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C4301/UNIT9/ 1
UNIT 9
DESIGN OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
OBJECTIVES
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
To know how to design shear reinforcement in accordance with BS8110.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
C4301/UNIT9/ 2
INPUT 1
9.1
Shear
The unit shear stress on a section is calculated from equation 3 of BS 8110, i.e.
where V is the shear force due to ultimate loads, b is the width of a section and d
is the effective depth.
v!
V
Equation 3
bv d
Shear failures occur under combined shear forces and bending moments, which
causes diagonal tension in concrete. A typical failure mode is shown
diagrammatically in Figure 9.1 below:
Load
Support
Figure 9.1: Typical failure mode
C4301/UNIT9/ 3
a)
dowel actions in the bars where the concrete between the cracks transmits
shear force to the bars.
b)
The plane of failure occurs near the support. This is where the maximum shear
occurs. When the diagonal tension exceeds the ultimate strength of concrete,
shear reinforcement must be provided. Shear reinforcement can be provided in the
following forms:
a)
links
b)
bent-up bars
c)
C4301/UNIT9/ 4
ACTIVITY 9a
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
The forms of shear reinforcement that can be provided are links, bent-up
bars or ____________________.
9.6
9.7
FEEDBACK 9a
Answers.
9.1
Clause 3.4.5
9.2
Bending
9.3
Diagonal
9.4
Diagonal
9.5
9.6
aggregate interlocks
9.7
Y!
V
bd
C4301/UNIT9/ 5
C4301/UNIT9/ 6
INPUT 2
9.8
Shear Reinforcement
Concrete is weak in tension. Shear failure is caused by a failure in diagonal
tension with cracks running at 45r to the beam axis. Shear reinforcement is
provided by bars, which cross the cracks and either vertical links or inclined bars
are used. The following equation is used to calculate the size and spacing of links;
Asv b (v v c )
!
sv
0.87 f yv
J2
Where, Asv = total cross section of links (this is taken as 2T
)
4
sv = spacing of the links
b = breadth of section
v = design shear stress at a cross-section
vc = design concrete shear stress
fyv = characteristic strength of the links
C4301/UNIT9/ 7
This equation is given in Table 3.5 in the code while vc can be obtained from
Table 3.9. It depends on the grade of concrete used and percentage of tension
reinforcement provided. Note that an increase in the amount of tension
reinforcement increases the capacity of the concrete in shear. As is the area of
tension reinforcement, which continues for a distance and that, is equal to the
effective depth beyond the section where the shear is checked.
If v is less than vc or located for the region 0.5vc < v < (vc + 0.4), a minimum shear
reinforcement in the form of links must be provided. This is calculated using the
following equation;
Asv
0.4bs v
!
sv
0.87 f yv
C4301/UNIT9/ 8
ACTIVITY 9b
Rewrite the two important equations that are used to design shear links as follows;
9.8
Provide design links when (vc+ 0.4) < v < 0.8 f cu , equation to be used
____________________________
9.9
Provide nominal links when v < 0.5vc , and 0.5vc < v < (vc + 0.4)
Equation to be used ____________________________
FEEDBACK 9b
9.9
9.8
sv
sv
b (v v c )
0.87 f yv
Asv
0.4bv
!
sv
0.87 f yv
C4301/UNIT9/ 9
C4301/UNIT9/ 10
INPUT 3
9.10
Asv
for various link bar size and spacing can be obtained
sv
J
Sv
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
8
1.00
0.81
0.67
0.58
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.34
0.33
10
1.57
1.26
1.05
0.90
0.79
0.70
0.63
0.57
0.52
12
2.26
1.81
1.51
1.29
1.13
1.00
0.90
0.82
0.75
16
4.02
3.22
2.68
2.30
2.01
1.79
1.61
1.46
1.34
The spacing sv is limited to 0.75d in the direction of the span as stated in Clause
3.4.5.5 of the code. This limitation is to ensure that every potential crack is
crossed by at least one link. Links must be at least one-quarter of the size of the
largest bar at spacing not greater than 12 times the size of the smallest bar. Every
corner and alternate bar is to be supported by a link passing around the corner.
C4301/UNIT9/ 11
ACTIVITY 9c
Asv
! 0.50 , determine the following;
sv
9.10
If
a)
size of link
b)
link spacing
c)
d)
e)
Asv
! 0.72
sv
FEEDBACK 9c
9.10
a)
R8
b)
200 centres
c)
d)
T (8) 2
Asv ! 2 v
= 101 mm2
4
e)
sv =
101
= 139.6 mm (taken as 125 mm centres)
0.72
C4301/UNIT9/ 12
C4301/UNIT9/ 13
INPUT 4
9.4
Design example
Figure 9.2 show reinforced concrete beams, which have been designed to carry
bending moments. Design the shear reinforcements for the beams using fyv =250
N/mm2 and fcu = 30 N/mm2.
