102 CAPM Exam Preparation

`
102 CAPM Exam Preparation

Main Page
Instructor-led Online
Training from Anywhere
Contents
Course Summary
Detailed Syllabus
Lecture Sample
Textbook Sample
Sample Exam
Course Webpage
You will be prepared to pass the Certified Associate in Project Management (CAPM) exam with our online
course. You will receive individual instruction from a PMP-certified project manager. You can earn your CAPM
certification by studying from anywhere at a schedule you control. The CAPM certification exam is difficult,
covering hundreds of concepts, tools and techniques. We will help you learn each and every one of them. You
and your personal instructor will plan the course in a phone conversation when you begin the course. Youll
discuss your learning style and your instructor will tailor our materials to fit the way you learn. Youll get
coaching and individual feedback from your instructor on each of the 36 or more practice exams you will take.
How You Work With Your Instructor
You will have phone conversations and private video conferences
with your instructor whenever you wish. There is no limit. Your
instructor will review your practice exams, identify changes that may
be needed in your study techniques and thoroughly explain all the
concepts or techniques you need to master to pass the CAPM exam.
You will study with world-class materials by Dick Billows PMP. Youll
watch high definition videos, read our new CAPM textbook which
describes all the PMBOK 5th edition tools and techniques and
shows you real-life examples of how to use them. You can also
access our database of hundreds of articles and samples that
illustrate every technique you need to know to pass the exam.
CAPM Passing Guarantee
We guarantee our work on our CAPM prep course. 95% of our
students pass on their first try but if you dont, your instructor will
work with you until you pass. Examine the materials and see why
our course has no equal; online or in a classroom.
4PM.com
3547 S. Ivanhoe St
Denver, CO 80237
United States
800-942-4323
www.4pm.com
Launch your
project manager
career
Earn an
internationally
recognized
certification to
get that
BECOME A CAPM
CERTIFIED
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promotion or
higher-paying
position
ASSOCIATE IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Learning Materials
333-page Textbook
42 Video Lectures 24/7
Videos of PMs in Action
Process Flowcharts
100s of Tool Write-ups
24 35 Practice Exams
We are a PMI Global Registered
Education Provider (R.E.P.) and our
CAPM Exam Prep course fulfills the
education requirement.
This is the only course you need
to pass the CAPM exam -
guaranteed
Training with a PMP-certified Instructor
Our CAPM Exam Prep course will prepare you to pass the CAPM
exam; we guarantee it. Your instructor works with you, one-to-one,
until you pass the CAPM exam.
Working With Your Instructor
You will work individually with your PMP-certified instructor
- e-mail questions to your instructor and get a response within 24 hours
- telephone and video conferences as often as you need them. No limits.
Your instructor grades each exam and gives you feedback that includes
the correct answers with explanations. They provide coaching on any
areas you need to re-study.
Online Boot Camp
You have a 4-day comprehensive review with your instructor
immediately before your test date. Youll do full-size CAPM exam
simulations that are practice tests focusing on every area covered in the
exam. You have a video conferences with your instructor as needed.
There is also a phone call from your instructor the night before your
CAPM exam to give you test-taking tips and techniques.
4PM.com
3547 S. Ivanhoe St
Denver, CO
80237 United
States
303-596-0000
www.4pm.com
`
Fulfill the Education
Requirement
Practice answering tricky questions
on every process group, knowledge
area, tool and technique
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Gain an International
Credential From PMI
MASTER PM BEST PRACTICES
Passing Guaranteed
COURSE OUTLINE PERSONAL INSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS
-Foundations
-Communications
-Scope
-Time
-Cost
-Human Resources
-Quality
-Procurement
-Risk
-Integration
-Professionalism
-Comprehensive Final Review
You have textbook reading, online
lectures, videos and CAPM practice
exams. You have regular progress
phone calls and video conferences
with your instructor.
The best way to pass the
CAPM exam the first time is
with a course tailored to your
schedule and learning style.
Your instructor, who is a PMP,
works directly and privately
with you, answering your
questions by phone or email
within 24 hours. You can have
as many phone calls as you
wish.
When you take one of the 24-
35 practice exams (depending
on how many you need), your
instructor sends you written
feedback with the correct
answers and explanations of
why they are correct.
For Beginning PMs
50 Hours of Work
Use a PC, Mac or iPad
Study When You Want
Study From Anywhere
Take up to 1 Year
PMI Registered
Education Provider
#1147
Earns 50 Contact Hours
4PM.com
3547 S. Ivanhoe St
Denver, CO 80237
303-596-0000
www.4pm.com
1
2013 The Hampton Group, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be reproduced in any form.
102 CAPM Exam Prep Course 2013
Prep Course
Syllabus
Passing the CAPMExam the First Time
Content Delivery System for Individual CAPM Exam Training
You and your instructor will work together in our content delivery system that will allow your
instructor to tailor the course to your needs, assignment by assignment. Youll have video
conferences with your instructor on a regular basis plus phone calls and email exchanges
whenever you wish. Theres no limit to these contacts. You and your instructor will begin
with a private conference and use the results of your initial assessment to gauge where you
need more work and where your project management knowledge is complete. That custom
tailoring process will continue through the course. Your instructor will assess each of the
practice exams you submit, identify weaknesses and select specific materials from our
Learning Topics to address them.
Planning Your Personalized Course with Your Instructor
During your initial call with your instructor, you'll plan the pace of your studies and identify
any deadlines you want to hit. Take a look at the passing zone in the graphic above. You'll
see that we recommend you study between 4 hours a week (18 weeks to finish) and 18
hours per week (4 weeks to finish). Each process group requires approximately 9 hours of
work. How intensely you study is, of course, your decision. But your odds of passing the
CAPM exam the first time are highest when you stay within the passing zone." You will
determine a schedule that fits your unique situation and you can change it if things change.
Long gaps in your studies reduce your odds of passing the CAPM exam the first time. Over
97% of our students pass the exam on their first try. The students who do not pass typically
have a long gap in their studies.
Try to schedule your studies so you can finish the course and sit for the exam within 7 days.
Once PMI has approved your application for the exam, you and your instructor will work on
a comprehensive final review during the 4 days immediately before you sit for the CAPM
exam. You must successfully complete all course assignments and take the CAPM exam
within 14 days of completing the course in order to meet the terms of our guarantee.
2

We are a PMI Registered Education Provider (R.E.P.). This course has been approved by PMI
for 50 hours, fulfilling the education requirement for the CAPM exam.

Adapting the Course to Your Learning Style
During the planning phone call, your instructor will discuss your strengths and weakness
based on the pre-course assessment test youll take. They will also ask you about your
preferred learning style. Think about whether you are a visual learner, where diagrams and
flow charts are a big help, or a logical learner where reading a text is the way you prefer to
learn new material. Based on the assessment and your discussion, you and you instructor
will plan how you should use the following learning materials to tailor the course to your
learning style:
1. Electronic textbook (e-book) Project Managers KnowledgeBase, 11
th
Edition. You
have reading assignments for each project process. You can print selected pages and
sections or search the full textbook for key terms. The textbook is password protected
and our Student Services staff will send you an e-mail with the book and password to
download and open it. It is for your use alone, in part and in whole, and cannot be
copied. The individual textbook reading assignments for each project process are also
linked from your course website.
2. Lecture videos. These videos are approximately one hour for each process group and
contain lectures with illustrations of the key inputs, outputs, tools and techniques for
that process. They are available 24/7 and you may watch them as many times as you
wish from your PC, iPad, iPhone or Android.
3. Project manager in action videos. These show a project manager and team
members actually working through the PMI best practices in project management. They
are organized by the work of the process group you are studying.
4. Multiple-choice practice exams. You take online mini-CAPM exams focused on one
process group. These practice questions are like the real CAPM exam questions but
there are only 40 to 70 questions per exam for each process group. When you submit
the exam, it is sent directly to your instructor for review and grading. They will send you
written feedback within 24 hours and identify learning topics for you based on your
results. You must score at least 90% on the practice exam or your instructor will ask
you to re-take that exam. Alternatively, they may send you a link to another practice
exam for that process group. You will continue taking these practice exams until you
achieve 90% or higher.

Personalized Interaction with Your Instructor
Youll work 1-to-1 with your instructor who holds a CAPM certification. They will guide you
through this exam preparation course and answer all your questions. So whenever you have
a question, you can either e-mail your instructor or request a private phone conference so
the two of you can discuss your issues.

Your instructor will review each of your practice exams, grade it, explain concepts you missed
and suggest areas of additional study to improve your scores. You will receive their written
feedback within 24 hours of our receipt of your exam. After you score 90% on your multiple
choice practice exam(s) for that process group, your instructor will advise you to most on to
the material for the next process group.

Your Personal Scorecard
While your instructor will keep track of each of your scores, you may want to track your
progress against the plan you set.
3

Process group Target
date
Completed
Reading
Watched
Video
Lectures
1
st
Practice
Exam Score
2
nd
Practice
Exam Score

CAPM Framework
Initiating
Management Plans
Project Plans
Executing
Monitoring and
Controlling

Closing
Professionalism and
Ethics

Submit Application to
PMI

After your instructor sends you feedback that you have successfully completed
Professionalism and Ethics, you submit your application online to PMI and claim
50 education hours for completing your 4PM.com CAPM Prep course.
Knowledge Areas
Review the reading and lecture videos of the project management tasks
organized by the PMBOK, 5
th
edition knowledge areas: scope, schedule, cost,
quality, human resources, communication, procurement, risk and integration.
Schedule Exam
Receive PMIs approval to take the CAPM exam & set your date. Allow 4 days
for the comprehensive review.
Comprehensive
Review

The comprehensive review begins 4 days prior to your CAPM test date. Your
instructor will send you specific instructions for the comprehensive review once
you set your CAPM test date.

