Tổn Thất Nông Sản Sau Thu Hoạch

N CHUYN MN
GVHD: Nguyn Th Thy Linh

LI M U
1. L do chn ti
Trong thi k i mi sn xut lng thc nc ta t c nhng thnh tu ni
bt. T mt nc thiu lng thc Vit Nam vn ln tr thnh mt nc xut khu go
ln th 2 trn th gii. Sn lng thc nm 2002 t 34,06 triu tn, ng 2,31 triu tn, xut
khu trn 3,2 triu tn go.
Thc tin cho thy trn th gii nhiu nc c nn kinh t pht trin, trnh khoa
hc, k thut cao, sn phm lng thc ca h rt phong ph v a dng v chng loi, cht
lng tt gi c li r c kh nng cnh tranh cao, c th xut khu i nhiu nc, tng thu
nhp cho nn kinh t quc dn.
Bn cnh nhng thnh tu ng k nh trn, Vit Nam v Th gii cn tn tht sau
thu hoch, do b tht thot trong qu trnh vn chuyn, bao gi, bo qun, sinh vt hi...
Theo thng k ca Lin Hip Quc, mi nm trn th gii trung bnh thit hi v lng thc
chim t 15-^20%, tnh ra ti 130 t USD, nui sng ti 200 triu ngi/nm.
Do vy em chn ti ny nu ln mt cch khi qut nht v tnh hnh tn tht
sau thu hoch Vit Nam v trn Th gii trong nhng nm qua, tm hiu nguyn nhn gy
tn tht v bin php khc phc.
2. ngha khoa hc v ngha thc tin:
- ngha khoa hc
Qua nghin cu ti ny gip em bit c tnh hnh tn tht lng thc Vit Nam v
trn Th gii. Trong nhng nm qua cc nh Khoa hc tm ra nhng bin php khc phc
c nhng tn tht sau thu hoch nh th no.
ngha thc tin
Qua qu trnh nghin cu ti em thy nc ta c u th v ngun nguyn liu. Nu ngnh
cng nghip ch bin lng thc c quan tm, pht trin s to iu kin cho vic m
bo c tiu dng, trong nc v xut khu. Nu c nh vy th gim c mt con
s ng k v tn tht sau thu hoch, nng tm cao mi cho nn Nng nghip.
Trong qu trnh nghin cu ti, em khng th trnh nhng sai st. Em mong c
thng cm v gp em hon thnh ti c tt hn. Em xin chn thnh cm n c!
PHN I. TNG QUAN TI LIU
1.1. Mt s khi nim chnh [1], [3]
Qu trnh sn xut ra sn phm thc phm gm c hai giai on l trc thu
SVTI1: Nguyn Th Hong Linh - Lp 08C2
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N CHUYN MN
hoch v sau thu hoch.

Giai on cn thu hoch nm trong cc hot ng trc thu hoch nhng li nh
hng trc tip n cht lng sn phm sau thu hoch.
1.1.1. Giai on trc thu hoch
Quyt nh nng sut v cht lng nng sn do cc khu:
+ Chn ging tt, ging mi cht lng cao hn.
+ Phng thc canh tc tin tin nng sn c cht lng cao, n nh.
+ Ch ti tiu, bn phn nh hng ln ti cht lng nng sn, cng nh bo
qun.
+ Thi im thu hoch cng nh hng ln cht lng nng sn.
1.1.2. Giai on cn thu hoch
L giai on nng sn c s bin i su sc v cht v lng. Nu giai on ny
c quan tm v x l tt th nng sn s t cht lng cao.
1.1.3. Giai on sau thu hoch
Gm cc khu thu hoch, s ch (tch ht, lm sch, lm kh phn loi...), vn
chuyn, bo qun, ch bin v tip th.
- L cu ni gia sn xut nng nghip vi ngi tiu dng.
- L u ra cho nng sn.
- Cc cng ngh lin quan n nhng hot ng ny c gi chung l cng ngh sau
thu hoch.
- Cng ngh sau thu hoch l h thng cc cng c, phng tin v gii php bin i
cc loi nng sn th thnh sn phm phc v trc tip v gin tip cho nhu cu con ngi.
1.2. Tn tht sau thu hoch [1], [4], [11]
1.2.1. nh ngha tn tht
Tn tht bao hm nhiu ngha khc nhau mt mt, hao ph, thi hng, h hi.Tn tht
sau thu hoch c hiu l tng tn tht thuc cc khu ca giai on
sau thu hoch bao gm tn tht thuc cc khu: thu hoch, s ch, bo qun, vn chuyn,
ch bin v Maketing...
1.2.2. Cc dng tn tht sau thu hoch
1.2.2.1. Tn tht s lng
L s mt mt v trng lng ca nng sn trong c giai on sau thu hoch v c
xc nh bng phng php cn, o trng lng ca nng sn.
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1.2.2.2. Tn tht v cht lng nng sn

c nh gi thng qua cc ch tiu:
+ Dinh dng
+ V sinh an ton thc phm + Cm quan
Ph thuc vo tnh cht mi loi nng sn ngi ta c th tp trung vo mt ch tiu
c tnh cht quyt nh.
nh gi chung tn tht cht lng ngi ta thng xc nh s gim gi ca
nng sn (tnh bng tin) ti cng mt thi im.
Cng thc tnh:
Gi tr nng sn b tn tht cht lng
Tn tht cht lng (%) = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- X 100%
Gi tr nng sn ban u
Hnh 1.1. Cc dng h hng thng gp trong bo qun

1.2.2.3. Tn tht v kinh t
L tng tn tht v cht lng v s lng c quy nh thnh tin hoc % gi tr
ban u ca nng sn.
1.2.2.4. Tn tht x hi
Vn an ninh lomg thc, an ton thc phm, mi trng sinh thi, to vic lm
cho ngi lao ng. Nhng vn n ny do tn tht nng sn sau thu hoch tc ng n.
1.3. Nguyn nhn gy tn tht sau thu hoch [1], [4]
1.3.1.
Cc qu trnh sinh
Thng thng trong 24 gi, 1 tn rau qu gim 0,6^0,8 kg trng lng, trong
75-^85% l do mt nc, cn 15-^23% l tn tht cht kh do qu trnh h hp. S gim
SVTH: Nguyn Th Hong Linh - Lp 08C2
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khi lng do tn tht cht kh v bay hi nc c gi l s gim khi lng t nhin.

1.3.1.1. S h hp ca nng sn
Mt s nng sn sau khi thu hoch vn tip tc xy ra qu trnh t h hp.
- Lm hao ht vt cht kh ca sn phm. i vi cc loi nng sn c cha nhiu
tinh bt (sn, khoai, la...) qu trnh h hp tiu hao ch yu l tinh bt. Loi qu giu
ng tan th tiu hao ch yu l ng, loi ht giu cht bo (lc, vng, u tng,...) tiu
hao ch yu l cht bo.
- Lm thay i qu trnh sinh ha trong nng sn phm. V d khi h hp cc cht
nh glucid, protein, cht bo... b bin i nn mt s ch tiu sinh ha b bin i theo.
- Lm tng thy phn ca khi ht v m tng i ca khng kh xung quanh
ht. Khi ht h hp theo phng thc hiu kh, ht s thi ra C02 v H20. Nc s tch t
nhiu trong khi ht lm cho thy phn ca ht tng ln v nh hng n m khng kh
xung quanh to iu kin thun li cho vi sinh vt v cn trng hot ng mnh, ng thi
lm thay i thnh phn khng kh trong ht.
- Lm tng nhit ca khi ht v nng sn phm. Nng lng pht sinh do qu
trnh h hp, mt phn nh c s dng duy tr hot ng sng ca ht cn phn ln
bin thnh nhit nng ta ra ngoi lm cho nhit trong khi ht tng ln v d dng xy ra
hin tng t bc nng.
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Qu trnh h hp ca nng sn ph thuc ch yu vo nhiu yu t nh: nhit ,

thy phn ca nng sn, thong ca mi trng bo qun, ngoi ra cn ph thuc vo
c tnh ca mi loi nng sn. i vi ht, c thy phn cng cao, h hp cng mnh.
e c trng cho mc h hp dng khi nim cng h hp.
Khi nim cng h hp l lng 02 tiu tn cho lOOg cht kh ca nng sn
hoc lng C02 thot ra do lOOg nng sn h hp trong 24 gi.
Nu nng sn h hp mnh c th tiu hao 0,1^0,2% cht kh trong 24 gi. V vy
s h hp lm tn hao cht kh v lm tng kh C02, tng m cng nh nhit trong khi
nng sn.
Mi loi nng sn u c mt m gii hn, l m m qu trnh h hp hu nh
khng xy ra.
V d: Ht c du (lc, vng): 8-H?%
Ht cy ha tho : 12-^13%
S mt cht kh c tnh theo cng thc: M= 0,7 X G
Trong : M: lng cht kh mt (g)
G: lng C02 thot ra (g)
nhit di 10c, s h hp nh khng ng k. Khi nhit tng qu 18c th
s tng nhit lm tng nhanh cng h hp.
C tng lc th qu trnh h hp tng t 20-^50%. Khi nhit vt qu
25c
cng h hp gim, khi nhit tng 5 0-^5 5c cc enzim trong nng sn b c ch

hot ng dn n qu trnh h hp gim thm ch nng sn b cht.
Mc thng thong trong mi trng bo qun nng sn cng c nh hng n
cng h hp. Nu mc thong kh cao, nng sn c lng 02 h hp qu trnh
h hp hiu kh xy ra. Ngc li, nu nng sn bo qun trong mi trng kn, lng 02 s
dng ht, lng kh C02 tch t, hm lng C02 tng dn lm cho qu trnh h hp b hn ch
c th dn n nng sn b cht ngt.
Bng 1.1. Cng h hp ca mt s loi nng sn 25c
(mlCO/lOOg cht kh, 24 gi)
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Nng sn
Lng C02 sinh ra
Qut
11,9
Chanh
4,4
Khoai ty
10,1
Bng 1.2. Cng h hp ca ng ht vi cc thy phn ht khc nhau

(mCO/lOOg cht kh, 24 gi)
m ca ng (%)
Bo qun 15c
Bo qun 25c
14
19
10,2
30,4
28,0
73,6
25
36,8
123,6
30
134,4
168,8
Bng 1.3. Cng h hp ca ng vi thy phn ht v nhit mi

trng khc nhau (micoyiOOg cht kh, 24 gi)
Nhit mi
trrng (%)
Thy phn ht 10% Thy phn ht 12% Thy phn ht 15%

Thong
Kn
Thong
Kn
Thong
Kn
220
273
27
356
12
286
424
22
58
603
154
827
101
293
91
721
191
1588
1196
16
1.3.1.2. S chn sau thu hoch

Mt s nng sn sau khi thu hoch h hp rt mnh, sau gim dn nhng nng
lc ny mm, s chn li tng ln. y gi l qu trnh chn sau thu hoch.
Nhn chung l qu trnh chuyn cc cht trung gian thnh protein, tinh bt (trong
cc ht ng cc) lm cho ht rn chc hon hoc t tinh bt thnh ng tan, ng
saccharose b thy phn thnh glucose v uctose. Lng ng saccharose b thy phn
nhng vn tng ln v qu trnh tch t nhiu hn l thy phn. Lng acid hu c gim i v
c qu trnh tc dng gia acid vi ru to thnh cc este lm cho qu thm.
Protopectin thnh pectin (trong cc loi qu) lm cho qu mm hn, ngt hn. Trong qu
SVTII: Nguyn Th Hong Linh - Lp 08C2
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trnh chi sc t b bin i nhiu, chlorophyl mt mu xanh, ch cn mu hng ca

carotenoit, xantophyl, anthocyanin.
Nng sn sau khi t chn sinh l thng c cht lng tt nht, chnh v vy cn
phi iu khin qu trnh chn sau thu hoch theo yu cu ca ngi bo qun.
1.3.1.3. Snymm
Khi ht nhit , thy phn, thong kh thch hp, ht, c, qu s ny mm. Mi
ging cy trng c nhu cu nhit v thy phn cho ny mm khc nhau.
S ny mm l mt qu trnh sinh l, sinh ha phc tp. Ht, c, qu, chuyn t
trng thi ng sang trng thi sinh trng v pht trin vi s hot ng ca hng lot
enzim: amilaza, proteaza, lipaza,...qu trnh ny xy ra di tc ng ng thi ca nhiu
yu t ngoi cnh (nhit , m, nh sng...).
Do qu trnh ny mm lm phm cht ht gim mt cch ng k, xut hin mt s
mi v kh chu do protein chuyn ha thnh acid amin, tinh bt chuyn ha thnh ng,
cht bo chuyn ha thnh glycerin v acid bo.
Theo nghin cu Lin X:
Bng . 4. Ht mch khi ny mm
Thi gian
Hao ht cht kh (%)
1 ngy
0,7
2 ngy
3 ngy
0,8
2,3
5 ngy
4,4
Bngl.5. Ht hng dng v ht ng

