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I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
A. Political Law branch of public law which deals with the organization and operations of the
governmental organs of the State and defines the relations of the State with the inhabitants
of its territory.

B. Scope/Division
1. Constitutional Law study of the maintenance of the proper balance between authority as
represented by the 3 inherent powers of the State and liberty as guaranteed by the Bill of
Rights
2. Administrative Law Fixes the organization of the government; Determines the competence
of the administrative authorities who execute the law; and Indicates to the individuals
remedies for the violation of his right.
3. Law on Municipal Corporations
4. Law of Public Officers
5. Election Law

C. Basis of the Study
1. 1935 and 1973 Constitution
2. 1986 Constitution
3. Other organic laws made to apply in the Philippines
4. Statutes, EOs and decrees, judicial decisions
5. US Constitution

II. THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
A. Nature of the Constitution
1. Definition
a. The body of rules and maxims in accordance with which the powers of sovereignty are
habitually exercised.
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b. That written instrument enacted by the direct action of the people,by which the fundamental
powers of the government are established, limited and defined; and by which those powers are
distributed among several departments for their safe and useful exercise for the benefit of
the body politic.
2. Purpose
a. Prescribe permanent framework of a system of government;
b. Assign to several departments their respective powers and duties
c. Establish certain first principles on which the government is founded
3. Classification
a. Written precepts are embodied in one document/ set of documents
Unwritten rules which have not been integrated into a single, concrete form but are
scattered in various sources (statutes, judicial decisions, commentaries, customs and
traditions, common law principles).
b. Enacted (Conventional) formally struck off at a definite time and place following a conscious
or deliberate effort taken by a constituent body or ruler.
Evolved (Cumulative) result of political evolution, changing by accretion rather than by any
systematic method.
c. Rigid amended only by formal and usually difficult process
Flexible changed by ordinary legislation

4. Qualities of a good written Constitution
a. Broad comprehensive enough to provide for every contingency
b. Brief confine to basic principles to be implemented
c. Definite to prevent ambiguity

5. Essential parts of a good written Constitution
a. Constitution of Liberty sets forth the civil and political rights of the citizens and imposing
limitations on the powers of the government
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b. Constitution of Government outlines the organization of the government; enumerates its
powers; and lay down rules relative to its administration
c. Constitution of Sovereignty points out the mode or procedure in accordance with formal
changes in the fundamental law may be brought about

6. Interpretation/Construction of the Constitution
a. Verba legis: given their ordinary meaning except where technical terms are employed
b. Ratio legis et anima: ambiguity of the framers, bearing in mind the objects sought to
be accomplished and evils sought to be prevented; doubtful provision shall be examined in light
of the history of the times and the conditions and circumstances under which the Constitution
was framed
c. Ut magis valeat quam pereat: Constitution to be interpreted as a whole
- Safer to construe the Constitution from what appears upon its face. If, however, the plain
meaning of the word is not found to be clear, resort to other aids is available.- In case of doubt,
consider provisions as self-executing; mandatory rather than directory; and prospective rather
than retroactive.
- Self-executing provisions: one that lays down principle is usually not self-executing. That
which is complete in itself and becomes operative without the aid of supplementary or enabling
legislation, or that which supplies a sufficient rule by means of which the right it grants may be
enjoyed or protected, is self-executing.
- Self-executing if the nature and extent of the right conferred and liability imposed are fixed
by the Constitution itself.
- Section 26, Article II of the Constitution does NOT contain judicially enforceable
constitutional rights.

B. Brief Constitutional History
1. Malolos Constitution
2. American Regime and Other Organic Acts
3. 1935 Constitution
4. Japanese Occupation
5. 1973 Constitution
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6. 1987 Constitution

C. Amendment
1. Amendment isolated or piecemeal change in the Constitution
Revision revamp or rewriting of the entire instrument

2. Legislative Power merely provides details for implementation

3. Steps
a. Proposal
- Congress, of ALL its members understood as of Senate and of HRs
- Constitutional Convention, called into existence by 2/3 a vote of all the members of Congress
with the question of whether or not to call a convention to be resolved by the people in a
plebiscite
- People through Power of Initiative, petition of at least 12% of the total number of registered
voters, of which every legislative district must be represented by at least 3% of the registered
voters therein power of the people to propose amendments to the Constitution or to propose
and enact legislation through an election called for that purpose
following the ratification of this Constitution nor more
than once every five years thereafter.

