by V.V.

Dokuchaev
A.S. Gerasimov
STUDIES OF SHEAR STRENGTH AND CREEP OF FROZEN SOILS WITH THE USE OF VARIOUS
APPARATUS
Shear s t r e n g t h of f r ozen s o i l s t o be used f o r t h e des i gn of f oundat i ons
and f oot i ngs , can be det ermi ned wi t h t h e hel p of d i f f e r e n t t ypes of
appar at us. The same equipment can a l s o be used f o r det ermi ni ng t h e cr eep
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , i n p a r t i c u l a r t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s of v i s c o s i t y , f o r
c a l c ul a t i ng t h e deformat i ons of f oot i ngs i n ice and i ce- r i ch s o i l s .
Tes t s c a r r i e d out under condi t i ons of combined s t a t e of stress
i ncl udi ng t r i a x i a l compression, a r e t h e most e f f e c t i v e ones f o r det er mi ni ng
t h e s t r e ngt h and cr eep c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . However, t h e equipment r equi r ed f o r
such t est s i s s t i l l under development. The apar at us used i n c ur r e nt
p r a c t i c e a r e of t h e s i mpl es t ki nd enabl i ng one t o conduct t h e tests by
penet r at i on of a c i r c u a r l oadi ng p l a t e , by uni a xi a l compressi on, by s hear i ng
t h e s o i l wi t hi n t h e specimen o r acr os s t h e adf r eezi ng s ur f a c e of t he
f oundat i on model [ 1, 2] .
Penet r at i on tests wi t h t h e hel p of a c i r c u l a r l oadi ng p l a t e proposed by
Tsyt ovi ch, have been ext ens i vel y used by Vyalov. They y i e l d r e l i a b l e
r e s u l t s f o r s o i l s wi t h massive, f i n e l y bedded, o r r e t i c u l a t e cryogeni c
s t r u c t u r e s , and havi ng a small angl e of i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n . Clay s o i l s and
f i n e o r s i l t y sands wi t h an ice cont ent c l o s e t o uni t y commonly bel ong t o
t h a t t ype of s o i l s . The l ar ge- s cal e tests c a r r i e d out accor di ng t o t h a t
method have ser ved a s bases f o r obt ai ni ng da t a on t he r e s i s t a nc e t o normal
pr es s ur e f o r f r ozen s o i l s var yi ng i n composi t i on and i c e cont ent and a t
d i f f e r e n t t emperat ures. Tabul at i on of such da t a was o r i g i n a l l y proposed by
Vyalov, and became p a r t of s t andar d documentation.
Uni axi al compression i n bench a r bor pr es s es under cons t ant l oad o r
under l oad appl i ed i n s t a ge s , o r i n Vyal ov' s dynamometric appar at us under a
cont i nuousl y var yi ng l oad, i s a uni ve r s a l and dependabl e means of t e s t i n g
s o i l s wi t h di ve r s e cryogeni c s t r u c t u r e s i ncl udi ng i ce- r i ch s o i l s [l-31. I n
t he s e tests, however, t h e normal pr es s ur e on t h e s hear pl ane i ncr eas es wi t h
i ncr eas i ng l oad on t h e specimen. Ther ef or e r e l i a b l e val ues of long-term
s t r e ngt h can be obt ai ned onl y f o r l i mi t ed val ues of t h e angl e of i n t e r n a l
f r i c t i o n , a s is a l s o t h e c a s e i n t h e tests wi t h a s phe r i c a l l oadi ng pl a t e .
The uni ver s al na t ur e of t h i s ki nd of t e s t i n g l i es i n t h e f a c t t h a t i t
enabl es one t o obt a i n by r e l a t i v e l y si mpl e means, n o t onl y t h e s t r e n g t h
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , but a l o s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of def or mabi l i t y of s o i l s ,
which can be used t o c a l c u l a t e ( desi gn) f oot i ngs accor di ng t o t h e t heor y of
i nhe r i t e d cr eep recommended by Vyalov f o r f r ozen s o i l s , a s w e l l a s accordi ng
t o t he t heor y of vi s cous fl ow appl i ed f o r ice and i c e - r i c h s o i l s .
Shear appar at us make it pos s i bl e t o s t udy cr eep a t d i f f e r e n t r a t i o s of
normal t o s hear stresses, but t hey have t h e short comi ng of non-uniform
d i s t r i b u t i o n of s t r e s s wi t hi n t h e specimen wi t h at t endant l o c a l remoulding.
