CONTENTS

CHAPTER- 1 INTRODUCTION OF
LAHORE

A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF LAHORE THROUGH THE AGES:

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO LAHORE

1.2 HISTORIC PERSPECTIVE OF LAHORE
1.2.1 MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE:
1.2.1.1 ARCHITECTURAL CONTRIBUTION:
1.2.2 SIKH PERIOD (l768-1849 A.D.)
1.2.2.1 ARCHITECTURAL CONTRIBUTION:

CHAPTER- 2
BRITISH COLONIAL ARCHITECHTURE OF LAHORE

2.1 BRITISH COLONIAL ARCHITECHTURE OF

LAHORE
2.2 COLONIAL PERSPECTIVE
2.3 CHRONOLOGY OF THESE BUILDINGS

CHAPTER- 3
LIVING EXAMPLES OF THE MALL ROAD

3.1 CONCEPT OF MALL ROAD 16

3.2 INDOSARCENIC ARCHITECHTURE DEVOLOPMENT
AND GROTH AT MALL ROAD 16
3.3 BASE MAP IDENTIFICATION OF THE LIST OF
18
BUILDINGS
CHAPTER- 4

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE OF THE

BRITISH AND THE MALL ROAD:

4.1 ARCHITECTURAL STYLE OF A COLONIAL CITY AND

THE MALL ROAD 20

4.1.1 ROMANESQUE STYLE: 21

24
4.1.2 GOTHIC STYLE:

4.1.3 GREECO ROMAN STYLE: 26

4.1.4 INDO-SARACENIC ARCHITECHTURE: 28

CHAPTER- 5 AITCHISON COLLEGE MALL

ROAD

A DETAILED STUDY OF THE INDOSARCENIC STYLE WITH

REFERENCE TO THE BUILDING OF AITHISON COLLEGE,
LAHORE:
5.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 35
5.2 ARCHITECTURAL BACKGROUND 38
5.3 GENERAL IMPACT 39
5.4 SITE 41
5.5 PLAN 43
5.6 ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS 48
5.6.1 CENTRAL DOME 49
5.6.2 CHATRIES 49
5.6.3 CHATRIES AROUND THE CENTRAL DOME 51
5.6.4 CHATERIES AT THE INTERNAL CORNERS 51
5.6.5 CHATERIES AT THE EXTERNAL CORNERS 51
5.6.6 CUPOLA 51
5.6.7 PARAPET 52
5.6.8 PARAPET AROUND THE DOME 51
5.6.9 PARAPET ABOVE THE TOP ROOF 51
5.6.10 PARAPET ABOVE THE LOWER ROOFS
AND BALCONIES 54
5.6.11 EAVES 54
5.6.12 WALLS 54
5.6.13 ARCHES 54
5.6.14 FENESTRATIONS 56
5.6.15 VERTICAL SUPPORTS
5.6.15.1 COLUMNS
5.6.15.2 PIERS
PILLASTERS
GRILLS
BALCONIES
WOOD WORK
BRACKETS
FLOORS
DECORATIONS
EXTERNAL DECORATIONS
INTERNAL DECORATIONS
1.
 1 A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF LAHORE

THROUGH THE AGES :

1.1 INTRODUCTION OF LAHORE

Lahore, city in northeastern Pakistan, on the Rāvi River, capital of Punjab Province. It
is the principal commercial, banking, and transportation centre of the province.
Although little industry is located in the city proper, Lahore serves as a distribution
centre for the heavily industrialized surrounding area and an educational and cultural
centre. Lahore is a historic city with a recorded history of about 1,000 years, through
references to its existence can be traced back to antiquity. Yet what it has become in
the past 30 years makes it almost a new city, from a city known for its gardens,
colleges, domes, minarets, films and actors, fairs and festivals to a place of shopping
plazas, noisy traffic and sprawling suburbs 1.

1.2 PRECOLONIAL HISTORIC PERSPECTIVE OF

LAHORE:

The Architecture of Historic* buildings of Lahore reflects the history of Lahore and is
remarkable for its variety and uniqueness.
Bernard M.Fielden, in his book “Conservation of historic buildings” provides a
comprehensive definition of historic building 2.
“Briefly, an historic building is one that gives us a sense of wonder and makes us want
to know more about the people and culture that produced it. It has architectural,
* important in or affecting the course of history

aesthetic, historic, documentary, archaeological*, economic, social and even political

and spiritual or symbolic values; but the first impact is always emotional, for it is a
symbol of cultural identity and continuity- - a part of our heritage. If it has survived
the hazards of 100 years of usefulness, it has a good claim to being called historic”
There are historic buildings left from different historical period leading to the centuries
ago rule of the Mughal Dynasty as well as from the era of the British Raj,Raj, whose style
is a mixture of Victorian and Islamic architecture often referred to as Indo-Gothic or
Indo-sarcenic architecture. In addition, there are newer buildings which are very
modern in their design. An interesting point about Lahore's architecture is that unlike
the emphasis on functional architecture in the west, much of Lahore's architecture has
always been about making a statement as much as anything else. There were 283
historic building situated in city of Lahore. The list of this building were taken from
two books, Lahore – Architectural remains, written by S.M. Latif in 1892 and
“Tarikh-e-Lahore” written by K.L.Hindi in 1884. 186 of the historical building are
still available 3.

