ ? AMKKMLJW SQCB DJSMPCQACLR BWC A?JJCB DJSMPCQACGL. "CJMU RF?R, F?=KH; 30.33 PCTC?JQ RFC BGDDSQGML MD ? DJSMPCQACLR BWC GL U?RCP
@W M@QCPTGLE GR SLBCP 56 JGEFR.
F?=KH; 30.32 &JSMPCQACGL, QFMUL FCPC GL NMUBCP DMPK, GQ SQCB RM BWC J?@MP?RMPW Q?KNJCQ. (APCBGR: "CLH?F-@KK27, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
F?=KH; 30.33 (CPC, DJSMPCQACLR NMUBCP GQ ?BBCB RM ? @C?ICP MD U?RCP. 4FC KGVRSPC EGTCQ MDD ? @PGEFR EJMU SLBCP SJRP?TGMJCR JGEFR. (APCBGR: "PGAIQLGRC, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
.?LM-#PWQR?JQ
2CACLRJW, ? LCU AJ?QQ MD DJSMPCQACLR K?RCPG?JQ F?Q ?NNC?PCBruL?LM-APWQR?JQ.v 4FCQC ?PC QGLEJC-APWQR?J KMJCASJCQ JCQQ RF?L 100 LK GL QGXC. 4FC
QK?JJCQR MD RFCQC ?PC A?JJCB uOS?LRSK BMRQ.v 4FCQC QCKGAMLBSARMP GLBGA?RMPQ ?PC TCPW QK?JJ (2q6 LK) ?LB NPMTGBC GKNPMTCB @PGEFRLCQQ. 4FCW
?JQM F?TC RFC ?BT?LR?EC RF?R ?JJ AMJMPQ A?L @C CVAGRCB UGRF RFC Q?KC GLAGBCLR U?TCJCLERF. 4FCW ?PC @PGEFRCP ?LB KMPC QR?@JC RF?L MPE?LGA BWCQ
?LB F?TC ? JMLECP JGDCRGKC RF?L AMLTCLRGML?J NFMQNFMPQ. 4FCW F?TC @CAMKC ?L CVACJJCLR RMMJ DMP JMLE-RCPK QRSBGCQ MD ACJJQ, GLAJSBGLE KGEP?RGML
?LB KMPNFMJMEW. (F?=KH; 30.34.)
F?=KH; 30.34 -GAPMQAMNGA GK?EC MD AFGAICL ACJJQ SQGLE L?LM-APWQR?JQ MD ? DJSMPCQACLR BWC. #CJJ LSAJCG CVFG@GR @JSC DJSMPCQACLAC UFGJC LCSPMDGJ?KCLRQ CVFG@GR EPCCL. (APCBGR:
7CCP?NMLE 0P?QMLEAFC?L, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
/LAC CVAGRCB, ?L ?RMK MP KMJCASJC UGJJ SQS?JJW QNMLR?LCMSQJW BC-CVAGRC OSGAIJW. (4FC CJCARPMLQ P?GQCB RM FGEFCP JCTCJQ ?PC ?RRP?ARCB RM JMUCP MLCQ @W
RFC NMQGRGTC AF?PEC MD RFC LSAJCSQ.) 3NMLR?LCMSQ BC-CVAGR?RGML F?Q ? TCPW QFMPR KC?L JGDCRGKC MD RWNGA?JJW ?@MSR 10
8
s . (MUCTCP, QMKC JCTCJQ F?TC
QGELGDGA?LRJW JMLECP JGDCRGKCQ, P?LEGLE SN RM KGJJGQCAMLBQ RM KGLSRCQ MP CTCL FMSPQ. 4FCQC CLCPEW JCTCJQ ?PC GLFG@GRCB ?LB ?PC QJMU GL BC-CVAGRGLE
@CA?SQC RFCGP OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ BGDDCP EPC?RJW DPMK RFMQC MD ?T?GJ?@JC JMUCP JCTCJQ. !JRFMSEF RFCQC JCTCJ JGDCRGKCQ ?PC QFMPR GL FSK?L RCPKQ, RFCW ?PC
K?LW MPBCPQ MD K?ELGRSBC JMLECP RF?L GQ RWNGA?J ?LB, RFSQ, ?PC Q?GB RM @C C;J7IJ78B;, KC?LGLE PCJ?RGTCJW QR?@JC. )>EIF>EH;I9;D9; GQ RFC BC-
CVAGR?RGML MD ? KCR?QR?@JC QR?RC. 'JMU-GL-RFC-B?PI K?RCPG?JQ, QSAF ?Q JSKGLMSQ BG?JQ ML QMKC U?RAFCQ ?LB AJMAIQ ?LB ML AFGJBPCLtQ RMWQ ?LB N?H?K?Q,
?PC K?BC MD NFMQNFMPCQACLR QS@QR?LACQ. 6GQG@JC JGEFR CVAGRCQ RFC ?RMKQ MP KMJCASJCQ RM KCR?QR?@JC QR?RCQ RF?R BCA?W QJMUJW, PCJC?QGLE RFC QRMPCB
CVAGR?RGML CLCPEW N?PRG?JJW ?Q TGQG@JC JGEFR. )L QMKC ACP?KGAQ, ?RMKGA CVAGR?RGML CLCPEW A?L @C DPMXCL GL ?DRCP RFC ACP?KGA F?Q AMMJCB DPMK GRQ DGPGLE. )R GQ
TCPW QJMUJW PCJC?QCB, @SR RFC ACP?KGA A?L @C GLBSACB RM NFMQNFMPCQAC @W FC?RGLEr? NPMACQQ A?JJCB uRFCPKMJSKGLCQACLAC.v 3GLAC RFC PCJC?QC GQ
QJMU, RFCPKMJSKGLCQACLAC A?L @C SQCB RM B?RC ?LRGOSGRGCQ. 4FC JCQQ JGEFR CKGRRCB, RFC MJBCP RFC ACP?KGA. (3CC F?=KH; 30.35.)
1076 #(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3
F?=KH; 30.35 !RMKQ DPMXCL GL ?L CVAGRCB QR?RC UFCL RFGQ #FGLCQC ACP?KGA DGESPC U?Q DGPCB A?L @C QRGKSJ?RCB RM BC-CVAGRC ?LB CKGR %- P?BG?RGML @W FC?RGLE ? Q?KNJC MD RFC
ACP?KGAr? NPMACQQ A?JJCB RFCPKMJSKGLCQACLAC. 3GLAC RFC QR?RCQ QJMUJW BC-CVAGRC MTCP ACLRSPGCQ, RFC ?KMSLR MD RFCPKMJSKGLCQACLAC BCAPC?QCQ UGRF ?EC, K?IGLE GR NMQQG@JC
RM SQC RFGQ CDDCAR RM B?RC ?LB ?SRFCLRGA?RC ?LRGOSGRGCQ. 4FGQ DGESPC B?RCQ DPMK RFC 11
RF
ACLRSPW. (APCBGR: 6?QQGJ, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
,?QCPQ
,?QCPQ RMB?W ?PC AMKKMLNJ?AC. ,?QCPQ ?PC SQCB RM PC?B @?P AMBCQ ?R QRMPCQ ?LB GL JG@P?PGCQ, J?QCP QFMUQ ?PC QR?ECB DMP CLRCPR?GLKCLR, J?QCP NPGLRCPQ
NPMBSAC FGEF-OS?JGRW GK?ECQ ?R PCJ?RGTCJW JMU AMQR, ?LB J?QCPQ QCLB NPMBGEGMSQ LSK@CPQ MD RCJCNFMLC KCQQ?ECQ RFPMSEF MNRGA?J DG@CPQ. !KMLE MRFCP
RFGLEQ, J?QCPQ ?PC ?JQM CKNJMWCB GL QSPTCWGLE, UC?NMLQ ESGB?LAC, RSKMP CP?BGA?RGML, PCRGL?J UCJBGLE, ?LB DMP PC?BGLE KSQGA #$Q ?LB AMKNSRCP #$-
2/-Q.
7FW BM J?QCPQ F?TC QM K?LW T?PGCB ?NNJGA?RGMLQ? 4FC ?LQUCP GQ RF?R J?QCPQ NPMBSAC QGLEJC-U?TCJCLERF %- P?BG?RGML RF?R GQ ?JQM TCPW AMFCPCLRrRF?R
GQ, RFC CKGRRCB NFMRMLQ ?PC GL NF?QC. ,?QCP MSRNSR A?L, RFSQ, @C KMPC NPCAGQCJW K?LGNSJ?RCB RF?L GLAMFCPCLR KGVCB-U?TCJCLERF %- P?BG?RGML DPMK
MRFCP QMSPACQ. 4FC PC?QML J?QCP MSRNSR GQ QM NSPC ?LB AMFCPCLR GQ @?QCB ML FMU GR GQ NPMBSACB, UFGAF GL RSPL BCNCLBQ ML ? KCR?QR?@JC QR?RC GL RFC
J?QGLE K?RCPG?J. 3SNNMQC ? K?RCPG?J F?B RFC CLCPEW JCTCJQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 30.36. 7FCL CLCPEW GQ NSR GLRM ? J?PEC AMJJCARGML MD RFCQC ?RMKQ, CJCARPMLQ
?PC P?GQCB RM ?JJ NMQQG@JC JCTCJQ. -MQR PCRSPL RM RFC EPMSLB QR?RC GL JCQQ RF?L ?@MSR 10
8
s , @SR RFMQC GL RFC KCR?QR?@JC QR?RC JGLECP. 4FGQ GLAJSBCQ
RFMQC CJCARPMLQ MPGEGL?JJW CVAGRCB RM RFC KCR?QR?@JC QR?RC ?LB RFMQC RF?R DCJJ GLRM GR DPMK ?@MTC. )R GQ NMQQG@JC RM ECR ? K?HMPGRW MD RFC ?RMKQ GLRM RFC
KCR?QR?@JC QR?RC, ? AMLBGRGML A?JJCB ? FEFKB7J?ED ?DL;HI?ED.
F?=KH; 30.36 (?) %LCPEW-JCTCJ BG?EP?K DMP ?L ?RMK QFMUGLE RFC DGPQR DCU QR?RCQ, MLC MD UFGAF GQ KCR?QR?@JC. (@) -?QQGTC CLCPEW GLNSR CVAGRCQ ?RMKQ RM ? T?PGCRW MD QR?RCQ. (A)
-MQR QR?RCQ BCA?W OSGAIJW, JC?TGLE CJCARPMLQ MLJW GL RFC KCR?QR?@JC ?LB EPMSLB QR?RC. )D ? K?HMPGRW MD CJCARPMLQ ?PC GL RFC KCR?QR?@JC QR?RC, ? NMNSJ?RGML GLTCPQGML F?Q @CCL
?AFGCTCB.
#(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3 1077
/LAC ? NMNSJ?RGML GLTCPQGML GQ ?AFGCTCB, ? TCPW GLRCPCQRGLE RFGLE A?L F?NNCL, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 30.37. !L CJCARPML QNMLR?LCMSQJW D?JJQ DPMK RFC
KCR?QR?@JC QR?RC, CKGRRGLE ? NFMRML. 4FGQ NFMRML DGLBQ ?LMRFCP ?RMK GL RFC KCR?QR?@JC QR?RC ?LB QRGKSJ?RCQ GR RM BCA?W, CKGRRGLE ? QCAMLB NFMRML MD
G;8 F4@8 J4I8?8A:G; 4A7 <A C;4F8 UGRF RFC DGPQR, ?LB QM ML. ,J?CKB7J;: ;C?II?ED GQ RFC CKGQQGML MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML GL RFC DMPK MD NFMRMLQ
MD ? EGTCL DPCOSCLAW, RPGEECPCB @W NFMRMLQ MD RFC Q?KC DPCOSCLAW. &MP CV?KNJC, ?L CVAGRCB ?RMK, UGRF ?L CJCARPML GL ?L CLCPEW MP@GR FGEFCP RF?L
LMPK?J, PCJC?QCQ ? NFMRML MD ? QNCAGDGA DPCOSCLAW UFCL RFC CJCARPML BPMNQ @?AI RM ? JMUCP CLCPEW MP@GR. )D RFGQ NFMRML RFCL QRPGICQ ?LMRFCP CJCARPML GL
RFC Q?KC FGEF-CLCPEW MP@GR GL ?LMRFCP ?RMK, ?LMRFCP NFMRML MD RFC Q?KC DPCOSCLAW GQ PCJC?QCB. 4FC CKGRRCB NFMRMLQ ?LB RFC RPGEECPGLE NFMRMLQ ?PC
?JU?WQ GL NF?QC, F?TC RFC Q?KC NMJ?PGX?RGML, ?LB RP?TCJ GL RFC Q?KC BGPCARGML. 4FC NPM@?@GJGRW MD ?@QMPNRGML MD ? NFMRML GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC NPM@?@GJGRW
MD QRGKSJ?RCB CKGQQGML, ?LB QM ? K?HMPGRW MD ?RMKQ KSQR @C GL RFC KCR?QR?@JC QR?RC RM NPMBSAC CLCPEW. %GLQRCGL (?E?GL %GLQRCGL, ?LB @?AI GL 1917!)
U?Q MLC MD RFC GKNMPR?LR AMLRPG@SRMPQ RM RFC SLBCPQR?LBGLE MD QRGKSJ?RCB CKGQQGML MD P?BG?RGML. !KMLE MRFCP RFGLEQ, %GLQRCGL U?Q RFC DGPQR RM PC?JGXC
RF?R QRGKSJ?RCB CKGQQGML ?LB ?@QMPNRGML ?PC COS?JJW NPM@?@JC. 4FC J?QCP ?ARQ ?Q ? RCKNMP?PW CLCPEW QRMP?EC BCTGAC RF?R QS@QCOSCLRJW NPMBSACQ ?
K?QQGTC CLCPEW MSRNSR MD QGLEJC-U?TCJCLERF, GL-NF?QC NFMRMLQ.
F?=KH; 30.37 /LC ?RMK GL RFC KCR?QR?@JC QR?RC QNMLR?LCMSQJW BCA?WQ RM ? JMUCP JCTCJ, NPMBSAGLE ? NFMRML RF?R EMCQ ML RM QRGKSJ?RC ?LMRFCP ?RMK RM BC-CVAGRC. 4FC QCAMLB
NFMRML F?Q CV?ARJW RFC Q?KC CLCPEW ?LB U?TCJCLERF ?Q RFC DGPQR ?LB GQ GL NF?QC UGRF GR. "MRF EM ML RM QRGKSJ?RC RFC CKGQQGML MD MRFCP NFMRMLQ. ! NMNSJ?RGML GLTCPQGML GQ
LCACQQ?PW DMP RFCPC RM @C ? LCR NPMBSARGML P?RFCP RF?L ? LCR ?@QMPNRGML MD RFC NFMRMLQ.
4FC L?KC B7I;H GQ ?L ?APMLWK DMP JGEFR ?KNJGDGA?RGML @W QRGKSJ?RCB CKGQQGML MD P?BG?RGML, RFC NPMACQQ HSQR BCQAPG@CB. 4FC NPMACQQ U?Q NPMNMQCB ?LB
BCTCJMNCB DMJJMUGLE RFC ?BT?LACQ GL OS?LRSK NFWQGAQ. ! HMGLR .M@CJ 0PGXC U?Q ?U?PBCB GL 1964 RM !KCPGA?L #F?PJCQ 4MULCQ (1915q), ?LB .GIMJ?W
"?QMT (1922q2001) ?LB !JCIQ?LBP 0PMIFMPMT (1916q2002), DPMK RFC 3MTGCR 5LGML, DMP RFC BCTCJMNKCLR MD J?QCPQ. 4FC .M@CJ 0PGXC GL 1981 UCLR RM
!PRFSP 3AF?UJMU (1921-1999) DMP NGMLCCPGLE J?QCP ?NNJGA?RGMLQ. 4FC MPGEGL?J BCTGACQ UCPC A?JJCB K?QCPQ, @CA?SQC RFCW NPMBSACB KGAPMU?TCQ. 4FC
DGPQR UMPIGLE J?QCP U?Q APC?RCB GL 1960 ?R (SEFCQ 2CQC?PAF J?@Q (#!) @W 4. -?GK?L. )R SQCB ? NSJQCB FGEF-NMUCPCB DJ?QF J?KN ?LB ? PS@W PMB RM
NPMBSAC PCB JGEFR. 4MB?W RFC L?KC J?QCP GQ SQCB DMP ?JJ QSAF BCTGACQ BCTCJMNCB RM NPMBSAC ? T?PGCRW MD U?TCJCLERFQ, GLAJSBGLE KGAPMU?TC, GLDP?PCB,
TGQG@JC, ?LB SJRP?TGMJCR P?BG?RGML. F?=KH; 30.38 QFMUQ FMU ? J?QCP A?L @C AMLQRPSARCB RM CLF?LAC RFC QRGKSJ?RCB CKGQQGML MD P?BG?RGML. %LCPEW GLNSR
A?L @C DPMK ? DJ?QF RS@C, CJCARPGA?J BGQAF?PEC, MP MRFCP QMSPACQ, GL ? NPMACQQ QMKCRGKCQ A?JJCB MNRGA?J NSKNGLE. ! J?PEC NCPACLR?EC MD RFC MPGEGL?J
NSKNGLE CLCPEW GQ BGQQGN?RCB GL MRFCP DMPKQ, @SR ? NMNSJ?RGML GLTCPQGML KSQR @C ?AFGCTCB. -GPPMPQ A?L @C SQCB RM CLF?LAC QRGKSJ?RCB CKGQQGML @W
KSJRGNJC N?QQCQ MD RFC P?BG?RGML @?AI ?LB DMPRF RFPMSEF RFC J?QGLE K?RCPG?J. /LC MD RFC KGPPMPQ GQ QCKGRP?LQN?PCLR RM ?JJMU QMKC MD RFC JGEFR RM N?QQ
RFPMSEF. 4FC J?QCP MSRNSR DPMK ? J?QCP GQ ? KCPC 1% MD RFC JGEFR N?QQGLE @?AI ?LB DMPRF GL ? J?QCP.
1078 #(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3
F?=KH; 30.38 4WNGA?J J?QCP AMLQRPSARGML F?Q ? KCRFMB MD NSKNGLE CLCPEW GLRM RFC J?QGLE K?RCPG?J RM NPMBSAC ? NMNSJ?RGML GLTCPQGML. (?) 3NMLR?LCMSQ CKGQQGML @CEGLQ UGRF
QMKC NFMRMLQ CQA?NGLE ?LB MRFCPQ QRGKSJ?RGLE DSPRFCP CKGQQGMLQ. (@) ?LB (A) -GPPMPQ ?PC SQCB RM CLF?LAC RFC NPM@?@GJGRW MD QRGKSJ?RCB CKGQQGML @W N?QQGLE NFMRMLQ RFPMSEF RFC
K?RCPG?J QCTCP?J RGKCQ.
,?QCPQ ?PC AMLQRPSARCB DPMK K?LW RWNCQ MD J?QGLE K?RCPG?JQ, GLAJSBGLE E?QCQ, JGOSGBQ, QMJGBQ, ?LB QCKGAMLBSARMPQ. "SR ?JJ J?QCPQ ?PC @?QCB ML RFC
CVGQRCLAC MD ? KCR?QR?@JC QR?RC MP ? NFMQNFMPCQACLR K?RCPG?J. 3MKC J?QCPQ NPMBSAC AMLRGLSMSQ MSRNSR; MRFCPQ ?PC NSJQCB GL @SPQRQ ?Q @PGCD ?Q
10
14
s . 3MKC J?QCP MSRNSRQ ?PC D?LR?QRGA?JJW NMUCPDSJrQMKC EPC?RCP RF?L 10
12
W r@SR RFC KMPC AMKKML, CTCPWB?W J?QCPQ NPMBSAC QMKCRFGLE
ML RFC MPBCP MD 10
3
W. 4FC FCJGSK-LCML J?QCP RF?R NPMBSACQ ? D?KGJG?P PCB JGEFR GQ TCPW AMKKML. F?=KH; 30.39 QFMUQ RFC CLCPEW JCTCJQ MD FCJGSK
?LB LCML, ? N?GP MD LM@JC E?QCQ RF?R UMPI UCJJ RMECRFCP. !L CJCARPGA?J BGQAF?PEC GQ N?QQCB RFPMSEF ? FCJGSK-LCML E?Q KGVRSPC GL UFGAF RFC LSK@CP MD
?RMKQ MD FCJGSK GQ RCL RGKCQ RF?R MD LCML. 4FC DGPQR CVAGRCB QR?RC MD FCJGSK GQ KCR?QR?@JC ?LB, RFSQ, QRMPCQ CLCPEW. 4FGQ CLCPEW GQ C?QGJW RP?LQDCPPCB @W
AMJJGQGML RM LCML ?RMKQ, @CA?SQC RFCW F?TC ?L CVAGRCB QR?RC ?R LC?PJW RFC Q?KC CLCPEW ?Q RF?R GL FCJGSK. 4F?R QR?RC GL LCML GQ ?JQM KCR?QR?@JC, ?LB
RFGQ GQ RFC MLC RF?R NPMBSACQ RFC J?QCP MSRNSR. (4FC KMQR JGICJW RP?LQGRGML GQ RM RFC LC?P@W QR?RC, NPMBSAGLE 1.96 C6 NFMRMLQ, UFGAF F?TC ? U?TCJCLERF
MD 633 LK ?LB ?NNC?P PCB.) ! NMNSJ?RGML GLTCPQGML A?L @C NPMBSACB GL LCML, @CA?SQC RFCPC ?PC QM K?LW KMPC FCJGSK ?RMKQ ?LB RFCQC NSR CLCPEW
GLRM RFC LCML. (CJGSK-LCML J?QCPQ MDRCL F?TC AMLRGLSMSQ MSRNSR, @CA?SQC RFC NMNSJ?RGML GLTCPQGML A?L @C K?GLR?GLCB CTCL UFGJC J?QGLE MAASPQ.
0PM@?@JW RFC KMQR AMKKML J?QCPQ GL SQC RMB?W, GLAJSBGLE RFC AMKKML J?QCP NMGLRCP, ?PC QCKGAMLBSARMP MP BGMBC J?QCPQ, K?BC MD QGJGAML. (CPC, CLCPEW
GQ NSKNCB GLRM RFC K?RCPG?J @W N?QQGLE ? ASPPCLR GL RFC BCTGAC RM CVAGRC RFC CJCARPMLQ. 3NCAG?J AM?RGLEQ ML RFC CLBQ ?LB DGLC AJC?TGLEQ MD RFC
QCKGAMLBSARMP K?RCPG?J ?JJMU JGEFR RM @MSLAC @?AI ?LB DMPRF ?LB ? RGLW DP?ARGML RM CKCPEC ?Q J?QCP JGEFR. $GMBC J?QCPQ A?L SQS?JJW PSL AMLRGLS?JJW ?LB
NPMBSAC MSRNSRQ GL RFC KGJJGU?RR P?LEC.
F?=KH; 30.39 %LCPEW JCTCJQ GL FCJGSK ?LB LCML. )L RFC AMKKML FCJGSK-LCML J?QCP, ?L CJCARPGA?J BGQAF?PEC NSKNQ CLCPEW GLRM RFC KCR?QR?@JC QR?RCQ MD @MRF ?RMKQ. 4FC E?Q
KGVRSPC F?Q ?@MSR RCL RGKCQ KMPC FCJGSK ?RMKQ RF?L LCML ?RMKQ. %VAGRCB FCJGSK ?RMKQ C?QGJW BC-CVAGRC @W RP?LQDCPPGLE CLCPEW RM LCML GL ? AMJJGQGML. ! NMNSJ?RGML GLTCPQGML GL
LCML GQ ?AFGCTCB, ?JJMUGLE J?QGLE @W RFC LCML RM MAASP.
4FCPC ?PC K?LW KCBGA?J ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD J?QCPQ. ,?QCPQ F?TC RFC ?BT?LR?EC RF?R RFCW A?L @C DMASQCB RM ? QK?JJ QNMR. 4FCW ?JQM F?TC ? UCJJ-BCDGLCB
U?TCJCLERF. -?LW RWNCQ MD J?QCPQ ?PC ?T?GJ?@JC RMB?W RF?R NPMTGBC U?TCJCLERFQ DPMK RFC SJRP?TGMJCR RM RFC GLDP?PCB. 4FGQ GQ GKNMPR?LR, ?Q MLC LCCBQ RM
#(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3 1079
@C ?@JC RM QCJCAR ? U?TCJCLERF RF?R UGJJ @C NPCDCPCLRG?JJW ?@QMP@CB @W RFC K?RCPG?J MD GLRCPCQR. /@HCARQ ?NNC?P ? ACPR?GL AMJMP @CA?SQC RFCW ?@QMP@ ?JJ
MRFCP TGQG@JC AMJMPQ GLAGBCLR SNML RFCK. 7F?R U?TCJCLERFQ ?PC ?@QMP@CB BCNCLBQ SNML RFC CLCPEW QN?AGLE @CRUCCL CJCARPML MP@GR?JQ GL RF?R
KMJCASJC. 5LJGIC RFC FWBPMECL ?RMK, @GMJMEGA?J KMJCASJCQ ?PC AMKNJCV ?LB F?TC ? T?PGCRW MD ?@QMPNRGML U?TCJCLERFQ MP JGLCQ. "SR RFCQC A?L @C
BCRCPKGLCB ?LB SQCB GL RFC QCJCARGML MD ? J?QCP UGRF RFC ?NNPMNPG?RC U?TCJCLERF. 7?RCP GQ RP?LQN?PCLR RM RFC TGQG@JC QNCARPSK @SR UGJJ ?@QMP@ JGEFR GL
RFC 56 ?LB )2 PCEGMLQ. "JMMB (FCKMEJM@GL) QRPMLEJW PCDJCARQ PCB @SR ?@QMP@Q KMQR QRPMLEJW GL RFC 56.
,?QCP QSPECPW SQCQ ? U?TCJCLERF RF?R GQ QRPMLEJW ?@QMP@CB @W RFC RGQQSC GR GQ DMASQCB SNML. /LC CV?KNJC MD ? KCBGA?J ?NNJGA?RGML MD J?QCPQ GQ QFMUL
GL F?=KH; 30.40. ! BCR?AFCB PCRGL? A?L PCQSJR GL RMR?J JMQQ MD TGQGML. "SPLQ K?BC @W ? J?QCP DMASQCB RM ? QK?JJ QNMR ML RFC PCRGL? DMPK QA?P RGQQSC RF?R
A?L FMJB RFC PCRGL? GL NJ?AC, Q?JT?EGLE RFC N?RGCLRtQ TGQGML. /RFCP JGEFR QMSPACQ A?LLMR @C DMASQCB ?Q NPCAGQCJW ?Q ? J?QCP BSC RM PCDP?ARGTC BGQNCPQGML
MD BGDDCPCLR U?TCJCLERFQ. 3GKGJ?PJW, J?QCP QSPECPW GL RFC DMPK MD ASRRGLE MP @SPLGLE ?U?W RGQQSC GQ K?BC KMPC ?AASP?RC @CA?SQC J?QCP MSRNSR A?L @C
TCPW NPCAGQCJW DMASQCB ?LB GQ NPCDCPCLRG?JJW ?@QMP@CB @CA?SQC MD GRQ QGLEJC U?TCJCLERF. $CNCLBGLE SNML UF?R N?PR MP J?WCP MD RFC PCRGL? LCCBQ
PCN?GPGLE, RFC ?NNPMNPG?RC RWNC MD J?QCP A?L @C QCJCARCB. &MP RFC PCN?GP MD RC?PQ GL RFC PCRGL?, ? EPCCL ?PEML J?QCP GQ ECLCP?JJW SQCB. 4FGQ JGEFR GQ
?@QMP@CB UCJJ @W RGQQSCQ AMLR?GLGLE @JMMB, QM AM?ESJ?RGML MP uUCJBGLEv MD RFC RC?P A?L @C BMLC.
F?=KH; 30.40 ! BCR?AFCB PCRGL? GQ @SPLCB @W ? J?QCP BCQGELCB RM DMASQ ML ? QK?JJ QNMR ML RFC PCRGL?, RFC PCQSJRGLE QA?P RGQQSC FMJBGLE GR GL NJ?AC. 4FC JCLQ MD RFC CWC GQ SQCB RM
DMASQ RFC JGEFR, ?Q GQ RFC BCTGAC @PGLEGLE RFC J?QCP MSRNSR RM RFC CWC.
)L BCLRGQRPW, RFC SQC MD J?QCPQ GQ PGQGLE. ,?QCPQ ?PC KMQR AMKKMLJW SQCB DMP QSPECPW ML RFC QMDR RGQQSC MD RFC KMSRF. 4FCW A?L @C SQCB RM PCKMTC
SJACPQ, QRMN @JCCBGLE, ?LB PCQF?NC ESK RGQQSC. 4FCGP SQC GL ASRRGLE GLRM @MLCQ ?LB RCCRF GQ LMR OSGRC QM AMKKML; FCPC RFC CP@GSK 9!' (WRRPGSK
?JSKGLSK E?PLCR) J?QCP GQ SQCB.
4FC K?QQGTC AMK@GL?RGML MD J?QCPQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 30.41 A?L @C SQCB RM GLBSAC LSAJC?P DSQGML, RFC CLCPEW QMSPAC MD RFC QSL ?LB FWBPMECL @MK@Q.
3GLAC J?QCPQ A?L NPMBSAC TCPW FGEF NMUCP GL TCPW @PGCD NSJQCQ, RFCW A?L @C SQCB RM DMASQ ?L CLMPKMSQ ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW ML ? QK?JJ EJ?QQ QNFCPC
AMLR?GLGLE DSQGML DSCJ. .MR MLJW BMCQ RFC GLAGBCLR CLCPEW GLAPC?QC RFC DSCJ RCKNCP?RSPC QGELGDGA?LRJW QM RF?R DSQGML A?L MAASP, GR ?JQM AMKNPCQQCQ RFC
DSCJ RM EPC?R BCLQGRW, CLF?LAGLE RFC NPM@?@GJGRW MD DSQGML. 4FC AMKNPCQQGML MP GKNJMQGML GQ A?SQCB @W RFC KMKCLRSK MD RFC GKNGLEGLE J?QCP NFMRMLQ.
F?=KH; 30.41 4FGQ QWQRCK MD J?QCPQ ?R ,?UPCLAC ,GTCPKMPC ,?@MP?RMPW GQ SQCB RM GELGRC LSAJC?P DSQGML. ! RPCKCLBMSQ @SPQR MD CLCPEW GQ DMASQCB ML ? QK?JJ DSCJ NCJJCR, UFGAF GQ
GKNJMBCB RM RFC FGEF BCLQGRW ?LB RCKNCP?RSPC LCCBCB RM K?IC RFC DSQGML PC?ARGML NPMACCB. (APCBGR: ,?UPCLAC ,GTCPKMPC .?RGML?J ,?@MP?RMPW, ,?UPCLAC ,GTCPKMPC .?RGML?J
3CASPGRW, ,,#, ?LB RFC $CN?PRKCLR MD %LCPEW)
-SQGA #$Q ?PC LMU QM AMKKML RF?R TGLWJ PCAMPBQ ?PC OS?GLR ?LRGOSGRGCQ. #$Q (?LB $6$Q) QRMPC GLDMPK?RGML BGEGR?JJW ?LB F?TC ? KSAF J?PECP
GLDMPK?RGML-QRMP?EC A?N?AGRW RF?L TGLWJ PCAMPBQ. !L CLRGPC CLAWAJMNCBG? A?L @C QRMPCB ML ? QGLEJC #$. F?=KH; 30.42 GJJSQRP?RCQ FMU RFC GLDMPK?RGML GQ
QRMPCB ?LB PC?B DPMK RFC #$. 0GRQ K?BC GL RFC #$ @W ? J?QCP A?L @C RGLW ?LB TCPW ?AASP?RCJW QN?ACB RM PCAMPB BGEGR?J GLDMPK?RGML. 4FCQC ?PC PC?B @W
F?TGLE ?L GLCVNCLQGTC QMJGB-QR?RC GLDP?PCB J?QCP @C?K QA?RRCP DPMK NGRQ ?Q RFC #$ QNGLQ, PCTC?JGLE RFCGP BGEGR?J N?RRCPL ?LB RFC GLDMPK?RGML CLAMBCB
SNML RFCK.
1080 #(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3
F?=KH; 30.42 ! #$ F?Q BGEGR?J GLDMPK?RGML QRMPCB GL RFC DMPK MD J?QCP-APC?RCB NGRQ ML GRQ QSPD?AC. 4FCQC GL RSPL A?L @C PC?B @W BCRCARGLE RFC J?QCP JGEFR QA?RRCPCB DPMK RFC NGR.
,?PEC GLDMPK?RGML A?N?AGRW GQ NMQQG@JC @CA?SQC MD RFC NPCAGQGML MD RFC J?QCP. 3FMPRCP-U?TCJCLERF J?QCPQ CL?@JC EPC?RCP QRMP?EC A?N?AGRW.
(MJMEP?KQ, QSAF ?Q RFMQC GL F?=KH; 30.43, ?PC RPSC RFPCC-BGKCLQGML?J GK?ECQ PCAMPBCB ML DGJK @W J?QCPQ. (MJMEP?KQ ?PC SQCB DMP ?KSQCKCLR,
BCAMP?RGML ML LMTCJRW GRCKQ ?LB K?E?XGLC AMTCPQ, QCASPGRW ML APCBGR A?PBQ ?LB BPGTCPtQ JGACLQCQ (? J?QCP ?LB MRFCP COSGNKCLR GQ LCCBCB RM PCNPMBSAC
RFCK), ?LB DMP QCPGMSQ RFPCC-BGKCLQGML?J GLDMPK?RGML QRMP?EC. 9MS A?L QCC RF?R ? FMJMEP?K GQ ? RPSC RFPCC-BGKCLQGML?J GK?EC, @CA?SQC M@HCARQ
AF?LEC PCJ?RGTC NMQGRGML GL RFC GK?EC UFCL TGCUCB DPMK BGDDCPCLR ?LEJCQ.
F?=KH; 30.43 #PCBGR A?PBQ AMKKMLJW F?TC FMJMEP?KQ DMP JMEMQ, K?IGLE RFCK BGDDGASJR RM PCNPMBSAC (APCBGR: $MKGLGA !JTCQ, &JGAIP)
4FC L?KC >EBE=H7C KC?LQ uCLRGPC NGARSPCv (DPMK RFC 'PCCI ;B?B, ?Q GL FMJGQRGA), @CA?SQC RFC GK?EC GQ RFPCC-BGKCLQGML?J. !EBE=H7F>O GQ RFC NPMACQQ
MD NPMBSAGLE FMJMEP?KQ ?LB, ?JRFMSEF RFCW ?PC PCAMPBCB ML NFMRMEP?NFGA DGJK, RFC NPMACQQ GQ OSGRC BGDDCPCLR DPMK LMPK?J NFMRMEP?NFW. (MJMEP?NFW
SQCQ JGEFR GLRCPDCPCLAC MP U?TC MNRGAQ, UFCPC?Q LMPK?J NFMRMEP?NFW SQCQ ECMKCRPGA MNRGAQ. F?=KH; 30.44 QFMUQ MLC KCRFMB MD NPMBSAGLE ?
FMJMEP?K. #MFCPCLR JGEFR DPMK ? J?QCP GQ QNJGR @W ? KGPPMP, UGRF N?PR MD RFC JGEFR GJJSKGL?RGLE RFC M@HCAR. 4FC PCK?GLBCP, A?JJCB RFC PCDCPCLAC @C?K,
QFGLCQ BGPCARJW ML ? NGCAC MD DGJK. ,GEFR QA?RRCPCB DPMK RFC M@HCAR GLRCPDCPCQ UGRF RFC PCDCPCLAC @C?K, NPMBSAGLE AMLQRPSARGTC ?LB BCQRPSARGTC
GLRCPDCPCLAC. !Q ? PCQSJR, RFC CVNMQCB DGJK JMMIQ DMEEW, @SR AJMQC CV?KGL?RGML PCTC?JQ ? AMKNJGA?RCB GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPL QRMPCB ML GR. 7FCPC RFC
GLRCPDCPCLAC U?Q AMLQRPSARGTC, RFC DGJK (? LCE?RGTC ?ARS?JJW) GQ B?PICLCB. (MJMEP?NFW GQ QMKCRGKCQ A?JJCB JCLQJCQQ NFMRMEP?NFW, @CA?SQC GR SQCQ RFC
U?TC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD JGEFR ?Q AMLRP?QRCB RM LMPK?J NFMRMEP?NFW, UFGAF SQCQ ECMKCRPGA MNRGAQ ?LB QM PCOSGPCQ JCLQCQ.
F?=KH; 30.44 0PMBSARGML MD ? FMJMEP?K. 3GLEJC-U?TCJCLERF AMFCPCLR JGEFR DPMK ? J?QCP NPMBSACQ ? UCJJ-BCDGLCB GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPL ML ? NGCAC MD DGJK. 4FC J?QCP @C?K GQ QNJGR @W
? N?PRG?JJW QGJTCPCB KGPPMP, UGRF N?PR MD RFC JGEFR GJJSKGL?RGLE RFC M@HCAR ?LB RFC PCK?GLBCP QFGLGLE BGPCARJW ML RFC DGJK.
,GEFR D?JJGLE ML ? FMJMEP?K A?L DMPK ? RFPCC-BGKCLQGML?J GK?EC. 4FC NPMACQQ GQ AMKNJGA?RCB GL BCR?GJ, @SR RFC @?QGAQ A?L @C SLBCPQRMMB ?Q QFMUL GL
F?=KH; 30.45, GL UFGAF ? J?QCP MD RFC Q?KC RWNC RF?R CVNMQCB RFC DGJK GQ LMU SQCB RM GJJSKGL?RC GR. 4FC KWPG?B RGLW CVNMQCB PCEGMLQ MD RFC DGJK ?PC B?PI
?LB @JMAI RFC JGEFR, UFGJC JCQQ CVNMQCB PCEGMLQ ?JJMU JGEFR RM N?QQ. 4FC DGJK RFSQ ?ARQ KSAF JGIC ? AMJJCARGML MD BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLEQ UGRF T?PGMSQ
QN?AGLEQ. ,GEFR N?QQGLE RFPMSEF RFC FMJMEP?K GQ BGDDP?ARCB GL T?PGMSQ BGPCARGMLQ, NPMBSAGLE @MRF PC?J ?LB TGPRS?J GK?ECQ MD RFC M@HCAR SQCB RM CVNMQC
#(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3 1081
RFC DGJK. 4FC GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPL GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q RF?R NPMBSACB @W RFC M@HCAR. -MTGLE WMSP CWC RM T?PGMSQ NJ?ACQ GL RFC GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPL EGTCQ WMS
BGDDCPCLR NCPQNCARGTCQ, HSQR ?Q JMMIGLE BGPCARJW ?R RFC M@HCAR UMSJB. 4FC GK?EC RFSQ JMMIQ JGIC RFC M@HCAR ?LB GQ RFPCC-BGKCLQGML?J JGIC RFC M@HCAR.
F?=KH; 30.45 ! RP?LQKGQQGML FMJMEP?K GQ MLC RF?R NPMBSACQ PC?J ?LB TGPRS?J GK?ECQ UFCL ? J?QCP MD RFC Q?KC RWNC ?Q RF?R UFGAF CVNMQCB RFC FMJMEP?K GQ N?QQCB RFPMSEF GR.
$GDDP?ARGML DPMK T?PGMSQ N?PRQ MD RFC DGJK NPMBSACQ RFC Q?KC GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPL ?Q RFC M@HCAR RF?R U?Q SQCB RM CVNMQC GR.
4FC FMJMEP?K GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 30.45 GQ ? RP?LQKGQQGML FMJMEP?K. (MJMEP?KQ RF?R ?PC TGCUCB UGRF PCDJCARCB JGEFR, QSAF ?Q RFC UFGRC JGEFR
FMJMEP?KQ ML APCBGR A?PBQ, ?PC PCDJCARGML FMJMEP?KQ ?LB ?PC KMPC AMKKML. 7FGRC JGEFR FMJMEP?KQ MDRCL ?NNC?P ? JGRRJC @JSPPW UGRF P?GL@MU CBECQ,
@CA?SQC RFC BGDDP?ARGML N?RRCPLQ MD T?PGMSQ AMJMPQ MD JGEFR ?PC ?R QJGEFRJW BGDDCPCLR JMA?RGMLQ BSC RM RFCGP BGDDCPCLR U?TCJCLERFQ. &SPRFCP SQCQ MD
FMJMEP?NFW GLAJSBC ?JJ RWNCQ MD 3-$ GLDMPK?RGML QRMP?EC, QSAF ?Q MD QR?RSCQ GL KSQCSKQ ?LB CLEGLCCPGLE QRSBGCQ MD QRPSARSPCQ ?LB 3-$ GK?ECQ MD
FSK?L MPE?LQ. )LTCLRCB GL RFC J?RC 1940Q @W $CLLGQ '?@MP (1900q1970), UFM UML RFC 1971 .M@CJ 0PGXC GL 0FWQGAQ DMP FGQ UMPI, FMJMEP?NFW @CA?KC
D?P KMPC NP?ARGA?J UGRF RFC BCTCJMNKCLR MD RFC J?QCP. 3GLAC J?QCPQ NPMBSAC AMFCPCLR QGLEJC-U?TCJCLERF JGEFR, RFCGP GLRCPDCPCLAC N?RRCPLQ ?PC KMPC
NPMLMSLACB. 4FC NPCAGQGML GQ QM EPC?R RF?R GR GQ CTCL NMQQG@JC RM PCAMPB LSKCPMSQ FMJMEP?KQ ML ? QGLEJC NGCAC MD DGJK @W HSQR AF?LEGLE RFC ?LEJC MD
RFC DGJK DMP C?AF QSAACQQGTC GK?EC. 4FGQ GQ FMU RFC FMJMEP?KQ RF?R KMTC ?Q WMS U?JI @W RFCK ?PC NPMBSACBr? IGLB MD JCLQJCQQ KMTGC.
)L ? QGKGJ?P U?W, GL RFC KCBGA?J DGCJB, FMJMEP?KQ F?TC ?JJMUCB AMKNJCRC 3-$ FMJMEP?NFGA BGQNJ?WQ MD M@HCARQ DPMK ? QR?AI MD GK?ECQ. 3RMPGLE RFCQC
GK?ECQ DMP DSRSPC SQC GQ PCJ?RGTCJW C?QW. 7GRF RFC SQC MD ?L CLBMQAMNC, FGEF-PCQMJSRGML 3-$ FMJMEP?NFGA GK?ECQ MD GLRCPL?J MPE?LQ ?LB RGQQSCQ A?L @C
K?BC.
30.6 ->; 07L; '7JKH; E< &7JJ;H C7KI;I *K7DJ?P7J?ED
!DRCP TGQGRGLE QMKC MD RFC ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD BGDDCPCLR ?QNCARQ MD ?RMKGA NFWQGAQ, UC LMU PCRSPL RM RFC @?QGA RFCMPW RF?R U?Q @SGJR SNML "MFPtQ ?RMK.
%GLQRCGL MLAC Q?GB GR U?Q GKNMPR?LR RM ICCN ?QIGLE RFC OSCQRGMLQ UC CTCLRS?JJW RC?AF AFGJBPCL LMR RM ?QI. 7FW GQ ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK OS?LRGXCB? 9MS
?JPC?BW ILMU RFC ?LQUCP. %JCARPMLQ F?TC U?TC-JGIC NPMNCPRGCQ, ?Q BC "PMEJGC J?RCP NPMNMQCB. 4FCW A?L CVGQR MLJW UFCPC RFCW GLRCPDCPC AMLQRPSARGTCJW,
?LB MLJW ACPR?GL MP@GRQ KCCR NPMNCP AMLBGRGMLQ, ?Q UC QF?JJ QCC GL RFC LCVR KMBSJC.
&MJJMUGLE "MFPtQ GLGRG?J UMPI ML RFC FWBPMECL ?RMK, ? BCA?BC U?Q RM N?QQ @CDMPC BC "PMEJGC NPMNMQCB RF?R K?RRCP F?Q U?TC NPMNCPRGCQ. 4FC U?TC-JGIC
NPMNCPRGCQ MD K?RRCP UCPC QS@QCOSCLRJW AMLDGPKCB @W M@QCPT?RGMLQ MD CJCARPML GLRCPDCPCLAC UFCL QA?RRCPCB DPMK APWQR?JQ. %JCARPMLQ A?L CVGQR MLJW GL
JMA?RGMLQ UFCPC RFCW GLRCPDCPC AMLQRPSARGTCJW. (MU BMCQ RFGQ ?DDCAR CJCARPMLQ GL ?RMKGA MP@GRQ? 7FCL ?L CJCARPML GQ @MSLB RM ?L ?RMK, GRQ U?TCJCLERF
KSQR DGR GLRM ? QK?JJ QN?AC, QMKCRFGLE JGIC ? QR?LBGLE U?TC ML ? QRPGLE. (3CC F?=KH; 30.46.) !JJMUCB MP@GRQ ?PC RFMQC MP@GRQ GL UFGAF ?L CJCARPML
AMLQRPSARGTCJW GLRCPDCPCQ UGRF GRQCJD. .MR ?JJ MP@GRQ NPMBSAC AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC. 4FSQ MLJW ACPR?GL MP@GRQ ?PC ?JJMUCBrRFC MP@GRQ ?PC OS?LRGXCB.
F?=KH; 30.46 (?) 7?TCQ ML ? QRPGLE F?TC ? U?TCJCLERF PCJ?RCB RM RFC JCLERF MD RFC QRPGLE, ?JJMUGLE RFCK RM GLRCPDCPC AMLQRPSARGTCJW. (@) )D UC GK?EGLC RFC QRPGLE @CLR GLRM ? AJMQCB
AGPAJC, UC ECR ? PMSEF GBC? MD FMU CJCARPMLQ GL AGPASJ?P MP@GRQ A?L GLRCPDCPC AMLQRPSARGTCJW. (A) )D RFC U?TCJCLERF BMCQ LMR DGR GLRM RFC AGPASKDCPCLAC, RFC CJCARPML GLRCPDCPCQ
BCQRPSARGTCJW; GR A?LLMR CVGQR GL QSAF ?L MP@GR.
&MP ? AGPASJ?P MP@GR, AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC MAASPQ UFCL RFC CJCARPMLtQ U?TCJCLERF DGRQ LC?RJW GLRM RFC AGPASKDCPCLAC, QM RF?R U?TC APCQRQ ?JU?WQ
?JGEL UGRF APCQRQ ?LB U?TC RPMSEFQ ?JGEL UGRF RPMSEFQ, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 30.46 (@). -MPC NPCAGQCJW, UFCL ?L GLRCEP?J KSJRGNJC MD RFC CJCARPMLtQ
U?TCJCLERF COS?JQ RFC AGPASKDCPCLAC MD RFC MP@GR, AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC GQ M@R?GLCB. )L COS?RGML DMPK, RFC 6BA7<G<BA 9BE 6BAFGEH6G<I8 <AG8E98E8A68
4A7 4A 4??BJ87 8?86GEBA BE5<G GQ
(30.38)
n
n
= 2r
n
(n = 1, 2, 3 ...),
UFCPC
n
GQ RFC CJCARPMLtQ U?TCJCLERF ?LB r
n
GQ RFC P?BGSQ MD RF?R AGPASJ?P MP@GR. 4FC BC "PMEJGC U?TCJCLERF GQ = h
/
p = h
/
mv , ?LB QM FCPC
= h
/
m
e
v . 3S@QRGRSRGLE RFGQ GLRM RFC NPCTGMSQ AMLBGRGML DMP AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC NPMBSACQ ?L GLRCPCQRGLE PCQSJR:
1082 #(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3
(30.39)
nh
m
e
v
= 2r
n
.
2C?PP?LEGLE RCPKQ, ?LB LMRGLE RF?R L = mvr DMP ? AGPASJ?P MP@GR, UC M@R?GL RFC OS?LRGX?RGML MD ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK ?Q RFC AMLBGRGML DMP ?JJMUCB MP@GRQ:
(30.40)
L = m
e
vr
n
= n
h
2
(n = 1, 2, 3 ...).
4FGQ GQ UF?R "MFP U?Q DMPACB RM FWNMRFCQGXC ?Q RFC PSJC DMP ?JJMUCB MP@GRQ, ?Q QR?RCB C?PJGCP. 7C LMU PC?JGXC RF?R GR GQ RFC AMLBGRGML DMP AMLQRPSARGTC
GLRCPDCPCLAC MD ?L CJCARPML GL ? AGPASJ?P MP@GR. F?=KH; 30.47 GJJSQRP?RCQ RFGQ DMP n = 3 ?LB n = 4.
7?TCQ ?LB 1S?LRGX?RGML
4FC U?TC L?RSPC MD K?RRCP GQ PCQNMLQG@JC DMP RFC OS?LRGX?RGML MD CLCPEW JCTCJQ GL @MSLB QWQRCKQ. /LJW RFMQC QR?RCQ UFCPC K?RRCP GLRCPDCPCQ
AMLQRPSARGTCJW CVGQR, MP ?PC u?JJMUCB.v 3GLAC RFCPC GQ ? JMUCQR MP@GR UFCPC RFGQ GQ NMQQG@JC GL ?L ?RMK, RFC CJCARPML A?LLMR QNGP?J GLRM RFC LSAJCSQ. )R
A?LLMR CVGQR AJMQCP RM MP GLQGBC RFC LSAJCSQ. 4FC U?TC L?RSPC MD K?RRCP GQ UF?R NPCTCLRQ K?RRCP DPMK AMJJ?NQGLE ?LB EGTCQ ?RMKQ RFCGP QGXCQ.
F?=KH; 30.47 4FC RFGPB ?LB DMSPRF ?JJMUCB AGPASJ?P MP@GRQ F?TC RFPCC ?LB DMSP U?TCJCLERFQ, PCQNCARGTCJW, GL RFCGP AGPASKDCPCLACQ.
"CA?SQC MD RFC U?TC AF?P?ARCP MD K?RRCP, RFC GBC? MD UCJJ-BCDGLCB MP@GRQ EGTCQ U?W RM ? KMBCJ GL UFGAF RFCPC GQ ? AJMSB MD NPM@?@GJGRW, AMLQGQRCLR UGRF
(CGQCL@CPEtQ SLACPR?GLRW NPGLAGNJC. F?=KH; 30.48 QFMUQ FMU RFGQ ?NNJGCQ RM RFC EPMSLB QR?RC MD FWBPMECL. )D WMS RPW RM DMJJMU RFC CJCARPML GL QMKC UCJJ-
BCDGLCB MP@GR SQGLE ? NPM@C RF?R F?Q ? QK?JJ CLMSEF U?TCJCLERF RM ECR QMKC BCR?GJQ, WMS UGJJ GLQRC?B ILMAI RFC CJCARPML MSR MD GRQ MP@GR. %?AF
KC?QSPCKCLR MD RFC CJCARPMLtQ NMQGRGML UGJJ DGLB GR RM @C GL ? BCDGLGRC JMA?RGML QMKCUFCPC LC?P RFC LSAJCSQ. 2CNC?RCB KC?QSPCKCLRQ PCTC?J ? AJMSB MD
NPM@?@GJGRW JGIC RF?R GL RFC DGESPC, UGRF C?AF QNCAI RFC JMA?RGML BCRCPKGLCB @W ? QGLEJC KC?QSPCKCLR. 4FCPC GQ LMR ? UCJJ-BCDGLCB, AGPASJ?P-MP@GR RWNC MD
BGQRPG@SRGML. .?RSPC ?E?GL NPMTCQ RM @C BGDDCPCLR ML ? QK?JJ QA?JC RF?L ML ? K?APMQAMNGA QA?JC.
F?=KH; 30.48 4FC EPMSLB QR?RC MD ? FWBPMECL ?RMK F?Q ? NPM@?@GJGRW AJMSB BCQAPG@GLE RFC NMQGRGML MD GRQ CJCARPML. 4FC NPM@?@GJGRW MD DGLBGLE RFC CJCARPML GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC
B?PILCQQ MD RFC AJMSB. 4FC CJCARPML A?L @C AJMQCP MP D?PRFCP RF?L RFC "MFP P?BGSQ, @SR GR GQ TCPW SLJGICJW RM @C ? EPC?R BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC LSAJCSQ.
4FCPC ?PC K?LW CV?KNJCQ GL UFGAF RFC U?TC L?RSPC MD K?RRCP A?SQCQ OS?LRGX?RGML GL @MSLB QWQRCKQ QSAF ?Q RFC ?RMK. 7FCLCTCP ? N?PRGAJC GQ
AMLDGLCB MP @MSLB RM ? QK?JJ QN?AC, GRQ ?JJMUCB U?TCJCLERFQ ?PC RFMQC UFGAF DGR GLRM RF?R QN?AC. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC N?PRGAJC GL ? @MV KMBCJ BCQAPG@CQ ?
N?PRGAJC DPCC RM KMTC GL ? QK?JJ QN?AC QSPPMSLBCB @W GKNCLCRP?@JC @?PPGCPQ. 4FGQ GQ RPSC GL @J?AI@MBW P?BG?RMPQ (?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ) ?Q UCJJ ?Q GL
?RMKGA ?LB KMJCASJ?P QNCARP?. 6?PGMSQ ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ UGJJ F?TC BGDDCPCLR QCRQ MD CJCARPML MP@GRQ, BCNCLBGLE ML RFC QGXC ?LB AMKNJCVGRW MD RFC
QWQRCK. 7FCL ? QWQRCK GQ J?PEC, QSAF ?Q ? EP?GL MD Q?LB, RFC RGLW N?PRGAJC U?TCQ GL GR A?L DGR GL QM K?LW U?WQ RF?R GR @CAMKCQ GKNMQQG@JC RM QCC RF?R
RFC ?JJMUCB QR?RCQ ?PC BGQAPCRC. 4FSQ RFC AMPPCQNMLBCLAC NPGLAGNJC GQ Q?RGQDGCB. !Q QWQRCKQ @CAMKC J?PEC, RFCW EP?BS?JJW JMMI JCQQ EP?GLW, ?LB
OS?LRGX?RGML @CAMKCQ JCQQ CTGBCLR. 5L@MSLB QWQRCKQ (QK?JJ MP LMR), QSAF ?Q ?L CJCARPML DPCCB DPMK ?L ?RMK, BM LMR F?TC OS?LRGXCB CLCPEGCQ, QGLAC
RFCGP U?TCJCLERFQ ?PC LMR AMLQRP?GLCB RM DGR GL ? ACPR?GL TMJSKC.
#(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3 1083
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: 1S?LRSK 7?TC )LRCPDCPCLAC
7FCL BM NFMRMLQ, CJCARPMLQ, ?LB ?RMKQ @CF?TC JGIC N?PRGAJCQ ?LB UFCL BM RFCW @CF?TC JGIC U?TCQ? 7?RAF U?TCQ QNPC?B MSR ?LB GLRCPDCPC ?Q
RFCW N?QQ RFPMSEF ? BMS@JC QJGR, RFCL ECR BCRCARCB ML ? QAPCCL ?Q RGLW BMRQ. 5QC OS?LRSK BCRCARMPQ RM CVNJMPC FMU KC?QSPCKCLRQ AF?LEC RFC
U?TCQ ?LB RFC N?RRCPLQ RFCW NPMBSAC ML RFC QAPCCL.
F?=KH; 30.49 *K7DJKC 07L; "DJ;H<;H;D9; (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42606/1.3/GK7DJKC-M7L;-?DJ;H<;H;D9;6;D.@7H)
30.7 )7JJ;HDI ?D ,F;9JH7 +;L;7B &EH; *K7DJ?P7J?ED
(GEF-PCQMJSRGML KC?QSPCKCLRQ MD ?RMKGA ?LB KMJCASJ?P QNCARP? QFMU RF?R RFC QNCARP?J JGLCQ ?PC CTCL KMPC AMKNJCV RF?L RFCW DGPQR ?NNC?P. )L RFGQ
QCARGML, UC UGJJ QCC RF?R RFGQ AMKNJCVGRW F?Q WGCJBCB GKNMPR?LR LCU GLDMPK?RGML ?@MSR CJCARPMLQ ?LB RFCGP MP@GRQ GL ?RMKQ.
)L MPBCP RM CVNJMPC RFC QS@QRPSARSPC MD ?RMKQ (?LB ILMUGLE RF?R K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ ?DDCAR KMTGLE AF?PECQ), RFC $SRAF NFWQGAGQR (CLBPGI ,MPCLRX
(1853q1930) QSEECQRCB RF?R FGQ QRSBCLR 0GCRCP :CCK?L (1865q1943) QRSBW FMU QNCARP? KGEFR @C ?DDCARCB @W K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ. 7F?R RFCW DMSLB
@CA?KC ILMUL ?Q RFC 3;;C7D ;<<;9J, UFGAF GLTMJTCB QNCARP?J JGLCQ @CGLE QNJGR GLRM RUM MP KMPC QCN?P?RC CKGQQGML JGLCQ @W ?L CVRCPL?J K?ELCRGA
DGCJB, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 30.50. &MP RFCGP BGQAMTCPGCQ, :CCK?L ?LB ,MPCLRX QF?PCB RFC 1902 .M@CJ 0PGXC GL 0FWQGAQ.
:CCK?L QNJGRRGLE GQ AMKNJCV. 3MKC JGLCQ QNJGR GLRM RFPCC JGLCQ, QMKC GLRM DGTC, ?LB QM ML. "SR MLC ECLCP?J DC?RSPC GQ RF?R RFC ?KMSLR RFC QNJGR JGLCQ ?PC
QCN?P?RCB GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC ?NNJGCB DGCJB QRPCLERF, GLBGA?RGLE ?L GLRCP?ARGML UGRF ? KMTGLE AF?PEC. 4FC QNJGRRGLE KC?LQ RF?R RFC OS?LRGXCB CLCPEW MD
?L MP@GR GQ ?DDCARCB @W ?L CVRCPL?J K?ELCRGA DGCJB, A?SQGLE RFC MP@GR RM F?TC QCTCP?J BGQAPCRC CLCPEGCQ GLQRC?B MD MLC. %TCL UGRFMSR ?L CVRCPL?J
K?ELCRGA DGCJB, TCPW NPCAGQC KC?QSPCKCLRQ QFMUCB RF?R QNCARP?J JGLCQ ?PC BMS@JCRQ (QNJGR GLRM RUM), ?NN?PCLRJW @W K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ UGRFGL RFC ?RMK
GRQCJD.
F?=KH; 30.50 4FC :CCK?L CDDCAR GQ RFC QNJGRRGLE MD QNCARP?J JGLCQ UFCL ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB GQ ?NNJGCB. 4FC LSK@CP MD JGLCQ DMPKCB T?PGCQ, @SR RFC QNPC?B GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC
QRPCLERF MD RFC ?NNJGCB DGCJB. (?) 4UM QNCARP?J JGLCQ UGRF LM CVRCPL?J K?ELCRGA DGCJB. (@) 4FC JGLCQ QNJGR UFCL RFC DGCJB GQ ?NNJGCB. (A) 4FC QNJGRRGLE GQ EPC?RCP UFCL ? QRPMLECP DGCJB GQ
?NNJGCB.
"MFPtQ RFCMPW MD AGPASJ?P MP@GRQ GQ SQCDSJ DMP TGQS?JGXGLE FMU ?L CJCARPMLtQ MP@GR GQ ?DDCARCB @W ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB. 4FC AGPASJ?P MP@GR DMPKQ ? ASPPCLR JMMN,
UFGAF APC?RCQ ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB MD GRQ MUL, B
orb
?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 30.51. .MRC RF?R RFC EH8?J7B C7=D;J?9 <?;B: B
orb
?LB RFC EH8?J7B 7D=KB7H
CEC;DJKC L
orb
?PC ?JMLE RFC Q?KC JGLC. 4FC CVRCPL?J K?ELCRGA DGCJB ?LB RFC MP@GR?J K?ELCRGA DGCJB GLRCP?AR; ? RMPOSC GQ CVCPRCB RM ?JGEL RFCK. !
RMPOSC PMR?RGLE ? QWQRCK RFPMSEF QMKC ?LEJC BMCQ UMPI QM RF?R RFCPC GQ CLCPEW ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF RFGQ GLRCP?ARGML. 4FSQ, MP@GRQ ?R BGDDCPCLR ?LEJCQ RM RFC
CVRCPL?J K?ELCRGA DGCJB F?TC BGDDCPCLR CLCPEGCQ. 7F?R GQ PCK?PI?@JC GQ RF?R RFC CLCPEGCQ ?PC OS?LRGXCBrRFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB QNJGRQ RFC QNCARP?J JGLCQ GLRM
QCTCP?J BGQAPCRC JGLCQ RF?R F?TC BGDDCPCLR CLCPEGCQ. 4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R MLJW ACPR?GL ?LEJCQ ?PC ?JJMUCB @CRUCCL RFC MP@GR?J ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK ?LB RFC
CVRCPL?J DGCJB, ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 30.52.
1084 #(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3
F?=KH; 30.51 4FC ?NNPMVGK?RC NGARSPC MD ?L CJCARPML GL ? AGPASJ?P MP@GR GJJSQRP?RCQ FMU RFC ASPPCLR JMMN NPMBSACQ GRQ MUL K?ELCRGA DGCJB, A?JJCB B
orb
. )R ?JQM QFMUQ FMU B
orb
GQ ?JMLE RFC Q?KC JGLC ?Q RFC MP@GR?J ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK L
orb
.
F?=KH; 30.52 /LJW ACPR?GL ?LEJCQ ?PC ?JJMUCB @CRUCCL RFC MP@GR?J ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK ?LB ?L CVRCPL?J K?ELCRGA DGCJB. 4FGQ GQ GKNJGCB @W RFC D?AR RF?R RFC :CCK?L CDDCAR QNJGRQ
QNCARP?J JGLCQ GLRM QCTCP?J BGQAPCRC JGLCQ. %?AF JGLC GQ ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF ?L ?LEJC @CRUCCL RFC CVRCPL?J K?ELCRGA DGCJB ?LB K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ BSC RM CJCARPMLQ ?LB RFCGP MP@GRQ.
7C ?JPC?BW ILMU RF?R RFC K?ELGRSBC MD ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK GQ OS?LRGXCB DMP CJCARPML MP@GRQ GL ?RMKQ. 4FC LCU GLQGEFR GQ RF?R RFC 7<E86G<BA B9 G;8 BE5<G4?
4A:H?4E @B@8AGH@ <F 4?FB DH4AG<M87. 4FC D?AR RF?R RFC MP@GR?J ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK A?L F?TC MLJW ACPR?GL BGPCARGMLQ GQ A?JJCB IF79; GK7DJ?P7J?ED. ,GIC
K?LW ?QNCARQ MD OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ, RFGQ OS?LRGX?RGML MD BGPCARGML GQ RMR?JJW SLCVNCARCB. /L RFC K?APMQAMNGA QA?JC, MP@GR?J ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK, QSAF
?Q RF?R MD RFC KMML ?PMSLB RFC C?PRF, A?L F?TC ?LW K?ELGRSBC ?LB @C GL ?LW BGPCARGML.
$CR?GJCB RPC?RKCLR MD QN?AC OS?LRGX?RGML @CE?L RM CVNJ?GL QMKC AMKNJCVGRGCQ MD ?RMKGA QNCARP?, @SR ACPR?GL N?RRCPLQ QCCKCB RM @C A?SQCB @W
QMKCRFGLE CJQC. !Q KCLRGMLCB, QNCARP?J JGLCQ ?PC ?ARS?JJW AJMQCJW QN?ACB BMS@JCRQ, ? AF?P?ARCPGQRGA A?JJCB <?D; IJHK9JKH;, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 30.53.
4FC BMS@JCR AF?LECQ UFCL ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB GQ ?NNJGCB, GKNJWGLE RF?R UF?RCTCP A?SQCQ RFC BMS@JCR GLRCP?ARQ UGRF ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB. )L 1925, 3CK
'MSBQKGR ?LB 'CMPEC 5FJCL@CAI, RUM $SRAF NFWQGAGQRQ, QSAACQQDSJJW ?PESCB RF?R CJCARPMLQ F?TC NPMNCPRGCQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM ? K?APMQAMNGA AF?PEC
QNGLLGLE ML GRQ ?VGQ. %JCARPMLQ, GL D?AR, F?TC ?L GLRCPL?J MP GLRPGLQGA ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK A?JJCB ?DJH?DI?9 IF?D S . 3GLAC CJCARPMLQ ?PC AF?PECB, RFCGP
GLRPGLQGA QNGL APC?RCQ ?L ?DJH?DI?9 C7=D;J?9 <?;B: B
int
, UFGAF GLRCP?ARQ UGRF RFCGP MP@GR?J K?ELCRGA DGCJB B
orb
. &SPRFCPKMPC, 8?86GEBA <AGE<AF<6 FC<A <F
DH4AG<M87 <A @4:A<GH78 4A7 7<E86G<BA, ?L?JMEMSQ RM RFC QGRS?RGML DMP MP@GR?J ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK. 4FC QNGL MD RFC CJCARPML A?L F?TC MLJW MLC
K?ELGRSBC, ?LB GRQ BGPCARGML A?L @C ?R MLJW MLC MD RUM ?LEJCQ PCJ?RGTC RM ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB, ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 30.54. 7C PCDCP RM RFGQ ?Q QNGL SN MP QNGL
BMUL DMP RFC CJCARPML. %?AF QNGL BGPCARGML F?Q ? BGDDCPCLR CLCPEW; FCLAC, QNCARPMQAMNGA JGLCQ ?PC QNJGR GLRM RUM. 3NCARP?J BMS@JCRQ ?PC LMU SLBCPQRMMB
?Q @CGLE BSC RM CJCARPML QNGL.
#(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3 1085
F?=KH; 30.53 &GLC QRPSARSPC. 5NML AJMQC CV?KGL?RGML, QNCARP?J JGLCQ ?PC BMS@JCRQ, CTCL GL RFC ?@QCLAC MD ?L CVRCPL?J K?ELCRGA DGCJB. 4FC CJCARPML F?Q ?L GLRPGLQGA K?ELCRGA
DGCJB RF?R GLRCP?ARQ UGRF GRQ MP@GR?J K?ELCRGA DGCJB.
F?=KH; 30.54 4FC GLRPGLQGA K?ELCRGA DGCJB B
int
MD ?L CJCARPML GQ ?RRPG@SRCB RM GRQ QNGL, S , PMSEFJW NGARSPCB RM @C BSC RM GRQ AF?PEC QNGLLGLE ML GRQ ?VGQ. 4FGQ GQ MLJW ? APSBC
KMBCJ, QGLAC CJCARPMLQ QCCK RM F?TC LM QGXC. 4FC QNGL ?LB GLRPGLQGA K?ELCRGA DGCJB MD RFC CJCARPML A?L K?IC MLJW MLC MD RUM ?LEJCQ UGRF ?LMRFCP K?ELCRGA DGCJB, QSAF ?Q RF?R
APC?RCB @W RFC CJCARPMLtQ MP@GR?J KMRGML. 3N?AC GQ OS?LRGXCB DMP QNGL ?Q UCJJ ?Q DMP MP@GR?J ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK.
4FCQC RUM LCU GLQGEFRQrRF?R RFC BGPCARGML MD ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK, UFCRFCP MP@GR?J MP QNGL, GQ OS?LRGXCB, ?LB RF?R CJCARPMLQ F?TC GLRPGLQGA QNGLrFCJN RM
CVNJ?GL K?LW MD RFC AMKNJCVGRGCQ MD ?RMKGA ?LB KMJCASJ?P QNCARP?. )L K?ELCRGA PCQML?LAC GK?EGLE, GR GQ RFC U?W RF?R RFC GLRPGLQGA K?ELCRGA DGCJB MD
FWBPMECL ?LB @GMJMEGA?J ?RMKQ GLRCP?AR UGRF ?L CVRCPL?J DGCJB RF?R SLBCPJGCQ RFC BG?ELMQRGA DSLB?KCLR?JQ.
30.8 *K7DJKC 'KC8;HI 7D: +KB;I
0FWQGA?J AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ RF?R ?PC OS?LRGXCBrQSAF ?Q CLCPEW, AF?PEC, ?LB ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSKr?PC MD QSAF GKNMPR?LAC RF?R L?KCQ ?LB QWK@MJQ ?PC
EGTCL RM RFCK. 4FC T?JSCQ MD OS?LRGXCB CLRGRGCQ ?PC CVNPCQQCB GL RCPKQ MD GK7DJKC DKC8;HI, ?LB RFC PSJCQ EMTCPLGLE RFCK ?PC MD RFC SRKMQR
GKNMPR?LAC GL BCRCPKGLGLE UF?R L?RSPC GQ ?LB BMCQ. 4FGQ QCARGML AMTCPQ QMKC MD RFC KMPC GKNMPR?LR OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ ?LB PSJCQr?JJ MD UFGAF ?NNJW
GL AFCKGQRPW, K?RCPG?J QAGCLAC, ?LB D?P @CWMLB RFC PC?JK MD ?RMKGA NFWQGAQ, UFCPC RFCW UCPC DGPQR BGQAMTCPCB. /LAC ?E?GL, UC QCC FMU NFWQGAQ K?ICQ
BGQAMTCPGCQ UFGAF CL?@JC MRFCP DGCJBQ RM EPMU.
4FC 8A8E:L FG4G8F B9 5BHA7 FLFG8@F 4E8 DH4AG<M87, @CA?SQC RFC N?PRGAJC U?TCJCLERF A?L DGR GLRM RFC @MSLBQ MD RFC QWQRCK GL MLJW ACPR?GL U?WQ. 4FGQ
U?Q CJ?@MP?RCB DMP RFC FWBPMECL ?RMK, DMP UFGAF RFC ?JJMUCB CLCPEGCQ ?PC CVNPCQQCB ?Q E
n
1/n
2
, UFCPC n = 1, 2, 3, ... . 7C BCDGLC n RM @C RFC
NPGLAGN?J OS?LRSK LSK@CP RF?R J?@CJQ RFC @?QGA QR?RCQ MD ? QWQRCK. 4FC JMUCQR-CLCPEW QR?RC F?Q n = 1 , RFC DGPQR CVAGRCB QR?RC F?Q n = 2 , ?LB QM ML.
4FSQ RFC ?JJMUCB T?JSCQ DMP RFC NPGLAGN?J OS?LRSK LSK@CP ?PC
(30.41) n = 1, 2, 3, ....
4FGQ GQ KMPC RF?L HSQR ? LSK@CPGLE QAFCKC, QGLAC RFC CLCPEW MD RFC QWQRCK, QSAF ?Q RFC FWBPMECL ?RMK, A?L @C CVNPCQQCB ?Q QMKC DSLARGML MD n ,
?Q A?L MRFCP AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ (QSAF ?Q RFC MP@GR?J P?BGG MD RFC FWBPMECL ?RMK).
4FC D?AR RF?R RFC @4:A<GH78 B9 4A:H?4E @B@8AGH@ <F DH4AG<M87 U?Q DGPQR PCAMELGXCB @W "MFP GL PCJ?RGML RM RFC FWBPMECL ?RMK; GR GQ LMU ILMUL RM @C
RPSC GL ECLCP?J. 7GRF RFC BCTCJMNKCLR MD OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ, GR U?Q DMSLB RF?R RFC K?ELGRSBC MD ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK L A?L F?TC MLJW RFC T?JSCQ
1086 #(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3
(30.42)
L = l(l + 1)
h
2
(l = 0, 1, 2, ..., n 1),
UFCPC l GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC 7D=KB7H CEC;DJKC GK7DJKC DKC8;H. 4FC PSJC DMP l GL ?RMKQ GQ EGTCL GL RFC N?PCLRFCQCQ. 'GTCL n , RFC T?JSC MD l
A?L @C ?LW GLRCECP DPMK XCPM SN RM n 1 . &MP CV?KNJC, GD n = 4 , RFCL l A?L @C 0, 1, 2, MP 3.
.MRC RF?R DMP n = 1 , l A?L MLJW @C XCPM. 4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R RFC EPMSLB-QR?RC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK DMP FWBPMECL GQ ?ARS?JJW XCPM, LMR h
/
2 ?Q "MFP
NPMNMQCB. 4FC NGARSPC MD AGPASJ?P MP@GRQ GQ LMR T?JGB, @CA?SQC RFCPC UMSJB @C ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK DMP ?LW AGPASJ?P MP@GR. ! KMPC T?JGB NGARSPC GQ RFC AJMSB
MD NPM@?@GJGRW QFMUL DMP RFC EPMSLB QR?RC MD FWBPMECL GL F?=KH; 30.48. 4FC CJCARPML ?ARS?JJW QNCLBQ RGKC GL ?LB LC?P RFC LSAJCSQ. 4FC PC?QML RFC
CJCARPML BMCQ LMR PCK?GL GL RFC LSAJCSQ GQ PCJ?RCB RM (CGQCL@CPEtQ SLACPR?GLRW NPGLAGNJCrRFC CJCARPMLtQ CLCPEW UMSJB F?TC RM @C KSAF RMM J?PEC RM @C
AMLDGLCB RM RFC QK?JJ QN?AC MD RFC LSAJCSQ. .MU RFC DGPQR CVAGRCB QR?RC MD FWBPMECL F?Q n = 2 , QM RF?R l A?L @C CGRFCP 0 MP 1, ?AAMPBGLE RM RFC PSJC GL
L = l(l + 1)
h
2
. 3GKGJ?PJW, DMP n = 3 , l A?L @C 0, 1, MP 2. )R GQ MDRCL KMQR AMLTCLGCLR RM QR?RC RFC T?JSC MD l , ? QGKNJC GLRCECP, P?RFCP RF?L
A?JASJ?RGLE RFC T?JSC MD L DPMK L = l(l + 1)
h
2
. &MP CV?KNJC, DMP l = 2 , UC QCC RF?R
(30.43)
L = 2(2 + 1)
h
2
= 6
h
2
= 0.390h = 2.5810
34
J s.
)R GQ KSAF QGKNJCP RM QR?RC l = 2 .
!Q PCAMELGXCB GL RFC :CCK?L CDDCAR, RFC 7<E86G<BA B9 4A:H?4E @B@8AGH@ <F DH4AG<M87. 7C LMU ILMU RFGQ GQ RPSC GL ?JJ AGPASKQR?LACQ. )R GQ DMSLB RF?R
RFC AMKNMLCLR MD ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK ?JMLE MLC BGPCARGML GL QN?AC, SQS?JJW A?JJCB RFC z -?VGQ, A?L F?TC MLJW ACPR?GL T?JSCQ MD L
z
. 4FC BGPCARGML GL
QN?AC KSQR @C PCJ?RCB RM QMKCRFGLE NFWQGA?J, QSAF ?Q RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB ?R RF?R JMA?RGML. 4FGQ GQ ?L ?QNCAR MD PCJ?RGTGRW. $GPCARGML F?Q
LM KC?LGLE GD RFCPC GQ LMRFGLE RF?R T?PGCQ UGRF BGPCARGML, ?Q BMCQ K?ELCRGA DMPAC. 4FC ?JJMUCB T?JSCQ MD L
z
?PC
(30.44)
L
z
= m
l
h
2
m
l
= l, l + 1, ..., 1, 0, 1, ... l 1, l
,
UFCPC L
z
GQ RFC z -9ECFED;DJ E< J>; 7D=KB7H CEC;DJKC ?LB m
l
GQ RFC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK NPMHCARGML OS?LRSK LSK@CP. 4FC PSJC GL N?PCLRFCQCQ
DMP RFC T?JSCQ MD m
l
GQ RF?R GR A?L P?LEC DPMK l RM l GL QRCNQ MD MLC. &MP CV?KNJC, GD l = 2 , RFCL m
l
A?L F?TC RFC DGTC T?JSCQ q2, q1, 0, 1, ?LB 2.
%?AF m
l
AMPPCQNMLBQ RM ? BGDDCPCLR CLCPEW GL RFC NPCQCLAC MD ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB, QM RF?R RFCW ?PC PCJ?RCB RM RFC QNJGRRGLE MD QNCARP?J JGLCQ GLRM BGQAPCRC
N?PRQ, ?Q BGQASQQCB GL RFC NPCACBGLE QCARGML. )D RFC z -AMKNMLCLR MD ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK A?L F?TC MLJW ACPR?GL T?JSCQ, RFCL RFC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK
A?L F?TC MLJW ACPR?GL BGPCARGMLQ, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 30.55.
F?=KH; 30.55 4FC AMKNMLCLR MD ? EGTCL ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK ?JMLE RFC z -?VGQ (BCDGLCB @W RFC BGPCARGML MD ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB) A?L F?TC MLJW ACPR?GL T?JSCQ; RFCQC ?PC QFMUL FCPC
DMP l = 1 , DMP UFGAF m
l
= 1, 0, and +1 . 4FC BGPCARGML MD L GQ OS?LRGXCB GL RFC QCLQC RF?R GR A?L F?TC MLJW ACPR?GL ?LEJCQ PCJ?RGTC RM RFC z -?VGQ.
EN7CFB; 30.3 0>7J AH; J>; ABBEM;: D?H;9J?EDI?
#?JASJ?RC RFC ?LEJCQ RF?R RFC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK TCARMP L A?L K?IC UGRF RFC z -?VGQ DMP l = 1 , ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 30.55.
,JH7J;=O
#(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3 1087
F?=KH; 30.55 PCNPCQCLRQ RFC TCARMPQ L ?LB L
z
?Q SQS?J, UGRF ?PPMUQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFCGP K?ELGRSBCQ ?LB NMGLRGLE GL RFC AMPPCAR BGPCARGMLQ. L
?LB L
z
DMPK ? PGEFR RPG?LEJC, UGRF L @CGLE RFC FWNMRCLSQC ?LB L
z
RFC ?BH?ACLR QGBC. 4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R RFC P?RGM MD L
z
RM L GQ RFC AMQGLC MD
RFC ?LEJC MD GLRCPCQR. 7C A?L DGLB L ?LB L
z
SQGLE L = l(l + 1)
h
2
?LB L
z
= m
h
2
.
,EBKJ?ED
7C ?PC EGTCL l = 1 , QM RF?R m
l
A?L @C +1, 0, MP {1. 4FSQ L F?Q RFC T?JSC EGTCL @W L = l(l + 1)
h
2
.
(30.45)
L =
l(l + 1)h
2
=
2h
2
L
z
A?L F?TC RFPCC T?JSCQ, EGTCL @W L
z
= m
l
h
2
.
(30.46)
L
z
= m
l
h
2
=
h
2
, m
l
= +1
0, m
l
= 0
h
2
, m
l
= 1
!Q A?L @C QCCL GL F?=KH; 30.55, cos = L
z
/L, ?LB QM DMP m
l
=+1 , UC F?TC
(30.47)
cos
1
=
L
Z
L
=
h
2
2h
2
=
1
2
= 0.707.
4FSQ,
(30.48)
1
= cos
1
0.707 = 45.0.
3GKGJ?PJW, DMP m
l
= 0 , UC DGLB cos
2
= 0 ; RFSQ,
(30.49)
2
= cos
1
0 = 90.0.
!LB DMP m
l
= 1 ,
(30.50)
cos
3
=
L
Z
L
=

h
2
2h
2
=
1
2
= 0.707,
QM RF?R
(30.51)
3
= cos
1
(0.707) = 135.0.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC ?LEJCQ ?PC AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC DGESPC. /LJW RFC ?LEJC PCJ?RGTC RM RFC z -?VGQ GQ OS?LRGXCB. L A?L NMGLR GL ?LW BGPCARGML ?Q JMLE ?Q GR K?ICQ RFC
NPMNCP ?LEJC UGRF RFC z -?VGQ. 4FSQ RFC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK TCARMPQ JGC ML AMLCQ ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB. 4FGQ @CF?TGMP GQ LMR M@QCPTCB ML RFC J?PEC QA?JC.
4M QCC FMU RFC AMPPCQNMLBCLAC NPGLAGNJC FMJBQ FCPC, AMLQGBCP RF?R RFC QK?JJCQR ?LEJC (
1
GL RFC CV?KNJC) GQ DMP RFC K?VGKSK T?JSC MD m
l
= 0 ,
L?KCJW m
l
= l . &MP RF?R QK?JJCQR ?LEJC,
(30.52)
cos =
L
z
L
=
l
l(l + 1)
,
UFGAF ?NNPM?AFCQ 1 ?Q l @CAMKCQ TCPW J?PEC. )D cos = 1 , RFCL = 0 . &SPRFCPKMPC, DMP J?PEC l , RFCPC ?PC K?LW T?JSCQ MD m
l
, QM RF?R ?JJ
?LEJCQ @CAMKC NMQQG@JC ?Q l ECRQ TCPW J?PEC.
)LRPGLQGA 3NGL !LESJ?P -MKCLRSK )Q 1S?LRGXCB GL -?ELGRSBC ?LB $GPCARGML
4FCPC ?PC RUM KMPC OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ MD GKKCBG?RC AMLACPL. "MRF UCPC DGPQR BGQAMTCPCB DMP CJCARPMLQ GL AMLHSLARGML UGRF DGLC QRPSARSPC GL ?RMKGA
QNCARP?. )R GQ LMU UCJJ CQR?@JGQFCB RF?R CJCARPMLQ ?LB MRFCP DSLB?KCLR?J N?PRGAJCQ F?TC <AGE<AF<6 FC<A, PMSEFJW ?L?JMEMSQ RM ? NJ?LCR QNGLLGLE ML GRQ
?VGQ. 4FGQ QNGL GQ ? DSLB?KCLR?J AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MD N?PRGAJCQ, ?LB MLJW MLC K?ELGRSBC MD GLRPGLQGA QNGL GQ ?JJMUCB DMP ? EGTCL RWNC MD N?PRGAJC. )LRPGLQGA
?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK GQ OS?LRGXCB GLBCNCLBCLRJW MD MP@GR?J ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK. !BBGRGML?JJW, RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC QNGL GQ ?JQM OS?LRGXCB. )R F?Q @CCL
DMSLB RF?R RFC C7=D?JK:; E< J>; ?DJH?DI?9 (?DJ;HD7B) IF?D 7D=KB7H CEC;DJKC, S , MD ?L CJCARPML GQ EGTCL @W
(30.53)
S = s(s + 1)
h
2
(s = 1 / 2 for electrons),
1088 #(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3
UFCPC s GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC IF?D GK7DJKC DKC8;H. 4FGQ GQ TCPW QGKGJ?P RM RFC OS?LRGX?RGML MD L EGTCL GL L = l(l + 1)
h
2
, CVACNR RF?R RFC MLJW
T?JSC ?JJMUCB DMP s DMP CJCARPMLQ GQ 1/2.
4FC 7<E86G<BA B9 <AGE<AF<6 FC<A <F DH4AG<M87, HSQR ?Q GQ RFC BGPCARGML MD MP@GR?J ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK. 4FC BGPCARGML MD QNGL ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK ?JMLE MLC
BGPCARGML GL QN?AC, ?E?GL A?JJCB RFC z -?VGQ, A?L F?TC MLJW RFC T?JSCQ
(30.54)
S
z
= m
s
h
2
m
s
=
1
2
, +
1
2
DMP CJCARPMLQ. S
z
GQ RFC z -9ECFED;DJ E< IF?D 7D=KB7H CEC;DJKC ?LB m
s
GQ RFC IF?D FHE@;9J?ED GK7DJKC DKC8;H. &MP CJCARPMLQ, s A?L MLJW
@C 1/2, ?LB m
s
A?L @C CGRFCP +1/2 MP q1/2. 3NGL NPMHCARGML m
s
=+1 / 2 GQ PCDCPPCB RM ?Q FC<A HC, UFCPC?Q m
s
= 1 / 2 GQ A?JJCB FC<A 7BJA. 4FCQC
?PC GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 30.54.
)LRPGLQGA 3NGL
)L J?RCP AF?NRCPQ, UC UGJJ QCC RF?R GLRPGLQGA QNGL GQ ? AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MD ?JJ QS@?RMKGA N?PRGAJCQ. &MP QMKC N?PRGAJCQ s GQ F?JD-GLRCEP?J, UFCPC?Q DMP
MRFCPQ s GQ GLRCEP?JrRFCPC ?PC APSAG?J BGDDCPCLACQ @CRUCCL F?JD-GLRCEP?J QNGL N?PRGAJCQ ?LB GLRCEP?J QNGL N?PRGAJCQ. 0PMRMLQ ?LB LCSRPMLQ, JGIC
CJCARPMLQ, F?TC s = 1 / 2 , UFCPC?Q NFMRMLQ F?TC s = 1 , ?LB MRFCP N?PRGAJCQ A?JJCB NGMLQ F?TC s = 0 , ?LB QM ML.
4M QSKK?PGXC, RFC QR?RC MD ? QWQRCK, QSAF ?Q RFC NPCAGQC L?RSPC MD ?L CJCARPML GL ?L ?RMK, GQ BCRCPKGLCB @W GRQ N?PRGASJ?P OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ. 4FCQC
?PC CVNPCQQCB GL RFC DMPK

n, l, m
l
, m
s
rQCC -78B; 30.1 FBE 8?86GEBAF <A 4GB@F, RFC NPGLAGN?J OS?LRSK LSK@CP A?L F?TC RFC T?JSCQ
n = 1, 2, 3, ... . /LAC n GQ ILMUL, RFC T?JSCQ MD RFC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK OS?LRSK LSK@CP ?PC JGKGRCB RM l = 1, 2, 3, ...,n 1 . &MP ? EGTCL T?JSC MD
l , RFC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK NPMHCARGML OS?LRSK LSK@CP A?L F?TC MLJW RFC T?JSCQ m
l
= l, l + 1, ..., 1, 0, 1, ..., l 1, l . %JCARPML QNGL GQ
GLBCNCLBCLR MD n, l, ?LB m
l
, ?JU?WQ F?TGLE s = 1 / 2 . 4FC QNGL NPMHCARGML OS?LRSK LSK@CP A?L F?TC RUM T?JSCQ, m
s
= 1 / 2 or 1 / 2 .
4?@JC 30.1 !RMKGA 1S?LRSK .SK@CPQ
'7C; ,OC8EB ABBEM;: L7BK;I
0PGLAGN?J OS?LRSK LSK@CP
n 1, 2, 3, ...
!LESJ?P KMKCLRSK l 0, 1, 2, ...n 1
!LESJ?P KMKCLRSK NPMHCARGML
m
l
l, l + 1, ..., 1, 0, 1, ..., l 1, l (or 0, 1, 2, ..., l)
3NGL
;1=
s 1/2(electrons)
3NGL NPMHCARGML
m
s
1/2, + 1/2
F?=KH; 30.56 QFMUQ QCTCP?J FWBPMECL QR?RCQ AMPPCQNMLBGLE RM BGDDCPCLR QCRQ MD OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ. .MRC RF?R RFCQC AJMSBQ MD NPM@?@GJGRW ?PC RFC
JMA?RGMLQ MD CJCARPMLQ ?Q BCRCPKGLCB @W K?IGLE PCNC?RCB KC?QSPCKCLRQrC?AF KC?QSPCKCLR DGLBQ RFC CJCARPML GL ? BCDGLGRC JMA?RGML, UGRF ? EPC?RCP
AF?LAC MD DGLBGLE RFC CJCARPML GL QMKC NJ?ACQ P?RFCP RF?L MRFCPQ. 7GRF PCNC?RCB KC?QSPCKCLRQ, RFC N?RRCPL MD NPM@?@GJGRW QFMUL GL RFC DGESPC
CKCPECQ. 4FC AJMSBQ MD NPM@?@GJGRW BM LMR JMMI JGIC LMP BM RFCW AMPPCQNMLB RM AJ?QQGA?J MP@GRQ. 4FC SLACPR?GLRW NPGLAGNJC ?ARS?JJW NPCTCLRQ SQ ?LB
L?RSPC DPMK ILMUGLE FMU RFC CJCARPML ECRQ DPMK MLC NJ?AC RM ?LMRFCP, ?LB QM ?L MP@GR PC?JJW BMCQ LMR CVGQR ?Q QSAF. .?RSPC ML ? QK?JJ QA?JC GQ ?E?GL
KSAF BGDDCPCLR DPMK RF?R ML RFC J?PEC QA?JC.
1. 4FC QNGL OS?LRSK LSK@CP F GQ SQS?JJW LMR QR?RCB, QGLAC GR GQ ?JU?WQ 1/2 DMP CJCARPMLQ
#(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3 1089
F?=KH; 30.56 0PM@?@GJGRW AJMSBQ DMP RFC CJCARPML GL RFC EPMSLB QR?RC ?LB QCTCP?J CVAGRCB QR?RCQ MD FWBPMECL. 4FC L?RSPC MD RFCQC QR?RCQ GQ BCRCPKGLCB @W RFCGP QCRQ MD OS?LRSK
LSK@CPQ, FCPC EGTCL ?Q

n, l, m
l
. 4FC EPMSLB QR?RC GQ (0, 0, 0); MLC MD RFC NMQQG@GJGRGCQ DMP RFC QCAMLB CVAGRCB QR?RC GQ (3, 2, 1). 4FC NPM@?@GJGRW MD DGLBGLE RFC CJCARPML GQ
GLBGA?RCB @W RFC QF?BC MD AMJMP; RFC B?PICP RFC AMJMPGLE RFC EPC?RCP RFC AF?LAC MD DGLBGLE RFC CJCARPML.
7C UGJJ QCC RF?R RFC OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ BGQASQQCB GL RFGQ QCARGML ?PC T?JGB DMP ? @PM?B P?LEC MD N?PRGAJCQ ?LB MRFCP QWQRCKQ, QSAF ?Q LSAJCG. 3MKC
OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ, QSAF ?Q GLRPGLQGA QNGL, ?PC PCJ?RCB RM DSLB?KCLR?J AJ?QQGDGA?RGMLQ MD QS@?RMKGA N?PRGAJCQ, ?LB RFCW M@CW J?UQ RF?R UGJJ EGTC SQ DSPRFCP
GLQGEFR GLRM RFC QS@QRPSARSPC MD K?RRCP ?LB GRQ GLRCP?ARGMLQ.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: 3RCPL-'CPJ?AF %VNCPGKCLR
4FC AJ?QQGA 3RCPL-'CPJ?AF %VNCPGKCLR QFMUQ RF?R ?RMKQ F?TC ? NPMNCPRW A?JJCB QNGL. 3NGL GQ ? IGLB MD GLRPGLQGA ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK, UFGAF F?Q LM
AJ?QQGA?J AMSLRCPN?PR. 7FCL RFC X-AMKNMLCLR MD RFC QNGL GQ KC?QSPCB, MLC ?JU?WQ ECRQ MLC MD RUM T?JSCQ: QNGL SN MP QNGL BMUL.
F?=KH; 30.57 ,J;HD-;HB79> ENF;H?C;DJ (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42614/1.10/IJ;HD-=;HB79>6;D.@7H)
30.9 ->; )7KB? EN9BKI?ED )H?D9?FB;
-SJRGNJC-%JCARPML !RMKQ
!JJ ?RMKQ CVACNR FWBPMECL ?PC KSJRGNJC-CJCARPML ?RMKQ. 4FC NFWQGA?J ?LB AFCKGA?J NPMNCPRGCQ MD CJCKCLRQ ?PC BGPCARJW PCJ?RCB RM RFC LSK@CP MD
CJCARPMLQ ? LCSRP?J ?RMK F?Q. 4FC NCPGMBGA R?@JC MD RFC CJCKCLRQ EPMSNQ CJCKCLRQ UGRF QGKGJ?P NPMNCPRGCQ GLRM AMJSKLQ. 4FGQ QWQRCK?RGA MPE?LGX?RGML GQ
PCJ?RCB RM RFC LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ GL ? LCSRP?J ?RMK, A?JJCB RFC 7JEC?9 DKC8;H, Z . 7C QF?JJ QCC GL RFGQ QCARGML RF?R RFC CVAJSQGML NPGLAGNJC GQ ICW RM
RFC SLBCPJWGLE CVNJ?L?RGMLQ, ?LB RF?R GR ?NNJGCQ D?P @CWMLB RFC PC?JK MD ?RMKGA NFWQGAQ.
1090 #(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3
)L 1925, RFC !SQRPG?L NFWQGAGQR 7MJDE?LE 0?SJG (QCC F?=KH; 30.58) NPMNMQCB RFC DMJJMUGLE PSJC: .M RUM CJCARPMLQ A?L F?TC RFC Q?KC QCR MD OS?LRSK
LSK@CPQ. 4F?R GQ, LM RUM CJCARPMLQ A?L @C GL RFC Q?KC QR?RC. 4FGQ QR?RCKCLR GQ ILMUL ?Q RFC )7KB? ;N9BKI?ED FH?D9?FB;, @CA?SQC GR CVAJSBCQ
CJCARPMLQ DPMK @CGLE GL RFC Q?KC QR?RC. 4FC 0?SJG CVAJSQGML NPGLAGNJC GQ CVRPCKCJW NMUCPDSJ ?LB TCPW @PM?BJW ?NNJGA?@JC. )R ?NNJGCQ RM ?LW GBCLRGA?J
N?PRGAJCQ UGRF F?JD-GLRCEP?J GLRPGLQGA QNGLrRF?R GQ, F?TGLE s = 1/2, 3/2, ... 4FSQ LM RUM CJCARPMLQ A?L F?TC RFC Q?KC QCR MD OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ.
0?SJG %VAJSQGML 0PGLAGNJC
.M RUM CJCARPMLQ A?L F?TC RFC Q?KC QCR MD OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ. 4F?R GQ, LM RUM CJCARPMLQ A?L @C GL RFC Q?KC QR?RC.
F?=KH; 30.58 4FC !SQRPG?L NFWQGAGQR 7MJDE?LE 0?SJG (1900q1958) NJ?WCB ? K?HMP PMJC GL RFC BCTCJMNKCLR MD OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ. (C NPMNMQCB RFC CVAJSQGML NPGLAGNJC;
FWNMRFCQGXCB RFC CVGQRCLAC MD ?L GKNMPR?LR N?PRGAJC, A?JJCB RFC LCSRPGLM, @CDMPC GR U?Q BGPCARJW M@QCPTCB; K?BC DSLB?KCLR?J AMLRPG@SRGMLQ RM QCTCP?J ?PC?Q MD RFCMPCRGA?J NFWQGAQ;
?LB GLDJSCLACB K?LW QRSBCLRQ UFM UCLR ML RM BM GKNMPR?LR UMPI MD RFCGP MUL. (APCBGR: .M@CJ &MSLB?RGML, TG? 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
,CR SQ CV?KGLC FMU RFC CVAJSQGML NPGLAGNJC ?NNJGCQ RM CJCARPMLQ GL ?RMKQ. 4FC OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ GLTMJTCB UCPC BCDGLCB GL *K7DJKC 'KC8;HI 7D:
+KB;I ?Q n, l, m
l
, s , ?LB m
s
. 3GLAC s GQ ?JU?WQ 1 / 2 DMP CJCARPMLQ, GR GQ PCBSLB?LR RM JGQR s , ?LB QM UC MKGR GR ?LB QNCAGDW RFC QR?RC MD ?L CJCARPML
@W ? QCR MD DMSP LSK@CPQ

n, l, m
l
, m
s
. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ (2, 1, 0, 1 / 2) AMKNJCRCJW QNCAGDW RFC QR?RC MD ?L CJCARPML GL ?L
?RMK.
3GLAC LM RUM CJCARPMLQ A?L F?TC RFC Q?KC QCR MD OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ, RFCPC ?PC JGKGRQ RM FMU K?LW MD RFCK A?L @C GL RFC Q?KC CLCPEW QR?RC. .MRC RF?R
n BCRCPKGLCQ RFC CLCPEW QR?RC GL RFC ?@QCLAC MD ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB. 3M UC DGPQR AFMMQC n , ?LB RFCL UC QCC FMU K?LW CJCARPMLQ A?L @C GL RFGQ CLCPEW
QR?RC MP CLCPEW JCTCJ. #MLQGBCP RFC n = 1 JCTCJ, DMP CV?KNJC. 4FC MLJW T?JSC l A?L F?TC GQ 0 (QCC -78B; 30.1 DMP ? JGQR MD NMQQG@JC T?JSCQ MLAC n GQ
ILMUL), ?LB RFSQ m
l
A?L MLJW @C 0. 4FC QNGL NPMHCARGML m
s
A?L @C CGRFCP +1 / 2 MP 1 / 2 , ?LB QM RFCPC A?L @C RUM CJCARPMLQ GL RFC n = 1 QR?RC.
/LC F?Q OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ (1, 0, 0, +1/2) , ?LB RFC MRFCP F?Q (1, 0, 0, 1/2) . F?=KH; 30.59 GJJSQRP?RCQ RF?R RFCPC A?L @C MLC MP RUM CJCARPMLQ
F?TGLE n = 1 , @SR LMR RFPCC.
#(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3 1091
F?=KH; 30.59 4FC 0?SJG CVAJSQGML NPGLAGNJC CVNJ?GLQ UFW QMKC AMLDGESP?RGMLQ MD CJCARPMLQ ?PC ?JJMUCB UFGJC MRFCPQ ?PC LMR. 3GLAC CJCARPMLQ A?LLMR F?TC RFC Q?KC QCR MD
OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ, ? K?VGKSK MD RUM A?L @C GL RFC n = 1 JCTCJ, ?LB ? RFGPB CJCARPML KSQR PCQGBC GL RFC FGEFCP-CLCPEW n = 2 JCTCJ. )D RFCPC ?PC RUM CJCARPMLQ GL RFC
n = 1 JCTCJ, RFCGP QNGLQ KSQR @C GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ. (-MPC NPCAGQCJW, RFCGP QNGL NPMHCARGMLQ KSQR BGDDCP.)
3FCJJQ ?LB 3S@QFCJJQ
"CA?SQC MD RFC 0?SJG CVAJSQGML NPGLAGNJC, MLJW FWBPMECL ?LB FCJGSK A?L F?TC ?JJ MD RFCGP CJCARPMLQ GL RFC n = 1 QR?RC. ,GRFGSK (QCC RFC NCPGMBGA R?@JC)
F?Q RFPCC CJCARPMLQ, ?LB QM MLC KSQR @C GL RFC n = 2 JCTCJ. 4FGQ JC?BQ RM RFC AMLACNR MD QFCJJQ ?LB QFCJJ DGJJGLE. !Q UC NPMEPCQQ SN GL RFC LSK@CP MD
CJCARPMLQ, UC EM DPMK FWBPMECL RM FCJGSK, JGRFGSK, @CPWJJGSK, @MPML, ?LB QM ML, ?LB UC QCC RF?R RFCPC ?PC JGKGRQ RM RFC LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ DMP C?AF
T?JSC MD n . (GEFCP T?JSCQ MD RFC QFCJJ n AMPPCQNMLB RM FGEFCP CLCPEGCQ, ?LB RFCW A?L ?JJMU KMPC CJCARPMLQ @CA?SQC MD RFC T?PGMSQ AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD
l, m
l
, ?LB m
s
RF?R ?PC NMQQG@JC. %?AF T?JSC MD RFC NPGLAGN?J OS?LRSK LSK@CP n RFSQ AMPPCQNMLBQ RM ?L ?RMKGA I>;BB GLRM UFGAF ? JGKGRCB LSK@CP MD
CJCARPMLQ A?L EM. 3FCJJQ ?LB RFC LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ GL RFCK BCRCPKGLC RFC NFWQGA?J ?LB AFCKGA?J NPMNCPRGCQ MD ?RMKQ, QGLAC GR GQ RFC MSRCPKMQR
CJCARPMLQ RF?R GLRCP?AR KMQR UGRF ?LWRFGLE MSRQGBC RFC ?RMK.
4FC NPM@?@GJGRW AJMSBQ MD CJCARPMLQ UGRF RFC JMUCQR T?JSC MD l ?PC AJMQCQR RM RFC LSAJCSQ ?LB, RFSQ, KMPC RGEFRJW @MSLB. 4FSQ UFCL QFCJJQ DGJJ, RFCW QR?PR
UGRF l = 0 , NPMEPCQQ RM l = 1 , ?LB QM ML. %?AF T?JSC MD l RFSQ AMPPCQNMLBQ RM ? IK8I>;BB.
4FC R?@JC EGTCL @CJMU JGQRQ QWK@MJQ RP?BGRGML?JJW SQCB RM BCLMRC QFCJJQ ?LB QS@QFCJJQ.
4?@JC 30.2 3FCJJ ?LB
3S@QFCJJ 3WK@MJQ
,>;BB ,K8I>;BB
n l S9-#/,
1 0
s
2 1
p
3 2 d
4 3
f
5 4
g
5 h
6
;2=
i
4M BCLMRC QFCJJQ ?LB QS@QFCJJQ, UC UPGRC nl UGRF ? LSK@CP DMP n ?LB ? JCRRCP DMP l . &MP CV?KNJC, ?L CJCARPML GL RFC n = 1 QR?RC KSQR F?TC l = 0 ,
?LB GR GQ BCLMRCB ?Q ? 1s CJCARPML. 4UM CJCARPMLQ GL RFC n = 1 QR?RC GQ BCLMRCB ?Q 1s
2
. !LMRFCP CV?KNJC GQ ?L CJCARPML GL RFC n = 2 QR?RC UGRF
l = 1 , UPGRRCL ?Q 2p . 4FC A?QC MD RFPCC CJCARPMLQ UGRF RFCQC OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ GQ UPGRRCL 2p
3
. 4FGQ LMR?RGML, A?JJCB QNCARPMQAMNGA LMR?RGML, GQ
ECLCP?JGXCB ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 30.60.
2. )R GQ SLSQS?J RM BC?J UGRF QS@QFCJJQ F?TGLE l EPC?RCP RF?L 6, @SR UFCL CLAMSLRCPCB, RFCW AMLRGLSC RM @C J?@CJCB GL ?JNF?@CRGA?J MPBCP.
1092 #(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3
F?=KH; 30.60
#MSLRGLE RFC LSK@CP MD NMQQG@JC AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ ?JJMUCB @W RFC CVAJSQGML NPGLAGNJC, UC A?L BCRCPKGLC FMU K?LW CJCARPMLQ GR
R?ICQ RM DGJJ C?AF QS@QFCJJ ?LB QFCJJ.
EN7CFB; 30.4 !EM &7DO EB;9JHEDI C7D B; ?D ->?I ,>;BB?
,GQR ?JJ RFC NMQQG@JC QCRQ MD OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ DMP RFC n = 2 QFCJJ, ?LB BCRCPKGLC RFC LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ RF?R A?L @C GL RFC QFCJJ ?LB C?AF MD GRQ
QS@QFCJJQ.
,JH7J;=O
'GTCL n = 2 DMP RFC QFCJJ, RFC PSJCQ DMP OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ JGKGR l RM @C 0 MP 1. 4FC QFCJJ RFCPCDMPC F?Q RUM QS@QFCJJQ, J?@CJCB 2s ?LB 2p . 3GLAC
RFC JMUCQR l QS@QFCJJ DGJJQ DGPQR, UC QR?PR UGRF RFC 2s QS@QFCJJ NMQQG@GJGRGCQ ?LB RFCL NPMACCB UGRF RFC 2p QS@QFCJJ.
,EBKJ?ED
)R GQ AMLTCLGCLR RM JGQR RFC NMQQG@JC OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ GL ? R?@JC, ?Q QFMUL @CJMU.
F?=KH; 30.61
D?I9KII?ED
)R GQ J?@MPGMSQ RM K?IC ? R?@JC JGIC RFGQ CTCPW RGKC UC U?LR RM ILMU FMU K?LW CJCARPMLQ A?L @C GL ? QFCJJ MP QS@QFCJJ. 4FCPC CVGQR ECLCP?J PSJCQ
RF?R ?PC C?QW RM ?NNJW, ?Q UC QF?JJ LMU QCC.
4FC LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ RF?R A?L @C GL ? QS@QFCJJ BCNCLBQ CLRGPCJW ML RFC T?JSC MD l . /LAC l GQ ILMUL, RFCPC ?PC ? DGVCB LSK@CP MD T?JSCQ MD m
l
,
C?AF MD UFGAF A?L F?TC RUM T?JSCQ DMP m
s
&GPQR, QGLAC m
l
EMCQ DPMK l RM ? GL QRCNQ MD 1, RFCPC ?PC 2l + 1 NMQQG@GJGRGCQ. 4FGQ LSK@CP GQ KSJRGNJGCB
@W 2, QGLAC C?AF CJCARPML A?L @C QNGL SN MP QNGL BMUL. 4FSQ RFC @4K<@H@ AH@58E B9 8?86GEBAF G;4G 64A 58 <A 4 FH5F;8?? GQ 2(2l + 1) .
&MP CV?KNJC, RFC 2s QS@QFCJJ GL EN7CFB; 30.4 F?Q ? K?VGKSK MD 2 CJCARPMLQ GL GR, QGLAC 2(2l + 1) = 2(0 + 1) = 2 DMP RFGQ QS@QFCJJ. 3GKGJ?PJW, RFC
2p QS@QFCJJ F?Q ? K?VGKSK MD 6 CJCARPMLQ, QGLAC 2(2l + 1) = 2(2 + 1) = 6 . &MP ? QFCJJ, RFC K?VGKSK LSK@CP GQ RFC QSK MD UF?R A?L DGR GL RFC
QS@QFCJJQ. 3MKC ?JEC@P? QFMUQ RF?R RFC @4K<@H@ AH@58E B9 8?86GEBAF G;4G 64A 58 <A 4 F;8?? GQ 2n
2
.
&MP CV?KNJC, DMP RFC DGPQR QFCJJ n = 1 , ?LB QM 2n
2
= 2 . 7C F?TC ?JPC?BW QCCL RF?R MLJW RUM CJCARPMLQ A?L @C GL RFC n = 1 QFCJJ. 3GKGJ?PJW, DMP RFC
QCAMLB QFCJJ, n = 2 , ?LB QM 2n
2
= 8 . !Q DMSLB GL EN7CFB; 30.4, RFC RMR?J LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ GL RFC n = 2 QFCJJ GQ 8.
EN7CFB; 30.5 ,K8I>;BBI 7D: -EJ7BI <EH n = 3
(MU K?LW QS@QFCJJQ ?PC GL RFC n = 3 QFCJJ? )BCLRGDW C?AF QS@QFCJJ, A?JASJ?RC RFC K?VGKSK LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ RF?R UGJJ DGR GLRM C?AF, ?LB TCPGDW
RF?R RFC RMR?J GQ 2n
2
.
,JH7J;=O
3S@QFCJJQ ?PC BCRCPKGLCB @W RFC T?JSC MD l ; RFSQ, UC DGPQR BCRCPKGLC UFGAF T?JSCQ MD l ?PC ?JJMUCB, ?LB RFCL UC ?NNJW RFC COS?RGML uK?VGKSK
LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ RF?R A?L @C GL ? QS@QFCJJ = 2(2l + 1) v RM DGLB RFC LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ GL C?AF QS@QFCJJ.
,EBKJ?ED
#(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3 1093
3GLAC n = 3 , UC ILMU RF?R l A?L @C 0, 1 , MP 2 ; RFSQ, RFCPC ?PC RFPCC NMQQG@JC QS@QFCJJQ. )L QR?LB?PB LMR?RGML, RFCW ?PC J?@CJCB RFC 3s , 3p ,
?LB 3d QS@QFCJJQ. 7C F?TC ?JPC?BW QCCL RF?R 2 CJCARPMLQ A?L @C GL ?L s QR?RC, ?LB 6 GL ? p QR?RC, @SR JCR SQ SQC RFC COS?RGML uK?VGKSK
LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ RF?R A?L @C GL ? QS@QFCJJ = 2(2l + 1) v RM A?JASJ?RC RFC K?VGKSK LSK@CP GL C?AF:
(30.55)
3s has l = 0; thus, 2(2l + 1) = 2(0 + 1) = 2
3p has l = 1; thus, 2(2l + 1) = 2(2 + 1) = 6
3d has l = 2; thus, 2(2l + 1) = 2(4 + 1) = 10
Total = 18
(in the n = 3 shell)
4FC COS?RGML uK?VGKSK LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ RF?R A?L @C GL ? QFCJJ = 2n
2
v EGTCQ RFC K?VGKSK LSK@CP GL RFC n = 3 QFCJJ RM @C
(30.56)
Maximum number of electrons = 2n
2
= 2(3)
2
= 2(9) = 18.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC RMR?J LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ GL RFC RFPCC NMQQG@JC QS@QFCJJQ GQ RFSQ RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC DMPKSJ? 2n
2
. )L QR?LB?PB (QNCARPMQAMNGA) LMR?RGML, ? DGJJCB
n = 3 QFCJJ GQ BCLMRCB ?Q 3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
. 3FCJJQ BM LMR DGJJ GL ? QGKNJC K?LLCP. "CDMPC RFC n = 3 QFCJJ GQ AMKNJCRCJW DGJJCB, DMP CV?KNJC, UC
@CEGL RM DGLB CJCARPMLQ GL RFC n = 4 QFCJJ.
3FCJJ &GJJGLE ?LB RFC 0CPGMBGA 4?@JC
-78B; 30.3 QFMUQ CJCARPML AMLDGESP?RGMLQ DMP RFC DGPQR 20 CJCKCLRQ GL RFC NCPGMBGA R?@JC, QR?PRGLE UGRF FWBPMECL ?LB GRQ QGLEJC CJCARPML ?LB CLBGLE UGRF
A?JAGSK. 4FC 0?SJG CVAJSQGML NPGLAGNJC BCRCPKGLCQ RFC K?VGKSK LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ ?JJMUCB GL C?AF QFCJJ ?LB QS@QFCJJ. "SR RFC MPBCP GL UFGAF RFC
QFCJJQ ?LB QS@QFCJJQ ?PC DGJJCB GQ AMKNJGA?RCB @CA?SQC MD RFC J?PEC LSK@CPQ MD GLRCP?ARGMLQ @CRUCCL CJCARPMLQ.
1094 #(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3
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( 1 1s
1
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2s
1
"C 4 " 2s
2
" 5 " 2s
2
2p
1
# 6 " 2s
2
2p
2
. 7 " 2s
2
2p
3
/ 8 " 2s
2
2p
4
& 9 " 2s
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2p
5
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2
2p
6
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2
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6
3s
1
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3
3 16 " " " 3s
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4
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2
3p
5
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2
3p
6
+ 19 " " " 3s
2
3p
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4s
1
#? 20 " " " " " 4s
2
%V?KGLGLE RFC ?@MTC R?@JC, WMS A?L QCC RF?R ?Q RFC LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ GL ?L ?RMK GLAPC?QCQ DPMK 1 GL FWBPMECL RM 2 GL FCJGSK ?LB QM ML, RFC
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UGRF RFC JMUCQR l , MP UGRF RFC s QS@QFCJJ, RFCL RFC p , ?LB QM ML, SQS?JJW SLRGJ ?JJ QS@QFCJJQ ?PC DGJJCB. 4FC DGPQR CVACNRGML RM RFGQ MAASPQ DMP NMR?QQGSK,
UFCPC RFC 4s QS@QFCJJ @CEGLQ RM DGJJ @CDMPC ?LW CJCARPMLQ EM GLRM RFC 3d QS@QFCJJ. 4FC LCVR CVACNRGML GQ LMR QFMUL GL -78B; 30.3; GR MAASPQ DMP
PS@GBGSK, UFCPC RFC 5s QS@QFCJJ QR?PRQ RM DGJJ @CDMPC RFC 4d QS@QFCJJ. 4FC PC?QML DMP RFCQC CVACNRGMLQ GQ RF?R l = 0 CJCARPMLQ F?TC NPM@?@GJGRW
AJMSBQ RF?R NCLCRP?RC AJMQCP RM RFC LSAJCSQ ?LB, RFSQ, ?PC KMPC RGEFRJW @MSLB (JMUCP GL CLCPEW).
F?=KH; 30.62 QFMUQ RFC NCPGMBGA R?@JC MD RFC CJCKCLRQ, RFPMSEF CJCKCLR 118. /D QNCAG?J GLRCPCQR ?PC CJCKCLRQ GL RFC K?GL EPMSNQ, L?KCJW, RFMQC GL
RFC AMJSKLQ LSK@CPCB 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, ?LB 18.
#(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3 1095
7D=KB7H CEC;DJKC GK7DJKC DKC8;H:
7JEC:
7JEC?9 :;-;N9?J7J?ED:
7JEC?9 ;N9?J7J?ED:
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4FC LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ GL RFC MSRCPKMQR QS@QFCJJ BCRCPKGLCQ RFC ?RMKtQ AFCKGA?J NPMNCPRGCQ, QGLAC GR GQ RFCQC CJCARPMLQ RF?R ?PC D?PRFCQR DPMK RFC
LSAJCSQ ?LB RFSQ GLRCP?AR KMQR UGRF MRFCP ?RMKQ. )D RFC MSRCPKMQR QS@QFCJJ A?L ?AACNR MP EGTC SN ?L CJCARPML C?QGJW, RFCL RFC ?RMK UGJJ @C FGEFJW
PC?ARGTC AFCKGA?JJW. %?AF EPMSN GL RFC NCPGMBGA R?@JC GQ AF?P?ARCPGXCB @W GRQ MSRCPKMQR CJCARPML AMLDGESP?RGML. 0CPF?NQ RFC KMQR D?KGJG?P GQ 'PMSN 18
('PMSN 6)))), RFC LM@JC E?QCQ (FCJGSK, LCML, ?PEML, CRA.). 4FCQC E?QCQ ?PC ?JJ AF?P?ARCPGXCB @W ? DGJJCB MSRCP QS@QFCJJ RF?R GQ N?PRGASJ?PJW QR?@JC. 4FGQ
KC?LQ RF?R RFCW F?TC J?PEC GMLGX?RGML CLCPEGCQ ?LB BM LMR PC?BGJW EGTC SN ?L CJCARPML. &SPRFCPKMPC, GD RFCW UCPC RM ?AACNR ?L CVRP? CJCARPML, GR UMSJB
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AFCKGA?J AMKNMSLBQ MLJW SLBCP FGEF NPCQQSPC ?LB RCKNCP?RSPC.
'PMSN 17 ('PMSN 6))) AMLR?GLQ RFC F?JMECLQ, QSAF ?Q DJSMPGLC, AFJMPGLC, GMBGLC ?LB @PMKGLC, C?AF MD UFGAF F?Q MLC JCQQ CJCARPML RF?L ? LCGEF@MPGLE
LM@JC E?Q. %?AF F?JMECL F?Q 5 p CJCARPMLQ (? p
5
AMLDGESP?RGML), UFGJC RFC p QS@QFCJJ A?L FMJB 6 CJCARPMLQ. 4FGQ KC?LQ RFC F?JMECLQ F?TC MLC
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, DGRRGLE ?L CVRP? CJCARPML GLRM RFC T?A?LAW GL RFC

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1
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+
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(AMLBSARMPQ), @CA?SQC RFC JMMQCJW @MSLB MSRCP CJCARPML A?L KMTC DPCCJW.
/D AMSPQC, MRFCP EPMSNQ ?PC ?JQM MD GLRCPCQR. #?P@ML, QGJGAML, ?LB ECPK?LGSK, DMP CV?KNJC, F?TC QGKGJ?P AFCKGQRPGCQ ?LB ?PC GL 'PMSN 4 ('PMSN )6).
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?Q RFC J?LRF?LGBC QCPGCQ, ?PC KMPC AMKNJCVrRFCGP QFCJJQ BM LMR DGJJ GL QGKNJC MPBCP. "SR RFC EPMSNQ PCAMELGXCB @W AFCKGQRQ QSAF ?Q -CLBCJCCT F?TC
?L CVNJ?L?RGML GL RFC QS@QRPSARSPC MD ?RMKQ.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: "SGJB ?L !RMK
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F?=KH; 30.63 BK?B: 7D AJEC (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42618/1.7/8K?B:-7D-7JEC6;D.@7H)
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NPMACQQ @W UFGAF ?L ?RMK RP?LQDCPQ DPMK ?L CVAGRCB CJCARPMLGA QR?RC @?AI RM RFC EPMSLB QR?RC CJCARPMLGA AMLDGESP?RGML; MDRCL
MAASPQ @W CKGQQGML MD ? NFMRML
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C;J7IJ78B;:
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RFC LSK@CP MD NPMRMLQ GL RFC LSAJCSQ MD ?L ?RMK
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RFC AMLRGLSMSQ P?LBMK KMTCKCLR MD N?PRGAJCQ MD K?RRCP QSQNCLBCB GL ? JGOSGB MP E?Q
? T?ASSK RS@C AMLR?GLGLE ? QMSPAC MD CJCARPMLQ ?LB ? QAPCCL RM TGCU GK?ECQ
?L CVNCPGKCLR GL UFGAF U?TCQ MP N?PRGAJCQ DPMK ? QGLEJC QMSPAC GKNGLEC SNML RUM QJGRQ QM RF?R RFC PCQSJRGLE GLRCPDCPCLAC
N?RRCPL K?W @C M@QCPTCB
"MFP DMPKSJ? DMP CLCPEGCQ MD CJCARPML QR?RCQ GL FWBPMECL-JGIC ?RMKQ: E
n
=
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2
n
2
E
0
(n = 1, 2, 3, )
? BG?EP?K SQCB RM ?L?JWXC RFC CLCPEW JCTCJ MD CJCARPMLQ GL RFC MP@GRQ MD ?L ?RMK
RFC QNJGRRGLE MD QNCARP?J JGLCQ MD RFC FWBPMECL QNCARPSK UFCL RFC QNCARP?J JGLCQ ?PC CV?KGLCB ?R TCPW FGEF PCQMJSRGML
?LW NPMACQQ GL UFGAF ?L ?RMK MP KMJCASJC, CVAGRCB @W ? NFMRML MD ? EGTCL CLCPEW, BC-CVAGRCQ @W CKGQQGML MD ? JMUCP-CLCPEW NFMRML
KC?LQ 8AG<E8 C<6GHE8 (DPMK RFC 'PCCI UMPB ;B?B, ?Q GL FMJGQRGA), @CA?SQC RFC GK?EC NPMBSACB GQ RFPCC BGKCLQGML?J
RFC NPMACQQ MD NPMBSAGLE FMJMEP?KQ
RFC U?TCJCLERFQ MD TGQG@JC JGEFR DPMK FWBPMECL; A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB @W
1
= R
1
n
f
2

1
n
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2
?LW ?RMK UGRF MLJW ? QGLEJC CJCARPML

RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB ECLCP?RCB BSC RM RFC GLRPGLQGA QNGL MD CJCARPMLQ
RFC GLRCPL?J MP GLRPGLQGA ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK MD CJCARPMLQ
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EGTCL @W S = s(s + 1)
h
2
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RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB ECLCP?RCB BSC RM RFC MP@GR?J KMRGML MD CJCARPMLQ
? NPGLAGNJC RF?R QR?RCQ RF?R LM RUM CJCARPMLQ A?L F?TC RFC Q?KC QCR MD OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ; RF?R GQ, LM RUM CJCARPMLQ A?L
@C GL RFC Q?KC QR?RC
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RFC KMQR D?KGJG?P KMBCJ MP GJJSQRP?RGML MD RFC QRPSARSPC MD RFC ?RMK
RFC AMLBGRGML GL UFGAF RFC K?HMPGRW MD ?RMKQ GL ? Q?KNJC ?PC GL ? KCR?QR?@JC QR?RC
RFC T?JSCQ MD OS?LRGXCB CLRGRGCQ, QSAF ?Q CLCPEW ?LB ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK
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7
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OS?LRSK LSK@CP RF?R A?L @C SQCB RM A?JASJ?RC RFC GLRPGLQGA CJCARPML ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK ?JMLE RFC z -?VGQ
RFC OS?LRSK LSK@CP RF?R N?P?KCRCPGXCQ RFC GLRPGLQGA ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK (MP QNGL ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK, MP QGKNJW QNGL) MD ?
EGTCL N?PRGAJC
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Q?KC CLCPEW RF?R GQ LCACQQ?PW RM CVAGRC RFC QR?RC
RFC NPM@?@GJGRW AJMSB DMP CJCARPMLQ RF?R F?Q ? QGLEJC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK OS?LRSK LSK@CP l
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,;9J?ED ,KCC7HO
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m ML ?TCP?EC) ?LB ? NPCAGQC T?JSC DMP !TME?BPMtQ LSK@CP.
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UFCPC E GQ RFC AF?LEC GL CLCPEW @CRUCCL RFC GLGRG?J ?LB DGL?J MP@GRQ ?LB hf GQ RFC CLCPEW MD ?L ?@QMP@CB MP CKGRRCB NFMRML. )R GQ SQCDSJ RM
NJMR MP@GR?J CLCPEGCQ ML ? TCPRGA?J EP?NF A?JJCB ?L CLCPEW-JCTCJ BG?EP?K.
w "MFP NPMNMQCB RF?R RFC ?JJMUCB MP@GRQ ?PC AGPASJ?P ?LB KSQR F?TC OS?LRGXCB MP@GR?J ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK EGTCL @W
L = m
e
vr
n
= n
h
2
(n = 1, 2, 3 ),
UFCPC L GQ RFC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK, r
n
GQ RFC P?BGSQ MD RFC nth MP@GR, ?LB h GQ 0J?LAItQ AMLQR?LR. &MP ?JJ MLC-CJCARPML (FWBPMECL-JGIC) ?RMKQ,
RFC P?BGSQ MD ?L MP@GR GQ EGTCL @W
r
n
=
n
2
Z
a
B
(allowed orbits n = 1, 2, 3, ...),
Z GQ RFC ?RMKGA LSK@CP MD ?L CJCKCLR (RFC LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ GQ F?Q UFCL LCSRP?J) ?LB a
B
GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC "MFP P?BGSQ, UFGAF GQ
a
B
=
h
2
4
2
m
e
kq
e
2
= 0.52910
10
m.
w &SPRFCPKMPC, RFC CLCPEGCQ MD FWBPMECL-JGIC ?RMKQ ?PC EGTCL @W
E
n
=
Z
2
n
2
E
0
(n = 1, 2, 3 ...),
UFCPC E
0
GQ RFC EPMSLB-QR?RC CLCPEW ?LB GQ EGTCL @W
E
0
=
2
2
q
e
4
m
e
k
2
h
2
= 13.6 eV.
4FSQ, DMP FWBPMECL,
1098 #(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3
E
n
=
13.6 eV
n
2
(n, = , 1, 2, 3 ...).
w 4FC "MFP 4FCMPW EGTCQ ?AASP?RC T?JSCQ DMP RFC CLCPEW JCTCJQ GL FWBPMECL-JGIC ?RMKQ, @SR GR F?Q @CCL GKNPMTCB SNML GL QCTCP?J PCQNCARQ.
w 8 P?WQ ?PC PCJ?RGTCJW FGEF-DPCOSCLAW %- P?BG?RGML. 4FCW ?PC NPMBSACB @W RP?LQGRGMLQ @CRUCCL GLLCP-QFCJJ CJCARPML JCTCJQ, UFGAF NPMBSAC V P?WQ
AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MD RFC ?RMKGA CJCKCLR, MP @W ?AACJCP?RGLE CJCARPMLQ.
w 8 P?WQ F?TC K?LW SQCQ, GLAJSBGLE KCBGA?J BG?ELMQRGAQ ?LB V-P?W BGDDP?ARGML.
w !L GKNMPR?LR ?RMKGA NPMACQQ GQ DJSMPCQACLAC, BCDGLCB RM @C ?LW NPMACQQ GL UFGAF ?L ?RMK MP KMJCASJC GQ CVAGRCB @W ?@QMP@GLE ? NFMRML MD ?
EGTCL CLCPEW ?LB BC-CVAGRCB @W CKGRRGLE ? NFMRML MD ? JMUCP CLCPEW.
w 3MKC QR?RCQ JGTC KSAF JMLECP RF?L MRFCPQ ?LB ?PC RCPKCB KCR?QR?@JC.
w 0FMQNFMPCQACLAC GQ RFC BC-CVAGR?RGML MD ? KCR?QR?@JC QR?RC.
w ,?QCPQ NPMBSAC AMFCPCLR QGLEJC-U?TCJCLERF %- P?BG?RGML @W QRGKSJ?RCB CKGQQGML, GL UFGAF ? KCR?QR?@JC QR?RC GQ QRGKSJ?RCB RM BCA?W.
w ,?QGLE PCOSGPCQ ? NMNSJ?RGML GLTCPQGML, GL UFGAF ? K?HMPGRW MD RFC ?RMKQ MP KMJCASJCQ ?PC GL RFCGP KCR?QR?@JC QR?RC.
w 1S?LRGX?RGML MD MP@GR?J CLCPEW GQ A?SQCB @W RFC U?TC L?RSPC MD K?RRCP. !JJMUCB MP@GRQ GL ?RMKQ MAASP DMP AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC MD CJCARPMLQ GL
RFC MP@GR, PCOSGPGLE ?L GLRCEP?J LSK@CP MD U?TCJCLERFQ RM DGR GL ?L MP@GRtQ AGPASKDCPCLAC; RF?R GQ,
n
n
= 2r
n
(n = 1, 2, 3 ...),
UFCPC
n
GQ RFC CJCARPMLtQ BC "PMEJGC U?TCJCLERF.
w /UGLE RM RFC U?TC L?RSPC MD CJCARPMLQ ?LB RFC (CGQCL@CPE SLACPR?GLRW NPGLAGNJC, RFCPC ?PC LM UCJJ-BCDGLCB MP@GRQ; P?RFCP, RFCPC ?PC AJMSBQ MD
NPM@?@GJGRW.
w "MFP AMPPCARJW NPMNMQCB RF?R RFC CLCPEW ?LB P?BGG MD RFC MP@GRQ MD CJCARPMLQ GL ?RMKQ ?PC OS?LRGXCB, UGRF CLCPEW DMP RP?LQGRGMLQ @CRUCCL MP@GRQ
EGTCL @W
E = hf = E
i
E
f
,
UFCPC E GQ RFC AF?LEC GL CLCPEW @CRUCCL RFC GLGRG?J ?LB DGL?J MP@GRQ ?LB hf GQ RFC CLCPEW MD ?L ?@QMP@CB MP CKGRRCB NFMRML.
w )R GQ SQCDSJ RM NJMR MP@GR CLCPEGCQ ML ? TCPRGA?J EP?NF A?JJCB ?L CLCPEW-JCTCJ BG?EP?K.
w 4FC ?JJMUCB MP@GRQ ?PC AGPASJ?P, "MFP NPMNMQCB, ?LB KSQR F?TC OS?LRGXCB MP@GR?J ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK EGTCL @W
L = m
e
vr
n
= n
h
2
(n = 1, 2, 3 ...),
UFCPC L GQ RFC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK, r
n
GQ RFC P?BGSQ MD MP@GR n , ?LB h GQ 0J?LAItQ AMLQR?LR.
w 4FC :CCK?L CDDCARrRFC QNJGRRGLE MD JGLCQ UFCL ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB GQ ?NNJGCBrGQ A?SQCB @W MRFCP OS?LRGXCB CLRGRGCQ GL ?RMKQ.
w "MRF RFC K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD MP@GR?J ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK ?PC OS?LRGXCB.
w 4FC Q?KC GQ RPSC DMP RFC K?ELGRSBC ?LB BGPCARGML MD RFC GLRPGLQGA QNGL MD CJCARPMLQ.
w 1S?LRSK LSK@CPQ ?PC SQCB RM CVNPCQQ RFC ?JJMUCB T?JSCQ MD OS?LRGXCB CLRGRGCQ. 4FC NPGLAGN?J OS?LRSK LSK@CP n J?@CJQ RFC @?QGA QR?RCQ MD ?
QWQRCK ?LB GQ EGTCL @W
n = 1, 2, 3,....
w 4FC K?ELGRSBC MD ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK GQ EGTCL @W
L = l(l + 1)
h
2
(l = 0, 1, 2, ..., n 1),
UFCPC l GQ RFC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK OS?LRSK LSK@CP. 4FC BGPCARGML MD ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK GQ OS?LRGXCB, GL RF?R GRQ AMKNMLCLR ?JMLE ?L ?VGQ
BCDGLCB @W ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB, A?JJCB RFC z -?VGQ GQ EGTCL @W
L
z
= m
l
h
2
m
l
= l, l + 1, ..., 1, 0, 1, ... l 1, l
,
UFCPC L
z
GQ RFC z -AMKNMLCLR MD RFC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK ?LB m
l
GQ RFC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK NPMHCARGML OS?LRSK LSK@CP. 3GKGJ?PJW, RFC
CJCARPMLtQ GLRPGLQGA QNGL ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK S GQ EGTCL @W
S = s(s + 1)
h
2
(s = 1 / 2 for electrons),
s GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC QNGL OS?LRSK LSK@CP. &GL?JJW, RFC BGPCARGML MD RFC CJCARPMLtQ QNGL ?JMLE RFC z -?VGQ GQ EGTCL @W
S
z
= m
s
h
2
m
s
=
1
2
, +
1
2
,
UFCPC S
z
GQ RFC z -AMKNMLCLR MD QNGL ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK ?LB m
s
GQ RFC QNGL NPMHCARGML OS?LRSK LSK@CP. 3NGL NPMHCARGML m
s
=+1 / 2 GQ
PCDCPPCB RM ?Q QNGL SN, UFCPC?Q m
s
= 1 / 2 GQ A?JJCB QNGL BMUL. -78B; 30.1 QSKK?PGXCQ RFC ?RMKGA OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ ?LB RFCGP ?JJMUCB
T?JSCQ.
30.9 ->; )7KB? EN9BKI?ED )H?D9?FB;
w 4FC QR?RC MD ? QWQRCK GQ AMKNJCRCJW BCQAPG@CB @W ? AMKNJCRC QCR MD OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ. 4FGQ QCR GQ UPGRRCL ?Q

n, l, m
l
, m
s
.
#(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3 1099
w 4FC 0?SJG CVAJSQGML NPGLAGNJC Q?WQ RF?R LM RUM CJCARPMLQ A?L F?TC RFC Q?KC QCR MD OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ; RF?R GQ, LM RUM CJCARPMLQ A?L @C GL RFC
Q?KC QR?RC.
w 4FGQ CVAJSQGML JGKGRQ RFC LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ GL ?RMKGA QFCJJQ ?LB QS@QFCJJQ. %?AF T?JSC MD n AMPPCQNMLBQ RM ? QFCJJ, ?LB C?AF T?JSC MD l
AMPPCQNMLBQ RM ? QS@QFCJJ.
w 4FC K?VGKSK LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ RF?R A?L @C GL ? QS@QFCJJ GQ 2(2l + 1) .
w 4FC K?VGKSK LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ RF?R A?L @C GL ? QFCJJ GQ 2n
2
.
1. .?KC RFPCC BGDDCPCLR RWNCQ MD CTGBCLAC DMP RFC CVGQRCLAC MD ?RMKQ.
2. %VNJ?GL UFW N?RRCPLQ M@QCPTCB GL RFC NCPGMBGA R?@JC MD RFC CJCKCLRQ ?PC CTGBCLAC DMP RFC CVGQRCLAC MD ?RMKQ, ?LB UFW "PMULG?L KMRGML GQ ? KMPC
BGPCAR RWNC MD CTGBCLAC DMP RFCGP CVGQRCLAC.
3. )D ?RMKQ CVGQR, UFW A?LtR UC QCC RFCK UGRF TGQG@JC JGEFR?
4. 7F?R RUM NGCACQ MD CTGBCLAC ?JJMUCB RFC DGPQR A?JASJ?RGML MD m
e
, RFC K?QQ MD RFC CJCARPML?
(?) 4FC P?RGMQ q
e
/ m
e
?LB q
p
/ m
p
.
(@) 4FC T?JSCQ MD q
e
?LB E
B
.
(A) 4FC P?RGM q
e
/ m
e
?LB q
e
.
*SQRGDW WMSP PCQNMLQC.
5. (MU BM RFC ?JJMUCB MP@GRQ DMP CJCARPMLQ GL ?RMKQ BGDDCP DPMK RFC ?JJMUCB MP@GRQ DMP NJ?LCRQ ?PMSLB RFC QSL? %VNJ?GL FMU RFC AMPPCQNMLBCLAC
NPGLAGNJC ?NNJGCQ FCPC.
7. %VNJ?GL FMU "MFPtQ PSJC DMP RFC OS?LRGX?RGML MD CJCARPML MP@GR?J ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK BGDDCPQ DPMK RFC ?ARS?J PSJC.
8. 7F?R GQ ? FWBPMECL-JGIC ?RMK, ?LB FMU ?PC RFC CLCPEGCQ ?LB P?BGG MD GRQ CJCARPML MP@GRQ PCJ?RCB RM RFMQC GL FWBPMECL?
9. %VNJ?GL UFW AF?P?ARCPGQRGA V P?WQ ?PC RFC KMQR CLCPECRGA GL RFC %- CKGQQGML QNCARPSK MD ? EGTCL CJCKCLR.
10. 7FW BMCQ RFC CLCPEW MD AF?P?ARCPGQRGA V P?WQ @CAMKC GLAPC?QGLEJW EPC?RCP DMP FC?TGCP ?RMKQ?
11. /@QCPTCPQ ?R ? Q?DC BGQR?LAC DPMK ?L ?RKMQNFCPGA RCQR MD ? LSAJC?P @MK@ DCCJ GRQ FC?R @SR PCACGTC LMLC MD GRQ AMNGMSQ V P?WQ. 7FW GQ ?GP MN?OSC RM
V P?WQ @SR RP?LQN?PCLR RM GLDP?PCB?
12. ,?QCPQ ?PC SQCB RM @SPL ?LB PC?B #$Q. %VNJ?GL UFW ? J?QCP RF?R CKGRQ @JSC JGEFR UMSJB @C A?N?@JC MD @SPLGLE ?LB PC?BGLE KMPC GLDMPK?RGML RF?L
MLC RF?R CKGRQ GLDP?PCB.
13. #PWQR?J J?RRGACQ A?L @C CV?KGLCB UGRF V P?WQ @SR LMR 56. 7FW?
14. #4 QA?LLCPQ BM LMR BCRCAR BCR?GJQ QK?JJCP RF?L ?@MSR 0.5 KK. )Q RFGQ JGKGR?RGML BSC RM RFC U?TCJCLERF MD V P?WQ? %VNJ?GL.
16. !RMKGA ?LB KMJCASJ?P QNCARP? ?PC BGQAPCRC. 7F?R BMCQ BGQAPCRC KC?L, ?LB FMU ?PC BGQAPCRC QNCARP? PCJ?RCB RM RFC OS?LRGX?RGML MD CLCPEW ?LB
CJCARPML MP@GRQ GL ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ?
17. (WBPMECL E?Q A?L MLJW ?@QMP@ %- P?BG?RGML RF?R F?Q ?L CLCPEW AMPPCQNMLBGLE RM ? RP?LQGRGML GL RFC ?RMK, HSQR ?Q GR A?L MLJW CKGR RFCQC BGQAPCRC
CLCPEGCQ. 7FCL ? QNCARPSK GQ R?ICL MD RFC QMJ?P AMPML?, GL UFGAF ? @PM?B P?LEC MD %- U?TCJCLERFQ ?PC N?QQCB RFPMSEF TCPW FMR FWBPMECL E?Q, RFC
?@QMPNRGML QNCARPSK QFMUQ ?JJ RFC DC?RSPCQ MD RFC CKGQQGML QNCARPSK. "SR UFCL QSAF %- P?BG?RGML N?QQCQ RFPMSEF PMMK-RCKNCP?RSPC FWBPMECL E?Q,
MLJW RFC ,WK?L QCPGCQ GQ ?@QMP@CB. %VNJ?GL RFC BGDDCPCLAC.
18. ,?QCPQ ?PC SQCB RM @SPL ?LB PC?B #$Q. %VNJ?GL UFW ? J?QCP RF?R CKGRQ @JSC JGEFR UMSJB @C A?N?@JC MD @SPLGLE ?LB PC?BGLE KMPC GLDMPK?RGML RF?L
MLC RF?R CKGRQ GLDP?PCB.
19. 4FC AM?RGLE ML RFC GLQGBC MD DJSMPCQACLR JGEFR RS@CQ ?@QMP@Q SJRP?TGMJCR JGEFR ?LB QS@QCOSCLRJW CKGRQ TGQG@JC JGEFR. !L GLTCLRMP AJ?GKQ RF?R FC GQ ?@JC
RM BM RFC PCTCPQC NPMACQQ. )Q RFC GLTCLRMPtQ AJ?GK NMQQG@JC?
20. 7F?R GQ RFC BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL DJSMPCQACLAC ?LB NFMQNFMPCQACLAC?
21. (MU A?L WMS RCJJ RF?R ? FMJMEP?K GQ ? RPSC RFPCC-BGKCLQGML?J GK?EC ?LB RF?R RFMQC GL 3-$ KMTGCQ ?PC LMR?
22. (MU GQ RFC BC "PMEJGC U?TCJCLERF MD CJCARPMLQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC OS?LRGX?RGML MD RFCGP MP@GRQ GL ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ?
1100 #(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3
23. 7F?R GQ RFC :CCK?L CDDCAR, ?LB UF?R RWNC MD OS?LRGX?RGML U?Q BGQAMTCPCB @CA?SQC MD RFGQ CDDCAR?
24. $CDGLC RFC OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ n, l, m
l
, s , ?LB m
s
.
25. &MP ? EGTCL T?JSC MD n , UF?R ?PC RFC ?JJMUCB T?JSCQ MD l ?
26. &MP ? EGTCL T?JSC MD l , UF?R ?PC RFC ?JJMUCB T?JSCQ MD m
l
? 7F?R ?PC RFC ?JJMUCB T?JSCQ MD m
l
DMP ? EGTCL T?JSC MD n ? 'GTC ?L CV?KNJC GL C?AF
A?QC.
27. ,GQR ?JJ RFC NMQQG@JC T?JSCQ MD s ?LB m
s
DMP ?L CJCARPML. !PC RFCPC N?PRGAJCQ DMP UFGAF RFCQC T?JSCQ ?PC BGDDCPCLR? 4FC Q?KC?
30.9 ->; )7KB? EN9BKI?ED )H?D9?FB;
28. )BCLRGDW RFC QFCJJ, QS@QFCJJ, ?LB LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ DMP RFC DMJJMUGLE: (?) 2p
3
. (@) 4d
9
. (A) 3s
1
. (B) 5g
16
.
29. 7FGAF MD RFC DMJJMUGLE ?PC LMR ?JJMUCB? 3R?RC UFGAF PSJC GQ TGMJ?RCB DMP ?LW RF?R ?PC LMR ?JJMUCB. (?) 1p
3
(@) 2p
8
(A) 3g
11
(B) 4f
2
#(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3 1101
30. 5QGLE RFC EGTCL AF?PEC-RM-K?QQ P?RGMQ DMP CJCARPMLQ ?LB NPMRMLQ, ?LB
ILMUGLE RFC K?ELGRSBCQ MD RFCGP AF?PECQ ?PC COS?J, UF?R GQ RFC P?RGM MD
RFC NPMRMLtQ K?QQ RM RFC CJCARPMLtQ? (.MRC RF?R QGLAC RFC AF?PEC-RM-K?QQ
P?RGMQ ?PC EGTCL RM MLJW RFPCC-BGEGR ?AASP?AW, WMSP ?LQUCP K?W BGDDCP DPMK
RFC ?AACNRCB P?RGM GL RFC DMSPRF BGEGR.)
31. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC K?QQ MD ? NPMRML SQGLE RFC AF?PEC-RM-K?QQ P?RGM
EGTCL DMP GR GL RFGQ AF?NRCP ?LB GRQ ILMUL AF?PEC. (@) (MU BMCQ WMSP PCQSJR
AMKN?PC UGRF RFC NPMRML K?QQ EGTCL GL RFGQ AF?NRCP?
32. )D QMKCMLC U?LRCB RM @SGJB ? QA?JC KMBCJ MD RFC ?RMK UGRF ? LSAJCSQ
1.00 K GL BG?KCRCP, FMU D?P ?U?W UMSJB RFC LC?PCQR CJCARPML LCCB RM @C?
30.2 D?I9EL;HO E< J>; )7HJI E< J>; AJEC: EB;9JHEDI 7D:
'K9B;?
33. 2SRFCPDMPB DMSLB RFC QGXC MD RFC LSAJCSQ RM @C ?@MSR 10
15
m. 4FGQ
GKNJGCB ? FSEC BCLQGRW. 7F?R UMSJB RFGQ BCLQGRW @C DMP EMJB?
34. )L -GJJGI?LtQ MGJ-BPMN CVNCPGKCLR, MLC JMMIQ ?R ? QK?JJ MGJ BPMN FCJB
KMRGMLJCQQ @CRUCCL RUM NJ?RCQ. 4?IC RFC TMJR?EC @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ RM
@C 2033 6, ?LB RFC NJ?RC QCN?P?RGML RM @C 2.00 AK. 4FC MGJ BPMN (MD
BCLQGRW 0.81 g/cm
3
) F?Q ? BG?KCRCP MD 4.010
6
m. &GLB RFC AF?PEC
ML RFC BPMN, GL RCPKQ MD CJCARPML SLGRQ.
35. (?) !L ?QNGPGLE NFWQGAGQR U?LRQ RM @SGJB ? QA?JC KMBCJ MD ? FWBPMECL
?RMK DMP FCP QAGCLAC D?GP NPMHCAR. )D RFC ?RMK GQ 1.00 K GL BG?KCRCP, FMU
@GE QFMSJB QFC RPW RM K?IC RFC LSAJCSQ?
(@) (MU C?QW UGJJ RFGQ @C RM BM?
36. "W A?JASJ?RGLE GRQ U?TCJCLERF, QFMU RF?R RFC DGPQR JGLC GL RFC ,WK?L
QCPGCQ GQ 56 P?BG?RGML.
37. &GLB RFC U?TCJCLERF MD RFC RFGPB JGLC GL RFC ,WK?L QCPGCQ, ?LB GBCLRGDW
RFC RWNC MD %- P?BG?RGML.
38. ,MMI SN RFC T?JSCQ MD RFC OS?LRGRGCQ GL a
B
=
h
2
4
2
m
e
kq
e
2
, ?LB TCPGDW
RF?R RFC "MFP P?BGSQ a
B
GQ 0.52910
10
m.
39. 6CPGDW RF?R RFC EPMSLB QR?RC CLCPEW E
0
GQ 13.6 C6 @W SQGLE
E
0
=
2
2
q
e
4
m
e
k
2
h
2
.
40. )D ? FWBPMECL ?RMK F?Q GRQ CJCARPML GL RFC n = 4 QR?RC, FMU KSAF
CLCPEW GL C6 GQ LCCBCB RM GMLGXC GR?
41. ! FWBPMECL ?RMK GL ?L CVAGRCB QR?RC A?L @C GMLGXCB UGRF JCQQ CLCPEW
RF?L UFCL GR GQ GL GRQ EPMSLB QR?RC. 7F?R GQ n DMP ? FWBPMECL ?RMK GD
0.850 C6 MD CLCPEW A?L GMLGXC GR?
42. &GLB RFC P?BGSQ MD ? FWBPMECL ?RMK GL RFC n = 2 QR?RC ?AAMPBGLE RM
"MFPtQ RFCMPW.
43. 3FMU RF?R (13.6 eV) / hc = 1.09710
7
m = R (2WB@CPEtQ
AMLQR?LR), ?Q BGQASQQCB GL RFC RCVR.
44. 7F?R GQ RFC QK?JJCQR-U?TCJCLERF JGLC GL RFC "?JKCP QCPGCQ? )Q GR GL RFC
TGQG@JC N?PR MD RFC QNCARPSK?
45. 3FMU RF?R RFC CLRGPC 0?QAFCL QCPGCQ GQ GL RFC GLDP?PCB N?PR MD RFC
QNCARPSK. 4M BM RFGQ, WMS MLJW LCCB RM A?JASJ?RC RFC QFMPRCQR U?TCJCLERF
GL RFC QCPGCQ.
46. $M RFC "?JKCP ?LB ,WK?L QCPGCQ MTCPJ?N? 4M ?LQUCP RFGQ, A?JASJ?RC
RFC QFMPRCQR-U?TCJCLERF "?JKCP JGLC ?LB RFC JMLECQR-U?TCJCLERF ,WK?L
JGLC.
47. (?) 7FGAF JGLC GL RFC "?JKCP QCPGCQ GQ RFC DGPQR MLC GL RFC 56 N?PR MD
RFC QNCARPSK?
(@) (MU K?LW "?JKCP QCPGCQ JGLCQ ?PC GL RFC TGQG@JC N?PR MD RFC QNCARPSK?
(A) (MU K?LW ?PC GL RFC 56?
48. ! U?TCJCLERF MD 4.653 m GQ M@QCPTCB GL ? FWBPMECL QNCARPSK DMP
? RP?LQGRGML RF?R CLBQ GL RFC n
f
= 5 JCTCJ. 7F?R U?Q n
i
DMP RFC GLGRG?J
JCTCJ MD RFC CJCARPML?
49. ! QGLEJW GMLGXCB FCJGSK GML F?Q MLJW MLC CJCARPML ?LB GQ BCLMRCB
He
+
. 7F?R GQ RFC GMLtQ P?BGSQ GL RFC EPMSLB QR?RC AMKN?PCB RM RFC "MFP
P?BGSQ MD FWBPMECL ?RMK?
50. ! @CPWJJGSK GML UGRF ? QGLEJC CJCARPML (BCLMRCB Be
3 +
) GQ GL ?L
CVAGRCB QR?RC UGRF P?BGSQ RFC Q?KC ?Q RF?R MD RFC EPMSLB QR?RC MD
FWBPMECL.
(?) 7F?R GQ n DMP RFC Be
3 +
GML?
(@) (MU KSAF CLCPEW GL C6 GQ LCCBCB RM GMLGXC RFC GML DPMK RFGQ CVAGRCB
QR?RC?
51. !RMKQ A?L @C GMLGXCB @W RFCPK?J AMJJGQGMLQ, QSAF ?Q ?R RFC FGEF
RCKNCP?RSPCQ DMSLB GL RFC QMJ?P AMPML?. /LC QSAF GML GQ C
+5
, ? A?P@ML
?RMK UGRF MLJW ? QGLEJC CJCARPML.
(?) "W UF?R D?ARMP ?PC RFC CLCPEGCQ MD GRQ FWBPMECL-JGIC JCTCJQ EPC?RCP RF?L
RFMQC MD FWBPMECL?
(@) 7F?R GQ RFC U?TCJCLERF MD RFC DGPQR JGLC GL RFGQ GMLtQ 0?QAFCL QCPGCQ?
(A) 7F?R RWNC MD %- P?BG?RGML GQ RFGQ?
52. 6CPGDW %OS?RGMLQ r
n
=
n
2
Z
a
B
?LB
a
B
=
h
2
4
2
m
e
kq
e
2
= 0.52910
10
m SQGLE RFC ?NNPM?AF QR?RCB GL
RFC RCVR. 4F?R GQ, COS?RC RFC #MSJMK@ ?LB ACLRPGNCR?J DMPACQ ?LB RFCL
GLQCPR ?L CVNPCQQGML DMP TCJMAGRW DPMK RFC AMLBGRGML DMP ?LESJ?P
KMKCLRSK OS?LRGX?RGML.
53. 4FC U?TCJCLERF MD RFC DMSP "?JKCP QCPGCQ JGLCQ DMP FWBPMECL ?PC
DMSLB RM @C 410.3, 434.2, 486.3, ?LB 656.5 LK. 7F?R ?TCP?EC
NCPACLR?EC BGDDCPCLAC GQ DMSLB @CRUCCL RFCQC U?TCJCLERF LSK@CPQ ?LB
RFMQC NPCBGARCB @W
1
= R
1
n
f
2

1
n
i
2
? )R GQ ?K?XGLE FMU UCJJ ? QGKNJC

DMPKSJ? (BGQAMLLCARCB MPGEGL?JJW DPMK RFCMPW) AMSJB BSNJGA?RC RFGQ
NFCLMKCLML.
54. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC QFMPRCQR-U?TCJCLERF V-P?W P?BG?RGML RF?R A?L @C
ECLCP?RCB GL ?L V-P?W RS@C UGRF ?L ?NNJGCB TMJR?EC MD 50.0 I6? (@)
#?JASJ?RC RFC NFMRML CLCPEW GL C6. (A) %VNJ?GL RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGN MD RFC
NFMRML CLCPEW RM RFC ?NNJGCB TMJR?EC.
55. ! AMJMP RCJCTGQGML RS@C ?JQM ECLCP?RCQ QMKC V P?WQ UFCL GRQ CJCARPML
@C?K QRPGICQ RFC QAPCCL. 7F?R GQ RFC QFMPRCQR U?TCJCLERF MD RFCQC V P?WQ,
GD ? 30.0-I6 NMRCLRG?J GQ SQCB RM ?AACJCP?RC RFC CJCARPMLQ? (.MRC RF?R 46Q
F?TC QFGCJBGLE RM NPCTCLR RFCQC V P?WQ DPMK CVNMQGLE TGCUCPQ.)
56. !L V P?W RS@C F?Q ?L ?NNJGCB TMJR?EC MD 100 I6. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC KMQR
CLCPECRGA V-P?W NFMRML GR A?L NPMBSAC? %VNPCQQ WMSP ?LQUCP GL CJCARPML
TMJRQ ?LB HMSJCQ. (@) &GLB RFC U?TCJCLERF MD QSAF ?L 8qP?W.
57. 4FC K?VGKSK AF?P?ARCPGQRGA V-P?W NFMRML CLCPEW AMKCQ DPMK RFC
A?NRSPC MD ? DPCC CJCARPML GLRM ? K QFCJJ T?A?LAW. 7F?R GQ RFGQ NFMRML
CLCPEW GL IC6 DMP RSLEQRCL, ?QQSKGLE RFC DPCC CJCARPML F?Q LM GLGRG?J
IGLCRGA CLCPEW?
58. 7F?R ?PC RFC ?NNPMVGK?RC CLCPEGCQ MD RFC K
?LB K
V P?WQ DMP
AMNNCP?
1102 #(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3
30.5 AFFB?97J?EDI E< AJEC?9 EN9?J7J?EDI 7D: D;-
EN9?J7J?EDI
59. F?=KH; 30.39 QFMUQ RFC CLCPEW-JCTCJ BG?EP?K DMP LCML. (?) 6CPGDW RF?R
RFC CLCPEW MD RFC NFMRML CKGRRCB UFCL LCML EMCQ DPMK GRQ KCR?QR?@JC
QR?RC RM RFC MLC GKKCBG?RCJW @CJMU GQ COS?J RM 1.96 C6. (@) 3FMU RF?R RFC
U?TCJCLERF MD RFGQ P?BG?RGML GQ 633 LK. (A) 7F?R U?TCJCLERF GQ CKGRRCB
UFCL RFC LCML K?ICQ ? BGPCAR RP?LQGRGML RM GRQ EPMSLB QR?RC?
60. ! FCJGSK-LCML J?QCP GQ NSKNCB @W CJCARPGA BGQAF?PEC. 7F?R
U?TCJCLERF CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML UMSJB @C LCCBCB RM NSKN GR? 3CC
F?=KH; 30.39 DMP CLCPEW-JCTCJ GLDMPK?RGML.
61. 2S@W J?QCPQ F?TC AFPMKGSK ?RMKQ BMNCB GL ?L ?JSKGLSK MVGBC
APWQR?J. 4FC CLCPEW JCTCJ BG?EP?K DMP AFPMKGSK GL ? PS@W GQ QFMUL GL
F?=KH; 30.64. 7F?R U?TCJCLERF GQ CKGRRCB @W ? PS@W J?QCP?
F?=KH; 30.64 #FPMKGSK ?RMKQ GL ?L ?JSKGLSK MVGBC APWQR?J F?TC RFCQC CLCPEW
JCTCJQ, MLC MD UFGAF GQ KCR?QR?@JC. 4FGQ GQ RFC @?QGQ MD ? PS@W J?QCP. 6GQG@JC JGEFR A?L
NSKN RFC ?RMK GLRM ?L CVAGRCB QR?RC ?@MTC RFC KCR?QR?@JC QR?RC RM ?AFGCTC ?
NMNSJ?RGML GLTCPQGML.
62. (?) 7F?R CLCPEW NFMRMLQ A?L NSKN AFPMKGSK ?RMKQ GL ? PS@W J?QCP
DPMK RFC EPMSLB QR?RC RM GRQ QCAMLB ?LB RFGPB CVAGRCB QR?RCQ? (@) 7F?R ?PC
RFC U?TCJCLERFQ MD RFCQC NFMRMLQ? 6CPGDW RF?R RFCW ?PC GL RFC TGQG@JC N?PR
MD RFC QNCARPSK.
63. 3MKC MD RFC KMQR NMUCPDSJ J?QCPQ ?PC @?QCB ML RFC CLCPEW JCTCJQ MD
LCMBWKGSK GL QMJGBQ, QSAF ?Q EJ?QQ, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 30.65. (?) 7F?R
?TCP?EC U?TCJCLERF JGEFR A?L NSKN RFC LCMBWKGSK GLRM RFC JCTCJQ ?@MTC
GRQ KCR?QR?@JC QR?RC? (@) 6CPGDW RF?R RFC 1.17 C6 RP?LQGRGML NPMBSACQ
1.06 m P?BG?RGML.
F?=KH; 30.65 .CMBWKGSK ?RMKQ GL EJ?QQ F?TC RFCQC CLCPEW JCTCJQ, MLC MD UFGAF GQ
KCR?QR?@JC. 4FC EPMSN MD JCTCJQ ?@MTC RFC KCR?QR?@JC QR?RC GQ AMLTCLGCLR DMP
?AFGCTGLE ? NMNSJ?RGML GLTCPQGML, QGLAC NFMRMLQ MD K?LW BGDDCPCLR CLCPEGCQ A?L @C
?@QMP@CB @W ?RMKQ GL RFC EPMSLB QR?RC.
64. )D ?L ?RMK F?Q ?L CJCARPML GL RFC n = 5 QR?RC UGRF m
l
= 3 , UF?R ?PC
RFC NMQQG@JC T?JSCQ MD l ?
65. !L ?RMK F?Q ?L CJCARPML UGRF m
l
= 2 . 7F?R GQ RFC QK?JJCQR T?JSC MD
n DMP RFGQ CJCARPML?
66. 7F?R ?PC RFC NMQQG@JC T?JSCQ MD m
l
DMP ?L CJCARPML GL RFC n = 4
QR?RC?
67. 7F?R, GD ?LW, AMLQRP?GLRQ BMCQ ? T?JSC MD m
l
= 1 NJ?AC ML RFC MRFCP
OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ DMP ?L CJCARPML GL ?L ?RMK?
68. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK DMP ?L l = 1
CJCARPML. (@) #MKN?PC WMSP ?LQUCP RM RFC T?JSC "MFP NPMNMQCB DMP RFC
n = 1 QR?RC.
69. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK DMP ?L l = 1
CJCARPML? (@) #?JASJ?RC RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC CJCARPMLtQ QNGL ?LESJ?P
KMKCLRSK. (A) 7F?R GQ RFC P?RGM MD RFCQC ?LESJ?P KMKCLR??
70. 2CNC?R EN;H9?I; 30.69 DMP l = 3 .
71. (?) (MU K?LW ?LEJCQ A?L L K?IC UGRF RFC z -?VGQ DMP ?L l = 2
CJCARPML? (@) #?JASJ?RC RFC T?JSC MD RFC QK?JJCQR ?LEJC.
72. 7F?R ?LEJCQ A?L RFC QNGL S MD ?L CJCARPML K?IC UGRF RFC z -?VGQ?
30.9 ->; )7KB? EN9BKI?ED )H?D9?FB;
73. (?) (MU K?LW CJCARPMLQ A?L @C GL RFC n = 4 QFCJJ?
(@) 7F?R ?PC GRQ QS@QFCJJQ, ?LB FMU K?LW CJCARPMLQ A?L @C GL C?AF?
74. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC KGLGKSK T?JSC MD 1 DMP ? QS@QFCJJ RF?R F?Q 11
CJCARPMLQ GL GR?
(@) )D RFGQ QS@QFCJJ GQ GL RFC n = 5 QFCJJ, UF?R GQ RFC QNCARPMQAMNGA
LMR?RGML DMP RFGQ ?RMK?
75. (?) )D MLC QS@QFCJJ MD ?L ?RMK F?Q 9 CJCARPMLQ GL GR, UF?R GQ RFC
KGLGKSK T?JSC MD l ? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC QNCARPMQAMNGA LMR?RGML DMP RFGQ
?RMK, GD RFGQ QS@QFCJJ GQ N?PR MD RFC n = 3 QFCJJ?
76. (?) ,GQR ?JJ NMQQG@JC QCRQ MD OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ

n, l, m
l
, m
s
DMP RFC
n = 3 QFCJJ, ?LB BCRCPKGLC RFC LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ RF?R A?L @C GL RFC
QFCJJ ?LB C?AF MD GRQ QS@QFCJJQ.
(@) 3FMU RF?R RFC LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ GL RFC QFCJJ COS?JQ 2n
2
?LB RF?R
RFC LSK@CP GL C?AF QS@QFCJJ GQ 2(2l + 1) .
77. 7FGAF MD RFC DMJJMUGLE QNCARPMQAMNGA LMR?RGMLQ ?PC LMR ?JJMUCB? (?)
5s
1
(@) 1d
1
(A) 4s
3
(B) 3p
7
(C) 5g
15
. 3R?RC UFGAF PSJC GQ TGMJ?RCB
DMP C?AF RF?R GQ LMR ?JJMUCB.
78. 7FGAF MD RFC DMJJMUGLE QNCARPMQAMNGA LMR?RGMLQ ?PC ?JJMUCB (RF?R GQ,
UFGAF TGMJ?RC LMLC MD RFC PSJCQ PCE?PBGLE T?JSCQ MD OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ)?
(?) 1s
1
(@) 1d
3
(A) 4s
2
(B) 3p
7
(C) 6h
20
79. (?) 5QGLE RFC 0?SJG CVAJSQGML NPGLAGNJC ?LB RFC PSJCQ PCJ?RGLE RFC
?JJMUCB T?JSCQ MD RFC OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ

n, l, m
l
, m
s
, NPMTC RF?R RFC

K?VGKSK LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ GL ? QS@QFCJJ GQ 2n
2
.
(@) )L ? QGKGJ?P K?LLCP, NPMTC RF?R RFC K?VGKSK LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ GL ?
QFCJJ GQ 2A
2
.
%QRGK?RC RFC BCLQGRW MD ? LSAJCSQ @W A?JASJ?RGLE RFC BCLQGRW MD ? NPMRML,
R?IGLE GR RM @C ? QNFCPC 1.2 DK GL BG?KCRCP. #MKN?PC WMSP PCQSJR UGRF RFC
T?JSC CQRGK?RCB GL RFGQ AF?NRCP.
4FC CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA DMPACQ ML ?L CJCARPML GL RFC #24 GL F?=KH;
30.7 ?PC QSNNMQCB RM @C GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ. 6CPGDW RFGQ @W BCRCPKGLGLE
RFC BGPCARGML MD C?AF DMPAC DMP RFC QGRS?RGML QFMUL. %VNJ?GL FMU WMS
M@R?GL RFC BGPCARGMLQ (RF?R GQ, GBCLRGDW RFC PSJCQ SQCB).
82. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFC QJGRQ MD ? BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE RF?R
NPMBSACQ ? DGPQR-MPBCP K?VGKSK DMP RFC DGPQR "?JKCP JGLC ?R ?L ?LEJC MD
20.0 ?
#(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3 1103
(@) !R UF?R ?LEJC UGJJ RFC DMSPRF JGLC MD RFC "?JKCP QCPGCQ ?NNC?P GL DGPQR
MPBCP?
(A) !R UF?R ?LEJC UGJJ RFC QCAMLB-MPBCP K?VGKSK @C DMP RFC DGPQR JGLC?
! E?J?VW KMTGLE ?U?W DPMK RFC C?PRF F?Q ? QNCCB MD 0.0100c . 7F?R
U?TCJCLERF BM UC M@QCPTC DMP ?L n
i
= 7 RM n
f
= 2 RP?LQGRGML DMP
FWBPMECL GL RF?R E?J?VW?
#?JASJ?RC RFC TCJMAGRW MD ? QR?P KMTGLE PCJ?RGTC RM RFC C?PRF GD WMS M@QCPTC
? U?TCJCLERF MD 91.0 LK DMP GMLGXCB FWBPMECL A?NRSPGLE ?L CJCARPML
BGPCARJW GLRM RFC JMUCQR MP@GR?J (RF?R GQ, ? n
i
= RM n
f
= 1 , MP ?
,WK?L QCPGCQ RP?LQGRGML).
)L ? -GJJGI?L MGJ-BPMN CVNCPGKCLR SQGLE ? QCRSN JGIC RF?R GL F?=KH; 30.9, ?
500-6 NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC GQ ?NNJGCB RM NJ?RCQ QCN?P?RCB @W 2.50 AK. (?)
7F?R GQ RFC K?QQ MD ?L MGJ BPMN F?TGLE RUM CVRP? CJCARPMLQ RF?R GQ
QSQNCLBCB KMRGMLJCQQ @W RFC DGCJB @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC
BG?KCRCP MD RFC BPMN, ?QQSKGLE GR GQ ? QNFCPC UGRF RFC BCLQGRW MD MJGTC MGJ?
7F?R BMS@JC-QJGR QCN?P?RGML UMSJB NPMBSAC ? DGPQR-MPBCP K?VGKSK ?R
3.00 DMP 25.0-IC6 V P?WQ? 4FC QK?JJ ?LQUCP GLBGA?RCQ RF?R RFC U?TC
AF?P?ARCP MD V P?WQ GQ @CQR BCRCPKGLCB @W F?TGLE RFCK GLRCP?AR UGRF TCPW
QK?JJ M@HCARQ QSAF ?Q ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ.
)L ? J?@MP?RMPW CVNCPGKCLR BCQGELCB RM BSNJGA?RC 4FMKQMLtQ
BCRCPKGL?RGML MD q
e
/ m
e
, ? @C?K MD CJCARPMLQ F?TGLE ? TCJMAGRW MD
6.0010
7
m/s CLRCPQ ? 5.0010
3
T K?ELCRGA DGCJB. 4FC @C?K
KMTCQ NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC DGCJB GL ? N?RF F?TGLE ? 6.80-AK P?BGSQ MD
ASPT?RSPC. $CRCPKGLC q
e
/ m
e
DPMK RFCQC M@QCPT?RGMLQ, ?LB AMKN?PC RFC
PCQSJR UGRF RFC ILMUL T?JSC.
&GLB RFC T?JSC MD l , RFC MP@GR?J ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK OS?LRSK LSK@CP, DMP
RFC KMML ?PMSLB RFC C?PRF. 4FC CVRPCKCJW J?PEC T?JSC M@R?GLCB GKNJGCQ
RF?R GR GQ GKNMQQG@JC RM RCJJ RFC BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL ?BH?ACLR OS?LRGXCB
MP@GRQ DMP K?APMQAMNGA M@HCARQ.
0?PRGAJCQ A?JJCB KSMLQ CVGQR GL AMQKGA P?WQ ?LB A?L @C APC?RCB GL N?PRGAJC
?AACJCP?RMPQ. -SMLQ ?PC TCPW QGKGJ?P RM CJCARPMLQ, F?TGLE RFC Q?KC
AF?PEC ?LB QNGL, @SR RFCW F?TC ? K?QQ 207 RGKCQ EPC?RCP. 7FCL KSMLQ
?PC A?NRSPCB @W ?L ?RMK, RFCW MP@GR HSQR JGIC ?L CJCARPML @SR UGRF ? QK?JJCP
P?BGSQ, QGLAC RFC K?QQ GL a
B
=
h
2
4
2
m
e
kq
e
2
= 0.52910
10
m GQ 207
m
e
.
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC P?BGSQ MD RFC n = 1 MP@GR DMP ? KSML GL ? SP?LGSK GML (
Z = 92 ).
(@) #MKN?PC RFGQ UGRF RFC 7.5-DK P?BGSQ MD ? SP?LGSK LSAJCSQ. .MRC RF?R
QGLAC RFC KSML MP@GRQ GLQGBC RFC CJCARPML, GR D?JJQ GLRM ? FWBPMECL-JGIC MP@GR.
3GLAC WMSP ?LQUCP GQ JCQQ RF?L RFC P?BGSQ MD RFC LSAJCSQ, WMS A?L QCC
RF?R RFC NFMRMLQ CKGRRCB ?Q RFC KSML D?JJQ GLRM GRQ JMUCQR MP@GR A?L EGTC
GLDMPK?RGML ?@MSR RFC LSAJCSQ.
#?JASJ?RC RFC KGLGKSK ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW GL HMSJCQ LCCBCB RM APC?RC ?
NMNSJ?RGML GLTCPQGML GL ? FCJGSK-LCML J?QCP AMLR?GLGLE 1.0010
4
KMJCQ MD LCML.
! A?P@ML BGMVGBC J?QCP SQCB GL QSPECPW CKGRQ GLDP?PCB P?BG?RGML UGRF ?
U?TCJCLERF MD 10.6 m. )L 1.00 KQ, RFGQ J?QCP P?GQCB RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD
1.00 cm
3
MD DJCQF RM 100C ?LB CT?NMP?RCB GR.
(?) (MU K?LW NFMRMLQ UCPC PCOSGPCB? 9MS K?W ?QQSKC DJCQF F?Q RFC
Q?KC FC?R MD T?NMPGX?RGML ?Q U?RCP. (@) 7F?R U?Q RFC KGLGKSK NMUCP
MSRNSR BSPGLE RFC DJ?QF?
3SNNMQC ?L -2) QA?LLCP SQCQ 100--(X P?BGM U?TCQ.
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC NFMRML CLCPEW.
(@) (MU BMCQ RFGQ AMKN?PC RM RWNGA?J KMJCASJ?P @GLBGLE CLCPEGCQ?
(?) !L CVAGKCP J?QCP SQCB DMP TGQGML AMPPCARGML CKGRQ 193-LK 56.
#?JASJ?RC RFC NFMRML CLCPEW GL C6.
(@) 4FCQC NFMRMLQ ?PC SQCB RM CT?NMP?RC AMPLC?J RGQQSC, UFGAF GQ TCPW
QGKGJ?P RM U?RCP GL GRQ NPMNCPRGCQ. #?JASJ?RC RFC ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW LCCBCB
NCP KMJCASJC MD U?RCP RM K?IC RFC NF?QC AF?LEC DPMK JGOSGB RM E?Q. 4F?R
GQ, BGTGBC RFC FC?R MD T?NMPGX?RGML GL I*/IE @W RFC LSK@CP MD U?RCP
KMJCASJCQ GL ? IGJMEP?K.
(A) #MLTCPR RFGQ RM C6 ?LB AMKN?PC RM RFC NFMRML CLCPEW. $GQASQQ RFC
GKNJGA?RGMLQ.
! LCGEF@MPGLE E?J?VW PMR?RCQ ML GRQ ?VGQ QM RF?R QR?PQ ML MLC QGBC KMTC
RMU?PB SQ ?Q D?QR ?Q 200 IK/Q, UFGJC RFMQC ML RFC MRFCP QGBC KMTC ?U?W
?Q D?QR ?Q 200 IK/Q. 4FGQ A?SQCQ RFC %- P?BG?RGML UC PCACGTC RM @C
$MNNJCP QFGDRCB @W TCJMAGRGCQ MTCP RFC CLRGPC P?LEC MD ]200 IK/Q. 7F?R
P?LEC MD U?TCJCLERFQ UGJJ UC M@QCPTC DMP RFC 656.0-LK JGLC GL RFC "?JKCP
QCPGCQ MD FWBPMECL CKGRRCB @W QR?PQ GL RFGQ E?J?VW. (4FGQ GQ A?JJCB JGLC
@PM?BCLGLE.)
! NSJQ?P GQ ? P?NGBJW QNGLLGLE PCKL?LR MD ? QSNCPLMT?. )R PMR?RCQ ML GRQ
?VGQ, QUCCNGLE FWBPMECL ?JMLE UGRF GR QM RF?R FWBPMECL ML MLC QGBC
KMTCQ RMU?PB SQ ?Q D?QR ?Q 50.0 IK/Q, UFGJC RF?R ML RFC MRFCP QGBC KMTCQ
?U?W ?Q D?QR ?Q 50.0 IK/Q. 4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R RFC %- P?BG?RGML UC PCACGTC
UGJJ @C $MNNJCP QFGDRCB MTCP ? P?LEC MD 50.0 km/s . 7F?R P?LEC MD
U?TCJCLERFQ UGJJ UC M@QCPTC DMP RFC 91.20-LK JGLC GL RFC ,WK?L QCPGCQ MD
FWBPMECL? (3SAF JGLC @PM?BCLGLE GQ M@QCPTCB ?LB ?ARS?JJW NPMTGBCQ N?PR
MD RFC CTGBCLAC DMP P?NGB PMR?RGML.)
0PMTC RF?R RFC TCJMAGRW MD AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ KMTGLE ?JMLE ? QRP?GEFR N?RF
RFPMSEF NCPNCLBGASJ?P CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ GQ v = E / B . 4FSQ
APMQQCB CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ A?L @C SQCB ?Q ? TCJMAGRW QCJCARMP
GLBCNCLBCLR MD RFC AF?PEC ?LB K?QQ MD RFC N?PRGAJC GLTMJTCB.
(?) 7F?R TMJR?EC KSQR @C ?NNJGCB RM ?L 8-P?W RS@C RM M@R?GL 0.0100-DK-
U?TCJCLERF 8-P?WQ DMP SQC GL CVNJMPGLE RFC BCR?GJQ MD LSAJCG? (@) 7F?R GQ
SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ PCQSJR? (A) 7FGAF ?QQSKNRGMLQ ?PC SLPC?QML?@JC
MP GLAMLQGQRCLR?
! QRSBCLR GL ? NFWQGAQ J?@MP?RMPW M@QCPTCQ ? FWBPMECL QNCARPSK UGRF ?
BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE DMP RFC NSPNMQC MD KC?QSPGLE RFC U?TCJCLERFQ MD RFC
CKGRRCB P?BG?RGML. )L RFC QNCARPSK, QFC M@QCPTCQ ? WCJJMU JGLC ?LB DGLBQ
GRQ U?TCJCLERF RM @C 589 LK. (?) !QQSKGLE RFGQ GQ N?PR MD RFC "?JKCP
QCPGCQ, BCRCPKGLC n
i
, RFC NPGLAGN?J OS?LRSK LSK@CP MD RFC GLGRG?J QR?RC.
(@) 7F?R GQ SLPC?QML?@JC ?@MSR RFGQ PCQSJR? (A) 7FGAF ?QQSKNRGMLQ ?PC
4FC QMJ?P AMPML? GQ QM FMR RF?R KMQR ?RMKQ GL GR ?PC GMLGXCB. #MLQGBCP ?
FWBPMECL-JGIC ?RMK GL RFC AMPML? RF?R F?Q MLJW ? QGLEJC CJCARPML.
#MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS A?JASJ?RC QCJCARCB QNCARP?J CLCPEGCQ
?LB U?TCJCLERFQ MD RFC ,WK?L, "?JKCP, MP MRFCP QCPGCQ MD RFGQ ?RMK RF?R
AMSJB @C SQCB RM GBCLRGDW GRQ NPCQCLAC GL ? TCPW FMR E?Q. 9MS UGJJ LCCB RM
1104 #(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3
AFMMQC RFC ?RMKGA LSK@CP MD RFC ?RMK, GBCLRGDW RFC CJCKCLR, ?LB AFMMQC
UFGAF QNCARP?J JGLCQ RM AMLQGBCP.
#MLQGBCP RFC $MNNJCP-QFGDRCB FWBPMECL QNCARPSK PCACGTCB DPMK ? P?NGBJW
PCACBGLE E?J?VW. #MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS A?JASJ?RC RFC CLCPEGCQ
MD QCJCARCB QNCARP?J JGLCQ GL RFC "?JKCP QCPGCQ ?LB CV?KGLC UFCRFCP RFCW
A?L @C BCQAPG@CB UGRF ? DMPKSJ? JGIC RF?R GL RFC COS?RGML
1
= R
1
n
f
2

1
n
i
2
, @SR UGRF ? BGDDCPCLR AMLQR?LR R .

#(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3 1105
1106 #(!04%2 30 Y !4/-)# 0(93)#3
31 2!$)/!#4)6)49 !.$ .5#,%!2 0(93)#3
F?=KH; 31.1 4FC QWLAFPMRPML QMSPAC NPMBSACQ CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML, ?Q CTGBCLR DPMK RFC TGQG@JC EJMU. (APCBGR: 5LGRCB 3R?RCQ $CN?PRKCLR MD %LCPEW, TG? 7GIGKCBG?
#MKKMLQ)
,C?PLGLE /@HCARGTCQ
31.1. 'K9B;7H +7:?E79J?L?JO
31.2. +7:?7J?ED D;J;9J?ED 7D: D;J;9JEHI
31.3. ,K8IJHK9JKH; E< J>; 'K9B;KI
31.4. 'K9B;7H D;97O 7D: CEDI;HL7J?ED %7MI
31.5. !7B<-%?<; 7D: A9J?L?JO
31.6. B?D:?D= ED;H=O
31.7. -KDD;B?D=
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4FCPC GQ ?L MLEMGLE OSCQR RM DGLB QS@QRPSARSPCQ MD K?RRCP. !R MLC RGKC, GR U?Q RFMSEFR RF?R ?RMKQ UMSJB @C RFC SJRGK?RC QS@QRPSARSPC, @SR HSQR UFCL RFC
DGPQR BGPCAR CTGBCLAC MD ?RMKQ U?Q M@R?GLCB, GR @CA?KC AJC?P RF?R RFCW F?TC ? QS@QRPSARSPC ?LB ? RGLW AH6?8HF. 4FC LSAJCSQ GRQCJD F?Q QNCAR?ASJ?P
AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ. &MP CV?KNJC, ACPR?GL LSAJCG ?PC SLQR?@JC, ?LB RFCGP BCA?W CKGRQ P?BG?RGMLQ UGRF CLCPEGCQ KGJJGMLQ MD RGKCQ EPC?RCP RF?L ?RMKGA
CLCPEGCQ. 3MKC MD RFC KWQRCPGCQ MD L?RSPC, QSAF ?Q UFW RFC AMPC MD RFC C?PRF PCK?GLQ KMJRCL ?LB FMU RFC QSL NPMBSACQ GRQ CLCPEW, ?PC CVNJ?GLCB @W
LSAJC?P NFCLMKCL?. 4FC CVNJMP?RGML MD E47<B46G<I<GL ?LB RFC LSAJCSQ PCTC?JCB DSLB?KCLR?J ?LB NPCTGMSQJW SLILMUL N?PRGAJCQ, DMPACQ, ?LB
AMLQCPT?RGML J?UQ. 4F?R CVNJMP?RGML F?Q CTMJTCB GLRM ? QC?PAF DMP DSPRFCP SLBCPJWGLE QRPSARSPCQ, QSAF ?Q OS?PIQ. )L RFGQ AF?NRCP, RFC DSLB?KCLR?JQ MD
LSAJC?P P?BGM?ARGTGRW ?LB RFC LSAJCSQ ?PC CVNJMPCB. 4FC DMJJMUGLE RUM AF?NRCPQ CVNJMPC RFC KMPC GKNMPR?LR ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD LSAJC?P NFWQGAQ GL RFC DGCJB
MD KCBGAGLC. 7C UGJJ ?JQM CVNJMPC RFC @?QGAQ MD UF?R UC ILMU ?@MSR OS?PIQ ?LB MRFCP QS@QRPSARSPCQ QK?JJCP RF?L LSAJCG.
31.1 'K9B;7H +7:?E79J?L?JO
4FC BGQAMTCPW ?LB QRSBW MD LSAJC?P P?BGM?ARGTGRW OSGAIJW PCTC?JCB CTGBCLAC MD PCTMJSRGML?PW LCU NFWQGAQ. )L ?BBGRGML, SQCQ DMP LSAJC?P P?BG?RGML ?JQM
CKCPECB OSGAIJWrDMP CV?KNJC, NCMNJC QSAF ?Q %PLCQR 2SRFCPDMPB SQCB GR RM BCRCPKGLC RFC QGXC MD RFC LSAJCSQ ?LB BCTGACQ UCPC N?GLRCB UGRF P?BML-
BMNCB N?GLR RM K?IC RFCK EJMU GL RFC B?PI (QCC F?=KH; 31.2). 7C RFCPCDMPC @CEGL MSP QRSBW MD LSAJC?P NFWQGAQ UGRF RFC BGQAMTCPW ?LB @?QGA DC?RSPCQ
MD LSAJC?P P?BGM?ARGTGRW.
#(!04%2 31 Y 2!$)/!#4)6)49 !.$ .5#,%!2 0(93)#3 1107
F?=KH; 31.2 4FC BG?JQ MD RFGQ 7MPJB 7?P )) ?GPAP?DR EJMU GL RFC B?PI, @CA?SQC RFCW ?PC N?GLRCB UGRF P?BGSK-BMNCB NFMQNFMPCQACLR N?GLR. )R GQ ? NMGEL?LR PCKGLBCP MD RFC BS?J
L?RSPC MD P?BG?RGML. !JRFMSEF P?BGSK N?GLR BG?JQ ?PC AMLTCLGCLRJW TGQG@JC B?W ?LB LGEFR, RFCW CKGR P?BML, ? P?BGM?ARGTC E?Q RF?R GQ F?X?PBMSQ ?LB GQ LMR BGPCARJW QCLQCB. (APCBGR:
5.3. !GP &MPAC 0FMRM)
$GQAMTCPW MD .SAJC?P 2?BGM?ARGTGRW
)L 1896, RFC &PCLAF NFWQGAGQR !LRMGLC (CLPG "CAOSCPCJ (1852q1908) ?AAGBCLR?JJW DMSLB RF?R ? SP?LGSK-PGAF KGLCP?J A?JJCB NGRAF@JCLBC CKGRQ GLTGQG@JC,
NCLCRP?RGLE P?WQ RF?R A?L B?PICL ? NFMRMEP?NFGA NJ?RC CLAJMQCB GL ?L MN?OSC CLTCJMNC. 4FC P?WQ RFCPCDMPC A?PPW CLCPEW; @SR ?K?XGLEJW, RFC
NGRAF@JCLBC CKGRQ RFCK AMLRGLSMSQJW UGRFMSR ?LW CLCPEW GLNSR. 4FGQ GQ ?L ?NN?PCLR TGMJ?RGML MD RFC J?U MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW, MLC RF?R UC LMU
SLBCPQR?LB GQ BSC RM RFC AMLTCPQGML MD ? QK?JJ ?KMSLR MD K?QQ GLRM CLCPEW, ?Q PCJ?RCB GL %GLQRCGLtQ D?KMSQ COS?RGML E = mc
2
. )R U?Q QMML CTGBCLR
RF?R "CAOSCPCJtQ P?WQ MPGEGL?RC GL RFC LSAJCG MD RFC ?RMKQ ?LB F?TC MRFCP SLGOSC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ. 4FC CKGQQGML MD RFCQC P?WQ GQ A?JJCB DK9B;7H
H7:?E79J?L?JO MP QGKNJW H7:?E79J?L?JO. 4FC P?WQ RFCKQCJTCQ ?PC A?JJCB DK9B;7H H7:?7J?ED. ! LSAJCSQ RF?R QNMLR?LCMSQJW BCQRPMWQ N?PR MD GRQ K?QQ RM
CKGR P?BG?RGML GQ Q?GB RM :;97O (? RCPK ?JQM SQCB RM BCQAPG@C RFC CKGQQGML MD P?BG?RGML @W ?RMKQ GL CVAGRCB QR?RCQ). ! QS@QR?LAC MP M@HCAR RF?R CKGRQ
LSAJC?P P?BG?RGML GQ Q?GB RM @C H7:?E79J?L;.
4UM RWNCQ MD CVNCPGKCLR?J CTGBCLAC GKNJW RF?R "CAOSCPCJtQ P?WQ MPGEGL?RC BCCN GL RFC FC?PR (MP LSAJCSQ) MD ?L ?RMK. &GPQR, RFC P?BG?RGML GQ DMSLB RM @C
?QQMAG?RCB UGRF ACPR?GL CJCKCLRQ, QSAF ?Q SP?LGSK. 2?BG?RGML BMCQ LMR T?PW UGRF AFCKGA?J QR?RCrRF?R GQ, SP?LGSK GQ P?BGM?ARGTC UFCRFCP GR GQ GL RFC
DMPK MD ?L CJCKCLR MP AMKNMSLB. )L ?BBGRGML, P?BG?RGML BMCQ LMR T?PW UGRF RCKNCP?RSPC, NPCQQSPC, MP GMLGX?RGML QR?RC MD RFC SP?LGSK ?RMK. 3GLAC ?JJ MD
RFCQC D?ARMPQ ?DDCAR CJCARPMLQ GL ?L ?RMK, RFC P?BG?RGML A?LLMR AMKC DPMK CJCARPML RP?LQGRGMLQ, ?Q ?RMKGA QNCARP? BM. 4FC FSEC CLCPEW CKGRRCB BSPGLE
C?AF CTCLR GQ RFC QCAMLB NGCAC MD CTGBCLAC RF?R RFC P?BG?RGML A?LLMR @C ?RMKGA. .SAJC?P P?BG?RGML F?Q CLCPEGCQ MD RFC MPBCP MD 10
6
eV NCP CTCLR,
UFGAF GQ KSAF EPC?RCP RF?L RFC RWNGA?J ?RMKGA CLCPEGCQ (? DCU eV), QSAF ?Q RF?R M@QCPTCB GL QNCARP? ?LB AFCKGA?J PC?ARGMLQ, ?LB KMPC RF?L RCL
RGKCQ ?Q FGEF ?Q RFC KMQR CLCPECRGA AF?P?ARCPGQRGA V P?WQ. "CAOSCPCJ BGB LMR TGEMPMSQJW NSPQSC FGQ BGQAMTCPW DMP TCPW JMLE. )L 1898, -?PGC #SPGC
(1867q1934), RFCL ? EP?BS?RC QRSBCLR K?PPGCB RFC ?JPC?BW UCJJ-ILMUL &PCLAF NFWQGAGQR 0GCPPC #SPGC (1859q1906), @CE?L FCP BMARMP?J QRSBW MD
"CAOSCPCJtQ P?WQ. 3FC ?LB FCP FSQ@?LB QMML BGQAMTCPCB RUM LCU P?BGM?ARGTC CJCKCLRQ, UFGAF QFC L?KCB CB?BA<H@ (?DRCP FCP L?RGTC J?LB) ?LB
E47<H@ (@CA?SQC GR P?BG?RCQ). 4FCQC RUM LCU CJCKCLRQ DGJJCB FMJCQ GL RFC NCPGMBGA R?@JC ?LB, DSPRFCP, BGQNJ?WCB KSAF FGEFCP JCTCJQ MD P?BGM?ARGTGRW NCP
EP?K MD K?RCPG?J RF?L SP?LGSK. /TCP ? NCPGMB MD DMSP WC?PQ, UMPIGLE SLBCP NMMP AMLBGRGMLQ ?LB QNCLBGLE RFCGP MUL DSLBQ, RFC #SPGCQ NPMACQQCB KMPC
RF?L ? RML MD SP?LGSK MPC RM GQMJ?RC ? EP?K MD P?BGSK Q?JR. 2?BGSK @CA?KC FGEFJW QMSEFR ?DRCP, @CA?SQC GR U?Q ?@MSR RUM KGJJGML RGKCQ ?Q P?BGM?ARGTC
?Q SP?LGSK. #SPGCtQ P?BGSK Q?JR EJMUCB TGQG@JW DPMK RFC P?BG?RGML RF?R RMMI GRQ RMJJ ML RFCK ?LB MRFCP SL?U?PC PCQC?PAFCPQ. 3FMPRJW ?DRCP AMKNJCRGLE FCP
0F.$., @MRF #SPGCQ ?LB "CAOSCPCJ QF?PCB RFC 1903 .M@CJ 0PGXC GL NFWQGAQ DMP RFCGP UMPI ML P?BGM?ARGTGRW. 0GCPPC U?Q IGJJCB GL ? FMPQC A?PR ?AAGBCLR GL
1906, @SR -?PGC AMLRGLSCB FCP QRSBW MD P?BGM?ARGTGRW DMP LC?PJW 30 KMPC WC?PQ. !U?PBCB RFC 1911 .M@CJ 0PGXC GL AFCKGQRPW DMP FCP BGQAMTCPW MD RUM
LCU CJCKCLRQ, QFC PCK?GLQ RFC MLJW NCPQML RM UGL .M@CJ 0PGXCQ GL NFWQGAQ ?LB AFCKGQRPW. -?PGCtQ P?BGM?ARGTC DGLECPNPGLRQ ML QMKC N?ECQ MD FCP
LMRC@MMIQ A?L QRGJJ CVNMQC DGJK, ?LB QFC QSDDCPCB DPMK P?BG?RGML-GLBSACB JCQGMLQ. 3FC BGCB MD JCSICKG? JGICJW A?SQCB @W P?BG?RGML, @SR QFC U?Q ?ARGTC
GL PCQC?PAF ?JKMQR SLRGJ FCP BC?RF GL 1934. 4FC DMJJMUGLE WC?P, FCP B?SEFRCP ?LB QML-GL-J?U, )PCLC ?LB &PCBCPGA *MJGMR-#SPGC, UCPC ?U?PBCB RFC .M@CJ
0PGXC GL AFCKGQRPW DMP RFCGP BGQAMTCPW MD ?PRGDGAG?JJW GLBSACB P?BG?RGML, ?BBGLE RM ? PCK?PI?@JC D?KGJW JCE?AW.
!JNF?, "CR?, ?LB '?KK?
2CQC?PAF @CESL @W NCMNJC QSAF ?Q .CU :C?J?LBCP %PLCQR 2SRFCPDMPB QMML ?DRCP RFC BGQAMTCPW MD LSAJC?P P?BG?RGML GLBGA?RCB RF?R BGDDCPCLR RWNCQ MD
P?WQ ?PC CKGRRCB. %TCLRS?JJW, RFPCC RWNCQ UCPC BGQRGLESGQFCB ?LB L?KCB 7BF>7 () , 8;J7

, ?LB =7CC7 () , @CA?SQC, JGIC V-P?WQ, RFCGP GBCLRGRGCQ

UCPC GLGRG?JJW SLILMUL. F?=KH; 31.3 QFMUQ UF?R F?NNCLQ GD RFC P?WQ ?PC N?QQCB RFPMSEF ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB. 4FC Q ?PC SL?DDCARCB, UFGJC RFC Q ?LB
Q ?PC BCDJCARCB GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ, GLBGA?RGLE RFC Q ?PC NMQGRGTC, RFC Q LCE?RGTC, ?LB RFC Q SLAF?PECB. 2SRFCPDMPB SQCB @MRF K?ELCRGA
?LB CJCARPGA DGCJBQ RM QFMU RF?R Q F?TC ? NMQGRGTC AF?PEC RUGAC RFC K?ELGRSBC MD ?L CJCARPML, MP +2 q
e
. )L RFC NPMACQQ, FC DMSLB RFC Q
AF?PEC RM K?QQ P?RGM RM @C QCTCP?J RFMSQ?LB RGKCQ QK?JJCP RF?L RFC CJCARPMLtQ. ,?RCP ML, 2SRFCPDMPB AMJJCARCB Q DPMK ? P?BGM?ARGTC QMSPAC ?LB
N?QQCB ?L CJCARPGA BGQAF?PEC RFPMSEF RFCK, M@R?GLGLE RFC QNCARPSK MD PCACLRJW BGQAMTCPCB FCJGSK E?Q. !KMLE K?LW GKNMPR?LR BGQAMTCPGCQ K?BC @W
2SRFCPDMPB ?LB FGQ AMJJ?@MP?RMPQ U?Q RFC NPMMD RF?R E47<4G<BA <F G;8 8@<FF<BA B9 4 ;8?<H@ AH6?8HF. 2SRFCPDMPB UML RFC .M@CJ 0PGXC GL AFCKGQRPW GL
1908 DMP FGQ C?PJW UMPI. (C AMLRGLSCB RM K?IC GKNMPR?LR AMLRPG@SRGMLQ SLRGJ FGQ BC?RF GL 1934.
1108 #(!04%2 31 Y 2!$)/!#4)6)49 !.$ .5#,%!2 0(93)#3
F?=KH; 31.3 !JNF?, @CR?, ?LB E?KK? P?WQ ?PC N?QQCB RFPMSEF ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB ML RFC U?W RM ? NFMQNFMPCQACLR QAPCCL. 4FC Q ?LB Q @CLB GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ, UFGJC
RFC Q ?PC SL?DDCARCB, GLBGA?RGLE ? NMQGRGTC AF?PEC DMP Q, LCE?RGTC DMP Q, ?LB LCSRP?J DMP Q. #MLQGQRCLR PCQSJRQ ?PC M@R?GLCB UGRF CJCARPGA DGCJBQ. #MJJCARGML MD RFC
P?BG?RGML MDDCPQ DSPRFCP AMLDGPK?RGML DPMK RFC BGPCAR KC?QSPCKCLR MD CVACQQ AF?PEC.
/RFCP PCQC?PAFCPQ F?B ?JPC?BW NPMTCB RF?R Q ?PC LCE?RGTC ?LB F?TC RFC Q?KC K?QQ ?LB Q?KC AF?PEC-RM-K?QQ P?RGM ?Q RFC PCACLRJW BGQAMTCPCB
CJCARPML. "W 1902, GR U?Q PCAMELGXCB RF?R E47<4G<BA <F G;8 8@<FF<BA B9 4A 8?86GEBA. !JRFMSEF Q ?PC CJCARPMLQ, RFCW BM LMR CVGQR GL RFC LSAJCSQ
@CDMPC GR BCA?WQ ?LB ?PC LMR CHCARCB ?RMKGA CJCARPMLQrRFC CJCARPML GQ APC?RCB GL RFC LSAJCSQ ?R RFC GLQR?LR MD BCA?W.
3GLAC Q PCK?GL SL?DDCARCB @W CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ, GR GQ L?RSP?J RM RFGLI RFCW KGEFR @C NFMRMLQ. %TGBCLAC DMP RFGQ EPCU, @SR GR U?Q LMR SLRGJ
1914 RF?R RFGQ U?Q NPMTCB @W 2SRFCPDMPB ?LB AMJJ?@MP?RMPQ. "W QA?RRCPGLE P?BG?RGML DPMK ? APWQR?J ?LB M@QCPTGLE GLRCPDCPCLAC, RFCW BCKMLQRP?RCB
RF?R E47<4G<BA <F G;8 8@<FF<BA B9 4 ;<:;-8A8E:L C;BGBA 5L 4 AH6?8HF. )L D?AR, P?BG?RGML AMKCQ DPMK RFC BC-CVAGR?RGML MD ? LSAJCSQ, HSQR ?Q ?L V P?W
AMKCQ DPMK RFC BC-CVAGR?RGML MD ?L ?RMK. 4FC L?KCQ " P?W" ?LB "V P?W" GBCLRGDW RFC QMSPAC MD RFC P?BG?RGML. !R RFC Q?KC CLCPEW, P?WQ ?LB V P?WQ
?PC MRFCPUGQC GBCLRGA?J.
4?@JC 31.1 0PMNCPRGCQ MD .SAJC?P 2?BG?RGML
-OF; E< +7:?7J?ED +7D=;
-0?PRGAJCQ
! QFCCR MD N?NCP, ? DCU AK MD ?GP, DP?ARGMLQ MD ? KK MD RGQQSC
-0?PRGAJCQ
! RFGL ?JSKGLSK NJ?RC, MP RCLQ MD AK MD RGQQSC
2?WQ
3CTCP?J AK MD JC?B MP KCRCPQ MD AMLAPCRC
)MLGX?RGML ?LB 2?LEC
4UM MD RFC KMQR GKNMPR?LR AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD , , ?LB P?WQ UCPC PCAMELGXCB TCPW C?PJW. !JJ RFPCC RWNCQ MD LSAJC?P P?BG?RGML NPMBSAC <BA<M4G<BA GL
K?RCPG?JQ, @SR RFCW NCLCRP?RC BGDDCPCLR BGQR?LACQ GL K?RCPG?JQrRF?R GQ, RFCW F?TC BGDDCPCLR E4A:8F. ,CR SQ CV?KGLC UFW RFCW F?TC RFCQC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ
?LB UF?R ?PC QMKC MD RFC AMLQCOSCLACQ.
,GIC V P?WQ, LSAJC?P P?BG?RGML GL RFC DMPK MD Q, Q, ?LB Q F?Q CLMSEF CLCPEW NCP CTCLR RM GMLGXC ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ GL ?LW K?RCPG?J. 4FC
CLCPEW CKGRRCB GL T?PGMSQ LSAJC?P BCA?WQ P?LECQ DPMK ? DCU keV RM KMPC RF?L 10 MeV, UFGJC MLJW ? DCU eV ?PC LCCBCB RM NPMBSAC GMLGX?RGML.
4FC CDDCARQ MD V P?WQ ?LB LSAJC?P P?BG?RGML ML @GMJMEGA?J RGQQSCQ ?LB MRFCP K?RCPG?JQ, QSAF ?Q QMJGB QR?RC CJCARPMLGAQ, ?PC BGPCARJW PCJ?RCB RM RFC
GMLGX?RGML RFCW NPMBSAC. !JJ MD RFCK, DMP CV?KNJC, A?L B?K?EC CJCARPMLGAQ MP IGJJ A?LACP ACJJQ. )L ?BBGRGML, KCRFMBQ DMP BCRCARGLE V P?WQ ?LB LSAJC?P
P?BG?RGML ?PC @?QCB ML GMLGX?RGML, BGPCARJW MP GLBGPCARJW. !JJ MD RFCK A?L GMLGXC RFC ?GP @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ MD ? A?N?AGRMP, DMP CV?KNJC, A?SQGLE GR RM
BGQAF?PEC. 4FGQ GQ RFC @?QGQ MD GLCVNCLQGTC NCPQML?J P?BG?RGML KMLGRMPQ, QSAF ?Q NGARSPCB GL F?=KH; 31.4. !N?PR DPMK , , ?LB , RFCPC ?PC MRFCP
DMPKQ MD LSAJC?P P?BG?RGML ?Q UCJJ, ?LB RFCQC ?JQM NPMBSAC GMLGX?RGML UGRF QGKGJ?P CDDCARQ. 7C BCDGLC ?ED?P?D= H7:?7J?ED ?Q ?LW DMPK MD P?BG?RGML RF?R
NPMBSACQ GMLGX?RGML UFCRFCP LSAJC?P GL MPGEGL MP LMR, QGLAC RFC CDDCARQ ?LB BCRCARGML MD RFC P?BG?RGML ?PC PCJ?RCB RM GMLGX?RGML.
#(!04%2 31 Y 2!$)/!#4)6)49 !.$ .5#,%!2 0(93)#3 1109
F?=KH; 31.4 4FCQC BMQGKCRCPQ (JGRCP?JJW, BMQC KCRCPQ) ?PC NCPQML?J P?BG?RGML KMLGRMPQ RF?R BCRCAR RFC ?KMSLR MD P?BG?RGML @W RFC BGQAF?PEC MD ? PCAF?PEC?@JC GLRCPL?J A?N?AGRMP.
4FC ?KMSLR MD BGQAF?PEC GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC ?KMSLR MD GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML CLAMSLRCPCB, ? KC?QSPCKCLR MD BMQC. /LC BMQGKCRCP GQ QFMUL GL RFC AF?PECP. )RQ QA?JC GQ PC?B RFPMSEF
?L CWCNGCAC ML RFC RMN. (APCBGR: ,. #F?LE, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
4FC H7D=; E< H7:?7J?ED GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC BGQR?LAC GR A?L RP?TCJ RFPMSEF ? K?RCPG?J. 2?LEC GQ PCJ?RCB RM QCTCP?J D?ARMPQ, GLAJSBGLE RFC CLCPEW MD RFC
P?BG?RGML, RFC K?RCPG?J CLAMSLRCPCB, ?LB RFC RWNC MD P?BG?RGML (QCC F?=KH; 31.5). 4FC FGEFCP RFC 8A8E:L, RFC EPC?RCP RFC P?LEC, ?JJ MRFCP D?ARMPQ @CGLE
RFC Q?KC. 4FGQ K?ICQ EMMB QCLQC, QGLAC P?BG?RGML JMQCQ GRQ CLCPEW GL K?RCPG?JQ NPGK?PGJW @W NPMBSAGLE GMLGX?RGML GL RFCK, ?LB C?AF GMLGX?RGML MD ?L
?RMK MP ? KMJCASJC PCOSGPCQ CLCPEW RF?R GQ PCKMTCB DPMK RFC P?BG?RGML. 4FC ?KMSLR MD GMLGX?RGML GQ, RFSQ, BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC CLCPEW MD RFC
N?PRGAJC MD P?BG?RGML, ?Q GQ GRQ P?LEC.
F?=KH; 31.5 4FC NCLCRP?RGML MP P?LEC MD P?BG?RGML BCNCLBQ ML GRQ CLCPEW, RFC K?RCPG?J GR CLAMSLRCPQ, ?LB RFC RWNC MD P?BG?RGML. (?) 'PC?RCP CLCPEW KC?LQ EPC?RCP P?LEC. (@)
2?BG?RGML F?Q ? QK?JJCP P?LEC GL K?RCPG?JQ UGRF FGEF CJCARPML BCLQGRW. (A) !JNF?Q F?TC RFC QK?JJCQR P?LEC, @CR?Q F?TC ? EPC?RCP P?LEC, ?LB E?KK?Q NCLCRP?RC RFC D?PRFCQR.
2?BG?RGML A?L @C ?@QMP@CB MP QFGCJBCB @W K?RCPG?JQ, QSAF ?Q RFC JC?B ?NPMLQ BCLRGQRQ BP?NC ML SQ UFCL R?IGLE V P?WQ. ,C?B GQ ? N?PRGASJ?PJW CDDCARGTC
QFGCJB AMKN?PCB UGRF MRFCP K?RCPG?JQ, QSAF ?Q NJ?QRGA MP ?GP. (MU BMCQ RFC P?LEC MD P?BG?RGML BCNCLB ML @4G8E<4?? )MLGXGLE P?BG?RGML GLRCP?ARQ @CQR
UGRF AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ GL ? K?RCPG?J. 3GLAC CJCARPMLQ F?TC QK?JJ K?QQCQ, RFCW KMQR PC?BGJW ?@QMP@ RFC CLCPEW MD RFC P?BG?RGML GL AMJJGQGMLQ. 4FC EPC?RCP
RFC BCLQGRW MD ? K?RCPG?J ?LB, GL N?PRGASJ?P, RFC EPC?RCP RFC BCLQGRW MD CJCARPMLQ UGRFGL ? K?RCPG?J, RFC QK?JJCP RFC P?LEC MD P?BG?RGML.
#MJJGQGMLQ
#MLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW ?LB KMKCLRSK MDRCL PCQSJRQ GL CLCPEW RP?LQDCP RM ? JCQQ K?QQGTC M@HCAR GL ? AMJJGQGML. 4FGQ U?Q BGQASQQCB GL BCR?GJ GL
0EHA, ED;H=O, 7D: ED;H=O +;IEKH9;I, DMP CV?KNJC.
$GDDCPCLR GLC8F MD P?BG?RGML F?TC BGDDCPCLR P?LECQ UFCL AMKN?PCB ?R RFC Q?KC CLCPEW ?LB GL RFC Q?KC K?RCPG?J. !JNF?Q F?TC RFC QFMPRCQR P?LEC,
@CR?Q NCLCRP?RC D?PRFCP, ?LB E?KK?Q F?TC RFC EPC?RCQR P?LEC. 4FGQ GQ BGPCARJW PCJ?RCB RM AF?PEC ?LB QNCCB MD RFC N?PRGAJC MP RWNC MD P?BG?RGML. !R ?
EGTCL CLCPEW, C?AF , , MP UGJJ NPMBSAC RFC Q?KC LSK@CP MD GMLGX?RGMLQ GL ? K?RCPG?J (C?AF GMLGX?RGML PCOSGPCQ ? ACPR?GL ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW ML
?TCP?EC). 4FC KMPC PC?BGJW RFC N?PRGAJC NPMBSACQ GMLGX?RGML, RFC KMPC OSGAIJW GR UGJJ JMQC GRQ CLCPEW. 4FC CDDCAR MD 6;4E:8 GQ ?Q DMJJMUQ: 4FC F?Q ?
AF?PEC MD +2q
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RF?R CVCPRCB @W RFC ?LB GR GQ KMPC JGICJW RM NPMBSAC GMLGX?RGML. !JRFMSEF AF?PECJCQQ, RFC BMCQ GLRCP?AR UC?IJW @CA?SQC GR GQ ?L CJCARPMK?ELCRGA
U?TC, @SR GR GQ JCQQ JGICJW RM NPMBSAC GMLGX?RGML GL ?LW CLAMSLRCP. -MPC OS?LRGR?RGTCJW, RFC AF?LEC GL KMKCLRSK p EGTCL RM ? N?PRGAJC GL RFC K?RCPG?J
GQ p = Ft , UFCPC F GQ RFC DMPAC RFC , , MP CVCPRQ MTCP ? RGKC t . 4FC QK?JJCP RFC AF?PEC, RFC QK?JJCP GQ F ?LB RFC QK?JJCP GQ RFC
KMKCLRSK (?LB CLCPEW) JMQR. 3GLAC RFC QNCCB MD ?JNF?Q GQ ?@MSR 5% RM 10% MD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR, AJ?QQGA?J (LML-PCJ?RGTGQRGA) DMPKSJ?Q ?NNJW.
4FC FC887 ?R UFGAF RFCW RP?TCJ GQ RFC MRFCP K?HMP D?ARMP ?DDCARGLE RFC P?LEC MD Q, Q, ?LB Q. 4FC D?QRCP RFCW KMTC, RFC JCQQ RGKC RFCW QNCLB GL
RFC TGAGLGRW MD ?L ?RMK MP ? KMJCASJC, ?LB RFC JCQQ JGICJW RFCW ?PC RM GLRCP?AR. 3GLAC Q ?LB Q ?PC N?PRGAJCQ UGRF K?QQ (FCJGSK LSAJCG ?LB CJCARPMLQ,
PCQNCARGTCJW), RFCGP CLCPEW GQ IGLCRGA, EGTCL AJ?QQGA?JJW @W
1
2
mv
2
. 4FC K?QQ MD RFC N?PRGAJC GQ RFMSQ?LBQ MD RGKCQ JCQQ RF?L RF?R MD RFC Q, QM RF?R
1110 #(!04%2 31 Y 2!$)/!#4)6)49 !.$ .5#,%!2 0(93)#3
Q KSQR RP?TCJ KSAF D?QRCP RF?L Q RM F?TC RFC Q?KC CLCPEW. 3GLAC Q KMTC D?QRCP (KMQR ?R PCJ?RGTGQRGA QNCCBQ), RFCW F?TC JCQQ RGKC RM GLRCP?AR
RF?L Q. '?KK? P?WQ ?PC NFMRMLQ, UFGAF KSQR RP?TCJ ?R RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. 4FCW ?PC CTCL JCQQ JGICJW RM GLRCP?AR RF?L ? , QGLAC RFCW QNCLB CTCL
JCQQ RGKC LC?P ? EGTCL ?RMK (?LB RFCW F?TC LM AF?PEC). 4FC P?LEC MD Q GQ RFSQ EPC?RCP RF?L RFC P?LEC MD Q.
!JNF? P?BG?RGML DPMK P?BGM?ARGTC QMSPACQ F?Q ? P?LEC KSAF JCQQ RF?L ? KGJJGKCRCP MD @GMJMEGA?J RGQQSCQ, SQS?JJW LMR CLMSEF RM CTCL NCLCRP?RC RFC BC?B
J?WCPQ MD MSP QIGL. /L RFC MRFCP F?LB, RFC Q?KC P?BG?RGML A?L NCLCRP?RC ? DCU ACLRGKCRCPQ MD ?GP, QM KCPC BGQR?LAC DPMK ? QMSPAC NPCTCLRQ
P?BG?RGML DPMK PC?AFGLE SQ. 4FGQ K?ICQ P?BG?RGML PCJ?RGTCJW Q?DC DMP MSP @MBW AMKN?PCB RM ?LB P?BG?RGML. 4WNGA?J P?BG?RGML A?L NCLCRP?RC ?
DCU KGJJGKCRCPQ MD RGQQSC MP ?@MSR ? KCRCP MD ?GP. "CR? P?BG?RGML GQ RFSQ F?X?PBMSQ CTCL UFCL LMR GLECQRCB. 4FC P?LEC MD Q GL JC?B GQ ?@MSR ?
KGJJGKCRCP, ?LB QM GR GQ C?QW RM QRMPC QMSPACQ GL JC?B P?BG?RGML-NPMMD AMLR?GLCPQ. '?KK? P?WQ F?TC ? KSAF EPC?RCP P?LEC RF?L CGRFCP Q MP Q. )L
D?AR, GD ? EGTCL RFGAILCQQ MD K?RCPG?J, JGIC ? JC?B @PGAI, ?@QMP@Q 90% MD RFC Q, RFCL ? QCAMLB JC?B @PGAI UGJJ MLJW ?@QMP@ 90% MD UF?R EMR RFPMSEF RFC
DGPQR. 4FSQ, Q BM LMR F?TC ? UCJJ-BCDGLCB P?LEC; UC A?L MLJW ASR BMUL RFC ?KMSLR RF?R ECRQ RFPMSEF. 4WNGA?JJW, Q A?L NCLCRP?RC K?LW KCRCPQ MD ?GP,
EM PGEFR RFPMSEF MSP @MBGCQ, ?LB ?PC CDDCARGTCJW QFGCJBCB (RF?R GQ, PCBSACB GL GLRCLQGRW RM ?AACNR?@JC JCTCJQ) @W K?LW ACLRGKCRCPQ MD JC?B. /LC @CLCDGR MD
Q GQ RF?R RFCW A?L @C SQCB ?Q P?BGM?ARGTC RP?ACPQ (QCC F?=KH; 31.6).
F?=KH; 31.6 4FGQ GK?EC MD RFC AMLACLRP?RGML MD ? P?BGM?ARGTC RP?ACP GL ? N?RGCLRtQ @MBW PCTC?JQ UFCPC RFC KMQR ?ARGTC @MLC ACJJQ ?PC, ?L GLBGA?RGML MD @MLC A?LACP. ! QFMPR-JGTCB
P?BGM?ARGTC QS@QR?LAC RF?R JMA?RCQ GRQCJD QCJCARGTCJW GQ EGTCL RM RFC N?RGCLR, ?LB RFC P?BG?RGML GQ KC?QSPCB UGRF ?L CVRCPL?J BCRCARMP. 4FC CKGRRCB P?BG?RGML F?Q ? QSDDGAGCLR
P?LEC RM JC?TC RFC @MBWrRFC P?LEC MD Q ?LB Q GQ RMM QK?JJ DMP RFCK RM @C M@QCPTCB MSRQGBC RFC N?RGCLR. (APCBGR: +GCP?L -?FCP, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: "CR? $CA?W
7?RAF @CR? BCA?W MAASP DMP ? AMJJCARGML MD LSAJCG MP DMP ?L GLBGTGBS?J LSAJCSQ.
F?=KH; 31.7 B;J7 D;97O (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42623/1.7/8;J7-:;97O6;D.@7H)
31.2 +7:?7J?ED D;J;9J?ED 7D: D;J;9JEHI
)R GQ UCJJ ILMUL RF?R GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML ?DDCARQ SQ @SR BMCQ LMR RPGEECP LCPTC GKNSJQCQ. .CUQN?NCPQ A?PPW QRMPGCQ ?@MSR SLQSQNCARGLE TGARGKQ MD
P?BG?RGML NMGQMLGLE UFM D?JJ GJJ UGRF P?BG?RGML QGAILCQQ, QSAF ?Q @SPLQ ?LB @JMMB AMSLR AF?LECQ, @SR UFM LCTCP DCJR RFC P?BG?RGML BGPCARJW. 4FGQ K?ICQ
RFC BCRCARGML MD P?BG?RGML @W GLQRPSKCLRQ KMPC RF?L ?L GKNMPR?LR PCQC?PAF RMMJ. 4FGQ QCARGML GQ ? @PGCD MTCPTGCU MD P?BG?RGML BCRCARGML ?LB QMKC MD GRQ
?NNJGA?RGMLQ.
(SK?L !NNJGA?RGML
4FC DGPQR BGPCAR BCRCARGML MD P?BG?RGML U?Q "CAOSCPCJtQ DMEECB NFMRMEP?NFGA NJ?RC. 0FMRMEP?NFGA DGJK GQ QRGJJ RFC KMQR AMKKML BCRCARMP MD GMLGXGLE
P?BG?RGML, @CGLE SQCB PMSRGLCJW GL KCBGA?J ?LB BCLR?J V P?WQ. .SAJC?P P?BG?RGML GQ ?JQM A?NRSPCB ML DGJK, QSAF ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 31.8. 4FC KCAF?LGQK
DMP DGJK CVNMQSPC @W GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML GQ QGKGJ?P RM RF?R @W NFMRMLQ. ! OS?LRSK MD CLCPEW GLRCP?ARQ UGRF RFC CKSJQGML ?LB ?JRCPQ GR AFCKGA?JJW, RFSQ
CVNMQGLE RFC DGJK. 4FC OS?LRSK AMKC DPMK ?L -N?PRGAJC, -N?PRGAJC, MP NFMRML, NPMTGBCB GR F?Q KMPC RF?L RFC DCU C6 MD CLCPEW LCCBCB RM GLBSAC
RFC AFCKGA?J AF?LEC (?Q BMCQ ?JJ GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML). 4FC NPMACQQ GQ LMR 100% CDDGAGCLR, QGLAC LMR ?JJ GLAGBCLR P?BG?RGML GLRCP?ARQ ?LB LMR ?JJ GLRCP?ARGMLQ
NPMBSAC RFC AFCKGA?J AF?LEC. 4FC ?KMSLR MD DGJK B?PICLGLE GQ PCJ?RCB RM CVNMQSPC, @SR RFC B?PICLGLE ?JQM BCNCLBQ ML RFC RWNC MD P?BG?RGML, QM RF?R
?@QMP@CPQ ?LB MRFCP BCTGACQ KSQR @C SQCB RM M@R?GL CLCPEW, AF?PEC, ?LB N?PRGAJC-GBCLRGDGA?RGML GLDMPK?RGML.
#(!04%2 31 Y 2!$)/!#4)6)49 !.$ .5#,%!2 0(93)#3 1111
F?=KH; 31.8 &GJK @?BECQ AMLR?GL DGJK QGKGJ?P RM RF?R SQCB GL RFGQ BCLR?J V-P?W DGJK ?LB GQ Q?LBUGAFCB @CRUCCL T?PGMSQ ?@QMP@CPQ RM BCRCPKGLC RFC NCLCRP?RGLE ?@GJGRW MD RFC
P?BG?RGML ?Q UCJJ ?Q RFC ?KMSLR. (APCBGR: 7CPLCSAFCL, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
!LMRFCP TCPW AMKKML H7:?7J?ED :;J;9JEH GQ RFC ;?=;H JK8;. 4FC AJGAIGLE ?LB @SXXGLE QMSLB UC FC?P GL BP?K?RGX?RGMLQ ?LB BMASKCLR?PGCQ, ?Q UCJJ
?Q GL MSP MUL NFWQGAQ J?@Q, GQ SQS?JJW ?L ?SBGM MSRNSR MD CTCLRQ BCRCARCB @W ? 'CGECP AMSLRCP. 4FCQC PCJ?RGTCJW GLCVNCLQGTC P?BG?RGML BCRCARMPQ ?PC
@?QCB ML RFC QGKNJC ?LB QRSPBW 'CGECP RS@C, QFMUL QAFCK?RGA?JJW GL F?=KH; 31.9(@). ! AMLBSARGLE AWJGLBCP UGRF ? UGPC ?JMLE GRQ ?VGQ GQ DGJJCB UGRF ?L
GLQSJ?RGLE E?Q QM RF?R ? TMJR?EC ?NNJGCB @CRUCCL RFC AWJGLBCP ?LB UGPC NPMBSACQ ?JKMQR LM ASPPCLR. )MLGXGLE P?BG?RGML N?QQGLE RFPMSEF RFC RS@C
NPMBSACQ DPCC GML N?GPQ RF?R ?PC ?RRP?ARCB RM RFC UGPC ?LB AWJGLBCP, DMPKGLE ? ASPPCLR RF?R GQ BCRCARCB ?Q ? AMSLR. 4FC UMPB AMSLR GKNJGCQ RF?R RFCPC GQ
LM GLDMPK?RGML ML CLCPEW, AF?PEC, MP RWNC MD P?BG?RGML UGRF ? QGKNJC 'CGECP AMSLRCP. 4FCW BM LMR BCRCAR CTCPW N?PRGAJC, QGLAC QMKC P?BG?RGML A?L N?QQ
RFPMSEF UGRFMSR NPMBSAGLE CLMSEF GMLGX?RGML RM @C BCRCARCB. (MUCTCP, 'CGECP AMSLRCPQ ?PC TCPW SQCDSJ GL NPMBSAGLE ? NPMKNR MSRNSR RF?R PCTC?JQ RFC
CVGQRCLAC ?LB PCJ?RGTC GLRCLQGRW MD GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML.
F?=KH; 31.9 (?) 'CGECP AMSLRCPQ QSAF ?Q RFGQ MLC ?PC SQCB DMP NPMKNR KMLGRMPGLE MD P?BG?RGML JCTCJQ, ECLCP?JJW EGTGLE MLJW PCJ?RGTC GLRCLQGRW ?LB LMR GBCLRGDWGLE RFC RWNC MP
CLCPEW MD RFC P?BG?RGML. (APCBGR: 4GK6GAICPQ, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ) (@) 6MJR?EC ?NNJGCB @CRUCCL RFC AWJGLBCP ?LB UGPC GL ? 'CGECP RS@C A?SQCQ GMLQ ?LB CJCARPMLQ NPMBSACB @W
P?BG?RGML N?QQGLE RFPMSEF RFC E?Q-DGJJCB AWJGLBCP RM KMTC RMU?PBQ RFCK. 4FC PCQSJRGLE ASPPCLR GQ BCRCARCB ?LB PCEGQRCPCB ?Q ? AMSLR.
!LMRFCP P?BG?RGML BCRCARGML KCRFMB PCAMPBQ JGEFR NPMBSACB UFCL P?BG?RGML GLRCP?ARQ UGRF K?RCPG?JQ. 4FC CLCPEW MD RFC P?BG?RGML GQ QSDDGAGCLR RM CVAGRC
?RMKQ GL ? K?RCPG?J RF?R K?W DJSMPCQAC, QSAF ?Q RFC NFMQNFMP SQCB @W 2SRFCPDMPBtQ EPMSN. -?RCPG?JQ A?JJCB I9?DJ?BB7JEHI SQC ? KMPC AMKNJCV
AMJJ?@MP?RGTC NPMACQQ RM AMLTCPR P?BG?RGML CLCPEW GLRM JGEFR. 3AGLRGJJ?RMPQ K?W @C JGOSGB MP QMJGB, ?LB RFCW A?L @C TCPW CDDGAGCLR. 4FCGP JGEFR MSRNSR A?L
NPMTGBC GLDMPK?RGML ?@MSR RFC CLCPEW, AF?PEC, ?LB RWNC MD P?BG?RGML. 3AGLRGJJ?RMP JGEFR DJ?QFCQ ?PC TCPW @PGCD GL BSP?RGML, CL?@JGLE RFC BCRCARGML MD ? FSEC
LSK@CP MD N?PRGAJCQ GL QFMPR NCPGMBQ MD RGKC. 3AGLRGJJ?RMP BCRCARMPQ ?PC SQCB GL ? T?PGCRW MD PCQC?PAF ?LB BG?ELMQRGA ?NNJGA?RGMLQ. !KMLE RFCQC ?PC RFC
BCRCARGML @W Q?RCJJGRC-KMSLRCB COSGNKCLR MD RFC P?BG?RGML DPMK BGQR?LR E?J?VGCQ, RFC ?L?JWQGQ MD P?BG?RGML DPMK ? NCPQML GLBGA?RGLE @MBW @SPBCLQ, ?LB
RFC BCRCARGML MD CVMRGA N?PRGAJCQ GL ?AACJCP?RMP J?@MP?RMPGCQ.
1112 #(!04%2 31 Y 2!$)/!#4)6)49 !.$ .5#,%!2 0(93)#3
,GEFR DPMK ? QAGLRGJJ?RMP GQ AMLTCPRCB GLRM CJCARPGA?J QGEL?JQ @W BCTGACQ QSAF ?Q RFC F>EJECKBJ?FB?;H RS@C QFMUL QAFCK?RGA?JJW GL F?=KH; 31.10. 4FCQC
RS@CQ ?PC @?QCB ML RFC NFMRMCJCARPGA CDDCAR, UFGAF GQ KSJRGNJGCB GL QR?ECQ GLRM ? A?QA?BC MD CJCARPMLQ, FCLAC RFC L?KC NFMRMKSJRGNJGCP. ,GEFR CLRCPGLE
RFC NFMRMKSJRGNJGCP QRPGICQ ? KCR?J NJ?RC, CHCARGLE ?L CJCARPML RF?R GQ ?RRP?ARCB @W ? NMQGRGTC NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC RM RFC LCVR NJ?RC, EGTGLE GR CLMSEF
CLCPEW RM CHCAR RUM MP KMPC CJCARPMLQ, ?LB QM ML. 4FC DGL?J MSRNSR ASPPCLR A?L @C K?BC NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC CLCPEW MD RFC JGEFR CLRCPGLE RFC RS@C, UFGAF
GQ GL RSPL NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC CLCPEW BCNMQGRCB GL RFC QAGLRGJJ?RMP. 6CPW QMNFGQRGA?RCB GLDMPK?RGML A?L @C M@R?GLCB UGRF QAGLRGJJ?RMPQ, GLAJSBGLE CLCPEW,
AF?PEC, N?PRGAJC GBCLRGDGA?RGML, BGPCARGML MD KMRGML, ?LB QM ML.
F?=KH; 31.10 0FMRMKSJRGNJGCPQ SQC RFC NFMRMCJCARPGA CDDCAR ML RFC NFMRMA?RFMBC RM AMLTCPR RFC JGEFR MSRNSR MD ? QAGLRGJJ?RMP GLRM ?L CJCARPGA?J QGEL?J. %?AF QSAACQQGTC BWLMBC F?Q
? KMPC-NMQGRGTC NMRCLRG?J RF?L RFC J?QR ?LB ?RRP?ARQ RFC CHCARCB CJCARPMLQ, EGTGLE RFCK KMPC CLCPEW. 4FC LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ GQ RFSQ KSJRGNJGCB ?R C?AF BWLMBC, PCQSJRGLE GL ?L
C?QGJW BCRCARCB MSRNSR ASPPCLR.
,EB?:-IJ7J; H7:?7J?ED :;J;9JEHI AMLTCPR GMLGX?RGML NPMBSACB GL ? QCKGAMLBSARMP (JGIC RFMQC DMSLB GL AMKNSRCP AFGNQ) BGPCARJW GLRM ?L CJCARPGA?J QGEL?J.
3CKGAMLBSARMPQ A?L @C AMLQRPSARCB RF?R BM LMR AMLBSAR ASPPCLR GL MLC N?PRGASJ?P BGPCARGML. 7FCL ? TMJR?EC GQ ?NNJGCB GL RF?R BGPCARGML, ASPPCLR DJMUQ
MLJW UFCL GMLGX?RGML GQ NPMBSACB @W P?BG?RGML, QGKGJ?P RM UF?R F?NNCLQ GL ? 'CGECP RS@C. &SPRFCP, RFC ?KMSLR MD ASPPCLR GL ? QMJGB-QR?RC BCRCARMP GQ
AJMQCJW PCJ?RCB RM RFC CLCPEW BCNMQGRCB ?LB, QGLAC RFC BCRCARMP GQ QMJGB, GR A?L F?TC ? FGEF CDDGAGCLAW (QGLAC GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML GQ QRMNNCB GL ? QFMPRCP
BGQR?LAC GL QMJGBQ DCUCP N?PRGAJCQ CQA?NC BCRCARGML). !Q UGRF QAGLRGJJ?RMPQ, TCPW QMNFGQRGA?RCB GLDMPK?RGML A?L @C M@R?GLCB DPMK QMJGB-QR?RC BCRCARMPQ.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: 2?BGM?ARGTC $?RGLE '?KC
,C?PL ?@MSR BGDDCPCLR RWNCQ MD P?BGMKCRPGA B?RGLE, QSAF ?Q A?P@ML B?RGLE. 5LBCPQR?LB FMU BCA?W ?LB F?JD JGDC UMPI RM CL?@JC P?BGMKCRPGA B?RGLE RM
UMPI. 0J?W ? E?KC RF?R RCQRQ WMSP ?@GJGRW RM K?RAF RFC NCPACLR?EC MD RFC B?RGLE CJCKCLR RF?R PCK?GLQ RM RFC ?EC MD RFC M@HCAR.
F?=KH; 31.11 +7:?E79J?L; D7J?D= 7C; (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42627/1.4/H7:?E79J?L;-:7J?D=-=7C;6;D.@7H)
31.3 ,K8IJHK9JKH; E< J>; 'K9B;KI
7F?R GQ GLQGBC RFC LSAJCSQ? 7FW ?PC QMKC LSAJCG QR?@JC UFGJC MRFCPQ BCA?W? (3CC F?=KH; 31.12.) 7FW ?PC RFCPC BGDDCPCLR RWNCQ MD BCA?W ( , ?LB
)? 7FW ?PC LSAJC?P BCA?W CLCPEGCQ QM J?PEC? 0SPQSGLE L?RSP?J OSCQRGMLQ JGIC RFCQC F?Q JCB RM D?P KMPC DSLB?KCLR?J BGQAMTCPGCQ RF?L WMS KGEFR
GK?EGLC.
#(!04%2 31 Y 2!$)/!#4)6)49 !.$ .5#,%!2 0(93)#3 1113
F?=KH; 31.12 7FW GQ KMQR MD RFC A?P@ML GL RFGQ AM?J QR?@JC (?), UFGJC RFC SP?LGSK GL RFC BGQI (@) QJMUJW BCA?WQ MTCP @GJJGMLQ MD WC?PQ? 7FW GQ ACQGSK GL RFGQ ?KNSJC (A) CTCL JCQQ
QR?@JC RF?L RFC SP?LGSK, BCA?WGLE GL D?P JCQQ RF?L 1/1,000,000 RFC RGKC? 7F?R GQ RFC PC?QML SP?LGSK ?LB ACQGSK SLBCPEM BGDDCPCLR RWNCQ MD BCA?W ( ?LB , PCQNCARGTCJW)?
(APCBGRQ: (?) "PCQQML 4FMK?Q, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ; (@) 5.3. $CN?PRKCLR MD %LCPEW; (A) 4MKGF?FLBMPD, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
7C F?TC ?JPC?BW GBCLRGDGCB FHEJEDI ?Q RFC N?PRGAJCQ RF?R A?PPW NMQGRGTC AF?PEC GL RFC LSAJCG. (MUCTCP, RFCPC ?PC ?ARS?JJW GJB RWNCQ MD N?PRGAJCQ GL RFC
LSAJCGrRFC CEBGBA ?LB RFC A8HGEBA, PCDCPPCB RM AMJJCARGTCJW ?Q DK9B;EDI, RFC AMLQRGRSCLRQ MD LSAJCG. !Q GRQ L?KC GKNJGCQ, RFC D;KJHED GQ ? LCSRP?J
N?PRGAJC ( q = 0 ) RF?R F?Q LC?PJW RFC Q?KC K?QQ ?LB GLRPGLQGA QNGL ?Q RFC NPMRML. -78B; 31.2 AMKN?PCQ RFC K?QQCQ MD NPMRMLQ, LCSRPMLQ, ?LB
CJCARPMLQ. .MRC FMU AJMQC RFC NPMRML ?LB LCSRPML K?QQCQ ?PC, @SR RFC LCSRPML GQ QJGEFRJW KMPC K?QQGTC MLAC WMS JMMI N?QR RFC RFGPB BGEGR. "MRF
LSAJCMLQ ?PC KSAF KMPC K?QQGTC RF?L ?L CJCARPML. )L D?AR, m
p
= 1836m
e
(?Q LMRCB GL &;:?97B AFFB?97J?EDI E< 'K9B;7H )>OI?9I ?LB
m
n
= 1839m
e
.
-78B; 31.2 ?JQM EGTCQ K?QQCQ GL RCPKQ MD K?QQ SLGRQ RF?R ?PC KMPC AMLTCLGCLR RF?L IGJMEP?KQ ML RFC ?RMKGA ?LB LSAJC?P QA?JC. 4FC DGPQR MD RFCQC GQ
RFC HA<9<87 7JEC?9 C7II HA<G (S), BCDGLCB ?Q
(31.1)
1 u = 1.660510
27
kg.
4FGQ SLGR GQ BCDGLCB QM RF?R ? LCSRP?J A?P@ML
12
C ?RMK F?Q ? K?QQ MD CV?ARJW 12 S. -?QQCQ ?PC ?JQM CVNPCQQCB GL SLGRQ MD MeV/c
2
. 4FCQC SLGRQ ?PC
TCPW AMLTCLGCLR UFCL AMLQGBCPGLE RFC AMLTCPQGML MD K?QQ GLRM CLCPEW (?LB TGAC TCPQ?), ?Q GQ QM NPMKGLCLR GL LSAJC?P NPMACQQCQ. 5QGLE E = mc
2
?LB SLGRQ MD m GL MeV/c
2
, UC DGLB RF?R c
2
A?LACJQ ?LB E AMKCQ MSR AMLTCLGCLRJW GL -C6. &MP CV?KNJC, GD RFC PCQR K?QQ MD ? NPMRML GQ AMLTCPRCB
CLRGPCJW GLRM CLCPEW, RFCL
(31.2)
E = mc
2
= (938.27 MeV/c
2
)c
2
= 938.27 MeV.
)R GQ SQCDSJ RM LMRC RF?R 1 S MD K?QQ AMLTCPRCB RM CLCPEW NPMBSACQ 931.5 -C6, MP
(31.3)
1 u = 931.5 MeV/c
2
.
!JJ NPMNCPRGCQ MD ? LSAJCSQ ?PC BCRCPKGLCB @W RFC LSK@CP MD NPMRMLQ ?LB LCSRPMLQ GR F?Q. ! QNCAGDGA AMK@GL?RGML MD NPMRMLQ ?LB LCSRPMLQ GQ A?JJCB ?
DK9B?:; ?LB GQ ? SLGOSC LSAJCSQ. 4FC DMJJMUGLE LMR?RGML GQ SQCB RM PCNPCQCLR ? N?PRGASJ?P LSAJGBC:
(31.4)
Z
A
X
N
,
UFCPC RFC QWK@MJQ A , X, Z , ?LB N ?PC BCDGLCB ?Q DMJJMUQ: 4FC AH@58E B9 CEBGBAF <A 4 AH6?8HF GQ RFC 7JEC?9 DKC8;H Z , ?Q BCDGLCB GL &;:?97B
AFFB?97J?EDI E< 'K9B;7H )>OI?9I. 8 GQ RFC FL@5B? 9BE G;8 8?8@8AG, QSAF ?Q #? DMP A?JAGSK. (MUCTCP, MLAC Z GQ ILMUL, RFC CJCKCLR GQ ILMUL;
FCLAC, Z ?LB X ?PC PCBSLB?LR. &MP CV?KNJC, Z = 20 GQ ?JU?WQ A?JAGSK, ?LB A?JAGSK ?JU?WQ F?Q Z = 20 . N GQ RFC AH@58E B9 A8HGEBAF GL ?
LSAJCSQ. )L RFC LMR?RGML DMP ? LSAJGBC, RFC QS@QAPGNR N GQ SQS?JJW MKGRRCB. 4FC QWK@MJ A GQ BCDGLCB ?Q RFC LSK@CP MD LSAJCMLQ MP RFC GBG4? AH@58E B9
CEBGBAF 4A7 A8HGEBAF,
(31.5) A = N + Z,
UFCPC A GQ ?JQM A?JJCB RFC C7II DKC8;H. 4FGQ L?KC DMP A GQ JMEGA?J; RFC K?QQ MD ?L ?RMK GQ LC?PJW COS?J RM RFC K?QQ MD GRQ LSAJCSQ, QGLAC
CJCARPMLQ F?TC QM JGRRJC K?QQ. 4FC K?QQ MD RFC LSAJCSQ RSPLQ MSR RM @C LC?PJW COS?J RM RFC QSK MD RFC K?QQCQ MD RFC NPMRMLQ ?LB LCSRPMLQ GL GR, UFGAF
GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM A . )L RFGQ AMLRCVR, GR GQ N?PRGASJ?PJW AMLTCLGCLR RM CVNPCQQ K?QQCQ GL SLGRQ MD S. "MRF NPMRMLQ ?LB LCSRPMLQ F?TC K?QQCQ AJMQC RM 1
S, ?LB QM RFC K?QQ MD ?L ?RMK GQ AJMQC RM A S. &MP CV?KNJC, GL ?L MVWECL LSAJCSQ UGRF CGEFR NPMRMLQ ?LB CGEFR LCSRPMLQ, A = 16 , ?LB GRQ K?QQ GQ
16 S. !Q LMRGACB, RFC SLGDGCB ?RMKGA K?QQ SLGR GQ BCDGLCB QM RF?R ? LCSRP?J A?P@ML ?RMK (?ARS?JJW ?
12
C ?RMK) F?Q ? K?QQ MD 8K46G?L 12 u . #?P@ML
U?Q AFMQCL ?Q RFC QR?LB?PB, N?PRJW @CA?SQC MD GRQ GKNMPR?LAC GL MPE?LGA AFCKGQRPW (QCC AFF;D:?N A).
4?@JC 31.2 -?QQCQ MD RFC 0PMRML, .CSRPML, ?LB %JCARPML
)7HJ?9B; ,OC8EB A= K
&;/$
2
0PMRML C 1.6726210
27
1.007276 938.27
.CSRPML A 1.6749310
27
1.008665 939.57
%JCARPML 8 9.109410
31
0.00054858 0.511
,CR SQ JMMI ?R ? DCU CV?KNJCQ MD LSAJGBCQ CVNPCQQCB GL RFC
Z
A
X
N
LMR?RGML. 4FC LSAJCSQ MD RFC QGKNJCQR ?RMK, FWBPMECL, GQ ? QGLEJC NPMRML, MP
1
1
H
(RFC XCPM DMP LM LCSRPMLQ GQ MDRCL MKGRRCB). 4M AFCAI RFGQ QWK@MJ, PCDCP RM RFC NCPGMBGA R?@JCrWMS QCC RF?R RFC ?RMKGA LSK@CP Z MD FWBPMECL GQ 1.
1114 #(!04%2 31 Y 2!$)/!#4)6)49 !.$ .5#,%!2 0(93)#3
3GLAC WMS ?PC EGTCL RF?R RFCPC ?PC LM LCSRPMLQ, RFC K?QQ LSK@CP A GQ ?JQM 1. 3SNNMQC WMS ?PC RMJB RF?R RFC FCJGSK LSAJCSQ MP N?PRGAJC F?Q RUM
NPMRMLQ ?LB RUM LCSRPMLQ. 9MS A?L RFCL QCC RF?R GR GQ UPGRRCL
2
4
He
2
. 4FCPC GQ ? QA?PAC DMPK MD FWBPMECL DMSLB GL L?RSPC A?JJCB BCSRCPGSK; GRQ LSAJCSQ
F?Q MLC NPMRML ?LB MLC LCSRPML ?LB, FCLAC, RUGAC RFC K?QQ MD AMKKML FWBPMECL. 4FC QWK@MJ DMP BCSRCPGSK GQ, RFSQ,
1
2
H
1
(QMKCRGKCQ D GQ SQCB,
?Q DMP BCSRCP?RCB U?RCP D
2
O). !L CTCL P?PCPr?LB P?BGM?ARGTCrDMPK MD FWBPMECL GQ A?JJCB RPGRGSK, QGLAC GR F?Q ? QGLEJC NPMRML ?LB RUM LCSRPMLQ,
?LB GR GQ UPGRRCL
1
3
H
2
. 4FCQC RFPCC T?PGCRGCQ MD FWBPMECL F?TC LC?PJW GBCLRGA?J AFCKGQRPGCQ, @SR RFC LSAJCG BGDDCP EPC?RJW GL K?QQ, QR?@GJGRW, ?LB MRFCP
AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ. .SAJCG (QSAF ?Q RFMQC MD FWBPMECL) F?TGLE RFC Q?KC Z ?LB BGDDCPCLR N Q ?PC BCDGLCB RM @C ?IEJEF;I MD RFC Q?KC CJCKCLR.
4FCPC GQ QMKC PCBSLB?LAW GL RFC QWK@MJQ A , X, Z , ?LB N . )D RFC CJCKCLR X GQ ILMUL, RFCL Z A?L @C DMSLB GL ? NCPGMBGA R?@JC ?LB GQ ?JU?WQ
RFC Q?KC DMP ? EGTCL CJCKCLR. )D @MRF A ?LB X ?PC ILMUL, RFCL N A?L ?JQM @C BCRCPKGLCB (DGPQR DGLB Z ; RFCL, N = A Z ). 4FSQ RFC QGKNJCP
LMR?RGML DMP LSAJGBCQ GQ
(31.6) A
X,
UFGAF GQ QSDDGAGCLR ?LB GQ KMQR AMKKMLJW SQCB. &MP CV?KNJC, GL RFGQ QGKNJCP LMR?RGML, RFC RFPCC GQMRMNCQ MD FWBPMECL ?PC
1
H,
2
H, ?LB
3
H, UFGJC
RFC N?PRGAJC GQ
4
He . 7C PC?B RFGQ @?AIU?PB, Q?WGLE FCJGSK-4 DMP
4
He , MP SP?LGSK-238 DMP
238
U. 3M DMP
238
U, QFMSJB UC LCCB RM ILMU, UC
A?L BCRCPKGLC RF?R Z = 92 DMP SP?LGSK DPMK RFC NCPGMBGA R?@JC, ?LB, RFSQ, N = 238 92 = 146 .
! T?PGCRW MD CVNCPGKCLRQ GLBGA?RC RF?R ? LSAJCSQ @CF?TCQ QMKCRFGLE JGIC ? RGEFRJW N?AICB @?JJ MD LSAJCMLQ, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 31.13. 4FCQC
LSAJCMLQ F?TC J?PEC IGLCRGA CLCPEGCQ ?LB, RFSQ, KMTC P?NGBJW GL TCPW AJMQC AMLR?AR. .SAJCMLQ A?L @C QCN?P?RCB @W ? J?PEC DMPAC, QSAF ?Q GL ? AMJJGQGML
UGRF ?LMRFCP LSAJCSQ, @SR PCQGQR QRPMLEJW @CGLE NSQFCB AJMQCP RMECRFCP. 4FC KMQR AMKNCJJGLE CTGBCLAC RF?R LSAJCMLQ ?PC AJMQCJW N?AICB GL ? LSAJCSQ
GQ RF?R RFC H7:?KI E< 7 DK9B;KI, r , GQ DMSLB RM @C EGTCL ?NNPMVGK?RCJW @W
(31.7)
r = r
0
A
1 / 3
,
UFCPC r
0
= 1.2 fm ?LB A GQ RFC K?QQ LSK@CP MD RFC LSAJCSQ. .MRC RF?R r
3
A . 3GLAC K?LW LSAJCG ?PC QNFCPGA?J, ?LB RFC TMJSKC MD ? QNFCPC GQ
V = (4 / 3)r
3
, UC QCC RF?R V A rRF?R GQ, RFC TMJSKC MD ? LSAJCSQ GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC LSK@CP MD LSAJCMLQ GL GR. 4FGQ GQ UF?R UMSJB F?NNCL GD
WMS N?AI LSAJCMLQ QM AJMQCJW RF?R RFCPC GQ LM CKNRW QN?AC @CRUCCL RFCK.
F?=KH; 31.13 ! KMBCJ MD RFC LSAJCSQ.
.SAJCMLQ ?PC FCJB RMECRFCP @W LSAJC?P DMPACQ ?LB PCQGQR @MRF @CGLE NSJJCB ?N?PR ?LB NSQFCB GLQGBC MLC ?LMRFCP. 4FC TMJSKC MD RFC LSAJCSQ GQ RFC QSK
MD RFC TMJSKCQ MD RFC LSAJCMLQ GL GR, FCPC QFMUL GL BGDDCPCLR AMJMPQ RM PCNPCQCLR NPMRMLQ ?LB LCSRPMLQ.
EN7CFB; 31.1 !EM ,C7BB 7D: D;DI; "I 7 'K9B;KI?
(?) &GLB RFC P?BGSQ MD ?L GPML-56 LSAJCSQ. (@) &GLB GRQ ?NNPMVGK?RC BCLQGRW GL kg
/
m
3
, ?NNPMVGK?RGLE RFC K?QQ MD
56
Fe RM @C 56 S.
(?) &GLBGLE RFC P?BGSQ MD
56
Fe GQ ? QRP?GEFRDMPU?PB ?NNJGA?RGML MD r = r
0
A
1 / 3
, EGTCL A = 56 . (@) 4M DGLB RFC ?NNPMVGK?RC BCLQGRW, UC ?QQSKC
RFC LSAJCSQ GQ QNFCPGA?J (RFGQ MLC ?ARS?JJW GQ), A?JASJ?RC GRQ TMJSKC SQGLE RFC P?BGSQ DMSLB GL N?PR (?), ?LB RFCL DGLB GRQ BCLQGRW DPMK = m/V .
&GL?JJW, UC UGJJ LCCB RM AMLTCPR BCLQGRW DPMK SLGRQ MD u
/
fm
3
RM kg
/
m
3
.
,EBKJ?ED
(?) 4FC P?BGSQ MD ? LSAJCSQ GQ EGTCL @W
(31.8)
r = r
0
A
1 / 3
.
3S@QRGRSRGLE RFC T?JSCQ DMP r
0
?LB A WGCJBQ
(31.9)
r = (1.2 fm)(56)
1/3
= (1.2 fm)(3.83)
= 4.6 fm.
(@) $CLQGRW GQ BCDGLCB RM @C = m/V , UFGAF DMP ? QNFCPC MD P?BGSQ r GQ
(31.10)
=
m
V
=
m
(4/3)r
3
.
#(!04%2 31 Y 2!$)/!#4)6)49 !.$ .5#,%!2 0(93)#3 1115
(31.11)
=
56 u
(1.33)(3.14)(4.6 fm)
3
= 0.138 u/fm
3
.
#MLTCPRGLE RM SLGRQ MD kg
/
m
3
, UC DGLB
(31.12)
= (0.138 u/fm
3
)(1.6610
27
kg/u)
1 fm
10
15
m
= 2.310
17
kg/m
3
.
D?I9KII?ED
(?) 4FC P?BGSQ MD RFGQ KCBGSK-QGXCB LSAJCSQ GQ DMSLB RM @C ?NNPMVGK?RCJW 4.6 DK, ?LB QM GRQ BG?KCRCP GQ ?@MSR 10 DK, MP 10
14
m. )L MSP
BGQASQQGML MD 2SRFCPDMPBtQ BGQAMTCPW MD RFC LSAJCSQ, UC LMRGACB RF?R GR GQ ?@MSR 10
15
m GL BG?KCRCP (UFGAF GQ DMP JGEFRCP LSAJCG), AMLQGQRCLR UGRF
RFGQ PCQSJR RM ?L MPBCP MD K?ELGRSBC. 4FC LSAJCSQ GQ KSAF QK?JJCP GL BG?KCRCP RF?L RFC RWNGA?J ?RMK, UFGAF F?Q ? BG?KCRCP MD RFC MPBCP MD
10
10
m.
(@) 4FC BCLQGRW DMSLB FCPC GQ QM J?PEC ?Q RM A?SQC BGQ@CJGCD. )R GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF C?PJGCP BGQASQQGMLQ UC F?TC F?B ?@MSR RFC LSAJCSQ @CGLE TCPW
QK?JJ ?LB AMLR?GLGLE LC?PJW ?JJ MD RFC K?QQ MD RFC ?RMK. .SAJC?P BCLQGRGCQ, QSAF ?Q DMSLB FCPC, ?PC ?@MSR 210
14
RGKCQ EPC?RCP RF?L RF?R MD
U?RCP, UFGAF F?Q ? BCLQGRW MD uMLJWv 10
3
kg/m
3
. /LC AS@GA KCRCP MD LSAJC?P K?RRCP, QSAF ?Q DMSLB GL ? LCSRPML QR?P, F?Q RFC Q?KC K?QQ ?Q ?
AS@C MD U?RCP 61 IK ML ? QGBC.
.SAJC?P &MPACQ ?LB 3R?@GJGRW
7F?R DMPACQ FMJB ? LSAJCSQ RMECRFCP? 4FC LSAJCSQ GQ TCPW QK?JJ ?LB GRQ NPMRMLQ, @CGLE NMQGRGTC, CVCPR RPCKCLBMSQ PCNSJQGTC DMPACQ ML MLC ?LMRFCP.
(4FC #MSJMK@ DMPAC GLAPC?QCQ ?Q AF?PECQ ECR AJMQCP, QGLAC GR GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM 1 / r
2
, CTCL ?R RFC RGLW BGQR?LACQ DMSLB GL LSAJCG.) 4FC ?LQUCP GQ RF?R
RUM NPCTGMSQJW SLILMUL DMPACQ FMJB RFC LSAJCSQ RMECRFCP ?LB K?IC GR GLRM ? RGEFRJW N?AICB @?JJ MD LSAJCMLQ. 4FCQC DMPACQ ?PC A?JJCB RFC J84> 4A7
FGEBA: AH6?84E 9BE68F. .SAJC?P DMPACQ ?PC QM QFMPR P?LECB RF?R RFCW D?JJ RM XCPM QRPCLERF UFCL LSAJCMLQ ?PC QCN?P?RCB @W MLJW ? DCU DK. (MUCTCP, JGIC
EJSC, RFCW ?PC QRPMLEJW ?RRP?ARCB UFCL RFC LSAJCMLQ ECR AJMQC RM MLC ?LMRFCP. 4FC QRPMLE LSAJC?P DMPAC GQ ?@MSR 100 RGKCQ KMPC ?RRP?ARGTC RF?L RFC
PCNSJQGTC %- DMPAC, C?QGJW FMJBGLE RFC LSAJCMLQ RMECRFCP. .SAJC?P DMPACQ @CAMKC CVRPCKCJW PCNSJQGTC GD RFC LSAJCMLQ ECR RMM AJMQC, K?IGLE LSAJCMLQ
QRPMLEJW PCQGQR @CGLE NSQFCB GLQGBC MLC ?LMRFCP, QMKCRFGLE JGIC @?JJ @C?PGLEQ.
4FC D?AR RF?R LSAJC?P DMPACQ ?PC TCPW QRPMLE GQ PCQNMLQG@JC DMP RFC TCPW J?PEC CLCPEGCQ CKGRRCB GL LSAJC?P BCA?W. $SPGLE BCA?W, RFC DMPACQ BM UMPI, ?LB
QGLAC UMPI GQ DMPAC RGKCQ RFC BGQR?LAC ( W = Fd cos ), ? J?PEC DMPAC A?L PCQSJR GL ? J?PEC CKGRRCB CLCPEW. )L D?AR, UC ILMU RF?R RFCPC ?PC GJB BGQRGLAR
LSAJC?P DMPACQ @CA?SQC MD RFC BGDDCPCLR RWNCQ MD LSAJC?P BCA?WrRFC QRPMLE LSAJC?P DMPAC GQ PCQNMLQG@JC DMP BCA?W, UFGJC RFC UC?I LSAJC?P DMPAC GQ
PCQNMLQG@JC DMP BCA?W.
4FC K?LW QR?@JC ?LB SLQR?@JC LSAJCG UC F?TC CVNJMPCB, ?LB RFC FSLBPCBQ UC F?TC LMR BGQASQQCB, A?L @C ?PP?LECB GL ? R?@JC A?JJCB RFC 9>7HJ E< J>;
DK9B?:;I, ? QGKNJGDGCB TCPQGML MD UFGAF GQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 31.14. .SAJGBCQ ?PC JMA?RCB ML ? NJMR MD N TCPQSQ Z . %V?KGL?RGML MD ? BCR?GJCB AF?PR MD
RFC LSAJGBCQ PCTC?JQ N?RRCPLQ GL RFC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD LSAJCG, QSAF ?Q QR?@GJGRW, ?@SLB?LAC, ?LB RWNCQ MD BCA?W, ?L?JMEMSQ RM @SR KMPC AMKNJCV RF?L
RFC QWQRCK?RGAQ GL RFC NCPGMBGA R?@JC MD RFC CJCKCLRQ.
1116 #(!04%2 31 Y 2!$)/!#4)6)49 !.$ .5#,%!2 0(93)#3
F?=KH; 31.14 3GKNJGDGCB AF?PR MD RFC LSAJGBCQ, ? EP?NF MD N TCPQSQ Z DMP ILMUL LSAJGBCQ. 4FC N?RRCPLQ MD QR?@JC ?LB SLQR?@JC LSAJGBCQ PCTC?J AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD RFC LSAJC?P
DMPACQ. 4FC B?QFCB JGLC GQ DMP N = Z . .SK@CPQ ?JMLE BG?EML?JQ ?PC K?QQ LSK@CPQ A .
)L NPGLAGNJC, ? LSAJCSQ A?L F?TC ?LW AMK@GL?RGML MD NPMRMLQ ?LB LCSRPMLQ, @SR F?=KH; 31.14 QFMUQ ? BCDGLGRC N?RRCPL DMP RFMQC RF?R ?PC QR?@JC. &MP
JMU-K?QQ LSAJCG, RFCPC GQ ? QRPMLE RCLBCLAW DMP N ?LB Z RM @C LC?PJW COS?J. 4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R RFC LSAJC?P DMPAC GQ KMPC ?RRP?ARGTC UFCL N = Z .
-MPC BCR?GJCB CV?KGL?RGML PCTC?JQ EPC?RCP QR?@GJGRW UFCL N ?LB Z ?PC CTCL LSK@CPQrLSAJC?P DMPACQ ?PC KMPC ?RRP?ARGTC UFCL LCSRPMLQ ?LB
NPMRMLQ ?PC GL N?GPQ. &MP GLAPC?QGLEJW FGEFCP K?QQCQ, RFCPC ?PC NPMEPCQQGTCJW KMPC LCSRPMLQ RF?L NPMRMLQ GL QR?@JC LSAJCG. 4FGQ GQ BSC RM RFC CTCP-
EPMUGLE PCNSJQGML @CRUCCL NPMRMLQ. 3GLAC LSAJC?P DMPACQ ?PC QFMPR P?LECB, ?LB RFC #MSJMK@ DMPAC GQ JMLE P?LECB, ?L CVACQQ MD LCSRPMLQ ICCNQ RFC
NPMRMLQ ? JGRRJC D?PRFCP ?N?PR, PCBSAGLE #MSJMK@ PCNSJQGML. $CA?W KMBCQ MD LSAJGBCQ MSR MD RFC PCEGML MD QR?@GJGRW AMLQGQRCLRJW NPMBSAC LSAJGBCQ AJMQCP
RM RFC PCEGML MD QR?@GJGRW. 4FCPC ?PC KMPC QR?@JC LSAJCG F?TGLE ACPR?GL LSK@CPQ MD NPMRMLQ ?LB LCSRPMLQ, A?JJCB C7=?9 DKC8;HI. -?EGA LSK@CPQ
GLBGA?RC ? QFCJJ QRPSARSPC DMP RFC LSAJCSQ GL UFGAF AJMQCB QFCJJQ ?PC KMPC QR?@JC. .SAJC?P QFCJJ RFCMPW F?Q @CCL TCPW QSAACQQDSJ GL CVNJ?GLGLE LSAJC?P
CLCPEW JCTCJQ, LSAJC?P BCA?W, ?LB RFC EPC?RCP QR?@GJGRW MD LSAJCG UGRF AJMQCB QFCJJQ. 7C F?TC @CCL NPMBSAGLE CTCP-FC?TGCP RP?LQSP?LGA CJCKCLRQ QGLAC
RFC C?PJW 1940Q, ?LB UC F?TC LMU NPMBSACB RFC CJCKCLR UGRF Z = 118 . 4FCPC ?PC RFCMPCRGA?J NPCBGARGMLQ MD ?L GQJ?LB MD PCJ?RGTC QR?@GJGRW DMP LSAJCG
UGRF QSAF FGEF Z Q.
F?=KH; 31.15 4FC 'CPK?L-@MPL !KCPGA?L NFWQGAGQR -?PG? 'MCNNCPR -?WCP (1906q1972) QF?PCB RFC 1963 .M@CJ 0PGXC GL NFWQGAQ UGRF *. *CLQCL DMP RFC APC?RGML MD RFC LSAJC?P
QFCJJ KMBCJ. 4FGQ QSAACQQDSJ LSAJC?P KMBCJ F?Q LSAJCMLQ DGJJGLE QFCJJQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM CJCARPML QFCJJQ GL ?RMKQ. )R U?Q GLQNGPCB @W N?RRCPLQ M@QCPTCB GL LSAJC?P NPMNCPRGCQ. (APCBGR:
.M@CJ &MSLB?RGML TG? 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
31.4 'K9B;7H D;97O 7D: CEDI;HL7J?ED %7MI
.SAJC?P :;97O F?Q NPMTGBCB ?L ?K?XGLE UGLBMU GLRM RFC PC?JK MD RFC TCPW QK?JJ. .SAJC?P BCA?W E?TC RFC DGPQR GLBGA?RGML MD RFC AMLLCARGML @CRUCCL
K?QQ ?LB CLCPEW, ?LB GR PCTC?JCB RFC CVGQRCLAC MD RUM MD RFC DMSP @?QGA DMPACQ GL L?RSPC. )L RFGQ QCARGML, UC CVNJMPC RFC K?HMP KMBCQ MD LSAJC?P BCA?W;
?LB, JGIC RFMQC UFM DGPQR CVNJMPCB RFCK, UC UGJJ BGQAMTCP CTGBCLAC MD NPCTGMSQJW SLILMUL N?PRGAJCQ ?LB AMLQCPT?RGML J?UQ.
#(!04%2 31 Y 2!$)/!#4)6)49 !.$ .5#,%!2 0(93)#3 1117
3MKC LSAJGBCQ ?PC QR?@JC, ?NN?PCLRJW JGTGLE DMPCTCP. 5LQR?@JC LSAJGBCQ BCA?W (RF?R GQ, RFCW ?PC P?BGM?ARGTC), CTCLRS?JJW NPMBSAGLE ? QR?@JC LSAJGBC ?DRCP
K?LW BCA?WQ. 7C A?JJ RFC MPGEGL?J LSAJGBC RFC F7H;DJ ?LB GRQ BCA?W NPMBSARQ RFC :7K=>J;HI. 3MKC P?BGM?ARGTC LSAJGBCQ BCA?W GL ? QGLEJC QRCN RM ?
QR?@JC LSAJCSQ. &MP CV?KNJC,
60
Co GQ SLQR?@JC ?LB BCA?WQ BGPCARJW RM
60
Ni , UFGAF GQ QR?@JC. /RFCPQ, QSAF ?Q
238
U, BCA?W RM ?LMRFCP SLQR?@JC
LSAJGBC, PCQSJRGLE GL ? :;97O I;H?;I GL UFGAF C?AF QS@QCOSCLR LSAJGBC BCA?WQ SLRGJ ? QR?@JC LSAJGBC GQ DGL?JJW NPMBSACB. 4FC BCA?W QCPGCQ RF?R QR?PRQ
DPMK
238
U GQ MD N?PRGASJ?P GLRCPCQR, QGLAC GR NPMBSACQ RFC P?BGM?ARGTC GQMRMNCQ
226
Ra ?LB
210
Po , UFGAF RFC #SPGCQ DGPQR BGQAMTCPCB (QCC F?=KH;
31.16). 2?BML E?Q GQ ?JQM NPMBSACB (
222
Rn GL RFC QCPGCQ), ?L GLAPC?QGLEJW PCAMELGXCB L?RSP?JJW MAASPPGLE F?X?PB. 3GLAC P?BML GQ ? LM@JC E?Q, GR
CK?L?RCQ DPMK K?RCPG?JQ, QSAF ?Q QMGJ, AMLR?GLGLE CTCL RP?AC ?KMSLRQ MD
238
U ?LB A?L @C GLF?JCB. 4FC BCA?W MD P?BML ?LB GRQ B?SEFRCPQ NPMBSACQ
GLRCPL?J B?K?EC. 4FC
238
U BCA?W QCPGCQ CLBQ UGRF
206
Pb , ? QR?@JC GQMRMNC MD JC?B.
F?=KH; 31.16 4FC BCA?W QCPGCQ NPMBSACB @W
238
U, RFC KMQR AMKKML SP?LGSK GQMRMNC. .SAJGBCQ ?PC EP?NFCB GL RFC Q?KC K?LLCP ?Q GL RFC AF?PR MD LSAJGBCQ. 4FC RWNC MD
BCA?W DMP C?AF KCK@CP MD RFC QCPGCQ GQ QFMUL, ?Q UCJJ ?Q RFC F?JD-JGTCQ. .MRC RF?R QMKC LSAJGBCQ BCA?W @W KMPC RF?L MLC KMBC. 9MS A?L QCC UFW P?BGSK ?LB NMJMLGSK ?PC
DMSLB GL SP?LGSK MPC. ! QR?@JC GQMRMNC MD JC?B GQ RFC CLB NPMBSAR MD RFC QCPGCQ.
.MRC RF?R RFC B?SEFRCPQ MD BCA?W QFMUL GL F?=KH; 31.16 ?JU?WQ F?TC RUM DCUCP NPMRMLQ ?LB RUM DCUCP LCSRPMLQ RF?L RFC N?PCLR. 4FGQ QCCKQ
PC?QML?@JC, QGLAC UC ILMU RF?R BCA?W GQ RFC CKGQQGML MD ?
4
He LSAJCSQ, UFGAF F?Q RUM NPMRMLQ ?LB RUM LCSRPMLQ. 4FC B?SEFRCPQ MD BCA?W
F?TC MLC JCQQ LCSRPML ?LB MLC KMPC NPMRML RF?L RFCGP N?PCLR. "CR? BCA?W GQ ? JGRRJC KMPC QS@RJC, ?Q UC QF?JJ QCC. .M BCA?WQ ?PC QFMUL GL RFC
DGESPC, @CA?SQC RFCW BM LMR NPMBSAC ? B?SEFRCP RF?R BGDDCPQ DPMK RFC N?PCLR.
!JNF? $CA?W
)L 7BF>7 :;97O, ?
4
He LSAJCSQ QGKNJW @PC?IQ ?U?W DPMK RFC N?PCLR LSAJCSQ, JC?TGLE ? B?SEFRCP UGRF RUM DCUCP NPMRMLQ ?LB RUM DCUCP LCSRPMLQ
RF?L RFC N?PCLR (QCC F?=KH; 31.17). /LC CV?KNJC MD BCA?W GQ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 31.16 DMP
238
U. !LMRFCP LSAJGBC RF?R SLBCPEMCQ BCA?W GQ
239
Pu . 4FC BCA?W COS?RGMLQ DMP RFCQC RUM LSAJGBCQ ?PC
(31.13) 238
U
234
Th
92
234
+
4
He
1118 #(!04%2 31 Y 2!$)/!#4)6)49 !.$ .5#,%!2 0(93)#3
?LB
(31.14) 239
Pu
235
U +
4
He.
F?=KH; 31.17 !JNF? BCA?W GQ RFC QCN?P?RGML MD ?
4
He LSAJCSQ DPMK RFC N?PCLR. 4FC B?SEFRCP LSAJCSQ F?Q RUM DCUCP NPMRMLQ ?LB RUM DCUCP LCSRPMLQ RF?L RFC N?PCLR. !JNF?
BCA?W MAASPQ QNMLR?LCMSQJW MLJW GD RFC B?SEFRCP ?LB
4
He LSAJCSQ F?TC JCQQ RMR?J K?QQ RF?L RFC N?PCLR.
)D WMS CV?KGLC RFC NCPGMBGA R?@JC MD RFC CJCKCLRQ, WMS UGJJ DGLB RF?R 4F F?Q Z = 90 , RUM DCUCP RF?L 5, UFGAF F?Q Z = 92 . 3GKGJ?PJW, GL RFC QCAMLB
:;97O ;GK7J?ED, UC QCC RF?R 5 F?Q RUM DCUCP NPMRMLQ RF?L 0S, UFGAF F?Q Z = 94 . 4FC ECLCP?J PSJC DMP BCA?W GQ @CQR UPGRRCL GL RFC DMPK?R
Z
A
X
N
. )D ? ACPR?GL LSAJGBC GQ ILMUL RM BCA?W (ECLCP?JJW RFGQ GLDMPK?RGML KSQR @C JMMICB SN GL ? R?@JC MD GQMRMNCQ, QSAF ?Q GL AFF;D:?N B), GRQ
:;97O ;GK7J?ED GQ
(31.15)
Z
A
X
N

