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htm

SOME IMPORTANT ASPECTS IN CIVIL WORKS DESIGN OF A MINI HYDRO

POWER PROJECT

By Eng Upali Mallawa Arachchi

Abstract
Civil Works of a mini hydro power project have some distinct characteristics. One of the significant features
is that the true contribution of the quality of Civil Works to the project’s performance is not adequately
reflected in the capital cost component. Unlike in the case of Electro-mechanical Works where products of
standard designs which can be directly incorporated in the power plant are available, location specific factors
restrict the use of standard designs in Civil Works. Therefore, quality of civil works largely depends on a
thorough understanding of site conditions, accuracy of surveys, involvement of expertise in different fields of
civil engineering and more particularly, a very systematic design procedure which ensures an economical and
workable design. Examination of the site to assess the relative merits of alternative solutions to location of
components of the project would be the first step in the design process. Decision on the best alternative is
taken based on economy and technical feasibility. In the detailed design too, a similar procedure should be
adopted in selecting the most suitable type and size of the structure. Use of the most appropriate design
parameters in both hydraulic and structural design is also vital in ensuring a good quality design. Management
of the design process must ensure obtaining appropriate expert opinion and reference to literature to decide
such parameters and recording them for reference. The Author highlights in this paper, some special
considerations in designs and the methodology to achieve a good quality design of civil works of a mini hydro
power project. It is expected that the paper would provide some useful guidelines to civil engineers and hydro
power developers regarding the procedure to be followed in the design.

1. Introduction

Hydro power generation means the conversion of potential energy available in water flowing in a stream to
electrical energy with the use of a turbine. This process essentially involves diversion of water at a point of
higher elevation and conveying it to the turbine installed at a lower elevation. The energy generated is directly
proportional to the difference in elevation (available head) and hence the process of diversion of water should
be done with great care to save the potential energy i.e. head loss should be kept to a minimum. A series of
Civil Engineering structures are built for this purpose, namely, diversion dam, intake, head race channel,
sedimentation tank, forebay tank, penstock line, power house and tail race.

The above set of structures is common for any hydro power project. There are some distinguished features in
a mini hydro power generating facility (Capacity within the range 0.1 – 10 MW). Some of those features of
interest are;

Mini hydro power projects are generally Run Off the River (ROR) type and hence storage of water is
not required. Therefore a short weir is used across the stream for diversion. Environmental impact is
generally less compared to reservoir type projects.

Cost of Civil Works is generally in the range of 10 – 35 % of the total capital cost. This cost ranges
between 100 – 350 US$ per kW capacity (Rs 7000- 24500). This can also be represented as 0.04 – 0.07
US$ per kWh of average annual energy generation (Rs 3.00 – 4.50). If the cost of Civil Works is close
to the upper limit of the range, financial viability of the project is in doubt.

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These facilities are operated at relatively low flows and hence any deficiency in performance of Civil
Works (canal structures etc) would significantly affect the generation efficiency.

For the above reasons, strict controls during design phase of civil works is a very critical factor for the success
of a mini hydro power project.

There is a well known phenomenon that the cost control be best achieved at the early stages of a project.
From project feasibility to the construction stage, the freedom for cost control measures gradually diminishes.
This phenomenon is applicable to mini hydro power projects as well. Next section of the paper deals with the
special considerations and the procedure in design of Civil Works in view of achieving an economical solution
appropriate to the prevailing conditions. Only the part of project feasibility aspects which has direct relevance
to Civil Works design has been included in the paper as feasibility studies as a whole is a broad subject which
should be dealt with separately.

Preliminary site studies as pre planning for a systematic design and design considerations in each component
of the project are described separately in detail.

1. Site Investigation and Preliminary Studies

1. General

The initial and the most important part of the Civil Works design is the decision on appropriate
location of each part of the structure. This has to be done to a considerable extent during the
feasibility stage. The process should be continued with more accurate information as the designs
proceed. Whole process can be divided into various sections namely Initial Investigation,
Specialist Advice, Engineering Surveys, Sub surface investigations, Analysis of Alternatives and
Conclusions. Each of these is described in detail in the following sections.