Ht hng dng
Hao ht
(lng du)
Ht ng (tnh
bt)
Lc
cha
ny mm
Trng
thi
55,32%
73%
Lc ny mm
21,81%
17,15%
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13.1.4. S mt nc
a s nng sn c cha nhiu nc, khi gp nhit cao c lu thng khng kh
th s mt nc t do. S mt nc dn ti s kh ho, gim trng lng nng sn, gy ri
lon sinh l, gim kh nng khng vi iu kin bt li trong t nhin ca nng sn.
S mt nc ph thuc: m khng kh, nhit khng kh, s thong gi, m
ca nng sn, cu trc ca nng sn, chn sinh l ca sn phm.
- Khi nhit khng kh cao, m tng i ca khng kh thp, thong gi
tt th qu trnh bay hi nc xy ra mnh, nht l nhng loi nng sn c m cao nh
rau, c, qu ti.
- Nhng loi nng sn c lp cu trc t bo bao che mng, mc ho nc ca
h keo trong t bo thp, th qu trnh bay hi nc xy ra mnh hn.
- Cc loi rau, c, qu b dp nt, d b mt nc hn cc loi rau, c, qu lnh.
Bng 1.6. Lng nc bay hi so vi % trng lng qu
^\^Thi gian
1 ngy
2 ngy
3 ngy
1,00
1,75
Hng
1,00
0,90
1,50
0,76
1,10
0,87
chn c chu\^
Xanh
1,40
=> Ht, rau, qu cng chn tc thot hi nc cng chm

13.1.5. Hin tng ng kt khi bo qun lnh:
Hin tng ny thng thy rau qu v mt s sn phm c... Khi bo qun lnh
do nhit thp lm cho rau qu b ng kt. S ng kt ca rau qu cn do bn cht ca
rau qu chi phi. Nhng vng sn xut khc nhau, chn khc nhau, ma chi khc nhau
th s ng kt khc nhau.
- Khi b ng kt cc t chc t bo b bin i, v mng t bo, gy tn tht dinh
dng, cu trc bn trong b ph hoi mt phn, mu sc thay i, hnh dng rn nt, tp li.
Mt s qu b ng kt th khng chn c.
- Rau qu b ng kt s bin i nhiu v mt ha hc. Qu trnh chuyn ha tinh
bt thnh ng b gim i, qu trnh h hp gim, lng vitamin c b ph hoi, s hot
ng ca cc men b c ch, qu trnh trao i cht s ngng li.
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1.3.2. Nguyn nhn bn ngoi

1.3.2.1. m tng i ca khng kh
m tomg i ca khng kh l t s gia lng hi nc cha trong lm3 khng
kh m vi lng hi nc trong lm3 khng kh bo ha hi nc cng mt iu kin
nhit v p sut, tnh theo n v %.
Cng thc tnh:
RH = X 1 [)0%
es
Trong : RH: m tng i ca khng kh, %.

ep: lng hi nc trong lm3 khng kh m, kg/m3.
es: lng hi nc trong lm3 khng kh bo ha hi nc, kg/m3.
m ca mi trng cng thp, tc bay hi nc cng cao, rau, c, qu ti b
ho.
i vi mt s loi ht (u, lc, vng, ng, thc,...) m tng i ca khng kh
thp li c li cho qu trnh phi sy, hn ch s gim cht lng ht.
Khi bo qun rau, c, qu ngi ta thng duy tr m tng i ca khng kh
> 80% trnh mt nc.
Khi bo qun ht cn m tng i khng kh < 70%, m ny qu trnh cn
bng m ( m trn b mt ht bng vi m tng i ca mi trng khng kh xung
quanh) trong ht xy ra lm cho ht kh hn.
Khi bo qun rau, qu c hm lng nc cao, d ho cn duy tr m tng i
ca khng kh khong 90+95%. i vi rau qu c cu trc chc hn, kh bc hi nc th
gi m 80 ^-90%.
Trong bo qun rau qu cn duy tr RH ti u va chng mt nc va hn ch
s pht trin ca vi sinh vt gy hng rau, c, qu.
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Bng 1.7. m RH ti u cho vi sinh vt pht trin

Vi sinh vt
m RH (%)
.avus
85
Peniciium s.p
80-90
A.candidus
80
S.cerevsal
85
P.fluorencen
80-90
1.3.2.2. Nhit khng kh

L yu t quan trng gp phn gy tn tht cht lng nng sn trong bo qun.
Nhit tng lm tng cc phn ng sinh ha trong nng sn. Theo inh lut Van- Hoff khi
nhit tng ln 10c th tc phn ng tng ln 2 ln, nn tng s tn tht cht kh.
Nhit mi trng gim s lm gim cng h hp. Khi nhit gim dn n
im ng bng, th s h hp gn nh ngng hn. Vi rau, c, qu im ng bng thng
l -2 - -4c.
Nhit mi trng c nh hng mnh n s pht trin ca h vi sinh vt gy
thi. a s vi sinh vt pht trin mnh trong iu kin m. Vi iu kin kh hu nc ta,
nhit rt thch hp cho vi sinh vt pht trin, c bit l nm mc. Nhn chung khi gim
nhit ca mi trng th s hot ng ca vi sinh vt gim, tc ng gy thi ra, h hi
nng sn ca vi sinh vt gim.
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Bng 1.8. Nhit pht trin ca mt s loi nm mc trn ht
Nhit , c
Nm mc
Thp nht
Thch hp
Cao nht
0-5
10-15
30-35
30-35
45-50
40-45
40-45
50-55
10-15
5-0
40-45
20-35
45-50
35-40
A. restrictus
A. gaucus
A. candidus
A. avus
Peniciium
1.3.2.3. S thng thong

L s thay i khng kh trong mi trng bo qun.
S thng thong lm thay i nhit v thnh phn kh trong mi trng bo
qun.
to s thng thong c th s dng bin php thng gi t nhin hoc thng gi
cng bc t cc qut ht y khng kh trong kho bo qun.
1.3.2.4. Sinh vt hi
C 4 nhm chnh: + Vi sinh vt ( nm men, nm mc, vi khun...)
+ Cn trng, su b.
+ Loi gm nhm ( chut, sc...).
+ Chim, di...
Thit hi do sinh vt gy ra gm nhiu mt song c th tng kt thnh 3 mt
sau:
+ Tht thot v mt s lng do cn trng, chim, chut, nm mc trc tip n
hi.
+ Tht thot v mt cht lng khi nng sn b cn trng, chim, chut xm hi dn
n lm gim gi tr dinh dng do protein, cht bo, vitamin,...b bin tnh lm gim gi tr
thng phm v gi tr s dng. Sn phm b sinh vt xm hi c mi v, mu sc khng c
trng nh sn phm ban u.
+ Lm nhim bn, nhim c nng sn do cht thi v c t aAatoxin. Do vy trc
tip nh hng n sc khe ca ngi tiu dng hoc truyn bnh cho ngi v gia sc.
a. Vi sinh vt
- Tc ng gy hi ca vi sinh vt
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Su bnh l mt nguy c gy bnh lm tn tht thu hoch ma mng rt ln. Theo

thng k ca t chc Lng thc Th gii hng nm su bnh lm gim nng sut ma
mng n 2(H30%. Trong lch s sn xut nng nghip xut hin nhng trn dch bnh
cy trng nh vng li, o n, tim la ... lm thit hi nng n cho nn sn xut nng
nghip.
+ Lm thay i mu sc ca nng sn thc phm + Lm
mt mi thm t nhin ca nng sn thc phm + Lm
thay i cu trc nng sn thc phm + Lm bin i
thnh phn dinh dng + Lm mi trng nui dng vi
sinh vt gy bnh
- Nm Fungi v tc hi ca nm mc
Hnh 1.2. Nm mc (Fungi) v tc hi ca n
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Bng 1.9. Mt s vi sinh vt gy ng c cho ngi
Chng loi
LT.TP thng gp
Triu chng ng c
Vi khun Salmonea
Trng, tht gia cm
St, tiu chy, au bng, nn, c

th thng rut dn n t vong.
typhi
Vi khun
Trong hp tht c C kh, Ng c cp tnh nng, nh
Clostrdum
rau kh, tht ch bin
botulinum
Vi khun
Escherichiacoli
hng n thn kinh, mt m,

kh th dn n t vong.
Tht, c, rau, sa ti, thc
Vim ng tiu ha, ng tit
phm ch bin khng tt
niu, ng h hp. c bit l

gy tiu chy.
Nm mc A. lavus. u, lc, vng, ng, sn kh, Gy ri lon chc nng gan, dn

A. paaciticus.
cao lng, ht hng dng. n ung th.

Gim kh nng tiu ha, hp thu
cc cht dinh dng dn n suy
dinh dng, ci cc.
b. Cn trng
INSECTS & SPIOERS
Hnh 1.3. Mt s cn trng hi nng sn
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- c tnh ca cn trng
+ Thuc loi sinh vt a thc, chng n c nhiu loi thc n khc nhau.
+ Nhiu loi cn trng nhn n rt tt. Khi khng c thc n, chng c th di chuyn
i ni khc tm thc n.
+ Thch ng rng vi di nhit v m ca mi trng .
+ C kh nng sinh si mnh trong thi gian tng i di.
+ Phn b rt rng, thch nghi vi nhiu iu kin sinh thi khc nhau.
+ Hu ht cn trng hi kho u trng, mi ln t 200^600 qu trng. Trng
thng c vo nng sn, thn cy hoc di t. Trng rt nh c th hnh cu, bu
dc, hoc hnh tr. Trng ri rc hoc thnh , sau n ra su. Su thng ph hi nng
sn, lm mt v sinh nng sn bi cht thi ca chng. Khi su pht trin n trng
thnh th thi n chun b ha nhng. Giai on ny nhng nm im khng hot ng. Cho
n khi nhng lt xc tr thnh cn trng trng thnh, lc ny chng li tip tc ph hi
nng sn v chun b sinh sn.
- Tn tht v s lng do cn trng
+ Nm 1868 khi chuyn 145 tn ng ht t Anh sang M, sau mt nm bo qun
ngi ta sn ra 13 tn mt. y l bng chng v s ph hoi gh gm v pht hin
nhanh chng ca cn trng.
+ Ngi ta tin hnh th nghim Lin X (c), nui 10 i mt thc trong la
m, vi iu kin nhit , m thch hp sau 5 nm qun th cn trng n hi ti
406.250kg la m.
+ Mt con bm xm sau mt nm sinh ra con, chu, cht... v n hi 3kg bt.
- Tc hi ca cn trng
+ Lm bn lng thc do trng b thi phn, xc cht v lm vn, lm cho lng
thc c mi v l, tng tp cht v thay i thnh phn ha hc, dn n lm gim cc cht
dinh dng ca lng thc.
+ Trong qu trnh sinh sng cn trng h hp kh mnh thi ra mt lng nhit v
m ng k, l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy nn qu trnh t bc nng ca khi lng
thc.
+ Mt s cn trng gy kh khn trong qu trnh ch bin, bo qun nh cn hng
bao b, lm h hng tng v cc chi tit bng g, cn hi v nh kn bt kn l ry...
+ Gy bnh cho ngi: mt v su mt thng mang nhiu loi vi sinh vt gy bnh
Trang-14 -
N CHUYN MN
c bit l vi khun v nm mc sinh ra c t. V d: gin c th gy truyn nhim dch

