First Arheoinvest Congress

FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
Interdisciplinary Research in Archaeology

June 10
th
-11
th
, 2011
Iai, Romania

Programme and Abstracts

Editors: Vasile Cotiug, tefan Caliniuc, Florica Mu

Organizing Institutions
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai
ARHEOINVEST Platform
Faculty of History

This publication was financially supported by IDEI GRANT NO. 2116/2008

Copyediting: Vasile Cotiug, tefan Caliniuc

Cover design: tefan Caliniuc

The English translations were revised by:
tefan Caliniuc
Christopher Lawson
Florica Mu

Editura Universitii Alexandru Ioan Cuza din Iai
700109, Str. Pinului nr. 1A

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naionale a Romniei
FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS. INTERDISCIPLINARY
RESEARCH IN ARCHEOLOGY (1; 2011; Iai)
First Arheoinvest Congress. Interdisciplinary Research in
Archeology: Programme and Abstacts: Iai, 10-11 iunie 2011 / ed.:
Vasile Cotiug, tefan Caliniuc, Florica Mu. - Iai: Editura Universitii
"Al. I. Cuza", 2011
ISBN 978-973-640-661-4

I. Cotiug, Vasile (ed.)
II. Caliniuc, tefan (ed.)
III. Mu, Florica (ed.)

902

5
ORGANISATION

Organising committee:

Congress President of honour: Professor PhD Vasile IAN,
Rector of the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai
Congress President: Professor PhD Victor SPINEI, corresponding member of
the Romanian Academy
Secretary: Assistant Professor PhD Vasile COTIUG

Scientific committee: Professor PhD Nicolae Ursulescu
Professor PhD Attila Lszl
Professor PhD Gheorghe Popa
Professor PhD Alexandru Stancu
Professor PhD Ion Sandu
Professor PhD Gheorghe Romanescu
Professor PhD Octavian Bounegru
Professor PhD Lucreiu Brliba
Associate Professor PhD Luminia Bejenaru
Associate Professor PhD Nicolae Buzgar
Associate Professor PhD Cristian Secu
Associate Professor PhD Dan Lesenciuc
Associate Professor PhD Daniel Condurachi
Assistant Professor PhD Marius Alexianu
Assistant Professor PhD Vasile Cotiug
Assistant Professor PhD Lucian Gorgan
Assistant Professor PhD Neculai Bolohan
PhD Felix-Adrian Tencariu
PhD Florica Mu

Organising team: tefan Caliniuc, Ana-Petronela Creu, Radu Balaur, Silviu Gania,
Vlad Rumega, Felix-Adrian Tencariu, Cristian Stoleriu, Viorica
Vasilache, Andrei Victor Sandu, Andrei Asndulesei, Tudor
Mandache, Sebastian Drob, Cristi Nicu, Diana Andreea Stan,
Raluca-Andrada Buca, Balog Erika Christina, Ionela Ctlina
Moraru, Odochiciuc Ana, Andreea Mihaela Pru, Raluca-Florina
Palade, Diana Oprea, Tiberiu-Theodor Placint, Andrei Mocanu,
Claudiu Andrei, Tudor Marcu, Vasile-Vlad Nad.

6
PARTNERS

SPONSORS

MEDIA PARTNERS


Interdisciplinary Research in Archeology
IAI
10
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JUNE 2011 http://arheoinvestcongress.uaic.ro

PROGRAM 7
PROGRAM

Vineri, 10 iunie 2011

8.30 10.00 Primirea invitailor - Corpul H (Casa Catargi)
10.00 12.30 Ceremonia de deschidere - Sala Senatului Universitii

10.00 10.10 Mesajul Rectorului Universitii Alexandru Ioan Cuza din Iai, Prof. dr.
Vasile IAN, Preedinte de onoare al Congresului
10.10 10.20 Cuvnt de salut din partea Preedintelui Congresului, Prof. dr. Victor
SPINEI, membru corespondent al Academiei Romne
10.20 10.30 Mesaj din partea participanilor, dr. Olivier WELLER, CNRS-Universits
Paris 1 Panthon-Sorbonne et Paris 10-Nanterre

10.30 11.00 Prof. dr. Michael VICKERS (University of Oxford, Jesus College),
Cercetrile arheologice anglo-georgiene de la Pichvnari (Georgia)
11.00 11.30 Prof. dr. Attila LSZL (Universitatea Alexandru Ioan Cuza din Iai),
ntre tiinele umaniste i tiinele naturii. Arheologia: domeniu
interdisciplinar
11.30 12.00 Lector dr. Marius ALEXIANU (Universitatea Alexandru Ioan Cuza din
Iai), Modelul saturat n etnoarheologie
12.00 12.30 Lansare de carte: Archaeology and Anthropology of Salt. A diachronic
approach. Proceedings of the International Colloquium, 1-5 October
2008, Al. I. Cuza University (Iai, Romania), edited by Marius Alexianu,
Olivier Weller, Roxana-Gabriela Curc, BAR 2198, Oxford, 2011
prezint Prof. dr. Stelian DUMISTRCEL

13.00 14.30 Pauz de mas restaurantul Hotelului Gaudeamus
15.00 18.30 Desfurarea lucrrilor pe seciuni
18.30 19.00 Deschiderea sesiunii de postere Corpul H (Casa Catargi)
20.00 Cocktail oferit de Platforma ARHEOINVEST

Smbt, 11 iunie 2011

09.00 13.30 Desfurarea lucrrilor pe seciuni
14.00 15.30 Pauz de mas restaurantul Hotelului Gaudeamus
16.00 19.00 Vizitarea mnstirilor din Iai Golia, Trei Ierarhi, Galata,
Frumoasa, Cetuie; prezentare: dr. Sorin Iftimie
20.00 Cocktail oferit de DAAD ALUMNI CLUB IAI


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PROGRAM 8
VINERI, 10 IUNIE 2011

GEOARHEOLOGIE

Moderatori: Gheorghe ROMANESCU, Neculai BOLOHAN

Secretari: Cristi STOLERIU, Sebastian DROB

Sala H1 (Casa Catargi)

15.00 15.15 Dorel MICLE, Liviu MARUIA, Adrian CNTAR, Leonard DOROGOSTAISKY,
Andrei STAVIL, Cristian FLOCA, Tehnici de identificare a structurilor
arheologice circulare cu ajutorul imaginilor satelitare i a fotografiilor
aeriene. Studiu de caz: fortificaii circulare inedite din jud. Timi
15.15 15.30 Gheorghe ROMANESCU, Utilizarea tehnicilor GIS i a instrumentarului
topografic n monitorizarea proceselor geomorfologice care afecteaz
siturile arheologice
15.30 15.45 Ctlin BEM, Andrei ASNDULESEI, Carmen BEM, Bogdan VENEDICT, Cristi
NICU, Vasile COTIUG, Ctlin NICOLAE, Eugen PARASCHIV, Identitate n
diversitate. Fotogrammetrie, scanare laser 3D i analize magnetometrice n
tell-uri Gumelnia din Muntenia (Romnia)
15.45 16.00 Vasile BUDUI, Bogdan Petru NICULIC, Comunitatea Komariv de la
Adncata. Evaluarea condiiilor de habitat
16.00 16.15 Robin BRIGAND, Olivier WELLER, Dinamica habitatului n perioada
preistoric trzie din Moldova (Romnia). Rezultate recente i perspective
16.15 16.30 Octavian BOUNEGRU, Gheorghe ROMANESCU, Cercetri interdisciplinare n
teritoriul Histriei
16.30 16.45 Pauz de cafea
16.45 17.00 Clin UTEU, Tomografia electric a solului. Aplicaii ale metodei n situri
arheologice din Romnia
17.00 17.15 Liviu MARUIA, Dorel MICLE, Petru HORAK, Oana BORLEA, Lavinia BOLCU,
Analiza arealelor de vizibilitate ale fortificaiilor din Dealurile Lipovei,
NE Banatului, Romnia
17.15 17.30 Neculai BOLOHAN, Andrei ASNDULESEI, Felix-Adrian TENCARIU, Silviu
GANIA, Cristi NICU, Vlad RUMEGA, De la lopat la tiinele non-invazive.
Investigarea unui sit din epoca bronzului din vestul Moldovei
17.30 17.45 Ion NICULI, Vasile COTIUG, Aurel ZANOCI, Andrei ASNDULESEI,
Gheorghe ROMANESCU, Felix-Adrian TENCARIU, Bogdan VENEDICT, tefan
CALINIUC, Radu BALAUR, Cristi NICU, Prospeciuni magnetometrice n
cetatea traco-getic de la Saharna, raionul Rezina, Republica Moldova
17.45 18.15 Discuii


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PROGRAM 9
INVESTIGAII FIZICE I CHIMICE

Moderatori: Ion SANDU, Nicolae BUZGAR

Secretar: Viorica VASILACHE


15.00 15.15 Dumitru BOGHIAN, Gheorghe FRUNZ, Cornel SUCIU, Sorin IGNTESCU,
Analize traseologice pe un eantion de unelte litice cucuteniene din aezarea
de la Feteti-La Schit (com. Adncata, jud. Suceava)
15.15 15.30 Diana-Mriuca VORNICU, Analiza traseologic a unui lot de unelte de piatr
cioplit din aezarea precucutenian de la Isaiia
15.30 15.45 Nicolae BUZGAR, Vasile DIACONU, Ionu Andrei APOPEI, Studiul Raman a
dou artefacte de piatr de la sfritul epocii bronzului din judeul Neam
(Romnia)
15.45 16.00 Mihai GRAMATICU, Dumitru BOGHIAN, Traian Lucian SEVERIN, Silviu Gabriel
STROE, Sorin IGNTESCU, Analize ceramografice comparative asupra unui lot
de ceramic pictat i ceramica Cucuteni C din situl de la Feteti-La Schit, com.
Adncata, jud. Suceava
16.00 16.15: Vasile COTIUG, Nicolae URSULESCU, Viorica VASILACHE, Ion SANDU,
Concentrarea zonal atipic a carbonatului de calciu n bulk-urile de ceramic
preistoric cu structuri interne gresoase rezultate din fabricare
16.15 16.30: Florica MU, Irina URSACHI, Valentin NICA, Petronel POSTOLACHE, Vasile
COTIUG, Alexandru STANCU, Abordarea multidimensional a ceramicii
Cucuteni prin utilizarea combinat a unor tehnici analitice diferite
16.45 17.00 Virgil MIHILESCU-BRLIBA, Stela CHEPTEA, Ion SANDU, Viorica VASILACHE,
Autentificarea a dou brri antice utiliznd metoda SEM-EDX
17.00 17.15 Doina Maria CREANG, Cristina CAROTE, Lucreia MIU, Maria GIURGINC,
Studiu preliminar asupra unor piei arheologice din secolul XVIII descoperite la
Botoani
17.15 17.30 Philippe GUILLOT, Laurent THERESE, Cristina MUJA, Vlad Vintila ZIRRA, Adrian
IONI, Radu BJENARU, Utilizarea analizei elementale non-distructive 2D
XRF n investigarea artefactelor arheologice din Romnia
17.30 17.45 Ciprian-Ctlin LAZANU, Anca POPESCU, Bogdan CONSTANTINESCU, Ctlina
CHIOJDEANU, Analize compoziionale prin metoda fluorescenei de raze X
asupra unor piese de bronz din patrimoniul Muzeului Judeean tefan cel
Mare Vaslui
17.45 18.00 Rodica-Mariana ION, Sanda-Maria DONCEA, Mihaela-Lucia ION, Analiza FTIR
(DRIFT) a unor cerneluri de tipar din secolele XIX i XX
18.00 18.30 Discuii

Postere
Daniela DOMNIORU, Mirela PRAISLER, Nicolae BUZGAR, Vasile COTIUG, Tehnici chemometrice
proiectate pentru identificarea ceramicii de Cucuteni prin Spectroscopie Raman
Daniela-Afrodita BOLDEA, Marta QUARANTA, Rocco MAZZEO, Mirela PRAISLER, Combinarea
imagisticii multi-spectrale i a fluorescenei de raze X portabile pentru o caracterizare non-
invaziv a ceramicii decorative de Cucuteni - studii preliminare de autenticitate

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PROGRAM 10

SMBT, 11 IUNIE 2011

GEOARHEOLOGIE

Moderatori: Dan LESENCIUC, Daniel CONDOACHI

Secretar: Tudor MANDACHE


09.00 09.15 Constantin PREOTEASA, Exploatarea resurselor naturale i impactul asupra
mediului n cadrul complexului cultural Precucuteni-Cucuteni-Tripolie
09.15 09.30 Otis CRANDELL, Florentina MARI, Proveniena artefactelor de piatr din
regiunea Banatului, Romnia
09.30 09.45 Dan LESENCIUC, Daniel CONDORACHI, George BODI, Procese geomorfologice
i influene antropice cu impact asupra sitului arheologic de la Hoiseti, jud.
Iai
09.45 10.00 Constantin HAIT, Analiza micromorfologic a succesiunilor antropice din
aezrile de tip tell din Muntenia
10.00 10.15 Elena DELEANU, Dan CRMID, Utilizarea GIS-ului n analiza unor aezri
ale culturii Cucuteni de la est de Carpai
10.15 10.30 Aurel ZANOCI, Mihail B, Rspndirea siturilor traco-getice n bazinul
Nistrului Mijlociu
10.45 11.00 Timotei URSU, URTIM 2009 o procedur original de analizare a imaginilor
satelitare n cercetarea arheologic
11.00 11.15 Lucian AMON, Topografia n sprijinul arheologiei la Romula
11.15 11.30 Ana-Maria BUIL, Cercetri arheologice subacvatice n siturile de la Mazotos
(Cipru), Styra i Modi (Grecia). Metode i conservare
11.30 12.00 Discuii

Postere
Mihai GLIGOR, Marius BREAZU, Tudor BORAN, Spaiu funerar i practici mortuare n aezarea
preistoric de la Alba-Iulia - Lumea Nou. Analiz geospaial
Mihai BRNZIL, Dumitru BULGARIU, Ion SANDU, Efectele factorilor geologico-antropici asupra
lucrrilor de patrimoniu din Municipiul Iai - Rpa Galben


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PROGRAM 11

ETNOARHEOLOGIE I ARHEOLOGIE EXPERIMENTAL

Moderatori: Marius ALEXIANU, Vasile COTIUG

Secretar: Felix-Adrian TENCARIU


09.00 09.15 Felix-Adrian TENCARIU, Etnoarheologia i arheologia experimental n
domeniul ceramicii preistorice: concepte, posibiliti, limite
09.15 09.30 Andrei COROBCEAN, Cultur arheologic i grup etnic: controverse
teoretice privind interpretarea etnic n arheologie
09.30 09.45 Marius ALEXIANU, Olivier WELLER, Robin BRIGAND, Vasile COTIUG, Roxana-
Gabriela CURC, Privire ctre trecut: investigaii etnoarheologice la izvoarele
de ap srat din Subcarpaii Moldovei
09.45 10.00 Vicu MERLAN, Zone cu sare din judeele Iai i Vaslui. Observaii
etnoarheologice
10.00 10.15 Marius ALEXIANU, Vasile COTIUG, Roxana-Gabriela CURC, Viorica
VASILACHE, Anchet etnografic la ultimul productor de sare prin lixiviere
din Mexic. Noi parametrii
10.15 10.30 Dan BUZEA, Exploatarea srii folosind troace de lemn. Un experiment
arheologic desfurat la Beclean - Bile Figa (jud. Bistria-Nsud) n 2010
10.45 11.00 Andrei NICIC, Sergiu MATVEEV, Arheologia experimental n Republica
Moldova: realizri i perspective
11.00 11.15 Ovidiu COTOI, Ceramica pictat cucutenian. Experiment arheologic la
Cucuteni (jud. Iai), iulie-august 2007
11.15 11.30 Paula MAZRE, tefan LIPOT, Alin CDAN, Studiu experimental privind
utilizarea structurilor din fibre perisabile la confecionarea ceramicii neolitice
i eneolitice
11.30 11.45 Carmen MARIAN, Textile realizate prin mpletire: arheologie i etnografie
11.45 12.00 Loredana NI-BLESCU, Mircea ANGHELINU, Monica MRGRIT, Piatra i
uneltele din piatr la unele comuniti de vntori-culegtori actuale
12.00 12.15 Marius Gheorghe BARBU, Confecionarea uneltelor din piatr cioplit.
Arheologie experimental
12.15 12.30 Ctlin LAZAR, Sebastian STAN, Katia MOLDOVEANU, Theodor IGNAT,
Observaii privind arhitectura culturii Gumelnia pe baza unui studiu de
arheologie experimental
12.30 12.45 Carmen ROGOBETE, Dezvoltarea tehnicilor tradiionale de construcie a
caselor: anticul Orgame i Jurilovca modern
12.45 13.30 Discuii

Postere
Vasile-Vlad NAD, Raluca-Florina PALADE, Tiberiu-Theodor PLCINT, Diana-Andreea STAN,
Claudiu-Mihai ANDREI, Radu HOZU, Vasile-Andrei COJOCARIU, Marius NIGA, Vasilica Sndula,
Tudor MARCU, Arheologie experimental la Cucuteni: tranarea i gtirea unei oi utiliznd unelte
de piatr eneolitice

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PROGRAM 12

BIOARHEOLOGIE

Moderatori: Luminia BEJENARU, Corneliu BELDIMAN

Secretar: Simina STANC

Sala B378 (Corp B)

09.00 09.15 Luminia BEJENARU, Anca NEAGU, Simina STANC, Biomarkeri i
biondicatori n arheologia mediului preistoric
09.15 09.30 Corneliu BELDIMAN, Diana-Maria SZTANCS, Uz eficient i abuz fatal n
preistorie. Vrfuri de sgeat din os mezolitce descoperite n regiunea
Porilor de Fier, Romnia
09.30 09.45 Romeo CAVALERIU, Simina STANC, Luminia BEJENARU, Analiza unui
eantion arheozoologic din aezarea Cucuteni B de la Srata Monteoru
09.45 10.00 Diana-Maria Sztancs, Corneliu Beldiman, Noi date asupra podoabelor de
os din neolitic i eneolitic n Transilvania
10.00 10.15 Florentina Carmen OLENIUC, Dumitru BOGHIAN, Sorin IGNTESCU,
Prelucrarea materiei dure de origine animal n nivelul Cucuteni B al
sitului Fetesti - La Schit (judeul Suceava)
10.15 10.30 Ctlin LAZAR, Adrian BLESCU, Gabriel VASILE, Date bioarheologice
privind unele complexe funerare din necropola de la Sultana - Malu Rou,
jud. Clrai
10.45 11.00 Georgeta Maria EL SUSI, Cercetri arheozoologice recente n aezri ale
culturii Monteoru din estul Romniei
11.00 11.15 Valentin DUMITRACU, Fauna din situl medieval Nufru (judeul
Constanta). Rezultate preliminare
11.15 11.30 Mihaela DANU, Studiul microfosilelor non-polinice identificate n
sedimente prelevate din apropierea drumului pavat (roman/merovingian)
Via Mansuerisca (estul Belgiei)
11.30 11.45 Vasilica-Monica GROZA, Georgeta MIU, Angela SIMALCSIK, Date privind
structura demografic i longevitatea populaiei medievale a Iaului
(cimitirul Curii domneti, sec. al XVII-lea)
11.45 12.00 Cristina MUJA, Laurent THERESE, Anca DINISCHIOTU, Philippe GUILLOT,
nrcarea la populaia medieval de la Feldioar (jud. Braov, Romnia)
12.00 12.15 Angela SIMALCSIK, Vasilica-Monica GROZA, Georgeta MIU, Robert-Daniel
SIMALCSIK, Osteografia populaiei din situl arheologic Brila - str. Rosetti
nr. 2 (secolele XIV-XVIII)
12.15 12.45 Discuii

POSTERE
Simina STANC, Mariana POPOVICI, Luminia BEJENARU, Rolul economic al suinelor (porc
domestic i mistre) n aezrile preistorice de pe teritoriul Romniei
Andrei TEFAN, Lucian GORGAN, Radu DRUIC, Luminia BEJENARU, Modelarea temporal a
degradrii AND-ului n resturile osteologice


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PROGRAMME 13
PROGRAMME

Friday, 10
th
June 2011

8.30 10.00 Registration at Secretariat (Building H Casa Catargi)
10.00 12.30 Opening Ceremony the University Senate Hall

10.00 10.10 Welcoming speech by Professor PhD Vasile IAN, Rector of the
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Honorary President of the
Congress
10.10 10.20 Keynote address by Professor PhD Victor SPINEI, corresponding member
of the Romanian Academy, President of the Congress
10.20 10.30 Address by PhD Olivier WELLER, CNRS-Universits Paris 1 Panthon-
Sorbonne et Paris 10 Nanterre, guest of the Congress

10.30 11.00 Professor PhD Michael VICKERS (University of Oxford, Jesus College),
The Anglo-Georgian excavations at Pichvnari (Georgia)
11.00 11.30 Professor PhD Attila LSZL (Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai),
Between humanities and natural sciences. Archaeology: an
interdisciplinary domain
11.30 12.00 Assistant Professor PhD Marius ALEXIANU (Alexandru Ioan Cuza
University of Iai), The saturated model in Ethnoarchaeology
12.00 12.30 Book launch: Archaeology and Anthropology of Salt. A diachronic
approach. Proceedings of the International Colloquium, 1-5 October
2008, Al. I. Cuza University (Iai, Romania), edited by Marius Alexianu,
Olivier Weller, Roxana-Gabriela Curc, BAR 2198, Oxford, 2011
presented by Professor PhD Stelian DUMISTRCEL

13.00 14.30 Lunch - Gaudeamus restaurant
15.00 18.30 Congress - Parallel sessions
18.30 19.00 Poster presentation - Building H (Casa Catargi)
20.00 Cocktail offered by the ARHEOINVEST Platform

Saturday, 11
th
June 2011

09.00 13.30 Congress - Parallel sessions
14.00 15.30 Lunch - Gaudeamus restaurant
16.00 19.00 Visit to the monasteries of Iai - Golia, Trei Ierarhi, Galata,
Frumoasa, Cetuia. Guide: PhD Sorin Iftimie
20.00 Cocktail offered by DAAD ALUMNI CLUB IAI


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PROGRAMME 14
FRIDAY, 10
TH
JUNE 2011

GEOARCHAEOLOGY

Chairpersons: Gheorghe ROMANESCU, Neculai BOLOHAN

Secretaries: Cristian STOLERIU, Sebastian DROB

H1 Hall (Casa Catargi)

15.00 15.15 Dorel MICLE, Liviu MARUIA, Adrian CNTAR, Leonard DOROGOSTAISKY, Andrei
STAVIL, Cristian FLOCA, Identification techniques of circular archaeological
structures using satellite images and aerial photographs. Case study: novel
circular fortifications in Timi county
15.15 15.30 Gheorghe ROMANESCU, Use of GIS techniques and topographic instruments
to monitor the geomorphologic processes affecting archaeological sites
15.30 15.45 Ctlin BEM, Andrei ASNDULESEI, Carmen BEM, Bogdan VENEDICT, Cristi
NICU, Vasile COTIUG, Ctlin NICOLAE, Eugen PARASCHIV, Identity in
diversity. Photogrammetry, 3D laser scanning and magnetometric analysis on
Gumelnia tells of Muntenia (Romania)
15.45 16.00 Vasile BUDUI, Bogdan Petru NICULIC, The Komariv community from
Adncata. The evaluation of the habitation conditions
16.00 16.15 Robin BRIGAND, Olivier WELLER, Settlement dynamics during later prehistory
in Moldavia (Romania). Last results and perspectives
16.15 16.30 Octavian BOUNEGRU, Gheorghe ROMANESCU, Interdisciplinary research in
territory of Histria
16.30 16.45 Coffee break
16.45 17.00 Clin UTEU, Electrical resistivity tomography. Methodological case studies in
archaeological sites from Romania
17.00 17.15 Liviu MARUIA, Dorel MICLE, Petru HORAK, Oana BORLEA, Lavinia BOLCU,
Analysis of the viewsheds of the medieval fortifications from the Lipova Hills,
N-E Banat, Romania
17.15 17.30 Neculai BOLOHAN, Andrei ASNDULESEI, Felix-Adrian TENCARIU, Silviu
GANIA, Cristi NICU, Vlad RUMEGA, From Shovel to non-invasive sciences.
Investigating a Bronze Age site in Western Moldavia
17.30 17.45 Ion NICULI, Vasile COTIUG, Aurel ZANOCI, Andrei ASNDULESEI,
Gheorghe ROMANESCU, Felix-Adrian TENCARIU, Bogdan VENEDICT, tefan
CALINIUC, Radu BALAUR, Cristi NICU, Magnetometric prospections in the
Thraco-Getae fortress from Saharna Mare, Rezina district, Republic of
Moldova
17.45 18.15 Discussions


