Os 2

OS.
2: Introduction
OS.2: Introduction
1.2
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005
Operating Sste! "rinciples
OS.2: Introduction
OS.2: Introduction
Objectives:
To provide a grand tour of the major

operating systems components
To provide coverage of basic computer

system organization
1.#
OS.2: Introduction
OS.2: Introduction
A. Operating System
B. Computer System Organization
C. Operating System Structure
D. Operating System Operations
. !rocess "anagement
#. "emory "anagement
$. Storage "anagement
%. !rotection and Security
1.$
%.
%.
Operating Sste!
Operating Sste!
A soft&are that manages system

resources to provide services that a''o&
app'ications to e(ecute proper'y.
Operating system goa's:
(ecute user programs and ma)e

so'ving user prob'ems easier.
"a)e the computer system convenient

to use.
*se the computer hard&are in an

efficient manner.
1.5
Operating Sste! &e'inition:
Operating Sste! &e'inition:
OS is a resource allocator
"anages a'' resources
Decides bet&een conf'icting re+uests

for efficient and fair resource use
OS is a control progra!
Contro's e(ecution of programs to

prevent errors and improper use of the
computer
1.(
,o universa''y accepted definition
-verything a vendor ships &hen you

order an operating system. is good
appro(imation
But varies &i'd'y
The )ernel is the core of OS running at a''

times on the computer. verything e'se is
either a system program or an app'ication
program
1.*
+o!ponents o' a +o!puter Sste!:
+o!ponents o' a +o!puter Sste!:
Components:
/.%ard&are 0 provides basic computing
resources
C!*1 memory1 23O devices

4.Operating system
Contro's and coordinates use of

hard&are among various app'ications
and users
1.,
5. App'ication programs 0 define the &ays in
&hich the system resources are used to
so've the computing prob'ems of the users
6ord processors1 compi'ers1 &eb

bro&sers1 database systems1 video
games
7. *sers
!eop'e1 machines1 other computers

1.-
.our +o!ponents o' a +o!puter Sste!
.our +o!ponents o' a +o!puter Sste!
1.10
/.
/.
+o!puter Sste! Organization
+o!puter Sste! Organization
1.11
+o!puter0Sste! Operation:
+o!puter0Sste! Operation:
One or more C!*s1 device contro''ers

connect through common bus providing
access to shared memory
23O devices and the C!* can e(ecute

concurrent'y competing for memory cyc'es
ach device contro''er is in charge of a

particu'ar device type.
ach device contro''er has a 'oca' buffer.

1.12
C!* moves data from3to main memory

to3from 'oca' buffers
23O is from the device to 'oca' buffer of

contro''er.
Device contro''er informs C!* that it has

finished its operation by causing an
interrupt.
1.1#
+o!!on .unctions o' Interrupts:
+o!!on .unctions o' Interrupts:
/. 2nterrupt transfers contro' to the interrupt
service routine genera''y1 through the
interrupt vector1 &hich contains the
addresses of a'' the service routines.
4. 2nterrupt architecture saves the address of
the interrupted instruction.
5. 2ncoming interrupts are disabled &hi'e
another interrupt is being processed to
prevent a lost interrupt.
1.1$
A trap is a soft&are8generated interrupt

caused either by an error or a user re+uest.
An operating system is interrupt driven.

1.15
Interrupt 1i!eline
Interrupt 1i!eline
1.1(
+o!puter Startup:
+o!puter Startup:
/. Bootstrap program 9stored in :O" or
!:O"; is 'oaded at po&er8up or reboot
and initia'izes the system.
4. Bootstrap 'oads the )erne' from boot sector
to :A".
5. <erne' e(ecutes the first process init9 ; and
&aits for an event to occur signa'ed by an
interrupt.
1.1*
/. OS has a device driver for each device
contro''er. The device driver 'oads the
device contro''er registers.
4. Device contro''er reads the registers.
5. Device contro''er transfer data from device
to 'oca' buffer.
7. Device contro''er sends interrupt to device
driver.
=. Device driver returns contro' to the OS
I2O Operations:
I2O Operations:
1.1,
&irect 3e!or %ccess Structure:
&irect 3e!or %ccess Structure:
*sed for high8speed 23O devices ab'e to

transmit information at c'ose to memory
speeds.
Device contro''er transfers b'oc)s of data

from buffer storage direct'y to main
memory &ithout C!* intervention.
On'y an interrupt is generated per b'oc)1

rather than one interrupt per byte.
1.1-
Storage Structure:
Storage Structure:
"ain memory 0 on'y 'arge storage media

that the C!* can access direct'y.
Secondary storage 0 e(tension of main

memory that provides 'arge nonvo'ati'e
storage capacity.
1.20
"agnetic dis)s 0 rigid meta' or g'ass

p'atters covered &ith magnetic recording
materia'
Dis) surface is 'ogica''y divided into

trac)s1 &hich are subdivided into sectors.
The dis) contro''er determines the 'ogica'

