Waves

1. definition wave: energy is transmitted in the form of waves

2.types: transverse, longitudinal, mechanical, electromagnetic definitions and e.gs of each type
3.wave form: rest position, amplitude, wavelength, cycle, period, frequency
4.Reflection: waves bounce off from surface so that angle of reflection = angle of incidence,
5.Refraction(pg 42): waves pass across a boundary and change speed and wavelength (freq stays the same)
6.Diffraction (pg 42): bending of waves around corners or obstacles. Sharp diffraction if opening is small compared to
wavelength, slight diffraction if opening is large compared to wavelength
7.Interference: constructive and destructive
Sound
1.longitudinal waves produced when objects vibrate, mechanical needs a medium
2.bell jar expt, (pg 54)sound spectrum, human hearing range (20Hz 20KHz), ultra sound (above 20KHz),
3.echoes used to find speed of sound in air (pg 56), depth sounding (pg 57), sonar
4.speed of sound in media of different densities. Sound travels fastest through solids, then liquids and slowest through
air. Faster in cold air than in hot air.
5.loudness related to amplitude, pitch depends on frequency.
6.strings: thickness, tension, length of string and frequency. [Thicker the string, lower the freq], [longer the string, lower
the freq], [greater the tension, higher the freq]
7.acoustics guitar depends on reverberations/ electric guitar needs amplifier, buildings
Light
1.types of optical material: opaque, transparent, translucent, luminous, non luminous
2.locate the light spectrum in the electromagnetic spectrum, travels in straight lines, point and extended sources,
shadows umbra and pen umbra.
3.images description *size of image in relation to size of object, *real or virtual,* upright or inverted, *image distance in
relation to object distance.
Image in Pinhole camera-*real,* inverted, *diminished, *image dist smaller than object dist.
Image in Plane mirror: *upright, *virtual, *same size,* image dist=object dist.
4.Laws of reflection:* incident ray, reflected ray and normal are all in the same plane.
* Angle of reflection = angle of incidence.
5. mirrors: ray diagrams: Rules for constructing ray diagrams for mirrors:
*any ray parallel to the principal axis is reflected through the principal focus
*any ray through the principal focus is reflected parallel to the principal axis
*any ray through the center of curvature is reflected back along its own path
*any ray incident at the pole is reflected making the same angle with the principal axis.
concave, converging mirror (many ray diagrams- 1 is virtual when object between F and P, make up mirror),
convex, diverging mirror (only 1 image description for object placed anywhere on principal axis)image is diminished,
virtual, formed between F and P, upright- used for rear view mirror of cars gives a wide field of view.
6.lenses: ray diagrams: Rules for constructing ray diagrams for lenses:
*any ray parallel to the principal axis is refracted through the principal focus on the other side of lens
*any ray through the principal focus is refracted parallel to the principal axis on the other side
*any ray through the optical center goes straight through undeviated (not refracted)
convex, converging lenses (many ray diagrams-1 is virtual when object place between optical center and F, magnifying
glass), concave, diverging lenses (only 1 image description for object placed anywhere on the principal axis)image is
diminished, virtual, upright, formed between optical center and F
7. Mirror and lens formula (real is positive sign convention) 1/f = 1/v + 1/u where f= focal length, v = image distance, u
= object distance
8. Magnification means how many times bigger the image is than the object. A magnification of 2 means that the image
is 2 times the size of the object. A magnification of 0.5 means that the image is 0.5 times the size of the object.
*Magnification = image distance/ object distance *Magnification = image height / object height
9.Power of lens = 1/ (focal length in meters) Thicker a lens, shorter the focal length
10.Refractive index (n) equations *n= sin I / sin r *n= real depth/ apparent depth
*n= speed of light in air / speed of light in medium * n=1/sin C therefore C = (1/n) sin
-1
C=critical angle
11. Critical angle (C) is an angle of incidence for which the angle of refraction =90
0
(or refracted ray lies along the
boundary) Total internal reflection occurs when the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle.
12. Laws of refraction: *Snells law of refraction: the ratio of sin I to sin r is a constant for a given pair of media.
*The normal ray, incident ray and the refracted rays are all in the same plane.
Eye (pg24)
1.compare the camera and eye, parts, function,
Short sightedness- light rays meet in front of the retina, correction: use concave, diverging lens.
Long sightedness- light rays meet behind the retina, correction: use convex, converging lens.
Colour (pg 27)
1.Dispersion of white light into its components (ROYGBIV)by prism,




2.Recombination of spectrum by prisms.





*Primary: red, blue, green *Secondary: magenta, cyan, yellow *Complimentary: [magenta,
green], [cyan, red], [yellow, blue]
Colours of the spectrum and relationship to wavelength and part of the electromagnetic
spectrum eg. Violet is closest to UV while Red is closest to IR.
Electromagnetic spectrum (pg 50)
1.complete spectrum in order of wavelengths or frequencies; gamma, x-rays, UV, infrared, , radio waves, (microwaves).
2.Properties of electromagnetic waves, learn at least 4: all electromagnetic waves *transfer energy from one place to
another * can be emitted and absorbed by matter *do not need a medium to travel through * travel at 3.0 x 10
8
m/s in a
vacuum * are transverse waves and can be polarized * can be superposed and produce interference effects
(constructive and destructive interference) *obey the laws of reflection and refraction * can be diffracted * carry no
charge
3.Uses and properties of individual electromagnetic waves