1

111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
1111111
b gio dc v o to
Hng Dn chm thi chnh thc
Mn: Ho hc, Bng B
Ngy thi th nht: 23/2/2006
Cu I (5,0 im): 1. 1,5 im; 2. 1,5 im; 3. 2,0 im.
1. a) Trong phng th nghim c cc l ho cht: BaCl 2.2H2O, AlCl3, NH4Cl,
SiCl4, TiCl4, LiCl.H2O, CCl4. Mt s cht trong cc cht ny "bc khi" nu
ngi ta m l ng cht trong khng kh m.
Nh
111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
111111111111111-n1g1 1c1h1-t1 1n11o1 1 b11c1 1k1h11i1 ?1 1H11y1
1v1i11t1 1p1h111n1g1 1t1r11n1h1 1h1o11 1h1o11 1h11c1 111
1g1i11i1 1t1h11c1h1.1
1b1)1 1H11y1 1l11p1 1c11c1 1p1h111n1g1 1t1r11n1h1 1p1h11n1
11n1g1 1o1x1i1 1h1o11 1k1h11 1g1i11a1 1N1H131 1v11i1 1O121 1t1-o1
1r1a1:1
1
1*1 1
1 1N1O1 1v11 1H121O1 1(1h11i1)1.1
11
1*1 1
1 1N121 1v11 1 1H121O1 1(1h11i1
1)1.1(2).
NH 3 + HCl
121.1 1C1h1o1 1s11 111
a) 1s1a1u1:1
Ti nhit T thch
11
V ng
hp phn
V (2) t ti
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 cn
1 1 1 1 1 1 1t1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
bng ho hcV (vit
t
1
tt l cbhh), p sut
r
1
chung ca h l P, p
1
1
1
1H11y1 1x11c1 111n1h1 1c11n1g1 1t1h11c1 1h1o11 1h11c1
1c11a1 1c11c1 1h11p1 1c1h11t1 1v11 1c11 1A1,1 1B1,1 1C1 1v11
1v1i11t1 1c11c1 1p1h111n1g1 1t1r11n1h1 1p1h1-n1 11n1g1 1x11y1
1r1a1.1 1 1
phn1cng

232.2 222 2g2i22m2 22a2u2 2c2h2o2 2v22n2 222n2g2 2v2i22n2

2k2h2i2 2b22 2v2a2 2c2h2-m2,2 2n2g222i2 2t2a2 2t22o2 2r2a2
2n2h2i22t2 222 2t2h2-p2 2t22c2 2t2h22i2 2t22i2 2c2h22 22a2u2
2d22a2 2v22o2 2s22 2t2h2u2 2n2h2i22t2 2k2h2i2 2h2o22 2t2a2n2
2m2u22i2 2N2H242N2O232 2k2h2a2n2 2v22o2 2n222c2.2 2M22t2 2t22i2
2g2i2-m2 2 a2u2 2c2h22a2 2125202 2m2l2 2n222c2 2v22 2m2-t2 2l222n2g2 2m2u22i2 2N2H242N2O232 2k2h2a2n2 222 2c22 2t2h22 2h22
2n2h2i22t2 222 2c2h22 22a2u2 2t22 22252o2C2 2x2u2-n2g2
2O2o2C2.2 2H22y2 2t22n2h2 2l222n2g2 2m2u22i2 2N2H242N2O232
2k2h2a2n2 2t2r2o2n2g2 2t22i2 222.2 2C2h2o2 2b2i22t2:2 2n2h2i22t2
2h2o22 2t2a2n2 2(2k22 2h2i2-u2 2H2)2 2c22a2 2 2N2H242N2O232
2k2h2a2n2 2l22 22262,222 2k2J2.2m2o2l2-212;2 2n2h2i2-t2 2d2u2n2g2
2r2i22n2g2 2c22a2 2d2u2n2g2 2d22c2h2 2t2r2o2n2g2 2t22i2 2n22y2
2C2 2=2 232,282 2J2.2g2-212.222-212 2(2l22 2l222n2g2 2n2h2i22t2
2k22m2 2t2h2e2o2 2k2h2i2 2l22m2 2t2h2a2y2 222i2 2n2h2i22t2
222 212 222 2c22a2 212g2a2m2 2d2u2n2g2 2d22c2h2 222)2.2 2
2H222n2g2 2d22n2 2g2i22i2:2 2 2 2
212.2 2a2)2 2K2h2i2 2t2i22p2 2x22c2 2v22i2 2h22i2 2n222c2
2t2r2o2n2g2 2k2h22n2g2 2k2h22,2 2m22t2 2s22 2c2h22t2 2b22
2t2h2u22 2p2h22n2 2t22o2 2r2a2 2H2C2l2 2b2a2y2 2l22n2 2t22a2
2n2h22 2 b22c2 2k2h22i2 .2 2C22c2 2c2h22t2 222 2l22 2
2A2l2C2l232,2 2S2i2C2l242,2 2T2i2C2l242.2 2
2C22c2 2p2h222n2g2 2t2r22n2h2 2p2h22n2 22n2g2:2 2
22 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2A2l2C2l232 2 2 2 2+2 2 2 2 2 2H222O2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2A2l2O2H2C2l222 2 2 2 2 2+2 2 2 2 2 2 2H2C2l2! 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2S2i2C2l242 2 2 2 2 2 2+2 2 2 242 2H222O2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2H242S2i2O242 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2+2 2 2 242 2H2C2l2(2 2
(hoc
SiCl4 + 4 H2O
SiO2.2H2O + 4 HCl( )
VVVV
TiCl4 + H2O
TiOCl2
+ 2 HCl(
( hoc TiCl4 + 2 H2O
TiCl2(OH)2 + 2 HCl( )
b)
* Xt phn ng NH3
+ O2
NO + H2O
4
5