1. CAPM Framework
Your reading and lectures will cover the framework of information used in all of the project
management process groups that follow.

1. Reading: Read the Framework chapter in your textbook or on your course website. We
recommend taking written notes.
2. Lectures: Watch the Framework lecture videos on the course website. Add the new
4

information in the lectures to your notes.
3. PM in Action Videos: There are no PM in Action videos in this first process group.
4. Practice Exams: Take the Framework multiple-choice practice exam inline by clicking
the button below the lecture. It will be sent directly to your instructor. They will grade it,
send you written explanations for the correct answers and additional feedback within 24
hours. If you do not achieve 90% on the first try, your instructor will suggest studying
additional learning topics and ask you to re-take this exam. If you achieved 90%, your
instructor will send you the link to the second Framework multiple-choice exam.
5. Learning Topics: Your instructor will send you explanations for the multiple-choice
questions and, based on our test scores, they may send you links to additional learning
topics to strengthen your Framework knowledge.

2. Initiating Process Group
In this process group, youll learn about the best practices for initiating a new project. These
include the business case, defining the high-level scope, identifying stakeholders and risks,
then developing and presenting the project charter.

1. Reading: Read the Initiating chapter in your textbook or on your course website. We
2. Lecture: Watch the Initiating lecture videos on your course website. Add the new
information to your notes.
3. PM in Action Videos: Watch these videos from the link below the lecture.
4. Practice Exams: Take the Initiating multiple-choice practice exam by clicking the
button below the lecture. Complete the exam and it will be sent directly to your
instructor. They will grade it, send you written explanations for the correct answers and
additional feedback within 24 hours. If you do not achieve 90% on the first try, your
instructor will suggest studying additional learning topics and ask you to re-take this
exam. If you achieved 90%, your instructor will send you the link to the second
Initiating multiple-choice exam.
topics to strengthen your Initiating process group knowledge.

3. Management Plans Process Group
In this process group, we will cover the management plans for each component in the
project from scope, to budget, to schedule and more.

1. Reading: Read the Management Plans chapter in your textbook or on your course
website. We recommend taking written notes.
2. Lecture: Watch the Management Plans lecture videos on your course website. Add the
new information to your notes.
3. PM in Action Videos: Watch these videos from the link below the lecture.
4. Practice Exams: Take the Management Plans multiple-choice practice exam by
clicking the button below the lecture. Complete the exam and it will be sent directly to
your instructor. They will grade it, send you written explanations for the correct answers
and additional feedback within 24 hours. If you do not achieve 90% on the first try, your
Management Plans multiple-choice exam.


topics to strengthen your Management Plans process group knowledge.
6. Mid-course phone call: When you have completed the Management Plans process
group, you and your instructor will have a mid-course call to discuss your progress to
date and your application for the CAPM exam. You cannot submit the application until
youve received your instructors feedback that you have successfully completed the
Professionalism and Ethics process group.

4. Project Planning Process Group
In this process group, we will cover the planning techniques used to create the scope
statement, schedule, budget and risk management.

1. Reading: Read the Planning section in your textbook or on your course website. We
2. Lecture: Watch the Planning lecture videos for this section on your course website.
Add the new information to your notes.
3. PM in Action Videos: Watch the videos that are linked below the lecture video.
4. Practice Exams: Take the Planning multiple-choice practice exam by clicking the
exam. If you achieved 90%, your instructor will send you the link to the second Planning
multiple-choice exam.
topics to strengthen your Planning process group knowledge.

5. Executing Process Group
In this process group, well cover the executing processes, including obtaining and
managing resources, executing the project plan, performing quality assurance,
implementing change control and maximizing team performance.

1. Reading: Read the Executing section in your textbook or on your course website. We
2. Lecture: Watch the Executing lecture videos on your course website. Add the new
3. PM in Action Videos: Watch the videos that are linked below the lecture.
4. Practice Exams: Take the Executing multiple-choice practice exam by clicking the
Executing multiple-choice exam.
topics to strengthen your Executing process group knowledge.
5


6. Monitoring and Controlling Process Group
In this process group, well cover the Monitoring and Controlling processes, which happen in
parallel with the Executing processes. These processes include measuring project
performance, managing changes, performing quality control, controlling the scope,
schedule, cost, and communicating status, and performance information to stakeholders.
1. Reading: Read the Monitoring and Controlling section in your textbook or on your
course website. We recommend taking written notes.
2. Lecture: Watch the Monitoring and Controlling lecture videos your course website. Add
the new information to your notes.
4. Practice Exams: Take the Monitoring and Controlling multiple-choice practice exam by
Monitoring and Controlling multiple-choice exam.
topics to strengthen your Monitoring and Controlling process group knowledge.

7. Closing Process Group
In this process group, well cover the seven processes to properly close out a project,
including verifying scope acceptance, transferring ownership of deliverables, financial, legal
and administrative closure, distributing the final project report, collating lessons learned,
archiving project information and measuring customer satisfaction.
1. Reading: Read the Closing section in your textbook or on your course website. We
2. Lecture: Watch the Closing lecture videos on your course website. Add the new
5. Practice Exams: Take the Closing multiple-choice practice exam by clicking the button
below the lecture. Complete the exam and it will be sent directly to your instructor. They
will grade it, send you written explanations for the correct answers and additional
feedback within 24 hours. If you do not achieve 90% on the first try, your instructor will
suggest studying additional learning topics and ask you to re-take this exam. If you
achieved 90%, your instructor will send you the link to the second Closing multiple-
choice exam
topics to strengthen your Monitoring and Controlling process group knowledge.

8. Professionalism & Ethics
1. Reading: Read the Professionalism and Ethics chapter in your textbook or on your
course website. We recommend taking written notes.
6


2. Lecture: Watch the lecture videos Who is Bound by the Code through Honesty on
your course website under the Lecture section. Add the new information to your notes.
5. Practice Exams: Take the Professionalism and Ethics multiple-choice practice exam by
Professionalism and Ethics multiple-choice exam.
topics to strengthen your Professionalism and Ethics process group knowledge.
6. Submit Your CAPM Application: When you receive your instructors feedback that
you have successfully completed the Professionalism and Ethics process group, you may
submit your CAPM application to PMI. Do it online and you should receive a reply within
3 to 5 business days.

9. PMBOK, 5
th
edition Knowledge Areas
The PMBOK, 5
th
edition organizes the project management processes you have just
completed studying by knowledge areas. They are scope, schedule, cost, quality, human
resources, communication, procurement, risk and integration. While you wait for PMI to
approve your CAPM application, complete the reading and lectures for this knowledge area
section.
1. Reading: Read the Knowledge Areas on your course website. We recommend taking
written notes.
2. Lecture: Watch the lecture videos Scope management through Integration
management on your course website under the Lecture section. Add the new
3. Approved Application: Let your instructor know when PMI has approved your
application and you have scheduled your CAPM exam date.

10. Comprehensive Review
When PMI has approved your application and you have scheduled your CAPM exam, you
and your instructor will lay out a 4-day plan for completing the comprehensive review and
exams immediately before you sit for the CAPM exam. Your instructor will coach you
through this final review and call you the day before your exam with test-taking tips, what
to expect at the test center, words of encouragement and answers to any last minute
questions.

7

1

Copyright 2013 by Richard A. Billows, PMP, GCA All Rights
Reserved

Published by The Hampton Group, Inc.
3547 South Ivanhoe St.
Denver, Colorado 80237

(303)756-4247

www.4pm.com

Other books Published by 4PM.com
Essentials of Project Management
Advanced Project Management Techniques
Program & Portfolio Management
Managing Information Technology Projects
Construction Project Management
Managing Healthcare Projects

The Hampton Group, Inc. is a Project Management Institute
(PMI) Global Registered Education Provider (R.E.P.). The
Hampton Group, Inc. is committed to enhancing the ongoing
professional development of PMI members, PMI-certified
professionals and other project management
stakeholders through appropriate project management learning
activities and products. As a PMI R.E.P., The Hampton Group
Inc., has agreed to abide by PMI-established operational and
educational guidelines and is subject to random audits for
quality assurance purposes.

Microsoft is a registered trademark and Project and
Windows are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Screen
shots reprinted with permission from Microsoft Corporation.

All other product names and services identified throughout this
book are trademarks or registered trademarks of their
respective companies. They are used throughout this book in
editorial fashion only and for the benefit of such companies. No
such uses, or the use of any trade name, is intended to convey
endorsement or other affiliation with the book.

All rights reserved. The text of this publication, or any parts
thereof, may not be reproduced in any manner whatsoever
without written permission from the publisher.

