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Chng 5: Cm Bin Lc V p Sut

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Chng 5
CM BIN LC V P SUT (Sensors for
force and pressure)
5.1 Khi nim
Khi dy dn chu bin dng c kh th in tr ca n cng thay i. Hin
tng gi l hiu ng tenzo. Chuyn i in tr lm vic da trn hiu ng ny
c gi l chuyn i in tr tenzo hay chuyn i in tr lc cng.
Chuyn i in tr kiu lc cng ny c chia lm 3 loi:
o Chuyn i in tr lc cng dy mnh
o Chuyn i in tr lc cng l mng
o Chuyn i in tr lc cng mng mng
Loi cm bin ny c 3 thng s chnh:
o Kch thc ca
o Gi tr in tr ca cm bin
o Dng in ti a cho php
Ph bin nht l loi chuyn i in tr lc cng dy mnh: Trn mt tm giy
mng bn, ngi ta dn 1 dy in tr theo kiu hnh rng lc c ng knh khong
0,02 0,03mm. Dy c ch to t vt liu constantan, nicrom, hoc hp kim
platin-iridi. Hai u dy c hn vi l ng dng ni vi mch o. Pha trn
c dn mt lp giy mng c nh dy. Chiu di l
0
ca rng lc l chiu di
tc dng ca chuyn i.
cc chuyn i in tr lc cng lm vic tt trong thc t, yu cu vt liu
ch to chuyn i c nhy ln nhy t c cao. Mt khc, h s nhit
ca chuyn i in tr lc cng () cn b v trong kim loi bin dng tng i

1
trong gii hn n hi khng ln hn 2,5.10
-3
, do
R
vo khong (1,25 10)
Chng 5: Cm Bin Lc V p Sut

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tc l s thay i in tr tng i khng vt qu 1% khi i tng o chu p
sut ln nht.
5.2 Cm bin lc (Force Sensor)
5.2.1 Cm bin lc cng (Strain Gauges sensor)
a. Khi nim
Cm bin lc cng da trn s thay i in tr ca dy dn hoc cht bn
dn khi n b bin dng v c s dng o s co - gin khi vt th b nn li
hoc ko cng ra. C nhiu ng dng nh l o lc, p sut, gia tc

Hnh 5.1 Khi Strain Gauges cha c lc tc ng

Hnh 5.2 Khi Strain Gauges c lc tc ng.
b. in tr ca dy dn
o Strain gauge n gin l mt dy dn nh hnh sau:

Hnh 5.3 in tr dy dn.
Chng 5: Cm Bin Lc V p Sut

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o in tr ca dy dn :
( ) =
A
l
R (5.1)
: in tr sut
Khi c lc tc ng vo th strain gauge s b thay i v hnh dng, dn ti
in tr thay i.
c. gin n
gin n hay cn gi l n di c nh ngha bng bin dng
chiu di trn tng chiu di ban u
=

(5.2)

Hnh 5.4 Cc dng cm bin lc cng
d. Hot ng ca cm bin lc
in tr thay i ca strain gauge l rt nh, c vi phn trm, nh hn mt
Ohm. pht hin ra s thay i nh nh th, ta phi p dng cc mch cu

Hnh 5.5 Hai in tr chnh v ph.
e. Phng php o bng mch cu
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Hnh 5.6 Phng php o bng mch cu.
o u tin ta s chnh cc gi tr in tr sao cho V1=V2
G
G S
R R
R V
V
+
=
1
1
(5.3)
D
D S
R R
R V
V
+
=
2
2
(5.4)
o Sai lch in p trn mch cu (V1 V2)

+
= =
D
D
G
G
S
R R
R
R R
R
V V V V
2 1
2 1
(5.5)
( )
( )( )
D G
D G
S
R R R R
R R R R
V V
+ +

=
2 1
1 2
(5.6)
o n gin ta cho cc gi tr in tr l bng nhau = R. Khi c s thay i
in tr strain gauge R th:
R R
R
V V
S
+

=
2 4
(5.7)
4R s ln hn rt nhiu so vi 2R v th:
R R R 4 2 4 + (5.8)
R = s thay i in tr ca strain-gauge
R = gi tr in tr ca cc in tr trong mch cu
V = sai lch in p
Chng 5: Cm Bin Lc V p Sut

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Vs= ngun in p cp trong mch cu nn ta suy ra c
S
V
V R
R


4
(5.9)
f. Mi lin h gia n di v in tr
Khi strain gauge b tc ng, in tr n tng ln. Mi quan h gia n
di v in tr c biu din nh sau:
GF
R R/
= (5.10)
Vi:
= n di(L/L)
R = in tr strain-gauge
GF =H s gauge, h s ny c cung cp bi nh sn xut vi
R L
L R
L L
R R
GF
.
.
/
/

