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MANUAL
General
The purpose of this manual is to explain how the transformer should be installed
,
commissioned, operated and maintained in general. In addition to the instruction
s given in the
manual, reference should be made to :
IEC-60076 Power Transformer
IEC-60296 Specification for unused mineral insulating oils for Transformer & Swi
tchgear
IEC- 60137 Insulating Bushing for alternating voltage above 1000V.
IEC-60354 Loading Guide for oil immersed power transformer.
IEC-60364 Specification for Gas operated relays
IEC-156 Method for the determination of the electric strength of insulating oils
.
IS-10028 Code of Practice for Installation of Transformers.
IS-335 Code of Practice for Maintenance of Transformers
IS-1866 Code of Practice for maintenance of Transformer oil
IS-1646 Code of Practice for Electrical Installation
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TRANSFORMERS GENERAL
Transformer is one of the most vital and important electrical machinery. The dev
elopment of the
present day power system is very much attributable to the large number and types
of
transformer that are in operation in the system, such as, generator transformers
, step-up
transformers, step-down transformers, interlinking transformers, power
transformers & distribution transformers etc. Being a static machine, it is
inherently reliable compared to other machines,. Distribution
transformers are a important link between the power system and
millions of electricity consumers. Any failure of this important equipment,
apart from adversely affecting the consumers, will also mean
considerable financial loss to the electricity undertaking. It is therefore of
important that utmost care is taken in the design, manufacture, testing,
installation, and maintenance of transformers.
A transformer consists of a magnetic core made out of insulated silicon
steel laminations. Two distinct sets of windings, one called primary and
other called secondary winding, are wound on such core. The
transformer helps in converting low voltage into high voltage or visa-versa and
accordingly the
transformer is termed step-up or step-down. The winding to which the voltage is
applied is called
primary winding, where as the winding to which the load is connected is called s
econdary
winding. The transformer works on the principle of electro-magnetic induction. S
uch phenomena
can take place in a static device, only, if the magnetic flux is continually var
ying. It is therefore
clear that static transformers can only be used with alternating currents only.
When an
alternating EMF is applied to the primary winding of a transformer with the seco
ndary winding
open circuited, a small current flows in the primary winding which serves to mag
netize the core
and to feed the iron losses of the transformer. As primary and secondary winding
s are wound on
the same core, the magnetizing flux is the same for both the windings. The magne
tizing flux
corresponds to the magnetizing current in the primary and the number of turns of
the primary
winding. Primary and secondary windings are wound on the same core, hence the in
duced
voltage per turn is the same for both primary and secondary winding. Also the ab
solute value of
induced voltage in the primary and secondary windings is proportional to the num
ber of turns in
the respective windings.
TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
The main parts of a transformer are;
1. Transformer core
2. Transformer Windings.
3. Transformer Tank and Radiators.
Transformer core
Every transformer has a core, which is surrounded by windings. The core is made
out of special
cold rolled grain oriented silicon sheet steel laminations. The special silicon
steel ensures low
hysteretisis losses. The silicon steel laminations also ensure high resistively
of core material
which result in low eddy currents. In order to reduce eddy current losses, the l
aminations are
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kept as thin as possible. The thickness of the laminations is usually around 0.2
7 to 0.35 mm. The
transformer cores construction are of two types, viz, core type and shell type.
In core type
transformers, the windings are wound around the core, while in shell type transf
ormers, the core
is constructed around the windings. The shell type transformers provide a low re
actance path for
the magnetic flux, while the core type transformer has a high leakage flux and h
ence higher
reactance.
The ideal shape for the section of the core is a circle, as this would mean no
wastage of space between the core and windings, except the space taken
by the insulation between laminations. A perfectly circular section of core
would mean varying dimensions for each successive lamination, which may
not be economical. A compromise is therefore struck and a stepped core
(four or six steps) construction is normally preferred. The net sectional area
is calculated from the dimensions of the various sections and giving due allowan
ce for the
insulation thickness. The yoke section is arranged similar to the limb section.
To make the best
use of the grain oriented silicon steel it is necessary that the flux run parall
el
to the direction of the rolling for as much of the magnetic path as possible.
This is achieved by selecting identical cross-section and shape for core and
yoke sections and having mitered corners. The materials used are such as to
give low hysteretic losses, for a particular flux density. These are dependant
on weight of material used and design flux density. In case a low flux density
is employed, the weight of material increases, which in turn also leads to incre
ase in length of
mean turn of transformer coil. Both these aspects result in increase in losses.
Similarly, the
eddy current loss depends on the quality of material thickness of laminations an
d the flux
density employed.
The limb laminations in small transformers are held together by stout webbing ta
pe or by suitably
spaced glass fiber bends. The use of insulated bolts passing through the limb la
minations has
been discontinued due to number of instances of core bolt failures. The top
and bottom mitered yokes are interleaved with the limbs and are clamped by
steel sections held together by insulated yoke bolts. The steel frames
clamping the top and bottom yokes are held together by vertical tie bolts.
TRANSFORMER WINDINGS
The primary and secondary windings in a core type transformer are of the concent
ric type only,
while in case of shell type transformer these could be of sand-witched type as w
ell. The
concentric windings are normally constructed in any of the following types depen
ding on the size
and application of the transformer
1. Cross over Type.
2. Helical Type.
3. Continuous Disc Type.
Cross-over type winding is normally employed where rated currents are up-to abou
t 20 Amperes
or so. In this type of winding, each coil consists of number of layers having nu
mber of turns per
layer. The conductor being a round wire or strip insulated with a paper covering
. It is normal
practice to provide one or two extra lavers of paper insulation between lavers.
Further, the
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insulation between lavers is wrapped round the end turns of the lavers there by
assisting to keep
the whole coil compact. The complete windings consists of a number of coils conn
ected in
series. The inside end of a coil is connected to the outside end of adjacent coi
l. Insulation blocks
are provided between adjacent coils to ensure free circulation of oil.
In helical winding, the coil consists of a number of rectangular strips wound in

