6.

Vector groups
6.1 Phase position of input and output voltage
If the two windings of a single-phase transformer are mounted on one limb of an iron
core, the currents in both windings are inversely directed because the magnetomotive
forces neutralize each other (Fig. 13.
Figure 13 Schematic diagram of a transformer
!onse"uently, a phase displacement of 1#$% must arise between the voltages &
1
and &
'
.
(asically, nothing changes if the winding )
'
is shifted to the other limb and the phase
displacement stays at 1#$%. *his shift is not important in case of alternating transformers
in contrast to three-phase alternating current transformers.
6.2 Characteristics and application of vector groups
In the case of three-phase alternating current transformers, the three windings of the h.v.-
side and of the l.v.-side are connected in the three well-+nown three-phase current
connections.
*he disadvantage of the delta connection in contrast to the delta-star connection is that
the phase-to-phase voltage has to be generated on every limb or in every phase winding,
this connection, conse"uently, possesses -3. more turns with a relatively smaller cross-
section. *hus, more insulating material is needed, i.e. the e/isting winding space in the
transformer cannot be used to the same e/tent as in the case of a delta-star connection.
*his is why delta connections are not used with high voltages. 0egarded from the point of
transmission of electrical energy, the delta winding is less favorable than the delta-star
winding because of the fact that voltage surges from the power system may enter into
both sides of the winding.
*he advantage of the delta-winding, however, is that in case of asymmetrically operated
delta-star windings the delta winding again balances the magnetizing currents in the
transformer by short-circuiting the magnetic field.
Figure 14 Delta-star and delta connection
U
2
1ractice has proved the following tapping arrangements as being technically efficient for
the transformers types used in power plants2
generator transformers star3delta
unit au/iliary transformers delta-star3delta-star
l.v.-transformers delta3delta-star or delta-star3zigzag
*he first designation applies to the h.v. and the second to the l.v.-winding.
4ccording to 567 the various connection combinations are summed up into 8 different
groups with distinctive numbers, identifying the phase angles of the input and output
voltages (Fig. 19.
Figure 15 Transformer winding connections
*he distinctive number $ transmits the voltage with an unchanged phase angle,
the distinctive number 9 turns 9/3$% : 19$%,
the distinctive number ; turns ;/3$% : 1#$%,
the distinctive number 11 turns 11/3$% : 33$% cloc+wise.
*he rotation of the phase displacement from h.v. to l.v. is indicated by the inde/ number
corresponding to the cloc+face of a cloc+.
1arallel operation of transformers is possible with the identical distinctive number, e.g.
<y$ with 6y$. 1arallel operation between the distinctive numbers $ and ;, or 9 and 11,
respectively, is possible only if the transformer=s phase beginnings on one side are
interchanged with the phase ends, i.e. if a rotation by 1#$% is carried out.
1
why we need to specify the transformer vector group in substation design. If the vector
grp of a generating transformer is changed from yd11 to yd1 how it will be going to
affect in synchronising the generator
>1 ?hy is vector group important@
41 (ecause it determines the phase angle displacement between the primary (A5 and
secondary (B5 windings.
>' If the vector-group is changed from <d11 to <d1, how will it affect generator
synchronization@
4' *he <d11 has an A5 to B5 phase angle displacement of plus 3$%, while that of the
<d1 is minus 3$%. Cynchronization could be done if the A5 and B5 configurations were
reversed, i.e., <d11 and 6y1 in parallel. (ut, it is not possible if the <d1 were to be
paralleled with a <d11 if the primary of both transformers were supplied from the same
source.
*he response might be different if you could furnish additional system detailD I may have
misinterpreted your system layout regarding the number of gensetsD
*he vector group denotes the way in which the windings are connected and the phase
position of their respective voltage vectors. It consists of letters identifying the
configuration of the phase windings and the number indicating the phase angle between
the phase-to-neutral voltages of the windings.
*he 4)CI notations are not identical to the I7! mar+etplace (Cee 4)CI3I777 Ctd
!9-.-$. For the I7! mar+etplace the winding connections are categorized as follows2
a 6elta (6,d
b Ctart (<,y
c Interconnected Ctar (E,z
d Fpen (III, iii
I7! )F*4*IF)2
!apital Better : A5 winding, lower case letter : G5 or B5 winding.
)umber : multiple of 3$o denotes the angle by which the vector of B5 winding lags that
of the A5 winding
Cee the enclose site for additional reference
www.riedel-trafobau.de3english3pdfHeng3b3genHe.pdf
0eply to this post...
