Mainframe Testing

Mainframe Testing
C3: Protected
2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions Confidential

2
About the Author
Created By: Mainframe CoE
Credential
Information:
Version and
Date:
ST/PPT/0907/1.0

3
Icons Used
Questions
Contacts
Reference
Demonstration
Hands on
Exercise
Coding
Standards
Test Your
Understanding
Tools
A Welcome
Break
TSO/ISPF
C3: Protected

5
TSO/ISPF: Overview
TSO:
Time Sharing Option (TSO) is a subsystem that runs on the MVS
(Multiple Virtual Storage) operating system on an OS390 machine. This
subsystem allows users to interactively work with the system.
ISPF/PDF:
The Interactive System Productivity Facility (ISPF) and its Program
Development Facility (ISPF/PDF) work together with TSO/E to provide
panels (screens) with which users can interact. ISPF provides the
underlying dialog management service that displays panels and enables
a user to navigate through the panels.


6
ISPF: Features
The following are the salient features of the ISPF:
Provides an on-line environment to interact with MVS.
Provides Menu driven interface operation as opposed to TSO, which provides
line mode only.
Provides facilities for Editing and Browsing data sets.
ISPF uses panels to display and receive information, and allows customization
of your ISPF environment.
Provides Program Function keys to avoid manual typing of commands.
Provides for easy management of datasets through the Dataset menu.
Provides extensive facilities for comparing datasets and searching for data.
Provides facilities for executing programs in batch or foreground.
Provides for debugging of advanced user written ISPF applications.
Provides advanced facilities to Create, Delete and Display VSAM datasets.
A GUI (Graphical User Interface) to allow a Client/Server Interface between an
ISPF Client at a workstation and a host TSO/ISPF session.

7
Datasets
Files in mainframes are referred as dataset. They are of two types:

PS (Physical Sequential): PS files are flat files, similar to normal text files in
windows.

PDS (Partitioned DataSet): PDS files contains members in it, each member is similar
to a PS. It is similar to a directory in windows with text files inside it.

8
Logging on
COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS
CHENNAI SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT CENTER

CCCCCCCCC\ TTTTTTTTTTTT\ SSSSSS\
CCCCCCCCCCCC\ TTTTTTTTTTTT\ SSSS\ SSS\
CCCC CC\ TTTT\ SSSS\
CCC TTTT\ SSSS\
CCC TTTT\ SSSS\
CCCC CC\ TTTT\ SSS\
CCCCCCCCCCCC\ TTTT\ SSS\ SSSS\
CCCCCCCCC\ TTTT\ SSSSSS\
\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\ \\\\\\\

IBM S/390

ENTER LOGON OR CICS1 OR IMS
LOGON <USERID>

9
Authentication screen
------------------------------- TSO/E LOGON -----------------------------------

Enter LOGON parameters below: RACF LOGON parameters:

Userid ===> USERID

Password ===> New Password ===>

Procedure ===> IKJUSER Group Ident ===>

Acct Nmbr ===> TLGACCT#

Size ===>

Perform ===>

Command ===>

Enter an 'S' before each option desired below:
-Nomail -Nonotice -Reconnect -OIDcard

PF1/PF13 ==> Help PF3/PF15 ==> Logoff PA1 ==> Attention PA2 ==> Reshow
You may request specific help information by entering a '?' in any entry field

10
ISPF Main Menu
----------------------- ISPF/PDF PRIMARY OPTION MENU ----------------
OPTION ===>
USERID - <USERID>
0 ISPF PARMS - Specify terminal and user parameters DATE - <CurrentDate>
1 BROWSE - Display source data or output listings TIME - <CurrentTime>
2 EDIT - Create or change source data
3 UTILITIES - Perform utility functions
4 FOREGROUND - Invoke language processors in foreground
5 BATCH - Submit job for language processing
6 COMMAND - Enter TSO command or CLIST
7 DIALOG TEST - Perform dialog testing
8 DB2 - Perform DATABASE 2 Interactive Functions
9 MQSeries - Websphere MQ Interactive Functions
TS TOOLS - Tools
SD SDSF - SDSF Panel
T TUTORIAL - Display information about ISPF/PDF
D DEBUG TOOL - Debug Tool Utility Functions
CC CCCA - COBAL CICS Conversion Aid
X EXIT - Terminate ISPF using log and list defaults

Enter END command to terminate ISPF.


11
Utility Menu
Menu Help
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Utility Selection Panel
Option ===>

1 Library Compress or print data set. Print index listing. Print,
rename, delete, browse, edit or view members
2 Data Set Allocate, rename, delete, catalog, uncatalog, or display
information of an entire data set
3 Move/Copy Move, or copy members or data sets
4 Dslist Print or display (to process) list of data set names.
Print or display VTOC information
5 Reset Reset statistics for members of ISPF library
6 Hardcopy Initiate hardcopy output
7 Transfer Download ISPF Client/Server or Transfer data set
8 Outlist Display, delete, or print held job output
9 Commands Create/change an application command table
11 Format Format definition for formatted data Edit/Browse
12 SuperC Compare data sets (Standard Dialog)
13 SuperCE Compare data sets Extended (Extended Dialog)
14 Search-For Search data sets for strings of data (Standard Dialog)
15 Search-ForE Search data sets for strings of data Extended (Extended Dialog)


12
Utility Options

Option 2 from the utilities menu (or) 3.2 from the ISPF main menu helps us
to allocate, delete and rename datasets, both PDS and PS.

to move or copy datasets.

to print or display datasets.

13
Dataset Allocation
Menu RefList Utilities Help
Data Set Utility
Option ===>

A Allocate new data set C Catalog data set
R Rename entire data set U Uncatalog data set
D Delete entire data set S Short data set information
blank Data set information V VSAM Utilities

ISPF Library:
Project . .
Group . . .
Type . . . .

Other Partitioned, Sequential or VSAM Data Set:
Data Set Name . . .
Volume Serial . . . (If not cataloged, required for option "C")

Data Set Password . . (If password protected)

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Dataset Allocation (Contd)
Menu RefList Utilities Help

Allocate New Data Set
Command ===>
More: +
Data Set Name . . . :

Management class . . . (Blank for default management class)
Storage class . . . . (Blank for default storage class)
Volume serial . . . . (Blank for system default volume) **
Device type . . . . . (Generic unit or device address) **
Data class . . . . . . (Blank for default data class)
Space units . . . . . (BLKS, TRKS, CYLS, KB, MB, BYTES
or RECORDS)
Average record unit (M, K, or U)
Primary quantity . . (In above units)
Secondary quantity (In above units)
Directory blocks . . (Zero for sequential data set) *
Record format . . . .
Record length . . . .
Block size . . . . .
Data set name type : (LIBRARY, HFS, PDS, or blank) *
(YY/MM/DD, YYYY/MM/DD
Expiration date . . . YY.DDD, YYYY.DDD in Julian form

15
Field Description
Management Class
TSO tries to acquire management-related information (migration, backup,
retention criteria etc) from the Management Class for default dataset
information and allocates the dataset.
Storage Class
Used to obtain the storage-related information (volume serial) for the data set
allocation.
Data class
Used to obtain the data-related information (space units, primary quantity,
secondary quantity, directory block, record format, record length, and data set
name type) for the allocation of the data set.
Primary Quantity
The amount of space allocated for the dataset.
Secondary Quantity
Used to allocate additional space to the dataset when the space allocated in the
primary allocation is insufficient.


16
Field Description (Contd)
Directory blocks
The value in this field determines the number of members in a PDS. A
positive value in this field denotes that the dataset is a PDS and a 0
denotes that the dataset is a PS.
Record Format
The value in this field determines the format of the PDS or PS being
allocated.
Record Length
The value of the length of the records stored in the dataset.
Block Size
The block size, also called physical record length, of the blocks to be
stored in the data set. Use this field to specify how many bytes of data
to put into each block, based on the record length.

17
Line Commands
After you create & display a data set list, you can enter a line command to
the left of the data set name. The most frequently used line commands are:

V View Data Set
E Edit Data Set
B Browse Data Set
C Catalog Data Set
D Delete Data Set
R Rename Data Set
I Data Set Information
Z Compress Data Set
CO Copy
MO Move
X Exclude Data Set
NX Unexclude Data Set

18
Primary Commands
Following are the list of frequently used primary commands. For more
details on these commands and an exhaustive list, refer to the ISPF manual
on the IBM bookshelf.

SORT Sorts the list of data sets by the specified field.
SAVE Writes the data set list to the ISPF list data set or to a sequential
dataset
RESET Redisplays excluded data sets and removes line commands.
FIND Finds a string within the data set name
EXCLUDE Excludes a line containing a string within the data set name.
DSLSET Displays the data set list settings panel
REFRESH Refreshes the displayed list with any changes that have occurred.


19
Scrolling
Valid values on the scroll field and their properties are :

CSR Specifies that the screen will scroll depending on the cursor
position
PAGE Specifies that the screen will always scroll page by page
HALF Specifies that the screen will always scroll by half a page
DATA Similar to PAGE, but will scroll by one line
nnn Specifies that the cursor will always scroll by the
specified number of lines, irrespective of the cursor
position. (nnn represents a number)

20
Basic Line Commands
A single blank line is inserted with an I in column 1.
IF you want to insert multiple blank lines, type In (where n is the number of
lines required) in the first column and press ENTER.

Enter D in the first column to delete a single line.
If you know the exact number of lines to be deleted, use Dn (Where n is the
number of lines to be deleted).
A block of lines can be deleted by placing the lines to be deleted between a pair
of DD commands. Place a DD on the first line of the block and a DD on the last
line of the block and press ENTER. This deletes all the lines between the DDs

21
Move/Copy Commands
The copy and move commands are similar in execution but for the fact that
the Copy command retains the original content but Move remove the
content from its original location.

To copy a single line from one location to another, place a C in the first
column on the line to be copied and an A on the line previous to the line
where you want the data to be placed and press ENTER. Placing a B
instead of A, copies the information before the line. A combination of CC
and A/B does the same for a block of lines. Use M and MM with A/B
similarly to move the data.

22
Commands
Text handling Commands
LC lowercase, to change text from uppercase to lowercase .
UC uppercase, to change text from lowercase to uppercase.

Exclude/Show Commands
Use X or XX to exclude one or more lines of data from being displayed on the
screen.
X identifies a line to be excluded.
X5 identifies the first of 5 (or any number of) lines to be excluded.
XX identifies the first and last lines of a block of lines to be excluded.
(Usage is like Block copying)

23
SuperCE Compare

Super Compare Extended abbreviated to SuperCE is a versatile tool that
helps us to compare PS datasets, complete PDS, members of PDS or
concatenated datasets.

Option 12 in the Utilities Menu is a simple compare utility and option 13
from the Utilities Menu is the extended compare utility.


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SuperCE Compare (Cont.)
Datasets can be compared in the following four ways:

File Comparison Checks source datasets and lists the difference.
Simplest and fastest method
Line Comparison Checks the differences at the line level. The output
list contains reformatted lines and changed lines.
Most frequently used comparison type and
typically used for the source change compares
Word Comparison Checks the differences at the word level. A word
is a string separated by one or more blanks or a
line separator.
Byte Comparison Byte level comparison with the output in HEX
(Like a dump).


