ng dng tin b k thut trng cy g ci c nng sut cao vng ng bng

Ng Duy Bnh
Trung tm DKHKT Lm Nghip
M u
Trong vi thp nin qua, cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca cng tc trng rng
tp trung cc tnh trung du v min ni, tng bc nng cao che ph ca rng
(28% - 35%), gii quyt kp thi nhu cu nguyn liu g cc ngnh cng nghip (giy, g
tr m, g dm, g dn...) th cng tc trng cy phn tn cng khng ngng gia tng.
Hng nm c nc trng c khong 250 triu n 300 triu cy phn tn tng ng
vi trng 100.000 ha rng (Bo co ca Cc Pht Trin Lm Nghip - Hi tho Ho Bnh
nm 2003). Cy trng phn tn ng gp mt phn ng k vo cung cp g ci ti
ch, gim sc p vi rng t nhin ng thi c tc dng phng h ng rung, iu ho
kh hu cho cc vng dn c, c bit l vng ng bng. Tuy nhin do s gim st
nghim trng c v din tch ln cht lng rng t nhin cng vi sc p tng dn s nh
hin nay, vn trng cy phn tn gii quyt nhu cu g ci lm cht t, ng
gia dng vn lun l mt vn nan gii. V vy, nhim v t ra y l phi lm th
no c th pht trin cc m hnh trng cy phn tn c hiu qu vi nhng loi cy g
mc nhanh, cho nng sut cao p ng c nhu cu nng lng ca ngi dn vng ng
bng trong s nghip pht trin kinh t ca t nc thi k i mi.
Vi nhng l do trn, ti: "ng dng tin b k thut vo trng cy cung cp
g ci c nng sut cao vng ng bng" c B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng
thn ph duyt v cho php trin khai t nm 2000 giao cho Trung tm ng dng KHKT
Lm Nghip - Vin Khoa Hc Lm Nghip Vit Nam thc hin.

Phng php nghin cu
- S dng phng php iu tra nhanh nng thn c ngi dn tham gia thu thp nhng
thng tin cn thit nh: nhu cu g ci, phong tro trng cy a phng, c ch hng li, gi
c sn phm trn th trng, cy trng m ngi dn a thch.
- S dng cc phng php iu tra lm hc kinh in o m, theo di sinh trng, nh
gi nng sut rng trng trn cc m hnh.
- p dng phng php tiu chun nh v theo di sinh trng cy trng trn cc m
hnh, phn tch cc ch tiu o m chiu cao, ng knh thn cy v tn l trn c s thng k
ton hc.
- S liu thu thp c x l trn my vi tnh phn tch kt qu nghin cu.
+ Tnh nng sut, sn lng rng trng qua tr lng (M) v tui rng.
M/ha = G. H . f . N/ha (f = 0,5 tnh chung cho cc loi Bch n, Keo, Phi lao).
+ Do c th ca cng tc trng cy phn tn nn khng th tnh din tch trng c th
m ni suy t s lng cy trng ra din tch trng (mi ha trng t 2500 cy 3000 cy phn
tn) hoc ni suy t chiu di ng lin thn, b vng, b tha vi mt trng suy ra din
tch trng rng ca a phng qua phong tro trng cy phn tn.
+ khc phc bin ng ln v cp knh, cp chiu cao, trn mi tiu chun o
m, ti ly dung lng mu 50 cy v tnh bnh qun gia quyn cho mi ch tiu D
1.3
v
Hvn.

Kt qu nghin cu v tho lun
iu tra, nh gi phong tro trng cy phn tn mt s tnh ng bng Bc B
c th khi qut ho phong tro trng cy phn tn mt s tnh vng ng bng Bc
B, ti tin hnh iu tra nh gi ti 5 tnh: H Nam, Nam nh, Ninh Bnh, Thi Bnh, Hi
Dng v thu c mt s kt qu nh sau:

Tp on cy trng ca cc tnh ng bng Bc B
Phong tro trng cy phn tn ng bng Bc B khng ch trng cy lm nghip ly g
ci m ngi dn cn kt hp trng cc loi cy n qu v cy thuc. Tp on cy trng ca cc
tnh gm t 5 - 11 loi c thng k bng 1.

