Editors: Vasile Cotiug, tefan Caliniuc, Florica Mu
Organizing Institutions Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai ARHEOINVEST Platform Faculty of History
This publication was financially supported by IDEI GRANT NO. 2116/2008
Copyediting: Vasile Cotiug, tefan Caliniuc
Cover design: tefan Caliniuc
The English translations were revised by: tefan Caliniuc Christopher Lawson Florica Mu
Editura Universitii Alexandru Ioan Cuza din Iai 700109, Str. Pinului nr. 1A
Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naionale a Romniei FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS. INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH IN ARCHEOLOGY (1; 2011; Iai) First Arheoinvest Congress. Interdisciplinary Research in Archeology: Programme and Abstacts: Iai, 10-11 iunie 2011 / ed.: Vasile Cotiug, tefan Caliniuc, Florica Mu. - Iai: Editura Universitii "Al. I. Cuza", 2011 ISBN 978-973-640-661-4
I. Cotiug, Vasile (ed.) II. Caliniuc, tefan (ed.) III. Mu, Florica (ed.)
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5 ORGANISATION
Organising committee:
Congress President of honour: Professor PhD Vasile IAN, Rector of the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai Congress President: Professor PhD Victor SPINEI, corresponding member of the Romanian Academy Secretary: Assistant Professor PhD Vasile COTIUG
Scientific committee: Professor PhD Nicolae Ursulescu Professor PhD Attila Lszl Professor PhD Gheorghe Popa Professor PhD Alexandru Stancu Professor PhD Ion Sandu Professor PhD Gheorghe Romanescu Professor PhD Octavian Bounegru Professor PhD Lucreiu Brliba Associate Professor PhD Luminia Bejenaru Associate Professor PhD Nicolae Buzgar Associate Professor PhD Cristian Secu Associate Professor PhD Dan Lesenciuc Associate Professor PhD Daniel Condurachi Assistant Professor PhD Marius Alexianu Assistant Professor PhD Vasile Cotiug Assistant Professor PhD Lucian Gorgan Assistant Professor PhD Neculai Bolohan PhD Felix-Adrian Tencariu PhD Florica Mu
Organising team: tefan Caliniuc, Ana-Petronela Creu, Radu Balaur, Silviu Gania, Vlad Rumega, Felix-Adrian Tencariu, Cristian Stoleriu, Viorica Vasilache, Andrei Victor Sandu, Andrei Asndulesei, Tudor Mandache, Sebastian Drob, Cristi Nicu, Diana Andreea Stan, Raluca-Andrada Buca, Balog Erika Christina, Ionela Ctlina Moraru, Odochiciuc Ana, Andreea Mihaela Pru, Raluca-Florina Palade, Diana Oprea, Tiberiu-Theodor Placint, Andrei Mocanu, Claudiu Andrei, Tudor Marcu, Vasile-Vlad Nad.
6 PARTNERS
SPONSORS
MEDIA PARTNERS
FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
Interdisciplinary Research in Archeology IAI 10 th -11 th JUNE 2011 http://arheoinvestcongress.uaic.ro
PROGRAM 7 PROGRAM
Vineri, 10 iunie 2011
8.30 10.00 Primirea invitailor - Corpul H (Casa Catargi) 10.00 12.30 Ceremonia de deschidere - Sala Senatului Universitii
10.00 10.10 Mesajul Rectorului Universitii Alexandru Ioan Cuza din Iai, Prof. dr. Vasile IAN, Preedinte de onoare al Congresului 10.10 10.20 Cuvnt de salut din partea Preedintelui Congresului, Prof. dr. Victor SPINEI, membru corespondent al Academiei Romne 10.20 10.30 Mesaj din partea participanilor, dr. Olivier WELLER, CNRS-Universits Paris 1 Panthon-Sorbonne et Paris 10-Nanterre
10.30 11.00 Prof. dr. Michael VICKERS (University of Oxford, Jesus College), Cercetrile arheologice anglo-georgiene de la Pichvnari (Georgia) 11.00 11.30 Prof. dr. Attila LSZL (Universitatea Alexandru Ioan Cuza din Iai), ntre tiinele umaniste i tiinele naturii. Arheologia: domeniu interdisciplinar 11.30 12.00 Lector dr. Marius ALEXIANU (Universitatea Alexandru Ioan Cuza din Iai), Modelul saturat n etnoarheologie 12.00 12.30 Lansare de carte: Archaeology and Anthropology of Salt. A diachronic approach. Proceedings of the International Colloquium, 1-5 October 2008, Al. I. Cuza University (Iai, Romania), edited by Marius Alexianu, Olivier Weller, Roxana-Gabriela Curc, BAR 2198, Oxford, 2011 prezint Prof. dr. Stelian DUMISTRCEL
13.00 14.30 Pauz de mas restaurantul Hotelului Gaudeamus 15.00 18.30 Desfurarea lucrrilor pe seciuni 18.30 19.00 Deschiderea sesiunii de postere Corpul H (Casa Catargi) 20.00 Cocktail oferit de Platforma ARHEOINVEST
Smbt, 11 iunie 2011
09.00 13.30 Desfurarea lucrrilor pe seciuni 14.00 15.30 Pauz de mas restaurantul Hotelului Gaudeamus 16.00 19.00 Vizitarea mnstirilor din Iai Golia, Trei Ierarhi, Galata, Frumoasa, Cetuie; prezentare: dr. Sorin Iftimie 20.00 Cocktail oferit de DAAD ALUMNI CLUB IAI
FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
Interdisciplinary Research in Archeology IAI 10 th -11 th JUNE 2011 http://arheoinvestcongress.uaic.ro
PROGRAM 8 VINERI, 10 IUNIE 2011
GEOARHEOLOGIE
Moderatori: Gheorghe ROMANESCU, Neculai BOLOHAN
Secretari: Cristi STOLERIU, Sebastian DROB
Sala H1 (Casa Catargi)
15.00 15.15 Dorel MICLE, Liviu MARUIA, Adrian CNTAR, Leonard DOROGOSTAISKY, Andrei STAVIL, Cristian FLOCA, Tehnici de identificare a structurilor arheologice circulare cu ajutorul imaginilor satelitare i a fotografiilor aeriene. Studiu de caz: fortificaii circulare inedite din jud. Timi 15.15 15.30 Gheorghe ROMANESCU, Utilizarea tehnicilor GIS i a instrumentarului topografic n monitorizarea proceselor geomorfologice care afecteaz siturile arheologice 15.30 15.45 Ctlin BEM, Andrei ASNDULESEI, Carmen BEM, Bogdan VENEDICT, Cristi NICU, Vasile COTIUG, Ctlin NICOLAE, Eugen PARASCHIV, Identitate n diversitate. Fotogrammetrie, scanare laser 3D i analize magnetometrice n tell-uri Gumelnia din Muntenia (Romnia) 15.45 16.00 Vasile BUDUI, Bogdan Petru NICULIC, Comunitatea Komariv de la Adncata. Evaluarea condiiilor de habitat 16.00 16.15 Robin BRIGAND, Olivier WELLER, Dinamica habitatului n perioada preistoric trzie din Moldova (Romnia). Rezultate recente i perspective 16.15 16.30 Octavian BOUNEGRU, Gheorghe ROMANESCU, Cercetri interdisciplinare n teritoriul Histriei 16.30 16.45 Pauz de cafea 16.45 17.00 Clin UTEU, Tomografia electric a solului. Aplicaii ale metodei n situri arheologice din Romnia 17.00 17.15 Liviu MARUIA, Dorel MICLE, Petru HORAK, Oana BORLEA, Lavinia BOLCU, Analiza arealelor de vizibilitate ale fortificaiilor din Dealurile Lipovei, NE Banatului, Romnia 17.15 17.30 Neculai BOLOHAN, Andrei ASNDULESEI, Felix-Adrian TENCARIU, Silviu GANIA, Cristi NICU, Vlad RUMEGA, De la lopat la tiinele non-invazive. Investigarea unui sit din epoca bronzului din vestul Moldovei 17.30 17.45 Ion NICULI, Vasile COTIUG, Aurel ZANOCI, Andrei ASNDULESEI, Gheorghe ROMANESCU, Felix-Adrian TENCARIU, Bogdan VENEDICT, tefan CALINIUC, Radu BALAUR, Cristi NICU, Prospeciuni magnetometrice n cetatea traco-getic de la Saharna, raionul Rezina, Republica Moldova 17.45 18.15 Discuii
FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
Interdisciplinary Research in Archeology IAI 10 th -11 th JUNE 2011 http://arheoinvestcongress.uaic.ro
PROGRAM 9 INVESTIGAII FIZICE I CHIMICE
Moderatori: Ion SANDU, Nicolae BUZGAR
Secretar: Viorica VASILACHE
Sala H2 (Casa Catargi)
15.00 15.15 Dumitru BOGHIAN, Gheorghe FRUNZ, Cornel SUCIU, Sorin IGNTESCU, Analize traseologice pe un eantion de unelte litice cucuteniene din aezarea de la Feteti-La Schit (com. Adncata, jud. Suceava) 15.15 15.30 Diana-Mriuca VORNICU, Analiza traseologic a unui lot de unelte de piatr cioplit din aezarea precucutenian de la Isaiia 15.30 15.45 Nicolae BUZGAR, Vasile DIACONU, Ionu Andrei APOPEI, Studiul Raman a dou artefacte de piatr de la sfritul epocii bronzului din judeul Neam (Romnia) 15.45 16.00 Mihai GRAMATICU, Dumitru BOGHIAN, Traian Lucian SEVERIN, Silviu Gabriel STROE, Sorin IGNTESCU, Analize ceramografice comparative asupra unui lot de ceramic pictat i ceramica Cucuteni C din situl de la Feteti-La Schit, com. Adncata, jud. Suceava 16.00 16.15: Vasile COTIUG, Nicolae URSULESCU, Viorica VASILACHE, Ion SANDU, Concentrarea zonal atipic a carbonatului de calciu n bulk-urile de ceramic preistoric cu structuri interne gresoase rezultate din fabricare 16.15 16.30: Florica MU, Irina URSACHI, Valentin NICA, Petronel POSTOLACHE, Vasile COTIUG, Alexandru STANCU, Abordarea multidimensional a ceramicii Cucuteni prin utilizarea combinat a unor tehnici analitice diferite 16.30 16.45 Pauz de cafea 16.45 17.00 Virgil MIHILESCU-BRLIBA, Stela CHEPTEA, Ion SANDU, Viorica VASILACHE, Autentificarea a dou brri antice utiliznd metoda SEM-EDX 17.00 17.15 Doina Maria CREANG, Cristina CAROTE, Lucreia MIU, Maria GIURGINC, Studiu preliminar asupra unor piei arheologice din secolul XVIII descoperite la Botoani 17.15 17.30 Philippe GUILLOT, Laurent THERESE, Cristina MUJA, Vlad Vintila ZIRRA, Adrian IONI, Radu BJENARU, Utilizarea analizei elementale non-distructive 2D XRF n investigarea artefactelor arheologice din Romnia 17.30 17.45 Ciprian-Ctlin LAZANU, Anca POPESCU, Bogdan CONSTANTINESCU, Ctlina CHIOJDEANU, Analize compoziionale prin metoda fluorescenei de raze X asupra unor piese de bronz din patrimoniul Muzeului Judeean tefan cel Mare Vaslui 17.45 18.00 Rodica-Mariana ION, Sanda-Maria DONCEA, Mihaela-Lucia ION, Analiza FTIR (DRIFT) a unor cerneluri de tipar din secolele XIX i XX 18.00 18.30 Discuii
Postere Daniela DOMNIORU, Mirela PRAISLER, Nicolae BUZGAR, Vasile COTIUG, Tehnici chemometrice proiectate pentru identificarea ceramicii de Cucuteni prin Spectroscopie Raman Daniela-Afrodita BOLDEA, Marta QUARANTA, Rocco MAZZEO, Mirela PRAISLER, Combinarea imagisticii multi-spectrale i a fluorescenei de raze X portabile pentru o caracterizare non- invaziv a ceramicii decorative de Cucuteni - studii preliminare de autenticitate FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
Interdisciplinary Research in Archeology IAI 10 th -11 th JUNE 2011 http://arheoinvestcongress.uaic.ro
PROGRAM 10
SMBT, 11 IUNIE 2011
GEOARHEOLOGIE
Moderatori: Dan LESENCIUC, Daniel CONDOACHI
Secretar: Tudor MANDACHE
Sala H2 (Casa Catargi)
09.00 09.15 Constantin PREOTEASA, Exploatarea resurselor naturale i impactul asupra mediului n cadrul complexului cultural Precucuteni-Cucuteni-Tripolie 09.15 09.30 Otis CRANDELL, Florentina MARI, Proveniena artefactelor de piatr din regiunea Banatului, Romnia 09.30 09.45 Dan LESENCIUC, Daniel CONDORACHI, George BODI, Procese geomorfologice i influene antropice cu impact asupra sitului arheologic de la Hoiseti, jud. Iai 09.45 10.00 Constantin HAIT, Analiza micromorfologic a succesiunilor antropice din aezrile de tip tell din Muntenia 10.00 10.15 Elena DELEANU, Dan CRMID, Utilizarea GIS-ului n analiza unor aezri ale culturii Cucuteni de la est de Carpai 10.15 10.30 Aurel ZANOCI, Mihail B, Rspndirea siturilor traco-getice n bazinul Nistrului Mijlociu 10.30 10.45 Pauz de cafea 10.45 11.00 Timotei URSU, URTIM 2009 o procedur original de analizare a imaginilor satelitare n cercetarea arheologic 11.00 11.15 Lucian AMON, Topografia n sprijinul arheologiei la Romula 11.15 11.30 Ana-Maria BUIL, Cercetri arheologice subacvatice n siturile de la Mazotos (Cipru), Styra i Modi (Grecia). Metode i conservare 11.30 12.00 Discuii
Postere Mihai GLIGOR, Marius BREAZU, Tudor BORAN, Spaiu funerar i practici mortuare n aezarea preistoric de la Alba-Iulia - Lumea Nou. Analiz geospaial Mihai BRNZIL, Dumitru BULGARIU, Ion SANDU, Efectele factorilor geologico-antropici asupra lucrrilor de patrimoniu din Municipiul Iai - Rpa Galben
FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
Interdisciplinary Research in Archeology IAI 10 th -11 th JUNE 2011 http://arheoinvestcongress.uaic.ro
PROGRAM 11
ETNOARHEOLOGIE I ARHEOLOGIE EXPERIMENTAL
Moderatori: Marius ALEXIANU, Vasile COTIUG
Secretar: Felix-Adrian TENCARIU
Sala H1 (Casa Catargi)
09.00 09.15 Felix-Adrian TENCARIU, Etnoarheologia i arheologia experimental n domeniul ceramicii preistorice: concepte, posibiliti, limite 09.15 09.30 Andrei COROBCEAN, Cultur arheologic i grup etnic: controverse teoretice privind interpretarea etnic n arheologie 09.30 09.45 Marius ALEXIANU, Olivier WELLER, Robin BRIGAND, Vasile COTIUG, Roxana- Gabriela CURC, Privire ctre trecut: investigaii etnoarheologice la izvoarele de ap srat din Subcarpaii Moldovei 09.45 10.00 Vicu MERLAN, Zone cu sare din judeele Iai i Vaslui. Observaii etnoarheologice 10.00 10.15 Marius ALEXIANU, Vasile COTIUG, Roxana-Gabriela CURC, Viorica VASILACHE, Anchet etnografic la ultimul productor de sare prin lixiviere din Mexic. Noi parametrii 10.15 10.30 Dan BUZEA, Exploatarea srii folosind troace de lemn. Un experiment arheologic desfurat la Beclean - Bile Figa (jud. Bistria-Nsud) n 2010 10.30 10.45 Pauz de cafea 10.45 11.00 Andrei NICIC, Sergiu MATVEEV, Arheologia experimental n Republica Moldova: realizri i perspective 11.00 11.15 Ovidiu COTOI, Ceramica pictat cucutenian. Experiment arheologic la Cucuteni (jud. Iai), iulie-august 2007 11.15 11.30 Paula MAZRE, tefan LIPOT, Alin CDAN, Studiu experimental privind utilizarea structurilor din fibre perisabile la confecionarea ceramicii neolitice i eneolitice 11.30 11.45 Carmen MARIAN, Textile realizate prin mpletire: arheologie i etnografie 11.45 12.00 Loredana NI-BLESCU, Mircea ANGHELINU, Monica MRGRIT, Piatra i uneltele din piatr la unele comuniti de vntori-culegtori actuale 12.00 12.15 Marius Gheorghe BARBU, Confecionarea uneltelor din piatr cioplit. Arheologie experimental 12.15 12.30 Ctlin LAZAR, Sebastian STAN, Katia MOLDOVEANU, Theodor IGNAT, Observaii privind arhitectura culturii Gumelnia pe baza unui studiu de arheologie experimental 12.30 12.45 Carmen ROGOBETE, Dezvoltarea tehnicilor tradiionale de construcie a caselor: anticul Orgame i Jurilovca modern 12.45 13.30 Discuii
Postere Vasile-Vlad NAD, Raluca-Florina PALADE, Tiberiu-Theodor PLCINT, Diana-Andreea STAN, Claudiu-Mihai ANDREI, Radu HOZU, Vasile-Andrei COJOCARIU, Marius NIGA, Vasilica Sndula, Tudor MARCU, Arheologie experimental la Cucuteni: tranarea i gtirea unei oi utiliznd unelte de piatr eneolitice FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
Interdisciplinary Research in Archeology IAI 10 th -11 th JUNE 2011 http://arheoinvestcongress.uaic.ro
PROGRAM 12
BIOARHEOLOGIE
Moderatori: Luminia BEJENARU, Corneliu BELDIMAN
Secretar: Simina STANC
Sala B378 (Corp B)
09.00 09.15 Luminia BEJENARU, Anca NEAGU, Simina STANC, Biomarkeri i biondicatori n arheologia mediului preistoric 09.15 09.30 Corneliu BELDIMAN, Diana-Maria SZTANCS, Uz eficient i abuz fatal n preistorie. Vrfuri de sgeat din os mezolitce descoperite n regiunea Porilor de Fier, Romnia 09.30 09.45 Romeo CAVALERIU, Simina STANC, Luminia BEJENARU, Analiza unui eantion arheozoologic din aezarea Cucuteni B de la Srata Monteoru 09.45 10.00 Diana-Maria Sztancs, Corneliu Beldiman, Noi date asupra podoabelor de os din neolitic i eneolitic n Transilvania 10.00 10.15 Florentina Carmen OLENIUC, Dumitru BOGHIAN, Sorin IGNTESCU, Prelucrarea materiei dure de origine animal n nivelul Cucuteni B al sitului Fetesti - La Schit (judeul Suceava) 10.15 10.30 Ctlin LAZAR, Adrian BLESCU, Gabriel VASILE, Date bioarheologice privind unele complexe funerare din necropola de la Sultana - Malu Rou, jud. Clrai 10.30 10.45 Pauz de cafea 10.45 11.00 Georgeta Maria EL SUSI, Cercetri arheozoologice recente n aezri ale culturii Monteoru din estul Romniei 11.00 11.15 Valentin DUMITRACU, Fauna din situl medieval Nufru (judeul Constanta). Rezultate preliminare 11.15 11.30 Mihaela DANU, Studiul microfosilelor non-polinice identificate n sedimente prelevate din apropierea drumului pavat (roman/merovingian) Via Mansuerisca (estul Belgiei) 11.30 11.45 Vasilica-Monica GROZA, Georgeta MIU, Angela SIMALCSIK, Date privind structura demografic i longevitatea populaiei medievale a Iaului (cimitirul Curii domneti, sec. al XVII-lea) 11.45 12.00 Cristina MUJA, Laurent THERESE, Anca DINISCHIOTU, Philippe GUILLOT, nrcarea la populaia medieval de la Feldioar (jud. Braov, Romnia) 12.00 12.15 Angela SIMALCSIK, Vasilica-Monica GROZA, Georgeta MIU, Robert-Daniel SIMALCSIK, Osteografia populaiei din situl arheologic Brila - str. Rosetti nr. 2 (secolele XIV-XVIII) 12.15 12.45 Discuii
POSTERE Simina STANC, Mariana POPOVICI, Luminia BEJENARU, Rolul economic al suinelor (porc domestic i mistre) n aezrile preistorice de pe teritoriul Romniei Andrei TEFAN, Lucian GORGAN, Radu DRUIC, Luminia BEJENARU, Modelarea temporal a degradrii AND-ului n resturile osteologice
FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
Interdisciplinary Research in Archeology IAI 10 th -11 th JUNE 2011 http://arheoinvestcongress.uaic.ro
PROGRAMME 13 PROGRAMME
Friday, 10 th June 2011
8.30 10.00 Registration at Secretariat (Building H Casa Catargi) 10.00 12.30 Opening Ceremony the University Senate Hall
10.00 10.10 Welcoming speech by Professor PhD Vasile IAN, Rector of the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Honorary President of the Congress 10.10 10.20 Keynote address by Professor PhD Victor SPINEI, corresponding member of the Romanian Academy, President of the Congress 10.20 10.30 Address by PhD Olivier WELLER, CNRS-Universits Paris 1 Panthon- Sorbonne et Paris 10 Nanterre, guest of the Congress
10.30 11.00 Professor PhD Michael VICKERS (University of Oxford, Jesus College), The Anglo-Georgian excavations at Pichvnari (Georgia) 11.00 11.30 Professor PhD Attila LSZL (Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai), Between humanities and natural sciences. Archaeology: an interdisciplinary domain 11.30 12.00 Assistant Professor PhD Marius ALEXIANU (Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai), The saturated model in Ethnoarchaeology 12.00 12.30 Book launch: Archaeology and Anthropology of Salt. A diachronic approach. Proceedings of the International Colloquium, 1-5 October 2008, Al. I. Cuza University (Iai, Romania), edited by Marius Alexianu, Olivier Weller, Roxana-Gabriela Curc, BAR 2198, Oxford, 2011 presented by Professor PhD Stelian DUMISTRCEL
13.00 14.30 Lunch - Gaudeamus restaurant 15.00 18.30 Congress - Parallel sessions 18.30 19.00 Poster presentation - Building H (Casa Catargi) 20.00 Cocktail offered by the ARHEOINVEST Platform
Saturday, 11 th June 2011
09.00 13.30 Congress - Parallel sessions 14.00 15.30 Lunch - Gaudeamus restaurant 16.00 19.00 Visit to the monasteries of Iai - Golia, Trei Ierarhi, Galata, Frumoasa, Cetuia. Guide: PhD Sorin Iftimie 20.00 Cocktail offered by DAAD ALUMNI CLUB IAI
FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
Interdisciplinary Research in Archeology IAI 10 th -11 th JUNE 2011 http://arheoinvestcongress.uaic.ro
PROGRAMME 14 FRIDAY, 10 TH JUNE 2011
GEOARCHAEOLOGY
Chairpersons: Gheorghe ROMANESCU, Neculai BOLOHAN
Secretaries: Cristian STOLERIU, Sebastian DROB
H1 Hall (Casa Catargi)
15.00 15.15 Dorel MICLE, Liviu MARUIA, Adrian CNTAR, Leonard DOROGOSTAISKY, Andrei STAVIL, Cristian FLOCA, Identification techniques of circular archaeological structures using satellite images and aerial photographs. Case study: novel circular fortifications in Timi county 15.15 15.30 Gheorghe ROMANESCU, Use of GIS techniques and topographic instruments to monitor the geomorphologic processes affecting archaeological sites 15.30 15.45 Ctlin BEM, Andrei ASNDULESEI, Carmen BEM, Bogdan VENEDICT, Cristi NICU, Vasile COTIUG, Ctlin NICOLAE, Eugen PARASCHIV, Identity in diversity. Photogrammetry, 3D laser scanning and magnetometric analysis on Gumelnia tells of Muntenia (Romania) 15.45 16.00 Vasile BUDUI, Bogdan Petru NICULIC, The Komariv community from Adncata. The evaluation of the habitation conditions 16.00 16.15 Robin BRIGAND, Olivier WELLER, Settlement dynamics during later prehistory in Moldavia (Romania). Last results and perspectives 16.15 16.30 Octavian BOUNEGRU, Gheorghe ROMANESCU, Interdisciplinary research in territory of Histria 16.30 16.45 Coffee break 16.45 17.00 Clin UTEU, Electrical resistivity tomography. Methodological case studies in archaeological sites from Romania 17.00 17.15 Liviu MARUIA, Dorel MICLE, Petru HORAK, Oana BORLEA, Lavinia BOLCU, Analysis of the viewsheds of the medieval fortifications from the Lipova Hills, N-E Banat, Romania 17.15 17.30 Neculai BOLOHAN, Andrei ASNDULESEI, Felix-Adrian TENCARIU, Silviu GANIA, Cristi NICU, Vlad RUMEGA, From Shovel to non-invasive sciences. Investigating a Bronze Age site in Western Moldavia 17.30 17.45 Ion NICULI, Vasile COTIUG, Aurel ZANOCI, Andrei ASNDULESEI, Gheorghe ROMANESCU, Felix-Adrian TENCARIU, Bogdan VENEDICT, tefan CALINIUC, Radu BALAUR, Cristi NICU, Magnetometric prospections in the Thraco-Getae fortress from Saharna Mare, Rezina district, Republic of Moldova 17.45 18.15 Discussions
FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
Interdisciplinary Research in Archeology IAI 10 th -11 th JUNE 2011 http://arheoinvestcongress.uaic.ro
PROGRAMME 15
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS
Chairpersons: Ion SANDU, Nicolae BUZGAR
Secretary: Viorica VASILACHE
H2 Hall (Casa Catargi)