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PROGRAMME 15

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS

Chairpersons: Ion SANDU, Nicolae BUZGAR

Secretary: Viorica VASILACHE


15.00 15.15 Dumitru BOGHIAN, Gheorghe FRUNZ, Cornel SUCIU, Sorin IGNTESCU,
Traceological analysis on a number of cucutenian lithic tools of the Feteti - La
Schit site (Adncata commune, Suceava county)
15.15 15.30 Diana-Mriuca VORNICU, The use-wear analysis of some knapped stone tools
from the pre-cucutenian settlement of Isaiia
15.30 15.45 Nicolae BUZGAR, Vasile DIACONU, Ionu Andrei APOPEI, Raman Study on two
Late Bronze Age stone artefacts from Neam county (Romania)
15.45 16.00 Mihai GRAMATICU, Dumitru BOGHIAN, Traian Lucian SEVERIN, Silviu Gabriel
STROE, Sorin IGNTESCU, Ceramographic comparative analysis of a series of
painted and Cucuteni C pottery from the Feteti - La Schit site, Adncata
commune, Suceava county
16.00 16.15: Vasile COTIUG, Nicolae URSULESCU, Viorica VASILACHE, Ion SANDU,
Atypical zonal concentration of calcium carbonate deposits in bulks of
prehistoric ceramic materials with gresous internal structures caused by the
manufacturing process
16.15 16.30: Florica MU, Irina URSACHI, Valentin NICA, Petronel POSTOLACHE, Vasile
COTIUG, Alexandru STANCU, A multivariate approach of pottery from the
Cucuteni culture using different analytical techniques
16.45 17.00 Virgil MIHILESCU-BRLIBA, Stela CHEPTEA, Ion SANDU, Viorica VASILACHE,
The authentication of two ancient bracelets using the SEM-EDX method
17.00 17.15 Doina Maria CREANG, Cristina CAROTE, Lucreia MIU, Maria GIURGINC,
Preliminary study of 18
th
century leather from the Botoani archaeological site
17.15 17.30 Philippe GUILLOT, Laurent THERESE, Cristina MUJA, Vlad Vintila ZIRRA, Adrian
IONI, Radu BJENARU, The use of 2D XRF non destructive elemental
analysis in the study of archaeological artefacts
17.30 17.45 Ciprian-Ctlin LAZANU, Anca POPESCU, Bogdan CONSTANTINESCU, Ctlina
CHIOJDEANU, Compositional analysis using the X-ray fluorescence method of
some bronze pieces from the tefan cel Mare" Vaslui county Museum
17.45 18.00 Rodica-Mariana ION, Sanda-Maria DONCEA, Mihaela-Lucia ION, FTIR (DRIFT)
analysis of some printing inks from the 19
th
and 20
th
centuries

Posters
Daniela DOMNIORU, Mirela PRAISLER, Nicolae BUZGAR, Vasile COTIUG, Chemometric
software designed for the identification of Cucuteni ceramics by Raman spectroscopy
Daniela-Afrodita BOLDEA, Marta QUARANTA, Rocco MAZZEO, Mirela PRAISLER, Combining multi-
spectral imaging and portable X-ray fluorescence for a non-invasive characterization of Cucuteni
decorative ceramics. Implications for authentication studies


IAI
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PROGRAMME 16

SATURDAY, 11
TH
JUNE 2011

GEOARCHAEOLOGY

Chairpersons: Dan LESENCIUC, Daniel CONDOACHI

Secretary: Tudor MANDACHE


09.00 09.15 Constantin PREOTEASA, The exploitation of natural resources and their
impact on the environment in the Pre-Cucuteni-Cucuteni-Tripolye cultural
complex
09.15 09.30 Otis CRANDELL, Florentina MARIS, Provenance of Neolithic stone artefacts
from the Banat region, Romania
09.30 09.45 Dan LESENCIUC, Daniel CONDORACHI, George BODI, Geomorphological
processes and human activities with impact on the achaeological site from
Hoiseti, Iai county
09.45 10.00 Constantin HAIT, Micromorphological analysis of the anthropic sequences
from tell type settlements in Muntenia
10.00 10.15 Elena DELEANU, Dan CRMID, Using GIS in the analysis of Cucuteni
settlements culture, in the Eastern Carpathians
10.15 10.30 Aurel ZANOCI, Mihail B, The spread of Thraco-Getae sites in the Middle
Dniester basin
10.45 11.00 Timotei URSU, URTIM 2009 - an original procedure to analyze satellite images
in archaeological research
11.00 11.15 Lucian AMON, Topography in support of archaeology at Romula
11.15 11.30 Ana-Maria BUIL, Underwater archaeology research in Mazotos (Cyprus),
Styra and Modi (Greece). Prospection and conservation methods

Posters
Mihai GLIGOR, Marius BREAZU, Tudor BORAN, Funerary space and mortuary practices in the
Alba-Iulia - Lumea Noua site. A geospatial analysis
Mihai BRNZIL, Dumitru BULGARIU, Ion SANDU, The effects of geologic and anthropogenic
factors on patrimony works from Iai Rpa Galben


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PROGRAMME 17

ETHNOARCHAEOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY

Chairpersons: Marius ALEXIANU, Vasile COTIUG

Secretary: Felix-Adrian TENCARIU


09.00 09.15 Felix-Adrian TENCARIU, Ethnoarchaeology and experimental archaeology
within the field of prehistoric pottery: concepts, possibilities, limits
09.15 09.30 Andrei COROBCEAN, Archaeological culture and ethnic group: theoretical
controversies of ethnic interpretation in archaeology
09.30 09.45 Marius ALEXIANU, Olivier WELLER, Robin BRIGAND, Vasile COTIUG, Roxana-
Gabriela CURC, Revisiting the past: ethnoarchaeological investigations at the
moldavian sub-carpathian salt springs
09.45 10.00 Vicu MERLAN, Salt resources in the Central Moldavian Plateau.
Ethnoarchaeological data
10.00 10.15 Marius ALEXIANU, Vasile COTIUG, Roxana-Gabriela CURC, Viorica
VASILACHE, Ethnographic survey at the last saltmaker by lixiviation in Mexico.
New parameters
10.15 10.30 Dan BUZEA, The exploitation of rock salt with the use of the wooden
troughs. An archaeological experiment conducted at Beclean - Bile Figa
(Bistria-Nsud county) in 2010
10.45 11.00 Andrei NICIC, Sergiu MATVEEV, Experimental archaeology in the Republic of
Moldova: accomplishments and perspectives
11.00 11.15 Ovidiu COTOI, Cucutenian painted pottery. An archaeological experiment at
Cucuteni (Iai county), July - August 2007
11.15 11.30 Paula MAZRE, tefan LIPOT, Alin CDAN, Experimental study on the use of
perishable fabrics in the manufacturing of Neolithic and Eneolithic pottery
11.30 11.45 Carmen MARIAN, Needle looped textiles Archaeology and Ethnography
11.45 12.00 Loredana NI-BLESCU, Mircea ANGHELINU, Monica MRGRIT, Stones
and lithic tools of few present-day hunter-gatherers communities
12.00 12.15 Marius Gheorghe BARBU, Carved stone tool manufacturing. Experimental
archaeology
12.15 12.30 Ctlin LAZAR, Sebastian STAN, Katia MOLDOVEANU, Theodor IGNAT,
Observations on the architecture of the Gumelnia culture based on an
experimental archaeology study
12.30 12.45 Carmen ROGOBETE, Development of traditional house-building techniques:
ancient Orgame and modern Jurilovca

Posters
Vasile-Vlad NAD, Raluca-Florina PALADE, Tiberiu-Theodor PLCINT, Diana-Andreea STAN,
Claudiu-Mihai ANDREI, Radu HOZU, Vasile-Andrei COJOCARIU, Marius NIGA, Vasilica Sndula,
Tudor MARCU, Experimental archaeology at Cucuteni: the cutting and cooking of a sheep using
eneolithic stone tools

IAI
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-11
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PROGRAMME 18
BIOARCHAEOLOGY

Chairpersons: Luminia BEJENARU, Corneliu BELDIMAN

Secretar: Simina STANC

B 378 Hall (Building B)

09.00 09.15 Luminia BEJENARU, Anca NEAGU, Simina STANC, Biomarkers and
bioindicators in the environmental archaeology of prehistory
09.15 09.30 Corneliu BELDIMAN, Diana-Maria SZTANCS, Proficient use and fatal abuse in
Prehistory. Mesolithic bone arrow heads discovered in the region of Iron
Gates, Romania
09.30 09.45 Romeo CAVALERIU, Simina STANC, Luminia BEJENARU, Analysis of an
archaeozoological assemblage discovered in the Cucuteni B settlement from
Srata Monteoru (Buzu county)
09.45 10.00 Diana-Maria Sztancs, Corneliu Beldiman, New data about Neolithic and
Eneolithic osseus adornments from Transylvania
10.00 10.15 Florentina Carmen OLENIUC, Dumitru BOGHIAN, Sorin IGNTESCU, Processing
animal raw material in the Cucuteni B phase level of the Feteti - La Schit
(Suceava county) archaeological site
10.15 10.30 Ctlin LAZAR, Adrian BLESCU, Gabriel VASILE, Bioarchaeological data on
some funerary complexes from the Sultana - Malu Rou necropolis (Clrai
county)
10.45 11.00 Georgeta Maria EL SUSI, Recent archaeozoological research in Monteoru
culture sites from eastern Romania
11.00 11.15 Valentin DUMITRACU, Animal bones from the medieval site of Nufru
(Constana county). Preliminary results
11.15 11.30 Mihaela DANU, A study of non-pollen palynomorphs identified in sediments
collected near to paved road (roman/merovingian) Via Mansuerisca (East
Belgium)
11.30 11.45 Vasilica-Monica GROZA, Georgeta MIU, Angela SIMALCSIK, Data on the
demographic structure and the longevity of the medieval population of Iai
(the cemetery of the princely court, 17
th
century)
11.45 12.00 Cristina MUJA, Laurent THERESE, Anca DINISCHIOTU, Philippe GUILLOT,
Weaning Patterns in Medieval Population from Feldioara (Braov county,
Romania)
12.00 12.15 Angela SIMALCSIK, Vasilica-Monica GROZA, Georgeta MIU, Robert-Daniel
SIMALCSIK, Osteobiography of the people from Brila - str. Rosetti nr. 2
archaeological site (14
th
-18
th
centuries)

POSTERS
Simina STANC, Mariana POPOVICI, Luminia BEJENARU, The economic role of swine (domestic pig
and wild boar) in the prehistoric settlements of the territory of Romania
Andrei TEFAN, Lucian GORGAN, Radu DRUIC, Luminia BEJENARU, Temporal modeling of DNA
degradation in bone remains


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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 19
GEOARCHAEOLOGY

IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES OF CIRCULAR ARCHAEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES
USING SATELLITE IMAGES AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY.
CASE STUDY: NOVEL CIRCULAR FORTIFICATIONS FROM TIMI COUNTY

Dorel MICLE
1
, Liviu MRUIA
1
, Adrian CNTAR
1
,
Leonard DOROGOSTAISKY
2
, Andrei STAVIL
1
, Cristian FLOCA
1

1
West University of Timioara, Faculty of Letters, History and Theology, History Department
2
Alcatel-Lucent Romania, Timioara

Keywords: remote sensing, satellite images, aerial photography, archaeological site, aerial photo
interpretation.

Satellite remote sensing represents the acquisition of information from a distance, in the
form of conventional photographic images (in analogic format) or as raster images (in digital
format) based on the interaction between objects found on the Earths surface and the sensors
of electromagnetic radiation (radiated by the Sun). The detection of electromagnetic radiation is
done photographically (photographs) or electronically (spectral imagery).
Remote sensing in archaeology is still based, in most cases, on aerial techniques of low
altitude prospection, on visible wavelengths and on those closer to infrared. The information is
gathered in a digital format that can be amplified, rectified and reclassified using a large array of
algorithms and specialized software. Archaeologists tend to increasingly choose remote sensing
as a technique of exploration of sites with a minimal disjointing from the surrounding
geographical context. These procedures allow for new methods of 3D cartography of prehistoric
and historical sites to be developed, as opposed to the traditional 2D approach.
Standard black and white aerial photography is usually employed for the purpose of
archaeological exploration and site analysis better than images acquired by the infrared scanner,
by radar or by colour photography. However, the real benefit of experimentation through
remote sensing techniques lies in the use of different instruments and in comparing and
correlating the results.
Remote sensing can be an identification technique, since the computer can be
programmed to search for distinctive signatures or for the energy emitted by a site or for
known features in areas where such research was not employed. Such signatures are useful for
the recognition of features or patterns. Features such as: elevation, distance from water sources,
distance between sites or settlements, transportation corridors and routes can be used to
predict the locations of potential archaeological sites.
The study is based both on the analysis of satellite images and on the analysis of air
photographs, in the perimeter of the Timi County, using as case study the circular fortifications
identified through this method, belonging to several historical eras, that have not been
previously published. Our study presents the methods and techniques for processing the images
acquired, and the subsequent field identification and survey using the total station.
The features of these circular archaeological sites are emphasized, their fortification
system, and other geomorphologic markers that can be useful for a non-invasive archaeological
analysis, as part of a more complex study of landscape archaeology.


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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 20

Fig. 1. Corneti - circular fortifications.

USE OF GIS TECHNIQUES AND TOPOGRAPHIC INSTRUMENTS TO MONITOR THE
GEOMORPHOLOGIC PROCESSES AFFECTING ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES

Gheorghe ROMANESCU

Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Geography and Geology, ARHEOINVEST Platform

Key words: GIS, topographic instruments, ravine, Cucuteni village.

Even though the active geomorphological processes taking place in Romania are closely
monitored by specific institutions, the equipment used is, unfortunately, often inadequate, and
this leads to substandard results. The most intense processes are furrowing and landfalls. These
often occur in areas with an argillaceous substrate and on surfaces lacking forest vegetation. In
this category we can include the Moldavian Plateau and the Transylvanian Depression.
By using the GIS techniques and modern topographic instruments, many of the answers
expected from dynamic geomorphology will be accurate, and the data bank will be much

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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 21
improved. For the morphologic analysis and the dynamic of versant geomorphologic processes,
a wide array of modern methods and techniques was used, but they were not always rigorous.
In most of the studies, rudimentary and dated methods were used, which were based on wood
or metal markers. In order to accurately monitor the current geomorphologic processes, we
need to make use of satellite imagery analysis, aerial photographs, electronic equipment, etc.
Among the most accurate topographic instruments used to monitor these processes,
we mention the following: the Leica 3D Scanner and the Leica Total Station. They were
successfully tested by monitoring the ravine from Cucuteni (Iai county). Three years of
geomorphological processes measurement allowed for the elaboration of models for tracking
the ravines advancement, on for predicting further developments. The elaborated maps
constitute the basis for the accurate interpretation of processes that are being increasingly
observed.

Fig. 1. Map elaborated according to the data obtained from the 3D scan
of the Biceni-Cucuteni ravine, 2010.

IDENTITY IN DIVERSITY.
PHOTOGRAMMETRY, 3D LASER SCANNING AND MAGNETOMETRIC ANALYSIS
ON GUMELNIA TELLS OF MUNTENIA (ROMANIA)

Ctlin BEM
1
, Andrei ASNDULESEI
2
, Carmen BEM
3
, Bogdan VENEDICT
2
,
Cristi NICU
2
, Vasile COTIUG
2
, Ctlin NICOLAE
1
, Eugen PARASCHIV
1

1
National History Museum of Romania, Bucharest
2
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Department of Science, ARHEOINVEST Platform
3
Institute for Cultural Memory, Bucharest

Key words: Chalcolithic, Gumelnia tell, aerophotogrammetrry, 3D laser scanning, magnetometry,
internal structure, delimitation ditches.

We first needed to sketch out a model of unintrusive investigation of Gumelnia tells.
Archaeology, on its own, with its destructive character, inherently affects the tells, during the
carrying out of the investigation, as well as after the diggings. This generally takes place from
natural causes and, more commonly in Romania, from anthropic causes.

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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 22
After more than 100 years of archaeological studies, it is still difficult to properly
characterize the complexity of the GumelniaKaranovo VI phenomenon. The study concentrated
on tells man-made knolls created by a long and successive habitation of the same location.
They are considered the most important habitations of the Gumelnia communities, for more
than five hundred years (ca. 4550-3900 BC).
Without a coherent strategy for investigating this phenomenon, the studies, carried out
according to strict deadlines, were directed especially to the discovery of burnt habitation remains
very rich in their archaeological inventory. The internal structure, the landscape, the immediate
link of the tell with its geomorphological bases were often unquantified. Consequently, our study
was also based on a characterization of these elements.
In the beginning, we stressed some different aspects of the comparison between different
tells. The pluristratified stations from Stoeneti - Mgura Tangru, Bucani-Pod and Udupu are
differentiated by their location, foundation, dimensions, actual landscape, type of previous
study, and also by the grade of contemporary anthropic degradation. Thus, the Stoeneti tell is
located on an extension of the terrace of the Clnitea brook. Those from Bucani and Udupu
developed on low spits from the narrow meadow of Neajlov and from the large meadow of
Teleorman. The tell from Stoeneti dominates the meadow from its height of eleven metres,
while the tell from Bucani is, at first sight, of not more than 2.8 m in height from the actual level
of the meadow. The Udupu tell has a maximum height of 3.7 m, and its surfaces are in direct
proportion to these values. The tell from Stoeneti was studied in the 1930s and at the end of
the 1950s. The Bucani tell has been systematically investigated since 1998. The tell from Udupu
has not been studied so far. The tell from Stoeneti is relatively isolated from the actual
settlement. Only seasonal sheepfolds neighbour it. The Bucani tell is close to the actual village,
while the one from Udupu is far from any actual anthropic intervention. Their degree of
conservation is directly linked to the impact of contemporary anthropic factors.
A conjugated analysis of aero-photometrical data (Fig. 1-2), 3D scanning (Fig. 4) and
magnetometry (removing, when possible, the perturbations created by the daily variations of the
Earths magnetic field and the background noise produced by the existence of some massive
geological formations) (Fig. 3), proved that the three tells which are so different today have a
similar internal structure. All of them have at least one bounding ditch at the basis of the actual
hill, to their exterior (including the small tell adjoining the base of the larger Stoeneti tell). The
maximum stratigraphic amplitude is between 3.2 and 4.5 m. The effective habitation area
concentrates on the surface, and is rectangularly delimited by the ditch(es) of some palisade(s),
and is superposed by the first-level curves of the raised-relief topographic maps.
In the tell from Bucani Pod (Fig. 5), archaeological investigations confirmed the
magnetometric maps obtained in three different sessions. The stratigraphy of the tell from
Bucani-Pod includes three important moments of Gumelnia habitation. They are separated by
alluvial sediments or by periods of abandonment marked by important pluvial activity. There are
two categories of boundary delimitation works: 1. wide ditches, dug on a quasi-circular contour
and left opened, with the excavated sediments deposited along one of the sides, creating a
structure which might be described as a dam. They each belong to the Gumelnia A1 (N3) level,
around 4400 BC and to the Gumelnia B1 (N1) level, around 3900 BC; 2 narrow and deep ditches,
dug on a generally rectangular contour. They are the foundation of some fences, filled shortly
after the digging, and, from a stratigraphic point of view, belonging to the Gumelnia B1 (N1)
level, or from around 3900 BC. As most of them were dug in anthropic sediments and were
covered shortly after that, their identification on the magnetometric maps is quite difficult. They
are often mistaken fo the effective remains of the habitation burnt dwellings, fireplaces, ovens,
etc. It is noteworthy that the same way of boundary delimitation at least the one using exterior

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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 23
ditches also appeared at the dawn of the Gumelnia civilization (around 4500-4400 BC) and at its
end (around 3900 BC).
We also have to stress the fact that in the case of the large tell from Stoeneti - Mgura
Tangru, the exterior ditch was dug at the base of the terrace on which the first inhabitants
settled, on a level which is around 6 m lower than the place where the first buildings were
raised. Obviously, any defensive scenario is out of the question at this moment.
We should also mention the fact that all the ditches were dug before the stratigraphic
development of the tells. In the case of the ditches acting as foundations for palisades or fences,
the space enclosed by the resulting perimeter was subsequently occupied by constructions
totally (as it appears to have happened at Udupu) or partially (as it is the case of the tell from
Bucani). This may well have been one of the causes for the proliferation of Gumelnia tells.
Since most of them were small in size, it would appear that the settlements initial limits forbade
horizontal expansion and development. Over time, this caused repeated and extensive
swarmings of some parts of the communities, which will found new settlements where the
same pattern was applied and manifested itself.

Fig. 1. Stoeneti - Mgura Tangru. Air photo. Fig. 2. Stoeneti - Mgura Tangru. Aerial photo with
change of the RGB for make the anomalies more
visible.

Fig. 3. Magnetometric map of the Udupu tell.

Fig. 4. Udupu tell. Elements of the 3D laser scanning.


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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 24

Fig. 5. Bucani - Pod tell. The reconstruction of the separation ditches or the tracks and foundation ditches
for the palisades (the red, blue and green parts were researched during the archaeological dig, while the
dark grey parts correspond to the magnetometric information; the red contours show the position of the
buildings at the upper level).

THE KOMARIV COMMUNITY FROM ADNCATA.
THE EVALUATION OF THE HABITATION CONDITIONS

Vasile BUDUI
1
, Bogdan-Petru NICULIC
2

1
tefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Faculty of History and Geography
2
Bukovina Museum, Suceava

Keywords: Adncata, tumulus necropolis, Komariv culture, habitation conditions, GIS.

In the period from 2000 to 2005, systematic archaeological excavations were carried out
in the tumular necropolis from Adncata (Suceava county). Since we were dealing with the only
Komariv necropolis from Romania which has been thoroughly investigated, a special attention
was paid to an interdisciplinary approach that sought to identify the landscape features with
potential for human habitation. To this end, we proceeded with the geographical analysis of the
region, using the following sources: topographical maps and layouts, orthophotomaps and field
work.
To acquire the sites features, we made use the ArcGIS 9.2 geographical information
system, which allowed us to analyse the spatial distribution of the geomorphometric parameters

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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 25
(altitude, slope, aspect) and to compile the solar radiation factor, as well as to create a series of
topographical profiles of the Adncata site. The investigated region has the general appearance
of a plateau, slightly fragmented by a hydrographic network composed of one or two Horton-
Strahler ranges, which enhanced the habitation potential by flanking the settlement with two
confluent creeks, Porcul and Grigoreti. The pedological investigations revealed that the forest
once spread across the entire field, and also brought forth the soil profiles forest morphology,
that is, the presence of the Bt horizon (clay illuviation). The quasi-horizontal surface with a slight
southern exposure, as well as with easy access to water, food and wood resources, favoured
habitation of the area.

SETTLEMENT DYNAMICS DURING LATER PREHISTORY
IN MOLDAVIA (ROMANIA). LAST RESULTS AND PERSPECTIVES

Robin BRIGAND
1
, Olivier WELLER
2

1
Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249, Besanon
2
CNRS-Universits Paris 1 Panthon-Sorbonne et Paris 10-Nanterre, Laboratoire Archologies et
Sciences de l'Antiquit Protohistoire europenne, UMR 7041, Paris

Keywords: Moldavia, natural resources, salt, settlement pattern, Neolithic, Chalcolithic.

