7/6/2013

1
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
is a soft, nonmagnetic silvery metal
characterized by its light weight (1/3 that of iron, brass
or copper)
low melting point
high thermal and electrical conductivity (surpassed
only by silver and copper)
moderately high coefficient of expansion
1.01 ALUMINUM
1. TYPES OF METALS
readily combines with oxygen to form aluminum
oxide, a transparent film that makes it corrosion
resistant
is readily attacked by alkalis, hydrochloric acid and
other dilute acids.
is subject to galvanic action and should therefore be
electrically insulated from direct contact with metals
other than zinc, cadmium, magnesium and nonmagnetic
stainless steel.
is easily worked: can be hot or cold rolled, extruded,
forged, pressed, drawn, molded, stamped, bent and
shaped.
can be riveted, bolted, welded, brazed and soldered.
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
In architectural work practically all fabricated forms of
aluminum are used:
- rod
- bar
- extrusion
- casting
- sheet
- strip, etc.
1.01 ALUMINUM
1. TYPES OF METALS
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
Extrusion is the process
of shaping material by
forcing it to flow through a
shaped opening in a die.
Extruded material
emerges as an elongated
piece with the same
profile as the die opening.
1.01 ALUMINUM
1. TYPES OF METALS
However, these products are not fabricated from pure
aluminum but in alloy combination with iron, silicon,
copper, manganese, magnesium, zinc, chromium
and nickel in small quantities to give strength and other
desirable characteristics but often reduces its corrosion
resistance.
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
7/6/2013
2
1.01 ALUMINUM
1. TYPES OF METALS
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
Alcladis a term applied to
certain aluminum products,
refers to the protective coating
(cladding) applied, primarily for
corrosion resistance, to thin
sheets of an alloy whose
corrosion resistance has been
decreased by the constituents
added to give strength and
other characteristics.
Cladding improves the
appearance of the alloy. This
thin, integral cladding usually
consists of pure aluminum,
magnesium silicide, or zinc
alloys, with or without
manganese.
1.01 ALUMINUM
1. TYPES OF METALS
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1.01 ALUMINUM
1. TYPES OF METALS
ALUMINUM SHEET AND
STRIP, used for roofing,
flashing, gutter, etc
a. Types of Aluminum:
ALUMINUM FOIL - rolled to a thickness of 0.005
(above 0.005it is technically considered to be
sheet), used mainly for thermal insulation and vapor
barriers.
It may serve also as a surface finish material when
laminated to various sheet and board materials. In
this form it also supplies additional insulation value
to the sheet or board.
1.01 ALUMINUM
1. TYPES OF METALS
CORRUGATED ALUMINUM. This is rigidized
sheet fabricated of special aluminum alloys
specifically developed for this purpose. It usually
consists of an aluminum alloy core of one type
clad with another, highly corrosion-resistant
aluminum roofing and siding
a. Types of Aluminum:
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
7/6/2013
3
1.01 ALUMINUM
1. TYPES OF METALS
a. Types of Aluminum:
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
STRUCTURAL ALUMINUM.
When aluminum is used as a
structural material, important
factors, arising from its physical
and chemical characteristics,
are considered:
- Aluminumcan be extruded; therefore a structural
shape can be produced economically to meet the
specified structural design requirements.
- Very corrosion resistant aluminum alloys are
available; requiring no painting and the thickness of
sections can be reduced since a safety margin is not
necessary to cover loss of strength due to corrosion.
1.01 ALUMINUM
1. TYPES OF METALS
a. Types of Aluminum:
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
STRUCTURAL ALUMINUM.
- Aluminum is very lightweight material, hence
aluminum girders and columns show increased
efficiency with large bay spacing. However, because
the modulus of elasticity of aluminum alloys is lower
than steel, its means that buckling is a possibility and
should always be checked.
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
ALUMINUM DOORS AND WINDOWS.
These are generally fabricated from
extrusions and rolled shapes.
