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Sek Men Sains Muzaffar Syah

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8.3
Electromagnetic induction is the production of an electric current
by a changing magnetic field (magnetic flux).
The induced current is produced only when there is relative
motion between the conductor / coil and the magnetic field
lines (magnetic flux).
The relative motion of a conductor across a magnetic field
can be produced by:
(a) moving a straight wire quickly across a magnetic field
between two flat magnets.
(b) Moving a permanent magnet towards one end of a
solenoid.
Each time the straight wire cuts across the magnetic field, or
the permanent magnet moves towards the solenoid, a current
is induced in the coil and a deflection is observed in the
sensitive galvanometer.
This current is called induced current. The electromotive
force that is produced is called the induced e.m.f.
Describe
electro-
magnet
induction
How
induced
current is
produced?
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Activity 1: To Investigate electromagnetic induction
A. Electromagnetic Induction in a straight wire.
Apparatus Magnadur magnets, connecting wires with crocodile clips and sensitive
centre-zero galvanometer, copper rod with bare ends.
Procedure:
1. Hold the copper rod stationary
between the poles of the magnet.
Observe the reading of the
galvanometer.
2. Move the rod quickly in Direction
1. Observe the deflection of the
galvanometer.
3. Repeat step 2 for the other
directions.
Observation
Action Deflection on the galvanometer
Held stationary
Direction 1: Moving up
Direction 2: Moving down
Direction 3, 4, 5 , 6:
Moving sideways
Moving with a higher speed
Discussion
1. What general inference can you make if a galvanometer shows a deflection?
_________________________________________________________________________
2. Based on the results of your experiment, when will an induced current be produced?
_________________________________________________________________________
3. Relate the motion of the copper rod that produces a current in it to the direction of the
magnetic field lines.
_________________________________________________________________________
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B. Electromagnetic Induction in a solenoid.
Apparatus Bar magnet, connecting wires and sensitive centre-zero galvanometer.,
solenoid with at least 600 turns.
1. Push the bar magnet
into the solenoid.
Observe the deflection
of the galvanometer.
2. Hold the bar magnet
stationary in the
solenoid. Note the
reading of the
galvanometer.
3. Now pull the bar magnet
out of the solenoid.
Observe the deflection of
the galvanometer.
4. Hold the bar magnet
stationary. Push the
solenoid towards the bar
magnet. Observe the
deflection of the
galvanometer.
5. Hold the bar magnet
stationary in the
solenoid. Observe the
reading of the
galvanometer.
6. pull the solenoid away
from the bar magnet.
Observe the deflection of
the galvanometer.
Discussion
1. What is the deflection of the galvanometer with the magnet and solenoid coming
closer to each other?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
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2. What is the deflection of the galvanometer with the magnet and solenoid moving
further away from each other?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. Write a general statement on how a current can be induced in a solenoid using a
magnet.
________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion
Current is __________ in a straight conductor when it moves and _______ the magnetic
field lines.
Current is induced in a solenoid when there is _________ ________ between the
solenoid and a magnet.
Flemings right-hand rule:
If the thumb and the first two fingers
on the right hand are held at right
angles to each other with the first
finger pointing in the direction of the
magnetic field and the thumb in the
direction of the motion, then the
second finger points in the direction
of the induced current.
A wire PQ is moved vertically
downwards in a magnetic field.
Applying Flemings right-hand
rule, the induced current will
flow from P to Q.
Indicate
the
direction
of the
induced
current in
a straight
wire
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Lenzs Law:
The direction of the induced current is such that its magnetic effect
always oppose the change producing it.
Magnet is moved
towards the
solenoid
Magnet is moved
away from the
solenoid
Lenzs Law for
solenoid
Principle of
Conservation of
Energy
Relative motion between
magnet and solenoid
Polarity at the end of the solenoid facing
the magnet
Toward each other Same polarity as the magnet
Away from each other Opposite polarity as the
magnet
Lenzs law is an example of the Principle of Conservation of Energy.
When the magnet or solenoid is moved against the opposing force, work
is done. Therefore mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy.
