576 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 19, NO.

3, SEPTEMBER 2004
A New Method for Synchronous Generator Core
Quality Evaluation
Gerald B. Kliman, Life Fellow, IEEE, Sang Bin Lee, Member, IEEE, Manoj R. Shah, Fellow, IEEE, R. Mark Lusted,
and N. Kutty Nair, Life Senior Member, IEEE
AbstractA new technique for detecting the presence and
severity of inter-laminar short circuits as well as estimating the
status of core compression (or looseness) in laminated magnetic
cores of synchronous generators, with a single test equipment is
demonstrated in this paper. The core loss measurement obtained
from a flux injection probe that injects flux (of varying amplitude,
frequency, and wave-shape) into two nominally adjacent teeth
over a localized region, is used as an indicator for detecting and
distinguishing the two fault conditions. An injection probe system
was developed and tested, in the laboratory, using stacks of full
size generator laminations with various induced fault conditions.
The injection probe was shown to detect the presence of shorted
laminations at the bottom of the slot and to gauge the degree of
core compression or looseness. In addition, a unique differential
probe was developed and tested to demonstrate the capability of
detecting as few as five shorted laminations.
Index TermsAC generators and motors, core looseness detec-
tion, core loss, differential signals, fault detection, fault diagnosis,
fault location, insulation testing, magnetic laminated cores.
I. INTRODUCTION
T
HE importance of stator core quality evaluation for syn-
chronous generators cannot be overemphasized consid-
ering the impact of generator failure caused by stator core
problems. According to reports on recent generator failures
[1], [2], the repair or rebuild process for stator core failures
are costly since it usually requires replacement of the entire
core. In most cases, it is required to remove the generator
from its foundation, ship it to the manufacturer, disassemble
the machine, restack the laminations, and reinstall it at the
customer site, which takes several months. The total finan-
cial loss that results from such a forced outage is hundreds
of millions of dollars for the cost of repair and replacement
power. Moreover, the loss of reputation and fallout for future
business is a serious concern to the manufacturer. Therefore,
it is critical to reliably assess the condition of a generator
stator core for both the OEM and the customer. The most
common generator stator core problems are inter-laminar core
faults, relaxation of core stack pressure, and core end region
Manuscript received August 19, 2003. Paper no. TEC-00216-2003.
G. B. Kliman, deceased, was with Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY
12180-3590 USA
S. B. Lee is with Korea University, Seoul, Korea (e-mail: sang-
binlee@ieee.org)
M. R. Shah is with the GE Global Research Center, Schenectady, NY 12309
USA.
R. M. Lusted and N. K. Nair are with GE Energy, Schenectady, NY 12345
USA
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TEC.2004.832058
heating. This paper proposes a method for detecting inter-lam-
inar insulation failure and core loosening with a single test
equipment.
A. Inter-Laminar Insulation Failure
Shorting between laminations due to electrical failure of
inter-laminar insulation can result from 1) abrasion by foreign
materials introduced during manufacturing, inspection, or
repair, 2) vibration of loose windings, wedges, or laminations,
3) mechanical damage on the core surface during manu-
facturing, inspection, or repair, 4) manufacturing defects in
laminations and its insulation, etc. Once an inter-laminar short
is introduced, a fault current path is formed in the laminations
and building bars or frame, which creates hot spots. If unde-
tected, the fault progresses in severity and results in burning
or melting of the laminations, which can eventually cause
generator failure, as shown in Fig. 1(a).
For many years, the only methods available to evaluate lami-
nated magnetic cores of electrical machines for the presence of
shorted laminations were the ring test and visual inspection
[2][4]. The ring test requires a power source of several MVAto
excite the core close to the rated flux, which raises safety risks.
Several turns of rather heavy gauge, high voltage insulated ca-
bles are wound through the stator bore to establish a circumfer-
ential flux in the yoke but not in the teeth, as shown in Fig. 1(b).