35 kN/m
6m
105 kN
105 kN
Figure 9.2: Shear Force Diagram
C4301/UNIT9/ 14
d = 300mm
3T25
(1470 mm2)
Section
Figure 9.3: Cross-section of beam
Solution:
The ultimate shear stress at support is
Y!
V
bY d
105 v 10 3
200 v 300
=1.75 N/mm2
0.8
f cu ! 0.8 30
= 4.38 N/mm2.
Since Y
100
bd
100 v 1470
200 v 300
= 2.45
400 400
!
d
300
= 1.33
30 3
1
= 0.6322.45
.33
N / mm 2
25
1
3
1
4
= 0.97 N/mm2
= 1.37 N/mm2
Since Y c 0.4 Y
AsY b(Y Y c )
!
sY
0.87 f yY
= 0.72 mm
C4301/UNIT9/ 15
Nominal Link
AsY
0.4b
!
sY
0.87 f yY
!
0 .4 v 200
0.87 v 250
= 0.37 mm
0.75d = 225 mm
@250 mm distance is not o.k.
A
C4301/UNIT9/ 16
C4301/UNIT9/ 17
0.50 =
200 (v vc )
0.87 v 250
v vc = 0.54
v = 0.54 + 0.97
= 1.51 N/mm2
x
3m
90.8 kN
105 kN
C4301/UNIT9/ 18
3 v 90.8
105
3 x ! 2.59
x = 0.40 m
R8-200
R8-200
R10-200
0.4 m
0.4 m
Figure 9.6: Details of the reinforcement supported beam
C4301/UNIT9/ 19
SUMMARY
`
V
bd
1.
2.
If v > 0.87
3.
4.
If v < vc, shear reinforcement is not required but in all beams of structural
importance, minimum links are to be provided. This is calculated using the
sv
sv
0.4bv
0.87 f yv
If 0.5vc < v < (vc + 0.4), minimum links are provided. This is calculated
using the same equation in step 4, i.e. ;
6.
If (vc + 0.4) < v < 0.8 f cu , design shear links are provided. This is
calculated using the following equation;
7.
Asv
0.4bv
!
sv
0.87 f yv
5.
following equation;
sv
sv
b (v v c )
0.87 f yv
C4301/UNIT9/ 20
SELF-ASSESSMENT
Circle the correct answer. Award 1 mark for every correct answer.
SECTION A (10 marks)
1.
C.
D.
2.
vertically downwards
transverse plane
B.
horizontal plane
C.
D.
3.
bending moment.
B.
torsional moment.
C.
normal thrust.
D.
4.
B.
C.
D.
5.
B.
C.
D.
2.
C4301/UNIT9/ 21
B.
C.
D.
3.
B.
C.
D.
4.
C4301/UNIT9/ 22
B.
d
Vb
C.
b
bV
D.
5.
V
bd
1
Vbd
1.44 N/mm2
C.
2.44 N/mm2
D.
6.
0.44 N/mm2
3.44 N/mm2
26 mm2
B.
126mm2
C.
226mm2
D.
326mm2
C4301/UNIT9/ 23
1.
Mild exposure
2.
3.
4.
5.
fcu = 30 N/mm2 ,
ii)
fy = 460 N/mm2
C4301/UNIT9/ 24
FEEDBACK ON SELF-ASSESSMENT
Section A
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
(1 mark x = 10 marks)
C4301/UNIT9/ 25
Section B
RA
RB
.
1
1
.
428 .7
= 214.4kN..
2
1
1
( 4 marks )
C4301/UNIT9/ 26
v=
214.4 v 10 3
=
300 v 552
1
= 1.29 N/mm2
30 = 4.38 N/mm2
( 4 marks )
Design concrete shear stress;
100
bd
100 v 1960
..
300 v 552
= 1.18.
1
1
30 3
vc ! v 0.66 ...
25
= 0.70 N/mm2.
1
1
(5 marks)
C4301/UNIT9/ 27
Asv
0.4b
!
sv
0.87 f yv
0.4 v 300
0.87 v 250
= 0.552 mm.
1
From Table 9.1, .
Provide R10 at 275 mm centres where v < 1.10 N/mm2..
(4 marks)
Distance of links;
1
x
3
!
1.10 1.29
x=
3 v 1.10
1.29
= 2.558 mm.
C4301/UNIT9/ 28
Y ! 1 .29 N / mm 2
1.10 N/mm2
1.10 N/mm2
1.29 N/mm2
R10 275 links are provided 2.558 mm on either side of mid-span of the
beam. .
Where
v > (vc + 0.4) = 1.1.0 N/mm2 .......
= 0.81 mm.
Provide R10 at 175 mm centres where v > 1.10 N/mm2 at 0.442m from
the supports.
(8 marks)
C4301/UNIT9/ 29
Therefore,
The spacing of R10 275 centres and R10 175 centres are
O.K. .
(2 marks)
TOTAL =
END OF UNIT 9
27 marks