ISBN 978-1-9385614-3-6

1
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction & Organization................................................... 5
Framework of Project Management ......................................... 7
What is a Project? .......................................................... 7
Project Management: The Cast, the Roles and the Script ...... 7
One Size Does Not Fit All ...................................................... 9
Trade-offs ..................................................................... 9
Professionalism and Social Responsibility ........................... 9
Portfolios, Programs, Phases & Sub-projects ....................... 9
Project Roles ................................................................ 10
Organizational Context ................................................... 12
Project & Product Lifecycles ............................................ 14
The Process Groups of Project Management ............................ 16
Initiating ...................................................................... 16
Planning ....................................................................... 16
Executing ..................................................................... 16
Monitoring and Controlling .............................................. 16
Closing ........................................................................ 16
The Knowledge Areas of Project Management .......................... 17
Integration Management ................................................ 17
Scope Management ....................................................... 17
Schedule Management ................................................... 17
Cost Management ......................................................... 18
Quality Management Knowledge Area ............................... 18
Human Resources Management ....................................... 18
Communications Management ......................................... 18
Risk Management .......................................................... 19
Procurement Management .............................................. 19
Stakeholder Management ............................................... 19
Professionalism & Social Responsibility ............................. 19
What the Heck are EEF and OPA? ..................................... 19
Enterprise Environmental Factors (EEF) ............................ 20
Organizational Process Assets (OPA) ................................ 20
Three Project Management Examples ............................... 20
Initiating ........................................................................... 23
Statement of Work ........................................................... 24
Business Case .................................................................. 25
Identify Stakeholders 13.1 ................................................. 26
3 Project Examples of Identify Stakeholders ....................... 28
High-level Scope .............................................................. 34
High-level Risks ............................................................... 35
Develop Project Charter 4.1 ............................................... 36
3 Project Examples of Develop Project Charter .................... 38
Charter Approval Meeting .................................................. 44
Planning ............................................................................ 45
Develop Project Management Plan 4.2 ................................. 46
3 Project Examples of Develop Project Management Plan ...48
Plan Scope Management. 5.1 ............................................. 56
3 Project Examples of Plan Scope Management ................... 57
Plan Schedule Management 6.1 .......................................... 62
3 Project Examples of Plan Schedule Management ............... 63
Plan Cost Management 7.1 ................................................ 68
3 Project Examples of Plan Cost Management ..................... 69
Plan Human Resource Management 9.1 ............................... 73
2
3 Project Examples Plan Human Resource Management ........ 75
Plan Stakeholder Management 13.2 .................................... 82
3 Project Examples Plan Stakeholder Management .............. 84
Plan Communications Management 10.1 .............................. 88
3 Project Examples of Plan Communications Management ..89
Plan Risk Management 11.1 ............................................... 94
3 Project Examples of Plan Risk Management ..................... 95
Plan Quality Management 8.1 ........................................... 100
3 Project Examples Plan Quality Management ................... 102
Plan Procurement Management 12.1 ................................. 110
3 Project Examples of Plan Procurement Management ........ 112
Project Management Plan Summary .................................. 124
Scope Planning Processes ................................................ 125
Scope Planning Processes................................................... 125
Collect Requirements 5.2 ................................................ 126
3 Project Examples of Collect Requirements ..................... 128
Define Scope5.3............................................................. 134
3 Project Examples of Define Scope ................................ 136
Create WBS 5.4 ............................................................. 143
3 Project Examples of Create WBS ................................. 145
Project Planning: Scheduling Processes ............................. 153
Define Activities 6.2 ........................................................ 154
3 Project Examples of Define Activities ............................ 155
Sequence Activities 6.3 ................................................... 161
3 Project Examples of Sequence Activities ....................... 163
Estimate Activity Resources 6.4 ........................................ 168
3 Project Examples of Estimate Activity Resources ............. 170
2

Estimate Activity Durations 6.5 ........................................ 176
3 Project Examples of Estimate Activity Durations .............. 177
Develop Schedule 6.6 ..................................................... 185
3 Project Examples of Develop Schedule .......................... 186
Cost Management 7.1 ..................................................... 194
Cost Tools Used in Many Tasks ...................................... 194
Estimate Costs 7.2 ......................................................... 197
3 Project Examples of Estimate Costs .............................. 199
Determine Budget 7.3 ..................................................... 206
3 Project Examples of Determine Budget ......................... 207
Risk Planning Processes 11.1 ........................................... 214
Identify Risks 11.2 ......................................................... 215
3 Project Examples of Identify Risks ............................... 217
Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis 11.3 ............................... 223
3 Project Examples of Qualitative Risk Analysis ................. 224
Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis 11.4 ............................. 231
3 Project Examples of Quantitative Risk Analysis ............... 233
Plan Risk Responses 11.5 ................................................ 240
3 Project Examples of Plan Risk Responses....................... 242
Plan Approval Meeting .................................................... 247
Executing ........................................................................ 251
Direct and Manage Project Work 4.3 .................................. 253
3 Project Examples of Direct and Manage Project Work ......... 255
Acquire Project Team 9.2 ................................................ 261
3 Project Examples of Acquire Project Team ..................... 262
Conduct Procurements 12.2 ............................................. 268
3 Project Examples of Conduct Procurements ................... 270
Develop Project Team 9.3 ................................................ 276
3 Project Examples of Develop Project Team .................... 277
Perform Quality Assurance 8.2 ......................................... 282
Three Examples of Perform Quality Assurance .................. 283
Manage Project Team 9.4 ................................................ 288
3 Project Examples of Manage Project Team ..................... 290
Manage Stakeholder Engagement 13.3 .............................. 294
3 Project Examples of Manage Stakeholder Engagement .. 295
Manage Communications 10.2 .......................................... 300
3 Project Examples of Manage Communications ................ 301
Monitoring & Controlling ..................................................... 306
Monitor and Control Project Work 4.4 ................................ 307
3 Project Examples of Monitor and Control Project Work .. 309
Perform Integrated Change Control 4.5.............................. 315
3 Project Examples of Perform Integrated Change Control 321
Validate Scope 5.5 ......................................................... 331
3 Project Examples of Validate Scope .............................. 332
Closing ............................................................................ 337
Close Procurements 12.4 ................................................. 338
3 Project Examples of Close Procurements ....................... 339
4.6 Close Project or Phase ............................................... 343
3 Project Examples of Close Project ................................ 344
6.1 Professionalism & Social Responsibility ............................ 348
Ensure Integrity and Professionalism ................................. 349
Project Examples of Professionalism and Social Responsibility
................................................................................ 351
2

Project Management Knowledge Areas ................................. 356
About the AUTHOR ............................................................ 358

Project Managers KnowledgeBase Introduction & Organization
Quality Management
INTRODUCTION & ORGANIZATION

This is the 11th edition of the Project Managers
KnowledgeBase, which we have entirely rewritten to align with
the PMBOK 5th Edition and the new PMI exams that are
effective in July 2013. Over the years, this book has achieved
its goal of helping our readers master the following:

The knowledge needed to pass the PMI certification exams
The best practices in project management.
We do this by showing you these techniques from two
perspectives.

Process Groups organize the tools and techniques
chronologically:

Initiating Process Group
Planning Process Group
Executing Process Group
Monitoring and Controlling Process Group
Closing Process Group
The Knowledge Areas are groups of tools and techniques with
related purposes that flow throughout the lifecycle:

Integration Management
Scope Management
Schedule Management
Cost Management
Procurement Management
Human Resource Management
Communication Management
Risk Management
Stakeholder Management
Professionalism and Social Responsibility
I have organized this textbook to make passing the exam take
as little time as possible. So, I will present information in the
sequence you will follow to do a project (process groups).
However, we will also keep the Knowledge Areas together so
you can learn the sequence of tasks in a Knowledge Area, like
Risk management.

To avoid having a book that was over 1,000 pages, we have
created a Digital Knowledgebase on our PMI exam prep web
site. There you can drill down for more information and study
the knowledge in different ways to suit your learning style.

1. Visual learners will find very large diagrams of the tasks
with videos explaining them.

2. Flow chart learners will find charts of every process group,
Knowledge Area and task.

3. Show me an example learners will see hundreds of samples
of Gantt charts, human resource plans, scope statements,
Monte Carlo simulations, Earned Value reports, etc.

I trust you will find the book of great value in passing the PMI
certification exams and in your career as a professional project
manager.

2013 Copyright The Hampton Group, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without written permission. P5

Project Managers KnowledgeBase Introduction & Organization Statement of Work
As always, I need to express my thanks to those who help
make each edition of this book a success. Mustang Sally
Mitsch, CAPM, has once again nit-picked my work to near
perfection. Leslie, the FIST Schiefelbein, PMP, has edited the
bejesus out my every word and thought. Together they have
not missed a shingle one of my mistakes.

Best Regards,

Dick Billows, PMP, GCA
April 30, 2013

2013 Copyright The Hampton Group, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without written permission 6

Project Managers KnowledgeBase Framework of Project Management
FRAMEWORK OF PROJECT
MANAGEMENT

In this first section of the book, well move through the lifecycle
of a project covering all the key ideas. Well begin by reviewing
some of the key ideas that well use in all the Process Groups
that follow. We also want to accomplish three other things:

Get a big picture view of the processes we will study in much
greater detail later

Understand some of the best practice ideas that permeate all
the details

Begin to learn the PMI language of project management, which
is most likely different from what you use in your organization.

This chapter is not an exhaustive explanation of the big picture,
thats why several hundred pages follow this chapter.

What is a Project?
Projects are very different from the other components of the
modern organization. Projects are temporary endeavors
regardless of their size or scope. All projects have a special
purpose and a specific start and end point and that
differentiates a project from operations that go on continuously.
Projects reach their end in three ways:

The projects planned outcome is met

The projects outcome will never be met and the organization
terminates it
The original need for the project no longer exists and the
organization terminates the project.

A second characteristic of a project is that it creates a unique
deliverable, which may be a product, service or some other
result. No two projects are alike. For example, we might be
constructing a chain of fast food hamburger restaurants that
will serve identical food. But the fact that we will be working
with different team members, in varying locations and for
different owners makes each of these projects unique.

