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Key Element 1: Organizational
Independence
Independence is a key factor for
the internal audit activity to add
value
25b 90% 89% 87% 98% 100% 93% 94% 635 92%
Internal auditors subject to
coercion
40c 31% 26% 26% 19% 23% 13% 24% 2802 21%
Top-level management involved
in the appointment of the CAE
17a 77% 75% 76% 71% 80% 80% 79% 645 77%
Audit committee involved in the
appointment of the CAE
17a 41% 47% 6% 15% 30% 40% 15% 645 25%
Direct administrative reporting
relationship to CEO or govern-
ing body
9 92% 82% 81% 82% 80% 79% 79% 645 81%
Audit committee or equivalent
established
19 69% 71% 10% 53% 50% 81% 41% 645 53%
Appropriate access to the audit
committee
a
21a 91% 94% 70% 92% 80% 90% 94% 336 91%
Internal audit activity is indepen-
dent, objective assurance, and
consulting
25b 81% 88% 86% 94% 80% 93% 96% 645 91%
Nine Elements Required for Internal Audit Effectiveness in the Public Sector 35
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Total Public Sector
n valid Score
Key Element 2: A Formal
Mandate
Internal auditing is required by
law or regulation where the
organization is based
48 86% 70% 92% 89% 70% 66% 77% 2682 77%
Internal audit charter established 16 88% 93% 95% 72% 70% 95% 85% 645 88%
Internal audit mission statement
established
16 64% 59% 49% 69% 70% 84% 38% 645 59%
Internal audit team involved in
the formal reporting of results
41 94% 91% 96% 91% 80% 96% 93% 645 94%
Key Element 3: Unrestricted
Access
Sufficient status in the organiza-
tion to be effective
25b 72% 79% 70% 85% 100% 76% 77% 645 76%
Key Element 5: Competent
Leadership
CAE professional certification(s)
in internal audit
6 73% 76% 70% 47% 80% 91% 59% 645 71%
CAE has senior experience as a
CAE or equivalent
b
8 41% 40% 25% 60% 33% 45% 39% 640 40%
Ability to promote the value of
the internal audit activity within
the organization
c
46 89% 88% 83% 82% 70% 93% 89% 645 88%
Communication skills
c
46 67% 68% 71% 66% 40% 80% 69% 645 71%
Keeping up-to-date with indus-
try and regulatory changes and
professional standards
c
46 77% 47% 50% 47% 50% 70% 63% 645 60%
Conflict resolution/negotiation
skills
c
46 33% 59% 43% 43% 50% 61% 53% 645 51%
Problem identification and solu-
tion skills
c
46 50% 47% 53% 56% 20% 40% 48% 645 48%
Key Element 6: Objective Staff
Objectivity is a key factor for
your internal audit activity to add
value
25b 95% 94% 95% 100% 90% 94% 98% 630 96%
36 The IIA Research Foundation
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Conformance with The IIAs
Code of Ethics
25b 70% 79% 77% 74% 100% 89% 71% 645 77%
Objective and/or governance
and ethics sensitivity
d
44 83% 79% 82% 84% 80% 72% 77% 645 78%
Key Element 7: Competent
Staff
Internal audit staff professional
certification(s) in internal audit
6 43% 59% 41% 31% 66% 67% 65% 2163 54%
Internal audit staff are members
of The IIA
1a 88% 86% 82% 71% 87% 99% 97% 2163 89%
Internal audit staff members
have at least 40 hours of formal
training per year
10 72% 83% 68% 70% 67% 86% 78% 2141 77%
Confidentiality 44a 88% 71% 66% 90% 70% 64% 78% 645 74%
Objectivity
d
44a 70% 68% 72% 69% 60% 67% 72% 645 70%
Communicationsending clear
messages, listening
d
44a 63% 54% 73% 57% 50% 67% 54% 645 61%
Judgment
d
44a 38% 43% 39% 43% 20% 63% 49% 645 48%
Work independently
d
44a 34% 46% 54% 31% 30% 49% 47% 645 45%
Key Element 8: Stakeholder
Support
The internal audit activity is
credible within the organization
25b 83% 91% 79% 95% 100% 90% 93% 628 89%
Key Element 9: Professional
Audit Standards
Conformance with the
Standards is seen as a key
factor for the internal audit
activity to add value to the
governance process
25b 87% 76% 82% 91% 90% 77% 73% 633 79%
Nine Elements Required for Internal Audit Effectiveness in the Public Sector 37
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Internal audit activity conforms
to some or all of the Standards
32 88% 90% 88% 85% 80% 93% 84% 645 88%
Verification of compliance with
other standards and codes
38 44% 49% 40% 60% 70% 41% 35% 645 43%
a
This response only includes public sector CAEs who indicated the presence of an audit committee in their organizations.
