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Objective:

To be acquainted with basic concepts of static equilibrium from simple


structures and how these are applied in the analysis of simple structural
elements.
Module 2.1: Static equilibrium
1
Scope:
Equilibrium of forces , Equilibrium of moments , Action and reaction forces, Free
body diagram, Shear and moment diagrams, Tension, compression, shear,
bending and torsion force components
Expected result:
Review basic principals of statics and dynamics that are relevant to
understanding the behaviour of structures. Explain different forces components
that can act on a structure and how these are defined. Compute of a statically
determinate beam or other simple solid. Identify statically determinate and
statically indeterminate structures. Present shear moment diagrams for beam
and frame type structures.
IWSD M2.1
The behavior of objects withstanding stresses and strains

Various methods of calculating stresses in structural members, such
as beams, columns and shafts.

Predict the response of a structure under loading and its
susceptibility to various failure modes

Take into account of different material properties; yield strength,
ultimate strength, stiffness, Young's modulus, buckling, etc.

In order to obtain the stresses and strains in structural members the
internal forces and moments need to be determined which aid of
static equilibrium
Strength of materials
2
IWSD M2.1
Where and why Strength of Materials?
3
You name it, Mechanics of Materials is in it!
Main Objective: Predict behavior to prevent failure!
Biomechanics
Source: Royal Inst. of Tech., Sweden

Oil & Gas Industry
Source: Dr. I. Barsoum, PI
Automotive Indusrty
Source: Dr. I. Barsoum, Sweden
IWSD M2.1
4
Medical Surgery
Source: VASCOPS Vascular Diagnostics, Sweden

IWSD M2.1
Where and why Strength of Materials?
You name it, Mechanics of Materials is in it!
Main Objective: Predict behavior to prevent failure!
Equilibrium of forces
5
Conditions for equilibrium:

Equilibrium
At rest remians at rest
In motion with constant velocity

Static Equilibrium most often an object at rest

To maintain equilibrium, satisfy Newtons 1st law

=

Neccesary and sufficient condition for equilibrium
IWSD M2.1
Equilibrium of forces
6
Translational Equilibrium
If every part of a system moves in a straight line at a constant speed, we
say it is in translational equilibrium. This includes being at rest.



For a body to be in translational equilibrium, the resultant forces in any
two perpendicular directions must be zero



This means that using the graphical method of vector addition for the
forces acting on the body, always produces a closed loop:

IWSD M2.1
Equilibrium of forces, example:
7
E.g. 1
A skier moving at constant speed down a slope:
i. Situation Diagram: ii. FBFD for skier:
Normal contact force from
ground on skier
Gravitational force
from skier on ground
Frictional force from
ground on skier
IWSD M2.1
Equilibrium of forces, example:
9
A 50kg mass on a slope. Friction prevents it from moving.
Determine the frictional force.
Equilibrium parallel to slope:
mg sin30 F = 0
0.5 x 50 x 10 F = 0
F = 250N
IWSD M2.1
Free Body Diagram (FBD)
10
Free Body Diagrams are one of the most important things for you to know
how to draw and use.

What ? - It is a drawing that shows all external forces acting on the particle.

Why ? - It is the key to being able to write the equations of equilibriumwhich
are used to solve for the unknowns (usually forces or moments).

Must account for all known and unknown forces acting on the particle

Isolate the body from its surroundings
Account for contact forces
Account for forces over a distance (gravity; magnetic; electric)

IWSD M2.1
Free Body Diagram (FBD)
11
Imagine the particle to be isolated or cut free from its surroundings.

Show all the forces that act on the particle.
Active forces: They want to move the particle.
Reactive forces: They tend to resist the motion.

Identify each force and show all known magnitudes and directions. Show all
unknown magnitudes and / or directions as variables

Free Body Diagram (FBD), example:
12
Since particle A is in equilibrium, the net force at A is zero. The vector sum is zero.
In general, for a particle in equilibrium,
Or, written in a scalar form,
These are two scalar equations of equilibrium (E-of-E)

They can be used to solve for up to two unknowns
IWSD M2.1
Free Body Diagram (FBD), example:
13
IWSD M2.1
Equilibrium of moments
14
The necessary and sufficient condition for the static equilibrium of a
body are that the resultant force and couple from all external forces
form a system equivalent to zero,
( )

