Do an xử lý nước ngầm

N MN HC
Tnh ton v thit k trm x l nc ngm b sung cho mng li cp nc Tp H Ch Minh

Q=1000m3/ngym
LI NI U
Cng nh khng kh v nh sng, nc khng th thiu c trong cuc sng

ca con ngi. Trong qu trnh hnh thnh s sng trn tri t th nc v mi trng
nc ng vai tr rt quan trng. Nc tham gia vo qu trnh ti sinh th gii hu c.
Ngun nc l c s ca s hnh thnh v tch ly cht hu c s sinh l hin tng
quang hp c thc hin di tc dng ca nng lng mt tri vi s gp phn ca
nc v khng kh. Trong qu trnh trao i cht, nc c vai tr trung tm. Nhng
phn ng l, ha hc din ra vi s tham gia bt buc ca nc. Nc l dung mi ca
rt nhiu cht v ng vai tr dn ng cho cc mui i vo c th.
Trong cc khu dn c, nc phc v cho cc mc ch sinh hot, nng cao i
sng tinh thn ca ngi dn. Nc cn ng vai tr rt quan trng trong sn xut,
phc v cho hng lot ngnh cng nghip khc nhau.
i vi cy trng, nc l nhu cu thit yu ng thi cn ng vai tr iu tit
cc ch nhit, nh sng, cht dinh dng, vi sinh vt, thong kh trong t, l
nhn t quan trng cho s pht trin ca thc vt.
Trong gii hn ti: Tnh ton thit k trm x l nc ngm cung cp cho
mng li cp nc cho thnh ph H Ch Minh c cng sut 1000m3/ngym em
s c gng tm hiu, tnh ton, thit k trm x l nc ngm. V qua xut ra cc
gii php XLNC ph hp, ng thi gip mi ngi hiu r thm v tm quan trng
ca nc ni chung v ngnh x l nc cp ni ring. m bo v vn nc sch
khng ch Vit Nam m trn ton Th gii hng n s PTBV.
Trn trng knh cho.
SVTH: Trn Phong Khng

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
LI CM N
hon thnh tt phn n mn hc ny. Em nhn c s gip ca
rt nhiu ngi. Em xin gi li cm n ti.
Thy L Vin Lp ging vin khoa mi trng trng i hc ti nguyn v
mi trng Tp. HCM tn tnh hng dn em trong qu trnh lm n em c
th hon thnh tt phn n cho mn hc ny.
Cc thy c trong khoa mi trng cung cp cho em nhng kin thc qu gi
v quan trng trong sut qu trnh hc hm nay em c th hon thnh tt ti
n ny.
Xin cm n cc bn trong lp 03cktmt3,4 v cc bn ca em trong trng
HTNMT Tp.HCM ng vin, gip v ng gp kin cho em hon thnh tt
hn ti ny.
Mc d rt c gng, nhng chc chn khng trnh khi nhng thiu st, rt
mong nhn dc s gp ca thy c v cc bn v ti ny.
Mt ln na em xin chn thnh cm n.

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
NHN XT CA GVHD
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GVHD

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
MC LC
LI NI U ............................................................................................................ 1
LI CM N ............................................................................................................. 2
NHN XT CA GVHD .......................................................................................... 3
MC LC .................................................................................................................. 4
DANH MC HNH ................................................................................................... 7
DANH MC BNG .................................................................................................. 8
DANH MC CH VIT TT .................................................................................. 9
CHNG I................................................................................................................. 10
TNG QUAN V NC NGM NH GI CHT LNG NGUN NC
CP CHO SINH HOT ............................................................................................ 10
1.1. TNG QUAN V NC NGM ..................................................................... 10
1.2. C IM, THNH PHN, TNH CHT CA NC NGM DNG
LM NC CP ...................................................................................................... 12
1.2.1. Thnh phn v tnh cht ca nc ngm .......................................................... 12
1.2.2. nh hng ca cc cht i vi cht lng nc, s nhim nc ............... 13
1.2.2.1. Cc tc nhn v thng s nhim ha l ngun nc ................................... 14
1.2.2.2. Cc tc nhn v thng s ha hc gy nhim ngun nc ........................ 16
1.3. CC CH TIU V THNG S NH GI CHT LNG NC .......... 18
1.3.1. Cc ch tiu vt l .............................................................................................. 18
1.3.2. Cc thng s ha hc ........................................................................................ 18
1.3.3. Cc ch tiu vi sinh ........................................................................................... 19
1.4. NNG GII HN CHO PHP CA CC CHT C C HI C
TRONG NGUN NC PHC V CP NC SINH HOT ............................ 19
1.4.1. Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng nc sinh hot ( QCVN
02:2009/BYT) ............................................................................................................. 19
1.4.2. Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng nc n ung (QCVN
01:2009/BYT) ............................................................................................................. 22
GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
CHNG II ............................................................................................................... 30
CC PHNG PHP X L NC ...................................................................... 30
2.1. CC CNG TRNH THU NC...................................................................... 30
2.2. CC CNG TRNH VN CHUYN NC ................................................... 30
2.3. CC BIN PHP X L NC ....................................................................... 30
2.3.1. X l nc bng phng php c hc .............................................................. 31
2.3.1.1. H cha v lng s b ................................................................................... 31
2.3.1.2. Song chn rc, li chn rc ......................................................................... 31
2.3.1.3. Lng ............................................................................................................... 31
2.3.1.4. Lc ................................................................................................................. 32
2.3.2. X l bng phng php ha l ......................................................................... 33
2.3.2.1. Lm thong .................................................................................................... 33
2.3.2.2. Clo ha s b ................................................................................................. 34
2.3.2.3. Kh trng nc.............................................................................................. 34
2.4. PHNG PHP KEO T ................................................................................. 36
2.4.1. Keo t v ha cht keo t ................................................................................. 36
2.4.2. Cc loi thit b nh lng, khuy trn v b phn ng ................................. 39
2.5. KH ST TRONG NC NGM ................................................................... 41
2.5.1. Trng thi tn ti t nhin ca st trong ngun nc ....................................... 41
2.5.2. Cc phng php kh st trong x l nc ...................................................... 42
2.5.2.1. Phng php oxi ha st ............................................................................... 42
2.5.2.2. Phng php kh st bng qu trnh oxi ha ................................................ 42
2.5.2.3. Kh st bng ha cht ................................................................................... 43
2.6. KH MANGAN TRONG NC NGM......................................................... 44
2.6.1. Phng php kh mangan bng lm thong .................................................... 45
2.6.2. Phng php dng ha cht ............................................................................. 45

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
2.6.3. Phng php ha hc ....................................................................................... 45

CHNG III .............................................................................................................. 46
XUT PHNG N X L V TNH TON CNG TRNH N V ........ 46
3.1. C S LA CHN QUY TRNH CNG NGH ............................................ 46
3.2. XUT QUY TRNH CNG NGH ............................................................ 47
3.2.1. Phng n 1 ...................................................................................................... 47
3.2.2. Phng n 2 ...................................................................................................... 49
3.3. TNH TON CNG TRNH N V ............................................................... 50
3.3.1. Tnh ton b lng ngang ................................................................................... 50
3.3.2. Tnh ton b lc p lc ..................................................................................... 56
3.3.3. Tnh ton gin ma ........................................................................................... 59
3.3.4. Tnh ton b cha nc sch ............................................................................ 59
3.3.5. Tnh lng clo cn dng kh trng ............................................................. 59
CHNG IV .............................................................................................................. 61
KT LUN V KIN NGH .................................................................................... 61
TI LIU THAM KHO .......................................................................................... 62
BN V ..................................................................................................................... 63

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
DANH MC HNH
BNG 2-1: Qu trnh lm thong .......................................................................... 33

BNG 3-1: S quy trnh cng ngh phng n 1 ............................................. 48
BNG 3-2: S quy trnh cng ngh phng n 2 ............................................. 49

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
DANH MC BNG
BNG 1-1: Mt s nt khc bit gia nc mt v nc ngm ............................ 11
BNG 1-2: Mt s bnh ngi do nhim ngun nc gy ra ......................... 13
BNG 1-3: Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng nc sinh hot (QCVN
02:2009/BYT) ......................................................................................................... 20
BNG 1-4: Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng nc n ung (QCVN
01:2009/BYT) ......................................................................................................... 22
BNG 1-5: Bng thng s nc u vo ca ngun nc ngm .......................... 28
BNG 3-1: Bng thng s nc u vo............................................................... 46
BNG 3-2: Thng s nc u ra theo QCVN 02:2009/BYT .............................. 47
BNG 3-3: Tr s K v ph thuc vo t s L/H .............................................. 51
BNG 3-4: Trch bng 6.8 trang 36 TCXD 33:2006............................................. 54
BNG 3-5: Trch bng 4.10 trang 153 x l nc cp TS Nguyn
Ngc Dung .............................................................................................................. 57

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
DANH MC CH VIT TT
PTBV: Pht trin bn vng

TCXD: Tiu chun xy dng
QCVN: Quy chun Vit Nam
XLNC: X l nc cp
BVTV: Ha cht bo v thc vt
TCVN: Tiu chun Vit Nam
BYT: B y t

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
CHNG I: TNG QUAN V NC NGM NH GI CHT

LNG NGUN NC CP CHO SINH HOT
1.1.
TNG QUAN V NC NGM.
Nc l mt nhu cu thit yu trong i sng ca sinh vt, n tham gia vo mi

qu trnh t nhin, nc c x dng phc v trong cc lnh vc sinh hot v hot
ng sn xut ca con ngi.
Vit Nam l mt quc gia c ngun nc ngm kh phong ph v tr lng v kh
tt v cht lng. Ti Vit Nam, nc s dng cho sinh hot l 70% nc mt v 30%
nc ngm.Tuy nhin, trong nhng nm gn y do khai thc qu mc nn mch nc
ngm ti mt s thnh ph ln nh H Ni, TP. H Ch Minh b nhim cc cht
hu c v gy st ln. cc vng ven bin nc ging khoan ho mn v tnh trng
nhim mn ngy cng gia tng. Dn s th gii ang tip tc tng, cng nghip ho,
th ho thm canh nng nghip s dng nc ngy cng nhiu, trong khi s lng
nc v cht lng nc ang ngy cng gim st gy kh khn cho nhiu quc gia,
theo d bo n nm 2030 c khong 60 quc gia thiu nc trm trng.
Ngun nc ma,nc mt v hi nc trong khng kh ngng t li v thm
thu vo lng t to thnh nc ngm. Nc ngm c gi li hoc chuyn ng
trong cc l rng hay khe nt ca cc tng t to nn tng ngm nc. Nc ngm
c th tn ti cch mt t vi mt, vi chc mt hay hng ngn mt
Trong qu trnh sng v pht trin, con ngi cn mt lng nc nht nh cho
sinh hot v lng nc tiu tn ph thuc vo nhu cu s dng. X hi cng tng th
nhu cu dng nc cng tng. Nhu cu nc bnh qun u ngi ti thiu l 50
lt/ngym. Nhng cc nc pht trin th con s ny ln n 500 lt/ngym (v
d: tiu chun cp nc sinh hot ca M l 380 500 lt/ngym, Php l 250
500 lt/ngym, Singapore l 250 400 lt/ngym). Cc thnh ph ln Vit
Nam cng c nhu cu cao v s dng nc cao hn nhiu so vi khu vc nng thn,
nh H Ni v Thnh ph H Ch Minh phn u t bnh qun khong 200 250
lt/ngym. Ngun nc s dng cho sinh hot ca con ngi cng c phn chia ra
nhiu loi khc nhau: nc dng cho nhu cu n ung i hi phi c cht lng cao,
bo m khng gy nh hng n sc khe ngi s dng nc,cc ngun nc
dng cho nhu cu tm, git, ra c th c yu cu thp hn.
GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
10
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
Nc trong t nhin c s dng cp cho sinh hot v cc hot ng sn

xut c cht lng khc nhau. i vi nc mt thng c c, mu v hm
lng vi
sinh vt cao. Hu ht cc ngun nc ngm li cha nhiu st v manganC th ni
ngun nc t nhin khng th p ng c yu cu v cht lng. V vy, cn thit
phi bit c thnh phn ca chng tin hnh x l nhm t yu cu v cht
lng, p ng nhu cu v mc ch s dng nc.
i vi h thng cp nc cng ng th ngun nc ngm lun l ngun nc
c a thch. Bi v cc ngun nc mt thng b nhim v lu lng khai thc
phi ph thuc vo s bin ng theo ma. Ngun nc ngm t chu nh hng bi
cc tc ng ca con ngi, cht lng nc ngm tt hn cht lng nc mt nhiu.
Trong nc ngm hu nh khng c cc ht keo hay cc ht l lng v vi sinh vt, vi
trng gy bnh thp.
Bng 1-1: Mt s nt khc bit gia nc mt v nc ngm
c tnh
Nhit
c
Cht khong ha
tan
Fe2+, Mn2+
CO2 ha tan
O2 ha tan
NH4+
SiO2
Vi sinh vt
Nc mt
Thay i theo ma
Cao, thay i theo ma
Thay i theo cht lng t v
lng ma
Rt thp
Rt thp
Gn nh bo ha
Khi nc b nhim bn
Nng mc trung bnh
Vi trng, vi rt cc loi, rong
to
Nc ngm
Tng i n nh
Thp hoc khng c
t thay i, cao hn nc mt
ca khu vc
Thng xuyn c
Nng tng i cao
Gn nh khng c
Thng xuyn c mt
Nng cao
C th c vi khun do st gy
ra
Cc ngun nc ngm hu nh khng cha rong to (mt trong nhng nguyn