Z 2
A 4
Y
N 2
+
2
4
He
2

decay
UFCPC 9 GQ RFC LSAJGBC RF?R F?Q RUM DCUCP NPMRMLQ RF?L 8, QSAF ?Q 4F F?TGLE RUM DCUCP RF?L 5. 3M GD WMS UCPC RMJB RF?R
239
Pu BCA?WQ ?LB UCPC
?QICB RM UPGRC RFC AMKNJCRC BCA?W COS?RGML, WMS UMSJB DGPQR JMMI SN UFGAF CJCKCLR F?Q RUM DCUCP NPMRMLQ (?L ?RMKGA LSK@CP RUM JMUCP) ?LB DGLB RF?R
RFGQ GQ SP?LGSK. 4FCL QGLAC DMSP LSAJCMLQ F?TC @PMICL ?U?W DPMK RFC MPGEGL?J 239, GRQ ?RMKGA K?QQ UMSJB @C 235.
)R GQ GLQRPSARGTC RM CV?KGLC AMLQCPT?RGML J?UQ PCJ?RCB RM BCA?W. 9MS A?L QCC DPMK RFC COS?RGML
Z
A
X
N

Z 2
A 4
Y
N 2
+
2
4
He
2
RF?R RMR?J AF?PEC GQ
AMLQCPTCB. ,GLC?P ?LB ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK ?PC AMLQCPTCB, RMM. !JRFMSEF AMLQCPTCB ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK GQ LMR MD EPC?R AMLQCOSCLAC GL RFGQ RWNC MD
BCA?W, AMLQCPT?RGML MD JGLC?P KMKCLRSK F?Q GLRCPCQRGLE AMLQCOSCLACQ. )D RFC LSAJCSQ GQ ?R PCQR UFCL GR BCA?WQ, GRQ KMKCLRSK GQ XCPM. )L RF?R A?QC,
RFC DP?EKCLRQ KSQR DJW GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ UGRF COS?J-K?ELGRSBC KMKCLR? QM RF?R RMR?J KMKCLRSK PCK?GLQ XCPM. 4FGQ PCQSJRQ GL RFC N?PRGAJC
A?PPWGLE ?U?W KMQR MD RFC CLCPEW, ?Q ? @SJJCR DPMK ? FC?TW PGDJC A?PPGCQ ?U?W KMQR MD RFC CLCPEW MD RFC NMUBCP @SPLCB RM QFMMR GR. 4MR?J K?QQqCLCPEW
GQ ?JQM AMLQCPTCB: RFC CLCPEW NPMBSACB GL RFC BCA?W AMKCQ DPMK AMLTCPQGML MD ? DP?ARGML MD RFC MPGEGL?J K?QQ. !Q BGQASQQCB GL AJEC?9 )>OI?9I, RFC
ECLCP?J PCJ?RGMLQFGN GQ
(31.16)
E = ( m)c
2
.
(CPC, E GQ RFC DK9B;7H H;79J?ED ;D;H=O (RFC PC?ARGML A?L @C LSAJC?P BCA?W MP ?LW MRFCP PC?ARGML), ?LB m GQ RFC BGDDCPCLAC GL K?QQ @CRUCCL GLGRG?J
?LB DGL?J NPMBSARQ. 7FCL RFC DGL?J NPMBSARQ F?TC JCQQ RMR?J K?QQ, m GQ NMQGRGTC, ?LB RFC PC?ARGML PCJC?QCQ CLCPEW (GQ CVMRFCPKGA). 7FCL RFC
NPMBSARQ F?TC EPC?RCP RMR?J K?QQ, RFC PC?ARGML GQ CLBMRFCPKGA ( m GQ LCE?RGTC) ?LB KSQR @C GLBSACB UGRF ?L CLCPEW GLNSR. &MP BCA?W RM @C
QNMLR?LCMSQ, RFC BCA?W NPMBSARQ KSQR F?TC QK?JJCP K?QQ RF?L RFC N?PCLR.
EN7CFB; 31.2 ABF>7 D;97O ED;H=O FEKD: <HEC 'K9B;7H &7II;I
&GLB RFC CLCPEW CKGRRCB GL RFC BCA?W MD
239
Pu .
,JH7J;=O
.SAJC?P PC?ARGML CLCPEW, QSAF ?Q PCJC?QCB GL P BCA?W, A?L @C DMSLB SQGLE RFC COS?RGML E = (m)c
2
. 7C KSQR DGPQR DGLB m, RFC BGDDCPCLAC GL
K?QQ @CRUCCL RFC N?PCLR LSAJCSQ ?LB RFC NPMBSARQ MD RFC BCA?W. 4FGQ GQ C?QGJW BMLC SQGLE K?QQCQ EGTCL GL AFF;D:?N A.
,EBKJ?ED
4FC BCA?W COS?RGML U?Q EGTCL C?PJGCP DMP
239
Pu ; GR GQ
(31.17) 239
Pu
235
U +
4
He.
4FSQ RFC NCPRGLCLR K?QQCQ ?PC RFMQC MD
239
Pu ,
235
U, ?LB RFC N?PRGAJC MP
4
He , ?JJ MD UFGAF ?PC JGQRCB GL AFF;D:?N A. 4FC GLGRG?J K?QQ U?Q
m(
239
Pu) = 239.052157 u . 4FC DGL?J K?QQ GQ RFC QSK m(
235
U)+m(
4
He)= 235.043924 u + 4.002602 u = 239.046526 u . 4FSQ,
(31.18)
m = m(
239
Pu) [m(
235
U) + m(
4
He)]
= 239.052157 u 239.046526 u
= 0.0005631 u.
.MU UC A?L DGLB E @W CLRCPGLE m GLRM RFC COS?RGML:
(31.19)
E = (m)c
2
= (0.005631 u)c
2
.
7C ILMU 1 u = 931.5 MeV/c
2
, ?LB QM
#(!04%2 31 Y 2!$)/!#4)6)49 !.$ .5#,%!2 0(93)#3 1119
(31.20)
E = (0.005631)(931.5 MeV/ c
2
)(c
2
) = 5.25 MeV.
D?I9KII?ED
4FC CLCPEW PCJC?QCB GL RFGQ BCA?W GQ GL RFC MeV P?LEC, ?@MSR 10
6
RGKCQ ?Q EPC?R ?Q RWNGA?J AFCKGA?J PC?ARGML CLCPEGCQ, AMLQGQRCLR UGRF
K?LW NPCTGMSQ BGQASQQGMLQ. -MQR MD RFGQ CLCPEW @CAMKCQ IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD RFC N?PRGAJC (MP
4
He LSAJCSQ), UFGAF KMTCQ ?U?W ?R FGEF QNCCB.
4FC CLCPEW A?PPGCB ?U?W @W RFC PCAMGJ MD RFC
235
U LSAJCSQ GQ KSAF QK?JJCP GL MPBCP RM AMLQCPTC KMKCLRSK. 4FC
235
U LSAJCSQ A?L @C JCDR GL
?L CVAGRCB QR?RC RM J?RCP CKGR NFMRMLQ ( P?WQ). 4FGQ BCA?W GQ QNMLR?LCMSQ ?LB PCJC?QCQ CLCPEW, @CA?SQC RFC NPMBSARQ F?TC JCQQ K?QQ RF?L RFC
N?PCLR LSAJCSQ. 4FC OSCQRGML MD UFW RFC NPMBSARQ F?TC JCQQ K?QQ UGJJ @C BGQASQQCB GL B?D:?D= ED;H=O. .MRC RF?R RFC K?QQCQ EGTCL GL AFF;D:?N
A ?PC ?RMKGA K?QQCQ MD LCSRP?J ?RMKQ, GLAJSBGLE RFCGP CJCARPMLQ. 4FC K?QQ MD RFC CJCARPMLQ GQ RFC Q?KC @CDMPC ?LB ?DRCP BCA?W, ?LB QM RFCGP
K?QQCQ QS@RP?AR MSR UFCL DGLBGLE m. )L RFGQ A?QC, RFCPC ?PC 94 CJCARPMLQ @CDMPC ?LB ?DRCP RFC BCA?W.
"CR? $CA?W
4FCPC ?PC ?ARS?JJW G;E88 RWNCQ MD 8;J7 :;97O. 4FC DGPQR BGQAMTCPCB U?Q uMPBGL?PWv @CR? BCA?W ?LB GQ A?JJCB
BCA?W MP CJCARPML CKGQQGML. 4FC

QWK@MJ
PCNPCQCLRQ 4A 8?86GEBA 8@<GG87 <A AH6?84E 58G4 7864L. #M@?JR-60 GQ ? LSAJGBC RF?R
BCA?WQ GL RFC DMJJMUGLE K?LLCP:

(31.21)
60
Co
60
Ni +
+ neutrino.
4FC D;KJH?DE GQ ? N?PRGAJC CKGRRCB GL @CR? BCA?W RF?R U?Q SL?LRGAGN?RCB ?LB GQ MD DSLB?KCLR?J GKNMPR?LAC. 4FC LCSRPGLM U?Q LMR CTCL NPMNMQCB GL
RFCMPW SLRGJ KMPC RF?L 20 WC?PQ ?DRCP @CR? BCA?W U?Q ILMUL RM GLTMJTC CJCARPML CKGQQGMLQ. .CSRPGLMQ ?PC QM BGDDGASJR RM BCRCAR RF?R RFC DGPQR BGPCAR
CTGBCLAC MD RFCK U?Q LMR M@R?GLCB SLRGJ 1953. .CSRPGLMQ ?PC LC?PJW K?QQJCQQ, F?TC LM AF?PEC, ?LB BM LMR GLRCP?AR UGRF LSAJCMLQ TG? RFC QRPMLE
LSAJC?P DMPAC. 4P?TCJGLE ?NNPMVGK?RCJW ?R RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR, RFCW F?TC JGRRJC RGKC RM ?DDCAR ?LW LSAJCSQ RFCW CLAMSLRCP. 4FGQ GQ, MUGLE RM RFC D?AR RF?R
RFCW F?TC LM AF?PEC (?LB RFCW ?PC LMR %- U?TCQ), RFCW BM LMR GLRCP?AR RFPMSEF RFC %- DMPAC. 4FCW BM GLRCP?AR TG? RFC PCJ?RGTCJW UC?I ?LB TCPW QFMPR
P?LEC UC?I LSAJC?P DMPAC. #MLQCOSCLRJW, LCSRPGLMQ CQA?NC ?JKMQR ?LW BCRCARMP ?LB NCLCRP?RC ?JKMQR ?LW QFGCJBGLE. (MUCTCP, LCSRPGLMQ BM A?PPW
CLCPEW, ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK (RFCW ?PC DCPKGMLQ UGRF F?JD-GLRCEP?J QNGL), ?LB JGLC?P KMKCLRSK ?U?W DPMK ? @CR? BCA?W. 7FCL ?AASP?RC KC?QSPCKCLRQ
MD @CR? BCA?W UCPC K?BC, GR @CA?KC ?NN?PCLR RF?R CLCPEW, ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK, ?LB JGLC?P KMKCLRSK UCPC LMR ?AAMSLRCB DMP @W RFC B?SEFRCP
LSAJCSQ ?LB CJCARPML ?JMLC. %GRFCP ? NPCTGMSQJW SLQSQNCARCB N?PRGAJC U?Q A?PPWGLE RFCK ?U?W, MP RFPCC AMLQCPT?RGML J?UQ UCPC @CGLE TGMJ?RCB.
7MJDE?LE 0?SJG K?BC ? DMPK?J NPMNMQ?J DMP RFC CVGQRCLAC MD LCSRPGLMQ GL 1930. 4FC )R?JG?L-@MPL !KCPGA?L NFWQGAGQR %LPGAM &CPKG (1901q1954) E?TC
LCSRPGLMQ RFCGP L?KC, KC?LGLE JGRRJC LCSRP?J MLCQ, UFCL FC BCTCJMNCB ? QMNFGQRGA?RCB RFCMPW MD @CR? BCA?W (QCC F?=KH; 31.18). 0?PR MD &CPKGtQ RFCMPW
U?Q RFC GBCLRGDGA?RGML MD RFC UC?I LSAJC?P DMPAC ?Q @CGLE BGQRGLAR DPMK RFC QRPMLE LSAJC?P DMPAC ?LB GL D?AR PCQNMLQG@JC DMP @CR? BCA?W.
F?=KH; 31.18 %LPGAM &CPKG U?Q LC?PJW SLGOSC ?KMLE 20RF-ACLRSPW NFWQGAGQRQrFC K?BC QGELGDGA?LR AMLRPG@SRGMLQ @MRF ?Q ?L CVNCPGKCLR?JGQR ?LB ? RFCMPGQR. (GQ K?LW
AMLRPG@SRGMLQ RM RFCMPCRGA?J NFWQGAQ GLAJSBCB RFC GBCLRGDGA?RGML MD RFC UC?I LSAJC?P DMPAC. 4FC DCPKG (DK) GQ L?KCB ?DRCP FGK, ?Q ?PC ?L CLRGPC AJ?QQ MD QS@?RMKGA N?PRGAJCQ
(DCPKGMLQ), ?L CJCKCLR (&CPKGSK), ?LB ? K?HMP PCQC?PAF J?@MP?RMPW (&CPKGJ?@). (GQ CVNCPGKCLR?J UMPI GLAJSBCB QRSBGCQ MD P?BGM?ARGTGRW, DMP UFGAF FC UML RFC 1938 .M@CJ 0PGXC
GL NFWQGAQ, ?LB APC?RGML MD RFC DGPQR LSAJC?P AF?GL PC?ARGML. (APCBGR: 5LGRCB 3R?RCQ $CN?PRKCLR MD %LCPEW, /DDGAC MD 0S@JGA !DD?GPQ)
4FC LCSRPGLM ?JQM PCTC?JQ ? LCU AMLQCPT?RGML J?U. 4FCPC ?PC T?PGMSQ D?KGJGCQ MD N?PRGAJCQ, MLC MD UFGAF GQ RFC CJCARPML D?KGJW. 7C NPMNMQC RF?R RFC
LSK@CP MD KCK@CPQ MD RFC CJCARPML D?KGJW GQ AMLQR?LR GL ?LW NPMACQQ MP ?LW AJMQCB QWQRCK. )L MSP CV?KNJC MD @CR? BCA?W, RFCPC ?PC LM KCK@CPQ MD
RFC CJCARPML D?KGJW NPCQCLR @CDMPC RFC BCA?W, @SR ?DRCP, RFCPC GQ ?L CJCARPML ?LB ? LCSRPGLM. 3M CJCARPMLQ ?PC EGTCL ?L CJCARPML D?KGJW LSK@CP MD +1 .
4FC LCSRPGLM GL
BCA?W GQ ?L ;B;9JHEDXI 7DJ?D;KJH?DE, EGTCL RFC QWK@MJ
e
, UFCPC GQ RFC 'PCCI JCRRCP LS, ?LB RFC QS@QAPGNR 8 KC?LQ RFGQ
LCSRPGLM GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC CJCARPML. 4FC @?P GLBGA?RCQ RFGQ GQ ? N?PRGAJC MD 7DJ?C7JJ;H. (!JJ N?PRGAJCQ F?TC ?LRGK?RRCP AMSLRCPN?PRQ RF?R ?PC LC?PJW GBCLRGA?J
CVACNR RF?R RFCW F?TC RFC MNNMQGRC AF?PEC. !LRGK?RRCP GQ ?JKMQR CLRGPCJW ?@QCLR ML %?PRF, @SR GR GQ DMSLB GL LSAJC?P BCA?W ?LB MRFCP LSAJC?P ?LB
N?PRGAJC PC?ARGMLQ ?Q UCJJ ?Q GL MSRCP QN?AC.) 4FC CJCARPMLtQ ?LRGLCSRPGLM
e
, @CGLE ?LRGK?RRCP, F?Q ?L CJCARPML D?KGJW LSK@CP MD 1 . 4FC RMR?J GQ
XCPM, @CDMPC ?LB ?DRCP RFC BCA?W. 4FC LCU AMLQCPT?RGML J?U, M@CWCB GL ?JJ AGPASKQR?LACQ, QR?RCQ RF?R RFC GBG4? 8?86GEBA 94@<?L AH@58E <F 6BAFG4AG. !L
CJCARPML A?LLMR @C APC?RCB UGRFMSR ?JQM APC?RGLE ?L ?LRGK?RRCP D?KGJW KCK@CP. 4FGQ J?U GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM RFC AMLQCPT?RGML MD AF?PEC GL ? QGRS?RGML
UFCPC RMR?J AF?PEC GQ MPGEGL?JJW XCPM, ?LB COS?J ?KMSLRQ MD NMQGRGTC ?LB LCE?RGTC AF?PEC KSQR @C APC?RCB GL ? PC?ARGML RM ICCN RFC RMR?J XCPM.
1120 #(!04%2 31 Y 2!$)/!#4)6)49 !.$ .5#,%!2 0(93)#3
)D ? LSAJGBC
Z
A
X
N
GQ ILMUL RM
BCA?W, RFCL GRQ
BCA?W COS?RGML GQ
(31.22)
X
N
Y
N 1
+
+
-
e
(
decay),
UFCPC 9 GQ RFC LSAJGBC F?TGLE MLC KMPC NPMRML RF?L 8 (QCC F?=KH; 31.19). 3M GD WMS ILMU RF?R ? ACPR?GL LSAJGBC
BCA?WQ, WMS A?L DGLB RFC

B?SEFRCP LSAJCSQ @W DGPQR JMMIGLE SN Z DMP RFC N?PCLR ?LB RFCL BCRCPKGLGLE UFGAF CJCKCLR F?Q ?RMKGA LSK@CP Z + 1 . )L RFC CV?KNJC MD RFC
BCA?W MD
60
Co EGTCL C?PJGCP, UC QCC RF?R Z = 27 DMP #M ?LB Z = 28 GQ .G. )R GQ ?Q GD MLC MD RFC LCSRPMLQ GL RFC N?PCLR LSAJCSQ BCA?WQ GLRM ?
NPMRML, CJCARPML, ?LB LCSRPGLM. )L D?AR, LCSRPMLQ MSRQGBC MD LSAJCG BM HSQR RF?RrRFCW JGTC MLJW ?L ?TCP?EC MD ? DCU KGLSRCQ ?LB
BCA?W GL RFC
DMJJMUGLE K?LLCP:
(31.23)
n p +
+
-
e
.
F?=KH; 31.19 )L
BCA?W, RFC N?PCLR LSAJCSQ CKGRQ ?L CJCARPML ?LB ?L ?LRGLCSRPGLM. 4FC B?SEFRCP LSAJCSQ F?Q MLC KMPC NPMRML ?LB MLC JCQQ LCSRPML RF?L GRQ N?PCLR.
.CSRPGLMQ GLRCP?AR QM UC?IJW RF?R RFCW ?PC ?JKMQR LCTCP BGPCARJW M@QCPTCB, @SR RFCW NJ?W ? DSLB?KCLR?J PMJC GL N?PRGAJC NFWQGAQ.
7C QCC RF?R AF?PEC GQ AMLQCPTCB GL
BCA?W, QGLAC RFC RMR?J AF?PEC GQ Z @CDMPC ?LB ?DRCP RFC BCA?W. &MP CV?KNJC, GL
60
Co BCA?W, RMR?J AF?PEC GQ
27 @CDMPC BCA?W, QGLAC AM@?JR F?Q Z = 27 . !DRCP BCA?W, RFC B?SEFRCP LSAJCSQ GQ .G, UFGAF F?Q Z = 28 , ?LB RFCPC GQ ?L CJCARPML, QM RF?R RFC RMR?J
AF?PEC GQ ?JQM 28 + (1) MP 27. !LESJ?P KMKCLRSK GQ AMLQCPTCB, @SR LMR M@TGMSQJW (WMS F?TC RM CV?KGLC RFC QNGLQ ?LB ?LESJ?P KMKCLR? MD RFC
DGL?J NPMBSARQ GL BCR?GJ RM TCPGDW RFGQ). ,GLC?P KMKCLRSK GQ ?JQM AMLQCPTCB, ?E?GL GKN?PRGLE KMQR MD RFC BCA?W CLCPEW RM RFC CJCARPML ?LB RFC
?LRGLCSRPGLM, QGLAC RFCW ?PC MD JMU ?LB XCPM K?QQ, PCQNCARGTCJW. !LMRFCP LCU AMLQCPT?RGML J?U GQ M@CWCB FCPC ?LB CJQCUFCPC GL L?RSPC. +;8 GBG4?
AH@58E B9 AH6?8BAF A <F 6BAF8EI87. )L
60
Co BCA?W, DMP CV?KNJC, RFCPC ?PC 60 LSAJCMLQ @CDMPC ?LB ?DRCP RFC BCA?W. .MRC RF?R RMR?J A GQ ?JQM
AMLQCPTCB GL BCA?W. !JQM LMRC RF?R RFC RMR?J LSK@CP MD NPMRMLQ AF?LECQ, ?Q BMCQ RFC RMR?J LSK@CP MD LCSRPMLQ, QM RF?R RMR?J Z ?LB RMR?J N ?PC
ABG AMLQCPTCB GL
BCA?W, ?Q RFCW ?PC GL BCA?W. %LCPEW PCJC?QCB GL
BCA?W A?L @C A?JASJ?RCB EGTCL RFC K?QQCQ MD RFC N?PCLR ?LB NPMBSARQ.
EN7CFB; 31.3
D;97O ED;H=O <HEC &7II;I

&GLB RFC CLCPEW CKGRRCB GL RFC
BCA?W MD
60
Co .
!Q GL RFC NPCACBGLE CV?KNJC, UC KSQR DGPQR DGLB m, RFC BGDDCPCLAC GL K?QQ @CRUCCL RFC N?PCLR LSAJCSQ ?LB RFC NPMBSARQ MD RFC BCA?W, SQGLE
K?QQCQ EGTCL GL AFF;D:?N A. 4FCL RFC CKGRRCB CLCPEW GQ A?JASJ?RCB ?Q @CDMPC, SQGLE E = (m)c
2
. 4FC GLGRG?J K?QQ GQ HSQR RF?R MD RFC N?PCLR
LSAJCSQ, ?LB RFC DGL?J K?QQ GQ RF?R MD RFC B?SEFRCP LSAJCSQ ?LB RFC CJCARPML APC?RCB GL RFC BCA?W. 4FC LCSRPGLM GQ K?QQJCQQ, MP LC?PJW QM.
(MUCTCP, QGLAC RFC K?QQCQ EGTCL GL AFF;D:?N A ?PC DMP LCSRP?J ?RMKQ, RFC B?SEFRCP LSAJCSQ F?Q MLC KMPC CJCARPML RF?L RFC N?PCLR, ?LB QM RFC
CVRP? CJCARPML K?QQ RF?R AMPPCQNMLBQ RM RFC
GQ GLAJSBCB GL RFC ?RMKGA K?QQ MD .G. 4FSQ,

(31.24)
m = m(
60
Co) m(
60
Ni).
,EBKJ?ED
4FC
BCA?W COS?RGML DMP

60
Co GQ
(31.25)
27
60
Co
33

28
60
Ni
32
+

+
e
.
!Q LMRGACB,
(31.26)
m = m(
60
Co) m(
60
Ni).
%LRCPGLE RFC K?QQCQ DMSLB GL AFF;D:?N A EGTCQ
(31.27)
m = 59.933820 u 59.930789 u = 0.003031 u.
4FSQ,
(31.28)
E = (m)c
2
= (0.003031 u)c
2
.
5QGLE 1 u = 931.5 MeV/ c
2
, UC M@R?GL
#(!04%2 31 Y 2!$)/!#4)6)49 !.$ .5#,%!2 0(93)#3 1121
(31.29)
E = (0.003031)(931.5 MeV/ c
2
)(c
2
) = 2.82 MeV.
D?I9KII?ED 7D: "CFB?97J?EDI
0CPF?NQ RFC KMQR BGDDGASJR RFGLE ?@MSR RFGQ CV?KNJC GQ AMLTGLAGLE WMSPQCJD RF?R RFC
K?QQ GQ GLAJSBCB GL RFC ?RMKGA K?QQ MD

60
Ni . "CWMLB
RF?R ?PC MRFCP GKNJGA?RGMLQ. !E?GL RFC BCA?W CLCPEW GQ GL RFC -C6 P?LEC. 4FGQ CLCPEW GQ QF?PCB @W ?JJ MD RFC NPMBSARQ MD RFC BCA?W. )L K?LW
60
Co BCA?WQ, RFC B?SEFRCP LSAJCSQ
60
Ni GQ JCDR GL ?L CVAGRCB QR?RC ?LB CKGRQ NFMRMLQ ( P?WQ). -MQR MD RFC PCK?GLGLE CLCPEW EMCQ RM RFC
CJCARPML ?LB LCSRPGLM, QGLAC RFC PCAMGJ IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD RFC B?SEFRCP LSAJCSQ GQ QK?JJ. /LC DGL?J LMRC: RFC CJCARPML CKGRRCB GL
BCA?W GQ
APC?RCB GL RFC LSAJCSQ ?R RFC RGKC MD BCA?W.
4FC QCAMLB RWNC MD @CR? BCA?W GQ JCQQ AMKKML RF?L RFC DGPQR. )R GQ
+
BCA?W. #CPR?GL LSAJGBCQ BCA?W @W RFC CKGQQGML MD ? CBF<G<I8 CJCARPML. 4FGQ GQ
7DJ?;B;9JHED MP FEI?JHED :;97O (QCC F?=KH; 31.20).
F?=KH; 31.20
+
BCA?W GQ RFC CKGQQGML MD ? NMQGRPML RF?R CTCLRS?JJW DGLBQ ?L CJCARPML RM ?LLGFGJ?RC, AF?P?ARCPGQRGA?JJW NPMBSAGLE E?KK?Q GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ.
4FC ?LRGCJCARPML GQ MDRCL PCNPCQCLRCB @W RFC QWK@MJ e
+
, @SR GL @CR? BCA?W GR GQ UPGRRCL ?Q
+
RM GLBGA?RC RFC ?LRGCJCARPML U?Q CKGRRCB GL ? LSAJC?P
BCA?W. !LRGCJCARPMLQ ?PC RFC ?LRGK?RRCP AMSLRCPN?PR RM CJCARPMLQ, @CGLE LC?PJW GBCLRGA?J, F?TGLE RFC Q?KC K?QQ, QNGL, ?LB QM ML, @SR F?TGLE ? NMQGRGTC
AF?PEC ?LB ?L CJCARPML D?KGJW LSK@CP MD 1 . 7FCL ? FEI?JHED CLAMSLRCPQ ?L CJCARPML, RFCPC GQ ? KSRS?J ?LLGFGJ?RGML GL UFGAF ?JJ RFC K?QQ MD RFC
?LRGCJCARPML-CJCARPML N?GP GQ AMLTCPRCB GLRM NSPC NFMRML CLCPEW. (4FC PC?ARGML, e
+
+ e
+ , AMLQCPTCQ CJCARPML D?KGJW LSK@CP ?Q UCJJ ?Q ?JJ

MRFCP AMLQCPTCB OS?LRGRGCQ.) )D ? LSAJGBC
Z
A
X
N
GQ ILMUL RM
+
BCA?W, RFCL GRQ
+
:;97O ;GK7J?ED GQ
(31.30)
Z
A
X
N
Y
N + 1
+
+
+
e
(
+
decay),
UFCPC 9 GQ RFC LSAJGBC F?TGLE MLC JCQQ NPMRML RF?L 8 (RM AMLQCPTC AF?PEC) ?LB
e
GQ RFC QWK@MJ DMP RFC ;B;9JHEDXI D;KJH?DE, UFGAF F?Q ?L CJCARPML
D?KGJW LSK@CP MD +1 . 3GLAC ?L ?LRGK?RRCP KCK@CP MD RFC CJCARPML D?KGJW (RFC
+
) GQ APC?RCB GL RFC BCA?W, ? K?RRCP KCK@CP MD RFC D?KGJW (FCPC RFC
e
) KSQR ?JQM @C APC?RCB. 'GTCL, DMP CV?KNJC, RF?R
22
Na
+
BCA?WQ, WMS A?L UPGRC GRQ DSJJ BCA?W COS?RGML @W DGPQR DGLBGLE RF?R Z = 11 DMP
22
Na ,
QM RF?R RFC B?SEFRCP LSAJGBC UGJJ F?TC Z = 10 , RFC ?RMKGA LSK@CP DMP LCML. 4FSQ RFC
+
BCA?W COS?RGML DMP
22
Na GQ
(31.31)
11
22
Na
11

10
22
Ne
12
+
+
+
e
.
)L
+
BCA?W, GR GQ ?Q GD MLC MD RFC NPMRMLQ GL RFC N?PCLR LSAJCSQ BCA?WQ GLRM ? LCSRPML, ? NMQGRPML, ?LB ? LCSRPGLM. 0PMRMLQ BM LMR BM RFGQ MSRQGBC MD
RFC LSAJCSQ, ?LB QM RFC BCA?W GQ BSC RM RFC AMKNJCVGRGCQ MD RFC LSAJC?P DMPAC. .MRC ?E?GL RF?R RFC RMR?J LSK@CP MD LSAJCMLQ GQ AMLQR?LR GL RFGQ ?LB ?LW
MRFCP PC?ARGML. 4M DGLB RFC CLCPEW CKGRRCB GL
+
BCA?W, WMS KSQR ?E?GL AMSLR RFC LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ GL RFC LCSRP?J ?RMKQ, QGLAC ?RMKGA K?QQCQ ?PC
SQCB. 4FC B?SEFRCP F?Q MLC JCQQ CJCARPML RF?L RFC N?PCLR, ?LB MLC CJCARPML K?QQ GQ APC?RCB GL RFC BCA?W. 4FSQ, GL
+
BCA?W,
(31.32)
m = m(parent) [m(daughter) + 2m
e
],
QGLAC UC SQC RFC K?QQCQ MD LCSRP?J ?RMKQ.
EB;9JHED 97FJKH; GQ RFC RFGPB RWNC MD @CR? BCA?W. (CPC, ? LSAJCSQ A?NRSPCQ ?L GLLCP-QFCJJ CJCARPML ?LB SLBCPEMCQ ? LSAJC?P PC?ARGML RF?R F?Q RFC
Q?KC CDDCAR ?Q
+
BCA?W. %JCARPML A?NRSPC GQ QMKCRGKCQ BCLMRCB @W RFC JCRRCPQ %#. 7C ILMU RF?R CJCARPMLQ A?LLMR PCQGBC GL RFC LSAJCSQ, @SR RFGQ GQ
? LSAJC?P PC?ARGML RF?R AMLQSKCQ RFC CJCARPML ?LB MAASPQ QNMLR?LCMSQJW MLJW UFCL RFC NPMBSARQ F?TC JCQQ K?QQ RF?L RFC N?PCLR NJSQ RFC CJCARPML. )D
? LSAJGBC
Z
A
X
N
GQ ILMUL RM SLBCPEM CJCARPML A?NRSPC, RFCL GRQ ;B;9JHED 97FJKH; ;GK7J?ED GQ
(31.33)
Z
A
X
N
+ e
Y
N + 1
+
e
(electron capture, or EC).
!LW LSAJGBC RF?R A?L
+
BCA?W A?L ?JQM SLBCPEM CJCARPML A?NRSPC (?LB MDRCL BMCQ @MRF). 4FC Q?KC AMLQCPT?RGML J?UQ ?PC M@CWCB DMP %# ?Q DMP
+
BCA?W. )R GQ EMMB NP?ARGAC RM AMLDGPK RFCQC DMP WMSPQCJD.
!JJ DMPKQ MD @CR? BCA?W MAASP @CA?SQC RFC N?PCLR LSAJGBC GQ SLQR?@JC ?LB JGCQ MSRQGBC RFC PCEGML MD QR?@GJGRW GL RFC AF?PR MD LSAJGBCQ. 4FMQC LSAJGBCQ
RF?R F?TC PCJ?RGTCJW KMPC LCSRPMLQ RF?L RFMQC GL RFC PCEGML MD QR?@GJGRW UGJJ
BCA?W RM NPMBSAC ? B?SEFRCP UGRF DCUCP LCSRPMLQ, NPMBSAGLE ?

1122 #(!04%2 31 Y 2!$)/!#4)6)49 !.$ .5#,%!2 0(93)#3
B?SEFRCP LC?PCP RFC PCEGML MD QR?@GJGRW. 3GKGJ?PJW, RFMQC LSAJGBCQ F?TGLE PCJ?RGTCJW KMPC NPMRMLQ RF?L RFMQC GL RFC PCEGML MD QR?@GJGRW UGJJ
BCA?W MP
SLBCPEM CJCARPML A?NRSPC RM NPMBSAC ? B?SEFRCP UGRF DCUCP NPMRMLQ, LC?PCP RFC PCEGML MD QR?@GJGRW.
'?KK? $CA?W
7CC7 :;97O GQ RFC QGKNJCQR DMPK MD LSAJC?P BCA?WrGR GQ RFC CKGQQGML MD CLCPECRGA NFMRMLQ @W LSAJCG JCDR GL ?L CVAGRCB QR?RC @W QMKC C?PJGCP
NPMACQQ. 0PMRMLQ ?LB LCSRPMLQ GL ?L CVAGRCB LSAJCSQ ?PC GL FGEFCP MP@GR?JQ, ?LB RFCW D?JJ RM JMUCP JCTCJQ @W NFMRML CKGQQGML (?L?JMEMSQ RM CJCARPMLQ GL
CVAGRCB ?RMKQ). .SAJC?P CVAGRCB QR?RCQ F?TC JGDCRGKCQ RWNGA?JJW MD MLJW ?@MSR 10
14
Q, ?L GLBGA?RGML MD RFC EPC?R QRPCLERF MD RFC DMPACQ NSJJGLE RFC
LSAJCMLQ RM JMUCP QR?RCQ. 4FC BCA?W COS?RGML GQ QGKNJW
(31.34)
Z
A
X
N
*
X
N
+
1
+
2
+ ( decay)
UFCPC RFC ?QRCPGQI GLBGA?RCQ RFC LSAJCSQ GQ GL ?L CVAGRCB QR?RC. 4FCPC K?W @C MLC MP KMPC Q CKGRRCB, BCNCLBGLE ML FMU RFC LSAJGBC BC-CVAGRCQ. )L
P?BGM?ARGTC BCA?W, CKGQQGML GQ AMKKML ?LB GQ NPCACBCB @W MP BCA?W. &MP CV?KNJC, UFCL
60
Co
BCA?WQ, GR KMQR MDRCL JC?TCQ RFC

B?SEFRCP LSAJCSQ GL ?L CVAGRCB QR?RC, UPGRRCL
60
Ni* . 4FCL RFC LGAICJ LSAJCSQ OSGAIJW BCA?WQ @W RFC CKGQQGML MD RUM NCLCRP?RGLE Q:
(31.35) 60
Ni*
60
Ni +
1
+
2
.
4FCQC ?PC A?JJCB AM@?JR P?WQ, ?JRFMSEF RFCW AMKC DPMK LGAICJrRFCW ?PC SQCB DMP A?LACP RFCP?NW, DMP CV?KNJC. )R GQ ?E?GL AMLQRPSARGTC RM TCPGDW RFC
AMLQCPT?RGML J?UQ DMP E?KK? BCA?W. &GL?JJW, QGLAC BCA?W BMCQ LMR AF?LEC RFC LSAJGBC RM ?LMRFCP QNCAGCQ, GR GQ LMR NPMKGLCLRJW DC?RSPCB GL AF?PRQ MD
BCA?W QCPGCQ, QSAF ?Q RF?R GL F?=KH; 31.16.
4FCPC ?PC MRFCP RWNCQ MD LSAJC?P BCA?W, @SR RFCW MAASP JCQQ AMKKMLJW RF?L , , ?LB BCA?W. 3NMLR?LCMSQ DGQQGML GQ RFC KMQR GKNMPR?LR MD RFC
MRFCP DMPKQ MD LSAJC?P BCA?W @CA?SQC MD GRQ ?NNJGA?RGMLQ GL LSAJC?P NMUCP ?LB UC?NMLQ. )R GQ AMTCPCB GL RFC LCVR AF?NRCP.
31.5 !7B<-%?<; 7D: A9J?L?JO
5LQR?@JC LSAJCG BCA?W. (MUCTCP, QMKC LSAJGBCQ BCA?W D?QRCP RF?L MRFCPQ. &MP CV?KNJC, P?BGSK ?LB NMJMLGSK, BGQAMTCPCB @W RFC #SPGCQ, BCA?W D?QRCP
RF?L SP?LGSK. 4FGQ KC?LQ RFCW F?TC QFMPRCP JGDCRGKCQ, NPMBSAGLE ? EPC?RCP P?RC MD BCA?W. )L RFGQ QCARGML UC CVNJMPC F?JD-JGDC ?LB ?ARGTGRW, RFC
OS?LRGR?RGTC RCPKQ DMP JGDCRGKC ?LB P?RC MD BCA?W.
(?JD-,GDC
7FW SQC ? RCPK JGIC F?JD-JGDC P?RFCP RF?L JGDCRGKC? 4FC ?LQUCP A?L @C DMSLB @W CV?KGLGLE F?=KH; 31.21, UFGAF QFMUQ FMU RFC LSK@CP MD P?BGM?ARGTC
LSAJCG GL ? Q?KNJC BCAPC?QCQ UGRF RGKC. 4FC G<@8 <A J;<6; ;4?9 B9 G;8 BE<:<A4? AH@58E B9 AH6?8< 7864L GQ BCDGLCB ?Q RFC >7B<-B?<;, t
1 / 2
. (?JD MD RFC
PCK?GLGLE LSAJCG BCA?W GL RFC LCVR F?JD-JGDC. &SPRFCP, F?JD MD RF?R ?KMSLR BCA?WQ GL RFC DMJJMUGLE F?JD-JGDC. 4FCPCDMPC, RFC LSK@CP MD P?BGM?ARGTC LSAJCG
BCAPC?QCQ DPMK N RM N / 2 GL MLC F?JD-JGDC, RFCL RM N / 4 GL RFC LCVR, ?LB RM N / 8 GL RFC LCVR, ?LB QM ML. )D N GQ ? J?PEC LSK@CP, RFCL @4AL F?JD-
JGTCQ (LMR HSQR RUM) N?QQ @CDMPC ?JJ MD RFC LSAJCG BCA?W. .SAJC?P BCA?W GQ ?L CV?KNJC MD ? NSPCJW QR?RGQRGA?J NPMACQQ. ! KMPC NPCAGQC BCDGLGRGML MD F?JD-JGDC
GQ RF?R 846; AH6?8HF ;4F 4 50% 6;4A68 B9 ?<I<A: 9BE 4 G<@8 8DH4? GB BA8 ;4?9-?<98 t
1 / 2
. 4FSQ, GD N GQ PC?QML?@JW J?PEC, F?JD MD RFC MPGEGL?J LSAJCG BCA?W
GL ? RGKC MD MLC F?JD-JGDC. )D ?L GLBGTGBS?J LSAJCSQ K?ICQ GR RFPMSEF RF?R RGKC, GR QRGJJ F?Q ? 50% AF?LAC MD QSPTGTGLE RFPMSEF ?LMRFCP F?JD-JGDC. %TCL GD GR
F?NNCLQ RM K?IC GR RFPMSEF FSLBPCBQ MD F?JD-JGTCQ, GR QRGJJ F?Q ? 50% AF?LAC MD QSPTGTGLE RFPMSEF MLC KMPC. 4FC NPM@?@GJGRW MD BCA?W GQ RFC Q?KC LM
K?RRCP UFCL WMS QR?PR AMSLRGLE. 4FGQ GQ JGIC P?LBMK AMGL DJGNNGLE. 4FC AF?LAC MD FC?BQ GQ 50%, LM K?RRCP UF?R F?Q F?NNCLCB @CDMPC.
F?=KH; 31.21 2?BGM?ARGTC BCA?W PCBSACQ RFC LSK@CP MD P?BGM?ARGTC LSAJCG MTCP RGKC. )L MLC F?JD-JGDC t
1 / 2
, RFC LSK@CP BCAPC?QCQ RM F?JD MD GRQ MPGEGL?J T?JSC. (?JD MD UF?R
PCK?GLQ BCA?W GL RFC LCVR F?JD-JGDC, ?LB F?JD MD RFMQC GL RFC LCVR, ?LB QM ML. 4FGQ GQ ?L CVNMLCLRG?J BCA?W, ?Q QCCL GL RFC EP?NF MD RFC LSK@CP MD LSAJCG NPCQCLR ?Q ? DSLARGML MD
RGKC.
4FCPC GQ ? RPCKCLBMSQ P?LEC GL RFC F?JD-JGTCQ MD T?PGMSQ LSAJGBCQ, DPMK ?Q QFMPR ?Q 10
23
Q DMP RFC KMQR SLQR?@JC, RM KMPC RF?L 10
16
W DMP RFC JC?QR
SLQR?@JC, MP ?@MSR 46 MPBCPQ MD K?ELGRSBC. .SAJGBCQ UGRF RFC QFMPRCQR F?JD-JGTCQ ?PC RFMQC DMP UFGAF RFC LSAJC?P DMPACQ ?PC JC?QR ?RRP?ARGTC, ?L
#(!04%2 31 Y 2!$)/!#4)6)49 !.$ .5#,%!2 0(93)#3 1123
GLBGA?RGML MD RFC CVRCLR RM UFGAF RFC LSAJC?P DMPAC A?L BCNCLB ML RFC N?PRGASJ?P AMK@GL?RGML MD LCSRPMLQ ?LB NPMRMLQ. 4FC AMLACNR MD F?JD-JGDC GQ
?NNJGA?@JC RM MRFCP QS@?RMKGA N?PRGAJCQ, ?Q UGJJ @C BGQASQQCB GL )7HJ?9B; )>OI?9I. )R GQ ?JQM ?NNJGA?@JC RM RFC BCA?W MD CVAGRCB QR?RCQ GL ?RMKQ ?LB
LSAJCG. 4FC DMJJMUGLE COS?RGML EGTCQ RFC OS?LRGR?RGTC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL RFC MPGEGL?J LSK@CP MD LSAJCG NPCQCLR ?R RGKC XCPM ( N
0
) ?LB RFC LSK@CP (
N ) ?R ? J?RCP RGKC t :
(31.36)
N = N
0
e
t
,
UFCPC e = 2.71828... GQ RFC @?QC MD RFC L?RSP?J JME?PGRFK, ?LB GQ RFC :;97O 9EDIJ7DJ DMP RFC LSAJGBC. 4FC QFMPRCP RFC F?JD-JGDC, RFC J?PECP GQ RFC
T?JSC MD , ?LB RFC D?QRCP RFC CVNMLCLRG?J e
t
BCAPC?QCQ UGRF RGKC. 4FC PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL RFC BCA?W AMLQR?LR ?LB RFC F?JD-JGDC t
1 / 2
GQ
(31.37)
=
ln(2)
t
1/2

0.693
t
1 / 2
.
4M QCC FMU RFC LSK@CP MD LSAJCG BCAJGLCQ RM F?JD GRQ MPGEGL?J T?JSC GL MLC F?JD-JGDC, JCR t = t
1 / 2
GL RFC CVNMLCLRG?J GL RFC COS?RGML N = N
0
e
t
. 4FGQ
EGTCQ N = N
0
e
t
= N
0
e
0.693
= 0.500N
0
. &MP GLRCEP?J LSK@CPQ MD F?JD-JGTCQ, WMS A?L HSQR BGTGBC RFC MPGEGL?J LSK@CP @W 2 MTCP ?LB MTCP ?E?GL,
P?RFCP RF?L SQGLE RFC CVNMLCLRG?J PCJ?RGMLQFGN. &MP CV?KNJC, GD RCL F?JD-JGTCQ F?TC N?QQCB, UC BGTGBC N @W 2 RCL RGKCQ. 4FGQ PCBSACQ GR RM N / 1024 .
&MP ?L ?P@GRP?PW RGKC, LMR HSQR ? KSJRGNJC MD RFC F?JD-JGDC, RFC CVNMLCLRG?J PCJ?RGMLQFGN KSQR @C SQCB.
+7:?E79J?L; :7J?D= GQ ? AJCTCP SQC MD L?RSP?JJW MAASPPGLE P?BGM?ARGTGRW. )RQ KMQR D?KMSQ ?NNJGA?RGML GQ 97H8ED-14 :7J?D=. #?P@ML-14 F?Q ? F?JD-JGDC MD
5730 WC?PQ ?LB GQ NPMBSACB GL ? LSAJC?P PC?ARGML GLBSACB UFCL QMJ?P LCSRPGLMQ QRPGIC
14
N GL RFC ?RKMQNFCPC. 2?BGM?ARGTC A?P@ML F?Q RFC Q?KC
AFCKGQRPW ?Q QR?@JC A?P@ML, ?LB QM GR KGVCQ GLRM RFC CAMQNFCPC, UFCPC GR GQ AMLQSKCB ?LB @CAMKCQ N?PR MD CTCPW JGTGLE MPE?LGQK. #?P@ML-14 F?Q ?L
?@SLB?LAC MD 1.3 N?PRQ NCP RPGJJGML MD LMPK?J A?P@ML. 4FSQ, GD WMS ILMU RFC LSK@CP MD A?P@ML LSAJCG GL ?L M@HCAR (NCPF?NQ BCRCPKGLCB @W K?QQ ?LB
!TME?BPMtQ LSK@CP), WMS KSJRGNJW RF?R LSK@CP @W 1.310
12
RM DGLB RFC LSK@CP MD
14
C LSAJCG GL RFC M@HCAR. 7FCL ?L MPE?LGQK BGCQ, A?P@ML
CVAF?LEC UGRF RFC CLTGPMLKCLR AC?QCQ, ?LB
14
C GQ LMR PCNJCLGQFCB ?Q GR BCA?WQ. "W AMKN?PGLE RFC ?@SLB?LAC MD
14
C GL ?L ?PRGD?AR, QSAF ?Q
KSKKW UP?NNGLEQ, UGRF RFC LMPK?J ?@SLB?LAC GL JGTGLE RGQQSC, GR GQ NMQQG@JC RM BCRCPKGLC RFC ?PRGD?ARtQ ?EC (MP RGKC QGLAC BC?RF). #?P@ML-14 B?RGLE
A?L @C SQCB DMP @GMJMEGA?J RGQQSCQ ?Q MJB ?Q 50 MP 60 RFMSQ?LB WC?PQ, @SR GQ KMQR ?AASP?RC DMP WMSLECP Q?KNJCQ, QGLAC RFC ?@SLB?LAC MD
14
C LSAJCG
GL RFCK GQ EPC?RCP. 6CPW MJB @GMJMEGA?J K?RCPG?JQ AMLR?GL LM
14
C ?R ?JJ. 4FCPC ?PC GLQR?LACQ GL UFGAF RFC B?RC MD ?L ?PRGD?AR A?L @C BCRCPKGLCB @W
MRFCP KC?LQ, QSAF ?Q FGQRMPGA?J ILMUJCBEC MP RPCC-PGLE AMSLRGLE. 4FCQC APMQQ-PCDCPCLACQ F?TC AMLDGPKCB RFC T?JGBGRW MD A?P@ML-14 B?RGLE ?LB
NCPKGRRCB SQ RM A?JG@P?RC RFC RCAFLGOSC ?Q UCJJ. #?P@ML-14 B?RGLE PCTMJSRGMLGXCB N?PRQ MD ?PAF?CMJMEW ?LB GQ MD QSAF GKNMPR?LAC RF?R GR C?PLCB RFC
1960 .M@CJ 0PGXC GL AFCKGQRPW DMP GRQ BCTCJMNCP, RFC !KCPGA?L AFCKGQR 7GJJ?PB ,G@@W (1908q1980).
/LC MD RFC KMQR D?KMSQ A?QCQ MD A?P@ML-14 B?RGLE GLTMJTCQ RFC 3FPMSB MD 4SPGL, ? JMLE NGCAC MD D?@PGA NSPNMPRCB RM @C RFC @SPG?J QFPMSB MD *CQSQ (QCC
F?=KH; 31.22). 4FGQ PCJGA U?Q DGPQR BGQNJ?WCB GL 4SPGL GL 1354 ?LB U?Q BCLMSLACB ?Q ? DP?SB ?R RF?R RGKC @W ? &PCLAF @GQFMN. )RQ PCK?PI?@JC LCE?RGTC
GKNPGLR MD ?L ?NN?PCLRJW APSAGDGCB @MBW PCQCK@JCQ RFC RFCL-?AACNRCB GK?EC MD *CQSQ, ?LB QM RFC QFPMSB U?Q LCTCP BGQPCE?PBCB AMKNJCRCJW ?LB
PCK?GLCB AMLRPMTCPQG?J MTCP RFC ACLRSPGCQ. #?P@ML-14 B?RGLE U?Q LMR NCPDMPKCB ML RFC QFPMSB SLRGJ 1988, UFCL RFC NPMACQQ F?B @CCL PCDGLCB RM RFC
NMGLR UFCPC MLJW ? QK?JJ ?KMSLR MD K?RCPG?J LCCBCB RM @C BCQRPMWCB. 3?KNJCQ UCPC RCQRCB ?R RFPCC GLBCNCLBCLR J?@MP?RMPGCQ, C?AF @CGLE EGTCL DMSP
NGCACQ MD AJMRF, UGRF MLJW MLC SLGBCLRGDGCB NGCAC DPMK RFC QFPMSB, RM ?TMGB NPCHSBGAC. !JJ RFPCC J?@MP?RMPGCQ DMSLB Q?KNJCQ MD RFC QFPMSB AMLR?GL 92% MD
RFC
14
C DMSLB GL JGTGLE RGQQSCQ, ?JJMUGLE RFC QFPMSB RM @C B?RCB (QCC EN7CFB; 31.4).
F?=KH; 31.22 0?PR MD RFC 3FPMSB MD 4SPGL, UFGAF QFMUQ ? PCK?PI?@JC LCE?RGTC GKNPGLR JGICLCQQ MD *CQSQ AMKNJCRC UGRF CTGBCLAC MD APSAGDGVGML UMSLBQ. 4FC QFPMSB DGPQR QSPD?ACB
GL RFC 14RF ACLRSPW ?LB U?Q MLJW PCACLRJW A?P@ML-14 B?RCB. )R F?Q LMR @CCL BCRCPKGLCB FMU RFC GK?EC U?Q NJ?ACB ML RFC K?RCPG?J. (APCBGR: "SRIM, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
EN7CFB; 31.4 !EM (B: "I J>; ,>HEK: E< -KH?D?
#?JASJ?RC RFC ?EC MD RFC 3FPMSB MD 4SPGL EGTCL RF?R RFC ?KMSLR MD
14
C DMSLB GL GR GQ 92% MD RF?R GL JGTGLE RGQQSC.
,JH7J;=O
1124 #(!04%2 31 Y 2!$)/!#4)6)49 !.$ .5#,%!2 0(93)#3
+LMUGLE RF?R 92% MD RFC
14
C PCK?GLQ KC?LQ RF?R N / N
0
= 0.92 . 4FCPCDMPC, RFC COS?RGML N = N
0
e
t
A?L @C SQCB RM DGLB t . 7C ?JQM
ILMU RF?R RFC F?JD-JGDC MD
14
C GQ 5730 W, ?LB QM MLAC t GQ ILMUL, UC A?L SQC RFC COS?RGML =
0.693
t
1 / 2
RM DGLB ?LB RFCL DGLB t ?Q
PCOSCQRCB. (CPC, UC NMQRSJ?RC RF?R RFC BCAPC?QC GL
14
C GQ QMJCJW BSC RM LSAJC?P BCA?W.
,EBKJ?ED
3MJTGLE RFC COS?RGML N = N
0
e
t
DMP N / N
0
EGTCQ
(31.38) N
N
0
= e
t
.
4FSQ,
(31.39)
0.92 = e
t
.
4?IGLE RFC L?RSP?J JME?PGRFK MD @MRF QGBCQ MD RFC COS?RGML WGCJBQ
(31.40)
ln 0.92 = t
QM RF?R
(31.41)
0.0834 = t.
2C?PP?LEGLE RM GQMJ?RC t EGTCQ
(31.42)
t =
0.0834
.
.MU, RFC COS?RGML =
0.693
t
1 / 2
A?L @C SQCB RM DGLB DMP
14
C. 3MJTGLE DMP ?LB QS@QRGRSRGLE RFC ILMUL F?JD-JGDC EGTCQ
(31.43)
=
0.693
t
1 / 2
=
0.693
5730 y
.
7C CLRCP RFGQ T?JSC GLRM RFC NPCTGMSQ COS?RGML RM DGLB t :
(31.44)
t =
0.0834
0.693
5730 y
= 690 y.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ B?RCQ RFC K?RCPG?J GL RFC QFPMSB RM 1988q690 = ?.B. 1300. /SP A?JASJ?RGML GQ MLJW ?AASP?RC RM RUM BGEGRQ, QM RF?R RFC WC?P GQ PMSLBCB RM 1300.
4FC T?JSCQ M@R?GLCB ?R RFC RFPCC GLBCNCLBCLR J?@MP?RMPGCQ E?TC ? UCGEFRCB ?TCP?EC B?RC MD ?.B. 1320 60 . 4FC SLACPR?GLRW GQ RWNGA?J MD
A?P@ML-14 B?RGLE ?LB GQ BSC RM RFC QK?JJ ?KMSLR MD
14
C GL JGTGLE RGQQSCQ, RFC ?KMSLR MD K?RCPG?J ?T?GJ?@JC, ?LB CVNCPGKCLR?J SLACPR?GLRGCQ
(PCBSACB @W F?TGLE RFPCC GLBCNCLBCLR KC?QSPCKCLRQ). )R GQ KC?LGLEDSJ RF?R RFC B?RC MD RFC QFPMSB GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC DGPQR PCAMPB MD GRQ
CVGQRCLAC ?LB GLAMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC NCPGMB GL UFGAF *CQSQ JGTCB.
4FCPC ?PC MRFCP DMPKQ MD P?BGM?ARGTC B?RGLE. 2MAIQ, DMP CV?KNJC, A?L QMKCRGKCQ @C B?RCB @?QCB ML RFC BCA?W MD
238
U. 4FC BCA?W QCPGCQ DMP
238
U
CLBQ UGRF
206
Pb , QM RF?R RFC P?RGM MD RFCQC LSAJGBCQ GL ? PMAI GQ ?L GLBGA?RGML MD FMU JMLE GR F?Q @CCL QGLAC RFC PMAI QMJGBGDGCB. 4FC MPGEGL?J
AMKNMQGRGML MD RFC PMAI, QSAF ?Q RFC ?@QCLAC MD JC?B, KSQR @C ILMUL UGRF QMKC AMLDGBCLAC. (MUCTCP, ?Q UGRF A?P@ML-14 B?RGLE, RFC RCAFLGOSC A?L
@C TCPGDGCB @W ? AMLQGQRCLR @MBW MD ILMUJCBEC. 3GLAC
238
U F?Q ? F?JD-JGDC MD 4.510
9
W, GR GQ SQCDSJ DMP B?RGLE MLJW TCPW MJB K?RCPG?JQ, QFMUGLE, DMP
CV?KNJC, RF?R RFC MJBCQR PMAIQ ML %?PRF QMJGBGDGCB ?@MSR 3.510
9
WC?PQ ?EM.
!ARGTGRW, RFC 2?RC MD $CA?W
7F?R BM UC KC?L UFCL UC Q?W ? QMSPAC GQ FGEFJW P?BGM?ARGTC? 'CLCP?JJW, RFGQ KC?LQ RFC LSK@CP MD BCA?WQ NCP SLGR RGKC GQ TCPW FGEF. 7C BCDGLC
79J?L?JO R RM @C RFC H7J; E< :;97O CVNPCQQCB GL BCA?WQ NCP SLGR RGKC. )L COS?RGML DMPK, RFGQ GQ
(31.45)
R =
N
t
UFCPC N GQ RFC LSK@CP MD BCA?WQ RF?R MAASP GL RGKC t . 4FC 3) SLGR DMP ?ARGTGRW GQ MLC BCA?W NCP QCAMLB ?LB GQ EGTCL RFC L?KC 8;9GK;H;B ("O) GL
FMLMP MD RFC BGQAMTCPCP MD P?BGM?ARGTGRW. 4F?R GQ,
(31.46)
1 Bq = 1 decay/s.
!ARGTGRW R GQ MDRCL CVNPCQQCB GL MRFCP SLGRQ, QSAF ?Q BCA?WQ NCP KGLSRC MP BCA?WQ NCP WC?P. /LC MD RFC KMQR AMKKML SLGRQ DMP ?ARGTGRW GQ RFC 9KH?;
(#G), BCDGLCB RM @C RFC ?ARGTGRW MD 1 E MD
226
Ra , GL FMLMP MD -?PGC #SPGCtQ UMPI UGRF P?BGSK. 4FC BCDGLGRGML MD ASPGC GQ
#(!04%2 31 Y 2!$)/!#4)6)49 !.$ .5#,%!2 0(93)#3 1125
(31.47)
1 Ci = 3.7010
10
Bq,
MP 3.7010
10
BCA?WQ NCP QCAMLB. ! ASPGC GQ ? J?PEC SLGR MD ?ARGTGRW, UFGJC ? @CAOSCPCJ GQ ? PCJ?RGTCJW QK?JJ SLGR. 1 MBq = 100 microcuries (Ci) .
)L AMSLRPGCQ JGIC !SQRP?JG? ?LB .CU :C?J?LB RF?R ?BFCPC KMPC RM 3) SLGRQ, KMQR P?BGM?ARGTC QMSPACQ, QSAF ?Q RFMQC SQCB GL KCBGA?J BG?ELMQRGAQ MP GL
NFWQGAQ J?@MP?RMPGCQ, ?PC J?@CJCB GL "O MP KCE?@CAOSCPCJ (-"O).
)LRSGRGTCJW, WMS UMSJB CVNCAR RFC ?ARGTGRW MD ? QMSPAC RM BCNCLB ML RUM RFGLEQ: RFC ?KMSLR MD RFC P?BGM?ARGTC QS@QR?LAC NPCQCLR, ?LB GRQ F?JD-JGDC. 4FC
EPC?RCP RFC LSK@CP MD P?BGM?ARGTC LSAJCG NPCQCLR GL RFC Q?KNJC, RFC KMPC UGJJ BCA?W NCP SLGR MD RGKC. 4FC QFMPRCP RFC F?JD-JGDC, RFC KMPC BCA?WQ NCP SLGR
RGKC, DMP ? EGTCL LSK@CP MD LSAJCG. 3M ?ARGTGRW R QFMSJB @C NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC LSK@CP MD P?BGM?ARGTC LSAJCG, N , ?LB GLTCPQCJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFCGP
F?JD-JGDC, t
1 / 2
. )L D?AR, WMSP GLRSGRGML GQ AMPPCAR. )R A?L @C QFMUL RF?R RFC ?ARGTGRW MD ? QMSPAC GQ
(31.48)
R =
0.693N
t
1 / 2
UFCPC N GQ RFC LSK@CP MD P?BGM?ARGTC LSAJCG NPCQCLR, F?TGLE F?JD-JGDC t
1 / 2
. 4FGQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN GQ SQCDSJ GL ? T?PGCRW MD A?JASJ?RGMLQ, ?Q RFC LCVR RUM
CV?KNJCQ GJJSQRP?RC.
EN7CFB; 31.5 !EM H;7J "I J>;
14
C A9J?L?JO ?D %?L?D= -?IIK;?
#?JASJ?RC RFC ?ARGTGRW BSC RM
14
C GL 1.00 IE MD A?P@ML DMSLB GL ? JGTGLE MPE?LGQK. %VNPCQQ RFC ?ARGTGRW GL SLGRQ MD "O ?LB #G.
,JH7J;=O
4M DGLB RFC ?ARGTGRW R SQGLE RFC COS?RGML R =
0.693N
t
1 / 2
, UC KSQR ILMU N ?LB t
1 / 2
. 4FC F?JD-JGDC MD
14
C A?L @C DMSLB GL AFF;D:?N B, ?LB
U?Q QR?RCB ?@MTC ?Q 5730 W. 4M DGLB N , UC DGPQR DGLB RFC LSK@CP MD
12
C LSAJCG GL 1.00 IE MD A?P@ML SQGLE RFC AMLACNR MD ? KMJC. !Q GLBGA?RCB,
UC RFCL KSJRGNJW @W 1.310
12
(RFC ?@SLB?LAC MD
14
C GL ? A?P@ML Q?KNJC DPMK ? JGTGLE MPE?LGQK) RM ECR RFC LSK@CP MD
14
C LSAJCG GL ?
JGTGLE MPE?LGQK.
,EBKJ?ED
/LC KMJC MD A?P@ML F?Q ? K?QQ MD 12.0 E, QGLAC GR GQ LC?PJW NSPC
12
C. (! KMJC F?Q ? K?QQ GL EP?KQ COS?J GL K?ELGRSBC RM A DMSLB GL RFC
NCPGMBGA R?@JC.) 4FSQ RFC LSK@CP MD A?P@ML LSAJCG GL ? IGJMEP?K GQ
(31.49)
N(
12
C) =
6.0210
23
mol
1
12.0 g/mol
(1000 g) = 5.0210
25
.
3M RFC LSK@CP MD
14
C LSAJCG GL 1 IE MD A?P@ML GQ
(31.50)
N(
14
C) = (5.0210
25
)(1.310
12
) = 6.5210
13
.
.MU RFC ?ARGTGRW R GQ DMSLB SQGLE RFC COS?RGML R =
0.693N
t
1 / 2
.
(31.51)
R =
0.693(6.5210
13
)
5730 y
= 7.8910
9
y
1
,
MP 7.8910
9
BCA?WQ NCP WC?P. 4M AMLTCPR RFGQ RM RFC SLGR "O, UC QGKNJW AMLTCPR WC?PQ RM QCAMLBQ. 4FSQ,
(31.52)
R = (7.8910
9
y
1
)
1.00 y
3.1610
7
s
= 250 Bq,
MP 250 BCA?WQ NCP QCAMLB. 4M CVNPCQQ R GL ASPGCQ, UC SQC RFC BCDGLGRGML MD ? ASPGC,
(31.53)
R =
250 Bq
3.710
10
Bq/Ci
= 6.7610
9
Ci.
4FSQ,
(31.54)
R = 6.76 nCi.
D?I9KII?ED
/SP MUL @MBGCQ AMLR?GL IGJMEP?KQ MD A?P@ML, ?LB GR GQ GLRPGESGLE RM RFGLI RFCPC ?PC FSLBPCBQ MD
14
C BCA?WQ NCP QCAMLB R?IGLE NJ?AC GL SQ.
#?P@ML-14 ?LB MRFCP L?RSP?JJW MAASPPGLE P?BGM?ARGTC QS@QR?LACQ GL MSP @MBGCQ AMLRPG@SRC RM RFC @?AIEPMSLB P?BG?RGML UC PCACGTC. 4FC QK?JJ
LSK@CP MD BCA?WQ NCP QCAMLB DMSLB DMP ? IGJMEP?K MD A?P@ML GL RFGQ CV?KNJC EGTCQ WMS QMKC GBC? MD FMU BGDDGASJR GR GQ RM BCRCAR
14
C GL ? QK?JJ
Q?KNJC MD K?RCPG?J. )D RFCPC ?PC 250 BCA?WQ NCP QCAMLB GL ? IGJMEP?K, RFCL RFCPC ?PC 0.25 BCA?WQ NCP QCAMLB GL ? EP?K MD A?P@ML GL JGTGLE RGQQSC.
1126 #(!04%2 31 Y 2!$)/!#4)6)49 !.$ .5#,%!2 0(93)#3
4M M@QCPTC RFGQ, WMS KSQR @C ?@JC RM BGQRGLESGQF BCA?WQ DPMK MRFCP DMPKQ MD P?BG?RGML, GL MPBCP RM PCBSAC @?AIEPMSLB LMGQC. 4FGQ @CAMKCQ KMPC
BGDDGASJR UGRF ?L MJB RGQQSC Q?KNJC, QGLAC GR AMLR?GLQ JCQQ
14
C, ?LB DMP Q?KNJCQ KMPC RF?L 50 RFMSQ?LB WC?PQ MJB, GR GQ GKNMQQG@JC.
(SK?L-K?BC (MP ?PRGDGAG?J) P?BGM?ARGTGRW F?Q @CCL NPMBSACB DMP BCA?BCQ ?LB F?Q K?LW SQCQ. 3MKC MD RFCQC GLAJSBC KCBGA?J RFCP?NW DMP A?LACP,
KCBGA?J GK?EGLE ?LB BG?ELMQRGAQ, ?LB DMMB NPCQCPT?RGML @W GPP?BG?RGML. -?LW ?NNJGA?RGMLQ ?Q UCJJ ?Q RFC @GMJMEGA?J CDDCARQ MD P?BG?RGML ?PC CVNJMPCB GL
&;:?97B AFFB?97J?EDI E< 'K9B;7H )>OI?9I, @SR GR GQ AJC?P RF?R P?BG?RGML GQ F?X?PBMSQ. ! LSK@CP MD RP?EGA CV?KNJCQ MD RFGQ CVGQR, MLC MD RFC KMQR
BGQ?QRPMSQ @CGLE RFC KCJRBMUL ?LB DGPC ?R RFC #FCPLM@WJ PC?ARMP AMKNJCV GL RFC 5IP?GLC (QCC F?=KH; 31.23). 3CTCP?J P?BGM?ARGTC GQMRMNCQ UCPC
PCJC?QCB GL FSEC OS?LRGRGCQ, AMLR?KGL?RGLE K?LW RFMSQ?LBQ MD QOS?PC IGJMKCRCPQ ?LB BGPCARJW ?DDCARGLE FSLBPCBQ MD RFMSQ?LBQ MD NCMNJC. 4FC KMQR
QGELGDGA?LR PCJC?QCQ UCPC MD
131
I ,
90
Sr ,
137
Cs ,
239
Pu ,
238
U, ?LB
235
U. %QRGK?RCQ ?PC RF?R RFC RMR?J ?KMSLR MD P?BG?RGML PCJC?QCB U?Q ?@MSR
100 KGJJGML ASPGCQ.
(SK?L ?LB -CBGA?J !NNJGA?RGMLQ
F?=KH; 31.23 4FC #FCPLM@WJ PC?ARMP. -MPC RF?L 100 NCMNJC BGCB QMML ?DRCP GRQ KCJRBMUL, ?LB RFCPC UGJJ @C RFMSQ?LBQ MD BC?RFQ DPMK P?BG?RGML-GLBSACB A?LACP GL RFC DSRSPC.
7FGJC RFC ?AAGBCLR U?Q BSC RM ? QCPGCQ MD FSK?L CPPMPQ, RFC AJC?LSN CDDMPRQ UCPC FCPMGA. -MQR MD RFC GKKCBG?RC D?R?JGRGCQ UCPC DGPCDGEFRCPQ ?LB PC?ARMP NCPQMLLCJ. (APCBGR: %JCL?
&GJ?RMT?)
EN7CFB; 31.6 0>7J &7II E<
137
Cs EI97F;: C>;HDE8OB?
)R GQ CQRGK?RCB RF?R RFC #FCPLM@WJ BGQ?QRCP PCJC?QCB 6.0 -#G MD
137
Cs GLRM RFC CLTGPMLKCLR. #?JASJ?RC RFC K?QQ MD
137
Cs PCJC?QCB.
,JH7J;=O
7C A?L A?JASJ?RC RFC K?QQ PCJC?QCB SQGLE !TME?BPMtQ LSK@CP ?LB RFC AMLACNR MD ? KMJC GD UC A?L DGPQR DGLB RFC LSK@CP MD LSAJCG N PCJC?QCB.
3GLAC RFC ?ARGTGRW R GQ EGTCL, ?LB RFC F?JD-JGDC MD
137
Cs GQ DMSLB GL AFF;D:?N B RM @C 30.2 W, UC A?L SQC RFC COS?RGML R =
0.693N
t
1 / 2
RM DGLB N
.
,EBKJ?ED
3MJTGLE RFC COS?RGML R =
0.693N
t
1 / 2
DMP N EGTCQ
(31.55)
N =
Rt
1/2
0.693
.
%LRCPGLE RFC EGTCL T?JSCQ WGCJBQ
(31.56)
N =
(6.0 MCi)(30.2 y)
0.693
.
#MLTCPRGLE ASPGCQ RM @CAOSCPCJQ ?LB WC?PQ RM QCAMLBQ, UC ECR
(31.57)
N =
(6.010
6
Ci)(3.710
10
Bq/Ci)(30.2 y)(3.1610
7
s/y)
0.693
= 3.110
26
.
/LC KMJC MD ? LSAJGBC
A
X F?Q ? K?QQ MD A EP?KQ, QM RF?R MLC KMJC MD
137
Cs F?Q ? K?QQ MD 137 E. ! KMJC F?Q 6.0210
23
LSAJCG. 4FSQ
RFC K?QQ MD
137
Cs PCJC?QCB U?Q
(31.58)
m =

137 g
6.0210
23
(3.110
26
) = 7010
3
g
= 70 kg.
#(!04%2 31 Y 2!$)/!#4)6)49 !.$ .5#,%!2 0(93)#3 1127
D?I9KII?ED
7FGJC 70 IE MD K?RCPG?J K?W LMR @C ? TCPW J?PEC K?QQ AMKN?PCB RM RFC ?KMSLR MD DSCJ GL ? NMUCP NJ?LR, GR GQ CVRPCKCJW P?BGM?ARGTC, QGLAC GR MLJW
F?Q ? 30-WC?P F?JD-JGDC. 3GV KCE?ASPGCQ (6.0 -#G) GQ ?L CVRP?MPBGL?PW ?KMSLR MD ?ARGTGRW @SR GQ MLJW ? DP?ARGML MD UF?R GQ NPMBSACB GL LSAJC?P
PC?ARMPQ. 3GKGJ?P ?KMSLRQ MD RFC MRFCP GQMRMNCQ UCPC ?JQM PCJC?QCB ?R #FCPLM@WJ. !JRFMSEF RFC AF?LACQ MD QSAF ? BGQ?QRCP K?W F?TC QCCKCB
QK?JJ, RFC AMLQCOSCLACQ UCPC CVRPCKCJW QCTCPC, PCOSGPGLE EPC?RCP A?SRGML RF?L U?Q SQCB. -MPC UGJJ @C Q?GB ?@MSR Q?DC PC?ARMP BCQGEL GL RFC LCVR
AF?NRCP, @SR GR QFMSJB @C LMRCB RF?R 7CQRCPL PC?ARMPQ F?TC ? DSLB?KCLR?JJW Q?DCP BCQGEL.
!ARGTGRW R BCAPC?QCQ GL RGKC, EMGLE RM F?JD GRQ MPGEGL?J T?JSC GL MLC F?JD-JGDC, RFCL RM MLC-DMSPRF GRQ MPGEGL?J T?JSC GL RFC LCVR F?JD-JGDC, ?LB QM ML. 3GLAC
R =
0.693N
t
1 / 2
, RFC ?ARGTGRW BCAPC?QCQ ?Q RFC LSK@CP MD P?BGM?ARGTC LSAJCG BCAPC?QCQ. 4FC COS?RGML DMP R ?Q ? DSLARGML MD RGKC GQ DMSLB @W AMK@GLGLE
RFC COS?RGMLQ N = N
0
e
t
?LB R =
0.693N
t
1 / 2
, WGCJBGLE
(31.59)
R = R
0
e
t
,
UFCPC R
0
GQ RFC ?ARGTGRW ?R t = 0 . 4FGQ COS?RGML QFMUQ CVNMLCLRG?J BCA?W MD P?BGM?ARGTC LSAJCG. &MP CV?KNJC, GD ? QMSPAC MPGEGL?JJW F?Q ? 1.00-K#G
?ARGTGRW, GR BCAJGLCQ RM 0.500 K#G GL MLC F?JD-JGDC, RM 0.250 K#G GL RUM F?JD-JGTCQ, RM 0.125 K#G GL RFPCC F?JD-JGTCQ, ?LB QM ML. &MP RGKCQ MRFCP RF?L UFMJC
F?JD-JGTCQ, RFC COS?RGML R = R
0
e
t
KSQR @C SQCB RM DGLB R .
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: !JNF? $CA?W
7?RAF ?JNF? N?PRGAJCQ CQA?NC DPMK ? NMJMLGSK LSAJCSQ, A?SQGLE P?BGM?ARGTC ?JNF? BCA?W. 3CC FMU P?LBMK BCA?W RGKCQ PCJ?RC RM RFC F?JD JGDC.
F?=KH; 31.24 ABF>7 D;97O (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42636/1.6/7BF>7-:;97O6;D.@7H)
31.6 B?D:?D= ED;H=O
4FC KMPC RGEFRJW @MSLB ? QWQRCK GQ, RFC QRPMLECP RFC DMPACQ RF?R FMJB GR RMECRFCP ?LB RFC EPC?RCP RFC CLCPEW PCOSGPCB RM NSJJ GR ?N?PR. 7C A?L RFCPCDMPC
JC?PL ?@MSR LSAJC?P DMPACQ @W CV?KGLGLE FMU RGEFRJW @MSLB RFC LSAJCG ?PC. 7C BCDGLC RFC 8?D:?D= ;D;H=O ("%) MD ? LSAJCSQ RM @C G;8 8A8E:L E8DH<E87
GB 6B@C?8G8?L 7<F4FF8@5?8 <G <AGB F8C4E4G8 CEBGBAF 4A7 A8HGEBAF. 7C A?L BCRCPKGLC RFC "% MD ? LSAJCSQ DPMK GRQ PCQR K?QQ. 4FC RUM ?PC AMLLCARCB
RFPMSEF %GLQRCGLtQ D?KMSQ PCJ?RGMLQFGN E = (m)c
2
. ! @MSLB QWQRCK F?Q ? F@4??8E K?QQ RF?L GRQ QCN?P?RC AMLQRGRSCLRQ; RFC KMPC RGEFRJW RFC
LSAJCMLQ ?PC @MSLB RMECRFCP, RFC QK?JJCP RFC K?QQ MD RFC LSAJCSQ.
)K?EGLC NSJJGLE ? LSAJGBC ?N?PR ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 31.25. 7MPI BMLC RM MTCPAMKC RFC LSAJC?P DMPACQ FMJBGLE RFC LSAJCSQ RMECRFCP NSRQ CLCPEW
GLRM RFC QWQRCK. "W BCDGLGRGML, RFC CLCPEW GLNSR COS?JQ RFC @GLBGLE CLCPEW "%. 4FC NGCACQ ?PC ?R PCQR UFCL QCN?P?RCB, ?LB QM RFC CLCPEW NSR GLRM RFCK
GLAPC?QCQ RFCGP RMR?J PCQR K?QQ AMKN?PCB UGRF UF?R GR U?Q UFCL RFCW UCPC EJSCB RMECRFCP ?Q ? LSAJCSQ. 4F?R K?QQ GLAPC?QC GQ RFSQ m = BE/ c
2
.
4FGQ BGDDCPCLAC GL K?QQ GQ ILMUL ?Q @4FF 78986G. )R GKNJGCQ RF?R RFC K?QQ MD RFC LSAJCSQ GQ JCQQ RF?L RFC QSK MD RFC K?QQCQ MD GRQ AMLQRGRSCLR NPMRMLQ
?LB LCSRPMLQ. ! LSAJGBC
A
X F?Q Z NPMRMLQ ?LB N LCSRPMLQ, QM RF?R RFC BGDDCPCLAC GL K?QQ GQ
(31.60) m = (Zm
p
+ Nm
n
) m
tot
.
4FSQ,
(31.61)
BE = (m)c
2
= [(Zm
p
+ Nm
n
) m
tot
]c
2
,
UFCPC m
tot
GQ RFC K?QQ MD RFC LSAJGBC
A
X, m
p
GQ RFC K?QQ MD ? NPMRML, ?LB m
n
GQ RFC K?QQ MD ? LCSRPML. 4P?BGRGML?JJW, UC BC?J UGRF RFC K?QQCQ
MD LCSRP?J ?RMKQ. 4M ECR ?RMKGA K?QQCQ GLRM RFC J?QR COS?RGML, UC DGPQR ?BB Z CJCARPMLQ RM m
tot
, UFGAF EGTCQ m
A
X
, RFC ?RMKGA K?QQ MD RFC

LSAJGBC. 7C RFCL ?BB Z CJCARPMLQ RM RFC Z NPMRMLQ, UFGAF EGTCQ Zm
1
H
, MP Z RGKCQ RFC K?QQ MD ? FWBPMECL ?RMK. 4FSQ RFC @GLBGLE CLCPEW MD ?

LSAJGBC
A
X GQ
(31.62)
BE =

[Zm(
1
H) + Nm
n
] m(
A
X)
c
2
.
4FC ?RMKGA K?QQCQ A?L @C DMSLB GL AFF;D:?N A, KMQR AMLTCLGCLRJW CVNPCQQCB GL SLGDGCB ?RMKGA K?QQ SLGRQ S ( 1 u = 931.5 MeV/ c
2
). "% GQ RFSQ
A?JASJ?RCB DPMK ILMUL ?RMKGA K?QQCQ.
1128 #(!04%2 31 Y 2!$)/!#4)6)49 !.$ .5#,%!2 0(93)#3
F?=KH; 31.25 7MPI BMLC RM NSJJ ? LSAJCSQ ?N?PR GLRM GRQ AMLQRGRSCLR NPMRMLQ ?LB LCSRPMLQ GLAPC?QCQ RFC K?QQ MD RFC QWQRCK. 4FC UMPI RM BGQ?QQCK@JC RFC LSAJCSQ COS?JQ GRQ
@GLBGLE CLCPEW "%. ! @MSLB QWQRCK F?Q JCQQ K?QQ RF?L RFC QSK MD GRQ N?PRQ, CQNCAG?JJW LMRGAC?@JC GL RFC LSAJCG, UFCPC DMPACQ ?LB CLCPEGCQ ?PC TCPW J?PEC.
4FGLEQ 'PC?R ?LB 3K?JJ
'K9B;7H D;97O !;BFI ENFB7?D E7HJ>XI !EJ "DJ;H?EH
! NSXXJC APC?RCB @W P?BGM?ARGTC B?RGLE MD PMAIQ GQ PCQMJTCB @W P?BGM?ARGTC FC?RGLE MD %?PRFtQ GLRCPGMP. 4FGQ GLRPGESGLE QRMPW GQ ?LMRFCP CV?KNJC MD
FMU QK?JJ-QA?JC NFWQGAQ A?L CVNJ?GL J?PEC-QA?JC NFCLMKCL?.
2?BGM?ARGTC B?RGLE NJ?WQ ? PMJC GL BCRCPKGLGLE RFC ?NNPMVGK?RC ?EC MD RFC %?PRF. 4FC MJBCQR PMAIQ ML %?PRF QMJGBGDGCB ?@MSR 3.510
9
WC?PQ
?EMr? LSK@CP BCRCPKGLCB @W SP?LGSK-238 B?RGLE. 4FCQC PMAIQ AMSJB MLJW F?TC QMJGBGDGCB MLAC RFC QSPD?AC MD RFC %?PRF F?B AMMJCB QSDDGAGCLRJW.
4FC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC %?PRF ?R DMPK?RGML A?L @C CQRGK?RCB @?QCB ML EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW MD RFC ?QQCK@J?EC MD NGCACQ @CGLE AMLTCPRCB
RM RFCPK?J CLCPEW. 5QGLE FC?R RP?LQDCP AMLACNRQ BGQASQQCB GL ->;HCE:OD7C?9I GR GQ RFCL NMQQG@JC RM A?JASJ?RC FMU JMLE GR UMSJB R?IC DMP RFC
QSPD?AC RM AMMJ RM PMAI-DMPK?RGML RCKNCP?RSPCQ. 4FC PCQSJR GQ ?@MSR 10
9
WC?PQ. 4FC DGPQR PMAIQ DMPKCB F?TC @CCL QMJGB DMP 3.510
9
WC?PQ, QM
RF?R RFC ?EC MD RFC %?PRF GQ ?NNPMVGK?RCJW 4.510
9
WC?PQ. 4FCPC GQ ? J?PEC @MBW MD MRFCP RWNCQ MD CTGBCLAC (@MRF %?PRF-@MSLB ?LB QMJ?P QWQRCK
AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ ?PC SQCB) RF?R QSNNMPRQ RFGQ ?EC. 4FC NSXXJC GQ RF?R, EGTCL GRQ ?EC ?LB GLGRG?J RCKNCP?RSPC, RFC ACLRCP MD RFC %?PRF QFMSJB @C KSAF
AMMJCP RF?L GR GQ RMB?W (QCC F?=KH; 31.26).
F?=KH; 31.26 4FC ACLRCP MD RFC %?PRF AMMJQ @W UCJJ-ILMUL FC?R RP?LQDCP KCRFMBQ. #MLTCARGML GL RFC JGOSGB PCEGMLQ ?LB AMLBSARGML KMTC RFCPK?J CLCPEW RM RFC QSPD?AC,
UFCPC GR P?BG?RCQ GLRM AMJB, B?PI QN?AC. 'GTCL RFC ?EC MD RFC %?PRF ?LB GRQ GLGRG?J RCKNCP?RSPC, GR QFMSJB F?TC AMMJCB RM ? JMUCP RCKNCP?RSPC @W LMU. 4FC @JMUSN QFMUQ RF?R
LSAJC?P BCA?W PCJC?QCQ CLCPEW GL RFC %?PRFtQ GLRCPGMP. 4FGQ CLCPEW F?Q QJMUCB RFC AMMJGLE NPMACQQ ?LB GQ PCQNMLQG@JC DMP RFC GLRCPGMP QRGJJ @CGLE KMJRCL.
7C ILMU DPMK QCGQKGA U?TCQ NPMBSACB @W C?PRFOS?ICQ RF?R N?PRQ MD RFC GLRCPGMP MD RFC %?PRF ?PC JGOSGB. 3FC?P MP RP?LQTCPQC U?TCQ A?LLMR RP?TCJ
RFPMSEF ? JGOSGB ?LB ?PC LMR RP?LQKGRRCB RFPMSEF RFC %?PRFtQ AMPC. 9CR AMKNPCQQGML MP JMLEGRSBGL?J U?TCQ A?L N?QQ RFPMSEF ? JGOSGB ?LB BM EM
RFPMSEF RFC AMPC. &PMK RFGQ GLDMPK?RGML, RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC GLRCPGMP A?L @C CQRGK?RCB. !Q LMRGACB, RFC GLRCPGMP QFMSJB F?TC AMMJCB KMPC DPMK
GRQ GLGRG?J RCKNCP?RSPC GL RFC 4.510
9
WC?PQ QGLAC GRQ DMPK?RGML. )L D?AR, GR QFMSJB F?TC R?ICL LM KMPC RF?L ?@MSR 10
9
WC?PQ RM AMMJ RM GRQ
NPCQCLR RCKNCP?RSPC. 7F?R GQ ICCNGLE GR FMR? 4FC ?LQUCP QCCKQ RM @C P?BGM?ARGTC BCA?W MD NPGKMPBG?J CJCKCLRQ RF?R UCPC N?PR MD RFC K?RCPG?J RF?R
DMPKCB RFC %?PRF (QCC RFC @JMUSN GL F?=KH; 31.26).
.SAJGBCQ QSAF ?Q
238
U ?LB
40
K F?TC F?JD-JGTCQ QGKGJ?P RM MP JMLECP RF?L RFC ?EC MD RFC %?PRF, ?LB RFCGP BCA?W QRGJJ AMLRPG@SRCQ CLCPEW RM RFC
GLRCPGMP. 3MKC MD RFC NPGKMPBG?J P?BGM?ARGTC LSAJGBCQ F?TC SLQR?@JC BCA?W NPMBSARQ RF?R ?JQM PCJC?QC CLCPEWr
238
U F?Q ? JMLE BCA?W AF?GL MD
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LC?P RFC QSPD?AC F?Q KSAF JCQQ BGQR?LAC RM EM RM CQA?NC ?LB F?Q ? LCEJGEG@JC CDDCAR ML QSPD?AC RCKNCP?RSPCQ.
! DGL?J CDDCAR MD RFGQ RP?NNCB P?BG?RGML KCPGRQ KCLRGML. !JNF? BCA?W NPMBSACQ FCJGSK LSAJCG, UFGAF DMPK FCJGSK ?RMKQ UFCL RFCW ?PC QRMNNCB ?LB
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P?LEC AMKN?PCB RM RFC #MSJMK@ DMPAC. 3M, DMP JMU-K?QQ LSAJCG, RFC LSAJC?P ?RRP?ARGML BMKGL?RCQ ?LB C?AF ?BBCB LSAJCML DMPKQ @MLBQ UGRF ?JJ
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RM RFC K?QQ LSK@CP MD GPML. "CWMLB RF?R, LCU LSAJCMLQ ?BBCB RM ? LSAJCSQ UGJJ @C RMM D?P DPMK QMKC MRFCPQ RM DCCJ RFCGP LSAJC?P ?RRP?ARGML. !BBCB
NPMRMLQ, FMUCTCP, DCCJ RFC PCNSJQGML MD ?JJ MRFCP NPMRMLQ, QGLAC RFC #MSJMK@ DMPAC GQ JMLECP GL P?LEC. #MSJMK@ PCNSJQGML EPMUQ DMP NPMEPCQQGTCJW
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F?TC KMPC LCSRPMLQ RF?L NPMRMLQ. #MSJMK@ PCNSJQGML GQ PCBSACB @W F?TGLE KMPC LCSRPMLQ RM ICCN RFC NPMRMLQ D?PRFCP ?N?PR (QCC F?=KH; 31.28).
F?=KH; 31.27 ! EP?NF MD ?TCP?EC @GLBGLE CLCPEW NCP LSAJCML, BE/ A , DMP QR?@JC LSAJCG. 4FC KMQR RGEFRJW @MSLB LSAJCG ?PC RFMQC UGRF A LC?P 60, UFCPC RFC ?RRP?ARGTC
LSAJC?P DMPAC F?Q GRQ EPC?RCQR CDDCAR. !R FGEFCP A Q, RFC #MSJMK@ PCNSJQGML NPMEPCQQGTCJW PCBSACQ RFC @GLBGLE CLCPEW NCP LSAJCML, @CA?SQC RFC LSAJC?P DMPAC GQ QFMPR P?LECB.
4FC QNGICQ ML RFC ASPTC ?PC TCPW RGEFRJW @MSLB LSAJGBCQ ?LB GLBGA?RC QFCJJ AJMQSPCQ.
F?=KH; 31.28 4FC LSAJC?P DMPAC GQ ?RRP?ARGTC ?LB QRPMLECP RF?L RFC #MSJMK@ DMPAC, @SR GR GQ QFMPR P?LECB. )L JMU-K?QQ LSAJCG, C?AF LSAJCML DCCJQ RFC LSAJC?P ?RRP?ARGML MD ?JJ
MRFCPQ. )L J?PECP LSAJCG, RFC P?LEC MD RFC LSAJC?P DMPAC, QFMUL DMP ? QGLEJC LSAJCML, GQ QK?JJCP RF?L RFC QGXC MD RFC LSAJCSQ, @SR RFC #MSJMK@ PCNSJQGML DPMK ?JJ NPMRMLQ PC?AFCQ
?JJ MRFCPQ. )D RFC LSAJCSQ GQ J?PEC CLMSEF, RFC #MSJMK@ PCNSJQGML A?L ?BB RM MTCPAMKC RFC LSAJC?P ?RRP?ARGML.
4FCPC ?PC QMKC LMRGAC?@JC QNGICQ ML RFC BE/ A EP?NF, UFGAF PCNPCQCLR N?PRGASJ?PJW RGEFRJW @MSLB LSAJCG. 4FCQC QNGICQ PCTC?J DSPRFCP BCR?GJQ MD
LSAJC?P DMPACQ, QSAF ?Q AMLDGPKGLE RF?R AJMQCB-QFCJJ LSAJCG (RFMQC UGRF K?EGA LSK@CPQ MD NPMRMLQ MP LCSRPMLQ MP @MRF) ?PC KMPC RGEFRJW @MSLB. 4FC
QNGICQ ?JQM GLBGA?RC RF?R QMKC LSAJCG UGRF CTCL LSK@CPQ DMP Z ?LB N , ?LB UGRF Z = N , ?PC CVACNRGML?JJW RGEFRJW @MSLB. 4FGQ DGLBGLE A?L @C
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1
H) + Nm
n
] m(
A
X)}c
2
?LB RFCL BGTGBC @W A . 4FGQ GQ QRP?GEFRDMPU?PB
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(31.63)
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1
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n
] m(
A
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1
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4
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2
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4
He) = 4.002602 u , m(
1
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n
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(31.65)
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2
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2
, UC DGLB
(31.66)
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2
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2
= 28.3 MeV.
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+
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4. FBE CEB5?8@F <AIB?I<A: 46G<I<GL, G;8 E8?4G<BAF;<C B9 46G<I<GL GB ;4?9-?<98, 4A7 G;8 AH@58E B9 AH6?8< :<I8A <A G;8 8DH4G<BA R =
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((CCBGLE RFC ?BTGAC GL 3RCN 5 UGJJ ?JQM FCJN WMS RM @C ACPR?GL MD WMSP PCQSJR.) 9MS KSQR SLBCPQR?LB RFC NPM@JCK AMLACNRS?JJW RM @C ?@JC RM
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GR UMSJB E?GL IGLCRGA CLCPEW @W PMJJGLE BMUL MSRQGBC. (MUCTCP AJ?QQGA?JJW, GD RFC K?P@JC BMCQ LMR F?TC CLMSEF IGLCRGA CLCPEW RM ECR MTCP RFC PGK, GR
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GLQGBC RFC @?PPGCP. 4FC NPM@?@GJGRW MD DGLBGLE ? N?PRGAJC GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC QOS?PC MD GRQ U?TC DSLARGML, ?LB QM RFCPC GQ ? QK?JJ NPM@?@GJGRW MD DGLBGLE RFC
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7MPJB 7?P ))) ?LB U?Q SQCB @W '?KMU ?LB MRFCPQ RM BCQAPG@C BCA?W.
1132 #(!04%2 31 Y 2!$)/!#4)6)49 !.$ .5#,%!2 0(93)#3
F?=KH; 31.32 4FC U?TC DSLARGML PCNPCQCLRGLE ? OS?LRSK KCAF?LGA?J N?PRGAJC KSQR T?PW QKMMRFJW, EMGLE DPMK UGRFGL RFC LSAJCSQ (RM RFC JCDR MD RFC @?PPGCP) RM MSRQGBC RFC LSAJCSQ
(RM RFC PGEFR MD RFC @?PPGCP). )LQGBC RFC @?PPGCP, RFC U?TC DSLARGML BMCQ LMR ?@PSNRJW @CAMKC XCPM; P?RFCP, GR BCAPC?QCQ CVNMLCLRG?JJW. /SRQGBC RFC @?PPGCP, RFC U?TC DSLARGML GQ
QK?JJ @SR DGLGRC, ?LB RFCPC GR QKMMRFJW @CAMKCQ QGLSQMGB?J. /UGLE RM RFC D?AR RF?R RFCPC GQ ? QK?JJ NPM@?@GJGRW MD DGLBGLE RFC N?PRGAJC MSRQGBC RFC @?PPGCP, RFC N?PRGAJC A?L RSLLCJ
RFPMSEF RFC @?PPGCP.
'MMB GBC?Q CVNJ?GL KMPC RF?L MLC RFGLE. )L ?BBGRGML RM OS?JGR?RGTCJW CVNJ?GLGLE FMU RFC DMSP LSAJCMLQ GL ?L N?PRGAJC A?L ECR MSR MD RFC LSAJCSQ, RFC
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4SLLCJGLE ?Q ?L CDDCAR ?JQM MAASPQ GL OS?LRSK KCAF?LGA?J QWQRCKQ MRFCP RF?L LSAJCG. %JCARPMLQ RP?NNCB GL QMJGBQ A?L RSLLCJ DPMK MLC M@HCAR RM
?LMRFCP GD RFC @?PPGCP @CRUCCL RFC M@HCARQ GQ RFGL CLMSEF. 4FC NPMACQQ GQ RFC Q?KC GL NPGLAGNJC ?Q BCQAPG@CB DMP BCA?W. )R GQ D?P KMPC JGICJW DMP ? RFGL
@?PPGCP RF?L ? RFGAI MLC. 3A?LLGLE RSLLCJGLE CJCARPML KGAPMQAMNCQ DSLARGML ML RFGQ NPGLAGNJC. 4FC ASPPCLR MD CJCARPMLQ RF?R RP?TCJQ @CRUCCL ? NPM@C ?LB
? Q?KNJC RSLLCJQ RFPMSEF ? @?PPGCP ?LB GQ TCPW QCLQGRGTC RM GRQ RFGAILCQQ, ?JJMUGLE BCRCARGML MD GLBGTGBS?J ?RMKQ ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 31.33.
F?=KH; 31.33 (?) ! QA?LLGLE RSLLCJGLE CJCARPML KGAPMQAMNC A?L BCRCAR CVRPCKCJW QK?JJ T?PG?RGMLQ GL BGKCLQGMLQ, QSAF ?Q GLBGTGBS?J ?RMKQ. %JCARPMLQ RSLLCJ OS?LRSK
KCAF?LGA?JJW @CRUCCL RFC NPM@C ?LB RFC Q?KNJC. 4FC NPM@?@GJGRW MD RSLLCJGLE GQ CVRPCKCJW QCLQGRGTC RM @?PPGCP RFGAILCQQ, QM RF?R RFC CJCARPML ASPPCLR GQ ? QCLQGRGTC GLBGA?RMP MD
QSPD?AC DC?RSPCQ. (@) (C?B ?LB KMSRFN?PRQ MD CB?8BCG8E4 C;ELFB@8?<784 ?Q QCCL RFPMSEF ?L CJCARPML KGAPMQAMNC (APCBGR: ,MSGQ? (MU?PB, $?PRKMSRF #MJJCEC)
#(!04%2 31 Y 2!$)/!#4)6)49 !.$ .5#,%!2 0(93)#3 1133
79J?L?JO:
7BF>7 :;97O:
7BF>7 H7OI:
7DJ?;B;9JHED:
7DJ?C7JJ;H:
7JEC?9 C7II:
7JEC?9 DKC8;H:
87HH?;H F;D;JH7J?ED:
8;9GK;H;B:
8;J7 :;97O:
8;J7 H7OI:
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8?D:?D= ;D;H=O:
97H8ED-14 :7J?D=:
9>7HJ E< J>; DK9B?:;I:
9KH?;:
:7K=>J;H:
:;97O 9EDIJ7DJ:
:;97O ;GK7J?ED:
:;97O I;H?;I:
:;97O:
;B;9JHED 97FJKH; ;GK7J?ED:
;B;9JHED 97FJKH;:
;B;9JHEDXI 7DJ?D;KJH?DE:
;B;9JHEDXI D;KJH?DE:
;?=;H JK8;:
=7CC7 :;97O:
=7CC7 H7OI:
>7B<-B?<;:
?ED?P?D= H7:?7J?ED:
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7?RAF OS?LRSK "N?PRGAJCQ" RSLLCJ RFPMSEF @?PPGCPQ. %VNJMPC RFC NPMNCPRGCQ MD RFC U?TC DSLARGMLQ RF?R BCQAPG@C RFCQC N?PRGAJCQ.
F?=KH; 31.34 *K7DJKC -KDD;B?D= 7D: 07L; )79A;JI (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42644/1.5/GK7DJKC-JKDD;B?D=6;D.@7H)
BEII7HO
RFC P?RC MD BCA?W DMP P?BGM?ARGTC LSAJGBCQ
RWNC MD P?BGM?ARGTC BCA?W GL UFGAF ?L ?RMKGA LSAJCSQ CKGRQ ?L ?JNF? N?PRGAJC
MLC MD RFC RWNCQ MD P?WQ CKGRRCB DPMK RFC LSAJCSQ MD ?L ?RMK
?LMRFCP RCPK DMP NMQGRPML
AMKNMQCB MD ?LRGN?PRGAJCQ
RFC RMR?J K?QQ MD RFC NPMRMLQ, LCSRPMLQ, ?LB CJCARPMLQ GL ? QGLEJC ?RMK
LSK@CP MD NPMRMLQ GL ? LSAJCSQ
OS?LRSK KCAF?LGA?J CDDCAR UFCPC@W ? N?PRGAJC F?Q ? LMLXCPM NPM@?@GJGRW RM APMQQ RFPMSEF ? NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW @?PPGCP BCQNGRC
LMR F?TGLE QSDDGAGCLR CLCPEW RM N?QQ MTCP RFC @?PPGCP; ?JQM A?JJCB OS?LRSK KCAF?LGA?J RSLLCJGLE
3) SLGR DMP P?RC MD BCA?W MD ? P?BGM?ARGTC K?RCPG?J
RWNC MD P?BGM?ARGTC BCA?W GL UFGAF ?L ?RMKGA LSAJCSQ CKGRQ ? @CR? N?PRGAJC
RFC @GLBGLE CLCPEW A?JASJ?RCB NCP LSAJCML; GR PCTC?JQ RFC BCR?GJQ MD RFC LSAJC?P DMPACrJ?PECP RFC BE/ A , RFC KMPC
QR?@JC RFC LSAJCSQ
RFC CLCPEW LCCBCB RM QCN?P?RC LSAJCSQ GLRM GLBGTGBS?J NPMRMLQ ?LB LCSRPMLQ
? P?BGM?ARGTC B?RGLE RCAFLGOSC @?QCB ML RFC P?BGM?ARGTGRW MD A?P@ML-14
? R?@JC AMKNPGQGLE QR?@JC ?LB SLQR?@JC LSAJCG
RFC ?ARGTGRW MD 1E MD
226
Ra , COS?J RM 3.7010
10
Bq
RFC LSAJCSQ M@R?GLCB UFCL N?PCLR LSAJCSQ BCA?WQ ?LB NPMBSACQ ?LMRFCP LSAJCSQ DMJJMUGLE RFC PSJCQ ?LB RFC AMLQCPT?RGML J?UQ
OS?LRGRW RF?R GQ GLTCPQCJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC F?JD-JGDC ?LB RF?R GQ SQCB GL COS?RGML DMP LSK@CP MD LSAJCG ?Q ? DSLARGML MD RGKC
RFC COS?RGML RM DGLB MSR FMU KSAF MD ? P?BGM?ARGTC K?RCPG?J GQ JCDR ?DRCP ? EGTCL NCPGMB MD RGKC
NPMACQQ UFCPC@W QS@QCOSCLR LSAJGBCQ BCA?W SLRGJ ? QR?@JC LSAJGBC GQ NPMBSACB
RFC NPMACQQ @W UFGAF ?L ?RMKGA LSAJCSQ MD ?L SLQR?@JC ?RMK JMQCQ K?QQ ?LB CLCPEW @W CKGRRGLE GMLGXGLE N?PRGAJCQ
COS?RGML PCNPCQCLRGLE RFC CJCARPML A?NRSPC
RFC NPMACQQ GL UFGAF ? NPMRML-PGAF LSAJGBC ?@QMP@Q ?L GLLCP ?RMKGA CJCARPML ?LB QGKSJR?LCMSQJW CKGRQ ? LCSRPGLM
?LRGN?PRGAJC MD CJCARPMLtQ LCSRPGLM
? QS@?RMKGA CJCKCLR?PW N?PRGAJC UFGAF F?Q LM LCR CJCARPGA AF?PEC
? TCPW AMKKML P?BG?RGML BCRCARMP RF?R SQS?JJW EGTCQ ?L ?SBGM MSRNSR
RWNC MD P?BGM?ARGTC BCA?W GL UFGAF ?L ?RMKGA LSAJCSQ CKGRQ ? E?KK? N?PRGAJC
RFC RGKC GL UFGAF RFCPC GQ ? 50% AF?LAC RF?R ? LSAJCSQ UGJJ BCA?W
P?BG?RGML (UFCRFCP LSAJC?P GL MPGEGL MP LMR) RF?R NPMBSACQ GMLGX?RGML UFCRFCP LSAJC?P GL MPGEGL MP LMR
1134 #(!04%2 31 Y 2!$)/!#4)6)49 !.$ .5#,%!2 0(93)#3
?IEJEF;I:
C7=?9 DKC8;HI:
C7II DKC8;H:
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D;KJHED:
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DK9B;EDI:
DK9B;KI:
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FHEJEDI:
GK7DJKC C;9>7D?97B JKDD;B?D=:
H7:?7J?ED :;J;9JEH:
H7:?E79J?L; :7J?D=:
H7:?E79J?L;:
H7:?E79J?L?JO:
H7:?KI E< 7 DK9B;KI:
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I9?DJ?BB7JEHI:
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JKDD;B?D=:
LSAJCG F?TGLE RFC Q?KC Z ?LB BGDDCPCLR N Q
? LSK@CP RF?R GLBGA?RCQ ? QFCJJ QRPSARSPC DMP RFC LSAJCSQ GL UFGAF AJMQCB QFCJJQ ?PC KMPC QR?@JC
LSK@CP MD LSAJCMLQ GL ? LSAJCSQ
?L CJCARPGA?JJW LCSRP?J, UC?IJW GLRCP?ARGLE CJCKCLR?PW QS@?RMKGA N?PRGAJC
? LCSRP?J N?PRGAJC RF?R GQ DMSLB GL ? LSAJCSQ
P?WQ RF?R MPGEGL?RC GL RFC LSAJCG MD ?RMKQ, RFC DGPQR CV?KNJCQ MD UFGAF UCPC BGQAMTCPCB @W "CAOSCPCJ
RFC CLCPEW APC?RCB GL ? LSAJC?P PC?ARGML
RFC N?PRGAJCQ DMSLB GLQGBC LSAJCG
? PCEGML AMLQGQRGLE MD NPMRMLQ ?LB LCSRPMLQ ?R RFC ACLRCP MD ?L ?RMK
? RWNC MD ?RMK UFMQC LSAJCSQ F?Q QNCAGDGA LSK@CPQ MD NPMRMLQ ?LB LCSRPMLQ
RFC MPGEGL?J QR?RC MD LSAJCSQ @CDMPC BCA?W
? BCTGAC RF?R AMLTCPRQ JGEFR GLRM CJCARPGA?J QGEL?JQ
RWNC MD @CR? BCA?W GL UFGAF ? NPMRML GQ AMLTCPRCB RM ? LCSRPML, PCJC?QGLE ? NMQGRPML ?LB ? LCSRPGLM
RFC N?PRGAJC RF?R PCQSJRQ DPMK NMQGRGTC @CR? BCA?W; ?JQM ILMUL ?Q ?L ?LRGCJCARPML
RFC NMQGRGTCJW AF?PECB LSAJCMLQ DMSLB GL ? LSAJCSQ
OS?LRSK KCAF?LGA?J CDDCAR UFCPC@W ? N?PRGAJC F?Q ? LMLXCPM NPM@?@GJGRW RM APMQQ RFPMSEF ? NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW
@?PPGCP BCQNGRC LMR F?TGLE QSDDGAGCLR CLCPEW RM N?QQ MTCP RFC @?PPGCP; ?JQM A?JJCB @?PPGCP NCLCRP?RGML
? BCTGAC RF?R GQ SQCB RM BCRCAR ?LB RP?AI RFC P?BG?RGML DPMK ? P?BGM?ARGTC PC?ARGML
?L ?NNJGA?RGML MD P?BGM?ARGTC BCA?W GL UFGAF RFC ?EC MD ? K?RCPG?J GQ BCRCPKGLCB @W RFC ?KMSLR MD P?BGM?ARGTGRW MD ? N?PRGASJ?P
RWNC RF?R MAASPQ
? QS@QR?LAC MP M@HCAR RF?R CKGRQ LSAJC?P P?BG?RGML
RFC CKGQQGML MD P?WQ DPMK RFC LSAJCG MD ?RMKQ
RFC P?BGSQ MD ? LSAJCSQ GQ r = r
0
A
1 / 3
RFC BGQR?LAC RF?R RFC P?BG?RGML A?L RP?TCJ RFPMSEF ? K?RCPG?J
RFC LSK@CP MD P?BGM?ARGTC CTCLRQ NCP SLGR RGKC
? P?BG?RGML BCRCARGML KCRFMB RF?R PCAMPBQ JGEFR NPMBSACB UFCL P?BG?RGML GLRCP?ARQ UGRF K?RCPG?JQ
QCKGAMLBSARMPQ D?@PGA?RCB RM BGPCARJW AMLTCPR GLAGBCLR P?BG?RGML GLRM CJCARPGA?J ASPPCLR
? OS?LRSK KCAF?LGA?J NPMACQQ MD NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW @?PPGCP NCLCRP?RGML
,;9J?ED ,KCC7HO
31.1 'K9B;7H +7:?E79J?L?JO
w 3MKC LSAJCG ?PC P?BGM?ARGTCrRFCW QNMLR?LCMSQJW BCA?W BCQRPMWGLE QMKC N?PR MD RFCGP K?QQ ?LB CKGRRGLE CLCPECRGA P?WQ, ? NPMACQQ A?JJCB
LSAJC?P P?BGM?ARGTGRW.
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K?RCPG?JQ.
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K?RCPG?JQ.
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1 u = 1.660510
27
kg = 931.46 MeV/ c
2
.
#(!04%2 31 Y 2!$)/!#4)6)49 !.$ .5#,%!2 0(93)#3 1135
w ! LSAJGBC GQ ? QNCAGDGA AMK@GL?RGML MD NPMRMLQ ?LB LCSRPMLQ, BCLMRCB @W
Z
A
X
N
or simply
A
X,
Z GQ RFC LSK@CP MD NPMRMLQ MP ?RMKGA LSK@CP, 8 GQ RFC QWK@MJ DMP RFC CJCKCLR, N GQ RFC LSK@CP MD LCSRPMLQ, ?LB A GQ RFC K?QQ LSK@CP MP
RFC RMR?J LSK@CP MD NPMRMLQ ?LB LCSRPMLQ,
A = N + Z.
w .SAJGBCQ F?TGLE RFC Q?KC Z @SR BGDDCPCLR N ?PC GQMRMNCQ MD RFC Q?KC CJCKCLR.
w 4FC P?BGSQ MD ? LSAJCSQ, r , GQ ?NNPMVGK?RCJW
r = r
0
A
1 / 3
,
UFCPC r
0
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BCA?W, A?JJCB ?JNF? (), @CR?