interaction bet&een the device and the
computer.
1.21
Storage 4ierarch:
Storage 4ierarch:
Storage systems organized in hierarchy.
Speed
Cost
>o'ati'ity
Caching 0 copying information into faster

storage system? main memory can be
vie&ed as a 'ast cache for secondary
storage.
1.22
Storage0&evice 4ierarch
Storage0&evice 4ierarch
1.2#
+.
+.
Operating Sste! Structure
Operating Sste! Structure
3ultiprogra!!ing needed for efficiency
Sing'e user cannot )eep C!* and 23O

devices busy at a'' times
"u'tiprogramming organizes jobs 9code

and data; so C!* a'&ays has one to
e(ecute
A subset of tota' jobs in system is )ept in

memory
One job se'ected and run via 5ob

scheduling
6hen it has to &ait 9for 23O for e(amp'e;1

OS s&itches to another job
1.2$
3e!or 6aout 'or 3ultiprogra!!ed Sste!
3e!or 6aout 'or 3ultiprogra!!ed Sste!
1.25
1i!esharing 7!ultitas)ing8 is 'ogica'

e(tension in &hich C!* s&itches jobs so
fre+uent'y that users can interact &ith each job
&hi'e it is running1 creating interactive
computing
9esponse ti!e shou'd be @ / second
ach user has at 'east one program

e(ecuting in memory 9 process 8
2f severa' jobs ready to run at the same time

9 +": scheduling 8
2f processes donAt fit in memory1 s;apping

moves them in and out to run
<irtual !e!or a''o&s e(ecution of

processes that are not comp'ete'y in the
memory
1.2(
&.
&.
Operating0Sste! Operations
Operating0Sste! Operations
2nterrupt driven by hard&are
Soft&are error or re+uest creates

e=ception or trap
Division by zero1 re+uest for operating

system service
Other process prob'ems inc'ude infinite

'oop1 processes modifying each other or
the operating system
1.2*
&ual0!ode operation a''o&s OS to protect

itse'f and other system components
:ser !ode and )ernel !ode
3ode bit provided by hard&are
!rovides abi'ity to distinguish &hen

system is running user code or )erne'
code
Some instructions designated as

privileged1 on'y e(ecutab'e in )erne'
mode
System ca'' changes mode to )erne'1

return from ca'' resets it to user
1.2,
1ransition 'ro! :ser to >ernel 3ode:
1ransition 'ro! :ser to >ernel 3ode:
1.2-
?.
?.
"rocess 3anage!ent
"rocess 3anage!ent
A process is a program in e(ecution. 2t is a

unit of &or) &ithin the system. !rogram is
a passive entity1 process is an active
entity.
!rocess needs resources to accomp'ish its

tas)
C!*1 memory1 23O1 fi'es
2nitia'ization data
!rocess termination re+uires rec'aim of

any reusab'e resources
1.#0
Sing'e8threaded process has one progra!

counter specifying 'ocation of ne(t
instruction to e(ecute
!rocess e(ecutes instructions

se+uentia''y1 one at a time1 unti'
comp'etion
"u'ti8threaded process has one program

counter per thread
Typica''y system has many processes1

some user1 some operating system running
concurrent'y on one or more C!*s
Concurrency by mu'tip'e(ing the C!*s

among the processes 3 threads
1.#1
"rocess 3anage!ent %ctivities:
"rocess 3anage!ent %ctivities:
The operating system is responsib'e for the
fo''o&ing activities in connection &ith
process management:
Creating and de'eting both user and system

processes
Suspending and resuming processes
!roviding mechanisms for process

synchronization
!roviding mechanisms for process

communication
!roviding mechanisms for dead'oc)

hand'ing
1.#2
..
..
3e!or 3anage!ent
3e!or 3anage!ent
A'' data in memory before and after

processing
A'' instructions in memory in order to

e(ecute
"emory management determines &hat is

in memory &hen
Optimizing C!* uti'ization and computer

response to users
1.##
"emory management activities
<eeping trac) of &hich parts of memory

are current'y being used and by &hom
Deciding &hich processes 9or parts

thereof; and data to move into and out
of memory
A''ocating and dea''ocating memory

space as needed
1.#$
G.
G.
Storage 3anage!ent
Storage 3anage!ent
OS provides uniform1 'ogica' vie& of

information storage
Abstracts physica' properties to 'ogica'

storage unit 8 'ile
ach medium is contro''ed by device 9i.e.1

dis) drive1 tape drive;
>arying properties inc'ude access

speed1 capacity1 data8transfer rate1
access method 9se+uentia' or random;
1.#5
.ile0Sste! !anage!ent:
#i'es usua''y organized into directories
Access contro' on most systems to

determine &ho can access &hat
OS activities inc'ude
Creating and de'eting fi'es and

directories
!rimitives to manipu'ate fi'es and dirs
"apping fi'es onto secondary storage
Bac)up fi'es onto stab'e 9non8vo'ati'e;

storage media
1.#(
3ass0Storage 3anage!ent:
3ass0Storage 3anage!ent:
*sua''y dis)s used to store data that does

not fit in main memory or data that must be
)ept for a -'ong. period of time.
!roper management is of centra'

importance
ntire speed of computer operation hinges

on dis) subsystem and its a'gorithms
1.#*
OS activities
#ree8space management
Storage a''ocation
Dis) schedu'ing
Some storage need not be fast
Tertiary storage inc'udes optica' storage1

magnetic tape
Sti'' must be managed
>aries bet&een 6O:" 9&rite8once1

read8many8times; and :6 9read8&rite;
1.#,
+aching:
+aching:
2mportant princip'e1 performed at many