hch, t hay mt gy bnh nga.
- Phn loi cn trng
B cnh cng: Coleoptera
* Cn trng hi s cp:
+ Mt go (Sitophilus oryae L.)
+ Mt ng (Sitophilus zeamays Motsch)
+ Mt thc (Triboium castaneum H.)
+ Mt c ht nh (Rhizopertha domnca Fabrcus)
+ Mt c ph (Araecerusaciculatas)
* Cn trng hi th cp:
+ Mt ru di (Cryptoestes pusillus Stephan)
+ Mt rng ca (Oryzaephilus surnamenss L)
+ Mt go dt (Ahasverus advena W)
+ Mt c sng (Gnathocerus comutus Fasbrcus)
+ Mt khun en to (Aphtobus dapernus Panz)
+ Mt thc dt Thi Lan (Lophocaterespusius Kug)
B cnh vy: Lepdoptera
+ Ngi mch (Stotroga cereaea Olv)
+ Ngi bt a Trung Hi (Ephesta kuehnella)
+ Ngi thc n (Poda nterpunctea Hbner)
B bt: Acarina
+ Mt bt (Tyroglyphus /arinae Lnne)
- Cn trng n tht v thin ch
+ Ong k sinh (Anisopteromaus calandrae)
Loi ong ny n su non ca mt ng, mt go v mt c ht. Trng ca ong k sinh
trc tip trn su non ca mt v ngi. Trong kho thng xut hin ong k
Trang-15 -
N CHUYN MN
sinh vo thng 3^-4 sau khi bo qun nhng khi cht chng li xc trn nng sn lm
gim gi tr nng sn.
+ Mt cng cua (AUochemes widen)
Mt cng cua thuc h nhn v l cn trng n tht, hnh dng ging nh con b cp rt nh
nhng khng c ui, mt thch n: mt, trng cn trng, nhng su non nh. S xut hin
ca chng chng t qun th cc loi cn trng hi kho hnh thnh,
c. Lo gm nhm: chut, chim, di...
- Loi chut
Loi gm nhm ph hi nng sn, thc phm ch yu l chut. Chut c kh nng
sinh sn rt ln. Chut ln c th la u tin vo lc khong 4 thng tui. V 5 la
ong cuc i ca n, mi la chut c th 2+ 4 con. Nu thc n, mt i chut mt
nm c th sinh si ny n ra 800 con, chu, cht...sau 3 nm c th thnh 20 triu con. Vi
s
lng
tng
nhanh v mc
RKive
ph hoi cao, ngoi

ph hoi ngoi ng th chut cn ph hoi trong cc kho bo qun on gin ca ngi nng
dn.
- Phn loi chut
Vit Nam hin bit mt s loi chnh:

+ Chut ng ln (Rattus hosaensis)
+ Chut ng nh (Rattus fiavipectus)
^
t
\
&Mbin Recfrn./www.osflTiannSArn'^-
+ Chut cng (Rattus norvegcus)

+ Chut nht nh (Musculus L)
- Tc hi ca chut
Hng nm trn ton th gii c ti khong 33 triu tn long thc b chut ph hi,
vi s lng lng thc c th nui 100 triu ngi trong mt nm.
1.3.2.5. Tc ng ca con ngi
- Con ngi l nhn t trung tm ng vai tr quyt nh cho mi hot ng ca sn
xut nng nghip, n cht lng bo qun cng nh tn tht sau thu hoch nng sn. S
khng c nhng tn tht ln sau thu hoch nu con ngi c trnh , kh nng, cng
ngh tt.
Trang-16 -
N CHUYN MN
- Thng qua cc yu t cng ngh, cc phng tin bo qun, con ngi c th qun
l c cc yu t dn n tn tht sau thu hoch.C th nu mt vi nguyn nhn nh sau:
+ Trnh tay ngh km, thiu cng ngh, k thut trong thu hoch v s ch sn
phm.
+ Cc thit b vn chuyn v bo qun nng sn cha m bo cht lng.
+ Trong qu trnh canh tc ca ngi nng dn tim n nguy c gy tht thot ln
khi thu hoch nh vic: chn ging, chm sc, bn phn...
+ S thiu hiu bit, km thc trch nhim s dn n nhng tn tht v s v cht
lng nng sn thc phm khng lng.
1.4. nh hng ca tn tht nng sn sau thu hoch n sn xut nng nghip v
kinh t x hi ca quc gia [4], [14], [15]
1.4.1. nh hng n kinh t h nng dn
S tn tht v s lng hay cht lng nng sn sau thu hoch u nh hng trc
tip n thu nhp ca mi h nng dn.
Tn tht sau thu hoch xy ra nhiu khu, trong c khu gn vi hoy ng ca
nng dn. Nhng tn tht trong cc khu: thu hoch, s ch (lm sch, phi sy), phn loi,
vn chuyn ni b, bo qun ti h gia nh,... s tc ng trc tip n kinh t h nng dn.
Tn tht cc khu khc trong giai on sau thu hoch nh: bo qun ti kho tp
trung, vn chuyn ngoi vng, ch bin th lin quan n nh sn xut hay doanh nghip.
Theo nh gi ca Hi VAC (Vn - Ao - Chung) - Tnh Hng Yn, Thi Nguyn
tn tht v s lng rau qu trong thu hi, vn chuyn v bo qun l 1(H15%, nhng tn
tht v gi kinh t do tn tht v cht lng cn cao hn, nhiu ni ln n 2(H30 %.
Vic nghin cu pht trin cng ngh sau thu hoch nhm nng cao cht lng nng
sn, gim tn tht sau thu hoch cn c tc ng ln n kinh t h nng dn thng qua
nhng kin thc y v cc khu sau thu hoch trong c vn v qun l cht lng
v tip th hng ha (Maketing), ngi nng dn s dng c hiu qu hn nng sn mnh
sn xut ra, gim gi thnh nng sn tng sc cnh tranh, tng li nhun cho mnh.
1.4.2. nh hng n ngnh cng nghip ch bin thc phm
Ngnh cng nghip ch bin thc phm lun i hi loi nguyn liu l cc nng sn
c cht lng tt, n nh v h gi thnh.
Ngnh cng nghip ch bin lng thc thc phm cn hot ng quanh nm chnh
v vy vic pht trin cng ngh sau thu hoch, gim tn tht sau thu hoch c lin quan cht
Trang-17 -
N CHUYN MN
ch ti s hnh thnh v pht trin cc xng s ch v xng ch bin quy m nh ca

nng dn.
1.4.3. nh hng n kinh t- x hi
a. nh hng n kinh t
Tn tht sau thu hoch nh hng nghim trng n nn kinh t. Theo kt qu ca
Tng Cc thng k v Vin Cng ngh sau thu hoch nm 1994 tn tht la go ca Vit
Nam l 13-^16%, sau 7--8 nm ci tin cng ngh sau thu hoch ch cn 1(H14% gim
2,5%. Vi kt qu ny tit kim c 900.000 tn thc.
Hin nay chng ta vn phi mt i khong 3.000 t ng, tn tht sau thu hoch qua
cc cng on. Nu xt v gi tr kinh t th l mt mt mt qu ln.
Tht thot sau thu hoch lm cho nng sn t cht lng khng tt, nh hng n
uy tn Vit Nam trong th trng trong nc v th gii.
Cc doanh nghip khng c th trng n nh, cha c chin lc kinh doanh lu
di, nh u t cho vng nguyn liu, chin lc pht trin th trng trong v ngoi nc.
Tnh trng trn lm cho sc cnh tranh ca hng nng sn Vit Nam ang rt thp.
b. nh hng x hi
Tn tht v s lng cc khu thu hoch lm mt mt mt khi lng ln nng
sn, lm gim thu nhp ca ngi nng dn.
Khi ta bo qun nng sn khng tt trong thi gian di s lm gim gi tr dinh
dng, gim vitamin v khong cht nn khng m bo sc khe cho ngi tiu dng, gy
nn tnh trng suy dinh dng, lm gim cht lng i sng nhn dn.
PHN II. KT QU NGHIN cu
2.1. Tnh hnh tn tht nng sn sau thu hoch Vit Nam v trn Th gii [1], [3], [11]
2.1.1. Tnh hnh tn tht nng sn sau thu hoch trn Th gii
Trong thp k 70-80, cuc Cch mng xanh nng cao nng sut mt s cy
trng chnh ln gp i. Ngy nay vi cuc Cch mang xanh Double (Double Green
Revolution), vi mong mun nng sut cao, kt hp c vi qun l tt ti nguyn thin
nhin. Mt khc ngi ta thy rng: nng cao c 10% nng sut cy trng, cn u t
rt ln v ca ci vt cht, ti nguyn thin nhin. Nhung tn tht 10%, thm ch 20%
trong giai on sau thu hoch li rt d dng, t c ch n.
Bng 2.1. Tn tht trong ho qun mt s nc nm 1970
(Theo s liu ca Chrsman Sttonga, Indonexa.
Trang-18 -
N CHUYN MN
Nc
Tp chi Change in Post Haverst Handlng of Gran 1994)

Loi nng sn T l tn tht (%)
Thi gian bo qun (thng)
Nigeria
La nc
Ng cc
Malaxia
34
24
Go
20
17
12
9
Indonexia
La
12-21
Thi Lan
Go
10
12
9
Pakistan
La
8,8
Bng 2.2. Tn tht trong bo qun lng thc nhng nm 90

Nc
Loi nng sn
T l tn tht (%)
Ngun ti liu
Nigeria
Ng cc
2,1^6,7
Trung Quc
Ng cc
3,6
Ren Jong 1992
Indonexia
La, Ng
5,0
J.s. Davis 1994
Thi Lan
La, Ng
5,0
J.s. Davis 1994
Pakistan
La, Ng
3,5-5,2
V.K. Baloch 1994
Vit Nam
La
3,2-3,7
L Don Din 1994
A.Radnadan 1992
Trang-19 -
N CHUYN MN
Theo thng k ca Lin Hip Quc, mi nm trung bnh thit hi ca Th gii v

