3

LI NI U

Ti liu Kh c in v My in trang b cho sinh vin h cao
ng o to theo tn ch, ngnh Cng ngh K thut in,
in t, trng Cao ng Kinh t - K thut Kin Giang lm ti
liu hc tp cho hc phn Kh c in v My in. Ngoi ra, ti
liu cng c th dng lm ti liu tham kho cho sinh vin cc
ngnh khc lin quan n lnh vc in, in t.
Trong ti liu ny, trnh by nhng l{ thuyt c bn v: cu to;
nguyn l{ lm vic; cc c tnh ca: My bin p; My in
khng ng b; My in ng b; My in mt chiu v cc
Kh c in thng dng.
gip sinh vin d dng tip thu kin thc mn hc, ti liu
trnh by ni dung mt cch ngn gn, c bn. mi
chng c v d minh ha, cu hi v bi tp sinh vin c
th hiu su hn nhng vn hc.
Mc d c nhiu c gng trong bin son cng nh nhn
c nhiu ng gp { kin { kin ca tp th ging vin khoa
in, nhng chc cng kh trnh khi nhng sai st khng
mong mun. Rt mong nhn c thm nhiu { kin ng gp

4


ca bn c cun ti liu ny hon thin hn trong ti bn
ln sau.
Mi { kin ng gp xin gi v: Tp th ging vin khoa in
trng Cao ng Kinh t - K thut Kin Giang, s 425 ng
Mc Cu, P. Vnh Thanh, Tp. Rch Gi, T. Kin Giang hoc qua
hp th in t: gvkhoadien@kiengiangtec.edu.vn
Chn thnh cm n.



5

Chng 1
KHI NIM CHUNG V MY IN

Mc tiu: Sau khi hc xong chng 1, sinh vin c kh nng:
- Trnh by c khi nim chung v my in
- Phn loi c c cc loi my in thng dng.
- M t c my in tnh v my in quay.


1.1 NH NGHA V PHN LOI
1.1.1 nh ngha
My in l thit b in t, nguyn l{ lm vic da vo hin
tng cm ng in t. V cu to gm mch t (cn gi l li
thp) v mch in (dy qun), dng bin i cc dng nng
lng nh: c nng thnh in nng (my pht in) hoc
ngc li in nng thnh c nng (ng c in), hoc dng
bin i cc thng s in nng nh in p, dng in, tn
s, s pha...

6


1.1.2 Phn loi my in
My in c nhiu loi, c nhiu cch phn loi khc nhau.
y, phn loi my in da vo nguyn l{ bin i nng lng
nh sau:
1.1.2.1 My in tnh
My in tnh lm vic da vo hin tng cm ng in t, do
s bin i t thng trong cc cun dy khng c s chuyn
ng tng i vi nhau. My in tnh thng dng bin
i cc thng s in nng nh my bin p bin in p xoay
chiu thnh in p xoay chiu c gi tr khc...

ng
c
in
ng
b
ng
c in
khng
ng
b
My
pht
in
ng
b
My
pht
in
khng
ng
b
My in
My in tnh My in quay
My in xoay chiu My in mt chiu
My in
ng b
My in
khng ng b
My
bin
p
My
pht
in
mt
chiu
ng
c
in
mt
chiu
Hnh 1.1 S phn loi my in

7

1.1.2.2 My in quay (hoc c loi chuyn ng thng):
My in quay cng lm vic da vo hin tng cm ng in
t, lc in t do t trng v dng in trong cc cun dy
sinh ra. Loi my ny dng bin i dng nng lng nh c
nng thnh in nng (my pht in) hoc ngc li nh in
nng thnh c nng (ng c in). Qu trnh bin i nng
lng c tnh thun nghch, ngha l my in c th lm vic
ch my pht in hoc ng c in.
S phn loi my in thng gp (hnh 1.1).
1.2 CC NH LUT IN T C BN DNG TRONG MY IN
Trong nghin cu my in, thng dng cc nh lut sau:
nh lut cm ng in t, nh lut lc in t v nh lut
mch t. Cc nh lut ny, c trnh by trong gio trnh
vt l{, y nu li nhng im chnh p dng cho nghin cu
my in.
1.2.1 nh lut cm ng in t
1.2.1.1 Trng hp t thng xuyn qua vng dy bin thin.
Khi t thng = (t) xuyn qua vng dy bin thin trong vng
dy s cm ng sc in ng e(t).

