Structured Questions: Core Section

New Biology – a modern approach 3
Chapter 20: Defence against diseases

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Structured Questions
Core Section
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STS Connections
* Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow:
AIDS
AIDS is caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). The virus attacks cells which
are vital in the protection of the organism against infection. During infection, swollen lymph
glands appear throughout the body. During several months of ill health, the victim loses weight
and develops fever or even pneumonia. The mortality rate is high, death being predominantly
due to pneumonia.
The virus can be found in blood, blood products (such as plasma), semen, vaginal
secretions, tears, saliva and urine. Several activities involving the transfer of body fluid are
risky in the transmission of HIV.
(i) Name a kind of cells which HIV attacks. (1 mark)
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(ii) Explain why HIV is not directly responsible for an infected person’s illness. (2 marks)
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(iii) (1) Complete the following table to show the ways for transmission of HIV. (3 marks)
Activities Substance exchanged
(a) Semen and vaginal fluids
Needle sharing by drug users (b)
(c) Human milk
(2) Suggest a precaution for the first activity (a) listed in the table to stop transmission of the virus.
(1 mark)
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(iv) Explain why a foetus of an infected mother develops AIDS. (1 mark)
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(v) Suggest a method to reduce the risk of developing AIDS by a blood-transfusion recipient. (1 mark)
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© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2007 202
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(i) white blood cells (1 mark)
(ii) HIV attacks white blood cells to weaken the infected person’s immune system. (1 mark)
Then the patient becomes more susceptible to other diseases. (1 mark)
(iii) (1)
Activities Substance exchanged
(a) Sexual intercourse (1 mark) Semen and vaginal fluids
Needle sharing by drug users (b) Blood (1 mark)
(c) Breast feeding (1 mark) Human milk
(2) The male wears a condom during sexual intercourse. (1 mark)
(iv) The HIV crosses the placenta to the foetus’s blood. (1 mark)
(v) Before blood transfusion, the donor’s blood must be checked to ensure that it does not contain HIV.
(1 mark)
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(9 marks)##
|!|EQA02000002|!|
Tom was careless and cut his finger when washing beakers after an experiment. He was instructed to wash the
wounds with antiseptic and wrap the wound with cotton wool.
(i) Bleeding at the wound stopped after a while. Explain. (2 marks)
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(ii) What will the following parts change at the wound?
(1) arteriole (1 mark)
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(2) capillary wall (1 mark)
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(iii) Describe how the two above-mentioned changes enable the phagocytes in blood to fight against the
invading pathogen. (3 marks)
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(iv) Pathogens cannot enter the body if the skin remains intact.
(1) Name one secretion which can kill pathogens. (1 mark)
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(2) Name the part which forms the secretion. (1 mark)
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##
(i) The blood platelets, blood protein and red blood cells in the blood (1 mark)
formed a blood clot to block the wound. (1 mark)
(ii) (1) The arteriole dilates. (1 mark)
(2) The capillary wall becomes more permeable. (1 mark)
(iii) More phagocytes in the blood will go to the wound. (1 mark)
The phagocytes in the blood squeeze easily through the capillary wall (1 mark)
to engulf and destroy the pathogens. (1 mark)
(iv) (1) sebum (1 mark)
(2) sebaceous gland (1 mark)
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(9 marks)##
|!|EQA02000003|!|
STS Connections
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a pathogen causing AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome). This pathogen can weaken the immune system, so patients will easily get infected with other
diseases and die. Therefore, AIDS patients are killed by HIV indirectly.
(i) The immune system becomes weak as the virus invades and destroys a kind of cells (the host cells) in
the blood. State the kind of cells invaded and explain why destroying cells of this kind can lead to
weakening of the immune system. (2 marks)
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(ii) In the blood, antibodies are produced in response to the viral invasion in AIDS patients.
(1) Explain why antibodies against HIV are produced. (2 marks)
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(2) The antibodies produced in the blood cannot eliminate the virus because these pathogens, after
entering their host cells, can spread themselves from cell to cell by cell-cell contact (without being
exposed to the fluids outside such as the blood). Explain why the antibodies produced are
ineffective. (2 marks)
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(3) It is known that detecting the viral concentration in blood is not effective in determining whether a
person suffers from AIDS, as the viral concentration is very low in AIDS patients. Suggest a way
that doctors can use to confirm if a person is infected with HIV. (1 mark)
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(iii) To which kingdom does HIV belong? Explain your answer. (2 marks)
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##
(i) white blood cells (lymphocytes) (1 mark)
It is because these cells help the body to destroy invading pathogens. (1 mark)
(ii) (1) Antigens / foreign substances on the virus (1 mark)
stimulate certain white blood cells / lymphocytes to produce antibodies. (1 mark)
(2) Antibodies cannot enter the cells (1 mark)
to kill the virus / stop the virus from multiplying. (1 mark)
(3) test for the presence of antibodies against HIV in the blood / serum (1 mark)
(iii) HIV does not belong to any of the five kingdoms (1 mark)
because it does not show all the characteristics of a living organism
/ is a non-cellular entity / is only metabolically active in the host cells. (1 mark)
___________
(9 marks)##
|!|EQA02000004|!|
A series of diagrams below shows the process by which a phagocyte engulfs a bacterium with the help of
antibodies:
antibody A
phagocyte
bacterium
(i) Name structure A. (1 mark)