1.01 ALUMINUM
1. TYPES OF METALS
a. Types of Aluminum:
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
ALUMINUM PANELS AND SANDWICH PANELS
are pre-fabricated units, generally manufactured:
- using dimensions of modular and non-modular
window-width for building exterior, and
- in 600mm, 900mm, and 1200mm widths for interior
partitions and dividers.
Panels for the exterior of buildings primarily consist of :
- an aluminum exterior facing which may be an
aluminum casting
- an extrusion or sheet material which has been
pressed, stamped or formed into specially design
shapes.
1.01 ALUMINUM
1. TYPES OF METALS
a. Types of Aluminum:
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1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
ALUMINUM PANELS AND SANDWICH PANELS
A sandwich panel comprises a system of
construction called skin construction.
A cellular core of aluminum or other material has
a skin of aluminum applied and bonded to both
sides, thereby forming a unified whole in which all
the components work as one.
Floor Panel Wall Panel
1.01 ALUMINUM
1. TYPES OF METALS
a. Types of
Aluminum:
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
Ornamental aluminum. Many
kinds of rods, bars, pipes,
railings, fittings, and special
shapes are manufactured as
stock items for use in
ornamental design of railings,
grilles, screens, etc.
Aluminum Mesh and
Wire Cloth are used for
fencing, particularly
chain link fencing and
insect screening.
1.01 ALUMINUM
1. TYPES OF METALS
a. Types of Aluminum:
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
Mechanical finishes - obtained by grinding
polishing, scratching, sandblasting, embossing, or
other treatment of the surface to achieve a desired
effect or to provide a base for other finishes.
Chemical finishes - based on chemical reactions
with the aluminum surface to achieve one of the
following results:
(a) etching, cleaning, or polishing of the surface to
remove any oxide film or surface irregularity and
provide a design, a clean surface texture, or a
polished effect; and
(b) oxidizing the surface with aluminum or other
metallic oxides that protect the surface or serve as
a base for subsequent treatment, or both. Chemical
finishes permit only limited colors that are not as
satisfying as the color films obtained on
electrolytically-applied (anodized) oxide films.
1.01 ALUMINUM
1. TYPES OF METALS
b. Types of Aluminum Finishes:
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
Electrolytic finishes Commonly referred to as
anodized finishes, these finishes are based on
the specific ability of aluminum to develop a
protective coating of oxide on its surface.
The coating formed may be transparent or
opaque. It is hard, yet when colored finishes are
desired, it is porous enough to absorb dyes until
the final treatment which seals the surface.
Of the colors used in anodic treatments,
architectural gold has proven to be one of the
most stable from the standpoint of fade
resistance. Others are blue and, more recently,
brown and black
1.01 ALUMINUM
1. TYPES OF METALS
b. Types of Aluminum Finishes:
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1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
Electroplating. Aluminum can be covered with a
protective or decorative film or another metal,
usually by electrodeposition. In the case of
copper and nickel, the coating should be
complete and unbroken; otherwise there will be
galvanic action which is destructive to aluminum.
Porcelain or Vitreous Enamel. This finish forms a
hard, resistant surface. It is available in a broad
color range that creates a different feeling in that
colors are glassy, whereas anodic color is metallic
in nature.
Paint. Paint, lacquer and enamel can be applied
as finishes to aluminumsurfaces that have been
prepared by a suitable chemical treatment finish.
Lead base paints must not be used on aluminum.
1.01 ALUMINUM
1. TYPES OF METALS
b. Types of Aluminum Finishes:
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
Pure iron is
and made more pliable or more workable by heating
and slow cooling.
At very low temperatures is very brittle
at red heat it is soft, and
at white heat it can be welded.
1.02 IRON
1. TYPES OF METALS
tough,
malleable silvery-white
metal that is
soft and ductile as copper
it is easily magnetized
is the most magnetically
permeable of the metals
it oxidizes rapidly in air
and is readily attacked by
most acids.
can be hardened by
heating and sudden
cooling
The commercial form in which iron is first prepared is
crude or pig iron. This impure form which contains 3% to
4% carbon and varying amount of phosphorous, silicon,
sulfur, and manganese, is the starting point from which all
other kinds of iron and iron alloys (or steel) are produced.