Lomg thc chim 15^-20% tnh ra ti 130 t USD nui c 200 triu ngi trong mt
nm.
Theo B Nng nghip M cho bit hng nm thit hi ti 300 triu USD. Cn cc
nc khc nh c hng nm thit hi ti 80 triu Mac, Nht l 30 triu Yn, thi k Nga
hong thit hi ti 25 triu USD hng nm.
Theo ti liu iu tra ca FAO (t chc Long thc v Nng nghip Lin Hip
Quc) hng nm trn th gii c ti 6^-10% s lng lng thc bo qun trong kho b tn
tht ring cc nc c trnh bo qun thp v kh hu nhit i s thit hi ln ti 20%.
Tn tht sau thu hoch cc nc, cc vng sai khc nhau rt nhiu. Nhng nc c
nn kinh t chm pht trin, thng c mc tn tht cao hcm nhiu so vi cc nc c
nn kinh t pht trin hn.
n l quc gia quan tm ci thin tnh hnh giai on sau thu hoch, u t
nghin cu v trang b phng tin cho qu trnh bo qun v s ch. Nhng mc tn
tht cn kh cao. Theo nh gi ca Vin Nghin cu Lng thc - thc phm Mysore, n
, tn tht sau thu hoch ca nc ny l 230 t Rupi, tng ng 5,75 t USD.
Bng 2.3. Tn tht sau thu hoch mt s loi rau qu n
(S liu A. Ramesh, Vin CFTRI, 2001)
Loi qu
Tn tht (%)
Chui
12-14
Xoi
17-37
Cam
10-31
To
10-25
Nho
23-30
Hnh
15-30
Khoai ty
15-20
C chua
10-20
10-15
Bp ci
Trung Quc l quc gia c nn kinh t pht trin vt bc trong 20 nm qua. e

gim tn tht sau thu hoch trong sn xut la, go, m ng, trong nhng nm 80, Trung
Quc xy dng hng trm nghn my sy dng v ngang, nng t l sy bng my t 5%
(1980) ln 40% (1990), xy dng hn 60.000 kho bo qun lng thc vi tch lng 1,6 t
Trang- 20 -
N CHUYN MN
tn, trong 78 % l cc xilo hin i bng thp hoc btng ct thp vi h thng iu
khin nhit - m hin i.
Vi iu kin nh vy tn tht sau thu hoch trong sn xut ht ng cc ca Trung
Quc gim t 12-^15% (1970) cn 5^-10% (1995). S gim tn tht sau thu hoch tit
kim 20 tn ht, nui 30^-40 triu ngi. Trung Quc t k hoch n nm 2005, vi
sn lng 500 triu tn ht ng cc, tn tht sau thu hoch ch cn di 5%, n nm 2010
tn tht cn di 3%.
Tri vi tnh hnh ca cc nc ang pht trin, cc nc c nn kinh t pht trin
cao nh: Nht, M, Php, c,.. ..tn tht sau thu hoch l rt thp, tn tht v s lng t
2-^5%, tn tht v cht lng khng ng k.
2.1.2. Tnh hnh tn tht sau thu hoch Vit Nam
Vit Nam sn xut nng nghip thc phm c vai tr quan trng trong nn kinh t
quc dn, ngoi vic m bo nhu cu dinh dng hng ngy ca hn 80 triu ngi, nng
sn cn l ngun xut khu ch yu chim 25% kim ngch xut khu.
nc ta s thit hi trong qu trnh bo qun, ct gi cng l mt s ng k. Tnh
trung bnh i vi cc loi ht tn tht sau thu hoch l 10%, i vi cc loi c l 10-^20%,
rau qu 10-^30%. Hng nm trung bnh thit hi 15% tnh ra hng vn tn lng thc b i,
nui sng hng triu ngi. Nm 1995 sn lng la c chng 22 triu 858 tn th s
hao ht ti 10% cng chim ti 2,3 triu tn tng ng vi 350-^360 iu USD.Vi cc
cy c c mc hao ht l 20 % sn lng, vi sn lng 2,005 triu tn khoai, 722.000 tn
khoai ty v 3,112 triu tn sn, hng nm chng ta mt i khong 1,15 triu tn tng
ng vi 80 triu USD. i vi ng, s hao ht hng nm c th ln n 100.000 tn tng
ng vi 13-^14 triu USD. l cha tnh n nhng hao ht mt mt ca cc loi rau
qu, u , cng nh cc loi nng sn khc.
Theo Cc ch bin, thng mi nng lm thy sn v ngh mui - tn tht sau thu
hoch i vi la go Vit Nam thuc hng cao nht chu , dao ng trong khong
9-^17%, thm ch 20-K30% ty tng khu vc v ma v. Vi t l tn tht ny chng ta mt
i khong 3000 t ng mi nm. Cn vi rau qu tn tht khong 25% i vi cc loi qu
v hn 30% i vi cc loi rau v sn phm khng c bo qun, s ch, tiu th kp thi.
Trong khi t l tn tht sau thu hoch cc nc chu nh n 3-K3,5 %,
Bangladesh 7%, Pakistan 2^10%, Indonexia 6^17%, Nepan 4-^-22%.
Tht thot v cc loi hng nng sn dng ht ni chung ca ta bnh qun khong
Trang- 21 -
N CHUYN MN
18%, dng qu v c trn 22%. Mt khc, i vi cc sn phm ht v qu Vit Nam do

khu bo qun khng tt nn t l cc c t tn ng trong nng sn cao nh alatoxin
trong u phng, ng, iu, ochratoxin trong c ph, cacao, palutin trong to, l,
o,...lng thuc tr su tn ng trong cc loi rau xanh ln ti 3-^4% nh hng khng
t n sc khe con ngi. Theo s liu iu tra ca vin cng ngh sau thu hoch, nm
2003 tn tht sau thu hoch trung bnh v s lng trong sn xut la ng bng sng
Cu Long v khong 12,7%, cc khu vc cn li l 11,6% so vi sn lng. Trn thc t,
tn tht ny dao ng rt ln ty theo tng khu vc v ma v. Cng vi tn tht v s
lng, nhng hn ch v cng ngh sau thu hoch cng lm gim ng k cht lng v t
l thu hi. La sau khi thu hoch, khng c lm kh kp thi thng b hp hi, mc mm
lm cho ht bin mu, t l tm cao. Ngc li, khi lm kh khng ng k thut, lm kh
qu nhanh, nhit qu cao ht la thng b rn nt nn t l tm khi xay xt cng rt
cao...
i vi sn xut ng, tn tht sau thu hoch cng rt ln. Ring tn tht v s lng
dao ng trong khong 18-^19%, thm ch 23^28% ty theo vng v ma v thu hoch.
Ng thng tn tht v cht lng do ng c hm lng protein cao, v mng nn d b
mc, nhim mt, nhim cht c alatoxin...
Trong sn xut la ng bng Sng Cu Long mi nm 1% sn lng b tn tht
sau thu hoch tng ng vi 7 triu USD.
Bng 2.4.Bng tn tht sau thu hoch cc khu sn xut ng bng Sng Cu
Long (nm 2003)
Cc khu sn xut
La (%)
Ng (%)
Thu hoch
1,3-2,9
//
Tch ht
1,4-2,3
3-4
Phi
1,6-1,9
Bo qun
2,6-2,9
Xy xt, ch bin
2,2-3,3
10
2,2-3,3
Mc tiu n nm 2010 t l tn tht sau thu hoch i vi la 9^10%, i vi ng 10-11%

(bng t l tn tht ca cc nc tin tin khu vc ng Nam )
Bng 2.5. Tn tht trung bnh sau thu hoch ca la Vit Nam
(Theo s liu ca Tng cc Thng k, Vin Cng ngh sau thu hoch,
Trang- 22 -
N CHUYN MN
L Don Din, 1994)

Cc khu sn xut
Tn tht (%)
Thu hoch
1,3-1,7
p, tut
1,4-1,8
Sy kh, lm sch
1,9-2,1
Vn chuyn
1,2-1,5
3,2-3,9
Bo qun
( Dao ng ln gia cc khu vc)
Xay xt
4,5-5,0
Tng cng
13,0-16,0
Bng 2.6. Tn tht sau 6 thng bo qun thc vi cc phng tin khc nhau
(Theo kt qu iu tra 2001 - 2002 ti H Ni)
Phng tin bo qun
Tn tht
Sinh vt
trung
Bao
gai Quy ct Thng phi Thng tn Chum vi
hi
bnh
(1,13%) (34,39%)
(8,78 %)
(47,6%)
(8,1%)
Su mt
4,0
3,2
2,7
1,2
2,8
Bng 2.7. Tn tht thc sau 6 thng bo qun thc

vi cc phng tin khc nhau (S liu iu tra ca Vin Cng ngh sau thu hoch
ti ngoi thnh H Ni 1994 - 1995)
T l /
cc PT' /
Bao
(42,0%)
gai Quy ct Thng

(23%)
(15,0%)
g Thng
(11,5%)
st Chum vi
(8,5%)
/Sinh x4t hi
Tn tht
trung
bnh
(%)
Chut ph
Su mt
12,2
12,5
9,02
11,6
11,8
5,2
2,6
2,5
6,43
C ng
15,45
Tn tht sau thu hoch trung bnh cc tnh pha Bc i vi rau qu l 2(H25%, sn 21%,
khoai lang 18%
Trang- 23 -
N CHUYN MN
Bng 2.8. Trung bnh tn tht sau thu hoch theo ma v An Giang
Vn
ct +
z Tht
Ma v
Sut
Phi
Tn
tr
Xay
ch
chuyn
Gom
thot
X
2,26
1,71
1,36
0,37
1,64
2,29
9,62
HT
3,32
2,37
2,94
0,26
1,65
1,89
12,42
3,24
2,67
1,31
0,57
1,44
2,10
11,31
2,94
2,25
1,87
0,40
1,57
2,09
11,12
Trung
bnh
S thit hi trong qu trnh bo qun cng l mt con s ng k, tnh trung bnh i

vi cc loi ht, tn tht sau thu hoch l 10%, i vi cy c c l 10-^20%, ring rau qu
tn tht trung bnh hng nm t 10"H30%, v vy cng ngh bo qun mt s loi rau qu
ni chung hay cc loi rau cao cp ni ring l v cng quan hng v cn thit. N gip
gim c hin tng mt ma trong nh, gim c hao tht v s lng cng nh v cht
lng, ng thi ng gp tch cc trong vic duy tr v nng cao cht lng nng sn.
Trang- 24 -
N CHUYN MN
2.2. Bin php khc phc tn tht sau thu hoch [1], [2], [3], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [15]
2.2.1. S ch, nng cao cht lng nng sn
2.2.1.1. Phn loi trc khi tut t
a. Mc ch: Nhm hn ch su hi ly nhim t ng v nh.
b. Phn loi theo:
+ Theo ging lai v ging a phng + Theo mc chn (chn non hay chn gi).
+ Theo nng sn (ng, la) b cn trng xm nhim v ph hi t ngoi ng v
(chut cn, mc, mt,...) Ty theo mc h hng v nhim cn trng quyt nh s
dng hay loi b trnh ly nhim sang cc phn nng sn cn tt.
2.2.1.2. Lm kh
a. Mc ch
+ a thy phn ht n m an ton (<13%) hn ch cc qu trnh sinh l, sinh
ha xy ra trong nng sn.
+ Dit v xua ui su mt ra khi ht nng sn, c ch su mt pht sinh v pht
trin trong thi gian bo qun.
=> y l khu quan trng v n quyt nh cht lng bo qun nng sn.
b. Phng php lm kh
Phoi nng: n gin, kinh t, d p dng rng ri nhng ph thuc nhiu vo iu
kin thi tit.
Khi phi cn ch :
+ Khng nn phi qu dy (khong lOcm), khong 1 gi o xi mt ln tng
nhit u cc v tr.
+ Co thnh tng lung nhit bc x tip xc c u.
+ Sn phi phi nhn, xung quanh khng c rm r hoc cc vt dng khc v khi
phi nng su mt c th b ra bn pha v n trong cc k.
Sy: Dng tc nhn nhit nhn to lm kh nng sn v dit su hi.
Khi sy phi ch :
+ Nhit phi phn b u.
+ Nhit khng cao qu, lm nh hng ti cht lng nng sn.
+ Nng nhit t t, m bo s lu thng v thot m u n.
+ Nhit thch hp sy thc l 45^50c, sy ng l 80c.
2.2.1.3. Lm sch v phn loi cht lng
Trang- 25 -
N CHUYN MN
a. Mc ch: Lm sch nhm nng cao cht lng nng sn.