The paper aims to extend a collective research initiated by the French-Romanian projects
dedicated to investigating the impact of salt springs in Moldavia (Romania) on the Neolithic and
Eneolithic settlement patterns, land use and landscape perception during the Late Prehistory.
The main objective of these successive programs, dealing with archaeology, ethnology,
paleoenvironmental reconstruction and geomatics, was to examine how and why salt resources
were controlled and structured in the Eastern Carpathians piedmont, more specifically in its
central part (Neam county).
This presentation plans to expand the issues addressed by the previous research, in
terms of spatial dimensions and thematic scope. The first goal was to explore, with reference to
the natural resources and the available archaeological databases on settlement patterns, the
Romanian north-eastern territories organization and their dynamics.
Taking into consideration the subsequent results compiled for Neam County, a similar
spatial analysis methodology was used on a regional scale. For each county, an exhaustive
archaeological database was built using most recent previous published repertories. The main
goal was to obtain, for each prehistoric settlement, different qualitative indicators regarding the
precision of the topographic mapping, the nature of settlement and its chronological framework,
as well as of the quality and dating of the archaeological material. The second goal was to focus
on natural indicators and their relative attractiveness in order to define their relation with the
economic development by chronological periods. In order to understand the settlement
patterns, population density and diachronic evolution, the obvious objective was to create a
model of the evolution pattern of the areas where traces of human occupation and activity are
to be found. Aiming to characterize the evolution of the human influence and of the modes of
the territorial conquest, we used methods of spatial analysis and spatial information processing,
in a Geographic Information System, more specifically the kernel density estimation and
viewshed analysis. The final goal was to evaluate how the territories were constituted and to
compare their human dynamics.


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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 26
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH IN THE TERRITORY OF HISTRIA

Octavian BOUNEGRU
1
, Gheorghe ROMANESCU
2

1
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History, ARHEOINVEST Platform
2

Keywords: Histria, hinterland, Greco-Roman time, resources.

In 2007, the research project The Captation Area of the Resources of the Histrian
Territory in Greco-Roman Time. An ecochronological Approach from the spatial Perspective of the
Histrian Territory, part of the Exploratory Research Projects Program - 2007-2010, was accepted
for financing. From an integrative perspective and with methods specific for the interdisciplinary
study, the project approaches the Chorothesy, the famous inscription discovered at Histria in
1914. In this exceptionally significant epigraphic document, M. Laberius Maximus, the governor
of Moesia, established the boundaries of the Histrian territory on October 25, 100 A.D.
The new analysis of this epigraphic document aims at a holistic approach of the issues
concerning the spatial organization of the Histrian territory in the Greco-Roman period, as well
as the exploitation of the resources in that area.
The main objectives of the project were:
- to identify the natural resources in the Histrian territory in the Greek and Roman
period;
- to determine the size of the natural catchment area and to highlight the dynamics of
the natural resources exploitation in the Histrian territory from the Greek to the Roman period;
- to ascertain the role played by the Histrian natural resources in the implementation of
the human habitat;
- to accomplish a habitation typology with regard to the functionality of the main
categories of settlements on the Histrian territory, from a diachronic perspective.
The research has allowed for the identification of 84 ancient settlements, sanctuaries,
necropoleis, fortified settlements, farms, and aqueducts on the Histrian territory from the Greek,
Hellenistic, Roman, and Roman-Byzantine periods, as well as the vestiges of the ancient Histrian
harbour. The following types of resource exploitation sites were identified, registered, and
charted: stone quarries, copper and iron mines, traces of iron and clay exploitations, and a few
Roman aqueducts that supplied water to the town. The surveys and systematic archaeological
research have confirmed the fact that during the Hellenistic and Roman periods the territory of
the town chora stretched in the west and south as far as the Calabeus River in Chorothesy,
and in north to the Danube Delta.
The establishment of the visibility limits of the boundaries of this territory is of particular
importance for the debate on the Histrian territory. To the north and west, these limits largely
included the real boundaries of the Histrian territory, which explains to a great extent the direct
control Histria had over the resources of the area and confirms the biunivocal relation existing in
a Greek colony between the town and its hinterland.


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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 27
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY.
METHODOLOGICAL CASE STUDIES IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FROM ROMANIA

Clin UTEU

1 Decembrie 1918 University of Alba-Iulia, Iuliu Paul Systemic Archaeology Institute

Keywords: archaeogeophysics, Electrical Soil Resistivity Tomography, stratigraphy, method,
standards.

Geophysical investigation is increasingly becoming one of the most desired steps to be
included in the strategies of the Romanian archaeological projects, either for systematic or
salvage archaeology. If the equipment, from a technological point of view, has already been
standardised as a consequence of its widespread international use, with refinements only going
into improving the quality of the collected data, we cannot say the same when it comes to the
field and laboratory methodology. In this respect, we can state that improvements could be
made, particularly in regard to the manner in which ERT is integrated into complex
archaeological projects. We consider our approach valuable since it is meant to ensure the
improvement of the effective quality of the provided ERT services, while also aiming at amending
the relationship between ERT specialists and archaeologists, when it comes to establishing a
strategy and interpreting and using the data.
The soil resistivity method was one of the first geophysical methods to be applied with
success in archaeological investigations, since 1946. Although relatively simple, this method has
known in recent years many variations and improvements in its usability for archaeological
purposes, especially as a result of advancements in technology and software. Of the several
available methods, the electrical soil resistivity tomography - ERT (also known as electrical
profiling) stands out, and we hereby present few projects that helped us to establish a more
adequate methodology for ERT use in archaeological applications. The main presented aspect
concerns the usage of a combined method for an optimum characterization of detected
anomalies. The addition of a magnetometrical profile with the same coordinates as the ERT
survey, and the use of topographical corrections are discussed in relation to the interpretation of
the data. To illustrate these aspects, several archaeological projects that were carried out over
the past years will be presented (e.g. Sultana - Malu Rou, Apaa - the medieval citadel, Alba Iulia
Str. Decebal nr. 8, Drobeta Turnu Severin - Severin medieval citadel, the tumulus burials from
Okland, etc.). The paper will also showcase an illustrative project, namely a study on the
defensive system of the fortified settlement from Teleac, Alba county. It includes a presentation
of the main phases of the survey, as well as of the overall preparation of the project, of the
recording strategy, the creation of a report and result dissemination. An attempt to corelate the
results with the stratigraphy from the 1980s campaigns will also be presented. Finally, a
discussion will be held on the topic of standardized recording of a geophysical survey, with
references to well-known European heritage institutions such as English Heritage and the
Institute for Field Archaeologists. Several suggestions towards establishing and applying a
standard in Romanian practice will be advanced.


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Fig. 1. Electrical Resistance Tomography - ERT survey at the Medieval citadel of Apaa-Cetate.

THE ANALYSIS OF THE VIEWSHEDS OF THE MEDIEVAL FORTIFICATIONS
FROM THE LIPOVA HILLS, N-E BANAT, ROMANIA

Liviu MRUIA
1
, Dorel MICLE
1
, Petru HORAK
1
, Oana BORLEA
1
, Lavinia BOLCU
1

1
West University of Timioara, Faculty of Letters, History and Theology, History Department

Keywords: GIS, visibility area, viewsheds, medieval fortress, historical geography, landscape
archaeology.

From a geographical point of view, the Lipova Hills are a morphostructural part of the
greater unit of the Western Hills. They constitute clearly individualized geomorphological units
through their deposit structure, their location at the base of mountainous areas and through
their altitude.
From an administrative point of view, this geographical unit is currently part of the
following counties: Timi, Arad and Hunedoara. The area has been only slightly explored from an
archaeological point of view; thus, between 2006 and 2010 numerous field surveys were carried
out as to identify and map new archaeological sites, producing 265 analytic records for diverse
archaeological complexes, nine of which are medieval fortifications that constitute the topic of
the present study.


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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 29

As a whole, our work aimed at identifying, researching, interpreting and integrating
some terrain realities into the generic context of historical geography, as a base component of
the cultural landscape. The use of modern interdisciplinary investigation methods and
techniques gives substance to the validity of such an approach. This type of investigation of
geographical micro-units offers complex information that can constitutre the base of detailed,
targeted investigations for the future.
The present study attempted, above all, to detect the original landscape inhabited by the
respective communities, before it was altered during the modern and contemporary ages.

Fig. 1. Aerial map of intervisibility areas of the medieval fortifications.

All the sites identified through systematic archaeological field research were afterwards
georeferenced, mapped and GIS-processed. Different geomorphographic factors were analysed,
among them the viewsheds (areas of visibility) of these fortifications.
This type of analysis (intervisibility) renders a visualization which highlights the areas that
are invisible from one or more observation points. These observation positions can be detailes
such as pointed objects (points), linear objects (lines) or area objects (polygons). A thematic
coverage was produced, whose Z values represent the visibility (often coloured green) or
invisibility (often coloured red) and also observation points (often colored blue) and the image is
then rendered. The observation points can be set at a specified elevation, and the array of values
for the surface can be modified with custom values, for example the height of the trees. The
ArcGIS package also contains the HNTRLAND procedure to determine the area dominated by one
or more vantage points, and the VIEWSHED procedure for determining the cells visible from one
or more points.
The results are very interesting, particularly when we discuss the issue of fortification
system or when we attempt to determine the area of authority for a fortified point (cf. the
dispute on centre and periphery).


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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 30
FROM SHOVEL TO NON-INVASIVE SCIENCES.
INVESTIGATING A BRONZE AGE SITE IN WESTERN MOLDAVIA

Neculai BOLOHAN
1
, Andrei ASNDULESEI
2
, Felix-Adrian TENCARIU
2
,
Silviu GANIA
2
, Cristi NICU
2
, Vlad RUMEGA
1

1
2

Keywords: Early/Middle Bronze Age, settlements, multidisciplinary approach.

The Early and Middle Bronze Age in the area located east of the Carpathians was
investigated mainly by pottery found in a cluster of settlements and funerary findings. Coherent
ideas about life, relationships of these communities and the landscape are less rather
inconsistent, as is clear from the material published until recently.
This contribution is setted on my observations from the field and on the contribution of
a young and training team from the Arheoinvest Platform. I have paid particular attention to
previous research on the type and structure of these kind of discoveries dating from the
beginning of the Middle Bronze Age in the area of study and I tried to revaluate my own
researches on the archaeological site of Silitea, Romni commune, Neam county. To expand
and diversify the observations, in 2008 I turned to non-invasive investigations techniques in
Archaeology (mapping, geomagnetic researches, and radiocarbon analyses).
On this occasion, I will attempt a brief review, which will illustrate the current
archaeological research avatars, a rocky path from the archaeological shovel up to the
multidisciplinary approach.

MAGNETOMETRIC PROSPECTIONS IN THE THRACO-GETAE FORTRESS FROM
SAHARNA MARE, REZINA DISTRICT, REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

Ion NICULI
1
, Vasile COTIUG
2
, Aurel ZANOCI
1
, Andrei ASNDULESEI
3
,
Gheorghe ROMANESCU
4
, Felix-Adrian TENCARIU
3
, Bogdan VENEDICT
3
,
tefan CALINIUC
2
, Radu BALAUR
3
, Cristi NICU
3

1
State University of Moldova, Chiinu
2
3
4

Keywords: Saharna Mare, Thraco-Getae, fortress, magnetometric prospections.

The rocky hill from Saharna Mare, situated at 1 km south-west of the current Saharna
village, constitutes the high terrace of the Dniesters right bank, with lofty and steep flanks on its
northern, eastern and south-eastern sides. With a surface area of ca. 12 ha, the hill has
witnessed human habitation since the end of the 2
nd
millennium BC.
A semi-oval stronghold measuring 60x64 m and dated to the 10
th
-8
th
century BC, has
been archaeologically attested at this location. The fortifications southern boundary is marked
by the interfluves steep hillslope, while the eastern, northern and western ones by a man-made
defensive work composed of a palisade (a wall of two rows of timber, with the gap between
them filled with clay and rocks) and a ditch adjoining to the front.

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Towards the 8
th
-6
th
century BC, the inhabited area from Saharna Mare witnessed a
considerable widening when it expanded to the central and north-eastern parts of the
promontory, forcing the erection of a newer, more complex and sturdy fortification system, that
was again rebuild during the 5
th
-4
th
century.
The defensive system was composed of a wall stretching for ca. 385 m and with a
width of ca. 5,6 m, that was built from a wooden case with a core (emplecton) made from a
mixture of dirt, sand, gravel and rocks. To the exterior of the south-western side, a ditch, 15 m
wide at the top and 6 m at the bottom, was dug parallel to the wall. The defensive potential of
the fortress was augmented by three bastion positioned in front of the defensive line, in the
central area and on the flanks.
During the 2010 campaign, following the partnership signed with the ARHEOINVEST
Research Platform from the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, the entire area in question
was magnetometrically surveyed, as to trace the path of the fortification works that were
archaeologically attested and to identify new archaeological complexes.
The resulting magnetometric map highlights the paths of the archaeologically identified
fortifications, as well as the existence of other magnetometric anomalies which may represent
other various archaeological complexes.

Fig. 1. Saharna Mare - magnetic field map.


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THE EXPLOITATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE
ENVIRONMENT IN THE PRE-CUCUTENI-CUCUTENI-TRIPOLYE CULTURAL COMPLEX

Constantin PREOTEASA

History and Archaeology Musem of Piatra-Neam

Keywords: Pre-Cucuteni-Cucuteni-Tripolye cultural complex, anthropic impact, natural resources,
environment.

The present study focuses on the exploitation of natural resources (wood, salt, rocks and
metals) by the human communities of the Pre-Cucuteni-Cucuteni-Tripolye cultural complex,
while also taking into account the impact of this activity on the environment.
Our approach considers the temporary settlements and the extraction points of different
raw materials such as salt, clay and flint, built near these sources with the purpose of assuring a
more efficient exploitation.
We reviewed the different estimates made by specialists accompanied by our
observations on the total amount of wood necessary for building, but also for fuel and,
implicitly, on the size of the harvested area, for several settlements with a well-known or an
approximate number of habitation complexes.
At the same time, we emphasized the estimates about the total amount of salt necessary
for the human communities from settlements which had demographic estimations, and for their
effectives of domestic animals (with conventional average estimates).
The study advances several estimates on the size of the harvested areas, the amount of
wood necessary for construction and on the salt requirements of some Pre-Cucuteni-Cucuteni-
Tripolye communities from settlements with known numbers of dwellings and inhabitants.

PROVENANCE OF NEOLITHIC STONE ARTEFACTS
FROM THE BANAT REGION, ROMANIA

Otis CRANDELL
1
, Florentina MARI
2, 3

1
Babe-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Biology and Geology
2
Banat Museum, Timioara
3
"1 Decembrie 1918" University of Alba-Iulia

Keywords: Romania, Banat, raw materials, lithic artefacts, Neolithic.

The objective of the study was to determine the origin of several knapped lithic artefacts
at six Late Neolithic sites near Timioara (Romania). To help determine possible sources of the
raw materials which were used to produce the artefacts, the artefacts were compared to
geological samples of known origin. Rock samples were collected from sources in Cara-Severin
and Mehedini counties. In addition to these samples, the artefacts were also compared to rock
samples in the Lithotheque of Babes-Bolyai University which came from other locations in
Romania. All of the knapped lithic tools (approximately 400) were analysed macroscopically.
Some were also thin sectioned for microscopic analysis.
The artefacts or the materials used to produce them appear to have come from a variety
of sources. The nearest are at least 80 to 100 km away. Some of them appear be over 500 km
away. This presentation will look at the artefacts found at the sites and compare them to the

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sources where they likely came from. Finally, we will consider the cultural implications of these
discoveries.

Acknowledgements: This study was financially supported by CNCSIS-UEFISCSU, PNII-IDEI project
Nr. 2241/2008 (Romanian Ministry of Education and Research).

Fig. 1. Overview maps. a: Neolithic sites where the artefacts were found; b: nearest raw materials sources;
c: sources of high quality materials further away; d: examples of artefacts.

GEOMORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND HUMAN ACTIVITIES WITH
IMPACT ON THE ACHAEOLOGICAL SITE FROM HOISETI, IAI COUNTY

Dan LESENCIUC
1
, Daniel CONDORACHI
1
, George BODI
2

1
2
Institute of Archaeology of Iai

Keywords: archaeological site, Hoiseti, Cucuteni culture, floodplain, river erosion, meandering.

The Hoiseti archaeological site is located on a concave bank of a meander loop in the
Bahlui floodplain. From a geomorphological point of view, floodplains are characterized by
processes of river erosion, associated with depositing ones. In our case, the modelling agent is
the Bahlui River, which displays in the investigated area a riverbed channel that is much
meandered and in which processes of bank and in-depth erosion are present. Particularly the
bank erosion induces a strong dynamic that triggers frequent horizontal movements. Therefore,
these meanders are continuously adjusting to, and influenced by, the banks slope, the riverbeds
sediments, the quantity of solid and liquid discharge, the rivers catchment area, land use and

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other human activities. Alongside the meanders horizontal movement, a noticeable process is
the appearance of microrelief landforms, such as islets and abandoned meanders.
The strong meandering process in the Hoiseti area is evidenced by the presence of
gooseneck meanders, evolving into self-captured meanders via strangulation. This was caused
by the strong erosion of the two opposing curvatures of a loop, until its base is cut-off as a result
of the loops downstream migration. As the Bahlui River evolved as part of a normal
hydrographical network, at least until the middle of the 20
th
century when the first
hydrotechnical work took place, the meandering process was quite strong, resulting in a
shrinkage of the archaeological sites area. After the regularization of the rivers discharge, the
lateral erosion of the concave banks was strongly diminished, resulting in significantly reduced
rates of meander migration.

MICROMORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ANTHROPIC SEQUENCES
FROM TELL TYPE SETTLEMENTS IN MUNTENIA

Constantin HAIT

National Museum of Romanian History, National Centere for Pluridisciplinary Researches, Bucharest

Keywords: micromorphology, sedimentary fabric, zone of activity, anthropic activities.

Micromorphological research involves different scales of observation, from the
macroscopic analysis in the field, to the stereomicroscope and polarized light microscopy.
Microscopic analysis is performed on thin sections of sediment and soil samples taken in
their undisturbed and actual orientation, and previously impregnated with synthetic resin.
The study is basically an observation of all sedimentary features (texture, structure,
porosity, colour, nature of constituents, homogeneity, and degree of compaction) as to identify
and rank the diagnosis features which can be attributed to the main anthropogenic, sedimentary
and soil forming processes. They correspond to the interaction of the three main categories of
processes that create sedimentary deposits in the archaeological context: accumulation,
transformation and redistribution.
Sedimentary strata from tell type settlements in Muntenia are characterized by a fine
and complex stratigraphy and an excellent degree of conservation of mineral and organic
constituents and other sedimentary features.
The analysis of such anthropogenic deposits from the composition of the studied
archaeological structures or from areas located outside, allows the interpretation of sedimentary
fabrics (considered as the total organisation of the units) in terms of human activities and
associated environmental conditions, as the influence of their action since the accumulation until
present.
The main types of identified sedimentary units are:
- units of construction attributed to different materials prepared for the construction or
fitting out of anthropogenic structures;
- accumulation units formed in the interior of dwelling structures, in waste or transit
areas;
- units of transformation under the influence of anthropogenic or natural agents;
- natural units formed under the action of physical-chemical and pedological agents.
The interpretation of these sedimentary units in the micro-stratigraphic context enables
both the understanding of human activity and the main stages in the sites evolution.

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USING GIS IN THE ANALYSIS OF CUCUTENI SETTLEMENTS CULTURE,
IN THE EASTERN CARPATHIANS

Elena DELEANU, Dan CRMID

Mihai Bcescu Technical College of Flticeni

Keywords: GIS, Cucuteni culture, salt exploitation, Thyssen polygons.

Geographic Information System (GIS) has become a tool with multiple uses in
archaeology, GIS equipment and software being capable of delivering complex geographical
information. Thus, mapping information can be used in visualizing, managing and analyzing data
obtained from archaeological investigations of a particular site or of a wider area. At the same
time, it presents the opportunity to augment the geographical info or other various data we have
on a settlement or a grave field.
Our analysis was based on this technology, and was individually applied to some
Cucutenian settlements whose exact locations (GPS coordinates) are known from previous
archaeological investigations. Likewise, data from previous interdisciplinary research of the
paleo-ecosystem (palynological and archaeozoological investigations), and from research which
inferred the sites functions (exploitation of renewable raw materials, tool production, etc.) was
used.
We analyzed the settlements from Preuteti-Halt, Preuteti-Cetate, Hbeti, all
belonging to the A phase of the Cucuteni culture, in regard to the exploitation of salt during the
Neolithic. The analysis can generate, detail or complete geographical interpretations of a site, in
terms of 3D mapping, topographical reality, surface orientation in relation to the Sun,
hypsometric map, etc. The generated maps are then processed according to a complex site-
catchment algorithm, focusing on the sites subsistence area (5 km radius-wide in the case of
agricultural settlements) and the adjoining ecosystem (reconstructed from paleobotanical and
archaeozoological data, soil analysis, presence of raw materials near the site, etc.).
We then further attempt to determine the settlements boundaries, to this point
arbitrarily fixed by archaeologists, by taking into account the size and the importance of the
archaeological discoveries, and by dividing the area according to the Thyssen polygons model.
This information is then correlated with the available archaeological data, as to allow a social
interpretation of the settlement in question, that is, to determine the area of control and
influence of a main central settlement over the rest from inside the polygon.

THE SPREAD OF THRACO-GETAE SITES IN THE MIDDLE DNIESTER BASIN

Aurel ZANOCI, Mihail B


Keywords: fortifications, civil settlements, spatial arrangement, the Thraco-Getae.

In the 6
th
- 3
rd
centuries BC, the area east of the Carpathians was inhabited for the most
part by Thraco-Getae communities. Their traces are attested by several archaeological sites,
particularly by civilian settlements (over 400 in number) and fortifications (about 113). In terms
of topography, we notice that the settlements were not scattered, but concentrated in clusters

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comprised of several fortifications and many open settlements. Currently, ten such clusters
were identified in the above-mentioned territory. They are usually concentrated in river basins
(Dniester, Prut, Rut, etc.) or at the border between the steppe and the forest-steppe.
One such case is to be found in the Middle Dniester basin, where 27 fortifications and
about 54 civil settlements were mapped (Map 1). At this moment, this seems to be the largest
concentration of sites not only in the Dniester basin, but also throughout the whole area
inhabited by the Thraco-Getae. The monuments are located along the banks of Dniester, both on
its right and left sides, in the area between the localities of Vertiujeni (47 59' 36" North, 28 32'
24" East) in the Floreti District, and ipova (47 36' 18" North, 28 58' 46" East) in the Rezina
District. If on the left bank the sites are concentrated close to the river, on the right side they are
spread over a distance of up to 18 km west of the river.

Map 1. Spreading of Thraco-Gatae sites in the Middle Dniester basin.


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Concerning this cluster, our attention is drawn to the manner in which the
fortifications were positioned. They are arranged in three defensive lines. Thus, the first one,
composed of four bulwarked facilities (Racov, Caterinovca, Stroieti and Ofatini), is located on
the left bank of the river and close to the water. The second is on the right bank, also near the
water, and consists of ten fortifications (Vertiujeni, Japca, Curatura, Rezina, Saharna-Revichin,
Saharna Mic, Saharna Mare, Saharna-La an, Saharna-Hulboaca and Buciuca). After mapping,
it became apparent that the fortifications which constitute this line of defence were placed on
elevated positions dominating the long, narrow lowlands which connected the riverbed with the
lands to the west. The third line of defense, consisting of 13 fortifications (Cunicea, Alcedar,
Glinjeni-La an, ahnui, Mateui, etc.), was situated at a distance of several kilometres from
the Dniester. Most fortresses are found in the basins of the Ciorna River or of other brooks, all
right-bank tributaries of the Dniester.
Open settlements are located around the fortifications, at a distance of about 0,1 to 1,5
km from the fortified centres. We can also observe a preference for establishing civilian
settlements near water sources (the Dniester, Ciorna, Coglnic, etc. rivers).
Among the clusters of the Middle Dniester region, some smaller nests consisting of
one to three fortifications (e.g. Saharna Mare, Saharna Mic, Saharna-La an) and several other
civilian settlements, are observed.
As a result of archaeological investigations conducted in a series of fortifications, it was
determined that they were permanently inhabited, as attested by the remains of dwellings,
ancillary buildings, sewage pits and a fairly rich and diverse archaeological inventory. At the same
time, the fortresses could serve as a refuge for communities living in nearby civil settlements.
This is attested, for example, at Saharna-La an, where there was a permanently inhabited small
stronghold (17560 m) with a larger adjoining enclosure (307254 m) that is practically devoid
of traces of habitation. Nonetheless, three open settlements were identified in the fortress
environ, and, in case of necessity, the population could take refuge in the large accommodation.
Thus, it can be inferred that the small nests represented the living space of a tribal
community, and that the clusters of sites, which spreads over an area of about 600 km, can be
attributed to a major Thraco-Getae polity from the Middle Dniester region.