b
Senior experience was defined as having more than six years of experience as a CAE.
c
The score for this item reflects the percentage of public sector CAE respondents who chose this skill as one of the five most
important general skills for a CAE.
d
The score for this item reflects the percentage of public sector CAE respondents who indicated very important for this skill.
38 The IIA Research Foundation
APPENDIX B SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Periodicals/Articles
Carhill, K. M., and J. K. Kincaid. Applying the Standards in Governmental Internal Auditing. Te Internal
Auditor 52 (6) (1989): 6365.
Coupland, D. Te Internal Auditors Role in Public Service Orientation. Managerial Auditing Journal 8
(1) (1993): 313.
Goodwin, J. A comparison of Internal Audit in the Private and Public Sectors. Managerial Auditing
Journal 19 (2004): 64050.
MacRae, E. A Framework for Audit Evolution. Internal Auditor (February, 2010): 6869.
Van Gils, D., C. de Visscher, and G. Sarens. Le dveloppement de laudit interne dans le secteur public
belge. Tlescope 18 (3) (2012): 73107.
Books
Anderson, Urton, Kurt F. Reding, Paul J. Sobel, Michael J. Head, Sridhar Ramamoorti, and Mark
Salamasick. Internal Auditing: Assurance & Consulting Services. Altamonte Springs, FL: Te
Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation, 2007.
Cohen, A. G. Public Internal Financial Control (PIFC) A New Framework for Public Sector Management.
Altamonte Springs, FL: Te Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation, 2007.
Swauger, Jodi, and Richard Chambers. Challenges in Government Auditing, Emerging Issues Series, Vol. 1,
No. 3. Altamonte Springs, FL: Te Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation, 2004.
Te Institute of Internal Auditors. A Vision for the Future: Guiding the Internal Audit Profession to Excellence.
Altamonte Springs, FL: Te Institute of Internal Auditors, 2008.
Te Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation. A Global Summary of the Common Body of
Knowledge 2006. Altamonte Springs, FL: Te Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation,
2007.
Te Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation. International Professional Practices Framework,
2011 ed. Altamonte Springs, FL: Te Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation, 2011.
Te Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation. Quality Assurance Manual, 6th ed. (Altamonte
Springs, FL: Te Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation, 2009.
Te Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation. Te IIAs Global Internal Audit Survey Report
I: Characteristics of an Internal Audit Activity. Altamonte Springs, FL: Te Institute of Internal
Auditors Research Foundation, 2010.
Te Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation. Te IIAs Global Internal Audit Survey Report
II: Core Competencies for Todays Internal Auditor. Altamonte Springs, FL: Te Institute of Internal
Auditors Research Foundation, 2010.
Te Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation. Te IIAs Global Internal Audit Survey Report
III: Measuring Internal Auditings Value. Altamonte Springs, FL: Te Institute of Internal Auditors
Research Foundation, 2010.
Nine Elements Required for Internal Audit Effectiveness in the Public Sector 39
Te Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation. Te IIAs Global Internal Audit Survey Report
IV: Whats Next for Internal Auditing. Altamonte Springs, FL: Te Institute of Internal Auditors
Research Foundation, 2010.
Te Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation. Te IIAs Global Internal Audit Survey Report V:
Imperatives for Change: Te IIAs Global Internal Audit Survey in Action. Altamonte Springs, FL: Te
Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation, 2010.
Other
Council of Europe Local and Regional Democracy. Internal Audit at Local and Regional Level, report,
1999.
European Confederation of Institutes of Internal Auditing (ECIIA). Internal Auditing in Europe, position
paper, 2005.