nhn gy nhim ngun nc), thnh phn ng quan tm trong nc ngm l cc tp
cht ha tan do nh hng ca iu kin a tng, thi tit (nng, ma), cc qu
trnh phong ha v sinh ha trong khu vc. nhng vng c iu kin phong ha tt,
c nhiu cht bn v lng ma ln th cht lng nc ngm d b nhim bi cc
cht ha tan, cc cht hu c, mn lu ngy theo nc ma thm vo t.
Ngoi ra nc ngm cng c th b nhim bn do cc tc ng ca con ngi. Cc
cht thi ca con ngi v ng vt, cc cht thi sinh hot, cc cht thi ha hc v
vic s dng phn ha hcTt c nhng loi cht theo thi gian n s ngm vo
v lm nhim ngun nc ngm. khng c t ngun nc ngm do tc ng ca
GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
11
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
con ngi b nhim do cc cht hu c kh phn hy, cc vi khun gy bnh, nht

l ha cht c hi nh cc kim loi nng, d lng thuc tr su v khng loi tr
cc cht phng x.
C IM, THNH PHN, TNH CHT CA NC NGM DNG
LM NC CP.
c im ca nc ngm:
1.2.
Nc ngm c khai thc t cc tng cha nc di t, cht lng nc ngm

ph thuc vo thnh phn khong ha v cu trc a tng m nc thm qua. Do ,
nc chy qua cc tng t cha ct v granit thng c tnh axit v cha t cht
khong. Khi nc chy qua cc tng t cha vi th nc thng c cng v
kim Hydrocacbonat cao. Ngoi ra, c trng ca nc ngm l:
-
c thp.
Nhit v thnh phn ha hc tng i n nh.
Khng c cha oxy nhng cha nhiu kh nh: CO2, H2S,
Cha nhiu khong cht ha tan ch yu l st, mangan, canxi, magie, flo.
Khng c hin din ca vi sinh vt.
u im ca ngun nc ngm l: ngun nc rt trong sch, hm lng cn

nh, t vi trng
x l n gin, gi thnh r.
Nhc im: thm d lu, kh khn. Thng cha nhiu st, mangan v b
nhim mn vng ven bin
x l kh v phc tp.
1.2.1. Thnh phn v tnh cht ca nc ngm.
Ngun nc ngm thng t chu nh hng ca cc yu t con ngi. V vy,
thnh phn v tnh cht ca n cng n nh hn v cht lng thng tt hn nc b
mt. Thnh phn v tnh cht ca nc ngm ph thuc vo ngun gc, cu trc a
tng ca khu vc v chiu su ca lp nc ngmTrong nc ngm khng cha
rong to( l yu t d gy nhim ngun nc). Nhng chng li cha cc tp cht
ha tan do nh hng ca iu kin a tng, cc qu trnh phong ha v sinh ha
trong khu vc. nhng vng c iu kin phong ha tt, ma nhiu hoc b nh
hng ca ngun thi th trong nc ngm d b nhim bi cc cht khong ha tan,
cc cht hu c.

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
12
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
Bn cht a cht khu vc nh hng ln n thnh phn ha hc ca nc

ngm v nc lun lun tip xc vi t , trong n c th lu thng hoc gi li.
Gia nc v t lun hnh thnh nn s cn bng v thnh phn ha hc, v vy thnh
phn ca nc th hin thnh phn a tng ca khu vc . Tuy vy, nc ngm c
c tnh chung l: c thp, nhit v thnh phn ha hc t thay i theo thi
gian ngoi ra nc ngm cn rt t vi khun, tr trng hp ngun nc b nh hng
ca nc b mt.
Nc tng nng c tr lng thp, khng p, d b nhim bn. V ngc li i
vi tng su tr lng cao, c p v kh nng nhim bn thp hn.
- Nc ngm thng khng c oxi ha tan, nhng c nhiu CO2 v cc cht ha
tan (st, mangan, asen).
- pH nc ngm kh thp, thng dao ng t 3 6
- s c mt ca mt s thnh phn nhim ca ngun nc ngm ni (hm
lng phospho, nit, E.coli)
1.2.2. nh hng ca cc cht i vi cht lng nc, s nhim nc.
-
Cc hot ng nhn to hoc t nhin c nh hng ln n cht lng nc. Cc

ngun t nhin nh xi mn, l lt, cc hot ng nhn to nh nc thi t sinh
hot, cng nghip, nng nghip, cc hnh vi ph hoiC th a vo mi trng
nc nhiu loi cht khc nhau, dn n tnh trng nhim mi trng nc. Lm
thay i thnh phn v tnh cht ca nc gy nh hng n hot ng sng bnh
thng ca con ngi v sinh vt.
Bng 1-2:Mt s bnh ngi do nhim ngun nc gy ra
Bnh
Tc nhn truyn bnh
Dch t
Vibrio cholerae
Kit l
Shigella dysenteriac
Vim rut
Thng
hn
Clostridium perfringens
v vi khun khc
Salmonella typhi
Siu vi trng vim gan A

GVHD:L Vin Lp
Loi sinh
Triu chng
vt
Vi khun Tiu chy nng, nn ma,
c th mt nhiu nc, b
chut rt v suy sp c
th
Vi khun Ly nhim rut gy bnh
tiu chy vi nc nhy
Vi khun Lm chy rut non gy
kh chu, n khng ngon
hay b tiu chy
Vi khun au u mt nng lng
Siu vi
t cht gan, vng da, n
MSSV:0310020158
13
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
Bi lit
Kit l do
amip
Siu vi trng bi lit
trng
Siu vi
trng
Entamoeba histolytica
Amip
khng ngon, au u
au cung hng, tiu
chy, au ct sng v
chn tay
Ly nhim rut gy bnh
tiu chy vi nc nhy
S NHIM NC
Theo bn cht ca tc nhn gy nhim ngi ta thng phn bit nhim v c,
nhim hu c, n nhim ha h, nhim vi sinh vt c hc hay vt l ( nhim nhit
hoc do cc cht l lng khng tan), nhim phng x.
Nc ngm l ngun cung cp nc sinh hot ch yu nhiu quc gia v vng
dn c trn th gii. Do vy, nhim nc ngm c nh hng rt ln n cht lng
mi trng sng ca con ngi. Cc tc nhn gy nhim v suy thoi nc ngm
bao gm:
-
Nhim bn do tc ng ca con ngi, cc cht thi ca con ngi v ng

vt, cc cht thi sinh hot, cc cht thi ha hc v vic s dng phn bn
ha hc.
Cc tc nhn t nhin nh nhim mn, nhim phn, hm lng Fe, Mn v
mt s kim loi khc.
Cc tc nhn nhn to nh nng kim loi nng cao, hm lng NO3-,
NO2-, NH4+, PO4... vt tiu chun cho php, nhim bi vi sinh vt.
Tt c cc loi cht thi theo thi gian n s ngm vo ngun nc, tch t dn
v lm nhim ngun nc ngm. khng t ngun nc ngm do tc ng ca con
ngi b phn hy do cc cht hu c kh phn hy, cc vi khun gy bnh, nht l
cc ha cht c hi nh cc kim loi nng, d lng thuc tr su v khng ngoi tr
c cc cht phng x.
Ngy nay, tnh trng nhim v suy thoi nc ngm ang ph bin cc khu
vc th v cc thnh ph ln trn th gii. hn ch tc ng nhim v suy
thoi nc ngm cn phi tin hnh ng b cc cng tc iu tra, thm d tr lng
v cht lng ngun nc ngm, x l nc thi v chng nhim cc ngun nc
mt, quan trc thng xuyn tr lng v cht lng nc ngm.
1.2.2.1. Cc tc nhn v thng s nhim ha l ngun nc.
a) Mu sc.

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
14
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
Mu sc ca nc c gy bi cc hp cht hu c, cc hp cht keo st,

nc thi cng nghip hoc do s pht trin ca rong, to. Thng nc h, ao c
mu cao. Nc ngm thng trong sut hoc mu thp.
b) Mi v v ca nc.
Nc c mi l do trong nc c cc cht kh, cc mui khong ha tan, cc
hp cht hu c hay cc sn phm t phn hy vt cht gy ra.
Nc c th c mi bn, mi t, mi tanh, mi thi, mi mc, mi clo, mi
phenol
Ty theo thnh phn v hm lng cc mui khong ha tan m nc c v
mn, v chua, v cht, v ng
c) Hm lng cn khng tan.
Hm lng cn ca nc ngm thng nh (30 50 mg/l), ch yu do ct mn
c trong nc gy ra. Hm lng cn ca nc sng dao ng rt ln (20 5000
mg/l) c khi ln ti (30.000 mg/l) .Hm lng cn thay i theo ma, ma kh nh,
ma l ln. Cn c trong nc sng l do cc ht ct, st, bn b dng nc xi ra
mang theo v cc cht hu c ngun gc ng thc vt mc nt ha tan trong nc.
d) Nhit .
Nhit ca nc c nh hng trc tip n qu trnh x l nc. s thay i
nhit ca nc ty thuc vo tng loi ngun nc. Nhit ngun nc ngm
thng n nh (17 270C).
e) dn in.
dn in ca nc tng theo hm lng ca cc cht khong ha tan trong
nc v dao ng theo nhit .
f) cng.
Dng nc c cng cao trong sinh hot s gy lng ph x phng do Canxi
v Magie phn ng vi axit bo to thnh hp cht kh tan.
Trong sn xut, nc cng c th to thnh lp cu cn cc l hi hoc gy nh
hng n cht lng sn phm.
g) pH.
S thay i pH ca nc lin quan n s hin din cc ha cht axit hoc kim,
pH ca nc ngm kh thp thng dao ng t 3 6
GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
15
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
1.2.2.2.
Cc tc nhn v thng s ha hc gy nhim ngun nc.
a) Kim loi nng.

Kim loi nng c Hg, Cd, Pb, As, Sb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Mn Chng l cc nguyn t
c hi vi con ngi v sinh vt. Hin tng nc b nhim kim loi nng thng
gp trong cc lu vc nc gn cc khu cng nghip, cc thnh ph ln v khu vc
khai thc khong sn. nhim kim loi nng biu hin nng cao ca cc kim loi
nng trong nc.
Nguyn nhn ch yu gy nhim kim loi nng l qu trnh vo mi trng
nc nc thi cng nghip v nc thi c hi khng x l hoc x l khng t
yu cu. nhim nc bi kim loi nng c tc ng tiu cc ti mi trng sng ca
sinh vt v con ngi. Kim loi nng tch ly theo chui thc n thm nhp v c th
ngi. Nc mt b nhim s lan truyn cc cht nhim vo nc ngm, vo t v
cc thnh phn mi trng lin quan khc. hn ch nhim nc, cn phi tng
cng bin php x l nc thi cng nghip.
b) Cc hp cht Nit.
NH4+, NO3-, NO2- Do qu trnh phn hy cht hu c , do s dng rng ri
cc loi phn bn. Ngoi ra do cu trc a tng lm nc thng nhim Nitrat.
Nhim bn do Nitrat trong nc rt c hi cho sc khe, n c th gy bnh
methemoglobin huyt tr em v m nui con nh.
- Nitrit khi i vo c th c kh nng kt hp vi thnh phn vn chuyn oxi
trong mu l hemoglobin n c th thiu oxi gy nn kh th.
- Amonium c trong nc c th chuyn ha thnh nitrat hoc nitrit v vy s
c mt ca n trong nc ngm cng nh hng ti sc khe con ngi.
c) Cc hp cht photpho.
-
Thng gp photphat (PO43-), khng thuc loi ha cht c i vi con

ngi, nhng s tn ti trong nc cao lm cn tr qu trnh x l, c bit l hot
ng ca b lng.
d) Cc hp cht silic.
- pH < 8 : H2SiO3
pH = 8 11: HSiO3-
pH > 11 : SiO32-

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
16
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
Trong nc cp cho ni hi p lc, s tn ti hp cht silic rt nguy him do

silicat ng li trn thnh ni, thnh ng, lm gim kh nng truyn nhit v gy tt
ng.
e) Clorua
Cl- cao gy nn cc bnh v thn, nc cha nhiu cht clorua gy xm thc
i vi b tng.
f) Sunfat
Nng SO42- > 400 mg/l gy mt nc trong c th v lm tho rut. SO42gy xm thc b tng.
g) Florua
Nc ngm t nhng vng t cha cn apatit, alkalit, granit, thng c
hm lng florua cao n 10 mg/l. Trong nc thin nhin florua bn v khng loi b
c bng phng php thng thng.
Nu nng florua:
- 0,5 1,0 mg/l c tc dng bo v men rng
- > 4 mg/l gy en rng v hy hoi rng vnh vin
h) St.
Nc ngm st thng tn ti di dng Fe2+ kt hp vi SO42-, CO32-, Cldi dng keo ca axit humic hoc keo silic c th cha st vi nng Fe2+ 400
mg/l.
CFe2+ > 0,5 mg/l lm cho nc c mi tanh, vng qun o, lm hng sn phm
ca ngnh dt, giy, phim nh, hp. Cn st kt ta c th lm tc hoc gim kh
nng vn chuyn ca ng dn nc.
i) Mangan.
Nc ngm c nng Mn2+ thng < 5 mg/l. Nu CMn2+ >0,1 mg/l gy tr
ngi tng t st.
j) Nc b nhim vi sinh vt.
Sinh vt c mt trong mi trng nc nhiu dng khc nhau. Bn cnh cc
sinh vt c ch, c nhiu nhm sinh vt gy bnh hoc truyn bnh cho ngi v sinh
vt. Trong s ny, ng ch l cc loi vi khun, siu vi khun v k sinh trng gy