The e f f e c t of t h i s f a c t o r i s p a r t i c u l a r l y not i ceabl e i n f r ozen s o i l s a t
s hear stresses exceedi ng t he t r a ns c i e nt cr eep l i m i t z, ( yi e l d s t r e s s ) .
During t e s t i n g of i c e and i ce- r i ch s o i l s wi t h an i c e cont ent of nb = 0.6 i n
Sadovski i ' s appar at us PRS*-1 desi gned i n co-operat i on wi t h Gor odet ski i , i t
was di scovered, f o r example, t h a t t h e cl ear ance between t h e end pl at ens di d
not always coi nci de wi t h t he t hi cknes s of t h e sheared zone. Thi s was
c l e a r l y v i s i b l e i n cr oss- sect i ons of t h e specimens a f t e r t h e t e s t s . I n t h e
t e s t s c a r r i e d out i n i c e a t a t emperat ure of -3OC, t he s e measurements
coi nci ded onl y a t a cl ear ance of 10 mm ( t = 0.4 MPa); a t a s mal l er o r l a r g e r
cl ear ance t h e di f f er ence between t he s e measurements was i ncr eas ed by a
f a c t o r of 1.5 t o 3. For i ce- r i ch s o i l s ( t = 0.6 MPa) t h e t hi cknes s of t h e
sheared zone was per cept i bl y gr e a t e r t han t he cl ear ance, when t h e l a t t e r was
s mal l er t han 30 mm.
I n t hes e t e s t s a s p e c i a l cas e i s t h e s hear i ng of f r ozen s o i l acr os s t h e
adf r eezi ng s ur f ace of t h e ma t e r i a l of t h e foundat i on. I f t h e e f f e c t i v e
s hear s t r e s s e s a r e onl y s l i g h t l y g r e a t e r t han t h e t r a n s i e n t cr eep s t r e n g t h
of t h e s o i l , t h e s t r e n g t h and s t r a i n paramet ers det ermi ned dur i ng t h e
di spl acement acr os s t h a t s ur f ace a r e s u f f i c i e n t l y r e l i a b l e . Apparat us, i n
which c y l i n d r i c a l ( Tsyt ovi ch' s) o r f l a t (Ermakov' s) probes a r e f or ced
( pr es s ed) t hrough t he s o i l under test, have a l s o found p r a c t i c a l
appl i cat i on. The presence of t he normal stresses occur r i ng whi l e t h e s o i l
f r e e z e s i n t he cas i ngs , and t h e non-uniform d i s t r i b u t i o n of s t r e s s e s i n
f r ozen s o i l a t t h e bottom of t h e cas i ngs , a r e among t h e main d i s t i n c t i v e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t hes e appar at us.
The above review shows t h a t t h e r e s u l t s of t h e t e s t s depend on t h e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e t e s t i n g appar at us used. To det ermi ne t h e degr ee of
t h a t e f f e c t , t h e Amderma underground l abor at or y c a r r i e d out s p e c i a l p a r a l l e l
t es t s ** i n t h e popul ar appar at us desi gned by Sadovski i , Tsyt ovi ch and
Ermakov (Fi g. l ) , as w e l l a s wi t h t he hel p of a c i r c u l a r l oadi ng pl at e. A t
t h e s ugges t i on of t h e aut hor s penet r at i on t e s t s were a l s o c a r r i e d o u t , i n
which c y l i n d r i c a l models were pr essed t hrough t h e s o i l f r ozen on t o t he
casi ngs. It was anal ogous t o experi ment s c a r r i e d o u t i n an appar at us
s i mi l a r t o t h a t of Tsyt ovi ch, but wi t hout t he bottom. The r e s u l t s of t hes e
t e s t s were combined wi t h t h e r e s u l t s obt ai ned pr evi ous l y i n si ngl e- shear
appar at us desi gned a t t h e Lenmorniiproekt [ 4] .
