Archaeological Landscape, Mormond and Waughton Hills, Aberdeenshire

Andrew David Sturdy Archaeological Landscapes
Student ID: 5080099 KL205S Assignment

December 2011
1
Consider a site or small group of sites and write about their interpretation and contribution they make to the
landscape history of the area.

Waughton and Mormond Hill
Buchan, Aberdeenshire

Illustration

Fig.1 Terrain & 1:50 000 OS map 1 Fig.11 Religious Centre 10
Fig.2 Robert Gordon map 1640 2 Fig.12 Inscribed Stone? 10
Fig.3 1
st
Edition OS map 1760 2 Fig.13 Fount Stone 11
Fig.4 Aberdeenshire SMR & RCAHMS 6 Fig.14 Earthwork 1760 Strichen Estate Plan 11
Fig 5 Geology map 6 Fig.15 1
st
Ed OS & 1760 Estate plan 12
Fig.6 Area Views 7 Fig.16 Causeway looking west from Cairn 12 area 13
Fig.7 Resting Cairn 8 Fig.17 Causeway. Looking east from Cairn 12 area 13
Fig.8 Admiralty Chart of Scotland 1842 8 Fig.18 Causeway. Looking east from Cairn 13 area 13
Fig.9 John Ainslie map 1789 9 Fig. 19 Mormond Dead 14
Fig.10 Baldwin & Cradocks map 1834 9 Fig.20 White Horse and Hunting Lodge 14

Location

56km N of Aberdeen and 8km S of
Fraserburgh in the county of Aberdeenshire.

Contents

Location 1
Introduction 2
Site Report 3
Discussion 6
Summary 14
Bibliography 14
December 2011
2
Introduction

Dr. J.F. Tocher
i
humanises Mormond Hill when he wrote, standing as sentry over Buchan in his
introduction to the Book of Buchan 1910. His observation was probably based on his own extensive
knowledge of local history, and his statement suggest that he was well aware of the strategic importance
the Hill had once played in the defence of these shores. However, modern interpretations, if any can be
found, have dehumanised the Hill to such a degree that the archaeological sites on it, demoted to the
lowest archaeological common denominator, have been disengaged from local folk law, tradition and
culture. The reason why the sites interpretation has changed so dramatically may be a reflection of the
changing social and economic condition of the times, and the experience and understanding of the
population on the world around them. Therefore to gain an understanding of the contribution that Mormond
Hill has made, and continues to make, on Buchan, Aberdeenshire and the history of Scotland, modern
interpretations should be waylaid in favour of the recorded historic of documents, maps, local history and
language.

Fig.3. 1870 1
st
edition OS map

Fig2. Robertus Gordonius a
Strathloch describebat 1640.
Note the spelling of
Mormond. Many attempts
made to Gealicsied this name
but seen here in its Welsh
(old British) translation
meaning Sea Hill. (Aberdour
and Aberdeen may also have
similar origins).
December 2011
3
Site Report

Table.1

No Index Name Aberdeenshire SMR Additional Interpretation
1 NJ95NE0001 Find spot Two flint arrowheads found here
under a suspected cairn (now
destroyed)
Evidence of human activity
2 NJ95NE0021 Hill Figure White Horse cut from hillside and
backed filled with white quarts.
Thought to commemorate a fallen
Sergeant of Capt Fraser (Lord
Strichens & Lovat) who fell at
Battle of Gilzen in 1794.
The horse is similar to other figures in
the south of Britain. The war memorial
story is one of many and its true
origins are a subject of debate. Local
19
th
century historians credited its
function as a Landmark to aid maritime
navigation and this appears to be the
most plausible reason
ii
.
3 NJ95NE0020 Standing
Structure.
Hunting
Lodge
Two storey rubble built building.
Now a shell. Inscribe slab centre
on south wall reads-In this/
Hunter's Lodge/Rob
Gibb/Commands/MDCCLXXIX.
Rob Gibb was Charles II's jester.
Believe built by Capt Fraser . The date
1779 may be year of construction as
the building is not on the 1760 estate
plan. A toast to Rob Gibb is thought to
have Jocobite origins
iii
.
4 NJ95NE0004 Resting
Cairn
Cairn; 17.0m in diameter and
1.5m high, prominently situated
on a spur of Mormond Hill; some
large stones around the
circumference, particularly in the
NE arc, may be kerb-stones, but
most appear to be disturbed. BA,
Locally known as Resting Cairn for it is
believed to have been the place to rest
coffins on their way from Strichen
along the Corpse Road to Rathen
Church. Its construction is
contemporary with the Bronze Age and
the building material of quarts makes it
more likely that it was also used as a
maritime marker of that period.