The key to the various types of iron and steel is the
carbon-iron relationship.
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
As pure iron passes
through these
temperature ranges, it
undergoes changes in its
structure and properties
that are vitally important
in the preparation of
steel (an iron-
carbonalloy).
1.02 IRON
1. TYPES OF METALS
Pig Iron
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
a. Cast Iron:
is an iron-carbon alloy that contains more than
1.7% carbon
is poured while molten into forms
it can be easily cast into any shape, but it is too
hard and brittle to be shaped by hammering,
rolling, or pressing.
Cast iron is used in the architectural field mainly
for piping and fittings, ornamental ironwork,
hardware, as the base metal for porcelain
enameled plumbing fixtures, and for
miscellaneous casting such as floor and wall
brackets for railings, vents, circular stairs manhole
covers, and gratings.
1.02 IRON
1. TYPES OF METALS
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6
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
The types of cast iron generally used are gray cast
iron and malleable cast iron. Cast irons find their
largest use in heavy machinery and industry because
it has significant compressive strength and the ability
to absorbenergy and stop vibration.
a. Cast Iron:
1.02 IRON
1. TYPES OF METALS
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
is almost pure iron with
less than 0.1% carbon,
usually not more than
0.05%.
contains 2.5%, of slag (iron
silicate) in purely physical
association, not alloyed.
Wrought iron is soft,
malleable, tough, fatigue-
resistant, and resistant to
progressive corrosion.
It has good machinability and can be forged, bent,
rolled, drawn, and spun. It can be welded by any of
the commonly used procedures. Wrought iron is
available in the form of pipes, plates, sheets, special
shapes, and bars.
b. Wrought Iron:
1.02 IRON
1. TYPES OF METALS
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
Wrought iron is now used in the architectural field
primarily in the form of genuine wrought iron pipe,
chain, sheet, and ornamental ironwork. Wrought iron
pipe is used extensively for plumbing, heating, and air
conditioning where a corrosion-resistant, tough, durable
material is required.
Because it is intrinsically related to classical architecture
and requires high skilled craftsmanship, wrought
ironwork today is used only in furniture, railing, fences,
grilles, and small decorative objects.
a. Wrought Iron:
1.02 IRON
1. TYPES OF METALS
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
The word steel refers usually to plain carbon steels
which is defined as alloys of iron and carbon which
do not contain more than 2% carbon and which are
made in malleable or ingot form.
In the plain or straight carbon steels the iron is always
in excess of 95%.
phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen are present,
the last three as impurities.
Manganese, silicon, aluminum, copper and nickel may
also be present either as residual impurities or as
elements deliberately added in small quantities to
control the properties of the steel.
Carbon steel can be wrought, rolled, cast, and
welded, but not extruded.
1.03 STEEL
1. TYPES OF METALS
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7
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
Structural steel. This is a mediumcarbon steel
with its carbon content controlled to give both
the strength and ductility necessary for its use.
Structural steel is
available in angles,
channels, I-beams, H
columns, T shapes, Z
shapes, plates,
round pipe columns,
sheet piling, open
web joists, and light
steel framing shapes.
1.03 STEEL
1. TYPES OF METALS
a. Wrought Carbon Steels:
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
Reinforcement of concrete . Usually
deformed bars of varying grades and
diameters.
1.03 STEEL
1. TYPES OF METALS
a. Wrought Carbon Steels:
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
Sheet and strip. Steel sheet is made from
low carbon steels generally containing about
0.15% carbon and not exceeding 0.25%
carbon. Strip by definition is sheet material
that is 12or less wide. It is used in fabricated
formas decking galvanized sheet, expanded
metal, panels and sandwich panels, and as a
base metal for porcelainenamel
1.03 STEEL
1. TYPES OF METALS
a. Wrought Carbon Steels:
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
Corrugated steel. This is rigidized sheet
fabricated fromlow-carbon cold or hot-rolled steel
sheets which are either galvanized or covered
with some type of bituminous coating. If
galvanized, corrugated steel is silvery in color and
has a glittering frosted surface. It is generally
available in 18, 20, 22. 24, and 26 gauge sheet
and strip.
