Chapter 11

1. Firing baking clay at a high temperature

2. Ceramics the art & science of making objects from clay
3. Ceramicist a person who works with clay
4. Potter a person specialized in making dishes
5. Earthenware clay fired at a relatively low temperature and porous after firing
6. Stoneware heavier, fired at a higher temperature and is not porous
7. Porcelain made from deposits of decomposed granites, and it becomes white and non-porous after
firing at a typically high temperature. Most expensive
8. Throwing hand building methods such as modeling from damp clay
9. Kiln high temperature oven
10. Slip mixture of clay and water about the consistency of cream, sometimes colored with earthen
powder
11. Glaze a liquid paint with silica base especially formulated for clay
12. Fiber art processes as weaving, stitching, basket making, surface design, wearable art and handmade
papermaking
13. Warp long fibers which determine the length of pieces they will create
14. Weft they cross the warp fibers at right angles
Chapter 12
1. Barrel vault tunnel like structures
2. Dome an arch rotated 180 degrees on its vertical axis
3. Balloon frame heavy timbers are replaced with thin studs held together only with nails, leading to
vastly reduced construction time and wood consumption
4. Cantilever the overhanging portion of a beam or slab
5. Buttress a support usually exterior for a wall arch, or vault that opposes the lateral forces of these
structures
6. Capital in architecture the top part of a head of a column or pillar
7. Curtain wall a non loading bearing wall, generally well endowed with windows
8. Adaptive reuse using an old site or building for a purpose other than which it was built or designed
for.
9. Aisles space between two rows enough for walking
10. Ambulatory adapted for walking
11. Apse semicircular recess covered with a hemispherical vault or semi dome ( where the alter is)
12. Arches a structure that forms the curved pointed, or flat upper edge of an open space & supports the
weight from above (serves as a gateway)
13. Bays an opening or recess in a wall marked off by vertical elements such as columns or pillars
14. Centering a temporary, usually wooden framework on which an arch, vault or dome is supported
during construction
15. Choir part of a churched infront of the alter used for singing
16. Clerestory upper part of the wall containing windows that allow natural light to enter
17. Corinthian order characterized by a slender fluted column having an ornate bell shaped capital
decorated with leaves
18. Cross vault formed by the intersection of 2 or more barrel vault
19. Crossing intersection
Chapter 13
1. Art criticism - making discriminating judgment, both favorable and unfavorable
2. Formal theories focus attention on the composition of the work and how it may have been influenced
by earlier works
3. Sociocultural theories the economic system, environmental influences on art work
4. Expressive theories personal intent, emotional state, mind set and gender influence the creative
process
Chapter 14
1. Paleolithic art oldest art known. Eg. Cave art
2. Petroglyphs rock art carvings
3. Neolithic art reflects the shift in living patterns. People learn new techniques
4. Civilization cultures that have fairly complex social orders and relatively high degrees of technical
development
5. Ziggurats hierarchy of Natural gods in temples set on huge platforms
6. Epic of Gilgamesh great classic Sumerian literature
7. Hierarchal scale size of human figures are determined by social ranking
Chapter 15
1. Classic art emphasizes rational simplicity, order and restrained emotions
2. Contrapposto pose where one leg bears all the weight
3. Capitals tops of columns
4. Hellenistic Mediterranean art during a specific era
5. Coffers recessed squares
6. Catacombs underground burial chambers
7. Basilica assembly hall for the use in public worship
8. Apse semicircular area w/in the basilica where government bodies and law courts met
9. Icons an image of symbolic representation often with sacred significance
10. Animal style based on abstracted forms
11. Romanesque European architecture of the mid 11 12
th
centuary. Roman principles of stone
construction, especially the round arc and barrel vault.
Chapter 11
1. Are craft artist different from fine artists? Explain
a. Fine and craft artists are similar in that both their works contain a fair amount of detailed work.
They use creativity and mixed media in several of their art pieces. A craft artist is most
commonly associate with the glue gun. They create pieces out of fun and for an everyday use.
Most are displayed at home or art fairs. These unique pieces can be classed along with nave
art. Fine artists are more focused on elaborated displays in museums, galleries and other high
end places. Their works are very expensive when compared to a craft artist.