2. Initial Site Investigation

This is basically site visits with minimum amount of measurements. It consists of the following simple steps ;

a. Identification of a prospective site

This is done using contour maps or any other means of information. Availability of a significant head
within a short distance is the main criterion (eg. 40 m head within 1 km distance). Distance to the
nearest transmission line is also a factor to be considered.

b. Inspection of possible diversion sites

It is generally economical to have the weir close to the starting location of the fall. Other considerations
are;

- If the river is narrow, weir length is less, hence less cost.

- If the sides are high, less erosion problems

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- It is better to have strong rock outcrops either side

- Foundation condition should be good. If different rock layers (foliations) are found, there is a
possibility of water leakage underneath the weir.

c. Measurement of the head and deciding on approximate location of power house

Approximate difference in elevation between the diversion point and the toe of the fall should be
measured. This can be done either using a level instrument or a water tube. Variation of the level of
stream downstream of the fall should be examined. If the variation of the level is insignificant at a
certain location, power house be best located at a relatively flat site (close to the stream) at that
particular location.

d. Inspection of possible routes for head race channel and penstock

In most cases, head race channel is constructed along a contour starting from the intake location. There
may be several contours with the elevation of weir starting from intake location running in downstream
direction. Penstock route is selected so that the head race channel contour is connected to the power
house with a shortest length. Minimum cost of the combination of canal and penstock portions is the
main criteria for selection of the best route out of the alternatives available. A ratio of 1 : 2 can be
assumed as the ratio of per metre cost of channel : penstock under general circumstances. However, if
any geotechnical problem exists, expert advice should be sought before selection of the best route.

e. Flood Characteristics

It is possible to assess the general flood heights by local enquiries. However, expert advice should be
obtained on flood with different return periods (25, 50 & 100 year).

f. Land Availability

During examination of alternative locations, it is essential that, land ownership, purchase price and
associated legal problems are studied. Location of a particular structure may have to be changed due to
problems of land availability.

2.3 Preliminary Cost Estimate of Civil Works

Preparation of preliminary estimates can be started after the initial site inspection. Such estimates –among
other values- are an essential part of the project appraisal process. However, before starting estimating civil
work costs, certain aspects related to operational characteristics should be finalised. Some important aspects
are;

(a)Type of equipment (turbines and generators) based on the available head and equipment
characteristics

(b)Hydrological Analysis and design flow based on the criteria of maximum power generation and load
factor considerations

Method of determination of (a) and (b) above is beyond the scope of this paper and hence will not be
discussed in detail.

Basic design decisions important for a preliminary estimate are;

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a. Height of the weir

This depends on the required head and effect of upstream inundation.

b. Sub surface Conditions

Type of material below surface to a reasonable depth should be investigated using a simple method
such as trial pits.

c. Approximate size of structures

The size of intake, headrace canal, sedimentation and forebay tanks and penstock, based on design
flow, hydraulic considerations and site conditions. Such considerations are further illustrated later in
this paper.

d. Approximate size of Power House

This depends on the equipment layout and specific water level requirements for the turbines.

e. Location of discharge and size of tail race canal

Point of discharge of tail water is decided mainly based on river water levels and cross sections.

When the above aspects are finalised preliminary estimate can be made using cost factors (unit costs)
determined using market rates. Some examples of such factors are;

- Weir, channel, penstock etc - per linear metre basis

- Forebay and Sedimentation tanks – per cubic metre (capacity) basis

- Power House - per square metre (floor area) basis

The following approximate values are useful in arriving at the cost factors;

Channels and tanks

Thickness of reinforced concrete walls can be taken as (150 + h/15 ) mm where h is the depth of the section
from top (in mm). Reinforcements can be assumed as 0.10 tonnes and 0.075 tonnes for one cubic metre of
concrete in tanks and channels respectively.

Penstocks

The cost per metre would be about twice the cost of one metre of head race channel.

Power House

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The cost of the power house per one square metre of machine floor would be around Rs 40,000 for horizontal
axis Francis type turbines. However, this may vary depending on the type of equipment and condition of the
ground (presence of rock, hard soil etc).

If alternatives are available with respect to materials and technology, those factors can be computed for the
most expensive alternative with respective probabilities, so that there will be greater flexibility during the
detailed design stage.

3. Special Considerations in Detailed Design

1. Weir

Weir of a mini hydro power project is generally a gravity structure. Hydrostatic force for the highest flood
condition, uplift forces due to seepage and impact of floating objects are the loading conditions to be
considered.

The shape of the cross section of the weir is something similar to that of a large dam. A typical shape is shown
in Figure 1. Scour protection measures should be adopted if the weir is founded on soil.