Indicate the
direction of
the induced
current in a
solenoid by
Lenzs Law
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Activity 2: Show the correct direction of the induced current when the magnet is moved
in the direction shown.
What causes the current to be produced in the
conductors above?
________________________________________
What is the name given to the current which is
produced? Name the law.
________________________________________
________________________________________
What is the direction of the induced
current? Determine the poles at P and Q.
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Activity 3:
The observations and inferences from an experiment to investigate the factors affecting
the magnitude of the induced current in a solenoid:
Procedure Observation and inference
1. Speed of movement
(a) The magnet is moved slowly into the
solenoid of 10 turns.
(b) The magnet is moved at a faster
speed into the solenoid.
Galvanometer shows a . deflection.
A current is induced in the solenoid.
Galvanometer shows a . deflection.
A current is induced in the solenoid
2. Number of turns.
(a) The magnet is moved slowly into
the solenoid of 10 turns.
(b) The magnet is moved slowly into
the solenoid of 20 turns.
Galvanometer shows a . deflection.
A current is induced in the solenoid
Galvanometer shows a . deflection.
A current is induced in the solenoid
3. Strength of the magnetic field
(a) A weak magnet is moved slowly
into the solenoid of 10 turns.
(b) A stronger magnet (made by
binding 3 bar magnets together is
moved slowly into the solenoid
Galvanometer shows a . deflection.
A current is induced in the solenoid
Galvanometer shows a . deflection.
A current is induced in the solenoid
Explain
factors that
affect the
magnitude
of the
induced
current by
Faradays
Law
Faradays Law:
The size of the induced e.m.f is directly proportional to the rate of
change of the magnetic flux.
The size of the induced e.m.f. and thus the induced current and be
increased by:
(a) moving the magnet or the solenoid at a higher speed
(b) increasing the number of turns on the solenoid
(c) increasing the strength of the magnetic field through the use
of a stronger magnet.
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Current Generator
Current generator functions by converting mechanical energy to
electrical energy.
Current generator works based on electromagnetic induction
and uses the Flemings Right hand rule.
Current generator is divided into: direct current generator and
alternate current generator.
Commutator: reverses the connections of the coil with the
external circuit after every half cycle, so that the current in the
outside circuit always flows in the same direction.
Describe how does a direct current generator work. Show the direction of movement of the
coil AB and CD. Mark the direction of the induced current in the coil and the galvanometer.
Coil AB moves ___________, coil CD
moves ___________
When the coil rotates, its sides cut across
the magnetic field lines and induced
current flows in the coil from
_________________
The galvanometer will deflect to ________
The sides AB and CD are moving
__________ to the magnetic field and
thus do not ________ the magnetic field
lines.
No __________ _________ is produced
at the instant.
The galvanometer returns to ______
mark.
Describe
applications
of electro-
magnetic
induction
Direct Current
Generator
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As the coil continues to rotate, current
will again be induced in the coil but its
direction in now opposite to that in figure
1 which is from ____ to _____ and from
_____ to ____
However, the direction of the current
through the external circuit remains the
same, so the galvanometer deflects to the
___________
The sides AB and CD are moving
__________ to the magnetic field and
thus do not ________ the magnetic field
lines.
No ___________ _________ is produced
at the instant.
The galvanometer returns to ______
mark.
The process is ____________
The induced
current varies
from a maximum
to zero, it flows in
one direction only.
Hence, the
induced current is
called a direct
current.
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The two ends of the coil are connected to two slip rings which
rotate with the coil.
Each slip ring is always in contact with the same carbon brush.
Describe how does an alternating current generator work. Show the direction of movement
of the coil AB and CD. Mark the direction of the induced current in the coil and the
galvanometer.
Coil AB moves _________, coil CD moves
__________
When the coil rotates, its sides cut across
the magnetic field lines and induced
current flows in the coil from ______ to
_______ and from _____ to _____ (using
Flemings right hand rule)
In the external circuits, current flows from
______ to ______
The sides AB and CD are moving _____
to the magnetic field and thus do not
_______ the magnetic field lines.
No ________ ________ is produced at
the instant.
The galvanometer returns to ______
mark.