URTIM 2009 - AN ORIGINAL PROCEDURE TO ANALYZE SATELLITE IMAGES
IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Timotei URSU

Salamandra Communication, New York

Keywords: Google Earth Pro, Dacian Sanctuaries, URTIM 2009, satellite image.

Regular satellite-images provided by dedicated software such as Google Earth Pro are
analysed using an original technique that permits pertinent results even from images with low
quality. The usefulness of the procedure, which produces quality data to be used in
archaeological work, was exemplified, for example, by its employment in the investigation of
several archaeological sites from Romania, specifically of the Dacian sanctuaries from the Ortie
Mountains, in the Southern Carpathians.
An explanation of the technique follows. In batches of satellite images, with a focus
range between 8 to 30 m from the soil, an intensive colour oversaturation was performed. Then,
using the filters for night and day (UV and IR), the computer screen becomes a special sensor

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which can reveal more than the limited data offered by the satellites sensors that capture
information in the form of visible radiation (i.e. the spectrum of visible light reflected by Earths
surface).
The URTIM 2009 method produces new images on the basis of UV electromagnetic
radiation (with a wavelength shorter than that of visible light) and IR radiation (with a
wavelength of 0.7-300 micrometres). These wavelengths from the spectrum of sunlight,
reflected by de Earths surface, will reveal traces of past human activities (structures, roads,
diggings, pits) that are buried at a depth between 0.50 - 2.50 m, while at the same time
ignoring some surface structures. The effect is due to the differences present in the texture of
the soil, and due to the fact that all ground structures and features (soil, rocks, bottom of lakes,
etc.) have distinct temperatures which will be registered as a different colour-radiation.
URTIM 2009 can not differentiate between old and recent human traces, but it can offer
archaeologists a useful image of the underground reality, in quadrilaterals areas (ranging from
5 x 2.7 m to 40 x 22 m). Basically, the URTIM 2009 method uses image visualisation software,
translating the results to other programs for the best resolution and clarity of the pictures.

Fig. 1. The old sanctuary made of calcar from Sarmizegetusa.

TOPOGRAPHY IN SUPPORT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AT ROMULA

Lucian AMON

University of Craiova, Faculty of Social Sciences

Keywords: Romula, fortification, topographic plan, Ghi Mnstiriceanu.

Romula (Reca - Dobrosloveni village, Olt County) was an important urban centre of the
Roman province of Dacia. According to some researchers it was the capital of Dacia Malvensis. A
controversial issue concerns the location of the two Roman camps, reported and outlined at the
end of the 17
th
century by L.F. Marsigli as existing in the eastern part of the town, but which have
not yet been archaeologically identified (Fig. 1/a). Since an archaeological investigation is
currently very difficult to be carried, due to the fact that area was almost entirely superposed by
modern constructions, the use of a little-known topographic plan turns out to be, at the
moment, the only method applicable. We are referring to the plan of the Reca estate,
developed by cadastral engineer Mnstiriceanu Ghi in 1840 (Fig. 1/b). On its basis we put

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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 39
forward an original location in the south-eastern part of the village for one of the fortifications,
in an area which has not been sufficiently researched from archaeological point of view. The
Roman camp seems to be of a rectangular, almost square, shape, with its sides measuring 161.40
x 144.30 m, and is located at a distance of about 407 m from the so-called city centres fortress.
This fortification was the only one identified and investigated by archaeological excavations.
Further investigations are needed in order to confirm this hypothesis.

a

b
Fig. 1. The location of the fortifications from Romula in Marsiglis layout (a)
and the topographical survey made by G. Mnstiriceanu (b).

UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY RESEARCH IN MAZOTOS (CYPRUS),
STYRA AND MODI (GREECE).
PROSPECTION AND CONSERVATION METHODS

Ana-Maria BUIL


Keywords: Underwater archaeology, prospection methods, conservation methods.

Underwater archaeology has already completed almost half a century of systematic
fieldwork around the Mediterranean. Since 1960, our knowledge of the ancient trade, sea-
routes, navigation and shipbuilding has been significantly enriched especially as a result of the
excavation of wrecks dated to different historical periods.
For the Romanian Black Sea coast, connections with Mediterranean island or its
mainland suggest maritime activity. Land discoveries and historical sources have proved the
intense seaborne trade, in which the cities along the coast where involved throughout history.
The task of this presentation is the description of three different models of underwater
projects carried out in Cyprus and Greece, which can be implemented accordingly to the surveys
or excavations of the underwater sites along the Romanian Black Sea shoreline.


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POSTERS

FUNERARY SPACE AND MORTUARY PRACTICES IN
THE ALBA-IULIA - LUMEA NOUA SITE. A GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS

Mihai GLIGOR
1
, Marius BREAZU
2
, Tudor BORAN
3

1
1 Decembrie 1918 University of Alba-Iulia, Department of History, Arheology and Museology
2
Roia Montan Gold Corporation, Department of Environment, Roia Montan
3
1 Decembrie 1918 University of Alba-Iulia, Faculty of Science

Keywords: Neolithic, Eneolithic, funerary space, mortuary practices, 3D modeling and
reconstruction, geospatial analysis.

The Lumea Nou site is located in the northeastern area of Alba Iulia, on the second
terrace of the Mure River, in its middle flow section. Several archaeological campaigns have
been conducted here between 1942 and 1947, 1961 and 1963, 1976, 1995 and 1996, 2002 and
2008. Human habitation from the Middle Neolithic to the Late Eneolithic has been
archaeologically documented. The findings belong to the Vina, Lumea Nou, Foeni, Petreti and
Coofeni cultural groups and the archaeological cultures.
Last year's research has shown that the most intense habitation belongs to Foeni
communities, to whom we also assign one of the remarkable discoveries made during the 2003-
2005 campaign, i.e. the funerary complex displaying some particular mortuary practices. The
human remains, mostly skulls, of ca. 100 people have been unearthed and investigated. Some of
the skulls presented round-shaped clogging fractures. The human skeletal remains were not
found in anatomical connection. The anthropological analysis confirmed the presence child and
adult female and male remains. The archaeological context did not contain traces of violent
actions. The AMS dates offer a timeframe between 4600 and 4500 calBC, therefore from the
advanced period of the evolution of the Foeni cultural group, a moment which coincides with the
beginning of the Eneolithic in Transylvania.
The Lumea Nou site suggests a habitation protected by fortifications. The defensive
system, consisting of three ditches built by the Foeni communities, suggests the existence of a
circular-concentric plan for the settlement.
In past years, 3D modelling and reconstruction has been increasingly used to presenting
and capitalising from the results of archaeological research. From the reconstruction of the
habitat or of artefacts, to spatial analysis, 3D modelling has become an indispensable tool in
archaeological research. The scope of this paper is to analyse the funerary discoveries from
Lumea Nou, from the spatial topo-archaeological and 3D modelling perspective, mainly using
the following methods: (1) the archaeological analysis of the geomorphology of the area, using
cartographic and topographic information; (2) the analysis of the spatial distribution of the
funerary discoveries, by compiling the topographic plan.
The resulting geospatial image offers us some relevant conclusions: the investigated
funerary space is located approximately in the middle of the site; no definite correlation
between the distribution of the archaeological complexes and the funerary discoveries can be
made; there is evidence of unusual funerary practices, gathered from the topographical data, the
horizontal and vertical stratigraphy, and the anthropological analyses; by looking at the shape
and track of the ditches, it is possible that the purpose of the discovered fortification was to

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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 41
delineate and protect the funerary space; 3D model allows the reconstitution of the sites
geomorphological features, such as an old riverbed.

Acknowledgement. This work was made possible through the financial support of the Sectorial
Operational Programme for Human Resources Development 2007-2013, co-financed by the European
Social Fund, under project number POSDRU/89/1.5/S/61104 with the title Social sciences and humanities
in the context of global development - development and implementation of postdoctoral research.

THE EFFECTS OF GEOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS
ON PATRIMONIAL WORKS FROM IAI RPA GALBEN

Mihai BRNZIL
1
, Dumitru BULGARIU
1,3
, Ion SANDU
2

1
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Geography and Geology, Department of Geology
2
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, ARHEOINVEST Platform
3
Romanian Academy - Iai Branch, Collective of Geography

Keywords: Rpa Galben Ensemble of Iai, degradation, geological and anthropogenic factors.

The Rpa Galben Ensemble historical monument, built in 1898-1900, has a special
historical, architectural and practical importance for the Iai municipality. Regular consolidation
and restoration works have only temporary limited the development and expansion of new and
previous degradation processes which continuously affect the ensemble. The studies performed
between 2005 and 2010 aimed to identify the main causes and dynamics of the degradation
processes, and to estimate the combined effects that geological and anthropogenic factors have
on the monument.
The research methodology included: (i) field studies and investigations; (ii) chemical and
physical-chemical analysis (IR spectrometry, differential thermal analysis, optical microscopy)
performed on the building materials (different types of sandstones and calcareous stones) and
the binder used for consolidation, salts deposits and some weathering products of the building
materials, pluvial water from the parcel system on top and at the bottom of the ensemble; (iii)
theoretical and experimental modelling of physical-chemical weathering processes of the
building materials (sandstones and calcareous).
The results of the studies show the following: (i) the degradation processes,
macroscopically visible, affect the structure and aesthetic qualities of the monument in different
manners: the deterioration (cracking, grinding) of the stonewall, salt depositing in the cracks of
the wall, the building material and binder are corroded, etc.; (ii) depending on the manner of
evolution and the effects they produce, two types of weathering processes of building materials
can be differentiated: (a) processes with slow, continuous evolution probably caused by the
groundwater, the slow flow phenomena of waves, the stuffing materials behind the walls, the
active surface subsidence, etc.; (b) processes with cyclic evolution (with a succession of very fast
and slow acting steps) probably determined by the infiltration waters (from the city network
and the sewerage system), pluvial waters, exposure to various pollutants, etc.; (iii) geological
context of the perimeter favoured the apparition and the evolution of degradation processes
geological formations in this area belong to the Sarmatian (bluish ash clay) and to the
Quaternary (dusty diluvia clay); (iv) the use of different types of building materials accelerated
the evolution of the degradation process the most intense weathering processes have been

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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 42
observed at the area of contact between different types of sandstones and limestones that were
used in the previous consolidations works.
The results of the experimental studies and the field investigations provide important
information for the future consolidation and restoration works of the Rpa Galben Ensemble.


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BIOARCHAEOLOGY 43
BIOARCHAEOLOGY

BIOMARKERS AND BIOINDICATORS IN
THE ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY OF PREHISTORY

Luminia BEJENARU, Anca NEAGU, Simina STANC

Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Biology, ARHEOINVEST Platform

Keywords: biomarkers, bioindicators, environmental archaeology, prehistory.

Interdisciplinary research in archaeology, as it has developed in recent years, attempts to
achieve standards specific to natural sciences, while maintaining its socio-humanistic
foundations and principles. Environmental archaeology, which uses a multitude of methods and
concepts, borrowed from different disciplines such as biology, ecology, geography, geology,
chemistry or physics. All the data are integrated in a historical context, in conformity with the
principles of complementarity in the logical correlation and congruence of data.
Our study presents the theoretical aspects and results of the Romanian research into the
environmental archaeology of prehistory, in terms of biomarkers (morphological, genetic and
biomolecular) and bioindicators (qualitative sequential valuation of paleoenvironment). Using
the bioarchaeological data in a suitably quantitative-qualitative relationship, we estimated
environmental transformations under anthropic influence.
The measurements of bone and teeth, for instance, are important in the study of
human-animal interactions. Metric and shape variations in animal populations generally showed
certain regionally distinct genetic types. Descriptive analysis of different linear measurements on
a pig skeleton (Sus scrofa domesticus) showed a variability that revealed statistically significant
differences (one-way ANOVA), especially in dentition, i.e. simphysis length and length of the
third molar. The study of genetic variation in ancient and modern animal populations also
constitutes an important source of information for our knowledge of migrations. Investigating
the pig (Sus scrofa domesticus), we analyzed and characterized different haplotypes. We
compared the haplotypes and achieved the similarity-and-divergence matrix through the analysis
of different Neolithic specimens.

PROFICIENT USE AND FATAL ABUSE IN PREHISTORY. MESOLITHIC BONE ARROW
HEADS DISCOVERED IN THE REGION OF THE IRON GATES, ROMANIA

Corneliu BELDIMAN
1
, Diana-Maria SZTANCS
2

1
Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University of Bucharest, Faculty of History
2
Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Doctoral Program

Keywords: arrow, bow, Iron Gates, Mesolithic bone technology, violence in Prehistory.

The Mesolithic in the south-western regions of Romania, around the Iron Gates of the
Danube and the immediately adjacent area (mid-10
th
millennium mid-to-second half
8
th
millennium BP; end of the Pre-Boreal phase, to the Boreal and the beginning of the
Atlantic phase), is archeologically associated with the Schela Cladovei culture. The left bank of
the Danube is a peripheral area, marking the North-Eastern limits of this Mesolithic culture that
seems to have spread over a large area including the north-western regions of the Balkan

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BIOARCHAEOLOGY 44
Peninsula (the present-day territory of Montenegro and Serbia; see the well-known sites from
Lepenski Vir (levels I-II), Padina, Vlasad, Crvena Stijena, etc.).
Currently, the repertoire of discoveries from Romania includes eight sites situated along
a 150 km long stretch of land including the Iron Gates, on the first left terrace, and on some
islands in the Danube, from Pescari (up-stream) to Ostrovul Mare (down-stream). The Schela
Cladovei people were organised in small communities of hunter-gatherers and fishermen who
had domesticated the dog and used the bow and arrow. They are traditionally thought to have
lived in seasonal settlements, which were preferred places for hunting and fishing. Their
architecture is represented by semi-subterranean or surface dwellings with rectangular or oval
hearths represent. For the sites belonging to the Schela Cladovei culture from the left bank of
the Danube, we should also mention the existence of funerary complexes (inhumation burials)
present at some sites (most of them - more than 50 -, at the eponymous site itself).
This paper offers a synthesis of the systematic analysis of 25 arrow heads made of
fragments of long bones of cattle and red deer. The artefacts were recovered between 1960 and
1980 during extensive field research from four open-air sites: Ostrovul Banului (2), Ostrovul
Corbului (1), Ostrovul Mare - Km 873 (4) and Schela Cladovei (18). They come both from isolated
discoveries and from graves. In order to classify the objects, we take into account the
morphology of the section of the proximal part (oval, sub-oval and convex to concave, triangular
and rectangular). Hence we can define five types of projectile points. The stages of the
manufacturing chain and its use-wear traces were determined by using the low-power
microscope analysis. The fact that the artefacts were discovered in situ (spectacularly inserted in
anatomic pieces like calvaria, vertebra, femur), provided us the unique opportunity to study
some cases of extreme internal violence in the Schela Cladovei culture communities, to compare
the use-wear traces in a clear context and to estimate the parameters and efficiency of the bow
used by the Mesolithic people from this area.
The traces of manufacturing showed the use of different techniques of dbitage and
faonnage: splitting and transverse sawing; intense longitudinal scraping; superficial sawing in
order to obtain oblique and transverse grooves that allowed a better axial fixing by binding the
arrow head in the wooden haft. There is no clear evidence for the employment of adhesive-like
substances. Fractured pieces (proximal parts) suggest the current extraction of the damaged
arrow heads from hafts in order to fix a new fully functional one; because of the significantly
reduced length, we may assume that some of them are reshaped, probably fixed in the haft. The
attested use of bow and arrow in the Mesolithic from the Iron Gates also allowed for
documenting the earliest prehistoric warfare in Romania and South-Eastern Europe.

ANALYSIS OF AN ARCHAEOZOOLOGICAL ASSEMBLAGE DISCOVERED IN THE
CUCUTENI B SETTLEMENT FROM SRATA MONTEORU (BUZU COUNTY)

Romeo CAVALERIU, Simina STANC, Luminia BEJENARU


Keywords: archaeozoology, phase B Cucuteni culture, subsistence patterns, mammals.

The study evaluates the subsistence patterns present in the paleoeconomy of the site
from Srata Monteoru (Buzu county), in terms of taxonomic diversity and of strategies of
animal capitalization via husbandry and hunting, as well as the morphometric description of the
identified species, both domestic and wild.

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BIOARCHAEOLOGY 45
Among the animal resources identified (mammals, birds and fish), mammals constitute
the majority, representing 98% of the assemblage. (Frequency is based on the number of
identified specimens). Animal husbandry was an important subsistence activity (64% of mammal
remains), but wild mammal remains are still present, even if only in smaller amounts (33% of
mammal remains); the remains of horse, probably wild, are less frequent 2% of mammals.
The domestic mammals identified consist of cattle (Bos taurus), pig (Sus scrofa
domesticus), sheep (Ovis aries), goat (Capra hircus), and dog (Canis familiaris). Cattle dominate
the assemblage; sheep-goat group comes second, while pig third. As for cattle, we find a
selection pattern based on the slaughtering of mature female individuals, suggesting a strategy
in obtaining secondary products (milk, reproductive purpose, draught force).
A variety of wild mammal species have been identified. Within the group of mammals, the
artiodactyls, large-sized animals providing meat, are better represented: red deer (Cervus
elaphus), wild boar (Sus scrofa ferus), and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Other wild species
with low frequency are: fox (Canis vulpes), wolf (Canis lupus), wild cat (Felis sylvestris), hare
(Lepus europaeus), and beaver (Castor fiber).

NEW DATA ABOUT NEOLITHIC AND ENEOLITHIC OSSEUS
ADORNMENTS FROM TRANSYLVANIA

Diana-Maria SZTANCS
1
, Corneliu BELDIMAN
2

1
Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Doctoral Program
2
Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University of Bucharest, Faculty of History

Keywords: adornments, database, Neolithic, Eneolithic, osseous materials, Transylvania.

Ever since spiritual life first manifested itself, adornments represented an important part
of the socio-symbolic human behaviour. Made of bones, antlers, shells, stone or clay,
adornments had a special meaning for the person who wore them. In this paper, we present
some adornments made from skeletal materials from the Transylvanian Neolithic and Eneolithic
periods. They date from the Early Neolithic (Starevo-Cri culture) to the Final Eneolithic
(Coofeni culture).
The artefacts were analyzed according to Beldimans typology and were included into
the Neolithic and Eneolithic Ages of the Bone and Antler Industry from Transylvania Database.
Our approach took into account all the characteristics of the items, such as: typology, the raw
materials (skeletal elements and species), the manufacturing chain, use-wear traces, morphology
and morphometry.
The statistical study of the artefacts formed an important element of our analysis. This
offered us important clues about the cultural distribution of certain types of adornments, the
preference of human communities for certain types of raw materials and the development of
technologies. The artefacts presented could have been used as jewellery or as adornments
sewed on clothes.
The assemblage is made up of all types of adornments such as: pendants, perforated
teeth, perforated shells, discs, rings and bracelets. The registration of these pieces into the
database has offered us the possibility of identifying and including new types of artefacts into
the Typological List elaborated for Romania, such as the perforated astragalus.

Acknowledgements: The article was written during the doctoral mobility at Etvs Lornd
University of Budapest, part of the SOP HRD Project /6/1.5/S/26/7706, co-financed by the European Social
Fund through the Sectorial Operational Program Human Resources Development 2007 2013.

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BIOARCHAEOLOGY 46
PROCESSING ANIMAL RAW MATERIAL IN THE CUCUTENI B PHASE LEVEL
OF THE FETETI - LA SCHIT (SUCEAVA COUNTY) ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE

Florentina Carmen OLENIUC
1
, Dumitru BOGHIAN
2
, Sorin IGNTESCU
2

1
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Biology
2

Keywords: Cucuteni phase B, archaeozoology, manufacturing, birds, mammals.

The systematic archaeological research which took place between 2000 and 2006, in the
archaeological site of Feteti - La Schit (Adncata commune, Suceava county) revealed important
habitation levels belonging to: the A3 phase (Hbeti regional aspect), the B1 and B2 phases of
the Cucuteni culture, the Erbiceni-Horodistea civilization, the second Iron Age (the Early Getic La
Tne, 5
th
-3
rd
century BC), the late Middle Ages as well as to the modern and/or contemporary
ages.
In the investigated area (of almost 400 m
2
), the most consistent level belonged to the B
phase of the Cucuteni culture, and consisted of seven dwellings, nine pits, ten hearths, eight
ovens, silages boxes, grinding installations and two defensive ditches. From the layers and
archaeological complexes (dwellings and pits), a large amount of painted pottery was recovered,
both regular and Cucuteni C type, as well as anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figurines, lithic
tools with traces of carving, polishing and perforating, and an sizeable quantity of faunal
material.
The aim of this paper consists in the anatomical and taxonomical identification of
processed faunal remains, then establishing their typology, frequency and the utility of the tools
(using the experimental methods) and performing a comparative analysis with other layers
of the Feteti - La Schit site, as well as archaeozoological samples belonging to the Cucuteni
culture - phase B.
The processed animal raw material, identified in the Cucuteni B layer of the Feteti site
amounts to 61 faunal remains, which are represented by shells, teeth, antlers and long and short
bones. The faunal remains belonged to mollusks (gastropods) and also vertebrates (birds and
mammals). The shells of gastropods (Helix pomatia) were manufactured into ornaments and/or
jewels, unlike the faunal remains of birds and mammals which were processed into tools. The
avian fragment belonged to crane (Grus grus). Of the 59 processed faunal remains belonging to
mammals, 36 were attributed to domestic species, while 23 belonged to wild ones.
Long and short bones as well as the teeth of domestic species, identified in the Cucuteni B
layer of the Feteti- la Schit site, belonging to domestic cattle (Bos taurus), sheep/goat group
(Ovis aries and Capra hircus), pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) and dog (Canis familiaris) were used as
animal raw material in manufacturing, mainly of sharpened tools (such as needles and for
pricking), rounded (chisel) and smoothers/ trowels. In the same layer faunal remains were
identified which had unfinished perforations, perhaps used as handles.
Wild mammals, whose faunal remains were processed in the Cucuteni B layer from the
Feteti - la Schit site, were represented by deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus),
and wild boar (Sus scrofa ferus), hare (Lepus europaeus) and horse (Equus caballus). Deer antler
and long bones of wild mammals were used as raw material mainly in manufacturing plowing
tools, represented by soft-hammers, planters and chisels, used in the processing of woods. A
very few fragments of long bone belonging to wild mammals were used as smoothers.


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BIOARCHAEOLOGY 47
BIOARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA ON SOME FUNERARY COMPLEXES
FROM THE SULTANA - MALU ROU NECROPOLIS (CLRAI COUNTY)

Ctlin LAZR, Adrian BLESCU, Gabriel VASILE


Keywords: necropolis, graves, ritual pits, funeral behaviors, Eneolithic.

