1

1
R F
F R
n =

=
t
R
t
F
F
v
n

=
1
Simple example of moving boundary:
normal
vector:
R
( ) ( ) t R z y x t , z , y , x F
2 2 2 2
+ + =
Expanding bubble.
In general, moving and deformable boundary can be quite tricky.
(Imagine surface waves!)
Appendix 11.1 More on boundary conditions
2
0 = +

F
t
F
v "Kinematic" boundary conditions:
A quite general but somewhat abstract formulation:
z n ||
( ) ( ) ( ) t , y , x f t z t , z , y , x F =
y x z
y
f

x
f
F
y , x

=
0 0
x
0
,y
0
One can try local parabolic expansion:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
2
0 0
2
2
2
0
2
2
2
0
2
y , x y , x y , x
y , x
y x
f
x x y y
y
f
y y
x
f
x x z y , x z

+ =
0 =

y
f
x
f
to have z n ||
2
3
Attention: We are neglecting possibility of sources in the interface.
A general expression would be
n n =
2 1

where represents surface tension terms
Example sphere: n
R
2
= where is the surface tension.
More at www.navier-stokes.net
4
number density: =0.81
-3
( ) ( ) ( )
(
(

\
|
+
|

\
|
=
6 12
6 12
4
c c
r r r r
r U

Shifted Lennard-Jones potential:

( )
(
(

\
|
+
|

\
|

\
|

\
|
=
6 12 6 12
4
c
w
c
w w w wf
wf
r r r r
r U

fluid-fluid
fluid-wall

temperature: k
B
T=1.1 T k
m
~ v
B T
1
2
v =
structural length
T
v
m

= =
structural relaxation time
www.wag.caltech.edu/
gallery/gallery_flow.html
Fluid properties:
Molecular dynamics simulations
of boundary condition in shear flow
NATURE | VOL 389 | 25 SEPTEMBER 1997
P.A. Thompson, S. M. Troian
v
B
3
5
Appendix 11.2 Steady flow on a slope
( ) ( ) z v t , x r v =
P
a
Z
z

z=0
g
We only seek steady state solution:
0
v
=

t
We expect laminar flow in x-direction:
P(r)
Boundary conditions:
( ) 0 0 = v
x
v(r)
0 v n =
Solid-liquid surface: Liquid-gas surface:
( )
0 =

=Z z
z
z v
Pressure:
P(Z)=P
a
for all x,y !
6
|
|
|
|
|

\
|

=
|
|
|
|
|
|

\
|

=
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
z
v
z
v
z
v
z
v
y
v
y
v
y
v
x
v
x
v
x
v
z
y
x
z
y
x
z
y
x
v
|
|

\
|

= 0 0
2
2
2
z
v
v
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 0 t , z v t , z v t , = x r v
0 v v =
=>
4
7
2
2
sin
z
v
g
x
P

cos g
z
P
=

0 =

y
P
( ) P(x,z) cos z g f x = +
x-component:
Navier-Stokes equations:
y-component:
z-component:
From y and z:
2
2
z
v
A

=
A g
x
P
=

sin
x-component: left hand side depends only on x, right hand side only on z
Therefore both sides must equal to the same constant A:
P( , ) P x z =
<=>
v( ) v z =
Ansatz
8
B z
A
z
v
+ =

Z
A
B

=
C Zz
A
z
A
v + =

2
2
1
( ) ( ) Zz z
A
z v =
2
2
1

2
2
z
v
A

=
Integrating
( )
0 =

=Z z
z
z v
Constant B follows from the boundary condition on the liquid air surface
First integration over z:
Second integration over z:
Constant C follows from the boundary condition on the liquid-solid surface
( ) 0 0 = v 0 = C
5
9
A g
x
P
=

sin
( ) x f g z P
z
+ = cos
sin cos P Ax gx z g B = + +
( ) cos g z Z P P
a
+ =
sin g A =
( ) ( )
2
2
1
sin
z Zz
g
=

x r v
Now back to pressure
We integrate
( ) z f g x P
x
+ = sin
Compare with
Recall we require that P(Z)=P
a
for all x and y
Thus we must have cos g Z P B
a
+ =
The final results are
hydrostatic pressure
on the bottom is smaller
than
g Z
Parabolic profile
10
Appendix 11. 3
Poiseuille flow from Navier Stokes
Cylindrical coordinates
6
11
( ) ( ) r v t , z r v =
z=L
R
L
z

z=0
g
We only seek steady state solution: 0
v
=

t
We expect laminar flow in z-direction:
v(r)
Boundary condition:
( ) 0 = R v
x
We consider a short section of the fountain feeding pipe
P
0
P
L
12
z=L
R
L
z

z=0
g
v(r)
r
g
r
P
=

r-component:
Navier-Stokes equations in
cylindrical coordinates:

g
P
r
=

1
-component:
v g
z
P
z
2
+ =

z-component:
( )
r
v
r
r r r
v
r
r
v
v

=
1 1
2
2
2
P
0
P
L

r
7
13
|

\
|

+ +

=
(

v
r r
v
v g
r
P
v
r
v
t
v
r
r r r
r
2 2
2 2 2 1
v
|

\
|

+ + +

=
(

+ +

r
r
v
r r
v
v g
P
r
v v
r
v
t
v
2 2
2 2 1 1
v
z z z
z
v g
z
P
v
t
v
2
+ +

=
(

v
r-component:
-component:
z-component:
Liquid equations in cylindrical coordinates
cos r x = sin r y =
z z =
z
v
r
v
r
v
z r

v
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2 1 1
z r
r r
r

0
1 1
=

z
v v
r r
rv
r
z r

Equation of continuity:
, constant
Navier Stokes
14
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2

r rz z zz rr
+ + + + + = :

r
v
r
rr

= |

\
|
+

=
r
v
v
r

1
z
v
z
zz

=
z
v v
r
z z
z

1
r
v
z
v
r
z r
rz

=
1

r
v
v
v
r
r
r

+
|

\
|

1
Energy / temperature: [ ] : v


2
1 2
+ = +

T
t
T
c
p
Dissipation:
8
15
Flow through a pipe
( ) ( ) r v t , z r v =
z=L
R
L
z

z=0
g
We only seek steady state solution: 0
v
=

t
We expect laminar flow in z-direction:
v(r)
Boundary condition:
( ) 0 = R v
x
We consider a short section of the fountain feeding pipe
P
0
P
L
16
Flow through a pipe
z=L
R
L
z

z=0
g
v(r)
r
g
r
P
=

r-component:
Navier-Stokes equations:

g
P
r
=

1
-component:
v g
z
P
z
2
+ =

z-component:
( )
r
v
r
r r r
v
r
r
v
v

=
1 1
2
2
2
First we solve, as far as possible, the two equations for r- and -components,
which only involve pressure and gravitational acceleration.
9
17
cos g g
z
= sin g g
x
= 0 =
y
g
A little work is necessary to find the
cylindrical components of g. We recall that
transformation from cartesian into cylindrical
coordinates is generated by a rotation:
|
|
|
|

\
|
|
|
|
|

\
|
=
|
|
|
|

\
|
z
y
x
z
r
g
g
g
g
g
g
1 0 0
0 cos sin -
0 sin cos

In our tilted cartesian system the

components of g are:
sin cos g
r
P
=

( ) z , c rg P
1
sin cos + =

sin sin
1
g
P
r
=

( ) z , r c rg P
2
sin cos + =
Thus, the pressure equations read explicitly
The solutions of both equations are easy:
Comparing the two results, we find that
the two integration constants c
1
and c
2
must be equal
( ) z f c c = =
2 1
which requires
( ) ( ) z , r c z , c
2 1
=
( ) z f rg P + = sin cos
Thus, pressure field must be of the form
18
( )
|

\
|

r
r v
r
r r
g
z
P 1
cos
Now we can proceed with the equation
for the r-component of the velocity:
( )
z
z f
z
P

We observe that the right-hand side depends on r only,

while the left-hand side depends only on z, as we just found that
( )
A
r
r v
r
r r
=
|

\
|

Thus, we must require that both sides equal the same constant A
A g
z
P
=

cos
For now we do not bother with the constant A. We simply accept its
existence and solve the right-hand-side equation for the velocity.
10
19
( )
r
A
r
r v
r
r
=
|

\
|

( )
B r
A
r
r v
r + =

2
2
1

( )
B
r
r
A
r
r v
1
2
1
+ =

Few intermediate steps

lead to ( ) ( ) C B r r
A
r v + + = ln
4
1 2

v(0) finite => B = 0

v(R)=0 =>
2
4
1
R
A
C

=
( )
(

= 1
4
1
2
2
2
R
r
R
A
r v

The two integration constant B and C are readily determined:

( ) C r
A
r v + =
2
4
1

Boundary condition:
Velocity field
In order to determine the constant A we must return to the pressure field
A g
z
P
=

cos
parabola! Poiseuille flow field
20
( ) z f rg P + = sin cos
0
cos P g z zA ) z ( f + + =
Now f(z) is easily integrated:
We recall our intermediate result on
and r component of N-S equations:
A g
z
P
=

cos
On the other hand, from the z-component:
( )
A g
z
z f
=

cos
Combining the two expressions,
we get a simple equation for f(z)
( ) ( )
0
sin cos cos P zA r z g P + + = r
Pressure field
( )
0 0
0
= =
=
z , r
z , r P P
( )
0
0
cos P LA L g z , r P P
L z , r
L
+ + = =
= =

Setting r = 0 and z = L we find:
Thus we get:
cos
0
g
L
P P
A
L

= Thus:
( )
L z , r
L
z , r P P
= =
=
0
( ) ( ) sin cos
0 0
r g P P
L
z
P P
L
+ = r
, where:
11
21
"Law" of Hagen-Poiseuille.
( )
(

= 1
cos
1
4
1
2
2
2 0
R
r
R
L
L g P P
r v
L
z

4 0
cos
1
8
R
L
L g P P
V
L

From here we get the famous law of Hagen-Poiseuille.