The excitation is applied for a duration long enough to start the
core heating but short enough not to allow it to reach a thermal
equilibrium. The presence of inter-laminar faults is then ascer-
tained by observing the resulting hot spots on the stator bore
due to heat diffusing to the surface from them. Careful timing
is needed so that the hot spots are not blunted by heat diffusion
as the core approaches thermal equilibrium. In the past, detec-
tion of the hot spots was done qualitatively by turning off the
power and immediately crawling into the bore and feeling the
surface. In recent times, this is done by means of an infrared
imaging camera set outside the machine. Because robust trays
are required to hold the heavy cables, significant portion of the
core may be hidden from view. Usually the rotor is removed
hence it becomes an expensive and difficult test to run so it is
rarely done in the field and not often in the factory.
In the last decades of the 20th century, a lowpower test, called
EL CID for Electromagnetic Core Imperfection Detector, was
developed and is now widely used [5][7]. The core is wound,
as in the ring test, but excited only to about 4% of rated flux so
that only a few kVA are required, greatly simplifying the power
supply and winding issues. In most cases, the rotor must still
0885-8969/04$20.00 2004 IEEE
KLIMAN et al.: A NEW METHOD FOR SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR CORE QUALITY EVALUATION 577
Fig. 1. (a) Inter-laminar core failure and (b) core ring test excitation.
be removed. Detection of inter-laminar faults is done by means
of a small, air core coil of many turns bent into a horse shoe
shape such that it spans two adjacent teeth (Chattock Coil or
Maxwell Worm). This coil is then scanned axially along the
stator bore for each tooth pair and anomalies in the leakage flux
are noted. When the anomalous leakage flux, as measured by
the Chattock coil, reaches a particular magnitude it is concluded
that there is a fault in the core somewhere close to that point.
The resulting signal tends to be noisy and difficult to interpret
properly. Both the ring test and the EL CID test can be run only
on completed cores. Also, both tests encounter problems when
applied to the end stepping portions of the core.
B. Relaxation of Core Stack Pressure
Relaxation of stator core stack pressure can result from
1) loosening of core tightening means at the core end due to
vibration during machine operation, 2) relaxation of lamination
material due to compression or wear of insulation material with
time and temperature, 3) manufacturing defectsnon uniform
thickness within lamination sheets causes accumulative nonuni-
form pressure distribution, and so on. If the laminations are free
to vibrate due to core loosening, lamination steel and insulation
fatigue is accelerated and eventually results in inter-laminar
insulation failure or a tooth fracture, as shown in Fig. 2(a).
Broken laminations can migrate into the ground wall and
cause ground faults, or severe inter-laminar insulation damage
if it migrates into the gap. Stator winding insulation wear is
also accelerated by lamination vibration, which increases the
potential for ground faults [2][4].
The only generally recognized methods for evaluating core
tightness (or looseness) are visual observation [3], the so-called
knife test, and bolt torque measurement. In the knife test, one
attempts to insert a knife blade between laminations at the stator
bore, as shown in Fig. 2(b). If the knife cannot be inserted the
core is judged to be tight (or compressed) enough. If the knife
blade can be inserted, the core is judged to be loose. The knife
test clearly carries a risk of creating inter-laminar faults. In the
bolt torque measurement method, the bolt torque is checked and
the bolt is tightened if the bolt torque is below the threshold.
This only provides the overall pressure within the core, and a
loose local portion of the core cannot be detected. Several, more
scientific, tests utilizing vibration, space block dimensions or
Fig. 2. (a) Fractured laminations due to vibration and (b) knife test.
ultrasonics have been proposed but none have been universally
adopted.
C. Requirements for Core Quality Evaluation
In response to the shortcomings of the available core test
methods revealed in the prior art survey, specifications for a
new core quality test instrument were developed. They included
requirements for 1) improved sensitivity to detect two shorted
laminations, 2) improved fault position identification, 3) local
core compression pressure measurement, 4) portability, 5) non-
invasive testing, 6) low power, 7) ease of core-end step testing,
and 8) the capability for use on partially assembled cores. A
lowpower flux injection concept was selected as the most likely
to meet all of these requirements. The flux injection concept is
presented in detail along with experimental verifications for a
range of inter-laminar core faults with varying severity and for
core compression measurements. It should be emphasized that
one of the most difficult cases to detect with the conventional
techniques is a fault at the bottom of the slot. In this paper, all
of the lamination faults examined were placed at the bottom of
the slots.