25
SuperCE Compare (Cont.)
The Compare output can be listed in the following five ways

OVSUM Lists the Overall Summary of the changes. In case of PDS comparison
the list contains a summary for each member compared
Delta Frequently used Listing type. Lists the differences and the summary
of each dataset compared. Differences are flagged at the left of each
line of output.
CHNG Lists the differences with a specified number of lines before and after
the changes. Makes the user comfortable in reading the output in
case of a PDS comparison involving source changes.
Long Lists the complete new data set with the old data set deleted data
Interspersed in the output listing. Both inserted and deleted output
data is flagged. The format is the same as the DELTA with all matching
data shown.
Nolist Generates no listing output. Used to quickly find if any data is
changed between two datasets.

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Search-For Utility
This option is used to search for a particular string in a dataset or members
of a PDS

Option 3.14 from the main menu (or) 14 from the Utilities Menu takes you
to the appropriate panel.

The search string can optionally be followed by one of the following
keywords:
WORD Lists full word occurrences of the string
PREFIX Lists only if the string is a prefix to a word.
SUFFIX Lists only if the string is a suffix to a word.

27
Q & A
Questions from participants


28
Test Your Understanding

1. What is TSO?

2. Which option is used to allocate the new dataset?

3. What is the use of Option 3.3?

4. Which command helps you to replace a particular text in a dataset?

JCL
C3: Protected

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Job Control Language
It consists of control statements that:
introduce a computer job to the operating system

request hardware devices

direct the operating system on what is to be done in terms of running
applications and scheduling resources


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Sending Information to Computer
Interactive Processing
It means that you give the computer a command and the computer responds to
your command request. It is more like a conversation.
Batch Processing
It means that you give the computer a whole group of commands, usually in the
form of some sort of program you have written, and have the computer process
this group of commands. It is more like writing a letter.
In mainframes JCL is used for batch processing.

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Basic Syntax
JCL should follow the below syntax
Name field - identifies the statement so that other statements or the system can
refer to it. The name field must begin immediately after the second slash. It can
range from 1 to 8 characters in length, and can contain any alphanumeric (A to
Z) or national (@ $ #) characters.
Operation field - specifies the type of statement: JOB, EXEC, DD, or an operand
command.
Operand field - contains parameters separated by commas. Parameters are
composites of prescribed words (keywords) and variables for which
information must be substituted.
Comments field - optional. Comments can be extended through column 80, and
can only be coded if there is an operand field.

33
General Rules

Must begin with // (except for the /* statement) in columns 1 and 2
Is case-sensitive (lower-case is not permitted)
NAME field is optional
NAME field should begin in column 3 if used
If NAME field is omitted code one or more blanks
OPERATION field must begin on or before column 16
OPERANDS must end before column 72
OPERANDS are separated by commas
All fields, except for the operands, must be separated by one blank

34
Types of JCL statements
There are three types of JCL statements. They are:

JOB Identifies the beginning of a job

EXEC Indicates what work is to be done

DD Data Definition, i.e., identifies what resources (datasets) are needed and
where to find them


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The Job Statement
The JOB statement informs the operating system of the start of a job, gives
the necessary accounting information, and supplies run parameters. Each
job must begin with a single JOB statement .

The various fields in the job statement are:

//jobname JOB USER=userid, TIME=m,
MSGCLASS=class, NOTIFY=userid

Jobname A descriptive name assigned to the job by the user
JOB Keyword that indicates the beginning of a job
Userid It is 1 to 7 character user identification assigned to access
the system
TIME Total minutes allowed for a job to execute
MSGCLASS Describes where the output of a job log should be directed
NOTIFY User-id of the user who receives a TSO message upon completion
of the job


36
The EXEC Statement
The EXEC (execute) statement is used to identify the application program
or cataloged procedure or in-stream procedure that this job is to execute
and to tell the system how to process the job.

The syntax of EXEC statement is:

//stepname EXEC procedure
(Or)
//stepname EXEC PGM=program

stepname An optional 1 to 8 character word used to identify the step
EXEC Keyword that indicates you want to invoke a program or
cataloged procedure
procedure Name of the cataloged procedure to be executed
program Name of the program to be executed

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Data Definition (DD) Statement
A DD (Data Definition) statement must be included after the EXEC
statement for each data set used in the step.

The DD statement gives the data set name, I/O unit, perhaps a specific
volume to use, and the data set disposition.

The DD statement may also give the system various information about the
data set: its organization, record length, blocking, and so on.

The syntax for DD statement is:

//ddname DD operand1,operand2,etc.

where
ddname - a 1 to 8 character name given to the DD statement
DD - DD statement identifier or keyword
operand - parameters used to define the input or output dataset

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Data Definition (DD) Statement (Cont...)
An eg. Of Data Definition is like this:

//ddname DD UNIT=unittype,
// DSN=userid.datasetname,
// DISP=(beginning,normal-end,abnormal-end),
// SPACE=(TRK,(primary,secondary,directory)),
// RECFM=xx,LRECL=yy,MGMTCLAS=retainx

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Disposition (DISP) Parameters
The DISP parameter describes the current status of the data set (old, new,
or to be modified).

Directs the system on the disposition of the dataset (pass, keep, catalog,
uncatalog, or delete) either at the end of the step or if the step abnormally
terminates.

DISP is always required unless the data set is created and deleted in the
same step.


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Beginning Dispositions
The various beginning disposition parameters are:
NEW creates a new data set
OLD designates an existing data set; it can be an input data set or an output data
set to rewrite
SHR identical to OLD except that several jobs may read from the data set at the
same time.
MOD modifies a sequential data set - positions the pointer at the end of the data
set in order to add new data to the data set.

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Normal and Abnormal termination Dispositions
Normal disposition, the second term in the DISP parameter, indicates the
disposition of the data set when the data set is closed or when the job terminates
normally.
The abnormal dispositions, is effective only if the step abnormally terminates,
parameters are the same as normal dispositions except that PASS is not allowed.
The various parameters are:
PASS passes the data set on to subsequent job steps, and each step can use the data set
once.
KEEP keeps non-temporary data sets.
DELETE deletes data sets.
CATLG catalogs a non-temporary data set. CATLG is similar to KEEP except that the unit
and volume of the data set are recorded in the catalog along with the data set name.
UNCATLG un-catalogs a data set. UNCATLG is the same as KEEP except that the data set
name is removed from the catalog.


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Space parameter
All new data sets on disk volumes must be allocated space. Storage on disk
volumes can be allocated in units of blocks, cylinders, tracks, kilobytes, and
bytes.
The space may be requested as a primary and a secondary quantity. The
primary quantity is allocated when the data set is opened with a
disposition of NEW. The secondary quantity is allocated if the primary
quantity is exceeded.
The syntax for space parameter is:
// SPACE=(TRK,(primary,secondary,directory))
where
primary Allocates this amount of space initially
secondary Allocates this amount of space each time more is needed (up to 15
times)
directory reserve this amount of blocks to keep the directory of a partitioned
dataset (NOT USED for a sequential dataset).1 directory block allows 5
members in a partitioned dataset

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Dataset Attributes
Data Set attributes are:
RECFM=xx specifies the record format. The format can be one or more of the
following characters:
F fixed-length
V variable-length
U undefined-length
FB fixed and blocked
FBA fixed, blocked, with ANSI carriage control characters
VB variable and blocked
VBA variable, blocked, with ANSI carriage control characters
LRECL=yy specifies the length of records
BLKSIZE=zz specifies the blocksize, this denotes the number of records read in
a single read operation

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JCL ABEND CODES
ABEND is the acronym of ABnormalEND. This is similar to run-time exceptions in
windows platform.
JCL ABEND codes are:
S0CB Attempting to divide by 0 and not using ON SIZE ERROR
S002 Very large record length/ wrong record length
S222 The job was cancelled (by subsystem or operator) because it
violated some restriction
S522 JOB or TSO session exceeded maximum job wait time OR
operator did not mount the require tape within allowed time limit
S806 Load module not found
S837 Space problem, Allotted space is not enough for data set
S913 You are trying to access a dataset which you are not
authorized to use.
SOC7 1. Moving non-numeric value to numeric field
2. Not initializing the numeric variables before first use
SOC4 1. Index exceeds the size of table
2. Trying to use File Section variables without opening the file
S0C1 Operation Exception. Check for subscript errors, missing DD card, file
not opened.
SE37 Insufficient disk space.

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Questions


46

1.What is JCL?

2. Which statement informs the operating system about the start of a job?

3. What is the function of DD statements?

VSAM
C3: Protected

48
VSAM
What is VSAM?

VSAM is Virtual Storage Access Method

It is a method used to move data between Disk and Main Storage

VSAM acts as interface between Operating System and Application Program

Interface between Main Storage and Disk

It is a file-system where files are stored with either index or relative byte
address.

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File Access Methods

There are three types of file access methods:

Sequential (Reading from beginning to end)
Random (Records are read by the value in the key)
Direct (Records are read based on their physical location/address on disk)

VSAM supports all these methods

50
VSAM Datasets
VSAM datasets are of 4 types:

ESDS Entry Sequenced Data Set
KSDS Key Sequenced Data Set
RRDS Relative Record Data Set
LDS Linear Data Set

Traditional access Methods

QSAM (Queried Sequential Access Method)
BSAM (Basic Sequential Access Method)
for flat files
ISAM (Index Sequential Access Method)
for Index files
BDAM (Basic Direct Access Method)
for direct access files


51
IDCAMS
IDCAMS utility is used to handle VSAM data sets

Some of the functions are as follows,

DESCRIPTION KEYWORDS
Create DEFINE
Copy REPRO
Print PRINT
Delete DELETE
Lists Characteristics LISTCAT

52
VSAM Dataset Organization

VSAM Data Set can contain three major components
CLUSTER (Catalog entry)
INDEX
DATA (Actual data)

VSAM Data Set is referred by cluster name in JCL

53
INDEX
Separate entity

VSAM builds Index when data is loaded

Index is organized as Inverted Binary Tree

VSAM compresses keys to conserve space

Can have several Levels of Indexes

54
ESDS
The features of ESDS is as follows,
Similar to Sequential File
Sequenced by the order in which data is entered/loaded
New Records are added at the end only (chronological order)
Supports both Fixed and Variable formats
Contains only CLUSTER & DATA components
No INDEX component exists for ESDS
Only sequential access is possible through Batch COBOL Programs

55
RRDS
The features of RRDS is as follows,
Has only CLUSTER and DATA components
No INDEX component exists for RRDS
Records are stored as numbered, fixed length slots
Each record is given a number Relative Record Number (RRN)
Records can be deleted physically
Empty slots are filled up with new records without shifting existing
records
No primary Index or Alternate Index
Supports Fixed and Variable formats
RRN cannot be changed

56
KSDS
The features of KSDS is as follows,
Has all three components of VSAM (CLUSTER, INDEX and DATA)
Key sequenced
Primary key should be unique
Records can be deleted physically
Primary key cannot be changed
Allows Alternate Index
Supports all the access methods (Sequential, Random, Dynamic)
While loading the data into a KSDS, the records need to be sorted on
Primary key in ascending order

57
IDCAMS
Always has the following JCL structure
//STEP010 EXEC PGM=IDCAMS
//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSIN DD*
<IDCAMS command from col.2 to col.72>
/*
//*
Basic IDCAMS Commands
DEFINE (Cluster, Alternate Index etc.)
BUILDINDEX (Alternate Index)
REPRO (Cluster)
LISTCAT (Catalog Entries)
IMPORT / EXPORT (Cluster)
VERIFY (Cluster)

58
DEFINE

DEFINE command is used to create a Cluster, Index or
Alternate Index.
The below is a example of DEFINE command, to create a KSDS,
DEFINE CLUSTER -
(NAME (CTS.KSDS.CLUSTER) -
CYLINDER (5 1) VOLUMES (WORK01) -
RECORDSIZE (120 124) KEYS (8 0) INDEXED) -
DATA -
NAME (CTS.KSDS.DATA)) -
INDEX (NAME (CTS.KSDS.INDEX))
In the above example - is the continuation character.
INDEXED is the keyword to denote it is a KSDS.