Ar t i f i c i a l l y prepared specimens were f r ozen under i d e n t i c a l t emperat ure
condi t ons, and wi t h roughl y t he same volume of s o i l pe r cm2 of t h e s hear
sur f ace. The t e s t s were conducted a t a t emperat ure of -3OC wi t h Amderma
c l a y loam ("sugl i nok") ( p l a s t i c i t y i ndex 0.10) havi ng t h e f ol l owi ng
par t i cl e- s i ze d i s t r i b u t i o n : 10 mm f r a c t i o n --- 0.1%, 10-5 mm --- 0.6%,
5-2 mm --- 0.7%, 2-1 mm --- 0.7%, 1-0.5 mm --- 0.5%, 0.5-0.25 mm --- 0.5%,
0.35-0.1 m -- 7.1%, 0.1-0.05 mm --- 34%, 0.05-0 -01 mm --- 26.4%,
0.01-0.002 mm --- 11.3%, and 0.002 mm --- 18.1%. The t o t a l moi st ur e cont ent
of t h e s o i l w a s 0.30-0.32, s l i g h t l y gr e a t e r t han t he l i q u i d l i m i t which was
equal t o 0.28.
I n t he appar at us of Tsyt ovi ch and Ermakov t h e s o i l was packed and
f r ozen i n l a ye r s 10 m ( i n t h e former appar at us) o r 5 mm ( i n t h e l a t t e r ) i n
t hi cknes s , a s w e l l a s t hroughout t h e casi ngs.
*Tr ans l i t er at i on
**The t e s t s were performed by Artemov, Kurkov and Yarki n
I n t h e appar at us of Tsyt ovi ch, Sadovski i and Ermakov t he l oadi ng was
done i n i ncr ement al s t a ge s , a s wel l a s wi t h cons t ant l oads. The s i z e of t he
s t e ps i n each t e s t s was 0.05 MPa up t o a val ue cl os e t o t h e a nt i c i pa t e d
s hear s t r e ngt h and 0.025 MPa t her eaf t er . Each l oadi ng s t a g e was mai nt ai ned
u n t i l e i t h e r t he predet ermi ned deformat i on was a t t a i ne d, o r t he i n i t i a t i o n
of t h e s t eady- s t at e fl ow st age. It was assumed t h a t deformat i on was
s t a b i l i z e d i f t he i ncrement over 24 hours di d not exceed 0.01 mm i n t h e
f i r s t two appar at us and 0.002 mm i n t h e l ast appar at us. Tes t s i n r i n g
cas i ngs were c a r r i e d out by usi ng t h e procedures s pe c i f i e d f o r Ts yt ovi chl s
appar at us, and s phe r i c a l p l a t e t e s t s were performed i n a s t r andar d appar at us
accordi ng t o GOST* 21-48-75 ( Bui l di ng Code).
Shear s t r e ngt h val ues of f r ozen s o i l s det ermi ned i n d i f f e r e n t appar at us
Shear s t r e ngt h (MPa) acr os s a
No of t h e Specimens
appar at us f r ozen smooth s t e e l cor r ugat ed s t e e l concr et e
s ur f a c e s ur f ace s ur f ace
1 I n l a y e r s
Throughout
2 I n l a y e r s
Throughout
3 I n l a y e r s
I n l a ye r s
Throughout
Throughout
4 Throughout
5 Throughout
FOOTNOTE. According t o t he da t a from t h e tests i n A.V. Sadovs ki i l s
appar at us , t he s he a r s t r e n g t h acr os s t h e s o i l s ur f a c e i s 0.30 MPa.
The t e s t s were r epeat ed t hr ee o r more t i mes i n t h e appar at us desi gned
by Tsyt ovi ch ( 1, Fig. l ) , by t h e aut hor ( 2 ) , by Ermakov ( 3) , by Sadovski i
( 4) , and a t t h e Lenmorniiproekt ( 5) . The d a t a from t h e t e s t s were used t o
c a l c u l a t e t h e average val ues of s hear s t r e ngt h acr os s t h e adf r eezi ng
s ur f aces Rc ( s ee t he t a bl e ) . I n t hes e t e s t s s hear s t r e n g t h was t he val ue
of s t r e s s a ! which t he s t eady- s t at e fl ow r a t e was 0.01 mmlday, and
corresponded t o t he damping c r i t e r i o n of s t r a i n s , o r t h e s t r e s s val ue a t
which t h e damping of s t r a i n s s p e c i f i e d a s t o t a l was observed and which was
det ermi ned from t he i n t i a l abs ci s s a of t he r heol ogi cal curve (marked i n t h e
t a b l e wi t h an a s t e r i s k ) . I n a ddi t i on t o t h e val ues of s t r e n g t h f o r conr et e
s ur f aces of t h e 5 t h c l a s s of ro.ughness, s t r e ngt h val ues f o r s ur f a c e of t he
3r d class of roughness a r e gi ven i n par ent heses. As was det ermi ned e a r l i e r ,
t he conversi on f a c t o r her e is 1.15 [ 5 ] . The equi val ent cohesi on det ermi ned
wi t h t h e hel p of a c i r c u l a r l oadi ng p l a t e wa s 0.28 MPa.