= (5.11)
Youngs modulus (E): l hng s m t mi quan h gia lc tc ng v
n di ca vt:

= E (5.12)
Vi:
E = Hng s (hng s ph thuc vo tng loi vt liu)
= Lc tc ng trn mt vng
= n di
Youngs modulus (E)
Cht liu lb/in
2
N/cm2
St 30.10
6
2,07.10
7

ng 15.10
6
1,07.10
7

Nhm 10.10
6
6,9.10
6

7,3.10
6
5,0.10
6

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G cng 1,5 . 10
6
1,0.10
6

V d: Cho mch o strain gauge nh hnh. B mt tr (cu to bng thp) l 2
in
2
, R= 120 v GF bng 2. Ngun cung cp 10 V. Khi thanh cha b tc ng
ng ra cu l 0V. Khi thanh chu tc ng, and ng ra cu l 0.0005 V. Tm lc
tc ng ln thanh.

Gii
o thay i in tr khi thanh chu tc ng
=

024 . 0
10
0005 . 0 * 120 * 4 4
V
V
V
V R
R
S

o n di :
. / . 0001 . 0
2
120 / 024 . 0 /
in in
GF
R R
= =

=
o p dng cng thc:

= E
o tnh ton lc tc ng ln thanh. Tra bng Youngs modulus. T bng,
ta tm c 30,000,000 lb/in
2
cho bi:
2 2
/ 3000 / . 0001 . 0 * / 000 , 000 , 30 . in lb in in in lb E = = =
o l lc tc ng ln mt in
2
mt ct, theo l 2.in
2
nn lc tc ng phi
l 6000 lb/in
2

Chng 5: Cm Bin Lc V p Sut

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5.2.2 Load cell
a. Cu to v phn loi
Load cell l thit b dng chuyn i lc thnh tn hiu in. Loadcell c
rt nhiu loi khc nhau nh:
o Loi theo lc tc ng: chu ko (shear loadcell), chu nn (compression
loadcell), chu un (bending), chu xon (tension loadcell) Hnh 5.7

Hnh 5.7 Loi Loadcell theo lc tc ng.
o Loi theo hnh dng: dng a, dng thanh, dng tr, dng cu, dng ch
SHnh 5.8 l loadcell dng tr

Hnh 5.8 Loi Loadcell hnh tr.
(a) Gauge chnh v gauge ph c lp li n khi no chng c cng nhit .
(b) Loadcell dng cu strain gauge
Phn in tr b c t gn strain gauge chu tc ng, m bo cng
nhit . N khng b thay i di tc ng ca lc.
b. Nguyn l hot ng
Ty theo loi loadcell m mi loi c nguyn tc hot ng khc nhau nh:
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o Hydraulic load cells: l loi loadcell thy lc, n o trng lng nh vo s
thay i p sut cht lng. Khi n chu ti lc tc ng s chuyn ti mt pit-
tng nn mt lng cht lng trong bung cha. Khi lc tc ng tng ln, p
lc cc cht lng thy lc cng tng theo. p lc ny c th c xc nh cho
ch nh cc b hoc iu khin t xa. u ra l tuyn tnh v tng i khng
b nh hng bi hm lng ca cht lng hoc nhit ca n. Nu cc
loadcell c ci t ng v hiu chun, chnh xc c th l 0,25% trong
ton thang o hoc tt hn trong hu ht cc ng dng o trng lng. Bi v
cm bin ny khng c thnh phn in, nn n rt thch hp s dng trong
cc khu vc nguy him. Cc ng dng in hnh ca loadcell thy lc bao gm
cn cc bn cha, gu v phu. t c chnh xc ti a nn dng nhiu
loadcell kt ni vi nhau ri tng hp kt qu u ra.
o Pneumatic load cells: Loadcell kh nn hot ng trn nguyn tc cn bng lc.
Cc thit b ny s dng nhiu bung gim chn nn c chnh xc cao hn
loadcell loi thy lc. Trong mt s thit k, bung gim chn u tin c s
dng nh mt bung trng lng b. Loadcell kh nn thng c s dng
o trng lng tng i nh trong cc ngnh cng nghip m vn sch s
v an ton l mi quan tm chnh. Nhng u im ca loi loadcell ny l
khng nhy cm vi s thay i nhit . Ngoi ra, chng khng cha cc cht
lng c th gy nhim qu trnh nu v kt cu. Nhc im ca loi loadcell
ny l tc p ng tng i chm v kh cn thit phi sch s, khng kh
kh quy nh, hoc nit.
o Strain-gauge load cells: Hot ng da trn nguyn l cu in tr cn bng
Wheatstone. Gi tr lc tc dng t l vi s thay i in tr cm ng trong cu
in tr, v do tr v tn hiu in p t l.
c. Mch o cm bin lc
o Dng bn cu:
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Hnh 5.9 Loadcell dng cu i xng.
y c hai strain gauge chnh, 2 strain gauge ph

Hnh 5.10 Hai in tr chnh v ph.
Ng ra bn cu:
( ) ( )

+ +

+ +
+
=
R R R
R
R R R
R R
v v
S o

( ) ( )

+
+
=
R R
R R R
v v
S o
2
(5.13)
Nu R R <<


=
R
R
v v
S o
2
(5.14)
o Dng mch cu y :
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Hnh 5.11 Loadcell dng cu ton phn.