parallel racially such that each separate turn occupies the total radial depth o
f
the winding. Each turn is wound on a number of key spacers which form the
vertical oil duct and each turn or group of turns is spaced by radial keys
sectors. This ensures free circulation of oil in horizontal and vertical directi
on.
This type of coil construction is normally adopted for low voltage windings
where the magnitude of current is comparatively large.
The continuous disc type of windings consists of number of Discs wound from a si
ngle wire or
number of strips in parallel. Each disc consists of number of turns, wound radic
ally, over one
another. The conductor passing uninterruptedly from one disc to another. With mu
ltiple-strip
conductor. Transpositions are made at regular intervals to ensure uniform
resistance and length of conductor. The discs are wound on an insulating
cylinder spaced from it by strips running the whole length of the cylinder and
separated from one another by hard pressboard sectors keyed to the vertical
strips. This ensures free circulation of oil in horizontal and vertical directio
n and
provides efficient heat dissipation from windings to the oil. The whole coil
structure is mechanically sound and capable of resisting the most enormous
short circuit forces.
The windings coils after manufacture are subjected to drying out in an oven by
circulation of hot air at around 80 degree centigrade. The pre drying and
shrinking of coils is achieved in this process. The coils are further dried un-t
ill
the required insulation resistance is achieved. In case of larger distribution a
nd power
transformers, the assembled core and windings are further subjected to drying ou
t at about
100C and 730mm absolute pressure to drive out water vapor and gas from the windi
ngs.
Appropriate clamping arrangements in the form of rings are provided on the windi
ngs to adjust
for any shrinkage of insulation. The clamping rings could be either metallic wit
h suitable earthing
arrangements or of insulating material.
The insulation of the windings comprises of insulating cylinders between LV wind
ings and core
and between HV winding. Also insulating barriers are provided where necessary, b
etween
adjacent limbs, in some cases and between core yoke and coils.
The leads from top and bottom end of windings and from such tapings, as
may be provided, are brought out to a few centimeters length only. The
electrical connection from these leads to the terminals or bushings consist of
either copper rod or strips depending on the current to be carried. Copper
rods are insulated with bakelite tubes and supported by cleats. Which in turn
are supported from the vertical tie rods passing through the top and bottom
yoke clamps. When copper strips are used for low voltage leads no insulation
need to be provided, except the cleats, which hold the strip in position. The
strips are however wrapped with linen or varnish cloth at the point where it
passes through the leads. Leads from tapings are brought out to a point just
below the top oil and so arranged that tapings may be readily changed by means o
f off load
Tap changer.
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TRANSFORMER TANK
Transformer tanks commonly used are of the following types;
1. Plain sheet steel tank.
2. Sheet steel tank with external cooling tubes.
3. Radiator tanks.
4. Tanks with corrugated wall panels.
Plain sheet steel tanks are used where the size of the tank provides adequate co
oling surface to
dissipate the heat generated on account of losses inside the transformer. Normal
ly transformers
up-to 50KVA could be manufactured without external cooling tubes. For transforme
rs of higher
rating, tanks are constructed with external cooling tubes to provide additional
surface for heat
dissipation. The cooling tubes could be circular or elliptical. Elliptical tubes
with smaller width are
employed where one of the sides of the transformer is fully
occupied by on load tap changer. This ensures more tubes on
the given surface thereby providing more area for heat
dissipation. In larger tanks, stiffeners are also provided on the
sides of the tank to prevent bulging of the tank under oil
pressure. The tubes are welded on the inside of the tank, while
all other joints are welded both, inside and outside.
Large size transformers, above 5 MVA rating are normally
provided with detachable Radiator banks to provide required
cooling surface. The radiator bank consists of series of elliptical
tubes or a pressed steel plate assembly welded into top and bottom headers. The
radiator bank
is bolted on to the tank wall and two isolating valves are fitted into the oil i
nlet and outlet. In case
of very large transformers, even detachable radiator banks mounted onto the tank
walls do not
provide adequate cooling surface. IN such cases, separate self supporting cooler
s are provided
which are connected to the main transformer through large detachable pipes. This
type of
arrangement is good for naturally cooled transformers, as well as, for forced co
oled
transformers. Forced air cooling could be provided by means of suitable fans loc
ated below the
cooler banks. Similarly, forced oil cooling could be provided by installing an o
il pump in the
return cold oil pipe connecting the main transformer tank to the cooler bank. Fo
r outdoor
transformers, the transformer has to be water-tight. For this purpose, the
cover bolts are closely spaced and a substantial tank flange of ample
width is provided. Further a Neoprene bonded cork gasket is provided
between the tank flange and the cover. The bushing insulators are
selected considering the maximum system voltages encountered in the
system and pollution conditions prevailing at site. The joints are made
water-tight by use of Neoprene bonded cork gaskets.
Transformers of rating 1 MVA or more are also normally provided with a
conservator tank connected to the main tank. The conservator tank has a
capacity of about 10% of the oil content of the main tank.
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TRANSFORMERS FITTINGS & ACCESSORIES
Standard Fittings
Standard Fittings listed below are normally provided on the transformers for the
correct and safe
operation of the unit. These fittings conform to the requirement of Internationa
l Standard IEC
60076.
1. Rating and terminal marking plate.
2. Tap Changing arrangement
(a) Off circuit tap changing switch
(b) Off circuit tap changing link
(c) On Load tap changer
3. Two earthing terminals
4. Lifting Lugs
5. Drain cum filter valve
6. Pressure Relief Device
7. Silicagel dehydrating breather.
8. Oil Level Indicator.
9. Thermometer Pocket.
10. Conservator with drain plug and filling hole.
11. Air Release plug.
12. Jacking lugs (above 1600 KVA)
13. Filter valve (top tank)
14. Under base unidirectional flat rollers.
TERMINAL ARRANGEMENT
a) Bare Bushings
or
b) Cable box.
i) Compound filled for PLC cables (upto 33000 Volts)
or
ii) Air filled for PVC cable s (Upto 11000 Volts)
or
c) Bus Duct (Bare bushing enclosed in housing upto 600 Volts)
d) Disconnection chamber between cable box and transformer tank.
e) Additional bare neutral terminal.
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OPTIONAL FITTINGS
These are optional fittings provided at an extra cost, if customer specifically
orders them.
a) Winding temperature indicator
b) Oil temperature indicator
c) Gas and oil actuated (Buchholz) relay
d) Conservator drain valve
e) Shut off valve between conservator and tank.
f) Magnetic oil level gauge
g) Explosion vent
h) Filter valve (Bottom of tank)
i) Skid under base with haulage holes
j) Junction box.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF FITTINGS & ACCESSORIES :
STANDARD FITTINGS
(a) Rating and Terminal marking plate :The
transformer is supplied with rating and terminal marking plate of a non corrosiv
e metal or
metal with protective covering on which all information concerning the rating. V
oltage ratio,
weights, oil quality etc. along with the serial number of the unit is engraved.
(b) Tap changing arrangement :i)
Off - circuit tap changing switch :-The
transformer is fitted with an off-circuit tap changing switch to obtain required
tap voltage. It
can be hand operated by a switch handle mounted on the tank. Locking device is f
itted to the
handle to padlock it on any tap position and also to prevent any unauthorized op
eration of
switch. The switch mechanism is such that it can be locked only when it is bridg
ing two
contacts on any particulars tapping position and cannot be locked in any interme
diate position.
It is important that the transformer should be isolated from the live lines, bef
ore moving the
switch. Operating the switch when transformer is energized, will damage the swit
ch contacts
due to severe arcing between the contacts, and may damage windings also.
II) Off circuit tap changing links :
Contact bridging links are provided inside the transformer tank, to obtain requi
red tap voltage.
Links are required to be unbolted and are fixed in any required position of the
tap.
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Links are approachable from inspection holes in tank cover. In case of conservat
or units, oil
level has to be dropped below the inspection opening before unbolting inspection
covers.
III) On Load tap changer :
On load tap changer is normally mounted on the tank is a separate housing and co
nnected to
winding leads through copper studs fixed on a insulated terminal board Terminal
board is on leak
proof. Oil in the tank need not be lowered down for a attending to OLTC gear. Pl
ease see OLTC
leaflet for the operation and maintenance instructions.
c) Earthing Terminals :
Core laminations assembly is connected to core clamping frame by a cu. strip whi
ch is in turn
connected to the tank. Two earthing terminals are provided on the tank which sho
uld be
connected to the earthing system of supporting structure of transformer or the s
tation.
d) Lifting Lugs :
Two / Four lifting lugs of adequate capacity are provided on tanks to lift compl
etely assembled
transformer filled with oil. All lugs are designed for simultaneous use and shou
ld be used
simultaneously to lift the transformer.
Two/Four lifting lugs are provided on core clamps for un tanking the core and wi
ndings. All heavy
fittings are also provided with individual lifting lugs.
e) Valves and drain plugs:
I) Valves
Transformer is equipped with Drain cum filter valve at bottom of tank. Filter va
lve at top of
tank. Valves are fitted with plugs / blanking plates to stop the dirt or moistur
e entering
inside the valve and avoid the contamination of the transformer oil.
II) Drain Plugs
Drain Plug is provided on conservator to drain out oil.
f) Silicagel dehydrating breather :
Silica gel breather is fitted with silica gel which absorbs moisture from the ai
r entering the
transformer, thus preventing deterioration of oil and insulation due to moisture
condensation.
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The breather contains oil unit at the bottom which prevents the entry of dust so
lid particles
present in the air. The colour of silica gel is blue when dry and turns pink whe
n it has absorb a
certain percentage of moisture by weight. The change in colour of gel can be obs
erved through
window on a container. Breather when fitted should examined to ascertain, that t
he silica gel is
dry (blue in colour) The frequency of inspection of gel depends upon local clima
te and operating
conditions. This dehydrating breather is used in conventional type of transforme
r where breather
in transformer is applicable. In case of hermetically sealed transformer, silica
gel breather are
not required, there is no breathing in this transformer.
g) Oil Level indicator :
Plain Oil level gauge Indicates oil level in tank or conservator, window opening
is fitted with
grooved Perspex sheet and metal frame to give clear indication of oil level.
h) Thermometer Pockets :
This pocket is provided to measure temperature of the top oil in tank with a mer
cury in glass
type thermometer. It is essential to fill the pocket with transformer oil before
inserting the
thermometer, to have uniform and correct reading. One additional pocket is provi
ded for dial
type thermometer (OTI) with contacts.
I) Conservator with drain plug and filling hole :
Conservator is normally provided on all ratings of transformers which provides t
he space for the
expansion / contraction of oil on account of the variation of oil temperature du
ring service. It
prevents the oil in the tank from coming in direct contact with the atmosphere a
nd protects it
from deterioration.
Conservator is provided with silicagel breather, oil level gauge, oil filling ho
le with blanking plate
and drain plug for draining/ sampling of oil contaminated by moisture and sludge
.
J) Air release plug
Air release plug is normally provided on the tank cover for transformer with con
servator. Space
is provided in the plug which allows air to be escaped without removing the plug
fully from the
seat. Plug should be unscrewed till air comes out from cross hole and as soon as
oil flows out it
should be closed.
Air release plugs are also provided on radiator headers and outdoor bushings.
K) Jacking lugs:
Four jacking lugs are normally provided for transformers above 1600 KVA. All lug
s should be
used simultaneously to avoid damage to jacking pads and tank. Suitable hydraulic
or mechanical
jacks may be used to jack up the transformer.
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L) Rollers
Four rollers, plain or flanged type, are provided on e4very transformer. Suitabl
e arrangement of
track for the rollers should be made at site, to facilitate movement of the tran
sformer. The track
provided should be leveled properly so that all wheels rest on the track.
Rollers are normally detached from the tank base at the time of transport.
TERMINAL ARRANGEMENT
a) Bare bushing :
i) Draw through bushing (oil flood type) :--
Winding lead is soldered to the stem of bushings which is drawn through the hole
in porcelain
and is fixed outside the porcelain with leak proof gasket. Oil is flooded throug
h the hole of the
porcelain which acts as an insulation between the lead and earth in addition to
the porcelain
insulation.
ii) Solid Bushing (through stem type)
Through stem protruding out of porcelain on either side is provided with nuts an
d washers to
take windings lead on one side and supply cable on the other side. Bushing is co
mpletely sealed
on one end for oil tightness.
b) Outdoor through stem type porcelain bushings.
c) Cable box type porcelain bushings.
d) Cable box type epoxy bushings.
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a) Outdoor through stem type porcelain bushings.
b) Cable box type porcelain bushings.
c) Cable box type epoxy bushings.
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B) Cable sealing boxes
i) Cable \sealing boxes for PILC cable compound filled :-
Bushing mounted on cable box flange, are integral part of cable box shell and pr
otrude inside the
shell to receive supply cable. Supply cable is inserted through the wiping gland
and individual
cores are connected to respective bushings inside the box. Lead joint is made be
tween the
wiping gland and lead sheathing of the cable to stop the ingress of moisture ins
ide the shell.
Armouring of cables is clamped inside or outside gland joint and earthed suitabl
y.
Cable box is sealed with gasketed joints and insulating compound is filled upto
filling level.
ii) Cable sealing box for PVC cable air filled :
Bushing mounted on the tank are integral part of tank. Detachable cable sealing
box shell covers
the bushings protruding inside the shell.
Supply cable passes through the compression gland and is sealed with a rubberrin
g between
the PVC cable sheath and gland. Armouring of cable is clamped inside or outside
the gland and
earthed suitably.
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C) Bus Duct
Bushing mounted on the tank wall are covered with a small protective metal housi
ng with a
flange suitable to take customers bus duct. Flexible copper links should be provi
ded to connect
bushings to customers bus.
D) Disconnecting Chamber
This arrangement is provided to disconnect the transformer from the cable fox. I
t is provided for
cable box with PILC cables, which facilitates disconnection of cable box from tr
ansformer without
lowering the oil in the tank. It has two sets of bushings one on the side of tra
nsformer and the
other on the cable box. Disconnecting links are provided for disconnecting bushi
ngs on
transformer from the bushings on cable box. Lower oil in chamber if it is connec
ted to
conservator.
Disconnecting chamber facilities cable testing, disconnection of cable box for r
eplacement or for
removing the transformer for repairs without decompounding the cable.
E) C.T. Terminals
CT secondary leads are brought out to the CT terminal boxes located at different
places as
shown on outline drawing. These boxes are supplied with detachable un drilled gl
and mounting
plate. Drilling of gland plate is to be done at site to suit CT Secondary cable
glands.
F) Bare Connection
In case of overhead lines the bare conductors are terminated to the transformer
bushings. Care
should be taken to keep proper clearances between the connections and the earth.
In case,
aluminum ACSR conductors are used for connection to transformer terminals, suita
ble
bimetallic type connectors should be used to prevent electrolytic corrosion at t
he contact
surfaces of the dissimilar metals.
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OPTIONAL FITTINGS
a) Winding temperature Indicator
The windings temperature indicator indicates Hot spot temperature of the winding. T
his is a
Thermal Image type indicator.
This is basically an oil temperature indicator with a heater responsible to rais
e the temperature
equal to the Hot spot gradient between winding and oil over the oil temperature. Thu
s, this
instrument indicates the Hot Spot temperature of the windings.
Heater coil is fed with a current proportional to the windings current through a
current
transformer mounted on the winding under measurement. Heater coil is either plac
ed on the
heater bulb enveloping the sensing element of the winding temperature indicator
immersed in oil
or in the instrument. The value of the current fed to the heater is such that it
raises the
temperature by an amount equal to the hot spot gradient of the winding, as descr
ibed above.
Thus temperature of winding is simulated on the dial of the instrument.
Pointer is connected thought a mechanism to indicate the hot spot temperature on
dial. WTI is
provided with a temperature recording dial main pointer. Maximum pointer and re
setting device
and two sets of contacts for alarm and trip.
b) Oil Temperature Indicator
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Oil temperature indicator provides local temperature of top oil. Instruments are
provided with
temperature sensing bulb, temperature recording dial with the pointer and maximu
m reading
pointer and resetting device.
Electrical contacts are provided to give alarm or trip at a required setting (on
capillary tube type
thermometer).
c) Gas and oil actuated Buchholz relay
In the event of fault in an oil filled transformer gas is generated, due to whic
h buchholz relay
gives warning of developing fault. Buchholz relay is provided with two elements
one for minor
faults (gives alarm) and other for major faults (tripping).
The alarm elements operates after a specific volume gets accumulated in the rela
y. Examples
of incipient faults which will generate gas in oil are:-
Buchholz Relay
i) Failure of core bolt insulation.
ii) Shorting of lamination and core clamp.
iii) Bad Electrical contact or connections.
iv) Excessive hot spots in winding.
The alarm element will also operated in the event of oil leakage.
The trip element operates due to sudden oil surge in the event of more serious f
ault such as: i)
Earth fault due to insulation failure from winding to earth.
ii) Winding short circuit inter turn, interlayer, inter coil etc.
iii) Short circuit between phases.
iv) Puncture of bushing.
The trip element will also operate if rapid loss of oil occurs.
During the operation of transformer, if there is an alarm transformer should be
isolated from
lines and possible reasons, listed above for the operation of relay should be ch
ecked starting
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with simple reason such as loss of oil due to leaks, air accumulation in relay c
hamber which
may be the absorbed air released by oil due to change in temperature etc. Rating
of contacts :
0.5 Amps. At 230 Volts AC or 220 Volts. DC.
Magnetic Oil Gauge
This is a dial type gauge, mounted directly on the conservator to indicate oil l
evel. This is
supplied with low level alarm contacts (if asked for) and the electrical connect
ions of which are
brought out to a terminal box of the oil gauge. Suitable alarm circuit may be co
nnected to these
terminals. This oil gauge is not dispatched separately, but is mounted on the co
nservator, with
float arm adjusted to correct length.
Explosion Vent
Explosion vent is provided to give protection against the excessive pressure tha
t may developed
inside the transformer due to internal fault. On specific requirement the explos
ion vent is
provided with two diaphragms one at the bottom (near tank) and the other at the
top. If excessive
pressure is developed in the tank, both diaphragms will rupture and oil in tanks
will be thrown out
through the vent. One pressure equalizer pipe is provided between explosion vent
and the
conservator to maintain equal pressure in the empty spaces of vent and conservat
or. In this
case oil level indicator is provided on the explosion vent to indicate rupture o
f bottom diaphragm.
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Skid under base
Skid under base with haulage holes is provided at the bottom of tank.
The holes provided in the under base arrangement are suitable for towing the com
plete
transformer.
Junction Box
Terminal blocks are provided in the box to take the incoming and outgoing cable
leads from
various instruments fitted on transformers e.g. Buchholz relay, Winding temperat
ure indicator,
Oil temperature indicator, Magnetic oil gauge etc. Box is provided with Blank gl
and mounting
plate, which should be drilled suitably to receive glands. Temperature indicator
s with capillary
tubes and electrical contacts are mounted inside the box, when asked for.
Page 18
PACKING AND DESPATCH
Packing
Transformer are generally dispatched oil filled and ready for the service. Occas
ionally, in case of
large units. It is necessary to dismantle certain fittings and pack them separat
ely to meet the
transport limitations and avoid any transit damage. In such case oil is lowered
below the top tank
cover and space between the oil and tank cover is filled with dry air at normal
atmospheric
pressure. The oil required for topping up conservator, radiators etc. is supplie
d separately in
sealed drums.
Parts generally detached for transport are as follows :
a) Conservator with oil gauge.
b) Detachable cooling radiators, when provided. In case of corrugation, they are
fixed type.
c) Other accessories such as Buchholz relay, Explosion vent, silica gel breather
, Magnetic oil
gauge, Pipe connection.
INSPECTION
The transformer may get damaged during transit, hence on the receipt of unit at
site, it is
necessary to examine main unit and components very carefully with packing list s
ent with each
transformer. Damages and shortages, if any, should be reported to the Kotsons Pr
ivate
Limited, Agra. With the photograph and other useful evidence wherever possible.
Open
delivery certificate should be obtained from the carriers. Particular attention
should be given to
the damages of :
a) Main tank
b) Protruded fittings on the tank, such as valves conservator, brackets, welded
/ bolts,
radiators if applicable, corrugations etc.
c) Porcelain bushings : Porcelain parts and current carrying stems.
d) Accessories :
i) Magnetic oil gauge Dial glass, float and mercury switches
ii) Dial type thermometer Dial glass, pointers, capillary tube, stem, protection