(1) Initiative on the Constitution
(2) Initiative on Statutes
(3) Initiative on Local Legislation
- Choice of method of proposal is within the full discretion of the legislature
- 3 Theories on the position of a Constitutional Convention vis--vis the regular
departments of government
(1) Theory of Conventional Sovereignty
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(2) Convention is inferior to other departments
(3) Independent of and co-equal to the other departments

b. Ratification
- Ratified by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite held not earlier than 60 not later than
90 days after the approval of the proposal by Congress or the Constitutional Convention, or
after the certification by the COMELEC of the sufficiency of the initiative.
- Doctrine or proper submission: Constitution prescribes the time frame within which the
plebiscite is to be held, there can no longer be any question on whether the time given to the
people to determine the merits and demerits of the proposed amendment is adequate.
- Plebiscite may be held on the same day as a regular election.
- Entire Constitution must be submitted for ratification at one plebiscite only.
- The people have to be given a proper frame of reference in arriving at their decision.
4. Judicial Review of Amendments issue is whether or not the constitutional provisions had
been followed.

E. The Power of Judicial Review
1. Judicial Review power of the courts to test the validity of executive and legislative acts in
light of their conformity with the Constitution.
- Power is inherent in the Constitution.
- Section 1, Article VII of the Constitution: Judicial power includes the duty of the courts of
justice to settle actual controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and
enforceable, and to determine whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion
amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or instrumentality of
Government.
2. Who may exercise
- Power of the SC to decide constitutional questions.
- Constitutional appellate jurisdiction of the SC and implicitly recognizes the authority of lower
courts to decide questions involving the constitutionality of laws, treaties, agreements, etc.
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- Notice to SolGen is mandatory to enable him to decide whether or not his intervention in the
action is necessary.
3. Functions of Judicial Review
(1) Checking
(2) Legitimizing
(3) Symbolic
4. Requisites
(1) Actual case or controversy
(2) Constitutional question must be raised by the proper party
- A partys standing in court is a procedural technicality which may be set aside by the Court in
view of the importance of the issues involved; paramount public interest/transcendental
importance
- Present substantial interest such interest of a party in the subject matter of the action as
will entitle him under substantive law, to recover of the evidence is sufficient, or that he has a
legal title to defend and the defendant will be protected in payment to or recovery from him.
- A taxpayer, or group of taxpayers, is a proper party to question the validity of a law
appropriating public funds.
- 2 Requisites for Taxpayers Suit:
(1) Public funds are disbursed by a political subdivision or instrumentality
(2) A law is violated or irregularity is committed
(3) Petitioner is directly affected by the ultra vires act
- The Government is a proper party to question the validity of its own laws, because more than
any one, it should be concerned with the constitutionality of its acts
question the validity of a statute only if, as applied to
him, it is unconstitutional.
on: Facial Challenge, when it operates in the area of freedom of expression.
challenge the validity of a statute even though, as
applied to him, it is not unconstitutional, but it might be if applied to other not before the Court
whose activities are constitutionally protected.
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rather than as applied is permitted in the interest
of preventing a chilling effect on freedom of expression.
difficult challenge because the challenge must establish that no
set of circumstances exists under which the act would be valid.
- The constitutional question must be raised at the earliest possible opportunity- The decision
on the constitutional question must be determinative of the case itself.
- Bars judicial inquiry into a constitutional question unless the resolution is indispensable to the
determination of the case.
- Every law has in its favor the presumption of constitutionality, and to justify its nullification,
there must be a clear and unequivocal breach of the Constitution.
5. Effects of Declaration of Unconstitutionality
- Orthodox View: unconstitutional act is not a law, it confers no rights and imposes no duties; it
affords no protection, creates no office; it is inoperative as if it had not been passed at all.
- Modern View: certain legal effects of the statute prior to its declaration of
unconstitutionality may be recognized.
6. Partial Unconstitutionality
- Legislature must be willing to retain the valid portions
- Valid portion can stand independently as law
III. THE PHILIPPINES AS A STATE
State: a community of persons, more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion
of territory, independent of external control and possessing a government to which a great
body of inhabitants render
habitual obedience.State is a legal or juristic concept; nation is an ethnic or racial
concept.Government is an instrumentality of the State through which the will of the State is