59
REPRO
REPRO
Load and backup utility command
Can be used against empty / loaded VSAM file with another VSAM file or sequential file
Can be used against all four types of VSAM datasets
The below is the syntax of repro,
REPRO INDATASET (DSN) or INFILE (DD1)
OUTDATASET (DSN) or OUTFILE (DD2)
SKIP (count)
COUNT (count)
FROMKEY
FROMADDRESS
FROMNUMBER
TOKEY
TOADDRESS
TONUMBER
REUSE/REPLACE
INFILE or INDATASET parameter is mandatory, similarly OUTFILE or OUTDATASET is
mandatory
All other parameters are optional

60
REPRO (Contd.,)
SKIP specifies number of input records to skip before
beginning to copy
COUNT specifies number of output records to copy
REUSE parameter
Can be used only if the VSAM dataset was originally defined with REUSE
option
Has the effect of logically deleting records before loading
REPLACE parameter
Replaces the records for which primary keys are matching between
input and output records
If not specified, the matching key records are untouched
If the target is ESDS the records are appended and REPLACE is
inappropriate.

61
ALTER & DELETE
ALTER
Used to change parameters such as FREESPACE
Has no effect on existing CI & CA splits
Syntax:
ALTER entry-name

DELETE
DELETE <object name> (parameters)
Example: DELETE CTS.NLT.CLUSTER
Deletes all subordinate objects such as AIX, Path
Some Common DELETE Parameters
ERASE / NO ERASE : ERASE writes binary zeroes after deletion
PURGE / NO PURGE: PURGE allows deletion even though expiration date is still due
ALTERNATE INDEX Or AIX: Deletes only Alternate index of the cluster
PATH : Requests only path name to be deleted.
FORCE / NO FORCE : FORCE deletes the dataset even if it is not empty
All the delete parameters are optional
Batch Execution
C3: Protected

63
Batch Execution: Objectives
Objective:
After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
What is Job
Steps of Job Processing
Define Job Class and Job Priority


64
Job and Job Processing : Introduction
A job is a set of data and the instructions that tell the system what you want it to do
with that data.
A batch job is submitted to the system in its entirety, including instructions and
data.
The SUBMIT command in TSO sends jobs to z/OS (OS/390).
Batch Job Processing
system assigns it a five-digit JOB-ID to each new job, it will exist until it leaves
the system .
It uniquely identifies your job .
JES2 (Job Entry Subsystem) controls the processing of batch jobs. When a job is
submitted, the userid and password are checked.
Jobs are submitted in job classes, which specify the type of job, and help
determine the priority .
The job's position in the queue depends upon several factors like job class , job's
size, amount of time the job is in the system.


65
Job Processing (continued)

When the job finishes executing, it is placed into a queue of jobs waiting to be
printed.
Priorities within this queue are determined by the amount of output for the job.
When all output for the job is completed, it is removed from the system
(purged).
Any job that remains in the system for ten days or longer will be automatically
purged by the system.


66
Job Class and Priority
Job Class:
The CLASS= parameter on the JOB statement alters the priority at which your OS/390
batch jobs will be run.
CLASS=A is the default job class. Class A runs at normal priority with regular rates.
Job Priority:
Jobs are assigned a priority for execution according to their job class and estimated
execution time .
The priority of some jobs increases at regular intervals while the job is awaiting
execution. This is called priority aging .
The output priority for these jobs is equal to the execution priority .
The priority of the job decreases as the volume of output increases.


67
Job Class and Priority (continued)
LOW - will be run at the operator's discretion when they will not interfere with the running of other
jobs .
PRODUCTION - (Class P) can be defined as I/O-bound jobs. They are run in first-in/first-run order.
STANDBY - will be run at the operator's discretion on nights and weekends when they are not likely to
interfere with higher priority jobs.
VERYSLOW - jobs are run only during the weekend operating hours at the discretion of the Shift
Supervisor .
RESEARCH - class (Class R) is for CPU-intensive research computing jobs. EVENING RESEARCH -
(Class S) is for CPU-intensive research computing jobs.
RCI - jobs (classes G and H) are reserved for special Research Computing .
WEEKEND (W) - is for research applications only and is available on weekends and holidays.
CNS UTILITIES (U) - limited to certain CNS utilities such as XFER3 (funds transfer).
FAST BATCH (Q) - is limited to educational applications with a maximum of 2 seconds of CPU time.
URGENT (5) - jobs (Class 5) are for fast processing .

68
Job Class and Priority (continued)
Computation of Execution Priority
The execution priority of a Class A job is based on estimated execution time. As the job awaits
execution, its priority ages every hour.
Computation of Print Priority
Priority for printing is based on the actual number of lines of output a job produces, NOT the number
of lines estimated.
The print priority of LOW, STANDBY, VERYSLOW, or URGENT jobs does not age, but stays at 1, 0, 0, or
14 respectively.
Hints for Improving Batch Job Turnaround Time
Submit your batch jobs late in the day, when the demand for resources is lower.
Invest some time in desk-checking your programs before you submit them..
Use Class Q compilers or Class U utilities whenever possible.
Analyze your program's needs and accurately estimate your CPU request in your JCL.
If you are going to use a program repeatedly, compile and link-edit it so you do not have to wait for it
to be compiled and link-edited each time you run it.


69


70

1. What is the batch Job?

2. What are different job class are there and how they help ?

71
Batch Execution : Summary
In this chapter you have learnt about

Introduction to Batch Job
Job Processing
Job priorities
Different types of class
COBOL Basics
Common Business Oriented Language
C3: Protected

73
COBOL - Overview
Introduction:
COBOL is English like language and hence is easy to learn
Can be used with any database like DB2, IDMS, and VSAM
Can handle huge volumes of data
COBOL applications can be easily maintained

74
COBOL: Objectives
Objective:
Describe all Divisions and Sections
List all the Data names and Picture Clause
Define Redefine, Rename, Usage, Computational clauses
Describe the File operations
Describe Compiler directive

75
Divisions
There are 4 divisions which form the principal portions of a program. They are
Identification (Required)
Environment (Optional)
Data (Optional)
Procedure (Required)

Identification Division:
The Identification Division names the program and, optionally, documents the date the
program was written, the compilation date and other pertinent information.
Syntax
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. PGM-NAME.
[AUTHOR. Comment Entry]
[INSTALLATION. Comment Entry]
[DATE-WRITTEN. Comment Entry]
[DATE-COMPILED. Comment Entry]

76
Environmental Division

Environment Division :

This division contains machine dependent details such as Computer(s) used and
peripheral devices. It has got two section.
CONFIGURATION SECTION- Identifies the computer used for compiling of
programs
INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION - Identifies the files and the input-output
resource used by the program

Syntax
ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
CONFIGURATION SECTION.
[SOURCE-COMPUTER. Comments.]
[OBJECT-COMPUTER. Comments.]
INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.
[FILE-CONTROL.]
[File control entries]
[I-O CONTROL.]
[I-O control entries]

77
Data Division:
The Data Division defines the nature and characteristics of all data (variables) the program is to
process.
This includes both Input/Output data and data used for internal processing.
Data Division has the following section
1. FILE SECTION This describes most of the data that is sent to, or coming from, the computers
peripherals.
2.WORKING-STORAGE SECTION This describes the general variables used in the program.
3.LINKAGE SECTION This establishes link between two programs.

Procedure Division:
Includes statements and sentences necessary for reading input, processing it and writing the output.
Contains instructions that are executed by the computer at the RUN TIME.
All the data described in the DATA DIVISION are processed here and desired results are produced.
Its hierarchical in structure consists of Sections, Paragraphs, Sentences and Statements.
Should contain at least one paragraph, sentence and statement.

Data Division and Procedure Division

78
Data Types in COBOL
Alphabetic
Numeric
Alphanumeric
Edited numeric
Edited alphanumeric

Figurative constants:

Figurative constants Meaning
ZERO(S) or ZEROES

Represents the value 0, one or more depending on the context
SPACE(S) Represents one or more spaces
HIGH-VALUE(S) Represents the highest value
LOW-VALUE(S) Represents the lowest value
QUOTE(S) Represents single or double quotes
ALL literal Fill With Literal

79
Data Names and Picture Clause
DATA NAMES:
Are named memory locations (similar to variables in other programming languages).

Must be described in the DATA DIVISION before they can be used in the PROCEDURE
DIVISION

Can be at most 30 characters in length, Only alphabets, digits and hyphen are allowed.

The description of a data name is done with the aid of
(1) Level number expresses data hierarchy

(2) PICTURE clause specifies data type and storage

(3) VALUE clause initializes the data names

PICTURE clause:
Is used to specify the following
(1) The data type

(2) The storage requirement
Can be abbreviated as PIC.

80
Level Numbers & Picture Clause
Level syntax number:

Picture Clause:

LEVEL NUMBER Description Coding Rules

1 Record Description for files
and independent data items
Must begin in Area A

02 49 Fields within records and
sub-items
Can begin in Area A or Area B

66 RENAMES Clause Must begin in Area A

77 Independent elementary
items
Must begin in Area A

88 Condition Names Can begin in Area A or Area B

PICTURE Symbol Meaning
9 Numeric
A Alphabetic
X Alphanumeric

81
REDEFINES Clause
The REDEFINES clause allows the same area to be referred by more than one data name with
different sizes and pictures.

Syntax: Level-number data-name-1 REDEFINES data-name-2

The level-number of data-name-1 and data-name-2 must be identical

When the REDEFINES clause is used to 01 level, data-name-1 and
data-name-2 must be of same size but the size can be varying for data-name-1 and
data- name-2 for other levels.

This clause must not be used for level-number 66 or 88

The redefining entry (data-name-1) and any sub-ordinate entries must not contain any VALUE
clauses

OCCURS and REDEFINE clause cannot be specified at a time in the same entry.

The REDEFINES clause must not be used for records (01 level) described in the
FILE SECTION. The appearance of multiple 01 entry in the record description is implicitly
assumed to be the redefinition of the first 01 level record.


82
RENAMES Clause:
RENAMES allows re-grouping of elementary data items in a record so that they can belong to the
original as well as to the new group .