The da t a obt ai ned suggest t h a t t he t ype of t e s t i n g appar at us a s t hos e
descr i bed above has ver y l i t t l e e f f e c t on t h e measured s hear s t r engt h. The
method of f r e e z i ng t he s o i l i s of some i mport ance i f t he mat er i al t o which
t he s o i l adf r eezes has a cor r ugat ed s ur f ace. It i s t her ef or e pr ef er abl e i n
such t e s t s t o f r e e z e t he s o i l i n l ayer s . Removing t h e bottom of t he
appar at us i n t o which p i l e s a r e dr i ven, a l s o improves t h e agreement between
t he r e s u l t s obt ai ned i n t hes e t e s t s and t hose of pl ane s he a r t e s t s . Removal
of t h e bottom makes t h e s t a t e of stress i n t h e s o i l more d e f i n i t e , which not
onl y improves t h e accuracy of s t r e n g t h det er mi nat i ons , but a l s o i ncr eas es
t h e p o t e n t i a l of t h e appar at us , a s i t can a l s o be used f o r det ermi ni ng t h e
c o e f f i c i e n t of vi s c os i t y. Appl i cat i on of t h e l oad i n s t a g e s does not
pr ecl ude det er mi nat i on of t h e s hear i ng s t r engt h. Thi s may be due t o t h e
negl i gi bl y smal l cons ol i dat i on of s o l i d l y f r ozen s o i l s , which become
deformed a t t h e s t a g e of t r a n s i e n t creep.
The adf r eeze s t r e n g t h of t h e s o i l t o t he p i l e i s det ermi ned from tests
wi t h models, a s w e l l a s from t h e t est s i n t h e appar at us des cr i bed above.
Many r es ear cher s , i ncl udi ng Vyalov [ 61, have not ed t h a t t h e r e s u l t s obt ai ned
depend on t h e di amet er of t h e p i l e s . It i s t he r e f or e of i n t e r e s t t o
e va l ua t e t h e s t r e s s e d s t a t e and t h e development of s t r a i n s i n t h e s o i l
sur r oundi ng t h e model p i l e . Let us f i r s t cons i der t h e cas e of a f l u t e d
(grooved) model p i l e wi t h a r adi us ro. The model i s pr es s ed i n t o a
bot t oml ess cas i ng and i t s di spl acement a t t a i n s t h e s t a ge of t r a n s i e n t cr eep.
The r adi us of t h e zone of t h e s o i l , i n which t h a t s t a g e of cr eep devel ops,
i s rh= r o( zo/ zz) , where z0 and 7, a r e t h e s he a r stresses on t h e c y l i n d r i c a l
s ur f a c e of t h e p i l e wi t h a r a di us to, correspondi ng t o t h e t r a n s i e n t cr eep
s t r engt h.
I n t h e cas e of an a x i a l l y symmet ri cal model and i n t h e absence of
r a d i a l di spl acement s, t h e angl e of s he a r is I,, = I-=, where w i s t h e
ZTL a~
11 '
di spl acement al ong t h e z-axi s of t h e model, and p = r/rh. For a
vi s co- pl as t i c body wi t h vi s c os i t y 1, t h e r a t e of change $n t h e r g l e of
a w
s hear is gi ven by = (7->)/q, it can be wr i t t e n a s - - -
(z-z3),
where awl at = v i s t h e di spl acement r a t e of t h e p i l e
spat rl
Equat i on (1) i s v a l i d onl y i f t h e di amet er of t h e cas i ng D > 2r0z0/ zz; i f
not , t h e di spl acement vh of t h e f r ozen s o i l r e l a t i v e t o t h e cas i ng must a l s o
be t aken i n t o account . I n or der t o reduce vh i t i s advi s abl e t o i nc r e a s e
t h e roughness of t h e i nner s ur f ace of t h e casi ng. For i c e wi t h z z = 0 w e
can obt a i n i n a s i mi l a r manner
Vi s cos i t y q can be cal cul at ed by s u b s t i t u t i n g t h e exper i ment al l y det ermi ned
val ues of t h e ot he r paramet ers i n t o t h e expr es s i ons ( 1) and ( 2) .
