In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject Research II
AIRAH MAE L. ALSOL and DRINA B. PAGLINAWAN January 2013
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Humans, specifically farmers had attained important benefits from many uses of insecticides. This insecticide helped some farmers in increasing their yield crops but they were also concerned on the risks that deal with it. To most farmer commercial insecticide were the most effective readily available pest controls. What they dont realize that this cause them added expenses.
Insecticides are substances or mixture of some of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any insect. An insecticide maybe a chemical, biological agent, antimicrobial disinfectant or device used against any insect. Insects belong to the pest kingdom including plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks, birds, mammals, fish, nematodesand microbes that destroy property, spread disease or are vectors for disease or cause nuisance.
2 Background of the Study
Agriculture was one of the best source of income for the Filipinos, especially to the farmers. They were the one who supply peoples needs. As they were doing their job they encountered problems. One of their problems was how could they prevent insects to attack and destroy their plants.
Insects are everywhere. They have been found in the air, every part of land and water, and at home. They are commonly regarded as pests include those that where parasitic, damage structures, transmit diseases and those that destroy agricultural goods.
When farmers see the insects in their field their tendency is to swat them, since they never allow these insects to manifest in their field. Once some had been damaged, they would force to use the harmful and dangerous insecticides available at the market which found to be killing the insects or pests. Despite the large amount of effort focused at controlling insects, human attempts to kill insects with insecticides can back fire. If used carelessly the poison can kill all kinds of organisms in the area.
With these lines, the researchers thought of a formulated insecticide out of natural resources, that is affordable, environmental friendly and effective insecticide beneficial to people specifically farmers.
3 Statement of the Problem
This study was entitled Chili Cacao Insecticide that aimed to produce affordable and effective insecticide.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:
1. What particular insects can be killed by the Chili Cacao Insecticide?
2. Is Chili Cacao insecticide acceptable in terms of:
a. texture
b. color
c. fragrance
3. Is Chili Cacao Insecticide economical compared to commercial insecticide?
4 Hypothesis Null Hypothesis
1. There are no particular insects that can be killed by the Chili Cacao Insecticide.
2. It is not acceptable in terms of texture, color and fragrance.
3. Chili Cacao insecticide is not economical compared to commercial insecticide.
Significance of the Study
This study is significant to the researchers because they can prove to themselves that they can do an experiment that can attain good products and result
This study brings bits of information to all farmers who will prefer to use Chili Cacao Insecticide in controlling insects and pest. This insecticide was environmental friendly and free from chemicals. It is a cheaper and safer product that helps in preventing diseases.
This study is also significant to some students who aspire to do their own alternative insecticide and make this study a pattern to learn the basics of making insecticides.
5 Scope and Limitations
This study targets to produce insecticides from chili pepper and madre cacao extract.
This is limited only to use chili pepper and madre cacao as insecticide. Its limitation is in the effectiveness and acceptability of insecticide in terms of appearance.
Time Frame
This study started August 2012 and ended January 2013.
CHAPTER II
RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Review of Related Literature
Madre Cacao
Gliricidia sepium, often simply referred to as Gliricidia (common names: Mata Ratn; Cacao de nance, Cachanance, it is commonly known as "Madreado" in Honduras; Kakawate in the Philippines; Madre Cacao or Madre de Cacao in the Philippines and Guatemala; and Madero negro in Nicaragua), is a medium size leguminous tree belonging to the family Fabaceae. It is considered as the second most important multi- purpose legume tree, surpassed only by Leucaena leucocephala. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliricidia_sepium) Name "gliricidia" derives from the Lain 'glis' (dormouse) and caedere (to kill). The Spanish name "mata-raton" refers to the tree's rodenticial properties. As the tree pods hang-dry in the sun, they curl and explode, making a popping cracking sound. A cluster of trees with their pods snapping and popping and falling to the ground, in unison, make a fascinating afternoon of nature's concoction of sound.