=

= = 0 0 F r M F
O

=

=

=
0 0 0
0 0 0
z y x
z y x
M M M
F F F
Resolving each force and moment into its rectangular components
leads to 6 scalar equations which also express the conditions for
static equilibrium,
For a rigid body in static equilibrium, the external forces and
moments are balanced and will impart no translational or
rotational motion to the body.
IWSD M2.1
Example: review of statics and design
15
The structure is designed to
support a 30 kN load
Perform a static analysis to
determine the internal force in
each structural member and
the reaction forces at the
supports
The structure consists of a
boom and rod joined by pins
(zero moment connections) at
the junctions and supports
IWSD M2.1
Example: review of statics and design
16
Free Body Diagram
Structure is detached from supports
and the loads and reaction forces are
indicated
A
y
and C
y
can not be determined from
these equations
( ) ( )( )
kN 30
0 kN 30 0
kN 40
0
kN 40
m 8 . 0 kN 30 m 6 . 0 0
= +
= + = =
= =
+ = =
=
= =

y y
y y y
x x
x x x
x
x C
C A
C A F
A C
C A F
A
A M
Conditions for static equilibrium:
IWSD M2.1
Example: review of statics and design
17
In addition to the complete structure, each
component must satisfy the conditions for
static equilibrium
( )
0
m 8 . 0 0
=
= =

y
y B
A
A M
Consider a free-body diagram for the boom:
kN 30 =
y
C
substitute into the structure
equilibrium equation
Results:
| = = = kN 30 kN 40 kN 40
y x
C C A
Reaction forces are directed along boom
and rod
Component Free Body Diagram
IWSD M2.1
Example: review of statics and design
18
Conclusion: the strength of member BC is
adequate
MPa 165
all
= o
From the material properties for steel, the
allowable stress is
From a statics analysis
F
AB
= 40 kN (compression)
F
BC
= 50 kN (tension)
Can the structure safely support the 30 kN
load?
d
BC
= 20 mm
MPa 159
m 10 314
N 10 50
2 6 -
3
=

= =
A
P
BC
o
At any section through member BC, the
internal force is 50 kN with a force intensity
or stress of
Stress analysis
IWSD M2.1
Example: review of statics and design
19
Design Design of new structures requires selection of
appropriate materials and component
dimensions to meet performance requirements
For reasons based on cost, weight, availability,
etc., the choice is made to construct the rod
from aluminum (s
all
= 100 MPa). What is an
appropriate choice for the rod diameter?
( )
mm 2 . 25 m 10 52 . 2
m 10 500 4 4
4
m 10 500
Pa 10 100
N 10 50
2
2 6
2
2 6
6
3
= =

= =
=
=

= = =

t t
t
o
o
A
d
d
A
P
A
A
P
all
all
An aluminum rod 26 mm or more in diameter
is adequate
IWSD M2.1
Reactions at support and connections
20
Reactions equivalent to a
force with known line of
action.
IWSD M2.1
Reactions at support and connections
21
Reactions equivalent to a
force of unknown direction
and magnitude.
Reactions equivalent to a
force of unknown
direction and magnitude
and a couple.of unknown
magnitude
IWSD M2.1
Reactions at support and connections, Equilibrium
22
For all forces and moments acting on a two-
dimensional structure,
O z y x z
M M M M F = = = = 0 0
Equations of equilibrium become

= = = 0 0 0
A y x
M F F
where A is any point in the plane of the
structure.
The 3 equations can be solved for no more
than 3 unknowns.
The 3 equations can not be augmented with
additional equations, but they can be
replaced


= = = 0 0 0
B A x
M M F
IWSD M2.1
Statically indetermined reactions
23
More unknowns
than equations
Fewer unknowns than
equations, partially
constrained
Equal number unknowns
and equations but
improperly constrained
IWSD M2.1
Beams
24
Beams - structural members supporting loads
at various points along the member
Objective - Analysis and design of beams
Transverse loadings of beams are classified as
concentrated loads or distributed loads
Applied loads result in internal forces
consisting of a shear force (from the shear
stress distribution) and a bending couple
(from the normal stress distribution)
Normal stress is often the critical design
criteria
S
M
I
c M
I
My
m x
= = = o o
Requires determination of the location and
magnitude of largest bending moment
Beams classification of beam supports
25
IWSD M2.1
Shear and bending moment diagrams
26
Determination of maximum normal and
shearing stresses requires identification
of maximum internal shear force and
bending couple.
Shear force and bending couple at a point
are determined by passing a section
through the beam and applying an
equilibrium analysis on the beam portions
on either side of the section.
Sign conventions for shear forces V and V
and bending couples M and M
IWSD M2.1
Example: Shear and bending moment diagrams
27
A beam is loaded and supported. For this beam:

a) Draw complete shear force and bending moment diagrams

b) Determine the equations for the shear force and the bending moment as
functions of x