For exper i ment al v e r i f i c a t i o n of t he s e equat i ons , Artemov c a r r i e d out
pe ne t r a t i on t est s wi t h f l u t e d models f r ozen i n t o t h e i c e ( r o = 1.8 cm) i n a
c y l i n d r i c a l cas i ng ( r h = 10.35 cm, 8 cm i n he i ght ) a t -3OC and under
cons t ant l oads. Coarse-grained sand was gl ued t o t h e i nner s ur f a c e of t h e
cas i ng, and i c e was f r ozen i n l a ye r s 2 mm i n t hi cknes s . For comparison of
t h e d a t a obt ai ned, uni a xi a l compressi on t est s were c a r r i e d o u t wi t h i ce
specimens prepared from t h e i c e f r ozen i n t hes e casi ngs.
The specimens
measured 50 mm i n di amet er and 100 mm i n hei ght . The val ues of v i s c o s i t y
c o e f f i c i e n t obt ai ned from t hes e two tests were c l o s e t o each ot her : 16500
i n t h e former i ns t ance and 18000 MPa i n t h e l at t er case.
The problem examined above can be ext ended t o p i l e s , f o r which a
s o l u t i o n i n t h e form of ( 1) wa s proposed e a r l i e r by Vyalov [61. For two
p i l e s a t i d e n t i c a l val ues of z0 and zz, equat i on ( 1) gi ves
This condi t i on of s i mi l i t ude i s equi val ent t o t h a t obt ai ned by Tyabin and
quot ed by Vyalov [61. At v = cons t w e have
Consequently, t o obt ai n i d e n t i c a l stress val ues a t t h e pi l e - s oi l i n t e r f a c e
f o r p i l e s havi ng d i f f e r e n t di amet er s, t h e i r di spl acment r a t e s mst be
di f f e r e nt . I f we accept vl = 0.01 mm/day a s t h e c r i t e r i o n f o r t he damping
of t h e s t r a i n s of t h e s t eady- s t at e fl ow f o r a model wi t h ro = 2cm, t o
obt ai n i d e n t i c a l s he a r s t r e ngt h val ues from tests wi t h models of a l a r g e r
r adi us t h a t val ue of t h e di spl acement r a t e must be i ncr eas ed r0, 2/ r0, 1
times, e.g. f o r r0, 2 = 10 cm i t shoul d be 0.05 mm/day.
I f , however, we assume one s i n g l e c r i t e r i o n of damping f o r a l l model
p i l e s havi ng d i f f e r e n t di amet er s, t h e val ue of s hear s t r e n g t h obt ai ned f o r
t he model wi t h a l a r g e r r adi us w i l l be smal l er t han t h e val ue det ermi ned f o r
t h e model wi t h a s mal l er r adi us. The graph i n Fig. 2 gi ves val ues of
z0,2/-rO,
a s a f unct i on t h e r adi us ro of t h e model, f o r d i f f e r e n t
K = z o, l z z . A model wi t h a r adi us of 2 cin wa s assumed t o be t h e anal ogue.
For t h e s o i l t e s t e d ( s e e t h e t a b l e ) a t v = 0.01 mm/day, K = 1.2. The val ue
of t h e c o e f f i c i e n t f o r conversi on of t h e s hear s t r e ngt h obt ai ned from t h e
penet r at i on of t h e model i n t o t h e cas i ng t o t h e s he a r s t r e n g t h of t h e s o i l
on a f ul l - s i z e p i l e i s roughl y 0.9.
I f t h e s he a r s t r e ngt h val ue i s det ermi ned from t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n of t h e
r heol ogi cal cur ve wi t h t h e s t r e s s a x i s , i . e. i f i t i s assumed t h a t v = 0,
t hen r0,2/r0 1 = 1, t h e e f f e c t of t h e di amet er of t h e model i s excl uded, and
= . his e f f e c t can a l s o be i gnored i n t h e det er mi nat i on of t h e
u T? timate long-term s t r e ngt h by ext r apol at i on of t h e r e s u l t s of short -t erm
t e s t s under cons t ant l oads, i f t h e e xt r a pol a t i on formul as used l e a d t o a
long-term s t r e n g t h val ue over t h e l i f e of t h e s t r u c t u r e t h a t coi nci des
wi t h z, .