15.00 15.15 Dumitru BOGHIAN, Gheorghe FRUNZ, Cornel SUCIU, Sorin IGNTESCU, Traceological analysis on a number of cucutenian lithic tools of the Feteti - La Schit site (Adncata commune, Suceava county) 15.15 15.30 Diana-Mriuca VORNICU, The use-wear analysis of some knapped stone tools from the pre-cucutenian settlement of Isaiia 15.30 15.45 Nicolae BUZGAR, Vasile DIACONU, Ionu Andrei APOPEI, Raman Study on two Late Bronze Age stone artefacts from Neam county (Romania) 15.45 16.00 Mihai GRAMATICU, Dumitru BOGHIAN, Traian Lucian SEVERIN, Silviu Gabriel STROE, Sorin IGNTESCU, Ceramographic comparative analysis of a series of painted and Cucuteni C pottery from the Feteti - La Schit site, Adncata commune, Suceava county 16.00 16.15: Vasile COTIUG, Nicolae URSULESCU, Viorica VASILACHE, Ion SANDU, Atypical zonal concentration of calcium carbonate deposits in bulks of prehistoric ceramic materials with gresous internal structures caused by the manufacturing process 16.15 16.30: Florica MU, Irina URSACHI, Valentin NICA, Petronel POSTOLACHE, Vasile COTIUG, Alexandru STANCU, A multivariate approach of pottery from the Cucuteni culture using different analytical techniques 16.30 16.45 Coffee break 16.45 17.00 Virgil MIHILESCU-BRLIBA, Stela CHEPTEA, Ion SANDU, Viorica VASILACHE, The authentication of two ancient bracelets using the SEM-EDX method 17.00 17.15 Doina Maria CREANG, Cristina CAROTE, Lucreia MIU, Maria GIURGINC, Preliminary study of 18 th century leather from the Botoani archaeological site 17.15 17.30 Philippe GUILLOT, Laurent THERESE, Cristina MUJA, Vlad Vintila ZIRRA, Adrian IONI, Radu BJENARU, The use of 2D XRF non destructive elemental analysis in the study of archaeological artefacts 17.30 17.45 Ciprian-Ctlin LAZANU, Anca POPESCU, Bogdan CONSTANTINESCU, Ctlina CHIOJDEANU, Compositional analysis using the X-ray fluorescence method of some bronze pieces from the tefan cel Mare" Vaslui county Museum 17.45 18.00 Rodica-Mariana ION, Sanda-Maria DONCEA, Mihaela-Lucia ION, FTIR (DRIFT) analysis of some printing inks from the 19 th and 20 th centuries 18.00 18.30 Discussions
Posters Daniela DOMNIORU, Mirela PRAISLER, Nicolae BUZGAR, Vasile COTIUG, Chemometric software designed for the identification of Cucuteni ceramics by Raman spectroscopy Daniela-Afrodita BOLDEA, Marta QUARANTA, Rocco MAZZEO, Mirela PRAISLER, Combining multi- spectral imaging and portable X-ray fluorescence for a non-invasive characterization of Cucuteni decorative ceramics. Implications for authentication studies
FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
Interdisciplinary Research in Archeology IAI 10 th -11 th JUNE 2011 http://arheoinvestcongress.uaic.ro
PROGRAMME 16
SATURDAY, 11 TH JUNE 2011
GEOARCHAEOLOGY
Chairpersons: Dan LESENCIUC, Daniel CONDOACHI
Secretary: Tudor MANDACHE
H2 Hall (Casa Catargi)
09.00 09.15 Constantin PREOTEASA, The exploitation of natural resources and their impact on the environment in the Pre-Cucuteni-Cucuteni-Tripolye cultural complex 09.15 09.30 Otis CRANDELL, Florentina MARIS, Provenance of Neolithic stone artefacts from the Banat region, Romania 09.30 09.45 Dan LESENCIUC, Daniel CONDORACHI, George BODI, Geomorphological processes and human activities with impact on the achaeological site from Hoiseti, Iai county 09.45 10.00 Constantin HAIT, Micromorphological analysis of the anthropic sequences from tell type settlements in Muntenia 10.00 10.15 Elena DELEANU, Dan CRMID, Using GIS in the analysis of Cucuteni settlements culture, in the Eastern Carpathians 10.15 10.30 Aurel ZANOCI, Mihail B, The spread of Thraco-Getae sites in the Middle Dniester basin 10.30 10.45 Coffee break 10.45 11.00 Timotei URSU, URTIM 2009 - an original procedure to analyze satellite images in archaeological research 11.00 11.15 Lucian AMON, Topography in support of archaeology at Romula 11.15 11.30 Ana-Maria BUIL, Underwater archaeology research in Mazotos (Cyprus), Styra and Modi (Greece). Prospection and conservation methods 11.30 12.00 Discussions
Posters Mihai GLIGOR, Marius BREAZU, Tudor BORAN, Funerary space and mortuary practices in the Alba-Iulia - Lumea Noua site. A geospatial analysis Mihai BRNZIL, Dumitru BULGARIU, Ion SANDU, The effects of geologic and anthropogenic factors on patrimony works from Iai Rpa Galben
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PROGRAMME 17
ETHNOARCHAEOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY
Chairpersons: Marius ALEXIANU, Vasile COTIUG
Secretary: Felix-Adrian TENCARIU
H1 Hall (Casa Catargi)
09.00 09.15 Felix-Adrian TENCARIU, Ethnoarchaeology and experimental archaeology within the field of prehistoric pottery: concepts, possibilities, limits 09.15 09.30 Andrei COROBCEAN, Archaeological culture and ethnic group: theoretical controversies of ethnic interpretation in archaeology 09.30 09.45 Marius ALEXIANU, Olivier WELLER, Robin BRIGAND, Vasile COTIUG, Roxana- Gabriela CURC, Revisiting the past: ethnoarchaeological investigations at the moldavian sub-carpathian salt springs 09.45 10.00 Vicu MERLAN, Salt resources in the Central Moldavian Plateau. Ethnoarchaeological data 10.00 10.15 Marius ALEXIANU, Vasile COTIUG, Roxana-Gabriela CURC, Viorica VASILACHE, Ethnographic survey at the last saltmaker by lixiviation in Mexico. New parameters 10.15 10.30 Dan BUZEA, The exploitation of rock salt with the use of the wooden troughs. An archaeological experiment conducted at Beclean - Bile Figa (Bistria-Nsud county) in 2010 10.30 10.45 Coffee break 10.45 11.00 Andrei NICIC, Sergiu MATVEEV, Experimental archaeology in the Republic of Moldova: accomplishments and perspectives 11.00 11.15 Ovidiu COTOI, Cucutenian painted pottery. An archaeological experiment at Cucuteni (Iai county), July - August 2007 11.15 11.30 Paula MAZRE, tefan LIPOT, Alin CDAN, Experimental study on the use of perishable fabrics in the manufacturing of Neolithic and Eneolithic pottery 11.30 11.45 Carmen MARIAN, Needle looped textiles Archaeology and Ethnography 11.45 12.00 Loredana NI-BLESCU, Mircea ANGHELINU, Monica MRGRIT, Stones and lithic tools of few present-day hunter-gatherers communities 12.00 12.15 Marius Gheorghe BARBU, Carved stone tool manufacturing. Experimental archaeology 12.15 12.30 Ctlin LAZAR, Sebastian STAN, Katia MOLDOVEANU, Theodor IGNAT, Observations on the architecture of the Gumelnia culture based on an experimental archaeology study 12.30 12.45 Carmen ROGOBETE, Development of traditional house-building techniques: ancient Orgame and modern Jurilovca 12.45 13.00 Discussions
Posters Vasile-Vlad NAD, Raluca-Florina PALADE, Tiberiu-Theodor PLCINT, Diana-Andreea STAN, Claudiu-Mihai ANDREI, Radu HOZU, Vasile-Andrei COJOCARIU, Marius NIGA, Vasilica Sndula, Tudor MARCU, Experimental archaeology at Cucuteni: the cutting and cooking of a sheep using eneolithic stone tools FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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PROGRAMME 18 BIOARCHAEOLOGY
Chairpersons: Luminia BEJENARU, Corneliu BELDIMAN
Secretar: Simina STANC
B 378 Hall (Building B)
09.00 09.15 Luminia BEJENARU, Anca NEAGU, Simina STANC, Biomarkers and bioindicators in the environmental archaeology of prehistory 09.15 09.30 Corneliu BELDIMAN, Diana-Maria SZTANCS, Proficient use and fatal abuse in Prehistory. Mesolithic bone arrow heads discovered in the region of Iron Gates, Romania 09.30 09.45 Romeo CAVALERIU, Simina STANC, Luminia BEJENARU, Analysis of an archaeozoological assemblage discovered in the Cucuteni B settlement from Srata Monteoru (Buzu county) 09.45 10.00 Diana-Maria Sztancs, Corneliu Beldiman, New data about Neolithic and Eneolithic osseus adornments from Transylvania 10.00 10.15 Florentina Carmen OLENIUC, Dumitru BOGHIAN, Sorin IGNTESCU, Processing animal raw material in the Cucuteni B phase level of the Feteti - La Schit (Suceava county) archaeological site 10.15 10.30 Ctlin LAZAR, Adrian BLESCU, Gabriel VASILE, Bioarchaeological data on some funerary complexes from the Sultana - Malu Rou necropolis (Clrai county) 10.30 10.45 Coffee break 10.45 11.00 Georgeta Maria EL SUSI, Recent archaeozoological research in Monteoru culture sites from eastern Romania 11.00 11.15 Valentin DUMITRACU, Animal bones from the medieval site of Nufru (Constana county). Preliminary results 11.15 11.30 Mihaela DANU, A study of non-pollen palynomorphs identified in sediments collected near to paved road (roman/merovingian) Via Mansuerisca (East Belgium) 11.30 11.45 Vasilica-Monica GROZA, Georgeta MIU, Angela SIMALCSIK, Data on the demographic structure and the longevity of the medieval population of Iai (the cemetery of the princely court, 17 th century) 11.45 12.00 Cristina MUJA, Laurent THERESE, Anca DINISCHIOTU, Philippe GUILLOT, Weaning Patterns in Medieval Population from Feldioara (Braov county, Romania) 12.00 12.15 Angela SIMALCSIK, Vasilica-Monica GROZA, Georgeta MIU, Robert-Daniel SIMALCSIK, Osteobiography of the people from Brila - str. Rosetti nr. 2 archaeological site (14 th -18 th centuries) 12.15 12.45 Discussions
POSTERS Simina STANC, Mariana POPOVICI, Luminia BEJENARU, The economic role of swine (domestic pig and wild boar) in the prehistoric settlements of the territory of Romania Andrei TEFAN, Lucian GORGAN, Radu DRUIC, Luminia BEJENARU, Temporal modeling of DNA degradation in bone remains
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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 19 GEOARCHAEOLOGY
IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES OF CIRCULAR ARCHAEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES USING SATELLITE IMAGES AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY. CASE STUDY: NOVEL CIRCULAR FORTIFICATIONS FROM TIMI COUNTY
Dorel MICLE 1 , Liviu MRUIA 1 , Adrian CNTAR 1 , Leonard DOROGOSTAISKY 2 , Andrei STAVIL 1 , Cristian FLOCA 1
1 West University of Timioara, Faculty of Letters, History and Theology, History Department 2 Alcatel-Lucent Romania, Timioara
Satellite remote sensing represents the acquisition of information from a distance, in the form of conventional photographic images (in analogic format) or as raster images (in digital format) based on the interaction between objects found on the Earths surface and the sensors of electromagnetic radiation (radiated by the Sun). The detection of electromagnetic radiation is done photographically (photographs) or electronically (spectral imagery). Remote sensing in archaeology is still based, in most cases, on aerial techniques of low altitude prospection, on visible wavelengths and on those closer to infrared. The information is gathered in a digital format that can be amplified, rectified and reclassified using a large array of algorithms and specialized software. Archaeologists tend to increasingly choose remote sensing as a technique of exploration of sites with a minimal disjointing from the surrounding geographical context. These procedures allow for new methods of 3D cartography of prehistoric and historical sites to be developed, as opposed to the traditional 2D approach. Standard black and white aerial photography is usually employed for the purpose of archaeological exploration and site analysis better than images acquired by the infrared scanner, by radar or by colour photography. However, the real benefit of experimentation through remote sensing techniques lies in the use of different instruments and in comparing and correlating the results. Remote sensing can be an identification technique, since the computer can be programmed to search for distinctive signatures or for the energy emitted by a site or for known features in areas where such research was not employed. Such signatures are useful for the recognition of features or patterns. Features such as: elevation, distance from water sources, distance between sites or settlements, transportation corridors and routes can be used to predict the locations of potential archaeological sites. The study is based both on the analysis of satellite images and on the analysis of air photographs, in the perimeter of the Timi County, using as case study the circular fortifications identified through this method, belonging to several historical eras, that have not been previously published. Our study presents the methods and techniques for processing the images acquired, and the subsequent field identification and survey using the total station. The features of these circular archaeological sites are emphasized, their fortification system, and other geomorphologic markers that can be useful for a non-invasive archaeological analysis, as part of a more complex study of landscape archaeology.
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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 20
Fig. 1. Corneti - circular fortifications.
USE OF GIS TECHNIQUES AND TOPOGRAPHIC INSTRUMENTS TO MONITOR THE GEOMORPHOLOGIC PROCESSES AFFECTING ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES
Gheorghe ROMANESCU
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Geography and Geology, ARHEOINVEST Platform
Even though the active geomorphological processes taking place in Romania are closely monitored by specific institutions, the equipment used is, unfortunately, often inadequate, and this leads to substandard results. The most intense processes are furrowing and landfalls. These often occur in areas with an argillaceous substrate and on surfaces lacking forest vegetation. In this category we can include the Moldavian Plateau and the Transylvanian Depression. By using the GIS techniques and modern topographic instruments, many of the answers expected from dynamic geomorphology will be accurate, and the data bank will be much FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 21 improved. For the morphologic analysis and the dynamic of versant geomorphologic processes, a wide array of modern methods and techniques was used, but they were not always rigorous. In most of the studies, rudimentary and dated methods were used, which were based on wood or metal markers. In order to accurately monitor the current geomorphologic processes, we need to make use of satellite imagery analysis, aerial photographs, electronic equipment, etc. Among the most accurate topographic instruments used to monitor these processes, we mention the following: the Leica 3D Scanner and the Leica Total Station. They were successfully tested by monitoring the ravine from Cucuteni (Iai county). Three years of geomorphological processes measurement allowed for the elaboration of models for tracking the ravines advancement, on for predicting further developments. The elaborated maps constitute the basis for the accurate interpretation of processes that are being increasingly observed.
Fig. 1. Map elaborated according to the data obtained from the 3D scan of the Biceni-Cucuteni ravine, 2010.
IDENTITY IN DIVERSITY. PHOTOGRAMMETRY, 3D LASER SCANNING AND MAGNETOMETRIC ANALYSIS ON GUMELNIA TELLS OF MUNTENIA (ROMANIA)
Ctlin BEM 1 , Andrei ASNDULESEI 2 , Carmen BEM 3 , Bogdan VENEDICT 2 , Cristi NICU 2 , Vasile COTIUG 2 , Ctlin NICOLAE 1 , Eugen PARASCHIV 1
1 National History Museum of Romania, Bucharest 2 Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Department of Science, ARHEOINVEST Platform 3 Institute for Cultural Memory, Bucharest
We first needed to sketch out a model of unintrusive investigation of Gumelnia tells. Archaeology, on its own, with its destructive character, inherently affects the tells, during the carrying out of the investigation, as well as after the diggings. This generally takes place from natural causes and, more commonly in Romania, from anthropic causes. FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 22 After more than 100 years of archaeological studies, it is still difficult to properly characterize the complexity of the GumelniaKaranovo VI phenomenon. The study concentrated on tells man-made knolls created by a long and successive habitation of the same location. They are considered the most important habitations of the Gumelnia communities, for more than five hundred years (ca. 4550-3900 BC). Without a coherent strategy for investigating this phenomenon, the studies, carried out according to strict deadlines, were directed especially to the discovery of burnt habitation remains very rich in their archaeological inventory. The internal structure, the landscape, the immediate link of the tell with its geomorphological bases were often unquantified. Consequently, our study was also based on a characterization of these elements. In the beginning, we stressed some different aspects of the comparison between different tells. The pluristratified stations from Stoeneti - Mgura Tangru, Bucani-Pod and Udupu are differentiated by their location, foundation, dimensions, actual landscape, type of previous study, and also by the grade of contemporary anthropic degradation. Thus, the Stoeneti tell is located on an extension of the terrace of the Clnitea brook. Those from Bucani and Udupu developed on low spits from the narrow meadow of Neajlov and from the large meadow of Teleorman. The tell from Stoeneti dominates the meadow from its height of eleven metres, while the tell from Bucani is, at first sight, of not more than 2.8 m in height from the actual level of the meadow. The Udupu tell has a maximum height of 3.7 m, and its surfaces are in direct proportion to these values. The tell from Stoeneti was studied in the 1930s and at the end of the 1950s. The Bucani tell has been systematically investigated since 1998. The tell from Udupu has not been studied so far. The tell from Stoeneti is relatively isolated from the actual settlement. Only seasonal sheepfolds neighbour it. The Bucani tell is close to the actual village, while the one from Udupu is far from any actual anthropic intervention. Their degree of conservation is directly linked to the impact of contemporary anthropic factors. A conjugated analysis of aero-photometrical data (Fig. 1-2), 3D scanning (Fig. 4) and magnetometry (removing, when possible, the perturbations created by the daily variations of the Earths magnetic field and the background noise produced by the existence of some massive geological formations) (Fig. 3), proved that the three tells which are so different today have a similar internal structure. All of them have at least one bounding ditch at the basis of the actual hill, to their exterior (including the small tell adjoining the base of the larger Stoeneti tell). The maximum stratigraphic amplitude is between 3.2 and 4.5 m. The effective habitation area concentrates on the surface, and is rectangularly delimited by the ditch(es) of some palisade(s), and is superposed by the first-level curves of the raised-relief topographic maps. In the tell from Bucani Pod (Fig. 5), archaeological investigations confirmed the magnetometric maps obtained in three different sessions. The stratigraphy of the tell from Bucani-Pod includes three important moments of Gumelnia habitation. They are separated by alluvial sediments or by periods of abandonment marked by important pluvial activity. There are two categories of boundary delimitation works: 1. wide ditches, dug on a quasi-circular contour and left opened, with the excavated sediments deposited along one of the sides, creating a structure which might be described as a dam. They each belong to the Gumelnia A1 (N3) level, around 4400 BC and to the Gumelnia B1 (N1) level, around 3900 BC; 2 narrow and deep ditches, dug on a generally rectangular contour. They are the foundation of some fences, filled shortly after the digging, and, from a stratigraphic point of view, belonging to the Gumelnia B1 (N1) level, or from around 3900 BC. As most of them were dug in anthropic sediments and were covered shortly after that, their identification on the magnetometric maps is quite difficult. They are often mistaken fo the effective remains of the habitation burnt dwellings, fireplaces, ovens, etc. It is noteworthy that the same way of boundary delimitation at least the one using exterior FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 23 ditches also appeared at the dawn of the Gumelnia civilization (around 4500-4400 BC) and at its end (around 3900 BC). We also have to stress the fact that in the case of the large tell from Stoeneti - Mgura Tangru, the exterior ditch was dug at the base of the terrace on which the first inhabitants settled, on a level which is around 6 m lower than the place where the first buildings were raised. Obviously, any defensive scenario is out of the question at this moment. We should also mention the fact that all the ditches were dug before the stratigraphic development of the tells. In the case of the ditches acting as foundations for palisades or fences, the space enclosed by the resulting perimeter was subsequently occupied by constructions totally (as it appears to have happened at Udupu) or partially (as it is the case of the tell from Bucani). This may well have been one of the causes for the proliferation of Gumelnia tells. Since most of them were small in size, it would appear that the settlements initial limits forbade horizontal expansion and development. Over time, this caused repeated and extensive swarmings of some parts of the communities, which will found new settlements where the same pattern was applied and manifested itself.
Fig. 1. Stoeneti - Mgura Tangru. Air photo. Fig. 2. Stoeneti - Mgura Tangru. Aerial photo with change of the RGB for make the anomalies more visible.