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(ii) The antibodies bind onto the bacterium and enhance phagocytosis.
(1) State the cells that produce antibodies. (1 mark)
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(2) Explain why antibodies against this bacterium are produced. (2 marks)
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(3) Different antibodies can act on invading pathogens in different ways. Suggest one way in which an
antibody works apart from the one shown above. (1 mark)
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(iii) Describe what will happen after the bacterium is engulfed into the phagocyte. (2 marks)
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(iv) To which kingdom does the bacterium belong? State ONE unique feature of organisms belonging to
this kingdom. (2 marks)
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(i) nucleus (1 mark)
(ii) (1) lymphocytes (1 mark)
(2) The surface antigens / foreign substances on the bacterium (1 mark)
are recognised and stimulate the lymphocytes to produce antibodies against it. (1 mark)
(3) Any one of the following: (1 mark)
- causing lysis of pathogens
- neutralising toxins secreted by bacteria
- sticking pathogens together
(iii) Enzymes are released (1 mark)
to digest / kill the bacterium. (1 mark)
(iv) prokaryote / prokaryotae (1 mark)
Absence of well-defined nuclei. (1 mark)
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(9 marks)##
Extension Section
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Complete the following paragraph with suitable words selected from the list below:
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antitoxin white blood cells fat vaccination bloodstream carbohydrate
generally immunity specifically protein antigen serum
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Once the body has been infected by a bacterium or a virus, it may resist re-infection when it encounters
the same type of pathogen again. This is called (i)_______________ and often occurs naturally, and can also
be induced artificially by processes such as (ii)_______________.
Antibodies are (iii)_______________ molecules formed in response to invasion by a foreign substance.
They are present in the (iv)_______________ and play an important part in the body’s natural defence
mechanism.
Any substance which causes the body to produce antibodies is called an (v)_______________. The
antibodies produced can react (vi)_______________ and are not effective to all pathogens.
(3 marks)
##
(i) immunity (1/2 mark)
(ii) vaccination (1/2 mark)
(iii) protein (1/2 mark)
(iv) bloodstream (1/2 mark)
(v) antigen (1/2 mark)
(vi) specifically (1/2 mark)
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(3 marks)##
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Sarah consulted her family doctor because she felt sick. Her doctor gave her an injection of fluid X. After
several days, Sarah recovered.
The following graph shows the changes in the antibody level in her blood with time after the injection of
fluid X.
(i) (1) Name fluid X. (1 mark)