December 2011
4
No Index Name Description SMR Additional Interpretation
5 Recorded
with number
6 Hunt Stone
Fount Stone A rectangular dressed granite
block amongst a small scattering
of smaller rocks.
Often confused with the Hunt Stone
the Fount Stone is below that stone
next to a track and near to a spring. Its
name suggests outside worship and
derives from the act of baptism. A
possible pagan ritual site it may have
been Christianised in the 7
th
century at
the time of St Eddrens Hermitage also
on Mormond Hill. May have fallen out
of use after 1627 when Strichen
received its own parish church and no
longer requiring Rathens.
6 NJ95NE0023 Hunt Stone A prominent earthstone semi
submerged on the upper western
slope of Mormond Hill.
The name suggests that this was a
place to meet before Hunting. It is
known to predate the Hunting lodge (3)
for it appears on the 1760 estate map.
The name hunt may be a corruption
of its original name and if ever realised
it may present a different interpretation
of its function.
7 NJ95NE0022 Hill Figure Stag hill figure cut from hillside
and backed filled with white
quarts.
Commissioned by Mr F W Cordiner of
Cortes Estate, near Fraserburgh, as a
wedding gift to his bride in 1870.
8 NJ95NE0051 Eye Stone A large glacial boulder that has
traditionally been used as a
boundary stone.
Often suggested that it got its name
from its eye-shape form. But such
named stones are known as places of
healing and named after the part of the
body they cured. However, on the
1768 estate map it is marked Een
stone. Een the language of Buchan,
Doric, means numerical One. Or
when pronounce eyes. Why it would
be called One Stone or plural Eyes is
at present unknown. May have been
an Observatory.
9,
10,
11
NJ95NE0052
NJ95NE0053
NJ95NE0054
Boundary
stone
Waughton
Hill
Dressed boundary stone; still
standing, which is depicted on the
1867 1st edition OS map.
The Parish Boundary was made in
1627 however it may have been traced
onto existing estate lines. None of the
stones appear on the 1760 estate map
but their location near or on the
earthwork causeway that is depicted,
suggest they mark the route of this
causeway.
12,
13,
14
NJ95NE0055
NJ95NE0070
NJ95NE0056
Cairn,
destroyed
Site of a now destroyed cairn that
is depicted on the 1867 1st edition
OS map
The cairns function on the landscape
is linked to the period of their
construction. They may be BA but
most probable were markers for the
route along this ridge, and may be
cotemporary or pre-date the Corpse
Road and utilised as lych-stone to rest
coffins; they may have been places of
interment. Placing a cairn over a
corpse was thought to stop the spirit
wondering home.
Structure
Tropospheric Scatter Relay
Station
Site of Cold War NATO early-warning
radio station to detect missile attacks.
Station No.44. Radar dishes now
removed but underground complex
remains. Now used by commercial
telecommunication companies and
contains a compound of radio masts.
December 2011
5
No Index Name Description SMR Additional Interpretation
16, NJ95NE0068 Cairn,
destroyed
OS map
May be linked to Number 17
17, NJ95NE0024 Standing
Structure
Now
destroyed
Clearing and reputed site of a
Hermitage known as St Eddrens
St Eddren (St Ethren) was a 7
th