implemented and realized.
Elements:
(1) People
(2) Territory
Components:
1) Terrestrial
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2) Fluvial
3) Maritime
4) Aerial
(3) Government
(4) Sovereignty
Archipelago Doctrine: the waters around, between and connecting the islands of the
archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of
the Philippines.
Straight Baseline Method: Imaginary straight lines are drawn joining the outermost points of
outermost islands of the archipelago, enclosing an area the ratio of which should not be more
than 9:1; provided that the drawing of the baselines shall not depart, to any appreciable extent,
from the general configuration of the archipelago.
Functions of the Government:
(1) Constituent mandatory for the Government to perform because they constitute the very
bonds of society
(2) Ministrant intended to promote the welfare, progress and prosperity of the people and
which are merely optional for Government to perform
Doctrine of Parens Patriae: parents of the people; the Government may act as guardian of the
rights of the people who may be disadvantaged or suffering from some disability or misfortune.
Classification
(1) De jure
De facto Kinds
1) Takes possession or control of, or usurps, by force or by the voice of the majority, the
rightful legal government and maintains itself against the will of the latter;
2) Established by the inhabitants of a territory who rise in insurrection against the parent
state; and
3) Established by invading forces of an enemy who occupy a territory in the course of war (de
facto government of paramount force).
(2) Presidential separation of executive and legislative powers
Parliamentary fusion of both executive and legislative in Parliament; actual exercise of
executive powers is vested in
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a Prime Minister who is chosen by, and
accountable to the Parliament
(3) Unitary
Federal
Sovereignty: supreme and uncontrollable power inherent in a State by which that State is
governed
Kinds:
1) Legal power to issue final commands
Political sum total of all the influences which lie behind the law
2) Internal supreme power over everything within the territory
External/Independence freedom from external control
Characteristics:
1) Permanence
2) Exclusiveness
3) Comprehensiveness
4) Absoluteness
5) Indivisibility
6) Inalienability
7) Imprescriptibility
Effects of Change in Sovereignty:
Political laws are abrogated; municipal laws remain in force
Effects of Belligerent Occupation: No change in sovereignty.
law on treason, are suspended;
repealed by belligerent occupant;
political laws shall automatically become effective again
(doctrine of jus postliminium)
Dominium capacity to acquire or own property
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Imperium authority possessed by the State embraced in the concept of sovereignty
Jurisdiction
Territorial: power of the State over persons and things within its territory.
Exemption:
(1) Foreign states, head of states, diplomatic representatives and consuls to a certain
degree;
(2) Foreign state property, including embassies, consulates and public vessels engaged in non-
commercial activities;
(3) Acts of state
(4) Foreign merchant vessels exercising the rights of innocent passage or involuntary entry such
as arrival under stress
(5) Foreign armies passing through or stationed in its territory with its permission; and
(6) Other persons or property, including organizations like the UN, over which it may, by
agreement, waive jurisdiction.
Personal: power of the State over its nationals, which may be exercised by the State even of
the individual is outside the territory of the State.
Extraterritorial: power exercised by the State beyond its territory,
example:
(1) By virtue of its relations with other states/territories (as when it establishes a colonial
protectorate or a condominium or administers a trust territory or occupies enemy territory in
the course of war);
(2) Local state waives jurisdiction over persons and things within its territory;(3) Principle of
extraterritoriality
(4) Enjoyment of easements or servitudes (easement of innocent passage or arrival under
stress)
(5) Exercise of jurisdiction by the state in the high seas over its vessels, over pirates, in the
exercise of the right to visit and search, and under doctrine or hot pursuit;
(6) Exercise of limited jurisdiction over the contiguous zone and the patrimonial sea, to prevent
infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary regulations.
State Immunity from Suit: The State cannot be sued without its consent.
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can be no legal right against the authority which
makes the law on which the right depends. It may be sued if its gives consent.
Immunity is enjoyed by other States. The Head of the
State, who is deemed the personification of the State, is inviolable and enjoys immunity.
Test to Determine if Suit is Against the State
es an affirmative act from the state.
Suit against Government Agencies
1. Incorporated if the charter provides that the agency can sue and be sued, then suit will lie,
including one for tort. The provision in the charter constitutes express consent on the part of
the State to be sued.
state when they are engaged in governmental
functions and should enjoy sovereign immunity from suit. They are subject to suit even in the
performance of such functions because their respective charters provide that they can sue and
be sued. (Section 22 LGC)
2. Unincorporated inquire into the principal functions