2. Media in the craft section
a. Glass, clay, wood, fiber, metal
3. Two broad categories of clay
a. Ceramic and pottery
4. Distinguish between slip and glaze as it relates to ceramics
a. Slip is a mixture of clay and water about the consistency of cream. Sometimes colored with
earthen powder. It joins two clay pieces together
b. Glaze a liquid paint with silica base specially formulated from clay. Acts like a seal for the clay
and a coloring agent
5. Describe the life and work of Faith Ringgold
a. She was an artist who used different materials to tell the stories that were important to her
family and to her people. Whether she worked with quilting square, African masks, paint and
brushes, or her own words, she gives the rich colors and textures her own life. There is motion
in her work. Here art pieces told stories of civil rights, slavery, segregation and about becoming
a woman in the 1960s
Chapter 12
1. What do architects do?
a. They design buildings and homes by keeping in mind the elements and climate they are in. The
size of the project, mix art and science all contribute to the create something that is functional
and appealing at the same time. They must consider the culture and environment who will be
occupying these buildings. They have to preserve history of the individuals who live within that
area. Eg. In Central American countries they have been greatly influenced by the Europeans
and thus their homes and many of the historic buildings reflect this. They also have to consider
safety for the population living there.
2. Can architecture be considered an art form?
a. Form thrumps function. The larger the building a greater sense of power and eye catchiness is
given off.
3. Three essential component of architecture
a. Skeletal system beams, frame work
b. External system wood, block, bricks
c. Elevators, key stones, archways and support
4. Architectural contributions made by the Romans
a. The romans used concrete which allowed for the construction of domes at a rapid pace
5. The style of architecture that utilizes pointed arch, vault, and flying buttress
a. Gothic
6. The Bauhaus
a. A group of individuals from German descent who celebrated modern ideas in the 1920s. they
were more concerned with form rather than style
7. How did the Bauhaus advance
a. They build large buildings that focused on form than function. They used a lot of glass than
steel which opened a larger portion for a view from inside out.
8. Life and style of Frank Lloyd Wright
a. Grandfather of architecture. His work had guidelines, balance and blend with the environment.
He wanted harmony with the environment and humanity. He enhanced structure by blending it
with the environment. This famous work Fallingwater shows these organic structures blending
with nature.
Chapter 13
1. What are some ideas surrounding art evaluation
a. Who decides what art is? The middle class. Who evaluates art based on what? emotional
response
2. Some ways to evaluate art
a. Look for higher standards, Good vs. Bad, easiness to move, emotional appeal
3. What do art critics do
a. Individuals who are classically trained to express their opinions on what is good art and what
can be socially acceptable.
Chapter 14
1. Some theories about Woman of Willendorf
a. Venus of willendorf misleading because the iemt is very small and there is no sexual appeal to
it. It painted homage to the female form.
i. Religion idol
ii. Fertility oversize breasts goddess
iii. To this piece the face is not important because it is not show
2. Changes that allowed old stone age to usher in the new stone age
a. Architecture and agricultural development, lead to hunting and gathering becoming less of a
need. There was no longer a need to migrate since Animals were becoming domesticated.
3. Differences between civilized and non civilized
a. Civilized art have a more geometric abstract form and less depiction of animal sceens. They
allowed for more free ideas to be brought out and less animal forms. These animals have ben
abstracted
4. Artistic contributions made my early Mesopotamia
a. Talke about Ziggurates hierarchy of natural gods in temples set on huge platforms were
created by ancient civilizations and cultures.
5. Unique stylistic traits of Egyptian art
a. Egyptian art used cobalt with their architecture. They began using blue in many of their art
pieces. They also brought about movement to the stagnant human sculptures. This movement
lead to more organic forms being created
Chapter 15
1. Theories about the successful Greek Culture
a. Idealizd form muscular men, with thin wastes, beautiful features
2. How influential was the Greeks approach to Aesthetic principle
a. Gave actors the idea on how to pose for acting scenes. Very influential
3. Contributions of roman art and architecture
a. Large monuments and carving. Drapped clothing on stone work gave that wet feeling the
fabric. Their art pieces had that generic looking features. The eventually moved away from the
classical Greek appearance and became more stylistically. Moved from ideal to realistic
4. Differences between Greek and Roman art and architecture
a. Greek - paintings were more black and red figured vase painting, Sculptures were more
Classical and archaic (ideal), and in architecture they used more posts and columns. They
focused more on their gods for creativity
b. Romans they painted large illusionistic art pieces on walls, their sculptures were more naturalistic and
realistic, and their architectural work contained true arches and vaults.