Fakir Tajul Islam_UU_Intro Com_Diff ramrom riskcisk maop

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1.0. RAM vs ROM
Read-only memory or ROM is a form of data storage in computers and other electronic devices
that can not be easily altered or reprogrammed. RAM is referred to as volatile memory and is lost
when the power is turned off whereas ROM in non-volatile and the contents are retained even
after the power is switched off.
Random Access Memory or RAM is a form of data storage that can be accessed randomly at
any time, in any order and from any physical location in contrast to other storage devices, such
as hard drives, where the physical location of the data determines the time taken to retrieve it.
RAM is measured in megabytes and the speed is measured in nanoseconds and RAM chips can
read data faster than ROM.
Comparison chart
Type-1
RAM ROM
Definition: Random Access Memory or RAM is a
form of data storage that can be
accessed randomly at any time, in any
order and from any physical location.
Allowing quick access and
manipulation.
Read-only memory or ROM is also a
form of data storage that can not be easily
altered or reprogrammed.Stores
instuctions that are not nescesary for re-
booting up to make the computer operate
when it is switched off.They are
hardwired.
Stands for: Random Access Memory Read-only memory
Use: RAM allows the computer to read data
quickly to run applications. It allows
reading and writing.
ROM stores the program required to
initially boot the computer. It only allows
reading.
Volatility: RAM is volatile i.e. its contents are
lost when the device is powered off.
It is non-volatile i.e. its contents are
retained even when the device is powered
off.
Types: The two main types of RAM are static
RAM and dynamic RAM.
The types of ROM include PROM,
EPROM and EEPROM.
Picturial
difference



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Type-2
Options RAM ROM
Elaboration Random Access Memory Read Only memory
Accessibility In reference with the processor,
the information stored in the RAM
is easily accessed
The processor cannot directly access
the information that is stored in the
ROM. In order to access the ROM
information, first the information will
be transferred into the RAM and then
it gets executed by the processor
Working type Both the read and write operations
can be performed over the
information that is stored in the
RAM
The ROM memory only allows the
user to read the information. User
cannot make any changes to the
information.
Storage RAM memory is only used to
store the temporary information.
ROM memory is used to store
permanent information and cannot be
deleted.
Speed the accessing speed of RAM is
faster, it assist the processor to
boost up the speed
Speed is slower in comparison with
RAM, ROM cannot boost up the
processor speed
Data preserving Electricity is needed in RAM to
flow to preserving information
Electricity is not needed in ROM to
flow to preserving information
structure The RAM is an chip, which is in
the rectangle form and is inserted
over the mother board of the
computer
ROMs are generally the optical
drivers, which are made of magnetic
tapes.
Cost The price of RAMs are
comparatively high
The price of ROMs are comparatively
low
Chip size Physically size of RAM chip is
larger than ROM chip
Physically size of ROM chip is smaller
than RAM chip.
Types The RAM memory is categorized
into two types they are the:
Statistic RAM (SRAM) and
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
The ROM memory is categorized into
three types, they are: PROM
(Programmable Read Only memory),
EPROM (Erasable Programmable
Read Only memory) and EEPROM
(Electrically Erasable Programmable
Read Only memory)

2.0. CISC and RISC processors
Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) and Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) are
two philosophies by which computer chips are designed. RISC became a popular technology
buzzword in the 1990s, and many processors used in the enterprise business segment were RISC-
based. Learning about how RISC and CISC differ can give you a better understanding of the
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computer hardware industry and how the personal computers of the future might operate. RISC
(Reduced I nstruction Set Computer)
RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer. To execute each instruction, if there is
separate electronic circuitry in the control unit, which produces all the necessary signals, this
approach of the design of the control section of the processor is called RISC design. It is also
called hard-wired approach.
Examples of RISC processors:
IBM RS6000, MC88100
DECs Alpha 21064, 21164 and 21264 processors

Features of RISC Processors:
The standard features of RISC processors are listed below:
RISC processors use a small and limited number of instructions.
RISC machines mostly uses hardwired control unit.
RISC processors consume less power and are having high performance.
Each instruction is very simple and consistent.
RISC processors uses simple addressing modes.
RISC instruction is of uniform fixed length.
CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)
CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer. If the control unit contains a number of
micro-electronic circuitry to generate a set of control signals and each micro-circuitry is
activated by a micro-code, this design approach is called CISC design.
Examples of CISC processors are:
Intel 386, 486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III
Motorolas 68000, 68020, 68040, etc.