Phn loi to ra cc ht nng sn c cht lng tng i ng u v:
+ chn khi thu hoch.
+ m (thy phn ht).
+ ng u v kch c ht.
+ Loi nhim v khng nhim su mt.
+ T l tp cht, cc ht gy v.
+ Phn ring tng phn nng sn tt, xu. qu trnh lm kh t kt qu tt nht,
ngn chn c su mt nhim t ng v nh.
2.2.2. Khc phc tc hi ca sinh vt hi
2.2.2.1. Phng s nhim c bi nm
a. Phng nga s ly nhim ca A.lavus
- Lm kh ht n thy phn an ton:
+ Ht c du < 8%.
+ Thc < 13%.
+ Ng < 12%.
+ Sn < 12%.
- Nng sn trong kho cn phi c thng gi, co o, tng nhanh qu trnh thot
nhit, thot m, ngn nga tnh trng ht ht m khin thy phn ht vt qu ngng an
ton.
b. Phng s nhim c bi A.lavus
- Thu hoch nng sn vo nhng ngy nng ro.
-
Phn loi nng sn sau thu hoch, ch bo qun di hn nng sn khng b mc, dp, v,
nt,...
- Ch bin, s dng nng sn tn thng cng sm cng tt, trnh lu.
- Trong trng hp nng sn b nhim A.lavus (c mu vng lc) th phi b ngay khng
dng lm thc n gia sc.
- Nhanh chng sy kh nng sn n m an ton.
Trang- 26 -
N CHUYN MN
- Bo qun nng sn trong phng tin sch s, t ni cao ro, thong mt, ...
2.2.2.2. Bin php phng tr cn trng
a. Phng cn trng ly nhim v pht sinh
- Phng trnh cn trng ly nhim t ng v nh:
+ Thu hoch v phn loi ring, ty theo mc m s dng ngay hoc hy ngn
chn cn trng ly lan mt cch trit .
+ Lm kh nng sn n thy phn an ton <13% trong thi gian hp l nhm xua
ui v dit cn trng trit trc khi a nng sn i bo qun.
+ Lm sch v phn loi lm cho nng sn c cht lng cao, ng u trnh hin
tng tng m cc b hn ch cn trng pht sinh v pht trin.
-
Phng cn trng ly nhim t nng sn bo qun v trc sang nng sn bo qun v
sau:
+ V sinh phng tin bo qun v cc loi bao b.
+ Cch ly nng sn b su hi xm hi.
+ Loi b nng sn b su hi nghim trng su hi khng th ly nhim sang
nng sn mi.
+ Cch ly nng sn bo qun vi cc sn phm ch bin.
+ Phng nga cn trng pht sinh trong qu trnh bo qun:
> Duy tr thy phn nng sn <13%
> S dng cc ch phm tho mc (v d: l cy xoan, l cy bch n, l
cy s qun t, l cy trc o, l cy thuc l...) l cht hot ng b mt vi nng sn lp
b mt v lp y khong 30cm.
> Khng hin tng ngng t hi nc cc b lm gia tng thy phn
nng sn c ch cn trng v nm mc pht sinh v pht trin.
b. Bin php dit tr cn trng
- Dit tr bng bin php c hc:
+ Dng sng tch su hi.
+ Phi sy xua ui v dit su hi bng nhit.
- Dit tr bng tho mc v cc cht hot ng b mt, khi c su hi trong nng sn
dng cc cht hot ng b mt hoc ch phm tho mc trn trong lp 30cm
vi nng t 0,5-^1% c th xua ui v dit cn trng trong thi gian 2^3 thng thng
xuyn co o.
Trang- 27 -
N CHUYN MN
+ Ch phm tho mc: Dit v xua ui cn trng nh nhng hp cht c nhiu

trong cc loi tho mc: amiloacid, alcaloid, retanoid,... cn trng n, tip xc v kch thch
thn kinh, cn trng ngn n chm di chuyn v cht.
+ Cht hot ng b mt: Cn trng tip xc vi cc cht ny lm mt nc cc
m biu b, m m ca cn trng v bt cc l chn lng, hn ch qu trnh h hp, mt nc
dn n cht.
- Dit tr bng cc loi thuc ha hc:
+ Dng Attinic, Sumition nng 2% phun dng sng u ln b mt nng sn vi
liu lng 10 lt cho 100m2. Sau khi phun co o mt ngy mt ln trong vng mt tun.
(Phun k c tng trn kho v xung quanh bn ngoi kho).
+ Xng hi bng phosphine (PH3). Nng 3g/tn i vi ng, sn kh, u lc, 9
g/tn i vi thc. Khi xng hi phi lm kn hon ton khng PH3 lt ra ngoi gy nguy
him cho ngi, gia sc v mi trng.
2.2.2.S. Bin php phng tr chut
a. Bin php phng
- Thng xuyn kim tra v sinh sch s xung quanh kho tng, cng rnh, hn ch
ngun thc n ca n.
- Khi thit k nh kho phi ch n cng tc phng tr ngay t u, cc ca s, l thng
hi, ng mng phi c li chn phng chut lm t, phi tch cc tm, ph hang .
- Thng xuyn kim tra , theo di, pht hin kp thi c bin php x l.
b. Bin php dit chut
- Dng by: by lng, by kp to, nh, by king, by cung tre.
- S dng ha cht:
+ Phosphua km (Zn2P3) cn gi l Foreba 1%, 5%, 20%. Khi chut n phi Zn2P3
di tc dng ca HC1 trong dch v d dy s xy ra phn ng sau:
Zn2P3 + 6HC1 = 3ZnCl2 + PH3
PH3 C tc dng dit chut. Dng Zn3P2 trn vi mi lm b c. C nhiu cch trn:
Trang- 28 -
Cch 1:
Cch 2:
* Dng go: 2kg

N* CHUYN
MN
u, du da:
4 tha canh
* C khoai, sn: 2kg

* u lc, du da: 4 tha canh
* Phosphua km :100g.
BaC03 + HC1 =
* Phosphua km :100g
BaCl2 + H2C03
Thng trn vi t l : 1 thuc : 20 mi. +

BaC03
BaCl2 l cht c dit chut, loi ny trn vi mi lm b chut theo t l 20^25% BaC03
trong mi s dng Zn3P2.
+ Naptylthioure: (CnH10N2S) ANTU
Loi ny c tc dng mnh vi chut cng. Liu ch t i vi chut cng l 6-Hmg/kg
chut. Loi ny t c i vi ngi.
V nhng thuc trn thuc c nn kh nh b chut phi ch phng c ht
sc cn thn. Trong thi gian t b chut phi y kn thc n, xc chut cht phi chn
su khng vt ba bi.
2.2.3. Nghin cu pht trin v ng dng cng ngh thit b hin i
Theo Cc Ch bin Nng - lm sn v Ngh mui, gim tn tht sau thu hoch
cn a t l c gii ha vo thu hoch v sn xut, nng cp h thng v kho tng, bo
qun la, ng, c ph.. . gim tn tht do nm, mc. ng dng thit b v cng ngh hin
i trong s ch, bo qun, phn loi, x l, bao gi rau - qu ti.
2.2.3.1. Mt s thit b lm kh
a. Lu sy i lu BS- 4-6
- Thng s k thut:
+ Din tch phi 150-^200 m2 +
Khi lng phi 4^6 tn/m
+ Nhit trong lu: Ma h: 50^-60C; ma ng: 35-^45C.
+ Tc gim m: 1,5-^1,8%/gi.
- c im v cng dng:
y l lu sy nng sn s dng nng lng mt tri, hot ng theo nguyn l i
lu t nhin. Lu sy c hiu ng nh knh nn nhit khng kh trong lu ln hn ngoi
tri v vy kh nng thot m t vt liu sy nhanh.
Trang- 29 -
N CHUYN MN
- u im:
+ Khi gp ma khng cn thu dn sn phm +
Gim tn tht sn lng v gi lp t r + Tit
kim din tch sn phi
- Cu to ca lu sy:
Gm c khung lu, mi c che ph trn bng tm nilong trong (mng PE). Sn
sy bng gch hoc trng xi mng, xung quanh c rnh thot nc, c hai ca hai pha u
hi thng gi, thot m d dng.
Mng PE
(Trong sut)
m\m\\m
Hnh 2.1. Lu sy
- Cch s dng:
IMIM1IIM
BS -4-6
Rnh thot nic
Ht nng sn c tri
Lu sy
u trn nn vi b dy 5-^TOcm. Sau khong lgi phi thi tin hnh co o vic thot
m c ng u. Trng hp gp ma ch cn dng nilong hoc ct p che hai ca hai
pha u hi.
b. Thit b sy nng sn SH1- 200
-Thng s k thut:
+ Nng sut sy: 200kg thc/m +
gim m: 0,2-K),4%/h
+ Thi gian sy: ty theo thi tit v m ca nguyn liu khi sy +
Cng sut ng c: 135w + L t: bp than t ong + Cht t: than t
ong
Trang- 30 -
N CHUYN MN
-Nguyn l lm vic:
My sy SH1-200 l mt loi my sy tnh, thng gi t nhin hoc cng bc, mi
m sy c 18(H200kg thc, 22(H250kg ng. My da trn nguyn l i lu. -u im:
+ Gn nh, n gin, lm kh nng sn ti ch.
+ Nhin liu s dng phong ph (ci, tru, than t ong,...)
+ Gi r, ph hp vi
mi i tng.
Cu to:
1. Qut v ng c
2. L t than t
ong
3. Chp ht nhit
4. ng ht kh nng
5. ng ni
6. Mng thot liu
7. Ca tho liu
8. Chp tn nhit
Hnh 2.1. Thit b sy nng sn SH1-200
9. Khung v lng li ngoi (bung t)
10. Lng li trong (bung cp nhit)
11. Khung y
12. Chn tr my
13. B phn trao i nhit
2.23.2.
Phng tin bo qun ci tin CCT- 02
CCT - 02 l thit b bo qun nng sn sau thu hoch chng cn trng, chng chut
c hnh tr ng bao gm 3 phn ring bit: phn np, phn khay ng, phn y c lm
bng tn chu lc.
Trang- 31 -
N CHUYN MN

Phn np
Phn cha
nng sn
Hnh 2.2.
Phn y thit b
Thit b CCT
-02
u im:
- Chc chn, kn, hn ch c
nh hng xu ca mi trng
bn ngoi.
- Chng chut, b, su mt.
- Nhp, xut nng sn d dng.
- Sc cha ln (3 t --1,5 tn)
- Tn t din tch s dng
- Gi thnh r, ph hp vi mi i tng.
2.2.3.3. Thit b gt p lin hp
a. c im: My gt p lin hp thu hoch nhanh gn, thi gian thu 8^-10
pht/so, tiu hao 0,6 lt du, sch >= 95%, t l hao ht <= 3%,c th thu hoch c
trn rung nh, nc v rung c ln bn su <= 25cm, nghing ca cy la <=25.
b. v kinh t: Mt chic my gt p lin hp loi 54LM, nng sut lao ng bng
40+50 ngi. Trc y thu mn nhn cng mt 140.000 /so gi y thu my gt p
lin hp ch ht 90.000--100.000/so. Thc sch v t l tht thot trong qu trnh thu
hoch thp <= 3%.
SVTH Nguyn Th Hong Linh - Lp 08C2
Trang- 32 -
N CHUYN MN
Hnh 2.3. My gt p lin hp