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
17
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
bnh nh cc loi k sinh trng bnh t, l, thng hn, st rt, siu vi khun vim gan
B, siu vi khun vim no Nht Bn, giun , trng giun
Ngun gy nhim sinh hc cho mi trng nc ch yu l phn rc, nc
thi sinh hot, xc cht sinh vt, nc thi cc bnh vin
k) Nc b nhim bi thuc bo v thc vt v phn bn ha hc
Trong qu trnh s dng thuc bo v thc vt v phn bn ha hc ti cc vng
nng nghip thm canh, mt lng ng k thuc v phn khng c cy trng tip
nhn. Chng s lan truyn v tch ly trong t, nc v cc sn phm nng nghip
di dng d lng phn bn v thuc bo v thc vt - theo thi gian, s lm suy
thoi cht lng mi trng khu vc canh tc nng nghip nh ph dng t, ngm
vo nc ngm, nhim t, nc, gim tnh a dng sinh hc ca khu vc nng thn,
suy gim cc loi thin ch, tng kh nng chng chu ca su bnh i vi thuc bo
v thc vt.
1.3. CC CH TIU V THNG S NH GI CHT LNG NC.
1.3.1. Cc ch tiu vt l.
a) Nhit : (0C) xc nh bng nhit k.
b) mu: n v: platin coban (PtCo)
Nc thin nhin thng c mu < 200 PtCo.
mu biu kin do cc cht l lng trong nc, c th loi b bng phng php
lc.
mu thc do cc cht ha tan to nn phi dng cc bin php ha l kt hp.
c) c. n v: SiO2/l, NTU FTU.
Nc cp thng c c khng vt qu 5NTU
d) Mi, v: ngi, nm nh gi.
e) nht
f) dn in: n v s/m (tng ng vi in tr 23,8 M/cm).
1.3.2. Cc thng s ha hc.
a) pH.
b) kim.
kim ton phn l tng hm lng cc ion HCO3-, CO32-, OH-, anionca cc
mui axit yu.
kim ph thuc vo pH v hm lng kh CO2 t do trong nc.
GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
18
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
c) cng.
n v o:
-
c (0dH): 10dH = 10mg CaO/l nc

Php (0f): 10f = 10mg CaCO3/l nc
Anh (0e): 10e = 10mg CaCO3/0,7 l nc
ng u (mgdt/l): 1mgdl/l = 2,80dH
cng < 50mg CaCO3/l: nc mm

50 150mg CaCO3/l: nc trung bnh
150 300mg CaCO3/l: nc cng
>300: nc rt cng
d) oxi ha.
e) Cc hp cht cha Nit (N)
f) Tng Photpho (P)
g) Cc hp cht Silic
h) Cht Clorua
i) Sunfat
j) Florua
k) Kim loi nng: st, mangan, nhm
l) Ha cht BVTV v cht hot ng b mt
1.3.3. Cc ch tiu vi sinh
1.4.
Tng vi khun hiu kh

Tng vi khun k kh
E. coli
NNG GII HN CHO PHP CA CC CHT C HI C TRONG
NGUN NC PHC V CP NC CHO SINH HOT.
1.4.1. Quy chun k thut Quc Gia v cht lng nc sinh hot (QCVN
02:2009/BYT).
Nc s dng trong sinh hot c th c cung cp t ngun nc ngm (ch yu)
hoc nc mt.
GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
19
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
Nc sau khi x l cn m bo c an ton v sc khe ca ngi s dng

v ph hp cng nhiu cng tt i vi tiu chun quc t. V c bn, nc cp cho
sinh hot khng c mi v l, khng c vi sinh vt gy bnh, nng cc cht c hi
phi nm trong gii hn quy nh, cc thng s c th c quy nh trong bng sau.
Bng 1-3:Quy chun k tht quc gia v cht lng nc sinh hot (QCVN 02:2009/BYT)
ST
T
Tn ch tiu
n v tnh
Gii hn ti a
cho php
I
Mu sc
Mi v
Clo d
pH
Hm lng
amoni

GVHD:L Vin Lp
TCU
II
15
Khng
c mi
v l
Phng php
th
15
TCVN 61851996 (ISO 7887

1985) hoc
SMEWW 2120
Mc
gim
st
Khng
c mi
v l
Cm quan hoc
SMEWW 2150B
v 2160B
TCVN 61841996 (ISO 70271990) hoc

SMEWW 2130B
NTU
mg/l
Trong
khong
0,3- 0,5
SMEWW 4500
Cl hoc US EPA
300.1
Trong
khong
6,0-8,5
Trong
khong
6,0-8,5
TCVN
6492:1999 hoc
SMEWW 4500H+
SMEWW 4500NH3 C hoc

SMEWW 4500-
mg/l
MSSV:0310020158
20
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
NH3 D
Hm lng st
tng s (Fe2 +
Fe3+)
Ch s
pecmaganat
cng theo
CaCO3
10
11
12
13
Hm lng
Clorua
Hm lng
Florua
Hm lng
asen tng s
Coliform tng
s

GVHD:L Vin Lp
mg/l
0,5
mg/l
mg/l
350
mg/l
300
mg/l
1,5
mg/l
0,01
Vi
khun/100ml
50
0,5
TCVN
6177:1996 (ISO
6332:1988) hoc
SMEWW 3500Fe
TCVN
6196:1996 hoc
ISO
8467:1993(E)
TCVN
6224:1996 hoc
SMEWW 2340 C
TCVN
6194:1996 (ISO
9297:1989) hoc
SMEWW 4500Cl- D
0,05
150
TCVN
6195:1996 (ISO
10359-1-1992)
hoc SMEWW
4500- FTCVN
6626:2000 hoc
3500- As B
TCVN 61871,2:1996 (ISO
9308-1,2:1990)
hoc SMEWW
9222
MSSV:0310020158
21
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
E. coli hoc
coliform chu
nhit
14
Vi
khun/100ml
20
TCVN 61871,2:1996 (ISO

9308-1,2:1990)
hoc SMEWW
9222
1.4.2. Quy chun k thut Quc Gia v cht lng nc n ung (QCVN
01:2009/BYT).
Ngoi nhu cu sinh hot, cht lng nc cp cho n ung cng cn phi t nhng
yu cu v cht lng, m bo cho sc khe ngi dn. Nhng ch tiu v cht lng
nc cung cp cho n ung c quy nh trong QCVN 01:2009/BYT
Bng 1-4: Quy chun k thut Quc gia v cht lng nc n ung (QCVN 01:2009/BYT)
ST
T
Tn ch tiu
n
v
Gii hn
ti a
cho php
Phng php th
Mc
gim
st
I. Ch tiu cm quan v thnh phn v c

1.
2.
3.
Mu sc
Mi v
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
TCU
TCVN 6185 - 1996

(ISO 7887 - 1985)
hoc SMEWW 2120
Khng c Cm quan, hoc

mi, v SMEWW 2150 B v
l
2160 B
15
NTU
TCVN 6184 - 1996

(ISO 7027 - 1990)
hoc SMEWW 2130 B
Trong
khong
6,5-8,5
TCVN 6492:1999
hoc SMEWW 4500 H+
4.
pH
5.
cng, tnh theo

CaCO3(*)
mg/l
300
TCVN 6224 - 1996

hoc SMEWW 2340 C
6.
Tng cht rn ho tan

(TDS) (*)
mg/l
1000
SMEWW 2540 C
7.
Hm lng Nhm(*)
mg/l
0,2
TCVN 6657 : 2000

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
22
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
(ISO 12020 :1997)

SMEWW 4500 - NH3
C hoc
8.
Hm lng Amoni(*)
mg/l
9.
Hm lng Antimon
mg/l
0,005
US EPA 200.7
10.
Hm lng Asen tng

s
mg/l
0,01
TCVN 6626:2000
hoc SMEWW 3500 As B
11.
Hm lng Bari
mg/l
0,7
US EPA 200.7
12.
Hm lng Bo tnh
chung cho c Borat v
Axit boric
0,3
TCVN 6635: 2000

(ISO 9390: 1990) hoc
SMEWW 3500 B
0,003
TCVN6197 - 1996
(ISO 5961 - 1994)
hoc SMEWW 3500
Cd
250
300(**)
TCVN6194 - 1996
(ISO 9297 - 1989)
hoc SMEWW 4500 Cl- D
0,05
TCVN 6222 - 1996

(ISO 9174 - 1990)
hoc SMEWW 3500 Cr -
TCVN 6193 - 1996

(ISO 8288 - 1986)
hoc SMEWW 3500 Cu
0,07
TCVN 6181 - 1996

(ISO 6703/1 - 1984)
hoc SMEWW 4500 CN-
1,5
TCVN 6195 - 1996

(ISO10359 - 1 - 1992)
hoc SMEWW 4500 F-
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Hm lng Cadimi
Hm lng Clorua(*)
Hm lng Crom tng

s
Hm lng ng tng
s(*)
Hm lng Xianua
Hm lng Florua

GVHD:L Vin Lp
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
SMEWW 4500 - NH3

D
MSSV:0310020158
23
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
19.
20.
Hm lng Hydro
sunfur(*)
Hm lng St tng s
(Fe2+ + Fe3+)(*)
mg/l
mg/l
0,05
SMEWW 4500 - S2-
0,3
TCVN 6177 - 1996

(ISO 6332 - 1988)
hoc SMEWW 3500 Fe
21.
Hm lng Ch
mg/l
0,01
TCVN 6193 - 1996

(ISO 8286 - 1986)
SMEWW 3500 - Pb A
22.
Hm lng Mangan
tng s
mg/l
0,3
TCVN 6002 - 1995

(ISO 6333 - 1986)
23.
Hm lng Thu ngn

tng s
mg/l
0,001
TCVN 5991 - 1995

(ISO 5666/1-1983 ISO 5666/3 -1983)
24.
Hm lng Molybden
mg/l
0,07
US EPA 200.7
C
C
25.
Hm lng Niken
mg/l
0,02
TCVN 6180 -1996

(ISO8288 -1986)
SMEWW 3500 Ni
26.
Hm lng Nitrat
mg/l
50
TCVN 6180 - 1996

(ISO 7890 -1988)
27.
Hm lng Nitrit
mg/l
TCVN 6178 - 1996

(ISO 6777-1984)
28.
Hm lng Selen
mg/l
0,01
TCVN 6183-1996
(ISO 9964-1-1993)
29.
Hm lng Natri
mg/l
200
TCVN 6196 - 1996

(ISO 9964/1 - 1993)
30.
Hm lng Sunpht (*)
mg/l
250
TCVN 6200 - 1996

(ISO9280 - 1990)
31.
Hm lng Km(*)
mg/l
TCVN 6193 - 1996

(ISO8288 - 1989)
TCVN 6186:1996
hoc ISO 8467:1993
(E)
US EPA 524.2
32.
Ch s Pecmanganat
mg/l
II. Hm lng ca cc cht hu c

a. Nhm Alkan clo ho
33.
Cacbontetraclorua

GVHD:L Vin Lp
g/l
MSSV:0310020158
24
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
34.
Diclorometan
g/l
20
US EPA 524.2
35.
1,2 Dicloroetan
g/l
30
US EPA 524.2
36.
1,1,1 - Tricloroetan
g/l
2000
US EPA 524.2
37.
Vinyl clorua
g/l
US EPA 524.2
38.
1,2 Dicloroeten
g/l
50
US EPA 524.2
39.
Tricloroeten
g/l
70
US EPA 524.2
40.
Tetracloroeten
g/l
40
US EPA 524.2
b. Hydrocacbua Thm
41.
Phenol v dn xut ca
Phenol
g/l
SMEWW 6420 B
42.
Benzen
g/l
10
US EPA 524.2
43.
Toluen
g/l
700
US EPA 524.2
44.
Xylen
g/l
500
US EPA 524.2
45.
Etylbenzen
g/l
300
US EPA 524.2
46.
Styren
g/l
20
US EPA 524.2
47.
Benzo(a)pyren
g/l
0,7
US EPA 524.2
c. Nhm Benzen Clo ho

48.
Monoclorobenzen
g/l
300
US EPA 524.2
49.
1,2 - Diclorobenzen
g/l
1000
US EPA 524.2
50.
1,4 - Diclorobenzen
g/l
300
US EPA 524.2
51.
Triclorobenzen
g/l
20
US EPA 524.2
d. Nhm cc cht hu c phc tp