A third characteristic of a project is that the project
management team plans it iteratively; they plan it allowing
interaction between the components. For example, a project
manager might produce a draft of a schedule and then go to
work on the project budget. To optimize the budget, the PM
may need to change the schedule and modify the risk
management plan. PMI calls this progressive elaboration of
the plan. Project managers are constantly working, checking
and revising their plans.

Project Management: The Cast, the Roles
and the Script
Project management is not the efforts of one individual. There
is a cast of people that can include one or more project
managers and associate project managers, who, along with
executives and professionals, make up the project management
team. As well, projects have sponsors whose role includes
initiating the project, defining it and securing organizational
approval to expend resources on it. The project management
team works with the other members of the project team who
do the projects work. Both interact with project stakeholders
who are people affected by the project including; executives,
managers, employees, and even vendors.

Together these people write the script for the project, setting
objectives, identifying project requirements and then
Project Managers KnowledgeBase: FrameWork

converting those requirements into a verifiable scope and a
project management plan that they then execute. Throughout
the projects life, the project management team works with the
project team and stakeholders to deliver the projects objective
and its products.

Effective project management requires experience in managing
projects as well as a wide range of learned skills and
techniques. In addition to the PMs skills and experience, an
equally important determinant of project success is the
organizations processes for project management and the
availability of data and information from previous projects
including lessons learned documentation about these previous
projects.

ONE SIZE DOES NOT FIT ALL

Project managers know the best practices and design each
projects management plan with a suitable mix of techniques
for that project. One set of techniques does not fit all
projects. The PM designs the project management process
using expert judgment as well as understanding of each
projects unique characteristics. Then the PM decides the
extent to which he/she will apply the PMBOK (Project
Management Body of Knowledge) processes to achieve the
desired project results. For example, all projects should have
some degree of risk management. So the PM determines if risk
management warrants a few hours or a months worth of work.
As well, the PM needs to decide whether the assessment of risk
should be strictly qualitative and fast or if he/she should use
more sophisticated quantitative techniques to assess
probabilities and the impact of a risk event. In making these
judgments, the PM is obviously guided by the organizations
policies and the sponsors preferences.

Trade-offs
Project management also requires a PM to manage the
tradeoffs between whats called the triple constraint (even
though there are six dimensions) of cost, time, scope, quality,
resources and risk. The triple constraint is like a tug-of-war. If
the sponsor changes any one of the dimensions, it will affect at
least one of the other five constraints. For example, if we
decrease the scope of the project we may also decrease the
projects cost, duration and resources. Increasing the quality
dimension can increase duration and cost. On larger more
sophisticated projects, the PM may analyze tradeoffs with
sophisticated financial or mathematical tools. The PM conducts
tradeoff analysis on smaller projects too but much more
informally.
Professionalism and Social Responsibility
The PMBOK includes one paragraph on professionalism;
however, it is a major topic on the PMP certification exam and
to a lesser extent on the CAPM exam. The project manager
and project management team have an ethical responsibility to
all stakeholders to conduct themselves according the tenets of
the profession. There is a more detailed description of
professionalism, social responsibility and ethics in the last
chapter of this book. But the big picture view is that PMI has
developed a rigorous set of standards for project managers
conduct with tough enforcement standards.

Portfolios, Programs, Phases & Sub-
projects
There are many ways to combine or subdivide projects. As we
think about the project landscape in an organization, the
dividing line is more than a little blurry. Organizations use
programs to combine the management of a number of projects
that have a common purpose. For example, an organization
may have a program to improve their quality of service. The
program may involve individual quality improvement projects in
the billing, customer service and sales departments to improve
the customers experience.

Project portfolios are a bundle of programs and projects but
they do not necessarily have a common purpose. Instead, an
executive may take responsibility for a portfolio of information
systems projects or construction projects that affect many
different parts of the organization but which all use the same
resources.

Finally, within these programs and portfolios, an organization
may choose to subdivide a project into sub-projects. The sub-
projects may be specific components of the larger effort that
the organization contracts out to other organizations. For
example, on a customer service project, the performing

organization may contract with an outside organization to
survey their customers or complete test marketing.

Organizations that want greater control over a project may
choose to divide it into phases or sub-phases. Each phase or
sub-phase produces a deliverable that management examines
and formally accepts before the next phase begins. This level
of control over the project allows management to track the
project and its progress to ensure it is delivering what it should.

Not all organizations follow this rigid step-by-step approach. If
time is of the essence, some organizations will start work on
the next phase of the project prior to formal acceptance of the
prior phases deliverable. This approach creates a higher level
of risk but it can save time. For instance, a software firm may
start work on testing a piece of software before receiving final
signoff on the coding. If the coding has any bugs that require
re-work, the testing will need to start over, wasting time and
money. However, if there are no bugs, the firm has actually
saved time by fast tracking the testing and not waiting for
formal acceptance of the coding.

Best Practices & the Real World
To pass the PMI certification exams you need to understand
the way of managing projects in a very idealistic world
compared to the way most organizations do projects and the
way most PMs do their work. In fact, the most important thing
to learn in preparing for the exam is PMIs definition of the
right way to manage projects. That correct way includes not
just using the techniques and tools but also adopting PMIs
attitudes about solving problems that may not be possible in
your organization. Learning that PMI attitude is the key to
answering the Example questions where you must decide the
right thing to do. You must answer each question according to
how PMI says we should do things, not how you do them in
your organization. You may disagree with PMIs way but if
you want their certification, you must learn it.

Project Roles
Lets expand on the brief descriptions of the project roles
introduced earlier. PMI defines a number of roles for people
working on projects. The decision-making, range of action and
participation in the project management process is different for
each role.

Stakeholders
The broadest role is that of project stakeholder and this
category includes all the others. A stakeholder is any individual
or organization that the project will affect, positively or
negatively. Stakeholders should be involved in the Initiating,
Planning, Executing, Monitoring & Controlling and Closing
functions of the project. This is another area where the PMI
world probably differs from yours. Many PMs try to minimize
the number of people involved in project planning, thinking that
will let them better control the project scope. Unfortunately,
the opposite happens. Stakeholders excluded from planning
always seem to spring up and add features or new
requirements right at the end of the project. Those late
changes often cost hundreds of times what the same
requirement would have cost if it had been added during the
planning phase. Therefore, PMI encourages project
managers to actively search for stakeholders early in the
project and it is a best practice.

Project stakeholders can include:

performing organization
sponsor
senior management
functional management

project team members
project management team members
project manager
project management office (PMO)
customers
users
vendors
suppliers
consultants
We also include employees not directly related to the project
but who, due to their standing within the organization, have the
ability to exert influence over the project.

The PMI way of doing things requires project managers to
reach out, identify and bring into the project decision-making
processes a very broad cross section of stakeholders. The
stakeholders should be involved in the definition of the project
scope, the major deliverables and many of the decisions made
in later tasks.

As noted above, many project managers try to keep the
number of people that are involved in the project planning as
small as possible. They also try to insulate the project team
and its planning process from outside influences and avoid
conflicting opinions. However, the PMI view is very different.
It clearly identifies the need to engage stakeholders in project
initiation and planning because that is the only way we can
uncover all the requirements of the project.

Project Sponsors
In the PMI world, the project sponsor or initiator is
responsible for providing funding for the project and issuing the
project charter. On internal projects (those done within the
performing organization), the project sponsor also may create
the statement of work (SOW) to begin initiation and guide the
project through the organizations approval process. That
approval requires that the sponsor detail the benefits the
project will deliver and justify the costs of the project, often in
a business case. When the sponsor secures organizational
approval, that executive issues the project charter appointing
the project manager and defining, among other things, the
criteria for success. On consulting or client projects, the
statement of work comes from the client or customer, possibly
with an RFP (Request for Proposal) or contract.

The charter gives the PM organizational approval to use
resources. This is another area where the PMBOK process
probably differs from your experience. You may see sponsors
who just dump a problem or opportunity into a PMs lap and
then walk away after naming a completion date. PMI is
correct in stating that is the wrong way to do things.

Project Team Members
In the PMI world, project team members do the work of the
project and many project team members actively participate in
detailing the project plan and completing their work packages.
They may also be involved in risk management, procurement
and quality, for example. Team members may also be a part of
the project management team and become involved in
activities ranging from integration to change control.

Project Manager
It is the project managers and project management teams
responsibility to integrate all of these roles and ensure that
they mesh, allowing successful completion of the project. The
project managers role calls on a wide range of skills, including
interpersonal, leadership and general management skills in
addition to knowing project management techniques. Those
project management skills are:

Leadership
Communication

Negotiation
Resolution of problems
Influencing the organization
Purchasing
Contracting
Accounting and finance
Information technology
Marketing
Sales
Manufacturing and distribution
Commercial law, local laws and legal traditions
Human Resources
Safety regulations
Supply chain management
As you work through this book, you will notice many other ways
in which the PMI world varies from the way in which your
organization manages projects. In order to pass the PMI
certification exams, you will need to remember to answer each
question according to the PMI world rather than your own
experience.

Project Management Team
With all that work to do, the project manager often invites
stakeholders, team members, functional managers and
executives to assist in the management of the project.
Participation like this not only spreads the work but also
increases buy-in and support. The project management team
can work on scope, risk, scheduling, budgeting, procurement,
quality, human resources and communications, to name a few.
Organizational Context
Projects occur within organizations and their structures,
processes and cultures affect projects and their teams. The
organizational form influences how projects begin, how
decisions are made, how resources are shared, how line
managers perceive project managers and the overall rate of
project success. Both in practice and for the certification
exams, you need to understand the different organization
types. More than half your exam questions will be Example
questions and the kind of organization the PM is in often
determines the correct course of action to take on an issue.