Features of CISC Processors:
The standard features of CISC processors are listed below:
CISC chips have a large amount of different and complex instructions.
CISC machines generally make use of complex addressing modes.
Different machine programs can be executed on CISC machine.
CISC machines uses micro-program control unit.
CISC processors are having limited number of registers.

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CISC and RISC processors - a comparison
CISC processors RISC processors
1 Complex Instruction Set
Computer (CISC) processors
has a bigger instruction set with
many addressing
modes.
1.Reduced Instruction Set
Computers (RISC) processors has
a smaller instruction set with few
addressing modes
2. It has to use a seperate micro-
programming unit with a control
memory to implement complex
instructions.
2. It has a hard-wired
programmed-unit without acontrol
memory, and seperate
hardware to implement each and
every instruction.
3. An easy compiler design 3. A complex compiler design.
4. The calculations are slower and
precise
4The calculations are faster and
precise
5. Decoding of instruction is
complex
5. Decoding of instruction is
6.The Execution time is very high. 6. It takes a very less execution
time.
7. It frequently needs the external
memory access to make
calculations.
7. Since it uses a hardwired
model, its not often, to take the
external memory access for
calculations.
8. Pipelining does not function
correctly here because of
complexity in instructions.
8. Pipeling is not a major problem
and this option speeds up the
processors.
9. These processors often stall
because of pipelining problem.
9. Since the instructions are not
complex, stalling is mostly
reduced.
10. Code Expansion is not a
problem in CISC processors.
10. Code expansion can be a
problem in some cases in RISC
processors.
11. Disc space is wasted. 11. Disc space is saved.
12. Used in low end applications
such us Security systems, Home
automation
12. Used in High end applications
such us video processing,
telecommunications, image
processing


CISC Computer RISC Computer
The acronym is variously used.

If it reads as above (i.e. as CISC
The acronym is variously used.

If it reads as above (i.e. as RISC
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computer), it means a computer that
has a Complex Instruction Set Chip
as its cpu.

It is also referred to as CISC
computing.

It is sometimes called a CISC chip.
This could have a tautology in the
last two words, but it can be
overcome by thinking of it as a
Complex Instruction Set Computer
chip.
computer), it means a computer that
has a Reduced Instruction Set Chip
as its cpu.

It is also referred to as RISC
computing.

It is sometimes called a RISC chip.
This could have a tautology in the
last two words, but it can be
overcome by thinking of it as
Reduced Instruction Set Computer
chip.
CISC chips have an increasing
number of components and an ever
increasing instruction set and so are
always slower and less powerful at
executing common instructions
RISC chips have fewer components
and a smaller instruction set,
allowing faster accessing of
common instructions
CISC chips execute an instruction in
two to ten machine cycles
RISC chips execute an instruction in
one machine cycle
CISC chips do all of the processing
themselves
RISC chips distribute some of their
processing to other chips
CISC chips are more common in
computers that have a wider range of
instructions to execute
RISC chips are finding their way into
components that need faster
processing of a limited number of
instructions, such as printers and
games machines

3.0. Difference between Optical & Magnetic Storage

Magnetic storage Optical storage

Storage Magnetic storage uses disks
coated with a magnetic
material. Each tiny bit of the
disk carries a magnetic charge;
the direction of that charge
determines whether it
represents a 1 or a 0.
Optical storage, meanwhile,
uses disks made of reflective
material; how each bit
reflects light--or doesn't
reflect it--determines
whether it's a 1 or a 0.
Access Magnetic storage devices use
"read/write heads,"
electromagnets that detect
(read) or change (write) the
magnetization patterns on the
Optical storage devices use
lasers to read the reflections
in the disk or "burn" the data
pattern into the disks.
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disk.
Advantages In general, it's faster and easier
to write data to magnetic
storage media
In general, it's slower to
write data to optical storage
media
Advantages data stored on magnetic media
tends to be less durable
data stored on optical media
tends to be more durable
examples examples of magnetic storage
media include floppy disks,
magnetic recording tape, and
magnetic stripes on credit cards
CD ROM, DVD ROM, Blu
Ray etc..

Magnetic Storage

a) Stores data in magnetic form.
b) It is affected by magnetic field.
c) It has high storage capacity.
e) It doesn't use laser to read/write data.
f) Magnetic storage devices are ; Hard disk , Floppy disk, Magnetic tape etc


Optical Storage.

a) Stores data optically & used laser to read/write.
b) It is not affected by magnetic field.
c) It has less storage than hard disk.
e) Data accessing is high as compared to floppy.
f) Optical storage devices are ; CD-ROM,CD-R, CD-RW, DVD etc.