IWSD M2.1
Example: Shear and bending moment diagrams
28
Overall/Global Equilibrium

We start by drawing a free-body diagram of the
beam and determining the support reactions.
Summing moments about the left end A of the beam




gives


Then, summing forces in the vertical direction



gives

IWSD M2.1
Example: Shear and bending moment diagrams
29
Drawing the Shear force diagram

Sometimes we are not so much interested in the equations for the shear force
and bending moment as we are in knowing the maximum and minimum values
or the values at some particular point. In these cases, we want a quick and
efficient method of generating the shear force and bending moment diagrams
(graphs) so we can easily find the maximum and minimum values. That is the
subject of this first part of the problem.
Concentrated Force @ A
The 30-kN concentrated force (support
reaction) at the left end of the beam causes
the shear force graph to jump up (in the
direction of the force) by 30 kN (the
magnitude of the force) from 0 kN to 30 kN
IWSD M2.1
Example: Shear and bending moment diagrams
30
Distributed Load @ A and B
The downward distributed load causes the shear
force graph to slope downward (in the direction of
the load). Since the distributed load is constant,
the slope of the shear force graph is
constant (dV/dx= w = constant).

The total change in the shear force
graph between points A and B is 40 kN (equal to
the area under the distributed load between
points A and B) from +30 kN to -10 kN.

We also need to know where the shear force
becomes zero. The full 4 m of the distributed load
causes a change in the shear force of 40 kN. Since
the distributed load is uniform, the area (change
in shear force) is just 10 b = 30, which gives b = 3
m. That is, the shear force graph becomes zero at
x = 3 m
IWSD M2.1
Example: Shear and bending moment diagrams
31
Concentrated Force @ B
The 16-kN concentrated force at B
causes the shear force graph to jump
down (in the direction of the force) by
16 kN (the magnitude of the force) from
-10 kN to -26 kN.
No Loads @ B and C
Since there are no loads between
points B and C, the shear force graph is
constant (the slope dV/dx = w = 0) at -26
kN.
IWSD M2.1
Example: Shear and bending moment diagrams
32
Concentrated Force @ C
The 45-kN concentrated force (support
reaction) at C causes the shear force
graph to jump up (in the direction of the
force) by 45 kN (the magnitude of the
force) from -26 kN to +19 kN
No Loads @ C and D
Since there are no loads between
points C and D, the shear force
graph is constant (the slope
dV/dx = w = 0) at +19 kN.
IWSD M2.1
Example: Shear and bending moment diagrams
33
Concentrated Force @ D
The 19-kN concentrated force at D causes
the shear force graph to jump down (in
the direction of the force) by 19 kN (the
magnitude of the force) from +19 kN to 0
kN.
IWSD M2.1
Example: Shear and bending moment diagrams
34
Drawing the Bending moment diagram

Since there are no concentrated moments acting on this beam, the bending moment
diagram (graph) will be continuous (no jumps) and it will start and end at zero
Decreasing Shear Force
The bending moment graph starts out at
zero and with a large positive slope (since the
shear force starts out with a large positive
value and dM/dx = V). As the shear force
decreases, so does the slope of the bending
moment graph. At x = 3 m the shear force
becomes zero and the bending moment is at a
local maximum (dM/dx = V = 0) For values of x
greater than 3 m (3 < x < 4 m) the shear force
is negative and the bending moment decreases
(dM/dx = V < 0).
IWSD M2.1
Example: Shear and bending moment diagrams
35
Decreasing Shear Force
The shear force graph is linear (1
st
order function of x ),
so the bending moment graph is a parabola
(2
nd
order function of x).

The change in the bending moment between x = 0 m
and x = 3 m is equal to the area under the shear
graph between those two points. The area of the
triangle is


So the value of the bending moment at x = 3 m is M = 0
+ 45 = 45 kNm. The change in the bending moment
between x = 3 and x = 4 m is also equal to the area
under the shear graph


So the value of the bending moment at x = 4 m is M = 45
- 5 = 40 kNm
IWSD M2.1
Example: Shear and bending moment diagrams
36
Constant Shear Force
Although the bending moment graph is continuous
at x = 4 m, the jump in the shear force at x = 4 m causes
the slope of the bending moment to change suddenly
from dM/dx = V = -10 kNm/m to dM/dx = -26 kNm/m.