Fig. 3. Magnetometric map of the Udupu tell.
Fig. 4. Udupu tell. Elements of the 3D laser scanning.
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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 24
Fig. 5. Bucani - Pod tell. The reconstruction of the separation ditches or the tracks and foundation ditches for the palisades (the red, blue and green parts were researched during the archaeological dig, while the dark grey parts correspond to the magnetometric information; the red contours show the position of the buildings at the upper level).
THE KOMARIV COMMUNITY FROM ADNCATA. THE EVALUATION OF THE HABITATION CONDITIONS
Vasile BUDUI 1 , Bogdan-Petru NICULIC 2
1 tefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Faculty of History and Geography 2 Bukovina Museum, Suceava
In the period from 2000 to 2005, systematic archaeological excavations were carried out in the tumular necropolis from Adncata (Suceava county). Since we were dealing with the only Komariv necropolis from Romania which has been thoroughly investigated, a special attention was paid to an interdisciplinary approach that sought to identify the landscape features with potential for human habitation. To this end, we proceeded with the geographical analysis of the region, using the following sources: topographical maps and layouts, orthophotomaps and field work. To acquire the sites features, we made use the ArcGIS 9.2 geographical information system, which allowed us to analyse the spatial distribution of the geomorphometric parameters FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 25 (altitude, slope, aspect) and to compile the solar radiation factor, as well as to create a series of topographical profiles of the Adncata site. The investigated region has the general appearance of a plateau, slightly fragmented by a hydrographic network composed of one or two Horton- Strahler ranges, which enhanced the habitation potential by flanking the settlement with two confluent creeks, Porcul and Grigoreti. The pedological investigations revealed that the forest once spread across the entire field, and also brought forth the soil profiles forest morphology, that is, the presence of the Bt horizon (clay illuviation). The quasi-horizontal surface with a slight southern exposure, as well as with easy access to water, food and wood resources, favoured habitation of the area.
SETTLEMENT DYNAMICS DURING LATER PREHISTORY IN MOLDAVIA (ROMANIA). LAST RESULTS AND PERSPECTIVES
Robin BRIGAND 1 , Olivier WELLER 2
1 Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249, Besanon 2 CNRS-Universits Paris 1 Panthon-Sorbonne et Paris 10-Nanterre, Laboratoire Archologies et Sciences de l'Antiquit Protohistoire europenne, UMR 7041, Paris
The paper aims to extend a collective research initiated by the French-Romanian projects dedicated to investigating the impact of salt springs in Moldavia (Romania) on the Neolithic and Eneolithic settlement patterns, land use and landscape perception during the Late Prehistory. The main objective of these successive programs, dealing with archaeology, ethnology, paleoenvironmental reconstruction and geomatics, was to examine how and why salt resources were controlled and structured in the Eastern Carpathians piedmont, more specifically in its central part (Neam county). This presentation plans to expand the issues addressed by the previous research, in terms of spatial dimensions and thematic scope. The first goal was to explore, with reference to the natural resources and the available archaeological databases on settlement patterns, the Romanian north-eastern territories organization and their dynamics. Taking into consideration the subsequent results compiled for Neam County, a similar spatial analysis methodology was used on a regional scale. For each county, an exhaustive archaeological database was built using most recent previous published repertories. The main goal was to obtain, for each prehistoric settlement, different qualitative indicators regarding the precision of the topographic mapping, the nature of settlement and its chronological framework, as well as of the quality and dating of the archaeological material. The second goal was to focus on natural indicators and their relative attractiveness in order to define their relation with the economic development by chronological periods. In order to understand the settlement patterns, population density and diachronic evolution, the obvious objective was to create a model of the evolution pattern of the areas where traces of human occupation and activity are to be found. Aiming to characterize the evolution of the human influence and of the modes of the territorial conquest, we used methods of spatial analysis and spatial information processing, in a Geographic Information System, more specifically the kernel density estimation and viewshed analysis. The final goal was to evaluate how the territories were constituted and to compare their human dynamics.
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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 26 INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH IN THE TERRITORY OF HISTRIA
Octavian BOUNEGRU 1 , Gheorghe ROMANESCU 2
1 Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History, ARHEOINVEST Platform 2 Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Geography and Geology, ARHEOINVEST Platform
Keywords: Histria, hinterland, Greco-Roman time, resources.
In 2007, the research project The Captation Area of the Resources of the Histrian Territory in Greco-Roman Time. An ecochronological Approach from the spatial Perspective of the Histrian Territory, part of the Exploratory Research Projects Program - 2007-2010, was accepted for financing. From an integrative perspective and with methods specific for the interdisciplinary study, the project approaches the Chorothesy, the famous inscription discovered at Histria in 1914. In this exceptionally significant epigraphic document, M. Laberius Maximus, the governor of Moesia, established the boundaries of the Histrian territory on October 25, 100 A.D. The new analysis of this epigraphic document aims at a holistic approach of the issues concerning the spatial organization of the Histrian territory in the Greco-Roman period, as well as the exploitation of the resources in that area. The main objectives of the project were: - to identify the natural resources in the Histrian territory in the Greek and Roman period; - to determine the size of the natural catchment area and to highlight the dynamics of the natural resources exploitation in the Histrian territory from the Greek to the Roman period; - to ascertain the role played by the Histrian natural resources in the implementation of the human habitat; - to accomplish a habitation typology with regard to the functionality of the main categories of settlements on the Histrian territory, from a diachronic perspective. The research has allowed for the identification of 84 ancient settlements, sanctuaries, necropoleis, fortified settlements, farms, and aqueducts on the Histrian territory from the Greek, Hellenistic, Roman, and Roman-Byzantine periods, as well as the vestiges of the ancient Histrian harbour. The following types of resource exploitation sites were identified, registered, and charted: stone quarries, copper and iron mines, traces of iron and clay exploitations, and a few Roman aqueducts that supplied water to the town. The surveys and systematic archaeological research have confirmed the fact that during the Hellenistic and Roman periods the territory of the town chora stretched in the west and south as far as the Calabeus River in Chorothesy, and in north to the Danube Delta. The establishment of the visibility limits of the boundaries of this territory is of particular importance for the debate on the Histrian territory. To the north and west, these limits largely included the real boundaries of the Histrian territory, which explains to a great extent the direct control Histria had over the resources of the area and confirms the biunivocal relation existing in a Greek colony between the town and its hinterland.
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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 27 ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY. METHODOLOGICAL CASE STUDIES IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FROM ROMANIA
Clin UTEU
1 Decembrie 1918 University of Alba-Iulia, Iuliu Paul Systemic Archaeology Institute
Geophysical investigation is increasingly becoming one of the most desired steps to be included in the strategies of the Romanian archaeological projects, either for systematic or salvage archaeology. If the equipment, from a technological point of view, has already been standardised as a consequence of its widespread international use, with refinements only going into improving the quality of the collected data, we cannot say the same when it comes to the field and laboratory methodology. In this respect, we can state that improvements could be made, particularly in regard to the manner in which ERT is integrated into complex archaeological projects. We consider our approach valuable since it is meant to ensure the improvement of the effective quality of the provided ERT services, while also aiming at amending the relationship between ERT specialists and archaeologists, when it comes to establishing a strategy and interpreting and using the data. The soil resistivity method was one of the first geophysical methods to be applied with success in archaeological investigations, since 1946. Although relatively simple, this method has known in recent years many variations and improvements in its usability for archaeological purposes, especially as a result of advancements in technology and software. Of the several available methods, the electrical soil resistivity tomography - ERT (also known as electrical profiling) stands out, and we hereby present few projects that helped us to establish a more adequate methodology for ERT use in archaeological applications. The main presented aspect concerns the usage of a combined method for an optimum characterization of detected anomalies. The addition of a magnetometrical profile with the same coordinates as the ERT survey, and the use of topographical corrections are discussed in relation to the interpretation of the data. To illustrate these aspects, several archaeological projects that were carried out over the past years will be presented (e.g. Sultana - Malu Rou, Apaa - the medieval citadel, Alba Iulia Str. Decebal nr. 8, Drobeta Turnu Severin - Severin medieval citadel, the tumulus burials from Okland, etc.). The paper will also showcase an illustrative project, namely a study on the defensive system of the fortified settlement from Teleac, Alba county. It includes a presentation of the main phases of the survey, as well as of the overall preparation of the project, of the recording strategy, the creation of a report and result dissemination. An attempt to corelate the results with the stratigraphy from the 1980s campaigns will also be presented. Finally, a discussion will be held on the topic of standardized recording of a geophysical survey, with references to well-known European heritage institutions such as English Heritage and the Institute for Field Archaeologists. Several suggestions towards establishing and applying a standard in Romanian practice will be advanced.
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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 28
Fig. 1. Electrical Resistance Tomography - ERT survey at the Medieval citadel of Apaa-Cetate.
THE ANALYSIS OF THE VIEWSHEDS OF THE MEDIEVAL FORTIFICATIONS FROM THE LIPOVA HILLS, N-E BANAT, ROMANIA
From a geographical point of view, the Lipova Hills are a morphostructural part of the greater unit of the Western Hills. They constitute clearly individualized geomorphological units through their deposit structure, their location at the base of mountainous areas and through their altitude. From an administrative point of view, this geographical unit is currently part of the following counties: Timi, Arad and Hunedoara. The area has been only slightly explored from an archaeological point of view; thus, between 2006 and 2010 numerous field surveys were carried out as to identify and map new archaeological sites, producing 265 analytic records for diverse archaeological complexes, nine of which are medieval fortifications that constitute the topic of the present study.
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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 29
As a whole, our work aimed at identifying, researching, interpreting and integrating some terrain realities into the generic context of historical geography, as a base component of the cultural landscape. The use of modern interdisciplinary investigation methods and techniques gives substance to the validity of such an approach. This type of investigation of geographical micro-units offers complex information that can constitutre the base of detailed, targeted investigations for the future. The present study attempted, above all, to detect the original landscape inhabited by the respective communities, before it was altered during the modern and contemporary ages.
Fig. 1. Aerial map of intervisibility areas of the medieval fortifications.
All the sites identified through systematic archaeological field research were afterwards georeferenced, mapped and GIS-processed. Different geomorphographic factors were analysed, among them the viewsheds (areas of visibility) of these fortifications. This type of analysis (intervisibility) renders a visualization which highlights the areas that are invisible from one or more observation points. These observation positions can be detailes such as pointed objects (points), linear objects (lines) or area objects (polygons). A thematic coverage was produced, whose Z values represent the visibility (often coloured green) or invisibility (often coloured red) and also observation points (often colored blue) and the image is then rendered. The observation points can be set at a specified elevation, and the array of values for the surface can be modified with custom values, for example the height of the trees. The ArcGIS package also contains the HNTRLAND procedure to determine the area dominated by one or more vantage points, and the VIEWSHED procedure for determining the cells visible from one or more points. The results are very interesting, particularly when we discuss the issue of fortification system or when we attempt to determine the area of authority for a fortified point (cf. the dispute on centre and periphery).
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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 30 FROM SHOVEL TO NON-INVASIVE SCIENCES. INVESTIGATING A BRONZE AGE SITE IN WESTERN MOLDAVIA
1 Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History, ARHEOINVEST Platform 2 Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Department of Science, ARHEOINVEST Platform
The Early and Middle Bronze Age in the area located east of the Carpathians was investigated mainly by pottery found in a cluster of settlements and funerary findings. Coherent ideas about life, relationships of these communities and the landscape are less rather inconsistent, as is clear from the material published until recently. This contribution is setted on my observations from the field and on the contribution of a young and training team from the Arheoinvest Platform. I have paid particular attention to previous research on the type and structure of these kind of discoveries dating from the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age in the area of study and I tried to revaluate my own researches on the archaeological site of Silitea, Romni commune, Neam county. To expand and diversify the observations, in 2008 I turned to non-invasive investigations techniques in Archaeology (mapping, geomagnetic researches, and radiocarbon analyses). On this occasion, I will attempt a brief review, which will illustrate the current archaeological research avatars, a rocky path from the archaeological shovel up to the multidisciplinary approach.
MAGNETOMETRIC PROSPECTIONS IN THE THRACO-GETAE FORTRESS FROM SAHARNA MARE, REZINA DISTRICT, REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA
Ion NICULI 1 , Vasile COTIUG 2 , Aurel ZANOCI 1 , Andrei ASNDULESEI 3 , Gheorghe ROMANESCU 4 , Felix-Adrian TENCARIU 3 , Bogdan VENEDICT 3 , tefan CALINIUC 2 , Radu BALAUR 3 , Cristi NICU 3
1 State University of Moldova, Chiinu 2 Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History, ARHEOINVEST Platform 3 Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Department of Science, ARHEOINVEST Platform 4 Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Geography and Geology, ARHEOINVEST Platform
Keywords: Saharna Mare, Thraco-Getae, fortress, magnetometric prospections.
The rocky hill from Saharna Mare, situated at 1 km south-west of the current Saharna village, constitutes the high terrace of the Dniesters right bank, with lofty and steep flanks on its northern, eastern and south-eastern sides. With a surface area of ca. 12 ha, the hill has witnessed human habitation since the end of the 2 nd millennium BC. A semi-oval stronghold measuring 60x64 m and dated to the 10 th -8 th century BC, has been archaeologically attested at this location. The fortifications southern boundary is marked by the interfluves steep hillslope, while the eastern, northern and western ones by a man-made defensive work composed of a palisade (a wall of two rows of timber, with the gap between them filled with clay and rocks) and a ditch adjoining to the front. FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 31 Towards the 8 th -6 th century BC, the inhabited area from Saharna Mare witnessed a considerable widening when it expanded to the central and north-eastern parts of the promontory, forcing the erection of a newer, more complex and sturdy fortification system, that was again rebuild during the 5 th -4 th century. The defensive system was composed of a wall stretching for ca. 385 m and with a width of ca. 5,6 m, that was built from a wooden case with a core (emplecton) made from a mixture of dirt, sand, gravel and rocks. To the exterior of the south-western side, a ditch, 15 m wide at the top and 6 m at the bottom, was dug parallel to the wall. The defensive potential of the fortress was augmented by three bastion positioned in front of the defensive line, in the central area and on the flanks. During the 2010 campaign, following the partnership signed with the ARHEOINVEST Research Platform from the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, the entire area in question was magnetometrically surveyed, as to trace the path of the fortification works that were archaeologically attested and to identify new archaeological complexes. The resulting magnetometric map highlights the paths of the archaeologically identified fortifications, as well as the existence of other magnetometric anomalies which may represent other various archaeological complexes.
Fig. 1. Saharna Mare - magnetic field map.
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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 32 THE EXPLOITATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE PRE-CUCUTENI-CUCUTENI-TRIPOLYE CULTURAL COMPLEX
Constantin PREOTEASA
History and Archaeology Musem of Piatra-Neam
Keywords: Pre-Cucuteni-Cucuteni-Tripolye cultural complex, anthropic impact, natural resources, environment.
The present study focuses on the exploitation of natural resources (wood, salt, rocks and metals) by the human communities of the Pre-Cucuteni-Cucuteni-Tripolye cultural complex, while also taking into account the impact of this activity on the environment. Our approach considers the temporary settlements and the extraction points of different raw materials such as salt, clay and flint, built near these sources with the purpose of assuring a more efficient exploitation. We reviewed the different estimates made by specialists accompanied by our observations on the total amount of wood necessary for building, but also for fuel and, implicitly, on the size of the harvested area, for several settlements with a well-known or an approximate number of habitation complexes. At the same time, we emphasized the estimates about the total amount of salt necessary for the human communities from settlements which had demographic estimations, and for their effectives of domestic animals (with conventional average estimates). The study advances several estimates on the size of the harvested areas, the amount of wood necessary for construction and on the salt requirements of some Pre-Cucuteni-Cucuteni- Tripolye communities from settlements with known numbers of dwellings and inhabitants.
PROVENANCE OF NEOLITHIC STONE ARTEFACTS FROM THE BANAT REGION, ROMANIA
Otis CRANDELL 1 , Florentina MARI 2, 3
1 Babe-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Biology and Geology 2 Banat Museum, Timioara 3 "1 Decembrie 1918" University of Alba-Iulia
Keywords: Romania, Banat, raw materials, lithic artefacts, Neolithic.
The objective of the study was to determine the origin of several knapped lithic artefacts at six Late Neolithic sites near Timioara (Romania). To help determine possible sources of the raw materials which were used to produce the artefacts, the artefacts were compared to geological samples of known origin. Rock samples were collected from sources in Cara-Severin and Mehedini counties. In addition to these samples, the artefacts were also compared to rock samples in the Lithotheque of Babes-Bolyai University which came from other locations in Romania. All of the knapped lithic tools (approximately 400) were analysed macroscopically. Some were also thin sectioned for microscopic analysis. The artefacts or the materials used to produce them appear to have come from a variety of sources. The nearest are at least 80 to 100 km away. Some of them appear be over 500 km away. This presentation will look at the artefacts found at the sites and compare them to the FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 33 sources where they likely came from. Finally, we will consider the cultural implications of these discoveries.
Acknowledgements: This study was financially supported by CNCSIS-UEFISCSU, PNII-IDEI project Nr. 2241/2008 (Romanian Ministry of Education and Research).
Fig. 1. Overview maps. a: Neolithic sites where the artefacts were found; b: nearest raw materials sources; c: sources of high quality materials further away; d: examples of artefacts.
GEOMORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND HUMAN ACTIVITIES WITH IMPACT ON THE ACHAEOLOGICAL SITE FROM HOISETI, IAI COUNTY
Dan LESENCIUC 1 , Daniel CONDORACHI 1 , George BODI 2
1 Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Geography and Geology, ARHEOINVEST Platform 2 Institute of Archaeology of Iai
Keywords: archaeological site, Hoiseti, Cucuteni culture, floodplain, river erosion, meandering.
The Hoiseti archaeological site is located on a concave bank of a meander loop in the Bahlui floodplain. From a geomorphological point of view, floodplains are characterized by processes of river erosion, associated with depositing ones. In our case, the modelling agent is the Bahlui River, which displays in the investigated area a riverbed channel that is much meandered and in which processes of bank and in-depth erosion are present. Particularly the bank erosion induces a strong dynamic that triggers frequent horizontal movements. Therefore, these meanders are continuously adjusting to, and influenced by, the banks slope, the riverbeds sediments, the quantity of solid and liquid discharge, the rivers catchment area, land use and FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 34 other human activities. Alongside the meanders horizontal movement, a noticeable process is the appearance of microrelief landforms, such as islets and abandoned meanders. The strong meandering process in the Hoiseti area is evidenced by the presence of gooseneck meanders, evolving into self-captured meanders via strangulation. This was caused by the strong erosion of the two opposing curvatures of a loop, until its base is cut-off as a result of the loops downstream migration. As the Bahlui River evolved as part of a normal hydrographical network, at least until the middle of the 20 th century when the first hydrotechnical work took place, the meandering process was quite strong, resulting in a shrinkage of the archaeological sites area. After the regularization of the rivers discharge, the lateral erosion of the concave banks was strongly diminished, resulting in significantly reduced rates of meander migration.
MICROMORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ANTHROPIC SEQUENCES FROM TELL TYPE SETTLEMENTS IN MUNTENIA
Constantin HAIT
National Museum of Romanian History, National Centere for Pluridisciplinary Researches, Bucharest
Keywords: micromorphology, sedimentary fabric, zone of activity, anthropic activities.
Micromorphological research involves different scales of observation, from the macroscopic analysis in the field, to the stereomicroscope and polarized light microscopy. Microscopic analysis is performed on thin sections of sediment and soil samples taken in their undisturbed and actual orientation, and previously impregnated with synthetic resin. The study is basically an observation of all sedimentary features (texture, structure, porosity, colour, nature of constituents, homogeneity, and degree of compaction) as to identify and rank the diagnosis features which can be attributed to the main anthropogenic, sedimentary and soil forming processes. They correspond to the interaction of the three main categories of processes that create sedimentary deposits in the archaeological context: accumulation, transformation and redistribution. Sedimentary strata from tell type settlements in Muntenia are characterized by a fine and complex stratigraphy and an excellent degree of conservation of mineral and organic constituents and other sedimentary features. The analysis of such anthropogenic deposits from the composition of the studied archaeological structures or from areas located outside, allows the interpretation of sedimentary fabrics (considered as the total organisation of the units) in terms of human activities and associated environmental conditions, as the influence of their action since the accumulation until present. The main types of identified sedimentary units are: - units of construction attributed to different materials prepared for the construction or fitting out of anthropogenic structures; - accumulation units formed in the interior of dwelling structures, in waste or transit areas; - units of transformation under the influence of anthropogenic or natural agents; - natural units formed under the action of physical-chemical and pedological agents. The interpretation of these sedimentary units in the micro-stratigraphic context enables both the understanding of human activity and the main stages in the sites evolution. FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 35 USING GIS IN THE ANALYSIS OF CUCUTENI SETTLEMENTS CULTURE, IN THE EASTERN CARPATHIANS
Elena DELEANU, Dan CRMID
Mihai Bcescu Technical College of Flticeni
Keywords: GIS, Cucuteni culture, salt exploitation, Thyssen polygons.
Geographic Information System (GIS) has become a tool with multiple uses in archaeology, GIS equipment and software being capable of delivering complex geographical information. Thus, mapping information can be used in visualizing, managing and analyzing data obtained from archaeological investigations of a particular site or of a wider area. At the same time, it presents the opportunity to augment the geographical info or other various data we have on a settlement or a grave field. Our analysis was based on this technology, and was individually applied to some Cucutenian settlements whose exact locations (GPS coordinates) are known from previous archaeological investigations. Likewise, data from previous interdisciplinary research of the paleo-ecosystem (palynological and archaeozoological investigations), and from research which inferred the sites functions (exploitation of renewable raw materials, tool production, etc.) was used. We analyzed the settlements from Preuteti-Halt, Preuteti-Cetate, Hbeti, all belonging to the A phase of the Cucuteni culture, in regard to the exploitation of salt during the Neolithic. The analysis can generate, detail or complete geographical interpretations of a site, in terms of 3D mapping, topographical reality, surface orientation in relation to the Sun, hypsometric map, etc. The generated maps are then processed according to a complex site- catchment algorithm, focusing on the sites subsistence area (5 km radius-wide in the case of agricultural settlements) and the adjoining ecosystem (reconstructed from paleobotanical and archaeozoological data, soil analysis, presence of raw materials near the site, etc.). We then further attempt to determine the settlements boundaries, to this point arbitrarily fixed by archaeologists, by taking into account the size and the importance of the archaeological discoveries, and by dividing the area according to the Thyssen polygons model. This information is then correlated with the available archaeological data, as to allow a social interpretation of the settlement in question, that is, to determine the area of control and influence of a main central settlement over the rest from inside the polygon.
THE SPREAD OF THRACO-GETAE SITES IN THE MIDDLE DNIESTER BASIN
Aurel ZANOCI, Mihail B
State University of Moldova, Chiinu
Keywords: fortifications, civil settlements, spatial arrangement, the Thraco-Getae.