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Z
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He
2
.
w .SAJC?P BCA?W PCJC?QCQ ?L ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW E PCJ?RCB RM RFC K?QQ BCQRPMWCB m @W
E = (m)c
2
.
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BCA?W COS?RGML GQ
Z
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Z + 1
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+
e
.
w 4FC
+
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Z 1
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+
e
.
w 4FC CJCARPML A?NRSPC COS?RGML GQ
Z
A
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+
e
.
w
GQ ?L CJCARPML,
+
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e
GQ ?L CJCARPMLtQ ?LRGLCSRPGLM. )L ?BBGRGML
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X
N
* X
N
+
1
+
2
+
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31.5 !7B<-%?<; 7D: A9J?L?JO
w (?JD-JGDC t
1 / 2
GQ RFC RGKC GL UFGAF RFCPC GQ ? 50% AF?LAC RF?R ? LSAJCSQ UGJJ BCA?W. 4FC LSK@CP MD LSAJCG N ?Q ? DSLARGML MD RGKC GQ
N = N
0
e
t
,
UFCPC N
0
GQ RFC LSK@CP NPCQCLR ?R t = 0 , ?LB GQ RFC BCA?W AMLQR?LR, PCJ?RCB RM RFC F?JD-JGDC @W
=
0.693
t
1 / 2
.
w /LC MD RFC ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD P?BGM?ARGTC BCA?W GQ P?BGM?ARGTC B?RGLE, GL UFGAF RFC ?EC MD ? K?RCPG?J GQ BCRCPKGLCB @W RFC ?KMSLR MD P?BGM?ARGTC
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R =
N
t
.
w 4FC 3) SLGR DMP R GQ RFC @CAOSCPCJ ("O), BCDGLCB @W
1 Bq = 1 decay/s.
w R GQ ?JQM CVNPCQQCB GL RCPKQ MD ASPGCQ (#G), UFCPC
1 Ci = 3.7010
10
Bq.
w 4FC ?ARGTGRW R MD ? QMSPAC GQ PCJ?RCB RM N ?LB t
1 / 2
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R =
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t
1 / 2
.
w 3GLAC N F?Q ?L CVNMLCLRG?J @CF?TGMP ?Q GL RFC COS?RGML N = N
0
e
t
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R = R
0
e
t
,
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0
GQ RFC ?ARGTGRW ?R t = 0 .
1136 #(!04%2 31 Y 2!$)/!#4)6)49 !.$ .5#,%!2 0(93)#3
31.6 B?D:?D= ED;H=O
w 4FC @GLBGLE CLCPEW ("%) MD ? LSAJCSQ GQ RFC CLCPEW LCCBCB RM QCN?P?RC GR GLRM GLBGTGBS?J NPMRMLQ ?LB LCSRPMLQ. )L RCPKQ MD ?RMKGA K?QQCQ,
BE = {[Zm(
1
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n
] m(
A
X)}c
2
,
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1
H
GQ RFC K?QQ MD ? FWBPMECL ?RMK, m
A
X
GQ RFC ?RMKGA K?QQ MD RFC LSAJGBC, ?LB m

n
GQ RFC K?QQ MD ? LCSRPML. 0?RRCPLQ GL RFC
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31.7 -KDD;B?D=
w 4SLLCJGLE GQ ? OS?LRSK KCAF?LGA?J NPMACQQ MD NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW @?PPGCP NCLCRP?RGML. 4FC AMLACNR U?Q DGPQR ?NNJGCB RM CVNJ?GL BCA?W, @SR
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31.1 'K9B;7H +7:?E79J?L?JO
1. 3SNNMQC RFC P?LEC DMP 5.0 MeV P?W GQ ILMUL RM @C 2.0 KK GL ? ACPR?GL K?RCPG?J. $MCQ RFGQ KC?L RF?R CTCPW 5.0 MeV ? P?W RF?R QRPGICQ RFGQ
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2. 7F?R GQ RFC BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL P?WQ ?LB AF?P?ARCPGQRGA V P?WQ? )Q CGRFCP LCACQQ?PGJW KMPC CLCPECRGA RF?L RFC MRFCP? 7FGAF A?L @C RFC KMQR
CLCPECRGA?
3. )MLGXGLE P?BG?RGML GLRCP?ARQ UGRF K?RRCP @W QA?RRCPGLE DPMK CJCARPMLQ ?LB LSAJCG GL RFC QS@QR?LAC. "?QCB ML RFC J?U MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK
?LB CLCPEW, CVNJ?GL UFW CJCARPMLQ RCLB RM ?@QMP@ KMPC CLCPEW RF?L LSAJCG GL RFCQC GLRCP?ARGMLQ.
4. 7F?R AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD P?BGM?ARGTGRW QFMU GR RM @C LSAJC?P GL MPGEGL ?LB LMR ?RMKGA?
5. 7F?R GQ RFC QMSPAC MD RFC CLCPEW CKGRRCB GL P?BGM?ARGTC BCA?W? )BCLRGDW ?L C?PJGCP AMLQCPT?RGML J?U, ?LB BCQAPG@C FMU GR U?Q KMBGDGCB RM R?IC QSAF
NPMACQQCQ GLRM ?AAMSLR.
6. #MLQGBCP F?=KH; 31.3. )D ?L CJCARPGA DGCJB GQ QS@QRGRSRCB DMP RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB UGRF NMQGRGTC AF?PEC GLQRC?B MD RFC LMPRF NMJC ?LB LCE?RGTC AF?PEC
GLQRC?B MD RFC QMSRF NMJC, GL UFGAF BGPCARGMLQ UGJJ RFC , , ?LB P?WQ @CLB?
7. %VNJ?GL FMU ?L N?PRGAJC A?L F?TC ? J?PECP P?LEC GL ?GP RF?L ? N?PRGAJC UGRF RFC Q?KC CLCPEW GL JC?B.
8. !PP?LEC RFC DMJJMUGLE ?AAMPBGLE RM RFCGP ?@GJGRW RM ?AR ?Q P?BG?RGML QFGCJBQ, UGRF RFC @CQR DGPQR ?LB UMPQR J?QR. %VNJ?GL WMSP MPBCPGLE GL RCPKQ MD FMU
P?BG?RGML JMQCQ GRQ CLCPEW GL K?RRCP.
(?) ! QMJGB K?RCPG?J UGRF JMU BCLQGRW AMKNMQCB MD JMU-K?QQ ?RMKQ.
(@) ! E?Q AMKNMQCB MD FGEF-K?QQ ?RMKQ.
(A) ! E?Q AMKNMQCB MD JMU-K?QQ ?RMKQ.
(B) ! QMJGB UGRF FGEF BCLQGRW AMKNMQCB MD FGEF-K?QQ ?RMKQ.
9. /DRCL, UFCL NCMNJC F?TC RM UMPI ?PMSLB P?BGM?ARGTC K?RCPG?JQ QNGJJQ, UC QCC RFCK UC?PGLE UFGRC AMTCP?JJQ (SQS?JJW ? NJ?QRGA K?RCPG?J). 7F?R RWNCQ
MD P?BG?RGML (GD ?LW) BM WMS RFGLI RFCQC QSGRQ NPMRCAR RFC UMPICP DPMK, ?LB FMU?
10. )Q GR NMQQG@JC DMP JGEFR CKGRRCB @W ? QAGLRGJJ?RMP RM @C RMM JMU GL DPCOSCLAW RM @C SQCB GL ? NFMRMKSJRGNJGCP RS@C? %VNJ?GL.
11. 4FC UC?I ?LB QRPMLE LSAJC?P DMPACQ ?PC @?QGA RM RFC QRPSARSPC MD K?RRCP. 7FW UC BM LMR CVNCPGCLAC RFCK BGPCARJW?
12. $CDGLC ?LB K?IC AJC?P BGQRGLARGMLQ @CRUCCL RFC RCPKQ LCSRPML, LSAJCML, LSAJCSQ, LSAJGBC, ?LB LCSRPGLM.
13. 7F?R ?PC GQMRMNCQ? 7FW BM BGDDCPCLR GQMRMNCQ MD RFC Q?KC CJCKCLR F?TC QGKGJ?P AFCKGQRPGCQ?
14. 3R?P 4PCI D?LQ F?TC MDRCL FC?PB RFC RCPK u?LRGK?RRCP BPGTC.v $CQAPG@C FMU WMS AMSJB SQC ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB RM RP?N ?LRGK?RRCP, QSAF ?Q NPMBSACB @W
LSAJC?P BCA?W, ?LB J?RCP AMK@GLC GR UGRF K?RRCP RM NPMBSAC CLCPEW. "C QNCAGDGA ?@MSR RFC RWNC MD ?LRGK?RRCP, RFC LCCB DMP T?ASSK QRMP?EC, ?LB RFC
DP?ARGML MD K?RRCP AMLTCPRCB GLRM CLCPEW.
15. 7F?R AMLQCPT?RGML J?U PCOSGPCQ ?L CJCARPMLtQ LCSRPGLM RM @C NPMBSACB GL CJCARPML A?NRSPC? .MRC RF?R RFC CJCARPML LM JMLECP CVGQRQ ?DRCP GR GQ
A?NRSPCB @W RFC LSAJCSQ.
16. .CSRPGLMQ ?PC CVNCPGKCLR?JJW BCRCPKGLCB RM F?TC ?L CVRPCKCJW QK?JJ K?QQ. (SEC LSK@CPQ MD LCSRPGLMQ ?PC APC?RCB GL ? QSNCPLMT? ?R RFC Q?KC
RGKC ?Q K?QQGTC ?KMSLRQ MD JGEFR ?PC DGPQR NPMBSACB. 7FCL RFC 1987! QSNCPLMT? MAASPPCB GL RFC ,?PEC -?ECJJ?LGA #JMSB, TGQG@JC NPGK?PGJW GL RFC
3MSRFCPL (CKGQNFCPC ?LB QMKC 100,000 JGEFR-WC?PQ ?U?W DPMK %?PRF, LCSRPGLMQ DPMK RFC CVNJMQGML UCPC M@QCPTCB ?R ?@MSR RFC Q?KC RGKC ?Q RFC
JGEFR DPMK RFC @J?QR. (MU AMSJB RFC PCJ?RGTC ?PPGT?J RGKCQ MD LCSRPGLMQ ?LB JGEFR @C SQCB RM NJ?AC JGKGRQ ML RFC K?QQ MD LCSRPGLMQ?
17. 7F?R BM RFC RFPCC RWNCQ MD @CR? BCA?W F?TC GL AMKKML RF?R GQ BGQRGLARJW BGDDCPCLR DPMK ?JNF? BCA?W?
31.5 !7B<-%?<; 7D: A9J?L?JO
#(!04%2 31 Y 2!$)/!#4)6)49 !.$ .5#,%!2 0(93)#3 1137
18. )L ? 310
9
-WC?P-MJB PMAI RF?R MPGEGL?JJW AMLR?GLCB QMKC
238
U, UFGAF F?Q ? F?JD-JGDC MD 4.510
9
WC?PQ, UC CVNCAR RM DGLB QMKC
238
U
PCK?GLGLE GL GR. 7FW ?PC
226
Ra ,
222
Rn , ?LB
210
Po ?JQM DMSLB GL QSAF ? PMAI, CTCL RFMSEF RFCW F?TC KSAF QFMPRCP F?JD-JGTCQ (1600 WC?PQ, 3.8
B?WQ, ?LB 138 B?WQ, PCQNCARGTCJW)?
19. $MCQ RFC LSK@CP MD P?BGM?ARGTC LSAJCG GL ? Q?KNJC BCAPC?QC RM 8K46G?L F?JD GRQ MPGEGL?J T?JSC GL MLC F?JD-JGDC? %VNJ?GL GL RCPKQ MD RFC QR?RGQRGA?J
L?RSPC MD P?BGM?ARGTC BCA?W.
20. 2?BGM?ARGTGRW BCNCLBQ ML RFC LSAJCSQ ?LB LMR RFC ?RMK MP GRQ AFCKGA?J QR?RC. 7FW, RFCL, GQ MLC IGJMEP?K MD SP?LGSK KMPC P?BGM?ARGTC RF?L MLC
IGJMEP?K MD SP?LGSK FCV?DJSMPGBC?
21. %VNJ?GL FMU ? @MSLB QWQRCK A?L F?TC JCQQ K?QQ RF?L GRQ AMKNMLCLRQ. 7FW GQ RFGQ LMR M@QCPTCB AJ?QQGA?JJW, Q?W DMP ? @SGJBGLE K?BC MD @PGAIQ?
22. 3NMLR?LCMSQ P?BGM?ARGTC BCA?W MAASPQ MLJW UFCL RFC BCA?W NPMBSARQ F?TC JCQQ K?QQ RF?L RFC N?PCLR, ?LB GR RCLBQ RM NPMBSAC ? B?SEFRCP RF?R GQ
KMPC QR?@JC RF?L RFC N?PCLR. %VNJ?GL FMU RFGQ GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC D?AR RF?R KMPC RGEFRJW @MSLB LSAJCG ?PC KMPC QR?@JC. (#MLQGBCP RFC @GLBGLE CLCPEW NCP
LSAJCML.)
23. 4M M@R?GL RFC KMQR NPCAGQC T?JSC MD "% DPMK RFC COS?RGML BE=
ZM
1
H
+ Nm
n
c
2
m
A
X
c
2
, UC QFMSJB R?IC GLRM ?AAMSLR RFC @GLBGLE
CLCPEW MD RFC CJCARPMLQ GL RFC LCSRP?J ?RMKQ. 7GJJ BMGLE RFGQ NPMBSAC ? J?PECP MP QK?JJCP T?JSC DMP "%? 7FW GQ RFGQ CDDCAR SQS?JJW LCEJGEG@JC?
24. (MU BMCQ RFC DGLGRC P?LEC MD RFC LSAJC?P DMPAC PCJ?RC RM RFC D?AR RF?R BE/ A GQ EPC?RCQR DMP A LC?P 60?
31.6 B?D:?D= ED;H=O
25. 7FW GQ RFC LSK@CP MD LCSRPMLQ EPC?RCP RF?L RFC LSK@CP MD NPMRMLQ GL QR?@JC LSAJCG F?TGLE A EPC?RCP RF?L ?@MSR 40, ?LB UFW GQ RFGQ CDDCAR KMPC
NPMLMSLACB DMP RFC FC?TGCQR LSAJCG?
31.7 -KDD;B?D=
26. ! NFWQGAQ QRSBCLR A?SEFR @PC?IGLE AMLQCPT?RGML J?UQ GQ GKNPGQMLCB. 3FC JC?LQ ?E?GLQR RFC ACJJ U?JJ FMNGLE RM RSLLCJ MSR OS?LRSK KCAF?LGA?JJW.
%VNJ?GL UFW FCP AF?LACQ ?PC LCEJGEG@JC. (4FGQ GQ QM GL ?LW AJ?QQGA?J QGRS?RGML.)
27. 7FCL ? LSAJCSQ BCA?WQ, BMCQ RFC N?PRGAJC KMTC AMLRGLSMSQJW DPMK GLQGBC RFC LSAJCSQ RM MSRQGBC? 4F?R GQ, BMCQ GR RP?TCJ C?AF NMGLR ?JMLE ?L
GK?EGL?PW JGLC DPMK GLQGBC RM MSR? %VNJ?GL.
1138 #(!04%2 31 Y 2!$)/!#4)6)49 !.$ .5#,%!2 0(93)#3
28. 4FC CLCPEW MD 30.0 eV GQ PCOSGPCB RM GMLGXC ? KMJCASJC MD RFC E?Q
GLQGBC ? 'CGECP RS@C, RFCPC@W NPMBSAGLE ?L GML N?GP. 3SNNMQC ? N?PRGAJC MD
GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML BCNMQGRQ 0.500 -C6 MD CLCPEW GL RFGQ 'CGECP RS@C. 7F?R
K?VGKSK LSK@CP MD GML N?GPQ A?L GR APC?RC?
29. ! N?PRGAJC MD GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML APC?RCQ 4000 GML N?GPQ GL RFC E?Q GLQGBC
? 'CGECP RS@C ?Q GR N?QQCQ RFPMSEF. 7F?R KGLGKSK CLCPEW U?Q
BCNMQGRCB, GD 30.0 eV GQ PCOSGPCB RM APC?RC C?AF GML N?GP?
30. (?) 2CNC?R EN;H9?I; 31.29, ?LB AMLTCPR RFC CLCPEW RM HMSJCQ MP
A?JMPGCQ. (@) )D ?JJ MD RFGQ CLCPEW GQ AMLTCPRCB RM RFCPK?J CLCPEW GL RFC E?Q,
UF?R GQ GRQ RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QC, ?QQSKGLE 50.0 cm
3
MD GBC?J E?Q ?R
0.250-?RK NPCQQSPC? (4FC QK?JJ ?LQUCP GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC D?AR RF?R
RFC CLCPEW GQ J?PEC ML ? OS?LRSK KCAF?LGA?J QA?JC @SR QK?JJ ML ?
K?APMQAMNGA QA?JC.)
31. 3SNNMQC ? N?PRGAJC MD GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML BCNMQGRQ 1.0 -C6 GL RFC E?Q
MD ? 'CGECP RS@C, ?JJ MD UFGAF EMCQ RM APC?RGLE GML N?GPQ. %?AF GML N?GP
PCOSGPCQ 30.0 C6 MD CLCPEW. (?) 4FC ?NNJGCB TMJR?EC QUCCNQ RFC GMLQ MSR
MD RFC E?Q GL 1.00 s . 7F?R GQ RFC ASPPCLR? (@) 4FGQ ASPPCLR GQ QK?JJCP
RF?L RFC ?ARS?J ASPPCLR QGLAC RFC ?NNJGCB TMJR?EC GL RFC 'CGECP RS@C
?AACJCP?RCQ RFC QCN?P?RCB GMLQ, UFGAF RFCL APC?RC MRFCP GML N?GPQ GL
QS@QCOSCLR AMJJGQGMLQ. 7F?R GQ RFC ASPPCLR GD RFGQ J?QR CDDCAR KSJRGNJGCQ RFC
LSK@CP MD GML N?GPQ @W 900?
32. 6CPGDW RF?R ? 2.310
17
kg K?QQ MD U?RCP ?R LMPK?J BCLQGRW UMSJB
K?IC ? AS@C 60 IK ML ? QGBC, ?Q AJ?GKCB GL EN7CFB; 31.1. (4FGQ K?QQ
?R LSAJC?P BCLQGRW UMSJB K?IC ? AS@C 1.0 K ML ? QGBC.)
33. &GLB RFC JCLERF MD ? QGBC MD ? AS@C F?TGLE ? K?QQ MD 1.0 IE ?LB RFC
BCLQGRW MD LSAJC?P K?RRCP, R?IGLE RFGQ RM @C 2.310
17
kg/m
3
.
34. 7F?R GQ RFC P?BGSQ MD ?L N?PRGAJC?
35. &GLB RFC P?BGSQ MD ?
238
Pu LSAJCSQ.
238
Pu GQ ? K?LSD?ARSPCB
LSAJGBC RF?R GQ SQCB ?Q ? NMUCP QMSPAC ML QMKC QN?AC NPM@CQ.
36. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC P?BGSQ MD
58
Ni , MLC MD RFC KMQR RGEFRJW @MSLB
QR?@JC LSAJCG.
(@) 7F?R GQ RFC P?RGM MD RFC P?BGSQ MD
58
Ni RM RF?R MD
258
Ha , MLC MD RFC
J?PECQR LSAJCG CTCP K?BC? .MRC RF?R RFC P?BGSQ MD RFC J?PECQR LSAJCSQ GQ
QRGJJ KSAF QK?JJCP RF?L RFC QGXC MD ?L ?RMK.
37. 4FC SLGDGCB ?RMKGA K?QQ SLGR GQ BCDGLCB RM @C
1 u = 1.660510
27
kg . 6CPGDW RF?R RFGQ ?KMSLR MD K?QQ AMLTCPRCB RM
CLCPEW WGCJBQ 931.5 -C6. .MRC RF?R WMS KSQR SQC DMSP-BGEGR MP @CRRCP
T?JSCQ DMP c ?LB q
e
.
38. 7F?R GQ RFC P?RGM MD RFC TCJMAGRW MD ? N?PRGAJC RM RF?R MD ?L
N?PRGAJC, GD RFCW F?TC RFC Q?KC LMLPCJ?RGTGQRGA IGLCRGA CLCPEW?
39. )D ? 1.50-AK-RFGAI NGCAC MD JC?B A?L ?@QMP@ 90.0% MD RFC P?WQ DPMK
? P?BGM?ARGTC QMSPAC, FMU K?LW ACLRGKCRCPQ MD JC?B ?PC LCCBCB RM
?@QMP@ ?JJ @SR 0.100% MD RFC P?WQ?
40. 4FC BCR?GJ M@QCPT?@JC SQGLE ? NPM@C GQ JGKGRCB @W GRQ U?TCJCLERF.
#?JASJ?RC RFC CLCPEW MD ? -P?W NFMRML RF?R F?Q ? U?TCJCLERF MD
110
16
m, QK?JJ CLMSEF RM BCRCAR BCR?GJQ ?@MSR MLC-RCLRF RFC QGXC MD
? LSAJCML. .MRC RF?R ? NFMRML F?TGLE RFGQ CLCPEW GQ BGDDGASJR RM NPMBSAC
?LB GLRCP?ARQ NMMPJW UGRF RFC LSAJCSQ, JGKGRGLE RFC NP?ARGA?@GJGRW MD RFGQ
NPM@C.
41. (?) 3FMU RF?R GD WMS ?QQSKC RFC ?TCP?EC LSAJCSQ GQ QNFCPGA?J UGRF ?
P?BGSQ r = r
0
A
1 / 3
, ?LB UGRF ? K?QQ MD A S, RFCL GRQ BCLQGRW GQ
GLBCNCLBCLR MD A .
(@) #?JASJ?RC RF?R BCLQGRW GL u/fm
3
?LB kg/m
3
, ?LB AMKN?PC WMSP
PCQSJRQ UGRF RFMQC DMSLB GL EN7CFB; 31.1 DMP
56
Fe .
42. 7F?R GQ RFC P?RGM MD RFC TCJMAGRW MD ? 5.00--C6 P?W RM RF?R MD ?L
N?PRGAJC UGRF RFC Q?KC IGLCRGA CLCPEW? 4FGQ QFMSJB AMLDGPK RF?R Q RP?TCJ
KSAF D?QRCP RF?L Q CTCL UFCL PCJ?RGTGRW GQ R?ICL GLRM AMLQGBCP?RGML.
(3CC ?JQM EN;H9?I; 31.38.)
43. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW GL -C6 MD ? P?W RF?R GQ RP?TCJGLE ?R
0.998c ? 4FGQ EGTCQ QMKC GBC? MD FMU CLCPECRGA ? P?W KSQR @C RM
RP?TCJ ?R LC?PJW RFC Q?KC QNCCB ?Q ? P?W. (@) 7F?R GQ RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC
P?W PCJ?RGTC RM RFC P?W?
)L RFC DMJJMUGLE CGEFR NPM@JCKQ, UPGRC RFC AMKNJCRC BCA?W COS?RGML DMP RFC
EGTCL LSAJGBC GL RFC AMKNJCRC
Z
A
X
N
LMR?RGML. 2CDCP RM RFC NCPGMBGA R?@JC
DMP T?JSCQ MD Z .
44.
BCA?W MD
3
H (RPGRGSK), ? K?LSD?ARSPCB GQMRMNC MD FWBPMECL
SQCB GL QMKC BGEGR?J U?RAF BGQNJ?WQ, ?LB K?LSD?ARSPCB NPGK?PGJW DMP SQC
GL FWBPMECL @MK@Q.
45.
BCA?W MD
40
K, ? L?RSP?JJW MAASPPGLE P?PC GQMRMNC MD NMR?QQGSK
PCQNMLQG@JC DMP QMKC MD MSP CVNMQSPC RM @?AIEPMSLB P?BG?RGML.
46.
+
BCA?W MD
50
Mn .
47.
+
BCA?W MD
52
Fe .
48. %JCARPML A?NRSPC @W
7
Be .
49. %JCARPML A?NRSPC @W
106
In .
50. BCA?W MD
210
Po , RFC GQMRMNC MD NMJMLGSK GL RFC BCA?W QCPGCQ MD
238
U RF?R U?Q BGQAMTCPCB @W RFC #SPGCQ. ! D?TMPGRC GQMRMNC GL NFWQGAQ
J?@Q, QGLAC GR F?Q ? QFMPR F?JD-JGDC ?LB BCA?WQ RM ? QR?@JC LSAJGBC.
51. BCA?W MD
226
Ra , ?LMRFCP GQMRMNC GL RFC BCA?W QCPGCQ MD
238
U,
DGPQR PCAMELGXCB ?Q ? LCU CJCKCLR @W RFC #SPGCQ. 0MQCQ QNCAG?J NPM@JCKQ
@CA?SQC GRQ B?SEFRCP GQ ? P?BGM?ARGTC LM@JC E?Q.
)L RFC DMJJMUGLE DMSP NPM@JCKQ, GBCLRGDW RFC N?PCLR LSAJGBC ?LB UPGRC RFC
AMKNJCRC BCA?W COS?RGML GL RFC
Z
A
X
N
LMR?RGML. 2CDCP RM RFC NCPGMBGA
R?@JC DMP T?JSCQ MD Z .
52.
BCA?W NPMBSAGLE
137
Ba . 4FC N?PCLR LSAJGBC GQ ? K?HMP U?QRC
NPMBSAR MD PC?ARMPQ ?LB F?Q AFCKGQRPW QGKGJ?P RM NMR?QQGSK ?LB QMBGSK,
PCQSJRGLE GL GRQ AMLACLRP?RGML GL WMSP ACJJQ GD GLECQRCB.
53.
BCA?W NPMBSAGLE
90
Y. 4FC N?PCLR LSAJGBC GQ ? K?HMP U?QRC
NPMBSAR MD PC?ARMPQ ?LB F?Q AFCKGQRPW QGKGJ?P RM A?JAGSK, QM RF?R GR GQ
AMLACLRP?RCB GL @MLCQ GD GLECQRCB (
90
Y GQ ?JQM P?BGM?ARGTC.)
54. BCA?W NPMBSAGLE
228
Ra . 4FC N?PCLR LSAJGBC GQ LC?PJW 100% MD
RFC L?RSP?J CJCKCLR ?LB GQ DMSLB GL E?Q J?LRCPL K?LRJCQ ?LB GL KCR?J
?JJMWQ SQCB GL HCRQ (
228
Ra GQ ?JQM P?BGM?ARGTC).
#(!04%2 31 Y 2!$)/!#4)6)49 !.$ .5#,%!2 0(93)#3 1139
55. BCA?W NPMBSAGLE
208
Pb . 4FC N?PCLR LSAJGBC GQ GL RFC BCA?W
QCPGCQ NPMBSACB @W
232
Th , RFC MLJW L?RSP?JJW MAASPPGLE GQMRMNC MD
RFMPGSK.
56. 7FCL ?L CJCARPML ?LB NMQGRPML ?LLGFGJ?RC, @MRF RFCGP K?QQCQ ?PC
BCQRPMWCB, APC?RGLE RUM COS?J CLCPEW NFMRMLQ RM NPCQCPTC KMKCLRSK.
(?) #MLDGPK RF?R RFC ?LLGFGJ?RGML COS?RGML e
+
+ e
+ AMLQCPTCQ
AF?PEC, CJCARPML D?KGJW LSK@CP, ?LB RMR?J LSK@CP MD LSAJCMLQ. 4M BM RFGQ,
GBCLRGDW RFC T?JSCQ MD C?AF @CDMPC ?LB ?DRCP RFC ?LLGFGJ?RGML. (@) &GLB RFC
CLCPEW MD C?AF P?W, ?QQSKGLE RFC CJCARPML ?LB NMQGRPML ?PC GLGRG?JJW
LC?PJW ?R PCQR. (A) %VNJ?GL UFW RFC RUM P?WQ RP?TCJ GL CV?ARJW MNNMQGRC
BGPCARGMLQ GD RFC ACLRCP MD K?QQ MD RFC CJCARPML-NMQGRPML QWQRCK GQ GLGRG?JJW
?R PCQR.
57. #MLDGPK RF?R AF?PEC, CJCARPML D?KGJW LSK@CP, ?LB RFC RMR?J LSK@CP MD
LSAJCMLQ ?PC ?JJ AMLQCPTCB @W RFC PSJC DMP BCA?W EGTCL GL RFC COS?RGML
Z
A
X
N

Z 2
A 4
Y
N 2
+
2
4
He
2
. 4M BM RFGQ, GBCLRGDW RFC T?JSCQ MD C?AF
@CDMPC ?LB ?DRCP RFC BCA?W.
LSAJCMLQ ?PC ?JJ AMLQCPTCB @W RFC PSJC DMP
BCA?W EGTCL GL RFC

COS?RGML
Z
A
X
N

Z + 1
A
Y
N 1
+
e
. 4M BM RFGQ, GBCLRGDW RFC
T?JSCQ MD C?AF @CDMPC ?LB ?DRCP RFC BCA?W.
LSAJCMLQ ?PC ?JJ AMLQCPTCB @W RFC PSJC DMP
BCA?W EGTCL GL RFC

COS?RGML
Z
A
X
N

Z 1
A
Y
N 1
+
+
e
T?JSCQ MD C?AF @CDMPC ?LB ?DRCP RFC BCA?W.
LSAJCMLQ ?PC ?JJ AMLQCPTCB @W RFC PSJC DMP CJCARPML A?NRSPC EGTCL GL RFC
COS?RGML
Z
A
X
N
+ e
Z 1
A
Y
N + 1
+
e
T?JSCQ MD C?AF @CDMPC ?LB ?DRCP RFC A?NRSPC.
61. ! P?PC BCA?W KMBC F?Q @CCL M@QCPTCB GL UFGAF
222
Ra CKGRQ ?
14
C LSAJCSQ. (?) 4FC BCA?W COS?RGML GQ
222
Ra
A
X+
14
C. )BCLRGDW
RFC LSAJGBC
A
X. (@) &GLB RFC CLCPEW CKGRRCB GL RFC BCA?W. 4FC K?QQ MD
222
Ra GQ 222.015353 S.
62. (?) 7PGRC RFC AMKNJCRC BCA?W COS?RGML DMP
226
Ra .
(@) &GLB RFC CLCPEW PCJC?QCB GL RFC BCA?W.
63. (?) 7PGRC RFC AMKNJCRC BCA?W COS?RGML DMP
249
Cf .
(@) &GLB RFC CLCPEW PCJC?QCB GL RFC BCA?W.
64. (?) 7PGRC RFC AMKNJCRC
BCA?W COS?RGML DMP RFC LCSRPML. (@) &GLB

RFC CLCPEW PCJC?QCB GL RFC BCA?W.
BCA?W COS?RGML DMP

90
Sr , ? K?HMP U?QRC
NPMBSAR MD LSAJC?P PC?ARMPQ. (@) &GLB RFC CLCPEW PCJC?QCB GL RFC BCA?W.
66. #?JASJ?RC RFC CLCPEW PCJC?QCB GL RFC
+
BCA?W MD
22
Na , RFC
COS?RGML DMP UFGAF GQ EGTCL GL RFC RCVR. 4FC K?QQCQ MD
22
Na ?LB
22
Ne
?PC 21.994434 ?LB 21.991383 S, PCQNCARGTCJW.
+
BCA?W COS?RGML DMP
11
C.
(@) #?JASJ?RC RFC CLCPEW PCJC?QCB GL RFC BCA?W. 4FC K?QQCQ MD
11
C ?LB
11
B ?PC 11.011433 ?LB 11.009305 S, PCQNCARGTCJW.
68. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC CLCPEW PCJC?QCB GL RFC BCA?W MD
238
U.
(@) 7F?R DP?ARGML MD RFC K?QQ MD ? QGLEJC
238
U GQ BCQRPMWCB GL RFC
BCA?W? 4FC K?QQ MD
234
Th GQ 234.043593 S.
(A) !JRFMSEF RFC DP?ARGML?J K?QQ JMQQ GQ J?PEC DMP ? QGLEJC LSAJCSQ, GR GQ
BGDDGASJR RM M@QCPTC DMP ?L CLRGPC K?APMQAMNGA Q?KNJC MD SP?LGSK. 7FW GQ
RFGQ?
69. (?) 7PGRC RFC AMKNJCRC PC?ARGML COS?RGML DMP CJCARPML A?NRSPC @W
7
Be.
(@) #?JASJ?RC RFC CLCPEW PCJC?QCB.
70. (?) 7PGRC RFC AMKNJCRC PC?ARGML COS?RGML DMP CJCARPML A?NRSPC @W
15
O.
(@) #?JASJ?RC RFC CLCPEW PCJC?QCB.
31.5 !7B<-%?<; 7D: A9J?L?JO
$?R? DPMK RFC ?NNCLBGACQ ?LB RFC NCPGMBGA R?@JC K?W @C LCCBCB DMP
RFCQC NPM@JCKQ.
71. !L MJB A?KNDGPC GQ SLAMTCPCB BSPGLE ?L ?PAF?CMJMEGA?J BGE. )RQ
AF?PAM?J GQ DMSLB RM AMLR?GL JCQQ RF?L 1/1000 RFC LMPK?J ?KMSLR MD
14
C
. %QRGK?RC RFC KGLGKSK ?EC MD RFC AF?PAM?J, LMRGLE RF?R 2
10
= 1024 .
72. !
60
Co QMSPAC GQ J?@CJCB 4.00 K#G, @SR GRQ NPCQCLR ?ARGTGRW GQ DMSLB
RM @C 1.8510
7
"O. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC NPCQCLR ?ARGTGRW GL K#G? (@) (MU
JMLE ?EM BGB GR ?ARS?JJW F?TC ? 4.00-K#G ?ARGTGRW?
73. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC ?ARGTGRW R GL ASPGCQ MD 1.00 E MD
226
Ra . (@)
$GQASQQ UFW WMSP ?LQUCP GQ LMR CV?ARJW 1.00 #G, EGTCL RF?R RFC ASPGC U?Q
MPGEGL?JJW QSNNMQCB RM @C CV?ARJW RFC ?ARGTGRW MD ? EP?K MD P?BGSK.
74. 3FMU RF?R RFC ?ARGTGRW MD RFC
14
C GL 1.00 E MD
12
C DMSLB GL JGTGLE
RGQQSC GQ 0.250 "O.
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BMCQ RFC NMQQG@GJGRW MD LSAJC?P PC?ARMP ?AAGBCLRQ. #CPR?GLJW, QCTCP?J ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD LSAJC?P NFWQGAQ CQA?NC MSP TGCU, ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 32.2. .MR MLJW
F?Q LSAJC?P NFWQGAQ PCTC?JCB QCAPCRQ MD L?RSPC, GR F?Q ?L GLCTGR?@JC GKN?AR @?QCB ML GRQ ?NNJGA?RGMLQ, ?Q RFCW ?PC GLRCPRUGLCB UGRF FSK?L T?JSCQ.
"CA?SQC MD GRQ NMRCLRG?J DMP ?JJCTG?RGML MD QSDDCPGLE, ?LB GRQ NMUCP ?Q ?L SJRGK?RC BCQRPSARMP MD JGDC, LSAJC?P NFWQGAQ GQ MDRCL TGCUCB UGRF ?K@GT?JCLAC.
"SR GR NPMTGBCQ NCPF?NQ RFC @CQR CV?KNJC RF?R ?NNJGA?RGMLQ A?L @C EMMB MP CTGJ, UFGJC ILMUJCBEC GRQCJD GQ LCGRFCP.
#(!04%2 32 Y -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .5#,%!2 0(93)#3 1143
F?=KH; 32.2 #SQRMKQ MDDGACPQ GLQNCAR TCFGAJCQ SQGLE LCSRPML GPP?BG?RGML. #?PQ ?LB RPSAIQ N?QQ RFPMSEF NMPR?@JC V-P?W K?AFGLCQ RF?R PCTC?J RFCGP AMLRCLRQ. (APCBGR: 'CP?JB ,.
.GLM, #"0, 5.3. $CNR. MD (MKCJ?LB 3CASPGRW)
F?=KH; 32.3 4FGQ GK?EC QFMUQ RUM QRMU?U?WQ A?SEFR GJJCE?JJW CLRCPGLE RFC 5LGRCB 3R?RCQ DPMK #?L?B?. (APCBGR: 5.3. #SQRMKQ ?LB "MPBCP 0PMRCARGML)
32.1 &;:?97B "C7=?D= 7D: D?7=DEIJ?9I
! FMQR MD KCBGA?J GK?EGLE RCAFLGOSCQ CKNJMW LSAJC?P P?BG?RGML. 7F?R K?ICQ LSAJC?P P?BG?RGML QM SQCDSJ? &GPQR, P?BG?RGML A?L C?QGJW NCLCRP?RC
RGQQSC; FCLAC, GR GQ ? SQCDSJ NPM@C RM KMLGRMP AMLBGRGMLQ GLQGBC RFC @MBW. 3CAMLB, LSAJC?P P?BG?RGML BCNCLBQ ML RFC LSAJGBC ?LB LMR ML RFC AFCKGA?J
AMKNMSLB GR GQ GL, QM RF?R ? P?BGM?ARGTC LSAJGBC A?L @C NSR GLRM ? AMKNMSLB BCQGELCB DMP QNCAGDGA NSPNMQCQ. 4FC AMKNMSLB GQ Q?GB RM @C J7==;:. !
R?EECB AMKNMSLB SQCB DMP KCBGA?J NSPNMQCQ GQ A?JJCB ? H7:?EF>7HC79;KJ?97B. 2?BG?RGML BCRCARMPQ CVRCPL?J RM RFC @MBW A?L BCRCPKGLC RFC JMA?RGML
?LB AMLACLRP?RGML MD ? P?BGMNF?PK?ACSRGA?J RM WGCJB KCBGA?JJW SQCDSJ GLDMPK?RGML. &MP CV?KNJC, ACPR?GL BPSEQ ?PC AMLACLRP?RCB GL GLDJ?KCB PCEGMLQ MD
RFC @MBW, ?LB RFGQ GLDMPK?RGML A?L ?GB BG?ELMQGQ ?LB RPC?RKCLR ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 32.4. !LMRFCP ?NNJGA?RGML SRGJGXCQ ? P?BGMNF?PK?ACSRGA?J UFGAF RFC
@MBW QCLBQ RM @MLC ACJJQ, N?PRGASJ?PJW RFMQC RF?R ?PC KMQR ?ARGTC, RM BCRCAR A?LACPMSQ RSKMPQ MP FC?JGLE NMGLRQ. )K?ECQ A?L RFCL @C NPMBSACB MD QSAF
@MLC QA?LQ. 2?BGMGQMRMNCQ ?PC ?JQM SQCB RM BCRCPKGLC RFC DSLARGMLGLE MD @MBW MPE?LQ, QSAF ?Q @JMMB DJMU, FC?PR KSQAJC ?ARGTGRW, ?LB GMBGLC SNR?IC GL
RFC RFWPMGB EJ?LB.
F?=KH; 32.4 ! P?BGMNF?PK?ACSRGA?J GQ SQCB RM NPMBSAC RFGQ @P?GL GK?EC MD ? N?RGCLR UGRF !JXFCGKCPtQ BGQC?QC. #CPR?GL DC?RSPCQ ?PC AMKNSRCP CLF?LACB. (APCBGR: .?RGML?J
)LQRGRSRCQ MD (C?JRF)
-CBGA?J !NNJGA?RGML
-78B; 32.1 JGQRQ ACPR?GL KCBGA?J BG?ELMQRGA SQCQ MD P?BGMNF?PK?ACSRGA?JQ, GLAJSBGLE GQMRMNCQ ?LB ?ARGTGRGCQ RF?R ?PC RWNGA?JJW ?BKGLGQRCPCB. -?LW
MPE?LQ A?L @C GK?ECB UGRF ? T?PGCRW MD LSAJC?P GQMRMNCQ PCNJ?AGLE ? QR?@JC CJCKCLR @W ? P?BGM?ARGTC GQMRMNC. /LC AMKKML BG?ELMQRGA CKNJMWQ GMBGLC
RM GK?EC RFC RFWPMGB, QGLAC GMBGLC GQ AMLACLRP?RCB GL RF?R MPE?L. 4FC KMQR ?ARGTC RFWPMGB ACJJQ, GLAJSBGLE A?LACPMSQ ACJJQ, AMLACLRP?RC RFC KMQR GMBGLC
?LB, RFCPCDMPC, CKGR RFC KMQR P?BG?RGML. #MLTCPQCJW, FWNMRFWPMGBGQK GQ GLBGA?RCB @W J?AI MD GMBGLC SNR?IC. .MRC RF?R RFCPC GQ KMPC RF?L MLC GQMRMNC RF?R
A?L @C SQCB DMP QCTCP?J RWNCQ MD QA?LQ. !LMRFCP AMKKML LSAJC?P BG?ELMQRGA GQ RFC RF?JJGSK QA?L DMP RFC A?PBGMT?QASJ?P QWQRCK, N?PRGASJ?PJW SQCB RM
CT?JS?RC @JMAI?ECQ GL RFC AMPML?PW ?PRCPGCQ ?LB CV?KGLC FC?PR ?ARGTGRW. 4FC Q?JR 4J#J A?L @C SQCB, @CA?SQC GR ?ARQ JGIC .?#J ?LB DMJJMUQ RFC @JMMB.
'?JJGSK-67 ?AASKSJ?RCQ UFCPC RFCPC GQ P?NGB ACJJ EPMURF, QSAF ?Q GL RSKMPQ ?LB QGRCQ MD GLDCARGML. (CLAC, GR GQ SQCDSJ GL A?LACP GK?EGLE. 5QS?JJW, RFC
N?RGCLR PCACGTCQ RFC GLHCARGML MLC B?W ?LB F?Q ? UFMJC @MBW QA?L 3 MP 4 B?WQ J?RCP @CA?SQC GR A?L R?IC QCTCP?J B?WQ DMP RFC E?JJGSK RM @SGJB SN.
1144 #(!04%2 32 Y -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .5#,%!2 0(93)#3
4?@JC 32.1 $G?ELMQRGA 5QCQ MD 2?BGMNF?PK?ACSRGA?JQ
)HE9;:KH;, ?IEJEF;
-OF?97B 79J?L?JO (CC?), M>;H;
1 mCi = 3.710
7
Bq
B2"*. 3$".
99m
Tc 7.5
113m
In 7.5
11
C (PET) 20
13
N (PET) 20
15
O (PET) 50
18
F (PET) 10
L5.( 3$".
99m
Tc 2
133
Xe 7.5
C"2%*/6"3$5,"2 #,//% 0//,
131
I 0.2
99m
Tc 2
C"2%*/6"3$5,"2 "24&2*", ',/7
201
Tl 3
24
Na 7.5
T)92/*% 3$".
131
I 0.05
123
I 0.07
L*6&2 3$".
198
Au (AMJJMGB) 0.1
99m
Tc (AMJJMGB) 2
B/.& 3$".
85
Sr 0.1
99m
Tc 10
K*%.&9 3$".
197
Hg 0.1
99m
Tc 1.5
.MRC RF?R -78B; 32.1 JGQRQ K?LW BG?ELMQRGA SQCQ DMP
99m
Tc , UFCPC uKv QR?LBQ DMP ? KCR?QR?@JC QR?RC MD RFC RCAFLCRGSK LSAJCSQ. 0CPF?NQ 80 NCPACLR
MD ?JJ P?BGMNF?PK?ACSRGA?J NPMACBSPCQ CKNJMW
99m
Tc @CA?SQC MD GRQ K?LW ?BT?LR?ECQ. /LC GQ RF?R RFC BCA?W MD GRQ KCR?QR?@JC QR?RC NPMBSACQ ?
QGLEJC, C?QGJW GBCLRGDGCB 0.142--C6 P?W. !BBGRGML?JJW, RFC P?BG?RGML BMQC RM RFC N?RGCLR GQ JGKGRCB @W RFC QFMPR 6.0-F F?JD-JGDC MD
99m
Tc . !LB, ?JRFMSEF
GRQ F?JD-JGDC GQ QFMPR, GR GQ C?QGJW ?LB AMLRGLSMSQJW NPMBSACB ML QGRC. 4FC @?QGA NPMACQQ DMP NPMBSARGML GQ LCSRPML ?ARGT?RGML MD KMJW@BCLSK, UFGAF
OSGAIJW BCA?WQ GLRM
99m
Tc . 4CAFLCRGSK-99K A?L @C ?RR?AFCB RM K?LW AMKNMSLBQ RM ?JJMU RFC GK?EGLE MD RFC QICJCRML, FC?PR, JSLEQ, IGBLCWQ,
CRA.
#(!04%2 32 Y -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .5#,%!2 0(93)#3 1145
F?=KH; 32.5 QFMUQ MLC MD RFC QGKNJCP KCRFMBQ MD GK?EGLE RFC AMLACLRP?RGML MD LSAJC?P ?ARGTGRW, CKNJMWGLE ? BCTGAC A?JJCB ?L AD=;H 97C;H7 MP
=7CC7 97C;H7. ! NGCAC MD JC?B UGRF FMJCQ @MPCB RFPMSEF GR AMJJGK?RCQ P?WQ CKCPEGLE DPMK RFC N?RGCLR, ?JJMUGLE BCRCARMPQ RM PCACGTC P?WQ DPMK
QNCAGDGA BGPCARGMLQ MLJW. 4FC AMKNSRCP ?L?JWQGQ MD BCRCARMP QGEL?JQ NPMBSACQ ?L GK?EC. /LC MD RFC BGQ?BT?LR?ECQ MD RFGQ BCRCARGML KCRFMB GQ RF?R RFCPC
GQ LM BCNRF GLDMPK?RGML (G.C., GR NPMTGBCQ ? RUM-BGKCLQGML?J TGCU MD RFC RSKMP ?Q MNNMQCB RM ? RFPCC-BGKCLQGML?J TGCU), @CA?SQC P?BG?RGML DPMK ?LW
JMA?RGML SLBCP RF?R BCRCARMP NPMBSACQ ? QGEL?J.
F?=KH; 32.5 !L !LECP MP E?KK? A?KCP? AMLQGQRQ MD ? JC?B AMJJGK?RMP ?LB ?L ?PP?W MD BCRCARMPQ. '?KK? P?WQ NPMBSAC JGEFR DJ?QFCQ GL RFC QAGLRGJJ?RMPQ. 4FC JGEFR MSRNSR GQ
AMLTCPRCB RM ?L CJCARPGA?J QGEL?J @W RFC NFMRMKSJRGNJGCPQ. ! AMKNSRCP AMLQRPSARQ ?L GK?EC DPMK RFC BCRCARMP MSRNSR.
)K?EGLE RCAFLGOSCQ KSAF JGIC RFMQC GL V-P?W AMKNSRCB RMKMEP?NFW (#4) QA?LQ SQC LSAJC?P ?ARGTGRW GL N?RGCLRQ RM DMPK RFPCC-BGKCLQGML?J GK?ECQ.
F?=KH; 32.6 QFMUQ ? N?RGCLR GL ? AGPASJ?P ?PP?W MD BCRCARMPQ RF?R K?W @C QR?RGML?PW MP PMR?RCB, UGRF BCRCARMP MSRNSR SQCB @W ? AMKNSRCP RM AMLQRPSAR ?
BCR?GJCB GK?EC. 4FGQ RCAFLGOSC GQ A?JJCB I?D=B;-F>EJED-;C?II?ED 9ECFKJ;: JECE=H7F>O(,)EC-) MP QMKCRGKCQ QGKNJW 30%4. 4FC QN?RG?J
PCQMJSRGML MD RFGQ RCAFLGOSC GQ NMMP, ?@MSR 1 AK, @SR RFC AMLRP?QR (G.C. RFC BGDDCPCLAC GL TGQS?J NPMNCPRGCQ RF?R K?ICQ ?L M@HCAR BGQRGLESGQF?@JC DPMK
MRFCP M@HCARQ ?LB RFC @?AIEPMSLB) GQ EMMB.
F?=KH; 32.6 30%#4 SQCQ ? ECMKCRPW QGKGJ?P RM ? #4 QA?LLCP RM DMPK ?L GK?EC MD RFC AMLACLRP?RGML MD ? P?BGMNF?PK?ACSRGA?J AMKNMSLB. (APCBGR: 7MJBM, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
)K?ECQ NPMBSACB @W
+
CKGRRCPQ F?TC @CAMKC GKNMPR?LR GL PCACLR WC?PQ. 7FCL RFC CKGRRCB NMQGRPML (
+
) CLAMSLRCPQ ?L CJCARPML, KSRS?J
?LLGFGJ?RGML MAASPQ, NPMBSAGLE RUM P?WQ. 4FCQC P?WQ F?TC GBCLRGA?J 0.511--C6 CLCPEGCQ (RFC CLCPEW AMKCQ DPMK RFC BCQRPSARGML MD ?L CJCARPML
MP NMQGRPML K?QQ) ?LB RFCW KMTC BGPCARJW ?U?W DPMK MLC ?LMRFCP, ?JJMUGLE BCRCARMPQ RM BCRCPKGLC RFCGP NMGLR MD MPGEGL ?AASP?RCJW, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH;
32.7. 4FC QWQRCK GQ A?JJCB FEI?JHED ;C?II?ED JECE=H7F>O ()E-). )R PCOSGPCQ BCRCARMPQ ML MNNMQGRC QGBCQ RM QGKSJR?LCMSQJW (G.C., ?R RFC Q?KC RGKC)
BCRCAR NFMRMLQ MD 0.511--C6 CLCPEW ?LB SRGJGXCQ AMKNSRCP GK?EGLE RCAFLGOSCQ QGKGJ?P RM RFMQC GL 30%#4 ?LB #4 QA?LQ. %V?KNJCQ MD
+
-CKGRRGLE
GQMRMNCQ SQCB GL 0%4 ?PC
11
C,
13
N,
15
O, ?LB
18
F , ?Q QCCL GL -78B; 32.1. 4FGQ JGQR GLAJSBCQ #, ., ?LB /, ?LB QM RFCW F?TC RFC ?BT?LR?EC MD
@CGLE ?@JC RM DSLARGML ?Q R?EQ DMP L?RSP?J @MBW AMKNMSLBQ. )RQ PCQMJSRGML MD 0.5 AK GQ @CRRCP RF?L RF?R MD 30%#4; RFC ?AASP?AW ?LB QCLQGRGTGRW MD 0%4
QA?LQ K?IC RFCK SQCDSJ DMP CV?KGLGLE RFC @P?GLtQ ?L?RMKW ?LB DSLARGML. 4FC @P?GLtQ SQC MD MVWECL ?LB U?RCP A?L @C KMLGRMPCB UGRF
15
O. 0%4 GQ
SQCB CVRCLQGTCJW DMP BG?ELMQGLE @P?GL BGQMPBCPQ. )R A?L LMRC BCAPC?QCB KCR?@MJGQK GL ACPR?GL PCEGMLQ NPGMP RM ? AMLDGPK?RGML MD !JXFCGKCPtQ BGQC?QC.
0%4 A?L JMA?RC PCEGMLQ GL RFC @P?GL RF?R @CAMKC ?ARGTC UFCL ? NCPQML A?PPGCQ MSR QNCAGDGA ?ARGTGRGCQ, QSAF ?Q QNC?IGLE, AJMQGLE RFCGP CWCQ, ?LB QM ML.
1146 #(!04%2 32 Y -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .5#,%!2 0(93)#3
F?=KH; 32.7 ! 0%4 QWQRCK R?ICQ ?BT?LR?EC MD RFC RUM GBCLRGA?J -P?W NFMRMLQ NPMBSACB @W NMQGRPML-CJCARPML ?LLGFGJ?RGML. 4FCQC P?WQ ?PC CKGRRCB GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ,
QM RF?R RFC JGLC ?JMLE UFGAF C?AF N?GP GQ CKGRRCB GQ BCRCPKGLCB. 6?PGMSQ CTCLRQ BCRCARCB @W QCTCP?J N?GPQ MD BCRCARMPQ ?PC RFCL ?L?JWXCB @W RFC AMKNSRCP RM DMPK ?L ?AASP?RC
GK?EC.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: 3GKNJGDGCB -2)
)Q GR ? RSKMP? -?ELCRGA 2CQML?LAC )K?EGLE (-2)) A?L RCJJ. 9MSP FC?B GQ DSJJ MD RGLW P?BGM RP?LQKGRRCPQ (RFC LSAJC?P QNGLQ MD RFC FWBPMECL LSAJCG MD
WMSP U?RCP KMJCASJCQ). )L ?L -2) SLGR, RFCQC JGRRJC P?BGMQ A?L @C K?BC RM @PM?BA?QR RFCGP NMQGRGMLQ, EGTGLE ? BCR?GJCB NGARSPC MD RFC GLQGBC MD WMSP
FC?B.
F?=KH; 32.8 ,?CFB?<?;: &+" (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42649/1.5/CH?6;D.@7H)
32.2 B?EBE=?97B E<<;9JI E< "ED?P?D= +7:?7J?ED
7C FC?P K?LW QCCKGLEJW AMLRP?BGARMPW RFGLEQ ?@MSR RFC @GMJMEGA?J CDDCARQ MD GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML. )R A?L A?SQC A?LACP, @SPLQ, ?LB F?GP JMQQ, WCR GR GQ SQCB
RM RPC?R ?LB CTCL ASPC A?LACP. (MU BM UC SLBCPQR?LB RFCQC CDDCARQ? /LAC ?E?GL, RFCPC GQ ?L SLBCPJWGLE QGKNJGAGRW GL L?RSPC, CTCL GL AMKNJGA?RCB
@GMJMEGA?J MPE?LGQKQ. !JJ RFC CDDCARQ MD GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML ML @GMJMEGA?J RGQQSC A?L @C SLBCPQRMMB @W ILMUGLE RF?R ?ED?P?D= H7:?7J?ED 7<<;9JI
CEB;9KB;I M?J>?D 9;BBI, F7HJ?9KB7HBO D'A CEB;9KB;I.
,CR SQ R?IC ? @PGCD JMMI ?R KMJCASJCQ UGRFGL ACJJQ ?LB FMU ACJJQ MNCP?RC. #CJJQ F?TC JMLE, BMS@JC-FCJGA?J $.! KMJCASJCQ AMLR?GLGLE AFCKGA?J AMBCQ
A?JJCB ECLCRGA AMBCQ RF?R EMTCPL RFC DSLARGML ?LB NPMACQQCQ SLBCPR?ICL @W RFC ACJJ. )R GQ DMP SLP?TCJGLE RFC BMS@JC-FCJGA?J QRPSARSPC MD $.! RF?R *?KCQ
7?RQML, &P?LAGQ #PGAI, ?LB -?SPGAC 7GJIGLQ PCACGTCB RFC .M@CJ 0PGXC. $?K?EC RM $.! AMLQGQRQ MD @PC?IQ GL AFCKGA?J @MLBQ MP MRFCP AF?LECQ GL RFC
QRPSARSP?J DC?RSPCQ MD RFC $.! AF?GL, JC?BGLE RM AF?LECQ GL RFC ECLCRGA AMBC. )L FSK?L ACJJQ, UC A?L F?TC ?Q K?LW ?Q ? KGJJGML GLBGTGBS?J GLQR?LACQ MD
B?K?EC RM $.! NCP ACJJ NCP B?W. )R GQ PCK?PI?@JC RF?R $.! AMLR?GLQ AMBCQ RF?R AFCAI UFCRFCP RFC $.! GQ B?K?ECB MP A?L PCN?GP GRQCJD. )R GQ JGIC ?L
?SRM AFCAI ?LB PCN?GP KCAF?LGQK. 4FGQ PCN?GP ?@GJGRW MD $.! GQ TGR?J DMP K?GLR?GLGLE RFC GLRCEPGRW MD RFC ECLCRGA AMBC ?LB DMP RFC LMPK?J DSLARGMLGLE MD
RFC CLRGPC MPE?LGQK. )R QFMSJB @C AMLQR?LRJW ?ARGTC ?LB LCCBQ RM PCQNMLB P?NGBJW. 4FC P?RC MD $.! PCN?GP BCNCLBQ ML T?PGMSQ D?ARMPQ QSAF ?Q RFC ACJJ
RWNC ?LB ?EC MD RFC ACJJ. ! ACJJ UGRF ? B?K?ECB ?@GJGRW RM PCN?GP $.!, UFGAF AMSJB F?TC @CCL GLBSACB @W GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML, A?L BM MLC MD RFC
DMJJMUGLE:
w 4FC ACJJ A?L EM GLRM ?L GPPCTCPQG@JC QR?RC MD BMPK?LAW, ILMUL ?Q QCLCQACLAC.
w 4FC ACJJ A?L AMKKGR QSGAGBC, ILMUL ?Q NPMEP?KKCB ACJJ BC?RF.
w 4FC ACJJ A?L EM GLRM SLPCESJ?RCB ACJJ BGTGQGML JC?BGLE RM RSKMPQ ?LB A?LACPQ.
3GLAC GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML B?K?ECQ RFC $.!, UFGAF GQ APGRGA?J GL ACJJ PCNPMBSARGML, GR F?Q GRQ EPC?RCQR CDDCAR ML ACJJQ RF?R P?NGBJW PCNPMBSAC, GLAJSBGLE KMQR
RWNCQ MD A?LACP. 4FSQ, A?LACP ACJJQ ?PC KMPC QCLQGRGTC RM P?BG?RGML RF?L LMPK?J ACJJQ ?LB A?L @C IGJJCB @W GR C?QGJW. #?LACP GQ AF?P?ARCPGXCB @W ?
K?JDSLARGML MD ACJJ PCNPMBSARGML, ?LB A?L ?JQM @C A?SQCB @W GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML. 7GRFMSR AMLRP?BGARGML, GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML A?L @C @MRF ? ASPC ?LB ?
A?SQC.
4M BGQASQQ OS?LRGR?RGTCJW RFC @GMJMEGA?J CDDCARQ MD GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML, UC LCCB ? P?BG?RGML BMQC SLGR RF?R GQ BGPCARJW PCJ?RCB RM RFMQC CDDCARQ. !JJ CDDCARQ MD
P?BG?RGML ?PC ?QQSKCB RM @C BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC ?KMSLR MD GMLGX?RGML NPMBSACB GL RFC @GMJMEGA?J MPE?LGQK. 4FC ?KMSLR MD GMLGX?RGML GQ GL RSPL
NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC ?KMSLR MD BCNMQGRCB CLCPEW. 4FCPCDMPC, UC BCDGLC ? H7:?7J?ED :EI; KD?J A?JJCB RFC H7:, ?Q 1/100 MD ? HMSJC MD GMLGXGLE CLCPEW
BCNMQGRCB NCP IGJMEP?K MD RGQQSC, UFGAF GQ
(32.1)
1 rad = 0.01 J/kg.
&MP CV?KNJC, GD ? 50.0-IE NCPQML GQ CVNMQCB RM GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML MTCP FCP CLRGPC @MBW ?LB QFC ?@QMP@Q 1.00 *, RFCL FCP UFMJC-@MBW P?BG?RGML BMQC GQ
(32.2)
(1.00 J)
/
(50.0 kg) = 0.0200 J/kg = 2.00 rad.
)D RFC Q?KC 1.00 * MD GMLGXGLE CLCPEW UCPC ?@QMP@CB GL FCP 2.00-IE DMPC?PK ?JMLC, RFCL RFC BMQC RM RFC DMPC?PK UMSJB @C
#(!04%2 32 Y -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .5#,%!2 0(93)#3 1147
(32.3)
(1.00 J)
/
(2.00 kg) = 0.500 J/kg = 50.0 rad,
?LB RFC SL?DDCARCB RGQQSC UMSJB F?TC ? XCPM P?B BMQC. 7FGJC A?JASJ?RGLE P?BG?RGML BMQCQ, WMS BGTGBC RFC CLCPEW ?@QMP@CB @W RFC K?QQ MD ?DDCARCB
RGQQSC. 9MS KSQR QNCAGDW RFC ?DDCARCB PCEGML, QSAF ?Q RFC UFMJC @MBW MP DMPC?PK GL ?BBGRGML RM EGTGLE RFC LSKCPGA?J BMQC GL P?BQ. 4FC 3) SLGR DMP
P?BG?RGML BMQC GQ RFC =H7O (O), UFGAF GQ BCDGLCB RM @C
(32.4)
1 Gy = 1 J/kg = 100 rad.
(MUCTCP, RFC P?B GQ QRGJJ AMKKMLJW SQCB. !JRFMSEF RFC CLCPEW NCP IGJMEP?K GL 1 P?B GQ QK?JJ, GR F?Q QGELGDGA?LR CDDCARQ QGLAC RFC CLCPEW A?SQCQ
GMLGX?RGML. 4FC CLCPEW LCCBCB DMP ? QGLEJC GMLGX?RGML GQ ? DCU C6, MP JCQQ RF?L 10
18
J . 4FSQ, 0.01 * MD GMLGXGLE CLCPEW A?L APC?RC ? FSEC LSK@CP MD
GML N?GPQ ?LB F?TC ?L CDDCAR ?R RFC ACJJSJ?P JCTCJ.
4FC CDDCARQ MD GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML K?W @C BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC BMQC GL P?BQ, @SR RFCW ?JQM BCNCLB ML RFC RWNC MD P?BG?RGML ?LB RFC RWNC MD RGQQSC.
4F?R GQ, DMP ? EGTCL BMQC GL P?BQ, RFC CDDCARQ BCNCLB ML UFCRFCP RFC P?BG?RGML GQ , , , V-P?W, MP QMKC MRFCP RWNC MD GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML. )L RFC C?PJGCP
BGQASQQGML MD RFC P?LEC MD GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML, GR U?Q LMRCB RF?R CLCPEW GQ BCNMQGRCB GL ? QCPGCQ MD GMLGX?RGMLQ ?LB LMR GL ? QGLEJC GLRCP?ARGML. %?AF GML
N?GP MP GMLGX?RGML PCOSGPCQ ? ACPR?GL ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW, QM RF?R RFC LSK@CP MD GML N?GPQ GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC ?KMSLR MD RFC BCNMQGRCB GMLGXGLE
CLCPEW. "SR, GD RFC P?LEC MD RFC P?BG?RGML GQ QK?JJ, ?Q GR GQ DMP Q, RFCL RFC GMLGX?RGML ?LB RFC B?K?EC APC?RCB GQ KMPC AMLACLRP?RCB ?LB F?PBCP DMP RFC
MPE?LGQK RM PCN?GP, ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 32.9. #MLACLRP?RCB B?K?EC GQ KMPC BGDDGASJR DMP @GMJMEGA?J MPE?LGQKQ RM PCN?GP RF?L B?K?EC RF?R GQ QNPC?B MSR,
QM QFMPR-P?LEC N?PRGAJCQ F?TC EPC?RCP @GMJMEGA?J CDDCARQ. 4FC H;B7J?L; 8?EBE=?97B ;<<;9J?L;D;II (2"%) MP GK7B?JO <79JEH (1&) GQ EGTCL GL -78B; 32.2 DMP
QCTCP?J RWNCQ MD GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGMLrRFC CDDCAR MD RFC P?BG?RGML GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC 2"%. ! BMQC SLGR KMPC AJMQCJW PCJ?RCB RM CDDCARQ GL
@GMJMEGA?J RGQQSC GQ A?JJCB RFC HE;DJ=;D ;GK?L7B;DJ C7D MP PCK ?LB GQ BCDGLCB RM @C RFC BMQC GL P?BQ KSJRGNJGCB @W RFC PCJ?RGTC @GMJMEGA?J
CDDCARGTCLCQQ.
(32.5)
rem = radRBE
F?=KH; 32.9 4FC GK?EC QFMUQ GMLGX?RGML APC?RCB GL ACJJQ @W ?LB P?BG?RGML. "CA?SQC MD GRQ QFMPRCP P?LEC, RFC GMLGX?RGML ?LB B?K?EC APC?RCB @W GQ KMPC AMLACLRP?RCB
?LB F?PBCP DMP RFC MPE?LGQK RM PCN?GP. 4FSQ, RFC 2"% DMP Q GQ EPC?RCP RF?L RFC 2"% DMP Q, CTCL RFMSEF RFCW APC?RC RFC Q?KC ?KMSLR MD GMLGX?RGML ?R RFC Q?KC CLCPEW.
3M, GD ? NCPQML F?B ? UFMJC-@MBW BMQC MD 2.00 P?B MD P?BG?RGML, RFC BMQC GL PCK UMSJB @C (2.00 rad)(1) = 2.00 rem whole body . )D RFC NCPQML
F?B ? UFMJC-@MBW BMQC MD 2.00 P?B MD P?BG?RGML, RFCL RFC BMQC GL PCK UMSJB @C (2.00 rad)(20) = 40.0 rem whole body . 4FC Q UMSJB F?TC
20 RGKCQ RFC CDDCAR ML RFC NCPQML RF?L RFC Q DMP RFC Q?KC BCNMQGRCB CLCPEW. 4FC 3) COSGT?JCLR MD RFC PCK GQ RFC I?;L;HJ (3T), BCDGLCB RM @C
Sv = GyRBE , QM RF?R
(32.6) 1 Sv = 1 GyRBE = 100 rem.
4FC 2"%Q EGTCL GL -78B; 32.2 ?PC ?NNPMVGK?RC, @SR RFCW WGCJB ACPR?GL GLQGEFRQ. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC CWCQ ?PC KMPC QCLQGRGTC RM P?BG?RGML, @CA?SQC RFC
ACJJQ MD RFC JCLQ BM LMR PCN?GP RFCKQCJTCQ. .CSRPMLQ A?SQC KMPC B?K?EC RF?L P?WQ, ?JRFMSEF @MRF ?PC LCSRP?J ?LB F?TC J?PEC P?LECQ, @CA?SQC
LCSRPMLQ MDRCL A?SQC QCAMLB?PW P?BG?RGML UFCL RFCW ?PC A?NRSPCB. .MRC RF?R RFC 2"%Q ?PC 1 DMP FGEFCP-CLCPEW Q, Q, ?LB V-P?WQ, RFPCC MD RFC
KMQR AMKKML RWNCQ MD P?BG?RGML. &MP RFMQC RWNCQ MD P?BG?RGML, RFC LSKCPGA?J T?JSCQ MD RFC BMQC GL PCK ?LB P?B ?PC GBCLRGA?J. &MP CV?KNJC, 1 P?B MD
P?BG?RGML GQ ?JQM 1 PCK. &MP RF?R PC?QML, P?BQ ?PC QRGJJ UGBCJW OSMRCB P?RFCP RF?L PCK. -78B; 32.3 QSKK?PGXCQ RFC SLGRQ RF?R ?PC SQCB DMP P?BG?RGML.
-GQAMLACNRGML !JCPR: !ARGTGRW TQ. $MQC
u!ARGTGRWv PCDCPQ RM RFC P?BGM?ARGTC QMSPAC UFGJC uBMQCv PCDCPQ RM RFC ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW DPMK RFC P?BG?RGML RF?R GQ BCNMQGRCB GL ? NCPQML MP M@HCAR.
! FGEF JCTCJ MD ?ARGTGRW BMCQLtR KC?L KSAF GD ? NCPQML GQ D?P ?U?W DPMK RFC QMSPAC. 4FC ?ARGTGRW R MD ? QMSPAC BCNCLBQ SNML RFC OS?LRGRW MD K?RCPG?J
(IE) ?Q UCJJ ?Q RFC F?JD-JGDC. ! QFMPR F?JD-JGDC UGJJ NPMBSAC K?LW KMPC BGQGLRCEP?RGMLQ NCP QCAMLB. 2CA?JJ RF?R R =
0.693N
t
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0
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1.7
.CSRPMLQ, RFCPK?J RM QJMU (<20 IC6) 2q5
.CSRPMLQ, D?QR (1q10 -C6) 10 (@MBW), 32 (CWCQ)
0PMRMLQ (1q10 -C6) 10 (@MBW), 32 (CWCQ)
P?WQ DPMK P?BGM?ARGTC BCA?W
10q20
(C?TW GMLQ DPMK ?AACJCP?RMPQ 10q20
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*K7DJ?JO ," KD?J D7C; D;<?D?J?ED FEHC;H KD?J CEDL;HI?ED
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11
Ci
!@QMP@CB BMQC 'P?W ('W) 1 */IE P?B
Gy = 100 rad
$MQC %OSGT?JCLR 3GCTCPR (3T) 1 */IE a 2"% PCK Sv = 100 rem
4FC J?PEC-QA?JC CDDCARQ MD P?BG?RGML ML FSK?LQ A?L @C BGTGBCB GLRM RUM A?RCEMPGCQ: GKKCBG?RC CDDCARQ ?LB JMLE-RCPK CDDCARQ. -78B; 32.4 EGTCQ RFC
GKKCBG?RC CDDCARQ MD UFMJC-@MBW CVNMQSPCQ PCACGTCB GL JCQQ RF?L MLC B?W. )D RFC P?BG?RGML CVNMQSPC GQ QNPC?B MSR MTCP KMPC RGKC, EPC?RCP BMQCQ ?PC
LCCBCB RM A?SQC RFC CDDCARQ JGQRCB. 4FGQ GQ BSC RM RFC @MBWtQ ?@GJGRW RM N?PRG?JJW PCN?GP RFC B?K?EC. !LW BMQC JCQQ RF?L 100 K3T (10 PCK) GQ A?JJCB ?
BEM :EI;, 0.1 3T RM 1 3T (10 RM 100 PCK) GQ A?JJCB ? CE:;H7J; :EI;, ?LB ?LWRFGLE EPC?RCP RF?L 1 3T (100 PCK) GQ A?JJCB ? >?=> :EI;. 4FCPC GQ LM
ILMUL U?W RM BCRCPKGLC ?DRCP RFC D?AR GD ? NCPQML F?Q @CCL CVNMQCB RM JCQQ RF?L 10 K3T.
4?@JC 32.4 )KKCBG?RC %DDCARQ MD 2?BG?RGML (!BSJRQ, 7FMJC "MBW, 3GLEJC %VNMQSPC)
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425
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0.5 4CKNMP?PW QRCPGJGRW; 0.35 DMP UMKCL, 0.50 DMP KCL.
1 q 2 3GELGDGA?LR PCBSARGML GL @JMMB ACJJ AMSLRQ, @PGCD L?SQC? ?LB TMKGRGLE. 2?PCJW D?R?J.
2 q 5 .?SQC?, TMKGRGLE, F?GP JMQQ, QCTCPC @JMMB B?K?EC, FCKMPPF?EC, D?R?JGRGCQ.
4.5 ,$50/32. ,CRF?J RM 50% MD RFC NMNSJ?RGML UGRFGL 32 B?WQ ?DRCP CVNMQSPC GD LMR RPC?RCB.
5 q 20 7MPQR CDDCARQ BSC RM K?JDSLARGML MD QK?JJ GLRCQRGLC ?LB @JMMB QWQRCKQ. ,GKGRCB QSPTGT?J.
>20 &?R?J UGRFGL FMSPQ BSC RM AMJJ?NQC MD ACLRP?J LCPTMSQ QWQRCK.
)KKCBG?RC CDDCARQ ?PC CVNJ?GLCB @W RFC CDDCARQ MD P?BG?RGML ML ACJJQ ?LB RFC QCLQGRGTGRW MD P?NGBJW PCNPMBSAGLE ACJJQ RM P?BG?RGML. 4FC DGPQR AJSC RF?R ?
NCPQML F?Q @CCL CVNMQCB RM P?BG?RGML GQ ? AF?LEC GL @JMMB AMSLR, UFGAF GQ LMR QSPNPGQGLE QGLAC @JMMB ACJJQ ?PC RFC KMQR P?NGBJW PCNPMBSAGLE ACJJQ GL
RFC @MBW. !R FGEFCP BMQCQ, L?SQC? ?LB F?GP JMQQ ?PC M@QCPTCB, UFGAF K?W @C BSC RM GLRCPDCPCLAC UGRF ACJJ PCNPMBSARGML. #CJJQ GL RFC JGLGLE MD RFC
BGECQRGTC QWQRCK ?JQM P?NGBJW PCNPMBSAC, ?LB RFCGP BCQRPSARGML A?SQCQ L?SQC?. 7FCL RFC EPMURF MD F?GP ACJJQ QJMUQ, RFC F?GP DMJJGAJCQ @CAMKC RFGL ?LB
@PC?I MDD. (GEF BMQCQ A?SQC QGELGDGA?LR ACJJ BC?RF GL ?JJ QWQRCKQ, @SR RFC JMUCQR BMQCQ RF?R A?SQC D?R?JGRGCQ BM QM @W UC?ICLGLE RFC GKKSLC QWQRCK
RFPMSEF RFC JMQQ MD UFGRC @JMMB ACJJQ.
4FC RUM ILMUL JMLE-RCPK CDDCARQ MD P?BG?RGML ?PC A?LACP ?LB ECLCRGA BCDCARQ. "MRF ?PC BGPCARJW ?RRPG@SR?@JC RM RFC GLRCPDCPCLAC MD P?BG?RGML UGRF ACJJ
PCNPMBSARGML. &MP FGEF BMQCQ MD P?BG?RGML, RFC PGQI MD A?LACP GQ PC?QML?@JW UCJJ ILMUL DPMK QRSBGCQ MD CVNMQCB EPMSNQ. (GPMQFGK? ?LB .?E?Q?IG
QSPTGTMPQ ?LB ? QK?JJCP LSK@CP MD NCMNJC CVNMQCB @W RFCGP MAASN?RGML, QSAF ?Q P?BGSK BG?J N?GLRCPQ, F?TC @CCL DSJJW BMASKCLRCB. #FCPLM@WJ TGARGKQ
UGJJ @C QRSBGCB DMP K?LW BCA?BCQ, UGRF QMKC B?R? ?JPC?BW ?T?GJ?@JC. &MP CV?KNJC, ? QGELGDGA?LR GLAPC?QC GL AFGJBFMMB RFWPMGB A?LACP F?Q @CCL
M@QCPTCB. 4FC PGQI MD ? P?BG?RGML-GLBSACB A?LACP DMP JMU ?LB KMBCP?RC BMQCQ GQ ECLCP?JJW 4FFH@87 RM @C NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC PGQI ILMUL DMP FGEF
BMQCQ. 5LBCP RFGQ ?QQSKNRGML, ?LW BMQC MD P?BG?RGML, LM K?RRCP FMU QK?JJ, GLTMJTCQ ? PGQI RM FSK?L FC?JRF. 4FGQ GQ A?JJCB RFC B?D;7H >OFEJ>;I?I ?LB GR
K?W @C NPSBCLR, @SR GR <F AMLRPMTCPQG?J. 4FCPC GQ QMKC CTGBCLAC RF?R, SLJGIC RFC GKKCBG?RC CDDCARQ MD P?BG?RGML, RFC JMLE-RCPK CDDCARQ ?PC ASKSJ?RGTC
?LB RFCPC GQ JGRRJC QCJD-PCN?GP. 4FGQ GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM RFC PGQI MD QIGL A?LACP DPMK 56 CVNMQSPC, UFGAF GQ ILMUL RM @C ASKSJ?RGTC.
4FCPC GQ ? J?RCLAW NCPGMB DMP RFC MLQCR MD P?BG?RGML-GLBSACB A?LACP MD ?@MSR 2 WC?PQ DMP JCSICKG? ?LB 15 WC?PQ DMP KMQR MRFCP DMPKQ. 4FC NCPQML GQ ?R
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1 PCK CVNMQSPC GQ GKNMQQG@JC RM BCRCAR BCKMEP?NFGA?JJW. "SR 100 PCK (1 3T), UFGAF U?Q RFC BMQC PCACGTCB @W RFC ?TCP?EC (GPMQFGK? ?LB .?E?Q?IG
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6
rem y , @SR RFC LMPK?J GLAGBCLAC GQ 60,000 GL ? KGJJGML. %TGBCLAC MD
QSAF ? QK?JJ GLAPC?QC, RP?EGA ?Q GR GQ, GQ LC?PJW GKNMQQG@JC RM M@R?GL. &MP CV?KNJC, RFCPC GQ LM CTGBCLAC MD GLAPC?QCB ECLCRGA BCDCARQ ?KMLE RFC
MDDQNPGLE MD (GPMQFGK? ?LB .?E?Q?IG QSPTGTMPQ. !LGK?J QRSBGCQ BM LMR QCCK RM AMPPCJ?RC UCJJ UGRF CDDCARQ ML FSK?LQ ?LB ?PC LMR TCPW FCJNDSJ. &MP @MRF
A?LACP ?LB ECLCRGA BCDCARQ, RFC ?NNPM?AF RM Q?DCRW F?Q @CCL RM SQC RFC JGLC?P FWNMRFCQGQ, UFGAF GQ JGICJW RM @C ?L MTCPCQRGK?RC MD RFC PGQIQ MD JMU
BMQCQ. #CPR?GL PCQC?PAFCPQ CTCL AJ?GK RF?R JMU BMQCQ ?PC 58A89<6<4?. !EHC;I?I GQ ? RCPK SQCB RM BCQAPG@C ECLCP?JJW D?TMP?@JC @GMJMEGA?J PCQNMLQCQ RM
JMU CVNMQSPCQ MD RMVGLQ MP P?BG?RGML. 3SAF JMU JCTCJQ K?W FCJN ACPR?GL PCN?GP KCAF?LGQKQ RM BCTCJMN MP CL?@JC ACJJQ RM ?B?NR RM RFC CDDCARQ MD RFC JMU
CVNMQSPCQ. 0MQGRGTC CDDCARQ K?W MAASP ?R JMU BMQCQ RF?R AMSJB @C ? NPM@JCK ?R FGEF BMQCQ.
%TCL RFC JGLC?P FWNMRFCQGQ CQRGK?RCQ MD RFC PGQIQ ?PC PCJ?RGTCJW QK?JJ, ?LB RFC ?TCP?EC NCPQML GQ LMR CVNMQCB RM J?PEC ?KMSLRQ MD P?BG?RGML. -78B; 32.5
JGQRQ ?TCP?EC ?LLS?J @?AIEPMSLB P?BG?RGML BMQCQ DPMK L?RSP?J ?LB ?PRGDGAG?J QMSPACQ DMP !SQRP?JG?, RFC 5LGRCB 3R?RCQ, 'CPK?LW, ?LB UMPJB-UGBC
?TCP?ECQ. #MQKGA P?WQ ?PC N?PRG?JJW QFGCJBCB @W RFC ?RKMQNFCPC, ?LB RFC BMQC BCNCLBQ SNML ?JRGRSBC ?LB J?RGRSBC, @SR RFC ?TCP?EC GQ ?@MSR 0.40
K3T/W. ! EMMB CV?KNJC MD RFC T?PG?RGML MD AMQKGA P?BG?RGML BMQC UGRF ?JRGRSBC AMKCQ DPMK RFC ?GPJGLC GLBSQRPW. -MLGRMPCB NCPQMLLCJ QFMU ?L ?TCP?EC
MD 2 K3T/W. ! 12-FMSP DJGEFR KGEFR EGTC WMS ?L CVNMQSPC MD 0.02 RM 0.03 K3T.
$MQCQ DPMK RFC %?PRF GRQCJD ?PC K?GLJW BSC RM RFC GQMRMNCQ MD SP?LGSK, RFMPGSK, ?LB NMR?QQGSK, ?LB T?PW EPC?RJW @W JMA?RGML. 3MKC NJ?ACQ F?TC EPC?R
L?RSP?J AMLACLRP?RGMLQ MD SP?LGSK ?LB RFMPGSK, WGCJBGLE BMQCQ RCL RGKCQ ?Q FGEF ?Q RFC ?TCP?EC T?JSC. )LRCPL?J BMQCQ AMKC DPMK DMMBQ ?LB JGOSGBQ
RF?R UC GLECQR. &CPRGJGXCPQ AMLR?GLGLE NFMQNF?RCQ F?TC NMR?QQGSK ?LB SP?LGSK. 3M UC ?PC ?JJ ? JGRRJC P?BGM?ARGTC. #?P@ML-14 F?Q ?@MSR 66 "O/IE
P?BGM?ARGTGRW UFCPC?Q DCPRGJGXCPQ K?W F?TC KMPC RF?L 3000 "O/IE P?BGM?ARGTGRW. -CBGA?J ?LB BCLR?J BG?ELMQRGA CVNMQSPCQ ?PC KMQRJW DPMK V-P?WQ. )R
QFMSJB @C LMRCB RF?R V-P?W BMQCQ RCLB RM @C JMA?JGXCB ?LB ?PC @CAMKGLE KSAF QK?JJCP UGRF GKNPMTCB RCAFLGOSCQ. -78B; 32.6 QFMUQ RWNGA?J BMQCQ
PCACGTCB BSPGLE T?PGMSQ BG?ELMQRGA V-P?W CV?KGL?RGMLQ. .MRC RFC J?PEC BMQC DPMK ? #4 QA?L. 7FGJC #4 QA?LQ MLJW ?AAMSLR DMP JCQQ RF?L 20 NCPACLR MD
RFC V-P?W NPMACBSPCQ BMLC RMB?W, RFCW ?AAMSLR DMP ?@MSR 50 NCPACLR MD RFC ?LLS?J BMQC PCACGTCB.
2?BML GQ SQS?JJW KMPC NPMLMSLACB SLBCPEPMSLB ?LB GL @SGJBGLEQ UGRF JMU ?GP CVAF?LEC UGRF RFC MSRQGBC UMPJB. !JKMQR ?JJ QMGJ AMLR?GLQ QMKC
226
Ra
?LB
222
Rn , @SR P?BML GQ JMUCP GL K?GLJW QCBGKCLR?PW QMGJQ ?LB FGEFCP GL EP?LGRC QMGJQ. 4FSQ, RFC CVNMQSPC RM RFC NS@JGA A?L T?PW EPC?RJW, CTCL UGRFGL
QFMPR BGQR?LACQ. 2?BML A?L BGDDSQC DPMK RFC QMGJ GLRM FMKCQ, CQNCAG?JJW @?QCKCLRQ. 4FC CQRGK?RCB CVNMQSPC DMP
222
Rn GQ AMLRPMTCPQG?J. 2CACLR
QRSBGCQ GLBGA?RC RFCPC GQ KMPC P?BML GL FMKCQ RF?L F?B @CCL PC?JGXCB, ?LB GR GQ QNCASJ?RCB RF?R P?BML K?W @C PCQNMLQG@JC DMP 20 NCPACLR MD JSLE
A?LACPQ, @CGLE N?PRGASJ?PJW F?X?PBMSQ RM RFMQC UFM ?JQM QKMIC. -?LW AMSLRPGCQ F?TC GLRPMBSACB JGKGRQ ML ?JJMU?@JC P?BML AMLACLRP?RGMLQ GL GLBMMP
?GP, MDRCL PCOSGPGLE RFC KC?QSPCKCLR MD P?BML AMLACLRP?RGMLQ GL ? FMSQC NPGMP RM GRQ Q?JC. )PMLGA?JJW, GR AMSJB @C ?PESCB RF?R RFC FGEFCP JCTCJQ MD P?BML
CVNMQSPC ?LB RFCGP ECMEP?NFGA T?PG?@GJGRW, R?ICL UGRF RFC J?AI MD BCKMEP?NFGA CTGBCLAC MD ?LW CDDCARQ, KC?LQ RF?R JMU-JCTCJ P?BG?RGML GQ ?8FF
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2?BG?RGML 0PMRCARGML
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AMSLRPW ?LB GQ ?@MSR 20 RM 50 K3T/W ?LB GQ P?PCJW PC?AFCB @W KCBGA?J ?LB LSAJC?P NMUCP UMPICPQ. (GEFCP BMQCQ ?PC ?JJMUCB DMP RFC F?LBQ. -SAF
JMUCP BMQCQ ?PC NCPKGRRCB DMP RFC PCNPMBSARGTC MPE?LQ ?LB RFC DCRSQCQ MD NPCEL?LR UMKCL. )L?BTCPRCLR BMQCQ RM RFC NS@JGA ?PC JGKGRCB RM 1 / 10 MD
MAASN?RGML?J BMQCQ, CVACNR DMP RFMQC A?SQCB @W LSAJC?P NMUCP, UFGAF A?LLMR JCE?JJW CVNMQC RFC NS@JGA RM KMPC RF?L 1 / 1000 MD RFC MAASN?RGML?J
JGKGR MP 0.05 K3T/W (5 KPCK/W). 4FGQ F?Q @CCL CVACCBCB GL RFC 5LGRCB 3R?RCQ MLJW ?R RFC RGKC MD RFC 4FPCC -GJC )QJ?LB (4-)) ?AAGBCLR GL 1979.
#FCPLM@WJ GQ ?LMRFCP QRMPW. %VRCLQGTC KMLGRMPGLE UGRF ? T?PGCRW MD P?BG?RGML BCRCARMPQ GQ NCPDMPKCB RM ?QQSPC P?BG?RGML Q?DCRW. )LAPC?QCB TCLRGJ?RGML GL
SP?LGSK KGLCQ F?Q JMUCPCB RFC BMQC RFCPC RM ?@MSR 1 K3T/W.
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3. &KBJ?FBO 8O 100 JE E8J7?D :EI; ?D CH;C/O.
1150 #(!04%2 32 Y -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .5#,%!2 0(93)#3
RGKC ? NCPQML GQ CVNMQCB RM ? EGTCL QMSPAC, RFC QK?JJCP GQ RFC BMQC PCACGTCB @W RFC NCPQML. $MQCQ DPMK KMQR KCBGA?J BG?ELMQRGAQ F?TC BCAPC?QCB GL
PCACLR WC?PQ BSC RM D?QRCP DGJKQ RF?R PCOSGPC JCQQ CVNMQSPC RGKC.
F?=KH; 32.10 ! JC?B ?NPML GQ NJ?ACB MTCP RFC BCLR?J N?RGCLR ?LB QFGCJBGLE QSPPMSLBQ RFC V-P?W RS@C RM JGKGR CVNMQSPC RM RGQQSC MRFCP RF?L RFC RGQQSC RF?R GQ @CGLE GK?ECB. &?QR
DGJKQ JGKGR RFC RGKC LCCBCB RM M@R?GL GK?ECQ, PCBSAGLE CVNMQSPC RM RFC GK?ECB RGQQSC. 4FC RCAFLGAG?L QR?LBQ ? DCU KCRCPQ ?U?W @CFGLB ? JC?B-JGLCB BMMP UGRF ? JC?B EJ?QQ
UGLBMU, PCBSAGLE FCP MAASN?RGML?J CVNMQSPC.
4?@JC 32.6 4WNGA?J $MQCQ 2CACGTCB $SPGLE
$G?ELMQRGA 8-P?W %V?KQ
)HE9;:KH; E<<;9J?L; :EI; (C,L)
#FCQR 0.02
$CLR?J 0.01
3ISJJ 0.07
,CE 0.02
-?KKMEP?K 0.40
"?PGSK CLCK? 7.0
5NNCP ') 3.0
#4 FC?B 2.0
#4 ?@BMKCL 10.0
9MS LCCB RM DMJJMU ACPR?GL QRCNQ DMP BMQC A?JASJ?RGMLQ, UFGAF ?PC
S4&0 1. EK4@<A8 G;8 F<GH4G<BA GB 78G8E@<A8 G;4G 4 C8EFBA <F 8KCBF87 GB <BA<M<A: E47<4G<BA.
S4&0 2. 78AG<9L 8K46G?L J;4G A887F GB 58 78G8E@<A87 <A G;8 CEB5?8@ (<78AG<9L G;8 HA>ABJAF). 4FC KMQR QRP?GEFRDMPU?PB NPM@JCKQ ?QI DMP ? BMQC
A?JASJ?RGML.
S4&0 3. $4>8 4 ?<FG B9 J;4G <F :<I8A BE 64A 58 <A98EE87 9EB@ G;8 CEB5?8@ 4F FG4G87 (<78AG<9L G;8 >ABJAF). ,MMI DMP GLDMPK?RGML ML RFC RWNC MD P?BG?RGML,
RFC CLCPEW NCP CTCLR, RFC ?ARGTGRW, ?LB RFC K?QQ MD RGQQSC ?DDCARCB.
S4&0 4. FBE 7BF8 64?6H?4G<BAF, LBH A887 GB 78G8E@<A8 G;8 8A8E:L 78CBF<G87. 4FGQ K?W R?IC MLC MP KMPC QRCNQ, BCNCLBGLE ML RFC EGTCL GLDMPK?RGML.
S4&0 5. D<I<78 G;8 78CBF<G87 8A8E:L 5L G;8 @4FF B9 G;8 49986G87 G<FFH8. 5QC SLGRQ MD HMSJCQ DMP CLCPEW ?LB IGJMEP?KQ DMP K?QQ. )D ? BMQC GL 3T GQ
GLTMJTCB, SQC RFC BCDGLGRGML RF?R 1 Sv = 1 J/kg .
S4&0 6. 9 4 7BF8 <A @*I <F <AIB?I87, 78G8E@<A8 G;8 )BE ((F) B9 G;8 E47<4G<BA. 2CA?JJ RF?R 1 mSv = 1 mGyRBE (or 1 rem = 1 radRBE) .
S4&0 7. C;86> G;8 4AFJ8E GB F88 <9 <G <F E84FBA45?8: DB8F <G @4>8 F8AF8? 4FC BMQC QFMSJB @C AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC LSK@CPQ EGTCL GL RFC RCVR DMP
BG?ELMQRGA, MAASN?RGML?J, ?LB RFCP?NCSRGA CVNMQSPCQ.
EN7CFB; 32.1 DEI; <HEC "D>7B;: )BKJED?KC
#?JASJ?RC RFC BMQC GL PCK/W DMP RFC JSLEQ MD ? UC?NMLQ NJ?LR CKNJMWCC UFM GLF?JCQ ?LB PCR?GLQ ?L ?ARGTGRW MD 1.00 Ci of
239
Pu GL ?L
?AAGBCLR. 4FC K?QQ MD ?DDCARCB JSLE RGQQSC GQ 2.00 IE, RFC NJSRMLGSK BCA?WQ @W CKGQQGML MD ? 5.23--C6 N?PRGAJC, ?LB WMS K?W ?QQSKC RFC
FGEFCP T?JSC MD RFC 2"% DMP Q DPMK -78B; 32.2.
,JH7J;=O
$MQC GL PCK GQ BCDGLCB @W 1 rad = 0.01 J/kg ?LB rem = radRBE . 4FC CLCPEW BCNMQGRCB GQ BGTGBCB @W RFC K?QQ MD RGQQSC ?DDCARCB ?LB RFCL
KSJRGNJGCB @W RFC 2"%. 4FC J?RRCP RUM OS?LRGRGCQ ?PC EGTCL, ?LB QM RFC K?GL R?QI GL RFGQ CV?KNJC UGJJ @C RM DGLB RFC CLCPEW BCNMQGRCB GL MLC WC?P.
#(!04%2 32 Y -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .5#,%!2 0(93)#3 1151
3GLAC RFC ?ARGTGRW MD RFC QMSPAC GQ EGTCL, UC A?L A?JASJ?RC RFC LSK@CP MD BCA?WQ, KSJRGNJW @W RFC CLCPEW NCP BCA?W, ?LB AMLTCPR -C6 RM HMSJCQ RM
ECR RFC RMR?J CLCPEW.
,EBKJ?ED
4FC ?ARGTGRW R = 1.00 Ci = 3.7010
4
Bq = 3.7010
4
BCA?WQ/Q. 3M, RFC LSK@CP MD BCA?WQ NCP WC?P GQ M@R?GLCB @W KSJRGNJWGLE @W RFC
LSK@CP MD QCAMLBQ GL ? WC?P:
(32.7)
3.7010
4
decays/s
3.1610
7
s
= 1.1710
12
decays.
4FSQ, RFC GMLGXGLE CLCPEW BCNMQGRCB NCP WC?P GQ
(32.8)
E =

1.1710
12
decays
5.23 MeV/decay
1.6010
13
J
MeV
= 0.978 J.
$GTGBGLE @W RFC K?QQ MD RFC ?DDCARCB RGQQSC EGTCQ
(32.9)
E
mass
=
0.978 J
2.00 kg
= 0.489 J/kg.
/LC 'P?W GQ 1.00 */IE, ?LB QM RFC BMQC GL 'W GQ
(32.10)
dose in Gy =
0.489 J/kg
1.00 (J/kg)/Gy
= 0.489 Gy.
.MU, RFC BMQC GL 3T GQ
(32.11)
dose in Sv = GyRBE
(32.12)
=
0.489 Gy
(20) = 9.8 Sv.

D?I9KII?ED
&GPQR LMRC RF?R RFC BMQC GQ EGTCL RM RUM BGEGRQ, @CA?SQC RFC 2"% GQ (?R @CQR) ILMUL MLJW RM RUM BGEGRQ. "W ?LW QR?LB?PB, RFGQ WC?PJW P?BG?RGML BMQC GQ
FGEF ?LB UGJJ F?TC ? BCT?QR?RGLE CDDCAR ML RFC FC?JRF MD RFC UMPICP. 7MPQC WCR, NJSRMLGSK F?Q ? JMLE P?BGM?ARGTC F?JD-JGDC ?LB GQ LMR PC?BGJW
CJGKGL?RCB @W RFC @MBW, ?LB QM GR UGJJ PCK?GL GL RFC JSLEQ. "CGLE ?L CKGRRCP K?ICQ RFC CDDCARQ 10 RM 20 RGKCQ UMPQC RF?L RFC Q?KC GMLGX?RGML
NPMBSACB @W Q, P?WQ, MP V-P?WQ. !L ?ARGTGRW MD 1.00 Ci GQ APC?RCB @W MLJW 16 g MD
239
Pu (JCDR ?Q ?L CLB-MD-AF?NRCP NPM@JCK RM TCPGDW),
N?PRJW HSQRGDWGLE AJ?GKQ RF?R NJSRMLGSK GQ RFC KMQR RMVGA QS@QR?LAC ILMUL. )RQ ?ARS?J F?X?PB BCNCLBQ ML FMU JGICJW GR GQ RM @C QNPC?B MSR ?KMLE ?
J?PEC NMNSJ?RGML ?LB RFCL GLECQRCB. 4FC #FCPLM@WJ BGQ?QRCPtQ BC?BJW JCE?AW, DMP CV?KNJC, F?Q LMRFGLE RM BM UGRF RFC NJSRMLGSK GR NSR GLRM RFC
CLTGPMLKCLR.
2GQI TCPQSQ "CLCDGR
-CBGA?J BMQCQ MD P?BG?RGML ?PC ?JQM JGKGRCB. $G?ELMQRGA BMQCQ ?PC ECLCP?JJW JMU ?LB F?TC DSPRFCP JMUCPCB UGRF GKNPMTCB RCAFLGOSCQ ?LB D?QRCP DGJKQ.
7GRF RFC NMQQG@JC CVACNRGML MD PMSRGLC BCLR?J V-P?WQ, P?BG?RGML GQ SQCB BG?ELMQRGA?JJW MLJW UFCL LCCBCB QM RF?R RFC JMU PGQI GQ HSQRGDGCB @W RFC @CLCDGR MD
RFC BG?ELMQGQ. #FCQR V-P?WQ EGTC RFC JMUCQR BMQCQr?@MSR 0.1 K3T RM RFC RGQQSC ?DDCARCB, UGRF JCQQ RF?L 5 NCPACLR QA?RRCPGLE GLRM RGQQSCQ RF?R ?PC LMR
BGPCARJW GK?ECB. /RFCP V-P?W NPMACBSPCQ P?LEC SNU?PB RM ?@MSR 10 K3T GL ? #4 QA?L, ?LB ?@MSR 5 K3T (0.5 PCK) NCP BCLR?J V-P?W, ?E?GL @MRF MLJW
?DDCARGLE RFC RGQQSC GK?ECB. -CBGA?J GK?ECQ UGRF P?BGMNF?PK?ACSRGA?JQ EGTC BMQCQ P?LEGLE DPMK 1 RM 5 K3T, SQS?JJW JMA?JGXCB. /LC CVACNRGML GQ RFC
RFWPMGB QA?L SQGLE
131
I . "CA?SQC MD GRQ PCJ?RGTCJW JMLE F?JD-JGDC, GR CVNMQCQ RFC RFWPMGB RM ?@MSR 0.75 3T. 4FC GQMRMNC
123
I GQ KMPC BGDDGASJR RM NPMBSAC,
@SR GRQ QFMPR F?JD-JGDC JGKGRQ RFWPMGB CVNMQSPC RM ?@MSR 15 K3T.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: !JNF? $CA?W
7?RAF ?JNF? N?PRGAJCQ CQA?NC DPMK ? NMJMLGSK LSAJCSQ, A?SQGLE P?BGM?ARGTC ?JNF? BCA?W. 3CC FMU P?LBMK BCA?W RGKCQ PCJ?RC RM RFC F?JD JGDC.
F?=KH; 32.11 ABF>7 D;97O (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42652/1.4/7BF>7-:;97O6;D.@7H)
32.3 ->;H7F;KJ?9 .I;I E< "ED?P?D= +7:?7J?ED
4FCP?NCSRGA ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML, A?JJCB P?BG?RGML RFCP?NW MP H7:?EJ>;H7FO, F?TC CVGQRCB QGLAC RFC BGQAMTCPW MD V-P?WQ ?LB LSAJC?P
P?BGM?ARGTGRW. 4MB?W, P?BGMRFCP?NW GQ SQCB ?JKMQR CVAJSQGTCJW DMP A?LACP RFCP?NW, UFCPC GR Q?TCQ RFMSQ?LBQ MD JGTCQ ?LB GKNPMTCQ RFC OS?JGRW MD JGDC ?LB
JMLECTGRW MD K?LW GR A?LLMR Q?TC. 2?BGMRFCP?NW K?W @C SQCB ?JMLC MP GL AMK@GL?RGML UGRF QSPECPW ?LB AFCKMRFCP?NW (BPSE RPC?RKCLR) BCNCLBGLE ML
RFC RWNC MD A?LACP ?LB RFC PCQNMLQC MD RFC N?RGCLR. ! A?PCDSJ CV?KGL?RGML MD ?JJ ?T?GJ?@JC B?R? F?Q CQR?@JGQFCB RF?R P?BGMRFCP?NWtQ @CLCDGAG?J CDDCARQ D?P
MSRUCGEF GRQ JMLE-RCPK PGQIQ.
1152 #(!04%2 32 Y -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .5#,%!2 0(93)#3
-CBGA?J !NNJGA?RGML
4FC C?PJGCQR SQCQ MD GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML ML FSK?LQ UCPC KMQRJW F?PKDSJ, UGRF K?LW ?R RFC JCTCJ MD QL?IC MGJ ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 32.12. 2?BGSK-BMNCB
AMQKCRGAQ RF?R EJMUCB GL RFC B?PI UCPC SQCB ?PMSLB RFC RGKC MD 7MPJB 7?P ). !Q PCACLRJW ?Q RFC 1950Q, P?BML KGLC RMSPQ UCPC NPMKMRCB ?Q FC?JRFDSJ
?LB PCHSTCL?RGLErRFMQC UFM RMSPCB UCPC CVNMQCB @SR E?GLCB LM @CLCDGRQ. 2?BGSK Q?JRQ UCPC QMJB ?Q FC?JRF CJGVGPQ DMP K?LW WC?PQ. 4FC EPSCQMKC
BC?RF MD ? UC?JRFW GLBSQRPG?JGQR, UFM @CA?KC NQWAFMJMEGA?JJW ?BBGARCB RM RFC @PCU, ?JCPRCB RFC SLQSQNCARGLE RM RFC B?LECPQ MD P?BGSK Q?JR CJGVGPQ. -MQR
?@SQCQ DGL?JJW CLBCB ?DRCP RFC JCEGQJ?RGML GL RFC 1950Q.
F?=KH; 32.12 4FC NPMNCPRGCQ MD P?BG?RGML UCPC MLAC RMSRCB DMP D?P KMPC RF?L GRQ KMBCPL SQC GL A?LACP RFCP?NW. 5LRGJ 1932, P?BGSK U?Q ?BTCPRGQCB DMP ? T?PGCRW MD SQCQ, MDRCL
UGRF RP?EGA PCQSJRQ. (APCBGR: 3RPSRFGMSQ "?LBCPQL?RAF.)
2?BGMRFCP?NW GQ CDDCARGTC ?E?GLQR A?LACP @CA?SQC A?LACP ACJJQ PCNPMBSAC P?NGBJW ?LB, AMLQCOSCLRJW, ?PC KMPC QCLQGRGTC RM P?BG?RGML. 4FC ACLRP?J
NPM@JCK GL P?BGMRFCP?NW GQ RM K?IC RFC BMQC DMP A?LACP ACJJQ ?Q FGEF ?Q NMQQG@JC UFGJC JGKGRGLE RFC BMQC DMP LMPK?J ACJJQ. 4FC P?RGM MD ?@LMPK?J ACJJQ
IGJJCB RM LMPK?J ACJJQ IGJJCB GQ A?JJCB RFC J>;H7F;KJ?9 H7J?E, ?LB ?JJ P?BGMRFCP?NW RCAFLGOSCQ ?PC BCQGELCB RM CLF?LAC RFGQ P?RGM. 2?BG?RGML A?L @C
AMLACLRP?RCB GL A?LACPMSQ RGQQSC @W ? LSK@CP MD RCAFLGOSCQ. /LC MD RFC KMQR NPCT?JCLR RCAFLGOSCQ DMP UCJJ-BCDGLCB RSKMPQ GQ ? ECMKCRPGA RCAFLGOSC
QFMUL GL F?=KH; 32.13. ! L?PPMU @C?K MD P?BG?RGML GQ N?QQCB RFPMSEF RFC N?RGCLR DPMK ? T?PGCRW MD BGPCARGMLQ UGRF ? AMKKML APMQQGLE NMGLR GL RFC
RSKMP. 4FGQ AMLACLRP?RCQ RFC BMQC GL RFC RSKMP UFGJC QNPC?BGLE GR MSR MTCP ? J?PEC TMJSKC MD LMPK?J RGQQSC. 4FC CVRCPL?J P?BG?RGML A?L @C V-P?WQ,
60
Co P?WQ, MP GMLGXGLE-N?PRGAJC @C?KQ NPMBSACB @W ?AACJCP?RMPQ. !AACJCP?RMP-NPMBSACB @C?KQ MD LCSRPMLQ, -mesons , ?LB FC?TW GMLQ QSAF ?Q
LGRPMECL LSAJCG F?TC @CCL CKNJMWCB, ?LB RFCQC A?L @C OSGRC CDDCARGTC. 4FCQC N?PRGAJCQ F?TC J?PECP 1&Q MP 2"%Q ?LB QMKCRGKCQ A?L @C @CRRCP
JMA?JGXCB, NPMBSAGLE ? EPC?RCP RFCP?NCSRGA P?RGM. "SR ?AACJCP?RMP P?BGMRFCP?NW GQ KSAF KMPC CVNCLQGTC ?LB JCQQ DPCOSCLRJW CKNJMWCB RF?L MRFCP DMPKQ.
F?=KH; 32.13 4FC
60
Co QMSPAC MD -P?BG?RGML GQ PMR?RCB ?PMSLB RFC N?RGCLR QM RF?R RFC AMKKML APMQQGLE NMGLR GQ GL RFC RSKMP, AMLACLRP?RGLE RFC BMQC RFCPC. 4FGQ ECMKCRPGA
RCAFLGOSC UMPIQ DMP UCJJ-BCDGLCB RSKMPQ.
#(!04%2 32 Y -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .5#,%!2 0(93)#3 1153
!LMRFCP DMPK MD P?BGMRFCP?NW SQCQ AFCKGA?JJW GLCPR P?BGM?ARGTC GKNJ?LRQ. /LC SQC GQ DMP NPMQR?RC A?LACP. 2?BGM?ARGTC QCCBQ (?@MSR 40 RM 100 ?LB RFC
QGXC MD ? EP?GL MD PGAC) ?PC NJ?ACB GL RFC NPMQR?RC PCEGML. 4FC GQMRMNCQ SQCB ?PC SQS?JJW
135
I (6-KMLRF F?JD JGDC) MP
103
Pd (3-KMLRF F?JD JGDC). !JNF?
CKGRRCPQ F?TC RFC BS?J ?BT?LR?ECQ MD ? J?PEC 1& ?LB ? QK?JJ P?LEC DMP @CRRCP JMA?JGX?RGML.
2?BGMNF?PK?ACSRGA?JQ ?PC SQCB DMP A?LACP RFCP?NW UFCL RFCW A?L @C JMA?JGXCB UCJJ CLMSEF RM NPMBSAC ? D?TMP?@JC RFCP?NCSRGA P?RGM. 4FWPMGB A?LACP
GQ AMKKMLJW RPC?RCB SRGJGXGLE P?BGM?ARGTC GMBGLC. 4FWPMGB ACJJQ AMLACLRP?RC GMBGLC, ?LB A?LACPMSQ RFWPMGB ACJJQ ?PC KMPC ?EEPCQQGTC GL BMGLE RFGQ. !L
GLECLGMSQ SQC MD P?BGMNF?PK?ACSRGA?JQ GL A?LACP RFCP?NW R?EQ ?LRG@MBGCQ UGRF P?BGMGQMRMNCQ. !LRG@MBGCQ NPMBSACB @W ? N?RGCLR RM AMK@?R FGQ A?LACP
?PC CVRP?ARCB, ASJRSPCB, JM?BCB UGRF ? P?BGMGQMRMNC, ?LB RFCL PCRSPLCB RM RFC N?RGCLR. 4FC ?LRG@MBGCQ ?PC AMLACLRP?RCB ?JKMQR CLRGPCJW GL RFC RGQQSC RFCW
BCTCJMNCB RM DGEFR, RFSQ JMA?JGXGLE RFC P?BG?RGML GL ?@LMPK?J RGQQSC. 4FC RFCP?NCSRGA P?RGM A?L @C OSGRC FGEF DMP QFMPR-P?LEC P?BG?RGML. 4FCPC GQ,
FMUCTCP, ? QGELGDGA?LR BMQC DMP MPE?LQ RF?R CJGKGL?RC P?BGMNF?PK?ACSRGA?JQ DPMK RFC @MBW, QSAF ?Q RFC JGTCP, IGBLCWQ, ?LB @J?BBCP. !Q UGRF KMQR
P?BGMRFCP?NW, RFC RCAFLGOSC GQ JGKGRCB @W RFC RMJCP?@JC ?KMSLR MD B?K?EC RM RFC LMPK?J RGQQSC.
-78B; 32.7 JGQRQ RWNGA?J RFCP?NCSRGA BMQCQ MD P?BG?RGML SQCB ?E?GLQR ACPR?GL A?LACPQ. 4FC BMQCQ ?PC J?PEC, @SR LMR D?R?J @CA?SQC RFCW ?PC JMA?JGXCB ?LB
QNPC?B MSR GL RGKC. 0PMRMAMJQ DMP RPC?RKCLR T?PW UGRF RFC RWNC MD A?LACP ?LB RFC AMLBGRGML ?LB PCQNMLQC MD RFC N?RGCLR. 4FPCC RM DGTC 200-PCK
RPC?RKCLRQ NCP UCCI DMP ? NCPGMB MD QCTCP?J UCCIQ GQ RWNGA?J. 4GKC @CRUCCL RPC?RKCLRQ ?JJMUQ RFC @MBW RM PCN?GP LMPK?J RGQQSC. 4FGQ CDDCAR MAASPQ
@CA?SQC B?K?EC GQ AMLACLRP?RCB GL RFC ?@LMPK?J RGQQSC, ?LB RFC ?@LMPK?J RGQQSC GQ KMPC QCLQGRGTC RM P?BG?RGML. $?K?EC RM LMPK?J RGQQSC JGKGRQ RFC
BMQCQ. 9MS UGJJ LMRC RF?R RFC EPC?RCQR BMQCQ ?PC EGTCL RM ?LW RGQQSC RF?R GQ LMR P?NGBJW PCNPMBSAGLE, QSAF ?Q GL RFC ?BSJR @P?GL. ,SLE A?LACP, ML RFC
MRFCP CLB MD RFC QA?JC, A?LLMR MPBGL?PGJW @C ASPCB UGRF P?BG?RGML @CA?SQC MD RFC QCLQGRGTGRW MD JSLE RGQQSC ?LB @JMMB RM P?BG?RGML. "SR P?BGMRFCP?NW DMP
JSLE A?LACP BMCQ ?JJCTG?RC QWKNRMKQ ?LB NPMJMLE JGDC ?LB GQ RFCPCDMPC HSQRGDGCB GL QMKC A?QCQ.
4?@JC 32.7 #?LACP 2?BGMRFCP?NW
-OF; E< C7D9;H -OF?97B :EI; (,L)
,SLE 10q20
(MBEIGLtQ BGQC?QC 40q45
3IGL 40q50
/T?PG?L 50q75
"PC?QR 50q80+
"P?GL 80+
.CAI 80+
"MLC 80+
3MDR RGQQSC 80+
4FWPMGB 80+
&GL?JJW, GR GQ GLRCPCQRGLE RM LMRC RF?R AFCKMRFCP?NW CKNJMWQ BPSEQ RF?R GLRCPDCPC UGRF ACJJ BGTGQGML ?LB GQ, RFSQ, ?JQM CDDCARGTC ?E?GLQR A?LACP. )R ?JQM F?Q
?JKMQR RFC Q?KC QGBC CDDCARQ, QSAF ?Q L?SQC? ?LB F?GP JMQQ, ?LB PGQIQ, QSAF ?Q RFC GLBSACKCLR MD ?LMRFCP A?LACP.
32.4 FEE: "HH7:?7J?ED
)MLGXGLE P?BG?RGML GQ UGBCJW SQCB RM QRCPGJGXC KCBGA?J QSNNJGCQ, QSAF ?Q @?LB?ECQ, ?LB AMLQSKCP NPMBSARQ, QSAF ?Q R?KNMLQ. 7MPJBUGBC, GR GQ ?JQM
SQCB RM GPP?BG?RC DMMB, ?L ?NNJGA?RGML RF?R NPMKGQCQ RM EPMU GL RFC DSRSPC. FEE: ?HH7:?7J?ED GQ RFC RPC?RKCLR MD DMMB UGRF GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML. )R GQ SQCB RM
PCBSAC NCQR GLDCQR?RGML ?LB RM BCJ?W QNMGJ?EC ?LB NPCTCLR GJJLCQQ A?SQCB @W KGAPMMPE?LGQKQ. &MMB GPP?BG?RGML GQ AMLRPMTCPQG?J. 0PMNMLCLRQ QCC GR ?Q
QSNCPGMP RM N?QRCSPGX?RGML, NPCQCPT?RGTCQ, ?LB GLQCARGAGBCQ, QSNNJ?LRGLE B?LECPMSQ AFCKGA?JQ UGRF ? KMPC CDDCARGTC NPMACQQ. /NNMLCLRQ QCC GRQ Q?DCRW
?Q SLNPMTCL, NCPF?NQ JC?TGLE UMPQC RMVGA PCQGBSCQ ?Q UCJJ ?Q NPCQCLRGLE ?L CLTGPMLKCLR?J F?X?PB ?R RPC?RKCLR QGRCQ. )L BCTCJMNGLE AMSLRPGCQ, DMMB
GPP?BG?RGML KGEFR GLAPC?QC APMN NPMBSARGML @W 25.0% MP KMPC, ?LB PCBSAC DMMB QNMGJ?EC @W ? QGKGJ?P ?KMSLR. )R GQ SQCB AFGCDJW RM RPC?R QNGACQ ?LB QMKC
DPSGRQ, ?LB GL QMKC AMSLRPGCQ, PCB KC?R, NMSJRPW, ?LB TCECR?@JCQ. /TCP 40 AMSLRPGCQ F?TC ?NNPMTCB DMMB GPP?BG?RGML ?R QMKC JCTCJ.
&MMB GPP?BG?RGML CVNMQCQ DMMB RM J?PEC BMQCQ MD P?WQ, V-P?WQ, MP CJCARPMLQ. 4FCQC NFMRMLQ ?LB CJCARPMLQ GLBSAC LM LSAJC?P PC?ARGMLQ ?LB RFSQ
APC?RC AB E8F<7H4? E47<B46G<I<GL. (3MKC DMPKQ MD GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML, QSAF ?Q LCSRPML GPP?BG?RGML, A?SQC PCQGBS?J P?BGM?ARGTGRW. 4FCQC ?PC LMR SQCB DMP
DMMB GPP?BG?RGML.) 4FC QMSPAC GQ SQS?JJW
60
Co MP
137
Cs , RFC J?RRCP GQMRMNC @CGLE ? K?HMP @W-NPMBSAR MD LSAJC?P NMUCP. #M@?JR-60 P?WQ ?TCP?EC
1.25 -C6, UFGJC RFMQC MD
137
Cs ?PC 0.67 -C6 ?LB ?PC JCQQ NCLCRP?RGLE. 8-P?WQ SQCB DMP DMMB GPP?BG?RGML ?PC APC?RCB UGRF TMJR?ECQ MD SN RM 5 KGJJGML
TMJRQ ?LB, RFSQ, F?TC NFMRML CLCPEGCQ SN RM 5 -C6. %JCARPMLQ SQCB DMP DMMB GPP?BG?RGML ?PC ?AACJCP?RCB RM CLCPEGCQ SN RM 10 -C6. 4FC FGEFCP RFC
CLCPEW NCP N?PRGAJC, RFC KMPC NCLCRP?RGLE RFC P?BG?RGML GQ ?LB RFC KMPC GMLGX?RGML GR A?L APC?RC. F?=KH; 32.14 QFMUQ ? RWNGA?J -GPP?BG?RGML NJ?LR.
1154 #(!04%2 32 Y -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .5#,%!2 0(93)#3
F?=KH; 32.14 ! DMMB GPP?BG?RGML NJ?LR F?Q ? AMLTCWMP QWQRCK RM N?QQ GRCKQ RFPMSEF ?L GLRCLQC P?BG?RGML DGCJB @CFGLB RFGAI QFGCJBGLE U?JJQ. 4FC QMSPAC GQ JMUCPCB GLRM ? BCCN
NMMJ MD U?RCP DMP Q?DC QRMP?EC UFCL LMR GL SQC. %VNMQSPC RGKCQ MD SN RM ?L FMSP CVNMQC DMMB RM BMQCQ SN RM 10
4
Gy .
/UGLE RM RFC D?AR RF?R DMMB GPP?BG?RGML QCCIQ RM BCQRPMW MPE?LGQKQ QSAF ?Q GLQCARQ ?LB @?ARCPG?, KSAF J?PECP BMQCQ RF?L RFMQC D?R?J RM FSK?LQ KSQR
@C ?NNJGCB. 'CLCP?JJW, RFC QGKNJCP RFC MPE?LGQK, RFC KMPC P?BG?RGML GR A?L RMJCP?RC. (#?LACP ACJJQ ?PC ? N?PRG?J CVACNRGML, @CA?SQC RFCW ?PC P?NGBJW
PCNPMBSAGLE ?LB, RFSQ, KMPC QCLQGRGTC.) #SPPCLR JGACLQGLE ?JJMUQ SN RM 1000 'W RM @C ?NNJGCB RM DPCQF DPSGRQ ?LB TCECR?@JCQ, A?JJCB ? ?BJ 7BF8 GL DMMB
GPP?BG?RGML. 3SAF ? BMQC GQ CLMSEF RM NPCTCLR MP PCBSAC RFC EPMURF MD K?LW KGAPMMPE?LGQKQ, @SR ?@MSR 10,000 'W GQ LCCBCB RM IGJJ Q?JKMLCJJ?, ?LB
CTCL KMPC GQ LCCBCB RM IGJJ DSLEG. $MQCQ EPC?RCP RF?L 10,000 'W ?PC AMLQGBCPCB RM @C FGEF BMQCQ GL DMMB GPP?BG?RGML ?LB NPMBSAR QRCPGJGX?RGML.
4FC CDDCARGTCLCQQ MD DMMB GPP?BG?RGML T?PGCQ UGRF RFC RWNC MD DMMB. 3NGACQ ?LB K?LW DPSGRQ ?LB TCECR?@JCQ F?TC BP?K?RGA?JJW JMLECP QFCJD JGTCQ. 4FCQC
?JQM QFMU LM BCEP?B?RGML GL R?QRC ?LB LM JMQQ MD DMMB T?JSC MP TGR?KGLQ. )D LMR DMP RFC K?LB?RMPW J?@CJGLE, QSAF DMMBQ QS@HCARCB RM JMU-JCTCJ GPP?BG?RGML
(SN RM 1000 'W) AMSJB LMR @C BGQRGLESGQFCB DPMK SLRPC?RCB DMMBQ GL OS?JGRW. (MUCTCP, QMKC DMMBQ ?ARS?JJW QNMGJ D?QRCP ?DRCP GPP?BG?RGML, N?PRGASJ?PJW
RFMQC UGRF FGEF U?RCP AMLRCLR JGIC JCRRSAC ?LB NC?AFCQ. /RFCPQ, QSAF ?Q KGJI, ?PC EGTCL ? LMRGAC?@JW SLNJC?Q?LR R?QRC. (GEF-JCTCJ GPP?BG?RGML NPMBSACQ
QGELGDGA?LR ?LB AFCKGA?JJW KC?QSP?@JC AF?LECQ GL DMMBQ. )R NPMBSACQ ?@MSR ? 15% JMQQ MD LSRPGCLRQ ?LB ? 25% JMQQ MD TGR?KGLQ, ?Q UCJJ ?Q QMKC
AF?LEC GL R?QRC. 3SAF JMQQCQ ?PC QGKGJ?P RM RFMQC RF?R MAASP GL MPBGL?PW DPCCXGLE ?LB AMMIGLE.
(MU BMCQ DMMB GPP?BG?RGML UMPI? )MLGX?RGML NPMBSACQ ? P?LBMK ?QQMPRKCLR MD @PMICL KMJCASJCQ ?LB GMLQ, QMKC UGRF SLQR?@JC MVWECL- MP FWBPMECL-
AMLR?GLGLE KMJCASJCQ ILMUL ?Q <H;; H7:?97BI. 4FCQC SLBCPEM P?NGB AFCKGA?J PC?ARGMLQ, NPMBSAGLE NCPF?NQ DMSP MP DGTC RFMSQ?LB BGDDCPCLR AMKNMSLBQ
A?JJCB H7:?EBOJ?9 FHE:K9JI, QMKC MD UFGAF K?IC ACJJ DSLARGML GKNMQQG@JC @W @PC?IGLE ACJJ KCK@P?LCQ, DP?ARSPGLE $.!, ?LB QM ML. (MU Q?DC GQ RFC
DMMB ?DRCPU?PB? #PGRGAQ ?PESC RF?R RFC P?BGMJWRGA NPMBSARQ NPCQCLR ? J?QRGLE F?X?PB, NCPF?NQ @CGLE A?PAGLMECLGA. (MUCTCP, RFC Q?DCRW MD GPP?BG?RCB DMMB
GQ LMR ILMUL NPCAGQCJW. 7C BM ILMU RF?R JMU-JCTCJ DMMB GPP?BG?RGML NPMBSACQ LM AMKNMSLBQ GL ?KMSLRQ RF?R A?L @C KC?QSPCB AFCKGA?JJW. 4FGQ GQ LMR
QSPNPGQGLE, QGLAC RP?AC ?KMSLRQ MD QCTCP?J RFMSQ?LB AMKNMSLBQ K?W @C APC?RCB. 7C ?JQM ILMU RF?R RFCPC F?TC @CCL LM M@QCPT?@JC LCE?RGTC QFMPR-
RCPK CDDCARQ ML AMLQSKCPQ. ,MLE-RCPK CDDCARQ K?W QFMU SN GD J?PEC LSK@CP MD NCMNJC AMLQSKC J?PEC OS?LRGRGCQ MD GPP?BG?RCB DMMB, @SR LM CDDCARQ F?TC
?NNC?PCB BSC RM RFC QK?JJ ?KMSLRQ MD GPP?BG?RCB DMMB RF?R ?PC AMLQSKCB PCESJ?PJW. 4FC A?QC DMP Q?DCRW GQ QSNNMPRCB @W RCQRGLE MD ?LGK?J BGCRQ RF?R
UCPC GPP?BG?RCB; LM RP?LQKGRRCB ECLCRGA CDDCARQ F?TC @CCL M@QCPTCB. &MMB GPP?BG?RGML (?R JC?QR SN RM ? KGJJGML P?B) F?Q @CCL CLBMPQCB @W RFC 7MPJB
(C?JRF /PE?LGX?RGML ?LB RFC 5. &MMB ?LB !EPGASJRSP?J /PE?LGX?RGML. &GL?JJW, RFC F?X?PB RM AMLQSKCPQ, GD GR CVGQRQ, KSQR @C UCGEFCB ?E?GLQR RFC
@CLCDGRQ GL DMMB NPMBSARGML ?LB NPCQCPT?RGML. )R KSQR ?JQM @C UCGEFCB ?E?GLQR RFC TCPW PC?J F?X?PBQ MD CVGQRGLE GLQCARGAGBCQ ?LB DMMB NPCQCPT?RGTCQ.
32.5 FKI?ED
7FGJC @?QIGLE GL RFC U?PKRF MD RFC QSKKCP QSL, ? QRSBCLR PC?BQ MD RFC J?RCQR @PC?IRFPMSEF GL ?AFGCTGLE QSQR?GLCB RFCPKMLSAJC?P NMUCP ?LB T?ESCJW
PCA?JJQ FC?PGLE ?@MSR RFC AMJB DSQGML AMLRPMTCPQW. 4FC RFPCC ?PC AMLLCARCB. 4FC 3SLtQ CLCPEW GQ NPMBSACB @W LSAJC?P DSQGML (QCC F?=KH; 32.15).
4FCPKMLSAJC?P NMUCP GQ RFC L?KC EGTCL RM RFC SQC MD AMLRPMJJCB LSAJC?P DSQGML ?Q ?L CLCPEW QMSPAC. 7FGJC PCQC?PAF GL RFC ?PC? MD RFCPKMLSAJC?P
NMUCP GQ NPMEPCQQGLE, FGEF RCKNCP?RSPCQ ?LB AMLR?GLKCLR BGDDGASJRGCQ PCK?GL. 4FC AMJB DSQGML AMLRPMTCPQW ACLRCPCB ?PMSLB SLQS@QR?LRG?RCB AJ?GKQ MD
NP?ARGA?J DSQGML NMUCP ?R PMMK RCKNCP?RSPCQ.
F?=KH; 32.15 4FC 3SLtQ CLCPEW GQ NPMBSACB @W LSAJC?P DSQGML. (APCBGR: 3NGP?JX)
'K9B;7H <KI?ED GQ ? PC?ARGML GL UFGAF RUM LSAJCG ?PC AMK@GLCB, MP 9HF87, RM DMPK ? J?PECP LSAJCSQ. 7C ILMU RF?R ?JJ LSAJCG F?TC JCQQ K?QQ RF?L RFC
QSK MD RFC K?QQCQ MD RFC NPMRMLQ ?LB LCSRPMLQ RF?R DMPK RFCK. 4FC KGQQGLE K?QQ RGKCQ c
2
COS?JQ RFC @GLBGLE CLCPEW MD RFC LSAJCSQrRFC EPC?RCP
RFC @GLBGLE CLCPEW, RFC EPC?RCP RFC KGQQGLE K?QQ. 7C ?JQM ILMU RF?R BE/ A , RFC @GLBGLE CLCPEW NCP LSAJCML, GQ EPC?RCP DMP KCBGSK-K?QQ LSAJCG ?LB
F?Q ? K?VGKSK ?R &C (GPML). 4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R GD RUM JMU-K?QQ LSAJCG A?L @C DSQCB RMECRFCP RM DMPK ? J?PECP LSAJCSQ, CLCPEW A?L @C PCJC?QCB. 4FC
#(!04%2 32 Y -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .5#,%!2 0(93)#3 1155
J?PECP LSAJCSQ F?Q ? EPC?RCP @GLBGLE CLCPEW ?LB JCQQ K?QQ NCP LSAJCML RF?L RFC RUM RF?R AMK@GLCB. 4FSQ K?QQ GQ BCQRPMWCB GL RFC DSQGML PC?ARGML,
?LB CLCPEW GQ PCJC?QCB (QCC F?=KH; 32.16). /L ?TCP?EC, DSQGML MD JMU-K?QQ LSAJCG PCJC?QCQ CLCPEW, @SR RFC BCR?GJQ BCNCLB ML RFC ?ARS?J LSAJGBCQ
GLTMJTCB.
F?=KH; 32.16 &SQGML MD JGEFR LSAJCG RM DMPK KCBGSK-K?QQ LSAJCG BCQRPMWQ K?QQ, @CA?SQC BE/ A GQ EPC?RCP DMP RFC NPMBSAR LSAJCG. 4FC J?PECP BE/ A GQ, RFC JCQQ K?QQ NCP
LSAJCML, ?LB QM K?QQ GQ AMLTCPRCB RM CLCPEW ?LB PCJC?QCB GL RFCQC DSQGML PC?ARGMLQ.
4FC K?HMP M@QRPSARGML RM DSQGML GQ RFC #MSJMK@ PCNSJQGML @CRUCCL LSAJCG. 3GLAC RFC ?RRP?ARGTC LSAJC?P DMPAC RF?R A?L DSQC LSAJCG RMECRFCP GQ QFMPR
P?LECB, RFC PCNSJQGML MD JGIC NMQGRGTC AF?PECQ KSQR @C MTCPAMKC RM ECR LSAJCG AJMQC CLMSEF RM GLBSAC DSQGML. F?=KH; 32.17 QFMUQ ?L ?NNPMVGK?RC
EP?NF MD RFC NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW @CRUCCL RUM LSAJCG ?Q ? DSLARGML MD RFC BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFCGP ACLRCPQ. 4FC EP?NF GQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM ? FGJJ UGRF ? UCJJ GL GRQ
ACLRCP. ! @?JJ PMJJCB DPMK RFC PGEFR KSQR F?TC CLMSEF IGLCRGA CLCPEW RM ECR MTCP RFC FSKN @CDMPC GR D?JJQ GLRM RFC BCCNCP UCJJ UGRF ? LCR E?GL GL CLCPEW.
3M GR GQ UGRF DSQGML. )D RFC LSAJCG ?PC EGTCL CLMSEF IGLCRGA CLCPEW RM MTCPAMKC RFC CJCARPGA NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW BSC RM PCNSJQGML, RFCL RFCW A?L AMK@GLC,
PCJC?QC CLCPEW, ?LB D?JJ GLRM ? BCCN UCJJ. /LC U?W RM ?AAMKNJGQF RFGQ GQ RM FC?R DSQGML DSCJ RM FGEF RCKNCP?RSPCQ QM RF?R RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD RFCPK?J
KMRGML GQ QSDDGAGCLR RM ECR RFC LSAJCG RMECRFCP.
F?=KH; 32.17 0MRCLRG?J CLCPEW @CRUCCL RUM JGEFR LSAJCG EP?NFCB ?Q ? DSLARGML MD BGQR?LAC @CRUCCL RFCK. )D RFC LSAJCG F?TC CLMSEF IGLCRGA CLCPEW RM ECR MTCP RFC #MSJMK@
PCNSJQGML FSKN, RFCW AMK@GLC, PCJC?QC CLCPEW, ?LB BPMN GLRM ? BCCN ?RRP?ARGTC UCJJ. 4SLLCJGLE RFPMSEF RFC @?PPGCP GQ GKNMPR?LR GL NP?ARGAC. 4FC EPC?RCP RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW ?LB
RFC FGEFCP RFC N?PRGAJCQ ECR SN RFC @?PPGCP (MP RFC JMUCP RFC @?PPGCP), RFC KMPC JGICJW RFC RSLLCJGLE.
9MS KGEFR RFGLI RF?R, GL RFC AMPC MD MSP 3SL, LSAJCG ?PC AMKGLE GLRM AMLR?AR ?LB DSQGLE. (MUCTCP, GL D?AR, RCKNCP?RSPCQ ML RFC MPBCP MD 10
8
K ?PC
LCCBCB RM ?ARS?JJW ECR RFC LSAJCG GL AMLR?AR, CVACCBGLE RFC AMPC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC 3SL. 1S?LRSK KCAF?LGA?J RSLLCJGLE GQ UF?R K?ICQ DSQGML GL RFC
3SL NMQQG@JC, ?LB RSLLCJGLE GQ ?L GKNMPR?LR NPMACQQ GL KMQR MRFCP NP?ARGA?J ?NNJGA?RGMLQ MD DSQGML, RMM. 3GLAC RFC NPM@?@GJGRW MD RSLLCJGLE GQ CVRPCKCJW
QCLQGRGTC RM @?PPGCP FCGEFR ?LB UGBRF, GLAPC?QGLE RFC RCKNCP?RSPC EPC?RJW GLAPC?QCQ RFC P?RC MD DSQGML. 4FC AJMQCP PC?AR?LRQ ECR RM MLC ?LMRFCP, RFC
KMPC JGICJW RFCW ?PC RM DSQC (QCC F?=KH; 32.18). 4FSQ KMQR DSQGML GL RFC 3SL ?LB MRFCP QR?PQ R?ICQ NJ?AC ?R RFCGP ACLRCPQ, UFCPC RCKNCP?RSPCQ ?PC
FGEFCQR. -MPCMTCP, FGEF RCKNCP?RSPC GQ LCCBCB DMP RFCPKMLSAJC?P NMUCP RM @C ? NP?ARGA?J QMSPAC MD CLCPEW.
1156 #(!04%2 32 Y -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .5#,%!2 0(93)#3
F?=KH; 32.18 (?) 4UM LSAJCG FC?BGLE RMU?PB C?AF MRFCP QJMU BMUL, RFCL QRMN, ?LB RFCL DJW ?U?W UGRFMSR RMSAFGLE MP DSQGLE. (@) !R FGEFCP CLCPEGCQ, RFC RUM LSAJCG ?NNPM?AF
AJMQC CLMSEF DMP DSQGML TG? RSLLCJGLE. 4FC NPM@?@GJGRW MD RSLLCJGLE GLAPC?QCQ ?Q RFCW ?NNPM?AF, @SR RFCW BM LMR F?TC RM RMSAF DMP RFC PC?ARGML RM MAASP.
4FC 3SL NPMBSACQ CLCPEW @W DSQGLE NPMRMLQ MP FWBPMECL LSAJCG
1
H (@W D?P RFC 3SLtQ KMQR ?@SLB?LR LSAJGBC) GLRM FCJGSK LSAJCG
4
He . 4FC NPGLAGN?J
QCOSCLAC MD DSQGML PC?ARGMLQ DMPKQ UF?R GQ A?JJCB RFC FHEJED-FHEJED 9O9B;:
(32.13)
1
H +
1
H
2
H + e
+
+ v
e
(0.42 MeV)
(32.14) 1
H +
2
H
3
He + (5.49 MeV)
(32.15) 3
He +
3
He
4
He +
1
H +
1
H (12.86 MeV)
UFCPC e
+
QR?LBQ DMP ? NMQGRPML ?LB v
e
GQ ?L CJCARPML LCSRPGLM. (4FC CLCPEW GL N?PCLRFCQCQ GQ E8?84F87 @W RFC PC?ARGML.) .MRC RF?R RFC DGPQR RUM
PC?ARGMLQ KSQR MAASP RUGAC DMP RFC RFGPB RM @C NMQQG@JC, QM RF?R RFC AWAJC AMLQSKCQ QGV NPMRMLQ (
1
H) @SR EGTCQ @?AI RUM. &SPRFCPKMPC, RFC RUM
NMQGRPMLQ NPMBSACB UGJJ DGLB RUM CJCARPMLQ ?LB ?LLGFGJ?RC RM DMPK DMSP KMPC P?WQ, DMP ? RMR?J MD QGV. 4FC MTCP?JJ CDDCAR MD RFC AWAJC GQ RFSQ
(32.16)
2e
+ 4
1
H
4
He + 2v
e
+ 6 (26.7 MeV)
UFCPC RFC 26.7 -C6 GLAJSBCQ RFC ?LLGFGJ?RGML CLCPEW MD RFC NMQGRPMLQ ?LB CJCARPMLQ ?LB GQ BGQRPG@SRCB ?KMLE ?JJ RFC PC?ARGML NPMBSARQ. 4FC QMJ?P
GLRCPGMP GQ BCLQC, ?LB RFC PC?ARGMLQ MAASP BCCN GL RFC 3SL UFCPC RCKNCP?RSPCQ ?PC FGEFCQR. )R R?ICQ ?@MSR 32,000 WC?PQ DMP RFC CLCPEW RM BGDDSQC RM RFC
QSPD?AC ?LB P?BG?RC ?U?W. (MUCTCP, RFC LCSRPGLMQ CQA?NC RFC 3SL GL JCQQ RF?L RUM QCAMLBQ, A?PPWGLE RFCGP CLCPEW UGRF RFCK, @CA?SQC RFCW GLRCP?AR QM
UC?IJW RF?R RFC 3SL GQ RP?LQN?PCLR RM RFCK. .CE?RGTC DCCB@?AI GL RFC 3SL ?ARQ ?Q ? RFCPKMQR?R RM PCESJ?RC RFC MTCP?JJ CLCPEW MSRNSR. &MP GLQR?LAC, GD
RFC GLRCPGMP MD RFC 3SL @CAMKCQ FMRRCP RF?L LMPK?J, RFC PC?ARGML P?RC GLAPC?QCQ, NPMBSAGLE CLCPEW RF?R CVN?LBQ RFC GLRCPGMP. 4FGQ AMMJQ GR ?LB JMUCPQ
RFC PC?ARGML P?RC. #MLTCPQCJW, GD RFC GLRCPGMP @CAMKCQ RMM AMMJ, GR AMLRP?ARQ, GLAPC?QGLE RFC RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB PC?ARGML P?RC (QCC F?=KH; 32.19). 3R?PQ JGIC
RFC 3SL ?PC QR?@JC DMP @GJJGMLQ MD WC?PQ, SLRGJ ? QGELGDGA?LR DP?ARGML MD RFCGP FWBPMECL F?Q @CCL BCNJCRCB. 7F?R F?NNCLQ RFCL GQ BGQASQQCB GL
"DJHE:K9J?ED JE FHEDJ?;HI E< )>OI?9I .
F?=KH; 32.19 .SAJC?P DSQGML GL RFC 3SL AMLTCPRQ FWBPMECL LSAJCG GLRM FCJGSK; DSQGML MAASPQ NPGK?PGJW ?R RFC @MSLB?PW MD RFC FCJGSK AMPC, UFCPC RCKNCP?RSPC GQ FGEFCQR ?LB
QSDDGAGCLR FWBPMECL PCK?GLQ. %LCPEW PCJC?QCB BGDDSQCQ QJMUJW RM RFC QSPD?AC, UGRF RFC CVACNRGML MD LCSRPGLMQ, UFGAF CQA?NC GKKCBG?RCJW. %LCPEW NPMBSARGML PCK?GLQ QR?@JC
@CA?SQC MD LCE?RGTC DCCB@?AI CDDCARQ.
4FCMPGCQ MD RFC NPMRML-NPMRML AWAJC (?LB MRFCP CLCPEW-NPMBSAGLE AWAJCQ GL QR?PQ) UCPC NGMLCCPCB @W RFC 'CPK?L-@MPL, !KCPGA?L NFWQGAGQR (?LQ "CRFC
(1906q2005), QR?PRGLE GL 1938. (C U?Q ?U?PBCB RFC 1967 .M@CJ 0PGXC GL NFWQGAQ DMP RFGQ UMPI, ?LB FC F?Q K?BC K?LW MRFCP AMLRPG@SRGMLQ RM NFWQGAQ
?LB QMAGCRW. .CSRPGLMQ NPMBSACB GL RFCQC AWAJCQ CQA?NC QM PC?BGJW RF?R RFCW NPMTGBC SQ ?L CVACJJCLR KC?LQ RM RCQR RFCQC RFCMPGCQ ?LB QRSBW QRCJJ?P
GLRCPGMPQ. $CRCARMPQ F?TC @CCL AMLQRPSARCB ?LB MNCP?RCB DMP KMPC RF?L DMSP BCA?BCQ LMU RM KC?QSPC QMJ?P LCSRPGLMQ (QCC F?=KH; 32.20). !JRFMSEF
QMJ?P LCSRPGLMQ ?PC BCRCARCB ?LB LCSRPGLMQ UCPC M@QCPTCB DPMK 3SNCPLMT? 1987! (F?=KH; 32.21), RMM DCU QMJ?P LCSRPGLMQ UCPC M@QCPTCB RM @C
AMLQGQRCLR UGRF NPCBGARGMLQ MD QMJ?P CLCPEW NPMBSARGML. !DRCP K?LW WC?PQ, RFGQ QMJ?P LCSRPGLM NPM@JCK U?Q PCQMJTCB UGRF ? @JCLB MD RFCMPW ?LB
CVNCPGKCLR RF?R QFMUCB RF?R RFC LCSRPGLM BMCQ GLBCCB F?TC K?QQ. )R U?Q ?JQM DMSLB RF?R RFCPC ?PC RFPCC RWNCQ MD LCSRPGLMQ, C?AF ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF ?
BGDDCPCLR RWNC MD LSAJC?P BCA?W.
#(!04%2 32 Y -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .5#,%!2 0(93)#3 1157
F?=KH; 32.20 4FGQ ?PP?W MD NFMRMKSJRGNJGCP RS@CQ GQ N?PR MD RFC J?PEC QMJ?P LCSRPGLM BCRCARMP ?R RFC &CPKG .?RGML?J !AACJCP?RMP ,?@MP?RMPW GL )JJGLMGQ. )L RFCQC CVNCPGKCLRQ, RFC
LCSRPGLMQ GLRCP?AR UGRF FC?TW U?RCP ?LB NPMBSAC DJ?QFCQ MD JGEFR, UFGAF ?PC BCRCARCB @W RFC NFMRMKSJRGNJGCP RS@CQ. )L QNGRC MD GRQ QGXC ?LB RFC FSEC DJSV MD LCSRPGLMQ RF?R QRPGIC GR,
TCPW DCU ?PC BCRCARCB C?AF B?W QGLAC RFCW GLRCP?AR QM UC?IJW. 4FGQ, MD AMSPQC, GQ RFC Q?KC PC?QML RFCW CQA?NC RFC 3SL QM PC?BGJW. (APCBGR: &PCB 5JJPGAF)
F?=KH; 32.21 3SNCPLMT?Q ?PC RFC QMSPAC MD CJCKCLRQ FC?TGCP RF?L GPML. %LCPEW PCJC?QCB NMUCPQ LSAJCMQWLRFCQGQ. 3NCARPMQAMNGA ?L?JWQGQ MD RFC PGLE MD K?RCPG?J CHCARCB @W
3SNCPLMT? 1987! M@QCPT?@JC GL RFC QMSRFCPL FCKGQNFCPC, QFMUQ CTGBCLAC MD FC?TW CJCKCLRQ. 4FC QRSBW MD RFGQ QSNCPLMT? ?JQM NPMTGBCB GLBGA?RGMLQ RF?R LCSRPGLMQ KGEFR F?TC
K?QQ. (APCBGR: .!3!, %3!, ?LB 0. #F?JJGQ)
4FC NPMRML-NPMRML AWAJC GQ LMR ? NP?ARGA?J QMSPAC MD CLCPEW ML %?PRF, GL QNGRC MD RFC EPC?R ?@SLB?LAC MD FWBPMECL (
1
H). 4FC PC?ARGML
1
H +
1
H
2
H + e
+
+ v
e
F?Q ? TCPW JMU NPM@?@GJGRW MD MAASPPGLE. (4FGQ GQ UFW MSP 3SL UGJJ J?QR DMP ?@MSR RCL @GJJGML WC?PQ.) (MUCTCP, ? LSK@CP MD
MRFCP DSQGML PC?ARGMLQ ?PC C?QGCP RM GLBSAC. !KMLE RFCK ?PC:
(32.17) 2
H +
2
H
3
H +
1
H (4.03 MeV)
(32.18) 2
H +
2
H
3
He + n (3.27 MeV)
(32.19) 2
H +
3
H
4
He + n (17.59 MeV)
(32.20) 2
H +
2
H
4
He + (23.85 MeV).
$CSRCPGSK (
2
H) GQ ?@MSR 0.015% MD L?RSP?J FWBPMECL, QM RFCPC GQ ?L GKKCLQC ?KMSLR MD GR GL QC? U?RCP ?JMLC. )L ?BBGRGML RM ?L ?@SLB?LAC MD
BCSRCPGSK DSCJ, RFCQC DSQGML PC?ARGMLQ NPMBSAC J?PEC CLCPEGCQ NCP PC?ARGML (GL N?PCLRFCQCQ), @SR RFCW BM LMR NPMBSAC KSAF P?BGM?ARGTC U?QRC. 4PGRGSK
(
3
H) GQ P?BGM?ARGTC, @SR GR GQ AMLQSKCB ?Q ? DSCJ (RFC PC?ARGML
2
H +
3
H
4
He + n ), ?LB RFC LCSRPMLQ ?LB Q A?L @C QFGCJBCB. 4FC LCSRPMLQ
NPMBSACB A?L ?JQM @C SQCB RM APC?RC KMPC CLCPEW ?LB DSCJ GL PC?ARGMLQ JGIC
(32.21)
n +
1
H
2
H + (20.68 MeV)
?LB
(32.22)
n +
1
H
2
H + (2.22 MeV).
.MRC RF?R RFCQC J?QR RUM PC?ARGMLQ, ?LB
2
H +
2
H
4
He + , NSR KMQR MD RFCGP CLCPEW MSRNSR GLRM RFC P?W, ?LB QSAF CLCPEW GQ BGDDGASJR RM SRGJGXC.
4FC RFPCC ICWQ RM NP?ARGA?J DSQGML CLCPEW ECLCP?RGML ?PC RM ?AFGCTC RFC RCKNCP?RSPCQ LCACQQ?PW RM K?IC RFC PC?ARGMLQ JGICJW, RM P?GQC RFC BCLQGRW MD
RFC DSCJ, ?LB RM AMLDGLC GR JMLE CLMSEF RM NPMBSAC J?PEC ?KMSLRQ MD CLCPEW. 4FCQC RFPCC D?ARMPQrRCKNCP?RSPC, BCLQGRW, ?LB RGKCrAMKNJCKCLR MLC
?LMRFCP, ?LB QM ? BCDGAGCLAW GL MLC A?L @C AMKNCLQ?RCB DMP @W RFC MRFCPQ. "=D?J?ED GQ BCDGLCB RM MAASP UFCL RFC PC?ARGMLQ NPMBSAC CLMSEF CLCPEW RM
@C QCJD-QSQR?GLGLE ?DRCP CVRCPL?J CLCPEW GLNSR GQ ASR MDD. 4FGQ EM?J, UFGAF KSQR @C PC?AFCB @CDMPC AMKKCPAG?J NJ?LRQ A?L @C ? PC?JGRW, F?Q LMR @CCL
?AFGCTCB. !LMRFCP KGJCQRMLC, A?JJCB 8H;7A-;L;D, MAASPQ UFCL RFC DSQGML NMUCP NPMBSACB COS?JQ RFC FC?RGLE NMUCP GLNSR. "PC?I-CTCL F?Q LC?PJW
@CCL PC?AFCB ?LB EGTCQ FMNC RF?R GELGRGML ?LB AMKKCPAG?J NJ?LRQ K?W @CAMKC ? PC?JGRW GL ? DCU BCA?BCQ.
4UM RCAFLGOSCQ F?TC QFMUL AMLQGBCP?@JC NPMKGQC. 4FC DGPQR MD RFCQC GQ A?JJCB C7=D;J?9 9ED<?D;C;DJ ?LB SQCQ RFC NPMNCPRW RF?R AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ
F?TC BGDDGASJRW APMQQGLE K?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLCQ. 4FC RMI?K?I, QFMUL GL F?=KH; 32.22, F?Q QFMUL N?PRGASJ?P NPMKGQC. 4FC RMI?K?ItQ RMPMGB?J AMGJ AMLDGLCQ
AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ GLRM ? AGPASJ?P N?RF UGRF ? FCJGA?J RUGQR BSC RM RFC AGPASJ?RGLE GMLQ RFCKQCJTCQ. )L 1995, RFC 4MI?K?I &SQGML 4CQR 2C?ARMP ?R
0PGLACRML GL RFC 53 ?AFGCTCB UMPJB-PCAMPB NJ?QK? RCKNCP?RSPCQ ?Q FGEF ?Q 500 KGJJGML BCEPCCQ #CJQGSQ. 4FGQ D?AGJGRW MNCP?RCB @CRUCCL 1982 ?LB
1997. ! HMGLR GLRCPL?RGML?J CDDMPR GQ SLBCPU?W GL &P?LAC RM @SGJB ? RMI?K?I-RWNC PC?ARMP RF?R UGJJ @C RFC QRCNNGLE QRMLC RM AMKKCPAG?J NMUCP. )4%2, ?Q GR
GQ A?JJCB, UGJJ @C ? DSJJ-QA?JC BCTGAC RF?R ?GKQ RM BCKMLQRP?RC RFC DC?QG@GJGRW MD DSQGML CLCPEW. )R UGJJ ECLCP?RC 500 -7 MD NMUCP DMP CVRCLBCB NCPGMBQ MD
1158 #(!04%2 32 Y -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .5#,%!2 0(93)#3
RGKC ?LB UGJJ ?AFGCTC @PC?I-CTCL AMLBGRGMLQ. )R UGJJ QRSBW NJ?QK?Q GL AMLBGRGMLQ QGKGJ?P RM RFMQC CVNCARCB GL ? DSQGML NMUCP NJ?LR. #MKNJCRGML GQ
QAFCBSJCB DMP 2018.
F?=KH; 32.22 (?) !PRGQRtQ PCLBGRGML MD )4%2, ? RMI?K?I-RWNC DSQGML PC?ARMP @CGLE @SGJR GL QMSRFCPL &P?LAC. )R GQ FMNCB RF?R RFGQ EGE?LRGA K?AFGLC UGJJ PC?AF RFC @PC?I-CTCL NMGLR.
#MKNJCRGML GQ QAFCBSJCB DMP 2018. (APCBGR: 3RCNF?L -MQCJ, &JGAIP)
4FC QCAMLB NPMKGQGLE RCAFLGOSC ?GKQ KSJRGNJC J?QCPQ ?R RGLW DSCJ NCJJCRQ DGJJCB UGRF ? KGVRSPC MD BCSRCPGSK ?LB RPGRGSK. (SEC NMUCP GLNSR FC?RQ RFC DSCJ,
CT?NMP?RGLE RFC AMLDGLGLE NCJJCR ?LB APSQFGLE RFC DSCJ RM FGEF BCLQGRW UGRF RFC CVN?LBGLE FMR NJ?QK? NPMBSACB. 4FGQ RCAFLGOSC GQ A?JJCB ?D;HJ?7B
9ED<?D;C;DJ, @CA?SQC RFC DSCJtQ GLCPRG? NPCTCLRQ GR DPMK CQA?NGLE @CDMPC QGELGDGA?LR DSQGML A?L R?IC NJ?AC. (GEFCP BCLQGRGCQ F?TC @CCL PC?AFCB RF?L
UGRF RMI?K?IQ, @SR UGRF QK?JJCP AMLDGLCKCLR RGKCQ. )L 2009, RFC ,?UPCLAC ,GTCPKMPC ,?@MP?RMPW (#!) AMKNJCRCB ? J?QCP DSQGML BCTGAC UGRF 192
SJRP?TGMJCR J?QCP @C?KQ RF?R ?PC DMASQCB SNML ? $-4 NCJJCR (QCC F?=KH; 32.23).
F?=KH; 32.23 .?RGML?J )ELGRGML &?AGJGRW (#!). 4FGQ GK?EC QFMUQ ? J?QCP @?W UFCPC 192 J?QCP @C?KQ UGJJ DMASQ MLRM ? QK?JJ $-4 R?PECR, NPMBSAGLE DSQGML. (APCBGR: ,?UPCLAC
,GTCPKMPC .?RGML?J ,?@MP?RMPW, ,?UPCLAC ,GTCPKMPC .?RGML?J 3CASPGRW, ,,#, ?LB RFC $CN?PRKCLR MD %LCPEW)
EN7CFB; 32.2 C7B9KB7J?D= ED;H=O 7D: )EM;H <HEC FKI?ED
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC CLCPEW PCJC?QCB @W RFC DSQGML MD ? 1.00-IE KGVRSPC MD BCSRCPGSK ?LB RPGRGSK, UFGAF NPMBSACQ FCJGSK. 4FCPC ?PC COS?J LSK@CPQ
MD BCSRCPGSK ?LB RPGRGSK LSAJCG GL RFC KGVRSPC.
(@) )D RFGQ R?ICQ NJ?AC AMLRGLSMSQJW MTCP ? NCPGMB MD ? WC?P, UF?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC NMUCP MSRNSR?
,JH7J;=O
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2
H +
3
H
4
He + n , RFC CLCPEW NCP PC?ARGML GQ 17.59 -C6. 4M DGLB RFC RMR?J CLCPEW PCJC?QCB, UC KSQR DGLB RFC LSK@CP MD
BCSRCPGSK ?LB RPGRGSK ?RMKQ GL ? IGJMEP?K. $CSRCPGSK F?Q ?L ?RMKGA K?QQ MD ?@MSR 2 ?LB RPGRGSK F?Q ?L ?RMKGA K?QQ MD ?@MSR 3, DMP ? RMR?J MD
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? WC?P.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
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2
H) GQ 2.014102 S, UFGJC RF?R MD RPGRGSK (
3
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NJ?AC GQ RFCPCDMPC
(32.23)
(198.8 mol)
6.0210
23
mol
1
= 1.2010
26
reactions.
4FC RMR?J CLCPEW MSRNSR GQ RFC LSK@CP MD PC?ARGMLQ RGKCQ RFC CLCPEW NCP PC?ARGML:
(32.24)
E =