Hnh 5.12 Hai in tr chnh v ph.
Ng ra mch cu y :
( ) ( )

+ +
+
=
R R R
R R
R R R
R R
v v
S o
(5.15)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

+ + +
+ + + +
=
R R R R R R
R R R R R R R R R R
v v
S o
(5.16)
Nu R R <<


=
R
R
v v
S o
(6.17)
d. So snh cc loi loadcell
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Bng so snh cc loi Loadcell
Loi Tm o
chnh
xc
ng dng u im Nhc im
Mechanical Load Cells
Load
Cell
thy lc
Ln n
10,000,000
lb
0.25% Bn cha , x lan
ch bn ;khu vc
nguy him.
khng b nh
hng bi nhit
.
Chi ph cao; phc
tp
Load
Cell kh
nn
Tng i
rng
Cao Cng nghip thc
phm: khu vc
nguy him.
An ton: thnh
phn khng
cha cc cht
nguy hi
p ng chm: i
hi kh phi sch v
kh.
Strain Gauge Load Cells
Load
Cell chu
un
10-5k lbs. 0.03% Bn cha, bn
cn.
Chi ph thp, cu
to n gin.
Strain gauge l ra
bn ngoi nn cn
c bin php bo
v.
Load
Cell chu
ko
10-5k lbs. 0.03% Bn cha, bn
cn, ti trng lch
tm.
D dng lp rp
Load
Cell
dng
hp
Ln n
500k lbs.
0.05% Cn xe ti, bn
cha, cn hnh
phu
Ti c th
chuyn ng.
Khng c bo v
theo phng ngang.
Load
Cell
dng
vng v
dng a
5- 500k
lbs.
Bn cha, cn. Cc b phn lm
bng thp khng
g .
Ti khng c
chuyn ng trong
khi cn.
Load
Cell
dng nt
0-50k lbs

1% Cc loi cn
nh
Nh gn, chi ph
thp.
Ti phi t ngay v
tr trung tm v
khng c chuyn
ng.
5.3 Cm bin lu lng v p sut (Pressure and Flowmeters sensor)
Cc cm bin o lu lng c s dng o c cht lng v cht kh
trong nhiu ng dng gim st v iu khin. Vi cht lng, khi lng ring c
th coi l hng s nn vic o lu lng nhn chung d thc hin hn. Mt s k
thut hot ng vi c cht lng v cht kh, mt s ch hot ng vi dng lu
cht xc nh. Vic o lu lng thng bt u bng vic o tc dng chy.
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5.3.1 Cm bin o lu lng: (Flowmeters Sensor)
Mt trong s cc tham s quan trng ca qu trnh cng ngh l lu lng
cc cht chy qua ng dn. Mun nng cao cht lng sn phm v hiu qu ca
h thng iu khin t ng cc qu trnh cng ngh cn phi o chnh xc th
tch v lu lng cc cht.
Mi trng o khc nhau c c trng bng tnh cht l ha v cc yu
cu cng ngh, do ta c nhiu phng php o da trn nhng nguyn l khc
nhau. S lng vt cht c xc nh bng khi lng v th tch ca n tng
ng vi cc n v o (kg, tn) hay n v th tch (m
3
, lt). Lu lng vt cht l
s lng cht y chy qua tit din ngang ca ng dn trong mt n v thi
gian.
o Lu lng th tch:
t
V
Q
V
= (5.18)
n v o m
3
/s; m
3
/gi
o Lu lng khi: Q
m
t
m
= (5.19)
n v o kg/s; kg/gi; tn/gi
Cn phn bit s khc nhau gi lu lng tc thi v lu lng trung bnh.
Chng hn lu lng th tch: Lu lng trung bnh Q
tb
=V(
2 1
), lu lng
tc thi: Q
V
= dV/d (V l th tch vt cht o c trong thi gian (
2 1
))
i vi cht kh, kt qu o khng ph thuc vo iu kin p sut v
nhit , ta qui i v iu kin chun (nhit 20
0
C, p sut 760 mm thy
ngn).
thch ng vi cc nhu cu khc nhau trong cng nghip, ngi ta
pht trin rt nhiu phng php khc nhau o lu lng cht lng, hi nc,
kh...
c trng ca lu cht:
Mi lu cht c c trng bi nhng yu t sau:
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o Khi lng ring
o H s nht ng lc
o H s nht ng hc
Khi lng ring:
Khi lng ring l khi lng ca 1 n v th tch lu cht
) / (
3
m kg
V
m
= (5.20)
m: khi lng ca khi lu cht
V: th tch ca khi lu cht