Bng 1. Tp on cy trng ly sn phm s dng ti a phng

Tp on cy trng
TT Tnh
Cy lm nghip
Cy n
qu
Cy
thuc
Tng loi
1 H Nam
Bch n - Keo l trm - Keo tai
tng - Thng nha - Phi lao
X c - Go - Bng - a - Phng
v
Nhn - 11
2 Nam nh
Bch n - Phi lao - Keo tai tng
- Keo l trm - Thng nha -
Mung - Go - Phng v - Bng
Nhn - 10
3 Ninh Bnh
Bch n - Phi lao - X c - Xoan
- Keo tai tng - Go - Phng v
Nhn - 8
4 Thi Bnh
Bch n - Phi lao - X c - Xoan
- Sa - Phng v
Nhn -
Vi
Hoa ho 9
5
Hi
Dng
Bch n - Phi lao - X c
Nhn -
Vi
- 5
* Ghi ch: Cc loi cy trng lm nghip c xp theo th t u tin v din tch trng cng
nh s thch ca ngi dn.
nh gi nng sut cy trng Lm nghip vng ng bng Bc B
Tuy tp on cy trng ti 5 tnh c khong t 5-11 loi nhng vn tp trung ch
yu vo 4 loi cy trng lm nghip l Bch n-Phi Lao-Keo-Thng. Chng c
trng trn 4 dng m hnh sau:
- M hnh trng cy phn tn trn g i.
- M hnh trng cy phn tn trn ng lin thn, x.
- M hnh trng cy phn tn trn b knh, mng b vng b tha.
- M hnh trng cy phn tn bao quanh tr s c quan trng hc.
Nhn chung cc bin php k thut xy dng m hnh u khng c s thng nht
gia cc tnh, ngay cng mt im iu tra cng c s sai khc nh m hnh trng
cy phn tn trn ng lin thn ti x B huyn Bnh Lc - tnh H Nam: ni trng
mt hng, 2 hng cy; c ly gia cy vi cy 1m x 1,5m, 1m x 2m, 1m x 1m ...
Kt qu iu tra cho thy:
- Nng sut ni chung ca cc loi cy trng u thp
+ Bch n tui 10 ch t nng sut t 7,5 10,2m
3
/ha/nm.
+ Keo cc loi tui 8 ch t nng sut t 9,3 10,6m
3
/ha/nm.
+ Phi lao tui 7 8 ch t nng sut t 5,6 7,9m
3
/ha/nm.
- Mt cy trng (mt cui cng) bin ng ln
+ Bch n: Mt thay i t 380 630c/ha.
+ Keo cc loi: Mt thay i t 600 750c/ha.
+ Phi lao: Mt thay i t 580 1.100c/ha.

- Sinh trng v D
1.3
- H ca cc loi trn cc m hnh cng b phn cp ln (cy
sinh trng khng u c v ng knh ln chiu cao d trong cng 1 iu kin
gy trng) iu ny th hin rt r nh hng ca ging, tiu chun cy con,
mt , k thut chm sc... n nng sut cy trng v chnh v th vic a
ging mi c nng sut cao vo trng rng l ht sc cn thit i vi ngi dn
vng ng bng trong chng trnh trng cy phn tn thuc d n: "Trng mi
5 triu ha rng".




























Biu 2 : Nng sut cy trng phn tn trn cc m hnh iu tra


H Nam Nam nh Ninh Bnh Thi Bnh Hi Dng
TT
M
hnh
Loi cy
trng
Tui
(nm)
D1,3
(cm)
H
(m)
N/ha
(cy)
M/h
a
(m
3
)
N/S
(m
3
/h
/nm
)
Tui
(nm
)
D1,
3
(cm)
H
(m)
N/ha
(cy)
M/h
a
(m
3
)
N/S
(m
3
/h
/nm
)
Tui
(nm
)
D1,
3
(cm)
H
(m)
N/ha
(cy)
M/h
a
(m
3
)
N/S
(m
3
/h
/nm
)
Tui
(nm
)
D1,
3
(cm)
H
(m)
N/ha
(cy)
M/h
a
(m
3
)
N/S
(m
3
/h
/nm
)
Tui
(nm
)
D1,
3
(cm)
H
(m)
N/ha
(cy)
M/h
a
(m
3
)
N/S
(m
3
/h
/nm
)
Bch n 10 16,1 17,2 460 80,5 8,0
Keo 8 13,2 15,1 750 76,3 9,5
Phi la o 8 9 , ,6 12,3 14,8 6 0 60 5 7