52.
Di (2
adipate
etylhexyl)
g/l
80
US EPA 525.2
53.
Di (2
phtalat
etylhexyl)
g/l
54.
Acrylamide
g/l
0,5
US EPA 8032A
55.
Epiclohydrin
g/l
0,4
US EPA 8260A
56.
Hexacloro butadien
g/l
0,6
US EPA 524.2
g/l
20
US EPA 525.2
US EPA 525.2
C
C
III. Ho cht bo v thc vt

57.
Alachlor

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
25
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
58.
Aldicarb
g/l
10
US EPA 531.2
59.
Aldrin/Dieldrin
g/l
0,03
US EPA 525.2
60.
Atrazine
g/l
US EPA 525.2
61.
Bentazone
g/l
30
US EPA 515.4
62.
Carbofuran
g/l
US EPA 531.2
63.
Clodane
g/l
0,2
US EPA 525.2
64.
Clorotoluron
g/l
30
US EPA 525.2
C
C
65.
DDT
g/l
SMEWW
6410B,
hoc SMEWW 6630
C
66.
1,2 - Dibromo - 3
Cloropropan
g/l
US EPA 524.2
67.
2,4 - D
g/l
30
US EPA 515.4
68.
1,2 - Dicloropropan
g/l
20
US EPA 524.2
69.
1,3 - Dichloropropen
g/l
20
US EPA 524.2
70.
Heptaclo v heptaclo
epoxit
g/l
0,03
71.
Hexaclorobenzen
g/l
US EPA 8270 - D
72.
Isoproturon
g/l
US EPA 525.2
73.
Lindane
g/l
US EPA 8270 - D
74.
MCPA
g/l
US EPA 555
75.
Methoxychlor
g/l
20
US EPA 525.2
76.
Methachlor
g/l
10
US EPA 524.2
77.
Molinate
g/l
US EPA 525.2
78.
Pendimetalin
g/l
20
US EPA 507, US
EPA 8091
79.
Pentaclorophenol
g/l
US EPA 525.2
80.
Permethrin
g/l
20
US EPA 1699
81.
Propanil
g/l
20
US EPA 532
82.
Simazine
g/l
20
US EPA 525.2
83.
Trifuralin
g/l
20
US EPA 525.2

GVHD:L Vin Lp
SMEWW 6440C
MSSV:0310020158
26
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
84.
2,4 DB
g/l
90
US EPA 515.4
85.
Dichloprop
g/l
100
US EPA 515.4
86.
Fenoprop
g/l
US EPA 515.4
87.
Mecoprop
g/l
10
US EPA 555
88.
2,4,5 - T
g/l
US EPA 555
g/l
SMEWW 4500 - Cl G
SMEWW 4500Cl
hoc US EPA 300.1
IV. Ho cht kh trng v sn phm ph

89.
Monocloramin
90.
Clo d
mg/l
Trong
khong
0,3 - 0,5
91.
Bromat
g/l
25
US EPA 300.1
92.
Clorit
g/l
200
SMEWW 4500 Cl
hoc US EPA 300.1
93.
2,4,6 Triclorophenol
g/l
200
SMEWW 6200 hoc

US EPA 8270 - D
94.
Focmaldehyt
g/l
900
SMEWW 6252 hoc

US EPA 556
95.
Bromofoc
g/l
100
SMEWW 6200 hoc

US EPA 524.2
96.
Dibromoclorometan
g/l
100
SMEWW 6200 hoc

US EPA 524.2
97.
Bromodiclorometan
g/l
60
SMEWW 6200 hoc

US EPA 524.2
98.
Clorofoc
g/l
200
SMEWW 6200
99.
Axit dicloroaxetic
g/l
50
SMEWW 6251 hoc

US EPA 552.2
100.
Axit tricloroaxetic
g/l
100
SMEWW 6251 hoc

US EPA 552.2
101.
Cloral hydrat
(tricloroaxetaldehyt)
g/l
10
SMEWW 6252 hoc

US EPA 8260 - B
102.
Dicloroaxetonitril
g/l
90
SMEWW 6251 hoc

US EPA 551.1
103.
Dibromoaxetonitril
g/l
100
SMEWW 6251 hoc

US EPA 551.1

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
27
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
104.
Tricloroaxetonitril
g/l
105.
Xyano clorit (tnh theo

CN-)
g/l
70
SMEWW 6251 hoc

US EPA 551.1
SMEWW 4500J
V. Mc nhim x
106.
Tng hot
pCi/l
SMEWW 7110 B
107.
Tng hot
pCi/l
30
SMEWW 7110 B
TCVN 6187 - 1,2

:1996
(ISO 9308 - 1,2 1990) hoc SMEWW
9222
TCVN6187 - 1,2 :
1996
(ISO 9308 - 1,2 1990) hoc SMEWW
9222
VI. Vi sinh vt
108.
109.
Coliform tng s
Vi
khun
/100m
l
E.coli hoc Coliform

chu nhit
Vi
khun
/100m
l
1-5:Bng thng s u vo ca ngun nc ngm
Cc ch tiu
STT
n v
Gi tr
Mu sc
PtCo
10
NTU
Mi v
Trng thi, mi tanh
pH
5,9
Hm lng cn
Mg/l
15
Hm lng amoni
Mg/l
1,5
Hm lng st
Mg/l
14

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
28
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
Hm lng asen
Mg/l
Khng pht hin
Hm lng mangan
Mg/l
10
Hm lng Florua
Mg/l
11
Hm lng clorua
Mg/l
120
12
Tng coliform
Vi khun/100ml
300
13
Tng Ecoli
Vi khun/100ml
50

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
29
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
CHNG II:
CC PHNG PHP X L NC
2.1. CC CNG TRNH THU NC
Cng trnh thu nc c nhim v thu nc t ngun nc. Cng trnh thu nc
mt c cc dng kt hp hoc phn ly, thu nc st b bng ca thu hoc thu nc
gia dng bng ng t chy, xiphng. Cng trnh thu nc ngm thng l ging
khoan, thu nc t ngun nc ngm mch su c p. Chn v tr cng trnh thu nc
da trn c s m bo lu lng, cht lng, n nh, tui th cng trnh v thun
tin cho vic bo v v sinh ngun nc.
2.2. CC CNG TRNH VN CHUYN NC
Trm bm cp I c nhim v a nc th t cng trnh thu ln trm x l nc.
Trm bm cp I thng t ring bit bn ngoi trm x l nc, c trng hp ly
nc t xa, khong cch n trm x l c th ti vi kilomet thm ch hng chc
kilomet. Trng hp s dng ngun nc mt, trm bm cp I c th kt hp vi cng
trnh thu hoc xy dng ring bit. Cng trnh thu nc sng hoc h c th dng ca
thu v ng t chy, ng xiphng hoc c bit c trng hp ch dng ca thu v ng t
chy n trm x l khi mc nc ngun nc cao hn cao trm x l. Khi s
dng nc ngm, trm bm cp I thng l cc my bm chm c p lc cao, bm
nc t ging khoan n trm x l.
2.3. CC BIN PHP X L NC
X l nc l qu trnh lm thay i thnh phn, tnh cht nc t nhin theo
yu cu ca i tng s dng ph thuc vo thnh phn, tnh cht ca nc ngun v
yu cu cht lng ca nc, ca i tng s dng.
Bin php c hc: S dng c hc gi li cc cn khng tan trong nc. Cc
cng trnh: song chn rc, li chn rc, b lng, b lc.
Phng php ha l: Dng cc cht ha hc cho vo nc x l nc nh:
keo t bng phn, kh trng bng Clo, kim ha nc bng vi, dng ha cht
dit to (CuSO4, Na2SO4).
Bin php l hc: kh trng nc bng tia t ngoi, sng siu m, in phn
nc kh mui

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
30
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
Trong 3 bin php x l trn, bin php x l c hc l bin php x l nc c

bn nht. C th p dng bin php x l c hc mt cch c lp hoc kt hp
vi bin php ha hc v l hc nng cao hiu qu x l cng nh rt ngn
thi gian x l.
2.3.1. X l nc bng phng php c hc.
2.3.1.1. H cha v lng s b
Chc nng ca h cha v lng s b nc th (nc mt) l: to iu kin thun
li cho cc qu trnh t lm sch nh: lng bt cn l lng, gim lng vi trng do tc
ng ca cc iu kin mi trng, thc hin cc phn ng oxy ha do tc dng ca
oxy ha tan trong nc, v lm nhim v iu ha lu lng gia dng chy t ngun
nc vo v lu lng tiu th do trm bm nc th bm cp cho nh my x l
nc.
2.3.1.2. Song chn rc v li chn rc
Song chn v li chn t ca dn nc vo cng trnh thu lm nhim v loi
tr vt ni, vt tri l lng trong dng nc bo v cc thit b v nng cao hiu
qu lm sch ca cc cng trnh x l. Vt ni v vt l lng trong nc c th c kch
thc nh nh que tm ni, hoc nhnh cy non khi i qua my bm vo cc cng
trnh x l c th b tn nh hoc thi ra lm tng hm lng cn v mu ca
nc. Song chn rc c cu to gm cc thanh thp tit din trn c 8 hoc 10, hoc
tit din hnh ch nht kch thc 6 x 50 mm t song song vi nhau v hn vo khung
thp. Khong cch gia cc thanh thp t 40 50 mm. Vn tc nc chy qua song
chn khong 0,4 0,8 m/s. Song chn rc c nng th nh rng rc hoc ti quay
tay b tr trong ngn qun l. Hnh dng song chc rc c th l hnh ch nht, hnh
vung hoc hnh trn.
2.3.1.3. lng
B lng c nhim v lm sch s b trc khi a nc vo b lc hon thnh
qu trnh lm trong nc. Theo chiu dng chy, b lng c phn thnh: b lng
ngang, b lng ng, b lng lp mng v b lng trong c lp cn l lng. Trong b
lng ngang, dng nc thi chy theo phng ngang qua b vi vn tc khng ln hn
16,3 mm/s. Cc b lng ngang thng c s dng khi lu lng nc ln hn 3.000
m3/ngy. i vi b lng ng, nc chuyn ng theo phng thng ng t di
ln n vch trn vi vn tc 0,3-0,5 mm/s. Hiu sut lng ca b lng ng thng

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
31
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
thp hn b lng ngang t 10 n 20%. B lng lp mng c cu to ging nh b

lng ngang thng thng, nhng khc vi b lng ngang l trong vng lng ca b
lng lp mng c t thm cc bn vch ngn bng thp khng g hoc bng nha.
Cc bn vch ngn ny nghing mt gc 450 600 so vi mt phng nm ngang v
song song vi nhau. Do c cu to thm cc bn vch ngn nghing, nn b lng lp
mng c hiu sut cao hn so vi b lng ngang. Din tch b lng lp mng gim
5,26 ln so vi b lng ngang thun ty. B lng trong c lp cn l lng c u im
l khng cn xy dng b phn ng, bi v qu trnh phn ng v to bng kt ta xy
ra trong iu kin keo t tip xc, ngay trong lp cn l lng ca b lng. Hiu qu x
l cao hn cc b lng khc v tn t din tch xy dng hn. Tuy nhin, b lng trong
c cu to phc tp, k thut vn hnh cao. Vn tc nc i t di ln vng lng
nh hn hoc bng 0,85 mm/s v thi gian lu nc khong 1,5 2 gi.
2.3.1.4. Lc
B lc c dng lc mt phn hay ton b cn bn c trong nc ty thuc
vo yu cu i vi cht lng nc ca cc i tng dng nc. Qu trnh lc nc
l cho nc i qua lp vt liu lc vi mt chiu dy nht nh gi li trn b
mt hoc gia cc khe h ca lp vt liu lc cc ht cn v vi trng c trong nc.
Sau mt thi gian lm vic, lp vt liu lc b kht li, lm tng tn tht p lc, tc
lc gim dn. khi phc li kh nng lm vic ca b lc, phi thi ra b lc bng
nc hoc gi, nc kt hp loi b cn bn ra khi lp vt liu lc. Tc lc l
lng nc c lc qua mt n v din tch ca b lc trong mt n v thi gian
(m3/h). Chu k lc l khong thi gian gia hai ln ra b lc T(h). thc hin qu
trnh lc nc c th s dng b lc nc c nguyn tc hot ng, cu to lp vt liu
lc v thng s vn hnh khc nhau :theo c tnh nh lc lin tc, lc gin on.
Theo dng ca qu trnh nh lm c v lc trong. Theo p sut ca qu trnh lc nh
lc chn khng v lc p lc hay lc di p sut thy tnh ca ct cht lng Trong
cc h thng x l nc c cng sut ln khng cn s dng cc thit b lc c p sut
cao m dng cc b lc c cc lp vt liu lc dng ht. Vt liu lc c th s dng l
ct thch anh, than cc hoc si nghin, thm ch c than nu hoc than g. Vic la
chn vt liu lc ph thuc vo ngun nc u vo v iu kin a phng. Qu
trnh lc xy ra theo nhng c ch sau:
-
Sng lc tch hon ton cc vt rn bng nguyn l c hc.

Lng trng lc.
Gi ht rn theo qun tnh.
Hp ph ha hc, hp ph vt l.