The Eneolithic necropolis from Sultana - Malu Rou was identified in 2006. So far 36
inhumation graves have been excavated. Most graves contained individuals deposited in a
crouched position, on the left side (rarely on the right side), and oriented eastwardly. However,
beyond these findings, a number of graves from this cemetery, containing human bones with no
anatomical connection (secondary burials or reburials), have been investigated. This practice is
rarely documented in other cemeteries assigned to the Eneolithic period (Boian-Karanovo V and
Kodjadermen-Gumelnia-Karanovo VI cultural complexes).
From this category we present the case of grave no. 28, discovered in 2009 (Fig. 1). It
contained human bone remains in no apparent anatomical connection, in association with
pottery fragments and faunal remains. Among the latter, a horn of domestic beef (Bos taurus)
was discovered. In another area of the cemetery, in a complex (C1/2009) interpreted as an
offering pit, another Bos taurus horn was found. Interestingly, it represented the pair of the horn
discovered in grave no. 28. This suggests the contemporaneity of the two archaeological
complexes.
This presentation will include archaeological, anthropological and archaeozoological data
related to these two complexes (grave no. 28 and C1/2009).

Acknowledgements: This work was supported by CNCSIS-UEFISCSU, project number PN II-RU
code 16/2010.

Fig. 1. Grave no. 28 from the Sultana - Malu Rou necropolis.


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BIOARCHAEOLOGY 48
RECENT ARCHAEOZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN
MONTEORU CULTURE SITES FROM EASTERN ROMANIA

Georgeta EL SUSI

Vasile Prvan Institute of Archaeology, Bucharest

Keywords: Monteoru culture, settlements, faunal remainders, kill-off patterns.

The paper aims to present recent data on livestock management in the settlements of
the Monteoru culture, located in eastern Romania, based on faunal samples from Costia (Neam
county) and Pietroasa Mic - Gruiul Drii (Buzu county). 8,535 bones were taken into
consideration, of which 2,755 are from the settlements mentioned above, the rest from others
already published (Table 1). Statistics show that hunting would have had a minor role in supply,
since in most sites wildlife remainders do not exceed 8.5%, excepting sites from Srata
Monteoru with 12% and Costia with 28.8 %.
Hunting focused on exploiting a wide variety of mammals including: red deer, boar, roe
deer, aurochs, beaver, hare, small carnivores, elk, and bison (Mndrica and Bogdneti). Three
economic schemes are predicted in terms of management of domestic mammals:
1. prevalence of cattle with low rates of ovicaprids, up to half of the first taxons frequency; 2.
both species with similar value; 3. prevalence of the small ruminants with lower rates of cattle.
The first grouping includes sites with a very high percentage of cattle (about 50%), for
example 48% at Crlomneti-Armanu, 52% at Bogdneti and 63% at Mndrica. In addition, the
ovicaprids rate is reduced, recording 11-18% in sites from Moldavia and somewhat larger at
Crlomneti-Armanu (27%). A sub-variant of this model, with a somewhat lower rate of cattle
(about 40%) but prevalent, compared with a halved share of sheep/goat, includes settlements
from Srata Monteoru or Costia, with only 32.7% cattle versus 12% sheep.

Table 1. Taxa frequencies in Monteoru sites.
NISP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Cattle 36 40.14 42.1 28.2 48.3 52.46 63.07 32.7
Sheep/g. 35.82 22.9 43.8 46.3 26.7 18.78 11.68 12.4
Pig 16.29 13.38 11.6 15.4 16.4 16.69 14.96 16.4
Horse 1.56 5.44 0 0.3 6 0.59 0.89 8.2
Dog 1.86 5.67 1.4 3.8 0 4.18 1.15 1.5
Game 8.47 12.47 1.1 6 2.6 7.3 8.25 28.8
Sample 2130 441 480 551 276 897 3135 625
MNI
Cattle 17.01 18.07 28.6 19.4 36 30 40.23 20.7
Sheep/g. 38.77 22.89 28.6 27.8 24 22.22 5.47 14.6
Pig 13.61 20.48 23.8 19.4 24 18.89 31.65 22
Horse 3.4 4.82 0 2.8 8 2.22 1.95 7.3
Dog 3.4 9.64 9.5 5.6 0 6.67 2.73 3.7
Game 23.81 24.1 9.5 25 8 20 17.97 31.7
1: Pietroasa Mic - Gruiu Drii; 2: Srata Monteoru (Haimovici 1994); 3: Srata Monteoru (Becker 2000);
4: Neni-Znoaga; 5: Crlomneti-Armanu; 6: Bogdneti; 7: Mndrica; 8: Costia.

The next category includes sites with similar percentages of cattle and ovicaprids, e.g.
Pietroasa Mic - Gruiu Drii with 36% and Srata Monteoru with 42%. Finally, the last group

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BIOARCHAEOLOGY 49
includes only the settlement from Neni-Znoaga, where cattle accounts for 28% and small
ruminants for 46 % of the total. The MNI discrepancies are even greater; consequently,
ovicaprids predominate in sites neighbouring Buzu, while cattle in Moldavia reaches lower
percentages. Most settlements are located in the Sub-Carpathian hills; since the management of
small ruminants was favoured by the geographical position, Monteoru communities seem to
have been specialized in their exploitation.
Pig rate is always the same, slightly varying between 15-17% and somewhat smaller at
Srata Monteoru (11.6%). The horse is less exploited; it is worth emphasizing its high share at
Costia (8%), as compared to other settlements where it reaches less than 5-6%. The low quota
of its bones may be explained by the fact that the Monteoru communities "have not yet fully
assimilated it within their economy, as a domestic animal". Although the settlements mentioned
are located in the sub-Carpathian region, providing almost the same natural resources, they
present certain features of animal management that cannot be explained only by bio-
geographical influence on the capacity to exploit the natural resources. Not out of the question is
the size of the Costia samples, a peculiarity probably resulting from consumer activities in
certain ritual practices. The exploitation of aquatic resources such as shellfish gathering and
fishing made a small contribution to the diet of the Monteoru communities.

ANIMAL BONES FROM THE MEDIEVAL SITE OF NUFRU
(CONSTANA COUNTY). PRELIMINARY RESULTS

Valentin DUMITRACU


Keywords: Nufru, zooarchaeology, animal economy, Middle Ages.

The site is placed on the right shore of the Sfntu Gheorghe branch of the Danube, on a
rocky promontory witch strangles the river, thus making it easier to cross to the Delta. The
settlement is located about 12 kilometres downstream from Tulcea. The archaeological research
has revealed a fortified city build a fundamentis in the Byzantine period, in the last quarter of the
10
th
century. In the 11
th
century, the settlement was transformed into an urban area, an event
detectable in the stratigraphy and which lasted until the first half of the 13
th
century.
We hereby present preliminary zooarchaeological data from this final context. The
assemblage is dominated by domestic animals, essentially cattle, pig and sheep/goat. There are
also indicators of horse consumption. Among domestic animals, in regard to the number of
remains, a dominance of cattle is observed. Besides its secondary products (milk and draft),
cattle was also raised for meat, as it is shown by a number of young animals sacrificed before
they could be productive. Sheep and goats were also raised for their secondary products (milk
and wool), but young individuals were often killed for consumption. Pig was raised solely for
meat, though we have also identified old animals, probably kept for reproductive purposes.
Domestic birds, chickens and probably geese, are also present. Hunting is not an important
activity, but we have identified some red deer, wild boar and hare remains. Wild birds were
hunted too, but we have not yet identified the species. Fishing seems to have been a very
important activity, as we can see from the large quantities of bones and scales. All the skeletal
elements of domestic animals are present, indicating that they were butchered and consumed at
the same place. Much of them were gnawed by dogs, animals that are also present in the faunal
assemblage. Bone and antler craft is attested, for example by a skate made of a horse metatarsal
and antler waste.

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BIOARCHAEOLOGY 50
A STUDY OF NON-POLLEN PALYNOMORPHS IDENTIFIED IN SEDIMENTS
COLLECTED NEAR TO PAVED ROAD (ROMAN/MEROVINGIAN)
VIA MANSUERISCA (EAST BELGIUM)

Mihaela DANU


Keywords: Via Mansuerisca, paved road, Roman/Merovingian, non-pollen palynomorphs.

In this work, we present the preliminary study of non-pollen palynomorphs identified in
samples collected from material cored near the paved road Via Mansuerisca. The road (of
around 6 km in length) was discovered at a depth of ca. 1 m, in peat sediments belonging to the
Hautes-Fagnes Plateau (Belgium). Despite the fact that so far several investigations
(archaeological, archaeobotanical and geochemical) of this area were undertaken, its origins
(Roman, Merovingian?) and function (transition of a local or regional scale, economic function)
are still not fully understood. In order to elucidate these hypotheses and to bring into attention
new elements, we made a new drill at a distance of 11 m from the road. In addition to pollen
analysis, we also identified the non-pollen palynomorphs (NPPs) for collecting more complete
data on the paleoenvironment, as well as on the anthropic pressure. Here, many types of NPP
were identified, but some of them were recorded in very high percentages. For instance, the
spores of a parasitic fungus, Ustulina deusta (HdV-44), affecting the deciduous species, have a
significant predominance among the NPP. This fits very well with the situation recorded for the
pollen percents of deciduous species. Moreover, we also identified spores of Glomus, a
mycorrhizal fungus that could be an index for soil erosion. High percents were also found in the
case of spores belonging to coprophilous fungi: Cercophora sp. (Hdv-112), Sordaria sp. (HdV-55),
and Sporomiella sp. This situation would imply the existence of some human activities making
use of animals. Therefore, it may be assumed that in this area either agricultural and pasture
related occupations were developed; hence the evidence suggests that the road was transited by
various carts pulled by animals.

Acknowledgements: Developing the innovation capacity and improving the impact of research
through post-doctoral programmes (POSDRU/89/1.5/S/49944).

DATA ON THE DEMOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE AND THE LONGEVITY OF
THE MEDIEVAL POPULATION OF IAI
(THE CEMETERY OF THE PRINCELY COURT, 17
th
CENTURY)

Vasilica-Monica GROZA
1
, Georgeta MIU
2
, Angela SIMALCSIK
2

1
2
Romanian Academy - Iai Branch, Department of Anthropological Research

Keywords: mortality, anthropological vestiges, demographic study, 17
th
century.

In this article we report on a demographic study of a series of 111 human skeletons
(teenagers, adults, grown-ups and elderly people) exhumed in 2008 in the central area of Iai
(the area of the future Palas residential complex), and dated to the late medieval period by the
initiator of the digging, archaeologist Stela Cheptea and her collaborators. The importance of this

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study lies in the fact that, until the present date, few anthropological vestiges in medieval Iasi
have been exhumed.
The specialists believe that the graveyard discovered during the utility works for the
future residential complex belonged to the former princely court, to a period when Iai was well
established as an urban locality, being an important administrative, economic and cultural
centre, containing genuine monuments of medieval art.
By determining the gender and age of the skeletons, we established a post-mortem
demographic representation of a proportion of the urban population of medieval Iasi.
We analyzed the general mortality by gender and age, as well as the average life span, by
calculating the average age of the deceased. In the series studied we recorded no deaths for the
0 to 14 years old interval. The death rate calculated for the teenagers segment (14-20 years old)
shows that about 13.51% of the population sample studied died before reaching adulthood. As
for the age period of 20-x years old, the number of deaths among adults (20-30 years old), as
well as for those over 60, is obviously lower (18.92% and 1.80% respectively), compared to
mortality among grown-ups (30-60 years old; about 66%).
The male population ratio (the proportion between the number of deceased men and
women) for the entire deceased population is high, the number of male skeletons significantly
exceeding the female ones, a phenomenon also noticeable in grown-ups and teenagers. For the
entire series studied (0-x years old), the average life span is ca. 21 years, and by gender (for 20-x
years old), it is about 40 years for men and 36 years for women.
Compared to other synchronous series in the Moldavian area (Iai - Biserica Sf. Nicolae,
Iai-Ciurchi, Sboani, Berindeti, Rchiteni, Siret, Brad), the urban population of medieval Iai
investigated by us had an average life span eight to nine years shorter than the ones from the
reference series.

WEANING PATTERNS IN THE MEDIEVAL POPULATION OF FELDIOARA
(BRAOV COUNTY, ROMANIA)

Cristina MUJA
1,2,3
, Laurent THERESE
1
, Anca DINISCHIOTU
2
, Philippe GUILLOT
1

1
Plasma Diagnostic Laboratory, CUFR J.F.C, Albi, France
2
University of Bucharest, Faculty of Biology
3

Keywords: breastfeeding duration, Middle Age, elemental analysis, Sr:Ca ratio, Ca:P ratio.

Previous studies have already shown the utility of teeth and bones Sr:Ca ratios from
juvenile individuals to estimate the duration of breastfeeding in past populations. The aim of our
study was to investigate the weaning patterns of the medieval human population of Feldioara.
We used the Sr:Ca ratios determined for different depths of tooth enamel. The first permanent
molar was chosen for analysis, as the period of development of its crown (0-3 years old) most
probably corresponds to the moment when weaning occurred. For each tooth we established
several areas of analysis, corresponding to different developmental stages. For each area we
determined the Ca:P and Sr:Ca ratios. The Ca:P ratio was used to investigate diagenesis in the
Feldioara samples and to determine whether the biogenetic signal of Sr:Ca ratio was preserved.
Concentrations of calcium, phosphorus and strontium were obtained by the X-ray
fluorescence (XRF) technique (Jobin Yvon Horiba XGT-5000 instrument) which offered detailed
elemental analysis with a spatial resolution of 100m. Commercial multi-element standards
were used for calibration (NIST 1400 and NIST 1486). Then single-point analysis was used to

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BIOARCHAEOLOGY 52
obtain quantitative results, whereas mapping analysis provided qualitative information and
highlighted the regions of interest (2D elemental imaging showing intensity distribution on the
selected surface).

OSTEOBIOGRAPHY OF THE PEOPLE FROM THE BRILA - STR. ROSETTI NR. 2
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE (14
TH
-18
TH
CENTURIES)

Angela SIMALCSIK, Vasilica-Monica GROZA,
Georgeta MIU, Robert-Daniel SIMALCSIK

Romanian Academy - Iai Branch, Department of Anthropological Research

Keywords: Brila - str. Rosetti nr. 2, pathology, anomaly, 14
th
-18
th
centuries.

This paper presents an anthropological analysis of the skeletal remains discovered in May-
June 2010 at No. 2 Rosetti Street, Brila, dated from the 14
th
to the 18
th
centuries by Ionel
Candea and Costin Croitoru, archaeologists from the Brila Museum. Archeological excavations
unearthed historical artifacts including a series of 16 human skeletons from 14 inhumation
graves, that represents a small segment of the population of medieval Braila, and which provides
an opportunity to complete the anthropological image of the mentioned population.
For the total number of considered individuals (0-x years) considered, the average death
age was 39.2, while for the 20-x years segment it was 39.2 for females and 40.5 for males. The
distribution per sex and age groups showed a significantly higher proportion of men compared to
women (75% versus 25%), indicating a high masculinity index (12/4). We noted a predominance
of deaths in the mature age range (62.5), followed by the adultus (18.75), senilis, juvenis and
infans.
Dental caries and osteoarthritis are the most common pathologies, with the latter
illustrated by the development of bone spurs (osteophytes), Schmorls nodes and bone pitting.
We noted that both osteoarthritis and tooth caries are present only in males. A smaller
prevalence was registered in the case of dental calculus, supplementary (wormian) bones, cribra
orbitalia, xifo-sternal fusion, sacro-coccygeal fusion and humeral foramen. Other
pathologies/anomalies, such as cribra cranii externa, cribra cranii interna, hipodontia,
microdontia, edentulism, sternal non-fusion, additional articulation facets, and trauma (cranial
and sternal) appear sporadically. One might assume, based on the extremely high value of the
masculinity index, that people from Brila str. Rosetti nr. 2 lived in peaceful conditions, without
witnessing any warlike event. Pathological observations, which show low values for the
prevalence of injuries that are most often the result of fighting, come in support of this
hypothesis.


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BIOARCHAEOLOGY 53
POSTERS

THE ECONOMIC ROLE OF SWINE (DOMESTIC PIG AND WILD BOAR) IN THE
PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENTS OF THE TERRITORY OF ROMANIA

Simina STANC, Mariana POPOVICI, Luminia BEJENARU


Keywords: swine, prehistory, archaeozoology, economic importance, correspondence analysis.

The study addresses the issue of the role played by swine (domestic pig and wild boar) in
the food economy of the prehistoric communities from Romania. Using statistical analysis, the
share of swine remains in the employed samples will be calculated. Multivariate analysis
techniques (Multiple Correspondence Analyses - MCA) is used to analyse the relations between
different categories of variables. This method is in fact considered an extension of the simple
correspondence analysis, in which more than two variables can be analyzed.
In our study, the relations established between the two swine species will be revealed
using the above-mentioned method, and in relation to the following aspects: historical culture
and historical regions (Moldavia, Muntenia, Oltenia, Dobrudja, Banat, and Transylvania), while at
the same time emphasizing the synchronic and diachronic differences. Identifying the remains of
the domestic pig is quite difficult since the samples also contain remains of wild boar: moreover,
these are strongly fragmented. In the case of the Neolithic settlements, the abundance of
domestic pig remains is an indicator of the sedentary life of the communities.
The domestication of the pig took place in the Middle East around 8500-8000 BP; the
first evidence of domestic pigs in Europe comes from Argissa Magula in Greece.
The analysis of the frequency of the domestic swine remains in the samples show that at
the beginning of the Neolithic Age their share is very small, indicating that these communities
had a high mobility due to the necessity of providing food for their domesticated cattle and
ovicaprins. Domestic swine remains begin to increase towards the end of the Neolithic Age,
suggesting a more sedentary life of the communities from this period (Gumelnia and Slcua
cultures). Data for the samples belonging to the Early Neolithic (Gura Baciului-Crcea cultural
aspect and Starcevo-Cri culture) are rather sparse.
In the Neolithic samples, domestic mammals have a more significant share compared to
the wild mammals. The share of domestic pig remains in the archaeozoological samples does not
exceed that of cattle, sheep and goat.
The wild boar is a commonly identified species in the samples from the Neo-Eneolithic
Age. Ecologically speaking, this species is considered a forest animal, though it may also be
found on floating reed islands, in reeds and in the islands of the Danube Delta. The discovery of
this species in the plain settlements from the Neo-Eneolithic period is an argument for the fact
that the south of Romania was once covered by large deciduous forests. The Neolithic
communities most frequently hunted species was the red deer, followed by the wild boar, roe
deer and auroch.


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BIOARCHAEOLOGY 54
TEMPORAL MODELLING OF DNA DEGRADATION IN BONE REMAINS

Andrei TEFAN, Lucian GORGAN, Radu DRUIC, Luminia BEJENARU


Keywords: bone tissue, total DNA, mitochondrial DNA, DNA degradation, ancestral DNA.

The aim of this study is to follow the changes that occur, over time, at DNA level, and to
establish an efficient and reliable protocol for ancestral DNA extraction from bones found in
archaeological sites. Soft tissues are rapidly decomposed but bones withstand the pressures of
the environment. Part of the initial DNA evades degradation. Depending on the conditions in
which bone material is preserved, viable DNA fragments can be recovered from bones up to
several thousand years old. This study proposes a model of degradation of some mitochondrial
DNA regions that are used in molecular taxonomy studies.
The material consists of pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) and cattle (Bos taurus) bones,
exposed to the environment. The first total DNA extraction was carried out at the moment the
bones were acquired, after which the extractions were done once every month. Bone
fragmentation was accomplished by using a drill operating at low speed. The bone surface was
properly cleaned, the superficial layer of bone was removed and the bone was exposed to UV
light, before DNA extraction to avoid contamination. The bone powder was incubated for 2 h at
37
o
C in lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH=8, 25 mM EDTA, 1% SDS, 20 mg/ml proteinase K) and
total DNA extraction was performed by using the phenol:chloroform:isoamylic alcohol (25:24:1)
protocol. DNA elution was done in Tris-EDTA. Total DNA quantity was spectrophotometrically
determined and its molecular weight and integrity were determined by 1% agarose gel
electrophoresis stained with ethidium bromide and UV light-visualized.
This study showed a gradual fragmentation of total DNA indicating a reduction of high
molecular weight DNA and an increase of smaller size DNA fragments. These fragments can be
seen on the agarose gel as vertical bands known as smearing.


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ETHNOARCHAEOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY 55
ETHNOARCHAEOLOGY AND
EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY

ETHNOARCHAEOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY WITHIN THE FIELD
OF PREHISTORIC POTTERY: CONCEPTS, POSSIBILITIES, LIMITS

Felix-Adrian TENCARIU


Keywords: prehistoric pottery, ethnoarchaeology of pottery, experimental archaeology,
chane opratoire.

The research on prehistoric pottery in Romania is still in the typology phase. This fact is
best reflected in the vast majority of the specialized literature: the significance held by pottery
is especially understood as a means of organizing the spatial and chronological landmarks of an
archaeological culture. The studies on pottery are, generally speaking, descriptive and statistical.
They have a special focus on defining the shapes and decoration, without insisting much on the
complex mechanisms that dictated the manufacture, use and the eventual destruction
of millions of pottery recipients that were and are discovered as a result of archaeological
research.
After 1960, western archaeological literature especially heralded a transition towards
the conceptual phase of the pottery studies, more focused on understanding the cultural
context within which the pottery products were produced and used. The burned clay wares are,
therefore, considered ecological and socio-cultural products par excellence, offering answers to
certain problems related to the social organization and human behaviour of pottery-
manufacturing communities. In other words, the study of pottery no longer seeks to answer the
classic questions When and where?, as in the preceding, typological, phase, but more on How
and why?. A contextual analysis of pottery must imply the incorporation of ethnographical,
ethno-archaeological, archeometrical, technological and experimental studies in the
research into this vital aspect of bygone cultures.
In this study, we will review the main methodological and theoretical
problems, projects and results connected to the ethno-archaeology of prehistoric pottery
from the last few decades. Beyond different trends and approaches, ethno-archaeology and
experimental archaeology represent more than an ethnographical and tested hypothesis or a
database for different reconstructions. The most important value of those two disciplines relies
on the fact that they prevent the archaeologist from employing a simplistic approach. They bring
about an anthropological understanding of the relations established between the preserved
ceramic artifacts and the human behaviour patterns that generated them. With a starting point
of diverse situations from the present, and experimenting with different hypothesis and
theories, the archaeologist is able to climb the inference pyramid and interpret archaeological
situations with no apparent analogies.
One of the conclusions triggered by our research is that the ethno-archaeological data as
well as the results of the experiment are not, and should not, be used as a direct source to
answer unexplained problems that occurred during archaeological research. Rather, they provide
a necessary background for possible analogies towards a more nuanced understanding of the
technological processes as well as of the social organization and the context of the past. In other

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words, these two disciplines serve, first of all, to help the archaeologist to formulate appropriate
inquiries about the artefacts discovered during archaeological research.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL CULTURE AND ETHNIC GROUP: THEORETICAL
CONTROVERSIES OF ETHNIC INTERPRETATION IN ARCHAEOLOGY

Andrei COROBCEAN


Key-words: archaeological culture, ethnic group, ethnicization, variation, ethnic paradigm.

The attempts of archaeologists to explain the stylistic and typological variations of
different categories of archaeological evidence have generated a plethora of models for
correlating the material with discrete groups such as social entities, ethnic groups, polities, etc.
The a posteriori ethnicization of the grouped archaeological material (conventionally
called archaeological cultures) was one such not-quite-homogenous model employed in
approaches which, in their turn, have inspired critical and often controversial disputes.
We can generally distinguish two premises that increased interest in such correlations. The
first premise, methodological in nature and inspired by the exact sciences, was a result of a
general tendency to systematize, classify and impose a typology of materials. In archaeology, the
spatial and temporal repetition of similar types of artefacts implies the existence of some
correlations between the material assemblages (types) and certain concrete social entities. The
cultural contexts, in which the correlation between objects was established, were about to
become topics of the historical process. The second premise of the ethnic paradigm in
archaeology has ideological foundations developed particularly by the German school. It is
based on the idea first advanced by J. G. Herder on the emanation of the national spirit which
justified the direct correlation between the material culture and the language and ethnos.
The ethnic paradigm has generally been based, since G. Kossina and until recently, on the
normative conceptualization of the culture, through which all of the cultures constituting
elements are subjected to certain stipulated norms, in the sense that obeying them becomes a
priority for the members of the community. The communitys very existence depends on the
sharing of these values from one generation to another via socialization, ensuring the continuity
of the cultural traditions. The normative culture approach turned out to be a concept compelling
enough to allow the further development of the ethnic paradigm.
Between the apparently strong case for the correspondence between archaeological
culture and ethnos, and the idea of the impossibility of making such correlations, one can
attempt to suggest that the ethnic interpretation of the so-called archaeological cultures can
be just one of the many ways, and not the only one, in which the archaeological material can be
dealt with. In any case, the quality of the studies which operate with ethnic attribution of the
archaeological material negatively correlates to the degree of political involvement of their
authors, and depends as well on the degree in which the methodological rigour is respected.