NH3
O2

4 NH3
* Xt phn ng
2
3

NH3

N2+ + 3H+
2O 2-

+ 3 O2

4 NO + 6 H2O

N2 + H2O

O2

2 NH3 - 2 ( 3 e
O2
+ 4e
4 NH3

phn2cng

- 5e
+ 4e

+ 3 O2

N2 + 6 H+
2 O 22 N2 + 6 H2O

2. T tnh cht ho hc ca cc cht v s lin h gia chng, ta c: A l CO 2

; B l CaCO3; C l Ca(HCO3)2. Hoc A l NaOH; B l NaCl; C l NaHCO 3

Phng trnh cc phn ng xy ra: A l CO2 ; B l CaCO3; C l Ca(HCO3)2.

1) CO2
+ 2 NaOH
Na2CO3 + H2O
2) Na2CO3
+ 2 HCl
2 NaCl
+ CO2 + H2O
3)
CO2
+
Ca(OH) 2
CaCO3
3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333

! 3 3 3 3 3+3 3 3 3 3H323O3 3 3 3 3 3
343)3 3 3 3 3C3a3C3O333 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3C3a3O3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3+3 3 3 3 3
3C3O323 3 3 3 3 3
353)3 3 3 3 3 323 3C3O323 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3+3 3 3 3 3 3C3a3(3O3H3)323 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3C3a3(3H3C3O333)323 3 3 3 3
363)3 3 3 3 3C3a3(3H3C3O333)323 3 3+3 3 3 3 3 323 3H3C3l3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3C3a3C3l323 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3+3 3 3 323 3C3O323 3 3 3
3+3 3 3 323 3H323O3 3 3
373)3 3 3 3 3C3a3C3O333 3 3 3 3 3+3 3 3 3 3H323O3 3 3 3+3 3 3C3O323 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3C3a3(3H3C3O333)323!
383)3 3 3 3 3C3a3(3H3C3O333)323 3 3+3 3 3 3 323 3N3a3O3H3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3C3a3C3O333! 3 3 3 3 3+3 3 3N3a323C3O333 3 3 3 3+3 3 3
323 3H323O3 3 3
393)3 3 3 3 3N3a323C3O333 3 3 3 3 3 3 3+3 3 3 3 3C3a3C3l323 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3C3a3C3O333! 3 3 3 3+3 3 323 3N3a3C3l3
31303)3 3 3C3a3(3H3C3O333)323 3 3+3 3 3 3 323 3N3a3O3H3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3C3a3C3O333! 3 3 3 3 3+3 3 3N3a323C3O333 3 3 3 3+3 3 323
3H323O3 3
333.3 3S33 3t3h3u3 3n3h3i33t3 3k3h3i3 3h3o33 3t3a3n3 3N3H343N3O333
3c33 3t3h33 3333c3 3b3i33u3 3d3i33n3:3
33 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3N3H343N3O333 3(3r3)3 3 3 3+3 3 3x3 3H323O3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3d3u3n3g3 3d33c3h3 3N3H343N3O333 3 3 3 3;3 3 3 3H3 3=3
32363230303 3J3m3o3l3-313 3
3*3 3T33n3h3 3k3h33i3 3l333n3g3 3c33a3 3d3u3n3g3 3d33c3h3
3t3r3o3n3g3 3t33i3 3g3i33m3 33a3u3:3
3
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333