II. FLUX INJECTION CONCEPT
The basic idea of the flux injection system [8][10] is shown
in Fig. 3 as applied to a typical synchronous generator core (only
one lamination segment is shown for simplicity). A small lam-
inated U core is applied to a pair of adjacent teeth as shown.
The U core is excited by a coil connected to a variable voltage
and frequency power supply, as shown in the figure. The rating
of the amplifier need not be more than about 2 kVA. For this
demonstration, the thickness of the injection test core was made
about 6.35 mm (0.25) and the width was selected to approxi-
mately match the tooth width. For convenience the test core was
fabricated froma tape wound inductor cut core. Aphotograph of
the first test core positioned on a lamination is shown in Fig. 4.
The test works by injecting flux into the teeth and allowing
it to spread out through the machine yoke as shown in the
finite element calculations, Fig. 5. The flux configuration in the
locality of the test core is then somewhat similar to the earlier
test methods except that flux in the teeth is now considerable
instead of being close to zero. The flux density in the teeth
and the average flux density in the yoke can now be adjusted
to any desired value for a given machine. In the initial tests
reported here, the amplifier output was a sine wave voltage
whose amplitude was set to avoid saturation of the magnetic
circuit. Capability was provided in the amplifier for frequencies
578 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 19, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2004
Fig. 3. Flux injection probe concept applied to a lamination segment.
Fig. 4. Photograph of the first injection probe with a typical lamination
segment. The tooth tip is about 3.3 cm.
other than 60 Hz and for arbitrary waveforms such as square
waves or pulses. The magnetic circuit inevitably included an
air gap, which was set in a range from 0.25 mm to 2.00 mm.
The minimum gap is determined by the amount of stagger in
the machine lamination stack, which is usually of the order of
0.25 mm. Larger gaps result in reduced sensitivity variations
to the stagger patterns for both types of faults. For most of
the tests a nominal gap of 0.5 mm was used.
As may be seen in Figs. 3 and 4, a flux-sensing coil was
wound around one leg of the test core. A separate sensing coil
was used to avoid problems of temperature dependent resistance
drop in the source winding and possible variations in leakage
flux. A signal proportional to the magnetic core loss in the test
circuit may then be obtained by multiplying the output of the
flux sensing coil by the exciting coil current and averaging the
result, as shown in (1),
(1)
where, and represent the sense coil voltage and excitation
current, and represent the number of turns in the excita-
tion and sense coils, and is the time period. Since the presence
of a fault in the machine core when the test core is in its vicinity
will result in circulating currents, the eddy current component of
the magnetic core loss hence the total loss will increase. Thus
as the probe (or test core) is scanned axially along the core, a
plot of the magnetic core loss signal will indicate the location
and severity of a lamination fault.
Fig. 5. Simulated flux distribution for a stator core with flux injection.
It is known that the hysteresis losses of steels are sensitive to
mechanical pressure. There are data showing that when com-
pressive stress, parallel to the flux, is applied to laminations, the
hysteresis (and total) losses will increase markedly whereas ten-
sile stress will only slightly reduce the losses. Although there
has been no similar data published for compressive stress ap-
plied perpendicular to the flux, as is the case for generator and
large motor cores, it is reasonable to assume that there will be
a similar effect. Such an effect is likely to be difficult to find
in the gross no load core loss of a large machine, as the me-
chanical loading of the core laminations will normally be quite
nonuniform both axially and radially and the effect may not be
large. Also looseness may be a quite local effect resulting from
tolerance variations or creepage. However an injection method,
such as just described will be effective in ascertaining the local
compression of the core by examination of the local core losses.