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(2) How is it produced? (2 marks)
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(ii) State, with reasons,
(1) the advantage of injection of fluid X. (2 marks)
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(2) the disadvantage of injection of fluid X. (3 marks)
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(iii) The immunity induced by injection of fluid X is of the passive type. Why? (1 mark)
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(i) (1) Serum. (1 mark)
(2) It is produced by giving an animal a mild form of the disease. (1 mark)
The animal then produces antibodies against the pathogen. Its blood is then treated to make serum.
(1 mark)
(ii) (1) Immediate immunity develops because antibodies are already in the serum. (1 mark)
Just after injection into the patient’s blood, the antibodies help fight against the antigens.
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(1 mark)
(2) The induced immunity cannot last long (1 mark)
because the antibodies are not made by the patient. (1 mark)
The antibodies will be broken down later. (1 mark)
(iii) It is because the antibodies are not produced by the patient’s lymphocytes. (1 mark)
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(9 marks)##
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STS Connections
Tetanus (破傷風) is caused by a bacterium which is generally found as spores in the soil and infects human
through wounds. A vaccine against this disease is made up of tetanus toxin. A course of injections should be
given in infancy, followed by booster doses every 5 years.
(i) How does the vaccine induce immunity against tetanus? (7 marks)
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(ii) Why is a booster necessary? (1 mark)
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(iii) Suggest one precaution in daily life to reduce the risk of getting tetanus. (1 mark)
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(iv) (1) A newborn baby gains passive immunity from his mother. How? (2 marks)
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(2) This immunity only lasts for about six months. Why? (1 mark)
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##
(i) The toxin in the vaccine acts as an antigen. (1 mark)
After injection into the blood, it stimulates the lymphocytes (1 mark)
to produce the specific antibody. (1 mark)
Toxin’s antigen can be memorised by the memory cells. (1 mark)
Subsequent exposure to the toxin will lead to the secondary response (1 mark)
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which initiate a rapid production of a large amount of antibodies against the antigen. (1 mark)
As the antibody increases to a certain level, it prevents the development of tetanus. (1 mark)
(ii) It is necessary to maintain a high concentration of antibodies in the blood for a longer time.
(1 mark)
(iii) Do not touch the soil if you have a wound. (1 mark)
(iv) (1) The immunity is due to the antibodies from the mother. (1 mark)
These antibodies cross the placenta and enter the blood of the foetus during pregnancy.(1 mark)
(2) It is because the mother’s antibodies will be destroyed by the baby. (1 mark)
_________
(12 marks)##
|!|EQA02000008|!|
The graph below shows the changes in the number of viruses in blood when Wendy was infected with the
same type of virus twice:
Peak I
Number of
viruses in
blood
Peak II
Time
First infection Second infection
(i) Describe and explain what happened after the first viral infection. (5 marks)
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(ii) Describe and explain the difference between peak I and peak II. (5 marks)
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(i) After the infection, the concentration of virus increased to a maximum value. (1 mark)
Wendy’s immune system failed to kill the virus immediately (1 mark)
so the virus multiplied. (1 mark)
Later when enough antibodies were produced to destroy the virus, (1 mark)
the viral concentration decreased to zero. (1 mark)
(ii) Peak II was lower than peak I. (1 mark)
This was because when the virus invaded the body for the first time,
some lymphocytes developed a memory for the virus. (1 mark)
Therefore, when the same type of virus invaded the body the second time,
it resulted in the production of more antibodies and phagocytes (1 mark)
within a shorter period of time. (1 mark)
Thus, more viruses were destroyed / a higher rate of viral elimination occurred. (1 mark)
__________
(10 marks)##
|!|EQA02000009|!|
During a Physical Education (PE) lesson, a student was playing basketball. Suddenly, he fell over and hurt his
hands and legs. He was bleeding and the wounds got infected.
(i) When he was playing basketball, he sweated heavily. Explain how this occurred and the significance of
this phenomenon. (4 marks)
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(ii) Some time later, as a result of blood clotting, bleeding stopped. State the biological significance of
blood clotting. (2 marks)
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(iii) Give ONE observable feature of the wounds which suggested that infection had taken place. (1
mark)
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(iv) State how the specific immune response of the body reacted to the pathogens which had entered
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through the wounds. (3 marks)
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(i) While he was playing, a large amount of heat was generated (1 mark)
by the vigorous contraction of skeletal muscles.
His body temperature increased, which stimulated sweating. (1 mark)
The evaporation of sweat absorbed heat from the skin surface (1 mark)
and therefore helped the body to cool down to prevent overheating. (1 mark)
(ii) To prevent haemorrhage / excessive loss of blood / further bleeding. (1 mark)
To prevent entry of pathogens. (1 mark)
(iii) The wounds were swollen / red. (1 mark)
(iv) When lymphocytes recognized the antigens on the pathogens, (1 mark)
they were stimulated and specific antibodies were produced to act against the antigens. (1 mark)
Memory cells were also developed. (1 mark)
(Phagocytosis, inflammatory response and blood clotting are NOT accepted because they are non-
specific responses.)
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(10 marks)##
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* An antibody is a Y-shaped protein, as shown in the following diagram:
A
binding site for A
(i) State substance A. (1 mark)