1osted by 1hil !orso on 1' Iuly, '$$9 - -2$9 pm
4 small, albeit important technical correction of ?illiam Ainton=s Cun, Iul 1', '$$9,
32'$pm comments2
<our observation regarding phase-angle (displacement between primary phase-to neutral
and secondary phase-to-neutral voltages for the <y case is correct. (ut, the same cannot
be said for the <d case.
For the case of the <d1 the primary phase-neutral voltage leads the corresponding
secondary phase-neutral voltage. For the <d11 case the secondary leads the primary.
Aowever, because the neutral-point of the delta secondary is non-e/istent, then, one must
use the phase-to-phase
measurement. For the <d1 case, the primary phase-to-neutral voltage 4-), is in phase
with the secondary a-b voltage. !onversely, for the <d11 case, the primary voltage 4-),
is in phase with the secondary a-c
voltage.
!onse"uently, it is obvious that the <d11-<d1 substitution can not be made without
affecting 1* and !* protective relaying and metering circuitsD
*he vector group of a polyphase power transformer indicates its windings=
configurations and the difference in phase angle between them.
*he phase windings of a polyphase transformer can be connected together internally in
different configurations, depending on what characteristics are needed from the
transformer. For e/ample, in a three-phase power system, it may be necessary to connect
a three-wire system to a four-wire system, or vice versa. (ecause of this, transformers are
manufactured with a variety of winding configurations to meet these re"uirements.
6ifferent combinations of winding connections will result in different phase angles
between the voltages on the windings. *his limits the types of transformers that can be
connected between two systems, because mismatching phase angles can result in
circulating current and other system disturbances.
*he vector group provides a simple way of indicating how the internal connections of a
particular transformer are arranged. In the system adopted by the I7!, the vector group is
indicated by a code consisting of two or three letters, followed by one or two digits. *he
letters indicate the winding configuration as follows2
62 6elta winding,
also called a mesh
winding. 7ach phase
terminal connects to
two windings, so the
windings form a
triangular
configuration with
the terminals on the
points of the triangle.
<2 ?ye winding,
also called a star
winding. 7ach phase
terminal connects to
one end of a
winding, and the
other end of each
winding connects to
the other two at a
central point, so that
the configuration
resembles a capital
letter Y. *he central
point may or may
not be connected
outside of the
transformer.
E2 Eigzag winding,
or interconnected
star winding.
(asically similar to a
star winding, but the
windings are
arranged so that the
three legs are JbentJ
when the phase
diagram is drawn.
Eigzag-wound
transformers have
special
characteristics and
are not commonly
used where these
characteristics are
not needed.
III2 Independent
windings. *he three
windings are not
interconnected inside
the transformer at
all, and must be
connected e/ternally.
In the I7! vector group code, each letter stands for one set of windings. *he primary
(input winding is designated with a capital letter, while the other winding or windings
are designated with a lowercase letter. *he digits following the letter codes indicate the
difference in phase angle between the windings, in units of 3$ degrees.
For e/ample, a transformer with a vector group of 6y1 has a delta-connected primary
winding and a wye-connected secondary winding. *he phase angle of the secondary lags
the primary by 3$ degrees.
*ransformers built to 4)CI standards usually do not have the vector group shown on
their nameplate and instead a vector diagram is given to show the relationship between
the primary and other windings.
Please tell me what are the factors upon which a transformer vector group depends? While designing an electrical system
how does one make a decision on what vector group should be chosed for a transformer? For example, in a proect a
!"## k$% distribution transformer fed by "&" k$ 'wgr has vector group (yn!!& Please tell me how to choose the vector
group for an application&
$ector )roups are the *+, method of categori-ing the primary and secondary winding configurations of ./phase
transformers& Windings can be connected as delta, star 0wye1, or interconnected/star 0-ig/-ag1& Winding polarity is also
important, since reversing the connections across a set of windings affects the phase/shift between primary and
secondary& $ector groups identify the winding connections and polarities of the primary and secondary& From a vector
group one can determine the phase/shift between primary and secondary&
2he first criterion to consider in choosing a vector group for a distribution transformer for a facility is to know whether you
want a delta/star or star/star& Utilities often prefer star/star transformers, but these re3uire 4/wire input feeders and 4/wire
output feeders 0i&e& incoming and outgoing neutral conductors1& For distribution transformers within a facility, often delta/
star are chosen because these transformers do not re3uire 4/wire input5 a ./wire primary feeder circuit suffices to supply a
4/wire secondary circuit& 2hat6s because any -ero se3uence current re3uired by the secondary to supply earth faults or
unbalanced loads is supplied by the delta primary winding, and is not re3uired from the upstream power source& 2he
method of earthing on the secondary is independent of the primary for delta/star transformers&
2he second criterion to consider is what phase/shift you want between primary and secondary& For example, (y!! and
(y7 transformers are both delta/star& *f you don6t care about the phase/shift, then either transformer will do the ob&
Phase/shift is important when you are paralleling sources / you want the phase/shifts of the sources to be identical& *f you
are paralleling transformers, then you want them to have the same the same vector group&
*f you are replacing a transformer, use the same vector group for the new transformer, otherwise the existing $2s and ,2s
used for protection and metering will not work properly&
For a single delta/star transformer used for low/voltage distribution, * don6t think it matters what the phase/shift is& 2he
standard delta/star vector group offering of the transformer manufacturer would do the ob&
anybody give some details about transformer vector groups. such as Yd11, what
does these letters show?