caps of operating keys for maximum indication
pointer and contacts.
iii) Buchholz relay Winding glasses, operating floats and mercury
switches.
iv) Explosion vent Glass and bakelite diaphragm for cracks and
puncture
v) Marshalling / Junction Window glasses, inside instruments (if any) and
boxes cable glands.
e) Corrugated fins.
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f) Oil
Oil leakage through the tank cover, bushing / valves etc. if any
A sample of oil should be taken from bottom of the tank and tested for the Elect
ric strength
(break down voltage) which should not be below 50 KV (RMS) when tested on a stan
dard
test gap as specified in IEC 600296.
UNLOADING
Transformer and all packing cases containing the accessories should be handled i
n right
position indicated, and while handling should not drop down to avoid damages to
the delicate
instruments packed inside.
a) Lifting : The transformer should be unloaded by means of crane or lifting dev
ice of
sufficient capacity. (Please refer the rating plate for details of weight). All
lifting lugs
provided for the purpose must be used for the lifting of transformer to avoid un
balance
and undue stresses on the lug. Parts other than lifting lugs should not be used
for lifting.
b) Jacking : Four jacking lugs are provided on transformer, each designed to sha
re quarter
load. While using jacking pads, utmost care should be exercised in the proper ap
plication
of jacks, as any improper application will not only damage the jacking pads but
also the
transformer.
c) Towing : Rollers / wheels should be used for shifting the transformer from on
e place to
other roller axles or radiators should not be slinged for the purpose of towing.
Haulage
holes provided on the tank should be used.
d) Packing cases : Cases containing various accessories should be handled carefu
lly so
that the contents are not damaged.
STORAGE
a) Main transformer : On receipt of the transformer at site, it is desirable to
erect and
commission with minimum delay.
If the transformer is not required to be commissioned immediately, it should be
properly
stored on wooden base & case to avoid deterioration of external finish.
Transformer dispatched with dismantled conservator, may absorb moisture when sto
red
for long periods due to entire tanks not filled, with oil, therefore best way to
avoid this, is
to mount conservator temporarily and fill with oil to filling level mark. Silicagel
breather
must be fitted in position and checked periodically for the condition of gel to
ensure that
it remains blue. The gel should be reactivated or replaced once it turns pink. I
t is
advisable to check the condition of gel every week. Oil should be circulated and
filtered
periodically, to ensure that megger values do not drop. Past experience shows th
at, if
megger values become too low, it is very difficult to improve them. It is desira
ble to check
Electric Strength of oil at least once in a month.
b) Accessories : Accessories like bushings, explosion vent, buchholz relay, dial
type
temperature indicator, terminal box, magnetic oil gauge etc. should be repacked
in
packing case and stored indoors till such time they are required. They are likel
y to get
damaged if they are stored outdoors.
Page 20
INSTALLATION:
Indian code of Practice for Instattation and a Maintenance of Transformer IS: 10
028 generally
covers all the relevant aspects of the special attention required at the time of
erection of
transformer, should be referred before commissioning installation works.
Precautions
a) Instruction To Erection Personnel : Persons having access to the interior of
the
transformer while inspection, fitting bushing or any other fittings, should empt
y their
pockets and all loose articles. Spanners and other tools in use should be sccure
ly tied
with a cotton tape ta a suitable point so that they can be recovered if accident
ally fropped
inside.
b) Cleaning : fibrous cleaning materials should bot be used. The presence of loo
se fibres in
suspension with transformer oil can reduce its insulation property. If cleaning
or wiping is
necessary, this should be done with clean dry oil using soft non-fluffy cloth.
c) Fire risk : Transformer oil is inflammable and under certain circumstances in
a confined
place become explosive. Naked light and flame should never be used near the
transformer.
d) Condensation : Transformer oil and other solid insulation normally used in
transformerconstruction absorb moisture easily, particularly when cold. Condensa
tion can
be caused if the interior of a tank is exposed to atmosphere. But taking adequat
e care this
can be minimised. The transformer can be protected from damp hazards by circulatin
g
warm and dry oil through it until temperature is 50 to 100 C above ambient. This
should be
done before allowing access to the interior of tank. Warm oil should be circulat
ed all the
time while transformer is open to atnosphere.
e) Painting : Corroded components should be cleaned thoroughly to remove the rus
t, dirt
and grease and repaint with one coat of red oxide primer and two coats of enamel
paint.
Retouching of paint may be required where paint is damaged during transit.
Location and Foundation :
A leveled and firm foundation strong enough to support complete weight of transf
ormer and
prevent accumulation of water should be provided. Continluous external vibration
s may set up
physical movements in core and windings and in turn lead to the breakdown.
While locating transformer care should be taken to provide adequate clearnces fr
om the live
parts of transformer to earth parts. Easy access should be provided all round an
d to diagram
plate, thermometer, valves, oil gauges etc. so that they can be easily reached o
r read.
Suitable rails or tracks should be used for rollers and wheels should be locked
to prevent
accidental movement.. where transformer is enclosed in chamber it should be ensu
red that it
gets goods ventilation.
Page 21
Wherever transformers are mounted on poles the structure should be strong enough
to
withstand weight of the transformer, wind pressure and other atmospheric conditi
ons.
Erection of transformer :
Generally small transformers upto 1000 KVA are despatched oil filled fitted with
all fittings.
Fittings dismantled to facilitate transport, may be reassembled in the following
sequence
depending on the site conditions.
Sequence of erection :
a) Fitting of rollers
b) Oil check
c) Conservator
d) Buchholz relay and pipe work
e) Silicagel dehydrating
f) Explosion vent
g) Terminals HV LV bushings or cable boxes, CT terminals etc.
h) Topping up of oil
i) Radiators
j) Temperature indicators
k) Marshalling Boxes
Details of erection :
All fittings and accessories should be assembled as shown in outline drawing.
a) Rollers :
i) Before mounting of rollers they should be checked for soundness of casting an
d that
bearing surmace is not damaged.
ii) Bearing surface should be greased or oiled before mounting.
iii) Assembly of rollers become simple if the transformer is lifted by overhead
crane or
pully block. Transformer may be jacked up with mechanical or hydraulic jacks.(Ja
cking
pads are provided for transformers 1600 KVA and above). Height of jacking pads f
rom
ground, without wheels in positions, is not less than 300 mm. Suitable wooden or
steel
packing may be given under jacks to raise the jack height.
b) Oil check :
A sample of oil should be taken out from bottom of tank and tested for the Elect
ric
strength, ( break down voltage ) which should not be below 30 KV (RMS) when test
ed
on a standard test as specified in IEC 600296 Table 1-9. (Electrode dia. 120.5 m
m
Page 22
polished, electrode gap 2.5 mm # 0.1). The electric strength shall be arithmetic
mean of
the six results on same sample of oil.
c) Conservator :
when dismantled for transport ( Ref.3.1)
i) Before assembly of conservator, make sure that inside of vessel and pipe work
is
free from rust, dust, grease and moisture. If found corroded, clean the rust and