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(ii) Suggest the kind of cells in which the synthesis of antibodies takes place. Explain how they can form
antibodies using their cellular machinery. (3 marks)
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(iii) Antibodies are made up of four polypeptides joined together by covalent bonds such as B. These
bonds, known as disulphide bonds, are only formed between sulphur-containing amino acids called
cysteine on the polypeptides. In proteins, only 2 amino acids, cysteine and methionine, contain sulphur.
Cysteine can be converted from methionine in the body, but methionine cannot be synthesized in
humans.
State and explain ONE way in which a human can obtain methionine, which can be converted to
cysteine for antibody synthesis. (4 marks)
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(iv) Insulin circulating in the blood consists of two polypeptides joined together by disulphide bonds. In
some diabetics, there are mistakes in the arrangement of these disulphide bonds. As a result, the insulin
molecule cannot function properly.
(1) A mutation is said to have occurred in this kind of diabetic. In which cell type does the mutation
take place, leading to the production of malfunctioning insulin? (1 mark)
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(2) The mistake prevents the insulin molecules from binding to the liver cells. State the consequence.
(1 mark)
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##
(i) Antigen. (no mark for pathogen) (1 mark)
(ii) Lymphocytes. (1 mark)
DNA in the nucleus of these cells (1 mark)
directs the sequence of amino acids in the antibody molecules they synthesize. (1 mark)
(iii) Human can ingest proteins which contain methionine. (1 mark)
The proteins are digested in the alimentary canals by proteases into amino acids. (1 mark)
Methionine is then absorbed into the blood by the small intestine (1 mark)
and is finally taken up by the lymphocytes in the blood for synthesis of antibodies. (1 mark)
(iv) (1) pancreatic cells (1 mark)
(2) Excess glucose cannot be converted to glycogen by liver cells for storage. (1 mark)
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(10 marks)##
|!|EQA02000011|!|
The graph below shows two curves: W and X.
W: the level of antibody in the body resulting from a single injection of a vaccine.
X: the level of antibody in the body resulting from the first and booster injections of a vaccine
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(i) What is a vaccine? (1 mark)
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(ii) (1) What is the maximum level of antibody in curves W and X? (2 marks)
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(2) State TWO differences between the two curves other than this difference. (2 marks)
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(iii) In curve X, the level of antibody drops slightly after the booster injection. Why? (1 mark)
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(iv) The response to the booster injection is called the secondary response. Explain how the response is
brought about. (2 marks)
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(v) Copy the axes into the graph paper provided. Using the same scale, draw a curve to show the level of
antibody in the blood after the injection of an anti-serum for defence against the same pathogen.
(2 marks)
##
(i) A vaccine is made of pathogens which have been made harmless, or made of dead pathogens. (1
mark)
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(ii) (1) W: 3
X: 6 (2 marks)
(2)
W X
It takes a longer time to reach the It takes a shorter time to reach the
peak. peak after the booster injection (1 mark)
The level of antibody lasts for a The level of antibody lasts for a
short period of time. much longer period of time. (1 mark)
(iii) The antigen in the vaccine combines with the antibody currently present in the blood. (1 mark)
(iv) The first exposure of the body to an antigen is B 'memorised' by certain types of white blood cells.
(1 mark)
Subsequent exposure to the same antigen will result in the secondary response by a rapid production of
a large amount of lymphocytes and the specific antibody. (1 mark)
(v)
(2 marks)
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(10 marks)##
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Structured Questions: Core Section

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Structured Questions: Core Section

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New Biology – a modern approach 3

Chapter 20: Defence against diseases

(i) Name structure A. (1 mark)

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

(i) (1) Name fluid X. (1 mark)

First infection Second infection

(i) State substance A. (1 mark)

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