2.2.4. Gn bo qun, ch bin nng sn vi sn xut nng nghip
2.2.4.1. Cc bin php k thut trong bo qun
a.
Bo qun trong kho thng: kho kin c, bn kin c, kho n gin, kho ngoi ng,
hm t,... Kho thng c xy dng bng cc vt liu: gch, ngi hay bng cc vt liu
khc. Nh kho c kh nng che ma, nng, chng chut ph hi.Loi kho ny c th xy
dng di cc hnh thc:
- Loi ni trn mt t: nh kho, va, ln...
+ u im: n gin, r, trin khai nhanh chng.
+ Nhc im: kh theo di cht lng, kh kim sot c sinh vt hi kho, ph
thuc vo kh hu, thi tit bn ngoi.
- Loi di mt t (hm, h...) hoc na ni, na chm... c s dng nhiu cc nc
vng nhit i nh Nam Chu M, chu Phi, n . M cc kho ngm thng xy bng
btng c lp cch nhit, cch m.
+ u im: kho kn, nhit trong kho quanh nm tng i n nh.
+ Nhc im: th tch kho nh, i hi k thut xy dng cao mi khc phc c
p sut mch nc ngm.
b.
Bo qun ong kho c iu tit vi kh hu: kho lnh, kho mt, kho c mi trng kh
iu chnh (CA)
- Kho mt, lnh, lnh su: y l kho c cht lng cao, c th bo qun nhiu loi
nng sn vi thi hn cn thit.
- Kho mt: nhit trong kho thng 0c^-5c, nhit thng khng vt
Trang- 33 -
N CHUYN MN
qu 10c. Kho mt thng bo qun rau, qu, hoa, sa, cc sn phm ca sa, thc phm s
ch bin. Thi gian bo qun sn phm thng khng qu 30 ngy.
- Kho lnh: nhit trung bnh -5c -- -10c, thng khng lnh qu -18c.
- Kho lnh thng: bo qun tht, c, rau, qu lnh ng...thi gian bo qun
trong kho lnh c th ko di 3-^6 thng.
- Kho lnh su: bo qun cc loi sn phm, cc loi ging cn lu gi di ngy,
nhit trong kho t -18c ---700c, thi gian bo qun trn 1 nm.
- Bo qun trong kh quyn iu chnh (Controlled atmosphere - CA): l phng
php m thnh phn vi kh hu c duy tr khng i trong sut qu trnh bo qun. iu
kin CA c ch s sn sinh etylen v lm chm tc chn ca chui.
V d:
+ iu kin 6-^8% C02, 2% 02 v t=15-^16c c th bo qun chui trong 3
tun.
+ Theo "Cng ngh sau thu hoch v rau qu" ca n th vi lng (02 v C02)
bng nhau l 5% 12c c th ko di thi gian tn tr chui ln ti 20 ngy.
Ni chung, tc h hp ca qu gim do s tng hm lng C02 v gim hm
lng 02 kh quyn xung quanh qu. Khi h hp gim th cc qu trnh lin quan n s
chi cng b gim theo.
Phng php bo qun bng kh quyn iu chnh ko di c thi gian tn tr v
duy cht lng chui tt sau khi chn. Tuy nhin, do gi thnh cao v vn hnh phc tp
nn phng php ny kh p dng trong thc t sn xut.
- Bo qun trong kh quyn ci bin (Modihed atmosphere - MA): l phng php
m thnh phn vi kh hu c s thay i thch hp trong qu trnh bo qun. Bao gi qu
trong kh quyn bin i trong ti polyetylen thng c s dng trong vn chuyn gia
cc quc gia. thc hin phng php ny, rau qu c bao gi trong ti mng mng PE
c tnh thm thu chn lc. Trong qu trnh bo qun, rau qu vn xy ra qu trnh h hp
lm cho hm lng 02 gim v C02 tng nn s c ch c qu trnh h hp, qu trnh sinh
tng hp etylen v cc qu trnh sinh ho khc nn s ko di thi hn bo qun. V d:
chui ging "Williams" c bo qun trong ti polyetylen kn nhit thng c 6
ngy, khi c KMn4 ko di thm c 14 ngy.
Nh vy, bo qun trong kh quyn ci bin cng vi cht hp th etylen s c 20
ngy. y l phng php n gin c th p dng c trong thc t nht l trong iu
Trang- 34 -
N CHUYN MN
kin Vit Nam hin nay.

c. Bo qun nng sn bng cht bo qun
- Tc dng ca cht bo qun nng sn:
+ Phng chng s sinh trng v pht trin ca vi sinh vt.
+ Hn ch cc hot ng sinh l, sinh ho ca nng sn thc phm gy tn tht s
lng v cht lng nng sn thc phm nh: s h hp, s ny mm, s chn sau thu
hoch...
- Cht bo qun nng sn c th l cc hp cht v c, hu c, c ngun gc sinh
hc, t nhin.
- Cht bo qun c th l cht c c cao i vi ngi v mi trng sinh thi,
li hu qu lu di, rt kh phn hu nh (Dichlozo diphenul trichloroethne- DDT), DDT
b cm s dng Vit Nam v nhiu nc khc. Nhiu cht bo qun c c thp,
nhanh chng phn hu hin ang c s dng nhiu trong sn xut nng nghip cng nhu
trong bo qun ch bin lng thc, thc phm.
- Cht ha hc Carbendazim (Methyl benzimdazol - 2carbamate) l cht bo qun
t c i vi ngi, khng c vi chim, ong l thuc tr bnh, dit nm thng dng trong
ch bin rau qu. Sn phm sinh hc BT c sn xut t vi khun Bacillus thurigensis c
tc dng tr su bnh cnh vy, cnh cng. Sn phm inturina, sisin, zymocin...l cc
protein c tnh khng sinh, vi sinh vt to ra c dng trong bo qun nc qu, sa,...y
l nhng cht bo qun sinh hc mc d hot lc khng cao nhng tnh an ton cao ang
c cc nh cng ngh nghin cu p dng rng.
- Thuc chng vi sinh vt hi:
+ Thuc tr su trong kho, ngoi ng rung.
> Nhm Pyrethroit (mt loi cht chit t hoa cc): Permethrin, Deltamethrin,
Cypermethrin...Loi ny c tc dng tt trong kho ng cc, t c hi i vi ngi v gia
sc.
> Nhm: Cacbamat (bassa, padan, sevin) ch yu dng ngoi ng.
+ Thuc tr nm, vi khun gy bnh: Carbendazim, Topsin M, TBZ (thiabendazol),
Benomyl.
+ Thuc tr chut bao gm c loi c tc dng cp tnh nh km phosphua, hoc c
tc dng chm nh hydoxy conmarin, thuc xng hi, thuc c ngun gc
sinh hc.
Trang- 35 -
N CHUYN MN
+ Thuc chng ny mm khoai ty:

> M - 1 (este metylic ca - napylaxetic axit). e chng ny mm khoai ty ngi ta trn
M - 1 vi t st theo t l 3,5% v dng 3 kg bt t st 3,5 % M - 1 cho vo 1 tn khoai
ty.
> MH - 40 (malic hydraxit) chng ny mm khoai ty, hnh, c rt, rau, c khc. Dng
trc thu hoch 2-K3 tun (1 lt dung dch/ha).
- Thuc hp th etylen
hp th etylen, thng dng sn phm Retarder ca Ty Ban Nha sn xut hoc t
ch to t bt than hot tnh vi thuc tm v mt s ph gia khc,
d. Bo qun bng tc nhn vt l
- Bo qun bng tc nhn vt l l s dng cc tc nhn nhit cao, lnh, tia
gamma, tia cc tm, sng siu m... tiu dit hay c ch s hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt
gy hi v cc hot ng sinh l, sinh ho xy ra trong nng sn thc phm. S dng nhit
cao tiu dit ton b hot ng ca vi sinh vt cng nh nng sn thc phm l bin
php c in s dng trong cng ngh ng hp, l, ti, cc loi lng thc, thc phm.
- Bo qun bng sng siu m
Sng siu m cng c tc dng dit khun tt v: di tc dng ca siu m, lp v t bo
b rn nt dn n cht, cc t bo hp thu nng lng t sng tr nn hot ng khng
bnh thng ph v cu trc t bo v b ng t...vi nhng tc ng trn, a s vi sinh
vt sinh dng b tiu dit. Tuy vy i vi nha bo, bo t, hiu qu ca ca siu m km
hn. Hin nay siu m c dng thanh trng sa ti, nc qu. Sau khi x l mi v
v hm lng vitamin ca sa v nc qu t b bin i.
- Bo qun bng tia gamma
+ T nhng nm 50, ngi ta nghin cu s dng tia gamma bo qun nng
sn. Khi chiu x a s vi sinh vt b tiu dit, trong kho cht lng ca nng sn hu
nh khng bin i.
+ Hin nay trn th gii c mt s thit b phng x chng cn trng trong
kho nh: thit b ca M cng sut ngun 26.000 Cu nng sut 2,27 tn/h, Lin Hip Quc
u t xy dng mt c s Th Nh K, cng sut ngun 360.000 Cu, nng sut 6-^50
tn/h. Lin Bang Nga c thit b to dng in t cao tc liu phng x
Trang- 36 -
N CHUYN MN
2(H40 Kra, nng sut 100 tn/h, Anh c thit b di ng cng sut ngun 2.400 Cu nng
sut 1-^2 tn/h.
+ Cng ngh chiu x c th p dng cho tng thng hng ln, tng Container, rt
thun li trong giao dch thomg mi (xem bng). Vit Nam c 2 trung tm chiu x
H Ni v T.p H Ch Minh hot ng phc v cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau trong c
cng tc bo qun, kim dch nng sn thc phm.
Bng 2.9. Tnh hnh s dng chiu tia gamma trong bo qun nng sn thc phm
Loi nng sn thc phm Hiu qu s dng
Nc s dng
Hnh, khoai ty, c rt
Chng ny mm
Du ty, nm n
Bo qun di ngy
H Lan, B, M
Php, Nam Phi, H Lan,
Hungari
Gia v, cy thuc
Tit trng
Tht cht lng cao
Thanh trng
Qu nhit i
Lan
Anh, H Lan
Thanh trng, kim dch thc M,

vt
C, g tht ln
B, Hungary, Vit Nam, Thi
Canada,
Thi
Lan,
Singapore
Kim sot Salmonella v Nga, c, Ba Lan, H Lan,