3K33 3h3i33u3 3s33 3m3o3l3 3N3H343N3O333 3(3k3h3a3n3)3 3c33n3

3d33n3g3 3l33 3x3,3Cl 3s33 3g3a3m3 3t333n3g3 33n3g3 3l33
4
38303x3.3
l
3135303 3m3l3 3n333c3 3t3r3o3n3g3 3t33i3 333 3333c3 3l33y3
3g33n3 333n3g3 3l33ca
3135303 3g3a3m3.3
3
N
n
li
NH
3V33y3 3k3h33i3 3l333n3g3
3c33 3d3u3n3g3 3d33c3h3 3t3r3o3n3g3
C
4
phn3cng

4t44i4 4g4i44m4 44a4u4 4l44:4 4m4 4=4145404 4+4 48404x4 4 4 4 4 4

4(414)4
4*4 4N4h4i44t4 4Q4 4(4h4a4y4 4H4)4 4v44 4b4i44n4 4t4h4i44n4
4n4h4i44t4 444 4T4 4k44m4 4t4h4e4o4 4m44t4 4q4u44 4t4r44n4h4
4444c4 4t44n4h4 4t4h4e4o4 4b4i44u4 4t4h44c4:4 4H4 4=4
4m4.4C4.4T4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4(424)4 4 4 4 4 4 4
44444444444444444444444
4
4T4r4o4n4g4 444:4 4H4 4=4 4x4.4 4H4 4=4 42464240404.4 4x4 4J4 4 4
444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4(434)4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4T4 4=4 42454 4-4 404
4(444)4 4;4 4C4 4414 4 4(4t4h4e4o4 444 4b44i4)4;4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4m4 4444c4 4t44n4h4
4t4h4e4o4 4(414)4.4
4T4h4a4y4 4c44c4 4s44 4 444 4b4i44t4 4v44o4 4(424)4,4 4t4a4 4c44
4p4h444n4g4 4t4r44n4h4:4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
240404.4 4x4 4=4 4(4145404 + 80x) ( 3,8.25. Gii phng trnh ny ta c x ~
0,76613 (mol).
Vy lng mui NH4NO3 (khan) cn dng l: 80.x = 80. 0,76613 = 61,2904 g.
Cu II (4,5 im): 1. 1,0 im; 2. 1,0 im; 3. 2,5 im.
1. Nguyn t nguyn t ho hc X c cu hnh electron l 1s22s22p63s23p64s2.
a) Hy cho bit dng n cht X c tnh cht ho hc in hnh no? Ti
sao? Vit mt phng trnh phn ng minh ho.
b) Y l mt hp cht ho hc thng thng vi thnh phn phn t gm nguyn
t X, oxi, hiro. Vit mt phng trnh 4p4h4-n4 44n4g4 444
4m4i4n4h4 4h4o44 4t44n4h4 4c4h44t4 4h4o44 4h44c4 44i44n4
4h44n4h4 4c44a4 4Y4.4
424.4 444 44i44u4 4c4h44 4n4h44m4 4s4u4n4f4u4a4 4n4g444i4
4t4a4 4c4h4o4 4l44u4 4h4u44n4h4 4t44c4 4d44n4g4 4v44i4 4n4h44m4
4n44n4g4 4c4h44y4.4 4Q4u44 4t4r44n4h4 44i44u4 4c4h44 4n44y4
4c44n4 4444c4 4t4i44n4 4h44n4h4 4t4r4o4n4g4 4k4h44
4h4i44r4o4 4k4h44 4h4o44c4 4k4h44 4c4a4c4b4o4n4i4c4 4k4h44,4
4k4h44n4g4 4444c4 4t4i44n4 4h44n4h4 4t4r4o4n4g4 4k4h44n4g4
4k4h4.
Hy
gii thch v sao itin hnh trong khng kh, vit phng trnh ho hc
minh ho.
3. a) Xt ng phn cis- v trans- ca iimin N2H2:
phn4cng