repaint with oil resistant paint from inside. Enamel paint given is on the outsi
de on a
coat of red oxide-zinc chromate primer.
ii) Mount conservator on the corresponding supports in tank cover. Pipe work sho
uld
be assembled in the following scwuence. Conservator through Buchholz relay to
tank. Conservator to silicagel breather.
iii) Magnetic oil gauge should be assembled on position.
iv) Plain oil gauge window glass should be checked for the cracks which may lead
to oil
leaks and entry of moisture in the conservator.
Gasket should be tightened uniformly to make joints leak proof. Deteriorated and
leaky
gaskets should be replaced.
d) Buchholz relay
Assembly precautions (if dismantled)
i) Relay pipe work should be slopping 3 deg. To 7 deg. Upwards towards conservat
or.
ii) Arrow heads on the body should be pointing towards the conservator.
iii) Floats which operate elements should be free.
iv) Check that mercury switches are intact.
v) Test alarm and trip mechanism.
In order to test alarm and trip mechanism, the relay is provided with two separa
te
petcocks which enable air to be injected into the body of the relay. For testing
inject air
using a cycle pump or any other suitable device until switch operates (check con
tinuity of
contacts),
To test trip elements, the valve controlling the bottle is opened quickly so tha
t air or oil
rushes in, impinges on the flap and depresses it operating the switch.
On each relay petcock is provided for taking out samples and releasing gas from
the top
of relay housing.
Testing of relay may be carried out after fitting in the conservator pipe, and f
illing of oil in
conservator. It is recommended that the relay should not be taken apart and unde
r no
circumstances should any alteration be made to operating floats or flaps.
Page 23
e) Silicagel Dehydrating breather :
Breather is connected to the conservator through a pipe work. Breather assembly
should
be suitably clamped to prevent vibrations.
i) Fill up transformer oil through filling hole, in the bottom compartment of br
eather upto
the filling level mark. Air entry hole is sealed with the adhesive tape, which s
hould be
removed for free passage of air.
ii) Check that sili9cagel is blue in colour, if not, reactivate or replace with
fresh gel.
iii) Remove cork / blanking tape from top screwed
work.
hole and fix breather on the pipe
f) Explosion vent
i) Explosion vent is provided with a bakelite diaphragm. Normally transformer is