Fraser, John, and Hugh Lindsay. 20 Questions Directors Should Ask About Internal Audit, Toronto, Canada:
Te Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants, 2004.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Public sector modernization:
Modernising accountability and control, policy brief. Paris, France: OECD, 2005.
Te Institute of Internal Auditors. Formulating and Expressing Audit Opinions, Te IIA IPPF Practice
Guide, March 2009.
Te Institute of Internal Auditors. Te Role of Auditing in Public Sector Governance, November 2006.
Te Institute of Internal Auditors. Supplemental Guidance: Implementing a New Internal Audit Function in
the Public Sector, 2012.
Te Institute of Internal Auditors Global. Supplemental Guidance: Optimizing Public Sector Audit Activities,
2012.
Te Institute of Internal Auditors Global. Supplemental Guidance: Public Sector Defnition and Te Role of
Auditing in Public Sector Governance, 2012.
Te Institute of Internal Auditors Global. Supplemental Guidance: Value proposition of Internal Auditing and
the Internal Audit Capability Model, 2012.
Te Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation. Applying Research for Efective Internal Auditing,
report, 2010.
Te Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation. IIARF Resources Empowering Practitioners and
Impacting Lives, report, Summer 2011.
Te Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation. Internal Audit Capability Model (IA-CM) for the
Public Sector, Te Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation, September 2009.
Van Gils, D., Te Development of Internal Auditing within Belgian Public Entities: a Neo-Institutional
and New Public Management Perspective, Ph.D. diss., University of Louvain, 2012.
htp://vital-test.sipr.ucl.ac.be/handle/boreal:110661.
Website
Te Institute of Internal Auditors. htp://www.theiia.org.
40 The IIA Research Foundation
APPENDIX C COUNTRIES IN THE SEVEN
GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS
Note: These seven regions were developed as part of the 2010 projects for the Global Internal Audit
Common Body of Knowledge (CBOK). The groupings were carefully defined to bring together political
states with similar economic histories and current economic conditions because these factors would
impact the nature of internal audit activities in those states.
1. The Africa region includes:
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Congo, Dem. Rep. of
Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
So Tom and Prncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
2. The Asia Pacific region includes:
Afghanistan
Australia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Burma (Myanmar)
Cambodia
China
Chinese Taiwan
East Timor
Fiji
Hong Kong, China
India
Indonesia
Japan
Kiribati
Korea, North
Korea, South
Laos
Malaysia
Maldives
Marshall Islands
Micronesia
Mongolia
Nauru
Nepal
New Zealand
Pakistan
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
Samoa
Singapore
Solomon Islands
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Vietnam
3. The Europe and Central Asia
region includes:
Albania
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Nine Elements Required for Internal Audit Effectiveness in the Public Sector 41
Bulgaria
Croatia
Czech Republic
Estonia
Georgia
Hungary
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Macedonia
Moldova
Montenegro
Poland
Romania
Russia
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Tajikistan
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
4. The Latin America and the
Caribbean region includes:
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Aruba
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bermuda
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Curacao
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Puerto Rico
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
Turks & Caicos
Uruguay
Venezuela
5. The Middle East region includes:
Bahrain
Egypt
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Libya
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syria
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
6. The United States and Canada
region includes:
United States
Canada
7. The Western Europe region
includes:
Andorra
Austria
Belgium
Cyprus
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Malta
Monaco
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
San Marino
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
42 The IIA Research Foundation
APPENDIX D THE NINE KEY ELEMENTS FOR AN
EFFECTIVE PUBLIC SECTOR AUDIT ACTIVITY
Note: The following material was excerpted from The IIAs supplemental guidance titled The Role of
Auditing in Public Sector Governance, 2
nd
edition.