Steel Mesh and Wire Cloth. They are used for
concrete reinforcement, lath for plaster, stucco,
and cement, fencing, insect screens.
Steel Windows and Doors.
Hardware such as nails, screws, rivets, etc
1.03 STEEL
1. TYPES OF METALS
a. Wrought Carbon Steels:
7/6/2013
8
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
steels to which manganese, silicon, aluminum,
titanium, and molybdenum have been added in
sufficient quantity to produce properties
unobtainable in carbon steels in cast, rolled or
heat-treated form.
The alloying elements are added to increase the
following properties:
strength
hardness
ease and depth of
hardenability
performance at high
or low temperatures
electromagnetic
properties
wear resistance
electrical conductivity
or resistivity.
In structural applications only
the properties of:
strength
expansion
resistance to corrosion
ductility, and
workability
are of interest to the architect.
1.03 STEEL
1. TYPES OF METALS
b. Alloy Steels:
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
High-strength low-alloy steels are a group of
trade name steels with improved mechanical
properties and resistance to atmospheric
corrosion, They are being increasingly used as
reinforcing for pre-stressed concrete, high
strength bolts, special structural steels and cables
for elevators, etc.
b. Alloy Steels:
1.03 STEEL
1. TYPES OF METALS
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
Stainless steels generally used in architecture are
highly alloyed steels that contain more than 10%
chromium. They are characterized by their resistance
to heat, oxidation and corrosion. They are used
where corrosion resistance, durability, and minimum
of maintenance is necessary principally for exterior
and interior wall finishes, doors, windows, trims,
railings, signs and letters, appliances, etc.
1.03 STEEL
1. TYPES OF METALS
b. Alloy Steels:
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
is ductile, malleable, nonmagnetic metal with a
characteristic bright, reddish brown color.
has the highest electrical and thermal
conductivity of any substances except silver.
Copper useful alloys have enough strength for
minor structural work
easily worked.
It is attacked by alkalis and many of the common
acids.
1.04 COPPER
1. TYPES OF METALS
7/6/2013
9
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
It is highly resistant to corrosion by air and salt
water.
On exposure it soon reacts to form a surface layer of an
insoluble green salt which retards further corrosion; this
green color on copper is known as its patina.
1.04 COPPER
1. TYPES OF METALS
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
Copper can be cast, drawn,
extruded, hot and cold
worked, spun, hammered,
punched, welded, brazed,
and soldered.
The galvanic action of
copper must be considered
when copper is used in
architecture. When in
contact with many of the
common construction
materials and in the
presence of an electrolyte; it
will corrode these materials
near the area of contact.
1.04 COPPER
1. TYPES OF METALS
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
As copper is one of
the best electrical
conductors, it finds
tremendous use in the
entire electrical field,
from very fine wires to
bus bars.
The copper itself, being cathode, will not corrode.
Therefore a careful check should be made of the
methods of attachment, support and securing into
place.
Copper sheet and strip are used for roofing and
flashing.
1.04 COPPER
1. TYPES OF METALS
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
is a soft, ductile,
malleable, bluish-white
metal.
Because it is normally
covered with a thin filmof
stannic oxide, it resists
corrosion by air,
moisture, sulfur dioxide,
hydrogen sulfide (which
usually tarnishes and
corrodes other metals).
takes a highly reflective
polish and has the ability
to wet other metals.
1.05 TIN
1. TYPES OF METALS
7/6/2013
10
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
The main use of the tin is in metallic form of
either pure tin or tin-containing alloys for
protective coatings on stronger metals.
Architectural uses of tin include bronzes,
brasses, terneplate, mirrors, gilding, solders,
hardware and fusible alloys.
1.05 TIN
1. TYPES OF METALS
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
is medium hard, bluish-white metal
is characterized by brittleness and low strength.
is readily attacked by acids and alkalis.