dispatched fitted with explosion vent. If dismantled for the transport, remove b
lanking
plate from bottom of vent before assembly on tank.
ii) Check whether inside of vent is corroded. Rust should be completely removed
and
inside painted with oil resistant paint.
iii) Before assembly make sure that top and bottom diaphragms if provided are in
tact.
iv) Diaphragm should be held between two gaskets and care should be taken to cla
mp
the flanges uniformly to prevent cracking of diaphragm.
v) Pressure equalizer pipe may be provided on against specific requirement which

connects top of explosion vent and vents it to the atmosphere through the breath
er.
TERMINAL ARRANGEMENT
Bare Bushing (Draw through type)
Erection of bushing :-
(i) Oil level should be lowered below the bushing mounting hole on tank.
(ii) Remove blanking plate carefully from the tank lid and bring out the soldere
d
stem and winding lead without exerting undue pressure while pulling which
may damage the soldered joint or insulation on the lead. If the joint / insulati
on
is damaged re-solder the joint and re-insulate the lead.
(iii) Lay the sealing washer on hole.
(iv) Lay the clamping ring on scaling washer.
(v) Insert the separator or stem.
(vi) Lower the insulator in hole and at the same time insert the soldered stem
through porcelain.
(vii) Assemble stem sealing washer (Neoprene ring) and cap at the top of stem an
d
screw the top nuts to hold the soldered stem loosely.
Page 24
(viii) Lift the clamping ring and place the clamping members on welded studs
underneath the clamping ring. Adjust the bushing in position and clamp with
nuts and washers.
(ix) Fit the arcing horns in appropriate position.
(x) Two nuts are provided at the top of stem for connecting the supply lines.
(xi) Care must be taken that no loose part falls into transformer tank.
(xii) Release air by loosening the stem and slightly pushing it down wards.
Changing of insulator in case of failure
(i) Disconnect the transformer from supply lines.
(ii) Drop the oil level below the mounting hole on tank.
(iii) Remove the arcing horns.
(iv) Remove the top cap by unscrewing the nuts at the top. Hold the soldered ste
m
with lead securely so that it does not slip in tank or get damaged while
removing the porcelain.
(v) Remove the defective porcelain by removing the fixing nuts on the studs and
clamping members. While removing the porcelain care must be taken not to
damage the inside soldered joint and the threaded part of stem.
(vi) Assemble the new porcelain as given in Erection of Bushing.
Bushing (through stem type)
Through stem bushing :
(a) Outdoor through stem type porcelain bushing.
(b) Cable box type type porcelain bushing.
(c ) Cable box type epoxy bushings.
Erection of bushing
Outdoor through stem type porcelain bushing :
(i) Lower the oil level below the bushing mounting hole on tank.
(ii) Assemble sealing washer, bottom porcelain (in case of two part bushing) and
fix winding
lead to stem and clamp nut with stem.
(iii) Insert the assembled stem through the bushing hole from inside of tank. In
spection
opening provided on cover may be used.
(iv) Lay sealing washer on bushing mounting hole from outside.
(v) Assembly the top insulator over the protruded stem.
(vi) Assembly brass washer, sealing washer and nuts on the top stem.
(vii) Connect the winding line lead at the end of stem.
Page 25
(viii) Care must be taken that no loose part falls into transformer tank.
(ix) For the replacement of outside part of porcelain, complete bushing need not
be
disconnected. Outside porcelain can be removed by removing the outside nuts and
sealing washers, keeping the stem in position.
Cable Box Terminal
(i) Drop oil level below the bushing fixing hole on the tank.
(ii) Lay sealing washers on tank hole.
(iii) Insert the bushing through the hole in the tank. Assemble resilient washer
and bushing
clamp over fixing stud of bushing.
(iv) Clamp the bushing adequately by the screwing nut over the clamp.
(v) Connect the winding line lead at the end of the stem.
(vi) Care must be taken that no loose part falls into the transformer tank.
Topping up of transformer oil
Topping up of oil is required for transformers which have been dispatched with l
owered oil
level.
(i) Oil should be topped up only after fitting conservator pipe work, explosion
vent, HV,
LV terminal arrangement and CT terminals, Oil level is lowered 20 mm below the t
ank
cover, and under no circumstances it should be reduced further which might expos
e
the switch and windings to the moisture in atmosphere.
(ii) Oil used for topping up is delivered in tins, drums should be tested for di
electric
strength before topping up. Clean and dry oil must be used for topping up.
(iii) While filling oil, it is preferable to pass oil through filter plant. Ensu
re that filter papers
are new and clean.
(iv) Conservator may be filled up until oil level reaches Filling Level mark for pr
evailing
temperature (30 deg.C).
Detachable Radiators
Normally radiators are attached to the tank, if they are dismantled for the tran
sport, they should
be reassembled on the tank as follows :
(i) Radiators entries are blanked with blanking plates. Remove blanking plate an
d
inspect inside of radiators.
(ii) If the inside portion is corroded, clean with sand paper and remove the rus
t, dust etc.
(iii) Flush radiators with clean transformer oil.
(iv) Remove blanking plates from top and bottom radiator valves fitted on tank.
Care
should be taken to keep radiator valves in closed position while mounting the
Page 26
radiators. It is likely that valves may leak slightly clean containers may be ke
pt under
valve to collect oil.
(v) Dry and clean oil should be filled in each radiator immediately as soon as i
t is
mounted, keeping both top and bottom valves closed while filling oil. Open botto
m
valve between radiator and tank keeping top air release vent open to drive away
locked air inside the radiator. Top valve should be open till oil with cut air b
ubbles
flows out.
(vi) After few hours of filling of all the radiators, air release vents at top s
hould be opened
again to drive away accumulated air due to suspended air bubbles.
(vii) Finally top valve should be opened.
(viii) Care should be taken while mounting the radiators and filling with oil, t
here is always
reserve oil in the conservator and topped up continuously, if necessary. Oil lev
el
should never drop below, Filling level mark. Air should be allowed to enter in the
conservator through silicagel breather only to exclude moisture from the air ent
ering
the conservator. Filling hole of conservator should be always kept closed after
use.
(ix) After opening the radiator valves should be locked in position by fitting c
ap in proper
position. Arrow indication should be towards OPEN.
Temperature Indicator
(i) Oil temperature indicators are generally of two types, one with rigid stem a
nd the
other type with capillary tube. They are fitted with temperature sensing element
s at
the end of rigid stem or capillary tube.
Winding temperature Indicator is provided with capillary tube with sensing eleme
nt
(bulb) at the end of tube. Sensing elements are enclosed in metal bulb, which ar
e
fitted in pockets provided on tank over in the hottest oil region.
(ii) Before inserting temperature sensing bulb inside the pocket, transformer oi
l or heat
conducting grease should be filled in pocket. The union coupling on the bulb sho
uld
be screwed tightly on the pocket so that water does not penetrate inside the poc
ket.
(iii) Capillary tube of instrument must be routed and fixed such a way that it s
uffers less
risk of being pinched or bent or cut off. Plastic straps are provided with each
instrument for fixing the tube. Surplus length of tube should not be cut off sin
ce the
pressure balanced system will be destroyed. Tube may be made into loop more than