century monk/missionary. Rathens old
church is dedicated to him. Died 3
rd

December 669AD
18,
19,
20
NJ95NE0067
NJ95NE0066
NJ95NE0065
Boundary
stone
Waughton
Hill
Marker stones that appear to mark the
route from St Eddrens Hermitage (17)
and his church in the settlement of
Rathen, known as St Eddrens Slack.
(Slack meaning a climbing hill track)
21,
22,
23,
24
NJ95NE0057
NJ95NE0058
NJ95NE0059
NJ95NE0060
Boundary
stone
Waughton
Hill
Marker stones that appear to mark
route from Waughton Hill or Eye Stone
to a settlement at Number 25. May
have once been called Forrest Slack.
25 NJ95NE0030 Farmstead
destroyed
Farmstead depicted on 1867 OS
map shows u-shape steading
opening to the east.
One of many farmsteads along the
north face of the Hill. The shape may
point to the agricultural improvements
of the 19
th
century.
26,
27,
NJ95NE0061
NJ95NE0062
Boundary
stone
Waughton
Hill
Numbers 26, 27 Stones and Numbers
28, 29, 30 Cairns may be linked to
mark route of Green Slack.
28,
29,
30
NJ95NE0063
NJ95NE0064
Cairn,
destroyed
OS map
See above.
31 NJ95NE0025 Natural
feature
Kings Seat hunting viewpoint. Traditionally a hunting viewpoint of a
Scottish King (more likely Ri Alban,
King of Alban the title used by
Mormaers of Moray). Its spelling
indicates its historical age for being a
common area it has retained its
Teutonic spelling, unlike, the nearby
house on Kings Field, which has been
Gealicsied to Mains of Auchries.
32 NJ95NE0002 Find spot Site of find spot of flint
arrowheads found in 1857 during
land improvements. Now missing.
Evidence of human activity date
unknown, may be assumed
contemporary with BA Resting Cairn.
Structure,
Well,
destroyed
Janet Lambs Well named on the
1867 OS map.
May have been named after a local
woman. Date unknown but could be
related to pilgrims on St Eddrens
Slack as it appears next to this route.
34 Not
Recorded
Earthwork Howe Rig, marked on 1857 and
modern OS maps
Rig and furrow are evidence of
cultivation that may span centuries.
The date of this feature is not known
but may be contemporary with early
settlement during BA.
35 Not recorded Earthwork /
Dam
Not recorded on SMR as a
feature. Shown on SMR map at a
point where a drain ditch runs into
a natural water course and back
to a drain ditch. A spring is also
shown upstream of it.
Could be a natural feature that has
been utilised to dam this spot to
provide a head of water for a mill
further down the hill side. The spring
may have a connection with the Fount
stone (5)

December 2011
6
Discussion

The sites across Mormond Hills summit share a common function in that they are all markers on the
landscape. As markers they may be further subdivided into three types; distant navigation landmark, local
navigation landmark and ritual landmark. Much will depend on the period in question to which type each
site is assigned, for the sites interpretation changes as their function changes to reflect the circumstances
of the people at any given time
iv
. It maybe a reflection on our own time and circumstance that landscapes
like Mormond Hill are being interpreted with greater emphasis on their land-value in momentary terms, and
their cultural meaning and value is often reduced to a list of sites on a databases (fig.4). Such lists are
often incomplete and may not provide a satisfactory format to an inquisitor on their historic landscape.

RCHMS Aberdeenshire SMR
Blue dots represent recorded sites
Fig.4

A fresh interpretation is needed that is deduced from all available evidence on the sum of the landscapes
archaeological sites on Mormond Hill. But before meaning and function can be assigned to what these sites
were, the question needs to be addressed why are they here?

To answer this question the geology and topography of the Hill needs to be examined. In geological terms
Mormond Hills solitary bulk is called an Inselburgh
v
, (German for Island Mountain). Its formation was by the
process of extreme pressure and heat being exerted onto sandstone transforming it into hard solid quartz.
The land surrounding this quartz would have at one time been level with its summits, but through millions of
years of wind, rain and glacial erosion, these softer surrounding rocks have been eaten away exposing the
hill feature we see today. (fig.5)

Fig.5

December 2011
7
Just like Ayres Rock
vi
, Australias famous Inselburgh, these features on the landscape continue to captivate
the human imagination and are often personified into symbols of cultural identity. Such features have
always attracted human activity and the probability of some of the earliest archaeology in Scotland being
cited on Mormond Hill is high.

To stress the significance of Mormond Hills bearing on the psyche of its people, fig.6 shows computer
generated views from point around its periphery. It also demonstrates how a simple Desk Study of a map
may fail to relay a sense of place.

A : Peterhead B: St Fergus

C : Rattray D : St Combs

E : Fraserburgh F: Abordour

G : New Pitsligo H : Adziel Hill
Fig.6 Distant views generated using Memory Map OS edition computer software.

December 2011
8
When viewed on a map the Hill could be interpreted as being at the hub with the northeast coastline
running along its rim. Such a view would be accurate if the Hill was an observatory, but when the hill is
viewed from out at sea along that rim, its value as a landmark is clearly evident. What is not clear is why
such a hill appears to have never been utilised for occupation and fortified, like so many other hills across
Aberdeenshire in the Iron Age
vii
. This may be interpreted that either the people were so strong that they had
no need of a fort, or that the hill was sacred; revered or feared?