Alternating
Current
Generator
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After the vertical position, the current
increases until it attains the maximum
value when the coil is in a horizontal
position.
Coil CD moves _________, coil AB moves
___________
The direction of the induced current is
from ____ to ____ and from ___ to _____
The direction of the current through the
external circuit is from the brush _____ to
_____ which is reversed.
The sides AB and CD are moving
_______ to the magnetic field and thus
do not _______ the magnetic field lines.
No _________ __________is produced
at the instant.
The galvanometer returns to ______
mark.
The process is ____________.
Compare direct current and alternating current.
The output current generated is an alternating current because the current
changes direction in the external circuit each time the coil passes the vertical
position.
Assume the current flows from P to Q is positive and the current flows from Q to
P is negative. The current changes I magnitude and direction after every half
rotation.
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Direct Current Alternating Current
1. A direct current is a current that flows
in one direction only in a circuit.
2. The magnitude of a direct current may
be:
(a) constant
(b) changes with time
1. An alternating current is a current which
flows to and fro in two opposite
directions in a circuit. It changes its
direction periodically.
A direct current can flow through a resistor
but cannot flow through a capacitor.
An alternating current can flow through
both a resistor and a capacitor.
Both the direct current and alternating current have a heating effect on the filament of a
bulb and can light up the bulb.
Compare Direct Current and Alternating Current
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The current increases from zero to a
maximum value of + I
o
(at A), and back
to zero at B. It then reverses direction
and increases to - I
o
at C and back to
zero again.
I
o
= peak current,
V
o
= peak voltage
The time taken for a complete cycle
from O to D is called one period, T.
Frequency of the current is f where f =
1/T
In Malaysia, the frequency of the a.c
supply is 50 Hz. Hence, the
period of the a.c is : T = 1/50
= 0.02 seconds.
Exercise
Figure shows an alternating current
with a magnitude that changes with
time.
(a) What is the peak current?
(b) What is the period of the a.c.
current?
(c) What is the frequency of the
a.c current?
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TUTORIAL 8.3
1. Diagram below shows a permanent
magnet moving towards and entering the
end of a coil of wire connected to a
sensitive galvanometer.
Which of the following observations is
correct?
A. The magnetic field passing through
the coil is unchanged.
B. The induced current passes through
the galvanometer in the direction
from P to Q.
C. The induced current passes through
the galvanometer in the direction
from Q to P.
D. The heat energy produced in the coil
is more than the work done to move
the magnet.
2. Diagram below shows the arrangement
of a solenoid and a magnet.
Which of the following statement is not a
method to produce induced e.m.f. in the
solenoid? (2006)
A. The magnet is pulled out of the
solenoid.
B. The solenoid is moved towards the
magnet.
C. The magnet is moved into the
solenoid
D. The magnet and the solenoid are
moved at the same velocity.
3. Which diagram below shows the correct
direction of the induced current in the
coil when the bar magnet is moved in the
direction shown? (2005)
4. The diagram shows a magnet oscillating
in a solenoid.
Which of these actions will not increase
the deflection of the galvanometer
pointer? (2003)
A. Reversing the polarity of the magnet.
B. Increasing the number of coils in the
solenoid
C. Decreasing the diameter of the
solenoid
D. Increasing the oscillation speed of
the magnet
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5. The diagram shows a coil of wire placed
next to a magnet. The galvanometer
pointer deflects when the magnet is
pushed into the coil.
Which action will increase the deflection
of the galvanometer pointer? (2004)
A. The magnetic pole is reversed.
B. The number of coils is increased.
C. The coil is made from insulated wire
D. The magnet is pushed slowly into the
coil.
6. A straight conductor is moved
perpendicularly to the magnetic field.
Which of the following diagrams shows
the correct direction of the induced
current in the conductor? (2006)
7. Diagram below shows a square coil
rotating at a steady speed in a magnetic
field.
Which graph shows the fluctuation in the
current flowing through the lamp starting
with the coil being in the horizontal
position?
8. Diagram below shows an electric
generator whose output terminals are
connected to a cathode-ray oscilloscope.