1
G i
Thng 15 12,5 14,8 880 80,0 5,3
Bch n 10 15,3 18,1 630 102,1 10,2 10 14,1 17,2 520 70,8 7,1 10 13,2 15,6 580 62,2 6,2 10 14,1 17,0 550 73,5 7,4 10 13,8 17,5 570 75,2 7,5
Ke o
Phi lao 10 13,3 14,1 820 80,6 8,6 10 12,0 16,1 660 60,1 6,1 8 12,1 15,1 670 58,2 7,3 10 12,0 16,1 710 65,1 6,5
2
ng
lin
thn
x
Thn g
Bch n 10 16,5 17,5 460 85,5 8,6
Keo 8 14,2 15,6 600 74,1 9,3 8 15,2 15,6 600 85,2 10,6
Phi lao 8 10,1 13,2 1.100 58,1 7,3 8 12,3 13,1 780 60,5 7,6
3
C
quan
trng
hc
Thn g
Bch n 10 18,2 18,1 380 88,5 8,8 10 15,1 17,1 540 82,3 8,2 10 14,2 17,5 540 75,3 7,5 10 15,0 18,1 490 78,2 7,8
Ke o
Phi lao 8 13,8 14,2 580 62,5 7,8 7 10,5 12,2 1050 55,8 7,9 8 13,2 14,2 620 60,5 7,6 10 12,2 13,0 770 58,2 5,8
4
B
vng
b
tha
Thn g

* Ghi ch: H s hnh thn f = 0,5 (tnh chung cho Bch n - Keo - Phi lao )


nh gi kh nng cung cp g ci vng ng bng Bc B
Nh phn tch phn I, ngun cung cp nng lng trong sinh hot v sn
xut ca ngi dn nng thn vng ng bng Bc B ch yu ph thuc vo g ci,
ngoi ra cn cc cht t khc nh than, du, ph thi nng nghip (rm, r...). Cn c
vo s liu iu tra dn sinh, kinh t ti 5 tnh vng ng bng Bc B, ti c th
khi qut kh nng cung cp g ci trong trng cy phn tn ng bng Bc B qua s
lng cy trng phn tn hng nm.

Bng 3. Kh nng cung cp g ci ti ch ca phong tro trng cy nhn dn

TT Tnh
Dn s
(ngi)
Lng cy trng
hng nm
(triu cy)
Kh nng
cung cp
(triu tn)
Nhu cu tiu
th (triu tn)
Thiu
ht (%)
1. H Nam 791.000 1,2 0,05 0,31 83%
2. Nam nh 1.888.000 1,0 0,03 0,76 96%
3. Ninh Bnh 884.000 1,0 0,03 0,35 91%
4. Thi Bnh 853.000 1,8 0,06 0,34 82%
5. Hi Dng 1.649.000 2,0 0,06 0,66 90%
Tng 6.065.000 7,0 0,23 2,42 90%
Ngun ti liu: Cc Pht Trin Lm Nghip v Vin Nng Lng Vit Nam
- Mi nm c nc trng c 2.500 triu cy phn tn (cc PTLN 2002)
- Lng g ci cung cp do trng cy phn tn: 8 triu tn/nm (Vin Nng Lng Vit
Nam - 1987)
- Nhu cu tiu th g ci vng ng bng: 0,4 tn/ngi/nm
Nhn xt : Kt qu phn tch biu 3 cho thy, trng cy phn tn ch p ng khong t
4%-18% nhu cu tiu th g ci ca ngi dn vng ng bng. Tuy vy lng thiu
ht g ci t 82% n 96% s c b p bi cc ngun nng lng khc nh ph
thi ch bin, xy dng, ph thi nng nghip, rng t nhin, rng trng... nh phn
tch phn tng quan. Theo bo co ca Vin Nng Lng th ngun nng lng ny
chim ti (85,40%) so vi ngun nng lng c cung cp t g ci do trng cy
phn tn (14,6%) v nh vy nu trng cy g ci nng sut cao th s gim thiu rt
nhiu lng thit ht v nhu cu g ci ti ch cho ngi dn c nc ni chung, vng
ng bng ni ring.
C ch chnh sch hng li trong trng cy phn tn 5 tnh vng ng bng Bc B
Qua iu tra 10 x thuc 5 tnh ng bc Bc B cho thy mt c ch chnh sch
chung v hng li trong cng tc trng cy phn tn a phng. Do qu t hn hp cho nn
t vn ca cc h gia nh ch trng cy n qu, cy thuc hoc rau mu... Ring loi ny
th HTX khng thu % sn phm thu hoch
t trng rng m HTX giao khon cho dn l t cng i g, b vng b tha, dc
knh, mng, ng lin thn, lin x hoc t lu khng bao quanh tr s, trng hc, i lit
s... cc loi t ny c trng 4 loi cy lm nghip ch yu l Bch n, Thng nha, Keo cc
loi, Phi lao v c phn chia theo t l nh sau:
- Nu HTX cung cp cy ging th sau khi thu hoch ngi dn phi np li 30%- 40%.
- Nu HTX khon trng cho cc nng h th sau khi thu hoch sn phm ngi dn phi
np li 20%- 30%.
- Ton b cng chm sc, bo v, mua vt t (phn bn, thuc tr su) ngi dn t
cung t cp k c u ra tiu th sn phm v t phi np thu s dng t (0,4%) sau khi thu
hoch.