The answer may lay with the earliest known manmade site on Mormond Hill, a Bronze Age cairn known
locally as the Resting Cairn. Made from the composite material of the hill, the reflective qualities of the
quartz and its size would have made it visible from a great distance. These facts may yet substantiate a
ritual interpretation concerning the hills pre-history. (fig.7)

Fig.7 Resting Cairn

However, the Resting Cairn is also a good example of how social and economic circumstances have
changed the way sites may be interpreted at any given point in time. Its latest manifestation on a recent
archaeological Walking Survey by a developer was simply, A Cairn, an interpretation which devalues it to
a commodity. But it is still regarded by locals as the Resting Cairn and is associated with being the spot
where coffins were rested on the Corpse Road from Strichen to St Eddren's Church Rathen, (this will be
expanded on later). It looks likely though that this cairn adopted that name sometime in the past 250 years,
and it became a symbol to represent the ancient Corpse Road that ran a short distance behind it. This
theory has been deduced on the cairn being named Big Cairn on the 1760 Strichen Estate map, a map
that depicts many other stones by their local name, and is unlikely to have misrepresented this one.

Being called Big Cairn it may suggest that there were either smaller cairns nearby, or its size was
extraordinary in scale. The scale may indicate the stature of those entombed beneath it, but it is obvious
that this structure was meant to be seen, and seen from a great distance.

This puts the Resting Cairn in the same type as the distance landmarks of the much later Hunting Lodge
and White Horse Hill figure. Although this was useful as a landmark for land travellers, another group of
travellers, mariners, would have seen them as a life-saver.

Fig.8 Admilraty Chart 1842

December 2011
9
The area of coast east of Mormond Hill between St Combs and Fraserburgh is known as Rattray Briggs
and is a traitorous stretch of shallow water harbouring a reef of razor sharp rocks. Its notoriety has been
passed down through the local oral tradition with the saying, Keep Mormond Hill a handspike high, And
Rattray Brigs you'll not come nigh.
viii
(Fig.8)

The prominence of Mormond hill as a nautical landmark is often overlooked by modern observers of
antiquity in their cars. But Mormond Hill once held a monumental place not only in Scottish history, but in
the history of Britain. For in the 18
th
century it was interpreted, and given the accolade, as the battle site
Mons Graupius
ix
, a battle around 84AD between the Romans under Agricola and the Caledonians or Free-
British under Calgacus, (the precursor of the Pictish nation). Why this battle became so important to British
historians of this century, is that although the Caledonians lost they were not defeated, only separated from
the other British tribes in the south until the act of union in 1707AD reunited them.

Fig.9 John Ainslie 1789

Considering that three times before the NE has provided the battle field that decided the fate of Scotland;
Macbeths army was crushed at Lumphanan by Malcolm with the assistance of an Anglo-Saxon army in
1056
x
, Bara
xi
in 1308 saw King Robert I defeat the Earl of Buchan and destroying the Comyns claim to the
crown, and Harlaw
xii
in 1411 when the nobles of Aberdeen halted Donald the 2
nd
Lord of the Isle ambition in
becoming King of Scotland. So it was natural to assume considering its location and topography, such a
nation forging battle took place here.

To date, archaeology has been unable to substantiate the Mons Graupius claim, but with recent discoveries
like those found at Rhynie
xiii
that demonstrates interaction with the Roman Empire, and a growing interest in
this period of Scottish history, it may do so yet.

One thing that is known to have arrived from the Roman World on Mormond Hill was Christianity.

It is thought that Christianity may have come to Scotland as early as the second century via refugees
fleeing Persecution from the Roman Empire. The first recorded missionary in Buchan was St Ninian
xiv
who
may have travelled through Aberdeenshire from the mission he set up at Withorn in 396 or 397AD. It is

Fig.10
Baldwin & Cradock 1834
December 2011
10
assumed he set up a religious settlement at Andet in Methlick near a well also called St Ninians Well; and
may have built the church, now destroyed, at Tyrie know as the White Church of Buchan which resembled
his White Church at Whithorn.

If proven, this puts Mormond Hill on a transit route between Methlic and Tyrie that incorporates other early
Christian Celtic sites like Aberdour, Old Deer, Rathen, St Combs, Longmay and Rattery. This may also
explain why there are so many slacks (tracks) incorporating cairns and earthstones up the gentler northern
slopes and flanks of the Hill; for the Hill is an obvious focal point serving as a communal gatherings place
for religious and secular events.