i have a very little idea about them.
First symbol/symbols, capital letters: H winding connection.
!econd symbol/symbols, small letters: " winding connection.
#hird symbol, number: $hase displacement e%pressed as the cloc& hour number.
'inding connection designations
High oltage (lways capital letters
)elta * )
!tar * Y
+nterconnected star * ,
-eutral brought out * -
"ow voltage (lways small letters
)elta * d
!tar * y
+nterconnected star * .
-eutral brought out * n
for auto transformer * a
$hase displacement
$hase rotation is always anti*cloc&wise. /international adopted convention0
1se the hour indicator as the indicating phase displacement angle. 2ecause there are
13 hours on a cloc&, and a circle consists out of 4567, each hour represents 467.
#hus 1 8 467, 3 8 567, 4 8 967, 5 8 1:67 and 13 8 67 or 4567.
#he minute hand is set on 13 o;cloc& and replaces the line to neutral voltage
/sometimes imaginary0 of the H winding. #his position is always the reference
point.
2ecause rotation is anti*cloc&wise, 1 8 467 lagging /" lags H with 4670and 11 8
4467 lagging or 467 leading /" leads H with 4670
#o summarise:
)d6
)elta connected H winding, delta connected " winding, no phase shift between H
and ".
)yn11
)elta connected H winding, star connected " winding with neutral brought out, "
is leading H with 467
Y-d<
!tar connected H winding with neutral brought out, delta connected " winding, "
lags H with 1<67
Y-a6d11
!tar connected H winding with neutral brought out, auto transformer with 67
displacement. " winding delta conected leading H by 467
#he phase*bushings on a three phase transformer are mar&ed either (2=, 1' or
134 /H*side capital, "*side small letters0
#wo winding, three phase transformers can be devided into four main categories
/=loc& hour number and phase displacement of those most fre>uently encountered in
practice in brac&ets0
?roup + * /6 o;cloc&, 670 * delta/delta, star/star
?roup ++ * /5 o;cloc&, 1:670 * delta/delta, star/star
?roup +++ * /1 o;cloc&, *4670 * star/delta, delta/star
?roup + * /11 o;cloc&, @4670 * star/delta, delta/star
/Ainus indicates " lagging H, plus indicates " leading H0
?roup +
B%ample: )d6 /no phase displacement between H and "0
#he conventional method is to connect the red phase on (/a, Yellow phase on 2/b,
and the 2lue phase on =/c. Cther phase displacements are possible with
unconventional connections /for instance red on b, yellow on c and blue on a0 2y
doing some unconventional connections e%ternally on one side of the trsf, an internal
connected )d6 transformer can be changed either to a )dD/*13670 or )d:/@13670
connection. #he same is true for internal connected )dD or )d: transformers.
?roup ++
B%ample: )d5 /1:67 displacement between H and "0
2y doing some unconventional connections e%ternally on one side of the trsf, an
internal connected )d5 transformer can be changed either to a )d3/*5670 or
)d16/@5670 connection.
?roup +++
B%ample: )yn1 /*467 displacement between H and "0
2y doing some unconventional connections e%ternally on one side of the trsf, an
internal connected )yn1 transformer can be changed either to a )yn</*1<670 or
)yn9/@9670 connection.
?roup +
B%ample: )yn11 /@467 displacement between H and "0
2y doing some unconventional connections e%ternally on one side of the trsf, an
internal connected )yn11 transformer can be changed either to a )ynE/@1<670 or
)yn4/*9670 connection.
(dditional -ote
2y doing some unconventional connections e%ternally on both sides of the trsf, an
internal connected group+++ or group+ transformer can be changed to any of these
two groups. #hus, an internal connected )yn1 transformer can be changed to either
a: )yn4, )yn<, )ynE, )yn9 or )yn11 transformer, by doing e%ternal changes on
both sides of the trsf. #his is Fust true for star/delta or delta/star connections.
=hanges for delta/delta or star/star transformers between group+ and group++ can
Fust be done internally.