The above cons i der at i ons a r e va l i d f o r t h e case, where t h e hor i zont al
s t r e s s e s normal t o t h e l a t e r a l s ur f a c e of t h e model and of t h e p i l e a r e
uniform o r absent . On t h e cont r ar y, a s has al r eady been demonst rat ed by
Vyalov [61, t h e di amet er has an appr eci abl e e f f e c t on t h e exper i ment al l y
determined val ue of t h e ul t i mat e long-term s hear s t r engt h.
Det ai l ed s t udi e s al ong t hes e l i n e s have been c a r r i e d out by Kardymon
[ 7 ] and Tikhomirov [ 8 ] , who have demonst rat ed t h a t t h e stresses normal t o
t he s hear s ur f a c e a r e t h e most i mport ant f a c t or . These s t r e s s e s a r i s e i n
t he pr ocess of v e r t i c a l l oadi ng of models and p i l e s dur i ng f r e e z i ng of t he
s o i l i n cas i ngs o r i n borehol e s ha f t s . Kardymon di scover ed t h a t wi t h
i ncr eas e i n t h e l a t e r a l dimensions of t h e model p i l e s t he degr ee of t h e i r
l a t e r a l compression under t h e a c t i on of a x i a l l oads i ncr eas ed s l i g h t l y
i ns t ead of decreasi ng. But t h e f or ces e xe r t i ng t he g r e a t e s t i nf l uence on
t h e magnitude Rc a r e t h e l a t e r a l compression f or c e s a r i s i n g whi l e t h e
models o r p i l e s kr e bei ng f r ozen i n t o t h e s o i l . With an i nc r e a s e i n t h e
t hi cknes s of t h e f r eezi ng s o i l and i n t he r i g i d i t y of t h e cas i ng ( o r of t h e
f r ozen s o i l mass), and wi t h a decr eas e i n t h e di amet er of t he model p i l e s ,
t he s p e c i f i c magnitude of t hes e f or ces ( per u n i t a r e a of t h e l a t e r a l
s ur f ace) i ncr eas es per cept i bl y. Moreover, t h e i nc r e a s e i s p a r t i c u l a r l y
prominent when t h e s o i l f r e e z e s i n a cl os ed space. As t he l a t e r a l
dimensions of t he models ( p i l e s ) i ncr eas e, t h e i n t e n s i t y of compression
f or ces r api dl y decl i nes .
It shoul d be not ed, however, t h a t t he normal s t r e s s e s occur r i ng dur i ng
t h e f r e e z i ng of t h e s o i l become r el axed wi t h time. The degr ee of t h a t
r e l a xa t i on over t h e l i f e of t he s t r u c t u r e has not been det ermi ned. The
v a l i d i t y of t h e t e s t s wi t h models and p i l e s , dur i ng which l a r g e normal
s t r e s s e s a r i s e , is t her ef or e quest i onabl e. Freezi ng of s o i l i n l a ye r s
markedly reduces t he magnitude of t he compressi ve f or ces a c t i n g on t h e ode1
( s ee t he t a bl e ) .
As was demonst rat ed by Vyalov e t a l . [ I ] , t he r heol ogi cal curve can be
regarded a s a curve composed of two l i n e a r segments wi t h t h e poi nt of
i n f l e c t i o n correspondi ng t o t he s t r e s s t* > z , where z, is t he l i n e a r cr eep
l i m i t , i . e. t h e s t r e s s bounding t h e i n i t Ha l l Tnear segment. I n t h i s cas e
t he l i n e a r di spl acement r a t e of t h e p i l e model is expressed t hrough
where q1 and q2 a r e t he vi s c os i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s correspondi ng t o t h e f i r s t
and second l i n e a r segments of t h e r heol ogi cal curve; z i i s t h e val ue of t h e
s t r e s s i nt e r c e pt of t h e second l i n e a r segment on t he X-axis; and r, i s t h e
ro
r adi us of t he cyl i nder a t which z = - zo = 2;.
r~
When models wi t h a st andar d ("smooth") condi t i on of t he s ur f a c e a r e
pr essed i n , t he t o t a l di spl acement r a t e of t he model, a f t e r t aki ng i n t o
account t he e f f e c t of t he weaker cont act s o i l l a ye r , i s
where v i s t h e r a t e det ermi ned by t h e f l ow of t h e f r ozen s o i l mass and
cal cul at ed from f or r ml as (1) o r (5); and v t i s t h e r a t e det ermi ned by t he
fl ow of t h e cont act l ayer .