1.2010
26
reactions
(17.59 MeV/reaction)
1.60210
13
J/MeV
= 3.3710
14
J.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
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0MUCP GQ CLCPEW NCP SLGR RGKC. /LC WC?P F?Q 3.1610
7
s , QM
(32.25)
P =
E
t
=
3.3710
14
J
3.1610
7
s
= 1.0710
7
W = 10.7 MW.
D?I9KII?ED
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14
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RF?R BCQRPMWCB (GPMQFGK?. 9CR RFC ?TCP?EC @?AIW?PB QUGKKGLE NMMJ F?Q ?@MSR 6 IE MD BCSRCPGSK GL GR, QM RF?R DSCJ GQ NJCLRGDSJ GD GR A?L @C SRGJGXCB GL
? AMLRPMJJCB K?LLCP. 4FC ?TCP?EC NMUCP MSRNSR MTCP ? WC?P GQ KMPC RF?L 10 -7, GKNPCQQGTC @SR ? @GR QK?JJ DMP ? AMKKCPAG?J NMUCP NJ?LR. !@MSR
32 RGKCQ RFGQ NMUCP MSRNSR UMSJB ?JJMU ECLCP?RGML MD 100 -7 MD CJCARPGAGRW, ?QQSKGLE ?L CDDGAGCLAW MD MLC-RFGPB GL AMLTCPRGLE RFC DSQGML CLCPEW RM
CJCARPGA?J CLCPEW.
32.6 F?II?ED
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(SLBPCBQ MD LSAJC?P DGQQGML NMUCP NJ?LRQ ?PMSLB RFC UMPJB ?RRCQR RM RFC D?AR RF?R AMLRPMJJCB DGQQGML GQ NP?ARGA?J ?LB, ?R JC?QR GL RFC QFMPR RCPK,
CAMLMKGA?J, ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 32.24. 7FCPC?Q LSAJC?P NMUCP U?Q MD JGRRJC GLRCPCQR DMP BCA?BCQ DMJJMUGLE 4-) ?LB #FCPLM@WJ (?LB LMU &SISQFGK?
$?GGAFG), EPMUGLE AMLACPLQ MTCP EJM@?J U?PKGLE F?Q @PMSEFR LSAJC?P NMUCP @?AI ML RFC R?@JC ?Q ? TG?@JC CLCPEW ?JRCPL?RGTC. "W RFC CLB MD 2009, RFCPC
UCPC 442 PC?ARMPQ MNCP?RGLE GL 30 AMSLRPGCQ, NPMTGBGLE 15% MD RFC UMPJBtQ CJCARPGAGRW. &P?LAC NPMTGBCQ MTCP 75% MD GRQ CJCARPGAGRW UGRF LSAJC?P NMUCP,
UFGJC RFC 53 F?Q 104 MNCP?RGLE PC?ARMPQ NPMTGBGLE 20% MD GRQ CJCARPGAGRW. !SQRP?JG? ?LB .CU :C?J?LB F?TC LMLC. #FGL? GQ @SGJBGLE LSAJC?P NMUCP NJ?LRQ
?R RFC P?RC MD MLC QR?PR CTCPW KMLRF.
F?=KH; 32.24 4FC NCMNJC JGTGLE LC?P RFGQ LSAJC?P NMUCP NJ?LR F?TC LM KC?QSP?@JC CVNMQSPC RM P?BG?RGML RF?R GQ RP?AC?@JC RM RFC NJ?LR. !@MSR 16% MD RFC UMPJBtQ CJCARPGA?J NMUCP
GQ ECLCP?RCB @W AMLRPMJJCB LSAJC?P DGQQGML GL QSAF NJ?LRQ. 4FC AMMJGLE RMUCPQ ?PC RFC KMQR NPMKGLCLR DC?RSPCQ @SR ?PC LMR SLGOSC RM LSAJC?P NMUCP. 4FC PC?ARMP GQ GL RFC QK?JJ
BMKCB @SGJBGLE RM RFC JCDR MD RFC RMUCPQ. (APCBGR: +?JKRFMSRQ)
&GQQGML GQ RFC MNNMQGRC MD DSQGML ?LB PCJC?QCQ CLCPEW MLJW UFCL FC?TW LSAJCG ?PC QNJGR. !Q LMRCB GL FKI?ED, CLCPEW GQ PCJC?QCB GD RFC NPMBSARQ MD ?
LSAJC?P PC?ARGML F?TC ? EPC?RCP @GLBGLE CLCPEW NCP LSAJCML ( BE/ A ) RF?L RFC N?PCLR LSAJCG. F?=KH; 32.25 QFMUQ RF?R BE/ A GQ EPC?RCP DMP KCBGSK-
K?QQ LSAJCG RF?L FC?TW LSAJCG, GKNJWGLE RF?R UFCL ? FC?TW LSAJCSQ GQ QNJGR, RFC NPMBSARQ F?TC JCQQ K?QQ NCP LSAJCML, QM RF?R K?QQ GQ BCQRPMWCB ?LB
CLCPEW GQ PCJC?QCB GL RFC PC?ARGML. 4FC ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW NCP DGQQGML PC?ARGML A?L @C J?PEC, CTCL @W LSAJC?P QR?LB?PBQ. 4FC EP?NF GL F?=KH; 32.25
QFMUQ BE/ A RM @C ?@MSR 7.6 -C6/LSAJCML DMP RFC FC?TGCQR LSAJCG ( A ?@MSR 240), UFGJC BE/ A GQ ?@MSR 8.6 -C6/LSAJCML DMP LSAJCG F?TGLE A
?@MSR 120. 4FSQ, GD ? FC?TW LSAJCSQ QNJGRQ GL F?JD, RFCL ?@MSR 1 -C6 NCP LSAJCML, MP ?NNPMVGK?RCJW 240 -C6 NCP DGQQGML, GQ PCJC?QCB. 4FGQ GQ ?@MSR 10
RGKCQ RFC CLCPEW NCP DSQGML PC?ARGML, ?LB ?@MSR 100 RGKCQ RFC CLCPEW MD RFC ?TCP?EC , , MP BCA?W.
EN7CFB; 32.3 C7B9KB7J?D= ED;H=O +;B;7I;: 8O F?II?ED
#?JASJ?RC RFC CLCPEW PCJC?QCB GL RFC DMJJMUGLE QNMLR?LCMSQ DGQQGML PC?ARGML:
(32.26) 238
U
95
Sr +
140
Xe + 3n
EGTCL RFC ?RMKGA K?QQCQ RM @C m(
238
U) = 238.050784 u , m(
95
Sr) = 94.919388 u , m(
140
Xe) = 139.921610 u , ?LB
m(n) = 1.008665 u .
,JH7J;=O
!Q ?JU?WQ, RFC CLCPEW PCJC?QCB GQ COS?J RM RFC K?QQ BCQRPMWCB RGKCQ c
2
, QM UC KSQR DGLB RFC BGDDCPCLAC GL K?QQ @CRUCCL RFC N?PCLR
238
U
?LB RFC DGQQGML NPMBSARQ.
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1160 #(!04%2 32 Y -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .5#,%!2 0(93)#3
(32.27)
m
products
= 94.919388 u + 139.921610 u + 3(1.008665 u)
= 237.866993 u.
4FC K?QQ JMQR GQ RFC K?QQ MD
238
U KGLSQ m
products
, MP
(32.28)
m = 238.050784 u 237.8669933 u = 0.183791 u,
QM RFC CLCPEW PCJC?QCB GQ
(32.29)
E = (m)c
2
= (0.183791 u)
931.5 MeV/c
2
u
c
2
= 171.2 MeV.
D?I9KII?ED
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4FGQ GQ @CA?SQC RFGQ DGQQGML PC?ARGML NPMBSACQ LCSRPMLQ ?LB BMCQ LMR QNJGR RFC LSAJCSQ GLRM RUM COS?J N?PRQ. &GQQGML MD ? EGTCL LSAJGBC, QSAF ?Q
238
U , BMCQ LMR ?JU?WQ NPMBSAC RFC Q?KC NPMBSARQ. &GQQGML GQ ? QR?RGQRGA?J NPMACQQ GL UFGAF ?L CLRGPC P?LEC MD NPMBSARQ ?PC NPMBSACB UGRF
T?PGMSQ NPM@?@GJGRGCQ. -MQR DGQQGML NPMBSACQ LCSRPMLQ, ?JRFMSEF RFC LSK@CP T?PGCQ UGRF C?AF DGQQGML. 4FGQ GQ ?L CVRPCKCJW GKNMPR?LR ?QNCAR MD
DGQQGML, @CA?SQC A8HGEBAF 64A <A7H68 @BE8 9<FF<BA, CL?@JGLE QCJD-QSQR?GLGLE AF?GL PC?ARGMLQ.
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238
U A?L QNMLR?LCMSQJW
DGQQGML, @SR GR BCA?WQ KMQRJW @W CKGQQGML. .CSRPML-GLBSACB DGQQGML GQ APSAG?J ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 32.25. "CGLE AF?PECJCQQ, CTCL JMU-CLCPEW LCSRPMLQ
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RCLQGML ?LB MQAGJJ?RGML KMBCQ, @CA?SQC RFC J?PEC LSK@CP MD LSAJCMLQ ?AR JGIC ?RMKQ GL ? BPMN. 4FC LCSRPML GQ ?RRP?ARCB ?LB RFSQ, BCNMQGRQ CLCPEW,
A?SQGLE RFC LSAJCSQ RM BCDMPK ?Q ? JGOSGB BPMN. )D QRPCRAFCB CLMSEF, RFC LSAJCSQ L?PPMUQ GL RFC KGBBJC. 4FC LSK@CP MD LSAJCMLQ GL AMLR?AR ?LB RFC
QRPCLERF MD RFC LSAJC?P DMPAC @GLBGLE RFC LSAJCSQ RMECRFCP ?PC PCBSACB. #MSJMK@ PCNSJQGML @CRUCCL RFC RUM CLBQ RFCL QSAACCBQ GL DGQQGMLGLE RFC
LSAJCSQ, UFGAF NMNQ JGIC ? U?RCP BPMN GLRM RUM J?PEC NGCACQ ?LB ? DCU LCSRPMLQ. ';KJHED-?D:K9;: <?II?ED A?L @C UPGRRCL ?Q
(32.30)
n +
A
X FF
1
+ FF
2
+ xn,
UFCPC FF
1
?LB FF
2
?PC RFC RUM B?SEFRCP LSAJCG, A?JJCB <?II?ED <H7=C;DJI, ?LB x GQ RFC LSK@CP MD LCSRPMLQ NPMBSACB. -MQR MDRCL, RFC K?QQCQ MD
RFC DGQQGML DP?EKCLRQ ?PC LMR RFC Q?KC. -MQR MD RFC PCJC?QCB CLCPEW EMCQ GLRM RFC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD RFC DGQQGML DP?EKCLRQ, UGRF RFC PCK?GLBCP EMGLE
GLRM RFC LCSRPMLQ ?LB CVAGRCB QR?RCQ MD RFC DP?EKCLRQ. 3GLAC LCSRPMLQ A?L GLBSAC DGQQGML, ? QCJD-QSQR?GLGLE AF?GL PC?ARGML GQ NMQQG@JC, NPMTGBCB KMPC
RF?L MLC LCSRPML GQ NPMBSACB ML ?TCP?EC r RF?R GQ, GD x > 1 GL n +
A
X FF
1
+ FF
2
+ xn . 4FGQ A?L ?JQM @C QCCL GL F?=KH; 32.26.
!L CV?KNJC MD ? RWNGA?J LCSRPML-GLBSACB DGQQGML PC?ARGML GQ
(32.31)
n +
92
235
U
56
142
Ba +
36
91
Kr + 3n.
.MRC RF?R GL RFGQ COS?RGML, RFC RMR?J AF?PEC PCK?GLQ RFC Q?KC (GQ AMLQCPTCB): 92 + 0 = 56 + 36 . !JQM, ?Q D?P ?Q UFMJC LSK@CPQ ?PC AMLACPLCB, RFC
K?QQ GQ AMLQR?LR: 1 + 235 = 142 + 91 + 3 . 4FGQ GQ LMR RPSC UFCL UC AMLQGBCP RFC K?QQCQ MSR RM 6 MP 7 QGELGDGA?LR NJ?ACQ, ?Q GL RFC NPCTGMSQ
CV?KNJC.
#(!04%2 32 Y -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .5#,%!2 0(93)#3 1161
F?=KH; 32.25 .CSRPML-GLBSACB DGQQGML GQ QFMUL. &GPQR, CLCPEW GQ NSR GLRM RFGQ J?PEC LSAJCSQ UFCL GR ?@QMP@Q ? LCSRPML. !ARGLE JGIC ? QRPSAI JGOSGB BPMN, RFC LSAJCSQ BCDMPKQ ?LB
@CEGLQ RM L?PPMU GL RFC KGBBJC. 3GLAC DCUCP LSAJCMLQ ?PC GL AMLR?AR, RFC PCNSJQGTC #MSJMK@ DMPAC GQ ?@JC RM @PC?I RFC LSAJCSQ GLRM RUM N?PRQ UGRF QMKC LCSRPMLQ ?JQM DJWGLE
?U?W.
F?=KH; 32.26 ! AF?GL PC?ARGML A?L NPMBSAC QCJD-QSQR?GLCB DGQQGML GD C?AF DGQQGML NPMBSACQ CLMSEF LCSRPMLQ RM GLBSAC ?R JC?QR MLC KMPC DGQQGML. 4FGQ BCNCLBQ ML QCTCP?J
D?ARMPQ, GLAJSBGLE FMU K?LW LCSRPMLQ ?PC NPMBSACB GL ?L ?TCP?EC DGQQGML ?LB FMU C?QW GR GQ RM K?IC ? N?PRGASJ?P RWNC MD LSAJGBC DGQQGML.
.MR CTCPW LCSRPML NPMBSACB @W DGQQGML GLBSACQ DGQQGML. 3MKC LCSRPMLQ CQA?NC RFC DGQQGML?@JC K?RCPG?J, UFGJC MRFCPQ GLRCP?AR UGRF ? LSAJCSQ UGRFMSR
K?IGLE GR DGQQGML. 7C A?L CLF?LAC RFC LSK@CP MD DGQQGMLQ NPMBSACB @W LCSRPMLQ @W F?TGLE ? J?PEC ?KMSLR MD DGQQGML?@JC K?RCPG?J. 4FC KGLGKSK
?KMSLR LCACQQ?PW DMP QCJD-QSQR?GLCB DGQQGML MD ? EGTCL LSAJGBC GQ A?JJCB GRQ 9H?J?97B C7II. 3MKC LSAJGBCQ, QSAF ?Q
239
Pu , NPMBSAC KMPC LCSRPMLQ
NCP DGQQGML RF?L MRFCPQ, QSAF ?Q
235
U . !BBGRGML?JJW, QMKC LSAJGBCQ ?PC C?QGCP RM K?IC DGQQGML RF?L MRFCPQ. )L N?PRGASJ?P,
235
U ?LB
239
Pu ?PC
C?QGCP RM DGQQGML RF?L RFC KSAF KMPC ?@SLB?LR
238
U . "MRF D?ARMPQ ?DDCAR APGRGA?J K?QQ, UFGAF GQ QK?JJCQR DMP
239
Pu .
1162 #(!04%2 32 Y -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .5#,%!2 0(93)#3
4FC PC?QML
235
U ?LB
239
Pu ?PC C?QGCP RM DGQQGML RF?L
238
U GQ RF?R RFC LSAJC?P DMPAC GQ KMPC ?RRP?ARGTC DMP ?L CTCL LSK@CP MD LCSRPMLQ GL ?
LSAJCSQ RF?L DMP ?L MBB LSK@CP. #MLQGBCP RF?R
92
235
U
143
F?Q 143 LCSRPMLQ, ?LB
94
239
P
145
F?Q 145 LCSRPMLQ, UFCPC?Q
92
238
U
146
F?Q 146. 7FCL ?
LCSRPML CLAMSLRCPQ ? LSAJCSQ UGRF ?L MBB LSK@CP MD LCSRPMLQ, RFC LSAJC?P DMPAC GQ KMPC ?RRP?ARGTC, @CA?SQC RFC ?BBGRGML?J LCSRPML UGJJ K?IC RFC
LSK@CP CTCL. !@MSR 2--C6 KMPC CLCPEW GQ BCNMQGRCB GL RFC PCQSJRGLE LSAJCSQ RF?L UMSJB @C RFC A?QC GD RFC LSK@CP MD LCSRPMLQ U?Q ?JPC?BW CTCL.
4FGQ CVRP? CLCPEW NPMBSACQ EPC?RCP BCDMPK?RGML, K?IGLE DGQQGML KMPC JGICJW. 4FSQ,
235
U ?LB
239
Pu ?PC QSNCPGMP DGQQGML DSCJQ. 4FC GQMRMNC
235
U
GQ MLJW 0.72 % MD L?RSP?J SP?LGSK, UFGJC
238
U GQ 99.27%, ?LB
239
Pu BMCQ LMR CVGQR GL L?RSPC. !SQRP?JG? F?Q RFC J?PECQR BCNMQGRQ MD SP?LGSK GL RFC
UMPJB, QR?LBGLE ?R 28% MD RFC RMR?J. 4FGQ GQ DMJJMUCB @W +?X?IFQR?L ?LB #?L?B?. 4FC 53 F?Q MLJW 3% MD EJM@?J PCQCPTCQ.
-MQR DGQQGML PC?ARMPQ SRGJGXC
235
U , UFGAF GQ QCN?P?RCB DPMK
238
U ?R QMKC CVNCLQC. 4FGQ GQ A?JJCB CLPGAFKCLR. 4FC KMQR AMKKML QCN?P?RGML
KCRFMB GQ E?QCMSQ BGDDSQGML MD SP?LGSK FCV?DJSMPGBC ( UF
6
) RFPMSEF KCK@P?LCQ. 3GLAC
235
U F?Q JCQQ K?QQ RF?L
238
U , GRQ UF
6
KMJCASJCQ
F?TC FGEFCP ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW ?R RFC Q?KC RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB BGDDSQC D?QRCP. !LMRFCP GLRCPCQRGLE AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MD
235
U GQ RF?R GR NPCDCPCLRG?JJW ?@QMP@Q
TCPW QJMU KMTGLE LCSRPMLQ (UGRF CLCPEGCQ ? DP?ARGML MD ?L C6), UFCPC?Q DGQQGML PC?ARGMLQ NPMBSAC D?QR LCSRPMLQ UGRF CLCPEGCQ GL RFC MPBCP MD ?L -C6.
4M K?IC ? QCJD-QSQR?GLCB DGQQGML PC?ARMP UGRF
235
U , GR GQ RFSQ LCACQQ?PW RM QJMU BMUL (uRFCPK?JGXCv) RFC LCSRPMLQ. 7?RCP GQ TCPW CDDCARGTC, QGLAC
LCSRPMLQ AMJJGBC UGRF NPMRMLQ GL U?RCP KMJCASJCQ ?LB JMQC CLCPEW. F?=KH; 32.27 QFMUQ ? QAFCK?RGA MD ? PC?ARMP BCQGEL, A?JJCB RFC NPCQQSPGXCB U?RCP
PC?ARMP.
F?=KH; 32.27 ! NPCQQSPGXCB U?RCP PC?ARMP GQ AJCTCPJW BCQGELCB RM AMLRPMJ RFC DGQQGML MD J?PEC ?KMSLRQ MD
235
U , UFGJC SQGLE RFC FC?R NPMBSACB GL RFC DGQQGML PC?ARGML RM APC?RC
QRC?K DMP ECLCP?RGLE CJCARPGA?J CLCPEW. #MLRPMJ PMBQ ?BHSQR LCSRPML DJSV QM RF?R APGRGA?JGRW GQ M@R?GLCB, @SR LMR CVACCBCB. )L A?QC RFC PC?ARMP MTCPFC?RQ ?LB @MGJQ RFC U?RCP ?U?W,
RFC AF?GL PC?ARGML RCPKGL?RCQ, @CA?SQC U?RCP GQ LCCBCB RM RFCPK?JGXC RFC LCSRPMLQ. 4FGQ GLFCPCLR Q?DCRW DC?RSPC A?L @C MTCPUFCJKCB GL CVRPCKC AGPASKQR?LACQ.
#MLRPMJ PMBQ AMLR?GLGLE LSAJGBCQ RF?R TCPW QRPMLEJW ?@QMP@ LCSRPMLQ ?PC SQCB RM ?BHSQR LCSRPML DJSV. 4M NPMBSAC J?PEC NMUCP, PC?ARMPQ AMLR?GL
FSLBPCBQ RM RFMSQ?LBQ MD APGRGA?J K?QQCQ, ?LB RFC AF?GL PC?ARGML C?QGJW @CAMKCQ QCJD-QSQR?GLGLE, ? AMLBGRGML A?JJCB 9H?J?97B?JO. .CSRPML DJSV QFMSJB @C
A?PCDSJJW PCESJ?RCB RM ?TMGB ?L CVNMLCLRG?J GLAPC?QC GL DGQQGMLQ, ? AMLBGRGML A?JJCB IKF;H9H?J?97B?JO. #MLRPMJ PMBQ FCJN NPCTCLR MTCPFC?RGLE, NCPF?NQ
CTCL ? KCJRBMUL MP CVNJMQGTC BGQ?QQCK@JW. 4FC U?RCP RF?R GQ SQCB RM RFCPK?JGXC LCSRPMLQ, LCACQQ?PW RM ECR RFCK RM GLBSAC DGQQGML GL
235
U , ?LB
?AFGCTC APGRGA?JGRW, NPMTGBCQ ? LCE?RGTC DCCB@?AI DMP RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QCQ. )L A?QC RFC PC?ARMP MTCPFC?RQ ?LB @MGJQ RFC U?RCP RM QRC?K MP GQ @PC?AFCB,
RFC ?@QCLAC MD U?RCP IGJJQ RFC AF?GL PC?ARGML. #MLQGBCP?@JC FC?R, FMUCTCP, A?L QRGJJ @C ECLCP?RCB @W RFC PC?ARMPtQ P?BGM?ARGTC DGQQGML NPMBSARQ. /RFCP
Q?DCRW DC?RSPCQ, RFSQ, LCCB RM @C GLAMPNMP?RCB GL RFC CTCLR MD ? ?BFF B9 6BB?4AG ?AAGBCLR, GLAJSBGLE ?SVGJG?PW AMMJGLE U?RCP ?LB NSKNQ.
EN7CFB; 32.4 C7B9KB7J?D= ED;H=O <HEC 7 $?BE=H7C E< F?II?ED78B; FK;B
#?JASJ?RC RFC ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW NPMBSACB @W RFC DGQQGML MD 1.00 IE MD
235
U , EGTCL RFC ?TCP?EC DGQQGML PC?ARGML MD
235
U NPMBSACQ 200 -C6.
,JH7J;=O
4FC RMR?J CLCPEW NPMBSACB GQ RFC LSK@CP MD
235
U ?RMKQ RGKCQ RFC EGTCL CLCPEW NCP
235
U DGQQGML. 7C QFMSJB RFCPCDMPC DGLB RFC LSK@CP MD
235
U ?RMKQ GL 1.00 IE.
,EBKJ?ED
#(!04%2 32 Y -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .5#,%!2 0(93)#3 1163
4FC LSK@CP MD
235
U ?RMKQ GL 1.00 IE GQ !TME?BPMtQ LSK@CP RGKCQ RFC LSK@CP MD KMJCQ. /LC KMJC MD
235
U F?Q ? K?QQ MD 235.04 E; RFSQ,
RFCPC ?PC (1000 g) / (235.04 g/mol) = 4.25 mol . 4FC LSK@CP MD
235
U ?RMKQ GQ RFCPCDMPC,
(32.32)
(4.25 mol)
6.0210
23 235
U/mol
= 2.5610
24 235
U.
3M RFC RMR?J CLCPEW PCJC?QCB GQ
(32.33)
E =

2.5610
24 235
U
200 MeV
235
U
1.6010
13
J
MeV
= 8.2110
13
J.
D?I9KII?ED
4FGQ GQ ?LMRFCP GKNPCQQGTCJW J?PEC ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW, COSGT?JCLR RM ?@MSR 14,000 @?PPCJQ MD APSBC MGJ MP 600,000 E?JJMLQ MD E?QMJGLC. "SR, GR GQ MLJW
MLC-DMSPRF RFC CLCPEW NPMBSACB @W RFC DSQGML MD ? IGJMEP?K KGVRSPC MD BCSRCPGSK ?LB RPGRGSK ?Q QCCL GL EN7CFB; 32.2. %TCL RFMSEF C?AF DGQQGML
PC?ARGML WGCJBQ ?@MSR RCL RGKCQ RFC CLCPEW MD ? DSQGML PC?ARGML, RFC CLCPEW NCP IGJMEP?K MD DGQQGML DSCJ GQ JCQQ, @CA?SQC RFCPC ?PC D?P DCUCP KMJCQ
NCP IGJMEP?K MD RFC FC?TW LSAJGBCQ. &GQQGML DSCJ GQ ?JQM KSAF KMPC QA?PAC RF?L DSQGML DSCJ, ?LB JCQQ RF?L 1% MD SP?LGSK (the
235
U) GQ PC?BGJW
SQ?@JC.
/LC LSAJGBC ?JPC?BW KCLRGMLCB GQ
239
Pu , UFGAF F?Q ? 24,120-W F?JD-JGDC ?LB BMCQ LMR CVGQR GL L?RSPC. 0JSRMLGSK-239 GQ K?LSD?ARSPCB DPMK
238
U GL
PC?ARMPQ, ?LB GR NPMTGBCQ ?L MNNMPRSLGRW RM SRGJGXC RFC MRFCP 99% MD L?RSP?J SP?LGSK ?Q ?L CLCPEW QMSPAC. 4FC DMJJMUGLE PC?ARGML QCOSCLAC, A?JJCB
8H;;:?D=, NPMBSACQ
239
Pu . "PCCBGLE @CEGLQ UGRF LCSRPML A?NRSPC @W
238
U :
(32.34) 238
U + n
239
U + .
5P?LGSK-239 RFCL
BCA?WQ:
(32.35)
239
U
239
Np +
+ v
e
(t
1/2
= 23 min).
.CNRSLGSK-239 ?JQM
BCA?WQ:
(32.36)
239
Np
239
Pu +
+ v
e
(t
1/2
= 2.4 d).
0JSRMLGSK-239 @SGJBQ SN GL PC?ARMP DSCJ ?R ? P?RC RF?R BCNCLBQ ML RFC NPM@?@GJGRW MD LCSRPML A?NRSPC @W
238
U (?JJ PC?ARMP DSCJ AMLR?GLQ KMPC
238
U
RF?L
235
U ). 2C?ARMPQ BCQGELCB QNCAGDGA?JJW RM K?IC NJSRMLGSK ?PC A?JJCB 8H;;:;H H;79JEHI. 4FCW QCCK RM @C GLFCPCLRJW KMPC F?X?PBMSQ RF?L
AMLTCLRGML?J PC?ARMPQ, @SR GR PCK?GLQ SLILMUL UFCRFCP RFCGP F?X?PBQ A?L @C K?BC CAMLMKGA?JJW ?AACNR?@JC. 4FC DMSP PC?ARMPQ ?R #FCPLM@WJ, GLAJSBGLE
RFC MLC RF?R U?Q BCQRPMWCB, UCPC @SGJR RM @PCCB NJSRMLGSK ?LB NPMBSAC CJCARPGAGRW. 4FCQC PC?ARMPQ F?B ? BCQGEL RF?R U?Q QGELGDGA?LRJW BGDDCPCLR DPMK
RFC NPCQQSPGXCB U?RCP PC?ARMP GJJSQRP?RCB ?@MTC.
0JSRMLGSK-239 F?Q ?BT?LR?ECQ MTCP
235
U ?Q ? PC?ARMP DSCJ r GR NPMBSACQ KMPC LCSRPMLQ NCP DGQQGML ML ?TCP?EC, ?LB GR GQ C?QGCP DMP ? RFCPK?J
LCSRPML RM A?SQC GR RM DGQQGML. )R GQ ?JQM AFCKGA?JJW BGDDCPCLR DPMK SP?LGSK, QM GR GQ GLFCPCLRJW C?QGCP RM QCN?P?RC DPMK SP?LGSK MPC. 4FGQ KC?LQ
239
Pu
F?Q ? N?PRGASJ?PJW QK?JJ APGRGA?J K?QQ, ?L ?BT?LR?EC DMP LSAJC?P UC?NMLQ.
0F%4 %VNJMP?RGMLQ: .SAJC?P &GQQGML
3R?PR ? AF?GL PC?ARGML, MP GLRPMBSAC LML-P?BGM?ARGTC GQMRMNCQ RM NPCTCLR MLC. #MLRPMJ CLCPEW NPMBSARGML GL ? LSAJC?P PC?ARMP!
F?=KH; 32.28 'K9B;7H F?II?ED (>JJF://9DN.EH=/9EDJ;DJ/C42662/1.8/DK9B;7H-<?II?ED6;D.@7H)
32.7 'K9B;7H 0;7FEDI
4FC UMPJB U?Q GL RSPKMGJ UFCL DGQQGML U?Q BGQAMTCPCB GL 1938. 4FC BGQAMTCPW MD DGQQGML, K?BC @W RUM 'CPK?L NFWQGAGQRQ, /RRM (?FL ?LB &PGRX
3RP?QQK?L, U?Q OSGAIJW TCPGDGCB @W RUM *CUGQF PCDSECCQ DPMK .?XG 'CPK?LW, ,GQC -CGRLCP ?LB FCP LCNFCU /RRM &PGQAF. &CPKG, ?KMLE MRFCPQ, QMML
DMSLB RF?R LMR MLJW BGB LCSRPMLQ GLBSAC DGQQGML; KMPC LCSRPMLQ UCPC NPMBSACB BSPGLE DGQQGML. 4FC NMQQG@GJGRW MD ? QCJD-QSQR?GLCB AF?GL PC?ARGML U?Q
GKKCBG?RCJW PCAMELGXCB @W JC?BGLE QAGCLRGQRQ RFC UMPJB MTCP. 4FC CLMPKMSQ CLCPEW ILMUL RM @C GL LSAJCG, @SR AMLQGBCPCB GL?AACQQG@JC, LMU QCCKCB
RM @C ?T?GJ?@JC ML ? J?PEC QA?JC.
1164 #(!04%2 32 Y -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .5#,%!2 0(93)#3
7GRFGL KMLRFQ ?DRCP RFC ?LLMSLACKCLR MD RFC BGQAMTCPW MD DGQQGML, !BMJD (GRJCP @?LLCB RFC CVNMPR MD SP?LGSK DPMK LCUJW MAASNGCB #XCAFMQJMT?IG?. )R
QCCKCB RF?R RFC KGJGR?PW T?JSC MD SP?LGSK F?B @CCL PCAMELGXCB GL .?XG 'CPK?LW, ?LB RF?R ? QCPGMSQ CDDMPR RM @SGJB ? LSAJC?P @MK@ F?B @CESL.
!J?PKCB QAGCLRGQRQ, K?LW MD RFCK UFM DJCB .?XG 'CPK?LW, BCAGBCB RM R?IC ?ARGML. .MLC U?Q KMPC D?KMSQ MP PCTCPCB RF?L %GLQRCGL. )R U?Q DCJR RF?R FGQ
FCJN U?Q LCCBCB RM ECR RFC !KCPGA?L EMTCPLKCLR RM K?IC ? QCPGMSQ CDDMPR ?R LSAJC?P UC?NMLQ ?Q ? K?RRCP MD QSPTGT?J. ,CM 3XGJ?PB, ?L CQA?NCB
(SLE?PG?L NFWQGAGQR, RMMI ? BP?DR MD ? JCRRCP RM %GLQRCGL, UFM, ?JRFMSEF N?AGDGQRGA, QGELCB RFC DGL?J TCPQGML. 4FC JCRRCP U?Q DMP 0PCQGBCLR &P?LIJGL
2MMQCTCJR, U?PLGLE MD RFC 'CPK?L NMRCLRG?J RM @SGJB CVRPCKCJW NMUCPDSJ @MK@Q MD ? LCU RWNC. )R U?Q QCLR GL !SESQR MD 1939, HSQR @CDMPC RFC 'CPK?L
GLT?QGML MD 0MJ?LB RF?R K?PICB RFC QR?PR MD 7MPJB 7?P )).
)R U?Q LMR SLRGJ $CACK@CP 6, 1941, RFC B?W @CDMPC RFC *?N?LCQC ?RR?AI ML 0C?PJ (?P@MP, RF?R RFC 5LGRCB 3R?RCQ K?BC ? K?QQGTC AMKKGRKCLR RM
@SGJBGLE ? LSAJC?P @MK@. 4FC RMN QCAPCR -?LF?RR?L 0PMHCAR U?Q ? AP?QF NPMEP?K ?GKCB ?R @C?RGLE RFC 'CPK?LQ. )R U?Q A?PPGCB MSR GL PCKMRC
JMA?RGMLQ, QSAF ?Q ,MQ !J?KMQ, .CU -CVGAM, UFCLCTCP NMQQG@JC, ?LB CTCLRS?JJW A?KC RM AMQR @GJJGMLQ MD BMJJ?PQ ?LB CKNJMW RFC CDDMPRQ MD KMPC RF?L
100,000 NCMNJC. *. 2M@CPR /NNCLFCGKCP (1904q1967), UFMQC R?JCLR ?LB ?K@GRGMLQ K?BC FGK GBC?J, U?Q AFMQCL RM FC?B RFC NPMHCAR. 4FC DGPQR K?HMP
QRCN U?Q K?BC @W %LPGAM &CPKG ?LB FGQ EPMSN GL $CACK@CP 1942, UFCL RFCW ?AFGCTCB RFC DGPQR QCJD-QSQR?GLCB LSAJC?P PC?ARMP. 4FGQ DGPQR u?RMKGA NGJCv,
@SGJR GL ? QOS?QF AMSPR ?R RFC 5LGTCPQGRW MD #FGA?EM, SQCB A?P@ML @JMAIQ RM RFCPK?JGXC LCSRPMLQ. )R LMR MLJW NPMTCB RF?R RFC AF?GL PC?ARGML U?Q
NMQQG@JC, GR @CE?L RFC CP? MD LSAJC?P PC?ARMPQ. 'JCLL 3C?@MPE, ?L !KCPGA?L AFCKGQR ?LB NFWQGAGQR, PCACGTCB RFC .M@CJ 0PGXC GL NFWQGAQ GL 1951 DMP
BGQAMTCPW MD QCTCP?J RP?LQSP?LGA CJCKCLRQ, GLAJSBGLE NJSRMLGSK. #?P@ML-KMBCP?RCB PC?ARMPQ ?PC PCJ?RGTCJW GLCVNCLQGTC ?LB QGKNJC GL BCQGEL ?LB ?PC
QRGJJ SQCB DMP @PCCBGLE NJSRMLGSK, QSAF ?Q ?R #FCPLM@WJ, UFCPC RUM QSAF PC?ARMPQ PCK?GL GL MNCP?RGML.
0JSRMLGSK U?Q PCAMELGXCB ?Q C?QGCP RM DGQQGML UGRF LCSRPMLQ ?LB, FCLAC, ? QSNCPGMP DGQQGML K?RCPG?J TCPW C?PJW GL RFC -?LF?RR?L 0PMHCAR. 0JSRMLGSK
?T?GJ?@GJGRW U?Q SLACPR?GL, ?LB QM ? SP?LGSK @MK@ U?Q BCTCJMNCB QGKSJR?LCMSQJW. F?=KH; 32.29 QFMUQ ? ESL-RWNC @MK@, UFGAF R?ICQ RUM QS@APGRGA?J
SP?LGSK K?QQCQ ?LB @JMUQ RFCK RMECRFCP. 4M ECR ?L ?NNPCAG?@JC WGCJB, RFC APGRGA?J K?QQ KSQR @C FCJB RMECRFCP @W RFC CVNJMQGTC AF?PECQ GLQGBC RFC
A?LLML @?PPCJ DMP ? DCU KGAPMQCAMLBQ. 3GLAC RFC @SGJBSN MD RFC SP?LGSK AF?GL PC?ARGML GQ PCJ?RGTCJW QJMU, RFC BCTGAC RM FMJB RFC APGRGA?J K?QQ RMECRFCP
A?L @C PCJ?RGTCJW QGKNJC. /UGLE RM RFC D?AR RF?R RFC P?RC MD QNMLR?LCMSQ DGQQGML GQ JMU, ? LCSRPML QMSPAC GQ RPGEECPCB ?R RFC Q?KC RGKC RFC APGRGA?J K?QQ
GQ ?QQCK@JCB.
F?=KH; 32.29 ! ESL-RWNC DGQQGML @MK@ DMP
235
U SRGJGXCQ RUM QS@APGRGA?J K?QQCQ DMPACB RMECRFCP @W CVNJMQGTC AF?PECQ GLQGBC ? A?LLML @?PPCJ. 4FC CLCPEW WGCJB BCNCLBQ ML
RFC ?KMSLR MD SP?LGSK ?LB RFC RGKC GR A?L @C FCJB RMECRFCP @CDMPC GR BGQ?QQCK@JCQ GRQCJD.
0JSRMLGSKtQ QNCAG?J NPMNCPRGCQ LCACQQGR?RCB ? KMPC QMNFGQRGA?RCB APGRGA?J K?QQ ?QQCK@JW, QFMUL QAFCK?RGA?JJW GL F?=KH; 32.30. ! QNFCPGA?J K?QQ MD
NJSRMLGSK GQ QSPPMSLBCB @W QF?NC AF?PECQ (FGEF CVNJMQGTCQ RF?R PCJC?QC KMQR MD RFCGP @J?QR GL MLC BGPCARGML) RF?R GKNJMBC RFC NJSRMLGSK, APSQFGLE GR
GLRM ? QK?JJCP TMJSKC RM DMPK ? APGRGA?J K?QQ. 4FC GKNJMQGML RCAFLGOSC GQ D?QRCP ?LB KMPC CDDCARGTC, @CA?SQC GR AMKNPCQQCQ RFPCC-BGKCLQGML?JJW P?RFCP
RF?L MLC-BGKCLQGML?JJW ?Q GL RFC ESL-RWNC @MK@. !E?GL, ? LCSRPML QMSPAC KSQR @C RPGEECPCB ?R HSQR RFC AMPPCAR RGKC RM GLGRG?RC RFC AF?GL PC?ARGML.
#(!04%2 32 Y -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .5#,%!2 0(93)#3 1165
F?=KH; 32.30 !L GKNJMQGML APC?RCB @W FGEF CVNJMQGTCQ AMKNPCQQCQ ? QNFCPC MD
239
Pu GLRM ? APGRGA?J K?QQ. 4FC QSNCPGMP DGQQGML?@GJGRW MD NJSRMLGSK F?Q K?BC GR RFC SLGTCPQ?J
@MK@ K?RCPG?J.
/UGLE RM GRQ AMKNJCVGRW, RFC NJSRMLGSK @MK@ LCCBCB RM @C RCQRCB @CDMPC RFCPC AMSJB @C ?LW ?RRCKNR RM SQC GR. /L *SJW 16, 1945, RFC RCQR L?KCB 4PGLGRW
U?Q AMLBSARCB GL RFC GQMJ?RCB !J?KMEMPBM $CQCPR ?@MSR 200 KGJCQ QMSRF MD ,MQ !J?KMQ (QCC F?=KH; 32.31). ! LCU ?EC F?B @CESL. 4FC WGCJB MD RFGQ
BCTGAC U?Q ?@MSR 10 IGJMRMLQ (I4), RFC COSGT?JCLR MD 5000 MD RFC J?PECQR AMLTCLRGML?J @MK@Q.
F?=KH; 32.31 4PGLGRW RCQR (1945), RFC DGPQR LSAJC?P @MK@ (APCBGR: 5LGRCB 3R?RCQ $CN?PRKCLR MD %LCPEW)
!JRFMSEF 'CPK?LW QSPPCLBCPCB ML -?W 7, 1945, *?N?L F?B @CCL QRC?BD?QRJW PCDSQGLE RM QSPPCLBCP DMP K?LW KMLRFQ, DMPAGLE J?PEC A?QS?JRGCQ.
)LT?QGML NJ?LQ @W RFC !JJGCQ CQRGK?RCB ? KGJJGML A?QS?JRGCQ MD RFCGP MUL ?LB SLRMJB JMQQCQ MD *?N?LCQC JGTCQ. 4FC @MK@ U?Q TGCUCB ?Q ? U?W RM CLB
RFC U?P. 4FC DGPQR U?Q ? SP?LGSK @MK@ BPMNNCB ML (GPMQFGK? ML !SESQR 6. )RQ WGCJB MD ?@MSR 15 I4 BCQRPMWCB RFC AGRW ?LB IGJJCB ?L CQRGK?RCB 80,000
NCMNJC, UGRF 100,000 KMPC @CGLE QCPGMSQJW GLHSPCB (QCC F?=KH; 32.32). 4FC QCAMLB U?Q ? NJSRMLGSK @MK@ BPMNNCB ML .?E?Q?IG MLJW RFPCC B?WQ J?RCP,
ML !SESQR 9. )RQ 20 I4 WGCJB IGJJCB ?R JC?QR 50,000 NCMNJC, QMKCRFGLE JCQQ RF?L (GPMQFGK? @CA?SQC MD RFC FGJJW RCPP?GL ?LB RFC D?AR RF?R GR U?Q ? DCU
IGJMKCRCPQ MDD R?PECR. 4FC *?N?LCQC UCPC RMJB RF?R MLC @MK@ ? UCCI UMSJB @C BPMNNCB SLRGJ RFCW QSPPCLBCPCB SLAMLBGRGML?JJW, UFGAF RFCW BGB ML
!SESQR 14. )L ?ARS?JGRW, RFC 5LGRCB 3R?RCQ F?B MLJW CLMSEF NJSRMLGSK DMP MLC KMPC ?LB ?Q WCR SL?QQCK@JCB @MK@.
F?=KH; 32.32 $CQRPSARGML GL (GPMQFGK? (APCBGR: 5LGRCB 3R?RCQ &CBCP?J 'MTCPLKCLR)
+LMUGLE RF?R DSQGML NPMBSACQ QCTCP?J RGKCQ KMPC CLCPEW NCP IGJMEP?K MD DSCJ RF?L DGQQGML, QMKC QAGCLRGQRQ NSQFCB RFC GBC? MD ? DSQGML @MK@ QR?PRGLE
TCPW C?PJW ML. #?JJGLE RFGQ @MK@ RFC 3SNCP, RFCW PC?JGXCB RF?R GR AMSJB F?TC ?LMRFCP ?BT?LR?EC MTCP DGQQGMLrFGEF-CLCPEW LCSRPMLQ UMSJB ?GB DSQGML,
UFGJC RFCW ?PC GLCDDCARGTC GL
239
Pu DGQQGML. 4FSQ RFC DSQGML @MK@ AMSJB @C TGPRS?JJW SLJGKGRCB GL CLCPEW PCJC?QC. 4FC DGPQR QSAF @MK@ U?Q BCRML?RCB
1166 #(!04%2 32 Y -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .5#,%!2 0(93)#3
@W RFC 5LGRCB 3R?RCQ ML /ARM@CP 31, 1952, ?R %LGUCRMI !RMJJ UGRF ? WGCJB MD 10 KCE?RMLQ (-4), ?@MSR 670 RGKCQ RF?R MD RFC DGQQGML @MK@ RF?R BCQRPMWCB
(GPMQFGK?. 4FC 3MTGCRQ DMJJMUCB UGRF ? DSQGML BCTGAC MD RFCGP MUL GL !SESQR 1953, ?LB ? UC?NMLQ P?AC, @CWMLB RFC ?GK MD RFGQ RCVR RM BGQASQQ,
AMLRGLSCB SLRGJ RFC CLB MD RFC #MJB 7?P.
F?=KH; 32.33 QFMUQ ? QGKNJC BG?EP?K MD FMU ? RFCPKMLSAJC?P @MK@ GQ AMLQRPSARCB. ! DGQQGML @MK@ GQ CVNJMBCB LCVR RM DSQGML DSCJ GL RFC QMJGB DMPK MD
JGRFGSK BCSRCPGBC. "CDMPC RFC QFMAI U?TC @JMUQ GR ?N?PR, P?WQ FC?R ?LB AMKNPCQQ RFC DSCJ, ?LB LCSRPMLQ APC?RC RPGRGSK RFPMSEF RFC PC?ARGML
n +
6
Li
3
H +
4
He . !BBGRGML?J DSQGML ?LB DGQQGML DSCJQ ?PC CLAJMQCB GL ? BCLQC QFCJJ MD
238
U. 4FC QFCJJ PCDJCARQ QMKC MD RFC LCSRPMLQ @?AI GLRM
RFC DSCJ RM CLF?LAC GRQ DSQGML, @SR ?R FGEF GLRCPL?J RCKNCP?RSPCQ D?QR LCSRPMLQ ?PC APC?RCB RF?R ?JQM A?SQC RFC NJCLRGDSJ ?LB GLCVNCLQGTC
238
U RM
DGQQGML, N?PR MD UF?R ?JJMUQ RFCPKMLSAJC?P @MK@Q RM @C QM J?PEC.
F?=KH; 32.33 4FGQ QAFCK?RGA MD ? DSQGML @MK@ ((-@MK@) EGTCQ QMKC GBC? MD FMU RFC
239
Pu DGQQGML RPGEECP GQ SQCB RM GELGRC DSQGML DSCJ. .CSRPMLQ ?LB P?WQ RP?LQKGR CLCPEW
RM RFC DSQGML DSCJ, APC?RC RPGRGSK DPMK BCSRCPGSK, ?LB FC?R ?LB AMKNPCQQ RFC DSQGML DSCJ. 4FC MSRCP QFCJJ MD
238
U QCPTCQ RM PCDJCAR QMKC LCSRPMLQ @?AI GLRM RFC DSCJ, A?SQGLE
KMPC DSQGML, ?LB GR @MMQRQ RFC CLCPEW MSRNSR @W DGQQGMLGLE GRQCJD UFCL LCSRPML CLCPEGCQ @CAMKC FGEF CLMSEF.
4FC CLCPEW WGCJB ?LB RFC RWNCQ MD CLCPEW NPMBSACB @W LSAJC?P @MK@Q A?L @C T?PGCB. %LCPEW WGCJBQ GL ASPPCLR ?PQCL?JQ P?LEC DPMK ?@MSR 0.1 I4 RM 20
-4, ?JRFMSEF RFC 3MTGCRQ MLAC BCRML?RCB ? 67 -4 BCTGAC. .SAJC?P @MK@Q BGDDCP DPMK AMLTCLRGML?J CVNJMQGTCQ GL KMPC RF?L QGXC. F?=KH; 32.34 QFMUQ
RFC ?NNPMVGK?RC DP?ARGML MD CLCPEW MSRNSR GL T?PGMSQ DMPKQ DMP AMLTCLRGML?J CVNJMQGTCQ ?LB DMP RUM RWNCQ MD LSAJC?P @MK@Q. .SAJC?P @MK@Q NSR ?
KSAF J?PECP DP?ARGML MD RFCGP MSRNSR GLRM RFCPK?J CLCPEW RF?L BM AMLTCLRGML?J @MK@Q, UFGAF RCLB RM AMLACLRP?RC RFC CLCPEW GL @J?QR. !LMRFCP BGDDCPCLAC
GQ RFC GKKCBG?RC ?LB PCQGBS?J P?BG?RGML CLCPEW DPMK LSAJC?P UC?NMLQ. 4FGQ A?L @C ?BHSQRCB RM NSR KMPC CLCPEW GLRM P?BG?RGML (RFC QM-A?JJCB LCSRPML
@MK@) QM RF?R RFC @MK@ A?L @C SQCB RM GPP?BG?RC ?BT?LAGLE RPMMNQ UGRFMSR IGJJGLE DPGCLBJW RPMMNQ UGRF @J?QR ?LB FC?R.
#(!04%2 32 Y -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .5#,%!2 0(93)#3 1167
AD=;H 97C;H7:
8H;7A-;L;D:
8H;;:;H H;79JEHI:
8H;;:?D=:
9H?J?97B C7II:
9H?J?97B?JO:
F?=KH; 32.34 !NNPMVGK?RC DP?ARGMLQ MD CLCPEW MSRNSR @W AMLTCLRGML?J ?LB RUM RWNCQ MD LSAJC?P UC?NMLQ. )L ?BBGRGML RM WGCJBGLE KMPC CLCPEW RF?L AMLTCLRGML?J UC?NMLQ,
LSAJC?P @MK@Q NSR ? KSAF J?PECP DP?ARGML GLRM RFCPK?J CLCPEW. 4FGQ A?L @C ?BHSQRCB RM CLF?LAC RFC P?BG?RGML MSRNSR RM @C KMPC CDDCARGTC ?E?GLQR RPMMNQ. !L CLF?LACB P?BG?RGML
@MK@ GQ ?JQM A?JJCB ? LCSRPML @MK@.
!R GRQ NC?I GL 1986, RFC AMK@GLCB ?PQCL?JQ MD RFC 5LGRCB 3R?RCQ ?LB RFC 3MTGCR 5LGML RMR?JCB ?@MSR 60,000 LSAJC?P U?PFC?BQ. )L ?BBGRGML, RFC "PGRGQF,
&PCLAF, ?LB #FGLCQC C?AF F?TC QCTCP?J FSLBPCB @MK@Q MD T?PGMSQ QGXCQ, ?LB ? DCU MRFCP AMSLRPGCQ F?TC ? QK?JJ LSK@CP. .SAJC?P UC?NMLQ ?PC
ECLCP?JJW BGTGBCB GLRM RUM A?RCEMPGCQ. 3RP?RCEGA LSAJC?P UC?NMLQ ?PC RFMQC GLRCLBCB DMP KGJGR?PW R?PECRQ, QSAF ?Q @?QCQ ?LB KGQQGJC AMKNJCVCQ, ?LB
KMBCP?RC RM J?PEC AGRGCQ. 4FCPC UCPC ?@MSR 20,000 QRP?RCEGA UC?NMLQ GL 1988. 4?ARGA?J UC?NMLQ ?PC GLRCLBCB DMP SQC GL QK?JJCP @?RRJCQ. 3GLAC RFC
AMJJ?NQC MD RFC 3MTGCR 5LGML ?LB RFC CLB MD RFC #MJB 7?P GL 1989, KMQR MD RFC 32,000 R?ARGA?J UC?NMLQ (GLAJSBGLE #PSGQC KGQQGJCQ, ?PRGJJCPW QFCJJQ, J?LB
KGLCQ, RMPNCBMCQ, BCNRF AF?PECQ, ?LB @?AIN?AIQ) F?TC @CCL BCKM@GJGXCB, ?LB N?PRQ MD RFC QRP?RCEGA UC?NML QWQRCKQ ?PC @CGLE BGQK?LRJCB UGRF
U?PFC?BQ ?LB KGQQGJCQ @CGLE BGQ?QQCK@JCB. !AAMPBGLE RM RFC 4PC?RW MD -MQAMU MD 2002, 2SQQG? ?LB RFC 5LGRCB 3R?RCQ F?TC @CCL PCOSGPCB RM PCBSAC
RFCGP QRP?RCEGA LSAJC?P ?PQCL?J BMUL RM ?@MSR 2000 U?PFC?BQ C?AF.
! DCU QK?JJ AMSLRPGCQ F?TC @SGJR MP ?PC A?N?@JC MD @SGJBGLE LSAJC?P @MK@Q, ?Q ?PC QMKC RCPPMPGQR EPMSNQ. 4UM RFGLEQ ?PC LCCBCBr? KGLGKSK JCTCJ MD
RCAFLGA?J CVNCPRGQC ?LB QSDDGAGCLR DGQQGML?@JC K?RCPG?J. 4FC DGPQR GQ C?QW. &GQQGML?@JC K?RCPG?J GQ AMLRPMJJCB @SR GQ ?JQM ?T?GJ?@JC. 4FCPC ?PC GLRCPL?RGML?J
?EPCCKCLRQ ?LB MPE?LGX?RGMLQ RF?R ?RRCKNR RM AMLRPMJ LSAJC?P NPMJGDCP?RGML, @SR GR GQ GLAPC?QGLEJW BGDDGASJR EGTCL RFC ?T?GJ?@GJGRW MD DGQQGML?@JC K?RCPG?J
?LB RFC QK?JJ ?KMSLR LCCBCB DMP ? APSBC @MK@. 4FC NPMBSARGML MD DGQQGML?@JC DSCJ GRQCJD GQ RCAFLMJMEGA?JJW BGDDGASJR. (MUCTCP, RFC NPCQCLAC MD J?PEC
?KMSLRQ MD QSAF K?RCPG?J UMPJBUGBC, RFMSEF GL RFC F?LBQ MD ? DCU, K?ICQ AMLRPMJ ?LB ?AAMSLR?@GJGRW APSAG?J.
BEII7HO
? AMKKML KCBGA?J GK?EGLE BCTGAC RF?R SQCQ ? QAGLRGJJ?RMP AMLLCARCB RM ? QCPGCQ MD NFMRMKSJRGNJGCPQ
UFCL DSQGML NMUCP NPMBSACB COS?JQ RFC FC?RGLE NMUCP GLNSR
PC?ARMPQ RF?R ?PC BCQGELCB QNCAGDGA?JJW RM K?IC NJSRMLGSK
PC?ARGML NPMACQQ RF?R NPMBSACQ
239
0S
KGLGKSK ?KMSLR LCACQQ?PW DMP QCJD-QSQR?GLCB DGQQGML MD ? EGTCL LSAJGBC
AMLBGRGML GL UFGAF ? AF?GL PC?ARGML C?QGJW @CAMKCQ QCJD-QSQR?GLGLE
1168 #(!04%2 32 Y -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .5#,%!2 0(93)#3
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<EE: ?HH7:?7J?ED:
<H;; H7:?97BI:
=7CC7 97C;H7:
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>?=> :EI;:
>EHC;I?I:
?=D?J?ED:
?D;HJ?7B 9ED<?D;C;DJ:
B?D;7H >OFEJ>;I?I:
B?GK?: :HEF CE:;B:
BEM :EI;:
C7=D;J?9 9ED<?D;C;DJ:
CE:;H7J; :EI;:
D;KJHED-?D:K9;: <?II?ED:
DK9B;7H <?II?ED:
DK9B;7H <KI?ED:
FEI?JHED ;C?II?ED JECE=H7F>O ()E-):
FHEJED-FHEJED 9O9B;:
GK7B?JO <79JEH:
H7:?EBOJ?9 FHE:K9JI:
H7:?EF>7HC79;KJ?97B:
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H7::
H;B7J?L; 8?EBE=?97B ;<<;9J?L;D;II (+BE):
HE;DJ=;D ;GK?L7B;DJ C7D (H;C):
I>?;B:?D=:
I?;L;HJ:
I?D=B;-F>EJED-;C?II?ED 9ECFKJ;: JECE=H7F>O (,)EC-):
IKF;H9H?J?97B?JO:
J7==;::
J>;H7F;KJ?9 H7J?E:
? B?SEFRCP LSAJCG
RPC?RKCLR MD DMMB UGRF GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML
GMLQ UGRF SLQR?@JC MVWECL- MP FWBPMECL-AMLR?GLGLE KMJCASJCQ
?LMRFCP L?KC DMP ?L !LECP A?KCP?
RFC 3) SLGR DMP P?BG?RGML BMQC UFGAF GQ BCDGLCB RM @C 1 Gy = 1 J/kg = 100 rad
? BMQC EPC?RCP RF?L 1 3T (100 PCK)
? RCPK SQCB RM BCQAPG@C ECLCP?JJW D?TMP?@JC @GMJMEGA?J PCQNMLQCQ RM JMU CVNMQSPCQ MD RMVGLQ MP P?BG?RGML
UFCL ? DSQGML PC?ARGML NPMBSACQ CLMSEF CLCPEW RM @C QCJD-QSQR?GLGLE ?DRCP CVRCPL?J CLCPEW GLNSR GQ ASR MDD
? RCAFLGOSC RF?R ?GKQ KSJRGNJC J?QCPQ ?R RGLW DSCJ NCJJCRQ CT?NMP?RGLE ?LB APSQFGLE RFCK RM FGEF BCLQGRW
?QQSKNRGML RF?R PGQI GQ BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM PGQI DPMK FGEF BMQCQ
? KMBCJ MD LSAJCSQ (MLJW RM SLBCPQR?LB QMKC MD GRQ DC?RSPCQ) GL UFGAF LSAJCMLQ GL ? LSAJCSQ ?AR JGIC ?RMKQ GL ? BPMN
? BMQC JCQQ RF?L 100 K3T (10 PCK)
? RCAFLGOSC GL UFGAF AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ ?PC RP?NNCB GL ? QK?JJ PCEGML @CA?SQC MD BGDDGASJRW GL APMQQGLE K?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLCQ
? BMQC DPMK 0.1 3T RM 1 3T (10 RM 100 PCK)
DGQQGML RF?R GQ GLGRG?RCB ?DRCP RFC ?@QMPNRGML MD LCSRPML
PC?ARGML GL UFGAF ? LSAJCSQ QNJGRQ
? PC?ARGML GL UFGAF RUM LSAJCG ?PC AMK@GLCB, MP DSQCB, RM DMPK ? J?PECP LSAJCSQ
RMKMEP?NFW RCAFLGOSC RF?R SQCQ
+
CKGRRCPQ ?LB BCRCARQ RFC RUM ?LLGFGJ?RGML P?WQ, ?GBGLE GL QMSPAC
JMA?JGX?RGML
RFC AMK@GLCB PC?ARGMLQ
1
(+
1
(z
2
(+8
+
+IC,
1
(+
2
(z
3
(C+Q, ?LB
3
(C+
3
(Cz
4
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1
(+
1
(
Q?KC ?Q PCJ?RGTC @GMJMEGA?J CDDCARGTCLCQQ
AMKNMSLBQ NPMBSACB BSC RM AFCKGA?J PC?ARGMLQ MD DPCC P?BGA?JQ
AMKNMSLB SQCB DMP KCBGA?J GK?EGLE
RFC SQC MD GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML RM RPC?R ?GJKCLRQ
RFC GMLGXGLE CLCPEW BCNMQGRCB NCP IGJMEP?K MD RGQQSC
? LSK@CP RF?R CVNPCQQCQ RFC PCJ?RGTC ?KMSLR MD B?K?EC RF?R ? DGVCB ?KMSLR MD GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML MD ?
EGTCL RWNC A?L GLDJGAR ML @GMJMEGA?J RGQQSCQ
? BMQC SLGR KMPC AJMQCJW PCJ?RCB RM CDDCARQ GL @GMJMEGA?J RGQQSC
? RCAFLGOSC RM JGKGR P?BG?RGML CVNMQSPC
RFC 3) COSGT?JCLR MD RFC PCK
RMKMEP?NFW NCPDMPKCB UGRF -CKGRRGLE P?BGMNF?PK?ACSRGA?JQ
?L CVNMLCLRG?J GLAPC?QC GL DGQQGMLQ
NPMACQQ MD ?RR?AFGLE ? P?BGM?ARGTC QS@QR?LAC RM ? AFCKGA?J AMKNMSLB
RFC P?RGM MD ?@LMPK?J ACJJQ IGJJCB RM LMPK?J ACJJQ IGJJCB
,;9J?ED ,KCC7HO
32.1 &;:?97B "C7=?D= 7D: D?7=DEIJ?9I
w 2?BGMNF?PK?ACSRGA?JQ ?PC AMKNMSLBQ RF?R ?PC SQCB DMP KCBGA?J GK?EGLE ?LB RFCP?NCSRGAQ.
w 4FC NPMACQQ MD ?RR?AFGLE ? P?BGM?ARGTC QS@QR?LAC GQ A?JJCB R?EEGLE.
w -78B; 32.1 JGQRQ ACPR?GL BG?ELMQRGA SQCQ MD P?BGMNF?PK?ACSRGA?JQ GLAJSBGLE RFC GQMRMNC ?LB ?ARGTGRW RWNGA?JJW SQCB GL BG?ELMQRGAQ.
w /LC AMKKML GK?EGLE BCTGAC GQ RFC !LECP A?KCP?, UFGAF AMLQGQRQ MD ? JC?B AMJJGK?RMP, P?BG?RGML BCRCARMPQ, ?LB ?L ?L?JWQGQ AMKNSRCP.
w 4MKMEP?NFW NCPDMPKCB UGRF -CKGRRGLE P?BGMNF?PK?ACSRGA?JQ GQ A?JJCB 30%#4 ?LB F?Q RFC ?BT?LR?ECQ MD V-P?W #4 QA?LQ AMSNJCB UGRF MPE?L-
?LB DSLARGML-QNCAGDGA BPSEQ.
#(!04%2 32 Y -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .5#,%!2 0(93)#3 1169
w 0%4 GQ ? QGKGJ?P RCAFLGOSC RF?R SQCQ
+
CKGRRCPQ ?LB BCRCARQ RFC RUM ?LLGFGJ?RGML P?WQ, UFGAF ?GB RM JMA?JGXC RFC QMSPAC.
w 4FC @GMJMEGA?J CDDCARQ MD GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML ?PC BSC RM RUM CDDCARQ GR F?Q ML ACJJQ: GLRCPDCPCLAC UGRF ACJJ PCNPMBSARGML, ?LB BCQRPSARGML MD ACJJ
DSLARGML.
w ! P?BG?RGML BMQC SLGR A?JJCB RFC P?B GQ BCDGLCB GL RCPKQ MD RFC GMLGXGLE CLCPEW BCNMQGRCB NCP IGJMEP?K MD RGQQSC:
1 rad = 0.01 J/kg.
w 4FC 3) SLGR DMP P?BG?RGML BMQC GQ RFC EP?W ('W), UFGAF GQ BCDGLCB RM @C 1 Gy = 1 J/kg = 100 rad.
w 4M ?AAMSLR DMP RFC CDDCAR MD RFC RWNC MD N?PRGAJC APC?RGLE RFC GMLGX?RGML, UC SQC RFC PCJ?RGTC @GMJMEGA?J CDDCARGTCLCQQ (2"%) MP OS?JGRW D?ARMP (1&)
EGTCL GL -78B; 32.2 ?LB BCDGLC ? SLGR A?JJCB RFC PMCLRECL COSGT?JCLR K?L (PCK) ?Q
rem = radRBE.
w 0?PRGAJCQ RF?R F?TC QFMPR P?LECQ MP APC?RC J?PEC GMLGX?RGML BCLQGRGCQ F?TC 2"%Q EPC?RCP RF?L SLGRW. 4FC 3) COSGT?JCLR MD RFC PCK GQ RFC QGCTCPR
(3T), BCDGLCB RM @C
Sv = GyRBE and 1 Sv = 100 rem.
w 7FMJC-@MBW, QGLEJC-CVNMQSPC BMQCQ MD 0.1 3T MP JCQQ ?PC JMU BMQCQ UFGJC RFMQC MD 0.1 RM 1 3T ?PC KMBCP?RC, ?LB RFMQC MTCP 1 3T ?PC FGEF
BMQCQ. 3MKC GKKCBG?RC P?BG?RGML CDDCARQ ?PC EGTCL GL -78B; 32.4. %DDCARQ BSC RM JMU BMQCQ ?PC LMR M@QCPTCB, @SR RFCGP PGQI GQ ?QQSKCB RM @C
BGPCARJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFMQC MD FGEF BMQCQ, ?L ?QQSKNRGML ILMUL ?Q RFC JGLC?P FWNMRFCQGQ. ,MLE-RCPK CDDCARQ ?PC A?LACP BC?RFQ ?R RFC P?RC MD
10 / 10
6
remy ?LB ECLCRGA BCDCARQ ?R PMSEFJW MLC-RFGPB RFGQ P?RC. "?AIEPMSLB P?BG?RGML BMQCQ ?LB QMSPACQ ?PC EGTCL GL -78B; 32.5. 7MPJB-
UGBC ?TCP?EC P?BG?RGML CVNMQSPC DPMK L?RSP?J QMSPACQ, GLAJSBGLE P?BML, GQ ?@MSR 3 K3T, MP 300 KPCK. 2?BG?RGML NPMRCARGML SRGJGXCQ QFGCJBGLE,
BGQR?LAC, ?LB RGKC RM JGKGR CVNMQSPC.
32.3 ->;H7F;KJ?9 .I;I E< "ED?P?D= +7:?7J?ED
w 2?BGMRFCP?NW GQ RFC SQC MD GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML RM RPC?R ?GJKCLRQ, LMU JGKGRCB RM A?LACP RFCP?NW.
w 4FC QCLQGRGTGRW MD A?LACP ACJJQ RM P?BG?RGML CLF?LACQ RFC P?RGM MD A?LACP ACJJQ IGJJCB RM LMPK?J ACJJQ IGJJCB, UFGAF GQ A?JJCB RFC RFCP?NCSRGA P?RGM.
w $MQCQ DMP T?PGMSQ MPE?LQ ?PC JGKGRCB @W RFC RMJCP?LAC MD LMPK?J RGQQSC DMP P?BG?RGML. 4PC?RKCLR GQ JMA?JGXCB GL MLC PCEGML MD RFC @MBW ?LB QNPC?B
MSR GL RGKC.
32.5 FKI?ED
w .SAJC?P DSQGML GQ ? PC?ARGML GL UFGAF RUM LSAJCG ?PC AMK@GLCB RM DMPK ? J?PECP LSAJCSQ. )R PCJC?QCQ CLCPEW UFCL JGEFR LSAJCG ?PC DSQCB RM DMPK
KCBGSK-K?QQ LSAJCG.
w &SQGML GQ RFC QMSPAC MD CLCPEW GL QR?PQ, UGRF RFC NPMRML-NPMRML AWAJC,
1
H +
1
H
2
H + e
+
+ v
e
(0.42 MeV)
1
H +
2
H
3
He + (5.49 MeV)
3
He +
3
He
4
He +
1
H +
1
H (12.86 MeV)
@CGLE RFC NPGLAGN?J QCOSCLAC MD CLCPEW-NPMBSAGLE PC?ARGMLQ GL MSP 3SL.
w 4FC MTCP?JJ CDDCAR MD RFC NPMRML-NPMRML AWAJC GQ
2e
+ 4
1
H
4
He + 2v
e
+ 6 (26.7 MeV),
UFCPC RFC 26.7 -C6 GLAJSBCQ RFC CLCPEW MD RFC NMQGRPMLQ CKGRRCB ?LB ?LLGFGJ?RCB.
w !RRCKNRQ RM SRGJGXC AMLRPMJJCB DSQGML ?Q ?L CLCPEW QMSPAC ML %?PRF ?PC PCJ?RCB RM BCSRCPGSK ?LB RPGRGSK, ?LB RFC PC?ARGMLQ NJ?W GKNMPR?LR PMJCQ.
w )ELGRGML GQ RFC AMLBGRGML SLBCP UFGAF AMLRPMJJCB DSQGML GQ QCJD-QSQR?GLGLE; GR F?Q LMR WCR @CCL ?AFGCTCB. "PC?I-CTCL, GL UFGAF RFC DSQGML CLCPEW
MSRNSR GQ ?Q EPC?R ?Q RFC CVRCPL?J CLCPEW GLNSR, F?Q LC?PJW @CCL ?AFGCTCB.
w -?ELCRGA AMLDGLCKCLR ?LB GLCPRG?J AMLDGLCKCLR ?PC RFC RUM KCRFMBQ @CGLE BCTCJMNCB DMP FC?RGLE DSCJ RM QSDDGAGCLRJW FGEF RCKNCP?RSPCQ, ?R
QSDDGAGCLR BCLQGRW, ?LB DMP QSDDGAGCLRJW JMLE RGKCQ RM ?AFGCTC GELGRGML. 4FC DGPQR KCRFMB SQCQ K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ ?LB RFC QCAMLB KCRFMB SQCQ RFC
KMKCLRSK MD GKNGLEGLE J?QCP @C?KQ DMP AMLDGLCKCLR.
32.6 F?II?ED
w .SAJC?P DGQQGML GQ ? PC?ARGML GL UFGAF ? LSAJCSQ GQ QNJGR.
w &GQQGML PCJC?QCQ CLCPEW UFCL FC?TW LSAJCG ?PC QNJGR GLRM KCBGSK-K?QQ LSAJCG.
w 3CJD-QSQR?GLCB DGQQGML GQ NMQQG@JC, @CA?SQC LCSRPML-GLBSACB DGQQGML ?JQM NPMBSACQ LCSRPMLQ RF?R A?L GLBSAC MRFCP DGQQGMLQ,
n +
A
X FF
1
+ FF
2
+ xn , UFCPC FF
1
?LB FF
2
?PC RFC RUM B?SEFRCP LSAJCG, MP DGQQGML DP?EKCLRQ, ?LB K GQ RFC LSK@CP MD LCSRPMLQ
NPMBSACB.
w ! KGLGKSK K?QQ, A?JJCB RFC APGRGA?J K?QQ, QFMSJB @C NPCQCLR RM ?AFGCTC APGRGA?JGRW.
w -MPC RF?L ? APGRGA?J K?QQ A?L NPMBSAC QSNCPAPGRGA?JGRW.
w 4FC NPMBSARGML MD LCU MP BGDDCPCLR GQMRMNCQ (CQNCAG?JJW
239
Pu ) @W LSAJC?P RP?LQDMPK?RGML GQ A?JJCB @PCCBGLE, ?LB PC?ARMPQ BCQGELCB DMP RFGQ
NSPNMQC ?PC A?JJCB @PCCBCP PC?ARMPQ.
32.7 'K9B;7H 0;7FEDI
w 4FCPC ?PC RUM RWNCQ MD LSAJC?P UC?NMLQrDGQQGML @MK@Q SQC DGQQGML ?JMLC, UFCPC?Q RFCPKMLSAJC?P @MK@Q SQC DGQQGML RM GELGRC DSQGML.
w "MRF RWNCQ MD UC?NMLQ NPMBSAC FSEC LSK@CPQ MD LSAJC?P PC?ARGMLQ GL ? TCPW QFMPR RGKC.
w %LCPEW WGCJBQ ?PC KC?QSPCB GL IGJMRMLQ MP KCE?RMLQ MD COSGT?JCLR AMLTCLRGML?J CVNJMQGTCQ ?LB P?LEC DPMK 0.1 I4 RM KMPC RF?L 20 -4.
w .SAJC?P @MK@Q ?PC AF?P?ARCPGXCB @W D?P KMPC RFCPK?J MSRNSR ?LB LSAJC?P P?BG?RGML MSRNSR RF?L AMLTCLRGML?J CVNJMQGTCQ.
1170 #(!04%2 32 Y -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .5#,%!2 0(93)#3
32.1 &;:?97B "C7=?D= 7D: D?7=DEIJ?9I
1. )L RCPKQ MD P?BG?RGML BMQC, UF?R GQ RFC K?HMP BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL KCBGA?J BG?ELMQRGA SQCQ MD P?BG?RGML ?LB KCBGA?J RFCP?NCSRGA SQCQ?
2. /LC MD RFC KCRFMBQ SQCB RM JGKGR P?BG?RGML BMQC RM RFC N?RGCLR GL KCBGA?J GK?EGLE GQ RM CKNJMW GQMRMNCQ UGRF QFMPR F?JD-JGTCQ. (MU UMSJB RFGQ JGKGR RFC
BMQC?
3. )QMRMNCQ RF?R CKGR P?BG?RGML ?PC PCJ?RGTCJW Q?DC MSRQGBC RFC @MBW ?LB CVACNRGML?JJW F?X?PBMSQ GLQGBC. 9CR RFMQC RF?R CKGR P?BG?RGML ?PC
F?X?PBMSQ MSRQGBC ?LB GLQGBC. %VNJ?GL UFW.
4. 7FW GQ P?BML KMPC AJMQCJW ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF GLBSAGLE JSLE A?LACP RF?L MRFCP RWNCQ MD A?LACP?
5. 4FC 2"% DMP JMU-CLCPEW Q GQ 1.7, UFCPC?Q RF?R DMP FGEFCP-CLCPEW Q GQ MLJW 1. %VNJ?GL UFW, AMLQGBCPGLE FMU RFC P?LEC MD P?BG?RGML BCNCLBQ ML
GRQ CLCPEW.
6. 7FGAF KCRFMBQ MD P?BG?RGML NPMRCARGML UCPC SQCB GL RFC BCTGAC QFMUL GL RFC DGPQR NFMRM GL F?=KH; 32.35? 7FGAF UCPC SQCB GL RFC QGRS?RGML QFMUL GL
RFC QCAMLB NFMRM?
(?)
F?=KH; 32.35 (?) 4FGQ V-P?W DJSMPCQACLAC K?AFGLC GQ MLC MD RFC RFMSQ?LBQ SQCB GL QFMC QRMPCQ RM NPMBSAC GK?ECQ MD DCCR ?Q ? AFCAI ML RFC DGR MD QFMCQ. 4FCW ?PC SLQFGCJBCB
?LB PCK?GL ML ?Q JMLE ?Q RFC DCCR ?PC GL RFCK, NPMBSAGLE BMQCQ KSAF EPC?RCP RF?L KCBGA?J GK?ECQ. #FGJBPCL UCPC D?QAGL?RCB UGRF RFCK. 4FCQC K?AFGLCQ UCPC SQCB GL QFMC
QRMPCQ SLRGJ J?UQ NPCTCLRGLE QSAF SLU?PP?LRCB P?BG?RGML CVNMQSPC UCPC CL?ARCB GL RFC 1950Q. (APCBGR: !LBPCU +SAFJGLE ) (@) .MU RF?R UC ILMU RFC CDDCARQ MD CVNMQSPC RM
P?BGM?ARGTC K?RCPG?J, Q?DCRW GQ ? NPGMPGRW. (APCBGR: 5.3. .?TW)
7. 7F?R P?BGMGQMRMNC AMSJB @C ? NPM@JCK GL FMKCQ @SGJR MD AGLBCP @JMAIQ K?BC DPMK SP?LGSK KGLC R?GJGLEQ? (4FGQ GQ RPSC MD FMKCQ ?LB QAFMMJQ GL
ACPR?GL PCEGMLQ LC?P SP?LGSK KGLCQ.)
8. !PC QMKC RWNCQ MD A?LACP KMPC QCLQGRGTC RM P?BG?RGML RF?L MRFCPQ? )D QM, UF?R K?ICQ RFCK KMPC QCLQGRGTC?
9. 3SNNMQC ? NCPQML QU?JJMUQ QMKC P?BGM?ARGTC K?RCPG?J @W ?AAGBCLR. 7F?R GLDMPK?RGML GQ LCCBCB RM @C ?@JC RM ?QQCQQ NMQQG@JC B?K?EC?
32.3 ->;H7F;KJ?9 .I;I E< "ED?P?D= +7:?7J?ED
10. 2?BGMRFCP?NW GQ KMPC JGICJW RM @C SQCB RM RPC?R A?LACP GL CJBCPJW N?RGCLRQ RF?L GL WMSLE MLCQ. %VNJ?GL UFW. 7FW GQ P?BGMRFCP?NW SQCB RM RPC?R
WMSLE NCMNJC ?R ?JJ?
32.4 FEE: "HH7:?7J?ED
11. $MCQ DMMB GPP?BG?RGML JC?TC RFC DMMB P?BGM?ARGTC? 4M UF?R CVRCLR GQ RFC DMMB ?JRCPCB AFCKGA?JJW DMP JMU ?LB FGEF BMQCQ GL DMMB GPP?BG?RGML?
12. #MKN?PC ? JMU BMQC MD P?BG?RGML RM ? FSK?L UGRF ? JMU BMQC MD P?BG?RGML SQCB GL DMMB RPC?RKCLR.
13. 3SNNMQC MLC DMMB GPP?BG?RGML NJ?LR SQCQ ?
137
Cs QMSPAC UFGJC ?LMRFCP SQCQ ?L COS?J ?ARGTGRW MD
60
Co . !QQSKGLE COS?J DP?ARGMLQ MD RFC P?WQ
DPMK RFC QMSPACQ ?PC ?@QMP@CB, UFW GQ KMPC RGKC LCCBCB RM ECR RFC Q?KC BMQC SQGLE RFC
137
Cs QMSPAC?
32.5 FKI?ED
#(!04%2 32 Y -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .5#,%!2 0(93)#3 1171
14. 7FW BMCQ RFC DSQGML MD JGEFR LSAJCG GLRM FC?TGCP LSAJCG PCJC?QC CLCPEW?
15. %LCPEW GLNSR GQ PCOSGPCB RM DSQC KCBGSK-K?QQ LSAJCG, QSAF ?Q GPML MP AM@?JR, GLRM KMPC K?QQGTC LSAJCG. %VNJ?GL UFW.
16. )L AMLQGBCPGLE NMRCLRG?J DSQGML PC?ARGMLQ, UF?R GQ RFC ?BT?LR?EC MD RFC PC?ARGML
2
H +
3
H
4
He + n MTCP RFC PC?ARGML
2
H +
2
H
3
He + n?
17. 'GTC PC?QMLQ HSQRGDWGLE RFC AMLRCLRGML K?BC GL RFC RCVR RF?R CLCPEW DPMK RFC DSQGML PC?ARGML
2
H +
2
H
4
He + GQ PCJ?RGTCJW BGDDGASJR RM
A?NRSPC ?LB SRGJGXC.
32.6 F?II?ED
18. %VNJ?GL UFW RFC DGQQGML MD FC?TW LSAJCG PCJC?QCQ CLCPEW. 3GKGJ?PJW, UFW GQ GR RF?R CLCPEW GLNSR GQ PCOSGPCB RM DGQQGML JGEFR LSAJCG?
19. %VNJ?GL, GL RCPKQ MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK ?LB CLCPEW, UFW AMJJGQGMLQ MD LCSRPMLQ UGRF NPMRMLQ UGJJ RFCPK?JGXC LCSRPMLQ @CRRCP RF?L AMJJGQGMLQ
UGRF MVWECL.
20. 4FC PSGLQ MD RFC #FCPLM@WJ PC?ARMP ?PC CLAJMQCB GL ? FSEC AMLAPCRC QRPSARSPC @SGJR ?PMSLB GR ?DRCP RFC ?AAGBCLR. 3MKC P?GL NCLCRP?RCQ RFC @SGJBGLE
GL UGLRCP, ?LB P?BGM?ARGTGRW DPMK RFC @SGJBGLE GLAPC?QCQ. 7F?R BMCQ RFGQ GKNJW GQ F?NNCLGLE GLQGBC?
21. 3GLAC RFC SP?LGSK MP NJSRMLGSK LSAJCSQ DGQQGMLQ GLRM QCTCP?J DGQQGML DP?EKCLRQ UFMQC K?QQ BGQRPG@SRGML AMTCPQ ? UGBC P?LEC MD NGCACQ, UMSJB WMS
CVNCAR KMPC PCQGBS?J P?BGM?ARGTGRW DPMK DGQQGML RF?L DSQGML? %VNJ?GL.
22. 4FC AMPC MD ? LSAJC?P PC?ARMP ECLCP?RCQ ? J?PEC ?KMSLR MD RFCPK?J CLCPEW DPMK RFC BCA?W MD DGQQGML NPMBSARQ, CTCL UFCL RFC NMUCP-NPMBSAGLE
DGQQGML AF?GL PC?ARGML GQ RSPLCB MDD. 7MSJB RFGQ PCQGBS?J FC?R @C EPC?RCQR ?DRCP RFC PC?ARMP F?Q PSL DMP ? JMLE RGKC MP QFMPR RGKC? 7F?R GD RFC PC?ARMP F?Q
@CCL QFSR BMUL DMP KMLRFQ?
23. (MU A?L ? LSAJC?P PC?ARMP AMLR?GL K?LW APGRGA?J K?QQCQ ?LB LMR EM QSNCPAPGRGA?J? 7F?R KCRFMBQ ?PC SQCB RM AMLRPMJ RFC DGQQGML GL RFC PC?ARMP?
24. 7FW A?L FC?TW LSAJCG UGRF MBB LSK@CPQ MD LCSRPMLQ @C GLBSACB RM DGQQGML UGRF RFCPK?J LCSRPMLQ, UFCPC?Q RFMQC UGRF CTCL LSK@CPQ MD LCSRPMLQ
PCOSGPC KMPC CLCPEW GLNSR RM GLBSAC DGQQGML?
25. 7FW GQ ? AMLTCLRGML?J DGQQGML LSAJC?P PC?ARMP LMR ?@JC RM CVNJMBC ?Q ? @MK@?
32.7 'K9B;7H 0;7FEDI
26. 7F?R ?PC QMKC MD RFC PC?QMLQ RF?R NJSRMLGSK P?RFCP RF?L SP?LGSK GQ SQCB GL ?JJ DGQQGML @MK@Q ?LB ?Q RFC RPGEECP GL ?JJ DSQGML @MK@Q?
27. 5QC RFC J?UQ MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK ?LB CLCPEW RM CVNJ?GL FMU ? QF?NC AF?PEC A?L BGPCAR KMQR MD RFC CLCPEW PCJC?QCB GL ?L CVNJMQGML GL ?
QNCAGDGA BGPCARGML. (.MRC RF?R RFGQ GQ QGKGJ?P RM RFC QGRS?RGML GL ESLQ ?LB A?LLMLQrKMQR MD RFC CLCPEW EMCQ GLRM RFC @SJJCR.)
28. (MU BMCQ RFC JGRFGSK BCSRCPGBC GL RFC RFCPKMLSAJC?P @MK@ QFMUL GL F?=KH; 32.33 QSNNJW RPGRGSK (
3
H) ?Q UCJJ ?Q BCSRCPGSK (
2
H) ?
29. &?JJMSR DPMK LSAJC?P UC?NMLQ RCQRQ GL RFC ?RKMQNFCPC GQ K?GLJW
90
Sr ?LB
137
Cs , UFGAF F?TC 28.6- ?LB 32.2-W F?JD-JGTCQ, PCQNCARGTCJW.
!RKMQNFCPGA RCQRQ UCPC RCPKGL?RCB GL KMQR AMSLRPGCQ GL 1963, ?JRFMSEF #FGL? MLJW BGB QM GL 1980. )R F?Q @CCL DMSLB RF?R CLTGPMLKCLR?J ?ARGTGRGCQ MD
RFCQC RUM GQMRMNCQ ?PC BCAPC?QGLE D?QRCP RF?L RFCGP F?JD-JGTCQ. 7FW KGEFR RFGQ @C?
1172 #(!04%2 32 Y -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .5#,%!2 0(93)#3
32.1 &;:?97B "C7=?D= 7D: D?7=DEIJ?9I
30. ! LCSRPML ECLCP?RMP SQCQ ?L QMSPAC, QSAF ?Q P?BGSK, RM @MK@?PB
@CPWJJGSK, GLBSAGLE RFC PC?ARGML
4
He +
9
Be
12
C + n . 3SAF LCSRPML
QMSPACQ ?PC A?JJCB 2?"C QMSPACQ, MP 0S"C QMSPACQ GD RFCW SQC NJSRMLGSK
RM ECR RFC Q. #?JASJ?RC RFC CLCPEW MSRNSR MD RFC PC?ARGML GL -C6.
31. .CSRPMLQ DPMK ? QMSPAC (NCPF?NQ RFC MLC BGQASQQCB GL RFC NPCACBGLE
NPM@JCK) @MK@?PB L?RSP?J KMJW@BCLSK, UFGAF GQ 24 NCPACLR
98
Mo .
7F?R GQ RFC CLCPEW MSRNSR MD RFC PC?ARGML
98
Mo + n
99
Mo + ?
4FC K?QQ MD
98
Mo GQ EGTCL GL AFF;D:?N A: AJEC?9 &7II;I, ?LB RF?R
MD
99
Mo GQ 98.907711 S.
32. 4FC NSPNMQC MD NPMBSAGLE
99
Mo (SQS?JJW @W LCSRPML ?ARGT?RGML MD
L?RSP?J KMJW@BCLSK, ?Q GL RFC NPCACBGLE NPM@JCK) GQ RM NPMBSAC
99m
Tc. 5QGLE RFC PSJCQ, TCPGDW RF?R RFC
BCA?W MD
99
Mo NPMBSACQ
99m
Tc . (-MQR
99m
Tc LSAJCG NPMBSACB GL RFGQ BCA?W ?PC JCDR GL ?
KCR?QR?@JC CVAGRCB QR?RC BCLMRCB
99m
Tc .)
33. (?) 4UM ?LLGFGJ?RGML P?WQ GL ? 0%4 QA?L MPGEGL?RC ?R RFC Q?KC NMGLR
?LB RP?TCJ RM BCRCARMPQ ML CGRFCP QGBC MD RFC N?RGCLR. )D RFC NMGLR MD MPGEGL GQ
9.00 AK AJMQCP RM MLC MD RFC BCRCARMPQ, UF?R GQ RFC BGDDCPCLAC GL ?PPGT?J
RGKCQ MD RFC NFMRMLQ? (4FGQ AMSJB @C SQCB RM EGTC NMQGRGML GLDMPK?RGML,
@SR RFC RGKC BGDDCPCLAC GQ QK?JJ CLMSEF RM K?IC GR BGDDGASJR.)
(@) (MU ?AASP?RCJW UMSJB WMS LCCB RM @C ?@JC RM KC?QSPC ?PPGT?J RGKC
BGDDCPCLACQ RM ECR ? NMQGRGML PCQMJSRGML MD 1.00 KK?
34. -78B; 32.1 GLBGA?RCQ RF?R 7.50 K#G MD
99m
Tc GQ SQCB GL ? @P?GL QA?L.
7F?R GQ RFC K?QQ MD RCAFLCRGSK?
35. 4FC ?ARGTGRGCQ MD
131
I ?LB
123
I SQCB GL RFWPMGB QA?LQ ?PC EGTCL GL
-78B; 32.1 RM @C 50 ?LB 70 Ci , PCQNCARGTCJW. &GLB ?LB AMKN?PC RFC
K?QQCQ MD
131
I ?LB
123
I GL QSAF QA?LQ, EGTCL RFCGP PCQNCARGTC F?JD-
JGTCQ ?PC 8.04 B ?LB 13.2 F. 4FC K?QQCQ ?PC QM QK?JJ RF?R RFC P?BGMGMBGLC
GQ SQS?JJW KGVCB UGRF QR?@JC GMBGLC ?Q ? A?PPGCP RM CLQSPC LMPK?J
AFCKGQRPW ?LB BGQRPG@SRGML GL RFC @MBW.
36. (?) .CSRPML ?ARGT?RGML MD QMBGSK, UFGAF GQ 100%
23
Na , NPMBSACQ
24
Na , UFGAF GQ SQCB GL QMKC FC?PR QA?LQ, ?Q QCCL GL -78B; 32.1. 4FC
COS?RGML DMP RFC PC?ARGML GQ
23
Na + n
24
Na + . &GLB GRQ CLCPEW
MSRNSR, EGTCL RFC K?QQ MD
24
Na GQ 23.990962 S.
(@) 7F?R K?QQ MD
24
Na NPMBSACQ RFC LCCBCB 5.0-K#G ?ARGTGRW, EGTCL GRQ
F?JD-JGDC GQ 15.0 F?
37. 7F?R GQ RFC BMQC GL K3T DMP: (?) ? 0.1 'W V-P?W? (@) 2.5 K'W MD
LCSRPML CVNMQSPC RM RFC CWC? (A) 1.5 K'W MD CVNMQSPC?
38. &GLB RFC P?BG?RGML BMQC GL 'W DMP: (?) ! 10-K3T DJSMPMQAMNGA V-P?W
QCPGCQ. (@) 50 K3T MD QIGL CVNMQSPC @W ?L CKGRRCP. (A) 160 K3T MD
?LB P?WQ DPMK RFC

40
K GL WMSP @MBW.
39. (MU K?LW 'W MD CVNMQSPC GQ LCCBCB RM EGTC ? A?LACPMSQ RSKMP ?
BMQC MD 40 3T GD GR GQ CVNMQCB RM ?ARGTGRW?
40. 7F?R GQ RFC BMQC GL 3T GL ? A?LACP RPC?RKCLR RF?R CVNMQCQ RFC N?RGCLR
RM 200 'W MD P?WQ?
41. /LC F?JD RFC P?WQ DPMK
99m
Tc ?PC ?@QMP@CB @W ? 0.170-KK-RFGAI
JC?B QFGCJBGLE. (?JD MD RFC P?WQ RF?R N?QQ RFPMSEF RFC DGPQR J?WCP MD JC?B
?PC ?@QMP@CB GL ? QCAMLB J?WCP MD COS?J RFGAILCQQ. 7F?R RFGAILCQQ MD
JC?B UGJJ ?@QMP@ ?JJ @SR MLC GL 1000 MD RFCQC P?WQ?
42. ! NJSK@CP ?R ? LSAJC?P NMUCP NJ?LR PCACGTCQ ? UFMJC-@MBW BMQC MD 30
K3T GL 15 KGLSRCQ UFGJC PCN?GPGLE ? APSAG?J T?JTC. &GLB RFC P?BG?RGML-
GLBSACB WC?PJW PGQI MD BC?RF DPMK A?LACP ?LB RFC AF?LAC MD ECLCRGA BCDCAR
DPMK RFGQ K?VGKSK ?JJMU?@JC CVNMQSPC.
43. )L RFC 1980Q, RFC RCPK NGAMU?TC U?Q SQCB RM BCQAPG@C DMMB GPP?BG?RGML
GL MPBCP RM MTCPAMKC NS@JGA PCQGQR?LAC @W NJ?WGLE ML RFC UCJJ-ILMUL
Q?DCRW MD KGAPMU?TC P?BG?RGML. &GLB RFC CLCPEW GL -C6 MD ? NFMRML F?TGLE
? U?TCJCLERF MD ? NGAMKCRCP.
44. &GLB RFC K?QQ MD
239
Pu RF?R F?Q ?L ?ARGTGRW MD 1.00 Ci .
32.3 ->;H7F;KJ?9 .I;I E< "ED?P?D= +7:?7J?ED
45. ! @C?K MD 168--C6 LGRPMECL LSAJCG GQ SQCB DMP A?LACP RFCP?NW. )D RFGQ
@C?K GQ BGPCARCB MLRM ? 0.200-IE RSKMP ?LB EGTCQ GR ? 2.00-3T BMQC, FMU
K?LW LGRPMECL LSAJCG UCPC QRMNNCB? (5QC ?L 2"% MD 20 DMP FC?TW GMLQ.)
46. (?) )D RFC ?TCP?EC KMJCASJ?P K?QQ MD AMKNMSLBQ GL DMMB GQ 50.0 E,
FMU K?LW KMJCASJCQ ?PC RFCPC GL 1.00 IE MD DMMB? (@) (MU K?LW GML
N?GPQ ?PC APC?RCB GL 1.00 IE MD DMMB, GD GR GQ CVNMQCB RM 1000 3T ?LB GR
R?ICQ 32.0 C6 RM APC?RC ?L GML N?GP? (A) &GLB RFC P?RGM MD GML N?GPQ RM
KMJCASJCQ. (B) )D RFCQC GML N?GPQ PCAMK@GLC GLRM ? BGQRPG@SRGML MD 2000 LCU
AMKNMSLBQ, FMU K?LW N?PRQ NCP @GJJGML GQ C?AF?
47. #?JASJ?RC RFC BMQC GL 3T RM RFC AFCQR MD ? N?RGCLR EGTCL ?L V-P?W SLBCP
RFC DMJJMUGLE AMLBGRGMLQ. 4FC V-P?W @C?K GLRCLQGRW GQ 1.50 W/m
2
, RFC
?PC? MD RFC AFCQR CVNMQCB GQ 0.0750 m
2
, 35.0% MD RFC V-P?WQ ?PC
?@QMP@CB GL 20.0 IE MD RGQQSC, ?LB RFC CVNMQSPC RGKC GQ 0.250 Q.
48. (?) ! A?LACP N?RGCLR GQ CVNMQCB RM P?WQ DPMK ? 5000-#G
60
Co
RP?LQGJJSKGL?RGML SLGR DMP 32.0 Q. 4FC P?WQ ?PC AMJJGK?RCB GL QSAF ?
K?LLCP RF?R MLJW 1.00% MD RFCK QRPGIC RFC N?RGCLR. /D RFMQC, 20.0% ?PC
?@QMP@CB GL ? RSKMP F?TGLE ? K?QQ MD 1.50 IE. 7F?R GQ RFC BMQC GL PCK RM
RFC RSKMP, GD RFC ?TCP?EC CLCPEW NCP BCA?W GQ 1.25 -C6? .MLC MD RFC
Q DPMK RFC BCA?W PC?AF RFC N?RGCLR. (@) )Q RFC BMQC AMLQGQRCLR UGRF
QR?RCB RFCP?NCSRGA BMQCQ?
49. 7F?R GQ RFC K?QQ MD
60
Co GL ? A?LACP RFCP?NW RP?LQGJJSKGL?RGML SLGR
AMLR?GLGLE 5.00 I#G MD
60
Co ?
50. ,?PEC ?KMSLRQ MD
65
Zn ?PC NPMBSACB GL AMNNCP CVNMQCB RM
?AACJCP?RMP @C?KQ. 7FGJC K?AFGLGLE AMLR?KGL?RCB AMNNCP, ? NFWQGAGQR
GLECQRQ 50.0 Ci MD
65
Zn . %?AF
65
Zn BCA?W CKGRQ ?L ?TCP?EC -
P?W CLCPEW MD 0.550 -C6, 40.0% MD UFGAF GQ ?@QMP@CB GL RFC QAGCLRGQRtQ
75.0-IE @MBW. 7F?R BMQC GL K3T GQ A?SQCB @W RFGQ GL MLC B?W?
51. .?RSP?JJW MAASPPGLE
40
K GQ JGQRCB ?Q PCQNMLQG@JC DMP 16 KPCK/W MD
@?AIEPMSLB P?BG?RGML. #?JASJ?RC RFC K?QQ MD
40
K RF?R KSQR @C GLQGBC
RFC 55-IE @MBW MD ? UMK?L RM NPMBSAC RFGQ BMQC. %?AF
40
K BCA?W
CKGRQ ? 1.32--C6 , ?LB 50% MD RFC CLCPEW GQ ?@QMP@CB GLQGBC RFC
@MBW.
52. (?) "?AIEPMSLB P?BG?RGML BSC RM
226
Ra ?TCP?ECQ MLJW 0.01 K3T/W,
@SR GR A?L P?LEC SNU?PB BCNCLBGLE ML UFCPC ? NCPQML JGTCQ. &GLB RFC
K?QQ MD
226
Ra GL RFC 80.0-IE @MBW MD ? K?L UFM PCACGTCQ ? BMQC MD
2.50-K3T/W DPMK GR, LMRGLE RF?R C?AF
226
Ra BCA?W CKGRQ ? 4.80--C6
N?PRGAJC. 9MS K?W LCEJCAR BMQC BSC RM B?SEFRCPQ ?LB ?QQSKC ? AMLQR?LR
?KMSLR, CTCLJW BGQRPG@SRCB BSC RM @?J?LACB GLECQRGML ?LB @MBGJW
#(!04%2 32 Y -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .5#,%!2 0(93)#3 1173
CJGKGL?RGML. (@) )Q GR QSPNPGQGLE RF?R QSAF ? QK?JJ K?QQ AMSJB A?SQC ?
KC?QSP?@JC P?BG?RGML BMQC? %VNJ?GL.
53. 4FC ?LLS?J P?BG?RGML BMQC DPMK
14
C GL MSP @MBGCQ GQ 0.01 K3T/W.
%?AF
14
C BCA?W CKGRQ ?
?TCP?EGLE 0.0750 -C6. 4?IGLE RFC

DP?ARGML MD
14
C RM @C 1.310
12
N MD LMPK?J
12
C, ?LB ?QQSKGLE
RFC @MBW GQ 13% A?P@ML, CQRGK?RC RFC DP?ARGML MD RFC BCA?W CLCPEW
?@QMP@CB. (4FC PCQR CQA?NCQ, CVNMQGLE RFMQC AJMQC RM WMS.)
54. )D CTCPWMLC GL !SQRP?JG? PCACGTCB ?L CVRP? 0.05 K3T NCP WC?P MD
P?BG?RGML, UF?R UMSJB @C RFC GLAPC?QC GL RFC LSK@CP MD A?LACP BC?RFQ NCP
WC?P? (!QQSKC RF?R RGKC F?B CJ?NQCB DMP RFC CDDCARQ RM @CAMKC
?NN?PCLR.) !QQSKC RF?R RFCPC ?PC 20010
4
BC?RFQ NCP 3T MD P?BG?RGML
NCP WC?P. 7F?R NCPACLR MD RFC ?ARS?J LSK@CP MD A?LACP BC?RFQ PCAMPBCB GQ
RFGQ?
32.5 FKI?ED
55. 6CPGDW RF?R RFC RMR?J LSK@CP MD LSAJCMLQ, RMR?J AF?PEC, ?LB CJCARPML
D?KGJW LSK@CP ?PC AMLQCPTCB DMP C?AF MD RFC DSQGML PC?ARGMLQ GL RFC
NPMRML-NPMRML AWAJC GL
1
H +
1
H
2
H + e
+
+ v
e
,
1
H +
2
H
3
He + ,
?LB
3
He +
3
He
4
He +
1
H +
1
H.
(,GQR RFC T?JSC MD C?AF MD RFC AMLQCPTCB OS?LRGRGCQ @CDMPC ?LB ?DRCP C?AF
MD RFC PC?ARGMLQ.)
56. #?JASJ?RC RFC CLCPEW MSRNSR GL C?AF MD RFC DSQGML PC?ARGMLQ GL RFC
NPMRML-NPMRML AWAJC, ?LB TCPGDW RFC T?JSCQ EGTCL GL RFC ?@MTC QSKK?PW.
57. 3FMU RF?R RFC RMR?J CLCPEW PCJC?QCB GL RFC NPMRML-NPMRML AWAJC GQ 26.7
-C6, AMLQGBCPGLE RFC MTCP?JJ CDDCAR GL
1
H +
1
H
2
H + e
+
+ v
e
,
1
H +
2
H
3
He + , ?LB
3
He +
3
He
4
He +
1
H +
1
H ?LB
@CGLE ACPR?GL RM GLAJSBC RFC ?LLGFGJ?RGML CLCPEW.
58. 6CPGDW @W JGQRGLE RFC LSK@CP MD LSAJCMLQ, RMR?J AF?PEC, ?LB CJCARPML
D?KGJW LSK@CP @CDMPC ?LB ?DRCP RFC AWAJC RF?R RFCQC OS?LRGRGCQ ?PC
AMLQCPTCB GL RFC MTCP?JJ NPMRML-NPMRML AWAJC GL
2e
+ 4
1
H
4
He + 2v
e
+ 6 .
59. 4FC CLCPEW NPMBSACB @W RFC DSQGML MD ? 1.00-IE KGVRSPC MD BCSRCPGSK
?LB RPGRGSK U?Q DMSLB GL %V?KNJC C7B9KB7J?D= ED;H=O 7D: )EM;H <HEC
FKI?ED. !NNPMVGK?RCJW FMU K?LW IGJMEP?KQ UMSJB @C PCOSGPCB RM QSNNJW
RFC ?LLS?J CLCPEW SQC GL RFC 5LGRCB 3R?RCQ?
60. 4PGRGSK GQ L?RSP?JJW P?PC, @SR A?L @C NPMBSACB @W RFC PC?ARGML
n +
2
H
3
H + . (MU KSAF CLCPEW GL -C6 GQ PCJC?QCB GL RFGQ
LCSRPML A?NRSPC?
61. 4UM DSQGML PC?ARGMLQ KCLRGMLCB GL RFC RCVR ?PC
n +
3
He
4
He +
?LB
n +
1
H
2
H + .
"MRF PC?ARGMLQ PCJC?QC CLCPEW, @SR RFC QCAMLB ?JQM APC?RCQ KMPC DSCJ.
#MLDGPK RF?R RFC CLCPEGCQ NPMBSACB GL RFC PC?ARGMLQ ?PC 20.58 ?LB 2.22
-C6, PCQNCARGTCJW. #MKKCLR ML UFGAF NPMBSAR LSAJGBC GQ KMQR RGEFRJW
@MSLB,
4
He MP
2
H.
62. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC LSK@CP MD EP?KQ MD BCSRCPGSK GL ?L 80,000-,
QUGKKGLE NMMJ, EGTCL BCSRCPGSK GQ 0.0150% MD L?RSP?J FWBPMECL.
(@) &GLB RFC CLCPEW PCJC?QCB GL HMSJCQ GD RFGQ BCSRCPGSK GQ DSQCB TG? RFC
PC?ARGML
2
H +
2
H
3
He + n .
(A) #MSJB RFC LCSRPMLQ @C SQCB RM APC?RC KMPC CLCPEW?
(B) $GQASQQ RFC ?KMSLR MD RFGQ RWNC MD CLCPEW GL ? QUGKKGLE NMMJ ?Q
AMKN?PCB RM RF?R GL, Q?W, ? E?JJML MD E?QMJGLC, ?JQM R?IGLE GLRM
AMLQGBCP?RGML RF?R U?RCP GQ D?P KMPC ?@SLB?LR.
63. (MU K?LW IGJMEP?KQ MD U?RCP ?PC LCCBCB RM M@R?GL RFC 198.8 KMJ MD
BCSRCPGSK, ?QQSKGLE RF?R BCSRCPGSK GQ 0.01500% (@W LSK@CP) MD L?RSP?J
FWBPMECL?
64. 4FC NMUCP MSRNSR MD RFC 3SL GQ 410
26
W.
(?) )D 90% MD RFGQ GQ QSNNJGCB @W RFC NPMRML-NPMRML AWAJC, FMU K?LW
NPMRMLQ ?PC AMLQSKCB NCP QCAMLB?
(@) (MU K?LW LCSRPGLMQ NCP QCAMLB QFMSJB RFCPC @C NCP QOS?PC KCRCP ?R
RFC %?PRF DPMK RFGQ NPMACQQ? 4FGQ FSEC LSK@CP GQ GLBGA?RGTC MD FMU P?PCJW
? LCSRPGLM GLRCP?ARQ, QGLAC J?PEC BCRCARMPQ M@QCPTC TCPW DCU NCP B?W.
65. !LMRFCP QCR MD PC?ARGMLQ RF?R PCQSJR GL RFC DSQGLE MD FWBPMECL GLRM
FCJGSK GL RFC 3SL ?LB CQNCAG?JJW GL FMRRCP QR?PQ GQ A?JJCB RFC A?P@ML AWAJC.
)R GQ
12
C +
1
H
13
N + ,
13
N
13
C + e
+
+ v
e
,
13
C +
1
H
14
N + ,
14
N +
1
H
15
O + ,
15
O
15
N + e
+
+ v
e
,
15
N +
1
H
12
C +
4
He.
7PGRC BMUL RFC MTCP?JJ CDDCAR MD RFC A?P@ML AWAJC (?Q U?Q BMLC DMP RFC
NPMRML-NPMRML AWAJC GL 2e
+ 4
1
H
4
He + 2v
e
+ 6 ). .MRC RFC
LSK@CP MD NPMRMLQ (
1
H) PCOSGPCB ?LB ?QQSKC RF?R RFC NMQGRPMLQ ( e
+
)
?LLGFGJ?RC CJCARPMLQ RM DMPK KMPC P?WQ.
66. (?) &GLB RFC RMR?J CLCPEW PCJC?QCB GL -C6 GL C?AF A?P@ML AWAJC
(CJ?@MP?RCB GL RFC ?@MTC NPM@JCK) GLAJSBGLE RFC ?LLGFGJ?RGML CLCPEW.
(@) (MU BMCQ RFGQ AMKN?PC UGRF RFC NPMRML-NPMRML AWAJC MSRNSR?
67. 6CPGDW RF?R RFC RMR?J LSK@CP MD LSAJCMLQ, RMR?J AF?PEC, ?LB CJCARPML
D?KGJW LSK@CP ?PC AMLQCPTCB DMP C?AF MD RFC DSQGML PC?ARGMLQ GL RFC
A?P@ML AWAJC EGTCL GL RFC ?@MTC NPM@JCK. (,GQR RFC T?JSC MD C?AF MD RFC
AMLQCPTCB OS?LRGRGCQ @CDMPC ?LB ?DRCP C?AF MD RFC PC?ARGMLQ.)
4FC J?QCP QWQRCK RCQRCB DMP GLCPRG?J AMLDGLCKCLR A?L NPMBSAC ? 100-I*
NSJQC MLJW 1.00 LQ GL BSP?RGML. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC NMUCP MSRNSR MD RFC J?QCP
QWQRCK BSPGLE RFC @PGCD NSJQC?
(@) (MU K?LW NFMRMLQ ?PC GL RFC NSJQC, EGTCL RFCGP U?TCJCLERF GQ
1.06 m?
(A) 7F?R GQ RFC RMR?J KMKCLRSK MD ?JJ RFCQC NFMRMLQ?
(B) (MU BMCQ RFC RMR?J NFMRML KMKCLRSK AMKN?PC UGRF RF?R MD ? QGLEJC
1.00 -C6 BCSRCPGSK LSAJCSQ?
&GLB RFC ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW EGTCL RM RFC
4
He LSAJCSQ ?LB RM RFC P?W GL
RFC PC?ARGML n +
3
He
4
He + , SQGLE RFC AMLQCPT?RGML MD
KMKCLRSK NPGLAGNJC ?LB R?IGLE RFC PC?AR?LRQ RM @C GLGRG?JJW ?R PCQR. 4FGQ
QFMSJB AMLDGPK RFC AMLRCLRGML RF?R KMQR MD RFC CLCPEW EMCQ RM RFC P?W.
(?) 7F?R RCKNCP?RSPC E?Q UMSJB F?TC ?RMKQ KMTGLE D?QR CLMSEF RM @PGLE
RUM
3
He LSAJCG GLRM AMLR?AR? .MRC RF?R, @CA?SQC @MRF ?PC KMTGLE, RFC
?TCP?EC IGLCRGA CLCPEW MLJW LCCBQ RM @C F?JD RFC CJCARPGA NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW
MD RFCQC BMS@JW AF?PECB LSAJCG UFCL HSQR GL AMLR?AR UGRF MLC ?LMRFCP.
(@) $MCQ RFGQ FGEF RCKNCP?RSPC GKNJW NP?ARGA?J BGDDGASJRGCQ DMP BMGLE RFGQ GL
AMLRPMJJCB DSQGML?
1174 #(!04%2 32 Y -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .5#,%!2 0(93)#3
(?) %QRGK?RC RFC WC?PQ RF?R RFC BCSRCPGSK DSCJ GL RFC MAC?LQ AMSJB QSNNJW
RFC CLCPEW LCCBQ MD RFC UMPJB. !QQSKC UMPJB CLCPEW AMLQSKNRGML RM @C
RCL RGKCQ RF?R MD RFC 5LGRCB 3R?RCQ UFGAF GQ 810
19
*/W ?LB RF?R RFC
BCSRCPGSK GL RFC MAC?LQ AMSJB @C AMLTCPRCB RM CLCPEW UGRF ?L CDDGAGCLAW
MD 32%. 9MS KSQR CQRGK?RC MP JMMI SN RFC ?KMSLR MD U?RCP GL RFC MAC?LQ
?LB R?IC RFC BCSRCPGSK AMLRCLR RM @C 0.015% MD L?RSP?J FWBPMECL RM DGLB
RFC K?QQ MD BCSRCPGSK ?T?GJ?@JC. .MRC RF?R ?NNPMVGK?RC CLCPEW WGCJB MD
BCSRCPGSK GQ 3.3710
14
*/IE.
(@) #MKKCLR ML FMU KSAF RGKC RFGQ GQ @W ?LW FSK?L KC?QSPC. ()R GQ LMR
?L SLPC?QML?@JC PCQSJR, MLJW ?L GKNPCQQGTC MLC.)
32.6 F?II?ED
72. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC CLCPEW PCJC?QCB GL RFC LCSRPML-GLBSACB DGQQGML
(QGKGJ?P RM RFC QNMLR?LCMSQ DGQQGML GL EN7CFB; 32.3)
n +
238
U
96
Sr +
140
Xe + 3n,
EGTCL m(
96
Sr) = 95.921750 u ?LB m(
140
Xe) = 139.92164 . (@)
4FGQ PCQSJR GQ ?@MSR 6 -C6 EPC?RCP RF?L RFC PCQSJR DMP QNMLR?LCMSQ DGQQGML.
7FW? (A) #MLDGPK RF?R RFC RMR?J LSK@CP MD LSAJCMLQ ?LB RMR?J AF?PEC ?PC
AMLQCPTCB GL RFGQ PC?ARGML.
PC?ARGML
n +
235
U
92
Kr +
142
Ba + 2n,
EGTCL m(
92
Kr) = 91.926269 u ?LB m(
142
Ba) = 141.916361 u .
(@) #MLDGPK RF?R RFC RMR?J LSK@CP MD LSAJCMLQ ?LB RMR?J AF?PEC ?PC
PC?ARGML
n +
239
Pu
96
Sr +
140
Ba + 4n,
EGTCL m(
96
Sr) = 95.921750 u ?LB m(
140
Ba) = 139.910581 u .
(@) #MLDGPK RF?R RFC RMR?J LSK@CP MD LSAJCMLQ ?LB RMR?J AF?PEC ?PC
75. #MLDGPK RF?R C?AF MD RFC PC?ARGMLQ JGQRCB DMP NJSRMLGSK @PCCBGLE HSQR
DMJJMUGLE EN7CFB; 32.4 AMLQCPTCQ RFC RMR?J LSK@CP MD LSAJCMLQ, RFC RMR?J
AF?PEC, ?LB CJCARPML D?KGJW LSK@CP.
76. "PCCBGLE NJSRMLGSK NPMBSACQ CLCPEW CTCL @CDMPC ?LW NJSRMLGSK GQ
DGQQGMLCB. (4FC NPGK?PW NSPNMQC MD RFC DMSP LSAJC?P PC?ARMPQ ?R #FCPLM@WJ
U?Q @PCCBGLE NJSRMLGSK DMP UC?NMLQ. %JCARPGA?J NMUCP U?Q ? @W-NPMBSAR
SQCB @W RFC AGTGJG?L NMNSJ?RGML.) #?JASJ?RC RFC CLCPEW NPMBSACB GL C?AF MD
RFC PC?ARGMLQ JGQRCB DMP NJSRMLGSK @PCCBGLE HSQR DMJJMUGLE EN7CFB; 32.4.
4FC NCPRGLCLR K?QQCQ ?PC m(
239
U) = 239.054289 u ,
m(
239
Np) = 239.052932 u , ?LB m(
239
Pu) = 239.052157 u .
77. 4FC L?RSP?JJW MAASPPGLE P?BGM?ARGTC GQMRMNC
232
Th BMCQ LMR K?IC
EMMB DGQQGML DSCJ, @CA?SQC GR F?Q ?L CTCL LSK@CP MD LCSRPMLQ; FMUCTCP, GR
A?L @C @PCB GLRM ? QSGR?@JC DSCJ (KSAF ?Q
238
U GQ @PCB GLRM
239
P ).
(?) 7F?R ?PC Z ?LB N DMP
232
Th ?
(@) 7PGRC RFC PC?ARGML COS?RGML DMP LCSRPML A?NRSPCB @W
232
Th ?LB
GBCLRGDW RFC LSAJGBC
A
X NPMBSACB GL n +
232
Th
A
X + .
(A) 4FC NPMBSAR LSAJCSQ
BCA?WQ, ?Q BMCQ GRQ B?SEFRCP. 7PGRC RFC