Syntax: 66 data-name-1 RENAMES data-name-2 THRU data-name-3

The RENAMES clause must be used only with the special level number 66

Cannot Rename 77 ,88, 66 or 01 levels.

Data-name-2 and data-name-3 can be the names of elementary items or group items. They however
cant be items of levels 01,66,77 or 88

Neither data-name-2 nor data-name-3 can have an OCCURS clause in its description entry, nor can
they be subordinate to an item that has an occurs clause in its data description entry

Data-name-3, if mentioned, must follow data-name-2, in the record and must not be one of it sub
fields.

83
USAGE Clause:
These are forms of internal representation of data in the memory.
1.Computational
2. Display
3.Packed decimal

The syntax of the USAGE clause is
USAGE IS {BINARY
COMP COMPUTATIONAL
COMP-1 COMPUTATIONAL-1
DISPLAY
PACKED-DECIMAL}

84
Binary Clause
Specified for binary data items.

Such items have a decimal equivalent consisting of the decimal digits 0 through 9, plus a sign.
Negative numbers are represented as the two's complement of the positive number with the same
absolute value.

The amount of storage occupied by a binary item depends on the number of decimal digits defined
in its PICTURE clause

COMPUTATIONAL or COMP:-
This is the equivalent of BINARY. The COMPUTATIONAL phrase is synonymous with BINARY.

Digits in PICTURE Clause Storage Occupied
1 through 4 2 bytes (halfword)
5 through 9 4 bytes (fullword)
10 through 18 8 bytes (doubleword)

85
Computational Clauses
COMPUTATIONAL-1 or COMP-1 (Floating-Point): -
Specified for internal floating-point items (for single precision).
COMP-1 items are 4 bytes long(1 Word). The number is actually represented in Hexadecimal
form.
The PIC clause cannot be specified for this item

COMPUTATIONAL-2 or COMP-2 (Long Floating-Point)
Specified for internal floating-point items (double precision).
COMP-2 items are 8 bytes long(2 word).
The advantage is that this increases the precision of the data, which means more significant digits
can be available for the item.
The PIC clause cannot be specified

COMPUTATIONAL-3 or COMP-3 (Internal Decimal)
This is the equivalent of PACKED-DECIMAL.
In this form of internal representation the numeric data is represented in the decimal form, but one
digit takes half-a-byte.
The sign is stored separately as rightmost half-a-byte regardless of whether S is specified in the PIC
clause or not.
The hexadecimal number C or F denotes positive sign and D denotes negative sign.
The number of bytes = n+1/2 Where n is the number of places specified in PIC clause


86
Index Clause
Index Clause:
An index data item is a 4-byte elementary item (not necessarily
connected with any table).

The USAGE IS INDEX clause can be written at any level.

An index data item cannot be a conditional variable.The DATE
FORMAT, JUSTIFIED, PICTURE, BLANK WHEN ZERO,
SYNCHRONIZED, or VALUE clauses cannot be used to describe
group or elementary items described with the USAGE IS INDEX
clause.


87
Procedure Division Verbs
Data movement Verb
Move copies data from the source identifier or literal to one or more destination identifiers
Syntax: MOVE {identifier, literal} to {indentifier}
Arithmetic Verbs
1.ADD
2.SUBTRACT
3.MULTIPLY
4.DIVIDE
5.COMPUTE
Input / Output Verbs
1. ACCEPT Verb
Syntax: ACCEPT identifier [ FROM { DATE, DAY, TIME, mnemonic-name }].
2. DISPLAY Verb
Syntax: DISPLAY { identifier-1, literal-1 } .
Sequence control Verbs
1. GO TO
2. IF . . . THEN . . .
3. EVALUATE
4. STOP RUN
5. PERFORM

88
Files
FILE Types:
1.Sequential
2.Indexed
3.Relative

FILE OPERATIONS:
OPEN :
Syntax:open { INPUT file-name1
OUTPUT file-name2 ...
I-O file-name3 ...
EXTEND file-name4 ... } ...

Opens the file for processing
EXTEND is allowed only for sequential files (not for VSE)
OUTPUT clears the file of its existing

CLOSE:
CLOSE file-name1 ...
Closes the open file
Terminates the file processing


89
Read Clause
READ:
Format-1 - Sequential Read
Syntax: READ file-name-1 NEXT RECORD
[ INTO identifier-1 ]
[ AT END imperative-stmt-1]
[ NOT AT END imperative-stmt-2 ]
[ END-READ ]
NEXT phrase is optional for SEQUENTIAL access mode & a must for DYNAMIC
Format-2 - Random Read
Syntax: READ file-name-1 RECORD
[ INTO identifier-1 ]
[ KEY IS data-name-1 ]
[ INVALID KEY imperative-stmt-3 ]
[ NOT INVALID KEY imperative-stmt-4 ]
[ END-READ ]

Indexed random read Relative random read
1.Data name specified in KEY phrase The KEY phrase must not be specified
2.The prime RECORD KEY data name
is taken if KEY phrase not specified
Statement reads the record whose relative
record number is contained in the
RELATIVE KEY data item,

90
Start Clause
Syntax: START file-name
[ KEY IS { EQUAL TO data-name]
= , GREATER THAN , > , NOT LESS THAN, NOT < THAN }
[ INVALID KEY imperative-stmt-1 ]
[ NOT INVALID KEY imperative-stmt-2 ]
[ END-START ]

Enables the positioning of the pointer at a specific point in an indexed or relative file.

File should be opened in Input or I-O mode.

Access mode must be Sequential or Dynamic.

Invalid Key arises if the record position is empty.

When KEY phrase is not specified KEY EQUAL TO primary key is implied.

File position indicator points to the first record in the file whose key field satisfies the comparison.


91
Rewrite Clause
Syntax: REWRITE record-name
[ FROM id-1]
[ INVALID KEY imperative-stmt-1]
[ NOT INVALID KEY
imperative-stmt-2 ]
[ END-REWRITE ]

Updates an existing record in a file

File should be opened in I-O mode

After a REWRITE statement with the FROM phrase is executed, the information is still available in
identifier-1

File position indicator not affected

For Sequential files
- INVALID KEY not allowed
- Record length cant change


92
Delete Clause
Syntax: DELETE file-name-1 RECORD
[ INVALID KEY imperative-stmt-1]
[ NOT INVALID KEY imperative-stmt-2]
[ END-DELETE ]

For a file in sequential access mode, the last input/output statement must have been a successfully
executed READ statement. When the DELETE statement is executed, the system removes the
record retrieved by that READ statement.

File should be opened in I-O mode.

For Random or Dynamic access system removes record pointed by the RECORD key(KSDS) or
RELATIVE key(RRDS)

For indexed files, the key can then be reused for record addition.

For relative files, the space is then available a new record with the same RELATIVE KEY value.

The file position indicator is not affected by execution of the DELETE statement.


93
Sort
Syntax: SORT file-1 { ON {ASCENDING
DESCENDING} KEY id-1... } ...
[WITH DUPLICATES IN ORDER]
[COLLATING SEQUENCE IS alphabet-name-1]
{USING file-2
INPUT PROCEDURE proc-nm-1 [THRU proc-nm-2]}
{GIVING file-3
OUTPUT PROCEDURE IS proc-nm-3 [THRU proc-nm-4]}

For arranging the records in some predetermined order based on some fields.

The fields based on which the records are sequenced are called SORT KEYS and cannot be
variably located.

The sequencing can be ascending or descending order of the KEY and by default it is ascending.

The SORT work file needs to be defined in the SD entry of File Section

When USING / GIVING option is specified the input / output file(s) to sort must not be open
SORT


94
Sort (cont)
Input Procedure:
For editing the records that need to be sorted before the sort operation

The SORT statement implicitly performs the procedure specified in the INPUT PROCEDURE
before sort operation., Then the processed records are released to SORT operation using RELEASE
statement.

Release:
Transfers records to the initial phase of sort operation, Its like WRITE statement.

If INPUT PROCEDURE is used, at-least one RELEASE statement must be executed

Output Procedure:
The output procedure is performed implicitly by sort statement in order to perform editing on the
sorted records.

The output procedure gets the sorted records by means of RETURN statement that is discussed
later in this chapter.

Return:
Transfers records from the final phase of a sorting or merging operation to an OUTPUT
PROCEDURE.Its like READ statement


95
Merge
Combines two or more identically sorted files and makes records available in sorted
order in a single file.
Syntax: MERGE file-1 { ON {ASCENDING
DESCENDING} KEY id-1... } ...
[COLLATING SEQUENCE IS alphabet-name-1]
USING file-2 [file-3 ...]
{GIVING file-4
OUTPUT PROCEDURE IS proc-nm-1 [THRU proc-nm-2]}

The Merge work file needs to be defined in the SD entry of file section.

When USING / GIVING option is specified the input / output file(s) to merge must not be open.

The key used in the MERGE statement cannot be variably located.

When the file referenced by filename-1 is merged control passes to first stmt in the OUTPUT
PROCEDURE.


96
Sub Program
Call: Syntax: CALL { id-1 lit-1} [ USING
{ [BY REFERENCE ]
{ id-2 file-name-1 ADDRESS OF id-3} ...
BY CONTENT { [LENGTH OF] id-2 ADDRESS OF id-3 lit-1} ...} ... ]
[ON {OVERFLOW imperative stmt-1]
EXCEPTION] [ NOT ON EXCEPTION imperative stmt-2]
[END-CALL]
Transfers control from one object program to another within the run unit.
Called program starts executing from:
- Top of program
- ENTRY label (not good programming practice)
Transfer control methods
- Call nested program
- Static call
- Dynamic call
Parameters to called program:
- By reference
- By content
Return of control depends on the termination stmt issued by the called program
- Stop run unit
- Return to called program


97
Sub Program (cont)
Call rules:
Address of option can be used only for Linkage variables with level 01 or 77
Called program must not execute a CALL statement that directly or indirectly calls the calling
program (Recursion not allowed)

Exit:
Syntax: EXIT program.
Specifies the end of a called program and returns control to the calling program
EXIT PROGRAM stmt in a called program with INITIAL attribute is equivalent to executing a
CANCEL, EXIT PROGRAM executed in a main program has no effect.

Stop:
Syntax: STOP {RUN lit-1}
Halts execution of the program :
- Permanently (RUN option)
- Temporarily (Lit-1 option)

98
Search
To search a table element that satisfies a specified condition
SEARCH VARYING
LINEAR SEARCH
SEARCH ALL

Search SEARCH ALL

Syntax:
SEARCH id-1
[ VARYING { id-2
index-name-1 } ]
[ AT END imperative-statement-1 ]
WHEN condition-1 { imper-stmt2
NEXT SENTENCE }
[ END-SEARCH ]
Syntax:
SEARCH ALL id-1
[ AT END imperative-statement-1 ]
WHEN { dataname-1= equal-clause
Condition-name-1}
NEXT SENTENCE }
[ END-SEARCH ]
This search is serial search or linear search This SEARCH all is the Binary search.
Set starting points of index. The increment of the index taken care of by
the search statement itself.
Initial setting of index ignored, but if set it must not be greater than the
maximum
The table may sorted or not

For this search the table needs to be in sorted order using
ASCENDING/DESCENDING option in occurs clause

99

Questions

100

1. What are the different Divisions and Sections in Cobol?

2.What is the level number for rename and conditional clauses?