8


Sc in ng (sc in ng) c chiu sao cho dng in
do n sinh ra, to ra t thng chng li s bin thin ca t
thng sinh ra n (hnh 1.2).
Sc in ng cm ng trong mt
vng dy c tnh theo cng thc
Macxoen:

Nu cun dy c N vng, sc in
ng cm ng l:

trong , = N *Wb+ t thng mc vng ca cun dy.
1.2.1.2 Trng hp thanh dn chuyn ng trong t trng.
Khi thanh dn chuyn ng thng
gc vi ng sc t trng
(trng hp thng gp nht
trong my in), trong thanh dn
cm ng sc in ng c tr s
l: e = B.l.v (1.3)
Hnh 1.2 Chiu dng s
cm ng ph hp vi t thng
theo qui tc vn nt chai
Hnh 1.3 Xc nh s cm ng
theo qui tc bn tay phi.

9

Vi: B: cng t cm, [T].
l: chiu di tc dng ca thanh dn, [m].
v: tc di thanh dn, [m/s]
Chiu sc in ng cm ng c xc nh theo qui tc bn
tay phi (hnh 1.3).
1.2.2 nh lut lc in t
Khi thanh dn mang dng in, t thng gc vi ng sc t
trng, thanh dn s chu mt lc in t tc dng c tr s l:
f = B.i.l (1.4)
Vi: B: cng t cm, *T+.
i: dng in chy trong
thanh dn, *A+.
l: chiu di thanh dn, *m+.
f: lc in t o bng
Newton, [N]
Chiu ca lc in t f c xc
nh theo qui tc bn tay tri
(hnh 1.4).
Hnh 1.4 Xc nh lc in t
theo qui tc bn tay tri

10


1.3 CC VT LIU CH TO MY IN
Vt liu ch to my in gm vy liu cu trc, vt liu tc
dng v vt liu cch in.
Vt liu cu trc l vt liu ch to chi tit chu cc tc ng
c hc nh trc, trc, thn my, np.
Vt liu tc dng l vt liu dng ch to nhng b phn
dn in v t.
Cn vt liu cch in dng cch in gia phn dn in
vi khng dn in v gia cc phn dn in vi nhau.
1.3.1 Vt liu dn in
Vt liu dn in ch to my in tt nht l ng v chng
khng t lm v c in tr sut nh. Ngoi ra, cn dng
nhm v cc hp kim khc nh ng thau, ng pht pho.
Dy ng hoc nhm c ch to theo tit din trn hoc ch
nht c bc cch in. Vi nhng my c cng sut nh v
trung bnh, in p di 1000V thng dng dy dn bc emay
v lp cch in ca n mng v t bn yu cu.



11

1.3.2 Vt liu dn t
Vt liu dn t trong my in l vt liu st t nh thp k
thut in, gang, thp c, thp rn...
cc phn dn t c t
thng bin i vi tn s
50Hz thng dng thp
l k thut in dy 0,35
1mm, trong thnh
phn thp c t 2 5%
silic tng in tr ca
thp, gim dng in
xoy. Thp k thut in
c ch to bng
phng php cn nng hoc cn ngui.
Hin nay thng dng thp cn ngui ch to cc my in
v thp cn ngui c t thm cao hn v sut tn hao nh
hn thp cn nng.
cc phn dn t c t thng khng i thng dng thp
c, thp rn, hoc thp l.
Hnh 1.5 ng cong t ha ca mt
s vt liu t

12


Hnh 1.5 trnh by ng cong t ho ca mt s vt liu dn
t khc nhau. Cng mt dng in kch t, thp k thut in
c t cm ln nht, sau l thp c v cui cng l gang.
1.3.3 Vt liu cch in
Vt liu cch in trong my in phi c cng cch in
cao, chu nhit, tn nhit tt, chng m v bn v c hc. Cch
in bc dy dn chu c nhit cao th nhit cho php
ca dy dn cng ln v dy dn chu c dng ti ln.
Cht cch in ca my in phn ln th rn, c 4 nhm:
Cht hu c thin nhin nh giy, la
Cht v c nh amiang, mica, si thy tinh.
Cc cht tng hp.
Cc loi men v sn cch in.
Cht cch in tt nht l mica nhng gi thnh cao, giy, vi,
si... r nhng dn nhit v cch in km, d b m. V vy
chng phi c tm sy cch in tt hn.
Cn c bn nhit, vt liu cch in c chia ra cc cp
nh sau:
- Cp Y: Nhit cho php 90
0
C, bao gm bng, giy, vi, t
la, si tng hp, khng c tm sy bng sn cch in.