150 mm diameter and tied to tank in suitable position. Utmost care should be tak
en
while fitting sensing bulb in the pocket since it is likely that capillary tube
may form
sharp bends and damage the instrument.
(iv) Instruments are calibrated and under no circumstances indicator pointer sho
uld be
moved by hand or bent, as it might suffer permanent damage. If the instrument is
not
giving correct temperature indication as a result of improper handling or any ot
her
cause, it may be calibrated as given in instruments pamphlet.
Page 27
(v) Winding temperature indicator (with a separate heater pocket). Temperature s
ensing
bulb provided at the end of capillary should be fitted in the heater pocket in h
ousing
fitted on tank cover. Two terminals provided in housing are connected to the hea
ting
coil of heater pocket inside the housing (outside tank) and to current transform
er
secondary terminals from the inside of tank. (These are normally connected befor
e
dispatch of transformer). Housing is air filled. Instrument is housed in the mar
shalling
box.
Marshalling Box
Box should be fitted on transformer and leads from various instruments should be
connected to
terminal blocks in respective positions. Outgoing leads from customers instrumen
ts and control
panels should be also connected in position. Gland plates are normally provided
undrilled,
which are required to be drilled at the site to take the cables.
Off Circuit Switch
(i) Switch should be operated to inspect that it moves freely and locks in every
tap
position.
(ii) Locking arrangement should be checked and padlock provided.
Page 28
COMMISSIONING OF TRANSFORMER
After finalisation of the erection work the following tests should be conducted
:
PRE TEST INSPECTION
(a) Sample of oil taken from the transformer and subjected to electric test (bre
ak
down value) of 50KV (RMS) as specified in IS : 335.
(b) Release trapped air through air release plugs and valve fitted for the purpo
se
on various fittings like radiators, bushing caps, tank cover, Bushing turrets et
c.
(c) The float lever of the magnetic oil level indicator (if provided) should be
moved
up and down between the end position to check that the mechanism does not
stick at any point. If the indicator has signaling contact they should be checke
d
at the same time for correct operation. Checking the gauge by draining oil is a
more positive test.
(d) Check whether gas operated really (if provided) is mounted at angle by placi
ng
a spirit level on the top of the relay. See that the conservator is filled upto
the
filling oil level marked on plain oil gauge side and corresponding to the pointe
r
reading in MOG side. Check the operation of the alarm and trip contacts of the
relay independently by injecting air through the top cocks using a dry air bottl
e.
The air should be released after the tests. Make sure that transformer oil runs
through pert cock of Buchholz relay.
(e) Check alarm and trip contacts of WTIs, Dial type thermometer, magnetic oil
gauge etc. (if provided).
(f) Ensure that off circuit switch handle is locked at the desired tap position
with
padlock.
(g) Make sure that all valves except drain, filter and sampling valves are opene
d
(such as radiator valves, valves on the buchholz relay pipe line if Provided).
(h) Check the condition of silicagel in the breather to ensure that silicagel in
the
breather is active and colour is blue. Also check that the transformer oil is fi
lled
in the silicagel breather upto the level indicated.
(i) Check tightness of external electrical connections to bushings.
(j) Give a physical check on all bushing for any crack or any breakage of
porcelain. Bushing with cracks or any other defects should be immediately
replaced.
(k) Check the neutral earthing if specified.
(l) Make sure that neutrals of HV / LV are effectively earthed.
(m) Tank should be effectively earthed at two points.
(n) Check that the thermometer pockets on tank cover are filled with oil.
(o) If the oil temperature indicator is not working satisfactorily, loosen and r
emove
the thermometer bulb from the pocket on the cover and place it with a standard
Page 29
thermometer in a suitable vessel filled with transformer oil. Warm the oil slowl
y
while string it and take reading of the thermometers if an adjustment of the
transformer thermometer is necessary the same many be done. Also check
signaling contacts and set for the desired temperature.
For transformer furnished with thermometers for both oil and winding
temperature, the signaling contacts are recommended to be set to operate at
the following temperatures.
Alarm Trip
Oil Temperature 85 deg.C +/- 2deg.c 95 Deg.C +/- 2deg.C
Winding Temp. 100Deg.C +/- 2 Deg.C 110Deg.C +/- 2 deg.C
Higher winding temperature settings can be adopted in consultation with
manufacture.
(p) CT secondary terminals must be shorted and earthed if not in use.
(q) Check relief vent diaphragm for breakage. See that the bakelite diaphragm at

bottom and glass diaphragm at top are not ruptured.
(r) Check all the gasketed joints to ensure that there is no leakage of transfor
mer
oil at any point.
(s) Clear off extraneous material like tools earthing rods, pieces of clothes, w
aste
etc.
(t) Lock the rollers for accidental movement on rails.
(u) Touching of paint may be done after erection.
TEST
Ratio, Polarity and phase relationship
The ratio should be checked at all taps and between all the windings. Ratio is u
sually checked
by applying a single phase 230V (Approx) supply on the high voltage side and mea
suring the
voltage on the low voltage side at all tap positions. The measured voltage on LV
side shall
conform to declining trend between tap (min) to tap (max) position for all phase
s.
Polarity and interphone connections are checked while measuring the ratio. This
can be
checked by the Avometer method. The primary and secondary windings are connected
together
at points indicated in sketch shown below. A low voltage three phase supply is t
hen applied to
the HV terminals. Voltage measurements are then taken between various pairs of t
erminals as
indicated in the diagram. Readings obtained should be the vectorial sum of the s
eparate
voltages of each winding under consideration.
Page 30
Insulation Resistance
The insulation resistance between winding and earth should be measured with a go
od
2500/1000 Volts megger and values should be compared to the test report values.
It is
preferable to have a motor operated megger and the readings taken after one minu
te from
starting. Before measuring the insulation resistance, it should be made sure tha
t the bushings
are cleaned thoroughly with clean cotton cloth. The lead wires of the meaggers s
hould not have
joints. They should also give reading of more than maximum value readable on the
megger.
Magnetizing Current
A three phase 415 Volts supply is given to the HV winding of the three phase tra
nsformer and
simultaneous current readings of the three phases are taken using low range AC a
mmeters of
the same accuracy class. Values should be recorded for the future reference.
Magnetic balance test
A single phase supply of approximately 230 Volts is applied to one phase of HV w
inding and the
induced voltage on other two HV phases measured separately. Test voltage should
be applied to
HV winding only. Applying voltage LV winding may induce abnormal high voltage in
HV
winding which may prove hazardous. Tests should be carried out on all three phas
es.
When single phase supply is given to middle phase the induced voltage measured o
n two
extreme phases should be approximately equal. If supply is given to one extreme
phase,
induced voltage on middle phase is expected to be substantially high than the ot
her extreme
phase. In each test the sum of the induced voltages on other two phases would be
within +/-5%
of the applied voltage.
If abnormal voltage difference is observed on extreme phase, when voltage is app
lied to middle
phase, matter should be referred to Kotsons Pvt. Ltd., Agra works for advice, su
pported with
the full test observations. High impedance volt meter like AVOMETER should be used f
or the
test. Tests should be carried out by connecting a series lamp (approx 25 watts c
apacity) at
supply side to restrict higher current , if any. A fault in winding may be suspe
cted if the series
lamp glows brightly or the induced voltage readings on different phases indicate
zero or very low
value.
230 Volts single phase supply be given between lines, if windings are delta conn
ected and
induced voltages measured between the other two phases. Whereas supply is given
to line and
neutral of one phase in case of star connected windings, induced voltages should
be measured
between the line and neutral of other two phases.
Alarm Circuits Tests
a) Buchholz relay air injection test
Alarm & trip circuits
b) Oil temperature indicator alarm & trip circuits
c) Magnetic oil level gauge alarm circuits
d) Winding temperature indicator alarm & trip circuits.
Page 31
Oil Sampling Test
Electric strength (break down voltage) should be 50 kv (RMS) when tested to IS 3
35-1992
please see section 3 for other details.
COMMISSIONING
After tests are completed satisfactorily, the transformer may be energized from
the incoming side
on no load and operated for one or two hours.
The transformer hum should be observed for any abnormality. After two hours tran
sformer may
be switched off and the gas operated relay checked for gas collection. Sometimes
dissolved air
or air bubbles comes out due to energizing which is misunderstood for gas. So in
case of gas
collection it should be energized again. Other instruments may also be checked f
or any
abnormal indications. If everything is found satisfactory, the transformer may b
e energized
again and loaded gradually.
The following details are to be furnished to the manufacturer after commissionin
g :
a) Details of transformer including its serial number.
b) Date of Commissioning
c) Substation / generating station where commissioned.
d) Protection given to the transformer such as lightning arrester, differential
protection, circuit
breaker on HV / LV etc.
The nature of the test conducted and the results of test should be recorded and
made available
in the station as a permanent record for future reference.
Tools Required
(a) Screw drivers of appropriate size.
(b) Spanner of appropriate size.
Transformer Oil
Oil is used as coolant and dielectric in the transformer and keeping it in good
condition will
assist in preventing deterioration of the insulation, which is immersed in oil.
Transformer oil is
always exposed to the air to some extent therefore in the course of time it may
oxidize and form
sludge if the breather is defective, oil may also absorb moisture from air thus
reducing dielectric
strength.
Oil supplied with transformer, generally complies with IS : 335.
Page 32
Precautions :
(a) Oil is easily contaminated, it is very important while sampling the oil and
filling the tank to
keep the oil free from contamination.
(b) All equipment used when handling the oil must be washed with clean transform
er oil
before use. (The oil used for washing must be discarded). Particular attention s
hall be
paid to the cleanliness of bends, valves and other points where the dirt and moi
stures
tends to collect.
(c) For sampling the oil, glass containers with glass stoppers are preferred ove
r the metal
type, which are susceptible to contamination by dirt etc. Cleanliness is essenti
al as
small amount of dirt and water greatly affect the accuracy of test results. Was
shall not
be used for sealing the sample oil bottles. However, the stopper can be covered
by a
pack of silicagel tied in a piece cloth.
(d) Flexible steel hose is recommended for handling insulation oil, some kinds o
f synthetic
rubber hoses are also suitable, but only those known to be satisfactory should b
e used.
Ordinary rubber \ hose should not be used for this purpose as oil dissolves the
sulphur
from the rubber and is there by contaminated. Hose used for handling oil should
be
clean and free from loose dust, rust or scale.
(e) Transformer must always be disconnected from the electricity supply system b
efore
the oil level in tanks is lowered.
(f) Oil must not be emptied near naked lights as vapour released is inflammable.