It is resistant to corrosion by water. On exposure to
air, a film of zinc carbonate or oxide forms which protects
zinc from further oxidation.
The most important uses of zinc are
as protective coatings (galvanizing) on iron and steel
as die-casting metal, and
as an alloying element in brasses.
1.06 ZINC
1. TYPES OF METALS
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
Galvanizing is the process whereby a protective
coat of zinc is applied to steel and iron to protect
them against corrosion. The advantage of coating
them with zinc is that, should the iron or steel
become exposed through wear, aging or
discontinuities, galvanic reaction between the
coating and the base metal causes the zinc to
corrode and form compounds which cover and
continue to protect the iron and steel for as long as
any zinc remains.
1.06 ZINC
1. TYPES OF METALS
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
The most common
galvanized material used in
architecture is galvanized
iron (steel) sheet and strip.
Galvanized sheets become defaced and discolored
when subjected to dampness and extremes of
temperature.
If the sheets are piled flat in the open or tightly
bundled in a warehouse, the zinc coating can also be
damaged by the consequent absence of oxygen and
carbon dioxide between two sheets. This absence
prevents the formation of a protective film of zinc
carbonate; instead zinc hydroxide forms and destroys
the galvanizing.
1.06 ZINC
1. TYPES OF METALS
7/6/2013
11
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
fundamentally an alloy of copper and zinc with
small quantities of other elements sometimes added
to give the special qualities.
The copper-zinc proportions may vary from 95%
copper and 5% zinc to 55% copper and 45% zinc.
As a class, brass alloys are less hard and strong
than steels (iron-base alloys) but are superior in
workability and resistance to corrosion.
1.07 BRASS
1. TYPES OF METALS
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
All brasses react with other metals.
When brass is used in direct contact with
any other metal, a careful check should
be made of its position on the galvanic
series.
Brass should not come into direct contact
with iron, steel or stainless, aluminum,
zinc or magnesium if there is an
electrolyte present or the possibility of
one forming at the point of contact.
1.07 BRASS
1. TYPES OF METALS
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
In architecture, brasses
are used for doors,
windows, door and
window frames, and for
ornamental metalwork
such as railings, trims,
grilles, etc.
They are also used
extensively for finish
hardware, plating of
hardware, and other
miscellaneous
accessories such as
screws, nuts and bolts,
anchors, etc.
1.07 BRASS
1. TYPES OF METALS
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
True bronze is an alloy of copper and tin
which varies only slightly from 90% copper
and 10% tin composition.
This bronze is a rich golden-brown metal,
originally worked by forging and particularly
suited for casting since it is corrosion
resistant, dense and hard enough to take an
impression of a mold of any delicacy
whatever.
1.08 BRONZE
1. TYPES OF METALS
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12
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
The term bronzehowever, is
no longer used in this limited
sense. In commercial practice
the terms brassand bronze
may be used without much
regard for their original
meanings.
The term bronzenow usually
has a prefix and indicates
alloys of copper with silicon,
manganese, aluminum, and
other elements with or without
zinc, e.g. silicon bronze.
A few brasses are known as
bronzes because they have
the characteristic bronze
color.
1.08 BRONZE
1. TYPES OF METALS
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
Of the three types of so-
called bronzes in
architectural work, only one
is true bronze. This is the
statuary bronze, which
consist usually of 97%
copper, 2% tin and 1% zinc.
1.08 BRONZE
1. TYPES OF METALS
As for the others, architectural bronze is really a
leaded brass, and commercial bronze is one of the
more commonly used brasses (90% copper and 10%
zinc).
The architectural uses of bronze are confined to
statuary, plaques, medallions and other
ornamentation, and miscellaneous rough and finish
hardware.
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
is a steel-white metal which
takes a brilliant polish and is
harder than cobalt or nickel.
It is nonmagnetic at ordinary
temperatures but becomes
magnetic at 13F.
It does not tarnish in air,
resists oxidizing agents, is
soluble in acids and strong
alkalis.
1.09 CHROMIUM
1. TYPES OF METALS
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
The principal use of chromium is an alloying
ingredient in ferrous and nonferrous
metallurgy.
