2.

10 Static Members

static int cal;

static float min = 1;
static void display(int x)

• They can only call other static methods.

• They must only access static data.
• They cannot refer to this or super in any way. (The keyword super relates to
inheritance and is described in the next topic).

//Demonstration of static members

class MyWork
{
static int x = 10;
static int count = 1;
static void display()
{
System.out.println("Static has initialized...");
}
static void increment()
{
System.out.println("Function call : "+count);
count++;
}
}
class StaticMember
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
MyWork.display(); //statement1
System.out.print("Value of x: ");
System.out.println(MyWork.x); //statement2
MyWork.increment(); //statement3
MyWork.increment(); //statement4
MyWork.increment(); //statement5
}
}
Program 2.9 Program using static variables and methods

// Call by value.
class Test
{
void meth(int i, int j)
{
i++;
j++;
}
}
class CallByValue
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Test ob = new Test();
int a = 22, b = 93;
 System.out.print("a and b before call: ");
System.out.println(a + " " + b);

ob.meth(a, b);

System.out.print("a and b after call: ");

System.out.println(a + " " + b);
}
}
Program 2.10 Example of Call by Value

// Objects are passed by reference.

class Test
{
int a, b;

void meth(Test o)
{
o.a++;
o.b++;
}
}
class CallByRef
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Test ob = new Test();

ob.a = 22;
ob.b = 93;
System.out.println("ob.a and ob.b before call: " +
ob.a + " " + ob.b);

ob.meth(ob);

System.out.println("ob.a and ob.b after call: " +

ob.a + " " + ob.b);
}
}
Program 2.11 Example of Call by Reference

//A method returning object

class Square
{
int n;
Square(int x)
{
n = x;
}
Square change()
{
Square temp = new Square(n);
temp.n = temp.n * temp.n;
return(temp);
}
}
 class ReturnObject
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Square s = new Square(8);
Square t;
t = s.change();
System.out.println("Square of 8 is: "+t.n);
}
}
Program 2.12 Method which returns object

//Finding factorial using recursion

class Factorial
{
int fact(int n)
{
if(n==1)
return 1; //statement1
else
return(n*fact(n-1));
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Factorial f = new Factorial();
System.out.print("Factorial of 4:");
System.out.println(f.fact(4));
System.out.print("Factorial of 5:");
System.out.println(f.fact(5));
System.out.print("Factorial of 6:");
System.out.println(f.fact(6));
}
}
Program 2.13 Calculating factorial using recursion

Nested and inner classes

// Demonstration of an inner class.

class Outer //Outer class
{
int out_x;
Outer(int x)
{
out_x = x;
}
void test()
{
Inner inner = new Inner();
inner.display();
}

class Inner //Inner class

{
void display()
{
 System.out.print("Value: out_x =");
System.out.println(out_x);
}
}
}
class InnerClass
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Outer outer = new Outer(15);
outer.test();
}
}
Program 2.15 Inner and Outer class demo