Lahore was ruled over by 58 kings and their 170 governors from the earliest times
known (990 AD.) to 1947 AD. This period is classified into 12 historical periods 4.

S.No Rule Religion Period No. of Years

1 Haj Dynasty Idolaters unknown-999 unknown

2 Hindu Shahiya Dynasty Hindu 999-1014 15

3 Ghaznavids Muslim 1014-1186 172
4 Ghauris &Slave dynasty Muslim 1186-1289 103
5 Khiljis Muslim 1289-1321 32
6 Tughlaqs Muslim 1321-1413 92
7 Sayyeds Muslim 1414-1448 34
8 Lodhis Muslim 1448-1526 78
9 Afghans Muslim 1540-1554 14
10 Mughals Muslim 1526-1540 185
11 Sikhs Sikh 1768-1849 81

12 The British Secular 1849-1947 98

(Geological Table of Lahore)

*the scientific study of ancient cultures through the examination of their material remains such as
buildings, graves, tools, and other artifacts usually dug up from the groun

As most of the Mughals, Sikhs and British buildings are available to us therefore
significant feature of these periods is being described with reference to architecture in
Lahore.

1.2.1 MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE:

Emperor Akbar made this city his transitory capital. Later, Jahangir set up his courts in
Lahore, and he now lies in eternal sleep here. In Lahore, Shah Jahan was born and it
was here that Dara Shikoh was declared the Emperor of India. As a result of these
royal connections Lahore has acquired many Mughal architectural troves. But many of
these, Mughal wonders were plundered during the Sikh rule of Punjab.

The Mughals period in Lahore is divided into three broad categories. The early
Mughal period (1526-1540 A.D.), the middle Mughal period (1555-1707 AD.) and the
later Mughal period (1708-1759 A.D.). The reigns of Humayun (in the early Mughal
period), Akbar, Jehangir. Shahjahan and Aurangzeb, the successors of Babar (in the
middle Mughal period) may be considered the golden period in the history of Lahore.
The city became a place of royal residences, gardens, tombs, mosques, baradaris
sprung up in every direction, the population increased suburbs grew up until the city
became, in the language of Abu Fazl the grand resort of people of all nations, and
celebrated for its fine buildings and luxuriant gardens. 5 I n the field of history the
mughal gardens of Lahore present a prominent chapter of what is called Islamic
tradition a. To this day almost all that is architecturally beautiful at Lahore is referable
to this period.

Mughal building styles and forms evolved through many experimental stages and
forms evolved through many experimental stages, blending Islamic architectural forms
and building types with indigenous building craft traditions.

1.2.1.1 ARCHITECTURAL CONTRIBUTION:

They made Lahore almost the second capital of India. It became a royal residence
where Mughal emperors spent some time every year.
The dominant architectural features of Mughal architecture include four centered and
muItifoil arches, domes, Iwans, courtyards and minarets. The monuments were
embellished with both floral and geometric patterns in coloured, kashi kari and stone
inlay work in the exteriors and fresco work in the interiors.
Paved walkways and floors with large variety of geometric patterns, fountains, water
channels and reflected pools are its essential elements. Arcaded walls with marble
inlay or mosaic* tile work, latticework screens in marble, decorated parapet, podium,
reception halls and pavilions are other artifacts of Mughal architecture. The Mughal
forms include contrasting themes of red sandstones with white marble (e.g. Badshahi
mosque and Tomb of Jehangir, Mausoleum at Sikandra, India). Octagonal turrets,
decorated voluted brackets, bands of inscriptions in various scripts (e.g. Kufi, Naskhi
or Nastaleeq) are some of common, features.
*a picture or design made with small pieces of colored material such as glass or tile stuck onto a surface

The Mughals forms and elevations are well balanced and symmetrical composition of
acrades, iwan, arches, pinnacles and kiosks integrated with domes and minarets. There
are cusped and four centered arches curved cornices and highly decorated flat ceilings
overlaid with geometric or sinuous serpentine patterns and floral designs. The most
significant Mughal buildings also include inlaid semi precious stones (petra dura) set
in naturalistic floral design and calligraphy.

1.2.2 SIKH PERIOD (l768-1849 A.D.)

There is not much literature is available about Sikh architecture In Lahore) probably
due to biased opinions of both British and Muslim writers.
I.H. Thorton, while explaining the dominant features of the Sikh architecture describes
"substantially Hindu", overlaid with Mohammadan details, blended Without taste (as
compared with the Mughals). There palaces are further disfigured by small angular
chambers) perched generally on the highest point of the building to catch the breeze in
the hot weather.