In the 6 th - 3 rd centuries BC, the area east of the Carpathians was inhabited for the most part by Thraco-Getae communities. Their traces are attested by several archaeological sites, particularly by civilian settlements (over 400 in number) and fortifications (about 113). In terms of topography, we notice that the settlements were not scattered, but concentrated in clusters FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 36 comprised of several fortifications and many open settlements. Currently, ten such clusters were identified in the above-mentioned territory. They are usually concentrated in river basins (Dniester, Prut, Rut, etc.) or at the border between the steppe and the forest-steppe. One such case is to be found in the Middle Dniester basin, where 27 fortifications and about 54 civil settlements were mapped (Map 1). At this moment, this seems to be the largest concentration of sites not only in the Dniester basin, but also throughout the whole area inhabited by the Thraco-Getae. The monuments are located along the banks of Dniester, both on its right and left sides, in the area between the localities of Vertiujeni (47 59' 36" North, 28 32' 24" East) in the Floreti District, and ipova (47 36' 18" North, 28 58' 46" East) in the Rezina District. If on the left bank the sites are concentrated close to the river, on the right side they are spread over a distance of up to 18 km west of the river.
Map 1. Spreading of Thraco-Gatae sites in the Middle Dniester basin.
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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 37 Concerning this cluster, our attention is drawn to the manner in which the fortifications were positioned. They are arranged in three defensive lines. Thus, the first one, composed of four bulwarked facilities (Racov, Caterinovca, Stroieti and Ofatini), is located on the left bank of the river and close to the water. The second is on the right bank, also near the water, and consists of ten fortifications (Vertiujeni, Japca, Curatura, Rezina, Saharna-Revichin, Saharna Mic, Saharna Mare, Saharna-La an, Saharna-Hulboaca and Buciuca). After mapping, it became apparent that the fortifications which constitute this line of defence were placed on elevated positions dominating the long, narrow lowlands which connected the riverbed with the lands to the west. The third line of defense, consisting of 13 fortifications (Cunicea, Alcedar, Glinjeni-La an, ahnui, Mateui, etc.), was situated at a distance of several kilometres from the Dniester. Most fortresses are found in the basins of the Ciorna River or of other brooks, all right-bank tributaries of the Dniester. Open settlements are located around the fortifications, at a distance of about 0,1 to 1,5 km from the fortified centres. We can also observe a preference for establishing civilian settlements near water sources (the Dniester, Ciorna, Coglnic, etc. rivers). Among the clusters of the Middle Dniester region, some smaller nests consisting of one to three fortifications (e.g. Saharna Mare, Saharna Mic, Saharna-La an) and several other civilian settlements, are observed. As a result of archaeological investigations conducted in a series of fortifications, it was determined that they were permanently inhabited, as attested by the remains of dwellings, ancillary buildings, sewage pits and a fairly rich and diverse archaeological inventory. At the same time, the fortresses could serve as a refuge for communities living in nearby civil settlements. This is attested, for example, at Saharna-La an, where there was a permanently inhabited small stronghold (17560 m) with a larger adjoining enclosure (307254 m) that is practically devoid of traces of habitation. Nonetheless, three open settlements were identified in the fortress environ, and, in case of necessity, the population could take refuge in the large accommodation. Thus, it can be inferred that the small nests represented the living space of a tribal community, and that the clusters of sites, which spreads over an area of about 600 km, can be attributed to a major Thraco-Getae polity from the Middle Dniester region.
URTIM 2009 - AN ORIGINAL PROCEDURE TO ANALYZE SATELLITE IMAGES IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Timotei URSU
Salamandra Communication, New York
Keywords: Google Earth Pro, Dacian Sanctuaries, URTIM 2009, satellite image.
Regular satellite-images provided by dedicated software such as Google Earth Pro are analysed using an original technique that permits pertinent results even from images with low quality. The usefulness of the procedure, which produces quality data to be used in archaeological work, was exemplified, for example, by its employment in the investigation of several archaeological sites from Romania, specifically of the Dacian sanctuaries from the Ortie Mountains, in the Southern Carpathians. An explanation of the technique follows. In batches of satellite images, with a focus range between 8 to 30 m from the soil, an intensive colour oversaturation was performed. Then, using the filters for night and day (UV and IR), the computer screen becomes a special sensor FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 38 which can reveal more than the limited data offered by the satellites sensors that capture information in the form of visible radiation (i.e. the spectrum of visible light reflected by Earths surface). The URTIM 2009 method produces new images on the basis of UV electromagnetic radiation (with a wavelength shorter than that of visible light) and IR radiation (with a wavelength of 0.7-300 micrometres). These wavelengths from the spectrum of sunlight, reflected by de Earths surface, will reveal traces of past human activities (structures, roads, diggings, pits) that are buried at a depth between 0.50 - 2.50 m, while at the same time ignoring some surface structures. The effect is due to the differences present in the texture of the soil, and due to the fact that all ground structures and features (soil, rocks, bottom of lakes, etc.) have distinct temperatures which will be registered as a different colour-radiation. URTIM 2009 can not differentiate between old and recent human traces, but it can offer archaeologists a useful image of the underground reality, in quadrilaterals areas (ranging from 5 x 2.7 m to 40 x 22 m). Basically, the URTIM 2009 method uses image visualisation software, translating the results to other programs for the best resolution and clarity of the pictures.
Fig. 1. The old sanctuary made of calcar from Sarmizegetusa.
Romula (Reca - Dobrosloveni village, Olt County) was an important urban centre of the Roman province of Dacia. According to some researchers it was the capital of Dacia Malvensis. A controversial issue concerns the location of the two Roman camps, reported and outlined at the end of the 17 th century by L.F. Marsigli as existing in the eastern part of the town, but which have not yet been archaeologically identified (Fig. 1/a). Since an archaeological investigation is currently very difficult to be carried, due to the fact that area was almost entirely superposed by modern constructions, the use of a little-known topographic plan turns out to be, at the moment, the only method applicable. We are referring to the plan of the Reca estate, developed by cadastral engineer Mnstiriceanu Ghi in 1840 (Fig. 1/b). On its basis we put FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 39 forward an original location in the south-eastern part of the village for one of the fortifications, in an area which has not been sufficiently researched from archaeological point of view. The Roman camp seems to be of a rectangular, almost square, shape, with its sides measuring 161.40 x 144.30 m, and is located at a distance of about 407 m from the so-called city centres fortress. This fortification was the only one identified and investigated by archaeological excavations. Further investigations are needed in order to confirm this hypothesis.
a
b Fig. 1. The location of the fortifications from Romula in Marsiglis layout (a) and the topographical survey made by G. Mnstiriceanu (b).
UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY RESEARCH IN MAZOTOS (CYPRUS), STYRA AND MODI (GREECE). PROSPECTION AND CONSERVATION METHODS
Ana-Maria BUIL
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History, ARHEOINVEST Platform
Underwater archaeology has already completed almost half a century of systematic fieldwork around the Mediterranean. Since 1960, our knowledge of the ancient trade, sea- routes, navigation and shipbuilding has been significantly enriched especially as a result of the excavation of wrecks dated to different historical periods. For the Romanian Black Sea coast, connections with Mediterranean island or its mainland suggest maritime activity. Land discoveries and historical sources have proved the intense seaborne trade, in which the cities along the coast where involved throughout history. The task of this presentation is the description of three different models of underwater projects carried out in Cyprus and Greece, which can be implemented accordingly to the surveys or excavations of the underwater sites along the Romanian Black Sea shoreline.
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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 40 POSTERS
FUNERARY SPACE AND MORTUARY PRACTICES IN THE ALBA-IULIA - LUMEA NOUA SITE. A GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS
Mihai GLIGOR 1 , Marius BREAZU 2 , Tudor BORAN 3
1 1 Decembrie 1918 University of Alba-Iulia, Department of History, Arheology and Museology 2 Roia Montan Gold Corporation, Department of Environment, Roia Montan 3 1 Decembrie 1918 University of Alba-Iulia, Faculty of Science
Keywords: Neolithic, Eneolithic, funerary space, mortuary practices, 3D modeling and reconstruction, geospatial analysis.
The Lumea Nou site is located in the northeastern area of Alba Iulia, on the second terrace of the Mure River, in its middle flow section. Several archaeological campaigns have been conducted here between 1942 and 1947, 1961 and 1963, 1976, 1995 and 1996, 2002 and 2008. Human habitation from the Middle Neolithic to the Late Eneolithic has been archaeologically documented. The findings belong to the Vina, Lumea Nou, Foeni, Petreti and Coofeni cultural groups and the archaeological cultures. Last year's research has shown that the most intense habitation belongs to Foeni communities, to whom we also assign one of the remarkable discoveries made during the 2003- 2005 campaign, i.e. the funerary complex displaying some particular mortuary practices. The human remains, mostly skulls, of ca. 100 people have been unearthed and investigated. Some of the skulls presented round-shaped clogging fractures. The human skeletal remains were not found in anatomical connection. The anthropological analysis confirmed the presence child and adult female and male remains. The archaeological context did not contain traces of violent actions. The AMS dates offer a timeframe between 4600 and 4500 calBC, therefore from the advanced period of the evolution of the Foeni cultural group, a moment which coincides with the beginning of the Eneolithic in Transylvania. The Lumea Nou site suggests a habitation protected by fortifications. The defensive system, consisting of three ditches built by the Foeni communities, suggests the existence of a circular-concentric plan for the settlement. In past years, 3D modelling and reconstruction has been increasingly used to presenting and capitalising from the results of archaeological research. From the reconstruction of the habitat or of artefacts, to spatial analysis, 3D modelling has become an indispensable tool in archaeological research. The scope of this paper is to analyse the funerary discoveries from Lumea Nou, from the spatial topo-archaeological and 3D modelling perspective, mainly using the following methods: (1) the archaeological analysis of the geomorphology of the area, using cartographic and topographic information; (2) the analysis of the spatial distribution of the funerary discoveries, by compiling the topographic plan. The resulting geospatial image offers us some relevant conclusions: the investigated funerary space is located approximately in the middle of the site; no definite correlation between the distribution of the archaeological complexes and the funerary discoveries can be made; there is evidence of unusual funerary practices, gathered from the topographical data, the horizontal and vertical stratigraphy, and the anthropological analyses; by looking at the shape and track of the ditches, it is possible that the purpose of the discovered fortification was to FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 41 delineate and protect the funerary space; 3D model allows the reconstitution of the sites geomorphological features, such as an old riverbed.
Acknowledgement. This work was made possible through the financial support of the Sectorial Operational Programme for Human Resources Development 2007-2013, co-financed by the European Social Fund, under project number POSDRU/89/1.5/S/61104 with the title Social sciences and humanities in the context of global development - development and implementation of postdoctoral research.
THE EFFECTS OF GEOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS ON PATRIMONIAL WORKS FROM IAI RPA GALBEN
Mihai BRNZIL 1 , Dumitru BULGARIU 1,3 , Ion SANDU 2
1 Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Geography and Geology, Department of Geology 2 Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, ARHEOINVEST Platform 3 Romanian Academy - Iai Branch, Collective of Geography
Keywords: Rpa Galben Ensemble of Iai, degradation, geological and anthropogenic factors.
The Rpa Galben Ensemble historical monument, built in 1898-1900, has a special historical, architectural and practical importance for the Iai municipality. Regular consolidation and restoration works have only temporary limited the development and expansion of new and previous degradation processes which continuously affect the ensemble. The studies performed between 2005 and 2010 aimed to identify the main causes and dynamics of the degradation processes, and to estimate the combined effects that geological and anthropogenic factors have on the monument. The research methodology included: (i) field studies and investigations; (ii) chemical and physical-chemical analysis (IR spectrometry, differential thermal analysis, optical microscopy) performed on the building materials (different types of sandstones and calcareous stones) and the binder used for consolidation, salts deposits and some weathering products of the building materials, pluvial water from the parcel system on top and at the bottom of the ensemble; (iii) theoretical and experimental modelling of physical-chemical weathering processes of the building materials (sandstones and calcareous). The results of the studies show the following: (i) the degradation processes, macroscopically visible, affect the structure and aesthetic qualities of the monument in different manners: the deterioration (cracking, grinding) of the stonewall, salt depositing in the cracks of the wall, the building material and binder are corroded, etc.; (ii) depending on the manner of evolution and the effects they produce, two types of weathering processes of building materials can be differentiated: (a) processes with slow, continuous evolution probably caused by the groundwater, the slow flow phenomena of waves, the stuffing materials behind the walls, the active surface subsidence, etc.; (b) processes with cyclic evolution (with a succession of very fast and slow acting steps) probably determined by the infiltration waters (from the city network and the sewerage system), pluvial waters, exposure to various pollutants, etc.; (iii) geological context of the perimeter favoured the apparition and the evolution of degradation processes geological formations in this area belong to the Sarmatian (bluish ash clay) and to the Quaternary (dusty diluvia clay); (iv) the use of different types of building materials accelerated the evolution of the degradation process the most intense weathering processes have been FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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GEOARCHAEOLOGY 42 observed at the area of contact between different types of sandstones and limestones that were used in the previous consolidations works. The results of the experimental studies and the field investigations provide important information for the future consolidation and restoration works of the Rpa Galben Ensemble.
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BIOARCHAEOLOGY 43 BIOARCHAEOLOGY
BIOMARKERS AND BIOINDICATORS IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY OF PREHISTORY
Luminia BEJENARU, Anca NEAGU, Simina STANC
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Biology, ARHEOINVEST Platform
Interdisciplinary research in archaeology, as it has developed in recent years, attempts to achieve standards specific to natural sciences, while maintaining its socio-humanistic foundations and principles. Environmental archaeology, which uses a multitude of methods and concepts, borrowed from different disciplines such as biology, ecology, geography, geology, chemistry or physics. All the data are integrated in a historical context, in conformity with the principles of complementarity in the logical correlation and congruence of data. Our study presents the theoretical aspects and results of the Romanian research into the environmental archaeology of prehistory, in terms of biomarkers (morphological, genetic and biomolecular) and bioindicators (qualitative sequential valuation of paleoenvironment). Using the bioarchaeological data in a suitably quantitative-qualitative relationship, we estimated environmental transformations under anthropic influence. The measurements of bone and teeth, for instance, are important in the study of human-animal interactions. Metric and shape variations in animal populations generally showed certain regionally distinct genetic types. Descriptive analysis of different linear measurements on a pig skeleton (Sus scrofa domesticus) showed a variability that revealed statistically significant differences (one-way ANOVA), especially in dentition, i.e. simphysis length and length of the third molar. The study of genetic variation in ancient and modern animal populations also constitutes an important source of information for our knowledge of migrations. Investigating the pig (Sus scrofa domesticus), we analyzed and characterized different haplotypes. We compared the haplotypes and achieved the similarity-and-divergence matrix through the analysis of different Neolithic specimens.
PROFICIENT USE AND FATAL ABUSE IN PREHISTORY. MESOLITHIC BONE ARROW HEADS DISCOVERED IN THE REGION OF THE IRON GATES, ROMANIA
Corneliu BELDIMAN 1 , Diana-Maria SZTANCS 2
1 Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University of Bucharest, Faculty of History 2 Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Doctoral Program
Keywords: arrow, bow, Iron Gates, Mesolithic bone technology, violence in Prehistory.
The Mesolithic in the south-western regions of Romania, around the Iron Gates of the Danube and the immediately adjacent area (mid-10 th millennium mid-to-second half 8 th millennium BP; end of the Pre-Boreal phase, to the Boreal and the beginning of the Atlantic phase), is archeologically associated with the Schela Cladovei culture. The left bank of the Danube is a peripheral area, marking the North-Eastern limits of this Mesolithic culture that seems to have spread over a large area including the north-western regions of the Balkan FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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BIOARCHAEOLOGY 44 Peninsula (the present-day territory of Montenegro and Serbia; see the well-known sites from Lepenski Vir (levels I-II), Padina, Vlasad, Crvena Stijena, etc.). Currently, the repertoire of discoveries from Romania includes eight sites situated along a 150 km long stretch of land including the Iron Gates, on the first left terrace, and on some islands in the Danube, from Pescari (up-stream) to Ostrovul Mare (down-stream). The Schela Cladovei people were organised in small communities of hunter-gatherers and fishermen who had domesticated the dog and used the bow and arrow. They are traditionally thought to have lived in seasonal settlements, which were preferred places for hunting and fishing. Their architecture is represented by semi-subterranean or surface dwellings with rectangular or oval hearths represent. For the sites belonging to the Schela Cladovei culture from the left bank of the Danube, we should also mention the existence of funerary complexes (inhumation burials) present at some sites (most of them - more than 50 -, at the eponymous site itself). This paper offers a synthesis of the systematic analysis of 25 arrow heads made of fragments of long bones of cattle and red deer. The artefacts were recovered between 1960 and 1980 during extensive field research from four open-air sites: Ostrovul Banului (2), Ostrovul Corbului (1), Ostrovul Mare - Km 873 (4) and Schela Cladovei (18). They come both from isolated discoveries and from graves. In order to classify the objects, we take into account the morphology of the section of the proximal part (oval, sub-oval and convex to concave, triangular and rectangular). Hence we can define five types of projectile points. The stages of the manufacturing chain and its use-wear traces were determined by using the low-power microscope analysis. The fact that the artefacts were discovered in situ (spectacularly inserted in anatomic pieces like calvaria, vertebra, femur), provided us the unique opportunity to study some cases of extreme internal violence in the Schela Cladovei culture communities, to compare the use-wear traces in a clear context and to estimate the parameters and efficiency of the bow used by the Mesolithic people from this area. The traces of manufacturing showed the use of different techniques of dbitage and faonnage: splitting and transverse sawing; intense longitudinal scraping; superficial sawing in order to obtain oblique and transverse grooves that allowed a better axial fixing by binding the arrow head in the wooden haft. There is no clear evidence for the employment of adhesive-like substances. Fractured pieces (proximal parts) suggest the current extraction of the damaged arrow heads from hafts in order to fix a new fully functional one; because of the significantly reduced length, we may assume that some of them are reshaped, probably fixed in the haft. The attested use of bow and arrow in the Mesolithic from the Iron Gates also allowed for documenting the earliest prehistoric warfare in Romania and South-Eastern Europe.
ANALYSIS OF AN ARCHAEOZOOLOGICAL ASSEMBLAGE DISCOVERED IN THE CUCUTENI B SETTLEMENT FROM SRATA MONTEORU (BUZU COUNTY)
Romeo CAVALERIU, Simina STANC, Luminia BEJENARU
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Biology, ARHEOINVEST Platform
Keywords: archaeozoology, phase B Cucuteni culture, subsistence patterns, mammals.
The study evaluates the subsistence patterns present in the paleoeconomy of the site from Srata Monteoru (Buzu county), in terms of taxonomic diversity and of strategies of animal capitalization via husbandry and hunting, as well as the morphometric description of the identified species, both domestic and wild. FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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BIOARCHAEOLOGY 45 Among the animal resources identified (mammals, birds and fish), mammals constitute the majority, representing 98% of the assemblage. (Frequency is based on the number of identified specimens). Animal husbandry was an important subsistence activity (64% of mammal remains), but wild mammal remains are still present, even if only in smaller amounts (33% of mammal remains); the remains of horse, probably wild, are less frequent 2% of mammals. The domestic mammals identified consist of cattle (Bos taurus), pig (Sus scrofa domesticus), sheep (Ovis aries), goat (Capra hircus), and dog (Canis familiaris). Cattle dominate the assemblage; sheep-goat group comes second, while pig third. As for cattle, we find a selection pattern based on the slaughtering of mature female individuals, suggesting a strategy in obtaining secondary products (milk, reproductive purpose, draught force). A variety of wild mammal species have been identified. Within the group of mammals, the artiodactyls, large-sized animals providing meat, are better represented: red deer (Cervus elaphus), wild boar (Sus scrofa ferus), and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Other wild species with low frequency are: fox (Canis vulpes), wolf (Canis lupus), wild cat (Felis sylvestris), hare (Lepus europaeus), and beaver (Castor fiber).
NEW DATA ABOUT NEOLITHIC AND ENEOLITHIC OSSEUS ADORNMENTS FROM TRANSYLVANIA
Diana-Maria SZTANCS 1 , Corneliu BELDIMAN 2
1 Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Doctoral Program 2 Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University of Bucharest, Faculty of History
Ever since spiritual life first manifested itself, adornments represented an important part of the socio-symbolic human behaviour. Made of bones, antlers, shells, stone or clay, adornments had a special meaning for the person who wore them. In this paper, we present some adornments made from skeletal materials from the Transylvanian Neolithic and Eneolithic periods. They date from the Early Neolithic (Starevo-Cri culture) to the Final Eneolithic (Coofeni culture). The artefacts were analyzed according to Beldimans typology and were included into the Neolithic and Eneolithic Ages of the Bone and Antler Industry from Transylvania Database. Our approach took into account all the characteristics of the items, such as: typology, the raw materials (skeletal elements and species), the manufacturing chain, use-wear traces, morphology and morphometry. The statistical study of the artefacts formed an important element of our analysis. This offered us important clues about the cultural distribution of certain types of adornments, the preference of human communities for certain types of raw materials and the development of technologies. The artefacts presented could have been used as jewellery or as adornments sewed on clothes. The assemblage is made up of all types of adornments such as: pendants, perforated teeth, perforated shells, discs, rings and bracelets. The registration of these pieces into the database has offered us the possibility of identifying and including new types of artefacts into the Typological List elaborated for Romania, such as the perforated astragalus.