( )
2
0 0
R
r
V v r rdrd

= =
=

For practical purposes we also calculate the volume flow rate [m

3
/s]:
0 = =

v v
r
Inserting the newly found constant A into the velocity equation we get
2 0
cos
1
8
1
R
L
L g P P
v
L

=
Another useful form is in terms of the average velocity
2
R / V v

=
22
Appendix 11. 4
Concerning Bernoulli principle
in internal flow
Darcys law
An intermediate calculation
12
23
( ) ( ) ( )

in in in in out out out out
dV dA dA = +

v v n v n

C3: Microscopic transport, viscous contribution:
( ) = + v v

T
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

\
|

=
z
v
z
v
y
v
z
v
x
v
z
v
z
v
y
v
y
v
y
v
x
v
y
v
z
v
x
v
y
v
x
v
x
v
x
v
z z z
y
z x
y
z
y y y
x
x z x
y
x x

0 0
0 0
0
z
z
z z
v
x
v
y
v v
x y
| |

|
|
=
|

|
|
|

\

(0 0 )
z
v = v
In laminar flow we
would have
( ) ( , )
z
v v r v x y = =
0
z z
z z
v v
v v
x y
| |
=
|

\
v

( ) ( )
0
in in in out out out
v n v n

Therefore, as long as the in- and out-flow are nearly laminar:
Recall that:
( )
0 = v n

24 ... probably the most cited book

on applied hydrodynamics
Application to flow in
porous media
Darcys law
13
25
Q = volumetric flow rate (m3/s or ft3/s),
A = flow area perpendicular to L (m2 or ft2),
K = hydraulic conductivity (m/s or ft/s),
L = flow path length (m or ft),
h = hydraulic head (m or ft), and
= denotes the change in h over the path L.
AU FILTRAGE DES EAUX
Empirical Darcys law in
the language of hydraulic engineers:
L
h
AK Q

=
From
http://biosystems.okstate.edu/darcy/
= V

Modern notation:
k P
V A
L

permeability
26
1
2
P dV
V

P
in
P
in
k P
V A
L

V AL =
V Av =

2
1 1 1 1
2
dV
k v V
=

:

L
From Bernoulli principle to Darcys law
A
Volume averaging
:

=>
14
27
In the averaging the details of the
flow are completely lost.

|
|

\
|

=
i j
i
j
j
i
x
v
x
v
2
:

2
2
2
p
p
j i
j i
v v v
x x R

=

R
p
is the average radius of the pore and v
p
is the average speed of the
liquid within the pores, which is simply related to the average transport
velocity
v v
p

1
=
Thus, we estimate that the terms
in can be written as:
v
is the porosity, i.e. the liquid filled fraction of the volume of the
porous medium. accounts for the fact that dissipation only takes
place in the liquid phase.
p
v
R
p
v
total liquid
V / V =
:

28
There are quite a number of terms in but perhaps some of them
vanish, like in the Poisseuile flow.
Thus, we expect something like*
2
2
1
16
p
v
R

:

:

2
8
1
p
R k
The estimate for the permeability reads
2
8
p
L
p
R
P v =
Thus, we can write Darcys law as
Note that this is just the same as Hagen-Poiseuille, except that pipe
radius is R replaced by pore radius R
p
and the mean velocity v in
the pipe is replaced by mean velocity v
p
in the pore.
2
1 1
2 k v
= :

k P
V A
L

=>
* I am cheating only little with the slightly arbitrary factor 16.
But what means pore radius in a sand bead?
15
29
The only strange thing is that Darcys law holds for much larger
velocities v
p
than Hagen-Poiseuille!
Think what may be the reason?
Exercise
30
Appendix 11.5.
Bernoulli principle from NS equation
Versions 2 and 3 of Bernoulli principle are concerned
with the role of vorticity.
16
31
2
P
t