* Hy
vit cng thc cu to ca mi ng phn ny.
*
Trong mi cu to , nguyn t N dng lai ho no? Hy trnh by c th.
*
ng phn no bn hn? Hy gii thch.
b) Thc nghim cho bit BF 3 c hnh tam gic u, tm l B. p dng
thuyt lai ho i vi B, hy gii thch cc kt qu .
Hng dn gii:
1. a) T cu hnh electron cho, ta s in tch
ht nhn Z = 20. Theo bng HTTH, X l Ca.
Canxi l mt kim loi kim th, hot ng ho hc rt mnh. Ca c y
tnh
cht ca mt kim loi kim th. Chng hn, Ca tc dng rt mnh vi H 2O
ngay nhit phng; phn ng to nhiu nhit, c th xy ra ngay s chy
ca H2, mt sn phm phn ng:
Ca + 2 H2O
Ca(OH)2 + H2.
5555555555555555555555555.5
5b) Theo iu kin ca bi, Y phi l Ca(OH)2.
Mc5H55y5
d t tan, Ca(OH)
baz mnh.
5*5
5t5h5i55t5
2 vn l mt
5l55p5
Vi lng nhiu,5t5h55c5
vt tan, trong
dung dch c cn bng:
5b5i55u5
5t55n5h5
Ca(OH)2
Ca(OH)2 tan
Ca2+ + 2 OH-.
Phn
ng trung ho l mt v d minh ha tnh cht ho hc in hnh ca
Ca(OH)2:
Ca(OH)2 + 2 HNO3

Ca(NO 3)2 + 2 H2O

Ca(OH)2 + 2 H+

Ca2+

+ 2 H2O.

2. Phn ng to ra Al2S3 :
5 5 5 5 5 5 525 5A5l5 5 5 5 5 5+5 5 5 5 5 535 5S5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5A5l525S535 5 5 5 5 5;5 5 5 5 5H5 5 5<5 5 505 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5(5 5*5
5)5.5
5 5P5h55n5 55n5g5 5n55y5 5t5o55 5n5h5i55u5 5n5h5i55t5 5t55o5
5n5h5i55t5 555 5c5a5o5 5n55n5 5k5h5i5 5c55 5o5x5i5 5c55a5
5k5h55n5g5 5k5h55 5s55 5x55y5 5r5a5 5c55c5 5p5h55n5 55n5g5:5 5
5
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 545 5A5l5 5 5 5 5 5+5 5 5 5 5 535 5O525 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 5 525 5A5l525O535 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5;5 5 5 5
5H5 5 5<5 5 505

phn5cng

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6S6 6 6 6 6 6 6+6 6 6 6 6 6O626 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6S6 6O626 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6;6
6 6 6 6H6 6 6<6 6 606
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 626 6A6l626S636 6 6 6 6 6 6 6+6 6 6 6 696 6O626 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 626 6A6l626O636 6 6 6 6+6 6 6 666S6O626 6 6 6 6 6;6 6 6 6 6H6 6 6<6
6 606
6
6N6h66 6v66y6,6 6s66 6t66o6 6t6h66n6h6 6A6l626S636 6b66 6c66n6
6t6r66 6r66t6 6n6h6i66u6.6 6M66t6 6k6h66c6,6 6nu c lng nh bt
Al2S3 c to ra cng b thu phn do tc dng ca hi nc c trong khng
kh:
Al2S3 + 6 H2O
3 H2S + 2 Al(OH)3.
Do buc phi thc hin phn ng (*) trong iu kin khng c oxi v
(hi)
nc;
thng
6
666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666

-c6 6t6i6-n6 6h66n6h6 6t6r6o6n6g6 6k6h66 6h6i6 r6o6 6k6h66

6h6o6-c6 6k6h66 6c6a6c6b6o6n6i6c6 6k6h66.6
636.6a6)6 6*6 6H6a6i6 666n6g6 6p6h66n6 6h66n6h6 6h66c6 6c66a6
66i6i6m6i6n6 6l66:6 6
66 6E6M6B6E6D6 6C6h6e6m6W6i6n6d6o6w6.6D6o6c6u6m6e6n6t6 6 66
H

..
N

..
N

Cis- iimin

..
N

H
.N.