Hnh 5.13 Khi lng ring ca nc v hi nc trng thi bo ha vi cc iu
kin nhit khc nhau.
Tnh nht:
Tnh nht l tnh cht chng li s dch chuyn, n biu hin sc dnh phn
t hay kh nng lu ng ca lu cht. y l 1 tnh cht quan trng ca lu cht
v n l nguyn nhn c bn gy ra s tn tht nng lng khi lu cht chuyn
ng. Khi lu cht chuyn ng, gia chng c s chuyn ng tng i, ny
sinh ma st to nn s bin i 1 phn c nng thnh nhit nng v mt i. Tnh
nht c c trng bi h s nht ng lc, h s ny ph thuc vo loi lu
cht. C nhiu cch o nht, cch thc n gin thng c cc phng
th nghim cc trng i hc s dng chng minh s tn ti nht v xc
nh gi tr l: Cho 1 qu cu ri trong cht lng di tc dng ca trng lc. o
khong cch (d) v thi gian (t) qu cu ri, tnh vn tc u.
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H s nht ng lc s c tnh theo phng trnh sau:
u
r g
. 9
. . . 2
2


= (5.21)
: H s nht ng lc (Pa s)
: S khc nhau gia khi lng ring qu cu v cht lng (kg/m
3
).
g: Gia tc trng trng 9,81 m/s
2
.
r: Bn knh qu cu (m).
u: Vn tc ri ca qu cu u= d/t (m/s)
n v ca h s nht ng lc:
Pa s= Ns/m
2
= 10
3

cP (centiPoise) = 10 P (Poise)

Hnh 5.14 H s nht ng lc ca nc v hi nc trng thi bo ha vi cc
iu kin nhit khc nhau.
nhn mnh mi quan h gia tnh nht v khi lng ring ca lu cht
ngi ta a ra h s nht ng hc.
v =

3
10 .
(5.22)
v: h s nht ng hc, n v centistokes (cSt)
: H s nht ng lc.
: Khi lng ring ca lu cht (kg/m
3
).
n v h s nht ng hc l cSt (centistokes), St (stokes), m
2
/s
1St = 100 cSt = 1 cm
2
/s = 10
-4
m
2
/s
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nht ph thuc vo nhit v p sut. nht ca cht lng tng khi
nhit gim v khi p sut tng, i vi cht kh th ngc li.
Tr s Reynold: (Re)
Tt c cc yu t k trn u c nh hng ti dng chy ca lu cht
trong ng dn, ngi ta kt hp chng vi nhau to ra 1 i lng duy nht th
hin c trng ca lu cht
Tr s Reynold:

D u
R
e
. .
= (5.23)
: Khi lng ring ca lu cht (kg/m
3
)
D: ng knh trong ca ng dn lu cht (m)
u: Vn tc ca lu cht (m/s)
: H s nht ng lc (Pa s)
Hiu chun khi lng ring:
Khi lng ring ca cht lng, cht kh trong mi trng o nh hng
n php o lu lng. Thc cht khi lng ring thng khng l mt hng
s.
Khi lng ring ca cht lng ty thuc vo nhit . Trng hp ny
hiu chun khi lng ring ta ch cn o nhit .
Kh thng l mt hn hp gm nhiu thnh phn. Khi lng ring ca n
l thuc vo p sut v nhit . hiu chnh sai s cn o c hai i lng ny
(ly chun l khi lng ring iu kin 0
0
C, p sut kh quyn).
Trng thi dng chy:
Nu b i nh hng ca nht v s ma st vi thnh ng dn th vn
tc dng chy s nh nhau mi v tr trn mt ct ngang ca ng dn (hnh
5.15).
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Hnh 5.15 Vn tc dng chy. (trng hp l tng)
Tuy nhin ch l trng hp l tng, trong thc t nht nh hng
n tc ca dng chy, cng vi s ma st ca ng dn lm gim vn tc ca
lu cht v tr gn thnh ng (hnh 5.16).