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
32
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
Qu trnh dnh bm.

Qu trnh lng to bng.
2.3.2. X l nc bng phng php ha l.

2.3.2.1. Lm thong.
Bn cht ca qu trnh lm thong l ha tan oxy t khng kh vo nc oxy
ha st ha tr II, mangan ha tr II thnh st ha tr III, mangan ha tr IV to thnh
cc hp cht hydroxyl st ha tr III v hydroxyl mangan ha tr IV Mn(OH)4 kt ta
d lng ng kh ra khi nc bng lng, lc. Lm thong kh CO2, H2S c
trong nc, lm tng pH ca nc, to iu kin thun li v y nhanh qu trnh oxy
ha v thy phn st v mangan, nng cao cng sut ca cc cng trnh lng v lc
trong quy trnh kh st v mangan. Qu trnh lm thong lm tng hm lng oxy
ha tan trong nc, nng cao th oxy ha kh ca nc thc hin d dng cc qu
trnh oxy ha cc cht hu c trong qu trnh kh mi v mi ca nc. C hai
phng php lm thong: a nc vo trong khng kh: cho nc phun thnh tia
hay thnh mng mng chy trong khng kh cc dn lm thong t nhin, hay cho
nc phun thnh tia v mng mng trong cc thng kn ri thi khng kh vo thng
nh cc dn lm thong cng bc. a khng kh vo nc: dn v phn phi
khng kh nn thnh cc bt nh theo dn phn phi t y b cha nc, cc bt
kh ni ln, nc c lm thong. Hn hp hai phng php trn: lm thong bng
mng trn nhiu bc v phun trn mt nc.

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
33
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
Hnh 2-1: Qu trnh lm thong
2.3.2.2. Clo ha s b.
Clo ha s b l qu trnh cho clo vo nc trc b lng v b lc. Clo ha s
b c tc dng tng thi gian kh trng khi ngun nc nhim bn nng, oxi ha st
ha tan dng hp cht hu c, oxy ha mangan ha tan to thnh cc kt ta
tng ng, oxy ha cc cht hu c kh mu, ph hy t bo ca cc vi sinh sn ra
cht nhy nht trn mt b lc.
2.3.2.3. Kh trng nc
Kh trng nc l khu bt buc trong qu trnh x l nc n ung sinh hot.
Trong nc thin nhin cha rt nhiu vi sinh vt v kh trng. Sau cc qu trnh x
l c hc, nht l nc sau khi qua b lc, phn ln cc vi trng b gi li. Song
tiu dit hon ton cc vi trng gy bnh, cn phi tin hnh kh trng nc. Hin
nay c nhiu bin php kh trng c hiu qu nh: kh trng bng cc cht oxy ha
mnh, cc tia vt l, siu m, phng php nhit, ion kim loi nng,
a) Kh trng nc bng Clo v cc hp cht ca Clo
Clo l mt cht oxy ha mnh bt c dng no. Khi Clo tc dng vi nc to
thnh axit hypoclorit (HOCl) c tc dng dit trng mnh. Khi cho Clo vo nc,
cht dit trng s khuch tn xuyn qua v t bo vi sinh vt v gy phn ng vi
men bn trong ca t bo, lm ph hoi qu trnh trao i cht dn n vi sinh vt b
tiu dit.
Khi cho Clo vo nc, phn ng din ra nh sau:
Cl2 + H2O HOCl + HCl
GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
34
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
Hoc c th dng phng trnh phn ly:

Cl2 + H2O
H+ + OCl- + Cl-
Khi s dng Clorua vi, phn ng din ra nh sau:

Ca(OCl)2 + H2O
CaO + 2HOCl +2HOCl 2H+ + 2OCl-
b) Kh trng bng ozon.

Ozone l mt cht kh c mu nh tm t ha tan trong nc v rt c hi i
vi con ngi. trong nc, ozone phn hy rt nhanh thnh oxy phn t v nguyn
t. Ozone c tnh hot ha mnh hn Clo, nn kh nng dit trng mnh hn Clo rt
nhiu ln. Thi gian tip xc rt ngn do din tch b mt thit b gim, khng gy
mi v kh chu trong nc k c khi trong nc c cha phenol.
c) Kh trng bng phng php nht.
y l phng php kh trng c truyn. un si nc nhit 1000C c th
tiu dit phn ln cc vi khun c trong nc. Ch tr nhm vi khun khi gp nhit
cao s chuyn sang dng bo t vng chc. Tuy nhin, nhm vi khun ny chim t l
rt nh. Phng php un si nc tuy n gin, nhng tn nhin liu v cng knh,
nn ch dng trong quy m gia nh.
d) Kh trng bng tia cc tm (UV)
Tia cc tm l tia bc x in t c bc sng khong 4 400 nm, c tc dng
dit trng rt mnh. Dng cc n bc x t ngoi, t trong dng chy ca nc.
Cc tia cc tm pht ra s tc dng ln cc phn t protit ca t bo vi sinh vt, ph
v cu trc v mt kh nng trao i cht, v th chng s b tiu dit. Hiu qu kh
trng ch t c trit khi trong nc khng c cc cht hu c v cn l lng.
St trng bng tia cc tm khng lm thay i mi, v ca nc
e) Kh trng bng siu m
Dng siu m vi cng tc dng khng nh hn 2W/cm2 trong khong thi
gian trn 5 pht c kh nng tiu dit ton b vi sinh vt trong nc.
f) Kh trng bng ion bc.
Ion bc c th tiu dit phn ln vi trng c trong nc. Vi hm lng 2 10
ion g/l c tc dng dit trng. Tuy nhin, hn ch ca phng php ny l: nu
trong nc c mu cao, c cht hu c, c nhiu loi mui,th ion bc khng
pht huy c kh nng dit trng

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
35
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
2.4. PHNG PHP KEO T.

2.4.1. Keo t v ha cht keo t.
a) Bn cht ca qu trnh keo t.
Cn bn trong nc t nhin thng l cc ht ct, st, bn sinh vt ph du, sn
phm phn hy ca cc hp cht hu c Cc ht ln thng c kh nng t lng
trong nc, cn cc ht b thng trng thi l lng. Trong k thut x l c hc nh
lng tnh, lc ch c th x l c cc ht c kch thc ln hn 10-4 , s cn li cn
phi c s kt hp gia bin php ha hc v c hc, tc l kh nng kt dnh li vi
nhau ng thi kt dnh cc ht cn l lng trong nc to ra cc bng cn c trng
lng ln v lng xung b lng hoc gi li b lc, qu trnh ny c gi l qu
trnh keo t.
b) C ch ca qu trnh keo t.
Khi nghin cu qu trnh keo t, ngi ta a ra mt s c ch ca qu trnh nh
sau:
Qu trnh nn lp in tch kp, lm gim th in ng zeta nh ion tri du
Qu trnh ny c thc hin khi b sung cc ion tri du vo trong nc vi
nng cao. Cc ion s chuyn dch t lp khuch tn vo lp in tch kp , lm
gim th in ng zeta v gim lc y tnh in.
Nng v ha tr ca ion b sung vo cng cao th qu trnh trung ha in tch
cng nhanh v lc y tnh in cng gim. n mt lc no lc ht Van Der Walls
s to ra s kt dnh ca cc ht keo, hnh thnh bng keo t.
Qu trnh keo t do hp ph - trung ha in tch
Song song vi c ch nn lp in tch kep ni trn, cc ht keo cn hp ph ln
b mt cc ion tri du, lm thay i in tch b mt ht keo, c bit l cc ion in
tch cao (v d: nhm hiroxit kim loi tch in dng, cc polime hu c tch in
dng) c hp ph to nn s trung ha in tch.
Cng ging nh c ch nn lp in tch kp, c ch hp ph - trung ha in
tch cng lm gim th in ng zeta v lm gim lc y tnh in, to iu kin cho
cc ht keo dnh kt vo nhau, trong c ch hp ph - trung ha in tch ng vai
tr ng k.
Lng ion tri du a vo ch c hiu qu ti u mt nng nht nh, nu
nng ion a vo vt qu gi tr s xy ra hin tng ti n nh ca h keo
GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
36
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
trong nc, thc y qu trnh tch in tr li i vi cc ht keo, lm tng th in

ng zeta v v vy hiu qu ca qu trnh keo t s gim i.
Qu trnh keo t do c ch hp ph - bc cu
Trng hp ny xy ra khi dng ha cht keo t l cc hp cht polime, khi cc
on polime hp ph trn b mt ht keo, do cu trc mch di ca chng s to ra cu
ni gia cc ht keo, hnh thnh bng keo t c kch thc ln hn lm tng tc
lng ca cc ht keo.
Kh nng to bng keo t nh c ch ny ph thuc vo nhm polime v ht keo
trong nc, ph thuc vo qu trnh hp ph cc polime ln b mt ht keo v s
lng cc polime c trong nc.
Tng t nh c ch hp ph - trung ha in tch, lng polime a vo cng
ch cn mt gi tr nht nh t c hiu qu ti u, vt qua gii hn s to ra
s cn bng mi trong h keo.
Trong lng phn t ca cc polime lin quan n kh nng ha tan ca chng.
Khi trng lng phn t tng, kh nng ha tan ca chng km i, dung dch c
nht cao hn, liu lng dng ti u s cao hn v lng bng cn to ra v vy cng
ln hn, lm rt ngn qu trnh lng.
Gi tr pH ca mi trng khng gy nh hng lm n cc polime khng in
tch, nhng i vi anion pH cao hoc plime cation pH thp s gy nh hng n
qu trnh ion ha ca chng, dn n nh hng ti qu trnh to bng keo.
Qu trnh keo t hp ph trong qu trnh lng
Cc ion kim loi ha tr cao c s dng trong qu trnh keo t nh: Al3+, Fe3+
to ra trong nc cc sn phm thy phn khc nhau l cc hiroxit mang in nh:
Fe2(OH)24+, Fe(OH)4-, Al3(OH)4-, Al3(OH)45+, Al13(OH)345+, Al7(OH)174+ Nhng
mt gi tr pH nht nh no th cc phn t hiroxit nhm Al(OH)3 hoc st
Fe(OH)3 c hnh thnh v lp tc lng xung do trng lc ca chng. Trong qu
trnh lng chng s ko theo cc bng keo v tp cht trong h huyn ph nh cc keo
khc, cc cn bn, cc cht hu c tn ti trng thi ha tan hoc l lng trong
nc. C ch ny khng ph thuc vo qu trnh to bng t nn khng c s ti n
nh tr li nh cc c ch khc.
c) Cc phng php keo t.
Trong cng ngh x l nc bng keo t, c th x dng mt s phng php:
GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
37
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
Keo t dng cc cht in li n gin.

Keo t dng h keo ngc du.
Keo t dng cc cht polime.
Keo t dng cc cht in li n gin
Bn cht ca qu trnh ny l a vo nc cc cht in li n gin, mang in
tch ngc du vi h keo trong nc. Khi nng ion ngc du tng ln, th s ion
t lp khuch tn c chuyn vo lp in tch kp cng tng ln, lm gim lc y
tnh in gia cc ht. ng thi chuyn ng Brown s gip cho cc ht ny c c
hi va chm v kt dnh li vi nhau, to nn cc bng cn ln hn. Khi kch thc
ca cc bng cn tng n mc nht nh th chuyn ng Brown s ht tc dng v
chng s lng dn xung y, tit kim thi gian, c th tng cng s khuy trn
cc ht cn c nhiu c hi tip xc vi nhau hn.
Keo t bng h keo ngc du
Ha cht thng c s dng trong trng hp ny thng l mui nhm hoc
mui st (thng gi l phn), c a vo nc di dng dung dch ha tan. Sau
khi thy phn, chng tr thnh phn t mang in tch dng c kh nng trung ha
cc loi keo mang in tch m trong nc.
Trong dung dch, cc mui nhm (hoc st) c phn li, trng thi tn ti ca
cc hp cht ca chng ph thuc vo gi tr pH. Khi pH 6 (vi nhm) hoc pH 5
(vi st), chng tn ti trong cc hiroxit (M(OH)3) kt ta lng xung, khi 3<pH<6
(vi nhm) hoc 3<pH<5 (vi st), cc sn phm hiroxit tan mang nhiu nguyn t
kim loi c hnh thnh (v d: Al3(OH)45+), v mang nhiu in tch dng nn
chng d dng kt hp vi cc ht keo m c trong nc to thnh bng keo, cc
bng keo ny khi lng xung s hp ph, cun theo cc ht keo, cc cn bn trng
thi ha tan hoc l lng trong nc.
Qu trnh keo t c th hnh thnh nn cc loi bng keo khc nhau:
-
Loi 1: T hp cc ht keo b ph v th in ng zeta (t).

Loi 2: Cc ht keo mang in tch tri du kt hp vi nhau v trung ha v
in. Loi ny t c kh nng kt dnh v hp ph trong qu trnh tip theo, v
vy s lng khng ln.
Loi 3: Hnh thnh t s kt hp ca cc ht keo do thy phn cht keo t v
cc ht keo mang in tch m trong nc nn bng cn c tnh hot ng b
mt cao, d dng li ko, hp ph cc cht bn trong qu trnh lng ca chng.