BCA?W COS?RGMLQ DMP C?AF, ?LB GBCLRGDW RFC DGL?J LSAJCSQ.
(B) #MLDGPK RF?R RFC DGL?J LSAJCSQ F?Q ?L MBB LSK@CP MD LCSRPMLQ, K?IGLE
GR ? @CRRCP DGQQGML DSCJ.
(C) ,MMI SN RFC F?JD-JGDC MD RFC DGL?J LSAJCSQ RM QCC GD GR JGTCQ JMLE CLMSEF
RM @C ? SQCDSJ DSCJ.
78. 4FC CJCARPGA?J NMUCP MSRNSR MD ? J?PEC LSAJC?P PC?ARMP D?AGJGRW GQ 900
-7. )R F?Q ? 35.0% CDDGAGCLAW GL AMLTCPRGLE LSAJC?P NMUCP RM CJCARPGA?J.
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC RFCPK?J LSAJC?P NMUCP MSRNSR GL KCE?U?RRQ?
(@) (MU K?LW
235
U LSAJCG DGQQGML C?AF QCAMLB, ?QQSKGLE RFC ?TCP?EC
DGQQGML NPMBSACQ 200 -C6?
(A) 7F?R K?QQ MD
235
U GQ DGQQGMLCB GL MLC WC?P MD DSJJ-NMUCP MNCP?RGML?
79. ! J?PEC NMUCP PC?ARMP RF?R F?Q @CCL GL MNCP?RGML DMP QMKC KMLRFQ GQ
RSPLCB MDD, @SR PCQGBS?J ?ARGTGRW GL RFC AMPC QRGJJ NPMBSACQ 150 -7 MD
NMUCP. )D RFC ?TCP?EC CLCPEW NCP BCA?W MD RFC DGQQGML NPMBSARQ GQ 1.00
-C6, UF?R GQ RFC AMPC ?ARGTGRW GL ASPGCQ?
32.7 'K9B;7H 0;7FEDI
80. &GLB RFC K?QQ AMLTCPRCB GLRM CLCPEW @W ? 12.0-I4 @MK@.
81. 7F?R K?QQ GQ AMLTCPRCB GLRM CLCPEW @W ? 1.00--4 @MK@?
82. &SQGML @MK@Q SQC LCSRPMLQ DPMK RFCGP DGQQGML RPGEECP RM APC?RC RPGRGSK
DSCJ GL RFC PC?ARGML n +
6
Li
3
H +
4
He . 7F?R GQ RFC CLCPEW PCJC?QCB
@W RFGQ PC?ARGML GL -C6?
83. )R GQ CQRGK?RCB RF?R RFC RMR?J CVNJMQGTC WGCJB MD ?JJ RFC LSAJC?P @MK@Q GL
CVGQRCLAC ASPPCLRJW GQ ?@MSR 4,000 -4.
(?) #MLTCPR RFGQ ?KMSLR MD CLCPEW RM IGJMU?RR-FMSPQ, LMRGLE RF?R
1 kW h = 3.6010
6
J .
(@) 7F?R UMSJB RFC KMLCR?PW T?JSC MD RFGQ CLCPEW @C GD GR AMSJB @C
AMLTCPRCB RM CJCARPGAGRW AMQRGLE 10 ACLRQ NCP I7_F?
84. ! P?BG?RGML-CLF?LACB LSAJC?P UC?NML (MP LCSRPML @MK@) A?L F?TC ?
QK?JJCP RMR?J WGCJB ?LB QRGJJ NPMBSAC KMPC NPMKNR P?BG?RGML RF?L ?
AMLTCLRGML?J LSAJC?P @MK@. 4FGQ ?JJMUQ RFC SQC MD LCSRPML @MK@Q RM IGJJ
LC?P@W ?BT?LAGLE CLCKW DMPACQ UGRF P?BG?RGML UGRFMSR @JMUGLE SN WMSP
MUL DMPACQ UGRF RFC @J?QR. &MP ? 0.500-I4 P?BG?RGML-CLF?LACB UC?NML
?LB ? 1.00-I4 AMLTCLRGML?J LSAJC?P @MK@: (?) #MKN?PC RFC @J?QR WGCJBQ.
(@) #MKN?PC RFC NPMKNR P?BG?RGML WGCJBQ.
85. (?) (MU K?LW
239
Pu LSAJCG KSQR DGQQGML RM NPMBSAC ? 20.0-I4 WGCJB,
?QQSKGLE 200 -C6 NCP DGQQGML? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC K?QQ MD RFGQ KSAF
239
Pu ?
86. !QQSKC MLC-DMSPRF MD RFC WGCJB MD ? RWNGA?J 320-I4 QRP?RCEGA @MK@
AMKCQ DPMK DGQQGML PC?ARGMLQ ?TCP?EGLE 200 -C6 ?LB RFC PCK?GLBCP DPMK
DSQGML PC?ARGMLQ ?TCP?EGLE 20 -C6.
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC LSK@CP MD DGQQGMLQ ?LB RFC ?NNPMVGK?RC K?QQ MD
SP?LGSK ?LB NJSRMLGSK DGQQGMLCB, R?IGLE RFC ?TCP?EC ?RMKGA K?QQ RM @C
238.
(@) &GLB RFC LSK@CP MD DSQGMLQ ?LB A?JASJ?RC RFC ?NNPMVGK?RC K?QQ MD
DSQGML DSCJ, ?QQSKGLE ?L ?TCP?EC RMR?J ?RMKGA K?QQ MD RFC RUM LSAJCG GL
C?AF PC?ARGML RM @C 5.
(A) #MLQGBCPGLE RFC K?QQCQ DMSLB, BMCQ GR QCCK PC?QML?@JC RF?R QMKC
KGQQGJCQ AMSJB A?PPW 10 U?PFC?BQ? $GQASQQ, LMRGLE RF?R RFC LSAJC?P DSCJ GQ
MLJW ? N?PR MD RFC K?QQ MD ? U?PFC?B.
87. 4FGQ NPM@JCK EGTCQ QMKC GBC? MD RFC K?ELGRSBC MD RFC CLCPEW WGCJB MD
? QK?JJ R?ARGA?J @MK@. !QQSKC RF?R F?JD RFC CLCPEW MD ? 1.00-I4 LSAJC?P
BCNRF AF?PEC QCR MDD SLBCP ?L ?GPAP?DR A?PPGCP EMCQ GLRM JGDRGLE GR MSR MD RFC
U?RCPrRF?R GQ, GLRM EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW. (MU FGEF GQ RFC A?PPGCP
JGDRCB GD GRQ K?QQ GQ 90,000 RMLQ?
88. )R GQ CQRGK?RCB RF?R UC?NMLQ RCQRQ GL RFC ?RKMQNFCPC F?TC BCNMQGRCB
?NNPMVGK?RCJW 9 -#G MD
90
Sr ML RFC QSPD?AC MD RFC C?PRF. &GLB RFC K?QQ
MD RFGQ ?KMSLR MD
90
Sr .
89. ! 1.00--4 @MK@ CVNJMBCB ? DCU IGJMKCRCPQ ?@MTC RFC EPMSLB
BCNMQGRQ 25.0% MD GRQ CLCPEW GLRM P?BG?LR FC?R.
#(!04%2 32 Y -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .5#,%!2 0(93)#3 1175
(?) &GLB RFC A?JMPGCQ NCP cm
2
?R ? BGQR?LAC MD 10.0 IK @W ?QQSKGLE ?
SLGDMPK BGQRPG@SRGML MTCP ? QNFCPGA?J QSPD?AC MD RF?R P?BGSQ.
(@) )D RFGQ FC?R D?JJQ ML ? NCPQMLtQ @MBW, UF?R RCKNCP?RSPC GLAPC?QC BMCQ GR
A?SQC GL RFC ?DDCARCB RGQQSC, ?QQSKGLE GR GQ ?@QMP@CB GL ? J?WCP 1.00-AK
BCCN?
/LC QAFCKC RM NSR LSAJC?P UC?NMLQ RM LMLKGJGR?PW SQC GQ RM CVNJMBC
RFCK SLBCPEPMSLB GL ? ECMJMEGA?JJW QR?@JC PCEGML ?LB CVRP?AR RFC
ECMRFCPK?J CLCPEW DMP CJCARPGAGRW NPMBSARGML. 4FCPC U?Q ? RMR?J WGCJB MD
?@MSR 4,000 -4 GL RFC AMK@GLCB ?PQCL?JQ GL 2006. )D 1.00 -4 NCP B?W
AMSJB @C AMLTCPRCB RM CJCARPGAGRW UGRF ?L CDDGAGCLAW MD 10.0%:
(?) 7F?R UMSJB RFC ?TCP?EC CJCARPGA?J NMUCP MSRNSR @C?
(@) (MU K?LW WC?PQ UMSJB RFC ?PQCL?J J?QR ?R RFGQ P?RC?
1176 #(!04%2 32 Y -%$)#!, !00,)#!4)/.3 /& .5#,%!2 0(93)#3
33 0!24)#,% 0(93)#3
F?=KH; 33.1 0?PR MD RFC ,?PEC (?BPML #MJJGBCP ?R #%2., ML RFC @MPBCP MD 3UGRXCPJ?LB ?LB &P?LAC. 4FC ,(# GQ ? N?PRGAJC ?AACJCP?RMP, BCQGELCB RM QRSBW DSLB?KCLR?J N?PRGAJCQ.
(APCBGR: )K?EC %BGRMP, &JGAIP)
,C?PLGLE /@HCARGTCQ
33.1. ->; 2KA7M7 )7HJ?9B; 7D: J>; !;?I;D8;H= .D9;HJ7?DJO )H?D9?FB; +;L?I?J;:
33.2. ->; FEKH B7I?9 FEH9;I
33.3. A99;B;H7JEHI CH;7J; &7JJ;H <HEC ED;H=O
33.4. )7HJ?9B;I, )7JJ;HDI, 7D: CEDI;HL7J?ED %7MI
33.5. *K7HAI: "I ->7J ABB ->;H; "I?
33.6. .-I: ->; .D?<?97J?ED E< FEH9;I
"DJHE:K9J?ED JE )7HJ?9B; )>OI?9I
&MJJMUGLE GBC?Q PCK?PI?@JW QGKGJ?P RM RFMQC MD RFC ?LAGCLR 'PCCIQ, UC AMLRGLSC RM JMMI DMP QK?JJCP ?LB QK?JJCP QRPSARSPCQ GL L?RSPC, FMNGLE SJRGK?RCJW
RM DGLB ?LB SLBCPQR?LB RFC KMQR DSLB?KCLR?J @SGJBGLE @JMAIQ RF?R CVGQR. !RMKGA NFWQGAQ BC?JQ UGRF RFC QK?JJCQR SLGRQ MD CJCKCLRQ ?LB AMKNMSLBQ. )L
GRQ QRSBW, UC F?TC DMSLB ? PCJ?RGTCJW QK?JJ LSK@CP MD ?RMKQ UGRF QWQRCK?RGA NPMNCPRGCQ RF?R CVNJ?GLCB ? RPCKCLBMSQ P?LEC MD NFCLMKCL?. .SAJC?P
NFWQGAQ GQ AMLACPLCB UGRF RFC LSAJCG MD ?RMKQ ?LB RFCGP QS@QRPSARSPCQ. (CPC, ? QK?JJCP LSK@CP MD AMKNMLCLRQrRFC NPMRML ?LB LCSRPMLrK?IC SN ?JJ
LSAJCG. %VNJMPGLE RFC QWQRCK?RGA @CF?TGMP MD RFCGP GLRCP?ARGMLQ F?Q PCTC?JCB CTCL KMPC ?@MSR K?RRCP, DMPACQ, ?LB CLCPEW. )7HJ?9B; F>OI?9I BC?JQ UGRF
RFC QS@QRPSARSPCQ MD ?RMKQ ?LB LSAJCG ?LB GQ N?PRGASJ?PJW ?GKCB ?R DGLBGLE RFMQC RPSJW DSLB?KCLR?J N?PRGAJCQ RF?R F?TC LM DSPRFCP QS@QRPSARSPC. *SQR ?Q
GL ?RMKGA ?LB LSAJC?P NFWQGAQ, UC F?TC DMSLB ? AMKNJCV ?PP?W MD N?PRGAJCQ ?LB NPMNCPRGCQ UGRF QWQRCK?RGA AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM RFC NCPGMBGA
R?@JC ?LB RFC AF?PR MD LSAJGBCQ. !L SLBCPJWGLE QRPSARSPC GQ ?NN?PCLR, ?LB RFCPC GQ QMKC PC?QML RM RFGLI RF?R UC 4E8 DGLBGLE N?PRGAJCQ RF?R F?TC LM
QS@QRPSARSPC. /D AMSPQC, UC F?TC @CCL GL QGKGJ?P QGRS?RGMLQ @CDMPC. &MP CV?KNJC, ?RMKQ UCPC MLAC RFMSEFR RM @C RFC SJRGK?RC QS@QRPSARSPC. 0CPF?NQ
UC UGJJ DGLB BCCNCP ?LB BCCNCP QRPSARSPCQ ?LB LCTCP AMKC RM ?L SJRGK?RC QS@QRPSARSPC. 7C K?W LCTCP PC?JJW ILMU, ?Q GLBGA?RCB GL F?=KH; 33.2.
F?=KH; 33.2 4FC NPMNCPRGCQ MD K?RRCP ?PC @?QCB ML QS@QRPSARSPCQ A?JJCB KMJCASJCQ ?LB ?RMKQ. !RMKQ F?TC RFC QS@QRPSARSPC MD ? LSAJCSQ UGRF MP@GRGLE CJCARPMLQ, RFC
GLRCP?ARGMLQ MD UFGAF CVNJ?GL ?RMKGA NPMNCPRGCQ. 0PMRMLQ ?LB LCSRPMLQ, RFC GLRCP?ARGMLQ MD UFGAF CVNJ?GL RFC QR?@GJGRW ?LB ?@SLB?LAC MD CJCKCLRQ, DMPK RFC QS@QRPSARSPC MD
LSAJCG. 0PMRMLQ ?LB LCSRPMLQ ?PC LMR DSLB?KCLR?JrRFCW ?PC AMKNMQCB MD OS?PIQ. ,GIC CJCARPMLQ ?LB ? DCU MRFCP N?PRGAJCQ, OS?PIQ K?W @C RFC DSLB?KCLR?J @SGJBGLE @JMAIQ MD
?JJ RFCPC GQ, J?AIGLE ?LW DSPRFCP QS@QRPSARSPC. "SR RFC QRMPW GQ LMR AMKNJCRC, @CA?SQC OS?PIQ ?LB CJCARPMLQ K?W F?TC QS@QRPSARSPC QK?JJCP RF?L BCR?GJQ RF?R ?PC NPCQCLRJW
M@QCPT?@JC.
#(!04%2 33 Y 0!24)#,% 0(93)#3 1177
4FGQ AF?NRCP AMTCPQ RFC @?QGAQ MD N?PRGAJC NFWQGAQ ?Q UC ILMU GR RMB?W. !L ?K?XGLE AMLTCPECLAC MD RMNGAQ GQ CTMJTGLE GL N?PRGAJC NFWQGAQ. 7C DGLB RF?R
QMKC N?PRGAJCQ ?PC GLRGK?RCJW PCJ?RCB RM DMPACQ, ?LB RF?R L?RSPC ML RFC QK?JJCQR QA?JC K?W F?TC GRQ EPC?RCQR GLDJSCLAC ML RFC J?PEC-QA?JC AF?P?ARCP MD
RFC SLGTCPQC. )R GQ ?L ?BTCLRSPC CVACCBGLE RFC @CQR QAGCLAC DGARGML @CA?SQC GR GQ LMR MLJW D?LR?QRGA, GR GQ PC?J.
33.1 ->; 2KA7M7 )7HJ?9B; 7D: J>; !;?I;D8;H= .D9;HJ7?DJO )H?D9?FB; +;L?I?J;:
0?PRGAJC NFWQGAQ ?Q UC ILMU GR RMB?W @CE?L UGRF RFC GBC?Q MD (GBCIG 9SI?U? GL 1935. 0FWQGAGQRQ F?B JMLE @CCL AMLACPLCB UGRF FMU DMPACQ ?PC
RP?LQKGRRCB, DGLBGLE RFC AMLACNR MD DGCJBQ, QSAF ?Q CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ RM @C TCPW SQCDSJ. ! DGCJB QSPPMSLBQ ?L M@HCAR ?LB A?PPGCQ RFC DMPAC
CVCPRCB @W RFC M@HCAR RFPMSEF QN?AC. 9SI?U? U?Q GLRCPCQRCB GL RFC QRPMLE LSAJC?P DMPAC GL N?PRGASJ?P ?LB DMSLB ?L GLECLGMSQ U?W RM CVNJ?GL GRQ QFMPR
P?LEC. (GQ GBC? GQ ? @JCLB MD N?PRGAJCQ, DMPACQ, PCJ?RGTGRW, ?LB OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ RF?R GQ ?NNJGA?@JC RM ?JJ DMPACQ. 9SI?U? NPMNMQCB RF?R DMPAC GQ
RP?LQKGRRCB @W RFC CVAF?LEC MD N?PRGAJCQ (A?JJCB A?PPGCP N?PRGAJCQ). 4FC DGCJB AMLQGQRQ MD RFCQC A?PPGCP N?PRGAJCQ.
F?=KH; 33.3 4FC QRPMLE LSAJC?P DMPAC GQ RP?LQKGRRCB @CRUCCL ? NPMRML ?LB LCSRPML @W RFC APC?RGML ?LB CVAF?LEC MD ? NGML. 4FC NGML GQ APC?RCB RFPMSEF ? RCKNMP?PW TGMJ?RGML MD
AMLQCPT?RGML MD K?QQ-CLCPEW ?LB RP?TCJQ DPMK RFC NPMRML RM RFC LCSRPML ?LB GQ PCA?NRSPCB. )R GQ LMR BGPCARJW M@QCPT?@JC ?LB GQ A?JJCB ? TGPRS?J N?PRGAJC. .MRC RF?R RFC NPMRML ?LB
LCSRPML AF?LEC GBCLRGRW GL RFC NPMACQQ. 4FC P?LEC MD RFC DMPAC GQ JGKGRCB @W RFC D?AR RF?R RFC NGML A?L MLJW CVGQR DMP RFC QFMPR RGKC ?JJMUCB @W RFC (CGQCL@CPE SLACPR?GLRW
NPGLAGNJC. 9SI?U? SQCB RFC DGLGRC P?LEC MD RFC QRPMLE LSAJC?P DMPAC RM CQRGK?RC RFC K?QQ MD RFC NGML; RFC QFMPRCP RFC P?LEC, RFC J?PECP RFC K?QQ MD RFC A?PPGCP N?PRGAJC.
3NCAGDGA?JJW DMP RFC QRPMLE LSAJC?P DMPAC, 9SI?U? NPMNMQCB RF?R ? NPCTGMSQJW SLILMUL N?PRGAJC, LMU A?JJCB ? F?ED, GQ CVAF?LECB @CRUCCL LSAJCMLQ,
RP?LQKGRRGLE RFC DMPAC @CRUCCL RFCK. F?=KH; 33.3 GJJSQRP?RCQ FMU ? NGML UMSJB A?PPW ? DMPAC @CRUCCL ? NPMRML ?LB ? LCSRPML. 4FC NGML F?Q K?QQ ?LB
A?L MLJW @C APC?RCB @W TGMJ?RGLE RFC AMLQCPT?RGML MD K?QQ-CLCPEW. 4FGQ GQ ?JJMUCB @W RFC (CGQCL@CPE SLACPR?GLRW NPGLAGNJC GD GR MAASPQ DMP ? QSDDGAGCLRJW
QFMPR NCPGMB MD RGKC. !Q BGQASQQCB GL )HE878?B?JO: ->; !;?I;D8;H= .D9;HJ7?DJO )H?D9?FB; RFC (CGQCL@CPE SLACPR?GLRW NPGLAGNJC PCJ?RCQ RFC
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NPMACQQ A?L BCRCAR RFC TGMJ?RGML. 4FGQ ?JJMUQ RFC RCKNMP?PW APC?RGML MD ? N?PRGAJC MD K?QQ m, UFCPC E = mc
2
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EPC?RCP RFC E , RFC QFMPRCP GQ RFC RGKC GR A?L CVGQR. 4FGQ KC?LQ RFC P?LEC MD RFC DMPAC GQ JGKGRCB, @CA?SQC RFC N?PRGAJC A?L MLJW RP?TCJ ? JGKGRCB
BGQR?LAC GL ? DGLGRC ?KMSLR MD RGKC. )L D?AR, RFC K?VGKSK BGQR?LAC GQ d ct , UFCPC 6 GQ RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. 4FC NGML KSQR RFCL @C A?NRSPCB ?LB,
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?@MTC) ?PC A?JJCB L?HJK7B F7HJ?9B;I, @CA?SQC RFCW A?LLMR @C BGPCARJW M@QCPTCB @SR RFCGP 89986GF A?L @C BGPCARJW M@QCPTCB. 2C?JGXGLE ?JJ RFGQ, 9SI?U?
SQCB RFC GLDMPK?RGML ML RFC P?LEC MD RFC QRPMLE LSAJC?P DMPAC RM CQRGK?RC RFC K?QQ MD RFC NGML, RFC N?PRGAJC RF?R A?PPGCQ GR. 4FC QRCNQ MD FGQ PC?QMLGLE
?PC ?NNPMVGK?RCJW PCRP?ACB GL RFC DMJJMUGLE UMPICB CV?KNJC:
EN7CFB; 33.1 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; &7II E< 7 )?ED
4?IGLE RFC P?LEC MD RFC QRPMLE LSAJC?P DMPAC RM @C ?@MSR 1 DCPKG ( 10
15
m), A?JASJ?RC RFC ?NNPMVGK?RC K?QQ MD RFC NGML A?PPWGLE RFC DMPAC,
?QQSKGLE GR KMTCQ ?R LC?PJW RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR.
,JH7J;=O
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2
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,EBKJ?ED
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(33.2)
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2
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(33.5)
m 100 MeV/c
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K?BC FGQ @MJB NPMNMQ?J.
9SI?U?tQ NPMNMQ?J MD N?PRGAJC CVAF?LEC ?Q RFC KCRFMB MD DMPAC RP?LQDCP GQ GLRPGESGLE. "SR FMU A?L UC TCPGDW FGQ NPMNMQ?J GD UC A?LLMR M@QCPTC RFC
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4FGQ A?L @C ?AAMKNJGQFCB @W AMJJGQGMLQ MD CLCPECRGA N?PRGAJCQ UGRF LSAJCG, @SR CLCPEGCQ EPC?RCP RF?L 100 -C6 ?PC PCOSGPCB RM AMLQCPTC @MRF CLCPEW
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QF?JJ QCC GL )7HJ?9B;I, )7JJ;HDI, 7D: CEDI;HL7J?ED %7MI).
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SLILMUL N?PRGAJC, LMU A?JJCB RFC KSML, U?Q BGQAMTCPCB BSPGLE AMQKGA-P?W CVNCPGKCLRQ GL 1936 (MLC MD GRQ BGQAMTCPCPQ, 3CRF .CBBCPKCWCP, ?JQM
MPGEGL?RCB RFC GBC? MD GKNJMQGML DMP NJSRMLGSK @MK@Q). 3GLAC RFC K?QQ MD ? KSML GQ ?PMSLB 106 MeV/c
2
, ?R DGPQR GR U?Q RFMSEFR RM @C RFC N?PRGAJC
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RM NPMDMSLB GLQGEFRQ GLRM L?RSPCtQ QCAPCRQ.
33.2 ->; FEKH B7I?9 FEH9;I
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MD L?RSPC. 4FGQ GQ ? PCK?PI?@JW QK?JJ LSK@CP AMLQGBCPGLE RFC KWPG?B NFCLMKCL? RFCW CVNJ?GL. 0?PRGAJC NFWQGAQ GQ GLRGK?RCJW RGCB RM RFCQC DMSP DMPACQ.
#CPR?GL DSLB?KCLR?J N?PRGAJCQ, A?JJCB A?PPGCP N?PRGAJCQ, A?PPW RFCQC DMPACQ, ?LB ?JJ N?PRGAJCQ A?L @C AJ?QQGDGCB ?AAMPBGLE RM UFGAF MD RFC DMSP DMPACQ RFCW
DCCJ. 4FC R?@JC EGTCL @CJMU QSKK?PGXCQ GKNMPR?LR AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD RFC DMSP @?QGA DMPACQ.
4?@JC 33.1 0PMNCPRGCQ MD RFC &MSP "?QGA &MPACQ
FEH9; AFFHEN?C7J; H;B7J?L; IJH;D=J> +7D=; +/Y
415
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3. %GEFR NPMNMQCBrGLBGPCAR CTGBCLAC MD CVGQRCLAC. 5LBCPJGC KCQML CVAF?LEC.
#(!04%2 33 Y 0!24)#,% 0(93)#3 1179
F?=KH; 33.4 4FC DGPQR GK?EC QFMUQ RFC CVAF?LEC MD ? TGPRS?J NFMRML RP?LQKGRRGLE RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA DMPAC @CRUCCL AF?PECQ, HSQR ?Q TGPRS?J NGML CVAF?LEC A?PPGCQ RFC QRPMLE
LSAJC?P DMPAC @CRUCCL LSAJCMLQ. 4FC QCAMLB GK?EC QFMUQ RF?R RFC NFMRML A?LLMR @C BGPCARJW M@QCPTCB GL GRQ N?QQ?EC, @CA?SQC RFGQ UMSJB BGQPSNR GR ?LB ?JRCP RFC DMPAC. )L RFGQ
A?QC GR BMCQ LMR ECR RM RFC MRFCP AF?PEC.
F?=KH; 33.5 4FC &CWLK?L BG?EP?K DMP RFC CVAF?LEC MD ? TGPRS?J NFMRML @CRUCCL RUM NMQGRGTC AF?PECQ GJJSQRP?RCQ FMU RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA DMPAC GQ RP?LQKGRRCB ML ? OS?LRSK
KCAF?LGA?J QA?JC. 4GKC GQ EP?NFCB TCPRGA?JJW UFGJC RFC BGQR?LAC GQ EP?NFCB FMPGXMLR?JJW. 4FC RUM NMQGRGTC AF?PECQ ?PC QCCL RM @C PCNCJJCB @W RFC NFMRML CVAF?LEC.
!JRFMSEF RFCQC DMSP DMPACQ ?PC BGQRGLAR ?LB BGDDCP EPC?RJW DPMK MLC ?LMRFCP SLBCP ?JJ @SR RFC KMQR CVRPCKC AGPASKQR?LACQ, UC A?L QCC QGKGJ?PGRGCQ
?KMLE RFCK. ()L .-I: J>; .D?<?97J?ED E< FEH9;I, UC UGJJ BGQASQQ FMU RFC DMSP DMPACQ K?W @C BGDDCPCLR K?LGDCQR?RGMLQ MD ? QGLEJC SLGDGCB DMPAC.)
0CPF?NQ RFC KMQR GKNMPR?LR AF?P?ARCPGQRGA ?KMLE RFC DMPACQ GQ RF?R RFCW ?PC ?JJ RP?LQKGRRCB @W RFC CVAF?LEC MD ? A?PPGCP N?PRGAJC, CV?ARJW JGIC UF?R
9SI?U? F?B GL KGLB DMP RFC QRPMLE LSAJC?P DMPAC. %?AF A?PPGCP N?PRGAJC GQ ? TGPRS?J N?PRGAJCrGR A?LLMR @C BGPCARJW M@QCPTCB UFGJC RP?LQKGRRGLE RFC DMPAC.
F?=KH; 33.4 QFMUQ RFC CVAF?LEC MD ? TGPRS?J NFMRML @CRUCCL RUM NMQGRGTC AF?PECQ. 4FC NFMRML A?LLMR @C BGPCARJW M@QCPTCB GL GRQ N?QQ?EC, @CA?SQC
RFGQ UMSJB BGQPSNR GR ?LB ?JRCP RFC DMPAC.
F?=KH; 33.5 QFMUQ ? U?W MD EP?NFGLE RFC CVAF?LEC MD ? TGPRS?J NFMRML @CRUCCL RUM NMQGRGTC AF?PECQ. 4FGQ EP?NF MD RGKC TCPQSQ NMQGRGML GQ A?JJCB ?
F;ODC7D :?7=H7C, ?DRCP RFC @PGJJG?LR !KCPGA?L NFWQGAGQR 2GAF?PB &CWLK?L (1918q1988) UFM BCTCJMNCB GR.
F?=KH; 33.6 GQ ? &CWLK?L BG?EP?K DMP RFC CVAF?LEC MD ? TGPRS?J NGML @CRUCCL ? NPMRML ?LB ? LCSRPML PCNPCQCLRGLE RFC Q?KC GLRCP?ARGML ?Q GL F?=KH;
33.3. &CWLK?L BG?EP?KQ ?PC LMR MLJW ? SQCDSJ RMMJ DMP TGQS?JGXGLE GLRCP?ARGMLQ ?R RFC OS?LRSK KCAF?LGA?J JCTCJ, RFCW ?PC ?JQM SQCB RM A?JASJ?RC BCR?GJQ
MD GLRCP?ARGMLQ, QSAF ?Q RFCGP QRPCLERFQ ?LB NPM@?@GJGRW MD MAASPPGLE. &CWLK?L U?Q MLC MD RFC RFCMPGQRQ UFM BCTCJMNCB RFC DGCJB MD GK7DJKC
;B;9JHE:OD7C?9I (1%$), UFGAF GQ RFC OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ MD CJCARPMK?ELCRGQK. 1%$ F?Q @CCL QNCAR?ASJ?PJW QSAACQQDSJ GL BCQAPG@GLE
CJCARPMK?ELCRGA GLRCP?ARGMLQ ML RFC QS@KGAPMQAMNGA QA?JC. &CWLK?L U?Q ?L GLQNGPGLE RC?AFCP, F?B ? AMJMPDSJ NCPQML?JGRW, ?LB K?BC ? NPMDMSLB GKN?AR
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N?PRGAJC NFWQGAQ.
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QS@QRPSARSPC ?LB, ?Q UC CVNJMPC GR, UC DGLB RF?R RFC QRPMLE DMPAC GQ ?ARS?JJW PCJ?RCB RM RFC GLBGPCARJW M@QCPTCB @SR KMPC DSLB?KCLR?J =BKEDI. )L D?AR, ?JJ
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+
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PCNPCQCLRQ RFC QGRS?RGML QFMUL KMPC NGARMPG?JJW GL F?=KH; 33.4.
4FCPC GQ ? PCJ?RGMLQFGN @CRUCCL RFC K?QQ MD RFC A?PPGCP N?PRGAJC ?LB RFC P?LEC MD RFC DMPAC. 4FC NFMRML GQ K?QQJCQQ ?LB F?Q CLCPEW. 3M, RFC CVGQRCLAC
MD (TGPRS?J) NFMRMLQ GQ NMQQG@JC MLJW @W TGPRSC MD RFC (CGQCL@CPE SLACPR?GLRW NPGLAGNJC ?LB A?L RP?TCJ ?L SLJGKGRCB BGQR?LAC. 4FSQ, RFC P?LEC MD RFC
CJCARPMK?ELCRGA DMPAC GQ GLDGLGRC. 4FGQ GQ ?JQM RPSC DMP EP?TGRW. )R GQ GLDGLGRC GL P?LEC @CA?SQC GRQ A?PPGCP N?PRGAJC, RFC EP?TGRML, F?Q XCPM PCQR K?QQ. ('P?TGRW
GQ RFC KMQR BGDDGASJR MD RFC DMSP DMPACQ RM SLBCPQR?LB ML ? OS?LRSK QA?JC @CA?SQC GR ?DDCARQ RFC QN?AC ?LB RGKC GL UFGAF RFC MRFCPQ ?AR. "SR EP?TGRW GQ QM
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RFC W
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1000 RF?R MD RFC QRPMLE LSAJC?P DMPAC. 'JSMLQ ?PC ?ARS?JJW K?QQJCQQ, @SR QGLAC RFCW ?AR GLQGBC K?QQGTC A?PPGCP N?PRGAJCQ JGIC NGMLQ, RFC QRPMLE LSAJC?P
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RFC PCJ?RGTC QRPCLERFQ AF?LEC, ?LB RFCW K?W @CAMKC GBCLRGA?J ?R CVRPCKCJW AJMQC P?LEC. !Q UC QF?JJ QCC GL .-I: J>; .D?<?97J?ED E< FEH9;I, A?PPGCP
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GD RFC CLCPEW MD RFC GLAMKGLE N?PRGAJCQ GQ J?PEC CLMSEF, LCU K?RRCP GQ QMKCRGKCQ APC?RCB GL RFC AMJJGQGML. 4FC KMPC CLCPEW GLNSR MP E , RFC KMPC
K?RRCP m A?L @C APC?RCB, QGLAC m = E / c
2
. ,GKGR?RGMLQ ?PC NJ?ACB ML UF?R A?L MAASP @W ILMUL AMLQCPT?RGML J?UQ, QSAF ?Q AMLQCPT?RGML MD
K?QQ-CLCPEW, KMKCLRSK, ?LB AF?PEC. %TCL KMPC GLRCPCQRGLE ?PC RFC SLILMUL JGKGR?RGMLQ NPMTGBCB @W L?RSPC. 3MKC CVNCARCB PC?ARGMLQ BM MAASP,
UFGJC MRFCPQ BM LMR, ?LB QRGJJ MRFCP SLCVNCARCB PC?ARGMLQ K?W ?NNC?P. .CU J?UQ ?PC PCTC?JCB, ?LB RFC T?QR K?HMPGRW MD UF?R UC ILMU ?@MSR N?PRGAJC
NFWQGAQ F?Q AMKC DPMK ?AACJCP?RMP J?@MP?RMPGCQ. )R GQ RFC N?PRGAJC NFWQGAGQRtQ D?TMPGRC GLBMMP QNMPR, UFGAF GQ N?PRJW GLQNGPCB @W RFCMPW.
%?PJW !AACJCP?RMPQ
!L C?PJW ?AACJCP?RMP GQ ? PCJ?RGTCJW QGKNJC, J?PEC-QA?JC TCPQGML MD RFC CJCARPML ESL. 4FC /7D :; H77<< (L?KCB ?DRCP RFC $SRAF NFWQGAGQR), UFGAF WMS
F?TC JGICJW QCCL GL NFWQGAQ BCKMLQRP?RGMLQ, GQ ? QK?JJ TCPQGML MD RFC MLCQ SQCB DMP LSAJC?P PCQC?PAF QGLAC RFCGP GLTCLRGML DMP RF?R NSPNMQC GL 1932. &MP
KMPC, QCC F?=KH; 33.7. 4FCQC K?AFGLCQ ?PC CJCARPMQR?RGA, APC?RGLE NMRCLRG?JQ ?Q EPC?R ?Q 50 -6, ?LB ?PC SQCB RM ?AACJCP?RC ? T?PGCRW MD LSAJCG DMP ?
P?LEC MD CVNCPGKCLRQ. %LCPEGCQ NPMBSACB @W 6?L BC 'P??DDQ ?PC GLQSDDGAGCLR RM NPMBSAC LCU N?PRGAJCQ, @SR RFCW F?TC @CCL GLQRPSKCLR?J GL CVNJMPGLE
QCTCP?J ?QNCARQ MD RFC LSAJCSQ. !LMRFCP, COS?JJW D?KMSQ, C?PJW ?AACJCP?RMP GQ RFC 9O9BEJHED, GLTCLRCB GL 1930 @W RFC !KCPGA?L NFWQGAGQR, %. /.
,?UPCLAC (1901q1958). &MP ? TGQS?J PCNPCQCLR?RGML UGRF KMPC BCR?GJ, QCC F?=KH; 33.8. #WAJMRPMLQ SQC DGVCB-DPCOSCLAW ?JRCPL?RGLE CJCARPGA DGCJBQ RM
?AACJCP?RC N?PRGAJCQ. 4FC N?PRGAJCQ QNGP?J MSRU?PB GL ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB, K?IGLE GLAPC?QGLEJW J?PECP P?BGSQ MP@GRQ BSPGLE ?AACJCP?RGML. 4FGQ AJCTCP
?PP?LECKCLR ?JJMUQ RFC QSAACQQGTC ?BBGRGML MD CJCARPGA NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW ?LB QM EPC?RCP N?PRGAJC CLCPEGCQ ?PC NMQQG@JC RF?L GL ? 6?L BC 'P??DD.
,?UPCLAC U?Q GLTMJTCB GL K?LW C?PJW BGQAMTCPGCQ ?LB GL RFC NPMKMRGML MD NFWQGAQ NPMEP?KQ GL !KCPGA?L SLGTCPQGRGCQ. (C U?Q ?U?PBCB RFC 1939
.M@CJ 0PGXC GL 0FWQGAQ DMP RFC AWAJMRPML ?LB LSAJC?P ?ARGT?RGMLQ, ?LB FC F?Q ?L CJCKCLR ?LB RUM K?HMP J?@MP?RMPGCQ L?KCB DMP FGK.
! IOD9>HEJHED GQ ? TCPQGML MD ? AWAJMRPML GL UFGAF RFC DPCOSCLAW MD RFC ?JRCPL?RGLE TMJR?EC ?LB RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF ?PC GLAPC?QCB ?Q RFC @C?K
N?PRGAJCQ ?PC ?AACJCP?RCB. 0?PRGAJCQ ?PC K?BC RM RP?TCJ RFC Q?KC BGQR?LAC GL ? QFMPRCP RGKC UGRF C?AF AWAJC GL DGVCB-P?BGSQ MP@GRQ. ! PGLE MD K?ELCRQ ?LB
?AACJCP?RGLE RS@CQ, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 33.9, ?PC RFC K?HMP AMKNMLCLRQ MD QWLAFPMRPMLQ. !AACJCP?RGLE TMJR?ECQ ?PC QWLAFPMLGXCB (G.C., MAASP ?R RFC
Q?KC RGKC) UGRF RFC N?PRGAJCQ RM ?AACJCP?RC RFCK, FCLAC RFC L?KC. -?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF GQ GLAPC?QCB RM ICCN RFC MP@GR?J P?BGSQ AMLQR?LR ?Q CLCPEW
GLAPC?QCQ. (GEF-CLCPEW N?PRGAJCQ PCOSGPC QRPMLE K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ RM QRCCP RFCK, QM QSNCPAMLBSARGLE K?ELCRQ ?PC AMKKMLJW CKNJMWCB. 3RGJJ JGKGRCB @W
?AFGCT?@JC K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERFQ, QWLAFPMRPMLQ LCCB RM @C TCPW J?PEC ?R TCPW FGEF CLCPEGCQ, QGLAC RFC P?BGSQ MD ? FGEF-CLCPEW N?PRGAJCtQ MP@GR GQ TCPW
J?PEC. 2?BG?RGML A?SQCB @W ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB ?AACJCP?RGLE ? AF?PECB N?PRGAJC NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM GRQ TCJMAGRW GQ A?JJCB IOD9>HEJHED H7:?7J?ED GL FMLMP MD
GRQ GKNMPR?LAC GL RFCQC K?AFGLCQ. 3WLAFPMRPML P?BG?RGML F?Q ? AF?P?ARCPGQRGA QNCARPSK ?LB NMJ?PGX?RGML, ?LB A?L @C PCAMELGXCB GL AMQKGA P?WQ,
#(!04%2 33 Y 0!24)#,% 0(93)#3 1181
GKNJWGLE J?PEC-QA?JC K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ ?ARGLE ML CLCPECRGA ?LB AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ GL BCCN QN?AC. 3WLAFPMRPML P?BG?RGML NPMBSACB @W ?AACJCP?RMPQ GQ
QMKCRGKCQ SQCB ?Q ? QMSPAC MD GLRCLQC CLCPECRGA CJCARPMK?ELCRGA P?BG?RGML DMP PCQC?PAF NSPNMQCQ.
F?=KH; 33.7 !L ?PRGQRtQ PCLBGRGML MD ? 6?L BC 'P??DD ECLCP?RMP.
F?=KH; 33.8 #WAJMRPMLQ SQC ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB RM A?SQC N?PRGAJCQ RM KMTC GL AGPASJ?P MP@GRQ. !Q RFC N?PRGAJCQ N?QQ @CRUCCL RFC NJ?RCQ MD RFC $Q, RFC TMJR?EC ?APMQQ RFC E?N GQ
MQAGJJ?RCB RM ?AACJCP?RC RFCK RUGAC GL C?AF MP@GR.
-MBCPL "CFCKMRFQ ?LB #MJJGBGLE "C?KQ
0FWQGAGQRQ F?TC @SGJR CTCP-J?PECP K?AFGLCQ, DGPQR RM PCBSAC RFC U?TCJCLERF MD RFC NPM@C ?LB M@R?GL EPC?RCP BCR?GJ, RFCL RM NSR EPC?RCP CLCPEW GLRM
AMJJGQGMLQ RM APC?RC LCU N?PRGAJCQ. %?AF K?HMP CLCPEW GLAPC?QC @PMSEFR LCU GLDMPK?RGML, QMKCRGKCQ NPMBSAGLE QNCAR?ASJ?P NPMEPCQQ, KMRGT?RGLE RFC
LCVR QRCN. /LC K?HMP GLLMT?RGML U?Q BPGTCL @W RFC BCQGPC RM APC?RC KMPC K?QQGTC N?PRGAJCQ. 3GLAC KMKCLRSK LCCBQ RM @C AMLQCPTCB GL ? AMJJGQGML,
RFC N?PRGAJCQ APC?RCB @W ? @C?K FGRRGLE ? QR?RGML?PW R?PECR QFMSJB PCAMGJ. 4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R N?PR MD RFC CLCPEW GLNSR EMCQ GLRM PCAMGJ IGLCRGA CLCPEW,
QGELGDGA?LRJW JGKGRGLE RFC DP?ARGML MD RFC @C?K CLCPEW RF?R A?L @C AMLTCPRCB GLRM LCU N?PRGAJCQ. /LC QMJSRGML RM RFGQ NPM@JCK GQ RM F?TC FC?B-ML
AMJJGQGMLQ @CRUCCL N?PRGAJCQ KMTGLE GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ. CEBB?:?D= 8;7CI ?PC K?BC RM KCCR FC?B-ML ?R NMGLRQ UFCPC K?QQGTC BCRCARMPQ ?PC
JMA?RCB. 3GLAC RFC RMR?J GLAMKGLE KMKCLRSK GQ XCPM, GR GQ NMQQG@JC RM APC?RC N?PRGAJCQ UGRF KMKCLR? ?LB IGLCRGA CLCPEGCQ LC?P XCPM. 0?PRGAJCQ UGRF
K?QQCQ COSGT?JCLR RM RUGAC RFC @C?K CLCPEW A?L RFSQ @C APC?RCB. !LMRFCP GLLMT?RGML GQ RM APC?RC RFC ?LRGK?RRCP AMSLRCPN?PR MD RFC @C?K N?PRGAJC,
UFGAF RFSQ F?Q RFC MNNMQGRC AF?PEC ?LB AGPASJ?RCQ GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML GL RFC Q?KC @C?K NGNC. &MP ? QAFCK?RGA PCNPCQCLR?RGML, QCC F?=KH;
33.10.
F?=KH; 33.9 (?) ! QWLAFPMRPML F?Q ? PGLE MD K?ELCRQ ?LB ?AACJCP?RGLE RS@CQ. 4FC DPCOSCLAW MD RFC ?AACJCP?RGLE TMJR?ECQ GQ GLAPC?QCB RM A?SQC RFC @C?K N?PRGAJCQ RM RP?TCJ RFC
Q?KC BGQR?LAC GL QFMPRCP RGKC. 4FC K?ELCRGA DGCJB QFMSJB ?JQM @C GLAPC?QCB RM ICCN C?AF @C?K @SPQR RP?TCJGLE GL ? DGVCB-P?BGSQ N?RF. ,GKGRQ ML K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF PCOSGPC
RFCQC K?AFGLCQ RM @C TCPW J?PEC GL MPBCP RM ?AACJCP?RC N?PRGAJCQ RM TCPW FGEF CLCPEGCQ. (@) ! NMQGRGTC N?PRGAJC GQ QFMUL GL RFC E?N @CRUCCL ?AACJCP?RGLE RS@CQ. (A) 7FGJC RFC
N?PRGAJC N?QQCQ RFPMSEF RFC RS@C, RFC NMRCLRG?JQ ?PC PCTCPQCB QM RF?R RFCPC GQ ?LMRFCP ?AACJCP?RGML ?R RFC LCVR E?N. 4FC DPCOSCLAW MD RFC PCTCPQ?JQ LCCBQ RM @C T?PGCB ?Q RFC
N?PRGAJC GQ ?AACJCP?RCB RM ?AFGCTC QSAACQQGTC ?AACJCP?RGMLQ GL C?AF E?N.
1182 #(!04%2 33 Y 0!24)#,% 0(93)#3
F?=KH; 33.10 4FGQ QAFCK?RGA QFMUQ RFC RUM PGLEQ MD &CPKGJ?@tQ ?AACJCP?RMP ?LB RFC QAFCKC DMP AMJJGBGLE NPMRMLQ ?LB ?LRGNPMRMLQ (LMR RM QA?JC).
$CRCARMPQ A?N?@JC MD DGLBGLE RFC LCU N?PRGAJCQ GL RFC QNP?W MD K?RCPG?J RF?R CKCPECQ DPMK AMJJGBGLE @C?KQ ?PC ?Q GKNPCQQGTC ?Q RFC ?AACJCP?RMPQ. 7FGJC
RFC &CPKGJ?@ 4CT?RPML F?B NPMRML ?LB ?LRGNPMRML @C?K CLCPEGCQ MD ?@MSR 1 4C6, QM RF?R GR A?L APC?RC N?PRGAJCQ SN RM 2 TeV/c
2
, RFC ,?PEC (?BPML
#MJJGBCP (,(#) ?R RFC %SPMNC?L #CLRCP DMP .SAJC?P 2CQC?PAF (#%2.) F?Q ?AFGCTCB @C?K CLCPEGCQ MD 3.5 4C6, QM RF?R GR F?Q ? 7-4C6 AMJJGQGML CLCPEW;
#%2. FMNCQ RM BMS@JC RFC @C?K CLCPEW GL 2014. 4FC LMU-A?LACJCB 3SNCPAMLBSARGLE 3SNCP #MJJGBCP U?Q @CGLE AMLQRPSARCB GL 4CV?Q UGRF ? BCQGEL
CLCPEW MD 20 4C6 RM EGTC ? 40-4C6 AMJJGQGML CLCPEW. )R U?Q RM @C ?L MT?J 30 IK GL BG?KCRCP. )RQ AMQR ?Q UCJJ ?Q RFC NMJGRGAQ MD GLRCPL?RGML?J PCQC?PAF
DSLBGLE JCB RM GRQ BCKGQC.
)L ?BBGRGML RM RFC J?PEC QWLAFPMRPMLQ RF?R NPMBSAC AMJJGBGLE @C?KQ MD NPMRMLQ ?LB ?LRGNPMRMLQ, RFCPC ?PC MRFCP J?PEC CJCARPML-NMQGRPML ?AACJCP?RMPQ.
4FC MJBCQR MD RFCQC U?Q ? QRP?GEFR-JGLC MP B?D;7H 799;B;H7JEH, A?JJCB RFC 3R?LDMPB ,GLC?P !AACJCP?RMP (3,!#), UFGAF ?AACJCP?RCB N?PRGAJCQ SN RM 50
'C6 ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 33.11. 0MQGRPMLQ APC?RCB @W RFC ?AACJCP?RMP UCPC @PMSEFR RM RFC Q?KC CLCPEW ?LB AMJJGBCB UGRF CJCARPMLQ GL QNCAG?JJW BCQGELCB
BCRCARMPQ. ,GLC?P ?AACJCP?RMPQ SQC ?AACJCP?RGLE RS@CQ QGKGJ?P RM RFMQC GL QWLAFPMRPMLQ, @SR ?JGELCB GL ? QRP?GEFR JGLC. 4FGQ FCJNQ CJGKGL?RC QWLAFPMRPML
P?BG?RGML JMQQCQ, UFGAF ?PC N?PRGASJ?PJW QCTCPC DMP CJCARPMLQ K?BC RM DMJJMU ASPTCB N?RFQ. #%2. F?B ?L CJCARPML-NMQGRPML AMJJGBCP ?NNPMNPG?RCJW A?JJCB
RFC ,?PEC %JCARPML-0MQGRPML #MJJGBCP (,%0), UFGAF ?AACJCP?RCB N?PRGAJCQ RM 100 'C6 ?LB APC?RCB ? AMJJGQGML CLCPEW MD 200 'C6. )R U?Q 8.5 IK GL
BG?KCRCP, UFGJC RFC 3,!# K?AFGLC U?Q 3.2 IK JMLE.
F?=KH; 33.11 4FC 3R?LDMPB ,GLC?P !AACJCP?RMP U?Q 3.2 IK JMLE ?LB F?B RFC A?N?@GJGRW MD AMJJGBGLE CJCARPML ?LB NMQGRPML @C?KQ. 3,!# U?Q ?JQM SQCB RM NPM@C LSAJCMLQ @W
QA?RRCPGLE CVRPCKCJW QFMPR U?TCJCLERF CJCARPMLQ DPMK RFCK. 4FGQ NPMBSACB RFC DGPQR AMLTGLAGLE CTGBCLAC MD ? OS?PI QRPSARSPC GLQGBC LSAJCMLQ GL ?L CVNCPGKCLR ?L?JMEMSQ RM
RFMQC NCPDMPKCB @W 2SRFCPDMPB JMLE ?EM.
EN7CFB; 33.2 C7B9KB7J?D= J>; /EBJ7=; ';;:;: 8O J>; A99;B;H7JEH B;JM;;D A99;B;H7J?D= -K8;I
! JGLC?P ?AACJCP?RMP BCQGELCB RM NPMBSAC ? @C?K MD 800--C6 NPMRMLQ F?Q 2000 ?AACJCP?RGLE RS@CQ. 7F?R ?TCP?EC TMJR?EC KSQR @C ?NNJGCB
@CRUCCL RS@CQ (QSAF ?Q GL RFC E?NQ GL F?=KH; 33.9) RM ?AFGCTC RFC BCQGPCB CLCPEW?
,JH7J;=O
4FC CLCPEW EGTCL RM RFC NPMRML GL C?AF E?N @CRUCCL RS@CQ GQ PE
elec
= qV UFCPC q GQ RFC NPMRMLtQ AF?PEC ?LB V GQ RFC NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC
(TMJR?EC) ?APMQQ RFC E?N. 3GLAC q = q
e
= 1.610
19
C ?LB 1 eV = (1 V)
1.610
19
C
, RFC NPMRML E?GLQ 1 C6 GL CLCPEW DMP C?AF TMJR

?APMQQ RFC E?N RF?R GR N?QQCQ RFPMSEF. 4FC !# TMJR?EC ?NNJGCB RM RFC RS@CQ GQ RGKCB QM RF?R GR ?BBQ RM RFC CLCPEW GL C?AF E?N. 4FC CDDCARGTC
TMJR?EC GQ RFC QSK MD RFC E?N TMJR?ECQ ?LB COS?JQ 800 -6 RM EGTC C?AF NPMRML ?L CLCPEW MD 800 -C6.
,EBKJ?ED
4FCPC ?PC 2000 E?NQ ?LB RFC QSK MD RFC TMJR?ECQ ?APMQQ RFCK GQ 800 -6; RFSQ,
(33.6)
V
gap
=
800 MV
2000
= 400 kV.
#(!04%2 33 Y 0!24)#,% 0(93)#3 1183
D?I9KII?ED
! TMJR?EC MD RFGQ K?ELGRSBC GQ LMR BGDDGASJR RM ?AFGCTC GL ? T?ASSK. -SAF J?PECP E?N TMJR?ECQ UMSJB @C PCOSGPCB DMP FGEFCP CLCPEW, QSAF ?Q RFMQC
?R RFC 50-'C6 3,!# D?AGJGRW. 3WLAFPMRPMLQ ?PC ?GBCB @W RFC AGPASJ?P N?RF MD RFC ?AACJCP?RCB N?PRGAJCQ, UFGAF A?L MP@GR K?LW RGKCQ, CDDCARGTCJW
KSJRGNJWGLE RFC LSK@CP MD ?AACJCP?RGMLQ @W RFC LSK@CP MD MP@GRQ. 4FGQ K?ICQ GR NMQQG@JC RM PC?AF CLCPEGCQ EPC?RCP RF?L 1 4C6.
33.4 )7HJ?9B;I, )7JJ;HDI, 7D: CEDI;HL7J?ED %7MI
)L RFC C?PJW 1930Q MLJW ? QK?JJ LSK@CP MD QS@?RMKGA N?PRGAJCQ UCPC ILMUL RM CVGQRrRFC NPMRML, LCSRPML, CJCARPML, NFMRML ?LB, GLBGPCARJW, RFC LCSRPGLM.
.?RSPC QCCKCB PCJ?RGTCJW QGKNJC GL QMKC U?WQ, @SR KWQRCPGMSQ GL MRFCPQ. 7FW, DMP CV?KNJC, QFMSJB RFC N?PRGAJC RF?R A?PPGCQ NMQGRGTC AF?PEC @C ?JKMQR
2000 RGKCQ ?Q K?QQGTC ?Q RFC MLC A?PPWGLE LCE?RGTC AF?PEC? 7FW BMCQ ? LCSRP?J N?PRGAJC JGIC RFC LCSRPML F?TC ? K?ELCRGA KMKCLR? $MCQ RFGQ GKNJW
?L GLRCPL?J QRPSARSPC UGRF ? BGQRPG@SRGML MD KMTGLE AF?PECQ? 7FW GQ GR RF?R RFC CJCARPML QCCKQ RM F?TC LM QGXC MRFCP RF?L GRQ U?TCJCLERF, UFGJC RFC
NPMRML ?LB LCSRPML ?PC ?@MSR 1 DCPKG GL QGXC? 3M, UFGJC RFC LSK@CP MD ILMUL N?PRGAJCQ U?Q QK?JJ ?LB RFCW CVNJ?GLCB ? EPC?R BC?J MD ?RMKGA ?LB
LSAJC?P NFCLMKCL?, RFCPC UCPC K?LW SLCVNJ?GLCB NFCLMKCL? ?LB FGLRQ MD DSPRFCP QS@QRPSARSPCQ.
4FGLEQ QMML @CA?KC KMPC AMKNJGA?RCB, @MRF GL RFCMPW ?LB GL RFC NPCBGARGML ?LB BGQAMTCPW MD LCU N?PRGAJCQ. )L 1928, RFC "PGRGQF NFWQGAGQR 0.!.-. $GP?A
(QCC F?=KH; 33.12) BCTCJMNCB ? FGEFJW QSAACQQDSJ PCJ?RGTGQRGA OS?LRSK RFCMPW RF?R J?GB RFC DMSLB?RGMLQ MD OS?LRSK CJCARPMBWL?KGAQ (1%$). (GQ RFCMPW,
DMP CV?KNJC, CVNJ?GLCB CJCARPML QNGL ?LB K?ELCRGA KMKCLR GL ? L?RSP?J U?W. "SR $GP?AtQ RFCMPW ?JQM NPCBGARCB LCE?RGTC CLCPEW QR?RCQ DMP DPCC
CJCARPMLQ. "W 1931, $GP?A, ?JMLE UGRF /NNCLFCGKCP, PC?JGXCB RFGQ U?Q ? NPCBGARGML MD NMQGRGTCJW AF?PECB CJCARPMLQ (MP NMQGRPMLQ). )L 1932, !KCPGA?L
NFWQGAGQR #?PJ !LBCPQML BGQAMTCPCB RFC NMQGRPML GL AMQKGA P?W QRSBGCQ. 4FC NMQGRPML, MP e
+
, GQ RFC Q?KC N?PRGAJC ?Q CKGRRCB GL
+
BCA?W ?LB U?Q
RFC DGPQR ?LRGK?RRCP RF?R U?Q BGQAMTCPCB. )L 1935, 9SI?U? NPCBGARCB NGMLQ ?Q RFC A?PPGCPQ MD RFC QRPMLE LSAJC?P DMPAC, ?LB RFCW UCPC CTCLRS?JJW
BGQAMTCPCB. -SMLQ UCPC BGQAMTCPCB GL AMQKGA P?W CVNCPGKCLRQ GL 1937, ?LB RFCW QCCKCB RM @C FC?TW, SLQR?@JC TCPQGMLQ MD CJCARPMLQ ?LB NMQGRPMLQ.
!DRCP 7MPJB 7?P )), ?AACJCP?RMPQ CLCPECRGA CLMSEF RM APC?RC RFCQC N?PRGAJCQ UCPC @SGJR. .MR MLJW UCPC NPCBGARCB ?LB ILMUL N?PRGAJCQ APC?RCB, @SR K?LW
SLCVNCARCB N?PRGAJCQ UCPC M@QCPTCB. )LGRG?JJW A?JJCB CJCKCLR?PW N?PRGAJCQ, RFCGP LSK@CPQ NPMJGDCP?RCB RM BMXCLQ ?LB RFCL FSLBPCBQ, ?LB RFC RCPK
uN?PRGAJC XMMv @CA?KC RFC NFWQGAGQRtQ J?KCLR ?R RFC J?AI MD QGKNJGAGRW. "SR N?RRCPLQ UCPC M@QCPTCB GL RFC N?PRGAJC XMM RF?R JCB RM QGKNJGDWGLE GBC?Q QSAF
?Q OS?PIQ, ?Q UC QF?JJ QMML QCC.
F?=KH; 33.12 0.!.-. $GP?AtQ RFCMPW MD PCJ?RGTGQRGA OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ LMR MLJW CVNJ?GLCB ? EPC?R BC?J MD UF?R U?Q ILMUL, GR ?JQM NPCBGARCB ?LRGK?RRCP. (APCBGR: #?K@PGBEC
5LGTCPQGRW, #?TCLBGQF ,?@MP?RMPW)
-?RRCP ?LB !LRGK?RRCP
4FC NMQGRPML U?Q MLJW RFC DGPQR CV?KNJC MD ?LRGK?RRCP. %TCPW N?PRGAJC GL L?RSPC F?Q ?L ?LRGK?RRCP AMSLRCPN?PR, ?JRFMSEF QMKC N?PRGAJCQ, JGIC RFC NFMRML,
?PC RFCGP MUL ?LRGN?PRGAJCQ. !LRGK?RRCP F?Q AF?PEC MNNMQGRC RM RF?R MD K?RRCP (DMP CV?KNJC, RFC NMQGRPML GQ NMQGRGTC UFGJC RFC CJCARPML GQ LCE?RGTC) @SR GQ
LC?PJW GBCLRGA?J MRFCPUGQC, F?TGLE RFC Q?KC K?QQ, GLRPGLQGA QNGL, F?JD-JGDC, ?LB QM ML. 7FCL ? N?PRGAJC ?LB GRQ ?LRGK?RRCP AMSLRCPN?PR GLRCP?AR, RFCW
?LLGFGJ?RC MLC ?LMRFCP, SQS?JJW RMR?JJW AMLTCPRGLE RFCGP K?QQCQ RM NSPC CLCPEW GL RFC DMPK MD NFMRMLQ ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 33.13. .CSRP?J N?PRGAJCQ, QSAF
?Q LCSRPMLQ, F?TC LCSRP?J ?LRGK?RRCP AMSLRCPN?PRQ, UFGAF ?JQM ?LLGFGJ?RC UFCL RFCW GLRCP?AR. #CPR?GL LCSRP?J N?PRGAJCQ ?PC RFCGP MUL ?LRGN?PRGAJC ?LB JGTC
AMPPCQNMLBGLEJW QFMPR JGTCQ. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC LCSRP?J NGML
0
GQ GRQ MUL ?LRGN?PRGAJC ?LB F?Q ? F?JD-JGDC ?@MSR 10
8
QFMPRCP RF?L
+
?LB
,
UFGAF ?PC C?AF MRFCPtQ ?LRGN?PRGAJCQ. 7GRFMSR CVACNRGML, L?RSPC GQ QWKKCRPGAr?JJ N?PRGAJCQ F?TC ?LRGK?RRCP AMSLRCPN?PRQ. &MP CV?KNJC, ?LRGNPMRMLQ ?LB
?LRGLCSRPMLQ UCPC DGPQR APC?RCB GL ?AACJCP?RMP CVNCPGKCLRQ GL 1956 ?LB RFC ?LRGNPMRML GQ LCE?RGTC. !LRGFWBPMECL ?RMKQ, AMLQGQRGLE MD ?L ?LRGNPMRML ?LB
?LRGCJCARPML, UCPC M@QCPTCB GL 1995 ?R #%2., RMM. )R GQ NMQQG@JC RM AMLR?GL J?PEC-QA?JC ?LRGK?RRCP N?PRGAJCQ QSAF ?Q ?LRGNPMRMLQ @W SQGLE
CJCARPMK?ELCRGA RP?NQ RF?R AMLDGLC RFC N?PRGAJCQ UGRFGL ? K?ELCRGA DGCJB QM RF?R RFCW BML'R ?LLGFGJ?RC UGRF MRFCP N?PRGAJCQ. (MUCTCP, N?PRGAJCQ MD RFC Q?KC
AF?PEC PCNCJ C?AF MRFCP, QM RFC KMPC N?PRGAJCQ RF?R ?PC AMLR?GLCB GL ? RP?N, RFC KMPC CLCPEW GQ LCCBCB RM NMUCP RFC K?ELCRGA DGCJB RF?R AMLR?GLQ RFCK.
)R GQ LMR ASPPCLRJW NMQQG@JC RM QRMPC ? QGELGDGA?LR OS?LRGRW MD ?LRGNPMRMLQ. !R ?LW P?RC, UC LMU QCC RF?R LCE?RGTC AF?PEC GQ ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF @MRF JMU-K?QQ
(CJCARPMLQ) ?LB FGEF-K?QQ N?PRGAJCQ (?LRGNPMRMLQ) ?LB RFC ?NN?PCLR ?QWKKCRPW GQ LMR RFCPC. "SR RFGQ ILMUJCBEC BMCQ P?GQC ?LMRFCP OSCQRGMLrUFW GQ
RFCPC QSAF ? NPCBMKGL?LAC MD K?RRCP ?LB QM JGRRJC ?LRGK?RRCP? 0MQQG@JC CVNJ?L?RGMLQ CKCPEC J?RCP GL RFGQ ?LB RFC LCVR AF?NRCP.
(?BPMLQ ?LB ,CNRMLQ
0?PRGAJCQ A?L ?JQM @C PCTC?JGLEJW EPMSNCB ?AAMPBGLE RM UF?R DMPACQ RFCW DCCJ @CRUCCL RFCK. !JJ N?PRGAJCQ (CTCL RFMQC RF?R ?PC K?QQJCQQ) ?PC ?DDCARCB
@W EP?TGRW, QGLAC EP?TGRW ?DDCARQ RFC QN?AC ?LB RGKC GL UFGAF N?PRGAJCQ CVGQR. !JJ AF?PECB N?PRGAJCQ ?PC ?DDCARCB @W RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA DMPAC, ?Q ?PC
LCSRP?J N?PRGAJCQ RF?R F?TC ?L GLRCPL?J BGQRPG@SRGML MD AF?PEC (QSAF ?Q RFC LCSRPML UGRF GRQ K?ELCRGA KMKCLR). 3NCAG?J L?KCQ ?PC EGTCL RM N?PRGAJCQ RF?R
DCCJ RFC QRPMLE ?LB UC?I LSAJC?P DMPACQ. !7:HEDI ?PC N?PRGAJCQ RF?R DCCJ RFC QRPMLE LSAJC?P DMPAC, UFCPC?Q B;FJEDI ?PC N?PRGAJCQ RF?R BM LMR. 4FC
1184 #(!04%2 33 Y 0!24)#,% 0(93)#3
NPMRML, LCSRPML, ?LB RFC NGMLQ ?PC CV?KNJCQ MD F?BPMLQ. 4FC CJCARPML, NMQGRPML, KSMLQ, ?LB LCSRPGLMQ ?PC CV?KNJCQ MD JCNRMLQ, RFC L?KC KC?LGLE
JMU K?QQ. ,CNRMLQ DCCJ RFC UC?I LSAJC?P DMPAC. )L D?AR, ?JJ N?PRGAJCQ DCCJ RFC UC?I LSAJC?P DMPAC. 4FGQ KC?LQ RF?R F?BPMLQ ?PC BGQRGLESGQFCB @W @CGLE
?@JC RM DCCJ @MRF RFC QRPMLE ?LB UC?I LSAJC?P DMPACQ.
-78B; 33.2 JGQRQ RFC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD QMKC MD RFC KMQR GKNMPR?LR QS@?RMKGA N?PRGAJCQ, GLAJSBGLE RFC BGPCARJW M@QCPTCB A?PPGCP N?PRGAJCQ DMP RFC
CJCARPMK?ELCRGA ?LB UC?I LSAJC?P DMPACQ, ?JJ JCNRMLQ, ?LB QMKC F?BPMLQ. 3CTCP?J FGLRQ PCJ?RCB RM ?L SLBCPJWGLE QS@QRPSARSPC CKCPEC DPMK ?L
CV?KGL?RGML MD RFCQC N?PRGAJC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ. .MRC RF?R RFC A?PPGCP N?PRGAJCQ ?PC A?JJCB =7K=; 8EIEDI. &GPQR KCLRGMLCB GL )7JJ;HDI ?D ,F;9JH7 +;L;7B
&EH; *K7DJ?P7J?ED, ? 8EIED GQ ? N?PRGAJC UGRF XCPM MP ?L GLRCECP T?JSC MD GLRPGLQGA QNGL (QSAF ?Q s = 0, 1, 2, ... ), UFCPC?Q ? <;HC?ED GQ ? N?PRGAJC
UGRF ? F?JD-GLRCECP T?JSC MD GLRPGLQGA QNGL ( s = 1 / 2, 3 / 2, ... ). &CPKGMLQ M@CW RFC 0?SJG CVAJSQGML NPGLAGNJC UFCPC?Q @MQMLQ BM LMR. !JJ RFC ILMUL ?LB
AMLHCARSPCB A?PPGCP N?PRGAJCQ ?PC @MQMLQ.
F?=KH; 33.13 7FCL ? N?PRGAJC CLAMSLRCPQ GRQ ?LRGN?PRGAJC, RFCW ?LLGFGJ?RC, MDRCL NPMBSAGLE NSPC CLCPEW GL RFC DMPK MD NFMRMLQ. )L RFGQ A?QC, ?L CJCARPML ?LB ? NMQGRPML AMLTCPR ?JJ
RFCGP K?QQ GLRM RUM GBCLRGA?J CLCPEW P?WQ, UFGAF KMTC ?U?W GL MNNMQGRC BGPCARGMLQ RM ICCN RMR?J KMKCLRSK XCPM ?Q GR U?Q @CDMPC. 3GKGJ?P ?LLGFGJ?RGMLQ MAASP DMP MRFCP
AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD ? N?PRGAJC UGRF GRQ ?LRGN?PRGAJC, QMKCRGKCQ NPMBSAGLE KMPC N?PRGAJCQ UFGJC M@CWGLE ?JJ AMLQCPT?RGML J?UQ.
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80.3910
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0 0 0 0 0 1.610
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e v
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(K?LW MRFCP @?PWMLQ ILMUL)
!JJ ILMUL JCNRMLQ ?PC JGQRCB GL RFC R?@JC EGTCL ?@MTC. 4FCPC ?PC MLJW QGV JCNRMLQ (?LB RFCGP ?LRGN?PRGAJCQ), ?LB RFCW QCCK RM @C DSLB?KCLR?J GL RF?R RFCW
F?TC LM ?NN?PCLR SLBCPJWGLE QRPSARSPC. ,CNRMLQ F?TC LM BGQACPLG@JC QGXC MRFCP RF?L RFCGP U?TCJCLERF, QM RF?R UC ILMU RFCW ?PC NMGLRJGIC BMUL RM
?@MSR 10
18
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BCA?W, UFCPC RFC CVGQRCLAC MD RFC CJCARPMLtQ LCSRPGLM GKNJGCB RF?R ? LCU OS?LRSK LSK@CP, A?JJCB RFC ;B;9JHED <7C?BO DKC8;H L
e
GQ AMLQCPTCB.
4FSQ, GL BCA?W, ?L ?LRGCJCARPMLtQ LCSRPGLM v
-
e
KSQR @C APC?RCB UGRF L
e
= 1 UFCL ?L CJCARPML UGRF L
e
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PCK?GLQ 0 ?Q GR U?Q @CDMPC BCA?W.
4. 4FC JMUCP MD RFC MP QWK@MJQ ?PC RFC T?JSCQ DMP ?LRGN?PRGAJCQ.
5. %?<;J?C;I 7H; JH7:?J?ED7BBO =?L;D 7I t
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7. %VNCPGKCLR?J JMUCP JGKGR GQ >510
32
DMP NPMNMQCB KMBC MD BCA?W.
1186 #(!04%2 33 Y 0!24)#,% 0(93)#3
/LAC RFC KSML U?Q BGQAMTCPCB GL AMQKGA P?WQ, GRQ BCA?W KMBC U?Q DMSLB RM @C
(33.7)
+ v
-
e
+ v
,
UFGAF GKNJGCB ?LMRFCP uD?KGJWv ?LB ?QQMAG?RCB AMLQCPT?RGML NPGLAGNJC. 4FC N?PRGAJC v
GQ ? KSMLtQ LCSRPGLM, ?LB GR GQ APC?RCB RM AMLQCPTC CKED

<7C?BO DKC8;H L
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?JQM QCCKQ RM @C M@CWCB GL K?LW CVNCPGKCLRQ.

-MPC PCACLRJW, ? RFGPB JCNRML D?KGJW U?Q BGQAMTCPCB UFCL N?PRGAJCQ UCPC APC?RCB ?LB M@QCPTCB RM BCA?W GL ? K?LLCP QGKGJ?P RM KSMLQ. /LC
NPGLAGN?J BCA?W KMBC GQ
(33.8)
+ v
-
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.
CEDI;HL7J?ED E< JEJ7B L
QCCKQ RM @C ?LMRFCP J?U M@CWCB GL K?LW CVNCPGKCLRQ. )L D?AR, N?PRGAJC CVNCPGKCLRQ F?TC DMSLB RF?R JCNRML D?KGJW LSK@CP
GQ LMR SLGTCPQ?JJW AMLQCPTCB, BSC RM LCSRPGLM uMQAGJJ?RGMLQ,v MP RP?LQDMPK?RGMLQ MD LCSRPGLMQ DPMK MLC D?KGJW RWNC RM ?LMRFCP.
-CQMLQ ?LB "?PWMLQ
.MU, LMRC RF?R RFC F?BPMLQ GL RFC R?@JC EGTCL ?@MTC ?PC BGTGBCB GLRM RUM QS@EPMSNQ, A?JJCB KCQMLQ (MPGEGL?JJW DMP KCBGSK K?QQ) ?LB @?PWMLQ (RFC
L?KC MPGEGL?JJW KC?LGLE J?PEC K?QQ). 4FC BGTGQGML @CRUCCL KCQMLQ ?LB @?PWMLQ GQ ?ARS?JJW @?QCB ML RFCGP M@QCPTCB BCA?W KMBCQ ?LB GQ LMR QRPGARJW
?QQMAG?RCB UGRF RFCGP K?QQCQ. &;IEDI ?PC F?BPMLQ RF?R A?L BCA?W RM JCNRMLQ ?LB JC?TC LM F?BPMLQ, UFGAF GKNJGCQ RF?R KCQMLQ ?PC LMR AMLQCPTCB GL
LSK@CP. B7HOEDI ?PC F?BPMLQ RF?R ?JU?WQ BCA?W RM ?LMRFCP @?PWML. ! LCU NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRW A?JJCB 87HOED DKC8;H B QCCKQ RM ?JU?WQ @C
AMLQCPTCB GL L?RSPC ?LB GQ JGQRCB DMP RFC T?PGMSQ N?PRGAJCQ GL RFC R?@JC EGTCL ?@MTC. -CQMLQ ?LB JCNRMLQ F?TC B = 0 QM RF?R RFCW A?L BCA?W RM MRFCP
N?PRGAJCQ UGRF B = 0 . "SR @?PWMLQ F?TC B=+1 GD RFCW ?PC K?RRCP, ?LB B = 1 GD RFCW ?PC ?LRGK?RRCP. 4FC 9EDI;HL7J?ED E< JEJ7B 87HOED DKC8;H
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PC?ARGMLQ ?LB BCA?WQ. 4F?R PSJC GL LSAJC?P NFWQGAQ GQ HSQR MLC AMLQCOSCLAC MD RFC AMLQCPT?RGML MD RFC RMR?J @?PWML LSK@CP.
&MPACQ, 2C?ARGMLQ, ?LB 2C?ARGML 2?RCQ
4FC DMPACQ RF?R ?AR @CRUCCL N?PRGAJCQ PCESJ?RC FMU RFCW GLRCP?AR UGRF MRFCP N?PRGAJCQ. &MP CV?KNJC, NGMLQ DCCJ RFC QRPMLE DMPAC ?LB BM LMR NCLCRP?RC ?Q
D?P GL K?RRCP ?Q BM KSMLQ, UFGAF BM LMR DCCJ RFC QRPMLE DMPAC. (4FGQ U?Q RFC U?W RFMQC UFM BGQAMTCPCB RFC KSML ILCU GR AMSJB LMR @C RFC N?PRGAJC RF?R
A?PPGCQ RFC QRPMLE DMPACrGRQ NCLCRP?RGML MP P?LEC U?Q RMM EPC?R DMP GR RM @C DCCJGLE RFC QRPMLE DMPAC.) 3GKGJ?PJW, PC?ARGMLQ RF?R APC?RC MRFCP N?PRGAJCQ, JGIC
AMQKGA P?WQ GLRCP?ARGLE UGRF LSAJCG GL RFC ?RKMQNFCPC, F?TC EPC?RCP NPM@?@GJGRW GD RFCW ?PC A?SQCB @W RFC QRPMLE DMPAC RF?L GD RFCW ?PC A?SQCB @W RFC
UC?I DMPAC. 3SAF ILMUJCBEC F?Q @CCL SQCDSJ RM NFWQGAGQRQ UFGJC ?L?JWXGLE RFC N?PRGAJCQ NPMBSACB @W T?PGMSQ ?AACJCP?RMPQ.
4FC DMPACQ CVNCPGCLACB @W N?PRGAJCQ ?JQM EMTCPL FMU N?PRGAJCQ GLRCP?AR UGRF RFCKQCJTCQ GD RFCW ?PC SLQR?@JC ?LB BCA?W. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC QRPMLECP RFC
DMPAC, RFC D?QRCP RFCW BCA?W ?LB RFC QFMPRCP GQ RFCGP JGDCRGKC. !L CV?KNJC MD ? LSAJC?P BCA?W TG? RFC QRPMLE DMPAC GQ
8
Be + UGRF ? JGDCRGKC MD
?@MSR 10
16
s . 4FC LCSRPML GQ ? EMMB CV?KNJC MD BCA?W TG? RFC UC?I DMPAC. 4FC NPMACQQ n p + e
+ v
-
e
F?Q ? JMLECP JGDCRGKC MD 882 Q. 4FC
UC?I DMPAC A?SQCQ RFGQ BCA?W, ?Q GR BMCQ ?JJ BCA?W. !L GKNMPR?LR AJSC RF?R RFC UC?I DMPAC GQ PCQNMLQG@JC DMP BCA?W GQ RFC APC?RGML MD JCNRMLQ,
QSAF ?Q e
?LB v
-
e
. .MLC UMSJB @C APC?RCB GD RFC QRPMLE DMPAC U?Q PCQNMLQG@JC, HSQR ?Q LM JCNRMLQ ?PC APC?RCB GL RFC BCA?W MD
8
Be . 4FC
QWQRCK?RGAQ MD N?PRGAJC JGDCRGKCQ GQ ? JGRRJC QGKNJCP RF?L LSAJC?P JGDCRGKCQ UFCL FSLBPCBQ MD N?PRGAJCQ ?PC CV?KGLCB (LMR HSQR RFC MLCQ GL RFC R?@JC EGTCL
?@MTC). 0?PRGAJCQ RF?R BCA?W TG? RFC UC?I DMPAC F?TC JGDCRGKCQ KMQRJW GL RFC P?LEC MD 10
16
RM 10
12
Q, UFCPC?Q RFMQC RF?R BCA?W TG? RFC QRPMLE
DMPAC F?TC JGDCRGKCQ KMQRJW GL RFC P?LEC MD 10
16
RM 10
23
Q. 4SPLGLE RFGQ ?PMSLB, GD UC KC?QSPC RFC JGDCRGKC MD ? N?PRGAJC, UC A?L RCJJ GD GR BCA?WQ
TG? RFC UC?I MP QRPMLE DMPAC.
9CR ?LMRFCP OS?LRSK LSK@CP CKCPECQ DPMK BCA?W JGDCRGKCQ ?LB N?RRCPLQ. .MRC RF?R RFC N?PRGAJCQ , , , ?LB BCA?W UGRF JGDCRGKCQ ML RFC MPBCP
MD 10
10
Q (RFC CVACNRGML GQ
0
, UFMQC QFMPR JGDCRGKC GQ CVNJ?GLCB @W GRQ N?PRGASJ?P OS?PI QS@QRPSARSPC.), GKNJWGLE RF?R RFCGP BCA?W GQ A?SQCB @W RFC
UC?I DMPAC ?JMLC, ?JRFMSEF RFCW ?PC F?BPMLQ ?LB DCCJ RFC QRPMLE DMPAC. 4FC BCA?W KMBCQ MD RFCQC N?PRGAJCQ ?JQM QFMU N?RRCPLQrGL N?PRGASJ?P, ACPR?GL
BCA?WQ RF?R QFMSJB @C NMQQG@JC UGRFGL ?JJ RFC ILMUL AMLQCPT?RGML J?UQ BM LMR MAASP. 7FCLCTCP QMKCRFGLE GQ NMQQG@JC GL NFWQGAQ, GR UGJJ F?NNCL. )D
QMKCRFGLE BMCQ LMR F?NNCL, GR GQ DMP@GBBCL @W ? PSJC. !JJ RFGQ QCCKCB QRP?LEC RM RFMQC QRSBWGLE RFCQC N?PRGAJCQ UFCL RFCW UCPC DGPQR BGQAMTCPCB, QM
RFCW L?KCB ? LCU OS?LRSK LSK@CP IJH7D=;D;II, EGTCL RFC QWK@MJ S GL RFC R?@JC EGTCL ?@MTC. 4FC T?JSCQ MD QRP?LECLCQQ ?QQGELCB RM T?PGMSQ
N?PRGAJCQ ?PC @?QCB ML RFC BCA?W QWQRCK?RGAQ. )R GQ DMSLB RF?R IJH7D=;D;II ?I 9EDI;HL;: 8O J>; IJHED= <EH9;, UFGAF EMTCPLQ RFC NPMBSARGML MD KMQR
MD RFCQC N?PRGAJCQ GL ?AACJCP?RMP CVNCPGKCLRQ. (MUCTCP, IJH7D=;D;II ?I ./4 $/.3&26&% 8O J>; M;7A <EH9;. 4FGQ AMLAJSQGML GQ PC?AFCB DPMK RFC D?AR
RF?R N?PRGAJCQ RF?R F?TC JMLE JGDCRGKCQ BCA?W TG? RFC UC?I DMPAC ?LB BM LMR AMLQCPTC QRP?LECLCQQ. !JJ MD RFGQ ?JQM F?Q GKNJGA?RGMLQ DMP RFC A?PPGCP
N?PRGAJCQ, QGLAC RFCW RP?LQKGR DMPACQ ?LB ?PC RFSQ GLTMJTCB GL RFCQC BCA?WQ.
EN7CFB; 33.3 C7B9KB7J?D= *K7DJKC 'KC8;HI ?D -ME D;97OI
(?) 4FC KMQR AMKKML BCA?W KMBC MD RFC
N?PRGAJC GQ

0
+
. 5QGLE RFC OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ GL RFC R?@JC EGTCL ?@MTC, QFMU RF?R
QRP?LECLCQQ AF?LECQ @W 1, @?PWML LSK@CP ?LB AF?PEC ?PC AMLQCPTCB, ?LB JCNRML D?KGJW LSK@CPQ ?PC SL?DDCARCB.
(@) )Q RFC BCA?W K
+

+
+
?JJMUCB, EGTCL RFC OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ GL RFC R?@JC EGTCL ?@MTC?

,JH7J;=O
)L N?PR (?), RFC AMLQCPT?RGML J?UQ A?L @C CV?KGLCB @W ?BBGLE RFC OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ MD RFC BCA?W NPMBSARQ ?LB AMKN?PGLE RFCK UGRF RFC N?PCLR
N?PRGAJC. )L N?PR (@), RFC Q?KC NPMACBSPC A?L PCTC?J GD ? AMLQCPT?RGML J?U GQ @PMICL MP LMR.
#(!04%2 33 Y 0!24)#,% 0(93)#3 1187
,EBKJ?ED <EH (7)
"CDMPC RFC BCA?W, RFC
F?Q QRP?LECLCQQ S = 2 . !DRCP RFC BCA?W, RFC RMR?J QRP?LECLCQQ GQ q1 DMP RFC
0
, NJSQ 0 DMP RFC

. 4FSQ, RMR?J
QRP?LECLCQQ F?Q EMLC DPMK q2 RM q1 MP ? AF?LEC MD +1. "?PWML LSK@CP DMP RFC

GQ B = +1 @CDMPC RFC BCA?W, ?LB ?DRCP RFC BCA?W RFC
0
F?Q B = +1 ?LB RFC
F?Q B = 0 QM RF?R RFC RMR?J @?PWML LSK@CP PCK?GLQ +1. #F?PEC GQ q1 @CDMPC RFC BCA?W, ?LB RFC RMR?J AF?PEC ?DRCP GQ
?JQM 0 1 = 1 . ,CNRML LSK@CPQ DMP ?JJ RFC N?PRGAJCQ ?PC XCPM, ?LB QM JCNRML LSK@CPQ ?PC AMLQCPTCB.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (7)
4FC
BCA?W GQ A?SQCB @W RFC UC?I GLRCP?ARGML, QGLAC QRP?LECLCQQ AF?LECQ, ?LB GR GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC PCJ?RGTCJW JMLE 1.6410
10
-s
JGDCRGKC MD RFC
.
,EBKJ?ED <EH (8)
4FC BCA?W K
+

+
+
GQ ?JJMUCB GD AF?PEC, @?PWML LSK@CP, K?QQ-CLCPEW, ?LB JCNRML LSK@CPQ ?PC AMLQCPTCB. 3RP?LECLCQQ A?L AF?LEC
BSC RM RFC UC?I GLRCP?ARGML. #F?PEC GQ AMLQCPTCB ?Q s d . "?PWML LSK@CP GQ AMLQCPTCB, QGLAC ?JJ N?PRGAJCQ F?TC B = 0 . -?QQ-CLCPEW GQ
AMLQCPTCB GL RFC QCLQC RF?R RFC K
+
F?Q ? EPC?RCP K?QQ RF?L RFC NPMBSARQ, QM RF?R RFC BCA?W A?L @C QNMLR?LCMSQ. ,CNRML D?KGJW LSK@CPQ ?PC
AMLQCPTCB ?R 0 DMP RFC CJCARPML ?LB R?S D?KGJW DMP ?JJ N?PRGAJCQ. 4FC KSML D?KGJW LSK@CP GQ L
= 0 @CDMPC ?LB L
= 1 + 1 = 0 ?DRCP.
3RP?LECLCQQ AF?LECQ DPMK +1 @CDMPC RM 0 + 0 ?DRCP, DMP ?L ?JJMUCB AF?LEC MD 1. 4FC BCA?W GQ ?JJMUCB @W ?JJ RFCQC KC?QSPCQ.
D?I9KII?ED <EH (8)
4FGQ BCA?W GQ LMR MLJW ?JJMUCB @W MSP PCAIMLGLE, GR GQ, GL D?AR, RFC NPGK?PW BCA?W KMBC MD RFC K
+
KCQML ?LB GQ A?SQCB @W RFC UC?I DMPAC,
AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC JMLE 1.2410
8
-s JGDCRGKC.
4FCPC ?PC FSLBPCBQ MD N?PRGAJCQ, ?JJ F?BPMLQ, LMR JGQRCB GL -78B; 33.2, KMQR MD UFGAF F?TC QFMPRCP JGDCRGKCQ. 4FC QWQRCK?RGAQ MD RFMQC N?PRGAJC JGDCRGKCQ,
RFCGP NPMBSARGML NPM@?@GJGRGCQ, ?LB BCA?W NPMBSARQ ?PC AMKNJCRCJW AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC AMLQCPT?RGML J?UQ LMRCB DMP JCNRML D?KGJGCQ, @?PWML LSK@CP, ?LB
QRP?LECLCQQ, @SR RFCW ?JQM GKNJW MRFCP OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ ?LB AMLQCPT?RGML J?UQ. 4FCPC ?PC ? DGLGRC, ?LB GL D?AR PCJ?RGTCJW QK?JJ, LSK@CP MD RFCQC
AMLQCPTCB OS?LRGRGCQ, FMUCTCP, GKNJWGLE ? DGLGRC QCR MD QS@QRPSARSPCQ. !BBGRGML?JJW, QMKC MD RFCQC QFMPR-JGTCB N?PRGAJCQ PCQCK@JC RFC CVAGRCB QR?RCQ MD
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->;H; "I? CVNJMPCQ RFC @?QGAQ MD RFC SLBCPJWGLE OS?PI @SGJBGLE @JMAIQ.
F?=KH; 33.14 -SPP?W 'CJJ--?LL (@. 1929) NPMNMQCB OS?PIQ ?Q ? QS@QRPSARSPC MD F?BPMLQ GL 1963 ?LB U?Q ?JPC?BW ILMUL DMP FGQ UMPI ML RFC AMLACNR MD QRP?LECLCQQ. !JRFMSEF
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CLCPEW NPMBSACQ KMPC N?PRGAJCQ, LMR ? QCN?P?RGML MD OS?PIQ. #MLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK PCOSGPCQ RF?R RFC N?PRGAJCQ AMKC MSR GL HCRQ ?JMLE RFC RFPCC
N?RFQ GL UFGAF RFC OS?PIQ UCPC @CGLE NSJJCB. .MRC RF?R RFCPC ?PC MLJW RFPCC HCRQ, ?LB RF?R MRFCP AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD RFC N?PRGAJCQ ?PC AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFC
RFPCC-OS?PI QS@QRPSARSPC.
F?=KH; 33.18 3GKSJ?RGML MD ? NPMRML-NPMRML AMJJGQGML ?R 14-4C6 ACLRCP-MD-K?QQ CLCPEW GL RFC !,)#% BCRCARMP ?R #%2. ,(#. 4FC JGLCQ DMJJMU N?PRGAJC RP?HCARMPGCQ ?LB RFC AW?L
BMRQ PCNPCQCLR RFC CLCPEW BCNMQGRGMLQ GL RFC QCLQGRGTC BCRCARMP CJCKCLRQ. (APCBGR: -?RCTk 4?BCJ)
#(!04%2 33 Y 0!24)#,% 0(93)#3 1193
1S?PIQ (?TC 4FCGP 5NQ ?LB $MULQ
4FC OS?PI KMBCJ ?ARS?JJW JMQR QMKC MD GRQ C?PJW NMNSJ?PGRW @CA?SQC RFC MPGEGL?J KMBCJ UGRF RFPCC OS?PIQ F?B RM @C KMBGDGCB. 4FC SN ?LB BMUL OS?PIQ
QCCKCB RM AMKNMQC LMPK?J K?RRCP ?Q QCCL GL -78B; 33.4, UFGJC RFC QGLEJC QRP?LEC OS?PI CVNJ?GLCB QRP?LECLCQQ. 7FW BGBLtR GR F?TC ? AMSLRCPN?PR? !
DMSPRF OS?PI DJ?TMP A?JJCB 9>7HC (6) U?Q NPMNMQCB ?Q RFC AMSLRCPN?PR MD RFC QRP?LEC OS?PI RM K?IC RFGLEQ QWKKCRPGArRFCPC UMSJB @C RUM LMPK?J
OS?PIQ (H ?LB 7) ?LB RUM CVMRGA OS?PIQ (F ?LB 6). &SPRFCPKMPC, ?R RF?R RGKC MLJW DMSP JCNRMLQ UCPC ILMUL, RUM LMPK?J ?LB RUM CVMRGA. )R U?Q ?RRP?ARGTC
RF?R RFCPC UMSJB @C DMSP OS?PIQ ?LB DMSP JCNRMLQ. 4FC NPM@JCK U?Q RF?R LM ILMUL N?PRGAJCQ AMLR?GLCB ? AF?PKCB OS?PI. 3SBBCLJW, GL .MTCK@CP MD
1974, RUM EPMSNQ (MLC FC?BCB @W #. #. 4GLE ?R "PMMIF?TCL .?RGML?J ,?@MP?RMPW ?LB RFC MRFCP @W "SPRML 2GAFRCP ?R 3,!#) GLBCNCLBCLRJW ?LB LC?PJW
QGKSJR?LCMSQJW BGQAMTCPCB ? LCU KCQML UGRF AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ RF?R K?BC GR AJC?P RF?R GRQ QS@QRPSARSPC GQ c c
-
. )R U?Q A?JJCB ! @W MLC EPMSN ?LB NQG ( )
@W RFC MRFCP ?LB LMU GQ ILMUL ?Q RFC J / KCQML. 3GLAC RFCL, LSKCPMSQ N?PRGAJCQ F?TC @CCL BGQAMTCPCB AMLR?GLGLE RFC AF?PKCB OS?PI, AMLQGQRCLR
GL CTCPW U?W UGRF RFC OS?PI KMBCJ. 4FC BGQAMTCPW MD RFC J / KCQML F?B QSAF ? PCHSTCL?RGLE CDDCAR ML OS?PI RFCMPW RF?R GR GQ LMU A?JJCB RFC
.MTCK@CP 2CTMJSRGML. 4GLE ?LB 2GAFRCP QF?PCB RFC 1976 .M@CJ 0PGXC.
(GQRMPW OSGAIJW PCNC?RCB GRQCJD. )L 1975, RFC R?S ( ) U?Q BGQAMTCPCB, ?LB ? RFGPB D?KGJW MD JCNRMLQ CKCPECB ?Q QCCL GL -78B; 33.2). 4FCMPGQRQ OSGAIJW
NPMNMQCB RUM KMPC OS?PI DJ?TMPQ A?JJCB JEF (G) MP RPSRF ?LB 8EJJEC (5) MP @C?SRW RM ICCN RFC LSK@CP MD OS?PIQ RFC Q?KC ?Q RFC LSK@CP MD JCNRMLQ.
!LB GL 1976, RFC SNQGJML ( ) KCQML U?Q BGQAMTCPCB ?LB QFMUL RM @C AMKNMQCB MD ? @MRRMK ?LB ?L ?LRG@MRRMK OS?PI MP bb
-
, OSGRC ?L?JMEMSQ RM
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AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD RFCGP OS?PIQ KMQR AJC?PJW. /RFCP KCQMLQ AMLR?GLGLE @MRRMK OS?PIQ F?TC QGLAC @CCL M@QCPTCB. )L 1995, RUM EPMSNQ ?R &CPKGJ?@
AMLDGPKCB RFC RMN OS?PItQ CVGQRCLAC, AMKNJCRGLE RFC NGARSPC MD QGV OS?PIQ JGQRCB GL -78B; 33.3. %?AF QSAACQQGTC OS?PI BGQAMTCPWrDGPQR c , RFCL b , ?LB
DGL?JJW t rF?Q PCOSGPCB FGEFCP CLCPEW @CA?SQC C?AF F?Q FGEFCP K?QQ. 1S?PI K?QQCQ GL -78B; 33.3 ?PC MLJW ?NNPMVGK?RCJW ILMUL, @CA?SQC RFCW ?PC
LMR BGPCARJW M@QCPTCB. 4FCW KSQR @C GLDCPPCB DPMK RFC K?QQCQ MD RFC N?PRGAJCQ RFCW AMK@GLC RM DMPK.
7F?RtQ #MJMP EMR RM BM UGRF GR?r! 7FGRCP 3F?BC MD 0?JC
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MD RFPCC OS?PIQ, UFW KCQMLQ ?PC ? OS?PI ?LB ?L ?LRGOS?PI, ?LB UFW UC A?LLMR GQMJ?RC ? QGLEJC OS?PI. 4FC DMPAC @CRUCCL RFC OS?PIQ GQ QSAF RF?R RFCGP
AMK@GLCB AMJMPQ NPMBSAC UFGRC. 4FGQ GQ GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 33.19. ! @?PWML KSQR F?TC MLC MD C?AF NPGK?PW AMJMP MP 2'", UFGAF NPMBSACQ UFGRC. !
KCQML KSQR F?TC ? NPGK?PW AMJMP ?LB GRQ ?LRGAMJMP, ?JQM NPMBSAGLE UFGRC.
F?=KH; 33.19 4FC RFPCC OS?PIQ AMKNMQGLE ? @?PWML KSQR @C 2'", UFGAF ?BB RM UFGRC. 4FC OS?PI ?LB ?LRGOS?PI AMKNMQGLE ? KCQML KSQR @C ? AMJMP ?LB ?LRGAMJMP, FCPC RR
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7FW KSQR F?BPMLQ @C UFGRC? 4FC AMJMP QAFCKC GQ GLRCLRGML?JJW BCTGQCB RM CVNJ?GL UFW @?PWMLQ F?TC RFPCC OS?PIQ ?LB KCQMLQ F?TC ? OS?PI ?LB ?L
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KMJCASJC. 7FCL RFC AMJMP MD ? AMK@GL?RGML MD OS?PIQ GQ UFGRC, GR GQ JGIC ? LCSRP?J ?RMK. 4FC DMPACQ ? UFGRC N?PRGAJC CVCPRQ ?PC JGIC RFC NMJ?PGX?RGML
DMPACQ GL KMJCASJCQ, @SR GL F?BPMLQ RFCQC JCDRMTCPQ ?PC RFC QRPMLE LSAJC?P DMPAC. 7FCL ? AMK@GL?RGML MD OS?PIQ F?Q AMJMP MRFCP RF?L UFGRC, GR CVCPRQ
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?LRGN?PRGAJCQ) BGTGBCB GLRM RFPCC ?L?JMEMSQ D?KGJGCQ. 4FC DGPQR D?KGJW GQ LMPK?J K?RRCP, MD UFGAF KMQR RFGLEQ ?PC AMKNMQCB. 4FC QCAMLB GQ CVMRGA, ?LB
RFC RFGPB KMPC CVMRGA ?LB KMPC K?QQGTC RF?L RFC QCAMLB. 4FC MLJW QR?@JC N?PRGAJCQ ?PC GL RFC DGPQR D?KGJW, UFGAF ?JQM F?Q SLQR?@JC KCK@CPQ.
!JU?WQ QC?PAFGLE DMP QWKKCRPW ?LB QGKGJ?PGRW, NFWQGAGQRQ F?TC ?JQM BGTGBCB RFC A?PPGCP N?PRGAJCQ GLRM RFPCC D?KGJGCQ, MKGRRGLE RFC EP?TGRML. 'P?TGRW GQ
QNCAG?J ?KMLE RFC DMSP DMPACQ GL RF?R GR ?DDCARQ RFC QN?AC ?LB RGKC GL UFGAF RFC MRFCP DMPACQ CVGQR ?LB GQ NPMTGLE KMQR BGDDGASJR RM GLAJSBC GL ? 4FCMPW MD
%TCPWRFGLE MP 4/% (RM QRS@ RFC NPCRCLQGML MD QSAF ? RFCMPW). 'P?TGRW GQ RFSQ MDRCL QCR ?N?PR. )R GQ LMR ACPR?GL RF?R RFCPC GQ KC?LGLE GL RFC EPMSNGLEQ
QFMUL GL F?=KH; 33.20, @SR RFC ?L?JMEGCQ ?PC RCKNRGLE. )L RFC N?QR, UC F?TC @CCL ?@JC RM K?IC QGELGDGA?LR ?BT?LACQ @W JMMIGLE DMP ?L?JMEGCQ ?LB
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33.6 .-I: ->; .D?<?97J?ED E< FEH9;I
0PCQCLR OSCQRQ RM QFMU RF?R RFC DMSP @?QGA DMPACQ ?PC BGDDCPCLR K?LGDCQR?RGMLQ MD ? QGLEJC SLGDGCB DMPAC DMJJMU ? JMLE RP?BGRGML. )L RFC 19RF ACLRSPW, RFC
BGQRGLAR CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA DMPACQ UCPC QFMUL RM @C GLRGK?RCJW AMLLCARCB ?LB ?PC LMU AMJJCARGTCJW A?JJCB RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA DMPAC. -MPC PCACLRJW,
RFC UC?I LSAJC?P DMPAC F?Q @CCL QFMUL RM @C AMLLCARCB RM RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA DMPAC GL ? K?LLCP QSEECQRGLE RF?R ? RFCMPW K?W @C AMLQRPSARCB GL
UFGAF ?JJ DMSP DMPACQ ?PC SLGDGCB. #CPR?GLJW, RFCPC ?PC QGKGJ?PGRGCQ GL FMU DMPACQ ?PC RP?LQKGRRCB @W RFC CVAF?LEC MD A?PPGCP N?PRGAJCQ, ?LB RFC A?PPGCP
N?PRGAJCQ RFCKQCJTCQ (RFC E?SEC @MQMLQ GL -78B; 33.2) ?PC ?JQM QGKGJ?P GL GKNMPR?LR U?WQ. 4FC ?L?JMEW RM RFC SLGDGA?RGML MD CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA
DMPACQ GQ OSGRC EMMBrRFC DMSP DMPACQ ?PC BGQRGLAR SLBCP LMPK?J AGPASKQR?LACQ, @SR RFCPC ?PC FGLRQ MD AMLLCARGMLQ CTCL ML RFC ?RMKGA QA?JC, ?LB RFCPC
K?W @C AMLBGRGMLQ SLBCP UFGAF RFC DMPACQ ?PC GLRGK?RCJW PCJ?RCB ?LB CTCL GLBGQRGLESGQF?@JC. 4FC QC?PAF DMP ? AMPPCAR RFCMPW JGLIGLE RFC DMPACQ, A?JJCB
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33.5 ?LB F?=KH; 33.6 DMP RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA ?LB QRPMLE LSAJC?P DMPACQ. )L RFC 1960Q, ? E?SEC RFCMPW, A?JJCB ;B;9JHEM;7A J>;EHO, U?Q BCTCJMNCB @W
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CLCPEGCQ. /LC MD GRQ NPCBGARGMLQ, GL ?BBGRGML RM BCQAPG@GLE @MRF CJCARPMK?ELCRGA ?LB UC?I DMPAC NFCLMKCL?, U?Q RFC CVGQRCLAC MD RFC W
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RFC NPCBGARCB AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ, GLAJSBGLE K?QQCQ F?TGLE RFC NPCBGARCB T?JSCQ ?Q QCCL GL -78B; 33.2. 4FGQ U?Q ?LMRFCP RPGSKNF MD N?PRGAJC RFCMPW ?LB
CVNCPGKCLR?J CDDMPR, PCQSJRGLE GL RFC 1984 .M@CJ 0PGXC RM RFC CVNCPGKCLRtQ EPMSN JC?BCPQ #?PJM 2S@@G? ?LB 3GKML T?L BCP -CCP. 4FCMPGQRQ 7CGL@CPE,
'J?QFMU, ?LB 3?J?K F?B ?JPC?BW @CCL FMLMPCB UGRF RFC 1979 .M@CJ 0PGXC DMP MRFCP ?QNCARQ MD CJCARPMUC?I RFCMPW.
F?=KH; 33.21 4FC CVAF?LEC MD ? TGPRS?J Z
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N?PRGAJCQ DMP RFC UC?I LSAJC?P DMPAC RF?R F?Q LMU @CCL APC?RCB GL RFC J?@MP?RMPW UGRF AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ NPCBGARCB @W CJCARPMUC?I RFCMPW.
!JRFMSEF RFC UC?I LSAJC?P DMPAC GQ TCPW QFMPR P?LECB ( < 10
18
m, ?Q GLBGA?RCB GL -78B; 33.1), GRQ CDDCARQ ML ?RMKGA JCTCJQ A?L @C KC?QSPCB
EGTCL RFC CVRPCKC NPCAGQGML MD KMBCPL RCAFLGOSCQ. 3GLAC CJCARPMLQ QNCLB QMKC RGKC GL RFC LSAJCSQ, RFCGP CLCPEGCQ ?PC ?DDCARCB, ?LB QNCARP? A?L
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#(!04%2 33 Y 0!24)#,% 0(93)#3 1195
BKEDI ( g ) ?PC RFC NPMNMQCB A?PPGCP N?PRGAJCQ DMP RFC QRPMLE LSAJC?P DMPAC, ?JRFMSEF RFCW ?PC LMR BGPCARJW M@QCPTCB. ,GIC OS?PIQ, EJSMLQ K?W @C
AMLDGLCB RM QWQRCKQ F?TGLE ? RMR?J AMJMP MD UFGRC. ,CQQ GQ ILMUL ?@MSR EJSMLQ RF?L RFC D?AR RF?R RFCW ?PC RFC A?PPGCPQ MD RFC UC?I ?LB ACPR?GLJW MD RFC
CJCARPMK?ELCRGA DMPAC. 1#$ RFCMPW A?JJQ DMP CGEFR EJSMLQ, ?JJ K?QQJCQQ ?LB ?JJ QNGL 1. 3GV MD RFC EJSMLQ A?PPW ? AMJMP ?LB ?L ?LRGAMJMP, UFGJC RUM BM LMR
A?PPW AMJMP, ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL F?=KH; 33.22(?). 4FCPC GQ GLBGPCAR CTGBCLAC MD RFC CVGQRCLAC MD EJSMLQ GL LSAJCMLQ. 7FCL FGEF-CLCPEW CJCARPMLQ ?PC
QA?RRCPCB DPMK LSAJCMLQ ?LB CTGBCLAC MD OS?PIQ GQ QCCL, RFC KMKCLR? MD RFC OS?PIQ ?PC QK?JJCP RF?L RFCW UMSJB @C GD RFCPC UCPC LM EJSMLQ. 4F?R
KC?LQ RF?R RFC EJSMLQ A?PPWGLE DMPAC @CRUCCL OS?PIQ ?JQM A?PPW QMKC KMKCLRSK, GLDCPPCB @W RFC ?JPC?BW GLBGPCAR OS?PI KMKCLRSK KC?QSPCKCLRQ.
!R ?LW P?RC, RFC EJSMLQ A?PPW AMJMP AF?PEC ?LB A?L AF?LEC RFC AMJMPQ MD OS?PIQ UFCL CVAF?LECB, ?Q QCCL GL F?=KH; 33.22(@). )L RFC DGESPC, ? PCB
BMUL OS?PI GLRCP?ARQ UGRF ? EPCCL QRP?LEC OS?PI @W QCLBGLE GR ? EJSML. 4F?R EJSML A?PPGCQ PCB ?U?W DPMK RFC BMUL OS?PI ?LB JC?TCQ GR EPCCL,
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PCBLCQQ RSPLQ RFC OS?PI PCB.
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QFMUQ RF?R RFC CVAF?LEC MD EJSMLQ @CRUCCL OS?PIQ A?PPGCQ RFC QRPMLE DMPAC ?LB K?W AF?LEC RFC AMJMP MD ? OS?PI.
4FC QRPMLE DMPAC GQ AMKNJGA?RCB, QGLAC M@QCPT?@JC N?PRGAJCQ RF?R DCCJ RFC QRPMLE DMPAC (F?BPMLQ) AMLR?GL KSJRGNJC OS?PIQ. F?=KH; 33.23 QFMUQ RFC OS?PI
?LB EJSML BCR?GJQ MD NGML CVAF?LEC @CRUCCL ? NPMRML ?LB ? LCSRPML ?Q GJJSQRP?RCB C?PJGCP GL F?=KH; 33.3 ?LB F?=KH; 33.6. 4FC OS?PIQ UGRFGL RFC
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1196 #(!04%2 33 Y 0!24)#,% 0(93)#3
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; ?LB R?S D?KGJW BCQGEL?RCB @W R?S D?KGJW LSK@CP L
. 4FC D?KGJW LSK@CPQ ?PC LMR

SLGTCPQ?JJW AMLQCPTCB BSC RM LCSRPGLM MQAGJJ?RGMLQ.
w (?BPMLQ ?PC N?PRGAJCQ RF?R DCCJ RFC QRPMLE LSAJC?P DMPAC ?LB ?PC BGTGBCB GLRM @?PWMLQ, UGRF RFC @?PWML D?KGJW LSK@CP B @CGLE AMLQCPTCB, ?LB
KCQMLQ.
33.5 *K7HAI: "I ->7J ABB ->;H; "I?
w (?BPMLQ ?PC RFMSEFR RM @C AMKNMQCB MD OS?PIQ, UGRF @?PWMLQ F?TGLE RFPCC OS?PIQ ?LB KCQMLQ F?TGLE ? OS?PI ?LB ?L ?LRGOS?PI.
w 4FC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD RFC QGV OS?PIQ ?LB RFCGP ?LRGOS?PI AMSLRCPN?PRQ ?PC EGTCL GL -78B; 33.3, ?LB RFC OS?PI AMKNMQGRGMLQ MD ACPR?GL F?BPMLQ ?PC
EGTCL GL -78B; 33.4.
w )LBGPCAR CTGBCLAC DMP OS?PIQ GQ TCPW QRPMLE, CVNJ?GLGLE ?JJ ILMUL F?BPMLQ ?LB RFCGP OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ, QSAF ?Q QRP?LECLCQQ, AF?PK, RMNLCQQ,
?LB @MRRMKLCQQ.
w 1S?PIQ AMKC GL QGV DJ?TMPQ ?LB RFPCC AMJMPQ ?LB MAASP MLJW GL AMK@GL?RGMLQ RF?R NPMBSAC UFGRC.
w &SLB?KCLR?J N?PRGAJCQ F?TC LM DSPRFCP QS@QRPSARSPC, LMR CTCL ? QGXC @CWMLB RFCGP BC "PMEJGC U?TCJCLERF.
w 4FCPC ?PC RFPCC RWNCQ MD DSLB?KCLR?J N?PRGAJCQrJCNRMLQ, OS?PIQ, ?LB A?PPGCP N?PRGAJCQ. %?AF RWNC GQ BGTGBCB GLRM RFPCC ?L?JMEMSQ D?KGJGCQ ?Q
GLBGA?RCB GL F?=KH; 33.20.
33.6 .-I: ->; .D?<?97J?ED E< FEH9;I
w !RRCKNRQ RM QFMU SLGDGA?RGML MD RFC DMSP DMPACQ ?PC A?JJCB 'P?LB 5LGDGCB 4FCMPGCQ ('54Q) ?LB F?TC @CCL N?PRG?JJW QSAACQQDSJ, UGRF AMLLCARGMLQ
NPMTCL @CRUCCL %- ?LB UC?I DMPACQ GL CJCARPMUC?I RFCMPW.
w 4FC QRPMLE DMPAC GQ A?PPGCB @W CGEFR NPMNMQCB N?PRGAJCQ A?JJCB EJSMLQ, UFGAF ?PC GLRGK?RCJW AMLLCARCB RM ? OS?LRSK LSK@CP A?JJCB AMJMPrRFCGP
EMTCPLGLE RFCMPW GQ RFSQ A?JJCB OS?LRSK AFPMKMBWL?KGAQ (1#$). 4?ICL RMECRFCP, 1#$ ?LB RFC CJCARPMUC?I RFCMPW ?PC UGBCJW ?AACNRCB ?Q RFC
3R?LB?PB -MBCJ MD N?PRGAJC NFWQGAQ.
w 5LGDGA?RGML MD RFC QRPMLE DMPAC GQ CVNCARCB ?R QSAF FGEF CLCPEGCQ RF?R GR A?LLMR @C BGPCARJW RCQRCB, @SR GR K?W F?TC M@QCPT?@JC AMLQCOSCLACQ GL
RFC ?Q-WCR SLM@QCPTCB BCA?W MD RFC NPMRML ?LB RMNGAQ RM @C BGQASQQCB GL RFC LCVR AF?NRCP. !JRFMSEF SLGDGA?RGML MD DMPACQ GQ ECLCP?JJW ?LRGAGN?RCB,
KSAF PCK?GLQ RM @C BMLC RM NPMTC GRQ T?JGBGRW.
1. 4FC RMR?J CLCPEW GL RFC @C?K MD ?L ?AACJCP?RMP GQ D?P EPC?RCP RF?L RFC CLCPEW MD RFC GLBGTGBS?J @C?K N?PRGAJCQ. 7FW GQLtR RFGQ RMR?J CLCPEW ?T?GJ?@JC RM
APC?RC ? QGLEJC CVRPCKCJW K?QQGTC N?PRGAJC?
2. 3WLAFPMRPML P?BG?RGML R?ICQ CLCPEW DPMK ?L ?AACJCP?RMP @C?K ?LB GQ PCJ?RCB RM ?AACJCP?RGML. 7FW UMSJB WMS CVNCAR RFC NPM@JCK RM @C KMPC QCTCPC
DMP CJCARPML ?AACJCP?RMPQ RF?L NPMRML ?AACJCP?RMPQ?
3. 7F?R RUM K?HMP JGKGR?RGMLQ NPCTCLR SQ DPMK @SGJBGLE FGEF-CLCPEW ?AACJCP?RMPQ RF?R ?PC NFWQGA?JJW QK?JJ?
4. 7F?R ?PC RFC ?BT?LR?ECQ MD AMJJGBGLE-@C?K ?AACJCP?RMPQ? 7F?R ?PC RFC BGQ?BT?LR?ECQ?
5. ,?PEC OS?LRGRGCQ MD ?LRGK?RRCP GQMJ?RCB DPMK LMPK?J K?RRCP QFMSJB @CF?TC CV?ARJW JGIC LMPK?J K?RRCP. !L ?LRG?RMK, DMP CV?KNJC, AMKNMQCB MD
NMQGRPMLQ, ?LRGNPMRMLQ, ?LB ?LRGLCSRPMLQ QFMSJB F?TC RFC Q?KC ?RMKGA QNCARPSK ?Q GRQ K?RRCP AMSLRCPN?PR. 7MSJB WMS @C ?@JC RM RCJJ GR GQ ?LRGK?RRCP @W
GRQ CKGQQGML MD ?LRGNFMRMLQ? %VNJ?GL @PGCDJW.
6. -?QQJCQQ N?PRGAJCQ ?PC LMR MLJW LCSRP?J, RFCW ?PC AF?PECJCQQ (SLJGIC RFC LCSRPML). 7FW GQ RFGQ QM?
7. -?QQJCQQ N?PRGAJCQ KSQR RP?TCJ ?R RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR, UFGJC MRFCPQ A?LLMR PC?AF RFGQ QNCCB. 7FW ?PC ?JJ K?QQJCQQ N?PRGAJCQ QR?@JC? )D CTGBCLAC GQ
DMSLB RF?R LCSRPGLMQ QNMLR?LCMSQJW BCA?W GLRM MRFCP N?PRGAJCQ, UMSJB RFGQ GKNJW RFCW F?TC K?QQ?
8. 7FCL ? QR?P CPSNRQ GL ? QSNCPLMT? CVNJMQGML, FSEC LSK@CPQ MD CJCARPML LCSRPGLMQ ?PC DMPKCB GL LSAJC?P PC?ARGMLQ. 3SAF LCSRPGLMQ DPMK RFC 1987!
QSNCPLMT? GL RFC PCJ?RGTCJW LC?P@W -?ECJJ?LGA #JMSB UCPC M@QCPTCB UGRFGL FMSPQ MD RFC GLGRG?J @PGEFRCLGLE, GLBGA?RGLE RFCW RP?TCJCB RM C?PRF ?R
?NNPMVGK?RCJW RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR. %VNJ?GL FMU RFGQ B?R? A?L @C SQCB RM QCR ?L SNNCP JGKGR ML RFC K?QQ MD RFC LCSRPGLM, LMRGLE RF?R GD RFC K?QQ GQ QK?JJ
RFC LCSRPGLMQ AMSJB RP?TCJ TCPW AJMQC RM RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR ?LB F?TC ? PC?QML?@JC CLCPEW (ML RFC MPBCP MD -C6).
9. 4FCMPGQRQ F?TC F?B QNCAR?ASJ?P QSAACQQ GL NPCBGARGLE NPCTGMSQJW SLILMUL N?PRGAJCQ. #MLQGBCPGLE N?QR RFCMPCRGA?J RPGSKNFQ, UFW QFMSJB UC @MRFCP RM
NCPDMPK CVNCPGKCLRQ?
10. 7F?R JGDCRGKC BM WMS CVNCAR DMP ?L ?LRGLCSRPML GQMJ?RCB DPMK LMPK?J K?RRCP?
11. 7FW BMCQ RFC
0
KCQML F?TC QSAF ? QFMPR JGDCRGKC AMKN?PCB RM KMQR MRFCP KCQMLQ?
12. (?) )Q ? F?BPML ?JU?WQ ? @?PWML?
(@) )Q ? @?PWML ?JU?WQ ? F?BPML?
(A) #?L ?L SLQR?@JC @?PWML BCA?W GLRM ? KCQML, JC?TGLE LM MRFCP @?PWML?
13. %VNJ?GL FMU AMLQCPT?RGML MD @?PWML LSK@CP GQ PCQNMLQG@JC DMP AMLQCPT?RGML MD RMR?J ?RMKGA K?QQ (RMR?J LSK@CP MD LSAJCMLQ) GL LSAJC?P BCA?W ?LB
PC?ARGMLQ.
33.5 *K7HAI: "I ->7J ABB ->;H; "I?
1200 #(!04%2 33 Y 0!24)#,% 0(93)#3
14. 4FC OS?PI DJ?TMP AF?LEC d u R?ICQ NJ?AC GL
BCA?W. $MCQ RFGQ KC?L RF?R RFC PCTCPQC OS?PI DJ?TMP AF?LEC u d R?ICQ NJ?AC GL
+
BCA?W? *SQRGDW WMSP PCQNMLQC @W UPGRGLE RFC BCA?W GL RCPKQ MD RFC OS?PI AMLQRGRSCLRQ, LMRGLE RF?R GR JMMIQ ?Q GD ? NPMRML GQ AMLTCPRCB GLRM ? LCSRPML GL
+
BCA?W.
15. %VNJ?GL FMU RFC UC?I DMPAC A?L AF?LEC QRP?LECLCQQ @W AF?LEGLE OS?PI DJ?TMP.
16. "CR? BCA?W GQ A?SQCB @W RFC UC?I DMPAC, ?Q ?PC ?JJ PC?ARGMLQ GL UFGAF QRP?LECLCQQ AF?LECQ. $MCQ RFGQ GKNJW RF?R RFC UC?I DMPAC A?L AF?LEC
OS?PI DJ?TMP? %VNJ?GL.
17. 7FW GQ GR C?QGCP RM QCC RFC NPMNCPRGCQ MD RFC 6, 5, ?LB G OS?PIQ GL KCQMLQ F?TGLE AMKNMQGRGML W
MP t t
-
P?RFCP RF?L GL @?PWMLQ F?TGLE ? KGVRSPC
MD OS?PIQ, QSAF ?Q H75?
18. (MU A?L OS?PIQ, UFGAF ?PC DCPKGMLQ, AMK@GLC RM DMPK @MQMLQ? 7FW KSQR ?L CTCL LSK@CP AMK@GLC RM DMPK ? @MQML? 'GTC MLC CV?KNJC @W
QR?RGLE RFC OS?PI QS@QRPSARSPC MD ? @MQML.
19. 7F?R CTGBCLAC GQ AGRCB RM QSNNMPR RFC AMLRCLRGML RF?R RFC EJSML DMPAC @CRUCCL OS?PIQ GQ EPC?RCP RF?L RFC QRPMLE LSAJC?P DMPAC @CRUCCL F?BPMLQ?
(MU GQ RFGQ PCJ?RCB RM AMJMP? )Q GR ?JQM PCJ?RCB RM OS?PI AMLDGLCKCLR?
20. $GQASQQ FMU UC ILMU RF?R -mesons (
+
,,
0
) ?PC LMR DSLB?KCLR?J N?PRGAJCQ ?LB ?PC LMR RFC @?QGA A?PPGCPQ MD RFC QRPMLE DMPAC.
21. !L ?LRG@?PWML F?Q RFPCC ?LRGOS?PIQ UGRF AMJMPQ R
-
G
-
B
-
. 7F?R GQ GRQ AMJMP?
22. 3SNNMQC JCNRMLQ ?PC APC?RCB GL ? PC?ARGML. $MCQ RFGQ GKNJW RFC UC?I DMPAC GQ ?ARGLE? (DMP CV?KNJC, AMLQGBCP BCA?W.)
23. (MU A?L RFC JGDCRGKC MD ? N?PRGAJC GLBGA?RC RF?R GRQ BCA?W GQ A?SQCB @W RFC QRPMLE LSAJC?P DMPAC? (MU A?L ? AF?LEC GL QRP?LECLCQQ GKNJW UFGAF
DMPAC GQ PCQNMLQG@JC DMP ? PC?ARGML? 7F?R BMCQ ? AF?LEC GL OS?PI DJ?TMP GKNJW ?@MSR RFC DMPAC RF?R GQ PCQNMLQG@JC?
24. (?) $M ?JJ N?PRGAJCQ F?TGLE QRP?LECLCQQ ?JQM F?TC ?R JC?QR MLC QRP?LEC OS?PI GL RFCK?
(@) $M ?JJ F?BPMLQ UGRF ? QRP?LEC OS?PI ?JQM F?TC LMLXCPM QRP?LECLCQQ?
25. 4FC QGEK?-XCPM N?PRGAJC BCA?WQ KMQRJW TG? RFC PC?ARGML
0

0
+ . %VNJ?GL FMU RFGQ BCA?W ?LB RFC PCQNCARGTC OS?PI AMKNMQGRGMLQ GKNJW RF?R
RFC
0
GQ ?L CVAGRCB QR?RC MD RFC
0
.
26. 7F?R BM RFC OS?PI AMKNMQGRGMLQ ?LB MRFCP OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ GKNJW ?@MSR RFC PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ @CRUCCL RFC
+
?LB RFC NPMRML? 4FC
0
?LB RFC
LCSRPML?
27. $GQASQQ RFC QGKGJ?PGRGCQ ?LB BGDDCPCLACQ @CRUCCL RFC NFMRML ?LB RFC Z
0
GL RCPKQ MD N?PRGAJC NPMNCPRGCQ, GLAJSBGLE DMPACQ DCJR.
28. )BCLRGDW CTGBCLAC DMP CJCARPMUC?I SLGDGA?RGML.
29. 4FC OS?PIQ GL ? N?PRGAJC ?PC AMLDGLCB, KC?LGLE GLBGTGBS?J OS?PIQ A?LLMR @C BGPCARJW M@QCPTCB. !PC EJSMLQ AMLDGLCB ?Q UCJJ? %VNJ?GL
33.6 .-I: ->; .D?<?97J?ED E< FEH9;I
30. )D ? '54 GQ NPMTCL, ?LB RFC DMSP DMPACQ ?PC SLGDGCB, GR UGJJ QRGJJ @C AMPPCAR RM Q?W RF?R RFC MP@GR MD RFC KMML GQ BCRCPKGLCB @W RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J DMPAC.
%VNJ?GL UFW.
31. )D RFC (GEEQ @MQML GQ BGQAMTCPCB ?LB DMSLB RM F?TC K?QQ, UGJJ GR @C AMLQGBCPCB RFC SJRGK?RC A?PPGCP MD RFC UC?I DMPAC? %VNJ?GL WMSP PCQNMLQC.
32. 'JSMLQ ?LB RFC NFMRML ?PC K?QQJCQQ. $MCQ RFGQ GKNJW RF?R RFC W
+
, W
, ?LB Z
0
?PC RFC SJRGK?RC A?PPGCPQ MD RFC UC?I DMPAC?
#(!04%2 33 Y 0!24)#,% 0(93)#3 1201
33.1 ->; 2KA7M7 )7HJ?9B; 7D: J>; !;?I;D8;H=
.D9;HJ7?DJO )H?D9?FB; +;L?I?J;:
33. ! TGPRS?J N?PRGAJC F?TGLE ?L ?NNPMVGK?RC K?QQ MD 10
14
GeV/c
2
K?W
@C ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF RFC SLGDGA?RGML MD RFC QRPMLE ?LB CJCARPMUC?I DMPACQ.
&MP UF?R JCLERF MD RGKC AMSJB RFGQ TGPRS?J N?PRGAJC CVGQR (GL RCKNMP?PW
TGMJ?RGML MD RFC AMLQCPT?RGML MD K?QQ-CLCPEW ?Q ?JJMUCB @W RFC
(CGQCL@CPE SLACPR?GLRW NPGLAGNJC)?
34. #?JASJ?RC RFC K?QQ GL GeV/c
2
MD ? TGPRS?J A?PPGCP N?PRGAJC RF?R F?Q ?
P?LEC JGKGRCB RM 10
30
K @W RFC (CGQCL@CPE SLACPR?GLRW NPGLAGNJC. 3SAF
? N?PRGAJC KGEFR @C GLTMJTCB GL RFC SLGDGA?RGML MD RFC QRPMLE ?LB
CJCARPMUC?I DMPACQ.
35. !LMRFCP AMKNMLCLR MD RFC QRPMLE LSAJC?P DMPAC GQ RP?LQKGRRCB @W RFC
CVAF?LEC MD TGPRS?J "-KCQMLQ. 4?IGLE "-KCQMLQ RM F?TC ?L ?TCP?EC
K?QQ MD 495 MeV/c
2
, UF?R GQ RFC ?NNPMVGK?RC P?LEC MD RFGQ AMKNMLCLR
MD RFC QRPMLE DMPAC?
33.2 ->; FEKH B7I?9 FEH9;I
36. (?) &GLB RFC P?RGM MD RFC QRPCLERFQ MD RFC UC?I ?LB CJCARPMK?ELCRGA
DMPACQ SLBCP MPBGL?PW AGPASKQR?LACQ.
(@) 7F?R BMCQ RF?R P?RGM @CAMKC SLBCP AGPASKQR?LACQ GL UFGAF RFC DMPACQ
?PC SLGDGCB?
37. 4FC P?RGM MD RFC QRPMLE RM RFC UC?I DMPAC ?LB RFC P?RGM MD RFC QRPMLE
DMPAC RM RFC CJCARPMK?ELCRGA DMPAC @CAMKC 1 SLBCP AGPASKQR?LACQ UFCPC
RFCW ?PC SLGDGCB. 7F?R ?PC RFC P?RGMQ MD RFC QRPMLE DMPAC RM RFMQC RUM
DMPACQ SLBCP LMPK?J AGPASKQR?LACQ?
38. !R DSJJ CLCPEW, NPMRMLQ GL RFC 2.00-IK-BG?KCRCP &CPKGJ?@ QWLAFPMRPML
RP?TCJ ?R LC?PJW RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR, QGLAC RFCGP CLCPEW GQ ?@MSR 1000 RGKCQ
RFCGP PCQR K?QQ CLCPEW.
(?) (MU JMLE BMCQ GR R?IC DMP ? NPMRML RM AMKNJCRC MLC RPGN ?PMSLB?
(@) (MU K?LW RGKCQ NCP QCAMLB UGJJ GR N?QQ RFPMSEF RFC R?PECR ?PC??
39. 3SNNMQC ? W
APC?RCB GL ? @S@@JC AF?K@CP JGTCQ DMP

5.0010
25
s. 7F?R BGQR?LAC BMCQ GR KMTC GL RFGQ RGKC GD GR GQ RP?TCJGLE
?R 0.900 6? 3GLAC RFGQ BGQR?LAC GQ RMM QFMPR RM K?IC ? RP?AI, RFC NPCQCLAC
MD RFC W
KSQR @C GLDCPPCB DPMK GRQ BCA?W NPMBSARQ. .MRC RF?R RFC RGKC
GQ JMLECP RF?L RFC EGTCL W
JGDCRGKC, UFGAF A?L @C BSC RM RFC QR?RGQRGA?J

L?RSPC MD BCA?W MP RGKC BGJ?RGML.
40. 7F?R JCLERF RP?AI BMCQ ?
+
RP?TCJGLE ?R 0.100 6 JC?TC GL ? @S@@JC
AF?K@CP GD GR GQ APC?RCB RFCPC ?LB JGTCQ DMP 2.6010
8
s ? (4FMQC
KMTGLE D?QRCP MP JGTGLE JMLECP K?W CQA?NC RFC BCRCARMP @CDMPC BCA?WGLE.)
41. 4FC 3.20-IK-JMLE 3,!# NPMBSACQ ? @C?K MD 50.0-'C6 CJCARPMLQ. )D
RFCPC ?PC 15,000 ?AACJCP?RGLE RS@CQ, UF?R ?TCP?EC TMJR?EC KSQR @C
?APMQQ RFC E?NQ @CRUCCL RFCK RM ?AFGCTC RFGQ CLCPEW?
42. "CA?SQC MD CLCPEW JMQQ BSC RM QWLAFPMRPML P?BG?RGML GL RFC ,(# ?R
#%2., MLJW 5.00 -C6 GQ ?BBCB RM RFC CLCPEW MD C?AF NPMRML BSPGLE C?AF
PCTMJSRGML ?PMSLB RFC K?GL PGLE. (MU K?LW PCTMJSRGMLQ ?PC LCCBCB RM
NPMBSAC 7.00-4C6 (7000 'C6) NPMRMLQ, GD RFCW ?PC GLHCARCB UGRF ?L GLGRG?J
CLCPEW MD 8.00 'C6?
43. ! NPMRML ?LB ?L ?LRGNPMRML AMJJGBC FC?B-ML, UGRF C?AF F?TGLE ? IGLCRGA
CLCPEW MD 7.00 4C6 (QSAF ?Q GL RFC ,(# ?R #%2.). (MU KSAF AMJJGQGML
CLCPEW GQ ?T?GJ?@JC, R?IGLE GLRM ?AAMSLR RFC ?LLGFGJ?RGML MD RFC RUM
K?QQCQ? (.MRC RF?R RFGQ GQ LMR QGELGDGA?LRJW EPC?RCP RF?L RFC CVRPCKCJW
PCJ?RGTGQRGA IGLCRGA CLCPEW.)
44. 7FCL ?L CJCARPML ?LB NMQGRPML AMJJGBC ?R RFC 3,!# D?AGJGRW, RFCW C?AF
F?TC 50.0 'C6 IGLCRGA CLCPEGCQ. 7F?R GQ RFC RMR?J AMJJGQGML CLCPEW
?T?GJ?@JC, R?IGLE GLRM ?AAMSLR RFC ?LLGFGJ?RGML CLCPEW? .MRC RF?R RFC
?LLGFGJ?RGML CLCPEW GQ GLQGELGDGA?LR, @CA?SQC RFC CJCARPMLQ ?PC FGEFJW
PCJ?RGTGQRGA.
45. 4FC
0
GQ GRQ MUL ?LRGN?PRGAJC ?LB BCA?WQ GL RFC DMJJMUGLE K?LLCP:
0
+ . 7F?R GQ RFC CLCPEW MD C?AF P?W GD RFC
0
GQ ?R PCQR UFCL
GR BCA?WQ?
46. 4FC NPGK?PW BCA?W KMBC DMP RFC LCE?RGTC NGML GQ
+
-
.
7F?R GQ RFC CLCPEW PCJC?QC GL -C6 GL RFGQ BCA?W?
47. 4FC K?QQ MD ? RFCMPCRGA?J N?PRGAJC RF?R K?W @C ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF RFC
SLGDGA?RGML MD RFC CJCARPMUC?I ?LB QRPMLE DMPACQ GQ 10
14
GeV/c
2
.
(?) (MU K?LW NPMRML K?QQCQ GQ RFGQ?
(@) (MU K?LW CJCARPML K?QQCQ GQ RFGQ? (4FGQ GLBGA?RCQ FMU CVRPCKCJW
PCJ?RGTGQRGA RFC ?AACJCP?RMP UMSJB F?TC RM @C GL MPBCP RM K?IC RFC N?PRGAJC,
?LB FMU J?PEC RFC PCJ?RGTGQRGA OS?LRGRW UMSJB F?TC RM @C.)
48. 4FC BCA?W KMBC MD RFC LCE?RGTC KSML GQ
+
-
e
+
.
(?) &GLB RFC CLCPEW PCJC?QCB GL -C6.
(@) 6CPGDW RF?R AF?PEC ?LB JCNRML D?KGJW LSK@CPQ ?PC AMLQCPTCB.
49. 4FC BCA?W KMBC MD RFC NMQGRGTC R?S GQ
+

+
+
+
-
.
(?) 7F?R CLCPEW GQ PCJC?QCB?
(@) 6CPGDW RF?R AF?PEC ?LB JCNRML D?KGJW LSK@CPQ ?PC AMLQCPTCB.
(A) 4FC
+
GQ RFC ?LRGN?PRGAJC MD RFC
.6CPGDW RF?R ?JJ RFC BCA?W

NPMBSARQ MD RFC
+
?PC RFC ?LRGN?PRGAJCQ MD RFMQC GL RFC BCA?W MD RFC
EGTCL GL RFC RCVR.

50. 4FC NPGLAGN?J BCA?W KMBC MD RFC QGEK? XCPM GQ
0

0
+ .
(?) 7F?R CLCPEW GQ PCJC?QCB?
(@) #MLQGBCPGLE RFC OS?PI QRPSARSPC MD RFC RUM @?PWMLQ, BMCQ GR ?NNC?P
RF?R RFC
0
GQ ?L CVAGRCB QR?RC MD RFC
0
?
(A) 6CPGDW RF?R QRP?LECLCQQ, AF?PEC, ?LB @?PWML LSK@CP ?PC AMLQCPTCB GL
RFC BCA?W.
(B) #MLQGBCPGLE RFC NPCACBGLE ?LB RFC QFMPR JGDCRGKC, A?L RFC UC?I DMPAC
@C PCQNMLQG@JC? 3R?RC UFW MP UFW LMR.
51. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC SLACPR?GLRW GL RFC CLCPEW PCJC?QCB GL RFC BCA?W MD ?
0
BSC RM GRQ QFMPR JGDCRGKC?
(@) 7F?R DP?ARGML MD RFC BCA?W CLCPEW GQ RFGQ, LMRGLE RF?R RFC BCA?W KMBC
GQ
0
+ (QM RF?R ?JJ RFC
0
K?QQ GQ BCQRPMWCB)?
52. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC SLACPR?GLRW GL RFC CLCPEW PCJC?QCB GL RFC BCA?W MD ?
BSC RM GRQ QFMPR JGDCRGKC?