13

- Cp A: Nhit cho php 105
0
C, gm vi si xenlulo, si t
nhin hoc nhn to c qua tm sy bng sn cch in.
- Cp E: Nhit cho php 120
0
C, gm mng vi, si tng hp
gc hu c c th chu c nhit tng ng.
- Cp B: Nhit cho php 130
0
C, cc vt liu gc mica, si
thy tinh hoc amiang, c lin kt bng sn hoc nha gc
hu c c th chu c nhit tng ng.
- Cp F: Nhit cho php 155
0
C, ging nh loi B nhng c
tm sy v kt dnh bng sn hoc nha tng hp c th chu
c nhit tng ng.
- Cp H: Nhit cho php 180
0
C, ging nh cp B nhng dng
sn tm sy hoc cht kt dnh gc silic hu c hoc cc cht
tng hp c kh nng chu c nhit tng ng.
- Cp C : Nhit cho php >180
0
C, gm cc vt liu gc mica,
thy tinh v cc hp cht ca chng dng trc tip khng c
cht lin kt. Cc cht v c c ph gia lin kt bng hu c v
cc cht tng hp c kh nng chu c nhit tng ng.
Ngoi ra cn c cht cch in th kh (khng kh) v th lng
(du bin p).

14


Khi my in lm vic, do tc ng ca nhit , chn ng v
cc tc ng l{ ha khc, cch in s b lo ha ngha l mt
dn cc tnh bn v in v c. Thc nghim cho bit, khi nhit
tng qu nhit lm vic cho php 8 10
0
C th tui th
ca vt liu cch in gim i mt na.
1.4 PHT NNG V LM MT MY IN
Trong qu trnh bin i nng lng, lun c s tn hao. Tn
hao trong my in gm tn hao st t (do hin tng t tr
v dng xoy) trong thp, tn hao ng trong dy qun v tn
hao do ma st ( my in quay). Tt c cc tn hao nng
lng u bin thnh nhit lm cho my in nng ln.
lm mt my in, phi c bin php tn nhit ra mi
trng xung quanh. S tn nhit khng nhng ph thuc vo
b mt lm mt ca my m cn ph thuc vo s i lu
khng kh xung quanh hoc ca mi trng lm mt khc nh
du my bin p... Thng v my in c ch to c cc
cnh tn nhit v my in c h thng qut gi lm mt.
Kch thc ca my, phng php lm mt phi c tnh v
la chn cho tng nhit ca vt liu cch in trong my

15

khng vt qu tng nhit cho php, m bo cho vt liu
cch in lm vic lu di, tui th ca my khong 20 nm.
Khi my in lm vic ch nh mc, tng nhit ca cc
phn t khng vt qu tng nhit cho php. Khi my qu
ti, tng nhit ca my s vt qu nhit cho php, v
th khng cho php my lm vic qu ti lu di.



Cu hi cui chng
1. Hy trnh by phng php phn loi my in.
2. Hy trnh by nh lut cm ng in t?
3. Hy cho bit cc vt liu dng ch to my in?
4. Vt liu cch in c chia thnh my cp, trnh by c
trng ca tng cp.


16




17

Chng 2
MY BIN P

Mc tiu: Sau khi hc xong chng 2, sinh vin c kh nng:
- Trnh by c cu to ca my bin p.
- Phn tch c nguyn l{ lm vic ca my bin p.
- M t c cng dng ca chng.
- Xc nh v v c s u dy t my bin p.


2.1 KHI NIM CHUNG V MY BIN P
2.1.1 Vai tr v cng dng
dn in t nh my pht in n h tiu th cn phi c
ng dy ti in (hnh 2.1).
Nu khong cch t ni sn xut in n h tiu th ln, mt
vn t ra l vic truyn ti in nng i xa lm sao cho kinh
t nht.
Dng in truyn ti trn ng dy:
I = P/(Ucos )

18



Tn hao cng sut trn ng dy:
P = R

.I
2
= R

.P
2
/(U
2
cos
2
)
Trong :
P : cng sut truyn ti trn ng dy (W);
U : in p truyn ti ca li in (V);
R

: in tr ng dy ti in v cos l h s cng
sut ca li in ();
: gc lch pha gia dng in I v in p U.
T cc cng thc trn cho thy, cng mt cng sut truyn ti
trn ng dy, nu in p truyn ti cng cao th dng in
chy trn ng dy s cng b, do trng lng v chi ph
dy dn s gim xung, tit kim c kim loi mu, ng thi
tn hao nng lng trn ng dy s gim xung. V th,
mun truyn ti cng sut ln i xa t tn hao v tit kim kim
loi mu, ngi ta phi dng in p cao, thng l 35, 110,
~