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Which of the following diagrams shows
the trace on the oscilloscope when the
coil is rotating at uniform speed? (2003)
9. Diagram below shows a direct current
generator. Part of the coil XY, rotates
clockwise.
Which of the following XY position of the
coil which does not produce induced
current? (1995)
10. Diagram below shows a solenoid.
Which of the following rules may be
used to determine the direction of the
current in the coil? (2007)
A. Flemings Left Hand Rule
B. Flemings Right Hand Rule
C. Right hand Screw Rule
D. Right Hand Grip Rule
11. Diagram 24 shows an experiment to
induce current in a magnetic field.
Which movement of the copper rod
induces the maximum current? (2008)
Direction Velocity
A Downward Low
B Horizontal Low
C Downward High
D Horizontal High
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12. A straight thick copper wire that is
connected to a sensitive centre-zero
galvanometer is moved vertically
downwards in a magnetic field.
(a) Mark on the wire the direction of the
induced current that flows through it.
(b) Name the rule that is used to work
out the direction of the current.
________________________________
(c) Describe the effect on the induced
current if:
(i) the wire is moved vertically
upwards at a low speed,
____________________________
(ii) the wire is moved vertically
upwards at a higher speed.
____________________________
(iii) The wire is held stationary in
between the poles of the magnet.
____________________________
13. The south pole of a bar magnet is
moved towards a solenoid that it
connected to a sensitive centre-zero
galvanometer.
(a) Mark on the solenoid:
(i) the end that will become a
south pole.
(ii) The direction of the induced
current.
(b) State three ways to increase the
induced current in the solenoid
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
14. Diagram 4 shows a bar magnet is hung
on a spring that attached to a retort
stand. The bar magnet is displaced
downwards and released so it can
oscillate through a solenoid which is
connected to a centre-zero galvanometer.
(a) What is meant by electromagnetic
induction?

[1 mark]
(b) When the bar magnet move towards
the solenoid, the galvanometer
pointer deflect for a while.
(i) Explain why the galvanometer
pointer deflects?

[2 marks]
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(ii) State the polarity of end A and
end B of the solenoid.
A:
B:
[2 marks]
15. Diagram 6.1 and 6.2 show a bar magnet
is pushed into a solenoid at a speed of
2 ms
-1
.
Diagram 6.1
Diagram 6.2
(a) State the physical quantity that is
represented by the deflection of
the galvanometer.

[1 mark]
(b) Based on Diagram 6.1 and
Diagram 6.2:
(i) State two differences that can
be observed from Diagram 6.1
and Diagram 6.2.

[2 marks]
(ii) Based on the answer in (b)(i),
explain why these differences
occur?
...................................................
...................................................
...................................................
[2 marks]
(c) Name the physics law involved in
6(b)(ii).
..........................................................
[1 mark]
(d) Explain why the direction of
current in the solenoid is upward
as shown in Diagram 6.1 and
Diagram 6.2?
..........................................................
.
[2 marks]
15. The diagram shows a pendulum bob
attached to the end of copper wire. The
bob is allowed to swing between north
and south pole of two magnets.
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(a) When the switch is closed and the
bob oscillates inside the magnetic
field ,the pointer the centre-zero
galvanometer deflects to the left and
then to the right continuously.
Explain why this observation
happens?
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
(b) State the type of the current
produced.
_______________________________
(c) Plot a graph current-time to relate
the observation in(a)
(d)(i) Based on the diagram above, at
what positions the reading of the
galvanometer is zero.
_____________________________
(ii) Give the reason for your
answer in (c)(i).
______________________________
(e) What types of energy possesses by
the bob at point M?
_______________________________
(f) (i) Compare the time taken by the
pendulum to stop between the
switch is opened with the switch
is closed.
______________________________
(ii) Give the reason for your answer in
f(i)
________________________________
16. The diagram shows the structural
design of a generator.
(a) Name the principle used in the
generator.
______________________________
(b) Mark the directions of current flow
in WX and YZ when the side WX of
the coil is displaced in downwards
direction.
(c) Draw a graph to show the variation
with time of the current in
conductor YZ.
(d) What happens to the current flows
in conductor YZ when the speed of
the coils rotations is increased?
_______________________________

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