Analysis involves normal stability checks such as safety against sliding, overturning and bearing. Dowelling or
keying into rock is normally done under the foundations as an extra precaution.

Other special considerations are the provision of minimum flow and silt removal pipes at appropriate points of
the weir.

3.2 Intake

This is the structure which draws water from the river. This can be a channel, pipe or a tunnel depending on
the site conditions. Pipes may not be ideal in high flows where very large diameter pipes are necessitated.
Some important considerations in the design are;

a. Capacity

Intake capacity should be adequate to draw the required quantity of water during normal design flow
conditions. A control weir at the entrance and curved edges are some measures adopted in this regard
(Figure 2).

b. Prevention of Entry of Bed Material

The sediment movement pattern should be studied before making a decision in this aspect. However, a
silt removal pipe at the entrance and several silt traps have to be provided at various points along the
channel.

c. Controls during flood conditions

A flood condition results in a rise of water level at intake, which would give rise to a high flow in the

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head race channel. This is undesirable because spilling may occur along the channel path which can
cause severe erosion on the sides of the channel. Hence flood water should be diverted from the
channel path within the intake channel itself. A series of breast walls (walls above normal flow level)
and spillway arrangements are suitable measures for this. Hydraulic jumps may occur in breast wall
arrangement causing rise of water level in downstream of those walls. Spillways at each of these
locations and also surface protection measures (by applying a rip rap) are some important elements to
be designed. Spillway capacity can be computed taking the broad crested weir formula as a guide. Box
sections can be used as an alternative to the open channel, which should be analysed using pressure
flow principles.

d. Control Gate Arrangements

Control gate is a very important component in intake structure. The following factors to be considered.

Gate should be located at a position where diverting flood water before the gate is possible.

Levels should be decided by taking the factors such as opening required, easy access for control
specially during floods, maintenance and installation requirements into consideration.

Type and size of gate (manual/motorised, radial/rectangular, steel/timber) are decided based on the
forces (thrust) and convenience in operation.

a. Prevention of Entry of Trash

A trash rack should be provided near the entrance to avoid floating objects entering the channel. This
generally consists of steel flat sections welded to a frame. Spacing between flat sections should be decided
based on the size of trash expected in the stream (generally adopted value = 50 mm). Larger objects such as
logs, bushes etc can be prevented from reaching the trash rack by having a screen mechanism upstream. To
minimise the head loss, velocity of water through trash rack should be very small, preferably less than 0.5
m/s. Hence the total area of trash rack should be about 4-5 times the size of intake, and it should be ideally
located upstream of the intake entrance. For design calculations, a condition with one half of the trash rack
blocked with trash is generally considered. Cleaning mechanism (a rake operated manually/mechanically and
a platform to collect and remove materials) is a must for a trash rack arrangement.

1. Head race Channel

Main criteria of head race channel design should be minimising the head loss between intake and the forebay
tank. Hence, the bed slope is kept at a fairly low value.

Some important considerations are;

a. Selection of Size and shape of the channel

This mainly depends on the terrain conditions. A trapezoidal section would be the most economical one in
most cases, but this section needs a relatively flat terrain condition. Rectangular sections are common.
Aqueducts have to be provided at places where bed level is considerably above the ground level. Manning’s
equation is widely used in deciding on dimensions, bed slope etc. Box sections can be used where deep
excavations may cause severe stability problems. Alternative materials available for channel construction are
discussed elsewhere in this paper.

(b) Effect of Rain Water and Extraneous Items

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Main problems that the rain water may cause to smooth functioning of head race channel are;

Transport of soil and debris into the channel

Pore water pressures on channel walls

Instability of slopes adjoining the channels

An effective catch drain system, adopting slopes appropriate to the ground materials, a filter medium behind
the channel walls (specially in the case of thin linings) are some effective measures in overcoming these
problems.

(c) Effect of Flood or Abrupt Shut Down

Spilling may occur during a high flood situation or a shut down of the power house operations. Adequate
spillways should be provided along the channel (best at a location close to an existing stream) by removing
the free board at those locations. Drainage path of the spill water should be protected using rubble paving or
concrete.

(d ) Transitions

Transitions between different sections of channel should be made smoothly with gradual variation of
dimensions (generally along a length not less than 5 times the change).