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
38
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
Loi bng cn ny chim u th v c tnh cht quyt nh n hiu qu ca

qu trnh keo t.
Mt s loi phn nhm hoc phn st c s dng trong qu trnh ny l:

Al2(SO4)3.14H2O; AlCl3.6H2O; [Al(OH)1,5(SO4)0,125Cl1,25]n; NaAlO2; Fe2(SO4)3.8H2O;
FeSO4.7H2O; FeCl3; AlFe(SO4)3.nH2O: FeClSO4
Keo t (hoc tng cng qu trnh keo t) bng cc hp cht cao phn t
Mt s hp cht cao phn t c ngun gc v c hoc hu c c th dng tng
cng cho qu trnh keo t, tc l s dng cng phn nhm hoc phn st, chng c
tc dng lm cho qu trnh keo t din ra nhanh hn v to ra bng keo c kch thc
ln hn hoc dng nh mt cht keo t trong mt vi trng hp.
C ch ca qu trnh ny khc vi c ch ca qu trnh keo t bng cht in li
v qu trnh keo t bng h keo ngc du v chng din ra cc tng tc ha hc. Do
kch thc ln v di nn chng lin kt vi cc ht cn trong nc di dng lin kt
chui, trng lng ca chng v vy s tng ln v qu trnh lng bng cn din ra.
y l kiu lin kt rt thun li cho qu trnh hnh thnh v lng bng cn, tuy nhin
n t c s dng trong k thut x l nc nc ta hin nay
Cc giai on ca qu trnh keo t.
Qu trnh keo t cc cht trong nc thng tri qua cc giai on:
-
Giai on ha trn ha cht vo trong nc.

Giai on phn hy cht keo t ng thi ph v trng thi n nh ca h keo.
Giai an hnh thnh bng cn ( c th tch ra thnh 2 giai on nh: giai on
hnh thnh bng keo nh nh chuyn ng nhit v giai on hnh thnh cc
bng keo c kch thc ln tch ra khi nc.
Ba giai on trn xy ra gn nh ng thi v lin tc. khi h keo trong nc

b cc cht keo ph v trng thi n nh th tc to bng hon ton ph thuc vo
chuyn ng to ra s va chm gia cc ht keo vi nhau. Di tc ng ca chuyn
ng nhit, cc ht cn b va chm v kt dnh vi nhau, to thnh cc bng cn c
kch thc ln dn ln ti khi khng th tham gia vo chuyn ng nhit na. tng
hiu qu cho qu trnh th cn to iu kin cho cc bng cn tip tc chuyn ng
va chm vo nhau, y l giai on quyt nh hiu qu ca ton b qu trnh keo t.
2.4.2. Cc loi thit b nh lng, khuy trn v b phn ng.
Qu trnh keo t cc cht phn ng c thc hin trong mt s cc cng trnh
v thit b ha trn theo tng cng on nh sau:
GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
39
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
Chun b dung dch v nh lng ha cht: Thng (b) ha trn ha cht,

thng tiu th, thit b nh liu lng cht phn ng.
Ha trn ha cht vi nc: ng trn, b trn
Qu trnh to bng keo kch thc ln: Ngn phn ng, b phn ng
a) Thit b chun ha cht (phn)
C nhim v ha tan phn cc v lng cc cn bn. Nng dung dch trong b
ha trn thng cao, nhng khng vt qu mc bo ha. Qu trnh ha tan phn
thng ko di trong khong t 2 3 gi, c th dng bin php nn kh, my khuy
hoc bm tun hon trong khong 2 3 gi ri a sang b tiu th.
b) Thit b nh lng ha cht
L thit b c th iu chnh c lng ha cht a vo nc theo yu cu.
Theo chc nng s dng. c th chia thit b nh lng thnh 2 loi : nh liu lng
thay i ( theo t l nc x l hoc tnh cht ca nc cn x l) v theo ch chy
ca dung dch ( nh liu lng t chy a dung dch phn vo b trn hoc nh
liu lng c p a dung dch phn vo ng p lc).
c) Thit b ha trn cht phn ng
Mc ch ca cng on ny nhm trn ha cht v nc t n ng u
trong thi gian ngn nht. C th da vo ng lc dng chy, nng lng cung cp
t bn ngoi hoc cc vt cn tr chuyn ng ca dng nc to nn s xo trn
cn thit.
Khuy trn c hc
Bin php ha trn c hc c thc hin nh nng lng ca cnh khuy to
ra dng chuyn ng ri.
Trn c hc c nhiu u in nh thi gian trn ngn, c th t iu chnh cng
khuy trn theo mun, nhng ng thi i hi phi c my khuy v cc thit b
c kh khc i hi trnh qun l v vn hnh cao. Trn c hc nn p dng cho cc
nh my nc c mc c gii ha, t ng ha cao v c cng sut ln.
Khuy trn thy lc
Nguyn l ca qu trnh l dng cc vt cn gy nn s xo trn gia ha cht v
nc cn x l. Qu trnh trn c th thc hin trong ng dn, b trn c vch ngn
hoc b trn ng.

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
40
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
d) Cc loi b phn ng
B phn ng to bng keo dng nng lng c kh
B phn ng to bng keo dng nng lng c kh c thit k thnh nhiu
ngn, mi ngn c chia thnh nhiu bung thng c cc cnh bng nhau, ngn
cch bi cc vch hng dng theo phng thng ng. Dung tch b c thit k
ph hp vi cng sut sao cho thi gian lu nc trong b 10 30 pht.
Qu trnh to bng keo din ra trong b nh s xo trn bng cnh khuy. y
cng l b phn chnh ca b. Cc cnh khuy thng c dng bn phng, t i
xng theo phng nm ngang hoc thng ng, din tch bn cnh khuy c thit k
bng 15 20% din tch mt ct ngang ca b.
B phn ng to bng keo bng nng lng thy lc
Khc vi b phn ng dng nng lng c kh, nng lng c dng trong b
ny l nng lng c to ra do s chuyn ng ca dng nc trong thit b to
iu kin trong qu trnh tip xc, kt dnh gia cc ht keo v cn bn trong nc.
Da vo cch cu to v vn hnh, c th chia thnh cc loi b sau: b phn ng
xoy, b phn ng c vch ngn v b phn ng c lp cn l lng.
Trong b phn ng xoy: c 2 loi b phn ng xoy hnh tr v b phn ng
xoy hnh cn.
2.5. KH ST TRONG NC NGM
2.5.1. Trng thi tn ti t nhin ca st trong ngun nc.
Trong nc ngm st thng tn ti dng ion, st c ho tr 2 (Fe 2+) l thnh
phn ca cc mui ho tan nh: Fe(HCO3)2; FeSO4hm lng st c trong cc
ngun nc ngm thng cao v phn b khng ng u trong cc lp trm tch di
t su. Nc c hm lng st cao, lm cho nc co mi tanh v c mu vng, gy
nh hng khng tt n cht lng nc n ung sinh hot v sn xut. Do , khi
m nc c hm lng st cao hn gii hn cho php theo tiu chun th chng ta phi
tin hnh kh st.
Cc hp cht v c ca ion st ho tr II: FeS, Fe(OH)2, FeCO3, Fe(HCO3)2,
FeSO4, v.v
Cc hp cht v c ca ion st ho tr III: Fe(OH)3, FeCl3 trong Fe(OH)3
l cht keo t, d dng lng ng trong cc b lng v b lc. V th cc hp cht v
c ca st ho tan trong nc hon ton c th x l bng phng php l hc: lm
thong ly oxy ca khng kh oxi ho st ho tr II thnh st ho tr III v cho qu
GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
41
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
trnh thu phn, keo t Fe(OH)3 xy ra hon ton trong cc b lng, b lc tip xc v
cc b lc Cc phc cht v c ca ion st vi silicat, photphat FeSiO(OH)3 Cc phc
cht hu c ca ion st vi axit humic, funvic,Cc ion st ho tan Fe(OH)+, Fe(OH)3
tn ti tu thuc vo gi tr th oxyi ho kh v pH ca mi trng. Cc loi phc cht
v hn hp cc ion ho tan ca st khng th kh bng phng php l hc thng
thng, m phi kt hp vi phng php ho hc. Mun kh st dng ny phi cho
thm vo nc cc cht oxi ho nh: Cl-, KMnO4, Ozon, ph v lin kt v oxy ho
ion st thnhion ho tr III hoc cho vo nc cc cht keo t FeCl3 , Al(SO4)3 v kim
ho c gi tr pH thch hp cho qu trnh ng keo t cc loi keo st v phn xy
ra trit trong cc b lng, b lc tip xc v b lc trong.
2.5.2. Cc phng php kh st trong x l nc
2.5.2.1. Phng php oxi ha st
Nguyn l ca phng php ny l oxy ho (II) thnh st (III) v tch chng ra
khi nc di dng hiroxit st (III). Trong nc ngm, st (II) bicacbonat l mt
mui khng bn, n d dng thu phn thnh st (II)hyroxyt theo phn ng:
Fe(HCO)3)2 + 2H2O Fe(OH)2 + 2H2CO3
Nu trong nc c oxy ho tan, st (II) hiroxit s b oxy ho thnh st (III)
hiroxit theo phn ng:
4Fe(OH)2 + 2H2O + O2 4Fe(OH)3
St (III) hiroxit trong nc kt ta thnh bng cn mu vng v c th tch ra
khi nc mt cch d dng nh qu trnh lng lc.
Kt hp cc phn ng trn ta c phn ng chung ca qu trnh oxy ho st nh
sau:
4Fe2+ + 8HCO3 + O2 + H2O 4Fe(OH)3 + 8H+ + 8HCO3Nc ngm thng khng cha oxi ho tan hoc c hm lng oxi ho tan rt
thp. tng nng oxi ho tan trong nc ngm, bin php n gin nht l lm
thong. Hiu qu ca bc lm thong c xc nh theo nhu cu oxi cho qu trnh
kh st.
2.5.2.2. Phng php kh st bng qu trnh oxi ha
Lm thong n gin b mt lc

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
42
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
Nc cn kh st c lm thong bng dn phun ma ngay trn b mt lc.

Chiu cao gin phun thng ly cao khong 0,7m, l phun c ng knh t 5-7mm,
lu lng ti vo khong 10 m3/m2 Lng xy ho tantrong nc sau khi lm thong
nhit 250C ly bng 40% lng xy ho tan bo ho ( 250C lng oxi bo ho
bng 8,1 mg/l).
Lm thong bng gin ma t nhin
Nc cn lm thong c ti ln gin lm thong mt bc hay nhiu bc vi
cc sn ri x hoc tre g.Lu lng ti v chiu cao thp cng ly nh trng hp
trn. Lng xy ho tan sau lm thong bng 55% lng oxi ho tan bo ho. Hm
lng CO2 sau lm thong gim 50%.
Lm thong cng bc
Cng c th dng thp lm thong cng bc vi lu lng ti t 30 n 40
m /h. Lng khng kh tipxc ly t 4 n 6 m3 cho 1m3nc. Lng oxi ho tan sau
lm thong bng 70% hm lng oxi ho tan bo ho.Hm lng CO2 sau lm thong
gim 75%.
3
2.5.2.3. Kh st bng ha cht.

Khi trong nc ngun c hm lng tp cht hu c cao, cc cht hu c s to
ra dng keo bo v cc ion st, nh vy mun kh st phi ph v c mng hu c
bo v bng tc dng ca cc cht xy ho mnh. i vi nc ngm, khi lm lng
st qu cao ng thi tn ti c H2S th lng oxi thu c nh lm thong khng
oxi ho ht H2S v st, trong trng hp ny cn phi dng n ho cht kh st.
Bin php kh st bng vi
Khi cho vi vo nc, pH ca nc tng ln. iu kin giu ion OH-, cc
ion Fe2+ thu phn nhanh chng thnh Fe(OH)2 v lng xung mt phn, th oxi ho
kh tiu chun ca h Fe(OH)2/Fe(OH)3 gim xung, do st (II) d dng chuyn
ho thnh st (III). St (III) hyroxyt kt t thnh bng cn, lng trong b lng v c
th d dng tch ra khi nc.Phng php ny c th p dng cho c nc mt v
nc ngm. Nhc im ca phng php ny l phi dng n cc thit b pha ch
cng knh, qun l phc tp, cho nn thng kt hp kh st vi qu trnh x l khc
nh x l n nh nc bng kim, lm mm nc bng vi kt hp vi sa.
Bin php kh st bng Clo
Qu trnh kh st bng clo c thc hin nh phn ng sau:

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
43
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
2Fe(HCO3)2 + Cl2 + Ca(HCO3)2 + 6H2O 2Fe(OH)3CaCl2 + 6H+ + 6HCO3 Bin php kh st bng Kali Permanganat (KMnO4)
Khi dng KMnO4 kh st, qu trnh xy ra rt nhanh v cn mangan (IV)
hiroxit va c to thnh s l nhn t xc tc cho qu trnh kh. Phn ng xy ra
theo phng trnh sau:
5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O
Bin php kh st bng cch lc qua lp vt liu c bit
Cc vt liu c bit c kh nng xc tc, y nhanh qu trnh oxi ho kh Fe2+
thnh Fe3+ v gi li trong tng lc. Qu trnh din ra rt nhanh chng v c hiu qu
cao. Ct en l mt trong nhng cht c c tnh nh th.
Bin php kh st bng phng php trao i ion
Phng php trao i ion c s dng khi kt hp vi qu trnh kh cng. Khi
s dng thit b trao i ion kh st, nc ngm khng c tip xc vi khng kh
v Fe3+ s lm gim kh nng trao i ca cc ion. Ch c hiu qu khi kh nc ngm
c hm lng st thp.
Bin php kh st bng phng php vi sinh
Mt s loi vi sinh c kh nng oxi ho st trong iu kin m qu trnh oxi
ho ho hc xy ra rt kh khn. Chng ta cy cc mm khun st trong lp cy lc
ca b lc, thng qua hot ng ca cc vi khun st c loi ra khi nc. Thng
s dng thit b b lc chm kh st.
2.6. KH MANGAN TRONG NC NGM
Mangan thng tn ti song song vi st dng ion Mn2+ trong nc ngm v
dng keo hu c trong nc mt. Do vic kh mangan thng c tin hnh ng
thi vi qu trnh kh st.
Mangan dng ha tan Mn2+ khi b oxi ha chuyn dn thnh Mn3+ v Mn4+
dng hiro kt ta:
2Mn(HCO3)2 + O2 + 6H2O
2Mn(OH)4 + 4H+ + 4HCO3-
Qu trnh kh mangan ph thuc vo pH ca nc. Thc nghim cho thy nu

pH < 8 v khng c cht kt xc tc th qu trnh oxi ha Mn2+ rt chm. pH ti u
8,5 9.
Tng t nh khu kh st qu trnh kh mangan cng tng t.
GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
44
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
2.6.1 Phng php kh mangan bng lm thong.