(@) )Q RFC SLACPR?GLRW GL RFGQ CLCPEW EPC?RCP RF?L MP JCQQ RF?L RFC
SLACPR?GLRW GL RFC K?QQ MD RFC R?S LCSRPGLM? $GQASQQ RFC QMSPAC MD RFC
SLACPR?GLRW.
33.5 *K7HAI: "I ->7J ABB ->;H; "I?
53. (?) 6CPGDW DPMK GRQ OS?PI AMKNMQGRGML RF?R RFC
+
N?PRGAJC AMSJB @C
?L CVAGRCB QR?RC MD RFC NPMRML.
(@) 4FCPC GQ ? QNPC?B MD ?@MSR 100 -C6 GL RFC BCA?W CLCPEW MD RFC
+
,
GLRCPNPCRCB ?Q SLACPR?GLRW BSC RM GRQ QFMPR JGDCRGKC. 7F?R GQ GRQ ?NNPMVGK?RC
JGDCRGKC?
(A) $MCQ GRQ BCA?W NPMACCB TG? RFC QRPMLE MP UC?I DMPAC?
54. !AACJCP?RMPQ QSAF ?Q RFC 4PG?LEJC 5LGTCPQGRGCQ -CQML &?AGJGRW
(42)5-&) GL "PGRGQF #MJSK@G? NPMBSAC QCAMLB?PW @C?KQ MD NGMLQ @W
1202 #(!04%2 33 Y 0!24)#,% 0(93)#3
F?TGLE ?L GLRCLQC NPGK?PW NPMRML @C?K QRPGIC ? R?PECR. 3SAF uKCQML
D?ARMPGCQv F?TC @CCL SQCB DMP K?LW WC?PQ RM QRSBW RFC GLRCP?ARGML MD NGMLQ
UGRF LSAJCG ?LB, FCLAC, RFC QRPMLE LSAJC?P DMPAC. /LC PC?ARGML RF?R MAASPQ
GQ
+
+ p
++

+
+ p , UFCPC RFC
++
GQ ? TCPW QFMPR-JGTCB
N?PRGAJC. 4FC EP?NF GL F?=KH; 33.26 QFMUQ RFC NPM@?@GJGRW MD RFGQ PC?ARGML
?Q ? DSLARGML MD CLCPEW. 4FC UGBRF MD RFC @SKN GQ RFC SLACPR?GLRW GL
CLCPEW BSC RM RFC QFMPR JGDCRGKC MD RFC
++
.
(?) &GLB RFGQ JGDCRGKC.
(@) 6CPGDW DPMK RFC OS?PI AMKNMQGRGML MD RFC N?PRGAJCQ RF?R RFGQ PC?ARGML
?LLGFGJ?RCQ ?LB RFCL PC-APC?RCQ ? 7 OS?PI ?LB ? d
-
?LRGOS?PI @W UPGRGLE
RFC PC?ARGML ?LB BCA?W GL RCPKQ MD OS?PIQ.
(A) $P?U ? &CWLK?L BG?EP?K MD RFC NPMBSARGML ?LB BCA?W MD RFC
++
QFMUGLE RFC GLBGTGBS?J OS?PIQ GLTMJTCB.
F?=KH; 33.26 4FGQ EP?NF QFMUQ RFC NPM@?@GJGRW MD ?L GLRCP?ARGML @CRUCCL ?
+
?LB ?
NPMRML ?Q ? DSLARGML MD CLCPEW. 4FC @SKN GQ GLRCPNPCRCB ?Q ? TCPW QFMPR JGTCB N?PRGAJC
A?JJCB ?
++
. 4FC ?NNPMVGK?RCJW 100--C6 UGBRF MD RFC @SKN GQ BSC RM RFC QFMPR
JGDCRGKC MD RFC
++
.
55. 4FC PC?ARGML
+
+ p
++
(BCQAPG@CB GL RFC NPCACBGLE NPM@JCK)
R?ICQ NJ?AC TG? RFC QRPMLE DMPAC. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC @?PWML LSK@CP MD RFC
++
N?PRGAJC?
(@) $P?U ? &CWLK?L BG?EP?K MD RFC PC?ARGML QFMUGLE RFC GLBGTGBS?J
OS?PIQ GLTMJTCB.
56. /LC MD RFC BCA?W KMBCQ MD RFC MKCE? KGLSQ GQ

0
+
.
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC AF?LEC GL QRP?LECLCQQ?
(@) 6CPGDW RF?R @?PWML LSK@CP ?LB AF?PEC ?PC AMLQCPTCB, UFGJC JCNRML
LSK@CPQ ?PC SL?DDCARCB.
(A) 7PGRC RFC COS?RGML GL RCPKQ MD RFC AMLQRGRSCLR OS?PIQ, GLBGA?RGLE RF?R
RFC UC?I DMPAC GQ PCQNMLQG@JC.
57. 2CNC?R RFC NPCTGMSQ NPM@JCK DMP RFC BCA?W KMBC

0
+ K
.
58. /LC BCA?W KMBC DMP RFC CR?-XCPM KCQML GQ
0
+ .
(?) &GLB RFC CLCPEW PCJC?QCB.
(@) 7F?R GQ RFC SLACPR?GLRW GL RFC CLCPEW BSC RM RFC QFMPR JGDCRGKC?
(A) 7PGRC RFC BCA?W GL RCPKQ MD RFC AMLQRGRSCLR OS?PIQ.
(B) 6CPGDW RF?R @?PWML LSK@CP, JCNRML LSK@CPQ, ?LB AF?PEC ?PC
AMLQCPTCB.
59. /LC BCA?W KMBC DMP RFC CR?-XCPM KCQML GQ
0

0
+
0
.
(?) 7PGRC RFC BCA?W GL RCPKQ MD RFC OS?PI AMLQRGRSCLRQ.
(@) (MU KSAF CLCPEW GQ PCJC?QCB?
(A) 7F?R GQ RFC SJRGK?RC PCJC?QC MD CLCPEW, EGTCL RFC BCA?W KMBC DMP RFC
NG XCPM GQ
0
+ ?
60. )Q RFC BCA?W n e
+
+ e
NMQQG@JC AMLQGBCPGLE RFC ?NNPMNPG?RC

AMLQCPT?RGML J?UQ? 3R?RC UFW MP UFW LMR.
61. )Q RFC BCA?W
+
e
+
NMQQG@JC AMLQGBCPGLE RFC

?NNPMNPG?RC AMLQCPT?RGML J?UQ? 3R?RC UFW MP UFW LMR.
62. (?) )Q RFC BCA?W
0
n +
0
AMLQCPT?RGML J?UQ? 3R?RC UFW MP UFW LMR.
(@) 7PGRC RFC BCA?W GL RCPKQ MD RFC OS?PI AMLQRGRSCLRQ MD RFC N?PRGAJCQ.
63. (?) )Q RFC BCA?W
n +

AMLQCPT?RGML J?UQ? 3R?RC UFW MP UFW LMR. (@) 7PGRC RFC BCA?W GL RCPKQ MD
RFC OS?PI AMLQRGRSCLRQ MD RFC N?PRGAJCQ.
64. 4FC MLJW AMK@GL?RGML MD OS?PI AMJMPQ RF?R NPMBSACQ ? UFGRC @?PWML GQ
)GB. )BCLRGDW ?JJ RFC AMJMP AMK@GL?RGMLQ RF?R A?L NPMBSAC ? UFGRC KCQML.
65. (?) 4FPCC OS?PIQ DMPK ? @?PWML. (MU K?LW AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD RFC QGV
ILMUL OS?PIQ ?PC RFCPC GD ?JJ AMK@GL?RGMLQ ?PC NMQQG@JC?
(@) 4FGQ LSK@CP GQ JCQQ RF?L RFC LSK@CP MD ILMUL @?PWMLQ. %VNJ?GL UFW.
66. (?) 3FMU RF?R RFC AMLHCARSPCB BCA?W MD RFC NPMRML, p
0
+ e
+
,
TGMJ?RCQ AMLQCPT?RGML MD @?PWML LSK@CP ?LB AMLQCPT?RGML MD JCNRML
LSK@CP.
(@) 7F?R GQ RFC ?L?JMEMSQ BCA?W NPMACQQ DMP RFC ?LRGNPMRML?
67. 6CPGDW RFC OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ EGTCL DMP RFC
+
GL -78B; 33.2 @W
?BBGLE RFC OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ DMP GRQ OS?PI AMLQRGRSCLRQ ?Q GLDCPPCB DPMK
-78B; 33.4.
68. 6CPGDW RFC OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ EGTCL DMP RFC NPMRML ?LB LCSRPML GL
-78B; 33.2 @W ?BBGLE RFC OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ DMP RFCGP OS?PI AMLQRGRSCLRQ
?Q EGTCL GL -78B; 33.4.
69. (?) (MU KSAF CLCPEW UMSJB @C PCJC?QCB GD RFC NPMRML BGB BCA?W TG?
RFC AMLHCARSPCB PC?ARGML p
0
+ e
+
?
(@) 'GTCL RF?R RFC
0
BCA?WQ RM RUM Q ?LB RF?R RFC e
+
UGJJ DGLB ?L
CJCARPML RM ?LLGFGJ?RC, UF?R RMR?J CLCPEW GQ SJRGK?RCJW NPMBSACB GL NPMRML
BCA?W?
(A) 7FW GQ RFGQ CLCPEW EPC?RCP RF?L RFC NPMRMLtQ RMR?J K?QQ (AMLTCPRCB RM
CLCPEW)?
70. (?) &GLB RFC AF?PEC, @?PWML LSK@CP, QRP?LECLCQQ, AF?PK, ?LB
@MRRMKLCQQ MD RFC J / N?PRGAJC DPMK GRQ OS?PI AMKNMQGRGML.
(@) $M RFC Q?KC DMP RFC N?PRGAJC.
71. 4FCPC ?PC N?PRGAJCQ A?JJCB D-KCQMLQ. /LC MD RFCK GQ RFC D
+
KCQML,
UFGAF F?Q ? QGLEJC NMQGRGTC AF?PEC ?LB ? @?PWML LSK@CP MD XCPM, ?JQM RFC
T?JSC MD GRQ QRP?LECLCQQ, RMNLCQQ, ?LB @MRRMKLCQQ. )R F?Q ? AF?PK MD
+1. 7F?R GQ GRQ OS?PI AMLDGESP?RGML?
72. 4FCPC ?PC N?PRGAJCQ A?JJCB @MRRMK KCQMLQ MP B-KCQMLQ. /LC MD RFCK
GQ RFC B
KCQML, UFGAF F?Q ? QGLEJC LCE?RGTC AF?PEC; GRQ @?PWML

LSK@CP GQ XCPM, ?Q ?PC GRQ QRP?LECLCQQ, AF?PK, ?LB RMNLCQQ. )R F?Q ?
@MRRMKLCQQ MD 1 . 7F?R GQ GRQ OS?PI AMLDGESP?RGML?
73. (?) 7F?R N?PRGAJC F?Q RFC OS?PI AMKNMQGRGML u
-
u
-
d
-
?
(@) 7F?R QFMSJB GRQ BCA?W KMBC @C?
74. (?) 3FMU RF?R ?JJ AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD RFPCC OS?PIQ NPMBSAC GLRCEP?J
AF?PECQ. 4FSQ @?PWMLQ KSQR F?TC GLRCEP?J AF?PEC.
(@) 3FMU RF?R ?JJ AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD ? OS?PI ?LB ?L ?LRGOS?PI NPMBSAC MLJW
GLRCEP?J AF?PECQ. 4FSQ KCQMLQ KSQR F?TC GLRCEP?J AF?PEC.
33.6 .-I: ->; .D?<?97J?ED E< FEH9;I
4FC GLRCLQGRW MD AMQKGA P?W P?BG?RGML BCAPC?QCQ P?NGBJW UGRF GLAPC?QGLE
CLCPEW, @SR RFCPC ?PC MAA?QGML?JJW CVRPCKCJW CLCPECRGA AMQKGA P?WQ RF?R
#(!04%2 33 Y 0!24)#,% 0(93)#3 1203
APC?RC ? QFMUCP MD P?BG?RGML DPMK ?JJ RFC N?PRGAJCQ RFCW APC?RC @W QRPGIGLE ?
LSAJCSQ GL RFC ?RKMQNFCPC ?Q QCCL GL RFC DGESPC EGTCL @CJMU. 3SNNMQC ?
AMQKGA P?W N?PRGAJC F?TGLE ?L CLCPEW MD 10
10
GeV AMLTCPRQ GRQ CLCPEW
GLRM N?PRGAJCQ UGRF K?QQCQ ?TCP?EGLE 200 MeV/c
2
. (?) (MU K?LW
N?PRGAJCQ ?PC APC?RCB? (@) )D RFC N?PRGAJCQ P?GL BMUL ML ? 1.00-km
2
?PC?,
FMU K?LW N?PRGAJCQ ?PC RFCPC NCP QOS?PC KCRCP?
F?=KH; 33.27 !L CVRPCKCJW CLCPECRGA AMQKGA P?W APC?RCQ ? QFMUCP MD N?PRGAJCQ ML
C?PRF. 4FC CLCPEW MD RFCQC P?PC AMQKGA P?WQ A?L ?NNPM?AF ? HMSJC (?@MSR
10
10
GeV) ?LB, ?DRCP KSJRGNJC AMJJGQGMLQ, FSEC LSK@CPQ MD N?PRGAJCQ ?PC APC?RCB
DPMK RFGQ CLCPEW. #MQKGA P?W QFMUCPQ F?TC @CCL M@QCPTCB RM CVRCLB MTCP K?LW
QOS?PC IGJMKCRCPQ.
!QQSKGLE AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK, UF?R GQ RFC CLCPEW MD C?AF P?W
NPMBSACB GL RFC BCA?W MD ? LCSRP?J ?R PCQR NGML, GL RFC PC?ARGML
0
+ ?
7F?R GQ RFC U?TCJCLERF MD ? 50-'C6 CJCARPML, UFGAF GQ NPMBSACB ?R
3,!#? 4FGQ NPMTGBCQ ?L GBC? MD RFC JGKGR RM RFC BCR?GJ GR A?L NPM@C.
(?) #?JASJ?RC RFC PCJ?RGTGQRGA OS?LRGRW =
1
1 v
2
/ c
2
DMP 1.00-4C6
NPMRMLQ NPMBSACB ?R &CPKGJ?@. (@) )D QSAF ? NPMRML APC?RCB ?
+
F?TGLE
RFC Q?KC QNCCB, FMU JMLE UMSJB GRQ JGDC @C GL RFC J?@MP?RMPW? (A) (MU D?P
AMSJB GR RP?TCJ GL RFGQ RGKC?
4FC NPGK?PW BCA?W KMBC DMP RFC LCE?RGTC NGML GQ
+
-
. (?)
7F?R GQ RFC CLCPEW PCJC?QC GL -C6 GL RFGQ BCA?W? (@) 5QGLE AMLQCPT?RGML
MD KMKCLRSK, FMU KSAF CLCPEW BMCQ C?AF MD RFC BCA?W NPMBSARQ
PCACGTC, EGTCL RFC
GQ ?R PCQR UFCL GR BCA?WQ? 9MS K?W ?QQSKC RFC

KSML ?LRGLCSRPGLM GQ K?QQJCQQ ?LB F?Q KMKCLRSK p = E / c , HSQR JGIC ?
NFMRML.
0J?LQ DMP ?L ?AACJCP?RMP RF?R NPMBSACQ ? QCAMLB?PW @C?K MD "-KCQMLQ RM
QA?RRCP DPMK LSAJCG, DMP RFC NSPNMQC MD QRSBWGLE RFC QRPMLE DMPAC, A?JJ DMP
RFCK RM F?TC ? IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD 500 -C6. (?) 7F?R UMSJB RFC PCJ?RGTGQRGA
OS?LRGRW =
1
1 v
2
/ c
2
@C DMP RFCQC N?PRGAJCQ? (@) (MU JMLE UMSJB
RFCGP ?TCP?EC JGDCRGKC @C GL RFC J?@MP?RMPW? (A) (MU D?P AMSJB RFCW RP?TCJ GL
RFGQ RGKC?
3SNNMQC WMS ?PC BCQGELGLE ? NPMRML BCA?W CVNCPGKCLR ?LB WMS A?L
BCRCAR 50 NCPACLR MD RFC NPMRML BCA?WQ GL ? R?LI MD U?RCP. (?) (MU K?LW
IGJMEP?KQ MD U?RCP UMSJB WMS LCCB RM QCC MLC BCA?W NCP KMLRF,
?QQSKGLE ? JGDCRGKC MD 10
31
y ? (@) (MU K?LW AS@GA KCRCPQ MD U?RCP GQ
RFGQ? (A) )D RFC ?ARS?J JGDCRGKC GQ 10
33
y , FMU JMLE UMSJB WMS F?TC RM U?GR
ML ?L ?TCP?EC RM QCC ? QGLEJC NPMRML BCA?W?
)L QSNCPLMT?Q, LCSRPGLMQ ?PC NPMBSACB GL FSEC ?KMSLRQ. 4FCW UCPC
BCRCARCB DPMK RFC 1987! QSNCPLMT? GL RFC -?ECJJ?LGA #JMSB, UFGAF GQ
?@MSR 120,000 JGEFR WC?PQ ?U?W DPMK RFC %?PRF (PCJ?RGTCJW AJMQC RM MSP
-GJIW 7?W E?J?VW). )D LCSRPGLMQ F?TC ? K?QQ, RFCW A?LLMR RP?TCJ ?R RFC
QNCCB MD JGEFR, @SR GD RFCGP K?QQ GQ QK?JJ, RFCW A?L ECR AJMQC. (?) 3SNNMQC
? LCSRPGLM UGRF ? 7-eV/c
2
K?QQ F?Q ? IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD 700 IC6. &GLB
RFC PCJ?RGTGQRGA OS?LRGRW =
1
1 v
2
/ c
2
DMP GR. (@) )D RFC LCSRPGLM JC?TCQ
RFC 1987! QSNCPLMT? ?R RFC Q?KC RGKC ?Q ? NFMRML ?LB @MRF RP?TCJ RM
%?PRF, FMU KSAF QMMLCP BMCQ RFC NFMRML ?PPGTC? 4FGQ GQ LMR ? J?PEC RGKC
BGDDCPCLAC, EGTCL RF?R GR GQ GKNMQQG@JC RM ILMU UFGAF LCSRPGLM JCDR UGRF
UFGAF NFMRML ?LB RFC NMMP CDDGAGCLAW MD RFC LCSRPGLM BCRCARMPQ. 4FSQ, RFC
D?AR RF?R LCSRPGLMQ UCPC M@QCPTCB UGRFGL FMSPQ MD RFC @PGEFRCLGLE MD RFC
QSNCPLMT? MLJW NJ?ACQ ?L SNNCP JGKGR ML RFC LCSRPGLMtQ K?QQ. ((GLR: 9MS
K?W LCCB RM SQC ? QCPGCQ CVN?LQGML RM DGLB I DMP RFC LCSRPGLM, QGLAC GRQ
GQ QM J?PEC.)
#MLQGBCP ?L SJRP?FGEF-CLCPEW AMQKGA P?W CLRCPGLE RFC %?PRFtQ ?RKMQNFCPC
(QMKC F?TC CLCPEGCQ ?NNPM?AFGLE ? HMSJC). #MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL UFGAF
WMS A?JASJ?RC RFC CLCPEW MD RFC N?PRGAJC @?QCB ML RFC LSK@CP MD N?PRGAJCQ
GL ?L M@QCPTCB AMQKGA P?W QFMUCP. !KMLE RFC RFGLEQ RM AMLQGBCP ?PC RFC
?TCP?EC K?QQ MD RFC QFMUCP N?PRGAJCQ, RFC ?TCP?EC LSK@CP NCP QOS?PC
KCRCP, ?LB RFC CVRCLR (LSK@CP MD QOS?PC KCRCPQ AMTCPCB) MD RFC QFMUCP.
%VNPCQQ RFC CLCPEW GL C6 ?LB HMSJCQ.
#MLQGBCP ? BCRCARMP LCCBCB RM M@QCPTC RFC NPMNMQCB, @SR CVRPCKCJW P?PC,
BCA?W MD ?L CJCARPML. #MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS A?JASJ?RC RFC
?KMSLR MD K?RRCP LCCBCB GL RFC BCRCARMP RM @C ?@JC RM M@QCPTC RFC BCA?W,
?QQSKGLE RF?R GR F?Q ? QGEL?RSPC RF?R GQ AJC?PJW GBCLRGDG?@JC. !KMLE RFC
RFGLEQ RM AMLQGBCP ?PC RFC CQRGK?RCB F?JD JGDC (JMLE DMP P?PC CTCLRQ), ?LB
RFC LSK@CP MD BCA?WQ NCP SLGR RGKC RF?R WMS UGQF RM M@QCPTC, ?Q UCJJ ?Q
RFC LSK@CP MD CJCARPMLQ GL RFC BCRCARMP QS@QR?LAC.
1204 #(!04%2 33 Y 0!24)#,% 0(93)#3
34 &2/.4)%23 /& 0(93)#3
F?=KH; 34.1 4FGQ E?J?VW GQ CHCARGLE FSEC HCRQ MD K?RRCP, NMUCPCB @W ?L GKKCLQCJW K?QQGTC @J?AI FMJC ?R GRQ ACLRCP. (APCBGR: 8-P?W: .!3!/#8#/#D!/2. +P?DR CR ?J.)
,C?PLGLE /@HCARGTCQ
34.1. CEICEBE=O 7D: )7HJ?9B; )>OI?9I
34.2. ;D;H7B +;B7J?L?JO 7D: *K7DJKC H7L?JO
34.3. ,KF;HIJH?D=I
34.4. D7HA &7JJ;H 7D: CBEIKH;
34.5. CECFB;N?JO 7D: C>7EI
34.6. !?=>-J;CF;H7JKH; ,KF;H9ED:K9JEHI
34.7. ,EC; *K;IJ?EDI 0; $DEM JE AIA
"DJHE:K9J?ED JE FHEDJ?;HI E< )>OI?9I
&PMLRGCPQ ?PC CVAGRGLE. 4FCPC GQ KWQRCPW, QSPNPGQC, ?BTCLRSPC, ?LB BGQAMTCPW. 4FC Q?RGQD?ARGML MD DGLBGLE RFC ?LQUCP RM ? OSCQRGML GQ K?BC ICCLCP @W
RFC D?AR RF?R RFC ?LQUCP ?JU?WQ JC?BQ RM ? LCU OSCQRGML. 4FC NGARSPC MD L?RSPC @CAMKCQ KMPC AMKNJCRC, WCR L?RSPC PCR?GLQ GRQ QCLQC MD KWQRCPW ?LB
LCTCP JMQCQ GRQ ?@GJGRW RM ?UC SQ. 4FC TGCU MD NFWQGAQ GQ @C?SRGDSJ JMMIGLE @MRF @?AIU?PB ?LB DMPU?PB GL RGKC. 7F?R K?PTCJMSQ N?RRCPLQ UC F?TC
BGQAMTCPCB. (MU AJCTCP L?RSPC QCCKQ GL GRQ PSJCQ ?LB AMLLCARGMLQ. (MU ?UCQMKC. !LB UC AMLRGLSC JMMIGLE CTCP BCCNCP ?LB CTCP DSPRFCP, NPM@GLE RFC
@?QGA QRPSARSPC MD K?RRCP, CLCPEW, QN?AC, ?LB RGKC ?LB UMLBCPGLE ?@MSR RFC QAMNC MD RFC SLGTCPQC, GRQ @CEGLLGLEQ ?LB DSRSPC.
9MS ?PC LMU GL ? UMLBCPDSJ NMQGRGML RM CVNJMPC RFC DMPCDPMLRQ MD NFWQGAQ, @MRF RFC LCU BGQAMTCPGCQ ?LB RFC SL?LQUCPCB OSCQRGMLQ. 7GRF RFC AMLACNRQ,
OS?JGR?RGTC ?LB OS?LRGR?RGTC, RFC NPM@JCK-QMJTGLE QIGJJQ, RFC DCCJGLE DMP AMLLCARGMLQ ?KMLE RMNGAQ, ?LB ?JJ RFC PCQR WMS F?TC K?QRCPCB, WMS A?L KMPC
BCCNJW ?NNPCAG?RC ?LB CLHMW RFC @PGCD RPC?RKCLRQ RF?R DMJJMU. 9C?PQ DPMK LMU WMS UGJJ QRGJJ CLHMW RFC OSCQR UGRF ?L GLQGEFR ?JJ RFC EPC?RCP DMP WMSP CDDMPRQ.
34.1 CEICEBE=O 7D: )7HJ?9B; )>OI?9I
,MMI ?R RFC QIW ML QMKC AJC?P LGEFR UFCL WMS ?PC ?U?W DPMK AGRW JGEFRQ. 4FCPC WMS UGJJ QCC RFMSQ?LBQ MD GLBGTGBS?J QR?PQ ?LB ? D?GLR EJMUGLE
@?AIEPMSLB MD KGJJGMLQ KMPC. 4FC -GJIW 7?W, ?Q GR F?Q @CCL A?JJCB QGLAC ?LAGCLR RGKCQ, GQ ?L ?PK MD MSP E?J?VW MD QR?PQrRFC UMPB :4?4KL AMKGLE DPMK
RFC 'PCCI UMPB :4?4K<4F, KC?LGLE KGJIW. 7C ILMU ? EPC?R BC?J ?@MSR MSP -GJIW 7?W E?J?VW ?LB MD RFC @GJJGMLQ MD MRFCP E?J?VGCQ @CWMLB GRQ DPGLECQ.
"SR RFCW QRGJJ NPMTMIC UMLBCP ?LB ?UC (QCC F?=KH; 34.2). !LB RFCPC ?PC QRGJJ K?LW OSCQRGMLQ RM @C ?LQUCPCB. -MQR PCK?PI?@JC UFCL UC TGCU RFC
SLGTCPQC ML RFC J?PEC QA?JC GQ RF?R MLAC ?E?GL CVNJ?L?RGMLQ MD GRQ AF?P?ARCP ?LB CTMJSRGML ?PC RGCB RM RFC TCPW QK?JJ QA?JC. 0?PRGAJC NFWQGAQ ?LB RFC
OSCQRGMLQ @CGLE ?QICB ?@MSR RFC TCPW QK?JJ QA?JCQ K?W ?JQM F?TC RFCGP ?LQUCPQ GL RFC TCPW J?PEC QA?JCQ.
#(!04%2 34 Y &2/.4)%23 /& 0(93)#3 1205
F?=KH; 34.2 4?IC ? KMKCLR RM AMLRCKNJ?RC RFCQC AJSQRCPQ MD E?J?VGCQ, NFMRMEP?NFCB @W RFC (S@@JC 3N?AC 4CJCQAMNC. 4PGJJGMLQ MD QR?PQ JGLICB @W EP?TGRW GL D?LR?QRGA DMPKQ,
EJMUGLE UGRF JGEFR ?LB QFMUGLE CTGBCLAC MD SLBGQAMTCPCB K?RRCP. 7F?R ?PC RFCW JGIC, RFCQC KWPG?B QR?PQ? (MU BGB RFCW CTMJTC? 7F?R A?L RFCW RCJJ SQ MD K?RRCP, CLCPEW, QN?AC,
?LB RGKC? (APCBGR: .!3!, %3!, +. 3F?PML (4CJ !TGT 5LGTCPQGRW) ?LB %. /DCI (#?JRCAF))
!Q F?Q @CCL LMRCB GL LSKCPMSQ 4FGLEQ 'PC?R ?LB 3K?JJ TGELCRRCQ, RFGQ GQ LMR RFC DGPQR RGKC RFC J?PEC F?Q @CCL CVNJ?GLCB @W RFC QK?JJ ?LB TGAC TCPQ?.
.CURML PC?JGXCB RF?R RFC L?RSPC MD EP?TGRW ML %?PRF RF?R NSJJQ ?L ?NNJC RM RFC EPMSLB AMSJB CVNJ?GL RFC KMRGML MD RFC KMML ?LB NJ?LCRQ QM KSAF
D?PRFCP ?U?W. -GLSRC ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ CVNJ?GL RFC AFCKGQRPW MD QS@QR?LACQ ML ? KSAF J?PECP QA?JC. $CA?WQ MD RGLW LSAJCG CVNJ?GL RFC FMR GLRCPGMP
MD RFC %?PRF. &SQGML MD LSAJCG JGICUGQC CVNJ?GLQ RFC CLCPEW MD QR?PQ. 4MB?W, RFC N?RRCPLQ GL N?PRGAJC NFWQGAQ QCCK RM @C CVNJ?GLGLE RFC CTMJSRGML ?LB
AF?P?ARCP MD RFC SLGTCPQC. !LB RFC L?RSPC MD RFC SLGTCPQC F?Q GKNJGA?RGMLQ DMP SLCVNJMPCB PCEGMLQ MD N?PRGAJC NFWQGAQ.
CEICEBE=O GQ RFC QRSBW MD RFC AF?P?ARCP ?LB CTMJSRGML MD RFC SLGTCPQC. 7F?R ?PC RFC K?HMP AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD RFC SLGTCPQC ?Q UC ILMU RFCK RMB?W?
&GPQR, RFCPC ?PC ?NNPMVGK?RCJW 10
11
E?J?VGCQ GL RFC M@QCPT?@JC N?PR MD RFC SLGTCPQC. !L ?TCP?EC E?J?VW AMLR?GLQ KMPC RF?L 10
11
QR?PQ, UGRF MSP
-GJIW 7?W E?J?VW @CGLE J?PECP RF?L ?TCP?EC, @MRF GL GRQ LSK@CP MD QR?PQ ?LB GRQ BGKCLQGMLQ. /SPQ GQ ? QNGP?J-QF?NCB E?J?VW UGRF ? BG?KCRCP MD ?@MSR
100,000 JGEFR WC?PQ ?LB ? RFGAILCQQ MD ?@MSR 2000 JGEFR WC?PQ GL RFC ?PKQ UGRF ? ACLRP?J @SJEC ?@MSR 10,000 JGEFR WC?PQ ?APMQQ. 4FC 3SL JGCQ ?@MSR
30,000 JGEFR WC?PQ DPMK RFC ACLRCP LC?P RFC E?J?ARGA NJ?LC. 4FCPC ?PC QGELGDGA?LR AJMSBQ MD E?Q, ?LB RFCPC GQ ? F?JM MD JCQQ-BCLQC PCEGMLQ MD QR?PQ
QSPPMSLBGLE RFC K?GL @MBW. (3CC F?=KH; 34.3.) %TGBCLAC QRPMLEJW QSEECQRQ RFC CVGQRCLAC MD ? J?PEC ?KMSLR MD ?BBGRGML?J K?RRCP GL E?J?VGCQ RF?R BMCQ
LMR NPMBSAC JGEFRrRFC KWQRCPGMSQ B?PI K?RRCP UC QF?JJ J?RCP BGQASQQ.
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QCC MSR MD RFC E?J?VW ?LB M@QCPTC RFC T?QRJW J?PECP ?LB D?QAGL?RGLE SLGTCPQC ?PMSLB SQ. (?) 3GBC TGCU. (@) 6GCU DPMK ?@MTC. (A) 4FC -GJIW 7?W ?Q QCCL DPMK %?PRF. (APCBGRQ: (?)
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@CRUCCL E?J?VGCQ GQ ML RFC MPBCP MD ? KGJJGML JGEFR WC?PQ, @SR GR T?PGCQ EPC?RJW UGRF E?J?VGCQ DMPKGLE AJSQRCPQ QSAF ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 34.2. 4FC
-?ECJJ?LGA #JMSBQ, DMP CV?KNJC, ?PC QK?JJ E?J?VGCQ AJMQC RM MSP MUL, QMKC 160,000 JGEFR WC?PQ DPMK %?PRF. 4FC !LBPMKCB? E?J?VW GQ ? J?PEC QNGP?J
E?J?VW JGIC MSPQ ?LB JGCQ 2 KGJJGML JGEFR WC?PQ ?U?W. )R GQ HSQR TGQG@JC RM RFC L?ICB CWC ?Q ?L CVRCLBCB EJMU GL RFC !LBPMKCB? AMLQRCJJ?RGML. !LBPMKCB?
GQ RFC AJMQCQR J?PEC E?J?VW GL MSP JMA?J EPMSN, ?LB UC A?L QCC QMKC GLBGTGBS?J QR?PQ GL GR UGRF MSP J?PECP RCJCQAMNCQ. 4FC KMQR BGQR?LR ILMUL E?J?VW GQ
14 @GJJGML JGEFR WC?PQ DPMK %?PRFr? RPSJW GLAPCBG@JC BGQR?LAC. (3CC F?=KH; 34.4.)
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F?=KH; 34.4 (?) !LBPMKCB? GQ RFC AJMQCQR J?PEC E?J?VW, ?R 2 KGJJGML JGEFR WC?PQ BGQR?LAC, ?LB GQ TCPW QGKGJ?P RM MSP -GJIW 7?W. 4FC @JSC PCEGMLQ F?P@MP WMSLE ?LB CKCPEGLE
QR?PQ, UFGJC B?PI QRPC?IQ ?PC T?QR AJMSBQ MD E?Q ?LB BSQR. ! QK?JJCP Q?RCJJGRC E?J?VW GQ AJC?PJW TGQG@JC. (@) 4FC @MV GLBGA?RCQ UF?R K?W @C RFC KMQR BGQR?LR ILMUL E?J?VW,
CQRGK?RCB RM @C 13 @GJJGML JGEFR WC?PQ DPMK SQ. )R CVGQRQ GL ? KSAF MJBCP N?PR MD RFC SLGTCPQC. (APCBGR: .!3!, %3!, '. )JJGLEUMPRF (5LGTCPQGRW MD #?JGDMPLG?, 3?LR? #PSX), 2. "MSUCLQ
(5LGTCPQGRW MD #?JGDMPLG?, 3?LR? #PSX ?LB ,CGBCL 5LGTCPQGRW), ?LB RFC (5$&09 4C?K)
#MLQGBCP RFC D?AR RF?R RFC JGEFR UC PCACGTC DPMK RFCQC T?QR BGQR?LACQ F?Q @CCL ML GRQ U?W RM SQ DMP ? JMLE RGKC. )L D?AR, RFC RGKC GL WC?PQ GQ RFC Q?KC ?Q
RFC BGQR?LAC GL JGEFR WC?PQ. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC !LBPMKCB? E?J?VW GQ 2 KGJJGML JGEFR WC?PQ ?U?W, QM RF?R RFC JGEFR LMU PC?AFGLE SQ JCDR GR 2 KGJJGML WC?PQ
?EM. )D UC AMSJB @C RFCPC LMU, !LBPMKCB? UMSJB @C BGDDCPCLR. 3GKGJ?PJW, JGEFR DPMK RFC KMQR BGQR?LR E?J?VW JCDR GR 14 @GJJGML WC?PQ ?EM. 7C F?TC ?L
GLAPCBG@JC TGCU MD RFC N?QR UFCL JMMIGLE EPC?R BGQR?LACQ. 7C A?L RPW RM QCC GD RFC SLGTCPQC U?Q BGDDCPCLR RFCLrGD BGQR?LR E?J?VGCQ ?PC KMPC RGEFRJW
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RFC SLACPR?GLRGCQ GL MSP B?R? ?PC EPC?R. #MQKMJMEW GQ ?JKMQR RWNGDGCB @W RFCQC J?PEC SLACPR?GLRGCQ, QM RF?R UC KSQR @C CQNCAG?JJW A?SRGMSQ GL BP?UGLE
AMLAJSQGMLQ. /LC AMLQCOSCLAC GQ RF?R RFCPC ?PC KMPC OSCQRGMLQ RF?L ?LQUCPQ, ?LB QM RFCPC ?PC K?LW AMKNCRGLE RFCMPGCQ. !LMRFCP AMLQCOSCLAC GQ
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?EC.
0CPF?NQ RFC KMQR GKNMPR?LR AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MD RFC SLGTCPQC GQ RF?R ?JJ E?J?VGCQ CVACNR RFMQC GL MSP JMA?J AJSQRCP QCCK RM @C KMTGLE ?U?W DPMK SQ ?R
QNCCBQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFCGP BGQR?LAC DPMK MSP E?J?VW. )R JMMIQ ?Q GD ? EGE?LRGA CVNJMQGML, SLGTCPQ?JJW A?JJCB RFC B?= B7D=, RFPCU K?RRCP MSR QMKC
@GJJGMLQ MD WC?PQ ?EM. 4FGQ ?K?XGLE AMLAJSQGML GQ @?QCB ML RFC NGMLCCPGLE UMPI MD %BUGL (S@@JC (1889q1953), RFC !KCPGA?L ?QRPMLMKCP. )L RFC
1920Q, (S@@JC DGPQR BCKMLQRP?RCB AMLAJSQGTCJW RF?R MRFCP E?J?VGCQ, K?LW NPCTGMSQJW A?JJCB LC@SJ?C MP AJMSBQ MD QR?PQ, UCPC MSRQGBC MSP MUL. (C RFCL
DMSLB RF?R ?JJ @SR RFC AJMQCQR E?J?VGCQ F?TC ? PCB QFGDR GL RFCGP FWBPMECL QNCARP? RF?R GQ NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFCGP BGQR?LAC. 4FC CVNJ?L?RGML GQ RF?R RFCPC GQ ?
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RFC BGQR?LAC, ?LB RFC PCB QFGDR GQ BMS@JCB. 7FGJC RFGQ AMQKMJMEGA?J PCB QFGDR GQ MDRCL A?JJCB ? $MNNJCP QFGDR, GR GQ LMRrQN?AC GRQCJD GQ CVN?LBGLE. 4FCPC GQ
LM ACLRCP MD CVN?LQGML GL RFC SLGTCPQC. !JJ M@QCPTCPQ QCC RFCKQCJTCQ ?Q QR?RGML?PW; RFC MRFCP M@HCARQ GL QN?AC ?NNC?P RM @C KMTGLE ?U?W DPMK RFCK.
(S@@JC U?Q BGPCARJW PCQNMLQG@JC DMP BGQAMTCPGLE RF?R RFC SLGTCPQC U?Q KSAF J?PECP RF?L F?B NPCTGMSQJW @CCL GK?EGLCB ?LB RF?R GR F?B RFGQ ?K?XGLE
AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MD P?NGB CVN?LQGML.
5LGTCPQ?J CVN?LQGML ML RFC QA?JC MD E?J?ARGA AJSQRCPQ (RF?R GQ, E?J?VGCQ ?R QK?JJCP BGQR?LACQ ?PC LMR SLGDMPKJW PCACBGLE DPMK MLC ?LMRFCP) GQ ?L GLRCEP?J
N?PR MD KMBCPL AMQKMJMEW. &MP E?J?VGCQ D?PRFCP ?U?W RF?L ?@MSR 50 -JW (50 KGJJGML JGEFR WC?PQ), RFC CVN?LQGML GQ SLGDMPK UGRF T?PG?RGMLQ BSC RM JMA?J
KMRGMLQ MD E?J?VGCQ UGRFGL AJSQRCPQ. ! PCNPCQCLR?RGTC PCACQQGML TCJMAGRW v A?L @C M@R?GLCB DPMK RFC QGKNJC DMPKSJ?
(34.1)
v = H
0
d,
UFCPC d GQ RFC BGQR?LAC RM RFC E?J?VW ?LB H
0
GQ RFC !K88B; 9EDIJ7DJ. 4FC (S@@JC AMLQR?LR GQ ? ACLRP?J AMLACNR GL AMQKMJMEW. )RQ T?JSC GQ
BCRCPKGLCB @W R?IGLE RFC QJMNC MD ? EP?NF MD TCJMAGRW TCPQSQ BGQR?LAC, M@R?GLCB DPMK PCB QFGDR KC?QSPCKCLRQ, QSAF ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 34.5. 7C QF?JJ
SQC ?L ?NNPMVGK?RC T?JSC MD H
0
= 20 km/s Mly. 4FSQ, v = H
0
d GQ ?L ?TCP?EC @CF?TGMP DMP ?JJ @SR RFC AJMQCQR E?J?VGCQ. &MP CV?KNJC, ? E?J?VW
100 -JW ?U?W (?Q BCRCPKGLCB @W GRQ QGXC ?LB @PGEFRLCQQ) RWNGA?JJW KMTCQ ?U?W DPMK SQ ?R ? QNCCB MD
v = (20 km/s Mly)(100 Mly) = 2000 km/s. 4FCPC A?L @C T?PG?RGMLQ GL RFGQ QNCCB BSC RM QM-A?JJCB JMA?J KMRGMLQ MP GLRCP?ARGMLQ UGRF
LCGEF@MPGLE E?J?VGCQ. #MLTCPQCJW, GD ? E?J?VW GQ DMSLB RM @C KMTGLE ?U?W DPMK SQ ?R QNCCB MD 100,000 IK/Q @?QCB ML GRQ PCB QFGDR, GR GQ ?R ? BGQR?LAC
d = v / H
0
= (10,000 km/s) / (20 km/s Mly) = 5000 Mly = 5 Gly MP 510
9
ly . 4FGQ J?QR A?JASJ?RGML GQ ?NNPMVGK?RC, @CA?SQC GR ?QQSKCQ
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? QRC?BW QR?RC.
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QJMNC EGTCQ ?L ?NNPMVGK?RC T?JSC DMP RFC CVN?LQGML P?RC. (APCBGR: *MFL #S@).
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P?RFCP RF?L QJMUGLE BSC RM EP?TGRW ?Q CVNCARCB. 6?PGMSQ EPMSNQ F?TC @CCL JMMIGLE, GL N?PRGASJ?P, ?R QSNCPLMT?Q GL KMBCP?RCJW BGQR?LR E?J?VGCQ (JCQQ
RF?L 1 'JW) RM ECR GKNPMTCB BGQR?LAC KC?QSPCKCLRQ. 4FMQC BGQR?LACQ ?PC J?PECP RF?L CVNCARCB DMP RFC M@QCPTCB E?J?ARGA PCB QFGDRQ, GKNJWGLE RFC
CVN?LQGML U?Q QJMUCP UFCL RF?R JGEFR U?Q CKGRRCB. 4FGQ F?Q AMQKMJMEGA?J AMLQCOSCLACQ RF?R ?PC BGQASQQCB GL D7HA &7JJ;H 7D: CBEIKH;. 4FC DGPQR
PCQSJRQ, NS@JGQFCB GL 1999, ?PC MLJW RFC @CEGLLGLE MD CKCPEGLE B?R?, UGRF ?QRPMLMKW LMU CLRCPGLE ? B?R?-PGAF CP?.
F?=KH; 34.6 QFMUQ FMU RFC PCACQQGML MD E?J?VGCQ JMMIQ JGIC RFC PCKL?LRQ MD ? EGE?LRGA CVNJMQGML, RFC D?KMSQ "GE "?LE. %VRP?NMJ?RGLE @?AIU?PB GL
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7F?R A?SQCB RFC CVNJMQGML? 7F?R F?NNCLCB @CDMPC RFC "GE "?LE? 7?Q RFCPC ? @CDMPC, MP BGB RGKC QR?PR RFCL? 7GJJ RFC SLGTCPQC CVN?LB DMPCTCP, MP
UGJJ EP?TGRW PCTCPQC GR GLRM ? "GE #PSLAF? !LB GQ RFCPC MRFCP CTGBCLAC MD RFC "GE "?LE @CQGBCQ RFC UCJJ-BMASKCLRCB PCB QFGDRQ?
F?=KH; 34.6 '?J?VGCQ ?PC DJWGLE ?N?PR DPMK MLC ?LMRFCP, UGRF RFC KMPC BGQR?LR KMTGLE D?QRCP ?Q GD ? NPGKMPBG?J CVNJMQGML CVNCJJCB RFC K?RRCP DPMK UFGAF RFCW DMPKCB. 4FC KMQR
BGQR?LR ILMUL E?J?VGCQ KMTC LC?PJW ?R RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR PCJ?RGTC RM SQ.
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?DRCP RFC "GE "?LE, GRQ U?TCJCLERFQ QFMSJB @C EPC?RJW QRPCRAFCB. )R UGJJ JMMI ?Q GD RFC DGPC@?JJ F?Q AMMJCB GL RFC @GJJGMLQ MD WC?PQ QGLAC RFC "GE "?LE.
'?KMU ?LB AMJJ?@MP?RMPQ NPCBGARCB GL RFC J?RC 1940Q RF?R RFCPC QFMSJB @C @J?AI@MBW P?BG?RGML DPMK RFC CVNJMQGML DGJJGLE QN?AC UGRF ? AF?P?ARCPGQRGA
RCKNCP?RSPC MD ?@MSR 7 +. 3SAF @J?AI@MBW P?BG?RGML UMSJB F?TC GRQ NC?I GLRCLQGRW GL RFC KGAPMU?TC N?PR MD RFC QNCARPSK. (3CC F?=KH; 34.7.) )L 1964,
!PLM 0CLXG?Q ?LB 2M@CPR 7GJQML, RUM !KCPGA?L QAGCLRGQRQ UMPIGLE UGRF "CJJ 4CJCNFMLC ,?@MP?RMPGCQ ML ? JMU-LMGQC P?BGM ?LRCLL?, BCRCARCB RFC
P?BG?RGML ?LB CTCLRS?JJW PCAMELGXCB GR DMP UF?R GR GQ.
F?=KH; 34.7(@) QFMUQ RFC QNCARPSK MD RFGQ KGAPMU?TC P?BG?RGML RF?R NCPKC?RCQ QN?AC ?LB GQ MD AMQKGA MPGEGL. )R GQ RFC KMQR NCPDCAR @J?AI@MBW
QNCARPSK ILMUL, ?LB RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD RFC DGPC@?JJ PCKL?LR GQ BCRCPKGLCB DPMK GR RM @C 2.725 0.002K. 4FC BCRCARGML MD UF?R GQ LMU A?JJCB RFC
9EIC?9 C?9HEM7L; 879A=HEKD: (#-"2) U?Q QM GKNMPR?LR (ECLCP?JJW AMLQGBCPCB ?Q GKNMPR?LR ?Q (S@@JCtQ BCRCARGML RF?R RFC E?J?ARGA PCB QFGDR GQ
NPMNMPRGML?J RM BGQR?LAC) RF?R TGPRS?JJW CTCPW QAGCLRGQR F?Q ?AACNRCB RFC CVN?LQGML MD RFC SLGTCPQC ?Q D?AR. 0CLXG?Q ?LB 7GJQML QF?PCB RFC 1978 .M@CJ
0PGXC GL 0FWQGAQ DMP RFCGP BGQAMTCPW.
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DPMK ?LW BGPCARGML GL QN?AC LMR M@QASPCB @W QMKC MRFCP QMSPAC. )R GQ AMKNCJJGLE CTGBCLAC MD RFC APC?RGML MD RFC SLGTCPQC GL ? EGE?LRGA CVNJMQGML, ?JPC?BW GLBGA?RCB @W E?J?ARGA
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?LB RFC KCPC CVGQRCLAC MD E?J?VGCQ.
&7JJ;H L;HIKI 7DJ?C7JJ;H 7C ILMU DPMK BGPCAR M@QCPT?RGML RF?R ?LRGK?RRCP GQ P?PC. 4FC %?PRF ?LB RFC QMJ?P QWQRCK ?PC LC?PJW NSPC K?RRCP. 3N?AC
NPM@CQ ?LB AMQKGA P?WQ EGTC BGPCAR CTGBCLACrRFC J?LBGLE MD RFC 6GIGLE NPM@CQ ML -?PQ UMSJB F?TC @CCL QNCAR?ASJ?P CVNJMQGMLQ MD KSRS?J
?LLGFGJ?RGML CLCPEW GD -?PQ UCPC ?LRGK?RRCP. 7C ?JQM ILMU RF?R KMQR MD RFC SLGTCPQC GQ BMKGL?RCB @W K?RRCP. 4FGQ GQ NPMTCL @W RFC J?AI MD ?LLGFGJ?RGML
P?BG?RGML AMKGLE RM SQ DPMK QN?AC, N?PRGASJ?PJW RFC PCJ?RGTC ?@QCLAC MD 0.511--C6 P?WQ APC?RCB @W RFC KSRS?J ?LLGFGJ?RGML MD CJCARPMLQ ?LB
NMQGRPMLQ. )R QCCKCB NMQQG@JC RF?R RFCPC AMSJB @C CLRGPC QMJ?P QWQRCKQ MP E?J?VGCQ K?BC MD ?LRGK?RRCP GL NCPDCAR QWKKCRPW UGRF MSP K?RRCP-BMKGL?RCB
QWQRCKQ. "SR RFC GLRCP?ARGMLQ @CRUCCL QR?PQ ?LB E?J?VGCQ UMSJB QMKCRGKCQ @PGLE K?RRCP ?LB ?LRGK?RRCP RMECRFCP GL J?PEC ?KMSLRQ. 4FC ?LLGFGJ?RGML
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9
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&SPRFCPKMPC, GD RFC SLGTCPQC UCPC AMKNJCRCJW QWKKCRPGA, RFC KSRS?J ?LLGFGJ?RGML UMSJB @C KMPC AMKNJCRC, JC?TGLE D?P JCQQ K?RRCP RM DMPK SQ ?LB RFC
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RFC KMPC BGQR?LR E?J?VW. (@) 4FC GK?ECQ ?PMSLB RFC ACLRP?J E?J?VW ?PC NPMBSACB @W EP?TGR?RGML?J JCLQGLE. %?AF GK?EC F?Q RFC Q?KC QNCARPSK ?LB ? J?PECP PCB QFGDR RF?L RFC
GLRCPKCBG?PW. (APCBGR: .!3!, %3!, ?LB 343A))
BB79A >EB;I BB79A >EB;I ?PC M@HCARQ F?TGLE QSAF J?PEC EP?TGR?RGML?J DGCJBQ RF?R RFGLEQ A?L D?JJ GL, @SR LMRFGLE, LMR CTCL JGEFR, A?L CQA?NC. "MBGCQ, JGIC
RFC %?PRF MP RFC 3SL, F?TC UF?R GQ A?JJCB ?L ;I97F; L;BE9?JO. )D ?L M@HCAR KMTCQ QRP?GEFR SN DPMK RFC @MBW, QR?PRGLE ?R RFC CQA?NC TCJMAGRW, GR UGJJ HSQR
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J?RC 1700Q, GR U?Q NPMNMQCB RF?R GD RFC CQA?NC TCJMAGRW GQ EPC?RCP RF?L RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR, RFCL JGEFR A?LLMR CQA?NC. 3GKML ,?NJ?AC (1749q1827), RFC
&PCLAF ?QRPMLMKCP ?LB K?RFCK?RGAG?L, CTCL GLAMPNMP?RCB RFGQ GBC? MD ? B?PI QR?P GLRM FGQ UPGRGLEQ. "SR RFC GBC? U?Q BPMNNCB ?DRCP 9MSLEtQ BMS@JC QJGR
CVNCPGKCLR QFMUCB JGEFR RM @C ? U?TC. &MP QMKC RGKC, JGEFR U?Q RFMSEFR LMR RM F?TC N?PRGAJC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ ?LB, RFSQ, AMSJB LMR @C ?ARCB SNML @W
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0FWQGAQ LC?P ? @J?AI FMJC GQ D?QAGL?RGLE. 'P?TGRW GLAPC?QCQ QM P?NGBJW RF?R, ?Q WMS ?NNPM?AF ? @J?AI FMJC, RFC RGB?J CDDCARQ RC?P K?RRCP ?N?PR, UGRF
K?RRCP AJMQCP RM RFC FMJC @CGLE NSJJCB GL UGRF KSAF KMPC DMPAC RF?L RF?R MLJW QJGEFRJW D?PRFCP ?U?W. 4FGQ A?L NSJJ ? AMKN?LGML QR?P ?N?PR ?LB FC?R
GLDJMUGLE E?QCQ RM RFC NMGLR MD NPMBSAGLE 8 P?WQ. (3CC F?=KH; 34.13.) 7C F?TC M@QCPTCB 8 P?WQ DPMK ACPR?GL @GL?PW QR?P QWQRCKQ RF?R ?PC AMLQGQRCLR
UGRF QSAF ? NGARSPC. 4FGQ GQ LMR OSGRC NPMMD MD @J?AI FMJCQ, @CA?SQC RFC 8 P?WQ AMSJB ?JQM @C A?SQCB @W K?RRCP D?JJGLE MLRM ? LCSRPML QR?P. 4FCQC
M@HCARQ UCPC DGPQR BGQAMTCPCB GL 1967 @W RFC "PGRGQF ?QRPMNFWQGAGQRQ, *MACJWL "CJJ ?LB !LRFMLW (CUGQF. ';KJHED IJ7HI ?PC JGRCP?JJW ? QR?P AMKNMQCB MD
LCSRPMLQ. 4FCW ?PC DMPKCB @W RFC AMJJ?NQC MD ? QR?PtQ AMPC GL ? QSNCPLMT?, BSPGLE UFGAF CJCARPMLQ ?LB NPMRMLQ ?PC DMPACB RMECRFCP RM DMPK LCSRPMLQ
(RFC PCTCPQC MD LCSRPML BCA?W). .CSRPML QR?PQ ?PC QJGEFRJW J?PECP RF?L ? @J?AI FMJC MD RFC Q?KC K?QQ ?LB UGJJ LMR AMJJ?NQC DSPRFCP @CA?SQC MD
PCQGQR?LAC @W RFC QRPMLE DMPAC. (MUCTCP, LCSRPML QR?PQ A?LLMR F?TC ? K?QQ EPC?RCP RF?L ?@MSR CGEFR QMJ?P K?QQCQ MP RFCW KSQR AMJJ?NQC RM ? @J?AI
FMJC. 7GRF PCACLR GKNPMTCKCLRQ GL MSP ?@GJGRW RM PCQMJTC QK?JJ BCR?GJQ, QSAF ?Q UGRF RFC MP@GRGLE #F?LBP? 8-P?W /@QCPT?RMPW, GR F?Q @CAMKC NMQQG@JC RM
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NJCRFMP? MD 8-P?W-CKGRRGLE M@HCARQ RMM K?QQGTC RM @C LCSRPML QR?PQ. 4FGQ CTGBCLAC GQ AMLQGBCPCB AMLAJSQGTC ?LB RFC CVGQRCLAC MD @J?AI FMJCQ GQ UGBCJW
?AACNRCB. 4FCQC @J?AI FMJCQ ?PC AMLACLRP?RCB LC?P E?J?ARGA ACLRCPQ.
7C ?JQM F?TC CTGBCLAC RF?R QSNCPK?QQGTC @J?AI FMJCQ K?W CVGQR ?R RFC AMPCQ MD K?LW E?J?VGCQ, GLAJSBGLE RFC -GJIW 7?W. 3SAF ? @J?AI FMJC KGEFR
F?TC ? K?QQ KGJJGMLQ MP CTCL @GJJGMLQ MD RGKCQ RF?R MD RFC 3SL, ?LB GR UMSJB NPM@?@JW F?TC DMPKCB UFCL K?RRCP DGPQR AM?JCQACB GLRM ? E?J?VW @GJJGMLQ MD
WC?PQ ?EM. 3SNNMPRGLE RFGQ GQ RFC D?AR RF?R TCPW BGQR?LR E?J?VGCQ ?PC KMPC JGICJW RM F?TC ?@LMPK?JJW CLCPECRGA AMPCQ. 3MKC MD RFC KMBCP?RCJW BGQR?LR
E?J?VGCQ, ?LB FCLAC ?KMLE RFC WMSLECP, ?PC ILMUL ?Q GK7I7HI ?LB CKGR ?Q KSAF MP KMPC CLCPEW RF?L ? LMPK?J E?J?VW @SR DPMK ? PCEGML JCQQ RF?L ?
JGEFR WC?P ?APMQQ. 1S?Q?P CLCPEW MSRNSRQ K?W T?PW GL RGKCQ JCQQ RF?L ? WC?P, QM RF?R RFC CLCPEW-CKGRRGLE PCEGML KSQR @C JCQQ RF?L ? JGEFR WC?P ?APMQQ.
4FC @CQR CVNJ?L?RGML MD OS?Q?PQ GQ RF?R RFCW ?PC WMSLE E?J?VGCQ UGRF ? QSNCPK?QQGTC @J?AI FMJC DMPKGLE ?R RFCGP AMPC, ?LB RF?R RFCW @CAMKC JCQQ
CLCPECRGA MTCP @GJJGMLQ MD WC?PQ. )L AJMQCP QSNCP?ARGTC E?J?VGCQ, UC M@QCPTC RPCKCLBMSQ ?KMSLRQ MD CLCPEW @CGLE CKGRRCB DPMK TCPW QK?JJ PCEGMLQ MD
QN?AC, AMLQGQRCLR UGRF QR?PQ D?JJGLE GLRM ? @J?AI FMJC ?R RFC P?RC MD MLC MP KMPC ? KMLRF. 4FC (S@@JC 3N?AC 4CJCQAMNC (1994) M@QCPTCB ?L ?AAPCRGML
BGQI GL RFC E?J?VW -87 PMR?RGLE P?NGBJW ?PMSLB ? PCEGML MD CVRPCKC CLCPEW CKGQQGML. (3CC F?=KH; 34.13.) ! HCR MD K?RCPG?J @CGLE CHCARCB NCPNCLBGASJ?P
RM RFC NJ?LC MD PMR?RGML EGTCQ DSPRFCP CTGBCLAC MD ? QSNCPK?QQGTC @J?AI FMJC ?Q RFC CLEGLC.
1214 #(!04%2 34 Y &2/.4)%23 /& 0(93)#3
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DMPCTCP GLRM RFC FMJC. 4FC GL-D?JJ CLCPEW ?JQM CHCARQ QMKC K?RCPG?J, DMPKGLE RFC RUM TCPRGA?J QNGICQ. (3CC ?JQM RFC NFMRMEP?NF GL "DJHE:K9J?ED JE FHEDJ?;HI E< )>OI?9I.) 4FCPC
?PC QCTCP?J 8-P?W-CKGRRGLE M@HCARQ GL QN?AC RF?R ?PC AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFGQ NGARSPC ?LB ?PC JGICJW RM @C @J?AI FMJCQ.
H7L?J7J?ED7B M7L;I )D ? K?QQGTC M@HCAR BGQRMPRQ RFC QN?AC ?PMSLB GR, JGIC RFC DMMR MD ? U?RCP @SE ML RFC QSPD?AC MD ? NMLB, RFCL KMTCKCLR MD RFC
K?QQGTC M@HCAR QFMSJB APC?RC U?TCQ GL QN?AC JGIC RFMQC ML ? NMLB. H7L?J7J?ED7B M7L;I ?PC K?QQ-APC?RCB BGQRMPRGMLQ GL QN?AC RF?R NPMN?E?RC ?R RFC
QNCCB MD JGEFR ?LB ?PC NPCBGARCB @W ECLCP?J PCJ?RGTGRW. 3GLAC EP?TGRW GQ @W D?P RFC UC?ICQR DMPAC, CVRPCKC AMLBGRGMLQ ?PC LCCBCB RM ECLCP?RC QGELGDGA?LR
EP?TGR?RGML?J U?TCQ. 'P?TGRW LC?P @GL?PW LCSRPML QR?P QWQRCKQ GQ QM EPC?R RF?R QGELGDGA?LR EP?TGR?RGML?J U?TC CLCPEW GQ P?BG?RCB ?Q RFC RUM LCSRPML QR?PQ
MP@GR MLC ?LMRFCP. !KCPGA?L ?QRPMLMKCPQ, *MQCNF 4?WJMP ?LB 2SQQCJJ (SJQC, KC?QSPCB AF?LECQ GL RFC MP@GR MD QSAF ? @GL?PW LCSRPML QR?P QWQRCK.
4FCW DMSLB GRQ MP@GR RM AF?LEC NPCAGQCJW ?Q NPCBGARCB @W ECLCP?J PCJ?RGTGRW, ? QRPMLE GLBGA?RGML MD EP?TGR?RGML?J U?TCQ, ?LB UCPC ?U?PBCB RFC 1993
.M@CJ 0PGXC. "SR BGPCAR BCRCARGML MD EP?TGR?RGML?J U?TCQ ML %?PRF UMSJB @C AMLAJSQGTC. &MP K?LW WC?PQ, T?PGMSQ ?RRCKNRQ F?TC @CCL K?BC RM BCRCAR
EP?TGR?RGML?J U?TCQ @W M@QCPTGLE TG@P?RGMLQ GLBSACB GL K?RRCP BGQRMPRCB @W RFCQC U?TCQ. !KCPGA?L NFWQGAGQR *MQCNF 7C@CP NGMLCCPCB RFGQ DGCJB GL RFC
1960Q, @SR LM AMLAJSQGTC CTCLRQ F?TC @CCL M@QCPTCB. (.M EP?TGRW U?TC BCRCARMPQ UCPC GL MNCP?RGML ?R RFC RGKC MD RFC 1987! QSNCPLMT?,
SLDMPRSL?RCJW.) 4FCPC ?PC LMU QCTCP?J ?K@GRGMSQ QWQRCKQ MD EP?TGR?RGML?J U?TC BCRCARMPQ GL SQC ?PMSLB RFC UMPJB. 4FCQC GLAJSBC RFC ,)'/ (,?QCP
)LRCPDCPMKCRCP 'P?TGR?RGML?J 7?TC /@QCPT?RMPW) QWQRCK UGRF RUM J?QCP GLRCPDCPMKCRCP BCRCARMPQ, MLC GL RFC QR?RC MD 7?QFGLERML ?LB ?LMRFCP GL
,MSGQG?L? (3CC F?=KH; 34.15) ?LB RFC 6)2'/ (6?PG?@GJGRW MD )PP?BG?LAC ?LB 'P?TGR?RGML?J /QAGJJ?RGMLQ) D?AGJGRW GL )R?JW UGRF ? QGLEJC BCRCARMP.
1S?LRSK 'P?TGRW
BB79A >EB;I H7:?7J; 1S?LRSK EP?TGRW GQ GKNMPR?LR GL RFMQC QGRS?RGMLQ UFCPC EP?TGRW GQ QM CVRPCKCJW QRPMLE RF?R GR F?Q CDDCARQ ML RFC OS?LRSK QA?JC,
UFCPC RFC MRFCP DMPACQ ?PC MPBGL?PGJW KSAF QRPMLECP. 4FC C?PJW SLGTCPQC U?Q QSAF ? NJ?AC, @SR @J?AI FMJCQ ?PC ?LMRFCP. 4FC DGPQR QGELGDGA?LR AMLLCARGML
@CRUCCL EP?TGRW ?LB OS?LRSK CDDCARQ U?Q K?BC @W RFC 2SQQG?L NFWQGAGQR 9?IMT :CJtBMTGAF GL 1971, ?LB MRFCP QGELGDGA?LR ?BT?LACQ DMJJMUCB DPMK RFC
"PGRGQF NFWQGAGQR 3RCNFCL (?UIGLE. (3CC F?=KH; 34.16.) 4FCQC RUM QFMUCB RF?R @J?AI FMJCQ AMSJB P?BG?RC ?U?W CLCPEW @W OS?LRSK CDDCARQ HSQR
MSRQGBC RFC CTCLR FMPGXML (LMRFGLE A?L CQA?NC DPMK GLQGBC RFC CTCLR FMPGXML). "J?AI FMJCQ ?PC, RFSQ, CVNCARCB RM P?BG?RC CLCPEW ?LB QFPGLI RM LMRFGLE,
?JRFMSEF CVRPCKCJW QJMUJW DMP KMQR @J?AI FMJCQ. 4FC KCAF?LGQK GQ RFC APC?RGML MD ? N?PRGAJC-?LRGN?PRGAJC N?GP DPMK CLCPEW GL RFC CVRPCKCJW QRPMLE
EP?TGR?RGML?J DGCJB LC?P RFC CTCLR FMPGXML. /LC KCK@CP MD RFC N?GP D?JJQ GLRM RFC FMJC ?LB RFC MRFCP CQA?NCQ, AMLQCPTGLE KMKCLRSK. (3CC F?=KH;
34.17.) 7FCL ? @J?AI FMJC JMQCQ CLCPEW ?LB, FCLAC, PCQR K?QQ, GRQ CTCLR FMPGXML QFPGLIQ, APC?RGLE ?L CTCL EPC?RCP EP?TGR?RGML?J DGCJB. 4FGQ GLAPC?QCQ
RFC P?RC MD N?GP NPMBSARGML QM RF?R RFC NPMACQQ EPMUQ CVNMLCLRG?JJW SLRGJ RFC @J?AI FMJC GQ LSAJC?P GL QGXC. ! DGL?J @SPQR MD N?PRGAJCQ ?LB P?WQ CLQSCQ.
4FGQ GQ ?L CVRPCKCJW QJMU NPMACQQ DMP @J?AI FMJCQ ?@MSR RFC K?QQ MD RFC 3SL (NPMBSACB @W QSNCPLMT?Q) MP J?PECP MLCQ (JGIC RFMQC RFMSEFR RM @C ?R
E?J?ARGA ACLRCPQ), R?IGLE ML RFC MPBCP MD 10
67
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QSNCPK?QQGTC @J?AI FMJC GQ AMLQGQRCLR UGRF RFCQC M@QCPT?RGMLQ, @SR MRFCP NMQQG@GJGRGCQ ?PC LMR OSGRC CJGKGL?RCB. (APCBGR: .!3! ?LB %3!)
#(!04%2 34 Y &2/.4)%23 /& 0(93)#3 1215
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BCRCARCB @W J?QCP GLRCPDCPMKCRCP RCAFLGOSCQ. 3SAF BCRCARGML GL AMGLAGBCLAC UGRF MRFCP BCRCARMPQ ?LB UGRF ?QRPMLMKGA?J CTCLRQ, QSAF ?Q QSNCPLMT?Q, UMSJB NPMTGBC BGPCAR
CTGBCLAC MD EP?TGR?RGML?J U?TCQ. (APCBGR: 4M@GL &PGAIC)
F?=KH; 34.16 3RCNFCL (?UIGLE (@. 1942) F?Q K?BC K?LW AMLRPG@SRGMLQ RM RFC RFCMPW MD OS?LRSK EP?TGRW. (?UIGLE GQ ? JMLE-RGKC QSPTGTMP MD !,3 ?LB F?Q NPMBSACB NMNSJ?P
@MMIQ ML ECLCP?J PCJ?RGTGRW, AMQKMJMEW, ?LB OS?LRSK EP?TGRW. (APCBGR: ,UN +MKKSLGIbAGf)
F?=KH; 34.17 'P?TGRW ?LB OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ AMKC GLRM NJ?W UFCL ? @J?AI FMJC APC?RCQ ? N?PRGAJC-?LRGN?PRGAJC N?GP DPMK RFC CLCPEW GL GRQ EP?TGR?RGML?J DGCJB. /LC KCK@CP MD RFC
N?GP D?JJQ GLRM RFC FMJC UFGJC RFC MRFCP CQA?NCQ, PCKMTGLE CLCPEW ?LB QFPGLIGLE RFC @J?AI FMJC. 4FC QC?PAF GQ ML DMP RFC AF?P?ARCPGQRGA CLCPEW.
0EHC>EB;I 7D: J?C; JH7L;B 4FC QS@HCAR MD RGKC RP?TCJ A?NRSPCQ RFC GK?EGL?RGML. 4FCMPCRGA?J NFWQGAGQRQ, QSAF ?Q RFC !KCPGA?L +GN 4FMPLC, F?TC
RPC?RCB RFC QS@HCAR QCPGMSQJW, JMMIGLE GLRM RFC NMQQG@GJGRW RF?R D?JJGLE GLRM ? @J?AI FMJC AMSJB PCQSJR GL NMNNGLE SN GL ?LMRFCP RGKC ?LB NJ?ACr? RPGN
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GQ LMR NMQQG@JC GL RFCMPW. 7FGJC QRGJJ BC@?RCB, GR ?NNC?PQ RF?R OS?LRSK EP?TGRW CDDCARQ GLQGBC ? @J?AI FMJC NPCTCLR RGKC RP?TCJ BSC RM RFC APC?RGML MD
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K?IC RGKC GLRCPT?JQ KC?LGLEDSJ MLJW BMUL RM QMKC DGLGRC RGKC JGKGR. %?PJW UMPI GLBGA?RCB RF?R RFGQ KGEFR @C RFC A?QC DMP RGKCQ ?Q JMLE ?Q 10
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RF?R RFC D?KGJG?P BGKCLQGMLQ MD QN?AC ?PC GLBCNCLBCLR MD MLC ?LMRFCP) ?LB GQ PCNPCQCLRCB @W ? BGDDCPCLR RWNC MD 3SNCPQRPGLE. !Q RFC SLGTCPQC CTMJTCB
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SN ?LB @CAMKC SLLMRGACB.
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RF?L QMKC DGLGRC T?JSC, GR ?JQM GKNJGCQ RF?R RFCPC K?W @C LM QGXCQ QK?JJCP RF?L QMKC RGLW @SR DGLGRC T?JSC. 4F?R K?W @C ?@MSR 10
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DSPRFCP QS@QRPSARSPC. 4FGQ UMSJB @C RFC SJRGK?RC ?LQUCP RM RFC OSCQRGML RFC ?LAGCLR 'PCCIQ AMLQGBCPCB. 4FCPC GQ ? DGLGRC JMUCP JGKGR RM QN?AC.
.MR MLJW GQ 3SNCPQRPGLE RFCMPW GL GRQ GLD?LAW, GR BC?JQ UGRF BGKCLQGMLQ ?@MSR 17 MPBCPQ MD K?ELGRSBC QK?JJCP RF?L RFC 10
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F?Q JCB RFCMPGQRQ RM K?IC AFMGACQ QS@HCARGTCJW (?Q ?JU?WQ) ML UF?R GQ RFC KMQR CJCE?LR RFCMPW, UGRF JCQQ FMNC RF?L SQS?J RF?R CVNCPGKCLR UGJJ ESGBC
RFCK. )R F?Q ?JQM JCB RM QNCASJ?RGML MD ?JRCPL?RC SLGTCPQCQ, UGRF RFCGP "GE "?LEQ APC?RGLE C?AF LCU SLGTCPQC UGRF ? P?LBMK QCR MD PSJCQ. 4FCQC
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K?RFCK?RGAG?LQ ?LB QAGCLRGQRQ ?JGIC ?LB MAA?QGML?JJW F?TC @CCL BGPCARJW PCJ?RCB RM RFC BCQAPGNRGML MD LCU BGQAMTCPGCQ.
34.4 D7HA &7JJ;H 7D: CBEIKH;
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4FCMPCRGA?J 9C?PLGLEQ DMP #JMQSPC
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AMQKMJMEGA?J AMLQR?LR A?L AMSLRCP?AR EP?TGRWtQ CDDCAR. !Q PCACLR KC?QSPCKCLRQ GLBGA?RC, RFC SLGTCPQC GQ CVN?LBGLE 94FG8E LMU RF?L GL RFC
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GR GQ LMU. (MUCTCP, KC?QSPCKCLRQ QFMU GR U?Q ?8FF RF?L LMU. 7C A?L, FMUCTCP, A?JASJ?RC RFC ?KMSLR MD QJMUGLE @?QCB ML RFC ?TCP?EC BCLQGRW MD
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DPMK KSML DJ?TMP RM CJCARPML DJ?TMP. -?QQGTC LCSRPGLMQ ?PC ? N?PRGASJ?PJW ?NNC?JGLE NMQQG@GJGRW DMP CVNJ?GLGLE B?PI K?RRCP, QGLAC RFCGP CVGQRCLAC GQ
AMLQGQRCLR UGRF ? J?PEC @MBW MD ILMUL GLDMPK?RGML ?LB CVNJ?GLQ KMPC RF?L B?PI K?RRCP. 4FC OSCQRGML GQ LMR QCRRJCB ?R RFGQ UPGRGLE.
4FC KMQR P?BGA?J NPMNMQ?J RM CVNJ?GL B?PI K?RRCP GQ RF?R GR AMLQGQRQ MD NPCTGMSQJW SLILMUL JCNRMLQ (QMKCRGKCQ M@RSQCJW PCDCPPCB RM ?Q LML-@?PWMLGA
K?RRCP). 4FCQC ?PC A?JJCB M;7ABO ?DJ;H79J?D= C7II?L; F7HJ?9B;I, MP 0"&)I, ?LB UMSJB ?JQM @C AF?PECJCQQ, RFSQ GLRCP?ARGLE LCEJGEG@JW UGRF LMPK?J
K?RRCP, CVACNR RFPMSEF EP?TGR?RGML. /LC NPMNMQCB EPMSN MD 7)-0Q UMSJB F?TC K?QQCQ QCTCP?J MPBCPQ MD K?ELGRSBC EPC?RCP RF?L LSAJCMLQ ?LB ?PC
QMKCRGKCQ A?JJCB D;KJH7B?DEI. /RFCPQ ?PC A?JJCB 7N?EDI ?LB UMSJB F?TC K?QQCQ ?@MSR 10
10
RF?R MD ?L CJCARPML K?QQ. "MRF LCSRP?JGLMQ ?LB
?VGMLQ UMSJB @C EP?TGR?RGML?JJW ?RR?AFCB RM E?J?VGCQ, @SR @CA?SQC RFCW ?PC AF?PECJCQQ ?LB MLJW DCCJ RFC UC?I DMPAC, RFCW UMSJB @C GL ? F?JM P?RFCP
RF?L GLRCP?AR ?LB AM?JCQAC GLRM QNGP?JQ, ?LB QM ML, JGIC LMPK?J K?RRCP (QCC F?=KH; 34.20).
F?=KH; 34.19 4FC (S@@JC 3N?AC 4CJCQAMNC GQ NPMBSAGLE CVAGRGLE B?R? UGRF GRQ AMPPCARCB MNRGAQ ?LB UGRF RFC ?@QCLAC MD ?RKMQNFCPGA BGQRMPRGML. )R F?Q M@QCPTCB QMKC -!#(/Q,
BGQIQ MD K?RCPG?J ?PMSLB QR?PQ RFMSEFR RM NPCACBC NJ?LCR DMPK?RGML, @J?AI FMJC A?LBGB?RCQ, ?LB AMJJGQGMLQ MD AMKCRQ UGRF *SNGRCP. (APCBGR: .!3! (APCU MD 343-125))
#(!04%2 34 Y &2/.4)%23 /& 0(93)#3 1219
F?=KH; 34.20 $?PI K?RRCP K?W QFCNFCPB LMPK?J K?RRCP EP?TGR?RGML?JJW GL QN?AC, ?Q RFGQ QRPC?K KMTCQ RFC JC?TCQ. $?PI K?RRCP K?W @C GLTGQG@JC ?LB CTCL KMTC RFPMSEF RFC
LMPK?J K?RRCP, ?Q LCSRPGLMQ NCLCRP?RC SQ UGRFMSR QK?JJ-QA?JC CDDCAR. (APCBGR: 3FGLGAFG 3SEGW?K?)
3MKC N?PRGAJC RFCMPGQRQ F?TC @SGJR 7)-0Q GLRM RFCGP SLGDGCB DMPAC RFCMPGCQ ?LB GLRM RFC GLDJ?RGML?PW QACL?PGM MD RFC CTMJSRGML MD RFC SLGTCPQC QM NMNSJ?P
RMB?W. 4FCQC N?PRGAJCQ UMSJB F?TC @CCL NPMBSACB GL HSQR RFC AMPPCAR LSK@CPQ RM K?IC RFC SLGTCPQC DJ?R, QFMPRJW ?DRCP RFC "GE "?LE. 4FC NPMNMQ?J GQ
P?BGA?J GL RFC QCLQC RF?R GR GLTMICQ CLRGPCJW LCU DMPKQ MD K?RRCP, GL D?AR GJB CLRGPCJW LCU DMPKQ, GL MPBCP RM CVNJ?GL B?PI K?RRCP ?LB MRFCP NFCLMKCL?.
7)-0Q F?TC RFC CVRP? @SPBCL MD ?SRMK?RGA?JJW @CGLE TCPW BGDDGASJR RM M@QCPTC BGPCARJW. 4FGQ GQ QMKCUF?R ?L?JMEMSQ RM OS?PI AMLDGLCKCLR, UFGAF
ES?P?LRCCQ RF?R OS?PIQ ?PC RFCPC, @SR RFCW A?L LCTCP @C QCCL BGPCARJW. /LC MD RFC NPGK?PW EM?JQ MD RFC ,(# ?R #%2., FMUCTCP, GQ RM NPMBSAC ?LB
BCRCAR 7)-0Q. !R ?LW P?RC, @CDMPC 7)-0Q ?PC ?AACNRCB ?Q RFC @CQR CVNJ?L?RGML, ?JJ MRFCP NMQQG@GJGRGCQ SRGJGXGLE ILMUL NFCLMKCL? UGJJ F?TC RM @C
QFMUL GLDCPGMP. 3FMSJB RF?R MAASP, UC UGJJ @C GL RFC SL?LRGAGN?RCB NMQGRGML MD ?BKGRRGLE RF?R, RM B?RC, ?JJ UC ILMU GQ MLJW 10% MD UF?R CVGQRQ. ! D?P APW
DPMK RFC B?WQ UFCL NCMNJC DGPKJW @CJGCTCB RFCKQCJTCQ RM @C LMR MLJW RFC ACLRCP MD RFC SLGTCPQC, @SR ?JQM RFC PC?QML DMP GRQ CVGQRCLAC.
34.5 CECFB;N?JO 7D: C>7EI
-SAF MD UF?R GKNPCQQCQ SQ ?@MSR NFWQGAQ GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC SLBCPJWGLE AMLLCARGMLQ ?LB @?QGA QGKNJGAGRW MD RFC J?UQ UC F?TC BGQAMTCPCB. 4FC J?LES?EC
MD NFWQGAQ GQ NPCAGQC ?LB UCJJ BCDGLCB @CA?SQC K?LW @?QGA QWQRCKQ UC QRSBW ?PC QGKNJC CLMSEF RF?R UC A?L NCPDMPK AMLRPMJJCB CVNCPGKCLRQ ?LB
BGQAMTCP SL?K@GESMSQ PCJ?RGMLQFGNQ. /SP KMQR QNCAR?ASJ?P QSAACQQCQ, QSAF ?Q RFC NPCBGARGML MD NPCTGMSQJW SLM@QCPTCB N?PRGAJCQ, AMKC DPMK RFC
QGKNJC SLBCPJWGLE N?RRCPLQ UC F?TC @CCL ?@JC RM PCAMELGXC. "SR RFCPC ?PC QWQRCKQ MD GLRCPCQR RM NFWQGAGQRQ RF?R ?PC GLFCPCLRJW AMKNJCV. 4FC QGKNJC
J?UQ MD NFWQGAQ ?NNJW, MD AMSPQC, @SR AMKNJCV QWQRCKQ K?W PCTC?J N?RRCPLQ RF?R QGKNJC QWQRCKQ BM LMR. 4FC CKCPEGLE DGCJB MD 9ECFB;N?JO GQ BCTMRCB
RM RFC QRSBW MD AMKNJCV QWQRCKQ, GLAJSBGLE RFMQC MSRQGBC RFC RP?BGRGML?J @MSLBQ MD NFWQGAQ. /D N?PRGASJ?P GLRCPCQR GQ RFC ?@GJGRW MD AMKNJCV QWQRCKQ RM
?B?NR ?LB CTMJTC.
7F?R ?PC QMKC CV?KNJCQ MD AMKNJCV ?B?NRGTC QWQRCKQ? /LC GQ RFC NPGKMPBG?J MAC?L. 7FCL RFC MAC?LQ DGPQR DMPKCB, RFCW UCPC ? P?LBMK KGV MD
CJCKCLRQ ?LB AMKNMSLBQ RF?R M@CWCB RFC J?UQ MD NFWQGAQ ?LB AFCKGQRPW. )L ? PCJ?RGTCJW QFMPR ECMJMEGA?J RGKC (?@MSR 500 KGJJGML WC?PQ), JGDC F?B
CKCPECB. ,?@MP?RMPW QGKSJ?RGMLQ GLBGA?RC RF?R RFC CKCPECLAC MD JGDC U?Q D?P RMM D?QR RM F?TC AMKC DPMK P?LBMK AMK@GL?RGMLQ MD AMKNMSLBQ, CTCL GD
BPGTCL @W JGEFRLGLE ?LB FC?R. 4FCPC KSQR @C ?L SLBCPJWGLE ?@GJGRW MD RFC AMKNJCV QWQRCK RM MPE?LGXC GRQCJD, PCQSJRGLE GL RFC QCJD-PCNJGA?RGML UC PCAMELGXC
?Q JGDC. ,GTGLE CLRGRGCQ, CTCL ?R RFC SLGACJJSJ?P JCTCJ, ?PC FGEFJW MPE?LGXCB ?LB QWQRCK?RGA. 3WQRCKQ MD JGTGLE MPE?LGQKQ ?PC RFCKQCJTCQ AMKNJCV
?B?NRGTC QWQRCKQ. 4FC EP?LBCQR MD RFCQC CTMJTCB GLRM RFC @GMJMEGA?J QWQRCK UC F?TC RMB?W, JC?TGLE RP?ACQ GL RFC ECMJMEGA?J PCAMPB MD QRCNQ R?ICL
?JMLE RFC U?W.
#MKNJCVGRW ?Q ? BGQAGNJGLC CV?KGLCQ AMKNJCV QWQRCKQ, FMU RFCW ?B?NR ?LB CTMJTC, JMMIGLE DMP QGKGJ?PGRGCQ UGRF MRFCP AMKNJCV ?B?NRGTC QWQRCKQ. #?L,
DMP CV?KNJC, N?P?JJCJQ @C BP?UL @CRUCCL @GMJMEGA?J CTMJSRGML ?LB RFC CTMJSRGML MD 86BAB@<6 FLFG8@F? %AMLMKGA QWQRCKQ BM CKCPEC OSGAIJW, RFCW
QFMU RCLBCLAGCQ DMP QCJD-MPE?LGX?RGML, RFCW ?PC AMKNJCV (GL RFC LSK@CP ?LB RWNCQ MD RP?LQ?ARGMLQ), ?LB RFCW ?B?NR ?LB CTMJTC. "GMJMEGA?J QWQRCKQ BM
?JJ RFC Q?KC RWNCQ MD RFGLEQ. 4FCPC ?PC MRFCP CV?KNJCQ MD AMKNJCV ?B?NRGTC QWQRCKQ @CGLE QRSBGCB DMP DSLB?KCLR?J QGKGJ?PGRGCQ. CH?GHE8F QFMU QGELQ
MD ?B?NR?RGML ?LB CTMJSRGML. 4FC AMKN?PGQML MD BGDDCPCLR ASJRSP?J CTMJSRGMLQ K?W @C?P DPSGR ?Q UCJJ ?Q AMKN?PGQMLQ RM @GMJMEGA?J CTMJSRGML. *6<8A68 ?JQM
GQ ? AMKNJCV QWQRCK MD FSK?L GLRCP?ARGMLQ, JGIC ASJRSPC ?LB CAMLMKGAQ, RF?R ?B?NRQ RM LCU GLDMPK?RGML ?LB NMJGRGA?J NPCQQSPC, ?LB CTMJTCQ, SQS?JJW
@CAMKGLE KMPC MPE?LGXCB P?RFCP RF?L JCQQ. 4FMQC UFM QRSBW 6E84G<I8 G;<A><A: ?JQM QCC N?P?JJCJQ UGRF AMKNJCV QWQRCKQ. (SK?LQ QMKCRGKCQ MPE?LGXC
?JKMQR P?LBMK NGCACQ MD GLDMPK?RGML, MDRCL QS@AMLQAGMSQJW UFGJC BMGLE MRFCP RFGLEQ, ?LB AMKC SN UGRF @PGJJG?LR APC?RGTC GLQGEFRQ. 4FC BCTCJMNKCLR MD
?4A:H4:8 GQ ?LMRFCP AMKNJCV ?B?NRGTC QWQRCK RF?R K?W QFMU QGKGJ?P RCLBCLAGCQ. AEG<9<6<4? <AG8??<:8A68 GQ ?L MTCPR ?RRCKNR RM BCTGQC ?L ?B?NRGTC
QWQRCK RF?R UGJJ QCJD-MPE?LGXC ?LB CTMJTC GL RFC Q?KC K?LLCP ?Q ?L GLRCJJGECLR JGTGLE @CGLE JC?PLQ. 4FCQC ?PC ? DCU MD RFC @PM?B P?LEC MD RMNGAQ @CGLE
QRSBGCB @W RFMQC UFM GLTCQRGE?RC AMKNJCVGRW. 4FCPC ?PC LMU GLQRGRSRCQ, HMSPL?JQ, ?LB KCCRGLEQ, ?Q UCJJ ?Q NMNSJ?PGX?RGMLQ MD RFC CKCPEGLE RMNGA MD
AMKNJCVGRW.
)L RP?BGRGML?J NFWQGAQ, RFC BGQAGNJGLC MD AMKNJCVGRW K?W WGCJB GLQGEFRQ GL ACPR?GL ?PC?Q. 4FCPKMBWL?KGAQ RPC?RQ QWQRCKQ ML RFC ?TCP?EC, UFGJC QR?RGQRGA?J
KCAF?LGAQ BC?JQ GL QMKC BCR?GJ UGRF AMKNJCV QWQRCKQ MD ?RMKQ ?LB KMJCASJCQ GL P?LBMK RFCPK?J KMRGML. 9CR RFCPC GQ MPE?LGX?RGML, ?B?NR?RGML, ?LB
CTMJSRGML GL RFMQC AMKNJCV QWQRCKQ. .ML-COSGJG@PGSK NFCLMKCL?, QSAF ?Q FC?R RP?LQDCP ?LB NF?QC AF?LECQ, ?PC AF?P?ARCPGQRGA?JJW AMKNJCV GL BCR?GJ,
?LB LCU ?NNPM?AFCQ RM RFCK K?W CTMJTC DPMK AMKNJCVGRW ?Q ? BGQAGNJGLC. #PWQR?J EPMURF GQ ?LMRFCP CV?KNJC MD QCJD-MPE?LGX?RGML QNMLR?LCMSQJW
CKCPEGLE GL ? AMKNJCV QWQRCK. !JJMWQ ?PC ?JQM GLFCPCLRJW AMKNJCV KGVRSPCQ RF?R QFMU ACPR?GL QGKNJC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ GKNJWGLE QMKC QCJD-MPE?LGX?RGML.
4FC MPE?LGX?RGML MD GPML ?RMKQ GLRM K?ELCRGA BMK?GLQ ?Q RFCW AMMJ GQ ?LMRFCP. 0CPF?NQ GLQGEFRQ GLRM RFCQC BGDDGASJR ?PC?Q UGJJ CKCPEC DPMK AMKNJCVGRW.
"SR ?R RFC KGLGKSK, RFC BGQAGNJGLC MD AMKNJCVGRW GQ ?LMRFCP CV?KNJC MD FSK?L CDDMPR RM SLBCPQR?LB ?LB MPE?LGXC RFC SLGTCPQC ?PMSLB SQ, N?PRJW PMMRCB
GL RFC BGQAGNJGLC MD NFWQGAQ.
! NPCBCACQQMP RM AMKNJCVGRW GQ RFC RMNGA MD AF?MQ, UFGAF F?Q @CCL UGBCJW NS@JGAGXCB ?LB F?Q @CAMKC ? BGQAGNJGLC MD GRQ MUL. )R GQ ?JQM @?QCB N?PRJW GL
NFWQGAQ ?LB RPC?RQ @PM?B AJ?QQCQ MD NFCLMKCL? DPMK K?LW BGQAGNJGLCQ. C>7EI GQ ? UMPB SQCB RM BCQAPG@C QWQRCKQ UFMQC MSRAMKCQ ?PC CVRPCKCJW
QCLQGRGTC RM GLGRG?J AMLBGRGMLQ. 4FC MP@GR MD RFC NJ?LCR 0JSRM, DMP CV?KNJC, K?W @C AF?MRGA GL RF?R GR A?L AF?LEC RPCKCLBMSQJW BSC RM QK?JJ GLRCP?ARGMLQ
UGRF MRFCP NJ?LCRQ. 4FGQ K?ICQ GRQ JMLE-RCPK @CF?TGMP GKNMQQG@JC RM NPCBGAR UGRF NPCAGQGML, HSQR ?Q UC A?LLMR RCJJ NPCAGQCJW UFCPC ? BCA?WGLE %?PRF
Q?RCJJGRC UGJJ J?LB MP FMU K?LW NGCACQ GR UGJJ @PC?I GLRM. "SR RFC BGQAGNJGLC MD AF?MQ F?Q DMSLB U?WQ RM BC?J UGRF QSAF QWQRCKQ ?LB F?Q @CCL ?NNJGCB RM
?NN?PCLRJW SLPCJ?RCB QWQRCKQ. &MP CV?KNJC, RFC FC?PR@C?R MD NCMNJC UGRF ACPR?GL RWNCQ MD NMRCLRG?JJW JCRF?J ?PPFWRFKG?Q QCCKQ RM @C AF?MRGA, ?LB RFGQ
ILMUJCBEC K?W ?JJMU KMPC QMNFGQRGA?RCB KMLGRMPGLE ?LB PCAMELGRGML MD RFC LCCB DMP GLRCPTCLRGML.
1220 #(!04%2 34 Y &2/.4)%23 /& 0(93)#3
#F?MQ GQ PCJ?RCB RM AMKNJCVGRW. 3MKC AF?MRGA QWQRCKQ ?PC ?JQM GLFCPCLRJW AMKNJCV; DMP CV?KNJC, TMPRGACQ GL ? DJSGB ?Q MNNMQCB RM ? BMS@JC NCLBSJSK.
"MRF ?PC AF?MRGA ?LB LMR NPCBGAR?@JC GL RFC Q?KC QCLQC ?Q MRFCP QWQRCKQ. "SR RFCPC A?L @C MPE?LGX?RGML GL AF?MQ ?LB GR A?L ?JQM @C OS?LRGDGCB.
%V?KNJCQ MD AF?MRGA QWQRCKQ ?PC @C?SRGDSJ DP?AR?J N?RRCPLQ QSAF ?Q GL F?=KH; 34.21. 3MKC AF?MRGA QWQRCKQ CVFG@GR QCJD-MPE?LGX?RGML, ? RWNC MD QR?@JC
AF?MQ. 4FC MP@GRQ MD RFC NJ?LCRQ GL MSP QMJ?P QWQRCK, DMP CV?KNJC, K?W @C AF?MRGA (UC ?PC LMR ACPR?GL WCR). "SR RFCW ?PC BCDGLGRCJW MPE?LGXCB ?LB
QWQRCK?RGA, UGRF ? QGKNJC DMPKSJ? BCQAPG@GLE RFC MP@GR?J P?BGG MD RFC DGPQR CGEFR NJ?LCRQ 4A7 RFC ?QRCPMGB @CJR. ,?PEC-QA?JC TMPRGACQ GL *SNGRCPtQ
?RKMQNFCPC ?PC AF?MRGA, @SR RFC 'PC?R 2CB 3NMR GQ ? QR?@JC QCJD-MPE?LGX?RGML MD PMR?RGML?J CLCPEW. (3CC F?=KH; 34.22.) 4FC 'PC?R 2CB 3NMR F?Q @CCL
GL CVGQRCLAC DMP ?R JC?QR 400 WC?PQ ?LB GQ ? AMKNJCV QCJD-?B?NRGTC QWQRCK.
4FC CKCPEGLE DGCJB MD AMKNJCVGRW, JGIC RFC LMU ?JKMQR RP?BGRGML?J DGCJB MD AF?MQ, GQ N?PRJW PMMRCB GL NFWQGAQ. "MRF ?RRCKNR RM QCC QGKGJ?P QWQRCK?RGAQ GL ?
TCPW @PM?B P?LEC MD NFCLMKCL? ?LB, FCLAC, ECLCP?RC ? @CRRCP SLBCPQR?LBGLE MD RFCK. 4GKC UGJJ RCJJ UF?R GKN?AR RFCQC DGCJBQ F?TC ML KMPC RP?BGRGML?J
?PC?Q MD NFWQGAQ ?Q UCJJ ?Q ML RFC MRFCP BGQAGNJGLCQ RFCW PCJ?RC RM.
F?=KH; 34.21 4FGQ GK?EC GQ PCJ?RCB RM RFC -?LBCJ@PMR QCR, ? AMKNJCV K?RFCK?RGA?J DMPK RF?R GQ AF?MRGA. 4FC N?RRCPLQ ?PC GLDGLGRCJW DGLC ?Q WMS JMMI AJMQCP ?LB AJMQCP, ?LB RFCW
GLBGA?RC MPBCP GL RFC NPCQCLAC MD AF?MQ. (APCBGR: 'GJ@CPRM 3?LR? 2MQ?)
F?=KH; 34.22 4FC 'PC?R 2CB 3NMR ML *SNGRCP GQ ?L CV?KNJC MD QCJD-MPE?LGX?RGML GL ? AMKNJCV ?LB AF?MRGA QWQRCK. 3K?JJCP TMPRGACQ GL *SNGRCPtQ ?RKMQNFCPC @CF?TC AF?MRGA?JJW,
@SR RFC RPGNJC-%?PRF-QGXC QNMR GQ QCJD-MPE?LGXCB ?LB QR?@JC DMP ?R JC?QR FSLBPCBQ MD WC?PQ. (APCBGR: .!3!)
34.6 !?=>-J;CF;H7JKH; ,KF;H9ED:K9JEHI
,KF;H9ED:K9JEHI ?PC K?RCPG?JQ UGRF ? PCQGQRGTGRW MD XCPM. 4FCW ?PC D?KGJG?P RM RFC ECLCP?J NS@JGA @CA?SQC MD RFCGP NP?ARGA?J ?NNJGA?RGMLQ ?LB F?TC @CCL
KCLRGMLCB ?R ? LSK@CP MD NMGLRQ GL RFC RCVR. "CA?SQC RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD ? NGCAC MD QSNCPAMLBSARMP GQ XCPM, RFCPC ?PC LM FC?R JMQQCQ DMP ASPPCLRQ
RFPMSEF RFCK; RFCW ?PC SQCB GL K?ELCRQ LCCBGLE FGEF ASPPCLRQ, QSAF ?Q GL -2) K?AFGLCQ, ?LB AMSJB ASR CLCPEW JMQQCQ GL NMUCP RP?LQKGQQGML. "SR
KMQR QSNCPAMLBSARMPQ KSQR @C AMMJCB RM RCKNCP?RSPCQ MLJW ? DCU ICJTGL ?@MTC ?@QMJSRC XCPM, ? AMQRJW NPMACBSPC JGKGRGLE RFCGP NP?ARGA?J ?NNJGA?RGMLQ.
)L RFC N?QR BCA?BC, RPCKCLBMSQ ?BT?LACQ F?TC @CCL K?BC GL NPMBSAGLE K?RCPG?JQ RF?R @CAMKC QSNCPAMLBSARMPQ ?R PCJ?RGTCJW FGEF RCKNCP?RSPCQ.
4FCPC GQ FMNC RF?R PMMK RCKNCP?RSPC QSNCPAMLBSARMPQ K?W QMKCB?W @C K?LSD?ARSPCB.
3SNCPAMLBSARGTGRW U?Q BGQAMTCPCB ?AAGBCLR?JJW GL 1911 @W RFC $SRAF NFWQGAGQR (. +?KCPJGLEF /LLCQ (1853q1926) UFCL FC SQCB JGOSGB FCJGSK RM AMMJ
KCPASPW. /LLCQ F?B @CCL RFC DGPQR NCPQML RM JGOSCDW FCJGSK ? DCU WC?PQ C?PJGCP ?LB U?Q QSPNPGQCB RM M@QCPTC RFC PCQGQRGTGRW MD ? KCBGMAPC AMLBSARMP
JGIC KCPASPW BPMN RM XCPM ?R ? RCKNCP?RSPC MD 4.2 +. 7C BCDGLC RFC RCKNCP?RSPC ?R UFGAF ?LB @CJMU UFGAF ? K?RCPG?J @CAMKCQ ? QSNCPAMLBSARMP RM @C
GRQ 9H?J?97B J;CF;H7JKH;, BCLMRCB @W T
c
. (3CC F?=KH; 34.23.) 0PMEPCQQ GL SLBCPQR?LBGLE FMU ?LB UFW ? K?RCPG?J @CA?KC ? QSNCPAMLBSARMP U?Q
PCJ?RGTCJW QJMU, UGRF RFC DGPQR UMPI?@JC RFCMPW AMKGLE GL 1957. #CPR?GL MRFCP CJCKCLRQ UCPC ?JQM DMSLB RM @CAMKC QSNCPAMLBSARMPQ, @SR ?JJ F?B T
c
Q
JCQQ RF?L 10 +, UFGAF ?PC CVNCLQGTC RM K?GLR?GL. !JRFMSEF /LLCQ PCACGTCB ? .M@CJ NPGXC GL 1913, GR U?Q NPGK?PGJW DMP FGQ UMPI UGRF JGOSGB FCJGSK.
)L 1986, ? @PC?IRFPMSEF U?Q ?LLMSLACBr? ACP?KGA AMKNMSLB U?Q DMSLB RM F?TC ?L SLNPCACBCLRCB T
c
MD 35 +. )R JMMICB ?Q GD KSAF FGEFCP APGRGA?J
RCKNCP?RSPCQ AMSJB @C NMQQG@JC, ?LB @W C?PJW 1988 ?LMRFCP ACP?KGA (RFGQ MD RF?JJGSK, A?JAGSK, @?PGSK, AMNNCP, ?LB MVWECL) F?B @CCL DMSLB RM F?TC
T
c
= 125 K (QCC F?=KH; 34.24.) 4FC CAMLMKGA NMRCLRG?J MD NCPDCAR AMLBSARMPQ Q?TGLE CJCARPGA CLCPEW GQ GKKCLQC DMP T
c
Q ?@MTC 77 +, QGLAC RF?R GQ
RFC RCKNCP?RSPC MD JGOSGB LGRPMECL. !JRFMSEF JGOSGB FCJGSK F?Q ? @MGJGLE NMGLR MD 4 + ?LB A?L @C SQCB RM K?IC K?RCPG?JQ QSNCPAMLBSARGLE, GR AMQRQ
?@MSR $5 NCP JGRCP. ,GOSGB LGRPMECL @MGJQ ?R 77 +, @SR MLJW AMQRQ ?@MSR $0.30 NCP JGRCP. 4FCPC U?Q ECLCP?J CSNFMPG? ?R RFC BGQAMTCPW MD RFCQC AMKNJCV
ACP?KGA QSNCPAMLBSARMPQ, @SR RFGQ QMML QS@QGBCB UGRF RFC QM@CPGLE BGDDGASJRW MD DMPKGLE RFCK GLRM SQ?@JC UGPCQ. 4FC DGPQR AMKKCPAG?J SQC MD ? FGEF
RCKNCP?RSPC QSNCPAMLBSARMP GQ GL ?L CJCARPMLGA DGJRCP DMP ACJJSJ?P NFMLCQ. (GEF-RCKNCP?RSPC QSNCPAMLBSARMPQ ?PC SQCB GL CVNCPGKCLR?J ?NN?P?RSQ, ?LB
RFCW ?PC ?ARGTCJW @CGLE PCQC?PAFCB, N?PRGASJ?PJW GL RFGL DGJK ?NNJGA?RGMLQ.
#(!04%2 34 Y &2/.4)%23 /& 0(93)#3 1221
F?=KH; 34.23 ! EP?NF MD PCQGQRGTGRW TCPQSQ RCKNCP?RSPC DMP ? QSNCPAMLBSARMP QFMUQ ? QF?PN RP?LQGRGML RM XCPM ?R RFC APGRGA?J RCKNCP?RSPC +A. (GEF RCKNCP?RSPC QSNCPAMLBSARMPQ
F?TC TCPGDG?@JC +A Q EPC?RCP RF?L 125 +, UCJJ ?@MTC RFC C?QGJW ?AFGCTCB 77-+ RCKNCP?RSPC MD JGOSGB LGRPMECL.
F?=KH; 34.24 /LC AF?P?ARCPGQRGA MD ? QSNCPAMLBSARMP GQ RF?R GR CVAJSBCQ K?ELCRGA DJSV ?LB, RFSQ, PCNCJQ MRFCP K?ELCRQ. 4FC QK?JJ K?ELCR JCTGR?RCB ?@MTC ? FGEF-RCKNCP?RSPC
QSNCPAMLBSARMP, UFGAF GQ AMMJCB @W JGOSGB LGRPMECL, EGTCQ CTGBCLAC RF?R RFC K?RCPG?J GQ QSNCPAMLBSARGLE. 7FCL RFC K?RCPG?J U?PKQ ?LB @CAMKCQ AMLBSARGLE, K?ELCRGA DJSV A?L
NCLCRP?RC GR, ?LB RFC K?ELCR UGJJ PCQR SNML GR. (APCBGR: 3?NCP?SB)
4FC QC?PAF GQ ML DMP CTCL FGEFCP T
c
QSNCPAMLBSARMPQ, K?LW MD AMKNJCV ?LB CVMRGA AMNNCP MVGBC ACP?KGAQ, QMKCRGKCQ GLAJSBGLE QRPMLRGSK, KCPASPW,
MP WRRPGSK ?Q UCJJ ?Q @?PGSK, A?JAGSK, ?LB MRFCP CJCKCLRQ. 2MMK RCKNCP?RSPC (?@MSR 293 +) UMSJB @C GBC?J, @SR ?LW RCKNCP?RSPC AJMQC RM PMMK
RCKNCP?RSPC GQ PCJ?RGTCJW AFC?N RM NPMBSAC ?LB K?GLR?GL. 4FCPC ?PC NCPQGQRCLR PCNMPRQ MD T
c
Q MTCP 200 + ?LB QMKC GL RFC TGAGLGRW MD 270 +.
5LDMPRSL?RCJW, RFCQC M@QCPT?RGMLQ ?PC LMR PMSRGLCJW PCNPMBSAG@JC, UGRF Q?KNJCQ JMQGLE RFCGP QSNCPAMLBSARGLE L?RSPC MLAC FC?RCB ?LB PCAMMJCB (AWAJCB)
? DCU RGKCQ (QCC F?=KH; 34.25.) 4FCW ?PC LMU A?JJCB 53/Q MP SLGBCLRGDGCB QSNCPAMLBSARGLE M@HCARQ, MSR MD DPSQRP?RGML ?LB RFC PCDSQ?J MD QMKC
Q?KNJCQ RM QFMU FGEF T
c
CTCL RFMSEF NPMBSACB GL RFC Q?KC K?LLCP ?Q MRFCPQ. 2CNPMBSAG@GJGRW GQ APSAG?J RM BGQAMTCPW, ?LB PCQC?PAFCPQ ?PC HSQRGDG?@JW
PCJSAR?LR RM AJ?GK RFC @PC?IRFPMSEF RFCW ?JJ QCCI. 4GKC UGJJ RCJJ UFCRFCP 53/Q ?PC PC?J MP ?L CVNCPGKCLR?J OSGPI.
4FC RFCMPW MD MPBGL?PW QSNCPAMLBSARMPQ GQ BGDDGASJR, GLTMJTGLE OS?LRSK CDDCARQ DMP UGBCJW QCN?P?RCB CJCARPMLQ RP?TCJGLE RFPMSEF ? K?RCPG?J. %JCARPMLQ
AMSNJC GL ? K?LLCP RF?R ?JJMUQ RFCK RM ECR RFPMSEF RFC K?RCPG?J UGRFMSR JMQGLE CLCPEW RM GR, K?IGLE GR ? QSNCPAMLBSARMP. (GEF- T
c
QSNCPAMLBSARMPQ
?PC KMPC BGDDGASJR RM SLBCPQR?LB RFCMPCRGA?JJW, @SR RFCMPGQRQ QCCK RM @C AJMQGLE GL ML ? UMPI?@JC RFCMPW. 4FC BGDDGASJRW MD SLBCPQR?LBGLE FMU CJCARPMLQ
A?L QLC?I RFPMSEF K?RCPG?JQ UGRFMSR JMQGLE CLCPEW GL AMJJGQGMLQ GQ CTCL EPC?RCP ?R FGEFCP RCKNCP?RSPCQ, UFCPC TG@P?RGLE ?RMKQ QFMSJB ECR GL RFC U?W.
$GQAMTCPCPQ MD FGEF T
c
K?W DCCJ QMKCRFGLE ?L?JMEMSQ RM UF?R ? NMJGRGAG?L MLAC Q?GB SNML ?L SLCVNCARCB CJCARGML TGARMPWru) UMLBCP UF?R UC BGB
PGEFR?v
1222 #(!04%2 34 Y &2/.4)%23 /& 0(93)#3
F?=KH; 34.25 (?) 4FGQ EP?NF, ?B?NRCB DPMK ?L ?PRGAJC GL ';LF<6F +B74L, QFMUQ RFC @CF?TGMP MD ? QGLEJC Q?KNJC MD ? FGEF-RCKNCP?RSPC QSNCPAMLBSARMP GL RFPCC BGDDCPCLR RPG?JQ. )L
MLC A?QC RFC Q?KNJC CVFG@GRCB ? T
c
MD ?@MSR 230 +, UFCPC?Q GL RFC MRFCPQ GR BGB LMR @CAMKC QSNCPAMLBSARGLE ?R ?JJ. 4FC J?AI MD PCNPMBSAG@GJGRW GQ RWNGA?J MD DMPCDPMLR
CVNCPGKCLRQ ?LB NPMFG@GRQ BCDGLGRGTC AMLAJSQGMLQ. (@) 4FGQ AMJMPDSJ BG?EP?K QFMUQ RFC AMKNJCV @SR QWQRCK?RGA L?RSPC MD RFC J?RRGAC QRPSARSPC MD ? FGEF-RCKNCP?RSPC
QSNCPAMLBSARGLE ACP?KGA. (APCBGR: CL:#?BKGSK, 7GIGKCBG? #MKKMLQ)
34.7 ,EC; *K;IJ?EDI 0; $DEM JE AIA
4FPMSEFMSR RFC RCVR UC F?TC LMRCB FMU CQQCLRG?J GR GQ RM @C ASPGMSQ ?LB RM ?QI OSCQRGMLQ GL MPBCP RM DGPQR SLBCPQR?LB UF?R GQ ILMUL, ?LB RFCL RM EM ?
JGRRJC D?PRFCP. 3MKC OSCQRGMLQ K?W EM SL?LQUCPCB DMP ACLRSPGCQ; MRFCPQ K?W LMR F?TC ?LQUCPQ, @SR QMKC @C?P BCJGAGMSQ DPSGR. 0?PR MD BGQAMTCPW GQ
ILMUGLE UFGAF OSCQRGMLQ RM ?QI. 9MS F?TC RM ILMU QMKCRFGLE @CDMPC WMS A?L CTCL NFP?QC ? BCACLR OSCQRGML. !Q WMS K?W F?TC LMRGACB, RFC KCPC ?AR
MD ?QIGLE ? OSCQRGML A?L EGTC WMS RFC ?LQUCP. 4FC DMJJMUGLE OSCQRGMLQ ?PC ? Q?KNJC MD RFMQC NFWQGAGQRQ LMU ILMU RM ?QI ?LB ?PC PCNPCQCLR?RGTC MD
RFC DMPCDPMLRQ MD NFWQGAQ. !JRFMSEF RFCQC OSCQRGMLQ ?PC GKNMPR?LR, RFCW UGJJ @C PCNJ?ACB @W MRFCPQ GD ?LQUCPQ ?PC DMSLB RM RFCK. 4FC DSL AMLRGLSCQ.
/L RFC ,?PECQR 3A?JC
1. F G;8 HA<I8EF8 BC8A BE 6?BF87? 4FCMPGQRQ UMSJB JGIC GR RM @C HSQR @?PCJW AJMQCB ?LB CTGBCLAC GQ @SGJBGLE RMU?PB RF?R AMLAJSQGML. 2CACLR
KC?QSPCKCLRQ GL RFC CVN?LQGML P?RC MD RFC SLGTCPQC ?LB GL #-"2 QSNNMPR ? DJ?R SLGTCPQC. 4FCPC GQ ? AMLLCARGML RM QK?JJ-QA?JC NFWQGAQ GL RFC
RWNC ?LB LSK@CP MD N?PRGAJCQ RF?R K?W AMLRPG@SRC RM AJMQGLE RFC SLGTCPQC.
2. .;4G <F 74E> @4GG8E? )R GQ BCDGLGRCJW RFCPC, @SR UC PC?JJW BM LMR ILMU UF?R GR GQ. #MLTCLRGML?J NMQQG@GJGRGCQ ?PC @CGLE PSJCB MSR, @SR MLC MD RFCK QRGJJ
K?W CVNJ?GL GR. 4FC ?LQUCP AMSJB PCTC?J UFMJC LCU PC?JKQ MD NFWQGAQ ?LB RFC BGQRSP@GLE NMQQG@GJGRW RF?R KMQR MD UF?R GQ MSR RFCPC GQ SLILMUL RM
SQ, ? AMKNJCRCJW BGDDCPCLR DMPK MD K?RRCP.
3. HBJ 7B :4?4K<8F 9BE@? 4FCW CVGQR QGLAC TCPW C?PJW GL RFC CTMJSRGML MD RFC SLGTCPQC ?LB GR PCK?GLQ BGDDGASJR RM SLBCPQR?LB FMU RFCW CTMJTCB QM
OSGAIJW. 4FC PCACLR DGLCP KC?QSPCKCLRQ MD DJSARS?RGMLQ GL RFC #-"2 K?W WCR ?JJMU SQ RM CVNJ?GL E?J?VW DMPK?RGML.
4. .;4G <F G;8 A4GHE8 B9 I4E<BHF-@4FF 5?46> ;B?8F? /LJW PCACLRJW F?TC UC @CAMKC AMLDGBCLR RF?R K?LW @J?AI FMJC A?LBGB?RCQ A?LLMR @C CVNJ?GLCB
@W MRFCP, JCQQ CVMRGA NMQQG@GJGRGCQ. "SR UC QRGJJ BM LMR ILMU KSAF ?@MSR FMU RFCW DMPK, UF?R RFCGP PMJC GL RFC FGQRMPW MD E?J?ARGA CTMJSRGML F?Q
@CCL, ?LB RFC L?RSPC MD QN?AC GL RFCGP TGAGLGRW. (MUCTCP, QM K?LW @J?AI FMJCQ ?PC LMU ILMUL RF?R AMPPCJ?RGMLQ @CRUCCL @J?AI FMJC K?QQ ?LB
E?J?ARGA LSAJCG AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ ?PC @CGLE QRSBGCB.
5. .;4G <F G;8 @86;4A<F@ 9BE G;8 8A8E:L BHGCHG B9 DH4F4EF? 4FCQC BGQR?LR ?LB CVRP?MPBGL?PGJW CLCPECRGA M@HCARQ LMU QCCK RM @C C?PJW QR?ECQ MD
E?J?ARGA CTMJSRGML UGRF ? QSNCPK?QQGTC @J?AI-FMJC-BCTMSPGLE K?RCPG?J. #MLLCARGMLQ ?PC LMU @CGLE K?BC UGRF E?J?VGCQ F?TGLE CLCPECRGA AMPCQ,
?LB RFCPC GQ CTGBCLAC AMLQGQRCLR UGRF JCQQ AMLQSKGLE, QSNCPK?QQGTC @J?AI FMJCQ ?R RFC ACLRCP MD MJBCP E?J?VGCQ. .CU GLQRPSKCLRQ ?PC ?JJMUGLE
SQ RM QCC BCCNCP GLRM MSP MUL E?J?VW DMP CTGBCLAC MD MSP MUL K?QQGTC @J?AI FMJC.
6. .;8E8 7B G;8 5HEFGF 6B@8 9EB@? 7C QCC @SPQRQ MD P?WQ AMKGLE DPMK ?JJ BGPCARGMLQ GL QN?AC, GLBGA?RGLE RFC QMSPACQ ?PC TCPW BGQR?LR M@HCARQ
P?RFCP RF?L QMKCRFGLE ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF MSP MUL E?J?VW. 3MKC @SPQRQ DGL?JJW ?PC @CGLE AMPPCJ?RCB UGRF ILMUL QMSPACQ QM RF?R RFC NMQQG@GJGRW
RFCW K?W MPGEGL?RC GL @GL?PW LCSRPML QR?P GLRCP?ARGMLQ MP @J?AI FMJCQ C?RGLE ? AMKN?LGML LCSRPML QR?P A?L @C CVNJMPCB.
#(!04%2 34 Y &2/.4)%23 /& 0(93)#3 1223
7N?EDI:
B?= B7D=:
8B79A >EB;I:
9>7EI:
9ECFB;N?JO:
9EIC?9 C?9HEM7L; 879A=HEKD::
9EICEBE=?97B 9EDIJ7DJ:
9EICEBE=?97B H;: I>?<J:
9EICEBE=O:
9H?J?97B :;DI?JO:
9H?J?97B J;CF;H7JKH;:
:7HA C7JJ;H:
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;I97F; L;BE9?JO:
;L;DJ >EH?PED:
<B7J (P;HE 9KHL7JKH;) KD?L;HI;:
/L RFC )LRCPKCBG?RC 3A?JC
1. HBJ 7B C;4F8 GE4AF<G<BAF G4>8 C?468 BA G;8 @<6EBF6BC<6 F64?8? 7C ILMU ? JMR ?@MSR NF?QC RP?LQGRGMLQ, QSAF ?Q U?RCP DPCCXGLE, @SR RFC BCR?GJQ MD
FMU RFCW MAASP KMJCASJC @W KMJCASJC ?PC LMR UCJJ SLBCPQRMMB. 3GKGJ?P OSCQRGMLQ ?@MSR QNCAGDGA FC?R ? ACLRSPW ?EM JCB RM C?PJW OS?LRSK
KCAF?LGAQ. )R GQ ?JQM ?L CV?KNJC MD ? AMKNJCV ?B?NRGTC QWQRCK RF?R K?W WGCJB GLQGEFRQ GLRM MRFCP QCJD-MPE?LGXGLE QWQRCKQ.
2. F G;8E8 4 J4L GB 784? J<G; ABA?<A84E C;8AB@8A4 G;4G E8I84?F HA78E?L<A: 6BAA86G<BAF? .MLJGLC?P NFCLMKCL? J?AI ? BGPCAR MP JGLC?P
NPMNMPRGML?JGRW RF?R K?ICQ ?L?JWQGQ ?LB SLBCPQR?LBGLE ? JGRRJC C?QGCP. 4FCPC ?PC GKNJGA?RGMLQ DMP LMLJGLC?P MNRGAQ ?LB @PM?BCP RMNGAQ QSAF ?Q
AF?MQ.
3. HBJ 7B ;<:;- T
c
FHC8E6BA7H6GBEF 586B@8 E8F<FG4A68?8FF 4G FH6; ;<:; G8@C8E4GHE8F? 5LBCPQR?LBGLE FMU RFCW UMPI K?W FCJN K?IC RFCK
KMPC NP?ARGA?J MP K?W PCQSJR GL QSPNPGQCQ ?Q SLCVNCARCB ?Q RFC BGQAMTCPW MD QSNCPAMLBSARGTGRW GRQCJD.
4. +;8E8 4E8 @4:A8G<6 89986GF <A @4G8E<4?F J8 7B ABG HA78EFG4A7U;BJ 7B G;8L JBE>? !JRFMSEF @CWMLB RFC QAMNC MD RFGQ RCVR, RFCPC GQ ? EPC?R BC?J
RM JC?PL GL AMLBCLQCB K?RRCP NFWQGAQ (RFC NFWQGAQ MD QMJGBQ ?LB JGOSGBQ). 7C K?W DGLB QSPNPGQCQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM J?QGLE, RFC OS?LRSK (?JJ CDDCAR, ?LB
RFC OS?LRGX?RGML MD K?ELCRGA DJSV. #MKNJCVGRW K?W NJ?W ? PMJC FCPC, RMM.
/L RFC 3K?JJCQR 3A?JC
1. AE8 DH4E>F 4A7 ?8CGBAF 9HA74@8AG4?, BE 7B G;8L ;4I8 4 FH5FGEH6GHE8? 4FC FGEFCP CLCPEW ?AACJCP?RMPQ RF?R ?PC HSQR AMKNJCRCB MP @CGLE
AMLQRPSARCB K?W QSNNJW QMKC ?LQUCPQ, @SR RFCPC UGJJ ?JQM @C GLNSR DPMK AMQKMJMEW ?LB MRFCP QWQRCK?RGAQ.
2. .;L 7B ?8CGBAF ;4I8 <AG8:E4? 6;4E:8 J;<?8 DH4E>F ;4I8 9E46G<BA4? 6;4E:8? )D @MRF ?PC DSLB?KCLR?J ?LB ?L?JMEMSQ ?Q RFMSEFR, RFGQ OSCQRGML
BCQCPTCQ ?L ?LQUCP. )R GQ M@TGMSQJW PCJ?RCB RM RFC NPCTGMSQ OSCQRGML.
3. .;L 4E8 G;8E8 G;E88 94@<?<8F B9 DH4E>F 4A7 ?8CGBAF? &GPQR, BMCQ RFGQ GKNJW QMKC PCJ?RGMLQFGN? 3CAMLB, UFW RFPCC ?LB MLJW RFPCC D?KGJGCQ?
4. AE8 4?? 9BE68F GEH?L 8DH4? (HA<9<87) HA78E 68EG4<A 6<E6H@FG4A68F? 4FCW BMLtR F?TC RM @C COS?J HSQR @CA?SQC UC U?LR RFCK RM @C. 4FC ?LQUCP K?W
F?TC RM @C GLBGPCARJW M@R?GLCB @CA?SQC MD RFC CVRPCKC CLCPEW ?R UFGAF UC RFGLI RFCW ?PC SLGDGCB.
5. AE8 G;8E8 BG;8E 9HA74@8AG4? 9BE68F? 4FCPC U?Q ? DJSPPW MD ?ARGTGRW UGRF AJ?GKQ MD ? DGDRF ?LB CTCL ? QGVRF DMPAC ? DCU WC?PQ ?EM. )LRCPCQR F?Q
QS@QGBCB, QGLAC RFMQC DMPACQ F?TC LMR @CCL BCRCARCB AMLQGQRCLRJW. -MPCMTCP, RFC NPMNMQCB DMPACQ F?TC QRPCLERFQ QGKGJ?P RM EP?TGRW, K?IGLE RFCK
CVRP?MPBGL?PGJW BGDDGASJR RM BCRCAR GL RFC NPCQCLAC MD QRPMLECP DMPACQ. "SR RFC OSCQRGML PCK?GLQ; ?LB GD RFCPC ?PC LM MRFCP DMPACQ, UC LCCB RM ?QI
UFW MLJW DMSP ?LB UFW RFCQC DMSP.
6. F G;8 CEBGBA FG45?8? 7C F?TC BGQASQQCB RFGQ GL QMKC BCR?GJ, @SR RFC OSCQRGML GQ PCJ?RCB RM DSLB?KCLR?J ?QNCARQ MD RFC SLGDGA?RGML MD DMPACQ. 7C
K?W LCTCP ILMU DPMK CVNCPGKCLR RF?R RFC NPMRML GQ QR?@JC, MLJW RF?R GR GQ TCPW JMLE JGTCB.
7. AE8 G;8E8 @4:A8G<6 @BABCB?8F? -?LW N?PRGAJC RFCMPGCQ A?JJ DMP TCPW K?QQGTC GLBGTGBS?J LMPRF- ?LB QMSRF-NMJC N?PRGAJCQrK?ELCRGA KMLMNMJCQ. )D
RFCW CVGQR, UFW ?PC RFCW QM BGDDCPCLR GL K?QQ ?LB CJSQGTCLCQQ DPMK CJCARPGA AF?PECQ, ?LB GD RFCW BM LMR CVGQR, UFW LMR?
8. DB A8HGE<ABF ;4I8 @4FF? $CDGLGRGTC CTGBCLAC F?Q CKCPECB DMP LCSRPGLMQ F?TGLE K?QQ. 4FC GKNJGA?RGMLQ ?PC QGELGDGA?LR, ?Q BGQASQQCB GL RFGQ
AF?NRCP. 4FCPC ?PC CDDCARQ ML RFC AJMQSPC MD RFC SLGTCPQC ?LB ML RFC N?RRCPLQ GL N?PRGAJC NFWQGAQ.
9. .;4G 4E8 G;8 FLFG8@4G<6 6;4E46G8E<FG<6F B9 ;<:;- Z AH6?8<? !JJ CJCKCLRQ UGRF Z = 118 MP JCQQ (UGRF RFC CVACNRGML MD 115 ?LB 117) F?TC LMU
@CCL BGQAMTCPCB. )R F?Q JMLE @CCL AMLHCARSPCB RF?R RFCPC K?W @C ?L GQJ?LB MD PCJ?RGTC QR?@GJGRW LC?P Z = 114 , ?LB RFC QRSBW MD RFC KMQR
PCACLRJW BGQAMTCPCB LSAJCG UGJJ AMLRPG@SRC RM MSP SLBCPQR?LBGLE MD LSAJC?P DMPACQ.
4FCQC JGQRQ MD OSCQRGMLQ ?PC LMR KC?LR RM @C AMKNJCRC MP AMLQGQRCLRJW GKNMPR?LRrWMS A?L LM BMS@R ?BB RM GR WMSPQCJD. 4FCPC ?PC ?JQM GKNMPR?LR
OSCQRGMLQ GL RMNGAQ LMR @PM?AFCB GL RFGQ RCVR, QSAF ?Q ACPR?GL N?PRGAJC QWKKCRPGCQ, RF?R ?PC MD ASPPCLR GLRCPCQR RM NFWQGAGQRQ. (MNCDSJJW, RFC NMGLR GQ AJC?P
RF?R LM K?RRCP FMU KSAF UC JC?PL, RFCPC ?JU?WQ QCCKQ RM @C KMPC RM ILMU. !JRFMSEF UC ?PC DMPRSL?RC RM F?TC RFC F?PB-UML UGQBMK MD RFMQC UFM
NPCACBCB SQ, UC A?L JMMI DMPU?PB RM LCU CLJGEFRCLKCLR, SLBMS@RCBJW QNPGLIJCB UGRF QSPNPGQC.
BEII7HO
? RWNC MD 7)-0Q F?TGLE K?QQCQ ?@MSR 10
{10
MD ?L CJCARPML K?QQ
? EGE?LRGA CVNJMQGML RF?R RFPCU MSR K?RRCP ? DCU @GJJGML WC?PQ ?EM
M@HCARQ F?TGLE QSAF J?PEC EP?TGR?RGML?J DGCJBQ RF?R RFGLEQ A?L D?JJ GL, @SR LMRFGLE, LMR CTCL JGEFR, A?L CQA?NC
UMPB SQCB RM BCQAPG@C QWQRCKQ RFC MSRAMKCQ MD UFGAF ?PC CVRPCKCJW QCLQGRGTC RM GLGRG?J AMLBGRGMLQ
?L CKCPEGLE DGCJB BCTMRCB RM RFC QRSBW MD AMKNJCV QWQRCKQ
RFC QNCARPSK MD KGAPMU?TC P?BG?RGML MD AMQKGA MPGEGL
? RFCMPCRGA?J AMLQRPSAR GLRGK?RCJW PCJ?RCB RM RFC CVN?LQGML ?LB AJMQSPC MD RFC SLGTCPQC
RFC NFMRML U?TCJCLERF GQ QRPCRAFCB GL RP?LQGR DPMK RFC QMSPAC RM RFC M@QCPTCP @CA?SQC MD RFC CVN?LQGML MD QN?AC GRQCJD
RFC QRSBW MD RFC AF?P?ARCP ?LB CTMJSRGML MD RFC SLGTCPQC
RFC BCLQGRW MD K?RRCP LCCBCB RM HSQR F?JR SLGTCPQ?J CVN?LQGML
RFC RCKNCP?RSPC ?R UFGAF ?LB @CJMU UFGAF ? K?RCPG?J @CAMKCQ ? QSNCPAMLBSARMP
GLBGPCARJW M@QCPTCB LML-JSKGLMSQ K?RRCP
RFC QR?EC @CDMPC 10
{11
@?AI RM 10
{34
?DRCP RFC "GE "?LE
R?ICMDD TCJMAGRW UFCL IGLCRGA CLCPEW HSQR A?LACJQ EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW
RFC BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC M@HCAR ?R UFGAF RFC CQA?NC TCJMAGRW GQ CV?ARJW RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR
? SLGTCPQC RF?R GQ GLDGLGRC @SR LMR ASPTCB
1224 #(!04%2 34 Y &2/.4)%23 /& 0(93)#3
.- ;FE9>:
=;D;H7B H;B7J?L?JO:
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D;KJH7B?DEI:
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RFC RGKC NCPGMB DPMK 10
{43
RM 10
{34
?DRCP RFC "GE "?LE, UFCL 'P?LB 5LGDGA?RGML 4FCMPW, GL UFGAF ?JJ DMPACQ CVACNR EP?TGRW ?PC
GBCLRGA?J, EMTCPLCB RFC SLGTCPQC
%GLQRCGLtQ RFCMPW RF?RBCQAPG@CQ ?JJ RWNCQ MD PCJ?RGTC KMRGML GLAJSBGLE ?AACJCP?RCB KMRGML ?LB RFC CDDCARQ MD EP?TGRW
K?QQ-APC?RCB BGQRMPRGMLQ GL QN?AC RF?R NPMN?E?RC ?R RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR ?LB RF?R ?PC NPCBGARCB @W ECLCP?J PCJ?RGTGRW
? ACLRP?J AMLACNR GL AMQKMJMEW UFMQC T?JSC GQ BCRCPKGLCB @W R?IGLE RFC QJMNC MD ? EP?NF MD TCJMAGRW TCPQSQ BGQR?LAC, M@R?GLCB
DPMK PCB QFGDR KC?QSPCKCLRQ
RFC P?NGB CVN?LQGML MD RFC SLGTCPQC @W ?L GLAPCBG@JC D?ARMP MD 10
{50
DMP RFC @PGCD RGKC DPMK 10
{35
RM ?@MSR 10
{32
Q
K?QQGTC AMKN?AR F?JM M@HCARQ; KGAPMJCLQGLE M@HCARQ MD FSEC K?QQ
? NPMACQQ GL UFGAF JGEFR DPMK ? BGQR?LR QR?P GQ DMASQCB ?LB RFC QR?P ?NNC?PQ RM @PGEFRCL GL ? AF?P?ARCPGQRGA K?LLCP, UFCL ? QK?JJ
@MBW (QK?JJCP RF?L ?@MSR 1/1000 RFC K?QQ MD RFC 3SL) N?QQCQ @CRUCCL SQ ?LB RFC QR?P
?L MNCL SLGTCPQC RF?R CVN?LBQ DMPCTCP
? RWNC MD 7)-0Q F?TGLE K?QQCQ QCTCP?J MPBCPQ MD K?ELGRSBC EPC?RCP RF?L LSAJCML K?QQCQ
? NPMACQQ GL UFGAF ?LW RWNC MD LCSRPGLM AMSJB AF?LEC QNMLR?LCMSQJW GLRM ?LW MRFCP
JGRCP?JJW ? QR?P AMKNMQCB MD LCSRPMLQ
? SLGTCPQC RF?R GQ AJMQCB ?LB CTCLRS?JJW AMLRP?ARQ
RFC RFCMPW RF?R BC?JQ UGRF N?PRGAJC CVAF?LEC MD EP?TGRMLQ ?Q RFC KCAF?LGQK DMP RFC DMPAC
RFC KMBCP?RCJW BGQR?LR E?J?VGCQ RF?R CKGR ?Q KSAF MP KMPC CLCPEW RF?L ? LMPK?J E?J?VW
RFC P?BGSQ MD RFC CTCLR FMPGXML
K?RCPG?JQ UGRF PCQGQRGTGRW MD XCPM
? RFCMPW RM SLGDW EP?TGRW UGRF RFC MRFCP RFPCC DMPACQ GL UFGAF RFC DSLB?KCLR?J N?PRGAJCQ ?PC AMLQGBCPCB RM ?AR JGIC MLC-
BGKCLQGML?J TG@P?RGLE QRPGLEQ
RFC RP?LQGRGML DPMK '54 RM CJCARPMUC?I UFCPC RFC DMPACQ UCPC LM JMLECP SLGDGCB
FWNMRFCRGA?J SLGDGCB DMPAC GL 4/% CNMAF
@CDMPC 10
{43
?DRCP RFC "GE "?LE
KCLR?J ?L?JWQGQ MD ACPR?GL A?PCDSJJW ?LB AJC?PJW BCDGLCB QGRS?RGMLQ RM BCTCJMN ?L GBC?
UC?IJW GLRCP?ARGLE K?QQGTC N?PRGAJCQ; AF?PECJCQQ JCNRMLQ (LML-@?PWMLGA K?RRCP) GLRCP?ARGLE LCEJGEG@JW UGRF LMPK?J K?RRCP
,;9J?ED ,KCC7HO
w #MQKMJMEW GQ RFC QRSBW MD RFC AF?P?ARCP ?LB CTMJSRGML MD RFC SLGTCPQC.
w 4FC RUM KMQR GKNMPR?LR DC?RSPCQ MD RFC SLGTCPQC ?PC RFC AMQKMJMEGA?J PCB QFGDRQ MD GRQ E?J?VGCQ @CGLE NPMNMPRGML?J RM BGQR?LAC ?LB GRQ AMQKGA
KGAPMU?TC @?AIEPMSLB (#-"2). "MRF QSNNMPR RFC LMRGML RF?R RFCPC U?Q ? EGE?LRGA CVNJMQGML, ILMUL ?Q RFC "GE "?LE RF?R APC?RCB RFC SLGTCPQC.
w '?J?VGCQ D?PRFCP ?U?W RF?L MSP JMA?J EPMSN F?TC, ML ?L ?TCP?EC, ? PCACQQGML?J TCJMAGRW EGTCL @W
v = H
0
d,
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0
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0
= 20km/s Mly.
w %VNJ?L?RGMLQ MD RFC J?PEC-QA?JC AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ MD RFC SLGTCPQC ?PC GLRGK?RCJW RGCB RM N?PRGAJC NFWQGAQ.
w 4FC BMKGL?LAC MD K?RRCP MTCP ?LRGK?RRCP ?LB RFC QKMMRFLCQQ MD RFC #-"2 ?PC RUM AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ RF?R ?PC RGCB RM N?PRGAJC NFWQGAQ.
w 4FC CNMAFQ MD RFC SLGTCPQC ?PC ILMUL @?AI RM TCPW QFMPRJW ?DRCP RFC "GE "?LE, @?QCB ML ILMUL J?UQ MD NFWQGAQ.
w 4FC C?PJGCQR CNMAFQ ?PC RGCB RM RFC SLGDGA?RGML MD DMPACQ, UGRF RFC CJCARPMUC?I CNMAF @CGLE N?PRG?JJW SLBCPQRMMB, RFC '54 CNMAF @CGLE
QNCASJ?RGTC, ?LB RFC 4/% CNMAF @CGLE FGEFJW QNCASJ?RGTC QGLAC GR GLTMJTCQ ?L SLILMUL QGLEJC QSNCPDMPAC.
w 4FC RP?LQGRGML DPMK '54 RM CJCARPMUC?I GQ A?JJCB QNMLR?LCMSQ QWKKCRPW @PC?IGLE. )R PCJC?QCB CLCPEW RF?R A?SQCB RFC GLDJ?RGML?PW QACL?PGM,
UFGAF GL RSPL CVNJ?GLQ RFC QKMMRFLCQQ MD RFC #-"2.
w %GLQRCGLtQ RFCMPW MD ECLCP?J PCJ?RGTGRW GLAJSBCQ ?AACJCP?RCB DP?KCQ ?LB, RFSQ, CLAMKN?QQCQ QNCAG?J PCJ?RGTGRW ?LB EP?TGRW. #PC?RCB @W SQC MD
A?PCDSJ RFMSEFR CVNCPGKCLRQ, GR F?Q @CCL PCNC?RCBJW TCPGDGCB @W PC?J CVNCPGKCLRQ.
w /LC BGPCAR PCQSJR MD RFGQ @CF?TGMP MD L?RSPC GQ RFC EP?TGR?RGML?J JCLQGLE MD JGEFR @W K?QQGTC M@HCARQ, QSAF ?Q E?J?VGCQ, ?JQM QCCL GL RFC
KGAPMJCLQGLE MD JGEFR @W QK?JJCP @MBGCQ GL MSP E?J?VW.
w !LMRFCP NPCBGARGML GQ RFC CVGQRCLAC MD @J?AI FMJCQ, M@HCARQ DMP UFGAF RFC CQA?NC TCJMAGRW GQ EPC?RCP RF?L RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR ?LB DPMK UFGAF LMRFGLE
A?L CQA?NC.
#(!04%2 34 Y &2/.4)%23 /& 0(93)#3 1225
w 4FC CTCLR FMPGXML GQ RFC BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC M@HCAR ?R UFGAF RFC CQA?NC TCJMAGRW COS?JQ RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR c . )R GQ A?JJCB RFC 3AFU?PXQAFGJB P?BGSQ
R
S
?LB GQ EGTCL @W
R
S
=
2GM
c
2
,
UFCPC G GQ RFC SLGTCPQ?J EP?TGR?RGML?J AMLQR?LR, ?LB M GQ RFC K?QQ MD RFC @MBW.
w 0FWQGAQ GQ SLILMUL GLQGBC RFC CTCLR FMPGXML, ?LB RFC NMQQG@GJGRW MD UMPKFMJCQ ?LB RGKC RP?TCJ ?PC @CGLE QRSBGCB.
w #?LBGB?RCQ DMP @J?AI FMJCQ K?W NMUCP RFC CVRPCKCJW CLCPECRGA CKGQQGMLQ MD OS?Q?PQ, BGQR?LR M@HCARQ RF?R QCCK RM @C C?PJW QR?ECQ MD E?J?ARGA
CTMJSRGML.
w .CSRPML QR?PQ ?PC QRCJJ?P PCKL?LRQ, F?TGLE RFC BCLQGRW MD ? LSAJCSQ, RF?R FGLR RF?R @J?AI FMJCQ AMSJB DMPK DPMK QSNCPLMT?Q, RMM.
w 'P?TGR?RGML?J U?TCQ ?PC UPGLIJCQ GL QN?AC, NPCBGARCB @W ECLCP?J PCJ?RGTGRW @SR LMR WCR M@QCPTCB, A?SQCB @W AF?LECQ GL TCPW K?QQGTC M@HCARQ.
w 1S?LRSK EP?TGRW GQ ?L GLAMKNJCRCJW BCTCJMNCB RFCMPW RF?R QRPGTCQ RM GLAJSBC ECLCP?J PCJ?RGTGRW, OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ, ?LB SLGDGA?RGML MD DMPACQ
(RFSQ, ? 4/%).
w /LC SLAMLDGPKCB AMLLCARGML @CRUCCL ECLCP?J PCJ?RGTGRW ?LB OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ GQ RFC NPCBGARGML MD AF?P?ARCPGQRGA P?BG?RGML DPMK HSQR MSRQGBC
@J?AI FMJCQ.
34.3 ,KF;HIJH?D=I
w 3SNCPQRPGLE RFCMPW FMJBQ RF?R DSLB?KCLR?J N?PRGAJCQ ?PC MLC-BGKCLQGML?J TG@P?RGMLQ ?L?JMEMSQ RM RFMQC ML QRPGLEQ ?LB GQ ?L ?RRCKNR ?R ? RFCMPW
MD OS?LRSK EP?TGRW.
w $?PI K?RRCP GQ LML-JSKGLMSQ K?RRCP BCRCARCB GL ?LB ?PMSLB E?J?VGCQ ?LB E?J?ARGA AJSQRCPQ.
w )R K?W @C 10 RGKCQ RFC K?QQ MD RFC JSKGLMSQ K?RRCP GL RFC SLGTCPQC, ?LB GRQ ?KMSLR K?W BCRCPKGLC UFCRFCP RFC SLGTCPQC GQ MNCL MP AJMQCB
(CVN?LBQ DMPCTCP MP CTCLRS?JJW QRMNQ).
w 4FC BCRCPKGLGLE D?ARMP GQ RFC APGRGA?J BCLQGRW MD RFC SLGTCPQC ?LB RFC AMQKMJMEGA?J AMLQR?LR, ? RFCMPCRGA?J AMLQRPSAR GLRGK?RCJW PCJ?RCB RM RFC
CVN?LQGML ?LB AJMQSPC MD RFC SLGTCPQC.
w 4FC APGRGA?J BCLQGRW TA GQ RFC BCLQGRW LCCBCB RM HSQR F?JR SLGTCPQ?J CVN?LQGML. )R GQ CQRGK?RCB RM @C ?NNPMVGK?RCJW 10
q26
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3
.
w !L MNCL SLGTCPQC GQ LCE?RGTCJW ASPTCB, ? AJMQCB SLGTCPQC GQ NMQGRGTCJW ASPTCB, UFCPC?Q ? SLGTCPQC UGRF CV?ARJW RFC APGRGA?J BCLQGRW GQ DJ?R.
w $?PI K?RRCPtQ AMKNMQGRGML GQ ? K?HMP KWQRCPW, @SR GR K?W @C BSC RM RFC QSQNCARCB K?QQ MD LCSRPGLMQ MP ? AMKNJCRCJW SLILMUL RWNC MD JCNRMLGA
K?RRCP.
w )D LCSRPGLMQ F?TC K?QQ, RFCW UGJJ AF?LEC D?KGJGCQ, ? NPMACQQ ILMUL ?Q LCSRPGLM MQAGJJ?RGMLQ, DMP UFGAF RFCPC GQ EPMUGLE CTGBCLAC.
w #MKNJCVGRW GQ ?L CKCPEGLE DGCJB, PMMRCB NPGK?PGJW GL NFWQGAQ, RF?R AMLQGBCPQ AMKNJCV ?B?NRGTC QWQRCKQ ?LB RFCGP CTMJSRGML, GLAJSBGLE QCJD-
MPE?LGX?RGML.
w #MKNJCVGRW F?Q ?NNJGA?RGMLQ GL NFWQGAQ ?LB K?LW MRFCP BGQAGNJGLCQ, QSAF ?Q @GMJMEGA?J CTMJSRGML.
w #F?MQ GQ ? DGCJB RF?R QRSBGCQ QWQRCKQ UFMQC NPMNCPRGCQ BCNCLB CVRPCKCJW QCLQGRGTCJW ML QMKC T?PG?@JCQ ?LB UFMQC CTMJSRGML GQ GKNMQQG@JC RM
NPCBGAR.
w #F?MRGA QWQRCKQ K?W @C QGKNJC MP AMKNJCV.
w 3RSBGCQ MD AF?MQ F?TC JCB RM KCRFMBQ DMP SLBCPQR?LBGLE ?LB NPCBGARGLE ACPR?GL AF?MRGA @CF?TGMPQ.
w (GEF-RCKNCP?RSPC QSNCPAMLBSARMPQ ?PC K?RCPG?JQ RF?R @CAMKC QSNCPAMLBSARGLE ?R RCKNCP?RSPCQ UCJJ ?@MTC ? DCU ICJTGL.
w 4FC APGRGA?J RCKNCP?RSPC T
c
GQ RFC RCKNCP?RSPC @CJMU UFGAF ? K?RCPG?J GQ QSNCPAMLBSARGLE.
w 3MKC FGEF-RCKNCP?RSPC QSNCPAMLBSARMPQ F?TC TCPGDGCB T
c
Q ?@MTC 125 +, ?LB RFCPC ?PC PCNMPRQ MD T
c
Q ?Q FGEF ?Q 250 +.
w /L RFC J?PECQR QA?JC, RFC OSCQRGMLQ UFGAF A?L @C ?QICB K?W @C ?@MSR B?PI K?RRCP, B?PI CLCPEW, @J?AI FMJCQ, OS?Q?PQ, ?LB MRFCP ?QNCARQ MD RFC
SLGTCPQC.
w /L RFC GLRCPKCBG?RC QA?JC, UC A?L OSCPW ?@MSR EP?TGRW, NF?QC RP?LQGRGMLQ, LMLJGLC?P NFCLMKCL?, FGEF- T
c
QSNCPAMLBSARMPQ, ?LB K?ELCRGA
CDDCARQ ML K?RCPG?JQ.
w /L RFC QK?JJCQR QA?JC, OSCQRGMLQ K?W @C ?@MSR OS?PIQ ?LB JCNRMLQ, DSLB?KCLR?J DMPACQ, QR?@GJGRW MD NPMRMLQ, ?LB CVGQRCLAC MD KMLMNMJCQ.
1. %VNJ?GL UFW GR MLJW 4CC84EF RF?R UC ?PC ?R RFC ACLRCP MD CVN?LQGML MD RFC SLGTCPQC ?LB UFW ?L M@QCPTCP GL ?LMRFCP E?J?VW UMSJB QCC RFC Q?KC
PCJ?RGTC KMRGML MD ?JJ @SR RFC AJMQCQR E?J?VGCQ ?U?W DPMK FCP.
2. )D RFCPC GQ LM M@QCPT?@JC CBEC RM RFC SLGTCPQC, A?L UC BCRCPKGLC UFCPC GRQ ACLRCP MD CVN?LQGML GQ? %VNJ?GL.
3. )D RFC SLGTCPQC GQ GLDGLGRC, BMCQ GR F?TC ? ACLRCP? $GQASQQ.
4. !LMRFCP ILMUL A?SQC MD PCB QFGDR GL JGEFR GQ RFC QMSPAC @CGLE GL ? FGEF EP?TGR?RGML?J DGCJB. $GQASQQ FMU RFGQ A?L @C CJGKGL?RCB ?Q RFC QMSPAC MD
E?J?ARGA PCB QFGDRQ, EGTCL RF?R RFC QFGDRQ ?PC NPMNMPRGML?J RM BGQR?LAC ?LB LMR RM RFC QGXC MD RFC E?J?VW.
5. )D QMKC SLILMUL A?SQC MD PCB QFGDRrQSAF ?Q JGEFR @CAMKGLE uRGPCBv DPMK RP?TCJGLE JMLE BGQR?LACQ RFPMSEF CKNRW QN?ACrGQ BGQAMTCPCB, UF?R CDDCAR
UMSJB RFCPC @C ML AMQKMJMEW?
6. /J@CPQtQ N?P?BMV NMQCQ ?L GLRCPCQRGLE OSCQRGML: )D RFC SLGTCPQC GQ GLDGLGRC, RFCL ?LW JGLC MD QGEFR QFMSJB CTCLRS?JJW D?JJ ML ? QR?PtQ QSPD?AC. 7FW RFCL
GQ RFC QIW B?PI ?R LGEFR? $GQASQQ RFC AMKKMLJW ?AACNRCB CTMJSRGML MD RFC SLGTCPQC ?Q ? QMJSRGML RM RFGQ N?P?BMV.
1226 #(!04%2 34 Y &2/.4)%23 /& 0(93)#3
7. )D RFC AMQKGA KGAPMU?TC @?AIEPMSLB P?BG?RGML (#-"2) GQ RFC PCKL?LR MD RFC "GE "?LEtQ DGPC@?JJ, UC CVNCAR RM QCC FMR ?LB AMJB PCEGMLQ GL GR. 7F?R
?PC RUM A?SQCQ MD RFCQC UPGLIJCQ GL RFC #-"2? !PC RFC M@QCPTCB RCKNCP?RSPC T?PG?RGMLQ EPC?RCP MP JCQQ RF?L MPGEGL?JJW CVNCARCB?
8. 4FC BCA?W MD MLC RWNC MD K -KCQML GQ AGRCB ?Q CTGBCLAC RF?R L?RSPC D?TMPQ K?RRCP MTCP ?LRGK?RRCP. 3GLAC KCQMLQ ?PC AMKNMQCB MD ? OS?PI ?LB ?L
?LRGOS?PI, GQ GR QSPNPGQGLE RF?R RFCW UMSJB NPCDCPCLRG?JJW BCA?W RM MLC RWNC MTCP ?LMRFCP? )Q RFGQ ?L ?QWKKCRPW GL L?RSPC? )Q RFC NPCBMKGL?LAC MD
K?RRCP MTCP ?LRGK?RRCP ?L ?QWKKCRPW?
9. $GQR?LACQ RM JMA?J E?J?VGCQ ?PC BCRCPKGLCB @W KC?QSPGLE RFC @PGEFRLCQQ MD QR?PQ, A?JJCB #CNFCGB T?PG?@JCQ, RF?R A?L @C M@QCPTCB GLBGTGBS?JJW ?LB
RF?R F?TC ?@QMJSRC @PGEFRLCQQCQ ?R ? QR?LB?PB BGQR?LAC RF?R ?PC UCJJ ILMUL. %VNJ?GL FMU RFC KC?QSPCB @PGEFRLCQQ UMSJB T?PW UGRF BGQR?LAC ?Q
AMKN?PCB UGRF RFC ?@QMJSRC @PGEFRLCQQ.
10. $GQR?LACQ RM TCPW PCKMRC E?J?VGCQ ?PC CQRGK?RCB @?QCB ML RFCGP ?NN?PCLR RWNC, UFGAF GLBGA?RC RFC LSK@CP MD QR?PQ GL RFC E?J?VW, ?LB RFCGP
KC?QSPCB @PGEFRLCQQ. %VNJ?GL FMU RFC KC?QSPCB @PGEFRLCQQ UMSJB T?PW UGRF BGQR?LAC. 7MSJB RFCPC @C ?LW AMPPCARGML LCACQQ?PW RM AMKNCLQ?RC DMP
RFC PCB QFGDR MD RFC E?J?VW (?JJ BGQR?LR E?J?VGCQ F?TC QGELGDGA?LR PCB QFGDRQ)? $GQASQQ NMQQG@JC A?SQCQ MD SLACPR?GLRGCQ GL RFCQC KC?QSPCKCLRQ.
11. )D RFC QK?JJCQR KC?LGLEDSJ RGKC GLRCPT?J GQ EPC?RCP RF?L XCPM, UGJJ RFC JGLCQ GL F?=KH; 34.9 CTCP KCCR?
12. 1S?LRSK EP?TGRW, GD BCTCJMNCB, UMSJB @C ?L GKNPMTCKCLR ML @MRF ECLCP?J PCJ?RGTGRW ?LB OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ, @SR KMPC K?RFCK?RGA?JJW BGDDGASJR.
5LBCP UF?R AGPASKQR?LACQ UMSJB GR @C LCACQQ?PW RM SQC OS?LRSK EP?TGRW? 3GKGJ?PJW, SLBCP UF?R AGPASKQR?LACQ AMSJB ECLCP?J PCJ?RGTGRW @C SQCB?
7FCL AMSJB QNCAG?J PCJ?RGTGRW, OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ, MP AJ?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ @C SQCB?
13. $MCQ M@QCPTCB EP?TGR?RGML?J JCLQGLE AMPPCQNMLB RM ? AMLTCPEGLE MP BGTCPEGLE JCLQ? %VNJ?GL @PGCDJW.
14. 3SNNMQC WMS KC?QSPC RFC PCB QFGDRQ MD ?JJ RFC GK?ECQ NPMBSACB @W EP?TGR?RGML?J JCLQGLE, QSAF ?Q GL F?=KH; 34.12.9MS DGLB RF?R RFC ACLRP?J GK?EC
F?Q ? PCB QFGDR JCQQ RF?L RFC MSRCP GK?ECQ, ?LB RFMQC ?JJ F?TC RFC Q?KC PCB QFGDR. $GQASQQ FMU RFGQ LMR MLJW QFMUQ RF?R RFC GK?ECQ ?PC MD RFC Q?KC
M@HCAR, @SR ?JQM GKNJGCQ RF?R RFC PCB QFGDR GQ LMR ?DDCARCB @W R?IGLE BGDDCPCLR N?RFQ RFPMSEF QN?AC. $MCQ GR GKNJW RF?R AMQKMJMEGA?J PCB QFGDRQ ?PC LMR
A?SQCB @W RP?TCJGLE RFPMSEF QN?AC (JGEFR ECRRGLE RGPCB, NCPF?NQ)?
15. 7F?R ?PC EP?TGR?RGML?J U?TCQ, ?LB F?TC RFCW WCR @CCL M@QCPTCB CGRFCP BGPCARJW MP GLBGPCARJW?
16. )Q RFC CTCLR FMPGXML MD ? @J?AI FMJC RFC ?ARS?J NFWQGA?J QSPD?AC MD RFC M@HCAR?
17. 3SNNMQC @J?AI FMJCQ P?BG?RC RFCGP K?QQ ?U?W ?LB RFC JGDCRGKC MD ? @J?AI FMJC APC?RCB @W ? QSNCPLMT? GQ ?@MSR 10
67
WC?PQ. (MU BMCQ RFGQ JGDCRGKC
AMKN?PC UGRF RFC ?AACNRCB ?EC MD RFC SLGTCPQC? )Q GR QSPNPGQGLE RF?R UC BM LMR M@QCPTC RFC NPCBGARCB AF?P?ARCPGQRGA P?BG?RGML?
18. $GQASQQ RFC NMQQG@GJGRW RF?R QR?P TCJMAGRGCQ ?R RFC CBECQ MD E?J?VGCQ @CGLE EPC?RCP RF?L CVNCARCB GQ BSC RM SLILMUL NPMNCPRGCQ MD EP?TGRW P?RFCP RF?L
RM RFC CVGQRCLAC MD B?PI K?RRCP. 7MSJB RFGQ KC?L, DMP CV?KNJC, RF?R EP?TGRW GQ EPC?RCP MP QK?JJCP RF?L CVNCARCB ?R J?PEC BGQR?LACQ? !PC RFCPC MRFCP
RCQRQ RF?R AMSJB @C K?BC MD EP?TGRW ?R J?PEC BGQR?LACQ, QSAF ?Q M@QCPTGLE RFC KMRGMLQ MD LCGEF@MPGLE E?J?VGCQ?
19. (MU BMCQ PCJ?RGTGQRGA RGKC BGJ?RGML NPMFG@GR LCSRPGLM MQAGJJ?RGMLQ GD RFCW ?PC K?QQJCQQ?
20. )D LCSRPGLM MQAGJJ?RGMLQ BM MAASP, UGJJ RFCW TGMJ?RC AMLQCPT?RGML MD RFC T?PGMSQ JCNRML D?KGJW LSK@CPQ ( L
e
, L
, ?LB L
)? 7GJJ LCSRPGLM MQAGJJ?RGMLQ