Trans- iimin

66
6*6 6C66 6h6a6i6 666n6g6 6p6h66n6 666 666u6 6p6h66n6g6,6
6m66i6 6n6g6u6y66n6 6t66 6n6i6t66 666u6 6t6h6a6m6 6g6i6a6 636
6l6i66n6 6k66t6 6(626 6l6i66n6 6k66t6 6x6i6c6h6 6m6a6 6(6)6,6 616
6l6i66n6 6k66t6 6p6i6 6(6)6)6 v u cn 1 i electron ring. Vy ta
gi thit mi nguyn t nit u c lai ho sp2.
trng thi c bn, nguyn t nit N (Z =7) c cu hnh electron N 1s 22s22p3;
khi lin kt, nguyn t nit N vo trng thi lai ho sp2 .

phn6cng

EMBED

ChemWindow.Document

lai ho
1s2

2s2

2p3

1s2

3 AO - sp2 AO - p
nguyn cht

Nh vy trong nguyn t N c 3 obitan lai ho sp2 v 1 obitan p nguyn

cht. 2 trong 3 obitan lai ho sp2 cng vi1 obitan p nguyn cht u c 1
e c thn. Obitan lai ho sp2 cn li c 1 i e ring.
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7777777777777777777777777777777777777777
727 7o7b7i7t7a7n7 7l7a7i7 7h7o77 7s7p727 777u7 7c77 717 7e7
777c7 7t7h77n7 7c77a7 717 7n7g7u7y77n7 7t77 7 7N7 7x7e7n7
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7n7g7u7y77n7 7t77 7 7N7 7b77n7 7c77n7h7 7v77 717 7o7b7i7t7a7n7
717s7 7c77a7 717 7n7g7u7y77n7 7t77 7H7 7t77o7 727 7l7i77n7 7k77t7
7x7i7c7h7 7m7a7 7(7)7.7 727 7o7b7i7t7a7n7 7p7 7n7g7u7y77n7
7c7h77t7 777u7 7c77 717 7e7 777c7 7t7h77n7 7c77a7 727
7n7g7u7y77n7 7t77 7N7 7x7e7n7 7p7h77 7n7h7a7u7 7t77o717 7l7i77n7
7k77t7 7p7i7 7(7)7 7g7i77a7 7c7h77n7g7.7
7*7 7C77u7 7t77o7 7t7r7a7n7s7-7 7b77n7 7h77n7 7c77u7 7t77o7
7c7i7s7-7.7 7T7r7o7n7g7 7c77u7 7t77o7 7t7r7a7n7s7-7 7c77 727
7m77y7 7e7l7e7c7t7r7o7n7 7c77a7 727 7l7i77n7 7k77t7 7 7x7i7c7h7
7m7a7 7(7)7 7N7-7H7 7c77n7g7 7n7h77 7 7c77 727 7m77y7
7e7l7e7c7t7r7o7n7 7c77a7 727 777i7 7e7 7r7i77n7g7 7c77a7 727 7N7
777u7 7777c7 7p7h77n7 7b77 7v77 727 7p7h77a7 7c77a7
7t7r77c7 7l7i77n7 7k77t7 7x7i7c7h7 7m7a7 7(7)7 7g7i77a7 727 7
7n7g7u7y77n7 7t77 7N7.7 7D7o7 777 7l77c7 777y7 7g7i77a7
7c77c7 7c77p7 7m77y7 7e7l7e7c7t7r7o7n7 777 7t7r7o7n7g7 7c77u7
7t77o7 7t7r7a7n7s7-7
7y77u7 7h77n7 7l77c7 777y7 7n77y7 7t7r7o7n7g7 7c77u7 7t77o7
7c7i7s7-7.7 7N7h77 7v77y7 7c77u7 7t77o7 7t7r7a7n7s7-7 7t77n7
7t77i7 77 7t7r77n7g7 7t7h77i7 7n77n7g7 7l777n7g7 7t7h77p7 7h77n7
7c77u7 7t77o7 7c7i7s7-7.7V77 7t7h77 7c77u7 7t77o trans- bn hn
cu to cis-.
Hnh 1 di y minh ho ni dung trn.
H