H tiu
th in
MBA gim p
ng dy ti in
MBA tng p
Nh my
in
Hnh 2.1 S cung cp in

19

220, 500kV. Trn thc t cc my pht in ch pht ra in p
t 3 21kV, do phi c thit b tng in p u ng
dy. Mt khc, cc h tiu th thng yu cu in p thp, t
0.4 6 kV, v vy, ti cui ng dy phi c thit b gim in
p xung. Thit b dng tng in p u ng dy v
gim in p cui ng dy gi l my bin p (MBA).
2.1.2 nh ngha
My bin p l thit b in t tnh, lm vic theo nguyn l{
cm ng in t, dng bin i mt h thng dng in
xoay chiu in p ny thnh mt h thng dng in xoay
chiu in p khc, vi tn s khng thay i.
2.2 NGUYN L LM VIC CA MY BIN P
My bin p l{ tng c cc tnh cht nh sau :
1. Cun dy khng c in tr.
2. T thng chy trong li thp mc vng vi hai dy qun,
khng c t thng tn v khng c tn hao trong li thp.
3. t thm ca thp rt ln ( = ), nh vy, dng t ho
cn phi c sinh ra t thng trong li thp l rt nh khng
ng k, do vy sc t ng cn sinh ra t thng trong li
thp cho bng khng.

20


Hnh 2.2 v s nguyn l{
ca MBA mt pha hai dy
qun.
Dy qun 1 c W
1
vng dy
c ni vi ngun in p
xoay chiu u
1
, gi l dy
qun s cp. K{ hiu cc
i lng pha dy qun s
cp u c con s 1 km theo nh u
1
, i
1
, e
1
, Dy qun 2 c W
2

vng dy cung cp in cho ph ti Z
t
, gi l dy qun th cp.
K{ hiu cc i lng pha dy qun th cp u c con s 2
km theo nh u
2
, i
2
, e
2
,..
t in p xoay chiu u
1
vo dy qun s cp, trong dy qun
s c dng i
1
. Trong li thp s c t thng mc vng vi c
hai dy qun s cp v th cp, cm ng ra cc sc in ng
e
1
v e
2
. Khi MBA c ti, trong dy qun th cp s c dng
in i
2
a ra ti vi in p l u
2
. T thng mc vng vi c
hai dy qun s cp v th cp gi l t thng chnh.
Gi s in p u
1
sin nn t thng cng bin thin sin:
=
m
sint
Hnh 2.2 S nguyn l ca
MBA mt pha hai dy qun

21

Theo nh lut cm ng in t, cc sc in ng cm ng e
1
,
e
2
sinh ra trong dy qun s cp v th cp MBA l:


Trong , E
1
, E
2
l tr s hiu dng ca sc in ng s cp v
th cp, cho bi:


T s ca MBA:

Nu gi thit MBA cho l MBA l{ tng, ngha l b qua st
p gy ra do in tr v t thng tn ca dy qun th E
1
U
1

v E
2
U
2
:

Nu b qua tn hao trong MBA th: U
1
I
1
= U
2
I
2


22


Nh vy:

Nu W
2
> W
1
th U
2
> U
1
v I
2
< I
1
: MBA tng p;
Nu W
2
< W
1
th U
2
< U
1
v I
2
> I
1
: MBA gim p.
2.3 CU TO MY BIN P
2.3.1 Li thp MBA
Li thp MBA dng dn t thng, do c ch to bng
cc vt liu dn t tt. Nhm lm gim tn hao t tr do dng
in xoy Fuco, li thp MBA thng c lm bng cc l
thp k thut in c b dy t 0,35 1 mm, mt ngoi cc l
thp c sn cch in ri ghp li vi nhau thnh li thp.

Hnh 2.3 Li thp MBA: a) 1 pha; b) 3 pha

23

Li thp gm hai phn: Tr v Gng (hnh 2.3). Tr T l phn
t dy qun, gng G l phn ni lin gia cc tr to thnh
mch t kn.

2.3.2 Dy qun MBA
Nhim v ca dy qun MBA l nhn nng lng vo v truyn
nng lng ra. Dy qun MBA thng lm bng dy dn ng
hoc nhm, tit din trn hay ch nht, bn ngoi dy dn c
bc cch in.
Dy qun gm nhiu vng dy v lng vo tr thp. Gia cc
vng dy, gia cc dy qun v gia dy qun v li thp u
c cch in. My bin p thng c hai hoc nhiu dy qun.
gim vt liu cch in, khi cc dy qun t trn cng mt
Hnh 2.4 My bin p ba pha

1

3



24


tr, dy qun in p thp t st tr thp cn dy qun in
p cao t bn ngoi.