Acknowledgements: The article was written during the doctoral mobility at Etvs Lornd University of Budapest, part of the SOP HRD Project /6/1.5/S/26/7706, co-financed by the European Social Fund through the Sectorial Operational Program Human Resources Development 2007 2013. FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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BIOARCHAEOLOGY 46 PROCESSING ANIMAL RAW MATERIAL IN THE CUCUTENI B PHASE LEVEL OF THE FETETI - LA SCHIT (SUCEAVA COUNTY) ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE
Florentina Carmen OLENIUC 1 , Dumitru BOGHIAN 2 , Sorin IGNTESCU 2
1 Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Biology 2 tefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Faculty of History and Geography
The systematic archaeological research which took place between 2000 and 2006, in the archaeological site of Feteti - La Schit (Adncata commune, Suceava county) revealed important habitation levels belonging to: the A3 phase (Hbeti regional aspect), the B1 and B2 phases of the Cucuteni culture, the Erbiceni-Horodistea civilization, the second Iron Age (the Early Getic La Tne, 5 th -3 rd century BC), the late Middle Ages as well as to the modern and/or contemporary ages. In the investigated area (of almost 400 m 2 ), the most consistent level belonged to the B phase of the Cucuteni culture, and consisted of seven dwellings, nine pits, ten hearths, eight ovens, silages boxes, grinding installations and two defensive ditches. From the layers and archaeological complexes (dwellings and pits), a large amount of painted pottery was recovered, both regular and Cucuteni C type, as well as anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figurines, lithic tools with traces of carving, polishing and perforating, and an sizeable quantity of faunal material. The aim of this paper consists in the anatomical and taxonomical identification of processed faunal remains, then establishing their typology, frequency and the utility of the tools (using the experimental methods) and performing a comparative analysis with other layers of the Feteti - La Schit site, as well as archaeozoological samples belonging to the Cucuteni culture - phase B. The processed animal raw material, identified in the Cucuteni B layer of the Feteti site amounts to 61 faunal remains, which are represented by shells, teeth, antlers and long and short bones. The faunal remains belonged to mollusks (gastropods) and also vertebrates (birds and mammals). The shells of gastropods (Helix pomatia) were manufactured into ornaments and/or jewels, unlike the faunal remains of birds and mammals which were processed into tools. The avian fragment belonged to crane (Grus grus). Of the 59 processed faunal remains belonging to mammals, 36 were attributed to domestic species, while 23 belonged to wild ones. Long and short bones as well as the teeth of domestic species, identified in the Cucuteni B layer of the Feteti- la Schit site, belonging to domestic cattle (Bos taurus), sheep/goat group (Ovis aries and Capra hircus), pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) and dog (Canis familiaris) were used as animal raw material in manufacturing, mainly of sharpened tools (such as needles and for pricking), rounded (chisel) and smoothers/ trowels. In the same layer faunal remains were identified which had unfinished perforations, perhaps used as handles. Wild mammals, whose faunal remains were processed in the Cucuteni B layer from the Feteti - la Schit site, were represented by deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), and wild boar (Sus scrofa ferus), hare (Lepus europaeus) and horse (Equus caballus). Deer antler and long bones of wild mammals were used as raw material mainly in manufacturing plowing tools, represented by soft-hammers, planters and chisels, used in the processing of woods. A very few fragments of long bone belonging to wild mammals were used as smoothers.
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BIOARCHAEOLOGY 47 BIOARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA ON SOME FUNERARY COMPLEXES FROM THE SULTANA - MALU ROU NECROPOLIS (CLRAI COUNTY)
The Eneolithic necropolis from Sultana - Malu Rou was identified in 2006. So far 36 inhumation graves have been excavated. Most graves contained individuals deposited in a crouched position, on the left side (rarely on the right side), and oriented eastwardly. However, beyond these findings, a number of graves from this cemetery, containing human bones with no anatomical connection (secondary burials or reburials), have been investigated. This practice is rarely documented in other cemeteries assigned to the Eneolithic period (Boian-Karanovo V and Kodjadermen-Gumelnia-Karanovo VI cultural complexes). From this category we present the case of grave no. 28, discovered in 2009 (Fig. 1). It contained human bone remains in no apparent anatomical connection, in association with pottery fragments and faunal remains. Among the latter, a horn of domestic beef (Bos taurus) was discovered. In another area of the cemetery, in a complex (C1/2009) interpreted as an offering pit, another Bos taurus horn was found. Interestingly, it represented the pair of the horn discovered in grave no. 28. This suggests the contemporaneity of the two archaeological complexes. This presentation will include archaeological, anthropological and archaeozoological data related to these two complexes (grave no. 28 and C1/2009).
Acknowledgements: This work was supported by CNCSIS-UEFISCSU, project number PN II-RU code 16/2010.
Fig. 1. Grave no. 28 from the Sultana - Malu Rou necropolis.
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BIOARCHAEOLOGY 48 RECENT ARCHAEOZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN MONTEORU CULTURE SITES FROM EASTERN ROMANIA
The paper aims to present recent data on livestock management in the settlements of the Monteoru culture, located in eastern Romania, based on faunal samples from Costia (Neam county) and Pietroasa Mic - Gruiul Drii (Buzu county). 8,535 bones were taken into consideration, of which 2,755 are from the settlements mentioned above, the rest from others already published (Table 1). Statistics show that hunting would have had a minor role in supply, since in most sites wildlife remainders do not exceed 8.5%, excepting sites from Srata Monteoru with 12% and Costia with 28.8 %. Hunting focused on exploiting a wide variety of mammals including: red deer, boar, roe deer, aurochs, beaver, hare, small carnivores, elk, and bison (Mndrica and Bogdneti). Three economic schemes are predicted in terms of management of domestic mammals: 1. prevalence of cattle with low rates of ovicaprids, up to half of the first taxons frequency; 2. both species with similar value; 3. prevalence of the small ruminants with lower rates of cattle. The first grouping includes sites with a very high percentage of cattle (about 50%), for example 48% at Crlomneti-Armanu, 52% at Bogdneti and 63% at Mndrica. In addition, the ovicaprids rate is reduced, recording 11-18% in sites from Moldavia and somewhat larger at Crlomneti-Armanu (27%). A sub-variant of this model, with a somewhat lower rate of cattle (about 40%) but prevalent, compared with a halved share of sheep/goat, includes settlements from Srata Monteoru or Costia, with only 32.7% cattle versus 12% sheep.
The next category includes sites with similar percentages of cattle and ovicaprids, e.g. Pietroasa Mic - Gruiu Drii with 36% and Srata Monteoru with 42%. Finally, the last group FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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BIOARCHAEOLOGY 49 includes only the settlement from Neni-Znoaga, where cattle accounts for 28% and small ruminants for 46 % of the total. The MNI discrepancies are even greater; consequently, ovicaprids predominate in sites neighbouring Buzu, while cattle in Moldavia reaches lower percentages. Most settlements are located in the Sub-Carpathian hills; since the management of small ruminants was favoured by the geographical position, Monteoru communities seem to have been specialized in their exploitation. Pig rate is always the same, slightly varying between 15-17% and somewhat smaller at Srata Monteoru (11.6%). The horse is less exploited; it is worth emphasizing its high share at Costia (8%), as compared to other settlements where it reaches less than 5-6%. The low quota of its bones may be explained by the fact that the Monteoru communities "have not yet fully assimilated it within their economy, as a domestic animal". Although the settlements mentioned are located in the sub-Carpathian region, providing almost the same natural resources, they present certain features of animal management that cannot be explained only by bio- geographical influence on the capacity to exploit the natural resources. Not out of the question is the size of the Costia samples, a peculiarity probably resulting from consumer activities in certain ritual practices. The exploitation of aquatic resources such as shellfish gathering and fishing made a small contribution to the diet of the Monteoru communities.
ANIMAL BONES FROM THE MEDIEVAL SITE OF NUFRU (CONSTANA COUNTY). PRELIMINARY RESULTS
The site is placed on the right shore of the Sfntu Gheorghe branch of the Danube, on a rocky promontory witch strangles the river, thus making it easier to cross to the Delta. The settlement is located about 12 kilometres downstream from Tulcea. The archaeological research has revealed a fortified city build a fundamentis in the Byzantine period, in the last quarter of the 10 th century. In the 11 th century, the settlement was transformed into an urban area, an event detectable in the stratigraphy and which lasted until the first half of the 13 th century. We hereby present preliminary zooarchaeological data from this final context. The assemblage is dominated by domestic animals, essentially cattle, pig and sheep/goat. There are also indicators of horse consumption. Among domestic animals, in regard to the number of remains, a dominance of cattle is observed. Besides its secondary products (milk and draft), cattle was also raised for meat, as it is shown by a number of young animals sacrificed before they could be productive. Sheep and goats were also raised for their secondary products (milk and wool), but young individuals were often killed for consumption. Pig was raised solely for meat, though we have also identified old animals, probably kept for reproductive purposes. Domestic birds, chickens and probably geese, are also present. Hunting is not an important activity, but we have identified some red deer, wild boar and hare remains. Wild birds were hunted too, but we have not yet identified the species. Fishing seems to have been a very important activity, as we can see from the large quantities of bones and scales. All the skeletal elements of domestic animals are present, indicating that they were butchered and consumed at the same place. Much of them were gnawed by dogs, animals that are also present in the faunal assemblage. Bone and antler craft is attested, for example by a skate made of a horse metatarsal and antler waste. FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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BIOARCHAEOLOGY 50 A STUDY OF NON-POLLEN PALYNOMORPHS IDENTIFIED IN SEDIMENTS COLLECTED NEAR TO PAVED ROAD (ROMAN/MEROVINGIAN) VIA MANSUERISCA (EAST BELGIUM)
Mihaela DANU
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Biology
Keywords: Via Mansuerisca, paved road, Roman/Merovingian, non-pollen palynomorphs.
In this work, we present the preliminary study of non-pollen palynomorphs identified in samples collected from material cored near the paved road Via Mansuerisca. The road (of around 6 km in length) was discovered at a depth of ca. 1 m, in peat sediments belonging to the Hautes-Fagnes Plateau (Belgium). Despite the fact that so far several investigations (archaeological, archaeobotanical and geochemical) of this area were undertaken, its origins (Roman, Merovingian?) and function (transition of a local or regional scale, economic function) are still not fully understood. In order to elucidate these hypotheses and to bring into attention new elements, we made a new drill at a distance of 11 m from the road. In addition to pollen analysis, we also identified the non-pollen palynomorphs (NPPs) for collecting more complete data on the paleoenvironment, as well as on the anthropic pressure. Here, many types of NPP were identified, but some of them were recorded in very high percentages. For instance, the spores of a parasitic fungus, Ustulina deusta (HdV-44), affecting the deciduous species, have a significant predominance among the NPP. This fits very well with the situation recorded for the pollen percents of deciduous species. Moreover, we also identified spores of Glomus, a mycorrhizal fungus that could be an index for soil erosion. High percents were also found in the case of spores belonging to coprophilous fungi: Cercophora sp. (Hdv-112), Sordaria sp. (HdV-55), and Sporomiella sp. This situation would imply the existence of some human activities making use of animals. Therefore, it may be assumed that in this area either agricultural and pasture related occupations were developed; hence the evidence suggests that the road was transited by various carts pulled by animals.
Acknowledgements: Developing the innovation capacity and improving the impact of research through post-doctoral programmes (POSDRU/89/1.5/S/49944).
DATA ON THE DEMOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE AND THE LONGEVITY OF THE MEDIEVAL POPULATION OF IAI (THE CEMETERY OF THE PRINCELY COURT, 17 th CENTURY)
In this article we report on a demographic study of a series of 111 human skeletons (teenagers, adults, grown-ups and elderly people) exhumed in 2008 in the central area of Iai (the area of the future Palas residential complex), and dated to the late medieval period by the initiator of the digging, archaeologist Stela Cheptea and her collaborators. The importance of this FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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BIOARCHAEOLOGY 51 study lies in the fact that, until the present date, few anthropological vestiges in medieval Iasi have been exhumed. The specialists believe that the graveyard discovered during the utility works for the future residential complex belonged to the former princely court, to a period when Iai was well established as an urban locality, being an important administrative, economic and cultural centre, containing genuine monuments of medieval art. By determining the gender and age of the skeletons, we established a post-mortem demographic representation of a proportion of the urban population of medieval Iasi. We analyzed the general mortality by gender and age, as well as the average life span, by calculating the average age of the deceased. In the series studied we recorded no deaths for the 0 to 14 years old interval. The death rate calculated for the teenagers segment (14-20 years old) shows that about 13.51% of the population sample studied died before reaching adulthood. As for the age period of 20-x years old, the number of deaths among adults (20-30 years old), as well as for those over 60, is obviously lower (18.92% and 1.80% respectively), compared to mortality among grown-ups (30-60 years old; about 66%). The male population ratio (the proportion between the number of deceased men and women) for the entire deceased population is high, the number of male skeletons significantly exceeding the female ones, a phenomenon also noticeable in grown-ups and teenagers. For the entire series studied (0-x years old), the average life span is ca. 21 years, and by gender (for 20-x years old), it is about 40 years for men and 36 years for women. Compared to other synchronous series in the Moldavian area (Iai - Biserica Sf. Nicolae, Iai-Ciurchi, Sboani, Berindeti, Rchiteni, Siret, Brad), the urban population of medieval Iai investigated by us had an average life span eight to nine years shorter than the ones from the reference series.
WEANING PATTERNS IN THE MEDIEVAL POPULATION OF FELDIOARA (BRAOV COUNTY, ROMANIA)
Cristina MUJA 1,2,3 , Laurent THERESE 1 , Anca DINISCHIOTU 2 , Philippe GUILLOT 1
1 Plasma Diagnostic Laboratory, CUFR J.F.C, Albi, France 2 University of Bucharest, Faculty of Biology 3 Vasile Prvan Institute of Archaeology, Bucharest
Previous studies have already shown the utility of teeth and bones Sr:Ca ratios from juvenile individuals to estimate the duration of breastfeeding in past populations. The aim of our study was to investigate the weaning patterns of the medieval human population of Feldioara. We used the Sr:Ca ratios determined for different depths of tooth enamel. The first permanent molar was chosen for analysis, as the period of development of its crown (0-3 years old) most probably corresponds to the moment when weaning occurred. For each tooth we established several areas of analysis, corresponding to different developmental stages. For each area we determined the Ca:P and Sr:Ca ratios. The Ca:P ratio was used to investigate diagenesis in the Feldioara samples and to determine whether the biogenetic signal of Sr:Ca ratio was preserved. Concentrations of calcium, phosphorus and strontium were obtained by the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique (Jobin Yvon Horiba XGT-5000 instrument) which offered detailed elemental analysis with a spatial resolution of 100m. Commercial multi-element standards were used for calibration (NIST 1400 and NIST 1486). Then single-point analysis was used to FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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BIOARCHAEOLOGY 52 obtain quantitative results, whereas mapping analysis provided qualitative information and highlighted the regions of interest (2D elemental imaging showing intensity distribution on the selected surface).
OSTEOBIOGRAPHY OF THE PEOPLE FROM THE BRILA - STR. ROSETTI NR. 2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE (14 TH -18 TH CENTURIES)
Romanian Academy - Iai Branch, Department of Anthropological Research
Keywords: Brila - str. Rosetti nr. 2, pathology, anomaly, 14 th -18 th centuries.
This paper presents an anthropological analysis of the skeletal remains discovered in May- June 2010 at No. 2 Rosetti Street, Brila, dated from the 14 th to the 18 th centuries by Ionel Candea and Costin Croitoru, archaeologists from the Brila Museum. Archeological excavations unearthed historical artifacts including a series of 16 human skeletons from 14 inhumation graves, that represents a small segment of the population of medieval Braila, and which provides an opportunity to complete the anthropological image of the mentioned population. For the total number of considered individuals (0-x years) considered, the average death age was 39.2, while for the 20-x years segment it was 39.2 for females and 40.5 for males. The distribution per sex and age groups showed a significantly higher proportion of men compared to women (75% versus 25%), indicating a high masculinity index (12/4). We noted a predominance of deaths in the mature age range (62.5), followed by the adultus (18.75), senilis, juvenis and infans. Dental caries and osteoarthritis are the most common pathologies, with the latter illustrated by the development of bone spurs (osteophytes), Schmorls nodes and bone pitting. We noted that both osteoarthritis and tooth caries are present only in males. A smaller prevalence was registered in the case of dental calculus, supplementary (wormian) bones, cribra orbitalia, xifo-sternal fusion, sacro-coccygeal fusion and humeral foramen. Other pathologies/anomalies, such as cribra cranii externa, cribra cranii interna, hipodontia, microdontia, edentulism, sternal non-fusion, additional articulation facets, and trauma (cranial and sternal) appear sporadically. One might assume, based on the extremely high value of the masculinity index, that people from Brila str. Rosetti nr. 2 lived in peaceful conditions, without witnessing any warlike event. Pathological observations, which show low values for the prevalence of injuries that are most often the result of fighting, come in support of this hypothesis.
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BIOARCHAEOLOGY 53 POSTERS
THE ECONOMIC ROLE OF SWINE (DOMESTIC PIG AND WILD BOAR) IN THE PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENTS OF THE TERRITORY OF ROMANIA
Simina STANC, Mariana POPOVICI, Luminia BEJENARU
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Biology, ARHEOINVEST Platform
The study addresses the issue of the role played by swine (domestic pig and wild boar) in the food economy of the prehistoric communities from Romania. Using statistical analysis, the share of swine remains in the employed samples will be calculated. Multivariate analysis techniques (Multiple Correspondence Analyses - MCA) is used to analyse the relations between different categories of variables. This method is in fact considered an extension of the simple correspondence analysis, in which more than two variables can be analyzed. In our study, the relations established between the two swine species will be revealed using the above-mentioned method, and in relation to the following aspects: historical culture and historical regions (Moldavia, Muntenia, Oltenia, Dobrudja, Banat, and Transylvania), while at the same time emphasizing the synchronic and diachronic differences. Identifying the remains of the domestic pig is quite difficult since the samples also contain remains of wild boar: moreover, these are strongly fragmented. In the case of the Neolithic settlements, the abundance of domestic pig remains is an indicator of the sedentary life of the communities. The domestication of the pig took place in the Middle East around 8500-8000 BP; the first evidence of domestic pigs in Europe comes from Argissa Magula in Greece. The analysis of the frequency of the domestic swine remains in the samples show that at the beginning of the Neolithic Age their share is very small, indicating that these communities had a high mobility due to the necessity of providing food for their domesticated cattle and ovicaprins. Domestic swine remains begin to increase towards the end of the Neolithic Age, suggesting a more sedentary life of the communities from this period (Gumelnia and Slcua cultures). Data for the samples belonging to the Early Neolithic (Gura Baciului-Crcea cultural aspect and Starcevo-Cri culture) are rather sparse. In the Neolithic samples, domestic mammals have a more significant share compared to the wild mammals. The share of domestic pig remains in the archaeozoological samples does not exceed that of cattle, sheep and goat. The wild boar is a commonly identified species in the samples from the Neo-Eneolithic Age. Ecologically speaking, this species is considered a forest animal, though it may also be found on floating reed islands, in reeds and in the islands of the Danube Delta. The discovery of this species in the plain settlements from the Neo-Eneolithic period is an argument for the fact that the south of Romania was once covered by large deciduous forests. The Neolithic communities most frequently hunted species was the red deer, followed by the wild boar, roe deer and auroch.
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BIOARCHAEOLOGY 54 TEMPORAL MODELLING OF DNA DEGRADATION IN BONE REMAINS
Andrei TEFAN, Lucian GORGAN, Radu DRUIC, Luminia BEJENARU
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Biology, ARHEOINVEST Platform
Keywords: bone tissue, total DNA, mitochondrial DNA, DNA degradation, ancestral DNA.
The aim of this study is to follow the changes that occur, over time, at DNA level, and to establish an efficient and reliable protocol for ancestral DNA extraction from bones found in archaeological sites. Soft tissues are rapidly decomposed but bones withstand the pressures of the environment. Part of the initial DNA evades degradation. Depending on the conditions in which bone material is preserved, viable DNA fragments can be recovered from bones up to several thousand years old. This study proposes a model of degradation of some mitochondrial DNA regions that are used in molecular taxonomy studies. The material consists of pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) and cattle (Bos taurus) bones, exposed to the environment. The first total DNA extraction was carried out at the moment the bones were acquired, after which the extractions were done once every month. Bone fragmentation was accomplished by using a drill operating at low speed. The bone surface was properly cleaned, the superficial layer of bone was removed and the bone was exposed to UV light, before DNA extraction to avoid contamination. The bone powder was incubated for 2 h at 37 o C in lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH=8, 25 mM EDTA, 1% SDS, 20 mg/ml proteinase K) and total DNA extraction was performed by using the phenol:chloroform:isoamylic alcohol (25:24:1) protocol. DNA elution was done in Tris-EDTA. Total DNA quantity was spectrophotometrically determined and its molecular weight and integrity were determined by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis stained with ethidium bromide and UV light-visualized. This study showed a gradual fragmentation of total DNA indicating a reduction of high molecular weight DNA and an increase of smaller size DNA fragments. These fragments can be seen on the agarose gel as vertical bands known as smearing.
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ETHNOARCHAEOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY 55 ETHNOARCHAEOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY
ETHNOARCHAEOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY WITHIN THE FIELD OF PREHISTORIC POTTERY: CONCEPTS, POSSIBILITIES, LIMITS
Felix-Adrian TENCARIU
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Department of Science, ARHEOINVEST Platform
Keywords: prehistoric pottery, ethnoarchaeology of pottery, experimental archaeology, chane opratoire.
The research on prehistoric pottery in Romania is still in the typology phase. This fact is best reflected in the vast majority of the specialized literature: the significance held by pottery is especially understood as a means of organizing the spatial and chronological landmarks of an archaeological culture. The studies on pottery are, generally speaking, descriptive and statistical. They have a special focus on defining the shapes and decoration, without insisting much on the complex mechanisms that dictated the manufacture, use and the eventual destruction of millions of pottery recipients that were and are discovered as a result of archaeological research. After 1960, western archaeological literature especially heralded a transition towards the conceptual phase of the pottery studies, more focused on understanding the cultural context within which the pottery products were produced and used. The burned clay wares are, therefore, considered ecological and socio-cultural products par excellence, offering answers to certain problems related to the social organization and human behaviour of pottery- manufacturing communities. In other words, the study of pottery no longer seeks to answer the classic questions When and where?, as in the preceding, typological, phase, but more on How and why?. A contextual analysis of pottery must imply the incorporation of ethnographical, ethno-archaeological, archeometrical, technological and experimental studies in the research into this vital aspect of bygone cultures. In this study, we will review the main methodological and theoretical problems, projects and results connected to the ethno-archaeology of prehistoric pottery from the last few decades. Beyond different trends and approaches, ethno-archaeology and experimental archaeology represent more than an ethnographical and tested hypothesis or a database for different reconstructions. The most important value of those two disciplines relies on the fact that they prevent the archaeologist from employing a simplistic approach. They bring about an anthropological understanding of the relations established between the preserved ceramic artifacts and the human behaviour patterns that generated them. With a starting point of diverse situations from the present, and experimenting with different hypothesis and theories, the archaeologist is able to climb the inference pyramid and interpret archaeological situations with no apparent analogies. One of the conclusions triggered by our research is that the ethno-archaeological data as well as the results of the experiment are not, and should not, be used as a direct source to answer unexplained problems that occurred during archaeological research. Rather, they provide a necessary background for possible analogies towards a more nuanced understanding of the technological processes as well as of the social organization and the context of the past. In other FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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ETHNOARCHAEOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY 56 words, these two disciplines serve, first of all, to help the archaeologist to formulate appropriate inquiries about the artefacts discovered during archaeological research.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL CULTURE AND ETHNIC GROUP: THEORETICAL CONTROVERSIES OF ETHNIC INTERPRETATION IN ARCHAEOLOGY
The attempts of archaeologists to explain the stylistic and typological variations of different categories of archaeological evidence have generated a plethora of models for correlating the material with discrete groups such as social entities, ethnic groups, polities, etc. The a posteriori ethnicization of the grouped archaeological material (conventionally called archaeological cultures) was one such not-quite-homogenous model employed in approaches which, in their turn, have inspired critical and often controversial disputes. We can generally distinguish two premises that increased interest in such correlations. The first premise, methodological in nature and inspired by the exact sciences, was a result of a general tendency to systematize, classify and impose a typology of materials. In archaeology, the spatial and temporal repetition of similar types of artefacts implies the existence of some correlations between the material assemblages (types) and certain concrete social entities. The cultural contexts, in which the correlation between objects was established, were about to become topics of the historical process. The second premise of the ethnic paradigm in archaeology has ideological foundations developed particularly by the German school. It is based on the idea first advanced by J. G. Herder on the emanation of the national spirit which justified the direct correlation between the material culture and the language and ethnos. The ethnic paradigm has generally been based, since G. Kossina and until recently, on the normative conceptualization of the culture, through which all of the cultures constituting elements are subjected to certain stipulated norms, in the sense that obeying them becomes a priority for the members of the community. The communitys very existence depends on the sharing of these values from one generation to another via socialization, ensuring the continuity of the cultural traditions. The normative culture approach turned out to be a concept compelling enough to allow the further development of the ethnic paradigm. Between the apparently strong case for the correspondence between archaeological culture and ethnos, and the idea of the impossibility of making such correlations, one can attempt to suggest that the ethnic interpretation of the so-called archaeological cultures can be just one of the many ways, and not the only one, in which the archaeological material can be dealt with. In any case, the quality of the studies which operate with ethnic attribution of the archaeological material negatively correlates to the degree of political involvement of their authors, and depends as well on the degree in which the methodological rigour is respected.