N
H

N
H

Cis- iimin
Cc m
y e gn nhau

y
nhau
mnh
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Hnh 1
b) Cu hnh electron ca cc t to ra phn t BF3:
B (Z = 5)1s22s22p1
F (Z = 9)1s22s22p5
phn7cng

Trans- iimin
Cc m
y e xa nhau
y nhau yu

* Biu din hnh dng ca phn t BF3:

Hnh 2
Vy
ta gi thit trong phn t BF3 nguyn t trung tm B c lai ho sp vi s
phn b electron nh sau:
EMBED ChemWindow.Document
2

lai ho
2

1s

2s

2p

1s

3 AO - sp

(a2)
AO-p
nguyn cht

3 nh ca 3 obitan lai ho sp2 hng v 3 pha ca mt mt phng to

thnh 3
nh ca mt tam gic u c tm l B. Trong mi obitan lai ho sp 2 ny c
1 electron c thn.
Theo (b) trn, nguyn t F c1 electron c thn trong1obitan p nguyn cht.
S xen ph trc gia 1 obitan p n8g8u8y88n8 8c8h88t8 8n88y8
8v88i818o8b8i8t8a8n8 8l8a8i8 8h8o88 8s8p828 8c88a8 8B8 8t88o8
8t8h88n8h8 8 8l8i88n8 8k88t8 8x8i8c8h8 8m8a8 8(8)8 8g8i88a8 828
8n8g8u8y88n8 8t88.8 8V88y8 818 8t8r8o8n8g8 8p8h88n8 8t88 8
8B8F838 8c88 838 8l8i88n8 8k88t8 8x8i8c8h8 8m8a8 8(8)8 8v88i8 838
8v88n8g8 8x8e8n8 8p8h88 8.8 838 8h88t8 8n8h88n8 8c88a8 838
8n8g8u8y88n8 8t88 8F8 8l88 838 888n8h8 8c88a8 8t8a8m8
8g8i88c8 888u8 8c88 8t88m8 8l88 8B8 8n8h88 8t8h88c8
8n8g8h8i88m8 888 8c8h8 ra. 3 trc ca 3 lin kt ct nhau tng i
mt to thnh gc 120o. Kt qu trn v hnh hc phn t hon ton ph hp
vi kt qu m thc nghim ch ra.
Cu III (5,5 im): 1. 1,0 im; 2. 1,5 im; 3. 1,5 im; 4. 1,5 im.
1. Hy thit lp s pin khi pin ny hot ng c phn ng:
Zn + NO3- + H+
Zn2+ + NH4+ + H2O (1).
Hy
vit phng trnh cc na phn ng xy ra trn cc in cc.
2. Cho: Eo
= - 0,12 V ; Eo
= - 08,8786838 8V8;8
888 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8p8K8a8 8(8N8H848+8)8 8=8 898,82848;8 8 8K8w8
-81848
;8 8(8R8T8/8F8)8l8n8 8=8 808,808589828l8g8.8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
8=8 81808
888888888888888888888888888888888888888888
phn8cng

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9H99y9 9t99n9h9:9 9 9 9 9E9o9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

9 9 9 9 9 9,9 9E9o9 9 9 9v99 9h9-n9g9 9s99 9c99n9 9b99n9g9 9c99a9
9p9h9-n9 99n9g9 9(919)9.9
939.9 9N9h99n9g9 9k99m9 9k9i9m9 9l9o9-i9 9v99o9 9d9u9n9g9
9d99c9h9 9H9N9O939 909,91909 9M9.9 9S9a9u9 9k9h9i9 9p9h99n9
99n9g9 9(919)9 9x99y9 9r9a9,9 9n9g999i9 9t9a9 9t9h99m9 9d9-n9
9d9u9n9g9 9d99c9h9 9N9H939 9v99o9 9h99n9 9h99p9 9t9h9u9 9999c9
9t99i9 9n99n9g9 999 909,929 9M9 9(9c9o9i9 9t9h9- 9t99c9h9
9d9u9n9g9 9d99c9h9 9k9h99n9g9 9t9h9a9y9 999i9 9k9h9i9 9t9h99m9
9 9N9H939)9.9 9H99y9 9t99n9h9 9p9H9 9c99a9 9h99.9 9
99C9h9o9 9b9i99t9:9 9 9 9 9 9Z9n929+9 9+9 9 949N9H939 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
9Z9n9(9N9H939)94929+9 9 9 9 9 9 9;9 9 9l9g9 9=9 989,98999.9
94. Tnh th in cc km nhng trong hn hp thu c.
Hng dn gii:
1. Cc cp oxi ho - kh: NO3(/NH4+ ; Zn2+/Zn
ant: 4
Zn2+ + 2 e
catt:

Zn
NO3(

+ 10 H+ + 8 e

NH4+ + 3H2O
NO3(

+ 4 Zn + 10 H+
S pin:

NH4+ + 4 Zn2+ + 3 H2O

(()
Zn

Zn2+
NO3(, NH4+, H+
Pt
(+)
2.
NO3( + 6 H2O + 8 e
9

H+

NH3 +

9 OH( ; K1 = 10

OH(

H2O
phn9cng

; Kw(1
= 1014
NH3
+

H+

NH4+
; Ka(1
= 109,24
NO3( + 10 H+ + 8 e

NH4+ + 3 H2O

; K2 = 10

K2 = K1 ( Kw(9 ( Ka(1
= - 0,12 +
(14 ( 9 + 9,24) =

Eo
= 0,881 (V)

o
pin

=Ecatot Eanot = 0,881 + 0,763 = 1,644 (V)

K = 10

= 10222,2

3.
C

NO3( + 4 Zn + 10 H+
0,1

NH4+ + 4 Zn2+ + 3 H2O ; K = 10222,2 (1)

0,1
Xmax =

= 0,01

(C - 0,01
0,01
0,04
C

- 0,1
0,09
0

0,01

0,04
Zn2+

4 NH3

Zn(NH3)42+
;
(
8,89

10

phn10cng

0,04

0,2
0,04
Thnh phn ca h:

0,04
NO3(

0,09 M ; NH4+ 0,01 M ; NH3 0,04 M ; Zn(NH3)42+ 0,04 M

- Tnh thnh phn theo h m:
pH =
9,24 + lg

= 9,84
(H+( =

10(9,84 << (OH(( = 10(4,16 << C

,C

Vy pH = 9,84
Hoc: NH3
H2O
NH4+
+ OH( ;
= 10(4,76
C
0,04
0,01
((

+
Kb

0,04 -

0,04 + 4 x
x
(
(OH ( = x = 10(4,16

pH

= 9,84)
4. E

= - 0,763 +

lg(Zn2+(, trong (Zn2+( c tnh theo cn

bng:

Zn(NH3)42+
Zn2+
+ 4 NH3

;
((1

(8,89

10
C
0,04
0,04
((

0,04 -

x
x

0,04 + 4 x

= 10(8,89. Gi thit x << 0,01

phn11cng

(Zn2+( = x =

= 2,013. 10(5 << 0,01 (tho mn).

Vy E

lg 2,013. 10(5 = - 0,902 (V)

= - 0,763 +

Hoc: Zn(NH3)42+

+ 2

Zn

+ 4 NH3
E

= Eo

lg

= - 0,902 (V)

(Trong Eo
- 0,763 (

=
= - 1,026 (V))

Cu IV (5,0 im): 1. 2,5 im; 2. 2,5 im.

1. xc nh bc ca phn ng
2 X + Y
Z
(1)
ngi ta tin hnh cc th nghim theo phng php nng u, cng
nhit .
Kt qu nh sau.
Thnghi
m
s
1
2
3

Thi gian mi
th nghim
(pht)
5
10
15

Nng u Nng u
Nng sau
ca X (theo M) ca Y (theo M) ca Y (theo M)
0,300
0,300
0,500

0,250
0,160
0,250

a. Hy xc nh bc ring phn, bc ton phn ca phn ng (1).

b. Tnh hng s tc k ca phn ng (c ghi r n v).
c.

phn12cng

0,205
0,088
0,025