3.How many bytes Comp variables takes?

4. What will happen if both the input files for merge is un-sorted?

5. What will happen if STOP RUN used in the sub program?

Introduction to CICS
Customer Information Control System
C3: Protected

102
Introduction to CICS
Introduction:
CICS (Customer Information Control System) is the font-end or online system
for mainframes. CICS is an IBM product, introduced in 1970s. It is a separate
sub-system in MVS operating system. It supports large number of concurrent
users accessing the online programs.

103
Objectives
After completing this chapter, you will be able to understand the following:
Basic terminology in CICS
Hierarchy of CICS Objects
Naming Conventions
Introduction to Creating Maps
Creating Mapset
Creating Map
Creating Fields
Sample Map
Viewing a Map
Embedding CICS in COBOL
Sample CICS-COBOL Compile JCL

104

Basic Terminology in CICS

Terminology:

Field is basic element in CICS UI (User Interface). Each and every option available in the
screen is called as a field. Similar to Textbox, Label, etc., in windows operating system.

Map is the Representation of one screen format. It is a collection of fields. It is
synonymous to screens / windows in Windows operating system.

Mapset is a collection of maps linked together. It is used to logically group the maps.

Transaction-ID is the unique four digit number assigned to each online program.

Symbolic Map is the copybook generated after compilation of a map.

Physical Map is the load-module (binary file) generated after compilation of a map.

105

Hierarchy of CICS Objects

Mapset
Map
Field
Transaction
Calls / Uses
Contains
Contains

106
Naming Conventions
The below naming convention should be used while creating Maps or
CICS-COBOL programs
S. No Object Name to be Used
1 Map Map Name Allocated by Mainframe Administrator
2 Mapset Mapset Name Allocated by Mainframe Administrator
3 CICS-COBOL program Program Name Allocated by Mainframe Administrator
4 Load Module Same as CICS-COBOL program name
5 Transaction ID Transaction ID allocated by Mainframe Administrator

107

Introduction to Creating Maps

Maps can be created using BMS (Basic Mapping Support) assembler macros. Three types of Macros are
DFHMSD - Define or End a Mapset definition.
DFHMDI - Define or End a Map definition.
DFHMDF - Define a field.
Mapset
Map
A Field
A Field

Map
A Field
A Field

Map
A Field
A Field

Col.1 Col.16 Col.72

Name Operation Operands (Parameters separated by commas) Continuation Character
Column format for coding :
While creating maps, follow the below order:

108
Creating Mapset
Mapset can be created using DFHMSD macro.
Syntax for creating a Mapset:

[mapset] DFHMSD [TYPE=DSECT | MAP | &SYSPARM | FINAL]
[, MODE=IN | OUT | INOUT]
[, LANG=ASM | COBOL | PL1]
[, STORAGE=AUTO | BASE=name]
[, CTRL=(PRINT, FREEKB, ALARM, FRSET)]
[, EXTATT=NO | MAPONLY | YES]
[, COLOR=DEFAULT | COLOR]
[, HIGHLIGHT=OFF | BLINK | REVERSE | UNDERLINE]
[, PS=BASE | psid]
[, VALIDN=([MUSTFILL][, MUSTENTER][, TRIGGER])]]
[, TERM=terminal type |, SUFFIX=n]
[, TIOAPFX=YES | NO]
[, MAPATTS=(attr1, attr2,)]
[, DSATTS=(attr1, attr2,)]
[, OUTLINE=BOX | ([LEFT][, RIGHT][, OVER][, UNDER])]
[, SOSI=NO | YES]
[, TRANSP=YES | NO]
[, PARTN=(name [, ACTIVATE])]
[, LDC=MNEMONIC]
[, OBFMT=YES | NO]
[, HTAB=tab [, tab]]
[, VTAB=tab [, tab]]
[, DATA=FIELD | BLOCK]
[, FLDSEP=char | X hex-char]]


109
Creating Mapset (Contd.)
Sample program:
Mapset1 DFHMSD TYPE=&&SYSPARM, X
CTRL=(FREEKB,FRSET), X
LANG=COBOL, X
STORAGE=AUTO, X
TIOAPFX=YES, X
MODE=INOUT, X
TERM=3270

.
Map Definitions
..

DFHMSD TYPE=FINAL
END
Where,
Mapset1 Mapset name, can't be more than 8 characters, and must start in the 1st
column.
CTRL=(FREEKB,FRSET) Control parameters, FREEKB is used to free the keyboard when
an ABEND occurs.
LANG=COBOL Map will be used in COBOL program, so the symbolic map (copybook)
will be generated in COBOL format.
STORAGE=AUTO Memory will allocated by CICS.
TYPE=FINAL End of the mapset.

110
Creating Map
Map can be created using DFHMDI macro. A map must be defined within a mapset definition.
Syntax for creating a Map:

mapname DFHMDI [, SIZE=(line,column)]
[, CTRL=(PRINT, FREEKB, ALARM, FRSET)]
[, EXTATT=NO | MAPONLY | YES]
[, PS=BASE | psid]
[, COLUMN=number | NEXT | SAME]
[, LINE=number | NEXT | SAME]
[, FILELDS=NO]
[, MAPATTS=(attr1, attr2,)]
[, DSATTS=(attr1, attr2,)]
[, SOSI=NO | YES]
[, TRANSP=YES | NO]
[, JUSTIFY=([LEFT | RIGHT][, FIRST | LAST])]
[, PARTN=(name [, ACTIVATE])]
[, OBFMT=YES | NO]
[, DATA=FIELD | BLOCK]
[, FLDSEP=char | X hex-char]]
[, TIOAPFX=YES | NO]
[, HEADER=YES]
[, TRAILER=YES]

111
Creating Map (Contd.)
Sample program:

MAPNAME DFHMDI SIZE=(24,80), X

LINE=01, X

COLUMN=01, X

CTRL=(FREEKB,FRSET)
.
FIELD Definitions
.
Where,
SIZE The rows and columns the map occupies the screen.
LINE The starting row of the map in the screen.
COLUMN The starting column of the map in the screen.

The map definition will end when compiler finds another map definition (DFHMDI entry) or a mapset end.

112
Creating Fields
Fields can be created using DFHMDF macro. A field must be defined within a map definition.
Syntax for creating a Field:

[field] DFHMDF [, POS=number | (line,column)]
[, LENGTH=number]
[, JUSTIFY=([LEFT | RIGHT][, FIRST | LAST])]
[, INITIAL= char data | Xinit=hex data]
[, ATTRB=([ASKIP | PROT | UNPROT[, NUM]]
[, BRT | NORM | DRK][, DET][, IC][, FSET])]
[, PS=BASE | psid]
[, GRPNAME=group-name]
[, OCCURS=number]
[, PICIN= value]
[, PICOUT= value]
[, SOSI=NO | YES]
[, TRANSP=YES | NO]
[CASE=MIXED]
Widely there are two types of fields, as follows,
Protected fields (ATTRB=PROT) The user cannot edit the contents of the field. It is similar to a label
in windows.
Unprotected fields (ATTRB=UNPROT) The user can enter the values in the field. It is similar to a textbox
in windows.

113
Creating Fields (Contd.)
Sample program:

DFHMDF POS=(01,01), X

LENGTH=4, X

INITIAL=SCR1, X

ATTRB=(PROT,NORM)
Where,
POS The row number and column number where the field will be positioned.
LENGTH The total length of the field.
INITIAL The initial value that will be displayed in the field.
ATTRB Whether the field is a protected or unprotected field.

114
Sample Map
Complete sample Map

MAPSET1 DFHMSD TYPE=&SYSPARM,MODE=INOUT,LANG=COBOL,STORAGE=AUTO, X
TIOAPFX=YES
MAP1 DFHMDI SIZE=(24,80),LINE=1,COLUMN=1
DFHMDF POS=(7,16),INITIAL='ENTER THE NO :',LENGTH=15, X
ATTRB=PROT
NUM DFHMDF POS=(7,32),LENGTH=5,ATTRB=(UNPROT,IC)
DFHMDF POS=(7,38),LENGTH=1,ATTRB=ASKIP
DFHMDF POS=(9,16),INITIAL='ENTER THE NAME:',LENGTH=15, X
ATTRB=PROT
NAME DFHMDF POS=(9,32),LENGTH=5,ATTRB=UNPROT
DFHMDF POS=(22,10),INITIAL='MESSAGE :',LENGTH=10,ATTRB=PROT
MSG DFHMDF POS=(22,25),LENGTH=30,ATTRB=PROT
MAPSET1 DFHMSD TYPE=FINAL
END
After defining the map, compile the map using the sample map compiler.

115
Sample Map (Contd.)
Sample Map Compiler:

//MAPCMPLR JOB NOTIFY=&SYSUID,CLASS=A,MSGLEVEL=(1,1)
//DSECT EXEC PGM=ASMA90,
// PARM='SYSPARM(DSECT),DECK,NOOBJECT,ALIGN',
// REGION=6M
//SYSLIB DD DSN=CICSTS23.CICS.SDFHMAC,DISP=SHR
// DD DSN=CICSTS23.CICS.SDFHSAMP,DISP=SHR
// DD DSN=SYS1.MACLIB,DISP=SHR
//*
//SYSUT1 DD UNIT=SYSDA,SPACE=(1700,(400,400))
//* THE BELOW IS THE SYMBOLIC MAP NAME - COPYBOOK PDS
//SYSPUNCH DD DSN=CTS.CICS.COPYLIB(MAPSET1),DISP=SHR
//SYSIN DD DSN=CTS. CICS.MAPLIB(MAPSET1),DISP=SHR
//ASMMAP EXEC PGM=ASMA90,
// PARM='SYSPARM(MAP),DECK,NOOBJECT,ALIGN',
// REGION=4M
//SYSLIB DD DSN=CICSTS23.CICS.SDFHMAC,DISP=SHR
// DD DSN=CICSTS23.CICS.SDFHSAMP,DISP=SHR
// DD DSN=SYS1.MACLIB,DISP=SHR
//*
//SYSPUNCH DD DSN=&&OBJMOD,
// DISP=(,PASS),UNIT=SYSDA,
// DCB=(RECFM=FB,LRECL=80,BLKSIZE=400),
// SPACE=(400,(100,100))

116
Sample Map (Contd.)
Sample Map Compiler (Contd):

//SYSIN DD DSN=CTS. CICS.MAPLIB(MAPSET1),DISP=SHR
//LNKEDT EXEC PGM=IEWL,
// PARM='NORENT,LIST,XREF,LET,NCAL',
// COND=((3,LT,DSECT),(3,LT,ASMMAP))
//SYSLMOD DD DSN=TIG06431.CICS.LOAD(MAPSET1),DISP=SHR
//SYSLIN DD DSN=&&OBJMOD,DISP=(OLD,PASS)
In the above JCL, change the following,
In SYSPUNCH DD statement enter the copy-library name.
In SYSIN DD statement enter the map-library name.
In SYSLMOD DD statement enter the load-library name.