7 The tree is common in the southern Tagalog areas, shedding leaves around December and flowering February and March. In some areas, the blooming of its pink flowers is so profuse to deserve a comparison with the cherry blossoms. (http://www.stuartxchange.org/Kakawati.html) Chili Pepper
Chili pepper (also chile pepper or chilli pepper, from Nahuatl chilli) is the fruit [1] of plants from the genus Capsicum, members of the nightshade family, Solanaceae. The term in British English and in Australia, New Zealand, India, [2] Malaysia and other Asian countries is just chilli without pepper. Chili peppers originated in the Americas. After the Columbian Exchange, many cultivars of chili pepper spread across the world, used in both food and medicine. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_pepper) Chil-i, Br. Esp. chili (tfili) pl. chil-ies, Br, esp. chil-ies n. Capsicum frutescens, fam Solanaceae, a garden pepper grown from Chile to the middle of North America. [Span. Chile, Mex. chilli] (The New Lexicon Websters Encyclopedic Dictionary of the English Language)
8 Insecticide
An insecticide is any pesticide used to kill, deter, or control insects. For example, a farmer may use insecticides on crops, while a retailer may use insecticides in a back storeroom. Insecticides are pesticides, so it may seem unlikely that anyone in the organic industry uses insecticides, but that's not true. The organic industry uses its fair share of pesticides, they're simply not always the same ones used by conventional farmers or businesses. If an insecticide is on the allowed portion. The National List than it may be used within the organic industry. (http://organic.about.com/od/organicdefinitionsij/g/Insecticide.html)
Insect
In-sect (insekt) n. a member of the class Insecta, phylum Anthropoda, with external and jointed legs. The body is divided in three sections: the head thorax and abdomen. Most have wings and three pairs of thoracic legs. Respiration is by tracheae. The head is generally well defined and bears one pair of antennae, three pairs of mouthparts and one pair of eyes. The largest group of all living creatures, insects are mainly adapted to life on land but some live in an aquatic or semiaquatic environment. More than 1,000,000 species are known || any creature (the spider, tick, mite etc.) resembling an insect [fr. L. (animal) insectum, a notched animal] (The New Lexicon Websters Encyclopedic Dictionary of the English Language) 9 Review of Related Studies
According to Andrea Tapparo (2011)at the University of Padua in Italy and colleagues , neonicotinoid insecticides are used to coat crops such as corn and oilseed rape, and are one of several groups of chemicals identified as suspects in the disappearance of honey bees - a phenomenon referred to as colony collapse disorder. One theory is that the insecticides are passed to the bees in pollen. Using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography, now show that it is possible for bees to pick up a lethal dose of insecticide by grazing on sap produced by crop plants and present on leaf tops. 1 Building on earlier work in 2009, 2 the researchers show that concentrations of neonicotinoids present in drops collected from the leaves of corn plants are high enough to kill bees within a few minutes. (A Tapparo et al, J. Environ. Monit., 2011, DOI: 10.1039/ c1em10085h)
Household Insecticide' is invented by Gonzalo Catan Jr., executive president of Mapecon. It was first exhibited at the 27th International Exhibition of Inventions in Geneva where more than 1,000 inventions from 44 countries were displayed. An international judging panel confers awards to outstanding inventions. Catan won the silver medal in the sanitation- ventilation-heating category for his water-based insecticide that makes use of 21 useful microorganisms, among other materials, to kill household pests.
10 This award shows that Filipino inventors can stand among other inventors in the world," Catan said of the recognition given to him. Last year during the Philippines' National Science and Technology Week, the Department of Science and Technology awarded Catan's invention first prize in the invention commercialization category. The insecticide is made up of mapermethrin as the active ingredient, with activated carbon and botanical extract. Catan said the product had practical applications in public health programs like dengue control. Unlike most commercially-available insecticides, 'Household Insecticide' can kill wrigglers, which are the actual target of the government dengue control and prevention programs. The insecticide can also control the fly maggot population in dumps and sand flies in tourist spots like beaches. Catan said the product had been proven to be very effective against ants and cockroaches. It can also be sprayed directly at pet dogs to kill fleas and ticks without the need to be rinsed off. A 120 cc concentrate bottle costs P220 (US$5.35) and is good for several applications. The sprayer is filled with water, to which 10 cc of the insecticide concentrate is added.Catan, however, is not content to rest on his laurels. He holds 38 patents on other inventions, including a unique green charcoal which makes use of beneficial microorganisms to absorb odor and smoke. ( www.mapecon.com, 21 Sept 2007 ) 11 Definition of Terms For clearer understanding of the study, the researchers defined the following terms operatively:
Insecticide - insect poison: a chemical substance used to kill insects Madre Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) - is a medium-sized tree and can grow to from 10 to 12 meters high. The bark is smooth and its color can range from a whitish gray to deep red-brown. It has composite leaves that can be 30 cm long. Each leaf is composed of leaflets that are about 2 to 7 cm long and 1 to 3 cm wide. Chili - pod with strong flavor: a narrow red or green hot-tasting pod produced by various types of capsicum pepper plant. Use: flavoring sauces and relishes. Chromatography - analytic technique to discover chemical components: a method of finding out which components a gaseous or liquid mixture contains that involves passing it through or over something that absorbs the different components at different rates
Insect - an air-breathing invertebrate animal arthropod with a body that has well-defined segments, including a head, thorax, abdomen, two antennae, three pairs of legs, and usually two sets of wings. There are more than a million species of insects including flies, crickets, bees, beetles, and gnats.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology used in securing the data needed for this research study. It also presents the progression or operation that justified in this experimental study, the way on how the researcher convey and regulate the study due to its application on the subject.