Thi gian giao khon t 5 - 10 nm.
Nh vy vi c ch chnh sch hng li trn s c nhng iu bt cp nh:
- Thi gian giao khon qu ngn khng kp u t thm canh.
- Ngun cung cp cy ging khng m bo c v cht v lng.
- Khi gp ri ro v thin tai (hn hn, l lt, chy rng), ngi dn khng c h tr kp
thi.
- Khi thu hoch sn phm g ci, ngi dn kh tm c u ra nn d b chn p gi
trn th trng.
y cng chnh l nhng vn tn ti trong c ch giao khon trng rng cn c gii
quyt kp thi mi c th nng cao nng sut, cht lng cy trng cng nh duy tr, pht trin
phong tro cy phn tn trong c nc.
Tm li: Qua iu tra nh gi phong tro trng cy phn tn 5 tnh ng bng Bc B,
c th rt ra mt s nhn xt sau:
1. Phong tro trng cy nhn dn (trng cy phn tn) vn c duy tr t nhng nm
1960 tr li y, tuy phong tro c lc ln lc xung.
2. Cy phn tn c th cung cp c t 4-18% nhu cu cht t ti ch ca ngi dn.
3. Tp on cy trng phn tn ch yu ca vng ng bng Bc B t 511 loi cy (k
c cy n qu v cy thuc) nhng 3 loi chnh m a phng a chung vn l: Bch n - Keo
- Phi lao.
4. Do u t chm sc km nn nng sut cy trng khng cao, nhn chung nng
sut tui khai thc ch t t 6-8m
3
/ha/nm, sn lng t 40m
3
-80m
3
/ha.
5. C ch chnh sch hng li cn nhiu tn ti nh chia li nhun (HTX thu t l qu
cao: 30-40% sn phm) thi gian giao khon qu ngn 5-10 nm (khng iu kin thi gian
thm canh) hoc cha tm u ra cho ngi dn khi khai thc sn phm... Nhng tn ti ny
lm cho ngi dn mt s ni khng hng ng nhn khon trng cy gy rng, din tch trng rng
vn b b ho.
Xy dng m hnh trng cy g ci c nng sut cao
- M hnh trng Bch n U6 trn ng lin thn v b mng b tha x B
huyn Bnh Lc tnh H Nam t ra rt c trin vng. Nng sut tui 5 c th t ti
28m
3
/ha/nm. Nu nh tiu chun cy con m bo t 0,8m-1m v mt trng 2500 c/ha.
- M hnh trng Bch n U6 trn ng lin thn x Yn Tn huyn Yn tnh Nam nh
cng rt c trin vng. Tuy cy trng mi c 3 tui nhng nng sut bnh qun t ti
11m
3
/ha/nm.
- M hnh trng Keo lai BV10 bao quanh c quan, trng hc x M Hng (Nam nh)
trng Keo lai trn g, i x Thanh Hng (H Nam) trng Keo lai trn b vng b tha x
Yn Nhn (Ninh Bnh) u cho nng sut cao c th chp nhn c. Nng sut Keo BV10 tui
3 c th t t 7- 8m
3
/ha/nm. Cn tui 5 c th t t 22- 32m
3
/ha/nm.
- M hnh trng Phi lao Trung Quc bao quanh tr s c quan x M Hng, Nam nh cng
rt c trin vng thnh cng. Nng sut tui 5 t 23,5m
3
/ha/nm.

