BIOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS

1. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells comparisons

2. Viruses structure and function
3. Nucleic acids chemical structure, types in the cell
4. DNA structure and function
5. RNA structure and function
6. Proteins chemical structure
7. Enzymes structure, function and classification
8. Biomembranes chemical components and architecture
9. Transport across cell membrane
10. Active transport
11. Diffusion, osmosis, osmotic phenomena in the cells
12. Structure of eukaryotic chromosomes
13. The gene in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
14. Transcription
15. Protein synthesis in the cell
16. The genetic code
17. Nucleic acid synthesis: replication
18. Molecular mechanism of recombination
19. Mitochondria structure and functions
20. Membrane organelles of the cells
21. Cell cycle and cell division
22. Mitosis and its biological function
23. Meiosis and its biological function
24. Gametogenesis (oogenesis, spermatogenesis)
25. Microscopy techniques
26. Cell cycle checkpoints, DNA repair mechanisms
27. Mutations molecular mechanism
28. Mutations and mutagenesis
29. Inborn errors of metabolism (enzymopathies), pharmacogenetics
30. Human karyotype
31. Human chromosomes methods of analysis
32. Sex chromatin and the Lyon hypothesis
33. Sex chromosomes and their numerical aberrations in man
34. Autosomal aneuploidies in man
35. Chromosomal abnormalities (structural aberrations) in man
36. Mendelian inheritance, Mendels first law, X and Y-linked genes
37. ABO blood group system, the Bombay phenotype, Rh factor
38. Variation in gene expression (sex differences, expressivity, penetrance)
39. Multifactorial inheritance, mitochondrial inheritance, triplet repeat disorders
40. Mendels second law: segregation, recombination
41. The physical basis of recombination and linkage of genes
42. Pedigrees in human genetics
43. Inbreeding and its effect, coefficient of inbreeding
44. Twins origin and importance for genetic research
45. Population genetics: the Hardy Weinbergs law
46. Main components of the immune system
47. Antibody structure and genetics
48. The HLA system of man
49. Innate and adaptive (specific) immune reactions
50. Genetics of evolution: sources of variability in the offspring
51. Genetics of evolution: natural selection, migration and genetic drift
52. Characteristics of tumors and cancer cells
53. Genetics of cancer: protooncogenes and oncogenes
54. Genetics of cancer: tumor suppressor genes
55. Prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling
56. Mammalian cell culture
57. Cell cycle flow cytometry
58. Apoptosis, necrosis
59. Detection of proteins
60. Cell signaling
61. Hemoglobinopathies: sickle cell disease, thalassemias
62. Cell differentiation
63. Stem cells
64. Hematopoiesis, blood cell types, blood characteristics
65. Single-gene inheritance
66. Uniparental disomy, genomic imprinting
67. Hemoglobin structure, Hb switching, detection of abnormal Hb
68. MHC molecules
69. Transplantations terms, biology
70. Molecular biology: DNA, RNA analysis; proteins; medical application