Chromium plating is one of the most
commonly encountered usage of this material
in architecture. It gives a thin, hard, bright, wear
resistant surface which sheds water when
highly polished. The metals that can be plated
with chromium include aluminum, copper, iron,
magnesium, nickel, titanium, zinc and their
alloys. The chromium is electro deposited as a
thin layer of pure metal.
1.09 CHROMIUM
1. TYPES OF METALS
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13
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
is an inert silvery metal
is resistant to strong alkalis
and to most acids.
It resembles iron in
strength and toughness
and copper in its resistance
to oxidation and corrosion.
Nickel takes a high polish
and can be hot and cold
rolled forged, bent,
extruded, spun, punched
and drawn.
1.10 NICKEL
1. TYPES OF METALS
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
1.10 NICKEL
1. TYPES OF METALS
When alloyed with other metals, nickel imparts its
qualities of strength, hardness, toughness, ductility,
corrosion resistance, and strength at high
temperatures to the resulting material. The major
use of nickel therefore is in alloys.
Another important use of nickel is as protective or
decorative coating for other metals. It can be
applied to the following base metals and their
alloys: aluminum, brass, copper, iron, magnesium,
steel, tin, and zinc.
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
Lead is a blue-gray, soft, very heavy metal (the heaviest of the
common metals). It is extremely workable, has good corrosion
resistance, is easily recovered from scrap materials, and is
relatively impenetrable to radiation. The corrosion resistance of
lead arises from the fact that metallic lead does not react with
many compounds or solutions, and with certain others it forms
compounds which act as protective coatings against further
corrosion.
1.11 LEAD
1. TYPES OF METALS
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
Lead is available (1) extruded in the forms of pipe, rod, wire,
ribbon, etc. (2) rolled into sheet, foil, strip, (3) cast. There are
several grades of lead metal of which corroding lead, chemical
lead and common desilverized lead are of interest to the
architect. Corroding lead is used for fine white lead paints, red
lead, litharge (see PAINT). Chemical lead and common
desilverized are used for sheet, pipe, powdered lead, ribbon
lead and alloys.
Lead also finds many uses in rough hardware items such as
expansion shields for securing bolts, screws, and other
accessories in masonry, washers, lead-headed nails,etc.
1.11 LEAD
1. TYPES OF METALS
7/6/2013
14
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
is a method to join metals, to
make electrical connections, to
seal joints hermetically with
another lower melting metal
or alloy called the solder.
Since the temperatures used
are comparatively low, there is
no alloying action between the
solder and the metals being
joined, which are usually
stronger than the solder itself.
Soldered joints have very little
tensile, shear or impact
strength; therefore this method
should not be used where a
strong joint is required.
2.01 SOLDERING
2. METHODS OF JOINING METALS
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
Solders are mostly alloys of tin and lead in various
proportions with small percentages of other elements
added to give special characteristics. They can be
divided into the following major types:
- tin-lead
- tin-lead-antimony
- silver-lead.
Tin-lead solder of the 50% tin, 50% lead variety is the
most commonly used general purpose of solder.
Some tin-lead are used for coating the metals before
soldering. This is known as pre-tinning.
2.01 SOLDERING
2. METHODS OF JOINING METALS
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
defined as a metal-
joining process where
the workpieces to be
joined are immersed in a
pot of molten solder.
2.01 SOLDERING
2. METHODS OF JOINING METALS
a. Metal Bath Dip:
A flux or metal cleaner is used to prepare the
workpiece for bonding with the solder.
Typically, dip soldering is an automated process used
extensively in the electronics assembly industry.
Because of the relatively low melting temperature of
the solder (between 350 and 600 degrees F), only
adhesion between the solder and the workpieces
results.
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
b. Soldering Iron:
In this method the iron piece is preheated and
applied to the joint along with the solder and the
flux (the flux is a substance used in soldering to
clean the surfaces of the metals to be joined and to
aid fluidity); the heat from the iron forms the
soldered joint.
c. Torch:
The parts to be soldered are heated by the torch flame
and then the solder and flux are applied. This method
is limited to metals which can be heated without
altering their characteristics.