Tn ti v kin ngh
Tn ti
- Trong qu trnh iu tra ti 5 tnh vng ng bc Bc B, ti khng thu thp y
t liu v din tch trng cy phn tn c th cho tng tnh m ch ngoi suy t s lng cy trng
c hng nm ra din tch trng rng tnh nng sut cy trng, ngoi ra cng khng c s
liu v t l sng v mt ban u cng nh xc nh t l cnh nhnh ri rng c th nh
gi chnh xc nng sut cy phn tn vng ng bng. iu ny s c b sung nu nh c iu
kin v thi gian v kinh ph.
- Cc m hnh xy dng mi ch c t 3-4 nm nn vic nh gi sinh trng cng nh
nng sut, sn lng cy trng cng ch dng mc tng i. Cn phi c thi gian theo di

tip cho n khi dt tui khai thc mi c th nh gi chnh xc c s thnh cng ca m
hnh.
- xut tp on cy trng phn tn mi ch tp trung vo nhng loi nhp ni thiu hn
cc loi bn a.
Kin ngh
c th pht huy hn na phong tro trng cy g ci trong nhn dn, ti kin ngh my
im sau:
- Nn b sung c ch, chnh sch hng li ngi dn b thit thi trong n
chia sn phm khai thc (HTX ch nn thu mc 10-20% l hp l).
- Nn giao khon trng cy trong thi gian 20-30 nm ngi dn c thi gian u t
thm canh, tng nng sut cy trng, ng thi a phng chu trch nhim bao tiu sn phm
cho ngi sn xut.
- Nn t chc nhng lp tp hun v trng cy lm nghip cng nh cung cp ging cy
cht lng tt v m bo cho ngi dn.
- c th ph cp trong phong tro trng cy phn tn hng dn k thut cn c b
sung v c s tham gia ca cc nh nghin cu lm, nng nghip khc.

Ti liu tham kho

1. Vin KHLN Vit Nam,1995, Hng dn p dng tin b k thut trong Lm nghip, NXB NT.
2. Cng ty Ging Lm Nghip Trung ng, 3/2001, Hi tho quc gia v loi cy u tin trong
trng rng.
3. JICA,12/2003, Nng cao nng lc hiu qu trng rng sn xut Vit Nam, Hi tho Ho
Bnh.
4. B NN&PTNT, 2001, Vn bn tiu chun k thut lm sinh, NXB Nng nghip.
5. B Lm Nghip, QPN 9/89, Quy phm trng rng Bch n trng (E.camal) cho 4 tnh trng
rng d n PAM.
6. B Lm Nghip, QPN 9/89, Quy phm k thut trng rng Keo tai tng (A.mangium) cho 4
tnh trng rng d n PAM.
7. B NN&PTNT, QPN 19/96, Quy phm k thut tm thi trng rng Keo l trm
(A.auriculiformis).
8. B NN&PTNT, 2000, Quy phm k thut trng Phi lao, NXB Nng Nghip - H Ni.
9. Vin KHLN, 1995, t rng Vit Nam - NXB Nng Nghip.
10. V Cng Hu, 1990, Phng php thng k trong th nghim nng lm nghip, NXB Nng
Nghip.
11. Trung tm DKHKT Lm Nghip, cng xy dng n pht trin phong tro trng cy
phn tn trnh Chnh ph ph duyt.
12. B Lm Nghip, 1994, K thut trng mt s loi cy rng, NXB Nng Nghip.
13. FAO, thng 5/1992, Tng quan ngnh nng lng v g ci Bng Cc.