Hnh 5.16 Vn tc dng chy vi nh hng ca tnh nht v lc ma st.
Cc kh ( trng thi bo ha) v hu ht cc cht lng thng c vn
chuyn bng ng dn trng thi dng chy ri. Hnh 5.17

Hnh 5.17 Tr s Reynold.
5.3.2 Cm bin o p sut: (Pressure sensor)
a. Phng php o lu lng da trn nguyn tc s chnh lch p sut
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dng cm bin p sut o lu lng, ngi ta o s chnh lch p sut
(hiu p) gia 2 v tr ng c tit din dng chy khc nhau. Cc lu lng k o
da trn hiu p (differential pressure flowmeter) c s dng rt ph bin, c
bit l dng vi cc cht lng. Cc thit b ny cng nh hu ht cc lu lng k
khc gm hai thnh phn c bn.
Thnh phn 1: l nguyn nhn gy nn s thay i trong nng lng ng
hc, to nn s thay i p sut trong ng. Thnh phn ny phi ph hp vi kch
thc ca ng ng, iu kin dng chy, tnh cht ca lu cht.
Thnh phn th 2: o s chnh lch p v tn hiu u ra c chuyn i
thnh gi tr lu lng.
b. nh ngha p sut
p sut l lc tc dng trn mt n v din tch
dS
dF
p = (5.24)
p: p sut
A: din tch
F: lc
o p sut ngi ta s dng mt nguyn tc ging nhau, p sut c
cho tc dng ln mt b mt xc nh, nh th p sut c bin thnh lc. Vic
o p sut c a v o lc. Tt c cc lc tc dng ln mt mt phng xc
nh l thc o p xut.
S
F
p = (5.25)
c. n v p sut
y ban quc t cho vic o c vi lut nh chn Pascal (Pa) = N/m
2
l
n v p sut (ISO 1000, DIN 1301).
o Vic phn chia thang o ca my o p sut c dng vi bi s ca n v
Pa.
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1 mbar = 10
2
Pa
1 bar = 10
5
Pa
Nhng n v c dng ph bin trc y:
1 mmHg = 1,0000 Torr
1 atm = 760 Torr (atm n v p sut kh quyn vt l)
1Torr =1,333224 10
2
Pa
1kp/cm
2
= 0,980665. 10
5
Pa
1at =1kp/cm
2
= 0,980665. 10
5
Pa (at n v p sut kh quyn k thut)
1mm nc =9,80665 Pa
o Ngoi ra cc nc Anh, M ngi ta cn dng cc n v p sut sau:
1 pound-force/ square yard (Lb/yd
2
)
1 pound-force/ square foot (Lb/ft
2
)
1 pound-force/ square inch (Lb/in
2
= psi)
1 ounce/ square foot (oz/ft
2
)
1 ounce/ square inch (oz/in
2
)
1 Ton/ square foot (Ton/ft
2
)
1 inch of water (trong nc)
1 inch of mecuri (trong thy ngn)
= 5,425. 10
-5
at
= 4,883. 10
-4
at
= 7,031. 10
-2
at
= 3,052. 10
-5
at
= 4,394. 10
-3
at
= 2,540. 10
-3
at
= 2,40. 10-3 at
= 3,455. 10
-2
at
d. B phn to nn s chnh lch p sut
D hin nay c nhiu phng php o lu lng c pht trin,
phng php o lu lng bng ng co vn c ng dng rt rng ri trong
cng nghip v cc lnh vc khc. ng co dng to s chnh lch p sut
(gia v tr ng cha co v ng co) nn ng co phi l nhng linh kin c hc rt
bn b, cu trc n gin v khng c cc phn t di ng chu c nhng
iu kin v cng khc nghit trong cng nghip. Phng php o s dng Pitot
tube cng da trn s chnh lch p sut nhng khng to s co trc tip trn
dng chy.
e. B bin i p sut
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Hnh 5.18 B bin i p sut.
Li dng cu to ca cm bin lc ta c th s dng o p sut.
p sut chnh l lc tc ng trn mt n v din tch.
Cm bin p sut thng dng l loi cm bin p sut cht lu, nguyn l
hot ng thng l bng cht lng cn bng thy tnh hay o bng phn t nhy
cm bin dng (c s bin dng n hi ca cc phn t cm bin). Cm bin p
sut th c nhiu loi : loi p tr, lai in dung ...
f. ng co Venturi
Phng php o lu lng bng ng co da trn nh lut lin tc v
phng trnh nng lng ca Bernoulli.
o Phng trnh lin tc:
A
1
u
1
=A
2
u
2
(5.26)
o Phng trnh Bernoulli:
p
1
+
1
. . h g +
2

2
1
u = p
2
+
2
. . h g +
2

2
2
u (5.27)
o p dng cho trng ng co venturi:
p
1
+
2

2
1
u = p
2
+
2

2
2
u (2.28)
Chng 5: Cm Bin Lc V p Sut

Trang 167

Hnh 2.19 Phng php o lu lng ng co venturi.
o Trong :
A
1
: Din tch trc co.
A
2
: Din tch v tr co.
u
1
: Vn tc trc v tr co
u
2
: Vn tc v tr co
p
1
: p sut tnh trc v tr co
p
2
: p sut tnh v tr co
: Khi lng ring.
h
1
: cao v tr v tr trc co
h
2
: cao v tr v tr sau co
ni din tch ng b thu nh, vn tc dng chy gia tng. Vi phng
trnh nng lng ca Bernoulli, nng lng ca dng chy l tng nng lng p
sut tnh v ng nng (vn tc) l mt hng s.
) (
2
2
1
2
2 2 1
u u p p p = =