1.2.2.1 ARCHITECTURAL CONTRIBUTION:

The significant monument of Sikh architecture is the mausoleum of Ranjit Singh and
his son and grand son. The building is as usual, mongrel design, half Mohammadan
and half Hindu, but the effect at a distance is not unpleasant.
The significant monument of Sikh architecture is the mausoleum of Ranjit Singh and
his son and grand son. The building is as usual, mongrel design, half Mohammadan
and half Hindu, but the effect at a distance is not unpleasant.

Then the Britishers came who gave birth to colonial architecture and later on after
independence another architectural style emerged.

References:

1. Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation, topic lahore

2. Feilden, B.M.,Conservation of historic buildings, Butterworth & Co. (Publishers)
Ltd., London, 1982,p.1
3. Muhammad Yousuf Awan, Research journel, Vol.8, Jan-Jun, Lahore, 1994, No.1.
4. Samreen Majeed, Rejuvenation of Diyal Singh Mansion and its surroundings,
theisis report,UET Lahore, 1986.P-9
5. Mahmood Husain, Abdur Rehman & James L. Wescoat Jr.,The Mughal Gardens,
Ferozesons Pvt. Limited, Lahore,1984, P-10.
CHAPTER: 2
2. BRITISH COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

OF LAHORE:

2.1 BRITISHCOLONIAL ARCHITECTURE LAHORE

(1849-1947 A.D.):
From invaders to marauders, the 2000-year-old Lahore has gone through a very
colourful existence. And in the process it has enjoyed cycles of rebuilding and
resurfacing of its past glory out of its ashes, like a phoenix.

Besides helping to maintain the Mughal architecture, the British also left their indelible
mark through the construction and development projects they carried out. Lofty towers,
Gothic architecture, arcades and mirages constructed in the colonial era still grace the
skyline of Lahore. There are 50 buildings in Indo-Sarcenic style. Its style is a mixture
of Victorian and Islamic architecture often referred to as Indo-Sarcenic.1

When the British first came to India,

India, they considered themselves the legitimate
rulers of India rather than its conquerors, so they sought to justify their presence by
relating themselves to the previous rulers, the Mughals.
Mughals. By doing this they kept
elements of British and European architecture,
architecture, while adding Indian characteristics;
characteristics; this,
coupled with the British allowing some regional Indian princes to stay in power, made
their presence more 'palatable'* for the Indians. The British tried to encapsulate India's
past within their own buildings and so represent Britain’s Raj as legitimately Indian,
while at the same time constructing a modern India of railways, colleges, and law
courts.

The British learned the importance of the pageantry from the Mughal court,
which at the zenith of its power was veritable city in the motion.5 Where the glory of
the ruler was expressed in the magnificence of the structure and the rituals of the
*acceptable to somebody's
sensibilities

country life. They recognized the influence it had a psyche of the Indian and
used it to affirm their power and superiority and therefore the right to rule.

2.2 COLONIAL PERSPECTIVE:

The colonial administration's concept of architecture being synonymous with
period styles gained currency even in the Indian mind, for the Indian bourgeois
measured his superiority by his ability to mould himself after the white sahib fashion.
However, only an aristocratic brown sahib could go to the extent of actually employing
a European architect to design him a flawless Renaissance Palazzo. For those desirous
of instant culture at bargain prices there were the numerous prefabricated accessories,
from cast iron Corinthian columns to cast iron angels and fountains made in England)
or, equally good but cheaper, those made in Calcutta in a British foundry, But those
who wished to exercise their imaginations and their creative abilities could, and did,
build their own versions of European architecture. 2

The soul-destroying influence of the British on both the artisans

artisans and upper-class
native *, had been bitterly noted by Birdwood more than a decade earlier. He even
went so far as to identify the government of India as the chief cause of the depravation
'of the Indian arts.

" ... The worst mischief is perhaps done by the architecture foisted on the
country by the Government of India, which, because it is the architecture of the
government, is naturally thought to be worthy of all imitation. The Nawab of
Bahawalpur was installed the other day on the throne of his ancestors, and in
anticipation of the auspicious event the Indian Government built him a Palace, which
is the ghastliest piece of bare classicalism it is possible to imagine ... This sort of thing
has been going on all over India ever since the establishment of the British peace in
1803-6 and in 1818-19, and is the fountain head and origin of all the evils we
deplore".
 In the global battle for supremacy amongst the European nations, Britain
emerged most successful in India, and by 1857 she proclaimed the sub-continent part of
*customer, especially a regular one, of a shop or business

Her Majesty' dominions we see in India by the 18th century the existence of an
embryonic capitalist society preparing to overthrow the rapidly decaying feudal order.
Meanwhile, industrialization in Europe had advanced in a faster pace, and by the later
half of the 18th century it was Britain which was looking for markets for its
manufacturers-and seeking sources of raw materials. The shift in Britain interest and
policy was disastrous to the independent evolution of Indian economy and society. By
the end of the 18th century and beginning of the 19th, the process of industrialization
had been reversed. The rush to grow cash crops produced a catastrophic depopulation
of towns, voluntary or forced abandonment
abandonment of manufacturing industries, famines and
untold miseries.
miseries. British trading policy and law was adjusted and readjusted
readjusted to match

the changing requirements of industrial development

development in Britain9. In a curious way it
was the very disaster I. caused by such policies that led to the formation of four
schools of art in British India, among them the Mayo School of Arts at Lahore.