Functional Organizations
Functional organizations have their structures designed around
technical specialties like marketing, sales, manufacturing,
facilities, customer service, engineering and accounting. These
organizations are the most frequently encountered type and the
barriers between these functional silos make it tough on
project managers. Getting a project done that crosses
functional lines often requires begging and whining for
resources. In functional organizations project managers have
little or no authority and must borrow people from functional
departments. That requires that the PM negotiate for resources
with the functional managers.

These extra steps are necessary because functional
organizations operate with a strong chain of command
philosophy that each employee should report to one boss. This
means that an employee communicates with their boss, who
communicates with the bosss boss, all the way up the chain of
command. The lines of communication usually follow the chain
of command and are simple, but also quite rigid. Functional
managers want to retain all of the formal authority over their
employees and must often be convinced to loan them to a
project. People loaned to a project often feel that the project is
a distraction from their real job where they get raises and
promotions.

In these organizations, turf wars and lack of cooperation
between functional departments make communication difficult.
In these organizations, decision makers often choose to
perform projects within one functional unit because reaching
out to borrow resources and communicate across functional
lines is so difficult.

Functional organizations try to improve their project
performance by adding two other roles to the structure. Project
expediters may assist functional managers in coordinating
projects. However, these project expediters have no decision-
making authority and focus mainly on communication, following
up on tasks and deliveries of equipment. Functional
organizations may also employ project coordinators, who
usually are in staff positions reporting to senior managers who
have many projects underway at the same time. They often
have some decision-making authority but do not have the
responsibilities of project managers in the areas of making
assignments, analyzing change requests and reporting status.

Matrix Organizations
Another organizational form is the matrix organization, which
comes in three varieties (weak, balanced, strong). There are
still departments for functions like accounting and marketing
but these departments share resources across department lines
routinely. The difference between the three types is the
amount of power and influence of project managers versus
functional managers. But in all three types, people are more
accepting of sharing departmental resources with projects than
in functional organizations. In all three matrix types,
employees work for more than one boss. However, the degree
of sharing affects a project manager's level of authority, power
and influence.

The weak matrix organization is quite similar to a functional
organization with the project manager having a bit more power
and influence but still being weaker than the functional
manager. Borrowing resources can be a bit easier than in a
functional organization. However, a project manager's
authority is very limited in comparison to the functional
managers. Therefore, the PM must still plead and beg for
resources and hope that the project sponsor has enough clout
to secure resources for the project.

In a balanced matrix organization, the project manager and
functional managers have relatively equal power and authority
and the negotiation for borrowing resources is on even terms.
Because the power is even, the level of conflict is at a peak and
communications are at their most difficult. That may seem odd
until you remember that people are unlikely to have conflict
with a person who has more power than they do.

In a strong matrix, the project manager has more power than
the functional managers and has a much easier time acquiring
resources and managing the project budget. All three types of
matrix organizations have more complex communication
processes and more conflict than the functional organization.

Projectized Organizations
The projectized organization transforms the project manager
from a flunky begging for resources to a person managing a
project that the organization treats as if it were a department.
In the projectized organization, the project and its manager
have their own dedicated employees and a budget. They have
the same status as all the functional departments. The project
manager is the organizational superior of the people working on
the project team and does their performance reviews, develops
their professional skills and manages their daily work
assignments.

The projectized organizational form is desirable from a project
management point of view because the PM has almost full
authority over the resources with full availability. However,
projectized organizations have certain disadvantages. First,
projectized organizations may hinder employees development
in their technical specialties because they dont associate
regularly with people possessing the same specialized skills.
Second, when the project is completed, the project organization
disappears and it is not unusual for team members to have

some uncertainty about their next assignment. This can
adversely affect morale and performance.

Organizations carve out projectized sub-units for long-term
projects that require considerable employee development such
as learning a new technology. We see the projectized
organizational form in professional firms (like accounting,
consulting and engineering) and in technical departments that
primarily do projects, such as information systems
departments.

To summarize what we have covered, think of the project
managers power and influence as a continuum. On the left
hand extreme, there is the functional organization where the
PMs power and influence is zero. As we move across the
continuum into matrix organizations, the PMs power grows and
grows until it peaks in the projectized organization.

Organizational Continuum

Composite Organization - A Mix of All Three
Few organizations are purely functional, matrix or projectized.
The larger the organization, the greater the chance that the
organization has sub-divisions that are organized by different
types; this is called a composite organization. For example, in
a large organization the manufacturing division might follow
strict functional lines with production, engineering and
inventory control departments staffed with specialists. On the
other hand, for research and development the organization
might use a more fluid matrix structure to facilitate the sharing
of skills on projects and new products. To go even further, for
an upcoming new product, the organization might assemble the
project team as a separate department to ensure that needed
resources are available from several functional areas, with this
projectized organization disbanding when the project is done.
This product department would have its own budget and
dedicated team.

Project Management Office: PMO
Organizations, regardless of their form, may utilize a project
management office (PMO) to facilitate the projects that are
taking place. Different organizations use different names for
the PMO; it may be called the project office, program office or
program management office. We can have PMOs in functional
or matrix organizations but we see them regularly in
projectized and strong matrix organizations. They are less
likely in weak matrix and functional organizations. For
example, a consulting firm has a real need to coordinate project
activities because almost all employees work on multiple
projects and new client projects may start each week. That
combination creates the need to closely track projects and to
set priorities for resource allocation.

The PMO serves other important functions and there are several
styles of PMOs. Some distribute project information and may
provide software and training for project managers and team
members. Other project offices integrate the project
information, enforce a common project methodology and help
executives make priority and resource allocation decisions. In
still others, the organizations project managers work in the
PMO and are assigned to manage projects by the PMO. In
organizations with even stronger PMOs, they may assist the
management committee in approving or rejecting proposed
projects.

Project & Product Lifecycles
The PMBOK talks about a number of different lifecycles.
Products like a new cell phone have a product lifecycle that may
start with research and development, move to testing,
manufacturing, marketing and then end with product
replacement. Each of those phases in the product lifecycle may

require a project. The organization may have a project lifecycle
it uses to build manufacturing facilities as required by the third
phase of the product lifecycle above. That project lifecycle may
start with design, followed by land acquisition, construction,
and assembly line start-up.

Some organizations may have one lifecycle that they apply to
all projects.

Alternatively, an organization may have several lifecycles and it
may allow the project manager and team to select the one that
is most appropriate for each project.

While lifecycles can vary widely, all lifecycles cover:

The work that needs to be completed
Each phases deliverable and approval
criteria The people involved.
There are also several features common to most project
lifecycles. Most lifecycles require the fewest team members
and resources at the beginning and end of the lifecycle. Project
costs also follow the same bell-curve because the project is
most costly in the middle of the project lifecycle. Risk is
highest at the beginning of the lifecycle and decreases
throughout the project phases. Stakeholder influence over the
project requirements is also greatest at the beginning of the
lifecycle and decreases through the phases. However, the cost
of adding requirements rises as we move through the lifecycle.

THE PROCESS GROUPS OF
PROJECT MANAGEMENT

As we mentioned above, a project manager selects the
appropriate project management tasks and techniques for each
project from an inventory of best practices. Those best
practices are organized into 5 Process Groups, 11 Knowledge
Areas and 47 processes.

The project lifecycle is broken into 5 process groups:

Initiating
It has 2 processes and gets things started by the sponsor
securing project authorization from the organization.
Monitoring and Controlling
It has 11 processes and here we ensure that execution is going
according to plan and correct things if it is not.

When the deliverables have all been produced, we bring the
project to an end.

Closing
It has 2 processes and it is where we put the data away for use
on future projects and assess how we did in lessons learned.

Planning
It has 24 processes and is the busiest process group because we
make all the decisions about how were going to do things on the
project.

When the project management plan is approved, we launch the
project and have two process groups that happen at the same
time:

Executing
It has 8 processes and it is here that we do the work of the
project, consume most of the resources and produce the
deliverables.

THE KNOWLEDGE AREAS OF
PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Those 47 processes in project management can also be
organized into 10 Knowledge Areas (11 if we include
Professionalism, as we will).

Integration Management
It has 6 processes and the common purpose of tying together
everything else that happens.

Develop Project Charter (Initiating Process Group)

Develop Project Management Plan (Planning Process
Group)

Direct and Manage Project Work (Executing Process
Group)

Monitor and Control Project Work (Monitoring and
Controlling Process Group)

Perform Integrated Change Control (Monitoring and

Close Project or Phase (Closing Process Group)
Scope Management
It has 6 processes with the purpose of defining what result the
project should produce and then watching to ensure it does
produce that result.

Plan Scope Management (Planning Process Group)

Collect Requirements (Planning Process Group)

Define Scope (Planning Process Group)

Create WBS (Planning Process Group)

Validate Scope (Monitoring and Controlling Process
Group)

Control Scope (Monitoring and Controlling Process Group)

Schedule Management
It has 7 processes and the purpose is defining and then
tracking the schedule for delivering the projects scope.

Plan Schedule Management (Planning Process Group)

Define Activities (Planning Process Group)

Sequence Activities (Planning Process Group)

Estimate Activity Resources (Planning Process Group)

Estimate Activity Durations (Planning Process Group)

Develop Schedule (Planning Process Group)

Control Schedule (Monitoring and Controlling Process
Group)

Cost Management
It has 4 processes with the purpose of establishing a budget for
delivering the projects scope and then tracking actual costs
and comparing them to the budget.