bo qun di ngy
B, M, Hungary
e. Ci to ging c kh nng phng chng su bnh tt Trong chin lc pht trin nng
nghip v nng thn n nm 2020, mt nhim v quan trng l ng dng cng ngh
chuyn i gen, cng ngh ti t hp AND to nhng ging mi c c tnh theo mun,
kh nng chu hn, chu lnh tt khng c nhiu loi bnh v cn trng. Nng sn sau thu
hoch c kh nng bo qun tt, tn tht sau thu hoch thp. y l hng i ng. Gn y
nghin cu cho thy nhng ging ng c gen Rif th kh nng chng s ph hi ca mt ng
(Stophus zeamays) tt hn hn nhng ging ng khng c gen ny. Chc chn trong
nhng nm gn y gen ny s c chuyn vo nhiu ging ng khc c nng sut cao v
a vo sn xut rng.
2.2.4.2. Ch bin bo qun
- ng hp, ln men, xng khi, sy kh, lnh ng...
2.2.5. Tng cng s quan tm ca Nh nc
Chnh ph va a ra 13 nhm gii php gm nhiu h tr, u i nhm hn ch ti
a tn tht sau thu hoch nng sn, nng cao hiu qu sn xut, n nh i sng, thu nhp
Trang-37 -
N CHUYN MN
ca nng dn.
Trc thc trng trn, ngy 23/9/2009, Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh quyt
48/NQ-CP v c ch, chnh sch gim tn tht sau thu hoch i vi nng sn, Trc mt,
cc c ch, chnh sch ny p dng i vi lng thc (la, ng), c ph, rau qu.
Cc gii php ny hng ti cc mc tiu c th l gim mc tn tht sau thu hoch
i vi la go t 11-^13% hin nay xung 5^6% vo nm 2020, vi ng t 13-^15% xung
8-H?%, rau qu v thy sn t 20% xung di 10% cng nh ci thin gi bn c ph nhn
khong 10%.
t c mc tiu trn, i vi lng thc (la, ng), Chnh ph ch o tp
trung vo cc khu c mc tn tht ln, tng nhanh t l c gii ha, kt hp vi vic ng
dng cc k thut bo qun tin tin nh thu hoch la bng my t 50% vo nm 2020,
xy dng mi v nng cp h thng kho cha thc go vi tng tch lng 4 triu tn c
cng ngh tin tin...
i vi c ph, rau qu v mt s nng sn khc (c ph, ch, h tiu, ht iu), Nh
nc h tr ngi dn, doanh nghip u t sn phi ng k thut, my sy tin tin...
Bn cnh , dnh nhiu u i cho t chc, c nhn mua sm my mc, thit b gim tn
tht sau thu hoch nhu thit b xay xt go c t l thu hi go nguyn cao (n 70%), my
mc, thit b ch bin t c ph...
Nh nc thc hin min cc loi thu, l ph i vi cc dch v trc tip phc v
sn xut nng nghip, gim tn tht sau thu hoch...
Cc my mc, thit b sn xut nng nghip trong nc cha ch to c hoc cha
p ng nhu cu c hng thu sut nhp khu 0%.
T chc, c nhn thc hin nhng d n ng dng khoa hc cng ngh v gim tn
tht sau thu hoch c h tr 50% chi ph chuyn giao cng ngh t Qu i mi cng
ngh quc gia.
Ngn sch nh nc h tr 100% kinh ph cho t chc, c nhn mua bng sng ch
cc loi my mc, thit b c kh nng ng dng rng ri trong nc nhm gim
Trang- 38 -
N CHUYN MN
tn tht sau thu hoch c B Nng nghip pht trin nng thn hoc B Khoa hc
v Cng ngh ph duyt.
Kinh ph khuyn nng hng nm cho lnh vc gim tn tht sau thu hoch s c
tng ln.
Chnh ph ch o, B Ti chnh phi hp vi Ngn hng Nh nc ch tr, phi hp
vi cc B, ngnh lin quan nghin cu trnh Th tng ban hnh trong qu IV/2009 chnh
sch u i tn dng theo tinh thn Ngh quyt ny.
2.2.6. o to chuyn mn v giai on sau thu hoch cho ngi sn xut v ngi
qun l
- Nng nghip nc ta mang tnh t cung, t cp, nng sn to ra ch yu cung cp
cho gia nh v a phng.
- Nng dn cn thiu kinh nghim trong giai on sau thu hoch.
- Cn b qun l Nh nc cc a phng rt thiu thng tin, kin thc sau thu
hoch.
=> Cn phi thnh lp Hi khuyn nng, m lp tp hun cho nng dn, cho mi
ngi c th chia s kinh nghim, nng cao kin thc. Cn b qun l nn i thc t nhiu
hn, i kho st nhiu vng hc hi kinh nghim qun l.
2.2.7. Mt s bin php k thut bo qun rau qu ti
- Rau qu l mt loi nng sn tng i kh bo qun v lng nc trong rau qu
cao (95%) l iu kin tt cho vi khun hot ng. Mt khc thnh phn dinh dng rau qu
phong ph c cha nhiu loi ng, m, mui khong, sinh t... kt cu t chc t bo
ca a s loi rau qu lng lo, mm xp, d b xy xt, st m, bp, nn vi sinh vt d xm
nhp.Trong rau qu cn cha nhiu men, sau khi thu hoch trong qu trinh bo qun n vn
tip tc tin hnh hng lot cc qu trnh sinh l, sinh ho, thu phn trong ni b lm tin
cho vi khun pht trin.
2.2.7.1. Bin php k thut bo qun rau qu ti
hn ch s h hng trong qu trinh bo qun , chng ta phi m bo nhng yu cu k
thut sau y:
- Khi thu hoch rau qu cn thu hi ng thi v, ng chn, trnh thu hoch qu
non, trnh nhng ngy ma, phi loi b rau qu b su bnh v dp nt.
- Khi vn chuyn cn trnh nm vt, phi nh nhng trnh dp nt hn ch s
xm nhp ca vi sinh vt vo rau qu.
Trang- 39 -
N CHUYN MN
- Khng nn cht ng rau qu ngoi tri nng, nng rau qu s h hp mnh v

dn n h hng.
- Rau qu cn c xp vo kho mt hoc kho lnh. C th gi c vi thng (i
vi qu).
- C th s dng phomg php ha hc, phng php sunit ha bo qun. Nu
s dng lu di c th ng cc loi qu vo thng g c lt giy chng m, giy trng
parain hoc c th cho vo ti polyetylen.
- Ngoi ra cn th dng bin php s ch nh sy kh, mui chua gi rau qu
c lu di dng cc thnh phm khc.
- K thut sunit ha bo qun sn phm s ch rau qu
+ Sunt ha l phng php bo qun rau qu bng S02 hoc H2SO3.
+ S02 v H2S03 l mt cht kh mnh, c tc dng dit trng mnh, dit cc loi vi
sinh vt, n c th lm gim hm lng 02 trong cc t chc t bo ca rau qu.
+ H2S03 tan vo cc phc cht protein - lipoit ca t bo vi sinh vt lm cht t bo,
cn tr s h hp ca vi sinh vt, v tham gia vo vic kt hp vi cc sn phm trung gian
cn tr ti qu trnh trao i ca vi sinh vt. V th cho nn km hm s pht trin ca vi sinh
vt hiu kh v km hm hot ng ca ca men oxi ha kh. V d nng S02 = 0,01%
vi khun E.coli khng pht trin c.
+ Tc dng ca bo qun ca S02 v H2S04 nhit bnh thng l nng
0,05-H),2% khi lng sn phm c tc dng tt.
+ Hiu qu ca S02 v H2S03 ph thuc vo nng ca chng cao hay thp, nhit
khi x l, pH ca mi trng.
2.2.7.2. Bo qun v ch bin rau, tri cy, c
v nguyn tc chung c ba cch bo qun v ch bin: a,
Sy kh:
- Mc ch:
+ Tng thi gian bo qun.
+ D dng vn chuyn.
+ Chun b cho cc cng on ch bin tip theo.
- Phng php sy:
+ Phng php c hc: Dng cch nn, p hay ly tm tch m ra khi nguyn
liu, cch ny ch tch c nc do
Trang- 40 -
N CHUYN MN
+ Phng php ha hc: Dng mt s cht ha hc ht m (silicagen, zeolit, nhm

oxit hot tnh,...) chng hin tng ht m ca nguyn liu.
+ Phong php vt l: Ch yu dng nhit nh sy (sn phm kh sng: rong bin,
sn phm kh mn: rau, c mui chua...), phi (sn lt, khoai,rau ci,c...) tch m, l
cch lm kh trit nht, c p dng rng ri.
b, p:
- Mc ch:
+ Bo qun nguyn liu lu di.
+ Lm thay i, ci thin mi v ca nguyn liu, tng gi tr sn phm.
+ Thng dng tc nhn: dm, mui, ng.
- Trc khi cho nguyn liu p thnh cc sn phm chua, mn, ngt,bao gi cng p
mui trc (ty thuc vo khu v v loi tri cy, rau, c).
+ p mui: ch yu thc hin qu trnh rt bt nc c trong nguyn liu ra,
da vo nguyn tc: ni no c nng mui cao chng s i vo ni c nng thp v
nc s c rt ra, mui c th tiu dit vi sinh vt gy thi lm sn phm tt hn, khng
nh hng n sc khe ngi tiu dng.
+ p ng: lm tng s pht trin ca vi sinh vt a ngt, ng thi lm du v
mm cht ca mui, lm thnh phm ngon hn.
+ Dng dm tng v chua nhanh hn, gim bt nng ca cc loi rau c c
nhiu mi m c nh: hnh, kiu, ti.
c, Lm lnh ng:
- Mc ch:
+ Tng cng thi gian bo qun
+ Phc v cho vic iu ha, d tr y d cho nhn dn v phc v cho sn xut
hp trong cc nh my.
- C ch: Di tc dng ca nhit thp, vi sinh vt b cht hoc ngng hot ng
v protein ca chng b bin i, ph hng h keo protein. Khi lm lnh ng rau, tri cy
nn h nhit xung di -18c lng nc khng cho vi sinh vt pht trin (v khi
h xung -8c th nc trong rau, tri cy mi ng bng 72%, - 15c, nc ng bng
79% vi sinh vt khng cn mi trng hot ng). Cng do nc ng bng, nng dch
t bo tng ln, pH s gim lm cho vi sinh vt khng pht trin c.
2.3.
nh gi s tht thot sau thu hoch trn la, nguyn nhn, v bin php khc
Trang- 41 -
N CHUYN MN
phc ng bng Sng Cu Long nm 2006 [10]

2.3.1. nh gi s tht thot sau thu hoch v nguyn nhn
2.3.1.1. Tht thot do ct v gom la
Vic ct v gom la thng thc hin hon ton bng th cng.
- Nguyn nhn: do ging, thu hoch tr, la ng thi im thu hoch, thi tit
xu, b v vn chuyn.
- V h thu: 3,32 %; v thu ng: 3,24%; v ng xun: 2,26%.
2.3.1.2. Tht thot do khu sut ra ht
- Nguyn nhn: do la dnh vi rm, sut la vo thi tit xu.
- V h thu: 2,32%; v thu ng: 2,67%; v ng xun: 1,71%.
2.3.1.3. Tht thot do khu phi la
T l tht thot ny ty thuc vo phng tin phi (phi nng hoc sy la)
- Nguyn nhn: thi tit xu, ht ri vi, ma lin tc la mc mm.
2.3.1.4. Tht thot do khu tn tr (thng s dng b hay bao tn tr)
- Nguyn nhn: do cn trng, chim chut, hay tn tht do nm mc trong qu trnh
tn tr.
2.3.1.5. Tht thot do khu vn chuyn
- Tht thot ny c tnh thng qua c lng s hao ht trong qu trnh vn
chuyn t ng v nh, vn chuyn la em phi, tn tr hay em bn.
2.3.1.6. Tht thot do khu xay ch
- Tht thot do khu xay ch c c lng thng qua t l go thu hi c, t l
xay ch. Ph thuc vo: cht lng la em xay ch, my ch.
2.3.2. Cc gii php khc phc
2.3.2.1. Phng php chi ph thp
- Ct la: Thu hoch khi rung la chn khong 80^85%.
- Sut: Sut la ng k thut, ct la ng cch. Cho la n va phi, khng r
qu di. Tri bt xung quanh la ly la ri vi.
- Phi sy: Phi la trong lu nilong
Trang- 42 -
N CHUYN MN
- Tn tr: trong bao cht ng ni thong mt.

2.3.2.2. Phng php chi ph cao
- Ct la: s dng my ct xp dy, khng s dng my ct la ng.
- Sy la: S dng my sy v ngang (4-K) tn/v), my sy v nghing hoc thng
gi ng ht.
- Tn tr: dng kho cha . Kho cha thng thong bng qut.
Tm li: Vic p dng cng ngh sau thu hoch l mt bin php rt quan trng, nhm hn
ch n mc thp nht tnh trng la ri vi ngoi ng, cng nh tht thot trong vn
chuyn, tn tr. Mang li li ch thit thc cho ngi dn. Tng bc ci thin i sng vt
cht, nng cao i sng tinh thn cho nhn dn.
Trang- 43 -
N CHUYN MN
PHN III. KT LUN

Trong nhng nm gn y, tnh hnh ng dng cng ngh sau thu hoch c ci
thin ng k. Nhiu loi rau qu c th trng tiu th rng khp, khng nhng trong nc
m cn xut khu ra nhiu nc trn th gii. Cng ngh sau thu hoch cng pht trin th
u ra ca nng sn cng c m rng, giai on sau thu hoch l cu ni gia sn xut
nng nghip vi ngi tiu dng. cc nc ang pht trin c trnh cng ngh thp th
tc ng ny cng r nt. Do vy vic ng dng cng ngh sau thu hoch nng cao cht
lng nng sn nhm m rng th trng tiu th l mt trong nhng gii php cn c
quan tm. Tuy nhin, ta cn phi xc nhn mt iu l cht lng ca nng sn c quyt
nh chnh bi khu trc thu hoch, tc l khu ging v chm sc. Cng ngh sau thu
hoch khng th nng cao cht lng nng sn, m ch c th hn ch vic gim cht lng
khi nng sn tham gia lu thng n th trng v n tay ngi tiu dng. Cht lng ca
nng sn thc phm c c trng bi nhiu ch tiu: ch tiu dinh dng, ch tiu cm
quan, ch tiu v sinh an ton thc phm... Vi vic a cc tin b khoa hc k thut vo
sn xut, cc nh chn ging quan tm to ra cc ging mi c nng sut, cht lng cao
(giu dinh dng, nhiu vi lng...) p ng nhu cu ngy cng cao ca ngi tiu dng.
Chng hn nh cc nh khoa hc Nht Bn to c ging la c hm lng st cao
phng bnh thiu mu do thiu st ca gn 30% tr em v b m cho con b. Cc nh khoa
hc n to ging khoai ty c hm lng m cao vi hy vng gp phn khc phc tnh
trng thiu m ca mt s lng ln ngi lao ng n . Bn cnh nhng nh chn
ging cn to ra ging chng chu tt hom i vi thin tai, su bnh gim tn tht sau
thu hoch.
TI LIU THAM KHO
1rw~i y 1^
f 7!^,
1. Ti liu Ting Vit

