Time range, sites, paleoanthropologists, cranial capacity, morphologies, and
important facts emphasized in class for the following species & fossils: Sahelanthropus tchadensis: TM-266 Orrorin tugenensis Ardipithecus ramidus: Ardi Australopithecus anamensis Australopithecus afarensis: AL-288-1, Laetoli, DIK-1-1 Australopithecus africanus: Taung child Australopithecus sediba: MH1 Paranthropus aethiopicusis: KNM-WT 17000 Paranthropus boisei: OH 5 Paranthropus robustus Homo habilis: KNM-ER 1813 Homo rudolfensis: KNM-ER 1470 Homo erectus: o Africa: KNM-WT 15000, Busidima Pelvis o Europe: D4500 o Asia: Trinil2, Peking Man Homo heidelbergensis o Kabwe (Broken Hill) o Atapuerca 5 Homo neanderthalensis o La Chapelle-aux-Saints o Shanidar 1 Homo sapiens o Omo 1 o Skuhl 5 o LM 3
1: Introduction to Paleoanthropology Paleoanthroplogy Fossil Fossilization Relative Dating o Principle of Superimposition o Biostratigraphy Chronometric (Absolute) Dating o Radiometric dating Potassium-argon Paleomagnetic 2: Bones & Bipedalism Importance of skeleton Bones of skeleton o Frontal o Parietal o Occipital o Zygomatic o Mandible o Pelvis o Humerus o Phalanges (hand & foot) o Femur o Tibia Hominin Features o Bipedal locomotion o Large brain size o Tool making o Dentition Mosaic evolution Bipedalism Hypotheses o Savannah Hypothesis o Visual Surveillance o Thermoregulation o Carrying Stuff o New Feeding Habits o Aquatic Ape Theory o Energy Efficiency o Lovejoys Provisioning Hypothesis o Postural Feeding Advantages of Bipedalism 3: The Big Deal with Bipedalism Anatomical correlates of bipedalism o Skull o Spine o Pelvis o Legs Femur Knee o Foot Stages of bipedalism Running adaptations 4: Pre-Australopiths Sahelanthropus tchadensis o TM-266 o Evidence of bipedalism Prognathism Honing complex vs. Non-honing complex Orrorin tugenensis o Evidence of bipedalism Ardipithecus ramidus o Ardi o Evidence of bipedalism General paleoenvironment & implication for bipedalism theories 5: Australopiths Major Australopith features Australopithecus anamensis Australopithecus afarensis o AL-288-1 o Laetoli o DIK-1-1 Australopithecus africanus o Taung child Australopithecus sediba o MH1 Genus Paranthropus Features Paranthropus aethiopicus o KNM-WT 17000 Paranthropus boisei o OH 5 Paranthropus robustus 6: The Genus Homo Trends in the Genus Homo Homo habilis o KNM-ER 1813 Homo rudolfensis o KNM-ER 1470 o Reason its differentiated from H. habilis Homo erectus o KNM-WT 15000 o Busidima Pelvis o H. habilis vs. H. erectus Tool Kits Oldowan Acheulean o Dmanisi D4500 The Dmanisi enigma 7: The Genus Homo cont. H. erectus in Asia o Trinil 2 o Zhoukoudian Peking Man H. erectus in Western Europe o Atapuerca H. erectus Summary Homo heidelbergensis o Kabwe (Broken Hill) o Atapuerca 5 o H. heidelbergensis culture Homo neanderthalensis o La Chapelle-aux-Saints o Shanidar 1 8: Neandertals & Moderns Neandertal o Tool Industries Mousterian Chatelperronian o Culture Modern H. sapiens o Morphologies o Toolkit o Behavioral Changes Ecological range Technology Social organization Symbolic expression Origin of Modern H. sapiens o Important Archaeological Sites Omo Kibish Omo 1 Pinnacle Point Herto Klasies River Skuhl & Qafzeh Skuhl 5 Lake Mungo LM3 Liujiang Zhoukoudian Pestera cu Oase o Multiregional Continuity o Replacement Model o Mosaic Evolution o Assimilation Model Templeton (2005)