TGMJ?RC AMLQCPT?RGML MD RFC RMR?J LSK@CP MD JCNRMLQ?
21. ,?AIGLE BGPCAR CTGBCLAC MD 7)-0Q ?Q B?PI K?RRCP, UFW KSQR UC CJGKGL?RC ?JJ MRFCP NMQQG@JC CVNJ?L?RGMLQ @?QCB ML RFC ILMUL DMPKQ MD K?RRCP
@CDMPC UC GLTMIC RFCGP CVGQRCLAC?
22. -SQR ? AMKNJCV QWQRCK @C ?B?NRGTC RM @C MD GLRCPCQR GL RFC DGCJB MD AMKNJCVGRW? 'GTC ?L CV?KNJC RM QSNNMPR WMSP ?LQUCP.
23. 3R?RC ? LCACQQ?PW AMLBGRGML DMP ? QWQRCK RM @C AF?MRGA.
24. 7F?R GQ APGRGA?J RCKNCP?RSPC T
c
? $M ?JJ K?RCPG?JQ F?TC ? APGRGA?J RCKNCP?RSPC? %VNJ?GL UFW MP UFW LMR.
25. %VNJ?GL FMU EMMB RFCPK?J AMLR?AR UGRF JGOSGB LGRPMECL A?L ICCN M@HCARQ ?R ? RCKNCP?RSPC MD 77 + (JGOSGB LGRPMECLtQ @MGJGLE NMGLR ?R ?RKMQNFCPGA
NPCQQSPC).
26. .MR MLJW GQ JGOSGB LGRPMECL ? AFC?NCP AMMJ?LR RF?L JGOSGB FCJGSK, GRQ @MGJGLE NMGLR GQ FGEFCP (77 + TQ. 4.2 +). (MU BMCQ FGEFCP RCKNCP?RSPC FCJN JMUCP
RFC AMQR MD AMMJGLE ? K?RCPG?J? %VNJ?GL GL RCPKQ MD RFC P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP @CGLE PCJ?RCB RM RFC RCKNCP?RSPC BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL RFC Q?KNJC ?LB GRQ
QSPPMSLBGLEQ.
27. &MP CVNCPGKCLR?J CTGBCLAC, N?PRGASJ?PJW MD NPCTGMSQJW SLM@QCPTCB NFCLMKCL?, RM @C R?ICL QCPGMSQJW GR KSQR @C PCNPMBSAG@JC MP MD QSDDGAGCLRJW FGEF
OS?JGRW RF?R ? QGLEJC M@QCPT?RGML GQ KC?LGLEDSJ. 3SNCPLMT? 1987! GQ LMR PCNPMBSAG@JC. (MU BM UC ILMU M@QCPT?RGMLQ MD GR UCPC T?JGB? 4FC DGDRF DMPAC GQ
LMR @PM?BJW ?AACNRCB. )Q RFGQ BSC RM J?AI MD PCNPMBSAG@GJGRW MP NMMP-OS?JGRW CVNCPGKCLRQ (MP @MRF)? $GQASQQ UFW DMPCDPMLR CVNCPGKCLRQ ?PC KMPC QS@HCAR
RM M@QCPT?RGML?J NPM@JCKQ RF?L RFMQC GLTMJTGLE CQR?@JGQFCB NFCLMKCL?.
28. $GQASQQ UFCRFCP WMS RFGLI RFCPC ?PC JGKGRQ RM UF?R FSK?LQ A?L SLBCPQR?LB ?@MSR RFC J?UQ MD NFWQGAQ. 3SNNMPR WMSP ?PESKCLRQ.
#(!04%2 34 Y &2/.4)%23 /& 0(93)#3 1227
29. &GLB RFC ?NNPMVGK?RC K?QQ MD RFC JSKGLMSQ K?RRCP GL RFC -GJIW 7?W
E?J?VW, EGTCL GR F?Q ?NNPMVGK?RCJW 10
11
QR?PQ MD ?TCP?EC K?QQ 1.5 RGKCQ
RF?R MD MSP 3SL.
30. &GLB RFC ?NNPMVGK?RC K?QQ MD RFC B?PI ?LB JSKGLMSQ K?RRCP GL RFC
-GJIW 7?W E?J?VW. !QQSKC RFC JSKGLMSQ K?RRCP GQ BSC RM ?NNPMVGK?RCJW
10
11
QR?PQ MD ?TCP?EC K?QQ 1.5 RGKCQ RF?R MD MSP 3SL, ?LB R?IC RFC B?PI
K?RRCP RM @C 10 RGKCQ ?Q K?QQGTC ?Q RFC JSKGLMSQ K?RRCP.
31. (?) %QRGK?RC RFC K?QQ MD RFC JSKGLMSQ K?RRCP GL RFC ILMUL SLGTCPQC,
EGTCL RFCPC ?PC 10
11
E?J?VGCQ, C?AF AMLR?GLGLE 10
11
QR?PQ MD ?TCP?EC
K?QQ 1.5 RGKCQ RF?R MD MSP 3SL. (@) (MU K?LW NPMRMLQ (RFC KMQR
?@SLB?LR LSAJGBC) ?PC RFCPC GL RFGQ K?QQ? (A) %QRGK?RC RFC RMR?J LSK@CP
MD N?PRGAJCQ GL RFC M@QCPT?@JC SLGTCPQC @W KSJRGNJWGLE RFC ?LQUCP RM (@) @W
RUM, QGLAC RFCPC GQ ?L CJCARPML DMP C?AF NPMRML, ?LB RFCL @W 10
9
, QGLAC
RFCPC ?PC D?P KMPC N?PRGAJCQ (QSAF ?Q NFMRMLQ ?LB LCSRPGLMQ) GL QN?AC
RF?L GL JSKGLMSQ K?RRCP.
32. )D ? E?J?VW GQ 500 -JW ?U?W DPMK SQ, FMU D?QR BM UC CVNCAR GR RM @C
KMTGLE ?LB GL UF?R BGPCARGML?
33. /L ?TCP?EC, FMU D?P ?U?W ?PC E?J?VGCQ RF?R ?PC KMTGLE ?U?W DPMK SQ
?R 2.0% MD RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR?
34. /SP QMJ?P QWQRCK MP@GRQ RFC ACLRCP MD RFC -GJIW 7?W E?J?VW. !QQSKGLE
? AGPASJ?P MP@GR 30,000 JW GL P?BGSQ ?LB ?L MP@GR?J QNCCB MD 250 IK/Q, FMU
K?LW WC?PQ BMCQ GR R?IC DMP MLC PCTMJSRGML? .MRC RF?R RFGQ GQ ?NNPMVGK?RC,
?QQSKGLE AMLQR?LR QNCCB ?LB AGPASJ?P MP@GR, @SR GR GQ PCNPCQCLR?RGTC MD RFC
RGKC DMP MSP QWQRCK ?LB JMA?J QR?PQ RM K?IC MLC PCTMJSRGML ?PMSLB RFC
E?J?VW.
35. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC ?NNPMVGK?RC TCJMAGRW PCJ?RGTC RM SQ MD ? E?J?VW LC?P
RFC CBEC MD RFC ILMUL SLGTCPQC, QMKC 10 'JW ?U?W? (@) 7F?R DP?ARGML MD
RFC QNCCB MD JGEFR GQ RFGQ? .MRC RF?R UC F?TC M@QCPTCB E?J?VGCQ KMTGLE
?U?W DPMK SQ ?R EPC?RCP RF?L 0.9c .
36. (?) #?JASJ?RC RFC ?NNPMVGK?RC ?EC MD RFC SLGTCPQC DPMK RFC ?TCP?EC
T?JSC MD RFC (S@@JC AMLQR?LR, H
0
= 20km/s Mly . 4M BM RFGQ,
A?JASJ?RC RFC RGKC GR UMSJB R?IC RM RP?TCJ 1 -JW ?R ? AMLQR?LR CVN?LQGML
P?RC MD 20 IK/Q. (@) )D BCACJCP?RGML GQ R?ICL GLRM ?AAMSLR, UMSJB RFC ?ARS?J
?EC MD RFC SLGTCPQC @C EPC?RCP MP JCQQ RF?L RF?R DMSLB FCPC? %VNJ?GL.
37. !QQSKGLE ? AGPASJ?P MP@GR DMP RFC 3SL ?@MSR RFC ACLRCP MD RFC -GJIW
7?W E?J?VW, A?JASJ?RC GRQ MP@GR?J QNCCB SQGLE RFC DMJJMUGLE GLDMPK?RGML:
4FC K?QQ MD RFC E?J?VW GQ COSGT?JCLR RM ? QGLEJC K?QQ 1.510
11
RGKCQ
RF?R MD RFC 3SL (MP 310
41
kg ), JMA?RCB 30,000 JW ?U?W.
38. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC ?NNPMVGK?RC DMPAC MD EP?TGRW ML ? 70-IE NCPQML BSC RM
RFC !LBPMKCB? E?J?VW, ?QQSKGLE GRQ RMR?J K?QQ GQ 10
13
RF?R MD MSP 3SL
?LB ?ARQ JGIC ? QGLEJC K?QQ 2 -JW ?U?W? (@) 7F?R GQ RFC P?RGM MD RFGQ DMPAC
RM RFC NCPQMLtQ UCGEFR? .MRC RF?R !LBPMKCB? GQ RFC AJMQCQR J?PEC E?J?VW.
39. !LBPMKCB? E?J?VW GQ RFC AJMQCQR J?PEC E?J?VW ?LB GQ TGQG@JC RM RFC
L?ICB CWC. %QRGK?RC GRQ @PGEFRLCQQ PCJ?RGTC RM RFC 3SL, ?QQSKGLE GR F?Q
JSKGLMQGRW 10
12
RGKCQ RF?R MD RFC 3SL ?LB JGCQ 2 -JW ?U?W.
40. (?) ! N?PRGAJC ?LB GRQ ?LRGN?PRGAJC ?PC ?R PCQR PCJ?RGTC RM ?L M@QCPTCP
?LB ?LLGFGJ?RC (AMKNJCRCJW BCQRPMWGLE @MRF K?QQCQ), APC?RGLE RUM P?WQ
MD COS?J CLCPEW. 7F?R GQ RFC AF?P?ARCPGQRGA -P?W CLCPEW WMS UMSJB JMMI
DMP GD QC?PAFGLE DMP CTGBCLAC MD NPMRML-?LRGNPMRML ?LLGFGJ?RGML? (4FC D?AR
RF?R QSAF P?BG?RGML GQ P?PCJW M@QCPTCB GQ CTGBCLAC RF?R RFCPC GQ TCPW JGRRJC
?LRGK?RRCP GL RFC SLGTCPQC.) (@) (MU BMCQ RFGQ AMKN?PC UGRF RFC
0.511--C6 CLCPEW ?QQMAG?RCB UGRF CJCARPML-NMQGRPML ?LLGFGJ?RGML?
41. 4FC ?TCP?EC N?PRGAJC CLCPEW LCCBCB RM M@QCPTC SLGDGA?RGML MD DMPACQ
GQ CQRGK?RCB RM @C 10
19
GeV. (?) 7F?R GQ RFC PCQR K?QQ GL IGJMEP?KQ MD
? N?PRGAJC RF?R F?Q ? PCQR K?QQ MD 10
19
GeV/c
2
? (@) (MU K?LW RGKCQ
RFC K?QQ MD ? FWBPMECL ?RMK GQ RFGQ?
42. 4FC NC?I GLRCLQGRW MD RFC #-"2 MAASPQ ?R ? U?TCJCLERF MD 1.1 KK.
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC CLCPEW GL C6 MD ? 1.1-KK NFMRML? (@) 4FCPC ?PC
?NNPMVGK?RCJW 10
9
NFMRMLQ DMP C?AF K?QQGTC N?PRGAJC GL BCCN QN?AC.
#?JASJ?RC RFC CLCPEW MD 10
9
QSAF NFMRMLQ. (A) )D RFC ?TCP?EC K?QQGTC
N?PRGAJC GL QN?AC F?Q ? K?QQ F?JD RF?R MD ? NPMRML, UF?R CLCPEW UMSJB @C
APC?RCB @W AMLTCPRGLE GRQ K?QQ RM CLCPEW? (B) $MCQ RFGQ GKNJW RF?R QN?AC
GQ uK?RRCP BMKGL?RCBv? %VNJ?GL @PGCDJW.
43. (?) 7F?R (S@@JC AMLQR?LR AMPPCQNMLBQ RM ?L ?NNPMVGK?RC ?EC MD RFC
SLGTCPQC MD 10
10
W? 4M ECR ?L ?NNPMVGK?RC T?JSC, ?QQSKC RFC
CVN?LQGML P?RC GQ AMLQR?LR ?LB A?JASJ?RC RFC QNCCB ?R UFGAF RUM E?J?VGCQ
KSQR KMTC ?N?PR RM @C QCN?P?RCB @W 1 -JW (NPCQCLR ?TCP?EC E?J?ARGA
QCN?P?RGML) GL ? RGKC MD 10
10
W. (@) 3GKGJ?PJW, UF?R (S@@JC AMLQR?LR
AMPPCQNMLBQ RM ? SLGTCPQC ?NNPMVGK?RCJW 210
10
-W MJB?
44. 3FMU RF?R RFC TCJMAGRW MD ? QR?P MP@GRGLE GRQ E?J?VW GL ? AGPASJ?P MP@GR GQ
GLTCPQCJW NPMNMPRGML?J RM RFC QOS?PC PMMR MD GRQ MP@GR?J P?BGSQ, ?QQSKGLE RFC
K?QQ MD RFC QR?PQ GLQGBC GRQ MP@GR ?ARQ JGIC ? QGLEJC K?QQ ?R RFC ACLRCP MD
RFC E?J?VW. 9MS K?W SQC ?L COS?RGML DPMK ? NPCTGMSQ AF?NRCP RM QSNNMPR
WMSP AMLAJSQGML, @SR WMS KSQR HSQRGDW GRQ SQC ?LB BCDGLC ?JJ RCPKQ SQCB.
45. 4FC AMPC MD ? QR?P AMJJ?NQCQ BSPGLE ? QSNCPLMT?, DMPKGLE ? LCSRPML
QR?P. !LESJ?P KMKCLRSK MD RFC AMPC GQ AMLQCPTCB, ?LB QM RFC LCSRPML
QR?P QNGLQ P?NGBJW. )D RFC GLGRG?J AMPC P?BGSQ GQ 5.010
5
km ?LB GR
AMJJ?NQCQ RM 10.0 IK, DGLB RFC LCSRPML QR?PtQ ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW GL
PCTMJSRGMLQ NCP QCAMLB, EGTCL RFC AMPCtQ ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW U?Q MPGEGL?JJW 1
PCTMJSRGML NCP 30.0 B?WQ.
46. 5QGLE B?R? DPMK RFC NPCTGMSQ NPM@JCK, DGLB RFC GLAPC?QC GL PMR?RGML?J
IGLCRGA CLCPEW, EGTCL RFC AMPCtQ K?QQ GQ 1.3 RGKCQ RF?R MD MSP 3SL. 7FCPC
BMCQ RFGQ GLAPC?QC GL IGLCRGA CLCPEW AMKC DPMK?
47. $GQR?LACQ RM RFC LC?PCQR QR?PQ (SN RM 500 JW ?U?W) A?L @C KC?QSPCB
@W ? RCAFLGOSC A?JJCB N?P?JJ?V, ?Q QFMUL GL F?=KH; 34.26. 7F?R ?PC RFC
?LEJCQ
1
?LB
2
PCJ?RGTC RM RFC NJ?LC MD RFC %?PRFtQ MP@GR DMP ? QR?P 4.0
JW BGPCARJW ?@MTC RFC 3SL?
48. (?) 5QC RFC (CGQCL@CPE SLACPR?GLRW NPGLAGNJC RM A?JASJ?RC RFC
SLACPR?GLRW GL CLCPEW DMP ? AMPPCQNMLBGLE RGKC GLRCPT?J MD 10
43
s . (@)
#MKN?PC RFGQ CLCPEW UGRF RFC 10
19
GeV SLGDGA?RGML-MD-DMPACQ CLCPEW
?LB BGQASQQ UFW RFCW ?PC QGKGJ?P.
#MLQGBCP ? QR?P KMTGLE GL ? AGPASJ?P MP@GR ?R RFC CBEC MD ? E?J?VW.
#MLQRPSAR ? NPM@JCK GL UFGAF WMS A?JASJ?RC RFC K?QQ MD RF?R E?J?VW GL IE
?LB GL KSJRGNJCQ MD RFC QMJ?P K?QQ @?QCB ML RFC TCJMAGRW MD RFC QR?P ?LB GRQ
BGQR?LAC DPMK RFC ACLRCP MD RFC E?J?VW.
1228 #(!04%2 34 Y &2/.4)%23 /& 0(93)#3
F?=KH; 34.26 $GQR?LACQ RM LC?P@W QR?PQ ?PC KC?QSPCB SQGLE RPG?LESJ?RGML, ?JQM A?JJCB
RFC N?P?JJ?V KCRFMB. 4FC ?LEJC MD JGLC MD QGEFR RM RFC QR?P GQ KC?QSPCB ?R GLRCPT?JQ QGV
KMLRFQ ?N?PR, ?LB RFC BGQR?LAC GQ A?JASJ?RCB @W SQGLE RFC ILMUL BG?KCRCP MD RFC
%?PRFtQ MP@GR. 4FGQ A?L @C BMLC DMP QR?PQ SN RM ?@MSR 500 JW ?U?W.
50. 7F?R GQ RFC 3AFU?PXQAFGJB P?BGSQ MD ? @J?AI FMJC RF?R F?Q ? K?QQ
CGEFR RGKCQ RF?R MD MSP 3SL? .MRC RF?R QR?PQ KSQR @C KMPC K?QQGTC RF?L
RFC 3SL RM DMPK @J?AI FMJCQ ?Q ? PCQSJR MD ? QSNCPLMT?.
51. "J?AI FMJCQ UGRF K?QQCQ QK?JJCP RF?L RFMQC DMPKCB GL QSNCPLMT?Q
K?W F?TC @CCL APC?RCB GL RFC "GE "?LE. #?JASJ?RC RFC P?BGSQ MD MLC RF?R
F?Q ? K?QQ COS?J RM RFC %?PRFtQ.
52. 3SNCPK?QQGTC @J?AI FMJCQ ?PC RFMSEFR RM CVGQR ?R RFC ACLRCP MD K?LW
E?J?VGCQ.
(?) 7F?R GQ RFC P?BGSQ MD QSAF ?L M@HCAR GD GR F?Q ? K?QQ MD 10
9
3SLQ?
(@) 7F?R GQ RFGQ P?BGSQ GL JGEFR WC?PQ?
#MLQGBCP ? QSNCPK?QQGTC @J?AI FMJC LC?P RFC ACLRCP MD ? E?J?VW.
#?JASJ?RC RFC P?BGSQ MD QSAF ?L M@HCAR @?QCB ML GRQ K?QQ. 9MS KSQR
AMLQGBCP FMU KSAF K?QQ GQ PC?QML?@JC DMP RFCQC J?PEC M@HCARQ, ?LB
UFGAF GQ LMU LC?PJW BGPCARJW M@QCPTCB. ()LDMPK?RGML ML @J?AI FMJCQ NMQRCB
ML RFC 7C@ @W .!3! ?LB MRFCP ?ECLAGCQ GQ PCJG?@JC, DMP CV?KNJC.)
34.3 ,KF;HIJH?D=I
54. 4FC AF?P?ARCPGQRGA JCLERF MD CLRGRGCQ GL 3SNCPQRPGLE RFCMPW GQ
?NNPMVGK?RCJW 10
35
m.
(?) &GLB RFC CLCPEW GL 'C6 MD ? NFMRML MD RFGQ U?TCJCLERF.
(@) #MKN?PC RFGQ UGRF RFC ?TCP?EC N?PRGAJC CLCPEW MD 10
19
GeV LCCBCB
DMP SLGDGA?RGML MD DMPACQ.
55. )D RFC B?PI K?RRCP GL RFC -GJIW 7?W UCPC AMKNMQCB CLRGPCJW MD
-!#(/Q (CTGBCLAC QFMUQ GR GQ LMR), ?NNPMVGK?RCJW FMU K?LW UMSJB
RFCPC F?TC RM @C? !QQSKC RFC ?TCP?EC K?QQ MD ? -!#(/ GQ 1/1000 RF?R
MD RFC 3SL, ?LB RF?R B?PI K?RRCP F?Q ? K?QQ 10 RGKCQ RF?R MD RFC JSKGLMSQ
-GJIW 7?W E?J?VW UGRF GRQ 10
11
QR?PQ MD ?TCP?EC K?QQ 1.5 RGKCQ RFC
3SLtQ K?QQ.
56. 4FC APGRGA?J K?QQ BCLQGRW LCCBCB RM HSQR F?JR RFC CVN?LQGML MD RFC
SLGTCPQC GQ ?NNPMVGK?RCJW 10
26
kg / m
3
.
(?) #MLTCPR RFGQ RM eV/ c
2
m
3
.
(@) &GLB RFC LSK@CP MD LCSRPGLMQ NCP AS@GA KCRCP LCCBCB RM AJMQC RFC
SLGTCPQC GD RFCGP ?TCP?EC K?QQ GQ 7 eV/ c
2
?LB RFCW F?TC LCEJGEG@JC
IGLCRGA CLCPEGCQ.
57. !QQSKC RFC ?TCP?EC BCLQGRW MD RFC SLGTCPQC GQ 0.1 MD RFC APGRGA?J
BCLQGRW LCCBCB DMP AJMQSPC. 7F?R GQ RFC ?TCP?EC LSK@CP MD NPMRMLQ NCP
AS@GA KCRCP, ?QQSKGLE RFC SLGTCPQC GQ AMKNMQCB KMQRJW MD FWBPMECL?
58. 4M ECR ?L GBC? MD FMU CKNRW BCCN QN?AC GQ ML RFC ?TCP?EC, NCPDMPK
RFC DMJJMUGLE A?JASJ?RGMLQ:
(?) &GLB RFC TMJSKC MSP 3SL UMSJB MAASNW GD GR F?B ?L ?TCP?EC BCLQGRW
COS?J RM RFC APGRGA?J BCLQGRW MD 10
26
kg / m
3
RFMSEFR LCACQQ?PW RM F?JR
RFC CVN?LQGML MD RFC SLGTCPQC.
(@) &GLB RFC P?BGSQ MD ? QNFCPC MD RFGQ TMJSKC GL JGEFR WC?PQ.
(A) 7F?R UMSJB RFGQ P?BGSQ @C GD RFC BCLQGRW UCPC RF?R MD JSKGLMSQ K?RRCP,
UFGAF GQ ?NNPMVGK?RCJW 5% RF?R MD RFC APGRGA?J BCLQGRW?
(B) #MKN?PC RFC P?BGSQ DMSLB GL N?PR (A) UGRF RFC 4-JW ?TCP?EC QCN?P?RGML
MD QR?PQ GL RFC ?PKQ MD RFC -GJIW 7?W.
59. ! QCARGML MD QSNCPAMLBSARGLE UGPC A?PPGCQ ? ASPPCLR MD 100 ! ?LB
PCOSGPCQ 1.00 , MD JGOSGB LGRPMECL NCP FMSP RM ICCN GR @CJMU GRQ APGRGA?J
RCKNCP?RSPC. &MP GR RM @C CAMLMKGA?JJW ?BT?LR?ECMSQ RM SQC ?
QSNCPAMLBSARGLE UGPC, RFC AMQR MD AMMJGLE RFC UGPC KSQR @C JCQQ RF?L RFC
AMQR MD CLCPEW JMQR RM FC?R GL RFC UGPC. !QQSKC RF?R RFC AMQR MD JGOSGB
LGRPMECL GQ $0.30 NCP JGRCP, ?LB RF?R CJCARPGA CLCPEW AMQRQ $0.10 NCP I7_F.
7F?R GQ RFC PCQGQR?LAC MD ? LMPK?J UGPC RF?R AMQRQ ?Q KSAF GL U?QRCB
CJCARPGA CLCPEW ?Q RFC AMQR MD JGOSGB LGRPMECL DMP RFC QSNCPAMLBSARMP?
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0 LCSRPML 1
n
1.008 665

10.37 KGL
1 (WBPMECL 1
1
H 1.007 825 99.985%
$CSRCPGSK 2
2
H or D 2.014 102 0.015%
4PGRGSK 3
3
H or T 3.016 050

12.33 W
2 (CJGSK 3
3
He 3.016 030 1.3810
4
%
4
4
He 4.002 603 100%
3 ,GRFGSK 6
6
Li 6.015 121 7.5%
7
7
Li 7.016 003 92.5%
4 "CPWJJGSK 7
7
Be 7.016 928 %# 53.29 B
9
9
Be 9.012 182 100%
5 "MPML 10
10
B 10.012 937 19.9%
11
11
B 11.009 305 80.1%
6 #?P@ML 11
11
C 11.011 432 %#,
+
12
12
C 12.000 000 98.90%
13
13
C 13.003 355 1.10%
14
14
C 14.003 241

5730 W
7 .GRPMECL 13
13
N 13.005 738
+
9.96 KGL
14
14
N 14.003 074 99.63%
15
15
N 15.000 108 0.37%
8 /VWECL 15
15
O 15.003 065 %#,
+
122 Q
16
16
O 15.994 915 99.76%
18
18
O 17.999 160 0.200%
9 &JSMPGLC 18
18
F 18.000 937 %#,
+
1.83 F
19
19
F 18.998 403 100%
10 .CML 20
20
Ne 19.992 435 90.51%
22
22
Ne 21.991 383 9.22%
11 3MBGSK 22
22
Na 21.994 434
+
2.602 W
23
23
Na 22.989 767 100%
24
24
Na 23.990 961

14.96 F
12 -?ELCQGSK 24
24
Mg 23.985 042 78.99%
13 !JSKGLSK 27
27
Al 26.981 539 100%
14 3GJGAML 28
28
Si 27.976 927 92.23% 2.62F
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31
Si 30.975 362

15 0FMQNFMPSQ 31
31
P 30.973 762 100%
32
32
P 31.973 907

14.28 B
16 3SJDSP 32
32
S 31.972 070 95.02%
35
35
S 34.969 031

87.4 B
17 #FJMPGLC 35
35
Cl 34.968 852 75.77%
37
37
Cl 36.965 903 24.23%
18 !PEML 40
40
Ar 39.962 384 99.60%
19 0MR?QQGSK 39
39
K 38.963 707 93.26%
40
40
K 39.963 999
0.0117%, %#,
1.2810
9
y
20 #?JAGSK 40
40
Ca 39.962 591 96.94%
21 3A?LBGSK 45
45
Sc 44.955 910 100%
22 4GR?LGSK 48
48
Ti 47.947 947 73.8%
23 6?L?BGSK 51
51
V 50.943 962 99.75%
24 #FPMKGSK 52
52
Cr 51.940 509 83.79%
25 -?LE?LCQC 55
55
Mn 54.938 047 100%
26 )PML 56
56
Fe 55.934 939 91.72%
27 #M@?JR 59
59
Co 58.933 198 100%
60
60
Co 59.933 819

5.271 W
28 .GAICJ 58
58
Ni 57.935 346 68.27%
60
60
Ni 59.930 788 26.10%
29 #MNNCP 63
63
Cu 62.939 598 69.17%
65
65
Cu 64.927 793 30.83%
30 :GLA 64
64
Zn 63.929 145 48.6%
66
66
Zn 65.926 034 27.9%
31 '?JJGSK 69
69
Ga 68.925 580 60.1%
32 'CPK?LGSK 72
72
Ge 71.922 079 27.4%
74
74
Ge 73.921 177 36.5%
33 !PQCLGA 75
75
As 74.921 594 100%
34 3CJCLGSK 80
80
Se 79.916 520 49.7%
35 "PMKGLC 79
79
Br 78.918 336 50.69%
36 +PWNRML 84
84
Kr 83.911 507 57.0%
37 2S@GBGSK 85
85
Rb 84.911 794 72.17%
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38 3RPMLRGSK 86
86
Sr 85.909 267 9.86%
88
88
Sr 87.905 619 82.58%
90
90
Sr 89.907 738

28.8 W
39 9RRPGSK 89
89
Y 88.905 849 100%
90
90
Y 89.907 152

64.1 F
40 :GPAMLGSK 90
90
Zr 89.904 703 51.45%
41 .GM@GSK 93
93
Nb 92.906 377 100%
42 -MJW@BCLSK 98
98
Mo 97.905 406 24.13%
43 4CAFLCRGSK 98
98
Tc 97.907 215

4.210
6
y
44 2SRFCLGSK 102
102
Ru 101.904 348 31.6%
45 2FMBGSK 103
103
Rh 102.905 500 100%
46 0?JJ?BGSK 106
106
Pd 105.903 478 27.33%
47 3GJTCP 107
107
Ag 106.905 092 51.84%
109
109
Ag 108.904 757 48.16%
48 #?BKGSK 114
114
Cd 113.903 357 28.73%
49 )LBGSK 115
115
In 114.903 880
95.7%,
4.410
14
y
50 4GL 120
120
Sn 119.902 200 32.59%
51 !LRGKMLW 121
121
Sb 120.903 821 57.3%
52 4CJJSPGSK 130
130
Te 129.906 229
33.8%,
2.510
21
y
53 )MBGLC 127
127
I 126.904 473 100%
131
131
I 130.906 114

8.040 B
54 8CLML 132
132
Xe 131.904 144 26.9%
136
136
Xe 135.907 214 8.9%
55 #CQGSK 133
133
Cs 132.905 429 100%
134
134
Cs 133.906 696
%#,
2.06 W
56 "?PGSK 137
137
Ba 136.905 812 11.23%
138
138
Ba 137.905 232 71.70%
57 ,?LRF?LSK 139
139
La 138.906 346 99.91%
58 #CPGSK 140
140
Ce 139.905 433 88.48%
59 0P?QCMBWKGSK 141
141
Pr 140.907 647 100%
60 .CMBWKGSK 142
142
Nd 141.907 719 27.13%
61 0PMKCRFGSK 145
145
Pm 144.912 743
%#,
17.7 W
62 3?K?PGSK 152
152
Sm 151.919 729 26.7%
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63 %SPMNGSK 153
153
Eu 152.921 225 52.2%
64 '?BMJGLGSK 158
158
Gd 157.924 099 24.84%
65 4CP@GSK 159
159
Tb 158.925 342 100%
66 $WQNPMQGSK 164
164
Dy 163.929 171 28.2%
67 (MJKGSK 165
165
Ho 164.930 319 100%
68 %P@GSK 166
166
Er 165.930 290 33.6%
69 4FSJGSK 169
169
Tm 168.934 212 100%
70 9RRCP@GSK 174
174
Yb 173.938 859 31.8%
71 ,SRCAGSK 175
175
Lu 174.940 770 97.41%
72 (?DLGSK 180
180
Hf 179.946 545 35.10%
73 4?LR?JSK 181
181
Ta 180.947 992 99.98%
74 4SLEQRCL 184
184
W 183.950 928 30.67%
75 2FCLGSK 187
187
Re 186.955 744
62.6%,
4.610
10
y
76 /QKGSK 191
191
Os 190.960 920

15.4 B
192
192
Os 191.961 467 41.0%
77 )PGBGSK 191
191
Ir 190.960 584 37.3%
193
193
Ir 192.962 917 62.7%
78 0J?RGLSK 195
195
Pt 194.964 766 33.8%
79 'MJB 197
197
Au 196.966 543 100%
198
198
Au 197.968 217

2.696 B
80 -CPASPW 199
199
Hg 198.968 253 16.87%
202
202
Hg 201.970 617 29.86%
81 4F?JJGSK 205
205
Tl 204.974 401 70.48%
82 ,C?B 206
206
Pb 205.974 440 24.1%
207
207
Pb 206.975 872 22.1%
208
208
Pb 207.976 627 52.4%
210
210
Pb 209.984 163 ,
22.3 W
211
211
Pb 210.988 735

36.1 KGL
212
212
Pb 211.991 871

10.64 F
83 "GQKSRF 209
209
Bi 208.980 374 100%
211
211
Bi 210.987 255 ,
2.14 KGL
84 0MJMLGSK 210
210
Po 209.982 848

138.38 B
85 !QR?RGLC 218
218
At 218.008 684 ,
1.6 Q
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QNCAGDGA FC?R
c
QNCCB MD JGEFR
Cal IGJMA?JMPGC
cal A?JMPGC
COP
hp FC?R NSKNtQ AMCDDGAGCLR MD NCPDMPK?LAC
COP
ref AMCDDGAGCLR MD NCPDMPK?LAC DMP PCDPGECP?RMPQ ?LB ?GP AMLBGRGMLCPQ
cos AMQGLC
cot AMR?LECLR
csc AMQCA?LR
D BGDDSQGML AMLQR?LR
d BGQNJ?ACKCLR
d OS?PI DJ?TMP BMUL
dB BCAG@CJ
d
i BGQR?LAC MD ?L GK?EC DPMK RFC ACLRCP MD ? JCLQ
d
o BGQR?LAC MD ?L M@HCAR DPMK RFC ACLRCP MD ? JCLQ
DC BGPCAR ASPPCLR
1250 !00%.$)8 $ Y ',/33!29 /& +%9 39-"/,3 !.$ ./4!4)/.
,OC8EB D;<?D?J?ED
E CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF
CKD (TMJR?EC) MP (?JJ CJCARPMKMRGTC DMPAC

emf CJCARPMKMRGTC DMPAC
E CLCPEW MD ? QGLEJC NFMRML
E LSAJC?P PC?ARGML CLCPEW
E PCJ?RGTGQRGA RMR?J CLCPEW
E RMR?J CLCPEW
E
0 EPMSLB QR?RC CLCPEW DMP FWBPMECL
E
0 PCQR CLCPEW
EC CJCARPML A?NRSPC
E
cap CLCPEW QRMPCB GL ? A?N?AGRMP
Ef
CDDGAGCLAWrRFC SQCDSJ UMPI MSRNSR BGTGBCB @W RFC CLCPEW GLNSR
Ef
C #?PLMR CDDGAGCLAW
E
in CLCPEW AMLQSKCB (DMMB BGECQRCB GL FSK?LQ)
E
ind CLCPEW QRMPCB GL ?L GLBSARMP
E
out CLCPEW MSRNSR
e
CKGQQGTGRW MD ?L M@HCAR
e
+
?LRGCJCARPML MP NMQGRPML
eV CJCARPML TMJR
F D?P?B (SLGR MD A?N?AGR?LAC, ? AMSJMK@ NCP TMJR)
F DMA?J NMGLR MD ? JCLQ
F DMPAC
F K?ELGRSBC MD ? DMPAC
F PCQRMPGLE DMPAC
F
B @SMW?LR DMPAC
F
c ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC
F
i DMPAC GLNSR
F
net LCR DMPAC
F
o DMPAC MSRNSR
FM DPCOSCLAW KMBSJ?RGML
f
DMA?J JCLERF
f
DPCOSCLAW
f
0
PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAW MD ? PCQGQR?LAC, GLBSAR?LAC, ?LB A?N?AGR?LAC (RLC) QCPGCQ AGPASGR
f
0 RFPCQFMJB DPCOSCLAW DMP ? N?PRGASJ?P K?RCPG?J (NFMRMCJCARPGA CDDCAR)
f
1 DSLB?KCLR?J
f
2 DGPQR MTCPRMLC
f
3 QCAMLB MTCPRMLC
!00%.$)8 $ Y ',/33!29 /& +%9 39-"/,3 !.$ ./4!4)/. 1251
,OC8EB D;<?D?J?ED
f
B @C?R DPCOSCLAW
f
k K?ELGRSBC MD IGLCRGA DPGARGML
f
s K?ELGRSBC MD QR?RGA DPGARGML
G EP?TGR?RGML?J AMLQR?LR
G EPCCL OS?PI AMJMP
G
?LRGEPCCL (K?ECLR?) ?LRGOS?PI AMJMP

g
?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW
g
EJSMLQ (A?PPGCP N?PRGAJCQ DMP QRPMLE LSAJC?P DMPAC)
h AF?LEC GL TCPRGA?J NMQGRGML
h FCGEFR ?@MTC QMKC PCDCPCLAC NMGLR
h K?VGKSK FCGEFR MD ? NPMHCARGJC
h 0J?LAI'Q AMLQR?LR
hf
NFMRML CLCPEW
h
i FCGEFR MD RFC GK?EC
h
o FCGEFR MD RFC M@HCAR
I CJCARPGA ASPPCLR
I GLRCLQGRW
I GLRCLQGRW MD ? RP?LQKGRRCB U?TC
I KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? (?JQM A?JJCB PMR?RGML?J GLCPRG?)
I
0 GLRCLQGRW MD ? NMJ?PGXCB U?TC @CDMPC N?QQGLE RFPMSEF ? DGJRCP
I
ave ?TCP?EC GLRCLQGRW DMP ? AMLRGLSMSQ QGLSQMGB?J CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TC
I
rms ?TCP?EC ASPPCLR
J HMSJC
J / *MSJCQ/NQG KCQML
K ICJTGL
k "MJRXK?LL AMLQR?LR
k DMPAC AMLQR?LR MD ? QNPGLE
K
V P?WQ APC?RCB UFCL ?L CJCARPML D?JJQ GLRM ?L n = 1 QFCJJ T?A?LAW DPMK RFC n = 3 QFCJJ
K
V P?WQ APC?RCB UFCL ?L CJCARPML D?JJQ GLRM ?L n = 2 QFCJJ T?A?LAW DPMK RFC n = 3 QFCJJ
kcal IGJMA?JMPGC
KE RP?LQJ?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW
KE + PE KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW
KE
e IGLCRGA CLCPEW MD ?L CHCARCB CJCARPML
KE
rel PCJ?RGTGQRGA IGLCRGA CLCPEW
KE
rot PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW
KE
RFCPK?J CLCPEW
1252 !00%.$)8 $ Y ',/33!29 /& +%9 39-"/,3 !.$ ./4!4)/.
,OC8EB D;<?D?J?ED
kg
IGJMEP?K (? DSLB?KCLR?J 3) SLGR MD K?QQ)
L ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK
L JGRCP
L K?ELGRSBC MD ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK
L QCJD-GLBSAR?LAC
?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK OS?LRSK LSK@CP
L
V P?WQ APC?RCB UFCL ?L CJCARPML D?JJQ GLRM ?L n = 2 QFCJJ DPMK RFC n = 3 QFCJJ
L
e CJCARPML RMR?J D?KGJW LSK@CP
L
KSML D?KGJW RMR?J LSK@CP
L
R?S D?KGJW RMR?J LSK@CP
L
f FC?R MD DSQGML
L
f
and L
v J?RCLR FC?R AMCDDGAGCLRQ
L
orb MP@GR?J ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK
L
s FC?R MD QS@JGK?RGML
L
v FC?R MD T?NMPGX?RGML
L
z M - AMKNMLCLR MD RFC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK
M ?LESJ?P K?ELGDGA?RGML
M KSRS?J GLBSAR?LAC
m GLBGA?RCQ KCR?QR?@JC QR?RC
m
K?ELGDGA?RGML
m
K?QQ
m
K?QQ MD ?L M@HCAR ?Q KC?QSPCB @W ? NCPQML ?R PCQR PCJ?RGTC RM RFC M@HCAR
m KCRCP (? DSLB?KCLR?J 3) SLGR MD JCLERF)
m
MPBCP MD GLRCPDCPCLAC
m
MTCP?JJ K?ELGDGA?RGML (NPMBSAR MD RFC GLBGTGBS?J K?ELGDGA?RGMLQ)
m
A
X
?RMKGA K?QQ MD ? LSAJGBC

MA KCAF?LGA?J ?BT?LR?EC
m
e K?ELGDGA?RGML MD RFC CWCNGCAC
m
e K?QQ MD RFC CJCARPML
m
?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK NPMHCARGML OS?LRSK LSK@CP
m
n K?QQ MD ? LCSRPML
m
o K?ELGDGA?RGML MD RFC M@HCARGTC JCLQ
mol KMJC
m
p K?QQ MD ? NPMRML
m
s QNGL NPMHCARGML OS?LRSK LSK@CP
N K?ELGRSBC MD RFC LMPK?J DMPAC
N LCURML
N LMPK?J DMPAC
!00%.$)8 $ Y ',/33!29 /& +%9 39-"/,3 !.$ ./4!4)/. 1253
,OC8EB D;<?D?J?ED
N LSK@CP MD LCSRPMLQ
n
GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML
n
LSK@CP MD DPCC AF?PECQ NCP SLGR TMJSKC
N
A !TME?BPM'Q LSK@CP
N
r 2CWLMJBQ LSK@CP
N m LCURML-KCRCP (UMPI-CLCPEW SLGR)
N m LCURMLQ RGKCQ KCRCPQ (3) SLGR MD RMPOSC)
OE MRFCP CLCPEW
P NMUCP
P NMUCP MD ? JCLQ
P NPCQQSPC
p
KMKCLRSK
p
KMKCLRSK K?ELGRSBC
p
PCJ?RGTGQRGA KMKCLRSK
p
tot RMR?J KMKCLRSK
p
tot
'
RMR?J KMKCLRSK QMKC RGKC J?RCP
P
abs ?@QMJSRC NPCQQSPC
P
atm ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC
P
atm QR?LB?PB ?RKMQNFCPGA NPCQQSPC
PE NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW
PE
el CJ?QRGA NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW
PE
elec CJCARPGA NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW
PE
s NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW MD ? QNPGLE
P
g E?SEC NPCQQSPC
P
in NMUCP AMLQSKNRGML MP GLNSR
P
out SQCDSJ NMUCP MSRNSR EMGLE GLRM SQCDSJ UMPI MP ? BCQGPCB, DMPK MD CLCPEW
Q
J?RCLR FC?R
Q
LCR FC?R RP?LQDCPPCB GLRM ? QWQRCK
Q
DJMU P?RCrTMJSKC NCP SLGR RGKC DJMUGLE N?QR ? NMGLR
+Q
NMQGRGTC AF?PEC
Q
LCE?RGTC AF?PEC
q
CJCARPML AF?PEC
q
p AF?PEC MD ? NPMRML
q
RCQR AF?PEC
QF
OS?JGRW D?ARMP
R ?ARGTGRW, RFC P?RC MD BCA?W
R P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC MD ? QNFCPGA?J KGPPMP
1254 !00%.$)8 $ Y ',/33!29 /& +%9 39-"/,3 !.$ ./4!4)/.
,OC8EB D;<?D?J?ED
R PCB OS?PI AMJMP
R
?LRGPCB (AW?L) OS?PI AMJMP

R PCQGQR?LAC
R PCQSJR?LR MP RMR?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR
R 2WB@CPE AMLQR?LR
R SLGTCPQ?J E?Q AMLQR?LR
r BGQR?LAC DPMK NGTMR NMGLR RM RFC NMGLR UFCPC ? DMPAC GQ ?NNJGCB
r GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC
r
NCPNCLBGASJ?P JCTCP ?PK
r P?BGSQ MD ? LSAJCSQ
r P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC
r PCQGQRGTGRW
r or rad P?BG?RGML BMQC SLGR
rem
PMCLRECL COSGT?JCLR K?L
rad P?BG?L
RBE PCJ?RGTC @GMJMEGA?J CDDCARGTCLCQQ
RC PCQGQRMP ?LB A?N?AGRMP AGPASGR
rms
PMMR KC?L QOS?PC
r
n P?BGSQ MD RFC ARF (-?RMK MP@GR
R
p RMR?J PCQGQR?LAC MD ? N?P?JJCJ AMLLCARGML
R
s RMR?J PCQGQR?LAC MD ? QCPGCQ AMLLCARGML
R
s 3AFU?PXQAFGJB P?BGSQ
S CLRPMNW
S GLRPGLQGA QNGL (GLRPGLQGA ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK)
S K?ELGRSBC MD RFC GLRPGLQGA (GLRCPL?J) QNGL ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK
S QFC?P KMBSJSQ
S QRP?LECLCQQ OS?LRSK LSK@CP
s
OS?PI DJ?TMP QRP?LEC
s
QCAMLB (DSLB?KCLR?J 3) SLGR MD RGKC)
s
QNGL OS?LRSK LSK@CP
s
RMR?J BGQNJ?ACKCLR
sec QCA?LR
sin QGLC
s
z M-AMKNMLCLR MD QNGL ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK
T NCPGMBrRGKC RM AMKNJCRC MLC MQAGJJ?RGML
T RCKNCP?RSPC
T
c APGRGA?J RCKNCP?RSPCrRCKNCP?RSPC @CJMU UFGAF ? K?RCPG?J @CAMKCQ ? QSNCPAMLBSARMP
T RCLQGML
T RCQJ? (K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF B)
!00%.$)8 $ Y ',/33!29 /& +%9 39-"/,3 !.$ ./4!4)/. 1255
,OC8EB D;<?D?J?ED
t
OS?PI DJ?TMP RMN MP RPSRF
t
RGKC
t
1 / 2 F?JD-JGDCrRFC RGKC GL UFGAF F?JD MD RFC MPGEGL?J LSAJCG BCA?W
tan R?LECLR
U GLRCPL?J CLCPEW
u
OS?PI DJ?TMP SN
u
SLGDGCB ?RMKGA K?QQ SLGR
u
TCJMAGRW MD ?L M@HCAR PCJ?RGTC RM ?L M@QCPTCP
u
'
TCJMAGRW PCJ?RGTC RM ?LMRFCP M@QCPTCP
V CJCARPGA NMRCLRG?J
V RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC
V TMJR (SLGR)
V TMJSKC
v
PCJ?RGTC TCJMAGRW @CRUCCL RUM M@QCPTCPQ
v
QNCCB MD JGEFR GL ? K?RCPG?J
v
TCJMAGRW
v
?TCP?EC DJSGB TCJMAGRW

V
B
V
A AF?LEC GL NMRCLRG?J
v
d BPGDR TCJMAGRW
V
p RP?LQDMPKCP GLNSR TMJR?EC
V
rms PKQ TMJR?EC
V
s RP?LQDMPKCP MSRNSR TMJR?EC
v
tot RMR?J TCJMAGRW
v
w NPMN?E?RGML QNCCB MD QMSLB MP MRFCP U?TC
v
w U?TC TCJMAGRW
W UMPI
W LCR UMPI BMLC @W ? QWQRCK
W U?RR
w
UCGEFR
w
f UCGEFR MD RFC DJSGB BGQNJ?ACB @W ?L M@HCAR
W
c RMR?J UMPI BMLC @W ?JJ AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ
W
nc RMR?J UMPI BMLC @W ?JJ LMLAMLQCPT?RGTC DMPACQ
W
out SQCDSJ UMPI MSRNSR
X ?KNJGRSBC
X QWK@MJ DMP ?L CJCKCLR
Z
X
N
LMR?RGML DMP ? N?PRGASJ?P LSAJGBC
x
BCDMPK?RGML MP BGQNJ?ACKCLR DPMK COSGJG@PGSK
x
BGQNJ?ACKCLR MD ? QNPGLE DPMK GRQ SLBCDMPKCB NMQGRGML
1256 !00%.$)8 $ Y ',/33!29 /& +%9 39-"/,3 !.$ ./4!4)/.
,OC8EB D;<?D?J?ED
x
FMPGXMLR?J ?VGQ
X
C A?N?AGRGTC PC?AR?LAC
X
L GLBSARGTC PC?AR?LAC
x
rms PMMR KC?L QOS?PC BGDDSQGML BGQR?LAC
y
TCPRGA?J ?VGQ
Y CJ?QRGA KMBSJSQ MP 9MSLE'Q KMBSJSQ
Z ?RMKGA LSK@CP (LSK@CP MD NPMRMLQ GL ? LSAJCSQ)
Z GKNCB?LAC
!00%.$)8 $ Y ',/33!29 /& +%9 39-"/,3 !.$ ./4!4)/. 1257
"D:;N
,OC8EBI
(NC?I) CKD, 823
RC AGPASGR, 759
A
?@CPP?RGML, 947
?@CPP?RGMLQ, 945
?@QMJSRC NPCQQSPC, 370, 390
?@QMJSRC XCPM, 433, 463
!# ASPPCLR, 711, 722
!# TMJR?EC, 711, 722
?AACJCP?RGML, 43, 75, 128, 155
?AACJCP?RGML BSC RM EP?TGRW, 62, 75
?AAMKKMB?RGML, 929, 947
!AASP?AW, 24
?AASP?AW, 30
?AMSQRGA GKNCB?LAC , 614, 619
?ARGTC RP?LQNMPR, 421, 421
?ARGTGRW, 1125, 1134
?B?NRGTC MNRGAQ, 945, 947
?BFCQGTC DMPACQ, 379, 390
?BG?@?RGA, 515
?BG?@?RGA NPMACQQ, 540
?GP PCQGQR?LAC, 101, 114
?JNF?, 1108
?JNF? BCA?W, 1118, 1134
?JNF? P?WQ, 1134
!JRCPL?RGLE ASPPCLR, 710
?JRCPL?RGLE ASPPCLR, 722
?KKCRCP, 762
?KKCRCPQ, 752
?KNCPC, 696, 723
!KNCPCtQ J?U, 794, 799
?KNJGRSBC, 555, 579, 862, 875, 877
?KNJGRSBC KMBSJ?RGML, 866
?KNJGRSBC KMBSJ?RGML (!-), 877
?L?JME KCRCP, 762
!L?JME KCRCPQ, 754
?L?JWRGA?J KCRFMB, 114
!L?JWRGA?J KCRFMBQ, 95
!LECP A?KCP?, 1146, 1168
?LESJ?P ?AACJCP?RGML, 320, 348
?LESJ?P K?ELGDGA?RGML, 943, 947
?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK, 338, 349
?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK OS?LRSK LSK@CP, 1087,
1096
?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW, 191, 214
?LRGCJCARPML, 1122, 1134
?LRGK?RRCP, 1120, 1134
?LRGLMBC, 575, 579, 604, 619
?NNPMVGK?RGML, 30
?NNPMVGK?RGMLQ, 28
?PA JCLERF, 190, 214
!PAFGKCBCQt NPGLAGNJC, 374, 390
?QRGEK?RGQK, 933, 947
?RMK, 1057, 1096
?RMKGA BC-CVAGR?RGML, 1075, 1096
?RMKGA CVAGR?RGML, 1075, 1096
?RMKGA K?QQ, 1114, 1134
?RMKGA LSK@CP, 1090, 1097, 1114, 1134
?RMKGA QNCARP?, 1027, 1050
!TCP?EC !AACJCP?RGML, 43
?TCP?EC ?AACJCP?RGML, 76, 75
!TCP?EC QNCCB, 41
?TCP?EC QNCCB, 75
!TCP?EC TCJMAGRW, 40
?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW, 75
!TME?BPMtQ LSK@CP, 446, 463
?VGMLQ, 1219, 1224
?VGQ MD ? NMJ?PGXGLE DGJRCP, 976, 985
B
B-DGCJB, 779, 799
@?AI CKD, 825, 847
@?LICB ASPTC, 214
@?LICB ASPTCQ, 198
@?PPGCP NCLCRP?RGML, 1132, 1134
@?PWML LSK@CP, 1187, 1198
"?PWMLQ, 1187
@?PWMLQ, 1198
@?Q?J KCR?@MJGA P?RC, 249, 253
@C?R DPCOSCLAW, 576, 580
@CAOSCPCJ, 1125, 1134
"CPLMSJJGtQ COS?RGML, 403, 421
"CPLMSJJGtQ NPGLAGNJC, 404, 421
@CR?, 1108
@CR? BCA?W, 1120, 1134
@CR? P?WQ, 1134
"GE "?LE, 1208, 1224
@GLBGLE CLCPEW, 1029, 1050, 1128, 1134
@GLBGLE CLCPEW NCP LSAJCML, 1129, 1134
@GMCJCARPGAGRW, 717, 723
"GMR-3?T?PR J?U, 794, 799
@GPCDPGLECLR, 982, 985
"J?AI FMJCQ, 1214
@J?AI FMJCQ, 1224
@J?AI@MBGCQ, 1026
@J?AI@MBW, 1050
@J?AI@MBW P?BG?RGML, 1026, 1050
"MFP P?BGSQ, 1068, 1097
"MJRXK?LL AMLQR?LR, 445, 463
@MQML, 1185, 1198
@MRRMK, 1194, 1198
@MU U?IC, 601, 619
@PC?I-CTCL, 1158, 1168
@PCCBCP PC?ARMPQ, 1164, 1168
@PCCBGLE, 1164, 1168
@PCKQQRP?FJSLE, 1034, 1050
"PCUQRCPtQ ?LEJC, 978, 985
"PCUQRCPtQ J?U, 978, 985
@PGBEC BCTGAC, 762
@PGBEC BCTGACQ, 758
"PMULG?L KMRGML, 1058, 1097
@SMW?LR DMPAC, 374, 390
C
A?N?AGR?LAC, 676, 686, 759, 763
A?N?AGRGTC PC?AR?LAC, 840, 847
A?N?AGRMP, 675, 686, 759, 763
A?NGJJ?PW ?ARGML, 384, 390
A?P@ML-14 B?RGLE, 1124, 1134
#?PLMR AWAJC, 522, 540
#?PLMR CDDGAGCLAW, 523, 540
#?PLMR CLEGLC, 522, 540
A?PPGCP N?PRGAJC, 155
A?PPGCP N?PRGAJCQ, 154
A?PPGCP U?TC, 866, 877
A?RFMBC-P?W RS@C, 1097
A?RFMBC-P?W RS@CQ, 1059
#CJQGSQ, 433
#CJQGSQ QA?JC, 463
ACLRCP MD EP?TGRW, 297, 311
ACLRCP MD K?QQ, 204, 214
ACLRPGDSE?J DMPAC, 200, 214
ACLRPGDSEC, 194
ACLRPGNCR?J ?AACJCP?RGML, 193, 214
ACLRPGNCR?J DMPAC, 196, 214
AF?LEC GL ?LESJ?P TCJMAGRW, 320, 349
AF?LEC GL CLRPMNW, 531, 540
AF?LEC GL KMKCLRSK, 265, 282
#F?MQ, 1220
AF?MQ, 1224
AF?P?ARCPGQRGA RGKC AMLQR?LR, 837, 847
AF?P?ARCPGQRGA V P?WQ, 1034, 1050
AF?PK, 1194, 1198
AF?PR MD RFC LSAJGBCQ, 1116, 1134
AFCKGA?J CLCPEW, 242, 253
AJ?QQGA?J NFWQGAQ, 16, 30
#J?QQGA?J PCJ?RGTGRW, 112
AJ?QQGA?J PCJ?RGTGRW, 114
AJ?QQGA?J TCJMAGRW ?BBGRGML, 1017
AMCDDGAGCLR MD JGLC?P CVN?LQGML, 438, 464
AMCDDGAGCLR MD NCPDMPK?LAC, 529, 540
AMCDDGAGCLR MD TMJSKC CVN?LQGML, 440, 464
AMFCPCLR, 957, 985
AMFCQGTC DMPACQ, 379, 390
#MJJGBGLE @C?KQ, 1182
AMJJGBGLE @C?KQ, 1198
AMJMP, 1194, 1198
AMJMP AMLQR?LAW, 936, 947
AMKKSR?RGTC, 92, 115, 114
AMKNJCVGRW, 1220, 1224
AMKNMLCLR (MD ? 2-B TCARMP), 114
AMKNMLCLRQ , 95
AMKNMSLB KGAPMQAMNC, 937, 947
#MKNRML CDDCAR, 1037, 1050
#MLBSARGML, 483
AMLBSARGML, 496
AMLBSARMP, 632, 651
#MLBSARMPQ, 643
AMLDMA?J KGAPMQAMNCQ, 984, 985
AMLQCPT?RGML J?UQ, 749, 763
#MLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW, 223
AMLQCPT?RGML MD KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW, 236, 253
AMLQCPT?RGML MD KMKCLRSK NPGLAGNJC, 268, 282
#MLQCPT?RGML MD RMR?J , 1187
AMLQCPT?RGML MD RMR?J @?PWML LSK@CP, 1187, 1198
AMLQCPT?RGML MD RMR?J CJCARPML D?KGJW LSK@CP,
1198
AMLQCPT?RGML MD RMR?J L
, 1187
AMLQCPT?RGML MD RMR?J KSML D?KGJW LSK@CP, 1198
AMLQCPT?RGTC DMPAC, 235, 253
AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC, 574, 580
AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC DMP ? BGDDP?ARGML
EP?RGLE, 962, 985
AMLQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC DMP ? BMS@JC QJGR, 959,
985
AMLR?AR ?LEJC, 383, 390
#MLRP?QR, 982
AMLRP?QR, 985
#MLTCARGML, 483
AMLTCARGML, 496
AMLTCPEGLE (MP AMLTCV) JCLQ, 902
AMLTCPEGLE JCLQ, 919
AMLTCPEGLE KGPPMP, 919
AMLTCPQGML D?ARMP, 21, 30
#MPGMJGQ DMPAC, 201, 214
AMPLCP PCDJCARMP, 896, 919
AMPPCQNMLBCLAC NPGLAGNJC, 1026, 1050
AMQKGA KGAPMU?TC @?AIEPMSLB, 1209, 1224
AMQKMJMEGA?J AMLQR?LR, 1217, 1224
AMQKMJMEGA?J PCB QFGDR, 1208, 1224
#MQKMJMEW, 1206
AMQKMJMEW, 1224
#MSJMK@ DMPAC, 637, 651
#MSJMK@ DMPACQ, 637
#MSJMK@ GLRCP?ARGML, 643, 651
#MSJMK@tQ J?U, 636, 651
APGRGA?J ?LEJC, 893, 919
#PGRGA?J B?KNGLE, 566
APGRGA?J B?KNGLE, 580
APGRGA?J BCLQGRW, 1217, 1224
APGRGA?J K?QQ, 1162, 1168
APGRGA?J NMGLR, 456, 464
#PGRGA?J NPCQQSPC, 456
APGRGA?J NPCQQSPC, 464
1258 ).$%8
APGRGA?J RCKNCP?RSPC, 456, 464, 1221, 1224
APGRGA?JGRW, 1163, 1168
ASPGC, 1125, 1134
#SPGC RCKNCP?RSPC, 776, 799
ASPPCLR, 734, 763
#SPPCLR QCLQGRGTGRW, 754
ASPPCLR QCLQGRGTGRW, 763
AWAJGA?J NPMACQQ, 519, 540
AWAJMRPML, 1181, 1198
D
$?JRMLtQ J?U MD N?PRG?J NPCQQSPCQ, 459, 464
B?PI K?RRCP, 1217, 1224
B?SEFRCP, 1134
B?SEFRCPQ, 1118
BC "PMEJGC U?TCJCLERF, 1041, 1050
BCA?W, 1108, 1117, 1134
BCA?W AMLQR?LR, 1124, 1134
BCA?W COS?RGML, 1119, 1122, 1134
BCA?W QCPGCQ, 1118, 1134
BCACJCP?RGML, 43, 75
BCDG@PGJJ?RMP, 684, 686
BCDMPK?RGML, 174, 182, 550, 580
BCEPCC #CJQGSQ, 433, 464
BCEPCC &?FPCLFCGR, 433, 464
$CLQGRW, 360
BCLQGRW, 390
BCNCLBCLR T?PG?@JC, 69, 75
BCPGTCB SLGRQ, 18, 30
BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC, 574, 580
BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC DMP ? BMS@JC QJGR, 959,
985
BCQRPSARGTC GLRCPDCPCLAC DMP ? QGLEJC QJGR, 966,
985
BCU NMGLR, 460, 464
BG?JWQGQ, 421, 421
BG?QRMJGA NPCQQSPC, 371, 391
$G?QRMJGA NPCQQSPC, 387
BGCJCARPGA, 678, 686
BGCJCARPGA QRPCLERF, 686
BGCJCARPGA QRPCLERFQ, 679
BGDDP?ARGML, 957, 985
BGDDP?ARGML EP?RGLE, 961, 985
$GDDSQGML, 418
BGDDSQGML, 421
BGEGR?J KCRCP, 763
BGEGR?J KCRCPQ, 754
BGNMJC, 643, 651
$GPCAR ASPPCLR, 710
BGPCAR ASPPCLR, 723
BGPCARGML, 90
BGPCARGML (MD ? TCARMP), 114
BGPCARGML MD K?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLCQ, 779, 799
BGPCARGML MD NMJ?PGX?RGML, 975, 985
$GQNCPQGML, 898
BGQNCPQGML, 919
BGQNJ?ACKCLR, 36, 75
$GQR?LAC, 37
BGQR?LAC, 75
$GQR?LAC RP?TCJCB, 37
BGQR?LAC RP?TCJCB, 75
BGTCPEGLE JCLQ, 903, 919
BGTCPEGLE KGPPMP, 919
BMK?GLQ, 776, 799
$MNNJCP CDDCAR, 598, 619
$MNNJCP QFGDR, 598, 619
$MNNJCP-QFGDRCB SJRP?QMSLB, 617, 619
$MS@JC-QJGR GLRCPDCPCLAC, 1066
BMS@JC-QJGR GLRCPDCPCLAC, 1097
BMUL, 1189, 1198
BP?E DMPAC, 170, 182
BPGDR TCJMAGRW , 699, 723
BWL?KGA COSGJG@PGSK, 292, 311
$WL?KGAQ, 125, 126, 156
BWL?KGAQ, 155
E
CBBW ASPPCLR, 819, 847
CDDGAGCLAW, 244, 253
%J?NQCB RGKC, 39
CJ?NQCB RGKC, 75
CJ?QRGA AMJJGQGML, 270, 282
CJ?QRGA NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW, 552, 580
CJCARPGA ?LB K?ELCRGA DGCJBQ, 875
CJCARPGA AF?PEC, 629, 651
CJCARPGA ASPPCLR, 696, 723
CJCARPGA DGCJB, 644, 651, 862, 877
CJCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ, 651, 877
%JCARPGA DGCJB JGLCQ, 860
CJCARPGA DGCJB QRPCLERF, 639, 877
CJCARPGA DGCJBQ, 639
CJCARPGA ECLCP?RMP, 847
%JCARPGA ECLCP?RMPQ, 822
CJCARPGA NMRCLRG?J, 664, 686
CJCARPGA NMUCP, 707, 723
%JCARPGA?J CLCPEW, 242
CJCARPGA?J CLCPEW, 253
CJCARPMA?PBGMEP?K (%#'), 721, 723
CJCARPMK?ELCR, 799
CJCARPMK?ELCRGA DMPAC, 628, 651
CJCARPMK?ELCRGA GLBSARGML, 813, 847
CJCARPMK?ELCRGA QNCARPSK, 877
CJCARPMK?ELCRGA U?TCQ, 859, 862, 875, 877
%JCARPMK?ELCRGQK, 776
CJCARPMK?ELCRGQK, 799
CJCARPMK?ELCRQ, 776
CJCARPMKMRGTC DMPAC, 741
CJCARPMKMRGTC DMPAC (CKD), 763, 877
CJCARPML, 651
%JCARPML A?NRSPC, 1122
CJCARPML A?NRSPC, 1134
CJCARPML A?NRSPC COS?RGML, 1122, 1134
CJCARPML D?KGJW LSK@CP , 1186, 1198
CJCARPML TMJR, 667, 686
CJCARPMLQ, 629
CJCARPMLtQ ?LRGLCSRPGLM, 1120, 1134
CJCARPMLtQ LCSRPGLM, 1122, 1134
CJCARPMQR?RGA COSGJG@PGSK, 643, 651
CJCARPMQR?RGA DMPAC, 636, 651
CJCARPMQR?RGA NPCAGNGR?RMPQ, 649, 651
%JCARPMQR?RGA PCNSJQGML, 633
CJCARPMQR?RGA PCNSJQGML, 651
CJCARPMQR?RGAQ, 647, 651
CJCARPMUC?I CNMAF, 1212, 1224
CJCARPMUC?I RFCMPW, 1195, 1198
CKD, 749
CKD GLBSACB GL ? ECLCP?RMP AMGJ, 823, 847
CKGQQGTGRW, 493, 496
CLBMQAMNC, 895
CLCPEGCQ MD FWBPMECL-JGIC ?RMKQ, 1069, 1097
CLCPEW, 223, 253
CLCPEW QRMPCB GL ?L GLBSARMP , 836, 847
CLCPEW-JCTCJ BG?EP?K, 1067, 1097
%LEJGQF SLGRQ, 18, 30
CLRPMNW, 530, 540
COSGNMRCLRG?J JGLC, 686
COSGNMRCLRG?J JGLCQ, 673
CQA?NC TCJMAGRW, 1214, 1224
CTCLR FMPGXML, 1214, 1224
CVRCPL?J DMPAC, 128, 155
CVRCPL?J DMPACQ, 127
%VRCPL?J DMPACQ, 156
%VRPCKCJW JMU DPCOSCLAW (%,&), 866
CVRPCKCJW JMU DPCOSCLAW (%,&), 877
CWCNGCAC, 937, 947
F
&?FPCLFCGR, 433
&?FPCLFCGR QA?JC, 464
D?P NMGLR, 931, 947
&?P?B?W A?EC, 646, 651
&?P?B?WtQ J?U MD GLBSARGML, 814, 847
&?PQGEFRCBLCQQ, 931
D?PQGEFRCBLCQQ, 947
DCPKGML, 1185, 1198
DCPPMK?ELCRGA, 775, 799
&CWLK?L BG?EP?K, 1180, 1198
&G@CP MNRGAQ, 895
DG@CP MNRGAQ, 919
DGARGRGMSQ DMPAC, 200, 214
DGCJB, 651
DGLC QRPSARSPC, 1085, 1097
DGPQR J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ, 506, 540
DGPQR NMQRSJ?RC MD QNCAG?J PCJ?RGTGRW, 995, 1017
DGQQGML DP?EKCLRQ, 1161, 1169
DJ?R (XCPM ASPT?RSPC) SLGTCPQC, 1218, 1224
DJ?TMPQ, 1189, 1198
&JMU P?RC, 399
DJMU P?RC, 421
DJSGB BWL?KGAQ, 399, 421
DJSGBQ, 360, 391
&JSMPCQACLAC, 1075
DJSMPCQACLAC, 1097
DMA?J JCLERF, 902, 919
DMA?J NMGLR, 902, 919
&MMB GPP?BG?RGML, 1154
DMMB GPP?BG?RGML, 1169
DMPAC, 126, 155
&MPAC, 156
DMPAC AMLQR?LR, 550, 580
DMPAC DGCJB, 152, 153, 155, 637
DMQQGJ DSCJQ, 251, 253
DPCC AF?PEC, 651
DPCC AF?PECQ, 643
DPCC CJCARPML, 651
DPCC CJCARPMLQ, 632
DPCC P?BGA?JQ, 1155, 1169
DPCC-@MBW BG?EP?K, 127, 156, 145, 155
DPCC-D?JJ, 62, 75, 131, 155
&PCOSCLAW, 554
DPCOSCLAW, 580, 862, 877
DPCOSCLAW KMBSJ?RGML, 866
DPCOSCLAW KMBSJ?RGML (&-), 877
DPGARGML, 129, 155, 182, 253
&PGARGML, 166, 238
DSJJ-QA?JC BCDJCARGML, 754, 763
DSLB?KCLR?J, 604, 619
DSLB?KCLR?J DPCOSCLAW, 575, 580
DSLB?KCLR?J N?PRGAJC, 1188, 1198
DSLB?KCLR?J SLGRQ, 18, 30
E?JT?LMKCRCP, 754, 763

E?KK?, 1108
E?KK? A?KCP?, 1146, 1169
'?KK? BCA?W, 1123
E?KK? BCA?W, 1134
E?KK? P?W, 874, 877, 1050
'?KK? P?WQ, 1031
E?KK? P?WQ, 1134
E?SEC @MQML, 1198
E?SEC @MQMLQ, 1185
E?SEC NPCQQSPC, 370, 391
E?SQQ, 780, 799
'CGECP RS@C, 1112, 1134
ECLCP?J PCJ?RGTGRW, 1212, 1225
ECMKCRPGA MNRGAQ, 886, 919
EJ?SAMK?, 388, 391
EJSMLQ, 1180, 1198
).$%8 1259
'JSMLQ, 1196
EP?LB SLGDGCB RFCMPW, 1198
'P?LB 5LGDGCB 4FCMPW ('54), 1195
EP?TGR?RGML?J AMLQR?LR, 205
EP?TGR?RGML?J AMLQR?LR, G, 214
EP?TGR?RGML?J NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW, 230, 253
'P?TGR?RGML?J U?TCQ, 1215
EP?TGR?RGML?J U?TCQ, 1225
EP?W ('W), 1148, 1169
EPCCLFMSQC CDDCAR, 494, 496
EPMSLBCB, 648, 651
EPMSLBGLE, 673, 686
'54 CNMAF, 1212, 1225
!
(?BPMLQ, 1184
F?BPMLQ, 1199
F?JD-JGDC, 1123, 1134
(?JJ CDDCAR, 785, 799
(?JJ CKD, 785, 799
F?PKMLGAQ, 604, 619
FC?B, 89
FC?B (MD ? TCARMP), 114
FC?B-RM-R?GJ KCRFMB, 89, 115, 114
(C?PGLE, 590, 609
FC?PGLE, 620
FC?R, 471, 496
FC?R CLEGLC, 510, 540
FC?R MD QS@JGK?RGML, 482, 496
FC?R NSKN, 540
FC?R NSKNtQ AMCDDGAGCLR MD NCPDMPK?LAC, 527
FC?R RP?LQDCP, 431
(CGQCL@CPE SLACPR?GLRW NPGLAGNJC, 1046
(CGQCL@CPEtQ SLACPR?GLRW NPGLAGNJC , 1047, 1050
FCLPW, 833, 847
FCPRX, 877
(GEEQ @MQML, 1197, 1198
FGEF BMQC, 1149, 1169
FMJMEP?K, 1081, 1097
(MJMEP?NFW, 1081
FMJMEP?NFW, 1097
(MMICtQ J?U, 174, 182
FMPGXMLR?JJW NMJ?PGXCB, 975, 985
(MPKCQGQ, 1150
FMPKCQGQ, 1169
FMPQCNMUCP, 246, 253
(S@@JC AMLQR?LR, 1208, 1225
FSCQ, 935, 947
(SK?L KCR?@MJGQK, 508
FSK?L KCR?@MJGQK, 540
(SWECLQtQ NPGLAGNJC, 955, 985
(WBPMECL QNCARPSK U?TCJCLERF, 1066
FWBPMECL QNCARPSK U?TCJCLERFQ, 1097
FWBPMECL-JGIC ?RMK, 1068, 1097
FWBPMECL-QNCARPSK U?TCJCLERFQ, 1065
FWNCPMNG?, 931, 947
"
GBC?J ?LEJC, 214
GBC?J @?LIGLE, 198, 214
GBC?J E?Q J?U, 445, 464
GBC?J QNCCB, 214
)ELGRGML, 1158
GELGRGML, 1169
)K?EC BGQR?LAC , 907
GKNCB?LAC, 841, 847
GKNSJQC, 265, 282
)LAMFCPCLR, 957
GLAMFCPCLR, 985
GLBCNCLBCLR T?PG?@JC, 69, 75
GLBCV MD PCDP?ARGML, 890, 919
GLBSAR?LAC, 833, 847
GLBSARGML, 633, 651, 812, 847
GLBSARGTC PC?AR?LAC, 839, 847
GLBSARMP, 834, 847
GLCJ?QRGA AMJJGQGML, 272, 282
GLCPRG?, 128, 155
)LCPRG?, 156
GLCPRG?J AMLDGLCKCLR, 1159, 1169
GLCPRG?J DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC, 144, 155, 994, 1017
GLDJ?RGML?PW QACL?PGM, 1212, 1225
)LDP?PCB P?BG?RGML, 869
GLDP?PCB P?BG?RGML, 1050
GLDP?PCB P?BG?RGML ()2), 877
)LDP?PCB P?BG?RGML ()2), 1036
GLDP?QMSLB, 609, 620
GLI HCR NPGLRCP, 648
GLI-HCR NPGLRCP, 652
)LQR?LR?LCMSQ ?AACJCP?RGML, 45
GLQR?LR?LCMSQ ?AACJCP?RGML, 75
)LQR?LR?LCMSQ QNCCB, 40
GLQR?LR?LCMSQ QNCCB, 75
)LQR?LR?LCMSQ TCJMAGRW, 40
GLQR?LR?LCMSQ TCJMAGRW, 76
GLQSJ?RMP, 652
GLQSJ?RMPQ, 633
GLRCLQGRW, 578, 580, 594, 620, 875, 877
GLRCLQGRW PCDJCARGML AMCDDGAGCLR, 615, 620
)LRCPDCPCLAC KGAPMQAMNCQ, 983
GLRCPDCPCLAC KGAPMQAMNCQ, 985
GLRCPL?J CLCPEW, 507, 540
)LRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW, 270
GLRCPL?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW, 282
GLRCPL?J PCQGQR?LAC, 741, 763
GLRP?MASJ?P NPCQQSPC, 388, 391
GLRPGLQGA K?ELCRGA DGCJB , 1085, 1097
GLRPGLQGA QNGL, 1085, 1097
GMLGXGLE P?BG?RGML, 1031, 1050, 1109, 1134
GMLMQNFCPC, 645, 652
GPPCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQ, 517, 540
GQM@?PGA NPMACQQ, 511, 540
GQMAFMPGA, 513
GQMAFMPGA NPMACQQ, 540
GQMJ?RCB QWQRCK, 268, 282
GQMRFCPK?J, 515
GQMRFCPK?J NPMACQQ, 540
GQMRMNCQ, 1115, 1135
#
HMSJC, 226, 254
*MSJCtQ J?U, 735, 763
HSLARGML PSJC, 749, 763
$
+CJTGL, 433
+CJTGL QA?JC, 464
IGJMA?JMPGC, 472, 496
IGJMEP?K, 19, 30
IGJMU?RR-FMSP, 254
IGJMU?RR-FMSPQ, 248
IGLCK?RGAQ, 35, 76, 102, 114
IGLCK?RGAQ MD PMR?RGML?J KMRGML, 324, 349
IGLCRGA CLCPEW, 228, 254
IGLCRGA DPGARGML, 166, 182
+GPAFFMDDtQ PSJCQ, 748, 763
%
,?KGL?P, 409
J?KGL?P, 421
J?QCP, 1078, 1097
J?QCP NPGLRCP, 652
,?QCP NPGLRCPQ, 648
,?QCP TGQGML AMPPCARGML, 934
J?QCP TGQGML AMPPCARGML, 947
J?RCLR FC?R AMCDDGAGCLR, 496
J?RCLR FC?R AMCDDGAGCLRQ, 479
J?U, 15, 30
J?U MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK, 341,
349
J?U MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD AF?PEC, 631, 652
J?U MD AMLQCPT?RGML MD CLCPEW, 242, 254
J?U MD GLCPRG?, 128, 156, 155
J?U MD PCDJCARGML, 919
J?U MD PCDP?ARGML, 892
,CLERF AMLRP?ARGML , 1002
JCLERF AMLRP?ARGML, 1017
,CLXtQ J?U, 814, 847
JCNRMLQ, 1184, 1199
JGLC?P ?AACJCP?RMP, 1183, 1199
JGLC?P FWNMRFCQGQ, 1149, 1169
,GLC?P KMKCLRSK, 263
JGLC?P KMKCLRSK, 282
JGOSGB BPMN KMBCJ, 1161, 1169
JGRCP, 399, 421
JMLEGRSBGL?J U?TC, 572, 580
JMMN PSJC, 749, 763
,MPCLRX DMPAC, 780, 799
JMSBLCQQ, 609, 620
JMU BMQC, 1149, 1169
&
-!#(/Q, 1219, 1225
K?APMQR?RC, 537, 540
K?EGA LSK@CPQ, 1117, 1135
K?ELCRGA AMLDGLCKCLR, 1158, 1169
K?ELCRGA B?KNGLE, 819, 847
K?ELCRGA DGCJB, 779, 800, 862, 877
K?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLCQ, 779, 799, 877
-?ELCRGA DGCJB JGLCQ, 860
K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF, 877
K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF (K?ELGRSBC) NPMBSACB
@W ? JMLE QRP?GEFR ASPPCLR-A?PPWGLE UGPC, 793,
800
K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF ?R RFC ACLRCP MD ? AGPASJ?P
JMMN, 794, 800
K?ELCRGA DGCJB QRPCLERF GLQGBC ? QMJCLMGB, 795,
800
K?ELCRGA DJSV, 813, 847
K?ELCRGA DMPAC, 780, 800
K?ELCRGA KMLMNMJCQ, 778, 800
-?ELCRGA PCQML?LAC GK?EGLE (-2)), 798
K?ELCRGA PCQML?LAC GK?EGLE (-2)), 800
K?ELCRGXCB, 775, 800
K?ELCRMA?PBGMEP?K (-#'), 799, 800
K?ELCRMCLACNF?JMEP?K (-%'), 799, 800
K?ELGDGA?RGML, 907, 919
K?ELGRSBC, 90
K?ELGRSBC (MD ? TCARMP), 114
K?ELGRSBC MD IGLCRGA DPGARGML, 182
K?ELGRSBC MD IGLCRGA DPGARGML f
k
, 167
K?ELGRSBC MD QR?RGA DPGARGML, 182
K?ELGRSBC MD QR?RGA DPGARGML f
s
, 166
K?ELGRSBC MD RFC GLRPGLQGA (GLRCPL?J) QNGL ?LESJ?P
KMKCLRSK, 1088, 1097
K?QQ, 128, 155
-?QQ, 156
K?QQ LSK@CP, 1114, 1135
K?QQGTC AMKN?AR F?JM M@HCARQ, 1219
K?VGKSK DGCJB QRPCLERF, 875, 877
-?VUCJJtQ COS?RGMLQ, 794, 799, 860, 877
KCAF?LGA?J ?BT?LR?EC, 303, 311
KCAF?LGA?J CLCPEW, 236, 254, 686
-CAF?LGA?J CLCPEW, 667
KCAF?LGA?J COSGT?JCLR MD FC?R, 472, 496
KCQML, 1179, 1199
-CQMLQ, 1187
KCR?@MJGA P?RC, 249, 254
1260 ).$%8
KCR?QR?@JC, 1076, 1097
KCRCP, 19, 30, 800
-CRCPQ, 792
KCRFMB MD ?BBGLE NCPACLRQ, 26, 30
KCRPGA QWQRCK, 19, 30
-GAFCJQML--MPJCW CVNCPGKCLR, 995, 1017
-GAPMEP?TGRW, 208
KGAPMEP?TGRW, 214
KGAPMJCLQGLE, 1219, 1225
KGAPMQFMAI QCLQGRGTC, 717, 723
KGAPMQR?RC, 537, 540
-GAPMU?TCQ, 868, 1036
KGAPMU?TCQ, 877, 1050
KGARSPGRGML PCDJCV, 390, 391
KGPPMP, 919
KMBCJ, 15, 30, 41, 76
KMBCP?RC BMQC, 1149, 1169
-MBCPL NFWQGAQ, 17
KMBCPL NFWQGAQ, 30
KMJC, 446, 464
KMKCLR MD GLCPRG?, 328, 329, 349
KMRGML, 101, 114
KMRMP, 800
-MRMPQ, 790
KSML D?KGJW LSK@CP, 1187, 1199
-SRS?J GLBSAR?LAC, 833
KSRS?J GLBSAR?LAC, 847
KWMNG?, 931, 947
'
L?RSP?J DPCOSCLAW, 569, 580
LC?P NMGLR, 931, 947
.C?PQGEFRCBLCQQ, 931
LC?PQGEFRCBLCQQ, 947
LCE?RGTCJW ASPTCB, 1218, 1225
.CPTC AMLBSARGML, 717
LCPTC AMLBSARGML, 723
LCR CVRCPL?J DMPAC, 129, 156
LCR P?RC MD FC?R RP?LQDCP @W P?BG?RGML, 494, 496
LCR UMPI, 226, 254
LCSRP?J COSGJG@PGSK, 299, 311
LCSRP?JGLMQ, 1219, 1225
LCSRPGLM, 1120, 1135
LCSRPGLM MQAGJJ?RGMLQ, 1219, 1225
LCSRPML, 1114, 1135
.CSRPML QR?PQ, 1214
LCSRPML QR?PQ, 1225
.CSRPML-GLBSACB DGQQGML, 1161
LCSRPML-GLBSACB DGQQGML, 1169
LCURML, 130
LCURML-KCRCPQ, 226
.CURMLtQ DGPQR J?U MD KMRGML, 127, 156, 156
.CURMLtQ QCAMLB J?U MD KMRGML, 128, 156
.CURMLtQ RFGPB J?U MD KMRGML, 134, 156, 156
.CURMLtQ SLGTCPQ?J J?U MD EP?TGR?RGML, 204, 214
LMBC, 604, 620
.MBCQ, 575
LMBCQ, 580
LML-GLCPRG?J DP?KC MD PCDCPCLAC, 200, 214
LMLAMLQCPT?RGTC DMPAC, 238, 254
LMPK?J DMPAC, 137, 156
LMPRF K?ELCRGA NMJC, 774, 800
LMRC, 620
LMRCQ, 609
.SAJC?P CLCPEW, 242
LSAJC?P CLCPEW, 254
.SAJC?P DGQQGML, 1160
LSAJC?P DGQQGML, 1169
.SAJC?P DSQGML, 1155
LSAJC?P DSQGML, 1169
LSAJC?P K?ELCRGA PCQML?LAC (.-2), 798, 800
LSAJC?P P?BG?RGML, 1108, 1135
LSAJC?P PC?ARGML CLCPEW, 1119, 1135
LSAJCMLQ, 1114, 1135
LSAJCSQ, 1135
LSAJGBC, 1114, 1135
.SJJ KC?QSPCKCLRQ, 756
LSJJ KC?QSPCKCLRQ, 763
LSKCPGA?J ?NCPRSPC, 947
LSKCPGA?J ?NCPRSPC (NA) , 939
(
M@HCARGTC JCLQ, 937, 947
MFK, 701, 723
MFKGA, 701, 723
MFKKCRCP, 763
MFKKCRCPQ, 757
/FKtQ J?U, 701, 723, 734, 763
MNRGA?JJW ?ARGTC, 981, 985
MP@GR?J ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK, 1084, 1097
MP@GR?J K?ELCRGA DGCJB, 1084, 1097
MPBCP, 959, 985
MPBCP MD K?ELGRSBC, 19, 30
MQAGJJ?RC, 549, 580, 877
/QKMQGQ, 421
MQKMQGQ, 421
MQKMRGA NPCQQSPC, 421, 421
/RRM AWAJC, 521, 540
MTCP B?KNGLE, 580
MTCPB?KNCB, 566
MTCPRMLCQ, 575, 580, 604, 620
)
N?P?JJCJ, 736, 763
N?P?JJCJ NJ?RC A?N?AGRMP, 675, 687
N?PCLR, 1118, 1135
0?PRG?J NPCQQSPC, 459
N?PRG?J NPCQQSPC, 464
0?PRGAJC NFWQGAQ, 1177
N?PRGAJC NFWQGAQ, 1199
N?PRGAJC-U?TC BS?JGRW, 1040, 1051
0?PRGAJC-U?TC BS?JGRW, 1048
0?QA?JtQ NPGLAGNJC, 367
0?QA?JtQ 0PGLAGNJC, 391
0?SJG CVAJSQGML NPGLAGNJC, 1091, 1097
NC?I CKD, 847
NCPACLR PCJ?RGTC FSKGBGRW, 462, 464
NCPACLR SLACPR?GLRW, 25, 30
NCPDCARJW GLCJ?QRGA AMJJGQGML, 273, 282
NCPGMB, 554, 580
NCPGMBGA KMRGML, 554, 580
NCPKC?@GJGRW MD DPCC QN?AC, 793, 800
NCPNCLBGASJ?P JCTCP ?PK, 294, 311
NF?QC ?LEJC, 844, 847
NF?QC BG?EP?K, 464
NF?QC BG?EP?KQ, 457
NF?QC-AMLRP?QR KGAPMQAMNC, 983, 986
NFML, 609, 620
0FMQNFMPCQACLAC, 1076
NFMQNFMPCQACLAC, 1097
NFMRMAMLBSARMP, 648, 652
NFMRMCJCARPGA CDDCAR, 1028, 1051
NFMRMKSJRGNJGCP, 1113, 1135
NFMRML, 1028, 1036, 1051
NFMRML CLCPEW, 1028, 1051
NFMRML KMKCLRSK, 1037, 1051
NFWQGA?J OS?LRGRW, 18, 30
0FWQGAQ, 12
NFWQGAQ, 30
NGML, 1178, 1199
NGR, 190, 214
NGRAF, 591, 609, 620
0J?LAItQ AMLQR?LR, 1027, 1051
NJ?LCR?PW KMBCJ MD RFC ?RMK, 1064, 1097
NMGLR AF?PEC, 638, 652
NMGLR K?QQCQ, 276, 282
0MGQCSGJJCtQ J?U, 411, 422
0MGQCSGJJCtQ J?U DMP PCQGQR?LAC, 411, 421
NMJ?P KMJCASJC, 643, 652, 679, 687
NMJ?PGX?RGML, 633, 652, 986
0MJ?PGX?RGML, 975
NMJ?PGX?RGML KGAPMQAMNC, 984, 986
NMJ?PGXCB, 644, 652, 975, 986
NMNSJ?RGML GLTCPQGML, 1077, 1097
NMQGRGML, 36, 76
NMQGRGTCJW ASPTCB, 1218, 1225
NMQGRPML, 1122, 1135
NMQGRPML BCA?W, 1122, 1135
NMQGRPML CKGQQGML RMKMEP?NFW (0%4), 1146,
1169
NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC, 664, 741, 763
NMRCLRG?J BGDDCPCLAC (MP TMJR?EC), 687
NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW, 235, 235, 254
NMRCLRG?J CLCPEW MD ? QNPGLE, 235, 254
NMRCLRGMKCRCP, 756, 763
NMUCP, 245, 254, 903, 919
NMUCP D?ARMP, 845, 847
NPCAGQGML, 24, 30
NPCQ@WMNG?, 931, 947
NPCQQSPC, 362, 364, 391
0PCQQSPC, 367
NPM@?@GJGRW BGQRPG@SRGML, 1045, 1051
NPMHCARGJC, 101, 114
0PMHCARGJC KMRGML, 101
NPMHCARGJC KMRGML, 114
0PMNCP JCLERF , 1001
NPMNCP JCLERF, 1017
0PMNCP RGKC , 997
NPMNCP RGKC, 1017
NPMRML, 652
NPMRML-NPMRML AWAJC, 1157, 1169
NPMRMLQ, 629, 1114, 1135
'- BG?EP?K, 456, 464
*
OS?JGRW D?ARMP, 1148, 1169
OS?LRGXCB, 1026, 1051
OS?LRSK AFPMKMBWL?KGAQ, 1194, 1196, 1199
OS?LRSK CJCARPMBWL?KGAQ, 1180, 1199
1S?LRSK EP?TGRW, 1212, 1225
OS?LRSK KCAF?LGA?J RSLLCJGLE, 1132, 1135
1S?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ, 17
OS?LRSK KCAF?LGAQ, 30, 1026, 1051
OS?LRSK LSK@CPQ, 1086, 1097
OS?PI, 282, 1199
OS?PIQ, 270, 1189
OS?Q?PQ, 1214, 1225
+
R D?ARMP, 486
P?B, 1147, 1169
2?B?P, 868
P?B?P, 877
P?BG?LQ, 190, 214
P?BG?LR CLCPEW, 242, 254
P?BG?RGML, 483, 491, 496
P?BG?RGML BCRCARMP, 1112, 1135
P?BGM U?TCQ, 859, 865, 877
P?BGM?ARGTC, 1108, 1135
2?BGM?ARGTC B?RGLE, 1124
P?BGM?ARGTC B?RGLE, 1135
P?BGM?ARGTGRW, 1108, 1135
P?BGMJWRGA NPMBSARQ, 1155, 1169
P?BGMNF?PK?ACSRGA?J, 1144, 1169
P?BGMRFCP?NW, 1152, 1169
P?BGSQ MD ? LSAJCSQ, 1115, 1135
P?BGSQ MD ASPT?RSPC, 190, 214
).$%8 1261
P?GL@MU, 919
P?LEC, 107, 115
P?LEC MD P?BG?RGML, 1110, 1135
P?RC MD AMLBSARGTC FC?R RP?LQDCP, 484, 496
P?RC MD BCA?W, 1125, 1135
P?W, 886, 919
2?W RP?AGLE, 904
2?WJCGEF APGRCPGML, 967, 986
2# AGPASGR, 763
PC?J GK?EC, 906, 919
PCDJCARCB JGEFR GQ AMKNJCRCJW NMJ?PGXCB, 978
PCDJCARCB JGEFR RF?R GQ AMKNJCRCJW NMJ?PGXCB, 986
PCDP?ARGML, 889, 919
PCJ?RGTC @GMJMEGA?J CDDCARGTCLCQQ, 1148
PCJ?RGTC @GMJMEGA?J CDDCARGTCLCQQ (2"%), 1169
PCJ?RGTC FSKGBGRW, 460, 464
PCJ?RGTC MQKMRGA NPCQQSPC, 421, 422
PCJ?RGTC TCJMAGRGCQ, 112
PCJ?RGTC TCJMAGRW, 115
PCJ?RGTGQRGA $MNNJCP CDDCARQ, 1019, 1017
2CJ?RGTGQRGA IGLCRGA CLCPEW, 1014
PCJ?RGTGQRGA IGLCRGA CLCPEW, 1018
2CJ?RGTGQRGA KMKCLRSK, 1010
PCJ?RGTGQRGA KMKCLRSK, 1018
PCJ?RGTGQRGA TCJMAGRW ?BBGRGML, 1006, 1018
2CJ?RGTGRW, 17
PCJ?RGTGRW, 30, 112, 115, 994, 1018
2CLCU?@JC DMPKQ MD CLCPEW, 251
PCLCU?@JC DMPKQ MD CLCPEW, 254
PCQGQR?LAC, 701, 723, 733, 763
PCQGQRGTGRW, 703, 723
PCQGQRMP, 733, 759, 763
PCQML?LAC, 569, 580
PCQML?LR, 863, 877
PCQML?LR DPCOSCLAW, 843, 847
PCQML?RC, 569, 580
2CQR CLCPEW, 1011
PCQR CLCPEW, 1018
PCQR K?QQ, 1010, 1018
PCQRMPGLE DMPAC, 550, 580
PCQSJR?LR, 90, 115
PCQSJR?LR TCARMP, 89, 115
PCRGLCV, 947
PCRGLCV RFCMPW MD AMJMP TGQGML, 937, 947
PCRGLCVCQ, 937
PCTCPQC BG?JWQGQ, 421, 422
2CTCPQC MQKMQGQ, 421
PCTCPQC MQKMQGQ, 422
PCTCPQG@JC NPMACQQ, 516, 540
2CWLMJBQ LSK@CP, 416, 422
PGEFR F?LB PSJC 1, 780
PGEFR F?LB PSJC 1 (2(2-1), 800
PGEFR F?LB PSJC 2, 793
PGEFR F?LB PSJC 2 (2(2-2), 800
PGEFR-F?LB PSJC, 346, 349
2,# AGPASGR, 877
PKQ ASPPCLR, 711, 723
PKQ TMJR?EC, 711, 723
PMBQ ?LB AMLCQ, 935, 947
PMCLRECL COSGT?JCLR K?L, 1148
PMCLRECL COSGT?JCLR K?L (PCK), 1169
PMR?RGML ?LEJC, 190, 214
PMR?RGML?J GLCPRG?, 328, 349
PMR?RGML?J IGLCRGA CLCPEW, 331, 349
2WB@CPE AMLQR?LR, 1065, 1070, 1097
,
Q?RSP?RGML, 460, 464
QA?J?P, 38, 76, 94, 115, 668, 687
3AFU?PXQAFGJB P?BGSQ, 1214, 1225
QAGCLRGDGA KCRFMB, 15, 30
QAGLRGJJ?RMPQ, 1112, 1135
QAPCCLGLE, 643, 652
QCAMLB, 19, 30
QCAMLB J?U MD KMRGML, 264, 282
QCAMLB J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ, 518, 519, 522,
541
QCAMLB J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ QR?RCB GL RCPKQ
MD CLRPMNW, 541
QCAMLB NMQRSJ?RC MD QNCAG?J PCJ?RGTGRW, 995, 1018
3CJD-GLBSAR?LAC, 834
QCJD-GLBSAR?LAC, 847
QCKGNCPKC?@JC, 420, 422, 718, 723
QCPGCQ, 734, 763
QFC?P BCDMPK?RGML, 179, 182
QFCJJ, 1092, 1097
QFGCJBGLE, 1150, 1169
QFMAI F?X?PB, 714, 723, 829, 848
QFMPR AGPASGR, 714, 723
QFSLR PCQGQR?LAC, 754, 763
3) SLGR MD RMPOSC, 295
3) SLGRQ, 18, 30
3) SLGRQ MD RMPOSC, 311
QGCTCPR, 1148, 1169
QGELGDGA?LR DGESPCQ, 26, 30
QGKNJC AGPASGR, 701, 723
3GKNJC (?PKMLGA -MRGML, 555
QGKNJC F?PKMLGA KMRGML, 580
QGKNJC F?PKMLGA MQAGJJ?RMP, 555, 580
QGKNJC NCLBSJSK, 559, 580
QGKNJGDGCB RFCMPW MD AMJMP TGQGML, 935, 947
QGLEJC-NFMRML-CKGQQGML AMKNSRCB RMKMEP?NFW
(30%#4), 1169
QGLEJC-NFMRML-CKGQQGML AMKNSRCB
RMKMEP?NFW(30%#4), 1146
QJMNC, 69, 76
QMJCLMGB, 794, 800
3MJGB-QR?RC P?BG?RGML BCRCARMPQ, 1113
QMJGB-QR?RC P?BG?RGML BCRCARMPQ, 1135
QMLGA @MMK, 601, 620
QMSLB, 590, 620
QMSLB GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ, 595, 620
QMSLB NPCQQSPC JCTCJ, 597, 620
QMSRF K?ELCRGA NMJC, 774, 800
QN?AC OS?LRGX?RGML, 1085, 1097
QNCAG?J PCJ?RGTGRW, 1018
QNCAG?J PCJ?RGTGRW., 994
QNCAGDGA EP?TGRW, 376, 391
QNCAGDGA FC?R, 473, 496
QNCCB MD JGEFR, 877
QNGL NPMHCARGML OS?LRSK LSK@CP, 1089, 1097
QNGL OS?LRSK LSK@CP, 1089, 1097
QNMLR?LCMSQ QWKKCRPW @PC?IGLE, 1212, 1225
QR?@JC COSGJG@PGSK, 297, 311
3R?LB?PB -MBCJ, 1196
QR?LB?PB KMBCJ, 1199
QR?LBGLE U?TC, 575, 863, 878
QR?RGA CJCARPGAGRW, 627, 652
QR?RGA COSGJG@PGSK, 292, 300, 311
QR?RGA DPGARGML, 166, 182
QR?RGQRGA?J ?L?JWQGQ, 538, 541
3RCD?L-"MJRXK?LL J?U MD P?BG?RGML, 493, 496
QRCN-BMUL RP?LQDMPKCP, 827, 848
QRCN-SN RP?LQDMPKCP, 827, 848
3RGKSJ?RCB CKGQQGML, 1078
QRGKSJ?RCB CKGQQGML, 1097
3RMICQt J?U, 173, 182
QRP?GL, 179, 182
QRP?LEC, 1189, 1199
QRP?LECLCQQ, 1187, 1199
QRPCQQ, 179, 182
QS@JGK?RGML, 458, 464, 496
3S@JGK?RGML, 481
QS@QFCJJ, 1092, 1097
3SNCPAMLBSARMPQ, 1221, 1225
QSNCPAPGRGA?JGRW, 1163, 1169
QSNCPDMPAC, 1212, 1225
QSNCPNMQGRGML, 573, 580
3SNCPQRPGLE RFCMPW, 1197, 1217, 1225
QSNCPQRPGLE RFCMPW, 1199
QSPD?AC RCLQGML, 380, 391
QWLAFPMRPML, 1181, 1199
QWLAFPMRPML P?BG?RGML, 1181, 1199
QWQRCK, 128, 156
QWQRMJGA NPCQQSPC, 371, 391
3WQRMJGA NPCQQSPC, 387
-
R?EECB, 1144, 1169
R?GJ, 89, 115
R?LECLRG?J ?AACJCP?RGML, 321, 349
R?S D?KGJW LSK@CP, 1199
4CJCTGQGML, 867
4CKNCP?RSPC, 432
RCKNCP?RSPC, 464
RCKNCP?RSPC AMCDDGAGCLR MD PCQGQRGTGRW, 705, 723
RCLQGJC QRPCLERF, 176, 182
RCLQGML, 139, 156
RCPKGL?J QNCCB, 417, 422
RCPKGL?J TMJR?EC, 743, 763
RCQJ?, 780, 800
RCQR AF?PEC , 638, 652
RFC QCAMLB J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ QR?RCB GL
RCPKQ MD CLRPMNW, 532
RFCMPW, 15, 30
RFCMPW MD OS?PI AMLDGLCKCLR, 1194, 1199
RFCP?NCSRGA P?RGM, 1153, 1169
RFCPK?J ?EGR?RGML, 868, 878
RFCPK?J AMLBSARGTGRW, 484, 496
RFCPK?J CLCPEW, 238, 242, 254, 452, 464
RFCPK?J COSGJG@PGSK, 437, 464
RFCPK?J CVN?LQGML, 438, 464
RFCPK?J F?X?PB, 714, 723, 829, 848
4FCPK?J QRPCQQ, 442
RFCPK?J QRPCQQ, 464
RFGL DGJK GLRCPDCPCLAC, 971, 986
RFGL JCLQ, 904
RFGL JCLQ COS?RGMLQ, 907
RFMSEFR CVNCPGKCLR, 1212, 1225
RFPCC-UGPC QWQRCK, 829, 848
RFPSQR, 134, 156, 156
RGK@PC, 609, 620
RGKC, 39, 76
4GKC BGJ?RGML, 997
RGKC BGJ?RGML, 1018
4/% CNMAF, 1212, 1225
RMLC, 609, 620
RMN, 1194, 1199
4MPOSC, 294
RMPOSC, 311, 328, 349
4MR?J CLCPEW , 1011
RMR?J CLCPEW, 1018
RMR?J GLRCPL?J PCDJCARGML, 893
RP?HCARMPW, 101, 115
RP?LQDMPKCP, 848
RP?LQDMPKCP COS?RGML, 827, 848
4P?LQDMPKCPQ, 825
RP?LQTCPQC U?TC, 572, 580, 863, 878
RPGNJC NMGLR, 458, 464
4SLLCJGLE, 1133
RSLLCJGLE, 1135
RSP@SJCLAC, 409, 422
46, 878
RUGL N?P?BMV, 1018
.
SJRP? FGEF DPCOSCLAW, 867
SJRP?-FGEF DPCOSCLAW (5(&), 878
SJRP?ACLRPGDSEC, 195, 214
1262 ).$%8
SJRP?QMSLB, 609, 620
5JRP?TGMJCR (56) KGAPMQAMNCQ, 982
SJRP?TGMJCR (56) KGAPMQAMNCQ, 986
5JRP?TGMJCR P?BG?RGML, 1034
SJRP?TGMJCR P?BG?RGML, 1051
SJRP?TGMJCR P?BG?RGML (56), 871, 878
SLACPR?GLRW, 25, 30
SLACPR?GLRW GL CLCPEW, 1047, 1051
SLACPR?GLRW GL KMKCLRSK, 1046, 1051
SLACPR?GLRW GL NMQGRGML, 1046, 1051
SLACPR?GLRW GL RGKC, 1047, 1051
SLBCP B?KNGLE, 580
SLBCPB?KNCB, 566
SLGDMPK AGPASJ?P KMRGML, 189, 214
SLGRQ, 18, 31
SLNMJ?PGXCB, 975, 986
SLQR?@JC COSGJG@PGSK, 297, 311
SN, 1189, 1199
SQCDSJ UMPI, 249, 254
/
6?L BC 'P??DD, 1181, 1199
6?L BC 'P??DD ECLCP?RMP, 652
6?L BC 'P??DD ECLCP?RMPQ, 647
T?NMP, 459, 464
6?NMP NPCQQSPC, 459
T?NMP NPCQQSPC, 464
TCARMP, 38, 76, 88, 115, 652, 668, 687
TCARMP ?BBGRGML, 109, 115, 640, 652
TCARMPQ, 87, 639
TCJMAGRW, 109, 115
TCPRGA?JJW NMJ?PGXCB, 975, 986
TCPW FGEF DPCOSCLAW, 867
TCPW FGEF DPCOSCLAW (6(&), 878
TGPRS?J GK?EC, 909, 919
TGPRS?J N?PRGAJCQ, 1178, 1199
TGQAMQGRW, 410, 422
TGQAMSQ BP?E, 417, 422
6GQG@JC JGEFR, 870
TGQG@JC JGEFR, 878, 1034, 1051
TMJR?EC, 665, 734, 763
TMJR?EC BPMN, 734, 763
TMJRKCRCP, 763
6MJRKCRCPQ, 752
0
U?RR, 246, 254
U?TC, 571, 580
U?TC TCJMAGRW, 571, 580
U?TCJCLERF, 571, 580, 862, 878
U?TCJCLERF GL ? KCBGSK, 955, 986
U?TCQ, 549
UC?IJW GLRCP?ARGLE K?QQGTC N?PRGAJCQ, 1219
UCGEFR, 130, 156
7CGEFR, 137
7FC?RQRMLC @PGBEC, 758, 763
7)-0Q, 1219, 1225
UMPI, 223, 254
UMPI-CLCPEW RFCMPCK, 228, 254, 333, 350, 349
1
V P?W, 1051
V P?WQ, 1032, 1097
8 P?WQ, 1070
8-P?W, 873, 878
V-P?W BGDDP?ARGML, 1074, 1097
VCPMEP?NFW, 648, 652
2
L-GLRCPACNR, 69, 76
3
X-AMKNMLCLR MD QNGL ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK, 1098
X-AMKNMLCLR MD RFC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK, 1098
z -AMKNMLCLR MD QNGL ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK, 1089
z -AMKNMLCLR MD RFC ?LESJ?P KMKCLRSK, 1087
:CCK?L CDDCAR, 1084, 1098
XCPMRF J?U MD RFCPKMBWL?KGAQ, 437, 464
XGPAML, 920
).$%8 1263

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(40.0 s) = 10.0 m/s

(1.00 s) = 3.20 m/s

. (@) #?JASJ?RC RFC QRMNNGLE RGKC. (A) 4FC

, QM RF?R RFCPC GQ LM KMRGML NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM RFC QJMNC, @SR f GQ JCQQ RF?L w

RFC AMKNMLCLR MD UCGEFR

= w cos (25) = mg cos (25) .

, ?LB ? DMPAC ?ARGLE N?P?JJCJ RM RFC NJ?LC, w

= w cos () = mg cos ().

. +LMUGLE RFGQ NPMNCPRW, WMS

) GQ CVCPRCB ?R RFC KGBBJC MD ? DJCVG@JC AMLLCARMP:

= w cos () = mg cos ().

, QM RFCPC GQ LM KMRGML NCPNCLBGASJ?P RM

= w cos 25 = mg cos 25.

, @CA?SQC m, v, ?LB r ?PC EGTCL. 4FC AMCDDGAGCLR MD DPGARGML DMSLB GL

(ideally banked curve, no friction).

(100 m)(9.80 m/s

6.4 F?9J?J?EKI FEH9;I 7D: 'ED-?D;HJ?7B FH7C;I: ->; CEH?EB?I FEH9;

(conservative forces only),

(8.00 m/s) = 880 kg m/s

(25.0 m/s) = 10.3 kg m/s

(58 m/s 0 m/s)

(35.0 m/s) = 7.4810

GL UFGAF ?JJ @SR MLC OS?LRGRW GQ ILMUL:

. 4FGQ LSAJCSQ GQ P?BGM?ARGTC ?LB BCA?WQ @W QNJGRRGLE GLRM ?

DPMK EMJB-197 LSAJCG

?Q BGQASQQCB GL RFC RCVR.

. (@) 7FW KGEFR GR @C LCACQQ?PW RM JGKGR

(2.00s) = 220 rad/s.

t A?L @C SQCB RM DGLB @CA?SQC

(2.0 min) = 12 rev.

(0.800 rev/s)(2 rad/rev)

(5.16 rev/s)(2 rad/rev)

(30.0 m/s) = 1.50 kg m/s.

(1.20 m)(1.744 rad/s) = 2.20 kg m/s.

, NPMTC RF?R RFC KMKCLR MD GLCPRG? MD ? PMB PMR?RCB ?@MSR

MD 40.0 K, QGLAC NPCQQSPC GLAPC?QCQ JGLC?PJW

RM @C RFC ?TCP?EC BCNRF MD 40.0 K, UC M@R?GL

. 4FC ?PC? MD RFC B?K GQ A = 80.0 m500 m = 4.0010

GQ RFC ?TCP?EC BCLQGRW MD RFC M@HCAR MP QS@QR?LAC ?LB

= d / t QM RF?R RFC DJMU P?RC GQ Q = Ad / t = Av

= d / t . 4FSQ RFC COS?RGML @CAMKCQ Q = Av

MD ? D?ARMP MD RUM, UGRF QS@QCOSCLR QRP?GL ML RFC FC?PR.

= Q/ A = 1.70 m/s (TCPGDGA?RGML MD RFGQ GQ GL

UFCPC A GQ RFC APMQQ-QCARGML?J ?PC? MD RFC DJMU ?LB v

GQ GRQ ?TCP?EC TCJMAGRW.

(object in fuid), UFGAF GLBGA?RCQ UFCRFCP DJMU

(1275 m)(55C) = 0.84 m.

(8.31 J/mol K)(291 K)

(60.0C) = 62.8 kJ.

4. 4FGQ ?L COS?RGML DMP RFC SLILMUL DGL?J RCKNCP?RSPC, T

t = (13.3 J/s)(86,400 s) = 1.1510

(12.0 m18.0 m3.00 m) = 836 kg.

EGTCQ RFC LCR FC?R RP?LQDCP P?RC.

1 watt = 1 joule/second or 1 W = 1 J/s

(4.00 h)(3600 s/h)

The powers cancel because P = P

GQ KMTCB RM ? LCU JMA?RGML UFCPC RFC NCPGMB GQ LMU

. #?JASJ?RC RM DGLB RFC QMSLB GLRCLQGRW JCTCJ GL BCAG@CJQ:

(4) #?JASJ?RC RFC QCAMLB DPCOSCLAW.

!GP 1.3 330 429

DMP RFC $MNNJCP QFGDR. 4FC J?QR OSCQRGML

1540 m/s+0.2 m/s

(3) #?JASJ?RC RM DGLB RFC DPCOSCLAW: 20,500,325 (X.