Later on this school gave rise to students in which the name of Bhai Ram Singh is well
known to us who re-contributed a lot in Lahore and mall road such as pavilion in
Lawrence Hall garden. Yet Ram Singh was of the first generation of westernized
native architects, still close to his traditional roots, and working in a 'classical'
European idiom. 4 Moreover, native architects were something of an exception and a
rarity, and they normally worked under the direct guidance and supervision of their
European superiors. Thus official architecture under the Raj was actually an extension
of the contemporary European mainstream.
mainstream.

2.3 CHRONOLOGY OF THESE BUILDINGS AND

ARCHITECTURAL CONTRIBUTION:
To take a look at the chronology of these buildings, let’s take a walk through some of
Lahore’s British era architectural landmarks. The beautiful Mall was constructed, in
1851, as the arterial link between the Anarkali Garrison and the new Mianmir
Cantonment. Trees, wide footpaths, horse tracks and buggy drives were to be the
hallmarks of this boulevard. A post office and a telegraph house were respectively
established in 1854-55.

The Lahore Railway Station was completed in 1861 as a junction of the North Western
Railway (NWR), which has now come to be known as Pakistan Railways. A year later,
in 1862, Victoria High School for Girls was set up in the haveli of Rani Chandar Kaur,
mother of Kanwar Nihal Singh, the infant ruler of the Punjab for a brief moment in
time.

The Lahore Museum was initially started as an exhibition site, in 1864. Handicrafts and
collections of the nobles and nawabs of the province were on show there. Mr Kipling
(the father of Rudyard Kipling, later of C&MG Association) was the Director of the
exhibition, which lasted for a year. He later became the first curator of Lahore
Museum. The Government College (the one and the only one!), started in 1864, with
the French orientalist,* Latiers, as its first principal. The Chief’s Court started
functioning in 1865, and it later became the Lahore High Court. The next year,
Montgomery Hall was built. Later this hall was merged structurally with Lawrence
Hall, which was erected to honour Colonel Lawrence, the Lieutenant Governor of the
Punjab and, subsequently, the Viceroy of India. Montgomery, too, had been the
*relating to the countries and peoples of East Asia, especially China, Japan, and neighboring countri

Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab, and earlier its Chief Secretary.

The Law College started functioning in 1869, and Oriental College was built next to it
in the year 1872. That year also saw the opening of the Lahore Zoo. The City Hospital,
later called Mayo Hospital, started operations in 1870. It was constructed at the site of
the garden of Hari Singh, a courtier of the Sikh durbar who had been the collector of
taxes on the city’s trade.

The Punjab University was built between 1872 and 1877. The Proposal was first
established in 1968. 3 Its Indo-Sarcenic architecture still stands out amongst the modern
buildings, which now surround the university. It cost the enormous amount of Rs
320,000 to build and Lord Ripon presided over the opening of the University. Edward,
the Prince of Wales, held a durbar in the University hall when he visited Lahore.

The North Western Railway’s Mughalpura Workshops were constructed on an area of

126 acres, in the year 1874. Next year, Mayo School of Arts (now NCA), started
functioning and the school had Professor Kipling as its first principal. In those days,
his son, Rudyard Kipling, was also associated with the school. Later on, he moved
onto journalism and writing, and received the Nobel Prize for Literature, in 1907.

The Kinnaird High School of Girls was set up in 1879 and it was upgraded to the status
of a college in 1913. Its first principal was Miss McNair. Two other ladies, Miss
Robinson and Miss Mangat Roy, held the post of the principal between them for about
50 years, the longest in the college’s history. The Central Training College for
Teachers was set up in 1880.

In l882, the Water Works (Panni Wala Talab inside the walled city) were inaugurated*
by Sir Charles Atchison, the Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab. Central Model School
was established in the haveli of Raja Dhayan Singh, in 1882. The construction of
Lahore Medical College was completed in 1883 and two years later, in 1885, it was
* to install somebody in office with a formal ceremony

inaugurated by the Viceroy, Lord Harding.

Sir Charles Aitchison inaugurated the Punjab Public Library in 1885. Bishop Thomas
French consecrated the Mall Cathedral, also called the Kukkar Girja in local parlance,
in 1886. It was built through donations of 50,000 pounds and a government grant of Rs
50,000. Aitchison College was started in the year 1886, with donations from the rulers
and nawabs of the states in Punjab, with the Nawab of Patiala being the major
contributor. The Veterinary Hospital was built as an adjunct to the city hospital, at the
site of now non-existing Chaubara of Chajjumal, in 1882. Lord Harding, the Viceroy
inaugurated it and its first principal was Colonel G.K. Kettlewel. The college was later
shifted to its present site in Civil Lines, in 1902.