2.3.3 V MBA
V MBA lm bng thp gm hai b phn : thng v np thng.
2.3.3.1 Thng MBA: Trong thng MBA (hnh 2.5) t li thp,
dy qun v du bin p.
Du bin p lm nhim v tng cng cch in v tn nhit.
Lc MBA lm vic, mt phn nng lng tiu hao thot ra di
dng nhit lm dy qun, li thp v cc b phn khc nng
ln. Nh s i lu trong du v truyn nhit t cc b phn
bn trong MBA sang du v t du qua vch thng ra mi
trng xung quanh.
Hnh 2.5 Dy qun MBA

25

2.3.3.2 Np thng MBA: Dng y trn thng v trn c
cc b phn quan trng nh:
- S ra ca dy qun cao p v dy qun h p. Lm nhim v
cch in.
- Bnh dn du (bnh du ph) c ng thy tinh xem mc
du. Thng qua bnh gin du, du trong thng my c gin
n t do, do du trong thng lun lun gi mc y.
- L nh t nhit k.
- Relay hi dng bo v MBA.
- ng bo him: lm bng thp, thng lm thnh hnh tr
nghing, mt u ni vi thng, mt u bt bng mt a thu
tinh. Nu v l{ do no , p sut trong thng tng ln t ngt,
a thu tinh s v, du theo thot ra ngoi MBA khng
b hng.
- B truyn ng cu dao i ni cc u iu chnh in p
ca dy qun cao p.
hiu r hn v MBA, xem hnh dng bn ngoi MBA ba pha
hai dy qun cng sut 250kVA, in p 22/0.4kV ca nh my
ch to Thit B in (hnh 2.6).


26



2.4 CC I LNG NH MC CA MBA
Cc i lng nh mc ca MBA qui nh iu kin k thut
ca my. Cc i lng ny do nh my ch to qui nh v ghi
trn nhn ca MBA.
1. Dung lng (cng sut nh mc): S
m
(VA, kVA) - cng sut
ton phn hay biu kin a ra dy qun th cp ca MBA.
2. in p dy s cp nh mc: U
1m
(V, kV) - in p ca dy
qun s cp.
3. in p dy th cp nh mc: U
2m
(V, kV) - in p ca dy
qun th cp khi MBA khng ti v in p t vo dy qun s
l nh mc U
1
= U
1m
.
Hnh 2.6 MBA du ba pha, hai dy qun

27

4. Dng in dy s cp nh mc: I
1m
(A, kA), th cp nh
mc I
2m
: - nhng dng in dy ca dy qun s cp, th cp
ng vi cng sut v in p nh mc.
i vi MBA mt pha:

i vi MBA ba pha:

5. Tn s nh mc f
m
(Hz). Cc MBA in lc c tn s cng
nghip 50Hz.
Ngoi ra trn nhn MBA cn ghi cc s liu khc nh: s pha m,
s v t ni dy...
2.5 CC LOI MBA C BIT
2.5.1 Gii thiu chung
Cc loi my bin p c bit (MBAB), khng ch chuyn i
nng lng in nh cc loi my bin p thng thng m
cn bin i cc thng s ca nng lng in m chng
chuyn i. Cc thng s l: tn s, s pha hay dng sng
in p.

28


Ngoi ra, chng cn p ng mt s yu cu c bit nh: iu
chnh in p mt cch lin tc, to ra ngun cung cp c in
p cao, cch ly th cp ca my bin p vi ti tr khng, cung
cp in p pha th cp hoc dng in pha th cp cn xng
vi in p hoc dng in pha s cp. MBAB thng c
ng dng trong cc thit b o lng v iu khin t ng.
Trong o lng, chng c nhim v bin i gi tr in p,
dng in pha s cp thnh gi tr in p, dng in m cc
thit b o c th chu ng c vi mt t l chnh xc.
Trong iu khin t ng, MBAB c nhim v to ra ngun p
hoc ngun dng vi cc gi tr chun v cht lng cao.
2.5.2 My bin p o lng
Trong thc t, hu ht cc h thng u vn hnh vi in p
v dng in rt ln. Gi tr ny, nu a trc tip vo thit b
o s lm h hng. Do , cc thit b o ny cn phi c ni
gin tip vi in p hoc dng in cn o thng qua cc my
bin p o lng. My bin p loi ny cn c dng trong
iu khin ng lc, relay an ton, v cc thit b t ng iu
khin khc.

29

My bin p o lng gm hai loi l: my bin in p v my
bin dng in.
2.5.2.1 My bin in p (TU)

My bin in p trong o lng hu ht l my bin p gim
p. Chng c thit k l gim in p cun th cp xung
cn khong 100 (V) (y l gi tr in p thch hp vi hu ht
cc thit b o). Cu to ca my bin in p nh sau:
Cu to
My bin in p l mt my
bin p cch ly vi cun s cp
c s vng ln v cun th cp
c t vng. Mt vi hnh dng
bn ngoi ca my bin in p
c trnh by hnh 2.7. c
a) b)
Hnh 2.7 Hnh dng my bin in p
a. Trung p; b. H p
Hnh 2.8 c im cu to ca
my bin in p