f proprietary: suit will lie, because when the State engages in principally proprietary
functions, then it descends to the level of a private individual, and may therefore be vulnerable
to suit.
Suit Against Public Officers: The doctrine of state immunity also applies to complaints filed
against officials of the State for acts performed by them in the discharge of their duties
within the scope of their authority.
Exceptions: (may be sued without prior consent from State)
1. to compel him to do an act required by law;
2. to restrain him from enforcing an act claimed to be unconstitutional;
3. to compel the payment of damages from an already appropriated assurance fund or to refund
tax over-payments from a fund already available for the purpose;
4. to secure a judgment that the officer impleaded may satisfy by himself without the State
having to do a positive act to assist him;
5. where government itself has violated its own laws, because the doctrine of state immunity
cannot be used to perpetrate an injustice
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Where a public officer has committed an ultra vires act, or there is a showing of bad faith,
malice or gross negligence, then the officer can be held personally accountable.
In order that suit may lie against the state, there must be consent. Where no consent is shown,
state immunity from suit may be invoked as a defense by the courts sua sponte at any stage of
the proceedings.
Express consent: general law or special law
Implied consent
1. state commences a litigation
2. state enters into a business contract
Scope of consent: consent to be sued does not include consent to the execution of judgment
against it. Such execution will require another waiver.
Suability is not equated with outright liability. Liability will have to be determined by the court
on the basis of the evidence and the applicable law.
IV. FUNDAMENTAL POWERS OF THE STATE
Inherent powers of the State
1. Police Power
2. Eminent Domain
3. Power of Taxation
Similarities
1. inherent in the state, without need of express constitutional grant
2. necessary and indispensable
3. methods by which the state interferes with private property
4. presupposes equivalent compensation
5. exercised primarily by legislature
Distinctions
1. Police power regulates liberty and property
Eminent domain and taxation affects only property rights
2. Police power and taxation are exercised only by government
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Eminent domain may be exercised by private entities
3. Property taken in police power is usually noxious or intended for noxious purposes and may be
destroyed
In eminent domain and taxation, the property is wholesome and devoted to public use/purpose.
4. Compensation in police power is the intangible, altruistic feeling that the individual has
contributed to the public good;
In eminent domain, it is the full and fair equivalent of the property taken;
In taxation, it is the protection given and/or public improvements instituted by government for
taxes paid.
Limitations
1. Bill of Rights
2. Courts may annul improvident exercise of police power
Police Power
restraining and regulating the use of liberty and
property.
demanding of the three powers.
lex and sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas
Who may exercise?

power to the President, administrative bodies and to
lawmaking bodies of LGUs.
general welfare clause
Limitations (test for valid exercise)
activity or property sought to be regulated affects the
general welfare; if it does then the enjoyment of the rights flowing therefrom may have to
yield to the interest of the greater number.
ul means: means employed are reasonably necessary for the accomplishment of the
purpose and not unduly oppressive on individuals.

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except when exercised to protect water supply)
rary to law
For Municipal Ordinances to be Valid:
(1) Must not contravene the Constitution or the statute
(2) Must not be unfair or oppressive
(3) Must not be partial or discriminatory
(4) Must not prohibit but may regulate trade
(5) Must not be unreasonable
(6) Must be general in application and consistent with public policy
Power of Eminent Domain (Power of Expropriation)
Jurisdiction

Who may exercise the power

administrative bodies, LGUs and even private enterprises
performing public services
Requisites
(1) Necessity
(2) Private Property, except money and choses in action
(3) Taking in the constitutional sense
(4) Public use
(5) Just Compensation full and fair equivalent of the property taken; fair market value of the
property
Judicial Prerogative
compensation for property taken in eminent domain
cases is a judicial prerogative.
Form of Compensation
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to be made partly in bonds because under the CARP,
we do not deal with the traditional exercise of the power of eminent domain; we deal with a
revolutionary kind of expropriation.
Reckoning point of market value of the property
complaint, whichever comes first.
Principal criterion in determining just compensation
the land at the time of the taking
Entitlement of owner to interest
payment of just compensation, the owner is entitled to payment of
interest if claimed; otherwise, interest is deemed waived;
escribed in Article 2209 of the CC, NOT 12% per annum under
Central Bank Circular No. 416, latter applies to loans or forbearances of money, goods or
credits or judgments involving such loans or forbearance of money, goods or credits. The kind
of interest here is by way of damages.
imposes 12% n payment which, in
effect, makes the obligation on the part of government one of forbearance.