The Lahori Gate was restored in the year 1884. The refurbished gate was inaugurated,
according to a plaque at the gate, by ‘Nawab Sir Robert Montgomery Sahib Bahadur,
during the commissionorate of Douglas Hall Sahib Bahadur and of Deputy
Commissioner Captain Hall Sahib Bahadur’. It was later restored under the supervision
of Abdul Hameed Khan. The many Sahib Bahadurs, named on the plaque, did a good
job to restore the historic gate, which still stands. The Lahore Gate has lost its grandeur
but, thankfully, not its originality.

Lady Atchison Hospital was established in 1887 and Queen Mary College was
inaugurated in 1911. Both the Law College and the Lahore College for Women were
set up in 1922, and Lady Mcleagon Training College for Women was established the
very next year. That year, in 1923, McLeagon Engineering College was established.
The college has changed its name three times after the partition — first to Punjab
College of Engineering and Technology, and then to Government College of
Engineering and Technology and finally it was upgraded to the University of
Engineering and Technology in the 60s. The original, open-profiled double storied
building of the College still stands intact, in its simple architectural style.

The Senate Hall was constructed in 1926, at a cost of Rs 32,000, donated by the Nawab
of Bahawalpur. The Halley College of Commerce was constructed in 1927. This
college is currently situated at the New Campus of Punjab University, and it still
carries the old name. A hostel is now established in the old Halley College building in
the city. The De Montmorennci College of Dentistry was started in 1930, which was
also the year when Lady Wellington Hospital was established.

The Lahore Radio Station was commissioned in 1937 and the Punjab Legislative
Assembly building was completed in the year 1938. The Craik Technical Institute was
set up in 1939. Now it is called Government College of Technology, awarding
BTech (Hons) degree, which, oddly enough, the Pakistan Engineering Council does not
recognize!

The British Raj’s architectural contribution to Lahore ended in 1939. Ironically, that
was also the year when WWII started, an event that ultimately proved to be the death
knell of the British presence in the subcontinent.

References:
 1. S. Birjees Asghar, Lahore’s colonial architecture -DAWN Magazine; June 23,
2002.mht.
2. Mumtaz Kamil Khan, Architecture in Pakistan, Concept media pvt Ltd.,
Singapore, 1985,P.109
3. Aijazuddin F.S., Lahore recollected, Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, 2003,
P.106.
4. Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation, topic
Colonial Architecture.
5. Samreen Majeed, Rejuvenation of Diyal Singh Mansion and its surroundings,
theisis report,UET Lahore, 1986.P-12

CHAPTER 3:

THE MALL ROAD:

3.1 CONCEPT OF MALL ROAD:

The Mall in Lahore,
Lahore, Pakistan (also known as Shahrah-e-Quaid-e-Azam), is one
of the city's main roads, and, along with the Grand Trunk Road,
Road, one of its most famous
as well. The Mall holds significant historical and cultural value, as most of the
buildings lining the road are a collection of Mughal and colonial-era architecture, the
majority of them built during the British period. 1

Goulden recalled:’ The social life of Old Lahore centred round the now
destroyed lower mall in the days not too far distant, when the police band played
regularly twice a week in the Gol Bagh, then known as Bandstrand gardens, an the
beuty and fashion of the station gathered their to exchange gossip and listen to the
music.’ 2

In the subcontinent the idea of the Mall is little different from the Pall Mall of
London: In the subcontinent they used to build the cantt. At some distance away from
the city for different purposes. The road connecting the city with the cantt became the
Mall e.g. Rawalpindi, Peshawar, Lahore and Dehli Mall etc. Most of the buildings
institutional and commercial buildings were created on this road. 3
3.2 DEVELOPMENT & GROWTH OF MALL TILL
(1947):
After the annexation of Punjab by the British in March 1849, its affairs were
entrusted to a board of administration. Sir Henry Lawrence was its president.4 The first
duty of the board was to disband the Sikh forces, dismantle necessary fortifications, I
disarm the civil population, organize the Police and pacify the country. At that time
British troops were quartered at Anarkali.

Britishers' philosophy regarding the cantonment is that it should be at some

distance from the city. Therefore in Lahore the Britishers were confronted with the
problem of finding suitable quarters for the Imperial army and civilian officers, since ,
walled city was unsafe, crowded and unsanetarified. Therefore they slected a new site
'for cantonment near Mianmir. In 1851-52 the troops which had been quartered at
Anarkali moved to new cantonment they also built Civil lines for the civil

administration.

Mall was first aligned in 1851 by Lieutenant Colonel Napier, the civil engineer,
who described it as a direct road form Anarkali to Mianmir. afterwards when sir Ganga
Ram was Executive Engineer in-charge of Lahore provincial division, Extensive
improvement were carried out in the sections east of the fort office crossing. Later the
whole length of the mall was remodeled under the supervision of Mr. Ducone S. the
chief engineer who in turn supervised by the Governor Sir Charles Rivaz. 5

The road connecting cantt the earlier settlements became the site for the various
public and administrative buildings. Some of the important buildings like High Courts
1889, the Central Telegraph office 1880, the University Hall 1896, the General Post
Office 1912.