(5.29)
o Gii phng trnh trn theo v
2
:
2
2
2
1
2
2 1
2
1 2 1
2
2
. ) (
2
) (
2
u
A
A
p p u p p u

+ = + =

(5.30)
Chng 5: Cm Bin Lc V p Sut

Trang 168
o t
2
1
2
1
1

=
A
A
l hng s dng chy
Ta c:

2 1 2
.
2
p p u =

(5.31)
o T ta c lu lng tnh theo th tch v khi lng nh sau:
p k p p A u A Q
V
= = = . . .
2
. . .
2 1 2 2 2

(5.32)
p k p p A u A Q
m
= = = . . . 2 . . . .
'
2 1 2 2 2
(5.33)
Nh th lu lng t l vi cn s bc hai ca hiu p khi khi lng ring
l hng s.
Hnh nh thc t loi ng co Venturi H800 do hng Tetratec Instruments
sn xut.

Hnh 5.20 Hnh nh thc t loi ng co Venturi H800.
g. Orifice plate
Orifice plate l mt trong nhng cch thc n gin nht (v cng kinh t
nht) tc ng n dng chy, t c th tnh c lu lng.

Hnh 5.21 Cc dng ng co Orifice plate.
Chng 5: Cm Bin Lc V p Sut

Trang 169
Orifice plate dy khong 1/16 n n inch. C 3 loi Orifice plate:
concentric (ng tm), eccentric (lch tm), segmental (hnh cung) nh hnh
5.21.
Trong 3 loi, loi concentric c s dng nhiu nht. Khi lu cht i qua
Orifice plate, dng chy hi t, tc lu cht tng ln mc ti a. Ti im
ny, p sut l nh nht. Khi dng chy phn k, tc lu cht gim tr li mc
ban u.
Hai loi Eccentric v Segmental cng c chc nng hon ton ton ging
nh Consentric. Thit b c lp t ng tm vi ng dn lu cht (ng dn t
nm ngang), vi loi Segmental, v tr phn cung trn (phn c ct) ph
thuc vo dng cht lng c th trn hoc di nhm mc ch ngn chn cc
vt l t trong dng chy. Kt qu t c l php o tng mc chnh xc.
Loi eccentric cng c thit k vi cng mc ch trn.
Nguyn tc hot ng:

Hnh 5.22 Phng php o lu lng dng ng Orifice plate.
Nguyn tc o lu lng khi s dng Orifice plate cng da trn phng
trnh Bernoulli.
gh v 2 = (5.34)
gh A v A Q
V
2 . . = = (5.35)
Chng 5: Cm Bin Lc V p Sut

Trang 170
Trong thc t gi tr vn tc thc s s nh hn gi tr vn tc trn l thuyt
(do ma st). S khc bit ny c iu chnh vi h s
V
C .
V
C =vn tc thc t/ vn tc l thuyt.
Bn cnh din tch dng chy hi t s nh hn din tch ca Orifice
plate, iu ny tip tc c iu chnh vi h s C
C
.
C
C
= din tch vng hi t / din tch Orifice plate
Hai h s
V
C , C
C
kt hp vi nhau c c h s iu chnh C.
Qv = C. gh A 2 . (5.36)
Q
v
: Lu lng m
3
/s
A: H s iu chnh.
A: Din tch Orifice plate.
h: S chnh lch v p sut (m)
g: Gia tc trong trng (9,8 m
2
/s)
H s C (c nh ngha theo tiu chun ISO 5167 2003) c th tra cc
gi tr da vo da vo tiu chun ISO 5167.

Hnh 5.23 Yu cu lp t (theo tiu chun ISO 5167)
Chng 5: Cm Bin Lc V p Sut

Trang 171
Cn c cc on ng dn lu cht khng cong, thng v tr trc v sau v
tr lp t Orifice Plate. di ti ti thiu ca cc on ng ny phi t mc:
o v tr sau Orifice Plate (cui ngun): 5 ln ng knh ng dn lu cht.
o v tr trc Orifice Plate (u ngun): Ph thuc vo t s v cch lp
t.
D
d
= (5.37)
d: ng knh ca Orifice Plate (ng knh ming ca vi).
D: ng knh ng dn lu cht.
Cn c vo gi tr v cch lp t (xem hnh 5.24) m s dng 1 trong
cc h s A, B, C. Tnh c di ti thiu cn thit = h s * D.
H s

<0,32 0,45 0,55 0,63 0,70 0,77 0,84
A 18 20 23 27 32 40 49
B 15 18 22 28 36 46 57
C 10 13 16 22 29 44 56
h. Pitot tube

Hnh 5.24 Lc Pitot tube.
Nguyn tc hot ng
Chng 5: Cm Bin Lc V p Sut

Trang 172
p
1
+
2

2
1
v = p
2
+
2

2
2
v (5.38)
p
1
: p sut tnh trong dng chy ca lu cht ng dn.
p
2
: p sut tnh trong Pitot tube.
v
1
: Vn tc dng chy.
v
2
: Vn tc dng chy v tr ng (bng 0).