'eve's in a computer 9in hard&are1
operating system1 soft&are;
2nformation in use is copied from s'o&er to

faster storage temporari'y
#aster storage 9cache; chec)ed first to

determine if information is there
2f it is1 information is used direct'y from

the cache 9fast;
2f not1 data is copied to cache and used

there
1.#-
Cache sma''er than storage being cached
Cache management important design

prob'em
Cache size and rep'acement po'icy

1.$0
"er'or!ance o' <arious 6evels o' Storage
"er'or!ance o' <arious 6evels o' Storage
"ovement bet&een 'eve's of storage

hierarchy can be e(p'icit or imp'icit
1.$1
I2O Subsste!:
I2O Subsste!:
One purpose of OS is to hide pecu'iarities

of hard&are devices from the user
23O subsystem responsib'e for
"emory management of 23O inc'uding

buffering 9storing data temporari'y &hi'e
it is being transferred;1 caching 9storing
parts of data in faster storage for
performance;1 spooling 9the over'apping
of output of one job &ith input of other
jobs;
$enera' device8driver interface
Drivers for specific hard&are devices

1.$2
4. "rotection and Securit
4. "rotection and Securit
"rotection 0 any mechanism for

contro''ing access of processes or users to
resources defined by the OS
Securit 0 defense of the system against

interna' and e(terna' attac)s
%uge range1 inc'uding denia'8of8service1

&orms1 viruses1 identity theft1 theft of
service
1.$#
Systems genera''y first distinguish among

users1 to determine &ho can do &hat
*ser identities 9user I&s1 security 2Ds;

inc'ude name and associated number1
one per user
*ser 2D then associated &ith a'' fi'es1

processes of that user to determine
access contro'
$roup identifier 9group I&; a''o&s set of

users to be defined and contro's
managed1 then a'so associated &ith each
process1 fi'e
"rivilege escalation a''o&s user to

change to effective 2D &ith more rights

Os 2

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OS.

To provide a grand tour of the major

To provide coverage of basic computer

A soft&are that manages system

Operating system goa's:

(ecute user programs and ma)e

"a)e the computer system convenient

*se the computer hard&are in an

"anages a'' resources

Decides bet&een conf'icting re+uests

Contro's e(ecution of programs to

,o universa''y accepted definition

-verything a vendor ships &hen you

But varies &i'd'y

The )ernel is the core of OS running at a''

C!*1 memory1 23O devices

Contro's and coordinates use of

6ord processors1 compi'ers1 &eb

!eop'e1 machines1 other computers

One or more C!*s1 device contro''ers

23O devices and the C!* can e(ecute

ach device contro''er is in charge of a

ach device contro''er has a 'oca' buffer.

C!* moves data from3to main memory

23O is from the device to 'oca' buffer of

Device contro''er informs C!* that it has

A trap is a soft&are8generated interrupt

An operating system is interrupt driven.

*sed for high8speed 23O devices ab'e to

Device contro''er transfers b'oc)s of data

On'y an interrupt is generated per b'oc)1

"ain memory 0 on'y 'arge storage media

Secondary storage 0 e(tension of main

"agnetic dis)s 0 rigid meta' or g'ass

Dis) surface is 'ogica''y divided into

The dis) contro''er determines the 'ogica'

Storage systems organized in hierarchy.

Caching 0 copying information into faster

3ultiprogra!!ing needed for efficiency

Sing'e user cannot )eep C!* and 23O

"u'tiprogramming organizes jobs 9code

A subset of tota' jobs in system is )ept in

One job se'ected and run via 5ob

6hen it has to &ait 9for 23O for e(amp'e;1

1i!esharing 7!ultitas)ing8 is 'ogica'

9esponse ti!e shou'd be @ / second

ach user has at 'east one program

2f severa' jobs ready to run at the same time

2f processes donAt fit in memory1 s;apping

<irtual !e!or a''o&s e(ecution of

2nterrupt driven by hard&are

Soft&are error or re+uest creates

Division by zero1 re+uest for operating

Other process prob'ems inc'ude infinite

&ual0!ode operation a''o&s OS to protect

:ser !ode and )ernel !ode

3ode bit provided by hard&are

!rovides abi'ity to distinguish &hen

Some instructions designated as

System ca'' changes mode to )erne'1

A process is a program in e(ecution. 2t is a

!rocess needs resources to accomp'ish its

C!*1 memory1 23O1 fi'es