These buildings were not only monuments commemorating the rule of new
dynasty, but also the symbols of the social institutions and practices that come with
British. The development of the Mall has been linear between the Civil Line and the
cantt buildings were erected on the both sides of the spine to make it prestigious road.

The tendency is very much clear from the proper facade of the buildings. These
buildings have definite front and back. The buildings behind this strip of the Mall were
not planned, their attached houses, bungalows and open areas. As the population
growth was slow and there was not much demand for the commercialland. The
buildings on the Mall were particularly occupied therefore no need was felt for in depth
development.

3.3 BASE MAP IDENTIFICATION OF

LIST OF BUILDING:
Buildings or monuments of historical significance on The Mall include:

• Shadin Manzil
• Aitchison College At mall road
• Lahore Museum
• National College of Arts
• Government College Lahore
• Punjab University (Old Campus)
• Lahore Stock Exchange
• Punjab Assembly building
• Wapda House
• Aiwan-e-Iqbal
• Governor House
• Jinah library
• Tollinton Market
• Lawrence Hall
• King Advered College
References:

1. Sir Birgees Akbar,City

Akbar,City beloved -DAWN - Books and Authors; January 1, 2006
2. Aijazuddin F.S., Lahore recollected, Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, 2003,
P.105.
3. Samreen Majeed, Rejuvenation of Diyal Singh Mansion and its surroundings,
theisis report,UET Lahore, 1986.P-12
4. Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation, topic
Colonial Architecture.
5. William J. Glover - Social Science Making Lahore Modern: Constructing and
Imagining a Colonial City, Newyork Publications -2007, Page 60

CHAPTER 4:

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE OF THE

BRITISH AND THE MALL ROAD:

4.1 ARCHITECTURAL STYLE OF A COLONIAL CITY

AND THE MALL ROAD:
Fifty years after the British annexed the Punjab and made Lahore its provincial
capital, the city--once a prosperous Mughal center that had long since fallen into ruin--
was transformed. British and Indian officials had designed a modern, architecturally
distinct city center adjacent to the old walled city, administered under new methods of
urban governance.

In Making Lahore Modern," William J. Glover investigates the traditions that

shaped colonial Lahore. In particular, he focuses on the conviction that both British
and Indian actors who implemented urbanization came to share: that the material
fabric of the city could lead to social and moral improvement. This belief in the power
of the physical environment to shape individual and collective sentiments, he argues,
links the colonial history of Lahore to nineteenth-century urbanization around the
world.1
Debates on architectural styles was initiated as most of the buildings were
designed by the British architects using the classical elements and the native master
builders were only confined to remotes areas which led to the decline of the
mainstream of indigenous architecture.2 The former argued that the British should seek
to emulate the ,Romans and impose British architecture with confidence. They were
opposed by the revivalists who thought that uninterrupted living tradition existing in
Pakistan, converting the past to the present should continue. The true policy should be
to discard all imported forms and ideas and to foster living traditions by sustaining the
local master builders, whose crafts, skills and expertise were indanger of dying art
from lack of patronage. The architecture of Lahore is tile outcome of these schools. A
significant change was noticed and the buildings were made more comfortable
compatible to suit the local climatic conditions. A verandah was introduced in the
churches as well. The architecture was based on heo classicism. Lockwood Kipling,
father of Rudyard Kipling arrived in Lahore in 1875 as the first principal of the school
of industrial art (now N.C.A.). The influence of Kipling on architecture is clearly
visible in this decade. He strongly advocated the ideas of revivalism of indigenous
architecture. Therefore the architecture of the British period represents years of
esthetics confusion with two or more streams of architecture some times running
parallel and some times counter to each other.

There are mainly four styles identified during colonial era.

4.1.1 ROMANESQUE STYLE:

It’s the influence of Romanesque architecture of western Europe from about ad
1000 to the rise of the Gothic style.3

CHARACHTERESTIC:
The introduction of vaulting led to the general use of heavy walls and piers in
place of the light walls and columns that had sufficed for wooden roofs. In the mature
Romanesque style, especially as practiced in France, the use of massive walls and
piers as supports for the heavy stone vaults resulted in a typical building plan that
treated the entire structure as a complex composed of smaller units. These units, called
bays, are the square or rectangular spaces enclosed by groin vaults; late Romanesque
architects tended to use these bays as their basic building unit, and these separate
rectangular bays became a characteristic and distinguishing feature of the Romanesque
style. Massiveness in stone structures is another major characteristic of Romanesque
architecture. The nave in Romanesque churches was usually made higher and
narrower than in earlier structures in order to make room for windows, called
clerestory windows, in the sidewalls below the vault. Doors and windows were usually
capped by round arches; slightly pointed arches were also sometimes employed. These
openings were generally small and decorated with moldings, carvings, and sculptures
that became increasingly rich and varied as the Romanesque period drew to a close.