This includes the Locale of the Study, Research Design, Sources of Data, Application and Time Frame.
Locale of the Study
This study was performed in one of the researchers residence at Armando Racelis Avenue.
Research Design
The experimental method was used to make an insecticide out of Madre cacao leaves and chili pepper. The researcher used the extracts as a raw material in making the experiment. The researcher tested its effectiveness in killing the insects.
13 After the experiment was done, the researchers try the finished products to some various kinds of insects to test the effectiveness of the said product. To test the acceptability of Chili Cacao Insecticide in terms of color, texture and fragrance the researchers made a self-made questionnaire.
Materials - 4 tbsp. Madre cacao
- 25 pcs chili pepper
- 500 ml. water
- Casserole
- Spray
- Alcohol
- Detergent Powder
14 Treatment and General Procedure
For Chili Pepper:
1. Use 25 pieces of pepper in on boiling water.
2. Add the detergent powder.
3. Boil for 20 minutes . 4. Prepare the broth. You can perform the procedures simultaneously.
For Madre Cacao
1. Cut the Madre cacao leaves and stems into pieces and put it in an casserole.
2. Add 10 ml. of water.
3. Boil it for 20 minutes.
4. Set aside the extract from the Madre cacao.
15 Sources of Data
Proceeding compartment and experimentation of this study, the researchers used internet in order to get more information, read books and some magazines to get related data and information.
Statistical Treatment In this study, weighted arithmetic mean was used to determine the acceptability of Chili Cacao Insecticide. Formula: WM = 5f+4f+3f+2f+1f N Where: WM = weighted mean f = number of responses N = number of respondents To determine the description analysis of the gathered data the following range scale was used. SCALE RANGE DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS 5 4.5-5.0 Very Most Acceptable 4 3.5-4.4 Strongly Acceptable 3 2.5-3.4 Acceptable 2 1.5-2.4 Unacceptable 1 1.0-1.4 Strongly Unacceptable
16 Time Frame
This study started August 2012 and ended January 2013.
CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
The tables below reveal data on the results of the experiment that have been made. They were presented analyzed and interpreted by the researchers.
Table 1 Response of Insect to Chili Cacao Insect Response After Spraying After 1 minute After 2 minutes Ants They are starting to get weaker. They are anesthetized. The ants died.
After Spraying After 2 minute After 5 minutes Tick They are getting weaker. They are paralyzed. The ticks died.
Table I has shown the result of the experiment that has been done by the researchers. Ants were sprayed by Chili Cacao Insecticide. The ants were anesthetized after 1 minute and were already dead after 2 minutes. For the ticks, they paralyzed for 2 minutes and died after 5 minutes.
18 Table 2 Acceptability of Chili Cacao Insecticide
Based from the table shown above, Chili Cacao Insecticide is acceptable in terms of texture and color which garnered 3.75 and 3.55 value, but in terms of fragrance, it gained an acceptable response with an average weighted mean of 2.45. Table 3 Econominity of Chili Cacao Insecticide Chili Cacao Insecticide Commercial Chili Pepper 10.00 Madre Cacao 0.00 Detergent powder 6.00 Total cost 16.00 Amount produced 500 mL Cost 500.00 Amount produced -1 Liter
The insecticide costs 16.00 that was found to be economical.
The researchers want to determine the acceptability of Chili Cacao Insecticide Direction: Put a check ( ) on your corresponding answer. Only one (1) answer is allowed per question.