1. Sedimentation and Forebay Tanks

The purpose of sedimentation tank is the separation of fine material (silt) which would be harmful to the
turbine from the water flow. Forebay tank is meant for providing some storage for operation of penstocks in
conveying water to the turbines. Common practice is to combine both the functions in one tank. Two separate
tanks would be required if the topography of the location of entrance to the penstocks is not favourable for a
tank sufficiently long for sedimentation function.

Important consideration of sedimentation tank design are;

a. Size and Shape

This is governed by the criteria that the tank should be capable of settling all materials with a particle
size bigger than which is allowed to enter the turbine (This size should be obtained from the turbine
manufacturer). Horizontal velocity of water through the tank should be maintained at a low value
(around 0.2 m/s) to facilitate settling, hence the cross section of the tank is governed by this aspect.
Length is determined by applying Stoke’s Law. A special shape (V or W) should be provided to the
bottom part of the tank for accumulation of fine material. If the tank is combined with forebay, two
sections should be separated with an internal weir to avoid passage of silt to penstocks.

b. Removal of Sediments

Washout pipes with valves should be provided at the bottom to flush the tank periodically to remove
sediments. Bottom of the tank should be adequately sloped (apprx 1:40) to facilitate removal. However,
since these arrangements are not very effective, provision for manual cleaning should also be

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introduced. The outlet of the pipes should be directed to a water course with adequate protection from
erosion.

c. Trash Removal

Tank is a good location to have a trash rack, since the head loss will be very small due to low velocity of flow.

Some considerations for a forebay tank are;

a. Size and Dimensions

Size of the forebay is generally governed by the minimum storage required. Quantity required for
operation during time needed for would be a useful guide. Depth of the tank at the outlet area should be
such that a depth of water of at least 1.5 times the penstock diameter should be available above the
penstock pipes, to avoid vortex formation.

b. Protection

Covering of the tank to avoid foreign materials entering the penstocks would be very important.

c. Stability of Excavations

It is always important to consider the stability of slopes around the tank. Appropriate slopes and proper
drainage systems are essential.

1. Penstock Anchors and Supports

Penstock anchors and supports are used to hold the penstock pipe (usually steel pipes) in position
under various loading conditions. Anchors are provided at the places of change of direction
(vertically, horizontally or both) of the pipe, whereas supports are provided at a predetermined
spacing.

1. Anchor blocks

Anchor blocks are gravity structures built for resisting forces at a bend of penstock pipe. The following
considerations are important in the design.

a. Location

Factors considered in locating the anchors are;

Minimising support heights

Minimising ground disturbance along the penstock path

Avoiding acute angles in penstock path

Appropriate physical conditions to place the anchor

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a. Forces

Principal forces acting on an anchor block are;

Forces due to thermal expansion / contraction of the pipe (Direction – along the pipes).

This can be eliminated by introducing expansion joints at appropriate places (These are normally
provided just after an anchor location).

Hydrostatic forces (Direction – along the pipes)

- Force due to Dead Weight (Direction – vertical)

- Centrifugal force (Direction – perpendicular to the pipe)

- Force due to friction at supports (Direction – along the pipe)

- Friction between anchor block/ground interface

Friction coefficient takes a value between 0.3 and 0.6 depending on the material (soil – rock)

Certain components of these forces act as disturbing forces and other components along with the weight of
the anchor block act as stabilising forces. Weight of the anchor block is determined using an appropriate
safety factor (preferably around 1.5).

a. Ground Conditions

Bearing capacity of the ground should be correctly assessed for deciding the horizontal dimensions of the
anchor block. Restrictions due to physical barriers such as rock outcrops, steep slopes, large trees or
permanent structures should also be taken into account. Anchors on sloping ground would require benching of
ground and stepping of the foundation. Dowels are provided for foundations on rock, as an additional
precaution against sliding.

3.4.2 Penstock Supports

a. Spacing

Spacing between the supports is determined by two main considerations, i.e. pipe stresses and convenience in
handling. Pipe stresses to be considered are;

Hoop stresses

Stresses in the radial direction

Bending stresses

Shear stresses at the supports

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Support spacing should be such that the combined effect of these stresses should not exceed the allowable
values.

a. Forces

Main forces acting on a support are reaction of the pipe and the friction force. The two forces are
perpendicular to each other. Friction coefficient between pipe and the support depends on the material
used at the interface. If properly lubricated rollers are used the coefficient can be reduced to 0.1. For
normal steel concrete interface the value will be around 0.3, whereas rusting of steel may increase the
coefficient to even 0.6. Direction of the friction force during expansion of pipe would reverse during
contraction.

b. Structural form

Supports can be designed as either gravity structures or framed structures. By having the sides of the structure
parallel to the direction of the resultant forces, moment at the central axis of the base can be eliminated.
Different types of structural forms are shown in Figure 3. The most economical type should be selected for a
given situation.