Assuming, on t he ba s i s of d a t a i n [ 9 1 and of t hos e from our own s t u d i e s
wi t h t h e us e of concr et e models, t h a t t h e val ues of vi s c os i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s
of t he cont act l a ye r and s o i l mass are t h e same, we f i n d t h a t
f o r t he cas e where t he fl ow rates correspond t o t h e i n i t i a l segment of t h e
r heol ogi cal curve. I n t h i s equat i on ro and r t a r e t h e r a d i i of t h e model
wftth fnd wi t hout t h e t hi cknes s of t h e cont act l a y e r bei ng account ed f or ; and
TO, 23 a r e t h e stress al ong t h e ge ne r a t r i x of t h e model and t h e t r a n s i e n t
cr eep l i m i t of t h e cont act l a ye r , r es pect i vel y.
I f t he f l ow of t h e s o i l i n t he cont act l a y e r occur s at r a t e s
correspondi ng t o t h e second l i n e a r segment of t h e r heol ogi cal cur ve, t hen
t he expr es s i on f o r v$ w i l l have a somewhat d i f f e r e n t form obt ai ned by
t r ansf or mi ng expr es s i on ( 5) .
To i l l u s t r a t e t h e above, we s h a l l examine t e s t s of two concr et e models
havi ng s ur f ace roughness, of t h e 5t h cl as q and wi t h r a d i i r = 1 0 c m. ~ e t
us assume vk 0.01 mmlday, T = 26 N l c m , T : = 20 N I C I ~ ~ , = 25 */ cm2,
k
and ro-ro = 0.3 cm.
k k , 2 2
For rk w e have 20 = ( r O, l / r O, l ) TO - 26 = 22.6 N l c m
4 z ~ ,
091 2.3
consequent l y t he r e i s no fl ow a t a cons t ant r a t e i n t h e f r ozen s o i l out s i de
t h e cont act l ayer . Assuming i n t h i s example, t h a t t h e cont act - l i ne
di spl acement r a t e i s det ermi ned by t h e f l ow i n t h e i n i t i 1 segment of t h e
r heol ogi cal cur ve, we obt ai n v = v t , = 1.268Iq = loQ mmlday, and f o r
= l O c m w e f i n d v = 1 . ~ ~ 1 0 - 2 mr n f d a y b y u s i n g f o r ml a s ( 6 ) a n d ( 7 ) .
r0.2 k, 2
It is t hus evi dent t h a t t o obt a i n i d e n t i c a l s he a r s t r e n g t h val ues f o r
models wi t h di amet er s of 20 c m and 4 cm, r es pect i vel y, t h e t o t a l cr eep
-
damping c r i t e r i o n must be i ncr eas ed by one-t hi rd.
A t vk, l = vk 2 -
0.01 mm/day, i.e. at a n i d e n t i c a l damping c r i t e r i o n val ue, t h e di f f e r e nc e
between t h e s t r e n g t h val ues has been cal cul at ed a s 6%. Consequently i n t h e
absence of normal stresses t o t h e s hear s ur f ace t h e e f f e c t of t h e di amet er
of t h e model decl i nes wi t h decr eas i ng roughness of t h e s ur f ace.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Strength and Compressibility Characteristics of Frozen Soils). Moscow,
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mekhanicheskikh kharakteristik merzlykh gruntov (Guide for
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osnovaniya sooruzhenii (Ice-rich Soils as Footings for Superstructures).
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9 . 6 0 ~ d 8 ~ ~ h ' KO r.H., C J ~ O ~ C K U ~ A.8. f l p o r ~ ~ c l b H A ~ & O P MH ~ Y ~ MO C T ~ MepJnOrO rpYHra
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Figure 1. Diagrammatic representation of the apparatus f or t est i ng frozen
s o i l s i n shear designed by: 1-Tsytovich, 2-Dokuchaev and
Garasimov, 3-Ermakov, 4-Sadovskii, and 5-the Lenmorproekt.
Figure 2. Variation of the values of ~ ~ , ~ / r ~ , ~ with the radius of the
model, ro