LEGEND: 5- Very Most Acceptable 2- Unacceptable 4- Strongly Acceptable 1- Strongly Unacceptable 3- Neutral Acceptability of Chili Cacao Insecticide 5 4 3 2 1 1. Texture 2. Color 3. Fragrance
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Dictionary The New Lexicon Websters Encyclopedic Dictionary of the English Language
B. Internet http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliricidia_sepium http://www.stuartxchange.org/Kakawati.html http://organic.about.com/od/organicdefinitionsij/g/Insecticide.html A Tapparo et al, J. Environ. Monit., 2011, DOI: 10.1039/ c1em10085h www.mapecon.com, 21 Sept 2007
C. Unpublished Thesis Tunyoron Insecticide
APPROVAL SHEET
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject Research II, this research entitled Chili Cacao Insecticide was prepared and submitted by Airah Mae L. Alsol and Drina B. Paglinawan, who are hereby recommended for oral examination.
_________________________
Mrs. Felicita B. Veluz Research Adviser Approved in partial fulfillment if the requirements for the subject Research II by oral Examination Committee.
______________________
___________ ______________________
___________ Acceptance in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject Research II. _______________________ Mr. Elmer C. Ravina Principal II ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researcher would like to give gratitude to the following that help, support and guide them to do this researchers proposal to be successful.
To Mr. Elmer C. Ravina, a secondary principal of DepEd Paaralang Sekundarya ng Lucban that support the researchers and all the students that approved to finish this proposal. To Mrs. Felicita B. Veluz, adviser and teacher of Research II that help and guide the researchers in making this proposal to be more successful. To the researchers family, relatives and parents that help them to their financial needs and support and guide them all the way to the success of this research proposal. To the mutual friends of the researchers that help them to finish this study on the way to the top of success. And most of all the Almighty God for giving the researchers the guts and self- confidence they had to the success of their research proposal.
AMLA and DBP
DEDICATION
This research proposal is dedicated with all love by the researchers to their Parents and family to their sisters and brothers, to their wonderful friends And also to their classmates. To their class adviser and teacher in Research II and most of all to Almighty God for the presence of mind and self-confidence given to them for the success of this Research Proposal.
AMLA and DBP
CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION This chapter presents the summary, findings, conclusions and recommendations of the researchers for their research study entitled Chili Cacao Insecticide. This study focused mainly on formulating an insecticide out of chili pepper and madre cacao and its acceptability. Summary This study was conducted to test the effectiveness of Chili Pepper and Madre Cacao in killing insects. The extract of Chili Pepper and Madre Cacao served as the natural insecticide intended to kill insects. The preparation of needed materials and using it as an insecticide applied to ants and ticks were done on January 4, 2013. The experimental method was applied by the researchers. The researchers gathered information about the Chili pepper and Madre cacao. The two materials was a set of boiling within 30 minutes. Then the mixture was cooled and became ready to use. The researcher applied the Chili Cacao insecticide to ants and ticks to test its effectiveness. The insects positively responded to the Chili Cacao Insecticide after 1 hour of application.
20 The acceptability of Chili Cacao Insecticide was tested in terms of color, texture and fragrance through a self-made questionnaire. Using the weighted average mean the texture was found to be most acceptable, the color was acceptable and the fragrance was unacceptable.
Findings From the conducted study, the researchers found out that: 1. It was found out that insecticide can be produced from Chili pepper and Madre cacao and can be applied to ants and ticks. 2. For the level of acceptability in terms of color, the Chili Cacao Insecticide was found acceptable with a weighted mean 3.55, in terms of fragrance it was found unacceptable with a weighted mean 2.45, and in terms of texture, it was found strongly acceptable with the weighted mean of 3.75. 3. The Chili Cacao Insecticide can be used as a substitute to the commercial insecticides and it is economical.
21 Conclusion Based on the results obtained in this study, the following conclusions were drawn: 1. The mixed extract of Chili pepper and Madre Cacao can produce insecticide that can kill insects like ants and ticks. 2. The insecticide from Chili pepper and Madre Cacao was strongly acceptable in terms of texture and unacceptable in terms of fragrance. 3. The insecticide was found out to be economical and can be as a substitute to a commercial insecticide.