+ = + +

v
v v v g
2
| |
2
= +
v
v v v = v
t

v
0
G = g
Use the expansion
Start with isochoric equation of motion of an average molecule
(fluid particle):
Assume stationary flow
vorticity
2
2
2
v
P gh

| |
+ + =
|
\
v v
Recall gravitation potential
const G gh = +
This gives:
velocity diffusion
32
2
2
2
v
P gh

| |
+ + =
|
\
v v
Obviously, Bernoulli principle would strictly apply if
2
= v v 0
2
2
v
P gh

| |
+ + =
|
\
0
2
const
2
v
P gh

+ + = Then =>
The conditions are strictly fulfilled if
= v 0
2
= v 0
and
= 0 v
0 =
2
= v 0
irrotational inviscid harmonic
or or
spiralling
does this exist? this does not
strictly exist
17
33
Irrotational flow: = = v 0
Satisfies Laplace equation:
2
= = v v 0
(A function which satisfies Laplace equation is said to be harmonic.)
Examples:
Uniform flow (trivial), free vortex, longitudinal sound wave (not
stationary), flow around an airfoil outside boundary layer (?),
Harmonic flow:
In general, means that v(r) can be locally linearized.
2
= v 0
Uniform flow (trivial), simple shear flow, free vortex, forced vortex
Examples:
34
2
2
v
P gh

| |
+ + =
|
\
0
2
const
2
v
P gh

+ + =
In harmonic (or inviscid, =0) and irrotational flow:
These conditions do roughly apply in a flow around an airfoil,
outside of boundary layer (see later). Here the school version
of Bernoulli principle is approximately OK .
Simple shear is harmonic (despite friction), but there is vorticity
(recall that shear flow contains rotation). Thus, the school
version of Bernoulli principle does not apply to shear flow.
Forced vortex (simple rotation) is harmonic (and frictionless), but
there is vorticity. Thus, the school version of Bernoulli principle
does not apply to simple rotation.
Free vortex is harmonic (despite friction) and irrotational. Thus,
the school version of Bernoulli principle does apply.
18
35
( )
1
R
v r v R
r r

= =
( )
R
v
v r r r
R

= =
forced vortex, pure rotation,
no strain, constant vorticity
free vortex,
strain ~ 1/r
2
, zero vorticity
R:
V:
Pressure distributions:
R:
V:
2 2
2
1
( )
2 2
v
P r P P
r

= =
2 2
2
( )
2 2
R R
v
P r P r P

= + = +
violates Bernoulli principle, despite the absence of friction.
fullfils Bernoulli principle, despite the presence of friction.
36
The viscosity term vanishes not only for harmonic (locally linear)
flow fields , but also if
This suggests that in many stationary flows
In all three cases one can use a weaker
version of Bernoulli principle, that applies
for an average molecule (fluid particle) as
it moves along a streamline:
= 0
v
in
v
out
cross-product
2
v v
2
= v 0
( )
2
2
2
v
P gh

| |
+ + =
|
\
v v v v v
2
0
2
v
P gh

| |
+ + =
|
\
v
One does not need ideal frictionless fluid!
19
37
It is easy to verify that , where s is a distance
along the streamline*.
2
0
2
v
P gh
s

| |
+ + =
|

\
Thus, in stationary flow along streamline
2
const
2
v
P gh

+ + =
=>
* Define gradient in a local coordinate system such that ( )
0 0 v v = = v s
v
s

v
This is the most common school version of Bernoulli principle.
Note however: This version applies to one streamline only,
nothing can be said about neighboring streamlines.
38
2
0
cos
const
2
L
P P g L v
P gh
s L

| |
+ + = =
|

\
In Poiseuille flow along a streamline one gets
This case is better treated by the integral energy balance
method.
0
cos
L
P P g L
v
L

Power dissipated by a fluid particle that moves along

a streamline
..but who cares about streamlines in flow through
a porous medium.
20
39
Appendix 11.6 (unfinished)
Towards understanding drag and lift
Momentum balance in control volume
40
( )
( )
2
P =
(


E v E

( )
t

= +

v
vv g

{ } ( ) ( ) = + = + v v v v

T
( )
P P = E

( )
2
P = E v E

stress tensor
microscopic
momentum flux density
macroscopic microscopic generation
flux densities
Momentum conservation, recall Lecture 7
isotropic stress
pressure tensor
viscous stress
rate of strain tensor
gray marked
contributions
contain div v
tensor gradient
21
41
( ) ( ) ( ) P
t

= + +

v
vv E v g

Gray terms: Air is not substantially compressed in a flow

around a body with a velocity u << v
sound
. We employ isochoric
approximation
1
0
t

= = v
rate of change
of density as seen
by Lagrange
Thus, the differential form of momentum balance is
42
Rate of change of momentum
in the control volume
= Force acting on the mass in
the control volume
( ) ( ) ( )
dV
t
dV P dV dV dV

= =

+ +

F v
vv E v g

( )

V V V
dV dS P dS dS m = = + +

F v vv n E n v n g

22
43
P g
= + + + F F F F F
( )

V
dS

F v v n

P
V
P dS =

F n

( )

V
dS

F v n

g
m = F g
44
2 2
0
2 2
v u
P P

+ = +

P
V
P dS =

F n

2 2
0
2 2
u v
P P

= +