2.01 SOLDERING
2. METHODS OF JOINING METALS
7/6/2013
15
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
d. Sweat Method:
The heating of the metals to be joined causes the
solder to run into the joint. This is the method used
for joining copper tubing and fittings.
Fluxes for soldering are generally of three types:
corrosive, neutral and noncorrosive.
Corrosive fluxes are known as acid type and salt
type fluxes and include chlorides of zinc,
ammonium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum and
other metal. Care should always be taken with the
corrosive fluxes. The residue must be quickly
removed, as it is not only corrosive to the metal
being joined, but it is also electrically conductive as
a rule and therefore cannot be used for most
electrical work.
2.01 SOLDERING
2. METHODS OF JOINING METALS
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
d. Sweat Method:
Neutral fluxes are mild in type and are used for
easily soldered metals such as copper, brass, lead,
and tin plate.
Stearic acid is a typical neutral flux.
Noncorrosive fluxes leaves residues which are
noncorrosive and nonconductive and therefore need
not be removed. Rosin is the principal flux of this
type.
Noncorrosive fluxes are weak their fluxing action and
their use are limited to the easily soldered base
metals.
2.01 SOLDERING
2. METHODS OF JOINING METALS
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
2.01 SOLDERING
2. METHODS OF JOINING METALS
d. Sweat Method:
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
2.02 BRAZING
2. METHODS OF JOINING METALS
Brazing is a type of soldering in which the operating
temperatures are higher (but lower than in welding)
and in which stronger and higher-melting alloys are
used to fill the joints, which consequently are stronger
than ordinary soldered joints. The bond is obtained by
alloying between the brazing material and the surface
of the joined metals.
7/6/2013
16
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
2.02 BRAZING
2. METHODS OF JOINING METALS
Brazing is generally used where the shape and position of
the joint or the composition of the metal or metals are not
adaptable to welding. In brazing the type of metal to be
joined, the brazing material, and their color are equally
important because galvanic action, strength of the joint,
matching of colors play a significant part in the finished
product.
Brazing materials fall into six major types: aluminum-silicon,
copper-phosphorous, silver, copper, and copper-zinc,
magnesium, and heat-resistant alloys. Each type is
particularly suited to a certain group of metals. The brazing
materials are prepared by melting and mixing together the
metallic ingredients to fixed and controlled proportions.
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
2.03 WELDING
2. METHODS OF JOINING METALS
Welding is the process by which two metals are so joined that
there is an actual union of the interatomic bonds. This may be
brought about by close contact, heating, pressure, adding
molten metal, or combinations of these methods. The resulting
joints are as strong or stronger than the metals joined.
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
2.03 WELDING
2. METHODS OF JOINING METALS
Welding may be divided into two general types: pressure welding
in which pressure and heat make the weld; and fusion welding, in
which the heat and added metal make the weld. In fusion
welding the methods of heating are gas flame and electric arc.
The gas flame now generally used is acetylene mixed with
oxygen. It will deliver about 5500F of heat which is sufficient to
melt the welding rod and the surrounding metal and then fuse
them together. In electric-arc method, when the welding rod (or
electrode) is brought near the joint of the metals to be welded, an
electric arc is formed which melts and fuses the metal and the
welding rod.
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
2.04 RIVETS
2. METHODS OF JOINING METALS
Rivets are devices used to join or fasten the metals. The rivet, a
metal cylinder or rod which has a head at one end, is inserted
through holes in the materials being joined, and then the
protruding end is flattened to tie the two pieces of material
together.
7/6/2013
17
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 STEEL BARS
3. METALS FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT
Reinforcement for
concrete construction is
mostly in the form of
steel bars and rods of
round or square cross
section. The bars may
be plain or deformed
(with lugs or projections
for better bonding to
the concrete). They are
called billet-steel bars
or rail-steel bars.