The very same apparatus as that applied to core faults is used,
with only software differences required, to perform both func-
tions. Additionally, the flexibility of an electronic power ampli-
fier excitation allows testing at different excitation frequencies,
, and flux densities, , to enable separation of the loss data
into eddy current and hysteresis components based on the fol-
lowing model.
(2)
where and represent the hysteresis and eddy current
losses, and represent the hysteresis and eddy current loss
constants, and is the exponential constant that depends on
material properties and shape.
III. EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS
The test article is a stack of typical generator laminations,
such as shown in Fig. 4, piled to a height of about 2.5 cm. For
convenience in mounting, the laminations were not overlapped
or staggered as they would be in a full size machine. Again it was
found to be useful to conduct inter-laminar fault testing and core
compression testing in the same apparatus. The injection probe
was set against the lamination stack in a manner similar to that
shown in Fig. 4. The stack and probe were mounted in a small
hydraulic press as shown in Fig. 6. Since it was impractical,
within the constraints of this setup, to actually scan the probe
KLIMAN et al.: A NEW METHOD FOR SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR CORE QUALITY EVALUATION 579
it was rigidly fixed in place with a strip of plastic shim material
between it and the stack to set the gap.
Fig. 6. Test article installed (stacked) in the hydraulic press with the first test
probe.
Instead of scanning the probe along the stack past a fault, the
probe was fixed in place and various inter-laminar faults were
placed in the stack adjacent to it. After a number of trials the
method used was to solder a group of 20 laminations together
at the bottom of the slot. This resulted in a fault of about one
cm length, which corresponds to the minimum detectable fault
size reported elsewhere. Since there are no key bars on this test
article, the back of the stack was open circuited. In order to
insert controlled back of core short circuits, a small area on both
sides of each lamination in the group was sanded to remove
the inter-laminar insulation. Thin plastic shims were inserted
between the laminations and sequentially removed to increase
the size of the fault during the test. A nominal pressure was
applied to the stack, and the back of the core was clamped to
assure that there would be contact at the back of the core. In
order to measure the effect of compression on losses the very
same set up was used except that there were no inter-laminar
faults and the press force was varied. It was not possible to apply
force over the entire lamination. A spreader plate, as illustrated
in Fig. 7, was used to apply pressure mainly in the tooth area
where the major problems of core looseness tend to occur.
Instrumentation of the initial test consisted of an electronic
power meter, a linear power amplifier and a precision waveform
generator. A computer stored the output of the power meter.
The operational characteristics of the electronic power meter ap-
peared to introduce considerable noise into the measurements
so it was replaced, for the later measurements, by a commer-
cial 16-bit data acquisition system, which yielded considerably
cleaner results.
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTSINTER-LAMINAR FAULTS
The test article (stack) was arranged as described in Sec-
tion III with all of the plastic shims inserted so that no faults
were apparent. The waveformgenerator was set for a 60 Hz sine
wave at moderate voltage amplitude. Data were logged for sev-
eral seconds at no fault. Then data acquisition was stopped while
the first plastic shim was removed and then resumed. This pro-
cedure was repeated until all 19 shims had been removed. The
magnetic core loss for the assemblage is shown in Fig. 8 as a
function of the number of faulted laminations. The core loss, as
plotted, includes the laminations losses as well as that of the in-
jection core, which is about 15% of the total. The incremental
core loss, as the fault size is increased, is almost entirely due to
Fig. 7. Application of perpendicular force (stack compression) to test
lamination article.
Fig. 8. Measured core loss as a function of the number of faulted laminations.
A running average is shown within the raw data.
the eddy currents in the test article. The injection core and test
article remain fixed in position during this process to avoid in-
troducing other sources of variability. It is clear, in Fig. 8, that
there is a great deal of noise. The trend, however, is clear with
the core loss increasing with the size of the fault according to a
square law up to the 20 laminations faulted. A running average
is superimposed on the raw data. The averaged power shows a
discernible difference all the way down to 3 or 4 laminations
shorted together. This is quite encouraging; however, the entire
range of variation is on the order of only 1.6% and could be im-
pacted by local field conditions. While it is possible to resolve at
this level in the laboratory it is probably not readily achievable
in the field. This led to considerable re-evaluation of the concept
and, subsequently, to the development of the differential probe
described in Section VI.