EXAMPLES AT MALL ROAD:

• Tollington Market
The annual report of the buildings and roads department for 1863-64 give this
prosaic mention of the construction of Lahore first exposition centre.

The Tollington Market renovated a couple of years back, was formally

inaugurated last year by the then governor. Only a lane divides the two buildings —
Lahore Museum and Tollington. The Board of Governors (BoG) of the museum, in its
47th meeting, decided to set up a ‘City Museum’ in the Tollington Market, approving
that the artefacts of national museum from the city could be shifted to this place. The
board came to the conclusion that Tollington Market was the most suitable place for
extension of the museum because of its proximity to the Lahore Museum and
approved a subway to connect the Lahore Museum with Tollington Market.

• Jinnah Garden Pavilion

 The charming little in Lawrence Hall garden illustrates how thouroughly the
style was practiced there and have a major contribution of Bhai ram singh. 5

4.1.2 GOTHIC STYLE:

Gothic Art and Architecture, religious and secular buildings, sculpture, stained
glass, and illuminated manuscripts and other decorative arts produced in Europe
during the latter part of the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century).
MAIN CHARACTERISTIC:
In this period of experimentation in voiding the walls and in reducing the size of
the internal supports. The addition of an extra story to the traditional three-story
elevation of the interior increased the height dramatically. This additional story,
known as the triforium, consists of a narrow passageway inserted in the wall beneath
the windows of the clerestory* and above the large gallery over the side aisles. The
triforium opens out into the interior through its own miniature arcade.

EXAMPLES AT MALL ROAD:

• Government College:
Government College University, Lahore as a college, is older than any
othercollege or university in Pakistan. Under the British Raj the college was opened on

*upper part of the nave, containing windows

January 1,
1, 1864 in a portion of the Palace of Raja Dhyan Singh Haveli. The institution
was affiliated with the University of Calcutta for examination. Along with the
establishment of the college, Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner (professor of Arabic and
Mohammedan Law at King's College in London)
London) was nominated as principal of
college. He later was instrumental in the foundation of Punjab University,
University, Lahore in
1882. The first class consisted of 9 students, all of whom matriculated from Calcutta
University.
University. In April 1871, the college moved to its present site. In 1996, it received
autonomous status; on September 9,
9, 2002,
2002, it became a university.
university.

LAHORE HIGH COURT:

The building was designed by Mr.Brossington in March 1889 under supervision

of Mr.J.E. Hilton, Exective Engineer. 7

4.1.3 GREECO ROMAN STYLE:

Its decorative architecture produced in ancient Greece and Rome from about 1050 b.c.
to 31 b.c.

MAIN CHARACTERISTIC:

By the end of the 7th century bc, two major architectural styles, or orders, emerged
that dominated Greek architecture for centuries: Doric and Ionic. The Doric order
developed on the Greek mainland and in southern Italy and Sicily, while the Ionic
order developed a little later than the Doric order, in Ionia and on some of the Greek
islands. In addition to Doric and Ionic, a third order, the Aeolic, developed in
northwestern Asia Minor, but died out by the end of the Archaic period, and a fourth,
the Corinthian, emerged late in the 5th century bc.

No matter what order it belonged to, a temple facade was made up of three main parts,
the steps, the columns, and the entablature (the part that rested on the columns). Each
of these parts also had three parts. There were three steps leading into the temple, the
topmost of which was called the stylobate, and each column typically consisted of a
base, shaft, and capital. The entablature consisted of an architrave (plain horizontal
beam resting on the columns), a frieze, which corresponded to the beams supporting
the ceiling, and a cornice, a set of decorative moldings that overhung the parts below.

EXAMPLES AT MALL ROAD:

• Punjab Assembly Hall:

Designed by Mr Bazel M. Salune, superintending architect of the Architecture Circle
of Punjab, its foundation stone was laid by Sir Jogindar Singh, Minister of Agriculture,
in November, 1935 during the British Raj.
Raj.

The 1st floor houses The Assembly Hall, which combines the grand styles of Indian
and Roman architecture. Originally designed for a small number, it now
accommodates 271 members. The hall is fitted with public address and closed circuit
television systems. There is gallery seating for 200 visitors to view the proceedings of
the Assembly, and accommodations for radio and TV press. The rest of the first floor
consists of the Speaker's Chamber, Chief Minister's
Minister's Chamber, Deputy Speaker's
Office, Cabinet Room, Minister's Offices, two committee rooms and Assembly
Secretariat offices.

The ground floor includes a reception area, cafeteria, library, prayer room, dispensary,
the office of the leader of the opposition, bank and offices of the Assembly Secretariat
and one Committee room.
 4.1.4 INDO-SARACENIC ARCHITECHTURE:
Indo-Saracenic (from Saracen,
Saracen, an archaic name for Muslims used by the British
was a style of architecture used by British architects in the late 19th century in British
India.
India. It drew elements from native Indian/Indo-Islamic architecture,
architecture, and combined it
with the Gothic revival style favoured in Victorian Britain.
Britain.