(g) Minute quantities of moisture (Particularly in the presence of fiber or dust
)_ lower the
dielectric strength of the oil. Therefore to reduce the risk of condensation of
the moisture
entering the oil containers should be taken into a warm room and should not be o
pened
until the entire body has attained the same temperature as the room.
(h) The oil level should be che3cked at frequent intervals and any excessive lea
kage of oil
investigated. There may be slight loss of oil by evaporation, this need not caus
e concern
if the tank is topped up at regular intervals.
(i) All minor leaks or sweating should be repaired as quickly as possible.
(j) Oil topping up should, generally comply with IS 335-1972 and preferably be f
rom the
same source as the original oil. The oils from different crudes may not be compl
etely
mixable and may separate into layers, however if they are made from same feed st
ock,
they can be mixed. New oil from a different source may be added, as made up only
,
but not exceeding about 10%.
(k) Condition of oil can be checked by ascertaining its acidity and electric str
ength.
Both properties should be measured at regular intervals by method given in IS 33
51972.
The acidity is normally between 0.3 to 0.5 mg KOH per g of oil, the cover should
be
removed to ascertain the condition of the interior of the tank and core and wind
ings, oil
should be treated or discarded if sludge or corrosion is evident.
It may be noted the reconditioning by centrifugal separation filtration does not
remove
sludge, dust, dirt etc and will tend to retard the process of deterioration.
Filters with fullers earth will help to reduce acidity in the used oils and in a
ddition
improve the resistively.
Page 33
Oil with excessive acidity should be reconditioned. Reconditioning can generally
be
under taken only at the factory.
(l) Sample of the oil should be taken at regular intervals and tested to IS 335.

Recommended intervals for tests are mentioned in maintenance schedule.
Testing
Oil after filtration should meet the requirements as laid down under the clause
specification.
However, to know the conditions the following preliminary tests can be carried o
ut.
(a) Crackle test
A rough test can be made by closing one end of a piece of steel tube 2.54 cm dia
(1 inch
B.S. pipe is suitable), heating the closed end to just under dull red heat and p
lunging it into
the oil sample with the ear close to the open end. If the oil contains large moi
sture a sharp
crackle will be heard. Dry oil will only sizzle.
(b) Electric Strength
When tested in accordance with IIEC 600296 and IS 6792 electric strength (Break
down
voltage should not be less than 50 KVA RMS) test should be carried out six times
on the
same sample and the result obtained will be arithmetic means of six result.
Page 34
MAINTENANCE OF TRANSFORMER
NOTE : This activity should be performed by qualified person having required kno
wledge
about maintenance of transformer/electrical equipments generating high voltages.

1. General :
If a transformer is to give long and trouble free service, it should receive a r
easonable
amount of attention and maintenance. Maintenance consists of regular inspection,
testing
and reconditioning where necessary. Records should be kept giving details of any
usual
occurrence and also of any previous results taken.
The principal object of maintenance is to maintain the insulation in good condit
ion. Moisture
dirt and excessive heat in contact with oxygen are the main causes of insulation
deterioration
and avoidance of these will in general, keep the insulation in good condition. F
actors lead to
aging of insulation during aging process, are due to chemical and physical effec
ts. The decay
of the insulation follows the chemical reaction rate. In case of oil immersed tr
ansformer, if the
sustained operating temperature of 750C is higher by 60C to 100C it will reduce
the life of the
transformer. Following are the factors affecting the life of transformer.
(a) Moisture :
Due to higher affinity of water, the transformer oil and the insulation paper ab
sorb
moisture from the air, which result in decrease of dielectric strength. Hence pr
eventive
steps should be taken to guard against moisture penetration to the transformer.
This will
include blocking of all openings for free access of air n storage and frequent r
eactivation
of breathers in service.
(b) Oxygen :
Oxygen may be present inside the transformer oil due to air pockets trapped in t
he
windings, etc. The oxygen reacts on the cellulose of insulation and decomposes i
t, which
will result in sludge formation, blocking free circulation of oil. Sometimes, th
e oxygen may
act as catalytic agent and increase the operating between hot oil and bare coppe
r.
(c) Solid impurities :
Dielectric strength of oil diminishes appreciable by minute quantities of solid
impurities. It
is therefore a good practice to filter the oil after it has been in service for
reasonable time.
(d) Varnishes :
Some varnishes particularly of the oxidizing type enter readily in reaction with
transformer
oil and precipitate sludge on the windings. Synthetic varnishes having acid inhi
biting
properties generally delay the natural formation of acid and sludge in the oil.
This should
be done in mind by the maintenance engineer when rewinding and replacing the coi
ls
during repairs of transformers.
(e) Effects of slackness of windings:
Coils are fully clamped before the transformer leaves the factory. Natural setti
ng of coils
may take place during first few months of operation. Slackness of winding may ca
use a
Page 35
failure due to repeated movement of coils which may wear the conductor insulatio
n at
some places and lead to an interterm failure. The coils may also get displaced u
nder the
load conditions or momentary short circuit which may cause electric and magnetic

unbalance. It is therefore a good practice to lift the core and winding of a tra
nsformer and
remove any slackness by tightening the rods of pressure screws.
2. Maintenance Procedure :
(a) No work should be done on the transformer unless it is disconnected from all
external
electrical circuits and all windings have been solidity earthed.
General notes on information given under storage handling and inspection are app
licable
for routine maintenance. Oil level shall be maintained to keep the insulation un
der oil and
lowered to reasonable before slackness and removing bolts, nuts and conservators
,
radiators, etc.
No fire shall be near the transformer while work is going on. Precautions are to
be taken
to secure tools with tape outside the tank, to prevent them from dropping inside
the tank.
(b) Core and Winding :
It is recommended that the core and windings be removed from the tank for visual
inspection as per the maintenance schedule at the end. The windings should be
examined to ensure the no sludge has deposited blocking the oil ducts. Any loose
nut and
bolt should be tightened.
Adjusting rods / coil clamping screws provided should be tightened to bear evenl
y and
firmly on the coil clamping block/rings, if there is any slacking of windings.
Before lifting the core and windings from the tanks it is necessary to disconnec
t the
windings from the bushings inside the tank, to disconnect the off circuit tap sw
itch handle,
to remove earthing strip between the core and the tank, and remove fixing bars b
etween
core clamps and tanks guide bars.
The core and windings must be removed with great care under cover and in dry lac
e. If
this is not possible a visual inspection of as much of the transformer as can be
seen
within its tanks should be carried out. Refer untaking instruction also.
(c) Off circuit tap switch :
i) This is an integral part of the transformer. Care should be taken to switch o
ff the
transformer from line before operating the switch handle. To operate the switch,

unlock the operating handle by removing the locking strip/pin. Move the handle
to required position and relock. Tapping position number can be seen through
the windows of handle alternatively on the handle when window not provided.
ii) Off Circuit tap changing links :
Tap changing links are provided inside the tank. They are located under oil, and

are accessible from the inspection opening to operate the links. Links should be

unbolted by loosening nuts on studs and fixed in desired tap position.
Page 36
iii) On Load tap changer :
On load tap changer is normally mounted on the tank is a separate housing and
connected to winding leads through copper studs fixed on a insulated terminal
board Terminal board is on leak proof. Oil in the tank need not be lowered down
for a attending to OLTC gear. Please see OLTC leaflet for the operation and
maintenance instructions.
(d) Conservator :
Conservator is so designed that the lower part acts as sump in which any impurit
ies
entering the conservator will collect. A drain plug is fitted at the lowest poin
t of the
conservator for draining and sampling oil. While sampling, care must be taken to
run off
any contaminated oil before taking a sample for testing. The inside of the conse
rvator
should be cleaned every 2 to 3 years by flushing clean transformer oil to remove
sludge
and other impurities. Oil level should be maintained at Filling level mark (+300C)
.
(e) Oil gauges :
Plain oil gauge : Oil gauge glass should be kept clean so that the gauge can ful
fill their
purpose. Broken glasses should be replaced immediately.
Magnetic oil gauge : When the conservator is stripped for cleaning, the mechanis
m of the
float type oil gauge should be inspected and cleaned. The function of alarm and
trip
contacts should be checked.
(f) Silicagel dehydrating breather :
Breather should be examined frequently to ascertain if the silica gel requires c
hanging.
The frequency of inspection depends on local climate and operating conditions. M
ore
frequent inspection are needed when the climate is humid and when transformer is

subject to fluctuating load. The crystals of silica gel in the rather act as an
indicator and
changed from blue to pink, on becoming saturated with moisture. When majority of