An effective public sector audit activity strengthens governance by materially increasing citizens
ability to hold their public sector entity accountable. Auditors perform an especially important function
in those aspects of governance that are crucial in the public sector for promoting credibility, equity, and
appropriate behavior of public sector officials, while reducing the risk of public corruption. Therefore,
it is crucial that audit activities are configured appropriately and have a broad mandate to achieve these
objectives. The audit activity must be empowered to act with integrity and produce reliable services,
although the specific means by which auditors achieve these goals vary. At a minimum, public sector
audit activities need:
Organizational independence. Organizational independence allows the audit activity
to conduct work without interference by the entity under audit. The audit activity should
have sufficient independence from those it is required to audit so that it can both conduct
and be perceived to conduct its work without interference. Coupled with objectivity,
organizational independence contributes to the accuracy of the auditors work and the
ability to rely on reported results. Independence is greatly impacted by how a CAE is
appointed and can be terminated. The International Professional Practices Framework
(IPPF) Practice Advisory 1110-1 states that the CAE, reporting functionally to the
board and administratively to the organizations chief executive officer, facilitates orga-
nizational independence. Important parts of this independence are the CAEs ability
to be protected from management or political interference or retaliation resulting from
carrying out legitimate duties in accordance with the Standards. The CAE also should be
free to staff the audit activity without interference from management or undue political
inf luence from public officials.
A formal mandate. The audit activitys powers and duties should be established by the
public sectors constitution, charter, or other basic legal document. Among other topics,
this document would address procedures and requirements of reporting and the obliga-
tion of the audited entity to collaborate with the auditor.
Unrestricted access. Audits should be conducted with complete and unrestricted
access to employees, property, and records as appropriate for the performance of the
audit activities.
Sufficient funding. The audit activity must have sufficient funding relative to the size of
its audit responsibilities. This important element should not be left under the control of
the organization being audited, because the budget impacts the audit activitys capacity
to perform its audit responsibilities.
Nine Elements Required for Internal Audit Effectiveness in the Public Sector 43
Competent leadership. The head of the audit activity must be able to independently
and effectively recruit, retain, and manage highly skilled staff without undue managerial
or political inf luence. The leader should be knowledgeable of applicable audit standards,
professionally qualifiedpreferably certifiedand competent to oversee and manage
an audit activity. Moreover, the CAE should be an articulate public spokesperson for the
audit activity.
Objective staff. An audit activitys staff must be objective. Audit staff must have impar-
tial attitudes and avoid any conf lict of interest. Conf lict of interest is a situation in which
an internal auditor, who is in a position of trust, has a competing professional or personal
interest. A conf lict of interest may exist even if no unethical or inappropriate act results.
Such a conf lict can create an appearance of impropriety that can undermine confidence
in the internal auditor, the internal audit activity, and the profession. Moreover, a conf lict
of interest could impair an individuals ability to perform audit duties and responsibili-
ties objectively.
Competent staff. The audit activity needs a professional staff that collectively has the
necessary qualifications and competence to conduct the full range of audits required by
its mandate. Auditors must comply with minimum continuing education requirements
established by their relevant professional organizations and standards.
Stakeholder support. The legitimacy of the audit activity and its mission should be
understood and supported by a broad range of elected and appointed public sector offi-
cials, as well as the media and involved citizens.
Professional audit standards. Professional audit standards, such as the International
Professional Practices Framework (IPPF) promulgated by The Institute of Internal
Auditors, support the implementation of the previous elements and provide a framework
to promote quality audit work that is systematic, objective, and based on evidence. Just as
many public sector entities have adopted internal control standardseither as require-
ments or guidance for public sector managersaudit activities should conduct their
work in accordance with recognized standards.
NOTES
1. In terms of data analysis, the non-responses were considered as valid answers for most questions.
In other words, the non-responses were interpreted as absences of the related essential practice or
key element. Te inclusion of non-responses as valid answers has a minor efect on the statistical
results, because most of the 2010 GIAS questions selected in the study framework have a very low
non-response rate.
44 The IIA Research Foundation
Te authors of this report also used the same data analysis methods in their second forthcoming
research report from Te IIA Research Foundation titled Internal Audit Capabilities and
Performance Levels in the Public Sector. In particular, in cases where the same survey questions
were referenced in both studies, both reports used the same data analysis approach and provided
similar statistical results.
Te nine key elements framework supports some essential internal audit practices identifed in
the IA-CM report and goes further on some topics such as internal audit staf independence,
objectivity, and CAE leadership.
2. Te Internal Audit Capability Model (IA-CM) for the Public Sector uses a building-block approach
to improve the efectiveness of an internal audit activity; that is to say: essential practices at lower
capability levels must be implemented and sustainable to establish the foundation for practices at
the higher levels. Internal audit professionals and stakeholders will need to use judgment when
identifying which essential practices need to be improved to ensure that the necessary foundation
is established to implement practices at higher levels. In contrast, all nine key elements included
in the efective public sector audit activity framework are of equal importance and must exist for
the audit activity to be efective.