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTSCORE COMPRESSION
Testing to verify the technique of measuring core compres-
sion with the injection probe, was carried out in a manner
similar to that for inter-laminar faults except the fact that an
un-faulted stack of laminations was used as the test article.
580 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 19, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2004
Fig. 9. Effect of perpendicular compressive stress on the total core loss.
Measurements were made at several frequencies and the core
compression was varied from close to zero to around 2.4 Mpa
(350 psi) since typical core stacking pressure is in the vicinity
of 200250 psi. Also the electronic power meter was replaced
by a digital data acquisition system. In this case, since only the
press force needed to be changed, the data acquisition system
was run continuously hence the total magnetic core loss is
plotted as a function of time in Fig. 9 but with the pressure
at each stage noted. The entire range of magnetic core loss
variation was about 7.5%. This indicates that a good estimate
of core looseness can be readily achievable in the field.
The data taken at various frequencies between 30 and 90 Hz in
10 Hz intervals and at a flux density of were pro-
cessed based on (2), to separate the hysteresis and eddy current
loss components. The results are shown in Fig. 10(a) and (b).
As initially expected, the variation in the hysteresis component
would be dominant. It is about 12.1% over the pressure range.
Unlike the parallel compression case, the hysteresis component
decreases with increasing pressure but shows a small increase at
the higher pressures. Surprisingly the eddy current component
displays a 3.9% variation over the pressure range, smaller but
not insignificant. The reason for this is not known but it does
not appear likely that it is a numerical artifact.
VI. DIFFERENTIAL FLUX INJECTION PROBE
The small variations in measured magnetic core loss for even
large (more laminations) inter-laminar faults make the injection
probe difficult to implement for a fieldable instrument and
did not meet the requirement of detecting one faulted pair of
laminations. The solution to this drawback is to eliminate the
large baseline loss and focus on the incremental losses. The
method developed to accomplish this task, to meet the specifica-
tions, employs what is called the differential probe. The concept
of the differential probe is to examine the difference between
the magnetic core losses measured at closely adjacent sections
of the stator core. One realization of the concept is shown in
Fig. 11. Two identical injection probes are placed side-by-side.
The excitation coils are connected in series so that they have
identical drive current. Instead of calculating the magnetic core
loss for each one and taking the difference the flux sensing
Fig. 11. Differential injection probe concept.
Fig. 12. Measured apparent differential core loss as a function of the number
of faulted laminations.
coils are connected in opposition. The resultant voltage mea-
surement is then multiplied by the current and averaged as in (1).
In Fig. 11, winding a single coil around both injection yokes to
excite both cores simultaneously with the same current has ef-
fectively merged the excitation coils.
The faulted lamination measurement described in Section III
was repeated using the differential probe. The result is shown in
Fig. 12. The range of variation for a 20 lamination fault is now
about 33% compared to the 1.6% for the single probe or an in-
crease by factor of about 20 making it much more practical for
use in the field. The signal-to-noise ratio is also now far better
opening up the possibility of further processing to improve res-
olution to the point where a single pair of shorted laminations
may reliably be detected. A novel, printed circuit flux sensing
system was devised to permit implementation of the differential
probe on a single core to reduce the size of the probe and im-
prove spatial resolution.
As a quick demonstration of how an actual scan would ap-
pear was made by holding the differential probe in the hand and
quickly swiping it past the 20-lamination fault. As expected, the
resultant signal, Fig. 13, first goes negative and then positive as
one core and then the other passes over the faulted region. The
change in magnitude corresponds to that found in the static tests.