crystals have turned pink, the silica gel should b heated in or over a shallow p
an at a
temperature of 1500C to 2000C until the original blue colour is regained.
This usually takes 2 to 3 hours. Oil should be cleaned to remove dust and dirty
oil. The
level in oil seal should be maintained with fresh oil. Check that inside of conn
ecting pipe
between breather and conservator is clean and not rusted. If necessary clean and
paint
inside with oil resistant paint.
(g) Buchhloz relay :
Routine operation and mechanism inspection tests should be carried our at one or
two
yearly intervals respectively. Te operation is tested by injecting air through l
ower level
petcock of double float buchhloz relay. (refer installation manual of Buchhloz r
elay for
testing). After inspection, any air, which has accumulated in the gas chamber, m
ust be
released at the upper level petcock leaving the chamber full of oil.
To carry out mechanical inspection, the oil level should first be brought below
the level of
relay or the shut off valve between conservator and tanks closed and the mechani
sm
removed. The float should be tightly clamped and be in good order. If a mercury
switch is
defective owing to the glass being cracked. There will b clouding of the glass.
In such
cases the switch must be replaced.
Page 37
During operation if there is an alarm and gas is found to be collected, the tran
sformer
should be isolated from lines and the gas should be tested and analysed to find
out the
nature of fault. Sometimes if may be noticed that the gas collected is only air.
The reason
for this may be that the oil is releasing any absorbed air due to change in temp
erature.
Internal faults can be identified to a great extent by a chemical analysis of ga
s.
By examining the gas it is possible to detect the nature of fault.
i) Colorless and odorless gas with faint odor of oil is air trapped in the oil o
r insulation.
ii) Grayish white, non inflammable gas with sharp penetrating odor may by due to
over
heating or faulty insulation.
iii) Yellowish and inflammable gas may be due to surface leakage on material lik
e wood.
iv) Dark gray and inflammable gas may be due to flashover in oil or due to exces
sive
overheating of oil caused by a fault in the winding or core.
(h) Explosion vent :
The diaphragm, which is fitted at the exposed end of the vent should be inspecte
d at
frequently intervals and replaced if damaged. Failure to replace the diaphragm q
uickly
may allow the ingress of moisture in the transformer. If the bottom diaphragm ha
s broken
because of a faulty in the transformer, inspection should be carried our to dete
rmine the
natural and cause of the fault.
(i) Gasket :
Gasket sometimes shrink during service. It is therefore, necessary to check the
tightness
of all bolts / fasteners of gasketed joints. The bolts should be tightened evenl
y around
the joints to avoid uneven pressure. Leaky gaskets should be replaced as soon as
the
circumstances permit.
(j) Pipe Work
The pipe work should be inspected at least once a year. Leak may be due to badly
sealed
joints caused by misalignment, in which case the pipes should be aligned and joi
nts
remade.
(k) Temperature Indicators
At each yearly maintenance inspecting, the level of oil in the pockets holding t
hermometer
bulbs should be checked and the oil replenished if required. The capillary tubin
g should
be fastened down again if it has become lose. Dial glasses should be kept clean.

Temperature indicators, if found to be reading incorrectly, should be calibrated
with
standard thermometer immersed in hot oil bath.
(L) Paint work :
During storage and service, the paint work should be inspected once a year and
necessary painting or retouching carried out.
If the metal surface is exposed and becomes dirty rusty or greasy because of del
ay in
repairing the paint work, the surface must be thoroughly cleaned before repainti
ng to
ensure a good bond between metal and paint. If recommended paints are not availa
ble,
any good quality synthetic enamel paint may be used.
Page 38
(M) Unmaking and tanking details :
General :
For transformers assembled with bushings, conservator, pipe work etc.
Before removing the top cover from the tanks following care should be taken:
(i) All the bushing/cable boxes/pockets mounted on cover (connected to core and
winding ) should be mechanically disconnected off the transformer and removed
carefully.
(ii) External cable connections laid over the cover connected to terminal box, b
uchholz
relay, OTI etc. Should be disconnected and removed.
(iii) Thermometer bulbs along with capillary tubes to be removed.
(iv) Pipe work from the cover to the conservator to be removed, if conservator i
s
separately supported on tank brackets.
(v) Oil should be drained out below the tank cover level.
(vi) All isolating valves should be closed.
(vii) Disconnect CT secondary leads connection when CTs are mounted on the live
part.
(viii) Disconnect core and winding (live part) from all external connections, to
avoid
damages while removing cover from the tank.
(ix) Detach the fixing bolted to the square angular guide bars on the tank.
(x) Before lifting core and windings cheek that the lifters are rigidly fixed to
core clamps.
(A) Untanking the core and windings of transformer with off circuit switch:
(i) Drain out oil below switch handle level from transformer tank.
(ii) It is important that the switch handle assembly should be dismantled before
untanking
the core and windings.
(B) Untanking of core and windings of transformer with OLTC
(I) Drain out oil below the cover level of transformer and OLTC.
(II) Detach the winding leads from the terminal board between transformer and OL
TC.
(III) Ensure that the lead number tags are in position on the leads. If not, tag
the leads
correctly to reconnect the leads in correct position on terminal board.
(IV) Give temporary support under the OLTC housing before lifting the core and w
indings
from the tank. It is likely that the tank may become unstable due to weight of O
LTC
without core and windings in main tank.
(V) Refer OLTC leaflet for further information.
DRYING OF TRANSFORMER :
If as a result of tests carried out in section 6.4, presence of moisture is indi
cated or the oil does
not withstand dielectric strength or the insulation resistance readings are not
satisfactory is shall
be necessary to dry out the transformer.
Page 39
Method of drying out
Normally hot oil circulation method should be used for drying out the transforme
r. In special
circumstances where the above method does not give satisfactory results, short c
ircuit method
with hot oil circulation as described in 8.1.2 should be used. In this method bo
th oil and the core
and winding inside the tank are simultaneously dried out with stream line or oth
er filter with
heater and vacuum pump. The moisture is driven out from the windings into the oi
l and removed
from the oil by evaporation and filtering. Constant circulation of hot oil throu
gh a filter will lead to
gradual deterioration of the oil and probably a partial breakdown of the constit
uents of the oil due
to the continuous mechanical action and filtering under high temperature. Furthe
r this tends to
increase the acidity of oil. Great care should. Therefore, be exercised in circu
lating the oil
through the filter during the drying out period.
The tank sides and top cover should be covered with some covering like tarpaulin
. The LV
winding should be short circuited and a three phase supply of 415 volts be appli
ed to HV side of
the transformer. It should be ensured that the short circuit current does not ex
ceed the rated
current of transformer. The temperature of the top oil should be measured by a t
hermometer.
The oil temperature should not exceed the limit of 80 degree C.
During the drying out process temperature of the top oil and the insulation resi
stance of the
winding should be taken every two hours.
As the temperature of the oil rises, the insulation resistance may fall and will
eventually reach a
steady value. The temperature should be kept constant until the insulation resis
tance shows
steady increasing upward trend. When this poking is reached the drying out proce
ss is complete
and the application of heat may be discontinued. As during the cooling down proc
ess, the
transformer reaches 60dgree C the insulation resistance should again be measured
. The
insulation resistance in mega ohms varies inversely with the temperature and for
a 10dgree C
change of temperature, mega ohms change by ration generally in the range 2.1 to
1.4 :1.
Precautions during drying out :
Drying out is a delicate operation and great care and judgment are necessary in
carrying it out
correctly to avoid damage to the transformer winding or oil.
Care should be taken to see that maximum limits of temperature specified are nev
er exceed
i.e.80 degree c.
It is essential that the insulation tester and the thermometer used for the purp
ose are reliable.
Only spirit type thermometer are to be used for temperature measurement. Mercury

thermometer shall not be used everywhere except in the pocket provided for this
purpose.
In no case transformer should be left unattended during any part of the drying o
ut period. The
transformer should be observed continuously throughout the drying out process an
d all
observations shall be recorded.
Insulation resistance should be measured at least with a 100 volts meggar.
The life of the insulation decreased with every drying out process. Therefore, i
t would be
desirable to dry out the transformer at 50dgree c less that maximum temperature
stipulated i.e.
80dgree c.
Page 40
TESTING OF TRANSFORMERS
Transformer is a static machine with no moving parts. It is meant for transmitti
ng power from one
voltage level to another at the same frequency without exceeding the temperature
rise limits.
The temperature rise has to be kept within permissible limits as with higher tem
perature the life
of the insulation decreases considerably. The studies conducted have revealed th
at with 6*
increase in insulation temperature over permissible value the life of transforme
r gets reduced by
about 50%. The efficient working of the transformer and its reliability is very
important for the
power system performance. This can only be achieved by using quality materials,
ensuring high
standards of workmanship during manufacture, and various testing of components a
nd finished
products. Various tests carried out at different stages of manufacture assure qu
ality and
confirmation of design calculations. The final tests on fully assembled transfor
mer also assure
suitability of the equipment for satisfactory performance. The raw materials use
d in the
manufacture of transformers are properly inspected and tested where necessary. T
he fully
assembled transformer is then thoroughly checked for,
Quality
Long life
Reliability
Manufacturing Tolerance
Design Verification
R & D
For this purpose various tests are conducted as specified in IS2026/IEC726/BS171
. The basic
testing requirements and the testing methods are set out in the national/interna
tional standards
referred ti above. It is important that these tests are carried out thoroughly t
o ensure reliable and
efficient performance of the transformer during its lifetime.
Some of the tests specified in Indian Standards are listed below;
A. Routine tests.
1. Measurement of winding resistance.
2. Verification of voltage ratio.
3. Verification of vector Group.
4. Measurement of no load current and losses.
5. Measurement of impedance and load losses.
6. Measurement of insulation resistance.
7. Power frequency withstand Voltage.
8. Induced over voltage test.
B. Type Tests.
1. Impulse Voltage withstand test.
2. Temperature rise test.