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ETHNOARCHAEOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY 57 REVISITING THE PAST: ETHNOARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT THE MOLDAVIAN SUB-CARPATHIAN SALT SPRINGS
Marius ALEXIANU 1 , Olivier WELLER 2 , Robin BRIGAND 3 , Vasile COTIUG 4 , Roxana-Gabriela CURC 4
1 Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Letters, ARHEOINVEST Platform 2 CNRS-Universits Paris 1 Panthon-Sorbonne et Paris 10-Nanterre 3 Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249, Besanon 4 Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History, ARHEOINVEST Platform
Keywords: ethnoarchaeology, salt springs, Moldavia, Neolithic, Chalcolithic.
The archeological discoveries of the last quarter of the 20 th century have shown that the sub-Carpathian area of Moldavia (Romania) constitutes the region with the oldest salt exploitations in Europe and probably worldwide (first half of the 6 th millennium BC). Salt must have influenced prehistoric communities in fundamental ways, and yet it is hard to determine directly from the archaeological remains themselves. A distinctive feature of the Moldavian salt springs is that they remain in use to this day, being intensely exploited. This has motivated a Romanian ethnoarchaeological approach to the study of prehistoric salt usage. This ethnoarchaeological work which started in the late 80s has been intensified since 2004 by the activity of a French-Romanian team, and tremendously quickened in 2007 by the three-year long project entitled Ethnosal - The Salt Springs of Moldavia: The Ethnoarchaeology of a Polyvalent Natural Resource. The project extended to the whole of the Moldavian piedmont, to the Suceava, Neam, Bacu and Vrancea counties, with Neam as the main focus point. The projects agenda was developed to ensure a holistic understanding of this complex phenomenon of long-term saltwater exploitation, which started in the Early Neolithic (Starevo -Cri culture). The 160 ethnographic inquiries made so far had various objectives: identification and localization of salt springs, user localities, transportation, uses, frequency, (re)distribution networks, commerce, barter transaction, gifts, hunting, exploitation types and methods; symbolism, behaviors and ethnoscience. Even though data processing is still in progress, we have managed to characterize and model certain phenomena, such as the salt-water distribution networks and the (re)distribution networks of crystallized salt from brine (Rmn. husc) and rock salt. Even nowadays, the presence of salt springs in the life of rural (and at times even urban) communities is a complex, multidimensional phenomenon (see, for example, the halotherapeutic dimension) which has generated a whole spiritual universe, leaving a specific mark not only on the landscape, but also on the (micro-)toponymy and (micro-)hydronymy. This solid ethnographic frame of reference, corroborated with other types of data (salt-water chemistry, distribution and population density, etc.), will surely impose itself as model of approach to understanding the history of traditional exploitation and use of salt springs, a tradition that has almost disappeared in Europe.
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ETHNOARCHAEOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY 58 SALT RESOURCES IN THE CENTRAL MOLDAVIAN PLATEAU. ETHNOARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA
Vicu MERLAN
Cuza Vod National College of Hui
Keywords: salt, Central Moldavian Plateau, traditional exploitation, ethnoarchaeology.
Ethnographic surveys show that three types of salt resources have been used in the Central Moldavian Plateau: rock salt from Sarmatian intercalations of sands; salt springs situated mainly on the middle course of the Srata Rivulet valley; the salty badlands with thin crusts of recrystallized salt, located mostly around the muddy volcanoes of the Elan-Horincea Depression. Recrystallized salt contains sodium chloride and potassium chloride. Ethnographic surveys indicate that during the first quarter of the 20 th century, the Rroma communities from the area practiced traditional surface-mining in the village of Pietri, Dolheti commune, in the former Flciu county. The salt was sold at the fairs in Iai, Vaslui or Hui. In 1917, when the battlefront passed through the sub-Carpathian area, paralyzing the salt exploitation activities, the areas with resources of lower-quality salt began to be exploited. This occurred, for example, on the Corlate Hill in Pietri, and on the Holm Hill in the Creeti commune, likewise in Flciu county. The salt springs in the Srata Rivulet valley have been previously exploited, during various periods, as were the rivulets temporary tributary streams from the right, on its middle course. These salt springs provided the necessary salt for the inhabitants of the villages of Todireni, Ivneti, Lunca Veche, Muata, Stuhule, etc.
ETHNOGRAPHIC SURVEY AT THE LAST SALTMAKER BY LIXIVIATION IN MEXICO. NEW PARAMETERS
Marius ALEXIANU 1 , Vasile COTIUG 2 , Roxana-Gabriela CURC 2 , Viorica VASILACHE 3
1 Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Letters, ARHEOINVEST Platform 2 Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History, ARHEOINVEST Platform 3 Institute of Archaeology of Iai
In September 2008, several members of the Ethnosal project (The salt water springs of Moldavia. The ethnoarchaeology of a polyvalent natural resource, CNCSIS IDEI, 414/2007) did an ethnographic survey in the village of San Cristbal Nexquipayac, situated on the north-eastern shore of Lake Texcoco, in Central Mexico). Here, salt is still obtained by lixiviating (artificially washing) the salty soil a method studied in detail in an ethnoarchaeological monograph (Jeffrey R. Parsons, The Last Saltmakers of Nexquipayac, Mexico: An Archaeological Ethnography, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 2001). The purpose of the survey was to video record all the pertinent details of this technique, while performed by the last practitioner of lixiviation. At the same time, we took samples of salty soil and salt obtained through lixiviation. We present the results of the chemical and mineralogical analyses of the samples, the first ever analysis of this kind to be performed worldwide, done in the laboratories of the ARHEOINVEST Platform.
Acknowledgements: The members of the Romanian team thank Professor Blas Romn Castelln Huerta from the Instituto Nacional de Antropologa e Historia, Mexico, for his hospitality and support during the survey. FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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ETHNOARCHAEOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY 59 THE EXPLOITATION OF ROCK SALT WITH THE USE OF THE WOODEN TROUGHS. AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPERIMENT CONDUCTED AT BECLEAN - BILE FIGA (BISTRIA-NSUD COUNTY) IN 2010
Dan BUZEA
The National Museum of the Eastern Carpathians, Sfntu Gheorghe
Since ancient times salt was considered a very precious natural resource. Today we take advantage of its varied properties, regardless where we find it: on the surface or deep under the earth, in brines (salt water brooks). We use salt to prepare our meals, to preserve food, in therapies, in research, etc. But if today we know how to exploit salt and benefit from its properties, we cannot avoid wondering about the way people exploited and used it thousands of years ago. How was it exploited, how was it used in prehistoric ages? The National Museum of the Eastern Carpathians from Sfntu Gheorghe, Covasna county (Romania) tried to find an answer for this question by resorting to experimental archaeology, taking into consideration the most important archaeological discoveries in the sub-Carpathian area of Moldavia (Romania), dated in the 6 th - 5 th millenniums B.C., and one of Europes oldest rock salt mines, dated to the 3 rd 1 st millenniums B.C., discovered at Beclean - Bile Figa, Bistria-Nsud county. Thus, between the 10 th and 20 th of August 2010, the National Museum of the Eastern Carpathians organised, with the support of its partners (the Cucuteni for the 3 rd Millennium Foundation from Bucharest, the Carpaii Rsriteni Cultural and Scientific Association and Exeter University, Great Britain), the Experimental Archaeology Camp from Beclean - Bile Figa, Bistria-Nsud County 2010, as part of the People of the Salt Project, financed by the National Cultural Fund Administrator. The activities of the camp were conceived in such a way as to offer answers to several questions related to the prehistoric salt exploitation methods, using archaeological experiments, and as well to bring the youth, pupils and students, closer to history and archaeology, using interactive activities and thematic workshops. All the archaeological evidence related to rock salt exploitations (rock salt mining) in the Bronze Age were revealed so far only in Transylvania and Maramure: at la Beclean - Bile Figa, Ssarm - Valea Srat and Caila (Bistria-Nsud county), Ocna Dej, Valea Florilor (Cluj county), Ocna Mure (Alba county) and at Solotvino and the Valley of the Kings (Ukraine). The most important results revealed so far by the archaeological researches were four wooden troughs found in the stream of the Prul Srat (Salted Bracket) from Beclean - Bile Figa (Bistria-Nsud county). One of these troughs was excavated by the geologist Ioan Chintuan, from Bistria, in 2005. The other three were discovered in 2007 and 2008, during the archaeological research campaigns conducted by the National Museum of Eastern Carpathians. We advance many hypotheses regarding the functionality of the wooden troughs in the prehistoric salt mines. Still, no plausible and convincing evidence was brought so far in relation to the way these installations were used in exploiting rock salt during the Bronze Age. The archaeological experiment from Bile Figa gave important results once clear water was run through the trough, right on top of the rock salt bed. Clear water seeped on the hemp strings placed inside the wooden pegs. After 8 hours, perforations and deep channels appeared in the rock salt (Fig. 1). Wooden wedges were introduced into the perforations and, by hitting them with sledge-hammers, massive salt boulders were easily depicted off the rock salt bed. FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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ETHNOARCHAEOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY 60 The hypothesis that the troughs were used to direct water jets towards the rock salt bed in order to drill it was launched by E. Preissig in 1877. The idea has since then received support from several researchers, while others criticised it. The preliminary results of the experiments conducted in year 2010 at Beclean - Bile Figa showed that he was right.
Fig. 1. The 2010 "Trough" Experiment.
EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA: ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND PERSPECTIVES
Andrei NICIC, Sergiu MATVEEV
State University of Moldova, Chiinu
Keywords: experimental archaeology history, Republic of Moldova, Saharna, Open-air Museum.
The interest for archaeological experiments arose in the Republic of Moldova with the scientific rediscovery of the Saharna region, located on the middle course of the Dniester. Since then, the name of Saharna came to embody the only hope for the future of archaeology in contemporary Moldova. Numerous archaeological sites have stimulated constant interest in research into the Iron Age from the middle course of the Dniester. Under these circumstances, and within the scope of the Moldova State Universitys archaeological expedition, the idea of organizing a laboratory of experimental archaeology in Saharna was put forward in 2007. The first concrete results were the manufacturing of a replica collection of pottery vessels from the Cozia-Saharna culture and the Getic period. Emphasis was put on the accurate reconstruction of various aspects of the everyday life characteristic to the early Iron Age communities from this region. The high degree of site preservation not only allowed for the replication of inventory pieces, but also for in situ living and performance of typical household activities. These experiments had allowed for the advancement of new questions and answers on the issue of pre-historical pottery use. The student groups which took part in these experiments advocate to this day for experimental archaeology to become a field of study. A new stage in the development of experimental archaeology in the Republic of Moldova began with the creation in Saharna-iglu of a new open-air museum dedicated to the Cozia- FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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ETHNOARCHAEOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY 61 Saharna archaeological culture. Today it serves as an interdisciplinary academic research platform for archaeology in Moldova, and where several scientific meetings were organised during the last three years. Moldovan international cooperation in the field of experimental archaeology is done via membership in to the International Organisation of Archaeological Open-air Museums and Experimental Archaeology EXARC, and the European Association for the Advancement of Archaeology by Experiment EXAR. At the moment of speaking, pending tasks include: the completion of the two houses that are currently being constructed at the site; experimenting on ceramic burning, using different types of earth holes and various paste production methods and mixtures, and by allowing or preventing oxygen access into the hole; experiments on ceramic burning in an oven which is a replica of a recently discovered structure.
CUCUTENIAN PAINTED POTTERY. AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPERIMENT AT CUCUTENI (IAI COUNTY), JULY - AUGUST 2007
Ovidiu COTOI
Dunrea de Jos University of Galai, Faculty of History, Philosophy and Theology
In the period between the 26 th of July and the 15 th of August 2007, a group of students from the Faculty of History, Philosophy and Theology from the Dunrea de Jos University of Galai, coordinated by the author of this study, took part in an archaeological experiment carried out at Cucuteni (Iai county). The experiment aimed at improving some techniques of paste preparation in order to obtain a pottery qualitatively similar to the Cucuteni one. The second part of the experiment was dedicated to painting the vases using the pigments present in the clays discovered in the vicinity of the Cucuteni-Cetuie settlement. The present study shows the stages of the experiment, the techniques that were used, as well as the conclusions which have been drawn based on the information revealed by the study. The experiment was generally successful, even though some questions could not be answered, such as on the technology behind the production of the paste and the paint pigments. More exactly, although the quality of the paste we produced was very good, its porosity was still higher than that of the finest Cucutenian pottery, a fact later confirmed by the SEM analysis. This led to the question if the Cucuteni craftsmen did use other techniques for removing the coarse fraction from the clays, apart from the known ones (levigation, sifting, etc.). Similarly, the firing, although complete, was not perfectly homogenous on the whole surface of the vessels, due to the defective loading of the kiln which directly affected the painting from the vessels surface. The pigments from clays (limonite for red, kaolinite white) adhered well to the surface of the vessels, but differences in the shades and tints of the colours from the walls of the same vessel or between vessels appeared due to the unequal firing. Also, the painting lacked the polish specific to Cucutenian vessels, and this raised the question of nature of the diluent used by the Cucutenian craftsmen for preparing the paint. These questions are to be settled by future research.
Acknowledgements: The vessels that resulted from this experiment were used within the ARHEOPOLICE Project to calibrate the expert system meant to detect counterfeit objects and fight the traffic with patrimonial goods. FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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Fig. 1. The stages of the archaeological experiment from Cucuteni (Iai county), 2007. 1: clay cleaning; 2: clay treading; 3-4: moulding; 5: moulded vessels; 6: painting the vessels; 7: vessels pending firing; 8: vessels after firing. FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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ETHNOARCHAEOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY 63 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE USE OF PERISHABLE FABRICS IN THE MANUFACTURING OF NEOLITHIC AND ENEOLITHIC POTTERY
The importance and diverse functional role that perishable fabrics had in prehistoric times remains largely unknown because of the scarcity of these products that requires special conditions for preservation. The use of perishable fibres has been known since the Upper Palaeolithic. A number of ethnographic analogies and archaeological findings (such as those from the PPNB sites of Nahal Hemar and Ali Kosh) show that cloth was used in making containers before the invention and production of pottery. The numerous textile and mat imprints discovered on Neolithic and Eneolithic pottery South-Eastern Europe can be connected with the perpetuation of this pre-pottery tradition in the manufacture of containers. From this perspective, the study of pottery imprints is very important, especially as it provides two sets of information. On the one hand, the imprints bring out data about textile production in those areas which lack actual fabric remains. On the other hand, they represent a potential source of information on pottery manufacturing. Although most imprints have been identified on the bottom of vessels, there are also imprints on walls, inside, or at the junction between the bases and walls of pots. According to their position on a vessel, the imprints can have different interpretations of the manner in which they were produced, the reason for their fashioning, and the actual functions of the structures that have left these imprints. Thus, according to the interpretations given by archaeologists, and corresponding to the ethnographic analogies, we can draw four theoretical models of the more or less deliberate use of perishable fibre structures in pottery manufacturing: - they were used as supports for drying the finished vessels; - they were used to support and rotate the vessels, in order to facilitate their manufacturing; - they were deliberately imprinted on the clay surface to create more adherence between the parts of the whole vessel; - they were added to the walls as structural elements meant to strengthen the vessels. The experimental study aimed at testing the fourth theoretical model on the use of fibre structures in pottery manufacturing, but also at recording notable differences in the manner of producing the imprints. To this purpose, the experimental approach consisted of: producing several types of structures using different perishable fabrics; producing imprints using clay with different degrees of humidity and exerting different pressures (weight); shaping some simple clay vessels using the fabrics as support; building some complex vessels, from several parts, which had previously been imprinted at the junction areas; experimental burning of some tablets or clay vessels inside which textile fragments were intentionally inserted.
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ETHNOARCHAEOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY 64 NEEDLE LOOPED TEXTILES ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY
The paper highlights the similarities that exist between the manner of fashioning a prehistoric textile structure and the textile techniques used nowadays for making various ethnographic objects, thus testifying to the survival of very old textile crafting techniques, with roots going back to prehistorical ages. The investigation of archaeological potsherds preserving impressions of textile materials provided important data regarding the evolution of textile technologies in time and space, thus adding new details to the picture of the daily life of the prehistoric man. This is also the case of a potsherd that is part of the main exhibition of the History and Archaeology Museum in Piatra- Neam, assigned to the Cucuteni A2 culture. It preserves, on one of its sides, the impression of a textile material which looks very similar to a tricot, a fabric made by knitting a continuous thread by means of a pair of rods called needles. However, the subsequent examination of the ceramic fragment revealed a needle-looped fabric made using the nalbinding technique. This technique, which uses a single-eyed needle, interlocks quite short lengths of threads in twisted loops. Although the appearance of the textiles made by nalbinding and true knitting is similar, their structures are quite different. Nalbinding is an ancient textile technique, still in use nowadays in some parts of the Earth for creating of various items by plaiting threads and other flexible cloths, with the help of a single eyed needle. In this regard the research identified several ethnographic items, still in use today, originating from Transylvania, Romania, and which were obtained by plaiting vegetal materials using the same technique. The comparative study of data obtained following the research undertaken in these two fields of study - archaeology and ethnography - testify, once again, to the fact that the achievements in a certain field, including the textile one, are the result of long and successive attempts, discoveries and accumulations that took place throughout time.
Fig. 1. a: a piece of fabric made using the nalbinding technique - detail; b: graphic representation of the nalbinding structure impressed on the postsherd - detail; c. Ethnographic item made by plaiting vegetable materials using the nalbinding technique - detail. FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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ETHNOARCHAEOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY 65 STONES AND LITHIC TOOLS OF FEW PRESENT-DAY HUNTER-GATHERERS COMMUNITIES
Loredana NI-BALAESCU, Mircea ANGHELINU, Monica MRGRIT
Valahia University of Trgovite
Keywords: raw material, lithic tools, hunter-gatherers, tradition, modernity.
For many of the studies dealing with prehistoric and present-day hunter-gatherer communities, the approach on the economy considers, among others, the issue of the management and the treatment of lithic and organic raw materials, augmented by use-wear descriptions. The paper aims to synthesize the data available on several known cases of stone use by hunter-gatherer communities living in the sub-tropical or sub-Saharan Africa areas (such as the Gamo, Konso, Awa, and the San Bushmen), or in the Arctic or sub-Arctic environments (such as the Inuit, Evenki, Sami and Chukchi). The following issues concerned us: - activities allowing the use of versatile and opportunistic lithic technology, as opposed to activities requiring a complex technology or even specialized production; - contexts in which certain tools could be defined as multifunctional, or, on the contrary, as intended for particular tasks; - socially mediated rules on the status, age or sex, in taking decisions about producing and using certain types of tools or lithic raw materials; - the feasibility of addressing the same issues in the case of the archaeological lithic material. Several aspects influenced our choice of the lithic tools and raw materials as the central point of our the research: - both archaeological contexts and ethnographic analogies document widespread use of knapped, polished or unmodified lithic objects; - in archaeological contexts, lithic items often form the best represented and sometimes the only kind of material found, due to their high degree of conservation; - lithic raw materials and objects can be imbued with symbolic meanings by a society.
CARVED STONE TOOL MANUFACTURING. EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY
Carved stone-tool manufacturing was one of the most important human activities for most of the prehistorical era. In the study I attempted to use archaeological experiments to obtain such tools, while observing and recording the results. To obtain conclusive results, I followed the steps suggested by experts from the same field of study, the same that were probably employed by the prehistoric people. A first phase in manufacturing carved stone tools is the identification, sorting and collecting the necessary raw material. We were therefore able to look at some sources of lithic FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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ETHNOARCHAEOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY 66 material, and thus to draw more conclusions about the characteristics of carved stone tools. Next, we tested the specificities of the different techniques of debitage and analysed their complexity, and took notice of their advantages and disadvantages. The next step was the retouching, a process which, according to the intended use of the tool, has many aspects and modes of execution. One last step was put handles on the tools, which can be done by using certain materials. In the end, I formulated some interesting conclusions about this now extinct craft, that was nevertheless a crucial industry in the development of human society. I was able to recognize some common characteristics, and managed to sort the different types of lithic raw material. The specificity and the advantages or disadvantages of each debitage technique was also analysed. The effectiveness of the different methods and materials used for handles was successfully tested during the hafting process.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE GUMELNIA CULTURE BASED ON AN EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY STUDY
Ctlin LAZR 1 , Sebastian STAN 2 , Katia MOLDOVEANU 1 , Theodor IGNAT 3
1 National History Museum of Romania, Bucharest 2 "Ion Mincu" University of Architecture and Urbanism of Bucharest 3 Museum of Bucharest
In 2010, through the initiative of the National History Museum of Romania, in collaboration with the Romanian Association of Archaeology, the Department for Culture and National Heritage Clrai County, the Mnstirea Village town-Hall (Clrai county), the "Ion Mincu" University of Architecture and Urbanism (Bucharest) and the Faculty of History from the University of Bucharest, the first edition of the Experimental Archaeology & Architecture Project: Reconstruction of Prehistoric Dwellings took place. The project aimed at the reconstruction of a dwelling belonging to the Gumelnia culture, at a scale of 1:1 (Fig. 1), based on archaeological data accumulated from the research carried out at the Sultana-Malu Rou, and from other sources. The reconstruction was followed by the estimation of the volume of materials used for erecting the house, in conjunction with the human resource factor and the time needed for the construction. Another purpose of the experiment was the reconstruction and the verification of different techniques for the construction of surface-area houses. This was based on archaeological remains discovered in the field (fragments of walls with impressions of building materials, charred fragments of posts, size and arrangement of the postholes) and on indirect information provided by plastic representations of Gumelnia dwellings, which are mostly reflected by ethnographic data (these data were used to verify some of our hypotheses). The project also aims to track and record for a five-year period how the prehistoric construction is deteriorating, but also the effects caused by climatic factors. This paper will present the results obtained in this project.