It is difficult to draw conclusions about the effect of lamination
stagger but its presence is clearly there. That the probe is hand
held means that alignment and gap are uncontrolled especially
in viewof the significant magnetic forces between the probe and
the stack.
KLIMAN et al.: A NEW METHOD FOR SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR CORE QUALITY EVALUATION 581
Fig. 13. Differential probe output when scanned (hend held) past a 20
lamination fault (0.7 cm).
VII. CONCLUSIONS
A laboratory demonstration of a new noninvasive syn-
chronous generator integrated core quality evaluation instru-
ment was successfully carried out. In addition to detecting
shorted laminations it can measure the state of compression of
the core that has heretofore not been possible. The instrument is
based on injecting flux through adjacent teeth using a portable,
low power amplifier and a small iron core probe without the
need to wind the entire stator core and could be applied to
partly assembled cores. It has been shown that local injection
of flux with high flux density has the potential to increase
the sensitivity of existing inter-laminar core fault detection
methods. Experimental results showed that inter-laminar faults
involving as few as 4 to 5 laminations can be detected using
this system. A unique differential probe was also demonstrated
to increase the fault signal level and signal-to-noise ratio to
practical values. It has also been demonstrated that the same
instrument can be used to detect loosening of core compression
in a noninvasive manner.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors gratefully acknowledge S. Galioto for Fig. 3,
J. Mann and J. Rulison for the construction of the initial experi-
ment, J. Bird and K. Imai for their assistance in the testing, and
L. Tomaino for his feedback on the practical issues.
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and Diagnosis of Turbine Driven Generators. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
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[3] IEEE Guide for Insulation Maintenance of Large Alternating-Current
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[4] W. G. Moore. (2001) Electric Generators: Potential Problems and
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7-25-01.pdf
[5] J. Sutton, El-CIDAn easier way to test stator cores, Elect. Rev., July
1980.
[6] J. Sutton and B. F. Chapman, Electromagnetic detection of damaged
regions in laminated iron cores, in Proc. Int. Conf. Elect. Mach.De-
sign and Applications, 1982.
[7] C. Rickson, Electrical machine core imperfection detection, Proc.
Inst. Elect. Eng. B, vol. 133, no. 3, pp. 190195, May 1986.
[8] G. B. Kliman, M. R. Shah, and J. A. Mallick, Method and System for
Detecting Core Faults, U.S. Patent 6 469 504, Oct. 22, 2002.
[9] G. B. Kliman and M. R. Shah, Method and System for Detecting Core
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5 990 688, Nov. 23, 1999.
Gerald B. Kliman (S52M55SM76F92
LF95) [19312004], deceased, received the S.B.,
S.M., and Sc.D. degrees from the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, in 1955,
1959, and 1965, respectively.
From 2001 to 2004, he was a Research Professor
at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY after
retiring from General Electric. At GE Research
and Development, Schenectady, NY, he conducted
fundamental studies of linear, synchronous, perma-
nent-magnet (PM) and induction motors, advanced
drive systems for traction, the development of high-efficiency and high-speed
motors, electromagnetic (EM) pumps, and the application of new and de-
veloping magnetic and nonmagnetic materials and insulations. A major
emphasis was the development of fault and incipient fault detection tech-
niques for electric motors and drives. Following graduation from MIT he
was Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute. Prior to GE Corporate R&D, he had several assignments in GEs
Transportation Systems Division and Nuclear Energy Division where he
worked on adjustable speed drives, high-speed linear induction motors, large
electromagnetic pumps, etc.
Dr. Kliman was a Senior Member of the American Institute of Physics and
served on the Rotating Machinery Theory Committee of the Power Engineering
Society and the Electric Machines and Land Transportation Committees of the
Industry Applications Society. Dr. Kliman was an associate editor of the journal
Electric Power Components and Systems. He is listed in the current edition of
Whos Who in North America. He has had 88 patents granted in his name and
numbers of publications including several prize papers.
Sang Bin Lee (S95M01) received the B.S. and
M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from Korea
University, Seoul, in 1995 and 1997, respectively,
and the Ph.D. degree from Georgia Institute of
Technology, Atlanta, in 2001.