: Khi lng ring ca lu cht.



o Do v
2
=0
p
1
+
2

2
1
v = p
2
(5.39)
2
1 1 2
2
v p p p

= = (5.40)
o Gii phng trnh trn theo v
1

p
v

=
. 2
2
1

p
v

=
. 2
1
(5.41)
o T ta c lu lng tnh theo th tch v khi lng nh sau:

p
A v A Q
v

= =
. 2
. .
1
(5.42)
Trong thc t, Pitot tube c th c tch hp trong cng 1 khi, b phn o
tng p sut tnh v ng nng vi b b phn o p sut tnh c t trong
cng mt thit b.
Do dng n gin ca pitot tube ch o ti 1 im, m gi tr ca vn tc
dng chy ti nhng v tr khc nhau l khng ging nhau (trn mt ct ngang
ca dng chy). Do v tr o mang tnh cht quyt nh.
Chng 5: Cm Bin Lc V p Sut

Trang 173

Hnh 5.25 Dng n gin ca Pitot tube.
khc phc c im vn tc dng chy khc nhau, dng pitot tube
trung bnh c s dng. ng nng ca dng chy c o cc v tr khc
nhau, kt qu ly gi tr trung bnh.

Hnh 5.26 Pitot tube trung bnh.
S chnh xc ca php o
o Khi din tch ct ngang ca dng chy v khi lng ring ca lu cht coi
nh c nh, trong phng trnh
Q
v
= h s.
p

(5.43)
o Hiu p t l vi bnh phng vi lu lng Q
V
, do khi Q
V
= 30%
thang o th = 9% thang o.
o Hiu p cng thp, sai s tng i cng ln. Khi p = 9% thang o, sai s
tng i lc ny ln gp 11 ln sai s cui thang o.
o Do ch nn thc hin vic o lu lng bng ng co t 30% n 100%
thang o.
B phn o s chnh lch p sut
p
p
Chng 5: Cm Bin Lc V p Sut

Trang 174
B phn o s chnh lch p sut ny c thit k o p sut da trn cc
nguyn tc:
o Chuyn i p sut kiu in dung
o Chuyn i p sut kiu bin p vi sai
o Chuyn i p sut kiu in tr p in
o Chuyn i p sut kiu p in
o Chuyn i p sut kiu mng sc co gin...
Cm bin p sut loi in tr p in
Cm bin p sut loi in tr p in thay i in tr tng ng vi bin
dng trn bn thn n.
o Cm bin bin dng p in tr kim loi
o Cm bin bin dng p in tr bn dn
Cc thng s c bn:
o di bin dng: T s ca s thay i kch thc vi chiu di ban u
l
l
= (5.44)
n v l Strain v thng s dng microstrain
o H s bin dng: t s thay i in tr vi thay i chiu di.

R
R
l
l
R
R
GF

=

= (5.45)
H s GF ca kim loi: 2, bn dn: 80 120
Nguyn l o s dng cm bin dng p in tr:
Cc php o bin dng t khi c gi tr ln hn vi millistrain (. 10
-3
)
o V d: C cu chu lc bin dng 500. H s bin dng GF = 2.
Gi tr thay i in tr: R/R = GF. 500. 10
-3
= 0. 001
Chng 5: Cm Bin Lc V p Sut

Trang 175
o s thay i nh gi tr in tr, cc cm bin bin dng p in tr s
dng mch cu.
S o
V
R R
R
R R
R
V .
2 1
1
4 3
3

+
= (5.46)
Khi R1/R2 = R3/R4 th in p ra bng 0. Nu thay th R4 bng cm bin th
khi c lc tc dng ln, in p ra s thay i

Hnh 5.27 Dng mch cu .
o thay i in tr: R = R
G
. GF.
o Chn R1 = R2 v R3 = R
G
ta c:

+
=
2
. 1
1
4
.
.

