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ISS 220: EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE

Time range, sites, paleoanthropologists, cranial capacity, morphologies, and


important facts emphasized in class for the following species & fossils:
Sahelanthropus tchadensis: TM-266
Orrorin tugenensis
Ardipithecus ramidus: Ardi
Australopithecus anamensis
Australopithecus afarensis: AL-288-1, Laetoli, DIK-1-1
Australopithecus africanus: Taung child
Australopithecus sediba: MH1
Paranthropus aethiopicusis: KNM-WT 17000
Paranthropus boisei: OH 5
Paranthropus robustus
Homo habilis: KNM-ER 1813
Homo rudolfensis: KNM-ER 1470
Homo erectus:
o Africa: KNM-WT 15000, Busidima Pelvis
o Europe: D4500
o Asia: Trinil2, Peking Man
Homo heidelbergensis
o Kabwe (Broken Hill)
o Atapuerca 5
Homo neanderthalensis
o La Chapelle-aux-Saints
o Shanidar 1
Homo sapiens
o Omo 1
o Skuhl 5
o LM 3

1: Introduction to Paleoanthropology
Paleoanthroplogy
Fossil
Fossilization
Relative Dating
o Principle of Superimposition
o Biostratigraphy
Chronometric (Absolute) Dating
o Radiometric dating
Potassium-argon
Paleomagnetic
2: Bones & Bipedalism
Importance of skeleton
Bones of skeleton
o Frontal
o Parietal
o Occipital
o Zygomatic
o Mandible
o Pelvis
o Humerus
o Phalanges (hand & foot)
o Femur
o Tibia
Hominin Features
o Bipedal locomotion
o Large brain size
o Tool making
o Dentition
Mosaic evolution
Bipedalism Hypotheses
o Savannah Hypothesis
o Visual Surveillance
o Thermoregulation
o Carrying Stuff
o New Feeding Habits
o Aquatic Ape Theory
o Energy Efficiency
o Lovejoys Provisioning Hypothesis
o Postural Feeding
Advantages of Bipedalism
3: The Big Deal with Bipedalism
Anatomical correlates of bipedalism
o Skull
o Spine
o Pelvis
o Legs
Femur
Knee
o Foot
Stages of bipedalism
Running adaptations
4: Pre-Australopiths
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
o TM-266
o Evidence of bipedalism
Prognathism
Honing complex vs. Non-honing complex
Orrorin tugenensis
o Evidence of bipedalism
Ardipithecus ramidus
o Ardi
o Evidence of bipedalism
General paleoenvironment & implication for bipedalism theories
5: Australopiths
Major Australopith features
Australopithecus anamensis
Australopithecus afarensis
o AL-288-1
o Laetoli
o DIK-1-1
Australopithecus africanus
o Taung child
Australopithecus sediba
o MH1
Genus Paranthropus Features
Paranthropus aethiopicus
o KNM-WT 17000
Paranthropus boisei
o OH 5
Paranthropus robustus
6: The Genus Homo
Trends in the Genus Homo
Homo habilis
o KNM-ER 1813
Homo rudolfensis
o KNM-ER 1470
o Reason its differentiated from H. habilis
Homo erectus
o KNM-WT 15000
o Busidima Pelvis
o H. habilis vs. H. erectus Tool Kits
Oldowan
Acheulean
o Dmanisi
D4500
The Dmanisi enigma
7: The Genus Homo cont.
H. erectus in Asia
o Trinil 2
o Zhoukoudian
Peking Man
H. erectus in Western Europe
o Atapuerca
H. erectus Summary
Homo heidelbergensis
o Kabwe (Broken Hill)
o Atapuerca 5
o H. heidelbergensis culture
Homo neanderthalensis
o La Chapelle-aux-Saints
o Shanidar 1
8: Neandertals & Moderns
Neandertal
o Tool Industries
Mousterian
Chatelperronian
o Culture
Modern H. sapiens
o Morphologies
o Toolkit
o Behavioral Changes
Ecological range
Technology
Social organization
Symbolic expression
Origin of Modern H. sapiens
o Important Archaeological Sites
Omo Kibish
Omo 1
Pinnacle Point
Herto
Klasies River
Skuhl & Qafzeh
Skuhl 5
Lake Mungo
LM3
Liujiang
Zhoukoudian
Pestera cu Oase
o Multiregional Continuity
o Replacement Model
o Mosaic Evolution
o Assimilation Model
Templeton (2005)

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