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REVISITING THE PAST: ETHNOARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
AT THE MOLDAVIAN SUB-CARPATHIAN SALT SPRINGS

Marius ALEXIANU
1
, Olivier WELLER
2
, Robin BRIGAND
3
,
Vasile COTIUG
4
, Roxana-Gabriela CURC
4

1
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Letters, ARHEOINVEST Platform
2
CNRS-Universits Paris 1 Panthon-Sorbonne et Paris 10-Nanterre
3
Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249, Besanon
4

Keywords: ethnoarchaeology, salt springs, Moldavia, Neolithic, Chalcolithic.

The archeological discoveries of the last quarter of the 20
th
century have shown that the
sub-Carpathian area of Moldavia (Romania) constitutes the region with the oldest salt
exploitations in Europe and probably worldwide (first half of the 6
th
millennium BC).
Salt must have influenced prehistoric communities in fundamental ways, and yet it is
hard to determine directly from the archaeological remains themselves. A distinctive feature of
the Moldavian salt springs is that they remain in use to this day, being intensely exploited. This
has motivated a Romanian ethnoarchaeological approach to the study of prehistoric salt usage.
This ethnoarchaeological work which started in the late 80s has been intensified since
2004 by the activity of a French-Romanian team, and tremendously quickened in 2007 by the
three-year long project entitled Ethnosal - The Salt Springs of Moldavia: The Ethnoarchaeology of
a Polyvalent Natural Resource. The project extended to the whole of the Moldavian piedmont, to
the Suceava, Neam, Bacu and Vrancea counties, with Neam as the main focus point. The
projects agenda was developed to ensure a holistic understanding of this complex phenomenon
of long-term saltwater exploitation, which started in the Early Neolithic (Starevo -Cri culture).
The 160 ethnographic inquiries made so far had various objectives: identification and
localization of salt springs, user localities, transportation, uses, frequency, (re)distribution
networks, commerce, barter transaction, gifts, hunting, exploitation types and methods;
symbolism, behaviors and ethnoscience. Even though data processing is still in progress, we have
managed to characterize and model certain phenomena, such as the salt-water distribution
networks and the (re)distribution networks of crystallized salt from brine (Rmn. husc) and rock
salt. Even nowadays, the presence of salt springs in the life of rural (and at times even urban)
communities is a complex, multidimensional phenomenon (see, for example, the
halotherapeutic dimension) which has generated a whole spiritual universe, leaving a specific
mark not only on the landscape, but also on the (micro-)toponymy and (micro-)hydronymy. This
solid ethnographic frame of reference, corroborated with other types of data (salt-water
chemistry, distribution and population density, etc.), will surely impose itself as model of
approach to understanding the history of traditional exploitation and use of salt springs, a
tradition that has almost disappeared in Europe.


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SALT RESOURCES IN THE CENTRAL MOLDAVIAN PLATEAU.
ETHNOARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA

Vicu MERLAN

Cuza Vod National College of Hui

Keywords: salt, Central Moldavian Plateau, traditional exploitation, ethnoarchaeology.

Ethnographic surveys show that three types of salt resources have been used in the
Central Moldavian Plateau: rock salt from Sarmatian intercalations of sands; salt springs situated
mainly on the middle course of the Srata Rivulet valley; the salty badlands with thin crusts of
recrystallized salt, located mostly around the muddy volcanoes of the Elan-Horincea Depression.
Recrystallized salt contains sodium chloride and potassium chloride.
Ethnographic surveys indicate that during the first quarter of the 20
th
century, the Rroma
communities from the area practiced traditional surface-mining in the village of Pietri, Dolheti
commune, in the former Flciu county. The salt was sold at the fairs in Iai, Vaslui or Hui. In
1917, when the battlefront passed through the sub-Carpathian area, paralyzing the salt
exploitation activities, the areas with resources of lower-quality salt began to be exploited. This
occurred, for example, on the Corlate Hill in Pietri, and on the Holm Hill in the Creeti
commune, likewise in Flciu county. The salt springs in the Srata Rivulet valley have been
previously exploited, during various periods, as were the rivulets temporary tributary streams
from the right, on its middle course. These salt springs provided the necessary salt for the
inhabitants of the villages of Todireni, Ivneti, Lunca Veche, Muata, Stuhule, etc.

ETHNOGRAPHIC SURVEY AT THE LAST SALTMAKER BY LIXIVIATION IN MEXICO.
NEW PARAMETERS

Marius ALEXIANU
1
, Vasile COTIUG
2
, Roxana-Gabriela CURC
2
, Viorica VASILACHE
3

1
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Letters, ARHEOINVEST Platform
2
3

Keywords: salt, lixiviation, Mexico, ethnoarchaeology.

In September 2008, several members of the Ethnosal project (The salt water springs of
Moldavia. The ethnoarchaeology of a polyvalent natural resource, CNCSIS IDEI, 414/2007) did an
ethnographic survey in the village of San Cristbal Nexquipayac, situated on the north-eastern
shore of Lake Texcoco, in Central Mexico). Here, salt is still obtained by lixiviating (artificially
washing) the salty soil a method studied in detail in an ethnoarchaeological monograph (Jeffrey
R. Parsons, The Last Saltmakers of Nexquipayac, Mexico: An Archaeological Ethnography, Ann
Arbor, Michigan, 2001). The purpose of the survey was to video record all the pertinent details of
this technique, while performed by the last practitioner of lixiviation. At the same time, we took
samples of salty soil and salt obtained through lixiviation. We present the results of the chemical
and mineralogical analyses of the samples, the first ever analysis of this kind to be performed
worldwide, done in the laboratories of the ARHEOINVEST Platform.

Acknowledgements: The members of the Romanian team thank Professor Blas Romn Castelln
Huerta from the Instituto Nacional de Antropologa e Historia, Mexico, for his hospitality and support
during the survey.

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THE EXPLOITATION OF ROCK SALT WITH THE USE OF THE WOODEN TROUGHS.
AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPERIMENT CONDUCTED AT BECLEAN - BILE FIGA
(BISTRIA-NSUD COUNTY) IN 2010

Dan BUZEA

The National Museum of the Eastern Carpathians, Sfntu Gheorghe

Keywords: experimental archaeology, Transylvania, Bronze Age, salt, exploitation.

Since ancient times salt was considered a very precious natural resource. Today we take
advantage of its varied properties, regardless where we find it: on the surface or deep under the
earth, in brines (salt water brooks). We use salt to prepare our meals, to preserve food, in
therapies, in research, etc. But if today we know how to exploit salt and benefit from its
properties, we cannot avoid wondering about the way people exploited and used it thousands of
years ago. How was it exploited, how was it used in prehistoric ages?
The National Museum of the Eastern Carpathians from Sfntu Gheorghe, Covasna county
(Romania) tried to find an answer for this question by resorting to experimental archaeology,
taking into consideration the most important archaeological discoveries in the sub-Carpathian
area of Moldavia (Romania), dated in the 6
th
- 5
th
millenniums B.C., and one of Europes oldest
rock salt mines, dated to the 3
rd
1
st
millenniums B.C., discovered at Beclean - Bile Figa,
Bistria-Nsud county.
Thus, between the 10
th
and 20
th
of August 2010, the National Museum of the Eastern
Carpathians organised, with the support of its partners (the Cucuteni for the 3
rd
Millennium
Foundation from Bucharest, the Carpaii Rsriteni Cultural and Scientific Association and
Exeter University, Great Britain), the Experimental Archaeology Camp from Beclean - Bile Figa,
Bistria-Nsud County 2010, as part of the People of the Salt Project, financed by the
National Cultural Fund Administrator.
The activities of the camp were conceived in such a way as to offer answers to several
questions related to the prehistoric salt exploitation methods, using archaeological experiments,
and as well to bring the youth, pupils and students, closer to history and archaeology, using
interactive activities and thematic workshops.
All the archaeological evidence related to rock salt exploitations (rock salt mining) in the
Bronze Age were revealed so far only in Transylvania and Maramure: at la Beclean - Bile Figa,
Ssarm - Valea Srat and Caila (Bistria-Nsud county), Ocna Dej, Valea Florilor (Cluj county),
Ocna Mure (Alba county) and at Solotvino and the Valley of the Kings (Ukraine).
The most important results revealed so far by the archaeological researches were four
wooden troughs found in the stream of the Prul Srat (Salted Bracket) from Beclean - Bile
Figa (Bistria-Nsud county). One of these troughs was excavated by the geologist Ioan
Chintuan, from Bistria, in 2005. The other three were discovered in 2007 and 2008, during the
archaeological research campaigns conducted by the National Museum of Eastern Carpathians.
We advance many hypotheses regarding the functionality of the wooden troughs in the
prehistoric salt mines. Still, no plausible and convincing evidence was brought so far in relation to
the way these installations were used in exploiting rock salt during the Bronze Age.
The archaeological experiment from Bile Figa gave important results once clear water
was run through the trough, right on top of the rock salt bed. Clear water seeped on the hemp
strings placed inside the wooden pegs. After 8 hours, perforations and deep channels appeared
in the rock salt (Fig. 1). Wooden wedges were introduced into the perforations and, by hitting
them with sledge-hammers, massive salt boulders were easily depicted off the rock salt bed.

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The hypothesis that the troughs were used to direct water jets towards the rock salt bed
in order to drill it was launched by E. Preissig in 1877. The idea has since then received support
from several researchers, while others criticised it. The preliminary results of the experiments
conducted in year 2010 at Beclean - Bile Figa showed that he was right.

Fig. 1. The 2010 "Trough" Experiment.

EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA:
ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND PERSPECTIVES

Andrei NICIC, Sergiu MATVEEV


Keywords: experimental archaeology history, Republic of Moldova, Saharna, Open-air Museum.

The interest for archaeological experiments arose in the Republic of Moldova with the
scientific rediscovery of the Saharna region, located on the middle course of the Dniester. Since
then, the name of Saharna came to embody the only hope for the future of archaeology in
contemporary Moldova. Numerous archaeological sites have stimulated constant interest in
research into the Iron Age from the middle course of the Dniester. Under these circumstances,
and within the scope of the Moldova State Universitys archaeological expedition, the idea of
organizing a laboratory of experimental archaeology in Saharna was put forward in 2007.
The first concrete results were the manufacturing of a replica collection of pottery vessels
from the Cozia-Saharna culture and the Getic period. Emphasis was put on the accurate
reconstruction of various aspects of the everyday life characteristic to the early Iron Age
communities from this region. The high degree of site preservation not only allowed for the
replication of inventory pieces, but also for in situ living and performance of typical household
activities. These experiments had allowed for the advancement of new questions and answers
on the issue of pre-historical pottery use. The student groups which took part in these
experiments advocate to this day for experimental archaeology to become a field of study.
A new stage in the development of experimental archaeology in the Republic of Moldova
began with the creation in Saharna-iglu of a new open-air museum dedicated to the Cozia-

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Saharna archaeological culture. Today it serves as an interdisciplinary academic research
platform for archaeology in Moldova, and where several scientific meetings were organised
during the last three years.
Moldovan international cooperation in the field of experimental archaeology is done via
membership in to the International Organisation of Archaeological Open-air Museums and
Experimental Archaeology EXARC, and the European Association for the Advancement of
Archaeology by Experiment EXAR.
At the moment of speaking, pending tasks include: the completion of the two houses that
are currently being constructed at the site; experimenting on ceramic burning, using different
types of earth holes and various paste production methods and mixtures, and by allowing or
preventing oxygen access into the hole; experiments on ceramic burning in an oven which is a
replica of a recently discovered structure.

CUCUTENIAN PAINTED POTTERY. AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPERIMENT AT
CUCUTENI (IAI COUNTY), JULY - AUGUST 2007

Ovidiu COTOI

Dunrea de Jos University of Galai, Faculty of History, Philosophy and Theology

Keywords: experimental archaeology, Cucuteni culture, painted pottery, paste, pigments, clays.

In the period between the 26
th
of July and the 15
th
of August 2007, a group of students
from the Faculty of History, Philosophy and Theology from the Dunrea de Jos University of
Galai, coordinated by the author of this study, took part in an archaeological experiment carried
out at Cucuteni (Iai county). The experiment aimed at improving some techniques of paste
preparation in order to obtain a pottery qualitatively similar to the Cucuteni one. The second
part of the experiment was dedicated to painting the vases using the pigments present in the
clays discovered in the vicinity of the Cucuteni-Cetuie settlement. The present study shows the
stages of the experiment, the techniques that were used, as well as the conclusions which have
been drawn based on the information revealed by the study.
The experiment was generally successful, even though some questions could not be
answered, such as on the technology behind the production of the paste and the paint pigments.
More exactly, although the quality of the paste we produced was very good, its porosity was still
higher than that of the finest Cucutenian pottery, a fact later confirmed by the SEM analysis. This
led to the question if the Cucuteni craftsmen did use other techniques for removing the coarse
fraction from the clays, apart from the known ones (levigation, sifting, etc.). Similarly, the firing,
although complete, was not perfectly homogenous on the whole surface of the vessels, due to
the defective loading of the kiln which directly affected the painting from the vessels surface.
The pigments from clays (limonite for red, kaolinite white) adhered well to the surface of the
vessels, but differences in the shades and tints of the colours from the walls of the same vessel
or between vessels appeared due to the unequal firing. Also, the painting lacked the polish
specific to Cucutenian vessels, and this raised the question of nature of the diluent used by the
Cucutenian craftsmen for preparing the paint. These questions are to be settled by future
research.

Acknowledgements: The vessels that resulted from this experiment were used within the
ARHEOPOLICE Project to calibrate the expert system meant to detect counterfeit objects and fight the
traffic with patrimonial goods.

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1 2

3 4

5 6

7 8

Fig. 1. The stages of the archaeological experiment from Cucuteni (Iai county), 2007.
1: clay cleaning; 2: clay treading; 3-4: moulding; 5: moulded vessels;
6: painting the vessels; 7: vessels pending firing; 8: vessels after firing.

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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE USE OF PERISHABLE FABRICS IN THE
MANUFACTURING OF NEOLITHIC AND ENEOLITHIC POTTERY

Paula MAZRE, tefan LIPOT, Alin CDAN

1 Decembrie 1918 University of Alba Iulia

Keywords: Neolithic pottery, textile imprints, perishable fabrics, pottery manufacturing,
experimental archaeology.

The importance and diverse functional role that perishable fabrics had in prehistoric
times remains largely unknown because of the scarcity of these products that requires special
conditions for preservation. The use of perishable fibres has been known since the Upper
Palaeolithic. A number of ethnographic analogies and archaeological findings (such as those from
the PPNB sites of Nahal Hemar and Ali Kosh) show that cloth was used in making containers
before the invention and production of pottery. The numerous textile and mat imprints
discovered on Neolithic and Eneolithic pottery South-Eastern Europe can be connected with the
perpetuation of this pre-pottery tradition in the manufacture of containers. From this
perspective, the study of pottery imprints is very important, especially as it provides two sets of
information. On the one hand, the imprints bring out data about textile production in those
areas which lack actual fabric remains. On the other hand, they represent a potential source of
information on pottery manufacturing. Although most imprints have been identified on the
bottom of vessels, there are also imprints on walls, inside, or at the junction between the bases
and walls of pots. According to their position on a vessel, the imprints can have different
interpretations of the manner in which they were produced, the reason for their fashioning, and
the actual functions of the structures that have left these imprints.
Thus, according to the interpretations given by archaeologists, and corresponding to the
ethnographic analogies, we can draw four theoretical models of the more or less deliberate use
of perishable fibre structures in pottery manufacturing:
- they were used as supports for drying the finished vessels;
- they were used to support and rotate the vessels, in order to facilitate their
manufacturing;
- they were deliberately imprinted on the clay surface to create more adherence
between the parts of the whole vessel;
- they were added to the walls as structural elements meant to strengthen the
vessels.
The experimental study aimed at testing the fourth theoretical model on the use of
fibre structures in pottery manufacturing, but also at recording notable differences
in the manner of producing the imprints. To this purpose, the experimental approach consisted
of: producing several types of structures using different perishable fabrics; producing
imprints using clay with different degrees of humidity and exerting different pressures
(weight); shaping some simple clay vessels using the fabrics as support; building some complex
vessels, from several parts, which had previously been imprinted at the junction areas;
experimental burning of some tablets or clay vessels inside which textile fragments were
intentionally inserted.


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NEEDLE LOOPED TEXTILES ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

Carmen MARIAN

Moldova National Museum Complex, Iai

Keywords: prehistory, textile, eyed needle, nalbinding, ethnography.

The paper highlights the similarities that exist between the manner of fashioning a
prehistoric textile structure and the textile techniques used nowadays for making various
ethnographic objects, thus testifying to the survival of very old textile crafting techniques, with
roots going back to prehistorical ages.
The investigation of archaeological potsherds preserving impressions of textile materials
provided important data regarding the evolution of textile technologies in time and space, thus
adding new details to the picture of the daily life of the prehistoric man. This is also the case of a
potsherd that is part of the main exhibition of the History and Archaeology Museum in Piatra-
Neam, assigned to the Cucuteni A2 culture. It preserves, on one of its sides, the impression of a
textile material which looks very similar to a tricot, a fabric made by knitting a continuous thread
by means of a pair of rods called needles. However, the subsequent examination of the ceramic
fragment revealed a needle-looped fabric made using the nalbinding technique. This technique,
which uses a single-eyed needle, interlocks quite short lengths of threads in twisted loops.
Although the appearance of the textiles made by nalbinding and true knitting is similar, their
structures are quite different.
Nalbinding is an ancient textile technique, still in use nowadays in some parts of the
Earth for creating of various items by plaiting threads and other flexible cloths, with the help of a
single eyed needle. In this regard the research identified several ethnographic items, still in use
today, originating from Transylvania, Romania, and which were obtained by plaiting vegetal
materials using the same technique.
The comparative study of data obtained following the research undertaken in these two
fields of study - archaeology and ethnography - testify, once again, to the fact that the
achievements in a certain field, including the textile one, are the result of long and successive
attempts, discoveries and accumulations that took place throughout time.

Fig. 1. a: a piece of fabric made using the nalbinding technique - detail; b: graphic representation of
the nalbinding structure impressed on the postsherd - detail; c. Ethnographic item made by plaiting
vegetable materials using the nalbinding technique - detail.

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STONES AND LITHIC TOOLS OF FEW PRESENT-DAY
HUNTER-GATHERERS COMMUNITIES

Loredana NI-BALAESCU, Mircea ANGHELINU, Monica MRGRIT

Valahia University of Trgovite

Keywords: raw material, lithic tools, hunter-gatherers, tradition, modernity.

For many of the studies dealing with prehistoric and present-day hunter-gatherer
communities, the approach on the economy considers, among others, the issue of the
management and the treatment of lithic and organic raw materials, augmented by use-wear
descriptions.
The paper aims to synthesize the data available on several known cases of stone use by
hunter-gatherer communities living in the sub-tropical or sub-Saharan Africa areas (such as the
Gamo, Konso, Awa, and the San Bushmen), or in the Arctic or sub-Arctic environments (such as
the Inuit, Evenki, Sami and Chukchi). The following issues concerned us:
- activities allowing the use of versatile and opportunistic lithic technology, as opposed to
activities requiring a complex technology or even specialized production;
- contexts in which certain tools could be defined as multifunctional, or, on the contrary,
as intended for particular tasks;
- socially mediated rules on the status, age or sex, in taking decisions about producing
and using certain types of tools or lithic raw materials;
- the feasibility of addressing the same issues in the case of the archaeological lithic
material.
Several aspects influenced our choice of the lithic tools and raw materials as the central
point of our the research:
- both archaeological contexts and ethnographic analogies document widespread use of
knapped, polished or unmodified lithic objects;
- in archaeological contexts, lithic items often form the best represented and sometimes
the only kind of material found, due to their high degree of conservation;
- lithic raw materials and objects can be imbued with symbolic meanings by a society.

CARVED STONE TOOL MANUFACTURING. EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY

Marius Gheorghe BARBU

Museum of Dacian and Roman Civilization, Deva

Keywords: experiments, tools, lithic material, debitage, handle, hafting.

Carved stone-tool manufacturing was one of the most important human activities for
most of the prehistorical era. In the study I attempted to use archaeological experiments to
obtain such tools, while observing and recording the results.
To obtain conclusive results, I followed the steps suggested by experts from the same
field of study, the same that were probably employed by the prehistoric people.
A first phase in manufacturing carved stone tools is the identification, sorting and
collecting the necessary raw material. We were therefore able to look at some sources of lithic

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material, and thus to draw more conclusions about the characteristics of carved stone tools.
Next, we tested the specificities of the different techniques of debitage and analysed their
complexity, and took notice of their advantages and disadvantages. The next step was the
retouching, a process which, according to the intended use of the tool, has many aspects and
modes of execution. One last step was put handles on the tools, which can be done by using
certain materials.
In the end, I formulated some interesting conclusions about this now extinct craft, that
was nevertheless a crucial industry in the development of human society.
I was able to recognize some common characteristics, and managed to sort the different
types of lithic raw material. The specificity and the advantages or disadvantages of each debitage
technique was also analysed. The effectiveness of the different methods and materials used for
handles was successfully tested during the hafting process.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE GUMELNIA CULTURE BASED
ON AN EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY STUDY

Ctlin LAZR
1
, Sebastian STAN
2
, Katia MOLDOVEANU
1
, Theodor IGNAT
3

1
2
"Ion Mincu" University of Architecture and Urbanism of Bucharest
3
Museum of Bucharest

Keywords: experimental archaeology, architecture, house, Eneolithic, Gumelnia culture.

In 2010, through the initiative of the National History Museum of Romania, in
collaboration with the Romanian Association of Archaeology, the Department for Culture and
National Heritage Clrai County, the Mnstirea Village town-Hall (Clrai county), the "Ion
Mincu" University of Architecture and Urbanism (Bucharest) and the Faculty of History from the
University of Bucharest, the first edition of the Experimental Archaeology & Architecture Project:
Reconstruction of Prehistoric Dwellings took place.
The project aimed at the reconstruction of a dwelling belonging to the Gumelnia
culture, at a scale of 1:1 (Fig. 1), based on archaeological data accumulated from the research
carried out at the Sultana-Malu Rou, and from other sources.
The reconstruction was followed by the estimation of the volume of materials used for
erecting the house, in conjunction with the human resource factor and the time needed for the
construction.
Another purpose of the experiment was the reconstruction and the verification of
different techniques for the construction of surface-area houses. This was based on
archaeological remains discovered in the field (fragments of walls with impressions of building
materials, charred fragments of posts, size and arrangement of the postholes) and on indirect
information provided by plastic representations of Gumelnia dwellings, which are mostly
reflected by ethnographic data (these data were used to verify some of our hypotheses).
The project also aims to track and record for a five-year period how the prehistoric
construction is deteriorating, but also the effects caused by climatic factors. This paper will
present the results obtained in this project.


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Fig. 1. Reconstruction of the Gumelnia dwelling (Sultana-Malu Rou, Clrai county).

DEVELOPMENT OF TRADITIONAL HOUSE-BUILDING TECHNIQUES:
ANCIENT ORGAME AND MODERN JURILOVCA

Carmen ROGOBETE

Babe-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of History and Philosophy

Keywords: Jurilovca, Orgame, house, techniques, reed.