3.5 Power House & Tail race

Design considerations of power house and tail race mainly depend on the following aspects;

a. Type of turbine

Requirements for impulse type and Francis type differ considerably. In Francis type turbines, turbine
runner is fixed inside a casing the water head will be the difference in water surface elevation at
forebay tank and at just outside the draft tube. Equipment need not be installed above high flood level
as the outside wall of the power house can be sealed to avoid inflow of flood water. In case of an
impulse type turbine, water passing the turbine flows under gravity. Since the inflow of water under
high flood conditions cannot be prevented, generators should be installed above the high flood level, to
avoid damage under floods.

b. Discharge point on the stream.

The head required for maximum efficiency of the equipment should have been finalised before
commencement of detailed designs. Discharge point on the stream should be selected considering the
possibility of maintaining the tail water level to obtain the head required.

c. Equipment layout and the elevation details provided by the equipment manufacturer.

d. Sub surface conditions at site

Properties of material present underground should be studied to design the foundations and basement
walls.

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e. Method of handling equipment during installation

Provision should be made for overhead cranes, loading/unloading bays etc required for installation of
equipment

f. Site conditions (Terrain and other limitations)

Terrain conditions, physical and legal boundaries of site etc may cause limitations in design of layout,
deciding structural form etc.

3.5.1 Power House

a. Structural Form

General structural form would be a framed structure similar to that of a two to three storeyed building
with a basement. Equipment floor is generally a basement. Equipment foundation is a reinforced
concrete raft.

b. Special Loading Conditions

The following loading conditions should also considered in addition to the normal dead and live loads;

Short circuit torque of the generator

This is generally about twice the dead weight. This torque has a lifting effect.

Buoyancy under high water table conditions

Stability of the whole structure under buoyancy conditions should be checked.

Installation loads

Weight of travelling overhead crane, sway, impact and braking loads are to be considered.

Wind forces

Depending on the terrain conditions and height of the building

a. Other Considerations

Some other aspects to be considered are;

Overall appearance and landscaping

Cable trenches, transformer and metering rooms

Office and accommodation space

3.5.2 Tailrace

This can be an open channel or a closed conduit. Required level at the draft tube can be maintained by
constructing a regulating structure (like a weir) at the location of discharge.

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4.0 Material Selection and Detailing

4.1 Weir

Since the weir is a gravity structure, mass concrete with plums can be used. However, as forces from flowing
water and impact from floating objects occur, it’s advisable to construct outer layers with concrete of strength
of about 25 M Pa.

4.2 Channels

For channels (eg. head race), the alternatives available are;

Earth canals

Rubble masonary

Unreinforced concrete lining

Reinforced Concrete

(a) Earth and Rubble Masonry

From the above, earth canals are not preferred in mini hydro power projects for reasons such as difficult
terrain conditions, maintenance difficulties and high possibility of sediment accumulation.

Rubble masonry can be used for a smaller canals of less than 1.5 m depth, but the main problem arises in
protection from decay and erosion of mortar in the masonry wall. It is recommended that interior rubble
masonry walls should be covered with a ferrocement coating to ensure durability of the structure.

(b) Unreinforced Concrete Linings

Canal sections with a thin (50 – 100 mm) unreinforced concrete lining is also an economical solution.
However, this type requires a trapezoidal section (preferably with 1:1 side slopes) which occupies a larger
area, and also reasonably good soil condition. Minimum strength of concrete to be used is 25 M Pa. Following
aspects should not be ignored;

Soil should be well compacted before placing the lining

Filter media and adequate drainage outlets should be provided

Expansion / Contraction joints should be provided at appropriate intervals (preferably less than 15m).
Thickness of lining should be adequately increased at the joints.