From 2001 to 2004, he was with the Electric Ma-
chines and Drives Lab, General Electric Global Re-
search Center (GEGRC), Schenectady, NY, where he
was involved in research related to monitoring and
diagnostics of electrical machines. He is currently a
Professor of electrical engineering at Korea Univer-
sity, Seoul, Korea. His current research interests are in electric machine protec-
tion and drives.
Dr. Lee was the recipient of the 2001 Second Prize Paper Award from the
Electric Machines Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society. He is
a member of the IEEE-IAS Electric Machines Committee.
582 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 19, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2004
Manoj R. Shah (S75M78SM88F03) received
the B.Tech. (Hons) from the Indian Institute of Tech-
nology, Kharagpur, India, in 1972 and the M.S. and
Ph.D. degrees fromVirginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, in 1977
and 1980, respectively.
From 1978 to 1980, he was with Generator
Development at Westinghouse Electric Corp., East
Pittsburgh, PA, focusing on negative-sequence
heating of rotors. From 1980 to 1981, he was a
Postdoctoral researcher at Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, Troy, NY, working on generator end region analysis and transformer
bus connections. From 1981 to 1984, he was with General Electric, Bing-
hamton, NY, working on cycloconverters and associated magnetics. During
1984 to 1986, he moved to Malta, NY to work on acyclic machines and
electromagnetic (EM) launchers. He worked in GEs Generator Engineering,
Schenectady, NY, from 1987 to 1998. During this tenure, he helped develop
state-of-the-art finite-element analysis programs as applicable to electrical
machinery. He helped develop advanced ac machines for Navys Integrated
Electric Drive factoring in the system impact. In the last assignment, he
designed GEs largest fully Hydrogen cooled generator with higher power
density, higher efficiency, and lower manufacturing cost. In early 1998, he
joined the Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory Inc., Niskayuna, NY, a Lockheed
Martin Co. where he worked on advanced motors and drives for various Navy
applications. He returned to GE in early 1999, joining its Global Research
Center, Niskayuna, NY. For the last four years, he has focused on developing
advanced solutions for increasing capability of existing generators and novel
machines and analysis techniques. He has authored/coauthored around a dozen
papers in the electrical machines area
He received the General Electric Power generations Most Outstanding Tech-
nical Achievement/Contribution Award in 1991. He was awarded 17 U.S. and
many foreign patents with a dozen more pending. Presently, he is a member of
the Electric Machinery Committee of the Power Engineering Society and Chair
of its Synchronous Machines subcommittee, a member and past chair of its Ma-
chine Theory subcommittee, and a member of its dc, PM, and Special Machines
subcommittee. He is also a past chair of the Schenectady section of IEEE.
R. Mark Lusted received the B.A. degree in Chem-
istry from St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN, in 1977,
and the M.S., Mechanical Engineering and Engineer,
Naval Engineering degrees from the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, in 1994.
Currently, he is Manager of Generator Services
New Product Introduction, and is Manager of
Generator Repair Technology for General Electric
Power Systems, Schenectady, NY. He joined General
Electric Power Systems in 1999. He joined GE
following his retirement from the U.S. Navy, where
he served in both the operational submarine force and in submarine design
and construction. His last assignment in the Navy was Director for Systems
Effectiveness, Submarine Towed Acoustic Systems at the Naval Undersea
Warfare Center, Newport, RI.
N. Kutty Nair (M63SM74LSM02) received the
Bachelors degree in electrical power engineering
from the University of Madras, Madras, India, in
1957 and the M.S. degree in administrative science
from the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD,
in 1975.
After his retirement from GE Power Systems in
1996, he has been retained as a part-time Consulting
Engineer in GE Energy Services, working on new
products introduction for generator services. His
employment experience includes the Tata Steel Co.,
Jamshedpur, India; Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd., Hyderabad, India; and GE
Power Systems, Baltimore, MD, and Schenectady, NY.