Billet-steel bars are made by the open hearth furnace by the acid
Bessemer furnace and meet fixed chemical compositions. They
are rolled from billets directly reduced from ingots and come in
three grades: structural, intermediate, and hard. For architectural
purposes the intermediate grade is the most generally used. Rail-
steel bars are rolled from standard T-rails and come only in one
grade. Steel bars vary in size from to 1-1/4and in lengths of
20 or 30 feet.
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
3.02 WIRE FABRIC
3. METALS FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT
Wire fabric made of cold-drawn steel wire is
widely used for the reinforcement of concrete
slabs and floors, as well as for stuccoedwork.
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
3.02 WIRE FABRIC
3. METALS FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT
a. Welded Wire Fabric:
Welded-wire mesh, also
called welded-wire fabric,
used to reinforce
concrete slabs used in
light construction.,
consists of a series wires
welded together to form a
grid pattern. It comes in
various sizes & spacings
and gauges, e.g. 4x 4 6/6, 6x 68/8, etc. The
first pair of numbers refer to the spacing of the
wires: the second pair refers to the gauge of the
longitudinal and transverse wires respectively.
Thus, for example, a 6x 6 10/10 mesh (read it
six six ten ten) will be both No. 10 gauge wires
spaced 6apart bothways (the smaller the gauge
number the heavier the wire). Welded wire fabric is
available in rolls 5 or 6 ft. wide, 150, 200, and 300
ft. long.
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
3.02 WIRE FABRIC
3. METALS FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT
b. Triangle-mesh Wire Fabric:
is built up of either single or stranded longitudinal
wires with cross wires or bond-wires running
diagonally across the fabric. The longitudinal
wires are spaced at 4on centers and the cross
wires 4or 8apart.
7/6/2013
18
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
3.03 EXPANDED MESH
3. METALS FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT
This is manufactured from solid steel sheets. To form the
expanded mesh, the sheet is first cut or pierced in
staggered slots or patterns; then the sheet is held by the
two sides parallel to the slots and stretched by pressure
until the desired openings or forms are obtained. Sheets
may also be stamped, perforated or deformed into an open
mesh. The forms into which sheet can be shaped include
diamond, crimp, herringbone and Z-rib, to name only a few.
Expanded mesh is therefore free from mechanical and
welded joints., e.g. STEELCRETE.
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
3.03 EXPANDED MESH
3. METALS FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
3.04 LATHS
3. METALS FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT
In addition to the various meshes mentioned above, permanent
centering or self-centering laths are produced in many forms.
These laths are furnished either in flat or segmental sheets,
pressed into a series of solid ribs, between which the metal is
stamped, perforated or deformed into an open mesh-work.
These laths are furnished painted or galvanized, and in open-
hearth mild steel or in special copper-bearing or alloy steels,
e.g. RIBPLEX, HYRIB.
1. TYPES OF METALS
1.01 Aluminum
1.02 Iron
1.03 Steel
1.04 Copper
1.05 Tin
1.06 Zinc
1.07 Brass
1.08 Bronze
1.09 Chromium
1.10 Nickel
1.11 Lead
2. METHODS OF
JOINING METALS
2.01 Soldering
2.02 Brazing
2.03 Welding
2.04 Rivets
3. METALS FOR
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
3.01 Steel Bars
3.02 Wire Fabric
3.03 Expanded Mesh
3.04 Laths
4. STORAGE & CARE
FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
4. STORAGE & CARE FOR METAL
REINFORCEMENT
Metal reinforcement shall be stored in racks above the ground
and away frommoisture and vegetation. If a large quantity of
reinforcement is stored at the site for an extended period, it is
well to build shed over the storage racks. A bright-red rust, such
as forms in a fewdays on reinforcement exposed to rain, is not
in any way detrimental. Actual rust scales, however, may
indicate a reduction in the effective cross section of the bar.
Deep scaling should be considered a sufficient reason for
condemning the use of reinforce unless it is first cleaned of mill
and rust scale and used as the equivalent of a smaller size. All
reinforcement should be kept free from oil which will tend to
reduce the bond between concrete and steel.