Since the shear force graph is constant between x = 4 m
and x = 7 m, the bending moment graph has a constant
slope between x = 4 m and x = 7 m (dM/dx = V = -26
kNm/m). That is, the bending moment graph is a
straight line.

The change in the bending moment between x = 4 m
and x = 7 m is equal to the area under the shear
graph between those two points. The area of the
rectangle is just M = (-26 3) = -78 kNm. So the value of
the bending moment at x = 7 m is M = 40 - 78 = -38
kNm.
IWSD M2.1
Example: Shear and bending moment diagrams
37
Constant Shear Force
Again the bending moment graph is continuous at x = 7
m. The jump in the shear force at x = 7 m causes the
slope of the bending moment to change suddenly from
dM/dx = V = -26 kNm/m to dM/dx = +19 kNm/m.

Since the shear force graph is constant between x = 7 m
and x = 9 m, the bending moment graph has a constant
slope between x = 7 m and x = 9 m (dM/dx = V = +19
kNm/m). That is, the bending moment graph is a
straight line.

The change in the bending moment between x = 7 m
and x = 9 m is equal to the area under the shear
graph between those two points. The area of the
rectangle is just M = (+19 2) = +38 kNm. So the value
of the bending moment at x = 7 m is M = -38 + 38 = 0
kNm.
IWSD M2.1
Example: Shear and bending moment diagrams
38
Determining the shear force and the bending moment equations

Sometimes we are not so much interested in the graphs of the shear force and bending
moment as we are in knowing the equations. In particular, we need to integrate the
equation for the bending moment to determine the shape of beam and how much the
beam will bend as a result of the loads.

The easiest way to get the equations for the shear force and bending moment as
functions of the position x is to use equilibrium.
IWSD M2.1
Example: Shear and bending moment diagrams
39
Determining the shear force and the bending moment equations

0 m < x < 4 m
The right-hand portion of the beam that has been discarded
exerts a shear force and a bending moment on the left-hand
portion of the beam as shown. Summing forces in the vertical
direction


gives



Summing moments about a point on the "cut end" of the
beam


gives


IWSD M2.1
Example: Shear and bending moment diagrams
40
Determining the shear force and the bending moment equations

4 m < x < 7 m
Summing forces in the vertical direction


gives



Summing moments about a point on the "cut end" of the
beam


gives


IWSD M2.1
Example: Shear and bending moment diagrams
41
Determining the shear force and the bending moment equations

7 m < x < 9 m
Summing forces in the vertical direction


gives






Summing moments about a point on the "cut end" of the
beam


gives


IWSD M2.1
Example: Shear and bending moment diagrams
42
Determining the shear force and the bending moment equations

It is easily verified that these equations have the appropriate character to match the
shear force and bending moment diagrams developed in the first part of this
problem. It is also easily verified that these equations match the previous graphs at
the points x = 0 m, x = 3 m, x = 4 m, x = 7 m, and x = 9 m.

Assignment: Do it! 10 minutes on your own!


Finally, note that these equations satisfy the load-shear force-bending moment
relationships
IWSD M2.1
Strength of materials
43
P
P
P
P
P
M
v

Tensile loading
Compressive loading
Shear loading
Bending
Torsional loading
M
v

Multiaxial laoding
P
Different types of loading
IWSD M2.1
Some basic concepts and defintions
44
Internal force Examples: axial and shear forces and bending and torsinal moments (interior of the
material)

External force Surface and mass forces

Rigid body motion Displacement of the points of a body which do not change the distances
between the points inside the body

Deformation Variation of the distance between any two points inside the solid body

Stress Physical entity which allows the defintion of internal forces independent of the dimensions
and geometry of a solid body (internal force intensity)

Strain Physical entity which allows the defintion of deformation independent of the dimensions
and geometry of a solid body