Plan Cost Management (Planning Process Group)

Estimate Costs (Planning Process Group)

Determine Budget (Planning Process Group)

Control Costs (Monitoring and Controlling Process Group)

Quality Management Knowledge Area
It has 3 processes that share the purpose of establishing the
criteria and specifications that the projects deliverables must
meet and then tracking actual performance and improving the
process of producing those deliverables.

Plan Quality Management (Planning Process Group)

Perform Quality Assurance (Executing Process Group)
Control Quality (Monitoring and Controlling Process
Group)

Human Resources Management
It has 4 processes for identifying, managing and developing the
members of the project team.

Plan Human Resource Management (Planning Process
Group)

Acquire Project Team (Executing Process Group)

Develop Project Team (Executing Process Group)

Manage Project Team (Executing Process Group)

Communications Management
It has 3 processes for the planning of project related
communications, managing the communications and monitoring
communications to make sure they are sufficient.

Plan Communications Management (Planning Process
Group)

Manage Communications (Executing Process Group)

Control Communications (Monitoring and Controlling
Process Group)

Risk Management
It has 6 processes with purpose of identifying the uncertainties
or risks the project faces (things that could hurt and, as
importantly, things that might help) and managing these risks
to the projects betterment.

Plan Risk Management (Planning Process Group)

Identify Risks (Planning Process Group)

Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis (Planning Process
Group)

Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis (Planning Process
Group)

Plan Risk Responses (Planning Process Group)

Control Risks (Monitoring and Controlling Process Group)

Procurement Management
It has 4 processes with the purpose of securing the items the
project needs to buy and making sure they are delivered as
promised in the contracts/agreements.

Plan Procurement Management (Planning Process Group)

Conduct Procurements (Executing Process Group)

Control Procurements (Monitoring and Controlling Process
Group)
Close Procurements (Closing Process Group)

Stakeholder Management
It has 4 processes with the purpose of identifying the
stakeholders, their expectations for the project as well as
managing those expectations through the life of the project.

Identify Stakeholders (Initiating Process Group)

Plan Stakeholder Management (Planning Process Group)

Manage Stakeholder Engagement (Executing Process
Group)

Control Stakeholder Engagement (Monitoring and

Professionalism & Social Responsibility
The PMBOK does not cover this topic but we treat it as the
11
th
Knowledge Area because it is important on the exams (up
to 14% of the PMP exam questions). This area covers the
ethical standards that project managers must meet.

What the Heck are EEF and OPA?
Every project is impacted by the internal and external
environment the organization faces and its culture,
management processes, policies and ways of doing business.
These are called enterprise environmental factors (EEF).

Projects can, and should, draw on the organizations collective
project wisdom, lessons learned from project successes and
failures and the data from previous projects. Unfortunately, in
most organizations this information, called organizational
process assets (OPA), is not archived or available so project
managers must reinvent the wheel for each project and make
the same mistakes again and again. The idea of archiving data
and reusing content from previous projects may well be the
most important best practice. Lets discuss EEF and OPA a bit
more because we will not repeat these ideas in the future
discussion of every task.
long a certain kind of task took on earlier projects. It can save
a project team from having to decompose their whole work
breakdown structure because they can use all or part of the
WBS created by previous project teams or their lessons
learned. OPA can save time and improve results on every
process in the project lifecycle.

With that background, lets dive into the Examples that will
teach you all the tools and techniques that represent the best
practices in project management.

Enterprise Environmental Factors (EEF)
As a short hand in the book, we refer to these Enterprise
Environmental Factors as EEF and they are an input to many of
the PMI tasks. The EEF includes the organizations personnel
systems for doing business like the compensation system,
accounting system and its information systems. It also includes
all the organizational policies such as the rules for hiring and
evaluating employee performance. The industry in which the
performing organization operates may also impose regulations
and rules on the organization and its projects. We draw on
these factors and operate within the limitations they impose.
The EEF also include external factors like governmental
regulations and marketplace conditions.

Organizational Process Assets (OPA)
The Organizational Process Assets include a wide range of
things that let us avoid reinventing the wheel for each
project. We want to use templates, forms and data from
previous projects because it saves time and lets us learn from
the successes and mistakes made on previous projects. One of
the traits of organizations that are consistently successful with
projects is that they have consistent processes and save the
data from every project they do. The OPA lets project
managers who are estimating duration look up the data on how
Three Project Management Examples
The best way to pass the PMI certification exams and to
master skills that will make you a better project manager is to
see the tasks, tools and techniques applied in context; that is,
see the techniques used in real project situations. Lets begin
by meeting three PMPs and learn about the three projects
they will manage through the rest of this book.

Chris Pimbock slowed down as he spotted the long line of
passengers waiting to have their baggage checked at Honolulu
International Airport. It'd been a great vacation and now he
was ready to head back to Royster Industries, a small
manufacturing company, and take on his next project challenge
for his boss. The boss named the project the Trouble Report
Improvement Project with the acronym, TRIP. A woman joined
the line behind Chris and inadvertently slid her carry-on bag
into the back of his heel. She smiled at Chris in apology and
flipped open her iPad.

Just then Chris's cell phone chimed and he flipped open the
phone and answered.

It was his boss, Tom Stearns who said, "I hope you had a good
vacation, Chris, because the Sales and Marketing people are
making all kinds of noise about the trouble report problems and

I'm going to need you to hit the ground running on the TRIP
project as soon as you get back."

Chris answered, "Yes sir, the TRIP project is number one on my
priority list. I plan to get started first thing Monday morning."

Chris dug his clipboard from his carry-on to give Tom a couple
of facts and then hung up. Chris was surprised to see the
woman behind him looking at him with an odd expression.

She closed her iPad and said with a smile, "Pardon me but I
couldn't help overhearing your phone conversation and it
sounds like you're a project manager just like I am. In fact, it
sounds like we're both managing a project called TRIP.

I'm Chris Pimbock and that is a little weird, Chris said and
smiled back. Its my first major project, I just got my PMP,
and frankly this TRIP project is the first one my company has
ever done with a trained project manager. We're pretty small,
only a couple hundred people, so this should be a real
adventure.

Terry Evans introduced herself and said, "I've been a PMP for
a few years now but I'll never forget my first project. Let's just
say I learned a lot. But this is so strange, both of us managing
a project with the acronym TRIP.

The man behind Terry, dressed in an elegant pinstripe suit, bit
the cap on his Monte Blanc fountain pen and said, "Sorry to
eavesdrop, but what's even more strange is that there are
three project managers standing in line and all managing
projects call TRIP.

Terry laughed. She and Chris both introduced themselves to
Preston McCarthy, PMP, and owner of a consulting firm whose
clients were Fortune 100 multinational companies. Preston said,
"We all have an ethical duty to preserve the confidentiality of
our clients and the organizations for which we work. My TRIP
project is about trouble reports in a multinational company with
tens of thousands of employees. It's the biggest project and
client my firm has ever handled so Ill have a lot on my plate
first thing Monday morning. The stakes for the project are
huge so we'll be applying some very sophisticated techniques
because the stakes justify that kind of sophistication. We also
have some significant language and cultural barriers as well as
the usual turf battles between functional units. I'm going to be
one busy project manager for the next year.

Terry said, "Well our companys smaller than that, just a few
thousand employees, but you haven't seen turf battles until
youve seen the ones between our functional units. The VPs
are like feudal lords and ladies; jealously guarding their people
and decision-making prerogatives. I'm going to have my hands
full because my organization has never done a project involving
multiple functional units, at least not successfully. Success is
pretty important to our business so I'm going to be focusing on
very accurate estimating of costs and budgets and the usual
change control processes. But communications and managing
stakeholder expectations are getting most of my emphasis.
Our project management plan is not going to include the kind
of sophisticated project techniques I imagine you'll be using,
Preston."

Preston laughed, "Don't get me wrong; communications
requirements and stakeholder expectations are going to be
number one for me, like they always are. How about you,
Chris; how have you tailored your project management plan?"

Chris laughed, "Well we're a lot less sophisticated and the
project is pretty much taking place within our department. So
I'm going to be focusing on getting the boss and our
stakeholders used to doing any type of project management.
What I'm going to be hearing is Why cant you start today and
finish in a month? I'm going to have to fight and claw and have
very good arguments about why we should be doing any
project management tasks rather than just getting to work
quickly."

Preston chuckled and said, "Been there, done that. Frankly,
not to minimize the challenges that Terry and I face, but
getting an organization started doing things the right way may
be the most difficult of all.
Project Managers KnowledgeBase Initiating Statement of Work

INITIATING

All projects need to be initiated, whether they are a small
project for your boss affecting only the department in which
you work or a major project involving many departments or
outside customers. Initiation starts with a statement of
work, an idea or a problem or an opportunity. Then, the
sponsor and/or project manager drafts the business case, an
assessment of the project and its feasibility. For small
projects, that assessment might happen in a conversation
with the sponsor over coffee.

On a bigger project, the business case might involve formal
cost-benefit analysis, the preparation of a feasibility study
and documentation to persuade the corporation that the
project is worth doing. Next, the project manager identifies
the other stakeholders who will be affected by the project.
Then, the project manager will work with the sponsor and
stakeholders to define a high-level scope of the project,
which is a measurable business outcome or acceptance
criteria against which the project results will be measured.
With the high-level scope defined, the project manager
moves on to analyze the risks the project faces, the
assumptions they are making about the outside world and
the constraints within which the project has to operate.

With all that data gathered, the project manager then
develops the project charter, which explains the value of the
project as well as its costs and duration. Last, the project
manager presents the charter and when it is approved, the
PM gets the authorization to begin detailed planning and use
organizational resources.