117
Viewing a Map
After successful compilation, login to CICS region and enter the below command,
CEMT SET PROGRAM(Load_Module_Name) NEW
After successful completion of the above command, Hit Pause/ Break button in keyboard
to clear the screen and enter the below command to view the map,
CECI SEND MAP(Map_Name) MAPSET(Mapset_Name)
The map will be displayed in the screen.
Where,
Load_Module_name Member name that specified in SYSLMOD DD statement of map compile JCL.
CEMT Command used to extract the latest load-module from TSO region to CICS region.

118

Embedding CICS in COBOL

All CICS commands are embedded in COBOL code using EXEC CICS . END-EXEC. command. Before
sending the map, the Symbolic map (Copybook generated from map compilation) should be copied using the
below statement,
Then the CICS maps can be sent through COBOL programs using SEND MAP command as follows,
EXEC CICS SEND
MAP('Map_Name')
MAPSET('Mapset_Name')
ERASE
END-EXEC.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
COPY symbolic_map_name.
The CICS maps can be received through COBOL programs using RECEIVE MAP command as follows,
EXEC CICS RECEIVE
MAP('Map_Name')
MAPSET('Mapset_Name')
INTO(SymbolicMap_InputVar)
END-EXEC.

119

Embedding CICS in COBOL (Contd.)

After executing a RECEIVE MAP command, all the values entered in the unprotected fields are populated in
the copybook variable (that is specified in the INTO clause).
All CICS-COBOL program must not contain the ACCEPT, DISPLAY and STOP RUN statements.
CICS-COBOL programs must be terminated using the below command,
EXEC CICS RETURN
END-EXEC.

120

Sample CICS-COBOL Compiler

Sample CICS-COBOL compiler:

//CICSCOMP JOB MSGCLASS=O,MSGLEVEL=(1,1),CLASS=T,
// REGION=5M,NOTIFY=&SYSUID
//**********************************************************************
// SET MEMNAME=PGMNAME <- SOURCE PGM NAME
// SET LOADMEM=LODNAME <- LOAD MODULE NAME
// SET SOURCE=CTS. CICS.COBOL <-SOURCE LIBRARY
// SET COPYBOOK=CTS.CICS.COPYLIB <- COPY LIBRARY
// SET LOADLIB=TIG06431.CICS.LOAD <- LOAD LIBRARY
//**********************************************************************
//* CICS TRANSLATOR *
//**********************************************************************
//PRECOMP EXEC PGM=DFHECP1$,
// PARM='NOSOURCE,NOSEQ,'
//STEPLIB DD DSN=CICSTS23.CICS.SDFHLOAD,DISP=SHR
// DD DSN=TIG06431.CICS.LOAD,DISP=SHR
//SYSIN DD DISP=SHR,DSN=&SOURCE(&MEMNAME)
//SYSLIB DD DSN=CICSTS23.CICS.SDFHCOB,DISP=SHR
// DD DSN=U131184.TRAIN.CICS.COPYLIB,DISP=SHR
//SYSPUNCH DD DSN=&&SYSIN00,DISP=(,PASS),UNIT=SYSDA,
// DCB=BLKSIZE=400,SPACE=(CYL,(10,10))

121
Sample CICS-COBOL Compiler (Contd)
Sample CICS-COBOL
compiler (Contd):

//**********************************************************************
//* COBOL COMPILER *
//**********************************************************************
//COBCOMP EXEC PGM=IGYCRCTL,COND=(5,LT)
//STEPLIB DD DSN=IGY.SIGYCOMP,DISP=SHR
//SYSIN DD DSN=&&SYSIN00,DISP=(OLD,DELETE)
//SYSLIB DD DSN=CICSTS23.CICS.SDFHCOB,DISP=SHR
// DD DISP=SHR,DSN=&COPYBOOK
//SYSLIN DD DSN=&&LOADSET,DISP=(MOD,PASS),UNIT=SYSDA,
// SPACE=(100,(100,100),RLSE)
//SYSUDUMP DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSUT1 DD SPACE=(10,(50,500),,,ROUND),UNIT=SYSDA
//**********************************************************************
//* LINKER FOR CICS PROGRAMS *
//**********************************************************************
//LKED EXEC PGM=IEWL,PARM='XREF',COND=(5,LT)
//SYSLIB DD DSN=CICSTS23.CICS.SDFHEXCI,DISP=SHR
// DD DSN=CICSTS23.CICS.SDFHLOAD,DISP=SHR
// DD DSN=TIG06431.CICS.LOAD,DISP=SHR
// DD DSN=DSN810.SDSNLOAD,DISP=SHR
// DD DSN=CEE.SCEELKED,DISP=SHR
// DD DSN=CEE.SCEERUN,DISP=SHR
// DD DSN=ISP.SISPLOAD,DISP=SHR
//SYSLIN DD DSN=&&LOADSET,DISP=(OLD,DELETE)
// DD DDNAME=SYSIN
//SYSLMOD DD DISP=SHR,DSN=&LOADLIB(&LOADMEM)
//SYSUDUMP DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSUT1 DD SPACE=(1024,(50,50)),UNIT=SYSDA
//SYSIN DD *
INCLUDE SYSLIB(DFHECI)
INCLUDE SYSLIB(DSNCLI)
//
/*

122
Sample CICS-COBOL Compiler (Contd)
In the sample JCL, change the below statements,
Set the MEMNAME to your CICS-COBOL program name.
Set the LOADMEM to your load module name, usually the same as program name.
Set the SOURCE to your source library (PDS where COBOL code is available).
Set the COPYBOOK to your symbolic map (copybook generated after map compilation).
Set the LOADLIB to the load-module allocated by your mainframe administrator.
After successful compilation of CICS-COBOL compiler, enter the below command
in the CICS region,
CEMT SET PROGRAM(Load_Module_Name) NEW
After successful compilation of the above command, hit Pause/ Break key in the keyboard
to clear the screen and enter the Transaction ID allocated to you. On entering the correct
transaction-id, the CICS COBOL program will be executed.

123
Q & A


124

1. List the Hierarchy of CICS Objects?

2. How will you creating Maps using Basic Mapping Support assembler
macros?

3. How will you send & receive the maps in the CICS-COBOL program?

4. How will you receive the map in CICS region?

Introduction to DB2 Basics
C3: Protected

126
Database: Overview
Introduction:
A database, for example, can contain all the data (in form of Tables) that is
associated with one application or with a group of related applications.
You define databases by using the CREATE DATABASE statement.
In DB2 for z/OS, a database is a set of table spaces and index spaces.
Table space contains one or more tables. Index space contains exactly one index.
A table and all of its indexes will be contained within a single database.
These index spaces contain indexes on the tables in the table spaces of the same
database
Whenever a table space is created, it is explicitly or implicitly assigned to an
existing database.

127
Db2: Objectives
Objective:
Define database and db2
Define Tables ,view and alias
Define the benefits Keys and index
Describe table space and index space


128
Db2
Db2:
Db2 is relational database.
In a relational database, data is perceived to exist in one or more tables. Each
table contains a specific number of columns and a number of unordered rows.
DB2 database also involves other objects, such as views and indexes,
synonyms , alias.
DB2 also offers different types of keys to reduce time in search and
data retrieve .


129
SQL( Structured Query Language )
The language that you use to access the data in DB2
tables is the Structured Query Language (SQL).
Based on functionality SQL can be classified into 3
categories,
DDL - CREATE, ALTER and DROP verbs.
DML - INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE and DELETE.
DCL - Grant, Revoke.
DB2 transforms each SQL statement, that is, the specification
of a result table, into a sequence of operations that optimize
data retrieval. This transformation occurs when the SQL
statement is prepared. This transformation is also known as
binding.


130
Tables: a brief introduction
Tables are logical structures that DB2 maintains.
Tables are made up of columns and rows.
DB2 supports several different types of tables, some of which
are listed here:
base table -is created with the SQL statement CREATE TABLE and that holds
persistent user data.
temporary table -is defined by the SQL statement CREATE GLOBAL
TEMPORARY TABLE or DECLARE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE to hold data
temporarily. Its useful to sort or query intermediate result tables that contain a
large number of rows, but you want to store only a small subset of those rows
permanently .
result table - contains a set of rows that DB2 returns when you use an SQL
statement to query the tables in the database .
materialized query table - can be user-maintained or system-maintained.
Materialized query tables are useful for complex queries that run on very large
amounts of data


131
View, Alias & Synonyms
Views are virtual tables based on one or more base tables.
When data in the base table changes, these changes are also reflected in the
view.
We cannot perform Insert/ Update /Delete in a View with Joins ,Functions
,Distinct, Group By and Having.
SYNONYMS.
An alternative private name for a table or a view.
It can be used only by its Creator.
It cannot refer to a remote table.
When a table/view is dropped, all synonyms defined on it are also dropped
ALIASES.
An alternative private name for a table or a view.
It can be used by users other than its creator.
When a table/view is dropped, all aliases defined on it are NOT dropped.


132
Indexes and Keys
An index is an ordered set of pointers to rows of a table :
An index is an object that is separate from the data in the table. When you
define an index by using the CREATE INDEX statement, DB2 builds this
structure and maintains it automatically.
Each index is based on the values of data in one or more columns of a table.
DB2 uses indexes to improve performance and ensure uniqueness
A key is one or more columns that are identified as such in the description
of a table, an index, or a referential constraint.
Unique Keys - A table can have any number of unique keys. The columns of a
unique key can contain only one null value.
Primary Keys - is a special type of unique key and cannot contain null values.
Parent Keys - is either a primary key or a unique key in the parent table of a
referential constraint.
Foreign Keys - A foreign key refers to or is related to a specific parent key.


133
Table spaces and Index spaces
All tables are kept in table spaces. The primary types of table spaces are
described below:
Segmented - can contain more than one table. The space is composed of groups
of pages called segments. Each segment is dedicated to holding rows of a single
table .
Partitioned - table space can contain only a single table and its divided into
separate units of storage called partitions .
Large object (LOB) - contains all the data for a particular LOB column in the
related base table.
Universal table space - combination of partitioned and segmented table space
schemes that provides better space management. it's a good choice for tables
that are larger than 1 GB.
XML table space - is implicitly created when, an XML column is added to a base
table. The table space stores the XML table.
An index space, which is another DB2 storage structure, contains a single
index defined in the same database as the table.


134
Accessing DB2 Tables in Mainframes
DB2 tables can be accessed in mainframes through SPFUI or
QMF (Query Management Facility).
To access DB2 from Cognizant Mainframes, enter Option 8
from ISPF main menu.
Under DB2 Primary Option Menu, enter 1 to access SPFUI.
Enter the input dataset name, where you will be writing all
DB2 queries.
Enter the output dataset name, where you will be viewing all
the output of the queries. Hit an Enter.
In Current SPFUI Defaults screen, again hit an enter.

135
Accessing DB2 Tables ( Continued)
Now you can enter all the DB2 queries.
All general windows database queries are applicable in DB2,
except in CREATE TABLE query we need to specify the Table-
space.
To comment a line in the query input, enter double hyphen --
in column 1 and 2.
To execute the query, enter three semi-colons ;;; in the
command line and hit an F3.
Now you can view the output of the query.
To again come back to the query input screen, enter three
semi-colons ;;; in the command line and hit an F3.
To exit SPFUI, hit an F3.