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A good surface water system should be provided

(c) Reinforced Concrete

reinforced concrete is the commonly adopted solution to larger canals in hilly terrain. It is sufficient to use
provisions of BS 8110 in the design as the structure is designed for flowing water under a low head.
Cantilevered or counterforted walls can be used. Pressure applied by the backfill should also be considered in
the design. Critical load combinations are;

Earth and pore water pressure at empty condition

Water pressure under full flow condition

Stability of the whole channel under buoyancy forces at empty condition should also be checked.

It is necessary to provide expansion / contraction joints (with water stops) at appropriate intervals. Cover to
reinforcement at the inner face should be high (about 60 mm) to withstand erosion effect of water.

a. General Considerations

In channel design, it is essential to limit the velocity of water flow to suit the material. For concrete, maximum
velocity is in the region of 2.0 m/s. Special care should be exercised in selecting the value of Manning’s
Coefficient. This coefficient for smooth concrete surfaces is about 0.015. It is always advisable to check the
channel flow condition, by varying the Manning’s coefficient slightly around the assumed value.

4.2 Tanks

The above conditions are applicable to the tanks except for the following;

Reinforced concrete walls and base should be designed according to BS8007 (Code for design of Water
retaining Structures)

Cover to reinforcement can be less (50 mm)

4.3 Penstock Anchors and Supports

Appropriate materials for this are rubble masonry, mass concrete and reinforced concrete. Factors to be
considered in making the selection are;

If the anchor block is subjected to tensile forces, reinforced concrete surrounding the pipe should be
used

If under water work or dewatering is involved, it is better to use mass concrete in such places.

Locations with possibility of flooding concrete is preferred.

For gravity structures on hard formations, rubble masonry or mass concrete (with plums) can be used.

Recommended concrete types are;

For mass concrete - Grade 15 (with plums about 10%)

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For unexposed reinforced concrete in anchors – Grade 20

For exposed reinforced concrete in supports and foundations – Grade 25

4.4 Tail race

Rubble paving on a mass concrete lining can be used in tail race canal, if the location permits the use of a
trapezoidal section.

5. Conclusion
Although the magnitude is comparatively smaller, Civil Works of a mini hydro power project
contributes much to the viability of the project. All three aspects performance, safety and economy of
Civil Works are equally important for successful operation. Major part of the controls of those aspects
lye in feasibility and design stages. Good Civil Works design practice in a mini hydro power project
requires the involvement of experts in the fields of hydraulics, hydrology, geology and structural design.
Some important steps in the design process such as preliminary designs and estimates were discussed in
the early part of this paper. Each component of a mini hydro power project has its special
considerations. Missing of one aspect would lead to major problems at a later stage. Each of these
considerations including loading conditions and parameters were dealt with in adequate details. This
paper can be used as a guide for those involved in civil works in mini hydro power projects.

6. Acknowledgements
Author is specially thankful to Eng Samarakoon Banda of Zyrex Power Company Limited, for his valuable
contribution in preparation of the paper.

References

1. Technical Standards for Gates and Penstocks, Weater Gate and Penstock Association

2. Design of Small Dams, United States Department of Interior & Bureau of Reclamation, First Edition,
1960.

3. Arora Dr KR, Irrigation, Water Power and Water Resources Engineering, First Edition, July 1996,
Standard Publishers Distributors, Delhi.

4. Brown J Guthrie, Hydro-electric Engineering Practice, Volume 1, Second Edition, CBS Publishers &

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Distributors, Delhi.

Eng Upali Mallawa Arachchi , BSc.Eng. Hons., M.Eng.Const Mgt., PG Dip. H&T Eng., C.Eng., MICE
(Lond), MIE (SL), MIHT(Lond). graduated from University of Peradeniya in 1981.

He is presently holding the post of Manager, Civil Engineering of Zyrex Power Company Limited.

Prior to joining Zyrex, he served as Chief Engineer of Road Rehabilitation Project - AKDA Group, Senior
Engineer at Penta Ocean Wakachiku JV in Port of Colombo Extension Project, Engineering Consultant in
Resources Development Consultants Ltd, Highway Design Engineer in Engineering Consultants Ltd,
Engineer (Valuations & Claims) in AF- Joint Venture at Colombo – Kandy Road Rehabilitation Project
(Phase 1), and as a Design Engineer, Resident Agent and Site Engineer in State Engineering Corporation.

Mr Mallawa Arachchi also serves as a Visiting Lecturer and an External Collaborator of Centre For Housing
Planning and Buildings (CHPB) and Institute for Construction Training and Development (ICTAD).

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