Project Managers KnowledgeBase Initiating Statement of Work

Statement of Work

The project statement of work (SOW) is produced at the
beginning of Initiation by the project sponsor. It describes
what the sponsor wants the project to deliver in terms of
business results, product of the project and other
deliverables. The sponsor should also describe the business
need that will justify the project. This may be in the areas of
customer demands, technological changes, regulatory
changes or organization growth.

The SOW should provide the project manager with
descriptions and information on the product that the project
will deliver when it is successful. It should also explain how
the project relates to the business needs of the organization.

As an example, the sponsor might write an email describing
how the response time of the supply room needs to be
improved. The sponsor might detail the performance he
expects from the supply room at the end of the project with
acceptance criteria like supply orders are filled within four
hours. The reason for this improvement is that operating
departments are losing valuable time waiting for supplies to
arrive. This in turn is causing delays in production. The
sponsor might conclude by saying this project is consistent
with the organizations goal for this year of improving
turnaround time in service to customers. That simple email
meets the criteria for the initiation statement of work.
Obviously, for larger efforts the extent of the statement of
work might be much larger but the points this email covered
have to be in every statement of work.

The sponsor generates the SOW at the beginning of
Initiation and the project manager uses it for the
development of the business case and the charter, unless
the sponsor does those as well.

Its important to remember that there is also a procurement
statement of work, which the project manager will issue to
potential vendors being asked to bid. On the PMI exam,
every time you see an SOW question, you need to be clear
about which kind of SOW the question is focused on.

Project Managers KnowledgeBase Initiating Business Case
Business Case

The business case is prepared by the sponsor and/or project
manager or a business analyst to justify the project to the
organization. Many organizations have criteria they apply to
proposed projects. Those criteria might include return on
investment (ROI) or payback period, among other financial
metrics. At a minimum, the business case includes narrative
and a cost-benefit justification of the money and time that
will be invested in the project. On larger projects, the
business case can be very substantial documentation with
extensive financial projections on the cost of the project as
well as on the benefits it will produce over time.

As an example, a project manager who receives an email
with statement of work information from the sponsor about
a small project, might respond with an email providing
estimates of the project costs and benefits. That email might
document the complaints from department managers about
supply room turnaround time and then estimate that
improved controls over stocking levels could reduce stock
outs to less than two a month. That improvement would
save approximately 100 hours a month in the operating
departments. The project manager would do some
calculations using peoples average hourly rates and
quantify the benefits as a savings of $4,000 of employee
time a month. The project manager might also estimate that
the project to attain that reduced level of stock outs would
require 20 hours of the project managers time and 40 hours
of supply room personnel time. The project manager might
estimate the total cost of the project as $6,500 and compare
that to the $48,000 in annual cost savings which the project
could produce.

That simple document meets all the criteria for the business
case. Of course, a larger project would require much more
substantial efforts.
Project Managers KnowledgeBase Initiating Identify Stakeholders 13.1

Identify Stakeholders 13.1

As soon as the sponsor has produced the SOW, which
triggers the business case the organization requires, the
project manager begins the process of identifying the
stakeholders. Why does this happen so early? Because the
project manager wants to hunt exhaustively for people who
will be affected, positively or negatively, by the project. This
will allow us to unearth their requirements and address
them by either including or excluding them from the project
plan. Another reason is because the stakeholders are assets
of the project. They will include managers who lend us
people and other resources, as well as people with expertise
in many aspects of the project, like risk management or
budgeting. The project manager will also use those
stakeholders to help define the scope more extensively and
also identify the risks and assumptions. This focus on using
the stakeholders is reflected in the entire PMI exam. Finally,
the project manager needs to manage the stakeholders to
ensure that the project benefits from their support. As part
of that effort, the PM needs to manage their expectations so
that the project delivers what they expect it to deliver. They
are assets to be identified early, then cultivated and
engaged throughout the entire project. Stakeholders should
not be viewed as people who interfere in the project work.

How To Do It
You sat down with two of the employees from the supply room to
talk about the project and to identify the stakeholders. You
asked a couple of questions about departments that were the
biggest users of the supply room as well as those people and
departments who complained about the file room the most. You
also asked about which supply room users were the happiest
with the service. As the supply room employees mentioned
peoples names, you added them to your stakeholder list. You
asked if there was anyone else familiar with the supply room
users and they mentioned another supply room employee who

had been there for years but was on vacation that week. You
made a note to add her to your networking list and then asked
about the vendors who provided the materials to the supply
room.

You asked if there were any problems or issues with those
vendors and the employees made some comments about late
payment and the fact that some of the delivery people would not
put their products on the supply room shelves. That caused
frequent delays in stocking. You made note of that issue and the
names of the vendors involved and added them to your
stakeholder list. At the end of the session, you asked about other
departments in the organization that they worked with and they
mentioned the purchasing department and accounting. You got
the names of the individuals with whom they worked and added
them to the stakeholder list.

After you finished your coffee, you went down to the file room
and looked at the project archives. You found two other projects
that involved the file room and glanced through that
stakeholder documentation to see who was involved. You found
the name of an IT business analyst who had done some work for
the purchasing and inventory management system and added
that person to your stakeholder list.

The following morning you began your initial stakeholder
interviews. You would not only gather information about their
potential requirements and expectations for the project, you
would begin the process of managing their expectations by
asking them what they expected from the project and
immediately correcting any misunderstandings. You knew how
critical it was to align the stakeholders expectations with the
actual scope of the project. You also would keep your eyes open
for potential contributions each of these people could make to
the project. You wanted to involve some of them in activities like
scheduling and risk management because that kind of
involvement would build their support.

This was a small project so you completed your stakeholder
interviews after talking to eight people. You still documented
those people in your stakeholder register and made notes about
their expectations, potential involvement and issues. You would
add to the register as you moved through the process groups of
the project.

Inputs to this Process
The business case and statement of work produced
earlier as well as the charter we are also
developing in Initiating are a good launching point
for identifying stakeholders including: the project
sponsor, team members, client/customer, users,
specific departments within the organization and
outside organizations/groups that may be affected
by the project.

The organizations project archives, particularly
from similar projects, can be an excellent source of
stakeholder information.

If the project involves any procurement for goods
and services, procurement documents from
previous projects can help us identify
stakeholders.

We take into account our organizational hierarchy
and any company politics relevant for stakeholder
identification. We also use stakeholder registers
and lessons learned from previous projects.

Tools & Techniques
We use interviewing and brainstorming with the
involved people using their expert judgment to
identify individuals who will be affected by the
project. The outreach for stakeholders may also
include networking with employees.

We use stakeholder analysis to gather information
about the identified stakeholders. We want to
gather information about each stakeholders
position, job title, rank, skills/knowledge the
project may utilize as well as their requirements
and needs from the project. Last, we want to
assess their attitude about the project (positive or
negative) and the level of power or influence they
can exert.

We may have meetings with the project sponsor,
executives, team members and other identified
stakeholders to help us identify all the
stakeholders.

Outputs from this Process
We produce the stakeholder register, which lists
the stakeholders by name, their project role,
project requirements -achievements, perceived
expectations, their impact/influence on the project
and whether or not they support the project.
3 Project Examples of Identify
Stakeholders
PMI places great emphasis on identifying stakeholders so
that we include all the important people affected by the
project and gather their project requirements early on,
rather than after the project has started. In the three
Examples youll read about, you can see how we modify our
stakeholder identification depending on the size and
formality of the project.

Small Project Example: Identify Stakeholders
Chris Pimbock, the project manager, works for
Royster Corporation in the Customer Service
department managed by Tom Sterns, who directs 15
employees including Chris.

The salespeople triggered the project because
customers were complaining about service response
time. Tom Sterns responded by initiating the
Trouble Report Improvement Project (TRIP). The
statement of work and business case define success
as responding more quickly to customer trouble
reports.

Tom Sterns smiled and handed Chris Pimbock the signed
business case saying, Here you are, the Sales VP and I
both approved it." Tom pointed to his PC where Outlook
was open, "Who do we send it to?

Chris stuck the signed business case onto his clipboard and
said, Well, we should send it to all the stakeholders.

Tom responded, "Yes, I have all the employees in the
department on the distribution list."

"I think we need to think of the stakeholders a bit more
broadly," Chris said. "Stakeholders are the people who will
be affected by the project and we identify them up front so
we can get their requirements and manage their
expectations. The company's customers are certainly
affected by the project and I would imagine that the Sales
department, who started this whole thing, is probably the
most important stakeholder."

Tom said, "I don't want those people from Sales and
Marketing telling us how to run this project. They stick their
noses into our business more than enough as it is. Im going
to send it to just the employees in our department."

Chris smiled and said, "You're the boss and the project
sponsor so we'll do it your way. But ignoring other important
stakeholders will really reduce our odds of being successful.
It creates a situation where stakeholders and their
requirements can spring up just as were finishing the
project. Then theyll cost much more to address and make
us late in addition. Like it or not, Sales and Marketing
started this project and their opinion of our work when the
project is done will matter a lot. So why not involve them in
the project now rather than letting them surprise us at the
end with what they really wanted?"

Tom nodded slowly, "That makes good sense. And it would
be just like those jerks to watch us do all this work to
improve service and then tell us we didn't do what they
wanted."

Chris smiled and said, "That's exactly why we identify the
stakeholders early and then manage their expectations so
we don't get those nasty surprises."