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Fig. 1. Reconstruction of the Gumelnia dwelling (Sultana-Malu Rou, Clrai county).
DEVELOPMENT OF TRADITIONAL HOUSE-BUILDING TECHNIQUES: ANCIENT ORGAME AND MODERN JURILOVCA
Carmen ROGOBETE
Babe-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of History and Philosophy
The paper presents evidence on the development of traditional house building- techniques used both in the ancient Greek colony of Orgame and in the modern commune of Jurilovca, located in modern Romania, on the western shore of the Razim Lake and separated from the Black Sea by offshore bars. Jurilovca was founded by Lipovans, a Russian ethnic group, at the end of the 19 th century. The village, consisting of a large community of fishermen, was first attested in 1826, when it supposedly had 20 houses. Eight kilometres east of Jurilovca lies the ancient city of Orgame, founded on Cape Doloman by Milesian settlers at the end of the 7 th
century BC. Houses belonging to the pre-Roman layers of the ancient settlement have only been identified on its eastern side, in the F.E. sector. The people of Jurilovca use cheap materials available in the region to build their houses. House walls are built from adobe bricks, using clay and straws, and plastered afterwards with clay or lime. Foundations are made of stone slabs with dirt as the binding material. Roofs are usually constructed out of reed, and have a double-sloped shape. Traditionally, Lipovan houses are painted white. During archaeological excavations carried out in the ancient Greek city of Orgame, several houses have been identified in sector F.E. The dwellings were part of layers dated to the Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic periods (last decades of the 7 th century BC the end of the 3 rd
century BC). Elements that were preserved consist mainly of wall remains, floors and household facilities such as hearths, pits and kilns. Walls were typically constructed of wattle or reed and FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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ETHNOARCHAEOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY 68 plastered with clay, while floors were made of earth and coated with clay. Later, during the Classical and Hellenistic period, walls were also built using mud-bricks or small stone slabs in an earth binding. Roofs were usually constructed of reed, and there is no proof to suggest the use of tiles. These houses were primarily single-unit above-ground structures with a rectangular layout. The houses only room probably served as the place where multiple domestic activities were carried out. Although the paper discusses the features of the domestic architecture employed by two communities living during distinct periods of time, some of the materials used for building houses in both of the above-mentioned settlements are widely available in this region. These materials are not only ecologic, but also ensure a good thermic insulation during the warm and cold seasons. For example, walls made of mud-bricks can last up to 70 years if they are properly maintained. Despite the fact that many aspects of the ancient residential quarters in Orgame remain unknown, this paper emphasizes the importance of ethno-archaeological studies in the process of reconstructing ancient house-building techniques.
POSTERS
EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY AT CUCUTENI: THE CUTTING AND COOKING OF A SHEEP USING ENEOLITHIC STONE TOOLS
Vasile-Vlad NAD, Raluca-Florina PALADE, Tiberiu-Theodor PLCINT, Diana-Andreea STAN, Claudiu-Mihai ANDREI, Radu HOZU, Vasile-Andrei COJOCARIU, Marius NIGA, Vasilica Sndula, Tudor MARCU
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History
Keywords: experimental archaeology, Cucuteni, sheep, stone tools.
In November 2010, at Cucuteni (Iai county), a group of students from the Faculty of History of the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai took part in an experimental archaeological project. Its objectives were: - to measure the time necessary for cutting and cooking a sheep using Eneolithic stone tools; - to identify the difficulties which occurred during the cutting and cooking of the sheep; - to assess the effectiveness of the flint tools; After the sheep was slaughtered, the first action was to skin it using flint blades. This was achieved using traditional methods still employed by local shepherds. The skinning took 24` 14``, and the process began with cross cuts being made from the lower joints towards the abdomen and then to the upper limbs. The evisceration took ca. 2 minutes to complete, and it ran without any major difficulties, except for the more laborious task of separating the bile from the liver. The cutting was made by detaching the joints and by slicing the big bones. After that, two cooking techniques were experimented: baking the meat in a hole and roasting it. Finally, we consumed the meat, paleo-style, as to assess its nutritional and gastronomic features.
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PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS 69 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS
TRACEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS ON A NUMBER OF CUCUTENIAN LITHIC TOOLS FROM THE FETETI - LA SCHIT SITE (ADNCATA COMMUNE, SUCEAVA COUNTY)
Dumitru BOGHIAN 1 , Gheorghe FRUNZ 2 , Cornel SUCIU 2 , Sorin IGNTESCU 1
1 tefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Faculty of History and Geography 2 tefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Mechatronics and Management
The multilayered site of Feteti - La Schit is known in archaeological literature from the systematic research conducted here between 2000 and 2006 (roughly 400 square meters). Major household complexes belonging to the Cucuteni A3 phase (Hbeti variant), the Cucuteni B1 and B2 phases, the Horoditea-Erbiceni culture, the Second Iron Age (Early Getic Latne, 5 th -3 rd
century BC), the Late Middle Ages, and to the modern and contemporary eras were identified. The most consistent deposits are those of the Cucutenians, from which chipped and retouched artefacts of flint were recovered. With them was a significant amount of painted common and Cucutenii C pottery, decorated with incised motifs, anthropomorphic and zoomorphic plastic, polished and perforated lithic tools and weapons, objects made of bone and horn, archaeobotanical and archaeozoological remains, all found in the archaeological complexes, in the cultural layer and in pits. In terms of raw materials, all chipped tools were made of flint from the Middle Prut- Dniester Rivers Basin. It was important to determine the exact functions of chipped and retouched lithic tools and weapons, within the frame of the technological process/chane operatoire of production, of the chain-of-use, abandonment and post-depositional processes. The artefacts were therefore analyzed in the Contact Mechanics Laboratory, of the Mechanical Engineering, Mechatronics and Management Faculty of the tefan cel Mare University, Suceava. 3D mapping of the sample surfaces was made using a Scan laser profilometer produced by NanoFocus, equipped with a confocal sensor (offering a resolution up to 1000 steps/mm and with a measuring range on the z level of 1300 m). The samples were also observed through the high-power-approach method, using a computer-aided Olympus optical microscope (100x). To this end, we used a sample consisting of 10 chipped lithic objects, from both levels of the phase Cucuteni B (unretouched and retouched blades, blades with polish, simple and compound scrapers, piercings and an arrowhead). By 3D scanning and digitizing each surface of the samples, detailed elements of the surface topography and sides were obtained. They offered clear clues on the chipping of supports (blades), retouching and usage of artefacts. Wear analysis revealed a single use (arrowhead) and repeated uses (retouched blades, blades with polish, piercings and scrapers), each with its own specific destinations (hunting, butchering animal carcasses, wood drilling, scraping hides and wood surfaces, cutting bones/horns and wood, harvesting plants, especially grasses, etc.). Some artefacts showed evidence of use.
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PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS 70 THE USE-WEAR ANALYSIS OF SOME KNAPPED STONE TOOLS FROM THE PRE-CUCUTENIAN SETTLEMENT OF ISAIIA
Diana-Mriuca VORNICU
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History
We analyzed twenty knapped stone products (with and without intentional retouches) from the three habitation levels of the pre-Cucutenian settlement from Isaiia. The use-wear analysis was conducted in the Laboratory for Artefact Studies from the Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Netherlands. As a reference we used the experimental collection from the Laboratory. The 20 pieces were analyzed by combining the high power approach and the low power approach, with the help of a metallographic microscope (50x, 100x and 200x) and of a stereoscopic one. The use-wear analysis revealed some ordinary activities, like harvesting cereals and hide processing. Some use traces made by a material were discovered. Further information on them cannot be advanced at this point, due to the lack of analogies in the experimental collection or in the available literature. The existence of some residues on the samples brought the problem of hafting to our attention. The extrapolation of the use-wear results allowed us to make some hypotheses about the technological behaviour and the provisioning of raw material.
RAMAN STUDY ON TWO LATE BRONZE AGE STONE ARTEFACTS FROM NEAM COUNTY (ROMANIA)
Nicolae BUZGAR 1 , Vasile DIACONU 2 , Ionu Andrei APOPEI 1 , Andrei BUZATU 1
1 Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Geography and Geology, ARHEOINVEST Platform 2 The History and Ethnography Museum of Trgu-Neam
Keywords: stone artefacts, Late Bronze Age, Moldavia, Raman spectroscopy, armacolite.
Two stone artefacts from the Late Bronze Age from Moldavia (Romania) have been studied by Raman spectroscopy. The first artefact (sample no. 444) belongs to the Vntori archaeological site (Neam county). From a petrographic viewpoint, the sample is an andesite with amphiboles having a porphyric structure. The Raman study revealed the presence of plagioclase feldspar and hornblende. The second artefact (sample no. 183) belonged the to Topolia archaeological site (Grumzeti, Neam county). Petrographically, the sample is a meladiorite with hornblende. On the surface it has a thin and transparent layer of black carbon. The Raman spectral lines of black carbon correspond with those of pyrolytic carbon. Besides plagioclase and amphibole, the Raman spectroscopy also identified titanite (CaTiSiO 5 ) and armacolite ((Mg,Fe 2+ )Ti 2 O 5 ). Armacolite has a light brown colour and it is spatial associated with amphibole. The identification of this mineral was based on the 222, 288, 408, 607, 663, 811 and 1086 cm -1 Raman lines. The presence of armacolite and the black carbon layer indicates combustion temperatures over 1000 o C in the absence of oxygen, and a fast cooling essential for armacolite stability.
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PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS 71 CERAMOGRAPHIC COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF A SERIES OF PAINTED AND CUCUTENI C POTTERY FROM THE FETETI - LA SCHIT SITE, ADNCATA COMMUNE, SUCEAVA COUNTY
Mihai GRAMATICU 1 , Dumitru BOGHIAN 2 , Traian Lucian SEVERIN 1 , Silviu Gabriel STROE 3 , Sorin IGNTESCU 2
1 tefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Mechatronics and Management 2 tefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Faculty of History and Geography 3 tefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Faculty of Food Engineering
Archaeometrical investigations that have been carried recently, and in particular ceramographical ones, have also been conducted on genuine and experimentally reconstructed Cucutenian pottery, from the perspective of the raw material used, the admixture, preparation techniques, plastic modeling, decoration and burning, but also in regard to its protohistoric or contemporaneous use (around the household, or a more generic social and spiritual use). The study attempted to compare a sample group of pottery fragments belonging to for all phases and categories, from the Feteti - La Schit site, a settlement with copious ceramic findings. In the ceramographic analysis of the samples (painted, incised and Cucuteni C type, from the A and B phase) in the Instrumental Analysis Laboratory (Faculty of Food Engineering) and Science and Technology Laboratory (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Mechatronics and Management), the authors used a highly sensitive device, the Shimadzu EDX 900 HS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDX) spectrometry) to highlight the chemical composition of these artefacts. The Vickers test, made with a Shimadzu HMV micro hardness tester, was made as to determine the micro hardness as a physical and mechanical indicator of these artefacts. The samples were also compared using a stereomicroscopic investigation (100x) and the digital images produced using a dedicated software and the OPTIKA - QIMAGING Go 3 stereomicroscope, as well as the metallographic microscope. When corroborated, the results of the aforementioned analysis clearly proved the great resemblance between the chemical compositions of the painted and incised pottery from the two phases, suggesting they were made from local clay, from different sources situated in the settlement or in its proximity. The chemical composition of the Cucuteni C-type pottery is different, proving that this pottery was produced elsewhere, or according to another recipe. We cannot rule out the possibility that some differences in the chemical composition are due to the products that were stored in these recipients, since absorption of foreign compounds was favoured by the great porosity and small hardness of these ceramics. At the same time, the physic-mechanical features and image analysis revealed a great resemblance, from a technological point of view, between the painted pottery and the incised pottery from the A phase, but also a series of differences between the former and the pottery from the B phase. The Cucuteni C pottery is technologically different from the painted one.
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PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS 72 ATYPICAL ZONAL CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM CARBONATE DEPOSITS IN BULKS OF PREHISTORIC CERAMIC MATERIALS WITH GRESOUS INTERNAL STRUCTURES CAUSED BY THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Vasile COTIUG 1 , Nicolae URSULESCU 1 , Viorica VASILACHE 2, 3 , Ion SANDU 3
1 Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History, ARHEOINVEST Platform 2 Institute of Archaeology of Iai 3 Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, ARHEOINVEST Platform
The study focused on an anthropomorphic female statuette from a ritual complex discovered in the L 1 dwelling of the Pre-Cucuteni settlement from Isaiia, Iai county. Statuette no. 6 was broken in two along a line running across the pelvis, and the resulting sectional profile is bilobed. The interior of the buttocks presented macro-porous cavities filled with crystallized calcium carbonate. The investigations (OM, SEM-EDX and micro-FTIR) revealed the presence of an allotropic- shaped deposit of calcium carbonate in the cavities resulting from the manufacturing process. The deposits are disposed in a peculiar fashion, resulting from an atypical process of sequential concentrations caused by ionic exchange chemical reactions and by direct osmosis thorough the membrane system of the superficial nitrates deposited while the artefact lied buried, in the presence of chlorine anions, phosphates and sulphates, as well as of potassium, magnesium and iron cations. The experimental data helps explain the chemical processes behind the formation of this mineral deposit which is stable and presents reduced solubility, and resulting from natural rather than anthropic causes.
A MULTIVARIATE APPROACH OF POTTERY FROM THE CUCUTENI CULTURE USING DIFFERENT ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
Florica MU 1, 2 , Irina URSACHI 1 , Valentin NICA 1 , Petronel POSTOLACHE 1 , Vasile COTIUG 3 , Alexandru STANCU 1
1 Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Physics 2 Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Department of Science, ARHEOINVEST Platform 3 Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History, ARHEOINVEST Platform
Keywords: pottery, Cucuteni culture, compositional analysis, magnetic properties.
Most of our knowledge concerning the Cucuteni pottery is based on traditional archaeological methods (stratigraphy, typology and context analysis) and only few interdisciplinary studies have been made. The study of these artefacts using only traditional typological approaches severely limits our understanding of how these vessels were produced and used. Combined use of stylistic and archaeometric analyses of the Cucuteni pottery contributes to our understanding of the manufacturing techniques and enhances new insights into the human activities. The compositional analysis are a key factor in recognizing the "recipe" of ceramic ware and inclusions, which can inform on such factors as resource procurement, patterns of redistribution, and production techniques (chane operatoire). This study will examine fifty FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS 73 pottery samples selected from twenty two archaeological sites located in Eastern Romania investigating the chemical and mineralogical composition, and the magnetic properties of the Cucuteni ceramics. Results will be used to suggest possible distinctions in clay recipes and to evaluate the differences in the firing atmosphere and temperature.
Acknowledgements: This work was financially supported by the project POSDRU/89/1.5/S/63663 financed by the European Social Fund, The Human Resource Development Operational Program 2007- 2013.
THE AUTHENTICATION OF TWO ANCIENT BRACELETS USING THE SEM-EDX METHOD
The archaeological excavations uncovered two bracelets dated to the 4 th century AD. The first one is made of iron and was found in the necropolis from Nemior-Branite (Vntori commune, Neam county), and was attributed to the Carpathian tumuli culture. The second bracelet is made from bronze and was found at Hrlu (Iai county), in a Sntana de Mure Chernyakhov habitation level. These bracelets were studied using the SEM-EDX technique, which analysed the chemical elements found in the patina and in the interior, non-contaminated, structural alloy. The two bracelets made from different alloys have somewhat similar structural- functional and physical characteristics, belonging to the same chronological time span. The metals have the same geographical origin (Central Europe), but the minerals present in the alloy are different. If the iron bracelet is from a funeral pyre, in the case of the bronze one, it was discovered in a dwelling without a clear archaeological context. Data obtained from the SEM-EDX revealed the chemical elements from the patina and the base metal alloy.
Element [norm. wt.- %] [norm. at.-%] Error in % Iron 97,234880 90,82670 3,010705 Aluminium 0,001031 0,15510 0,060334 Carbon 1,746652 7,58610 0,430256 Silicon 0,455094 0,84734 0,056822 Nickel 0,562343 0,58476 0,054475
Table 1. The chemical composition in percentages (weight and atomic). The base alloy of the iron bracelet from Nemior-Branite. Table 2. The chemical composition in percentages (weight and atomic). The base alloy of the bronze bracelet from Hrlu. FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS 74 PRELIMINARY STUDY OF 18 TH CENTURY LEATHER FROM THE BOTOANI ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE
Doina Maria CREANG 1 , Cristina CAROTE 2 , Lucreia MIU 3 , Maria GIURGINC 4
1 Bukovina Museum, Suceava 2 National Museum of Romanian History, Bucharest 3 National Research-Development Institute for Textiles and Leather, Leather and Footwear Research Institute, Bucharest 5 Polytechnical University of Bucharest, Centre for Environmental Protection and Ecological Technologies
Keywords: archaeological leather, infrared spectroscopy, MHT method, cultural heritage.
In 2010, when the rehabilitation works for the historical central district of the Botoani municipality commenced, in the area of the northern half of the 1 Decembrie square, a dwelling complex was archaeologically identified at a depth of ca. 0,86 - 0,88 m, and after removing by mechanical means the modern material deposits. The dating was based on the characteristics of several ceramic fragments found on the same level as the archaeological complex, and was also associated with a numismatic discovery (half of a copper rouble) made in the area situated at about 55 m to the south-west, belonging to the same stratigraphic level, and dating back to the period of Empress Catherine II of Russia (1762-1796). The ceramic fragments, some brick fragments, some stones (freestone) of small dimensions as well as some raw wooden chips preserved due to the extremely clayish character of the stratigraphic context in which they were found, place this complex within the category of outbuildings with short-term use. Amidst the discovered artefacts, more than 50 fragments of leather, some of which with definite scissor cut and hem sewing, have been found. The large number of such findings suggests a possible identification of the complex, from a functional point of view, as a temporary location during the hot season for a skinner who manufactured leather products. The paper presents the preliminary results of a study on 6 leather artefacts that were discovered in the north-western sector of the historical central district of Botoani, in order to evaluate their state of degradation. An analytical protocol to evaluate the degradation of collagen structures (in leather and parchment) was developed by several research projects coordinated by the Leather and Footwear Research Institute, by using non-destructive and micro-destructive techniques such as: infrared spectroscopy (FTIR/ ATR or transmission) and UV- VIS-NIR, thermal analysis (DSC, TA, DTG), optical microscopy, hydrothermal activity measurement of the collagen fibres (MHT), electronic microscopy (SEM, TEM). An evaluation of the degree of deterioration of the archaeological leather samples was achieved by infrared spectroscopy (transmission) and MHT technique. The results showed that the leather is highly deteriorated by hydrolysis and not so much by gelatinization or oxidation. Even if the shrinkage temperature of the collagen fibres is over 70 o C, their hydrothermal activity is low, and this suggests a high level of deterioration due to the splitting of peptide macromolecules.
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PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS 75 THE USE OF 2D XRF NON DESTRUCTIVE ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS IN THE STUDY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL ARTEFACTS
Laurent THERESE 1 , Cristina MUJA 1,2,3 , Vlad Vintila ZIRRA 3 , Adrian IONI 3 , Radu BJENARU 3 , Philippe GUILLOT 1
1 Plasma Diagnostic Laboratory, CUFR J.F.C, Albi, France 2 University of Bucharest, Faculty of Biology 3 Vasile Prvan Institute of Archaeology, Bucharest Keywords: X-ray fluorescence, mapping, imaging, elemental analysis. Several instrumental techniques of elemental analysis are now widely used for the characterization and the provenance analysis of archaeological materials. The combination between archaeological and analytical information can provide significant knowledge on the constituting materials origin, heritage authentication and restoration, provenance, migration, social interaction and exchange. Due to the recent developments in X-ray fluorescence (XRF) micro-analysis technique, the traditional wide range of XRF applications further expanded, benefiting from the combination of single point analysis with high spatial element imaging. In this study, the XGT- 5000 instrument manufactured by Jobin Yvon Horiba was used. The sample was rapidly scanned by the X-Ray beam, and spectra were continuously read from the detector and correlated to a particular position on the sample. The distribution of a particular element could be displayed by plotting an image of the element's peak intensity at each pixel position. The results were detailed false coloured images showing areas of high and low concentration for each selected element. To demonstrate the techniques potential, a 2 coin was analysed. We settled on this coin as for the case study, since it is composed of several materials. Its core is made from a copper-zinc alloy, and its ring from copper-nickel blend, both parts having a different coloration, respectively yellow and white. Figure 1 shows the results of the mapping experiments across the whole coin, 25.75 mm in diameter. One can see that copper was identified on both regions while zinc and nickel were respectively detected in t core and the ring. The study will present the techniques advantages and limitations (from qualitative to quantitative analysis using standard reference samples). The elements of interest will be discussed for its potential use as complementary information tool in establishing the archaeological provenance and in studies on some Romanian archaeological artefacts.
Fig. 1. Optical picture and elemental distribution (copper, zinc, nickel) from left to right. FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS 76
COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS USING THE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE METHOD OF SOME BRONZE PIECES FROM THE TEFAN CEL MARE" VASLUI COUNTY MUSEUM
1 tefan cel Mare Vaslui County Museum 2 "Vasile Prvan" Institute of Archaeology of Bucharest 3 "Horia Hulubei National Development and Research Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Mgurele
Keywords: compositional analysis, Krasyj Majak type sword, Labojkovka type daggers, Transylvanian socketed axes.
The tefan cel Mare Vaslui County Museum houses a series of bronze objects that has been the subject of a chemical compositional analysis, using the X-ray fluorescence method. Following this protocol, and using the portable X-MET 3000TX spectrometer, ten copper and bronze items discovered in Vaslui county, were analysed: a copper shaft-hole axe from Murgeni; a bronze shaft-hole axe from Mluteni; a bronze shaft-hole axe of the Pdureni type found at Horga; two daggers of the Lobojkovka type, Malye Kopani version, discovered at Crucioara and Copceana; a fragment of a sword, Krasnyj Majak type, found at Epureni; two bronze socketed axes, Transylvanian type - eastern variant, discovered in the Vaslui county; a socketed axe, Transylvanian type, found at Copceana; a socketed axe with in-relief decoration from Mona. The analyses revealed a general composition of Cu, with percentages between 80.6% in the case of the Mona socket, and 96.5% (handle) and 96.8% (blade) in the Epureni sword. Sn is between 2.5 to 2.6% (sword handle and blade from Epureni) and 18.2% for the socket with unknown origin. Fe appears too in the composition (from 0.1 to 0.5%), as does Pb (0.1 to 0.8%), As (0.1-0.5%), Ni (0.2-0 , 5%) and there are also traces of Sb and Ag. The findings are particularly important in the case of the dagger and the socket from Copceana. Although they appear as separate findings, their composition can lead to the conclusion that they were part of a stash (dagger: 83% Cu, 14.9% Sn, 0.8% Pb, 0.3% I, 0 , 6% Fe, 0.4% nickel, traces of Sb; socket: 84.8% Cu, 13.9% Sn, 0.1% Pb, 0.4% As, 0.1% Fe, 0, 3% Ni, and traces of Sb). The pieces analysed were dated from the Early to the Late Bronze Age, and the results allowed us to make shed some light on the evolution of the metallurgy and on the movement of copper and bronze objects found on within the administrative boundaries of the Vaslui county.