The paper presents evidence on the development of traditional house building-
techniques used both in the ancient Greek colony of Orgame and in the modern commune of
Jurilovca, located in modern Romania, on the western shore of the Razim Lake and separated
from the Black Sea by offshore bars. Jurilovca was founded by Lipovans, a Russian ethnic group,
at the end of the 19
th
century. The village, consisting of a large community of fishermen, was first
attested in 1826, when it supposedly had 20 houses. Eight kilometres east of Jurilovca lies the
ancient city of Orgame, founded on Cape Doloman by Milesian settlers at the end of the 7
th

century BC. Houses belonging to the pre-Roman layers of the ancient settlement have only been
identified on its eastern side, in the F.E. sector.
The people of Jurilovca use cheap materials available in the region to build their houses.
House walls are built from adobe bricks, using clay and straws, and plastered afterwards with
clay or lime. Foundations are made of stone slabs with dirt as the binding material. Roofs are
usually constructed out of reed, and have a double-sloped shape. Traditionally, Lipovan houses
are painted white.
During archaeological excavations carried out in the ancient Greek city of Orgame,
several houses have been identified in sector F.E. The dwellings were part of layers dated to the
Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic periods (last decades of the 7
th
century BC the end of the 3
rd

century BC). Elements that were preserved consist mainly of wall remains, floors and household
facilities such as hearths, pits and kilns. Walls were typically constructed of wattle or reed and

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plastered with clay, while floors were made of earth and coated with clay. Later, during the
Classical and Hellenistic period, walls were also built using mud-bricks or small stone slabs in an
earth binding. Roofs were usually constructed of reed, and there is no proof to suggest the use of
tiles. These houses were primarily single-unit above-ground structures with a rectangular layout.
The houses only room probably served as the place where multiple domestic activities were
carried out.
Although the paper discusses the features of the domestic architecture employed by two
communities living during distinct periods of time, some of the materials used for building
houses in both of the above-mentioned settlements are widely available in this region. These
materials are not only ecologic, but also ensure a good thermic insulation during the warm and
cold seasons. For example, walls made of mud-bricks can last up to 70 years if they are properly
maintained.
Despite the fact that many aspects of the ancient residential quarters in Orgame remain
unknown, this paper emphasizes the importance of ethno-archaeological studies in the process
of reconstructing ancient house-building techniques.

POSTERS

EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY AT CUCUTENI:
THE CUTTING AND COOKING OF A SHEEP USING ENEOLITHIC STONE TOOLS

Vasile-Vlad NAD, Raluca-Florina PALADE, Tiberiu-Theodor PLCINT,
Diana-Andreea STAN, Claudiu-Mihai ANDREI, Radu HOZU,
Vasile-Andrei COJOCARIU, Marius NIGA, Vasilica Sndula, Tudor MARCU

Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History

Keywords: experimental archaeology, Cucuteni, sheep, stone tools.

In November 2010, at Cucuteni (Iai county), a group of students from the Faculty of
History of the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai took part in an experimental
archaeological project. Its objectives were:
- to measure the time necessary for cutting and cooking a sheep using Eneolithic stone
tools;
- to identify the difficulties which occurred during the cutting and cooking of the sheep;
- to assess the effectiveness of the flint tools;
After the sheep was slaughtered, the first action was to skin it using flint blades. This was
achieved using traditional methods still employed by local shepherds.
The skinning took 24` 14``, and the process began with cross cuts being made from the
lower joints towards the abdomen and then to the upper limbs.
The evisceration took ca. 2 minutes to complete, and it ran without any major
difficulties, except for the more laborious task of separating the bile from the liver.
The cutting was made by detaching the joints and by slicing the big bones.
After that, two cooking techniques were experimented: baking the meat in a hole and
roasting it. Finally, we consumed the meat, paleo-style, as to assess its nutritional and
gastronomic features.


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PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS 69
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS

TRACEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS ON A NUMBER OF CUCUTENIAN LITHIC TOOLS FROM
THE FETETI - LA SCHIT SITE (ADNCATA COMMUNE, SUCEAVA COUNTY)

Dumitru BOGHIAN
1
, Gheorghe FRUNZ
2
, Cornel SUCIU
2
, Sorin IGNTESCU
1

1
2
tefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Mechatronics and Management

Keywords: Cucuteni, lithic tools, traceology, use-wear, Feteti - La Schit site.

The multilayered site of Feteti - La Schit is known in archaeological literature from the
systematic research conducted here between 2000 and 2006 (roughly 400 square meters). Major
household complexes belonging to the Cucuteni A3 phase (Hbeti variant), the Cucuteni B1
and B2 phases, the Horoditea-Erbiceni culture, the Second Iron Age (Early Getic Latne, 5
th
-3
rd

century BC), the Late Middle Ages, and to the modern and contemporary eras were identified.
The most consistent deposits are those of the Cucutenians, from which chipped and retouched
artefacts of flint were recovered. With them was a significant amount of painted common and
Cucutenii C pottery, decorated with incised motifs, anthropomorphic and zoomorphic plastic,
polished and perforated lithic tools and weapons, objects made of bone and horn,
archaeobotanical and archaeozoological remains, all found in the archaeological complexes, in
the cultural layer and in pits.
In terms of raw materials, all chipped tools were made of flint from the Middle Prut-
Dniester Rivers Basin. It was important to determine the exact functions of chipped and
retouched lithic tools and weapons, within the frame of the technological process/chane
operatoire of production, of the chain-of-use, abandonment and post-depositional processes.
The artefacts were therefore analyzed in the Contact Mechanics Laboratory, of the Mechanical
Engineering, Mechatronics and Management Faculty of the tefan cel Mare University,
Suceava. 3D mapping of the sample surfaces was made using a Scan laser profilometer
produced by NanoFocus, equipped with a confocal sensor (offering a resolution up to 1000
steps/mm and with a measuring range on the z level of 1300 m). The samples were also
observed through the high-power-approach method, using a computer-aided Olympus optical
microscope (100x). To this end, we used a sample consisting of 10 chipped lithic objects, from
both levels of the phase Cucuteni B (unretouched and retouched blades, blades with polish,
simple and compound scrapers, piercings and an arrowhead).
By 3D scanning and digitizing each surface of the samples, detailed elements of the
surface topography and sides were obtained. They offered clear clues on the chipping of
supports (blades), retouching and usage of artefacts. Wear analysis revealed a single use
(arrowhead) and repeated uses (retouched blades, blades with polish, piercings and scrapers),
each with its own specific destinations (hunting, butchering animal carcasses, wood drilling,
scraping hides and wood surfaces, cutting bones/horns and wood, harvesting plants, especially
grasses, etc.). Some artefacts showed evidence of use.


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THE USE-WEAR ANALYSIS OF SOME KNAPPED STONE TOOLS
FROM THE PRE-CUCUTENIAN SETTLEMENT OF ISAIIA

Diana-Mriuca VORNICU

Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History

Keywords: Pre-Cucuteni culture, Isaiia settlement, knapped stone tools, microscopic analysis, use-
wear, traceology.

We analyzed twenty knapped stone products (with and without intentional retouches)
from the three habitation levels of the pre-Cucutenian settlement from Isaiia. The use-wear
analysis was conducted in the Laboratory for Artefact Studies from the Faculty of Archaeology,
Leiden University, Netherlands. As a reference we used the experimental collection from the
Laboratory. The 20 pieces were analyzed by combining the high power approach and the low
power approach, with the help of a metallographic microscope (50x, 100x and 200x) and of a
stereoscopic one. The use-wear analysis revealed some ordinary activities, like harvesting cereals
and hide processing. Some use traces made by a material were discovered. Further information
on them cannot be advanced at this point, due to the lack of analogies in the experimental
collection or in the available literature. The existence of some residues on the samples brought
the problem of hafting to our attention. The extrapolation of the use-wear results allowed us to
make some hypotheses about the technological behaviour and the provisioning of raw material.

RAMAN STUDY ON TWO LATE BRONZE AGE STONE ARTEFACTS
FROM NEAM COUNTY (ROMANIA)

Nicolae BUZGAR
1
, Vasile DIACONU
2
, Ionu Andrei APOPEI
1
, Andrei BUZATU
1

1
2
The History and Ethnography Museum of Trgu-Neam

Keywords: stone artefacts, Late Bronze Age, Moldavia, Raman spectroscopy, armacolite.

Two stone artefacts from the Late Bronze Age from Moldavia (Romania) have been
studied by Raman spectroscopy. The first artefact (sample no. 444) belongs to the Vntori
archaeological site (Neam county). From a petrographic viewpoint, the sample is an andesite
with amphiboles having a porphyric structure. The Raman study revealed the presence of
plagioclase feldspar and hornblende. The second artefact (sample no. 183) belonged the to
Topolia archaeological site (Grumzeti, Neam county). Petrographically, the sample is a
meladiorite with hornblende. On the surface it has a thin and transparent layer of black carbon.
The Raman spectral lines of black carbon correspond with those of pyrolytic carbon. Besides
plagioclase and amphibole, the Raman spectroscopy also identified titanite (CaTiSiO
5
) and
armacolite ((Mg,Fe
2+
)Ti
2
O
5
). Armacolite has a light brown colour and it is spatial associated with
amphibole. The identification of this mineral was based on the 222, 288, 408, 607, 663, 811 and
1086 cm
-1
Raman lines. The presence of armacolite and the black carbon layer indicates
combustion temperatures over 1000
o
C in the absence of oxygen, and a fast cooling essential for
armacolite stability.


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CERAMOGRAPHIC COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF A SERIES OF PAINTED
AND CUCUTENI C POTTERY FROM THE FETETI - LA SCHIT SITE,
ADNCATA COMMUNE, SUCEAVA COUNTY

Mihai GRAMATICU
1
, Dumitru BOGHIAN
2
, Traian Lucian SEVERIN
1
,
Silviu Gabriel STROE
3
, Sorin IGNTESCU
2

1
tefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Mechatronics and Management
2
3
tefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Faculty of Food Engineering

Keywords: Cucuteni culture, ceramography, spectral analysis, microhardness, stereo-microscopy,
Feteti - La Schit site.

Archaeometrical investigations that have been carried recently, and in particular
ceramographical ones, have also been conducted on genuine and experimentally reconstructed
Cucutenian pottery, from the perspective of the raw material used, the admixture, preparation
techniques, plastic modeling, decoration and burning, but also in regard to its protohistoric or
contemporaneous use (around the household, or a more generic social and spiritual use).
The study attempted to compare a sample group of pottery fragments belonging to for
all phases and categories, from the Feteti - La Schit site, a settlement with copious ceramic
findings. In the ceramographic analysis of the samples (painted, incised and Cucuteni C type,
from the A and B phase) in the Instrumental Analysis Laboratory (Faculty of Food Engineering)
and Science and Technology Laboratory (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Mechatronics and
Management), the authors used a highly sensitive device, the Shimadzu EDX 900 HS (Energy
Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDX) spectrometry) to highlight the chemical composition of these
artefacts. The Vickers test, made with a Shimadzu HMV micro hardness tester, was made as to
determine the micro hardness as a physical and mechanical indicator of these artefacts. The
samples were also compared using a stereomicroscopic investigation (100x) and the digital
images produced using a dedicated software and the OPTIKA - QIMAGING Go 3
stereomicroscope, as well as the metallographic microscope.
When corroborated, the results of the aforementioned analysis clearly proved the great
resemblance between the chemical compositions of the painted and incised pottery from the
two phases, suggesting they were made from local clay, from different sources situated in the
settlement or in its proximity. The chemical composition of the Cucuteni C-type pottery is
different, proving that this pottery was produced elsewhere, or according to another recipe.
We cannot rule out the possibility that some differences in the chemical composition are due to
the products that were stored in these recipients, since absorption of foreign compounds was
favoured by the great porosity and small hardness of these ceramics. At the same time, the
physic-mechanical features and image analysis revealed a great resemblance, from a
technological point of view, between the painted pottery and the incised pottery from the A
phase, but also a series of differences between the former and the pottery from the B phase. The
Cucuteni C pottery is technologically different from the painted one.


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ATYPICAL ZONAL CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM CARBONATE DEPOSITS IN
BULKS OF PREHISTORIC CERAMIC MATERIALS WITH GRESOUS INTERNAL
STRUCTURES CAUSED BY THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Vasile COTIUG
1
, Nicolae URSULESCU
1
, Viorica VASILACHE
2, 3
, Ion SANDU
3

1
2
3
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, ARHEOINVEST Platform

Keywords: calcium carbonate, bulk sites, prehistoric ceramic, SEM-EDX, micro-FTIR.

The study focused on an anthropomorphic female statuette from a ritual complex
discovered in the L 1 dwelling of the Pre-Cucuteni settlement from Isaiia, Iai county. Statuette
no. 6 was broken in two along a line running across the pelvis, and the resulting sectional profile
is bilobed. The interior of the buttocks presented macro-porous cavities filled with crystallized
calcium carbonate.
The investigations (OM, SEM-EDX and micro-FTIR) revealed the presence of an allotropic-
shaped deposit of calcium carbonate in the cavities resulting from the manufacturing process.
The deposits are disposed in a peculiar fashion, resulting from an atypical process of sequential
concentrations caused by ionic exchange chemical reactions and by direct osmosis thorough the
membrane system of the superficial nitrates deposited while the artefact lied buried, in the
presence of chlorine anions, phosphates and sulphates, as well as of potassium, magnesium and
iron cations.
The experimental data helps explain the chemical processes behind the formation of this
mineral deposit which is stable and presents reduced solubility, and resulting from natural rather
than anthropic causes.

A MULTIVARIATE APPROACH OF POTTERY FROM THE CUCUTENI CULTURE
USING DIFFERENT ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

Florica MU
1, 2
, Irina URSACHI
1
, Valentin NICA
1
, Petronel POSTOLACHE
1
,
Vasile COTIUG
3
, Alexandru STANCU
1

1
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Physics
2
3

Keywords: pottery, Cucuteni culture, compositional analysis, magnetic properties.

Most of our knowledge concerning the Cucuteni pottery is based on traditional
archaeological methods (stratigraphy, typology and context analysis) and only few
interdisciplinary studies have been made. The study of these artefacts using only traditional
typological approaches severely limits our understanding of how these vessels were produced
and used. Combined use of stylistic and archaeometric analyses of the Cucuteni pottery
contributes to our understanding of the manufacturing techniques and enhances new insights
into the human activities.
The compositional analysis are a key factor in recognizing the "recipe" of ceramic ware
and inclusions, which can inform on such factors as resource procurement, patterns of
redistribution, and production techniques (chane operatoire). This study will examine fifty

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pottery samples selected from twenty two archaeological sites located in Eastern Romania
investigating the chemical and mineralogical composition, and the magnetic properties of the
Cucuteni ceramics. Results will be used to suggest possible distinctions in clay recipes and to
evaluate the differences in the firing atmosphere and temperature.

Acknowledgements: This work was financially supported by the project POSDRU/89/1.5/S/63663
financed by the European Social Fund, The Human Resource Development Operational Program 2007-
2013.

THE AUTHENTICATION OF TWO ANCIENT BRACELETS
USING THE SEM-EDX METHOD

Virgil MIHAILESCU-BRLIBA
1
, Stela CHEPTEA
2
,
Ion SANDU
3
, Viorica VASILACHE
1, 3

1
Institute of Archaeology of Iai,
2
Centre of History and European Civilization of Iai
3
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, ARHEOINVEST Platform

Keywords: bracelet, necropolis, burial tumulus, Carpathian tumuli culture, Sntana de Mure -
Chernyakhov culture.

The archaeological excavations uncovered two bracelets dated to the 4
th
century AD. The
first one is made of iron and was found in the necropolis from Nemior-Branite (Vntori
commune, Neam county), and was attributed to the Carpathian tumuli culture. The second
bracelet is made from bronze and was found at Hrlu (Iai county), in a Sntana de Mure
Chernyakhov habitation level. These bracelets were studied using the SEM-EDX technique, which
analysed the chemical elements found in the patina and in the interior, non-contaminated,
structural alloy.
The two bracelets made from different alloys have somewhat similar structural-
functional and physical characteristics, belonging to the same chronological time span. The
metals have the same geographical origin (Central Europe), but the minerals present in the alloy
are different. If the iron bracelet is from a funeral pyre, in the case of the bronze one, it was
discovered in a dwelling without a clear archaeological context.
Data obtained from the SEM-EDX revealed the chemical elements from the patina and
the base metal alloy.

Element [norm. wt.-
%]
[norm.
at.-%]
Error in %
Iron 97,234880 90,82670 3,010705
Aluminium 0,001031 0,15510 0,060334
Carbon 1,746652 7,58610 0,430256
Silicon 0,455094 0,84734 0,056822
Nickel 0,562343 0,58476 0,054475

Element [norm.
wt.-%]
[norm.
at.-%]
Error in %
Copper 67,23237 33,20543 1,944083
Tin 1,211933 0,320413 0,071393
Iron 1,097968 0,617034 0,060844
Nickel 0,788244 0,421493 0,052413
Oxygen 16,111 31,60368 2,727928
Carbon 12,49779 32,65677 2,184018
Silicon 0,606424 0,677662 0,062132
Aluminium 0,315868 0,367415 0,050388
Sulphur 0,081013 0,079292 0,031068
Chlorine 0,057394 0,050809 0,029458

Table 1. The chemical composition in percentages
(weight and atomic). The base alloy of the iron
bracelet from Nemior-Branite.
Table 2. The chemical composition in percentages
(weight and atomic). The base alloy of the bronze
bracelet from Hrlu.

IAI
10
th
-11
th

PRELIMINARY STUDY OF 18
TH
CENTURY LEATHER FROM
THE BOTOANI ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE

Doina Maria CREANG
1
, Cristina CAROTE
2
,
Lucreia MIU
3
, Maria GIURGINC
4

1
Bukovina Museum, Suceava
2
National Museum of Romanian History, Bucharest
3
National Research-Development Institute for Textiles and Leather, Leather and Footwear Research Institute, Bucharest
5
Polytechnical University of Bucharest, Centre for Environmental Protection and Ecological Technologies

Keywords: archaeological leather, infrared spectroscopy, MHT method, cultural heritage.

In 2010, when the rehabilitation works for the historical central district of the Botoani
municipality commenced, in the area of the northern half of the 1 Decembrie square, a dwelling
complex was archaeologically identified at a depth of ca. 0,86 - 0,88 m, and after removing by
mechanical means the modern material deposits. The dating was based on the characteristics of
several ceramic fragments found on the same level as the archaeological complex, and was also
associated with a numismatic discovery (half of a copper rouble) made in the area situated at
about 55 m to the south-west, belonging to the same stratigraphic level, and dating back to the
period of Empress Catherine II of Russia (1762-1796).
The ceramic fragments, some brick fragments, some stones (freestone) of small
dimensions as well as some raw wooden chips preserved due to the extremely clayish character
of the stratigraphic context in which they were found, place this complex within the category of
outbuildings with short-term use. Amidst the discovered artefacts, more than 50 fragments of
leather, some of which with definite scissor cut and hem sewing, have been found. The large
number of such findings suggests a possible identification of the complex, from a functional
point of view, as a temporary location during the hot season for a skinner who manufactured
leather products.
The paper presents the preliminary results of a study on 6 leather artefacts that were
discovered in the north-western sector of the historical central district of Botoani, in order to
evaluate their state of degradation. An analytical protocol to evaluate the degradation of
collagen structures (in leather and parchment) was developed by several research projects
coordinated by the Leather and Footwear Research Institute, by using non-destructive and
micro-destructive techniques such as: infrared spectroscopy (FTIR/ ATR or transmission) and UV-
VIS-NIR, thermal analysis (DSC, TA, DTG), optical microscopy, hydrothermal activity
measurement of the collagen fibres (MHT), electronic microscopy (SEM, TEM).
An evaluation of the degree of deterioration of the archaeological leather samples was
achieved by infrared spectroscopy (transmission) and MHT technique. The results showed that
the leather is highly deteriorated by hydrolysis and not so much by gelatinization or oxidation.
Even if the shrinkage temperature of the collagen fibres is over 70
o
C, their hydrothermal activity
is low, and this suggests a high level of deterioration due to the splitting of peptide
macromolecules.


IAI
10
th
-11
th

THE USE OF 2D XRF NON DESTRUCTIVE ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS IN
THE STUDY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL ARTEFACTS

Laurent THERESE
1
, Cristina MUJA
1,2,3
, Vlad Vintila ZIRRA
3
, Adrian IONI
3
,
Radu BJENARU
3
, Philippe GUILLOT
1

1
Plasma Diagnostic Laboratory, CUFR J.F.C, Albi, France
2
University of Bucharest, Faculty of Biology
3
Keywords: X-ray fluorescence, mapping, imaging, elemental analysis.
Several instrumental techniques of elemental analysis are now widely used for the
characterization and the provenance analysis of archaeological materials. The combination
between archaeological and analytical information can provide significant knowledge on the
constituting materials origin, heritage authentication and restoration, provenance, migration,
social interaction and exchange.
Due to the recent developments in X-ray fluorescence (XRF) micro-analysis technique,
the traditional wide range of XRF applications further expanded, benefiting from the
combination of single point analysis with high spatial element imaging. In this study, the XGT-
5000 instrument manufactured by Jobin Yvon Horiba was used. The sample was rapidly scanned
by the X-Ray beam, and spectra were continuously read from the detector and correlated to a
particular position on the sample. The distribution of a particular element could be displayed by
plotting an image of the element's peak intensity at each pixel position. The results were
detailed false coloured images showing areas of high and low concentration for each selected
element.
To demonstrate the techniques potential, a 2 coin was analysed. We settled on this
coin as for the case study, since it is composed of several materials. Its core is made from a
copper-zinc alloy, and its ring from copper-nickel blend, both parts having a different coloration,
respectively yellow and white. Figure 1 shows the results of the mapping experiments across the
whole coin, 25.75 mm in diameter. One can see that copper was identified on both regions while
zinc and nickel were respectively detected in t core and the ring.
The study will present the techniques advantages and limitations (from qualitative to
quantitative analysis using standard reference samples). The elements of interest will be
discussed for its potential use as complementary information tool in establishing the
archaeological provenance and in studies on some Romanian archaeological artefacts.

Fig. 1. Optical picture and elemental distribution (copper, zinc, nickel) from left to right.

IAI
10
th
-11
th


COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS USING THE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE
METHOD OF SOME BRONZE PIECES
FROM THE TEFAN CEL MARE" VASLUI COUNTY MUSEUM

Ciprian-Ctlin LAZANU
1
, Anca POPESCU
2
,
Bogdan CONSTANTINESCU
3
, Ctlina CHIOJDEANU
4

1
tefan cel Mare Vaslui County Museum
2
"Vasile Prvan" Institute of Archaeology of Bucharest
3
"Horia Hulubei National Development and Research Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Mgurele

Keywords: compositional analysis, Krasyj Majak type sword, Labojkovka type daggers,
Transylvanian socketed axes.

The tefan cel Mare Vaslui County Museum houses a series of bronze objects that has
been the subject of a chemical compositional analysis, using the X-ray fluorescence method.
Following this protocol, and using the portable X-MET 3000TX spectrometer, ten copper
and bronze items discovered in Vaslui county, were analysed: a copper shaft-hole axe from
Murgeni; a bronze shaft-hole axe from Mluteni; a bronze shaft-hole axe of the Pdureni type
found at Horga; two daggers of the Lobojkovka type, Malye Kopani version, discovered at
Crucioara and Copceana; a fragment of a sword, Krasnyj Majak type, found at Epureni; two
bronze socketed axes, Transylvanian type - eastern variant, discovered in the Vaslui county; a
socketed axe, Transylvanian type, found at Copceana; a socketed axe with in-relief decoration
from Mona.
The analyses revealed a general composition of Cu, with percentages between 80.6% in
the case of the Mona socket, and 96.5% (handle) and 96.8% (blade) in the Epureni sword. Sn is
between 2.5 to 2.6% (sword handle and blade from Epureni) and 18.2% for the socket with
unknown origin. Fe appears too in the composition (from 0.1 to 0.5%), as does Pb (0.1 to 0.8%),
As (0.1-0.5%), Ni (0.2-0 , 5%) and there are also traces of Sb and Ag. The findings are particularly
important in the case of the dagger and the socket from Copceana. Although they appear as
separate findings, their composition can lead to the conclusion that they were part of a stash
(dagger: 83% Cu, 14.9% Sn, 0.8% Pb, 0.3% I, 0 , 6% Fe, 0.4% nickel, traces of Sb; socket: 84.8% Cu,
13.9% Sn, 0.1% Pb, 0.4% As, 0.1% Fe, 0, 3% Ni, and traces of Sb).
The pieces analysed were dated from the Early to the Late Bronze Age, and the results
allowed us to make shed some light on the evolution of the metallurgy and on the movement of
copper and bronze objects found on within the administrative boundaries of the Vaslui county.