Tom said, "Okay I'm sold. How do we do this stakeholder
identification?"
Chris thought for a moment, running through the
stakeholder identification techniques in his mind. Then he
thought about the scale of the project and the fact that Tom,
the sponsor, was not familiar with the best practices in
project management and had seen too many projects
dragged down by unnecessary paperwork and meetings.
Chris decided to move slowly; a little bit of stakeholder
identification was appropriate for this small project and
would pay big benefits. An elaborate stakeholder
identification process would be overkill and might cause Tom
to skip the whole process.

Chris said, "Well we always tailor our project management
tasks to the size of the project and this is a small one. So
why don't you and I do some stakeholder identification right
now?

Tom nodded agreement, "Clearly we have some
stakeholders in Sales. I can make a call and get them to
assign a representative; probably one of the salespeople."

Chris said, "That's a good idea but we also have other Sales
stakeholders plus some in Marketing whose expectations we
want to manage. And it's much better for us to manage
those expectations than to hope that one salesperson
assigned to the project will do the job for us. So let's go
ahead and get somebody else involved but also identify the
VP of Sales/Marketing and some of her directors as
stakeholders. We'll get them engaged during our
requirements gathering and also make them part of the
stakeholder and communications management plans."

Tom smiled, "That's exactly the way to play the game. I
can't think of any other stakeholders besides the people
here in the department and our customers who are clearly
affected. But Sales and Marketing will never let us talk to
the customers directly. That's their turf."

Chris nodded and said, "I'll make a note to add customers
as a stakeholder group anyway. Maybe something will come
up. We can always add additional stakeholders as they
come to our attention but I think that's enough for the
moment. I'll start the stakeholder register.

Multi-department Project Example: Identify
Stakeholders
McLaughlin Electronic Enterprises is experiencing a
large volume of complaints from customers about
their response time on customer trouble reports. 15
different functional units are engaged in handling
these trouble reports for different types of
customers and different product lines.

Terry Evans, the project manager for this multi-
department project, is from Engineering and just
earned her PMP. Terry is concerned about
managing the Trouble Report Improvement Project
(TRIP) across all of these departmental boundaries.

The VP of Sales, Gwendolyn Stiles, is the project
sponsor and she drove the project through the
approval process based on the cost of lost
customers.

The company has over 5,000 employees and this
project will include systems development,
construction of new office facilities, training of
employees and procurement of computer hardware
and other equipment.

The project will utilize resources from 15 different
departments and technical specialists from 4 support
departments (Information Systems, Construction,
Training and Development).
Terry didnt mind working late and Gwendolyn Stiles, the VP
of Sales/Marketing and project sponsor, requested the
meeting. But it did seem odd to meet at 8:30 at night and
for the sponsor to request that she bring a pepperoni pizza.
Terry found the right room in the deserted conference
center, knocked and went in juggling the pizza box and her
iPad.

Gwendolyn Stiles looked up from the papers in front of her
and said, "Welcome! I know this is a bit unusual but the way
we do projects in Marketing is to keep a tight lid on things.
That way the competition doesn't find out about what new
products were offering or our other marketing initiatives. I
want to do this project exactly the same way without any
interfering outsiders. That's why well meet later at night. I
hope you don't mind.Oh and this, she pointed to a young
woman sitting at the table, is Audrey, my assistant."

Terry set the pizza and paper plates down on the table and
smiled at Audrey. "It's not my choice to work evenings but I
certainly can accommodate your schedule. I'm a little
concerned, however, about keeping the project secret from
other departments whose cooperation we need."

Gwendolyn replied with a wave of her hand, Well its not
secret from top management but I dont want to have
people from other departments involved in planning this
thing. All they'll do is work their own agendas and slow us
down. We need to move fast!"

Terry helped herself to a slice of pizza and said, "I know it
sounds like it would slow things down to engage our
stakeholders but it actually speeds things up. These
stakeholders are the people we need to support the project
across the organization and the managers and directors are
the people we need to make changes in their departments
operations. They clearly have a stake in this project and we
need their active and enthusiastic support. Getting people
to make changes in their work habits is always difficult and
it will be even harder if we don't let the stakeholders

Name Dept. Posi
tion
- Major
requirem
Main
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Pote
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Wanda
Glenn
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IT Cust
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suppor

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e Dont kn
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communi
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equipmen
Sees t
ca- proble
not
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Very
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S
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ngage
im in
lan
Mueller Service
Suppor
Pre
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s. Schedule
interview
know
Sched
interv ew
large
ule
t
Name Dept. Posi
-tion
Major
requiremen
t
Main
expecta-
tions
Potential
influenc
e

Type Action

Glenn
Fuchs
Tech.
supportt
Dire
ctor
Improved
communica
-tion
equipment

o
Sees the
problem,
not
optimisti
c about
the
Changing
this depts
operations
is vital to
success

Neutra
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Engag
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project
Wanda
Muelle
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Cust.
Service
Suppor
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Vice
Pres
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Dont
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Schedule
interview
Dont
know
Schedule
interview
Very
large
i

Suppo
rt
Active

participate in the planning and delivery of the project. In a
very real sense we need to sell the project to these
stakeholders."

Audrey asked, "Exactly who are the stakeholders?"

Terry answered, "Anyone who is affected by the project or
who can affect it. As I said, were going to be asking a very
large number of departments to change their operations if
we're going to improve trouble-ticket turnaround time. The
managers and the employees in each of those departments
who have to change their work procedures are all important

stakeholders because if they don't do things differently this
project will fail. Other departments will have to lend us
people to do the work of this project. If they don't
cooperate in making people from their departments
available, this project is going to fail. So stakeholders are
very influential and some of them are in very powerful
positions. There are other departments and even outside
firms who will supply resources this project needs and
theyre stakeholders as well, with perhaps a little less
influence and power over our success.
Gwendolyn smiled and said, "You're basically looking at the
stakeholders as if they were customers and segmenting the
market."

Teri nodded agreement and said, "Good project managers
tailor the procedures they use to fit the needs of each
project. On this project, I think a fairly detailed
segmentation of our stakeholders is warranted.

Well identify the stakeholders and also make an initial
assessment of their interests in terms of what they want to
get out of the project, their expectations for what it will do for
the company and to their area of responsibility, their ability to
influence the project and their requirements from the
project.

Gwendolyn slapped the conference table and said, "That
makes sense. Let's do it!"

50 minutes later, Terry had the first two stakeholders
entered into the initial stakeholder register and they stopped
to finish the pizza.

Between bites Terry said, "This is the way well continue to
identify stakeholders and you can see how were also laying
out the start of our stakeholder management strategy. I
think the key to that strategy will be identifying people who
have a lot of influence and engaging them in the project.
Those people whose departments will be significantly
affected by the project in terms of the changes, should have
significant roles in the planning of the project. Less
influential stakeholders may not be offered those decision-
making roles but we certainly will communicate with them
regularly so they're aware of what's going on in the project
and how they can help.

Gwendolyn nodded and said, "I agree the people who have
the most influence over the projects success need to be
engaged initially in the project. And we need to keep them
informed and maybe even take their temperature, you
know, find out how they're feeling about the project on a
regular basis. We dont want to be taken by surprise by the
people who have a problem or an issue. That's exactly how
we deal with our important customers.

Terry was typing into her iPad and when she finished, she
looked up and said, "I'll lay out those elements of our
stakeholder management strategy and well reflect that
strategy in both our requirements gathering and in our
stakeholder and communications plans for the project."

Customer/Client Project Example: Identify
Stakeholders
Globetrotter International Enterprises is
experiencing problems on its response time to
customer trouble reports in all 15 countries in which
they operate.

This company hired Preston McCarthy, an external
consultant, to manage the project. Prestons firm,
McCarthy and Associates, is providing both technical
expertise and project management services for
Globetrotter.

Mr. Fuller, the president of Globetrotter Enterprises,
waved Preston McCarthy to a seat across the desk,
saying, We made a big point about the stakeholders
and about how our profit centers operate
independently. In the business case, we stressed
the difficulty in getting the various functional areas
to cooperate. Now, Id like to know how the hell
youre going to get this cantankerous management
team of mine to cooperate across functional lines.
Oh they talk about how were a matrix organization
but thats usually when they want some other
division to do something for them. Truth be told, we
are as functional as hellthey operate like feudal
lords and ladies ruling their own little kingdoms. So
how are you going to get them to cooperate?

Preston uncapped his Mont Blanc fountain pen and thought
for a moment. The question was not a surprise but he
realized that Mr. Fuller was concerned about this issue and
probably not comfortable going ahead with the contract until
he got an answer about this organizational question.
Preston said, "Without a doubt, stakeholder support and
participation is the biggest risk in the project. What were
going to do is a thorough job of stakeholder identification
and management. It is already obvious that the functional
managers are going to require special handling and a big
investment in time.

Mr. Fuller scowled and retorted, "And then youre gonna
come running to me to make them do what you want?"

Preston laughed and shook his head, "No, for your functional
managers, we will conduct a personal face-to-face interview
to explain the project to each of them individually. Well get
an initial reaction so that we can assess their interests,
requirements and level of support. I know there are almost
35 of them but I want to make that initial personal
assessment and then plot them in terms of their power,
influence and potential impact on the project. Later we're
going to put together a strategy for each of them
individually which is going to lead to a round of horse
trading based on each individual's hot button issues or
requirements. I want them to own the project. We'll do this
early in project planning and tailor the project plan to fit the
agreement we've made with each of them. They'll each get
something they value in exchange for making the changes
we need in their operations so we can improve the overall
trouble report performance. Obviously, Ill get your
approval on each of the written deals we make which will
detail their accountability.

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