GF
GF
V V
S O
(5.47)
o Tuy nhin GF*/2 << 1 nn ta c th ly
4
.
.
GF
V V
S O
= (5.48)

Hnh 5.28 Dng mch cu .
2
.
.
GF
V V
S O
= (5.49)
o Mch cu 4 nhnh nh hnh 2.28. in p ra c th xc nh:


V
0
= V
s
. GF.
5.3.3 Cm bin p sut loi in
Cm bn p sut in
i hay xut hin phn cc in khi mt s cht in mi b bin dng d
dng ca lc.
B cm bin gm ba lp m
mng gia l cht nn (cao su silicon) v
bin mng PVDF ch
in tch thay i to n
lc tc ng vo b cm bin.
Cm bin p i
1000 ms
-1
(100N/mm
u im ca cm bin loi n
cy cao, c kh nng o cc i l
5.3.4 Cm bin p sut loi m
Mng sc co gi
c pht trin u ti
ca loi cm bin ny l tr
vi cu Wheatstone. c chnh xc, mch in cn nhiu in tr b
sa sai.
a. Nguyn tc hot ng
Chng 5: Cm B

Trang 176
. GF.
m bin p sut loi in p
m bn p sut in p c nguyn tc hot ng da tr
i hay xut hin phn cc in khi mt s cht in mi b bin dng d
cm bin gm ba lp mng polyvinylidene flourid (PVDF)
t nn (cao su silicon) v lp p Khi tc d
ng PVDF chu ng sut v hnh thnh cc in tch trn b
Hnh 5.29 Cm bn p sut in p.
n tch thay i to nn bin thin in p ra. Bin
cm bin.
p in c dng o lc bin thin (n 10 kN), o p sut
(100N/mm
2
) v gia tc (ti 1kg) trong di tn t 0,5
m ca cm bin loi ny l cu trc n gin, kch th
y cao, c kh nng o cc i lng bin thin nhanh.
m bin p sut loi mng sc co gin kim loi
c co gin l loi cm bin rt quan trng dng
c pht trin u tin M trong nhng nm cui thp ni
y l tr s o chnh xc, kch thc b. Mch o th
i cu Wheatstone. c chnh xc, mch in cn nhiu in tr b
t ng
Bin Lc V p Sut
(5.50)
c hot ng da trn hin tng thay
i hay xut hin phn cc in khi mt s cht in mi b bin dng di tc
ng polyvinylidene flourid (PVDF) c dt
p Khi tc dng lc ln b cm
n b mt.

in p ra t l vi
n 10 kN), o p sut
c (ti 1kg) trong di tn t 0,5 100kHz.
n, kch thc nh, tin
ng o p sut, lc...
M trong nhng nm cui thp nin 40. u im
c b. Mch o thng dng
i cu Wheatstone. c chnh xc, mch in cn nhiu in tr b tr v
Chng 5: Cm Bin Lc V p Sut

Trang 177
Khi 1 si dy dn in b ko cng ra, n tr nn di v m hn nn in
tr ca dy tng ln. Khi si dy b nn, co li, n tr nn ngn hn v mp hn
nn in tr gim i. Nu gi vic nn v ko dn ny trong gii hn n hi th
sau khi b bin dng n vn gi nguyn kch thc v tr s nh ban u. Nu
gn cht dy dn ny vo phn t cn o c, chiu di dy dn thay i theo s
bin dng ca phn t ny. Sao cho s thay i in tr ca dy dn tng ng
vi lc, p sut lm bin dng phn t cn kho st.
S
l
R = (5.51)
R: in tr dy dn.
L: Chiu di.
: in tr sut
S; Din tch mt ct ngang ca dy dn
b. ng dng o lu lng bng ng co vi cm bin p sut loi in tr p in
o s chnh lch ca p sut 2 v tr c th s dng cm bin p sut
loi in tr p in.
Loi cm bin ny c 2 mt:
o Mt trc cn gi l mt tch cc (mt cng tc), v l do cch in nn ch
chu ng c cc kh sch nh khng kh v kh Freon.
o Mt sau cn gi l mt th ng ch gm cc mt silic chu ng c nhiu
mi trng khc nhau.
Cho nn o hiu s p sut ca mt dng chy ta dng 2 cm bin v
cho mi trng tc dng mt sau cm bin.
o C th dng loi cm bin 240PC Series ca Honeywell.
o Cc loi cm bin ny c cc khong o: 0..0,345 bar, 01 bar, 0 2 bar,
04 bar, 07 bar, 010 bar.
o Hot ng vi in p 8 V.
Chng 5: Cm Bin Lc V p Sut

Trang 178
o iu kin nhit mi trng: -40
0
C+85
0
C.

Hnh 5.30 Cm bin 240 PC Series.
o Vt liu ng dn l cao su buna - N nn c th chu ng c du la, du
nht, du thy lc, cn, kh Freon
i lng ng ra ca cm bin l gi tr in p. Tn hiu ra ca 2 cm bin
c a n mch x l cui cng c c kt qu ch th.

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