Who else may be entitled to just compensation


Title to the property

Right of landowner in case ofnon-payment of just compensation
the expropriated lots
the FMV of the property
Due process of law
to be heard
Writ of Possession, ministerial upon:
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(1) Filing of complaint for expropriation sufficient in form and substance
(2) Upon deposit by the government of the amount equivalent to 15% of the FMV of the
property per current tax declaration
The plaintiffs right to dismiss the complaint has always been subject to Court approval and to
certain conditions, because the landowner may have already suffered damages at the start of
the taking.
Right to repurchase or re-acquire the property
property depends upon the character of the title
acquired by the expropriator: if land is
expropriated for a particular purpose with
the condition that when that purpose is
ended or abandoned, the property shall
revert to the former owner, the former owner
can re-acquire the property.
Lands for socialized housing are to be
acquired in the following order:
(1) Government lands
(2) Alienable lands of the public domain
(3) Unregistered, abandoned or idle lands;
(4) Lands within the declared Areas for Priority Development, Zonal Improvement Program
sites, Slum Improvement and Resettlement sites which have not yet been acquired;
(5) BLISS sites which have not yet been acquired; and
(6) Privately owned lands
The mode of expropriation is subject to 2 conditions:
(1) Resorted to only when the other modes of acquisition have been exhausted
(2) Parcels owned by small property owners are exempt from such acquisition
Small property owners:
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(1) Owners of residential lots not more than 300 sq. m. in highly urbanized cities and not more
than 800 sq. m. in other urban areas
(2) They do not own residential property other than the same
Power of Taxation
Who may exercise


the President, when granted delegated tariff powers
Limitations on the exercise
confiscatory
and equitable

subject by the same taxing jurisdiction during the same
taxing period and for the same purpose.
Tax Exemptions
passed without the concurrence of a majority of all
the Members of Congress.
parsonages or convents appurtenant thereto, mosques,
non-profit cemeteries, and all lands, buildings and improvements actually, directly and
exclusively used for religious, charitable or educational purposes exempt
-stock, not-profit educational institutions used actually, directly
and exclusively for educational purpose exempt
may be exempt subject to limitations provided by law
ents, donations, or contributions used actually, directly, and exclusively for
educational purposes exempt

Police Power vs. Taxation
police measure; tax is revenue measure
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limited to the cost of permit and reasonable police
regulation (except when the license fee is imposed on a non-useful occupation); amount of tax
may be unlimited provided it is not confiscatory
doing something and may be revoked when public
interest so requires; tax is imposed on persons or property for revenue
Kinds of license fee
(1) For useful occupation/enterprises
(2) Non-useful occupation/enterprises (when used to discourage, it may be a bit exorbitant)
V. PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICES
Preamble

ip of the Constitution
aspirations of the framers
the Constitution
Republicanism
republican state. Sovereignty resides in the people and all
government authority emanates from them.

(1) Representation
(2) Renovation

(1) Government of law and not of men
(2) Rule of majority
(3) Accountability of public officials
(4) Bill of rights
(5) Legislature cannot pass irrepealable laws
(6) Separation of powers
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Purpose
one person or group of persons that might lead to an
irreversible error or abuse in its exercise to the detriment of republican institutions.
Principle of Blending of Powers
exclusively within one department but are assigned to
or shared by several departments.

Principle of Checks and Balances
encroachments upon its prerogatives or to rectify
mistakes or excesses committed by the other departments.
Doctrine of Necessary Implication
exercise of the power may be justified under this
doctrine, that the grant of an express power carries with it all other powers that may be
reasonably inferred from it.
A purely justiciable question implies a given right, legally demandable and enforceable, an act or
omission violative of such right, and a remedy granted and sanctioned by law for said breach of
right.
Political question is a question of policy. It refers to those questions which, under the
Constitution, are to be decided by the people in their sovereign capacity, or in regard to which
full discretionary authority has been delegated to the legislative or executive branch of
government. It is concerned with issues dependent upon wisdom, not legality of particular
measure.
Delegation of powers
stas delegate non potest delegare
nstitutes not only a right but a duty to be performed by the delegate
through the instrumentality of his own judgment and not through the intervening mind of
another.