Acknowledgements: These studies were made possible by a partnership with the "Vasile Prvan", Institute of Archaeology from Bucharest, and the Horia Hulubei National Development and Research Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering from Bucharest-Mgurele. Measurements were made by Bogdan Constantinescu, Florin Constantin and Catalina Puna, from the "Horia Hulubei National Development and Research Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Mgurele, in a project financed by CNCSIS via the Partnerships Program in Priority Areas (no. 91-029/2 from 14.09.2007).
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PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS 77
FTIR (DRIFT) ANALYSIS OF SOME PRINTING INKS FROM THE 19 TH AND 20 TH CENTURIES
Rodica-Mariana ION 1,2 , Sanda-Maria DONCEA 1,2 , Mihaela-Lucia ION 2
1 ICECHIM, Bucharest 2 Valahia University of Trgovite, Facultatea Ingineria Materialelor, Mecatronica si Robotica
Iron-gall-ink corrosion of paper is one of the largest threats for our historical documents paper. The poor quality raw materials used from the mid-19 th century and aggressive chemicals added to the paper pulp during its sizing (19 th -20 th centuries) yielded to an accelerated self- destruction process of the paper, due to the oxidation of the cellulose fibres. Many analytical methods have been considered in the analysis of original iron-gall-inked manuscripts: UV-Vis, ICP-AES, EDXRF, RAMAN, SEM, AFM analysis. In this study, different historical papers dating from 1931 (Berlin, Germany), 1867, 1937, 1881, 1930 and 1898 (Paris, France) and 1848 (Parma, Italy) were investigated using the Fourier- transformed-infrared-spectroscopy (FTIR) diffuse reflectometry with KBr (DRIFT). The degradation mechanism of the cellulose was caused by the iron-gall-ink. The so called fingerprint region (1000 cm -1 - 1400 cm -1 ) is characteristic of cellulose, the main compound in paper. In this area, the strong absorption rate of CH2-OH is attributed to the aromatic rings of lignin, present alongside cellulose in the paper samples. The peak at 1723 cm -1 indicates the oxidation of the cellulose. The shoulder near the water absorption at 1648 cm belongs to the C = O band, due to the hydrolysis and oxidation of cellulose. The bands from 1450-1350 cm -1 and 1610-1550 cm -1 have also been attributed both to carboxylic salts and to C=O. They represent a possible way of putting the carboxylic components into evidence. SO 2 asymmetric stretching from 670-640 cm -1 and 1690-1620 cm -1 proves the presence of sulphates in the samples. Carbon- black ink is characterized by the typical bands at 1334 and 1588 cm -1 ; iron-gall ink by the peaks at about 1472 and 572 cm -1 , and iron sulphate by the peak at 1454 cm -1 . The differences in wave numbers lead to a clear identification of the two iron-based compounds, and it is therefore important to select specific conservation methods. The main degradation mechanism could be explained as: iron gall ink, prepared with different ingredients including tannins and vitriol, causes both acidic hydrolysis and Fe 2+ catalysed oxidation of cellulose.
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PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS 78 POSTERS
CHEMOMETRIC SOFTWARE DESIGNED FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF CUCUTENI CERAMIC BY RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY
Daniela DOMNIORU 1 , Mirela PRAISLER 1 , Nicolae BUZGAR 2 , Vasile COTIUG 3
1 Dunrea de Jos University of Galai, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment 2 Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Geography and Geology, ARHEOINVEST Platform 3 Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History, ARHEOINVEST Platform
Keywords: chemometric software, Raman spectroscopy, Cucuteni ceramic. In the paper we present a chemometric software for the analysis of the Raman spectra of ceramic samples. The examined samples include ancient ceramics, discovered in archaeological sites from Moldavia (Romania), as well as fake samples obtained by experimental archaeology. In order to determine the optimum classification criteria for the ceramic samples, we have developed a software application (P_Raman program), using the Pascal programming language. By generalization, this method can also be applied for industrially manufactured ceramics.
Acknowledgements: This study has been performed within the research project no. 81041/2007- 2010 entitled Archaeometric expert system for the intelligent fight against the trafficking of cultural and historical heritage, financed by the PARTNERSHIP Program of the 2 nd National Plan for Research, Development and Innovation of the Romanian Government.
COMBINING MULTI-SPECTRAL IMAGING AND PORTABLE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE FOR A NON-INVASIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF CUCUTENI DECORATIVE CERAMICS. IMPLICATIONS FOR AUTHENTICATION STUDIES
1 Dunrea de Jos University of Galai, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment 2 University of Bologna, Microchemistry and Microscopy Art Diagnostic Laboratory, Ravenna, Italy
Keywords: Cucuteni ceramics, ED-XRF, multi spectral imaging, false-colour imaging.
The study found efficient physical-chemical methods which distinguished, in an objective and non-invasive way, between original pieces of Cucuteni pottery belonging to the Romanian cultural heritage, and fake ceramics such as those found circulating on the antiquities black market. The article reports the results obtained from an analysis of a batch of Cucuteni ceramic shards originating from Iai county (Romania), and fake ceramic shards obtained by experimental archaeology. All the ceramic samples were analysed by using a digital multi spectral scanner imaging system, and a portable energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The comparative study was focused on elucidating the composition of the pigments present on the decorative motifs specific to Cucuteni ceramics. The combined analysis of the elemental composition obtained by X-ray fluorescence and of the Infrared false-colour images has provided an innovative approach to the authentication methods. The analytical procedure that we present also has the major advantage of portability, thus allowing in-situ or at-border checkpoints to distinguish between original and fake Cucuteni ceramic samples. FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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LIST OF AUTHORS
Name and surname Profession and rank Affiliation E-mail adress
Marius-Tiberiu ALEXIANU Assistant Professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Letters, ARHEOINVEST Platform alexianumarius@yahoo.com Lucian AMON Associate Professor PhD University of Craiova, Faculty of Social Sciences amonlucian@yahoo.com
Claudiu-Mihai ANDREI Student Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History and_claudiu@yahoo.com
Mircea ANGHELINU Associate Professor PhD Valahia University of Trgovite, Department of History and Letters mircea_anghelinu@ yahoo.com Ionu Andrei APOPEI MA Student Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Geography and Geology, ARHEOINVEST Platform
Andrei ASNDULESEI Research Assistant PhDc Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Department of Science, ARHEOINVEST Platform andrei.asandulesei@ yahoo.com Radu BALAUR Research Assistant Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History, ARHEOINVEST Platform radu_balaur@yahoo.com Marius Gheorghe BARBU Arhchaeologist PhDc Museum of Dacian and Roman Civilization, Deva barbumarius0216@ yahoo.com Adrian BLESCU Researcher PhD National History Museum of Romania, Bucharest abalasescu2005@yahoo.fr Mihail B Assistant Professor PhDc State University of Moldova, Chiinu mb_usm@yahoo.com Luminia BEJENARU Associate Professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Biology, ARHEOINVEST Platform lumib@uaic.ro Radu BJENARU Researcher PhD Vasile Prvan Institute of Archaeology, Bucharest laodaie@yahoo.com Corneliu BELDIMAN Assistant Professor PhD Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University of Bucharest, Faculty of History belcor@gmail.com
Carmen BEM PhDc Institute for Cultural Memory, Bucharest carmen@cimec.ro Ctlin BEM PhD National History Museum of Romania, Bucharest catalinbem@yahoo.com George BODI Researcher PhD Institute of Archaeology of Iai georgebodi@gmail.com Dumitru BOGHIAN Associate Professor PhD tefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Faculty of History and Geography dumitrub@atlas.usv.ro Lavinia BOLCU MA Student West University of Timioara, Faculty of Letters, History and Theology, History Department lavibolcu@yahoo.com FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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PROGRAM 80 Daniela-Afrodita BOLDEA PhDc Dunrea de Jos University of Galai, Faculty of Sciences boldeadaniela@yahoo.com Neculai BOLOHAN Assistant professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History, ARHEOINVEST Platform neculai.bolohan1@gmail.com Oana BORLEA MA Student West University of Timioara, Faculty of Letters, History and Theology, History Department oana_borlea2@yahoo.co.uk Tudor BORSAN Assistant professor PhD 1 Decembrie 1918 University of Alba-Iulia, Faculty of Science borsant@yahoo.com Octavian BOUNEGRU Prefessor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History, ARHEOINVEST Platform octavian_bounegru@ hotmail.com Mihai BRNZIL Professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Geography and Geology, Department of Geology mib@uaic.ro Marius BREAZU PhD Roia Montan Gold Corporation, Department of Environment, Roia Montan m_breazu@yahoo.com Robin BRIGAND PhD Laboratoire Chrono- Environnement, UMR 6249, Besanon robinbrigand@yahoo.fr Vasile BUDUI Assistant professor PhD tefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Faculty of History and Geography buduivas@atlas.usv.ro Dumitru BULGARIU Associate Professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Geography and Geology, Department of Geology dbulgariu@yahoo.com
Ana-Maria BUIL PhDc Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History, ARHEOINVEST Platform amina2342@aol.com
Andrei BUZATU MA Student Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Geography and Geology, ARHEOINVEST Platform
Dan BUZEA Museographer PhD National Museum of the Eastern Carpathian, Sfntu Gheorghe buzealuci@yahoo.com Nicolae BUZGAR Associate Professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Geography and Geology, ARHEOINVEST Platform nicolae.buzgar@uaic.ro tefan CALINIUC MA student Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History, ARHEOINVEST Platform stefan.caliniuc@gmail.com Cristina CAROTE Researcher PhD National Museum of Romanian History, Bucharest criscarsote@yahoo.com Romeo CAVALERIU Research Assistant PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Biology, ARHEOINVEST Platform cavaleriur@yahoo.com Alin CDAN Corator 1 Decembrie 1918 University of Alba Iulia
alin.cadan@uab.ro FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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PROGRAM 81 Dan CRMID Teacher Mihai Bcescu Technical College of Flticeni dan_meridian@yahoo.com Stela CHEPTEA Researcher PhD Centre of History and European Civilization of Iai
Ctlina CHIOJDEANU Researcher PhD "Horia Hulubei National Development and Research Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Mgurele
Adrian CNTAR West University of Timioara, Faculty of Letters, History and Theology
Vasile-Andrei COJOCARIU Student Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History dj_divine01@yahoo.com
Daniel CONDORACHI Associate Professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Geography and Geology, ARHEOINVEST Platform
Bogdan CONSTANTINESCU Resercher PhD "Horia Hulubei National Development and Research Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Mgurele bconst@nipne.ro Andrei COROBCEAN Assistant professor PhDc State University of Moldova, Chiinu andrei_corobcean@ yahoo.com Vasile COTIUG Assistant professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History, ARHEOINVEST Platform vasicot@uaic.ro Ovidiu COTOI Assistant professor PhD Dunrea de Jos University of Galai, Faculty of History, Philosophy and Theology ovidiucotoi@gmail.com Otis CRANDELL PhDc
Babe-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Biology and Geology otis.crandell@ubbcluj.ro Doina Maria CREANG Researcher PhD Bukovina Museum, Suceava doinacreanga@yahoo.com Ana-Petronela CREU Research Assistant Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Department of Science, ARHEOINVEST Platform anacretu81@yahoo.com Roxana-Gabriela CURC Teaching Assistant PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History, ARHEOINVEST Platform roxanigabriela@yahoo.com Mihaela DANU PhD, Post-doc Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Biology danum2007@yahoo.com
Elena DELEANU Teacher PhDc Mihai Bcescu Technical College of Flticeni elenadeleanu@yahoo.com
Vasile DIACONU Museographer PhDc The History and Ethnography Museum of Trgu Neam diavas_n82@yahoo.com Anca DINISCHIOTU PhDc University of Bucharest, Faculty of Biology dinischiotu@yahoo.com Daniela DOMNIORU PhDc Dunrea de Jos University of Galai, Faculty of Sciences
ddomnis@yahoo.com FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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PROGRAM 82 Sanda-Maria DONCEA Researcher PhDc Valahia University of Trgovite, Faculty of Engineering, Mechatronics and Robotics / ICECHIM, Bucharest sandamariadoncea@ yahoo.com Leonard DOROGOSTAISKY Alcatel-Lucent Romania, Timioara leonard.dorogostaisky@ alcatel-lucent.ro Radu DRUIC PhDc Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Biology, ARHEOINVEST Platform
Valentin DUMITRACU Researcher PhD Vasile Prvan Institute of Archaeology, Bucharest dumitrascu.valentin@ gmail.com Georgeta Maria EL SUSI Researcher PhD Vasile Prvan Institute of Archaeology, Bucharest getasusi@yahoo.com Cristian FLOCA West University of Timioara, Faculty of Letters, History and Theology cfloca@yahoo.com Gheorghe FRUNZ Professor PhD tefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Mechatronics and Management frunza@fim.usv.ro Silviu GANIA MA Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, ARHEOINVEST Platform silviu_gania@yahoo.com Maria GIURGINC Professor PhD Polytechnical University of Bucharest, Centre for Environmental Protection and Ecological Technologies m_giurginca@yahoo.com Mihai GLIGOR Assistant Professor PhD 1 Decembrie 1918 University of Alba-Iulia, Department of History, Archaeology and Museology mihai.gligor@uab.ro Lucian GORGAN Assistant Professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Biology, ARHEOINVEST Platform lucian.gorgan@uaic.ro Mihai GRAMATICU Professor PhD tefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Mechatronics and Management gram@fim.usv.ro Vasilica-Monica GROZA PhDc Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Biology moni_ian@yahoo.com Philippe GUILLOT Professor PhD Champollion University of Albi, Frana philippe.guillot@univ-jfc.fr Constantin HAIT Researcher PhD National Museum of Romanian History, National Center for Pluridisciplinary Researches, Bucharest c_haita@yahoo.com Petru HORAK PhDc West University of Timioara, Faculty of Letters, History and Theology, History Department florinhorak@yahoo.com Radu HOZU Student Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Hisotry raduku988@yahoo.com
Theodor IGNAT Museographer PhDc Museum of Bucharest
theodor_ignat@yahoo.com Sorin IGNTESCU Assistant Professor PhD tefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Faculty of History and Geography sorinig@atlas.usv.ro FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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PROGRAM 83 Mihaela-Lucia ION PhDc Valahia University of Trgovite mihaella_ion@yahoo.com Rodica-Mariana ION Professor PhD Valahia University of Trgovite, Faculty of Engineering, Mechatronics and Robotics / ICECHIM, Bucharest rodica_ion2000@ yahoo.co.uk Adrian IONI Researcher PhD Vasile Prvan Institute of Archaeology, Bucharest aionita67@yahoo.com Attila LSZL Professor emeritus PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History, ARHEOINVEST Platform arch_atticus@yahoo.com Ciprian-Ctlin LAZANU Museographer MA Student tefan cel Mare Vaslui County Museum lazcipcata@hotmail.com Ctlin LAZR Researcher PhD National History Museum of Romania, Bucharest acltara@yahoo.com Dan LESENCIUC Assistant Professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Geography and Geology, ARHEOINVEST Platform dlesenci@yahoo.com
tefan LIPOT Curator 1 Decembrie 1918 University of Alba Iulia stefan.lipot@uab.ro Tudor MARCU Student Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History hobbit_tudoor@yahoo.com
Carmen MARIAN Researcher PhD Moldova National Museum Complex, Iai carmenmarian2002@ yahoo.com Florentina MARI Museographer PhDc Banat Museum, Timioara tinamartis2003@yahoo.com Sergiu MATVEEV Associate Professor PhD State University of Moldova, Chiinu thracology@usm.md Paula MAZRE Researcher PhDc 1 Decembrie 1918 University of Alba Iulia paula.mazare@uab.ro Rocco MAZZEO Professor PhD University of Bologna, Microchemistry and Microscopy Art Diagnostic Laboratory, Ravenna rocco.mazzeo@unibo.it Monica MRGRIT Assistant professor PhD Valahia University of Trgovite, Department of History and Letters monicamargarit@yahoo.com Liviu MRUIA Teaching Assistant PhD West University of Timioara, Faculty of Letters, History and Theology liviumaruia@yahoo.com Florica MU PhD, Post-doc Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Department of Science, ARHEOINVEST Platform floricel1980@yahoo.com Vicu MERLAN Teacher PhD Cuza Vod College of Hui isaiia2002@yahoo.fr Dorel MICLE Assistant professor PhD West University of Timioara, Faculty of Letters, History and Theology dmicle@litere.uvt.ro Virgil MIHAILESCU- BRLIBA Researcher PhD Institute of Archaeology of Iai Georgeta MIU Researcher PhD Romanian Academy - Iai Branch, Department of Anthropological Research miutuna@yahoo.com Lucreia MIU Researcher PhD National Research- Development Institute for Textiles and Leather, Leather and Footwear Research Institute, Bucharest lucretiamiu@yahoo.com FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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PROGRAM 84 Katia MOLDOVEANU Researcher PhDc National History Museum of Romania, Bucharest katia_moldoveanu@ yahoo.com Cristina MUJA Teaching Assistant PhDc University of Bucharest, Faculty of Biology cristina.muja@gmail.com Vasile-Vlad NAD Student Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History
Anca NEAGU PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Biology aneagu@uaic.ro Valentin NICA Assistant Professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Physics
Andrei NICIC Associate Professor PhD State University of Moldova, Chiinu thracology@usm.md Ctlin NICOLAE Museographer PhDc National History Museum of Romania, Bucharest
Ionu-Cristi NICU Research Assistant PhDc Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Department of Science, ARHEOINVEST Platform nicucristi@gmail.com Bogdan Petru NICULIC Arhchaeologist PhD Bukovina Museum, Suceava
niculicab@yahoo.com Ion NICULI Professor emeritus PhD State University of Moldova, Chiinu azanoci@gmail.com Marius NIGA Student Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History niga_marius@yahoo.com
Loredana NI-BLESCU Museographer PhDc Valahia University of Trgovite loredana_nita2003@ yahoo.com Florentina Carmen OLENIUC PhD, Post-doc Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Biology carmen_oleniuc@yahoo.com Raluca-Florina PALADE Student Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History
Eugen PARASCHIV Museographer PhDc National History Museum of Romania, Bucharest
Tiberiu-Theodor PLCINT Student Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History tiberiu.placinta@yahoo.com Anca POPESCU Researcher PhD "Vasile Prvan" Institute of Archaeology of Bucharest ancadiana_popescu@ yahoo.com Mariana POPOVICI PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Biology sorexmin@yahoo.com Petronel POSTOLACHE Assistant Professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Physics
Mirela PRAISLER Professor PhD Dunrea de Jos University of Galai, Faculty of Sciences mirela.praisler@ugal.ro Constantin PREOTEASA Museographer PhDc History and Archaeology Musem of Piatra-Neam constantin.preoteasa@ yahoo.com Marta QUARANTA Researcher PhD University of Bologna, Microchemistry and Microscopy Art Diagnostic Laboratory, Ravenna marta.quaranta@unibo.it Carmen Olgua ROGOBETE PhDc Babe-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of History and Philosophy rogobete.carmen@gmail.com FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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PROGRAM 85 Gheorghe ROMANESCU Professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Geography and Geology, ARHEOINVEST Platform geluromanescu@yahoo.com Vlad RUMEGA MA student Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History vladrumega@gmail.com Ion SANDU Professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, ARHEOINVEST Platform sandu_i03@yahoo.com Vasilica SNDULA Student Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History ica_blue_20@yahoo.com
Traian Lucian SEVERIN Teaching Assistant PhDc tefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Faculy of Mechanical Engineering, Mechatronics and Management severin.traian@fim.usv.ro Angela SIMALCSIK Researcher PhD Romanian Academy - Iai Branch, Department of Anthropological Research angellisimal@yahoo.com Robert-Daniel SIMALCSIK Researcher PhD Romanian Academy - Iai Branch, Department of Anthropological Research robyboy2@yahoo.com Victor SPINEI Professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History, ARHEOINVEST Platform vspin@uaic.ro Diana-Andreea STAN Student Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History diana.stan91@yahoo.com Sebastian STAN Teaching Assistant PhDc "Ion Mincu" University of Architecture and Urbanism of Bucharest sebastian.stan.arh@ gmail.com Simina STANC Assistant Professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Biology, ARHEOINVEST Platforma siminams@yahoo.com Alexandru STANCU Professor PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Physics alstancu@uaic.ro Andrei STAVIL PhDc West University of Timioara, Faculty of Letters, History and Theology andreigolo@yahoo.com Silviu Gabriel STROE Teaching Assistant PhDc tefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Faculty of Food Engineering silvius@fia.usv.ro Cornel SUCIU Teaching Assistant PhDc tefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Mechatronics and Management suciu@fim.usv.ro Diana-Maria SZTANCS PhDc Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Doctoral Program sztdidi@yahoo.es
Andrei TEFAN PhDc Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Biology, ARHEOINVEST Platform stefan.anddrei@gmail.com
Clin UTEU Research Assistant PhDc 1 Decembrie 1918 University of Alb-Iulia, Iuliu Paul Systemic Archaeology Institute
calin.suteu@uab.ro FIRST ARHEOINVEST CONGRESS
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PROGRAM 86 Felix-Adrian TENCARIU Research Assistant PhD, Post-doc Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Department of Science, ARHEOINVEST Platform adifex@gmail.com
Laurent THERESE Ingnieur d'tudes PhD Plasma Diagnostic Laboratory, CUFR J.F.C, Albi, France laurent.therese@univ-jfc.fr Irina URSACHI PhDc Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of Physics
Timotei URSU
Researcher Salamandra Communication, New York timiur@yahoo.com Nicolae URSULESCU Professor emeritus PhD Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History, ARHEOINVEST Platform n.ursulescu@gmail.com Viorica VASILACHE PhD, Post-doc Institute of Archaeology of Iai viorica_18v@yahoo.com Gabriel VASILE Research Assistant PhDc National History Museum of Romania, Bucharest gsvasile@yahoo.com Bogdan VENEDICT Student Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Department of Science, ARHEOINVEST Platform bogdan.venedict@yahoo.com Olivier WELLER Researcher PhD CNRS-Universits Paris 1 Panthon-Sorbonne et Paris 10-Nanterre, Laboratoire Archologies et Sciences de l'Antiquit Protohistoire europenne, UMR 7041, Paris olivier.weller@mae.cnrs.fr
Michael VICKERS Professor PhD University of Oxford, Jesus College michael.vickers@ jesus.ox.ac.uk Diana-Mriuca VORNICU PhDc Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai, Faculty of History mariucav@gmail.com Aurel ZANOCI Associate Professor PhD State University of Moldova, Chiinu azanoci@gmail.com Vlad Vintila ZIRRA Researcher PhD Vasile Prvan Institute of Archaeology, Bucharest vvzirra@yahoo.com
Mesolithic Fish and Fishermen of The Lower Danube (Iron Gates) Alexandru Dinu Department of Sociology and Anthropology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, US