136


137

1. What is the difference between unique and primary key?
2. What is the benefit of index and keys?
3. Which is the tool / utility used to access DB2 tables in Mainframes?


138
DB2 : Summary
In this chapter you have learnt about

Introduction to database
What is Db2
Difference between tables, views and alias
Different types of keys
Table spaces
REXX

C3: Protected
Restructured EXtended eXecutor

140
REXX: Overview
Introduction:
REXX is a programming language that is extremely flexible. REXX is the
abbreviation of Restructured EXtended eXecutor. It can be used to link various
environments like TSO, ISPF, etc., It is the widely used programming language
for developing tools in mainframes.

141
Objectives
After completing this chapter, you will be able to understand the following:
Writing and Executing a REXX Exec
Rexx Syntax
Variables & Expressions
Operators
Parsing
Conditional & Looping Statements
Interrupt Instructions
Functions & Sub-routines
Built-in Functions
Read a Dataset Using REXX
Writing into a Dataset Using REXX

142
Features of REXX
Various features of REXX are as follows,

Ease of Use

Free format

Debugging capabilities

Interpreted language

143
Writing a REXX Exec
Inorder to write a REXX program called an exec, there is a need to create a data set to contain the exec. The
data set can be either sequential or partitioned.
A REXX exec consists of REXX language instructions that are interpreted directly by the REXX interpreter.
For example, an exec to display a sentence on the screen uses the REXX instruction SAY followed by the
sentence to be displayed.
/******* REXX *******/
SAY 'This is a REXX exec'
When you run the exec, you can see the sentence in your screen
This is a REXX exec

144
Executing a REXX Exec
Explicit execution from TSO ready prompt
Implicit execution from TSO ready prompt requires the PDS library to be concatenated to either
SYSEXEC or the SYSPROC system DDNAMEs.
REXX exec can be executed in the below four ways,
READY
EXEC CTS.REXX.EXEC (MYFIRST)
READY
READY
ALLOC DD(SYSEXEC) DSN(CTS.REXX.EXEC) SHR REUSE
READY
%MYFIRST
Implicit execution from ISPF requires the PDS library to be concatenated to either SYSEXEC or the
SYSPROC system DDNAMEs. From the edit panel, enter the below command,
TSO CONCAT SYSEXEC CTS.REXX.EXEC
After successful concatenation, enter the PDS member name of the REXX exec you want to execute,
in the command prompt of the edit panel.

145
Executing a REXX Exec(Contd.)
Batch Execution Need arises when the REXX exec takes longer time to complete the execution. Major
advantage in batch mode does not interfere with persons use of the terminal. Only those execs which do not
require any sort of terminal interaction can be run in batch mode. A JCL as shown below can be used to
invoke a REXX exec.
//TSOBATCH EXEC PGM=IKJEFT01,DYNAMBR=30,REGION=4096K
//SYSEXEC DD DSN=CTS.REXX.EXEC,DISP=SHR
//SYSTSPRT DD SYSOUT=A
//SYSTSIN DD *
% SETUP
/*
//
Where,
IKJEFT01 TSO command processor program.
SYSEXEC System DD card to which REXX libraries are concatenated.
SYSTSPRT Destination of the REXX output.
SYSTSIN In-stream card wherein TSO commands or invocation of REXX execs can be issued.

The dataset CTS.REXX.EXEC is a PDS and has a member of the name SETUP.

146
REXX Syntax
All REXX execs must have the first line as /* REXX */. This makes the command processor
(TSO) invoke the REXX interpreter.
A REXX instruction (statement) is not case sensitive. REXX uses a free format (Column
restrictions are not enforced, like COBOL).
A line usually contains one instruction except when it ends with a comma (,) or contains a
semi-colon (;).
Comma is the continuation character, indicates that the instruction continues to the next line.
Semi-colon indicates the end of the instruction, used to separate multiple instructions on one
line.

147
Variables & Expressions
Variables need not be explicitly declared in REXX. Variable names can consist of the
below character-set:
A....Z / a - Z Alphabetic
0....9 Numbers
@ # $ ? ! . _ Special characters
Restrictions on the variable name are as follows:

The first character cannot be 0 through 9 or a period (.)
The variable name cannot exceed 250 bytes.
The variable name should not be RC, SIGL, or RESULT, which are REXX special
variables.
Expressions are statements with something that needs to be calculated or
evaluated. It consists of numbers, variables or strings and one or more operators.

148
Operators
There are four types of operators in REXX,
Arithmetic Operators.
Comparison Operators.
Logical Operators.
Concatenation Operators.

Arithmetic Operators works on valid numeric constants or on variables that represent valid numeric
constants. The various arithmetic operators are as follows,
+ Add
- Subtract
-number
Negate the number
* Multiply
** Raise a number to a whole number power
/ Divide
% Divide and return a whole number without a remainder (quotient only)
// Divide and return remainder only

149
Operators (Contd)
Comparison Operators returns either a true or false response in terms of 1 or 0 respectively. The various
comparison operators are as follows,
== Strictly Equal (everything including the blanks and case is exactly the same).
= Equal
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal to
<= Less than or equal to
/== Not strictly equal
/= Not equal
>< Greater than or less than (same as not equal)
/< Not less than
/> Not greater than

150
Operators (Contd)
Logical Operators combines two comparisons and return the True (1) or False (0) value depending on
the results of the comparisons. The various logical operators are as follows,
& AND (Returns 1 if both comparisons are true)
| Inclusive OR (Returns 1 if at least one comparison is true)
&& Exclusive OR (Returns 1 if only one comparison (but not both) is true)
Prefix \ Logical NOT (Returns the opposite response)
Concatenation Operators combines two strings into one. The below are the various concatenation
operators,
blank
concatenate strings, one blank in between
example Cognizant Technology results is Cognizant Technology
||
concatenate strings, no blanks in between
example a||.b result is a.b
abuttal
concatenate strings, no blanks in between
example per_cent%, if per_cent = 90, result is 90%

151
Operators (Contd)
Operator Priority is as follows,
\ - + Prefix operators
** Power (exponential)
* / % // Multiply and Divide
+ - Add and Subtract
Blank || abuttal Concatenation operators
== = >< Comparison operators
& Logical AND
| && inclusive OR, exclusive OR

152
Parsing
Parsing is the process of separating data by comparing the data to a template (or pattern of variable
names). Separators in a template can be one of the following,
Blank
String
Variable
Number that represents column position
PARSE VALUE Cognizant Technology Solutions WITH Str1 Str2 Str3
PARSE VALUE with separators example,
PARSE VALUE Dun & Bradstreet WITH Str1 & Str2
Str1 contains Dun and Str2 contains Bradstreet.
PARSE VALUE with blank example,
Str1 contains Cognizant, Str2 contains Technology and Str3 contains Solutions.

153
Parsing(Contd.)
Str1 contains Dun &, Str2 contains Brad and Str3 contains street
PARSE VAR (variable) with absolute column position example,
String1 = Dun & Bradstreet
PARSE VAR String1 Str1 6 Str2
Str1 contains Dun & and Str2 contains Bradstreet
PARSE VAR (variable) with relative column position example,
String1 = Dun & Bradstreet
PARSE VAR String1 Str1 +5 Str2 +5 Str3

154
Conditional Statements
Syntax of IF statement
Two types of conditional statements in REXX are:
IF/THEN/ELSE
SELECT/WHEN/OTHERWISE
IF expression THEN
statement
ELSE
statement
IF expression THEN
DO
statements
END
ELSE
DO
statements
END
Syntax of SELECT statement
SELECT
WHEN expression THEN
statement
WHEN expression THEN
statement
:

OTHERWISE
statement(s)
END

155
Looping Statements
Repetitive loops Example1
Two types of looping statements in REXX are:
Repetitive repeat instructions a certain number of times.
Conditional use a condition to control repeating.
DO i = 1 to 5
SAY The Value of i is i
END
The Value of i is 1
The Value of i is 2
The Value of i is 3
The Value of i is 4
The Value of i is 5

Output of Example1:
Repetitive loops Example2
DO i = 1 to 10 STEP 2
SAY The Value of i is i
END
Output of Example2:
The Value of i is 1
The Value of i is 3
The Value of i is 5
The Value of i is 7
The Value of i is 9


156
Looping Statements (Contd)
Example1 - DO FOREVER loop with EXIT statement
Infinite Loops are achieved in REXX using DO FOREVER loops.
DO FOREVER
IF X = 10 THEN
EXIT
END
SAY Outside The Loop
Output of Example1:
The above exec will execute till the value of X becomes 10. The next statement (SAY) will not be executed.
Example2 - DO FOREVER loop with LEAVE statement
DO FOREVER
IF X = 10 THEN
LEAVE
END
SAY Outside The Loop
Output of Example2:
The above loop will execute till the value of X becomes 10, after that the next statement (SAY) will be executed.

157
Looping Statements (Contd)
Syntax of DO WHILE statement:
Conditional Loops are achieved in REXX using DO WHILE and DO UNTIL statements.
DO WHILE expression
statement(s)
END
Syntax of DO UNTIL statement:
DO UNTIL expression
statement(s)
END
DO WHILE statement tests the expression before the loop executes the first time and
repeat only when the expression is true.
DO UNTIL statement tests the expression after the loop executes at least once and
repeat only when the expression is false.

158
Interrupt Instructions
Interrupt instructions tells the language processor to leave the exec entirely or leave one part of the exec
and go to another part either permanently or temporarily
There are three types of interrupt instructions as follows,
EXIT
SIGNAL
CALL/RETURN
EXIT statement causes the exec to terminate unconditionally.
SIGNAL statement interrupts the normal flow of an exec and causes control to pass to a specified label.
Example SIGNAL statement

The output of the above exec is as follows

/*REXX*/
SAY 'BEFORE SIGNAL'
SIGNAL BYE
SAY 'AFTER SIGNAL'
EXIT

BYE:
SAY 'INSIDE SIGNAL'
EXIT
BEFORE SIGNAL
INSIDE SIGNAL

159
Interrupt Instructions (Contd)
CALL / RETURN statement is used to pass the control to the specified sub-routine or label

When calling an internal subroutine, CALL statement passes control to a label specified after the CALL
keyword. When the subroutine ends with the RETURN instruction, the instructions following CALL are
executed.

The output of the above exec is as follows,

/*REXX*/
SAY ' BEFORE CALL'
CALL BYE
SAY ' AFTER CALL'
EXIT

BYE:
SAY ' INSIDE CALL'
RETURN
BEFORE CALL
INSIDE CALL
AFTER CALL

160

Functions & Sub-routines

Functions :
Functions are sequence of statements that can receive data, process that data and return a value.
Syntax of a function call:

There are two types of functions, namely,
Built-in functions (built into the language processor).
User-defined functions.

Subroutines :
Subroutine is a series of instructions that an exec invokes to perform a specific task. The subroutine
is invoked by the CALL statement.