(1) Tariff powers to the president
(2) Emergency powers to the president (in times of war or national emergency)
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(3) Delegation to the people specific provisions where the people have reserved to themselves
the function of legislation
ectorate to approve or reject legislation through an election
called for the purpose; referendum on statutes and referendum on local law
initiative on the Constitution is approved or rejected
by the people.
(4) Delegation to LGUs
(5) Delegation to Administrative Bodies power of subordinate legislation


(1) Completeness test: the law must be complete in all its essential terms and conditions when it
leaves the legislature so that there will be nothing left for the delegate to do when it reaches
him except to enforce it.
(2) Sufficient standard test: intended to map out the boundaries of the delegates authority by
defining the legislative policy and indicting the circumstances under which it is up be pursued
and effected; the standards usually indicated in the law delegating legislative power.
The Incorporation Clause
instrument of national policy, adopts the generally
accepted principles of international law as part of the law of the land, and adheres to the police
of peace, equality, justice, freedom, cooperation and amity with all nations.
cy and nuclear-free Philippines

n of War
(1) Covenant of the League of Nations
(2) Kellogg-Briad Pact of 1928
(3) Charter of the United Nations
Doctrine of Incorporation our courts have applied the rules of international law in a number
of cases even of such rules had not previously been subject of statutory enactments, because
these generally accepted principles of international law are automatically part of our own laws.
Civilian Supremacy
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supreme over the military. The AFP is the protector of the
people and the State. Its goal is to secure the sovereignty pf the State and integrity of the
national territory.
Duty of Government; people to defend the State
serve and protect the people.
people to defend the State and, in the fulfillment thereof,
all citizens may be required, under conditions provided by law, to render personal military or
civil service.
protection of life, liberty and property, and the
promotion of the general welfare are essential for the enjoyment by all the people of the
blessings of democracy.

Right to Bear Arms: statutory, not constitutional right.
Separation of Church and State
reedom of religion clause
political party
religious sector
sectarian benefit
Exceptions
(1) Section 28(3), Article 6: Exemption from taxation
(2) Section 29(2), Article 6: Prohibition against sectarian benefit, except when priest is
assigned to the armed forces or to any penal institution or government orphanage or
leprosarium
(3) Section 3(3), Article 14: Optional religious instruction for public elementary and high school
studies
(4) Section 4(2), Article 14: Filipino ownership requirement to educational institutions, except
those established by groups and mission boards
Independent Foreign Policy and Nuclear-Free Philippines
consideration shall be national sovereignty, territorial integrity, national interest and the right
to self-determination.
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sistent with the national interest, adopts and pursues a policy of freedom
from nuclear weapons in its territory.
Just and dynamic social order
social order that will ensure prosperity and
independence of the nation and free the people from poverty through policies that provide
adequate social services, promote full employment, a rising standard of living and an improved
quality of life for all.
Promotion of Social Justice
social justice in all phases of national development
Respect for human dignity and human rights
person and guarantees full respect for human rights.
Family and Youth
family life and shall protect and strengthen the family
as a basic autonomous social institution. It shall equally protect the life of the mother and the
life of the unborn from conception. The natural and primary right and duty of parents in the
rearing of the youth for civic efficiency and the development of moral character shall receive
support of the Government.
nizes the vital role of the youth in nation-building and shall promote and
protect their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual and social well-being. It shall inculcate in the
youth patriotism and nationalism, and encourage their involvement in public and civic affairs.
Fundamental equality of men and women
nation-building and shall ensure the fundamental
equality before the law of men and women.
Promotion of health and ecology
omote the right to health of the people and instill health
consciousness among them.
right of the people to a balanced and healthful
ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature.

Priority to education, science, technology, etc.
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science and technology, arts, culture and sports, to
foster patriotism and nationalism, accelerate social progress, and promote total human
liberation and development.
Protection to Labor
economic force. It shall protect the rights or workers
and promote their welfare.
Self-reliant and independent economic order
-reliant and independent national economy effectively controlled by
Filipinos.
role of the private sector, encourages private
enterprise, and provide incentives to needed investments.
Land reform
development and agrarian reform.
Indigenous cultural communities
of indigenous cultural communities within the
framework of national unity and development.
Independent peoples organizations
-governmental, community-based, or sectoral organizations that
promote the welfare of the nation.
Communication and information Building
ommunication and information in nation-building
Autonomy of local governments
governments.
local governments sovereign within the State or an
imperium in imperio.
Decentralization of administration: delegation of administrative powers to the LGU in order
to broaden the base of governmental powers.
the national government of governmental powers.
Equal access of opportunities for public service
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ccess of opportunities for public service and prohibit political
dynasties as may be defined by law.
Honest public service and full public disclosure
integrity in the public service and take positive and effective
measures against graft and corruption.

full public disclosure of all its transactions
involving public interest.