30


im cu to c trnh by hnh 2.8.
Nguyn l lm vic ca my bin in p
My bin in p c thit k sao cho in p dy qun th
cp t thay i khi ti thay i t lc khng ti n y ti (ti
nh mc).
Theo l{ thuyt my in:

Vi: : gi tr in p th cp qui i.
: in p hai u cun s cp.
: gi tr tng tr qui i.
Z
2
: gi tr tng tr th cp.
Khi Z >> Z
2
th - , lc t s gia in p s cp v th
cp lun lun nh nhau v c xc nh theo cng thc:

Trong : W
2
: s vng dy qun th cp.
W
1
: s vng dy qun s cp.
k
21
: t s bin p.

31

Trong hu ht cc trng hp o lng, Z
2
lun c gi tr ng
k so vi Z khng th b qua, do , biu thc trn s khng
cn ng. Khi xut hin hai loi sai s sau:
Sai s t l ( lch in p V):

Sai s gc pha ( lch pha
V
): sai
s ny ph thuc vo gc pha gia
v (hnh 2.9a)
ln ca cc sai s trn cng
tng khi tng tr Z ca my bin
in p tng. Cc sai s ny l khng th trnh khi nhng
trong o lng v iu khin t ng, c mt nh lng r
rng, ngi ta qui nh cc sai s ny khng c vt qu mt
s gi tr gi l cp chnh xc. Theo tiu chun ca Nga, c 3 cp
chnh xc i vi my bin in p l:
Cp chnh xc 1: V = 0,5%,
V
= 20.
Cp chnh xc 2: V = 1,0%,
V
= 40.
Cp chnh xc 3: V = 3,0%,
V
khng gii hn.
Hnh 2.9 lch pha ca
my bin p o lng

32


6.5.2.2 My bin dng in (TI)
Trong hu ht cc thit b o lng v iu khin, dng in
u c qui v chun 5A. Do , cc my bin dng s dng
trong cc lnh vc ny thng c dng in ng ra cun th
cp l 5A.

Nh cp n trn, cun th cp ca my bin dng
thng c ni vi cc thit b o nh ampere k, watt k
hoc cc thit b t ng khc.
Lu : khi s dng my bin dng cung cp cho nhiu thit
b, cc thit b phi mc ni tip vi nhau.
Cu to
My bin dng in cng ging nh mt my bin p cch ly
thng thng, gm c li thp c ghp t cc l thp k
thut in, hai cun dy qun s cp, th cp t trn li thp.
Hnh 2.10 Mt s my bin dng in thc t

33

im c bit ca my bin dng: tit din v s vng dy qun
cun s cp th cp. Hnh dng bn ngoi ca my bin dng
in thng l hnh trn (hnh 2.10). V c dng hnh trn kn
nn thng thng my bin dng c lp trong lc lp t
mng in.
Cun dy s cp c qun
rt t vng, thng ch qun
mt vng dy. Dy qun s
cp c tit din rt ln do
my phi lm vic iu
kin gn nh ngn mch.
ng knh dy qun s
cp ph thuc vo cp cng sut ca my bin dng; my bin
dng c cng sut cng ln th ng knh dy qun s cp
cng ln. Dy qun th cp ca my bin dng c tit din nh
v c rt nhiu vng (hnh 2.11).
Nguyn l hot ng ca my bin dng:
Nh cp n trn, my bin dng thng xuyn hot
ng tnh trng gn nh ngn mch. Do , khi s dng my
khng c php my hot ng ch khng ti, v in
Hnh 2.11 S nguyn l my bin dng

34


p khng ti pha th cp ca my bin dng in rt ln, c
th gy hng lp cch in, dn n ph hy my.
Dng in ng ra ca my bin dng in c xc nh theo
biu thc sau:

Trong : Z
0
: tng tr ca my bin dng in lc khng ti.
Z
2
: tng tr th cp qui i.
Z : tng tr qui i ca my bin dng
: dng in th cp qui i.
Ging nh my bin in p, my bin dng in cng c sai s
t l v sai s gc pha. Cc sai s ny s gim mnh khi tng tr
Z
2
+ Z gim so vi tng tr ca my lc khng ti Z
0
. l l{ do
ti sao cc nh sn xut my bin dng in, lun tm mi cch
tng tng tr lc khng ti Z
0
ca my bin dng v gim gi
tr Z
2
xung kt hp vi vic s dng ng loi my bin dng
( c c Z < Z
R
).
Sai s t l ca my bin dng in c xc nh nh sau:


35

lch pha
i
c minh ha hnh 2.9b.
Cp chnh xc v cc gii hn sai s cho php i vi my bin
dng in theo tiu chun ca Nga nh sau:
Cp chnh xc 0,2: i = 0,2%,
i
= 10.
Cp chnh xc 0,5: i = 0,5%,
i
= 40.
Cp chnh xc 1: i = 1,0%,
i
= 10
Cp chnh xc 3: i = 3,0%,
i
khng gii hn.
Cp chnh xc 10: i = 10%,
i
khng gii hn.
2.6 T NI DY MBA
2.6.1 Khi nim chung
MBA ba pha c th hot ng c, dy qun s cp, th
cp phi ni theo mt qui lut nht nh. Ngoi ra, vic phi
hp kiu ni dy qun s cp vi kiu ni dy qun th cp
cng hnh thnh cc t ni dy qun khc nhau. Hn na, khi
thit k MBA, vic quyt nh t ni dy qun cng phi thch
ng vi kt cu ca mch t trnh nhng hin tng khng
tt nh sc in ng khng sin, tn hao ph tng...



36


2.6.2 T ni dy my bin p
nghin cu t ni dy MBA, trc ht hy xt k{ hiu cc
u dy v cch u dy qun pha vi nhau.
2.6.2.1 Cch k hiu cc u dy
Mt cun dy c hai u tn cng: mt u gi l u u; cn
u kia gi l u cui.
Vi MBA mt pha: u u hoc u cui chn ty {.
Vi MBA ba pha: cc u u v u cui phi chn mt cch
thng nht, theo mt chiu nht nh (hnh 2.12a), nu khng
in p ra ca ba pha s khng i xng (hnh 2.12b).
n gin v thun tin cho vic nghin cu, thng nh
du cc u tn cng ln s dy qun ca MBA vi qui c
sau y:
nh du cc u dy tn cng:
Cao p H p Trung p
u u A, B, C a, b, c A
m
, B
m
, C
m
u cui X, Y, Z x, y, z X
m
, Y
m
, Z
m
Trung tnh O o O
m


37



2.6.2.2 Cc kiu u dy qun
u hnh sao (Y) : u ba im cui X, Y, Z li vi nhau, ngun
cp vo 3 u u. (hnh 2.13a)
u hnh tam gic () : im u ca pha ny ni vi im cui
ca pha kia (hnh 2.13b)

Hnh 2.12 nh du u dy MBA

a) b)

Hnh 2.13 Cc kiu u dy MBA;
a. u sao; b. u tam gic

38


u Zic-zac (Z) : Mi pha dy qun MBA gm hai na cun dy
trn hai tr khc nhau, mc ni tip v u ngc chiu nhau
(hnh 2.14). Kiu dy qun ny t dng v tn ng nhiu hn,
loi ny ch yu gp trong MBA dng cho thit chnh lu.

2.6.2.3 T ni dy ca MBA.
T ni dy MBA c hnh thnh do s phi hp kiu dy qun
s cp so vi kiu dy qun th cp. N biu th gc lch pha
gia sc in ng dy ca dy qun s cp v sc in ng
dy ca dy qun th cp v gc lch pha ny ph thuc vo
cc yu t sau:
- Chiu qun dy;
- Cch k{ hiu cc du dy ra;
- Kiu u dy qun s cp v th cp.
Hnh 2.14 u kiu Zic-zac

39

Xt MBA mt pha c hai dy qun (hnh 2.15) : s cp : AX ; th
cp : ax.

Cc trng hp xy ra nh sau :
a) Hai dy qun cng chiu v k hiu tng ng (hnh 2.15a).
b) Hai dy qun ngc chiu (hnh 2.15b).
c) i chiu k hiu mt trong hai dy qun (hnh 2.15c).
T ni dy ca MBA mt pha : k t vector sc in ng s
cp n vector sc in ng th cp theo chiu kim ng h:
- Trng hp a : lch pha 360
0

- Trng hp b, c : lch pha 180
0
.
Hnh 2.15 S lch pha ca MBA mt pha

40


T ni dy ca MBA ba pha: MBA ba pha, do ni Y & vi
nhng th t khc nhau m gc lch pha gia sc in ng
dy s cp v sc in ng dy th cp l 30
0
, 60
0
, 90
0
, 360
0
.
Thc t khng dng ch gc lch pha m dng kim ng
h (hnh 2.16) biu th v gi tn t ni dy MBA, cch biu
th nh sau:
- Kim di c nh con s 12, ch
sc in ng s cp.
- Kim ngn ch 1,2,.., 12 ng 30
0
,
60
0
,.., 360
0
ch sc in ng th
cp.
Trng hp MBA mt pha :
- Trng hp a : I/I-12.
- Trng hp b,c : I/I-6.
Trng hp MBA ba pha :
- MBA ba pha ni Y/Y:
Mt MBA ba pha c dy qun s v th ni hnh sao, cng
chiu qun dy v cng k{ hiu cc u dy (hnh 2.17), vector
sc in ng pha gia hai dy qun hon ton trng nhau v
Hnh 2.16 Biu th gc lch pha