Lm thong t nhin hoc lm thong cng bc - lng tip xc - lc 1 lp vt
liu lc.
p dng khi hm lng mangan trong nc nh v tn ti di dng Mn2+ ha
tan. Vt liu lc dng ct thch anh dy 1,2 1,5m.
Lm thong t nhin hoc lm thong cng bc - lng tip xc - lc 1 hay 2
lp vt liu lc.
p dng khi nc ngun c hm lng mangan cao.
Mt lp vt liu l ct en dy 1,5m; hoc 2 lp vt liu lc l lp vt liu lc
Mt lp vt liu l ct en dy 1,5m; hoc 2 lp vt liu lc l than Antraxit v
ct dy 1,5m.
Lm thong cng bc - lng tip xc - lc 2 bc
Kh st c thc hin lm thong lng tip xc lc. Sau nng pH ln
8 lm thong lc b lc bc 2 kh mangan.
Phng php ny tn km nhng c hiu qu x l n nh.
2.6.2. Phng php dng ha cht
S dng cc cht c tnh oxi ha mnh nh ozon, Clo, kali permanganat
Clo oxi ha Mn2+ pH = 7 trong thi gian t = 60 90 pht
ClO2 v ozon oxi ha Mn2+ cn mt lng 1,35 mg ClO2 hay 1,45 mg O3.
KMnO4 oxi ha Mn2+ mi dng tn ti k c keo hu c to thnh
Mn(OH)4.
2.6.3. Phng php sinh hc.
Cy 1 loi vi sinh vt c kh nng hp th mangan trong qu trnh sinh trng
trn b mt vt liu lc. Xc vi sinh vt s to thnh lp mng oxit mangan trn b mt
vt liu lc c tc dng xc tc qu trnh kh mangan.

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
45
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
CHNG III:
XUT PHNG N X L V TNH TON CNG TRNH
N V
3.1. C S LA CHN CNG NGH.
Bng 3-1: Bng thng s nc u vo
Cc ch tiu
STT
n v
Gi tr
Mu sc
PtCo
10
NTU
Mi v
Trng thi, mi tanh
pH
5,9
Hm lng cn
mg/l
15
Hm lng amoni
mg/l
1,5
Hm lng st
mg/l
14
Hm lng asen
mg/l
Khng pht hin
Hm lng mangan
mg/l
10
Hm lng Florua
mg/l
11
Hm lng clorua
mg/l
120
12
Tng coliform
Vi khun/100ml
300
13
Tng Ecoli
Vi khun/100ml
50
Theo s liu cho thy ngun nc ngm c nng Fe vt QCVN:

02:2009/BYT v cht lng nc sinh hot V vy phi xy dng quy trnh cng ngh
kh st n gi tr t tiu chun (0,5 mg/l).

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
46
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
Bng 3-2: Thng s nc u ra theo QCVN:02:2009/BYT
Cc ch tiu
STT
n v
Gi tr
TCU
15
Mu sc
Mi v
Khng c mi v l
NTU
Clo d
mg/l
Trong khong 0,3 0,5
pH
Trong khong 6,0 8,5
Hm lng amoni
mg/l
Hm lng st
mg/l
0,5
Ch s pecmanganat
mg/l
cng CaCO3
mg/l
350
10
Hm lng clorua
mg/l
300
11
Hm lng Florua
mg/l
1,5
12
Hm lng asen tng s
mg/l
0,01
13
Coliform tng s
Vi khun/100ml
50
3.2. XUT QUY TRNH CNG NGH

3.2.1 Phng n 1

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
47
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
Ngun
Trm bm cp
1
Thp lm
thong
vi
B lng tip
xc
Thng qut gi
Cn
H cha bn
B lc p lc
Cht kh trng
clo
Cn
em x l
B cha nc
sch
Trm bm cp
2
Hnh 3-1: S quy trnh cng ngh phng n 1
THUYT MINH PHNG N 1:

Nc t ging c trm bm cp 1 bm cho ln thp lm thong ti y qu
trnh lm thong s din ra , qu trnh lm thong ny da vo ngun cung cp oxi
cng bc t ng c cnh qut.
Sau khi lm thong nc s tip tc a qua b lng ngang, b lng tip ngang
c thit k loi tr cc loi cn l lng c kh nng lng xung y v mt trng
lc, chc nng lu nc li trong b 30 45 pht to iu kin cho qu trnh oxi ha
GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
48
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
v phn hy st xy ra hon ton, ng thi gi mt phn cc cht hu c nng li

trc khi qua qu trnh lc
B lc p lc: khi nc i qua b mt lc cc ht cn v vi trng c trong nc
s b gi li trn b mt lc.
Sau nc c dn vo b kh trng vi ha cht kh trng l clo loi tr
vi sinh vt v vi khun trong nc ngm.
Nc sau khi kh trng c dn n b cha nc sch v nh trm bm cp 2
bm vo mng li cp nc ca h thng cp nc thnh ph.
3.2.2. Phng n 2: Phng n chn
Trm bm cp 1
Ging
Ha cht (Clo
hoc vi)
Lm thong bng
gin ma
Nc lng
em x l
H
cha
bn
B lng ngang
B lc p lc
Lng nc ra lc
Ha cht kh trng
clo
B cha nc
sch
Trm bm cp 2
Hnh 3-2: S quy trnh cng ngh phng n 2
THUYT MINH PHNG N 2:

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
49
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
Nc t ging c trm bm cp 1 bm ln cng trnh lm thong, vi mc

ch chnh l kh CO2, ha tan oxi t khng kh vo nc oxy ha Fe2+ thnh Fe3+,
Mn2+ thnh Mn4+ (nu c) d dng kt ta, d dng lng ng kh ra khi nc
nng cao nng sut ca cc cng trnh lng v lc. Lng oxi ha ta thu c l 55%
lng oxi bo ha v kh c 75 80% CO2 trong nc.
Sau nc c a qua b lc p lc. Ti y, khng ch gi li cc ht cn
l lng trong nc c kch thc ln hn kch thc cc l rng to ra gia cc ht lc
m cn gi li keo st, keo hu c gy c, mu.
Sau nc c dn vo b kh trng, vi ha cht kh trng l dung dch
Clo loi tr vi sinh vt v vi khun c trong nc ngm.
Nc qua b kh trng c a vo b cha. Sau c trm bm cp 2 vo
mng li cp nc thnh ph.
3.3. TNH TON CNG TRNH N V
3.3.1. Tnh ton b lng ngang
a) Tnh ton kch thc b
Vi lu lng nc vo b Q = 1000 m3/ngy.m = 41,67 m3/h = 0,01157 m3/s.
Din tch b lng tnh theo cng thc: F
Q
U0
Trong :
Q : lu lng nc vo b (m3/h)
U0: ti trng b mt hay tc lng ca ht cn (m/h)
: h s k n nh hng ca dng chy ri trong vng lng
1
1
K
30
H s K ph thuc vo t s L/H theo bng sau:

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
50
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
Bng 3-3: tr s K v ph thuc vo t s L/H
L/H
10
15
20
25
7,5
10
12
13,5
1,33
1,5
1,67
1,82
Chn U0 = 0,55 mm/s = 5,5 10-4 m/s.

Chn t s L/H=15, ta c = 1,5
. F =1,5
= 31,6 m2
L
5m (theo X l nc cp cho sinh hot v cng nghip ca
B
TS.Trnh Xun Lai ).
T s
Chn L = 5B B = =
= 2,9 m
Chiu di ca b lng l:
L=
= 14,4 m
Chn chiu cao vng lng H = 2,5 m (H = 2,5 3,5m)

Vn tc nc chy trong b (V0):
V0 =
= 1,610-3 m/s = 1,6 mm/s
Thi gian lu (T)

T=
= 6828 (s) = 1,9 (h) (T = 1,53h, theo X l nc
cp cho sinh hot v cng nghip ca TS.Trnh Xun Lai).

b) Thit k ngn phn phi
phn phi u trn ton b mt ct ngang ca b cn t cc vch ngn u
mi b, cch tng 12m. Vn tc nc qua l vch ngn ly bng 0,5 m/s. on
GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
51
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
di ca vch ngn trong phm vi chiu cao 0,30,5m k t mt trn ca vng cha
cn nn khng cn phi khoan l. (Theo khon 6.77 TCXD 33:2006).
Chn cao lm vic thp nht ca vch ngn so vi mt trn ca vng lng cn
l 0,5 m. Khi , din tch cng tc ca vch ngn phn phi nc vo b l:
Fn = B (H 0,5) = 2,9 ( 2,5 0,5) = 5,8 m2
Lu lng nc tnh ton qua b: qn = Q = 1000m3/ngym = 0,01157m3/s
Din tch cn thit ca cc l vch ngn phn phi nc vo l:
Theo khon 6.77 TCXDVN 33:2006, vn tc nc qua l vch ngn phn phi
ly bng 0,5m/s. Do :
= 0,0231 m2
Ly ng knh l vch ngn phn phi l d1=0,05m (d1=0,050,15 m theo

trang 73- X l nc cp-TS.Nguyn Ngc Dung)
Din tch 1 l
F1l =
= 1,963510-3 m2
Tng s l vch ngn phn phi l:
n1 =
= 11,76 l
Chn n1 = 12 l
Cch b tr : B tr 4 hng dc v 3 hng ngang vi s l c l 4x3 = 12 l
c) Thit k ngn thu nc
Thit k ngn thu nc tng t nh ngn phn phi, thit k vch ngn thu
nc cui b, trn vch ngn c c l hnh trn cho nc i qua. ng knh l
trn vch ngn thu nc chn d2= 0,05 m.
Tc nc chy qua l: 0,5 m/s (theo TCXD 33-2006)

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
52
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
Khong cch ti tng b 0,5m x 1,5m (TCXD 33-2006)

Chn cao lm vic thp nht ca vch ngn thu nc so vi mt trn ca vng
lng cn l 1,5 m. Khi , din tch cng tc ca vch ngn phn phi nc vo b l:
Fn = B ( H 1,5) = 2,9 ( 2,5 1,5) = 2,9 m
Din tch cn thit ca cc l vch ngn thu nc cui b
= 0,02314 m2
Din tch 1 l:
F2l =
= 1,963510-3 m2
Tng s l vch ngn phn phi l:
n2 =
= 11,78 l
Chn n2 = 12 l
Cch b tr : B tr 4 hng dc v 3 hng ngang vi s l c l 4x3 = 12 l
d) Thit k vng x cn
Vic x cn d kin tin hnh theo chu k vi thi gian gia hai ln x cn T =
24h (T = 6h24h theo TCXD 33:2006)
Th tch phn cha cn ca b: (trang 36/TCXD33-2006)
VC
T Q (C m )
N
Trong :
T : thi gian gia hai ln x cn. Chn T= 24h
Q : lu lng tnh ton. Q=1000 m3/ngym = 41,67 m3/h
N : s lng b lng ngang = 1 b
: nng trung bnh ca cn nn cht (g/m3), ly theo bng 6.8 trang 36
TCXD 33:2006 . Theo bng 6.8 th = 15000 g/m3
GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
53
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
Bng 3-4:Trch bng 6.8 trang 36 TCXD 33:2006
Hm lng cn trong nc ngun
Nng trung bnh ca cn nn tnh

bng g/m3 sau thi gian
6h
12h
24h
n 50
9000
12000
15000
Trn 50 n 100
12000
16000
20000
Trn 100 n 400
20000
32000
40000
Trn 400 n 1000
35000
50000
60000
Trn 1000 n 1500
80000
100000
120000
(Khi x l khng dng phn)
200000
250000
300000
28000
32000
35000
Khi lm mm nc (c cng Magie

nh hn 25% cng ton phn) bng
voi hoc vi vi sa
Nh trn, nc c cng Magie ln hn
75% cng ton phn
C : hm lng cn trong nc a vo b lng (mg/l), C = 15mg/l

m: Hm lng cn sau khi lng
Vi hiu qu lng 60% ta c m c tnh nh sau:
m = 15 (15 0,6) = 6 mg/l
Tnh th tch phn cha cn:
= 0,6 m3
Vc =
Chiu cao trung bnh ca vng cha nn cn:

Hc =

GVHD:L Vin Lp
= 0,02 m = 20 mm
MSSV:0310020158
54
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
Tnh lng nc dng cho vic x cn b lng:

Lng nc dng cho vic x cn b lng tnh bng phn trm lu lng nc x
l, c xc nh theo cng thc:
P=
100 %
Trong :
Kp: h s pha long cn, bng 1,21,5, chn Kp = 1,5
P=
100 % = 0,09 %
Tnh ton mng thu cn:

H thng x cn thy lc bng mng hnh tam gic c t ng thu dc theo trc
mng v x cn theo ng thu . Thi gian x cn quy nh t = 1020 pht, chn thi
gian x cn t = 15 pht t tnh ton. Tc nc chy cui mng khng nh hn
1m/s.
qc =
= 6,6710-4 m3/s
Chn chiu rng xy dng ca mi mng x cn l Bm = 1,4 m

Khong cch gia 2 mp mng thu = 0,1m
Tng mng nghing 450 so vi phng thng ng, suy ra chiu cao ca mng
l Hm= 0,7 (m)
Chiu rng ca mng + mp mng l: 1,5 (m)
Chiu di mng x cn bng chiu rng ca b: 2,9 (m)
Chn ng thu cn t trong mng thu cn c ng knh D = 0,1 (m)
Din tch ca ng thu:
Fng =
= 7,8510-3 m2
Tc trung bnh ca cn chy qua ng phi ly khng nh hn 1m/s. Chn

1m/s (theo mc 6.96 TCXD 33-2006)
GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
55
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
Chn ng knh l thu cn vo ng l: Dl = 25 (mm) (Dl 25 mm theo

TCXD 33:2006)
Fl =
= 4,910-4 m2
S l cn c trn ng thu cn:
n=
= 16 l
Vi s l cn c l 16, ta c trn ng thu cn hai hng l, mi hng 8 l, b

tr 2 hng l so le nhau 1 gc 450.
e) Tnh kch thc xy dng ca b
Chiu cao xy dng b
Chiu cao b c tnh n chiu cao bo v l:
HB = H + HBV = 2,5 + 0,5 = 3 m
y b c b tng vi chiu dy 120 mm, suy ra tng chiu cao xy dng
ca b lng (bao gm c chiu cao mng x cn) l:
HXD = H + HBV + HM + 0,12 = 2,5 + 0,5 + 0,7 +0,12 = 3,82 m
Chiu di xy dng b
Xy dng b bng b tng, tng dy 200 mm, suy ra tng chiu di b lng k
c 2 ngn phn phi v thu nc:
LB = L + ( 2 0,2) + (2 1) = 14,4 + 0,4 + 2 = 16,8 m
Tng chiu di ca ton b lng l:
LXD = LB + (2 0,2) = 16,8 + 0,4 = 17,2 m
Chiu rng xy dng b
BXD = B + (2 0,2) = 2,9 + 0,4 = 3,3 m
3.3.2. Tnh ton b lc p lc
Tnh ton kch thc b

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
56
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
B lc p lc c la chn tnh ton thit k s dng hai lp vt liu lc l

ct thch anh v than antraxit c cc thng s ly theo bng cc ch tiu v vt liu
lc v tc lc ca b lc p lc sau y: (trch t bng 4.10 trang 153- X L
Nc Cp- TS.Nguyn Ngc Dung).
Bng 3-5: Trch bng 4.10 trang 153 x l nc cp TS Nguyn Ngc Dung
c im lp vt liu lc
Loi b
Tc lc (m/h)
lc
Lc 1
lp
Lc 2
lp
dmin
dmax
(mm)
(mm)
dtd (mm)
L (mm)
Bnh
Tng
thng
cng
Vtc
0,5
1,2
0,70,75
2,02,2
700800
10
15
0,7
1,5
0,91,0
1,82,0
12001300
15
20
Ct thch
anh
15
20
0,5
1,2
0,70,75
400500
0,8
1,8
1,11,2
Than
antraxit
400500
Chn:
Chiu cao lp ct thch anh h1 = 500 mm, ng knh hiu qu dtd = 0,7 mm,
h s ng nht K = 2.
Chiu cao lp than antraxit h2 = 500 mm, ng knh hiu qu dtd = 1,1 mm, h
s ng nht K = 2.
Tc lc ch bnh thng V = 15 m/h.
Tng din tch b mt b lc p lc:
Tng din tch b mt bn lc p lc c tnh theo cng thc:
GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
57
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
F=
Trong :
Q : lu lng nc i vo cc b, Q = 1000 m3/ngy.m = 41,67 m3/h
V : tc lc tnh ton khi b lc lm vic bnh thng (m/h), chn Vtb = 15
m/h
= 2,778 m2
F=
Chn s b lc N = 2 b
Din tch ca 1 b : f =
= 1,389 m2
ng kch ca 1 b:
d=
= 1,33 m
Chn d = 1,5 m
Lu lng nc qua mi b :
q=
= 5,7910-3 m3/s
Tnh chiu cao xy dng ca b

H = H + Hv + Hn + Hph (m)
Trong :
H : chiu cao si (m), chn H = 150 mm ( H = 150200 mm theo TCXD
33:2006)
Hv : chiu cao lp vt liu lc
Lp ct thch anh cao 400500 mm chn = 500 mm
Lp than antraxit cao 400500 mm chn = 500 mm
Hv = 500 + 500 = 1000 mm = 1 m

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
58
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
Hn : chiu cao lp nc trn vt liu lc, chn Hn = 0,5 m (Hn = 0,40,6 theo ti
liu X l nc cp cho sinh hot v cng nghip ca TS.Trnh Xun Lai).
Hph : chiu cao ph k n vic dng nc khi b ra, chn Hph = 0,5 m (Hph
0,3m theo mc 6.106 TCXD 33:2006)
H = 0,15 + 1 + 0,5 + 0,4 = 2,05 m
3.3.3. Tnh ton gin ma
Din tch mt bng ca gin ma
F=
= 4,17 m2
Trong :
Q: lu lng tnh ton (m3/h), Q = 41,67m3/h
qm : 10 15 m3/m2.h, chn qm = 10 m3/m2.h
chn 1 gin ma
s ngn trn gin ma n = 6
chn kch thc gin ma 2m x 2,1m
3.3.4. Tnh ton b cha nc sch.
Thit k b cha nc sch c dung tch bng 20% . Q
Th tch b l:
QB = 20% . 1000 = 200 m3/ngym
Thit k 1 b , chn chiu cao b bng 4
Din tch ca b s l :
FB =
= 50 m2
Chn kch tc ca b l : 5m x 10m

3.3.5. Tnh ton lng clo cn dng kh trng.
-
Lng clo cn dng ly bng 1,3 mg/l = 1,310-3 kg/m3
Lng clo cn dng trong 1 gi.

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
59
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
qcl.h= Q Lcl = 41,67 1,310-3 = 0,06 kg/h

-
Lng clo dng trong 1 ngy

qcl.ngy = 24 qcl.h = 24 0,06 = 1,44 kg/ngy

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
60
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
CHNG IV: KT LUN V KIN NGH
Vn nc sch cho sinh hot ang l mt trong nhng vn cp thit

khng ch Tp H Ch Minh m cn ca cc thnh ph v vng lnh th trn ton th
gii. Nhu cu s dng nc sch ngy cng nhiu v vy vic x l nc t theo cc
quy chun quy nh l mt trong nhng gii php m bo cung cp cho nhu cu ca
ngi dn. ng thi phi m bo cho sc khe ngi s dng.
Vi ti: Tnh ton v thit k trm x l nc ngm b sung cho mng
li cp nc Tp H Ch Minh Q = 1000 m3/ngym. n phn no tm hiu
c ngun gc, tnh cht v thnh phn ca ngun nc cp ( nc ngm). . n
cng c gng a ra cc phng n x l, phn tch u im la chn phng ph
hp vi tnh cht, lu lng nc cp, iu kin kinh t cng nh ch trng n vn
din tch mt bng xy dng nh my.
Trong bi n cng khng th trnh khi nhng hn ch v thiu st. Knh
mong s gp chn thnh ca thy c. V qua bi n ny em cng knh mong thy,
c v nh trng s to iu kin hn na, t chc thm nhiu chuyn tham quan thc
t gip cho chng em c th hc hi thm nhng kin thc b ch.

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
61
N MN HC
Q=1000m3/ngym
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. TS. Nguyn Ngc Dung (2005). X l nc cp. Nh xut bn xy dng.

2. TS. Nguyn Phc Dn, TS. Tn Tht Lng, ThS. Nguyn Th Minh Sng ( 2007).
Gio trnh k thut x l nc cp v nc thi. Nh xut bn bn .
3. TCXDVN: 33-2006. Cp nc Mng li ng ng v cng trnh tiu chun
thit k.
3. (QCVN 02:2009/BYT). Quy chun k thut Quc Gia v cht lng nc sinh hot .
4. (QCVN 01:2009/BYT).Quy chun k thut Quc Gia v cht lng nc n ung.
WEBSITE
1. http://monre.gov.vn (b ti nguyn v mi trng Vit Nam).
2. http:// sachhay.com
3. http://yeumoitruong.com
4. http://webmoitruong.com
5. http://google.com

GVHD:L Vin Lp
MSSV:0310020158
62

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N MN HC

Tnh ton v thit k trm x l nc ngm b sung cho mng li cp nc Tp H Ch Minh

Cng nh khng kh v nh sng, nc khng th thiu c trong cuc sng

SVTH: Trn Phong Khng

SVTH: Trn Phong Khng

SVTH: Trn Phong Khng

SVTH: Trn Phong Khng

2.6.3. Phng php ha hc ....................................................................................... 45

SVTH: Trn Phong Khng

BNG 2-1: Qu trnh lm thong .......................................................................... 33

SVTH: Trn Phong Khng

SVTH: Trn Phong Khng

PTBV: Pht trin bn vng

SVTH: Trn Phong Khng

CHNG I: TNG QUAN V NC NGM NH GI CHT

TNG QUAN V NC NGM.

Nc l mt nhu cu thit yu trong i sng ca sinh vt, n tham gia vo mi

Nc trong t nhin c s dng cp cho sinh hot v cc hot ng sn

Cc ngun nc ngm hu nh khng cha rong to (mt trong nhng nguyn

con ngi b nhim do cc cht hu c kh phn hy, cc vi khun gy bnh, nht

Nc ngm c khai thc t cc tng cha nc di t, cht lng nc ngm

Nhit v thnh phn ha hc tng i n nh.

Khng c cha oxy nhng cha nhiu kh nh: CO2, H2S,

Khng c hin din ca vi sinh vt.

u im ca ngun nc ngm l: ngun nc rt trong sch, hm lng cn

SVTH: Trn Phong Khng

Bn cht a cht khu vc nh hng ln n thnh phn ha hc ca nc

Cc hot ng nhn to hoc t nhin c nh hng ln n cht lng nc. Cc

Tc nhn truyn bnh

SVTH: Trn Phong Khng

t cht gan, vng da, n

Siu vi trng bi lit

Nhim bn do tc ng ca con ngi, cc cht thi ca con ngi v ng

SVTH: Trn Phong Khng

Mu sc ca nc c gy bi cc hp cht hu c, cc hp cht keo st,

Cc tc nhn v thng s ha hc gy nhim ngun nc.

a) Kim loi nng.

Thng gp photphat (PO43-), khng thuc loi ha cht c i vi con

SVTH: Trn Phong Khng

Trong nc cp cho ni hi p lc, s tn ti hp cht silic rt nguy him do

SVTH: Trn Phong Khng

c (0dH): 10dH = 10mg CaO/l nc

ng u (mgdt/l): 1mgdl/l = 2,80dH

cng < 50mg CaCO3/l: nc mm

Tng vi khun hiu kh

Nc sau khi x l cn m bo c an ton v sc khe ca ngi s dng

SVTH: Trn Phong Khng

TCVN 61851996 (ISO 7887

TCVN 61841996 (ISO 70271990) hoc

SMEWW 4500NH3 C hoc

SVTH: Trn Phong Khng

TCVN 61871,2:1996 (ISO

I. Ch tiu cm quan v thnh phn v c

TCVN 6185 - 1996

Khng c Cm quan, hoc

TCVN 6184 - 1996

cng, tnh theo

TCVN 6224 - 1996

Tng cht rn ho tan

TCVN 6657 : 2000

SVTH: Trn Phong Khng

(ISO 12020 :1997)

Hm lng Asen tng

TCVN 6635: 2000