The Anglo-Indian style, the official architecture of the British Raj itseIf in
Indian ranged from unadulterated European Baroque
Baroque and period revivals to so called
Mughal and Sarcenic reflecting the then current preoccupations of the architectural
profession in Europe. The reverberations from the battle of styles were felt throughout
the colonial territories and left behind
behind a litter which included everything from complete
Gothic steeples to classic revival and Palladian villas set in Capability Brown
landscapes. Neither was the "Noble Savage" far from the melee in which the partisans
of every golden age - the Primitivists, the Classicists, the Medievalists, the
Preraphaelites
Preraphaelites and the Orientalists all fought for the revival* of their particular dream.
Faced with the· contrary demands of the period revivalists and the requirements of
buildings such as Courts of justice, colleges, museums and railway stations, for which
they could find no precedents in the golden ages of the protagonists, architects
designed their buildings as they would have done anyway, without reference to any
style, as structures which could later be conveniently wrapped to taste with appropriate
trimmings and accessories from any period on demand.
demand. Occasionally, when the
architect was not too familiar with the specified style, he recruited local talent to supply
the authentic details. Yet for all the period detailing of such able assistants as Ram
Singh, building like the High Court and Atchison Chiefs College in Lahore and Islamic
' College in Peshawar no more Indian or Mughal than the Houses of Parliament ' in
Westminister are Gothic. Both in plan and massing they remain firmly within the
European Baroque tradition.
tradition.

* a renewal of interest in something that results in its becoming popular once more
As mentioned before, it is fundamentally British with Indian characteristics including

MAIN CHARACTERISTIC:

• Onion (bulbous) domes

• Overhanging eaves

• Pointed arches, cusped arches, or scalloped arches

• Vaulted roofs

• Domed kiosks

• Many miniature domes

• Domed Chatries

• Pinnacles

• Towers or minarets

• Harem windows

• Open pavilions or pavilions with Bangala roofs

• Pierced open arcading

 EXAMPLES AT MALL ROAD:

• Lahore Meuseum:
Lahore Museum was established in 1894 in Lahore,
Lahore, Pakistan,
Pakistan, and is one of the
major museums of South Asia.
Asia. Lahore Museum is also known as Central Museum, and
is located on The Mall.
Mall. Rudyard Kipling's
Kipling's father John Lockwood Kipling,
Kipling, was one of
the famous curators of the museum and the novel Kim was set in the vicinity of the
Lahore Museum.
 • Punjab University Old Campus:
Established in 1882 at Lahore, the University of the Punjab is the largest and the
oldest seat of higher learning in Pakistan. It was the first to be established in the
sub-continent in Muslim majority area. The fact that three Nobel laureates are from this
University speaks volumes for its academic and research excellence. Located in the
historical and culturally alive city of Lahore, this University has played a leading role
in higher education in the country. The University strives to provide a conducive
environment for the pursuit of the academic activities. On account of its quality
degrees, pleasant environment and low tuition fees the University remains the
institution of first choice for admission seeking students. Allama Iqbal Campus, named
after the great South Asian thinker and mystic poet, with Islamic architectural design is
in the middle of the bustling city of Lahore.
 • National College of Arts
The Mayo School of Industrial Art was set up to commemorate Lord Mayo,
Mayo, the
British Viceroy of India,
India, who was assassinated in 1872. Lockwood Kipling,
Kipling, a teacher
of painting and sculpture working then in a Parsi School in Bombay, was appointed its
first Principal. Additionally, he was handed over the charge as the Curator of the
Lahore Museum.

The Museum and the School were conceived together. Funds were raised
through a special levy on the population of the Punjab province for the Golden Jubilee
of the British Queen in 1887.

The Mayo School of Industrial Art was set up to commemorate Lord Mayo,
Mayo, the
British Viceroy of India,
India, who was assassinated in 1872. Lockwood Kipling,
Kipling, a teacher
of painting and sculpture working then in a Parsi School in Bombay, was appointed its
first Principal. Additionally, he was handed over the charge as the Curator of the
Lahore Museum.

The Museum and the School were conceived together. Funds were raised
through a special levy on the population of the Punjab province for the Golden Jubilee
of the British Queen in 1887.

References:

1. William J. Glover., Making Lahore Modern: Constructing and Imagining a

Colonial City, University of Minnesota Press, Mannesota, 2004, P.10.
2. Samreen Majeed, Rejuvenation of Diyal Singh Mansion and its surroundings,
theisis report,UET Lahore, 1986. P-15.
3. Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation, topic
Romanesque Architecture.
4. Sir Waqar Gillani, Rewriting history -Government is considering to extend
Lahore Museum; November 2, 2008, http://lahorenama.wordpress.com.
http://lahorenama.wordpress.com.
5. http://www.the-south-asian.com, April2005
6. Aijazuddin F.S., Lahore recollected,
7.
8.
9.
10.
11. Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, 2003, P.105.