Meachnics of materials:
aims to find relations between the four main physical entities defined above (external and
internal forces, displacements and deformations)
IWSD M2.1
Some basic concepts and defintions
45
1) Independent of the properties of the material the body is made of (only
continuum hypothesis)
2) Constitutive law; rheological behavior of the material, establish stress-train
relations
3) Kinematic compatibility conditions
IWSD M2.1
Bending
46
Pure Bending:
Prismatic (non-circular
cross section)
members subjected to
equal and opposite
couples acting in the
same longitudinal
plane
IWSD M2.1
Pure bending - Crane
47
IWSD M2.1
48
Eccentric Loading: Axial loading which does
not pass through section centroid produces
internal forces equivalent to an axial force
and a couple
Transverse Loading: Concentrated or
distributed transverse load produces
internal forces equivalent to a shear force
and a couple
Principle of Superposition: The normal
stress due to pure bending may be
combined with the normal stress due to
axial loading and shear stress due to shear
loading to find the complete state of stress.
Bending other loading types
IWSD M2.1
49
Symmetric member in pure bending
From statics, a couple M consists of two equal and
opposite forces.
The sum of the components of the forces in any
direction is zero.
The moment is the same about any axis
perpendicular to the plane of the couple and zero
about any axis contained in the plane.
Internal forces in any cross section are equivalent to
a couple. The moment of the couple is the section
bending moment.
}
= =
}
= =
}
= =
M dA y M
dA z M
dA F
x z
x y
x x
o
o
o
0
0
These requirements may be applied to the sums of
the components and moments of the statically
indeterminate elementary internal forces.
IWSD M2.1
Bending deformations
50
bends uniformly to form a circular arc
cross-sectional plane passes through arc center and
remains planar
length of top decreases and length of bottom increases
linear elastic material (Hookes law)
a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the upper
and lower surfaces and for which the length does not
change
stresses and strains are negative (compressive) above
the neutral plane and positive (tension) below it
Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure
bending:
member remains symmetric
IWSD M2.1
Strain due to bending
51
Consider a beam segment of length L.
After deformation, the length of the neutral surface
remains L. At other sections,
( )
( )
m x
m
m
x
c
y
c

c
y y
L
y y L L
y L
c c
c
c
u
u o
c
u u u o
u
=
= =
= = =
= = ' =
= '
or
linearly) ries (strain va
IWSD M2.1
Stress due to bending
52
For a linearly elastic material,
For static equilibrium,
}
} }
=
= = =
dA y
c
dA
c
y
dA F
m
m x x
o
o o
0
0
First moment with respect to neutral
plane is zero. Therefore, the neutral
surface must pass through the section
centroid.
For static equilibrium,
( ) ( )
I
My
c
y
S
M
I
Mc
c
I
dA y
c
M
dA
c
y
y dA y M
x
m x
m
m m
m x
=
=
= =
= =
|
.
|

\
|
= =
}
} }
o
o o
o
o o
o o
ng Substituti
2
linearly) varies (stress
m
m x x
c
y
E
c
y
E
o
c c o
=
= =
IWSD M2.1
Beam section properties
53
The maximum normal stress due to bending,
modulus section
inertia of moment section
= =
=
= =
c
I
S
I
S
M
I
Mc
m
o
A beam section with a larger section modulus will
have a lower maximum stress
Consider a rectangular beam cross section,
Ah bh
h
bh
c
I
S
6
1
3
6
1
3
12
1
2
= = = =
Between two beams with the same cross sectional
area, the beam with the greater depth will be
more effective in resisting bending.
Structural steel beams are designed to have a large
section modulus.
IWSD M2.1
54
Properties of American Standard Shapes
Beam section properties
IWSD M2.1
Bending example: Lightweight design of a mobile crane
55
w
h
t
Governing equations from beam theory
L
P