Recommendations Based on the findings and conclusions the following recommendations were formulated: 1. Another study should be conducted to test its effectiveness to other insects and pest that destroy crops. 2. Further experimentations related to the improvement of the insecticide from Chili pepper and Madre cacao extract should be done to improve the quality of the insecticide. 3. Improvement of the shelf-life of the product should also be undertaken.
PERSONAL DATA
NAME : Airah Mae L. Alsol BIRTHDAY : February 13, 1996 BIRTHPLACE : Lucban, Quezon CIVIL STATUS : Single PARENTS : Allan A. Alsol Marissa L. Alsol
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT 2003-2009 Elementary Education Paaralang Elementarya ng Lucban Lucban, Quezon 2009-2013 Secondary Education Paaralang Sekundarya ng Lucban Lucban, Quezon Airahmaealsol Airah Mae L. Alsol
PERSONAL DATA
NAME : Drina B. Paglinawan BIRTHDAY : June 17, 1996 BIRTHPLACE : Lucban, Quezon CIVIL STATUS : Single PARENTS : Edwin O. Paglinawan Ma. Rachel B. Paglinawan
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
2003-2009 Elementary Education Paaralang Elementarya ng Lucban Lucban, Quezon 2009-2013 Secondary Education Paaralang Sekundarya ng Lucban Lucban, Quezon Drinabpaglinawan Drina B. Paglinawan
ABSTRACT Humans are facing their greatest problem about insects that can be found in their home, community or in the fields. Some insecticide may be expensive and poor people cannot afford it. If proven possible, farmers can have an alternative source of insecticide in case they cannot afford an insecticide with a high price. This study aimed to produce insecticide from Chili pepper and Madre Cacao and test its effectiveness and determine the acceptability level in terms of texture, color and fragrance. Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions: 1. What particular insects can be killed by the Chili Cacao Insecticide? 2. Is Chili Cacao insecticide acceptable in terms of: a. texture b. color c. fragrance 3. Is Chili Cacao Insecticide economical compared to commercial insecticide?
Title : Chili Cacao Insecticide Researchers : Airah Mae L. Alsol Drina B. Paglinawan Adviser : Mrs. Felicita B. Veluz School : Paaralang Sekundarya ng Lucban Address : Brgy. Aliliw Lucban, Quezon viii
Based on the statement of the problem, the following hypotheses were drawn. 1. There are no particular insects that can be killed by the Chili Cacao Insecticide. 2. It is not acceptable in terms of texture, color and fragrance. 3. Chili Cacao insecticide is not economical compared to commercial insecticide. After conducting the experiments, the following findings were revealed. It was found out that insecticide can be produced from Chili pepper and Madre Cacao, and was effective in killing insects like ants and ticks. The color of the Chili Cacao was found to be acceptable with the weighted mean of 3.55. Its fragrance was found unacceptable with a weighted mean 2.45, its texture was strongly acceptable with the weighted mean 3.75. Based on the findings, conclusions the researchers recommended that another study were formulated: Another study should be conducted to test it to other insects and pests that destroy crops and may also include pests. Further experimentations related to the improvement of the insecticide from Chili Pepper and Madre Cacao extract should be done to improve the quality of the insecticide and improve the half-life of the product.
Table of Contents
I. TITLE PAGE...i II. APPROVAL SHEET..ii III. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..iii IV. DEDICATIONiv V. TABLE OF CONTENTS.v-vi VI. ABSTRACT.vii-viii
CHAPTER I. Introduction.1 Background of the Study...2 Statement of the Problem...3 Hypotheses.........4 Significance of the Study...4 Scope and Limitation.................5 Time Frame....5 II. Review of Related Literature and Studies Related Literature..6-8 Related studies.9-10 Definition of Terms.....11 III. Methodology Locale of the Study.....12 Research Design.12-13 Materials..13 Treatment and General Procedures..14 Sources of Data....15 vi
Statistical treatment.15 Time Frame.16 IV. Presentation, Analysis and interpretation of Data Table 1..17 Table 2......18 Table 3..18 V. Summary, Conclusions and Reccomendations Summary.19-20 Findings.......20 Conclusions......21 Reccomendations.....21
EVALUATION SHEET.....22 APPENDICES.......23-24 BIBLIOGRAPHY...25 PERSONAL DATA.......26-27
23 APPENDICES
Chili Pepper
Madre Cacao
Boil the Madre Cacao and Chili Pepper in 15 minutes.