Acknowledgements: These studies were made possible by a partnership with the "Vasile Prvan",
Institute of Archaeology from Bucharest, and the Horia Hulubei National Development and Research
Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering from Bucharest-Mgurele. Measurements were made by
Bogdan Constantinescu, Florin Constantin and Catalina Puna, from the "Horia Hulubei National
Development and Research Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Mgurele, in a project
financed by CNCSIS via the Partnerships Program in Priority Areas (no. 91-029/2 from 14.09.2007).


IAI
10
th
-11
th


FTIR (DRIFT) ANALYSIS OF SOME PRINTING INKS FROM
THE 19
TH
AND 20
TH
CENTURIES

Rodica-Mariana ION
1,2
, Sanda-Maria DONCEA
1,2
, Mihaela-Lucia ION
2

1
ICECHIM, Bucharest
2
Valahia University of Trgovite, Facultatea Ingineria Materialelor, Mecatronica si Robotica

Keywords: FTIR (DRIFT), inks, paper historical documents, 19
th
-20
th
centuries.

Iron-gall-ink corrosion of paper is one of the largest threats for our historical documents
paper. The poor quality raw materials used from the mid-19
th
century and aggressive chemicals
added to the paper pulp during its sizing (19
th
-20
th
centuries) yielded to an accelerated self-
destruction process of the paper, due to the oxidation of the cellulose fibres. Many analytical
methods have been considered in the analysis of original iron-gall-inked manuscripts: UV-Vis,
ICP-AES, EDXRF, RAMAN, SEM, AFM analysis.
In this study, different historical papers dating from 1931 (Berlin, Germany), 1867, 1937,
1881, 1930 and 1898 (Paris, France) and 1848 (Parma, Italy) were investigated using the Fourier-
transformed-infrared-spectroscopy (FTIR) diffuse reflectometry with KBr (DRIFT). The
degradation mechanism of the cellulose was caused by the iron-gall-ink. The so called
fingerprint region (1000 cm
-1
- 1400 cm
-1
) is characteristic of cellulose, the main compound in
paper. In this area, the strong absorption rate of CH2-OH is attributed to the aromatic rings of
lignin, present alongside cellulose in the paper samples. The peak at 1723 cm
-1
indicates the
oxidation of the cellulose. The shoulder near the water absorption at 1648 cm belongs to the C =
O band, due to the hydrolysis and oxidation of cellulose. The bands from 1450-1350 cm
-1
and
1610-1550 cm
-1
have also been attributed both to carboxylic salts and to C=O. They represent a
possible way of putting the carboxylic components into evidence. SO
2
asymmetric stretching
from 670-640 cm
-1
and 1690-1620 cm
-1
proves the presence of sulphates in the samples. Carbon-
black ink is characterized by the typical bands at 1334 and 1588 cm
-1
; iron-gall ink by the peaks at
about 1472 and 572 cm
-1
, and iron sulphate by the peak at 1454 cm
-1
. The differences in wave
numbers lead to a clear identification of the two iron-based compounds, and it is therefore
important to select specific conservation methods. The main degradation mechanism could be
explained as: iron gall ink, prepared with different ingredients including tannins and vitriol,
causes both acidic hydrolysis and Fe
2+
catalysed oxidation of cellulose.


IAI
10
th
-11
th

POSTERS

CHEMOMETRIC SOFTWARE DESIGNED FOR THE IDENTIFICATION
OF CUCUTENI CERAMIC BY RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

Daniela DOMNIORU
1
, Mirela PRAISLER
1
,
Nicolae BUZGAR
2
, Vasile COTIUG
3

1
Dunrea de Jos University of Galai, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment
2
3

Keywords: chemometric software, Raman spectroscopy, Cucuteni ceramic.
In the paper we present a chemometric software for the analysis of the Raman spectra of
ceramic samples. The examined samples include ancient ceramics, discovered in archaeological
sites from Moldavia (Romania), as well as fake samples obtained by experimental archaeology.
In order to determine the optimum classification criteria for the ceramic samples, we
have developed a software application (P_Raman program), using the Pascal programming
language. By generalization, this method can also be applied for industrially manufactured
ceramics.

Acknowledgements: This study has been performed within the research project no. 81041/2007-
2010 entitled Archaeometric expert system for the intelligent fight against the trafficking of cultural and
historical heritage, financed by the PARTNERSHIP Program of the 2
nd
National Plan for Research,
Development and Innovation of the Romanian Government.

COMBINING MULTI-SPECTRAL IMAGING AND PORTABLE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE
FOR A NON-INVASIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF CUCUTENI DECORATIVE
CERAMICS. IMPLICATIONS FOR AUTHENTICATION STUDIES

Daniela-Afrodita BOLDEA
1
, Marta QUARANTA
2
, Rocco MAZZEO
2
, Mirela PRAISLER
1

1
Dunrea de Jos University of Galai, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment
2
University of Bologna, Microchemistry and Microscopy Art Diagnostic Laboratory, Ravenna, Italy

Keywords: Cucuteni ceramics, ED-XRF, multi spectral imaging, false-colour imaging.

The study found efficient physical-chemical methods which distinguished, in an objective
and non-invasive way, between original pieces of Cucuteni pottery belonging to the Romanian
cultural heritage, and fake ceramics such as those found circulating on the antiquities black
market. The article reports the results obtained from an analysis of a batch of Cucuteni ceramic
shards originating from Iai county (Romania), and fake ceramic shards obtained by experimental
archaeology. All the ceramic samples were analysed by using a digital multi spectral scanner
imaging system, and a portable energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer.
The comparative study was focused on elucidating the composition of the pigments
present on the decorative motifs specific to Cucuteni ceramics. The combined analysis of the
elemental composition obtained by X-ray fluorescence and of the Infrared false-colour images
has provided an innovative approach to the authentication methods. The analytical procedure
that we present also has the major advantage of portability, thus allowing in-situ or at-border
checkpoints to distinguish between original and fake Cucuteni ceramic samples.

IAI
10
th
-11
th

PROGRAM 79

LIST OF AUTHORS

Name and surname Profession and rank Affiliation E-mail adress

Marius-Tiberiu ALEXIANU Assistant Professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza
University of Iai, Faculty of
Letters, ARHEOINVEST
Platform
alexianumarius@yahoo.com
Lucian AMON Associate Professor PhD University of Craiova, Faculty
of Social Sciences
amonlucian@yahoo.com

Claudiu-Mihai ANDREI Student Alexandru Ioan Cuza
History
and_claudiu@yahoo.com

Mircea ANGHELINU Associate Professor PhD Valahia University of
Trgovite, Department of
History and Letters
mircea_anghelinu@
yahoo.com
Ionu Andrei APOPEI MA Student Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Geography and Geology,

Andrei ASNDULESEI Research Assistant PhDc Alexandru Ioan Cuza
University of Iai, Department
of Science, ARHEOINVEST
Platform
andrei.asandulesei@
yahoo.com
Radu BALAUR Research Assistant Alexandru Ioan
Cuza University of Iai,
Faculty of History,
radu_balaur@yahoo.com
Marius Gheorghe BARBU Arhchaeologist PhDc Museum of Dacian and Roman
Civilization, Deva
barbumarius0216@
yahoo.com
Adrian BLESCU Researcher PhD National History Museum of
Romania, Bucharest
abalasescu2005@yahoo.fr
Mihail B Assistant Professor PhDc State University of Moldova,
Chiinu
mb_usm@yahoo.com
Luminia BEJENARU Associate Professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Biology, ARHEOINVEST
Platform
lumib@uaic.ro
Radu BJENARU Researcher PhD Vasile Prvan Institute of
Archaeology, Bucharest
laodaie@yahoo.com
Corneliu BELDIMAN Assistant Professor PhD Dimitrie Cantemir Christian
University of Bucharest,
Faculty of History
belcor@gmail.com

Carmen BEM PhDc Institute for Cultural Memory,
Bucharest
carmen@cimec.ro
Ctlin BEM PhD National History Museum of
Romania, Bucharest
catalinbem@yahoo.com
George BODI Researcher PhD Institute of Archaeology of Iai georgebodi@gmail.com
Dumitru BOGHIAN Associate Professor PhD tefan cel Mare University of
Suceava, Faculty of History and
Geography
dumitrub@atlas.usv.ro
Lavinia BOLCU MA Student West University of Timioara,
Faculty of Letters, History and
Theology, History Department
lavibolcu@yahoo.com

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10
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-11
th

PROGRAM 80
Daniela-Afrodita BOLDEA PhDc Dunrea de Jos University of
Galai, Faculty of Sciences
boldeadaniela@yahoo.com
Neculai BOLOHAN Assistant professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza
History, ARHEOINVEST
Platform
neculai.bolohan1@gmail.com
Oana BORLEA MA Student West University of Timioara,
oana_borlea2@yahoo.co.uk
Tudor BORSAN Assistant professor PhD 1 Decembrie 1918 University
of Alba-Iulia, Faculty of Science
borsant@yahoo.com
Octavian BOUNEGRU Prefessor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Platform
octavian_bounegru@
hotmail.com
Mihai BRNZIL Professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Department of Geology
mib@uaic.ro
Marius BREAZU PhD Roia Montan Gold
Corporation, Department of
Environment, Roia Montan
m_breazu@yahoo.com
Robin BRIGAND PhD Laboratoire Chrono-
Environnement, UMR 6249,
Besanon
robinbrigand@yahoo.fr
Vasile BUDUI Assistant professor PhD tefan cel Mare University of
Geography
buduivas@atlas.usv.ro
Dumitru BULGARIU Associate Professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Department of Geology
dbulgariu@yahoo.com

Ana-Maria BUIL PhDc Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Platform
amina2342@aol.com

Andrei BUZATU MA Student Alexandru Ioan Cuza

Dan BUZEA Museographer PhD National Museum of the
Eastern Carpathian, Sfntu
Gheorghe
buzealuci@yahoo.com
Nicolae BUZGAR Associate Professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza
nicolae.buzgar@uaic.ro
tefan CALINIUC MA student Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Platform
stefan.caliniuc@gmail.com
Cristina CAROTE Researcher PhD National Museum of Romanian
History, Bucharest
criscarsote@yahoo.com
Romeo CAVALERIU Research Assistant PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Platform
cavaleriur@yahoo.com
Alin CDAN Corator 1 Decembrie 1918 University
of Alba Iulia

alin.cadan@uab.ro

IAI
10
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-11
th

PROGRAM 81
Dan CRMID Teacher Mihai Bcescu Technical
College of Flticeni
dan_meridian@yahoo.com
Stela CHEPTEA Researcher PhD Centre of History and
European Civilization of Iai

Ctlina CHIOJDEANU Researcher PhD "Horia Hulubei National
Development and Research
Institute for Physics and
Nuclear Engineering,
Bucharest-Mgurele

Adrian CNTAR West University of Timioara,
Theology

Vasile-Andrei COJOCARIU Student Alexandru Ioan Cuza
History
dj_divine01@yahoo.com

Daniel CONDORACHI Associate Professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza

Bogdan
CONSTANTINESCU
Resercher PhD "Horia Hulubei National
Development and Research
Institute for Physics and
Nuclear Engineering,
Bucharest-Mgurele
bconst@nipne.ro
Andrei COROBCEAN Assistant professor PhDc State University of Moldova,
Chiinu
andrei_corobcean@
yahoo.com
Vasile COTIUG Assistant professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Platform
vasicot@uaic.ro
Ovidiu COTOI Assistant professor PhD Dunrea de Jos University of
Galai, Faculty of History,
Philosophy and Theology
ovidiucotoi@gmail.com
Otis CRANDELL PhDc

Babe-Bolyai University of
Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Biology
and Geology
otis.crandell@ubbcluj.ro
Doina Maria CREANG Researcher PhD Bukovina Museum, Suceava doinacreanga@yahoo.com
Ana-Petronela CREU Research Assistant Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Platform
anacretu81@yahoo.com
Roxana-Gabriela CURC Teaching Assistant PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Platform
roxanigabriela@yahoo.com
Mihaela DANU PhD, Post-doc Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Biology
danum2007@yahoo.com

Elena DELEANU Teacher PhDc Mihai Bcescu Technical
College of Flticeni
elenadeleanu@yahoo.com

Vasile DIACONU Museographer PhDc The History and Ethnography
Museum of Trgu Neam
diavas_n82@yahoo.com
Anca DINISCHIOTU PhDc University of Bucharest,
Faculty of Biology
dinischiotu@yahoo.com
Daniela DOMNIORU PhDc Dunrea de Jos University of

ddomnis@yahoo.com

IAI
10
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-11
th

PROGRAM 82
Sanda-Maria DONCEA Researcher PhDc Valahia University of
Trgovite, Faculty of
Engineering, Mechatronics and
Robotics / ICECHIM, Bucharest
sandamariadoncea@
yahoo.com
Leonard DOROGOSTAISKY Alcatel-Lucent Romania,
Timioara
leonard.dorogostaisky@
alcatel-lucent.ro
Radu DRUIC PhDc Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Platform

Valentin DUMITRACU Researcher PhD Vasile Prvan Institute of
dumitrascu.valentin@
gmail.com
Georgeta Maria EL SUSI Researcher PhD Vasile Prvan Institute of
getasusi@yahoo.com
Cristian FLOCA West University of Timioara,
Theology
cfloca@yahoo.com
Gheorghe FRUNZ Professor PhD tefan cel Mare University of
Suceava, Faculty of Mechanical
Management
frunza@fim.usv.ro
Silviu GANIA MA Alexandru Ioan Cuza
University of Iai,
silviu_gania@yahoo.com
Maria GIURGINC Professor PhD Polytechnical University of
Bucharest, Centre for
Environmental Protection and
Ecological Technologies
m_giurginca@yahoo.com
Mihai GLIGOR Assistant Professor PhD 1 Decembrie 1918 University
of Alba-Iulia, Department of
History, Archaeology and
Museology
mihai.gligor@uab.ro
Lucian GORGAN Assistant Professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Platform
lucian.gorgan@uaic.ro
Mihai GRAMATICU Professor PhD tefan cel Mare University of
Management
gram@fim.usv.ro
Vasilica-Monica GROZA PhDc Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Biology
moni_ian@yahoo.com
Philippe GUILLOT Professor PhD Champollion University of Albi,
Frana
philippe.guillot@univ-jfc.fr
Constantin HAIT Researcher PhD National Museum of Romanian
History, National Center for
Pluridisciplinary Researches,
Bucharest
c_haita@yahoo.com
Petru HORAK PhDc West University of Timioara,
florinhorak@yahoo.com
Radu HOZU Student Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Hisotry
raduku988@yahoo.com

Theodor IGNAT Museographer
PhDc
Museum of Bucharest

theodor_ignat@yahoo.com
Sorin IGNTESCU Assistant Professor PhD tefan cel Mare University of
Geography
sorinig@atlas.usv.ro

IAI
10
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-11
th

PROGRAM 83
Mihaela-Lucia ION PhDc Valahia University of
Trgovite
mihaella_ion@yahoo.com
Rodica-Mariana ION Professor PhD Valahia University of
Trgovite, Faculty of
Robotics / ICECHIM, Bucharest
rodica_ion2000@
yahoo.co.uk
Adrian IONI Researcher PhD Vasile Prvan Institute of
aionita67@yahoo.com
Attila LSZL Professor emeritus PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Platform
arch_atticus@yahoo.com
Ciprian-Ctlin LAZANU Museographer
MA Student
tefan cel Mare Vaslui
County Museum
lazcipcata@hotmail.com
Ctlin LAZR Researcher PhD National History Museum of
Romania, Bucharest
acltara@yahoo.com
Dan LESENCIUC Assistant Professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza
dlesenci@yahoo.com

tefan LIPOT Curator 1 Decembrie 1918 University
of Alba Iulia
stefan.lipot@uab.ro
Tudor MARCU Student Alexandru Ioan Cuza
History
hobbit_tudoor@yahoo.com

Carmen MARIAN Researcher PhD Moldova National Museum
Complex, Iai
carmenmarian2002@
yahoo.com
Florentina MARI Museographer PhDc Banat Museum, Timioara tinamartis2003@yahoo.com
Sergiu MATVEEV Associate Professor PhD State University of Moldova,
Chiinu
thracology@usm.md
Paula MAZRE Researcher PhDc 1 Decembrie 1918 University
of Alba Iulia
paula.mazare@uab.ro
Rocco MAZZEO Professor PhD University of Bologna,
Microchemistry and
Microscopy Art Diagnostic
Laboratory, Ravenna
rocco.mazzeo@unibo.it
Monica MRGRIT Assistant professor PhD Valahia University of
Trgovite, Department of
History and Letters
monicamargarit@yahoo.com
Liviu MRUIA Teaching Assistant PhD West University of Timioara,
Theology
liviumaruia@yahoo.com
Florica MU PhD, Post-doc Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Platform
floricel1980@yahoo.com
Vicu MERLAN Teacher PhD Cuza Vod College of Hui isaiia2002@yahoo.fr
Dorel MICLE Assistant professor PhD West University of Timioara,
Theology
dmicle@litere.uvt.ro
Virgil MIHAILESCU-
BRLIBA
Researcher PhD Institute of Archaeology of Iai
Georgeta MIU Researcher PhD Romanian Academy - Iai
Branch, Department of
Anthropological Research
miutuna@yahoo.com
Lucreia MIU Researcher PhD National Research-
Development Institute for
Textiles and Leather, Leather
and Footwear Research
Institute, Bucharest
lucretiamiu@yahoo.com

IAI
10
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-11
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PROGRAM 84
Katia MOLDOVEANU Researcher PhDc National History Museum of
Romania, Bucharest
katia_moldoveanu@
yahoo.com
Cristina MUJA Teaching Assistant PhDc University of Bucharest,
Faculty of Biology
cristina.muja@gmail.com
Vasile-Vlad NAD Student Alexandru Ioan Cuza
History

Anca NEAGU PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Biology
aneagu@uaic.ro
Valentin NICA Assistant Professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Physics

Andrei NICIC Associate Professor PhD State University of Moldova,
Chiinu
thracology@usm.md
Ctlin NICOLAE Museographer PhDc National History Museum of
Romania, Bucharest

Ionu-Cristi NICU Research Assistant PhDc Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Platform
nicucristi@gmail.com
Bogdan Petru NICULIC Arhchaeologist PhD Bukovina Museum, Suceava

niculicab@yahoo.com
Ion NICULI Professor emeritus PhD State University of Moldova,
Chiinu
azanoci@gmail.com
Marius NIGA Student Alexandru Ioan Cuza
History
niga_marius@yahoo.com

Loredana NI-BLESCU Museographer PhDc Valahia University of
Trgovite
loredana_nita2003@
yahoo.com
Florentina Carmen
OLENIUC
PhD, Post-doc Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Biology
carmen_oleniuc@yahoo.com
Raluca-Florina PALADE Student Alexandru Ioan Cuza
History

Eugen PARASCHIV Museographer PhDc National History Museum of
Romania, Bucharest

Tiberiu-Theodor PLCINT Student Alexandru Ioan Cuza
History
tiberiu.placinta@yahoo.com
Anca POPESCU Researcher PhD "Vasile Prvan" Institute of
Archaeology of Bucharest
ancadiana_popescu@
yahoo.com
Mariana POPOVICI PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Biology
sorexmin@yahoo.com
Petronel POSTOLACHE Assistant Professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Physics

Mirela PRAISLER Professor PhD Dunrea de Jos University of
mirela.praisler@ugal.ro
Constantin PREOTEASA Museographer PhDc History and Archaeology
Musem of Piatra-Neam
constantin.preoteasa@
yahoo.com
Marta QUARANTA Researcher PhD University of Bologna,
Microchemistry and
Microscopy Art Diagnostic
Laboratory, Ravenna
marta.quaranta@unibo.it
Carmen Olgua
ROGOBETE
PhDc Babe-Bolyai University of
Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of History
and Philosophy
rogobete.carmen@gmail.com

IAI
10
th
-11
th

PROGRAM 85
Gheorghe ROMANESCU Professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza
geluromanescu@yahoo.com
Vlad RUMEGA MA student Alexandru Ioan Cuza
History
vladrumega@gmail.com
Ion SANDU Professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza
University of Iai,
sandu_i03@yahoo.com
Vasilica SNDULA Student Alexandru Ioan Cuza
History
ica_blue_20@yahoo.com

Traian Lucian SEVERIN Teaching Assistant PhDc tefan cel Mare University of
Suceava, Faculy of Mechanical
Management
severin.traian@fim.usv.ro
Angela SIMALCSIK Researcher PhD Romanian Academy - Iai
angellisimal@yahoo.com
Robert-Daniel SIMALCSIK Researcher PhD Romanian Academy - Iai
robyboy2@yahoo.com
Victor SPINEI Professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Platform
vspin@uaic.ro
Diana-Andreea STAN Student Alexandru Ioan Cuza
History
diana.stan91@yahoo.com
Sebastian STAN Teaching Assistant PhDc "Ion Mincu" University of
Architecture and Urbanism of
Bucharest
sebastian.stan.arh@
gmail.com
Simina STANC Assistant Professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Platforma
siminams@yahoo.com
Alexandru STANCU Professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Physics
alstancu@uaic.ro
Andrei STAVIL PhDc West University of Timioara,
Theology
andreigolo@yahoo.com
Silviu Gabriel STROE Teaching Assistant
PhDc
tefan cel Mare University of
Suceava, Faculty of Food
Engineering
silvius@fia.usv.ro
Cornel SUCIU Teaching Assistant PhDc tefan cel Mare University of
Management
suciu@fim.usv.ro
Diana-Maria SZTANCS PhDc Lucian Blaga University of
Sibiu, Doctoral Program
sztdidi@yahoo.es

Andrei TEFAN PhDc Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Platform
stefan.anddrei@gmail.com

Clin UTEU Research Assistant PhDc 1 Decembrie 1918 University
of Alb-Iulia, Iuliu Paul
Systemic Archaeology Institute

calin.suteu@uab.ro

IAI
10
th
-11
th

PROGRAM 86
Felix-Adrian TENCARIU Research Assistant PhD,
Post-doc
Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Platform
adifex@gmail.com

Laurent THERESE Ingnieur d'tudes PhD Plasma Diagnostic Laboratory,
CUFR J.F.C, Albi, France
laurent.therese@univ-jfc.fr
Irina URSACHI PhDc Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Physics

Timotei URSU

Researcher Salamandra Communication,
New York
timiur@yahoo.com
Nicolae URSULESCU Professor emeritus PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Platform
n.ursulescu@gmail.com
Viorica VASILACHE PhD, Post-doc Institute of Archaeology of Iai viorica_18v@yahoo.com
Gabriel VASILE Research Assistant PhDc National History Museum of
Romania, Bucharest
gsvasile@yahoo.com
Bogdan VENEDICT Student Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Platform
bogdan.venedict@yahoo.com
Olivier WELLER Researcher PhD CNRS-Universits Paris 1
Panthon-Sorbonne et Paris
10-Nanterre, Laboratoire
Archologies et Sciences de
l'Antiquit Protohistoire
europenne, UMR 7041, Paris
olivier.weller@mae.cnrs.fr

Michael VICKERS Professor PhD University of Oxford,
Jesus College
michael.vickers@
jesus.ox.ac.uk
Diana-Mriuca VORNICU PhDc Alexandru Ioan Cuza
History
mariucav@gmail.com
Aurel ZANOCI Associate Professor PhD State University of Moldova,
Chiinu
azanoci@gmail.com
Vlad Vintila ZIRRA Researcher PhD Vasile Prvan Institute of
vvzirra@yahoo.com

First Arheoinvest Congress - Programme and Abstracts

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First Arheoinvest Congress - Programme and Abstracts

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Interdisciplinary Research in Archaeology

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