Fig.11 Religious centre

No investigation has been carried out to ascertain if these cairns and stones are contemporary with the
arrival of Christianity or came later, or even much earlier. Considering that St Colms at Daviot and St.
Manires at Crathie were built on the sites of standing stone circles, and that often Christian sites were
adopted from pagan sites, there is every reason to assume that these tracks could be very ancient indeed.

Fig. 12 Inscribe Stone?
A possible inscribed stone depicting a Christian Valknut or Triquetra symbol inside a circle. Waughton Hill. Location withheld by the
author until clarification.
December 2011
11

It is interesting then that the Fount Stone (fig.13) which stands in a natural amphitheatre near the top of the
Hill, receives little recognition today, and is often confused with the Hunt Stone that stands a little way
above it. Its modern SMR interpretation, maybe a place where baptism took place, is more a reflection of
the decline of Christianity in current society than a statement of function. It should be emphasised that
before the move of the Celtic Church to adopt the Church of Romes doctrine in the 12
th
century, along with
the introduction of buildings to house congregations, all communal religious festivals would have been
conducted in the open air in much the same way as the pagan people used sacred groves (nemeton).

Fig.13 Fount Stone

The Fount Stone then continues the suggestion of a ritual landscape, and this is borne out by two other
sites to the north of it, St Eddrens Hermitage and St Eddrens Slack.

St Eddren (also known as the St Ethren) appears to have been a member of a noble Pictish family. His
association with Mormond Hill and the surrounding area runs deep, for not only is his hermitage on the hill
but the ancient track that runs between it and Rathens Church of which he is patron, is called St Eddrens
Slack. One tradition tells the story of how he became befriended by a deer that continued to live outside his
hermitage until his death in 669AD; his feast day is 3
rd
December. The reason why almost 1200 years later
in 1870 the local laird had the figure of a Stag cut into the hill as a wedding gift for his bride, on this side of
the Hill, may have something to do with this story.

The act of baptism leaves little evidence on the landscape, but the act of burial leaves plenty. It is the
observance of Christian burial that may hold the key to interpreting Mormonds Hill most intriguing site, the
earthwork shown on the 1760 estate plan.
xv
(fig.14)

Fig.14 Earthwork 1760 Strichen Estate Plan

December 2011
12
This feature runs from west to east across the summit of the saddle and roughly 1km parallel to the
southern ridge line of the, Hunting Lodge, White Horse and Resting cairn. Archaeological evaluation may
determine the age of this feature (or even if it exists), but such features are not common in this part of
Britain. If contemporary with the Resting Cairn it may be a cursus. If later it could be a political boundary
like Offas Dyke between England and Wales or Scots Dike between England and Scotland, on a smaller
scale. But considering the whole area was under the remit of the Mormaers and Earls of Buchan, there
would have been no need for such a physical political statement. What is most likely is that this earthwork
is the remains of a causeway that use to be used as the Corpse Road between Strichen and Rathen
mention earlier. (Fig. 15)

Fig.15 Comparison between 1
st
edition OS map and 1760 Estate plan

December 2011
13
It is difficult to trace the feature on the ground today, but it may be assumed that it either follows the
modern parish boundary line, that is so distinguishable due to recent land-use with the northern side as
heath land for game bird shooting, and the southern as grassed moorland. But there is a linear feature in
the heather 10m to the north of this boundary approximately 3-4m wide that warrants investigation. (Fig. 16,
17, 18)

Fig.16 Causeway. Looking east from Waughton Hill to Mormond Hill.

Fig.17 Causeway. Lokking west from area of Cairn No.12

Fig.18 Causeway. Looking east from area of Cairn No.13

The evidence that this was the Corpse Road is in its description by Andrew Jervise FSA Scot
xvi
:

The inhabitants (Strichen) long continued to bury their dead at Rathen, and some of the lych-
stones, or boulders, which were used resting coffins upon, when being conveyed to the churchyard, still
stand by the side of the old road which leads to Rathen, through between the hills of Mormond (Epitaphs, i.
136). These stones were named from the Anglo-Saxon word lie or lyce, a dead body or corpse.