max

A
EI
L P
3
3

= A
I
e L P
max
max

= o
deflection
bending stress
bending stiffness
I E
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2 6
2
w h
h t I moment of inertia
IWSD M2.1
Bending example: Lightweight design of a mobile crane
56
w
h
t
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2 6
2
w h
h t I
w x h x t
60x100x10
Weight = 1
Stiffness = 1
Deflection = 1
60x100x6
Weight = 0.61
Stiffness = 0.67
Deflection = 1.49
40x140x5
Weight = 0.61
Stiffness = 1.11
Deflection = 0.9
Reducing weight Increasing stiffness Reducing deformation
stifness bending I E =
Lightweight Structure
IWSD M2.1
Bending example: Lightweight design of a mobile crane
57
What do we need to design against?
ratio s slendernes plate
t
h
=
Design against Failure
Plasticity
Yield stress (
yield
)
Material dependent
Plastic collapse
Elastic instability
Buckilng stress (
crit
<
yield
)
Material independent (??)
Buckling Post buckling collapse
Lightweight structure
L
P
Increasing plate slenderness ratio
IWSD M2.1
Torsional load
58
Chassi in a truck
A shaft in a transmission gearbox
IWSD M2.1
Torsional loads in circular shafts
59
Interested in stresses and strains of
circular shafts subjected to twisting
couples or torques
Generator creates an equal and opposite
torque T
Shaft transmits the torque to the
generator
Turbine exerts torque T on the shaft
IWSD M2.1
Net torque due to internal stresses
60
( )
} }
= = dA dF T t
Net of the internal shearing stresses is an
internal torque, equal and opposite to the
applied torque,
Although the net torque due to the shearing
stresses is known, the distribution of the
stresses is not.
Unlike the normal stress due to axial loads, the
distribution of shearing stresses due to torsional
loads can not be assumed uniform.
Distribution of shearing stresses is statically
indeterminate must consider shaft
deformations.
IWSD M2.1
Torsion axial shear components
61
Torque applied to shaft produces
shearing stresses on the faces
perpendicular to the axis.
Conditions of equilibrium require the
existence of equal stresses on the faces of
the two planes containing the axis of the
shaft.
The slats slide with respect to each other
when equal and opposite torques are applied
to the ends of the shaft.
The existence of the axial shear components
is demonstrated by considering a shaft made
up of axial slats.
IWSD M2.1
Torsion shaft deformations
62
From observation, the angle of twist of the
shaft is proportional to the applied torque and
to the shaft length.
L
T

|
|
When subjected to torsion, every cross-section
of a circular shaft remains plane and
undistorted.
Cross-sections for hollow and solid circular
shafts remain plain and undistorted because a
circular shaft is axisymmetric.
Cross-sections of noncircular (non-
axisymmetric) shafts are distorted when
subjected to torsion.
IWSD M2.1
Torsion shearing strain
63
Consider an interior section of the shaft. As a
torsional load is applied, an element on the
interior cylinder deforms into a rhombus.
Shear strain is proportional to twist and radius
max max
and

c L
c
= =
L
L
|
| = = or
It follows that
Since the ends of the element remain planar, the
shear strain is equal to angle of twist.
IWSD M2.1
Torsion stress in elastic range
64
J
c
dA
c
dA T
max
2
max
t

t
t
}
=
}
= =
Recall that the sum of the moments from
the internal stress distribution is equal to
the torque on the shaft at the section,
and
max
J
T
J
Tc
t t = =
The results are known as the elastic torsion
formulas,
Multiplying the previous equation by the
shear modulus,
max

G
c
G =
max
t

t
c
=
From Hookes Law,
t G =
The shearing stress varies linearly with the
radial position in the section.
4
2
1
c J t =
( )
4
1
4
2
2
1
c c J = t
IWSD M2.1
Torsion Normal stresses
65
Note that all stresses for elements a and c have
the same magnitude
Element c is subjected to a tensile stress on
two faces and compressive stress on the
other two.
Elements with faces parallel and
perpendicular to the shaft axis are subjected
to shear stresses only. Normal stresses,
shearing stresses or a combination of both
may be found for other orientations.
( )
max
0
0 max
45
0 max 0 max
2
2
2 45 cos 2
o
t
t
o
t t
= = =
= =
A
A
A
F
A A F
Consider an element at 45
o
to the shaft axis,
Element a is in pure shear.
IWSD M2.1
Torsion Failure modes
66
Ductile materials generally fail in
shear. Brittle materials are weaker
in tension than shear.

When subjected to torsion, a ductile
specimen breaks along a plane of
maximum shear, i.e., a plane
perpendicular to the shaft axis.
When subjected to torsion, a brittle
specimen breaks along planes
perpendicular to the direction in
which tension is a maximum, i.e.,
along surfaces at 45
o
to the shaft
axis.
IWSD M2.1
Problem 2.1.1
67
The beam ABCD shown in the figure has overhangs at each end
and carries a uniform load of intensity q. For what ratio b/L will
the bending moment at the midpoint of the beam be zero?

15 min on your own!
IWSD M2.1
Problem 2.1.2
68
The simple beam AB shown in the figure is subjected to a
concentrated load P and a clockwise couple M
1
PL/4 acting at
the third points. Draw the shear-force and bending-moment
diagrams for this beam.

15 min on your own!
IWSD M2.1

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