3. Te Institute of Internal Auditors, Supplemental Guidance: Public Sector Defnition (Altamonte
Springs, FL: Te Institute of Internal Auditors, December 2011), 3.
Nine Elements Required for Internal Audit Effectiveness in the Public Sector 45
THE IIA RESEARCH FOUNDATION SPONSOR RECOGNITION
The Mission of The IIA Research Foundation is to shape, advance, and expand knowledge of internal
auditing by providing relevant research and educational products to the profession globally. As a sepa-
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individuals, and organizations. Thank you to the following donors:
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46 The IIA Research Foundation
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Paul J. Sobel, CIA, CRMA
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CGAP, CRMA
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Nine Elements Required for Internal Audit Effectiveness in the Public Sector 47
THE IIA RESEARCH FOUNDATION BOARD OF TRUSTEES
PRESIDENT
Frank M. OBrien, CIA, Olin Corporation
VICE PRESIDENT-STRATEGY
Michael F. Pryal, CIA, Federal Signal Corporation
VICE PRESIDENT-RESEARCH AND EDUCATION
Urton L. Anderson, PhD, CIA, CCSA, CFSA, CGAP,
University of Kentucky
VICE PRESIDENT-DEVELOPMENT
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Northwestern University
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48 The IIA Research Foundation
THE IIA RESEARCH FOUNDATION COMMITTEE
OF RESEARCH AND EDUCATION ADVISORS
CHAIRMAN
Urton L. Anderson, PhD, CIA, CCSA, CFSA, CGAP, University of Kentucky
VICE-CHAIRMAN
James A. Alexander, CIA, Unitus Community Credit Union
STAFF LIAISON
Lillian McAnally, The Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation
MEMBERS
Barry B. Ackers, CIA, University of South Africa
Sebastien Allaire, CIA, Deloitte & Touche LLP (France)
John Beeler, SalesForce.com Inc.
Karen Begelfer, CIA, CRMA, Sprint Nextel Corporation
Sharon Bell, CIA, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.
Toby Bishop
Sezer Bozkus, CIA, CFSA, CRMA, Grant Thornton Turkey
John K. Brackett, CFSA, McGladrey LLP
Adil S. Buhariwalla, CIA, CRMA, Emirates Airlines
Richard R. Clune Jr., CIA, Kennesaw State University
Peter Funck, Swedish Transport Administration
Stephen G. Goodson, CIA, CCSA, CGAP, CRMA, Texas Department of Public Safety
Ulrich Hahn, PhD, CIA, CCSA, CGAP
Karin L. Hill, CIA, CGAP, CRMA, Texas Department of Assistive and Rehabilitative Services
Warren Kenneth Jenkins Jr., CIA, Lowes Companies, Inc.
Jie Ju, Nanjing Audit University
Brian Daniel Lay, CRMA, Ernst & Young LLP
David J. MacCabe, CIA, CGAP, CRMA
Steve Mar, CFSA, Nordstrom
Jozua Francois Martins, CIA, CRMA, Citizens Property Insurance Corporation
John D. McLaughlin, BDO
Deborah L. Munoz, CIA, CalPortland Cement Company
Jason Philibert, CIA, CRMA, TriNet
Charles T. Saunders, PhD, CIA, CCSA, Franklin University
Rui Bezerra Silva, Ventura Petroleo S.A.
Tania Stegemann, CIA, CCSA, Leighton Holdings Limited
Warren W. Stippich Jr., CIA, CRMA, Grant Thornton Chicago
Deanna F. Sullivan, CIA, SullivanSolutions
Jason Thogmartin, GE Capital Internal Audit
Dawn M. Vogel, CIA, CRMA, Great Lakes Higher Education Corporation
Paul L. Walker, St. Johns University
David Williams, Dallas County Community College
Valerie Wolbrueck, CIA, CRMA, Lennox International, Inc.
Douglas E. Ziegenfuss, PhD, CIA, CCSA, CRMA, Old Dominion University
www.theiia.org/research