[1] . PGS. Trn Minh Tm (2008), Bo qun v ch hin nng sn sau thu hoch, Nh
xut bn Nng nghip, H Ni.
[2] . Mai Le (Ch bin), (2009), Cng ngh bo qun lng thc, Nh xut bn Khoa hc
v K thut, H Ni.
[3] . Hunh Th Dung (2007), Bo qun, ch bin Rau, tri cy v hoa mu, Nh xut bn
H Ni.
2. Ti liu Internet
[4] .http ://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/bai-giang-cong-nghe-sau-thu-hoach-chuong5.326426
Trang- 44 -
N CHUYN MN
.html, 04/10/2010.
[5] .http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/bai-giang-cong-nghe-sau-thu-hoach-chuongl.326420.ht
ml, 15/10/2010.
[6] .
http://ebo.vn/Data/Books/963/www.ebo.vn_5_Ky_thuat_bao_quan_nong_san_sau_thu_h
oach ,pdf, 15/10/2010.
[7] .http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/nghi-quyet-48-nq-cp. 139413.html, 15/10/2010.
[8] .http://www.baomoi.com/Info/Giam-ton-that-sau-thu-hoach/45/3875299.epi,
15/10/2010
[9] .http ://www.agro .gov.vn/news/newsdetail.aspx?targetid= 15253, 15/10/2010.
[ 10] .http://kc07. vpct.gov. vn/Default.aspx?tabid=65 &News=70&CategoryID= 13,
16/10/2010.
[11] .http://www.vusta.vn/Temps/Home/template2/default.asp?nid=3436, 16/10/2010.
[12] .
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:GMqWlXOazBoJ:stafF.agu.e du.
vn/vtanh/nhapmonptnt/DH5PN/2nd/DPN042326_20071030.doc+t%E 1 %BB%95n
+th%El %BA%A5t+l%C3%BAa+sau+thu+ho%E 1 %BA%A1 ch+n%C4%83m+2006&
cd=5 &hl=vi&ct=clnk&gl=vn, 16/10/2010.
[13].http://www.baobacgiang.com.vn/l l/62990.bgo, 22/11/2010.
[ 14].http://www.kinhtenongthon.com.vn/Story/VandeSukien/2009/8/19815.html,
22/11/2010
[15].http://www.kinhtenongthon.com.vn/Story/VandeSukien/2009/8/19684.html,
22/11/2010
Trang- 45 -
N CHUYN MN
MC LC
LI M U ................................................................................................................. 1
. L do chn ti ........................................................................................................... 1
2. ngha khoa hc v ngha thc tin: ........................................................................ 1
PHN I. TNG QUAN TI LIU .............................................................................. 2
1.1. Mt s khi nim chnh ........................................................................................ 2
1.1.1. Giai on trc thu hoch ................................................................................. 2
1.1.2. ...................................................................................................................
Giai on cn thu hoch................................................................................................. 2
1.1.3. ...................................................................................................................
Giai on sau thu hoch ................................................................................................. 2
1.2. Tn tht sau thu hoch ........................................................................................ 2
1.2.1. nh ngha tn tht ............................................................................................ 2
1.2.2. Cc dng tn tht sau thu hoch ....................................................................... 3
1.2.2.1. Tn tht s lng .............................................................................................. 3
1.2.2.2. Tn tht v cht lng nng sn ....................................................................... 3
1.2.2.3. Tn tht v kinh t ............................................................................................. 4
1.2.2.4. Tn tht x hi .................................................................................................. 4
1.3. Nguyn nhn gy tn tht sau thu hoch.............................................................. 4
1.3.1. Cc qu trnh sinh l .......................................................................................... 4
1.3.1.1. S h hp ca nng sn ..................................................................................... 4
1.3.1.2. S chn sau thu hoch ........................................................................................ 6
1.3.1.3. Snymm .......................................................................................................... 7
1.3.1.4. S mt nc ....................................................................................................... 8
1.3.1.5. Hin tng ng kt khi bo qun lnh:............................................................ 8
1.3.2. Nguyn nhn bn ngoi ..................................................................................... 9
1.3.2.1. m tng i ca khng kh. ....................................................................... 9
1.3.2.2..................................................................................................................
Nhit khng kh ........................................................................................................... 10
1.3.2.3.................................................................................................................. S
thng thong .................................................................................................................... 11
1.3.2.4..................................................................................................................
Sinh vt hi....................................................................................................................... 11
1.3.2.5. Tc ng ca con ngi .................................................................................... 16
1.4. nh hng ca tn tht nng sn sau thu hoch n sn xut nng nghip v
Trang- 46 -
N CHUYN MN
kinh t x hi ca quc gia ........................................................................................... 17

1.4.1. nh hng n kinh t h nng dn .................................................................... 17
1.4.2. nh hng n ngnh cng nghip ch bin thc phm .................................... 18
1.4.3. nh hng n kinh t- x hi ............................................................................ 18
PHN II. KT QU NGHIN cu.............................................................................. 19
2.1. Tnh hnh tn tht nng sn sau thu hoch Vit Nam v trn Th gii .... 19
2.1.1. Tnh hnh tn tht nng sn sau thu hoch trn Th gii ............................ 19
2.1.2. Tnh hnh tn tht sau thu hoch Vit Nam ................................................... 21
2.2.
Bin php khc phc tn tht sau thu hoch ................................................. 25
2.2.1. S ch, nng cao cht lng nng sn ............................................................... 25

2.2.1.1. Phn loi trc khi tut t ............................................................................... 25
2.2.1.2. Lm kh ............................................................................................................ 25
2.2.1.3. Lm sch v phn loi cht lng ................................................................... 26
2.2.2. Khc phc tc hi ca sinh vt hi...................................................................... 26
2.2.2.1. Phng s nhim c bi nm........................................................................... 26
2.2.2.2................................................................................................................
Bin php phng tr cn trng ....................................................................................... 27
2.2.2.3................................................................................................................
Bin php phng tr chut.............................................................................................. 28
2.2.3.
Nghin cu pht trin v ng dng cng ngh thit b hin i .................. 29
2.2.3.1. Mt s thit b lm kh..................................................................................... 29

2.2.3.2. p hng tin bo qun ci tin CCT 02 ....................................................... 31
2.2.3.3. Thit b gt p lin hp .................................................................................. 32
2.2.4. Gn bo qun, ch bin nng sn vi sn xut nng nghip ........................... 33
2.2.4.1. Cc bin php k thut trong bo qun ........................................................... 33
2.2.4.2................................................................................................................
Ch bin bo qun...................................................................................................... 37
2.2.5. Tng cng s quan tm ca Nh nc ............................................................ 38
2.2.6. o to chuyn mn v giai on sau thu hoch cho ngi sn xut v ngi
qun l ................................................................................................................................. 39
2.2.7. .................................................................................................................
Mt s bin php k thut bo qun rau qu ti.......................................................... 39
2.2.7.1. Bin php k thut bo qun rau qu ti ...................................................... 39
2.2.7.2. Bo qun v ch bin rau, tri cy, c ............................................................ 40
2.3.
nh gi s tht thot sau thu hoch trn la, nguyn nhn, v bin php
khc phc ng bng Sng Cu Long nm 2006 .................................................. 42

Trang- 47 -
N CHUYN MN
2.3.1. nh gi s tht thot sau thu hoch v nguyn nhn .................................... 42

2.3.1.1. Tht thot do ct v gom la ........................................................................... 42
2.3.1.2. Tht thot do khu sut ra ht ......................................................................... 42
2.3.1.3. Tht thot do khu phi la ............................................................................. 42
2.3.1.4. Tht thot do khu tn tr (thng s dng b hay bao tn tr) ............... 42
2.3.1.5. Tht thot do khu vn chuyn ........................................................................ 42
23.1.6.
23.2.
Tht thot do khu xay ch .............................................................................. 42

Cc gii php khc phc ....................................................................................... 42
23.2.1. ...............................................................................................................
Phng php chi ph thp ............................................................................................... 42
23.2.2. ...............................................................................................................
Phng php chi ph cao ................................................................................................ 43
PHN III. KT LUN......................................................................................................... 44
TI LIU THAM KHO .................................................................................................. 45
Trang- 48 -

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N CHUYN MN

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thy Linh

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thy Linh

hoch v sau thu hoch.

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thy Linh

1.2.2.2. Tn tht v cht lng nng sn

Hnh 1.1. Cc dng h hng thng gp trong bo qun

75-^85% l do mt nc, cn 15-^23% l tn tht cht kh do qu trnh h hp. S gim

SVTH: Nguyn Th Hong Linh - Lp 08C2

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thy Linh

khi lng do tn tht cht kh v bay hi nc c gi l s gim khi lng t nhin.

SVTI1: Nguyn Th Hong Linh - Lp 08C2

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thy Linh

Qu trnh h hp ca nng sn ph thuc ch yu vo nhiu yu t nh: nhit ,

cng h hp gim, khi nhit tng 5 0-^5 5c cc enzim trong nng sn b c ch

SVTI1: Nguyn Th Hong Linh - Lp 08C2

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thy Linh

Lng C02 sinh ra

Bng 1.2. Cng h hp ca ng ht vi cc thy phn ht khc nhau

Bng 1.3. Cng h hp ca ng vi thy phn ht v nhit mi

Thy phn ht 10% Thy phn ht 12% Thy phn ht 15%

1.3.1.2. S chn sau thu hoch

SVTII: Nguyn Th Hong Linh - Lp 08C2

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thy Linh

trnh chi sc t b bin i nhiu, chlorophyl mt mu xanh, ch cn mu hng ca

Hao ht cht kh (%)

Bngl.5. Ht hng dng v ht ng

SVTI1: Nguyn Th Hong Linh - Lp 08C2

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thy Linh

=> Ht, rau, qu cng chn tc thot hi nc cng chm

SVTII: Nguyn Th Hong Linh - Lp 08C2

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thy Linh

1.3.2. Nguyn nhn bn ngoi

Trong : RH: m tng i ca khng kh, %.

SVTI1: Nguyn Th Hong Linh - Lp 08C2

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thy Linh

Bng 1.7. m RH ti u cho vi sinh vt pht trin

1.3.2.2. Nhit khng kh

SVTII: Nguyn Th Hong Linh - Lp 08C2

1.3.2.3. S thng thong

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thy Linh

Su bnh l mt nguy c gy bnh lm tn tht thu hoch ma mng rt ln. Theo

Hnh 1.2. Nm mc (Fungi) v tc hi ca n

SVTH: Nguyn Th Hong Linh - Lp 08C2

Trng, tht gia cm

St, tiu chy, au bng, nn, c

Trong hp tht c C kh, Ng c cp tnh nng, nh

rau kh, tht ch bin

hng n thn kinh, mt m,

Tht, c, rau, sa ti, thc

Vim ng tiu ha, ng tit

phm ch bin khng tt

niu, ng h hp. c bit l

Nm mc A. lavus. u, lc, vng, ng, sn kh, Gy ri lon chc nng gan, dn

cao lng, ht hng dng. n ung th.

INSECTS & SPIOERS

Hnh 1.3. Mt s cn trng hi nng sn

SVTH: Nguyn Th Hong Linh - Lp 08C2

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thy Linh

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thy Linh

c bit l vi khun v nm mc sinh ra c t. V d: gin c th gy truyn nhim dch

SVTI1: Nguyn Th Hong Linh - Lp 08C2

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thy Linh

ph hoi cao, ngoi