Subroutines are of two types as follows,
Internal subroutine and designated by a label.
External subroutine and designated by the member name that contains the subroutine.

Sharing information can be done in the following ways,
Passing variables
Passing arguments

Return_value = Function(arguments)

161

Functions & Sub-routines (Contd)

Passing variables shares the same variable in both main exec and subroutine. The variables need not be
explicitly passes as shown in the below example,

We can prevent all the main exec variables from being exposed to subroutines by using PROCEDURE
statement, as shown below,

/**REXX**/
number1 = 20
number2 = 30
CALL sub1
SAY answer /** (Displays 50) **/
EXIT

sub1:
answer = number1 + number2
RETURN
/**REXX**/
number1 = 20
CALL sub2
SAY number1 /** (displays 20) **/
EXIT

sub2: PROCEDURE
number1 = 5
RETURN

162

Functions & Sub-routines (Contd)

We can expose only few main exec variables to subroutines by using PROCEDURE statement with EXPOSE,
as shown below,

Passing arguments can be done by calling the subroutine from the main exec as follows,

Receiving arguments in the subroutine is as follows,

Example - passing arguments to subroutines
/**REXX**/
number1 = 10
number2 = 20
CALL sub3
SAY number1 , number2 /** (displays 5 , 20) **/
EXIT
sub3: PROCEDURE EXPOSE number1
number1 = 5
number2 = 15
RETURN
CALL subroutine_name argument1, argument2, argument3, etc
ARG arg1, arg2, arg3, etc

/**REXX**/
length = 10
width = 7
Result = CALL Calc length, width
SAY The perimeter is Result Meters
EXIT
Calc:
ARG len, wid
perim = 2 * ( len + wid)
RETURN perim

163
Built-in Functions
Some of Built-in-Functions in REXX are given below:

Compare function is used to compare two strings and return a zero if the strings are the same, or a
non-zero number if they are not. Non-zero number is the position of the first mismatching character
found.
Syntax of Compare function:
COMPARE(string1,string2)
Example Compare function:
COMPARE('123','123')returns 0 (exact match)
COMPARE('abc','ak')returns 2 (first mismatching char)
Syntax of Date function:
DATE({option})
Some of the options that can be passed to date function are as follows:
U returns date in USA format, 'mm/dd/yy
J returns a Julian date in the form 'yyddd
W returns the day of the week (e.g. 'Tuesday', 'Sunday', etc.)

Few examples for date function is as follows,

say date() /* returns Current Date 24 Oct 2007 */
say date('U') /* returns Current Date in USA format 10/24/07 */
say date('J') /* returns Current Date in Julian format */
say date('W') /* returns Current Day Wednesday */

164
Built-in Functions(Contd.)
Length function returns the length of the string passed.
Syntax of Length function:
LENGTH(string)
Example Length function:
LENGTH('COGNIZANT') /** returns 9 **/
LENGTH('') /** returns 0 (null string) **/

165
Read a Dataset using REXX
EXECIO DISKR command is used read the contents of a PS or a PDS member TSO command.
Syntax of EXCEIO DISKR statement :
EXECIO [lines or *] DISKR ddname
( [STEM var [FINIS] )
Where,
LINES - number of lines to read.
ddname- name of the dd that is allocated using ALLOC statement.
STEM - Keyword.
Var - Stem variable name.
FINIS - Keyword, used to to close the file after reading.
Example: reads the dataset with name CTS.IN.FILE and displays the contents of the file.
/**REXX**/
ADDRESS TSO
"ALLOC DD(INFILE) DSN('CTS.IN.FILE') SHR"
"EXECIO * DISKR INFILE(STEM OUTREC. FINIS"
SAY "THE RECORDS ARE : "
DO I = 1 TO OUTREC.0 /** OUTREC.0 contains the number of records** /
SAY OUTREC.I /** Displays the content of the file, till end of file **/
END
EXIT
In the above example, OUTREC. Is the stem variable. After EXECIO statement, the total number of
records will be populated in the zero index of the stem variable (OUTREC.0).


166
Writing into Dataset using REXX
EXECIO DISKW statement is used to write the contents of a stem variable to a PS or PDS member.
All rules that are applicable to DISKR is applicable to DISKW.
EXECIO [lines or *] DISKW ddname
( [STEM var [FINIS] )
Example: creates a new dataset with name CTS.OUT.FILE and writes the contents of the stem variable
into a dataset
/**REXX**/
ADDRESS TSO
"ALLOC DD(OUTFILE) DSN(CTS.OUT.FILE) NEW CAT
TRACKS SPACE(5 10) LRECL(80) RECFM(F B)"
REC.1 = "COGNIZANT"
REC.2 = "TECHNOLOGY"
REC.3 = "SOLUTIONS"
"EXECIO * DISKW OUTFILE(STEM REC. FINIS"
EXIT-

167
Questions


168

1. How will you executing a REXX exec?

2. What is meant by parsing in REXX?

3. List the types of interrupt instructions.

4. How will you expose only few main function exec variables to subroutine?

5. Name the some built in functions used in REXX.

6. How will you read and write into a dataset using REXX?

FILE AID
C3: Protected

170
File Aid - Objectives
Objective:
Define File Aid
Describe three display mode to view the data
How to Copy a Data File to another Data File using File Aid
How to Compare two Data Files using File Aid

171
File Aid - Introduction
FileAid:

File-Aid is a comprehensive data management tool developed by Compuware.

It is designed to help developers, testers, and DBAs work efficiently with data as
they develop, test and implement distributed applications.

Pre-requisite:

Familiarity with TSO/ISPF is a prerequisite for using File-AID.

Why FileAid:

File-AID offers a range of functionality which includes the ability to browse, copy,
modify and compare data without having to be an expert in databases like IMS or
DB2


172
Browse a Data File using File Aid

File-AID can be accessed from ISPF menu. The option code is F to enter into the File-AID menu.
For Browse, select option 1 from the above menu and press Enter.

There are three display modes to view the data in the file.
1.Character
2. Formatted
3.Vertical formatted

Character Mode:
The character browse mode provides a full-screen view of the data
From character mode, it is possible to go to the FMT primary command to redisplay the data in
formatted mode or use the VFMT primary command to redisplay the data in vertical formatted
mode.

Formatted Mode:
A data set can be opened only with a copybook in formatted mode.
This option is almost similar to VFMT, except that it can show only one record at a time.
Even if we are in different format of viewing the file, it can be changed to formatted mode, by
typing FMT on command line and pressing

173
Browse a Data File using File Aid (cont)
Vertical Formatted Mode:

A data set can be opened only with a copybook in vertical formatted mode

Some of the command used in VFM
DISP OFF 1-3 8 12
The above would remove variables with offset number 1,2,3,8, & 12.

DISPLAY 1-3 8 12 ONLY
The above would show only variables with offset number 1,2,3,8, & 12.

To bring to normal view of the variable, type DISP (field number) RESET

To get some other fields after giving a DISP OFF or DISP ONLY, type DISP (field-number) ON.

To get all the fields after giving a DISP OFF or DISP ONLY, type DISP ALL.

To see the HEX value for a variable, we can give DISP HEX (field number).


174
Copy a Data File using File Aid
For Copy, select option 3(UTILITIES) from the File-Aid Primary Option menu.

Enter 3(COPY) in EXTENDED UTILITIES screen.The copy utility screen appears.
Specify the FROM Dataset and TO Dataset.
Specify Execution Information (O = Online or B = Batch )
Specify Selection Criteria Information (E = Existing; T = Temporary; M = Modify; Q = Quick;
N = None )

If you are copying the dataset to a new data set, the disposition parameter is given as NEW. You
can also copy the file to the already existing file, then the disposition parameter is given as OLD
or SHR

If the dataset to which it is copied is new, Fileaid will allow us to create a new dataset where the
record size and record format for the new dataset should be given.

If the old dataset is of LRECL 400 and it is required to copy it to a new file of LRECL 300, then
Fileaid will prompt for the confirm copy screen.

Press enter to copy, the old dataset will be copied to the new dataset.


175
Record Layout and Selection Criteria usage
Record layout Usage:
When we want to view a file in a particular layout, we specify S and give the corresponding
copybook PS or PDS for reference.

Selection Criteria usage:
E If we have an existing selection criterion in a dataset that can be provided.
M If we have an existing selection criterion in a dataset and we want to modify the criteria for
the current usage.
Q This option takes us directly to query mode based on position and length.
T This has three options in it; they are numbered as 1, 2, and 3.
1 OPTIONS - Enter selection criteria options
2 FORMATTED - Edit formatted selection criteria
3 UNFORMATTED - Edit unformatted selection criteria

Edit a Data File :
File-AID enables you to edit a file created through MVS.

For Edit, select option 2 from the File-Aid Primary Option menu, other options for Edit would be
the same as View or Browse.


176
Compare two Data Files using File Aid
The File-AID Compare function compares any two similar files and produces reports showing any
differences
You may optionally use standard File-AID selection criteria to select only a subset of records to be
compared
Steps:
1. From the File-AID Primary Option Menu, select File-AID option 10.
2. Press Enter. File-AID displays the Compare Old Datasets Specification screen
Enter the first data set that needs to be compared
4. File-AID displays the Compare New Datasets Specification screen
Enter the second data set that needs to be compared
5. Specify Record layout usage , Selection criteria usage in both the data set
6. File-AID displays Compare - Criteria Options screen.
Specify the Compare type , Read-ahead record count ,Read-ahead sequence,
Records to compare ,Differences to compare, Modify print defaults ,Specify output
criteria
7. The Compare - Criteria Build Complete screen appears, hit enter key.
8. The final Compare Criteria Contents Report screen appears displaying the report
showing any differences.

177
Questions


178

1.What is File Aid?

2. What is the display mode to View data?

3. How to copy a data file to another data file?

4. How to compare to data file?
Mainframe Macros
Introduction to Mainframe Macros
C3: Protected

180
Mainframe Macros : Overview
Macros:
To record and playback frequently repeated activity (or)
To automatically repeat an activity which should be repeated in the
course of the project by recording only once using Macros.
Advantages:
It prevents the need for manual repetition of same activity many times.
Reduces the work and thereby saves time.

181
Record A Macro
Click Start Keystroke Recording icon (or) Actions Start Recording Macro menu
Click OK after entering all the details and perform the operations to be recorded.
Click Stop Keystroke Recording and Save icon (or)
Actions Stop Recording Macro
To Start Recording
To Stop Recording


182
Playback A Macro
Click Start a Macro / Script icon (or) Action Start Playing Macro / Script
Click Stop running Macro / Script icon (or) Action Stop Playing Macro / Script
Select the macro from the drop down box and click ok
While playback make sure that you are in the same screen as you were while recording.
To Start Playback
To Stop Playback

183
View A Recorded Macro
Default saving location of Macro file is \Personal Communications\private
(example: D:\Program Files\Personal Communications\private\)
Steps to View a Record:
Go to the location where the macros is saved (example: D:\Program
Files\Personal Communications\private\)

Right click on the file to be opened

Select Open With and then select Note pad

184
Q & A


185

1. How will you record a Macro using PCOMM?

2. How will you playback the recorded Macro?

3. Where the Macro files will be saved?

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