The numerous earthstones and cairns along this causeway strongly suggest that this was the route of the
Corpse Road. The reason why it were needed is that Strichen, moderately populated throughout history
evident in the many crop marks and finds of funeral urns of the beaker type as well as its Recumbent stone
circle, did not have its own church until 1627AD
xvii
. (Note: Strichen is mention in a charter 1206AD by
Fergus last Celtic Mormaer of Buchan calling it Crux Medici (Cross of the Doctors). If it had been religious
December 2011
14
settlement as suggested by Watt
xviii
when he wrote of Strichen parish being gifted to the monks of Arbroath,
it vanishes around the time of the construction of Deer Abbey around 1218
xix
. Therefore Strichen, in the
parish of Rathen had to burry its dead on the opposite side of Mormond Hill and had little choice but to
negotiate the hill.)

However, when times were particularly bleak, as with the great famines in Aberdeenshire of 1695 and
1699, the living had not strength or inclination to observe burial rites, and the comment on the 1760 Estate
map which reads Place were three men has been buried next to the causeway indicates the practise of
disposing of bodies in the peat bogs instead of continuing on their goulash journey.

Fig.19

Summary

The Corpse road is still recited in the oral tradition of the area and the Resting cairn as already explained
could be a memorial to it. But with no interpretation in the modern medium, its decline into obscurity is set
to continue and is the cause and effect of a landscape and its sites function becoming obsolete. With
Strichen receiving its own parish church in 1627 and the construction of the 18
th
century road transport
network made possible by the drainage of the lowlands, which had traditionally been avoided because of
the bogs there. The trek up and over the hill is no longer needed.

Many people around Mormond Hill today when asked to interpret Mormond Hill will say it is an iconic
cultural feature on the Buchan landscape. But asked why, they are often slow to answer. A romantic may
say this proves that landscapes are charged by human emotion, that the ability to know something on
instinct with the absent of reason, is a link to how people of the past must have felt and saw the world.
However modern interpretation of this landscape, forged in a secular world, view it as an asset to be
developed and exploited.
xx

Fig.20 White Horse and Hunting Lodge, Waughton Hill
December 2011
15

i
Tocher J.F., The Book of Buchan, Peterhead, The Buchan Club, 1910
ii
Anderson William, The Howes o Buchan, Peterhead Sentinel, 1865
iii
Anderson William, The Howes o Buchan, Peterhead Sentinel, 1865
iv
Bender Barbara, Theorising Landscapes and the Prehistoric Landscapes of Stonehenge, University College London, 1992
v
Merritt Jon & Leslie Graham, NE Scotland A Landscape Fashioned by Geology ISBN 978 1 85397 521 9
vi
Issacs. Jennifer, Australian Dreaming: 40 000 years of Aboriginal History, Sydney, 1980
vii
http://www.aberdeenshire.gov.uk/archaeology/sites/forts/
viii
Gregor Walter, Notes on tThe Folk-Lore of the North-East of Scotland, 1881
ix
Tacitus, Germania, Agricola, and First Book of the Annals, London Taylor and Walton, 1840
x
Tocher J.F., The Book of Buchan, The Buchan Field Club, 1910
xi
Buchan Jim, A School History of Aberdeenshire, 1961
xii
Munro Alexander, Memorials of the Aldermen, Provosts and Lord Provosts of Aberdeen 1272 1895, Aberdeen, 1897
xiii
Nobel Gordon, Rhynie Environs Archaeological Project, Department of History & Archaeology, University of Chester 2011
xiv
McCallum Duncan, The History of The Culdeees, Ancient Clergy of the British Isles AD 177 1300, John Menzies, 1855
xv
Oswald Al,Prehistoric Linear Boundary Earthworks, English Heritage, May 2011
xvi
Jervise Andrew FSA Scot, Epitaphs & Inscriptions from Burial Grounds & Old Buildings in North East Scotland, Douglas
Edinburgh 1879
xvii
The Spalding Club, Illustrations of the Topography and Antiquities of the Shire of Aberdeen & Banff, Aberdeen. 1847
xviii
Watt William, A History of Aberdeen and Banff, London & Edinburgh William Blackwood and Sons, 1900
xix
Simpson Douglas M.A., A Forgotten Aberdeenshire Monastery, Aberdeen University Press 1922

Archaeological Landscape, Mormond and Waughton Hills, Aberdeenshire

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Andrew David Sturdy Archaeological Landscapes

Student ID: 5080099 KL205S Assignment

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