41

gc lch pha gia hai in p dy s bng 360
0
hay 0
0
. Vy MBA
thuc t ni dy 12 v k{ hiu l Y/Y-12 hay Y/Y-0.

nguyn dy qun s, dch k{ hiu dy qun th ab, bc,
ca c t u dy Y/Y-4, dch tip mt ln na c t u dy
Y/Y-8. Nu i chiu dy qun th c t u dy Y/Y-6,10,2.
Nh vy MBA khi ni Y/Y, c t ni dy l s chn.
- MBA ba pha ni Y/:
V d cng MBA ba pha c dy qun s ni hnh sao v dy
qun th ni hnh tam gic, cng chiu qun dy v cng k{
hiu cc u dy (hnh 2.18), vector sc in ng pha gia hai
dy qun hon ton trng nhau, gc lch pha gia hai in p
dy s bng 330
0
.
Hnh 2.17 T ni dy MBA ba pha Y/Y-12 hay Y/Y-0

42



Nh vy, MBA thuc t ni dy 11 v k{ hiu l Y/-11.
nguyn dy qun s, dch k hiu dy qun th a b, b c, c
a, c t u dy Y/-3, dch tip mt ln na, c t u dy
Y/-7. Nu i chiu dy qun th, c t u dy Y/-5,9,1.
Nh vy MBA khi ni Y/, c t ni dy l s l.

Cu hi v bi tp cui chng 2
1. nh ngha m.b.a? Vai tr ca m.b.a trong h thng in lc?
Kt cu ca m.b.a? Tc dng ca tng b phn trong m.b.a?
2. Trn m.b.a thng ghi nhng i lng nh mc no? {
ngha ca tng i lng nh mc.
3. T ni dy ca MBA ph thuc nhng yu t no?
Hnh 2.18. T ni dy MBA ni Y/ -11

43

4. Khi no th MBA 1pha c t ni dy I/I-6, I/I-12.
5. Mc ch vic xc nh u u, u cui cun dy ?
6. MBA 3 pha c nhng t ni dy no. Khi i chiu qun dy,
i k{ hiu u dy hoc hon v th t cc pha s c nhng t
ni dy no?
7. Nhng t ni dy trong thc t thng dng. Ti sao ch ni
theo cc t ni dy ?
8. Lp qui trnh cc bc xc nh t ni dy.
9. V s dy qun s cp v th cp MBA u Y/Y vi cc t
ni dy 2; 4; 6; 8; 10; 12.
10. Nh cu 9 vi kiu u /Y t ni dy 1; 3; 5; 7; 9; 11.
Bi tp
1. Hy tnh cc dng in nh mc ca mt m.b.a ba pha khi
bit cc s liu sau y:
S
m
= 100kVA; U
1m
/U
2m
= 6000/230V.

S: I
1m
= 9,62A ; I
2m
= 251A.
2. Mt m.b.a mt pha c dung lng 5kVA c hai dy qun s
cp v hai dy qun th cp ging nhau. in p nh mc ca
mi dy qun s cp l 11000V v ca mi dy qun th cp l

44


110V. Thay i cch ni cc dy qun vi nhau s c cc t s
bin i in p khc nhau. Vi mi cch ni hy tnh cc dng
in nh mc s v th cp.
S: a. Dy qun s cp v th cp u ni ni tip I
1
= 0,227 A;
I
2
= 22,7 A
b. Dy qun s cp ni ni tip, dy qun th cp ni song
song: I
1
= 0,227 A; I
2
= 45,45 A
c. Dy qun s cp ni song song, dy qun th cp ni ni
tip: I
1
= 0,45 A; I
2
= 22,7 A
d. Dy qun s cp v th cp u ni ni song song:
I
1
= 0,45 A; I
2
= 45,45 A
3. Hy xc nh t ni dy ca my bin p trn hnh v sau

p s: /Y-9; / -10; / -4; Y/Y - 4

45

Chng 3
MY IN KHNG NG B

Mc tiu: Sau khi hc xong chng 3, sinh vin c kh nng
- Phn loi c cc loi my in khng ng b.
- M t c cu to.
- Phn tch c nguyn l{ lm vic ca my in KB 3
pha, 1 pha.
- V c cc loi s tri dy ca my in KB 3 pha, 1
pha.


3.1 I CNG V MY IN KHNG NG B
3.1.1 nh ngha
My in khng ng b l my in xoay chiu, lm vic theo
nguyn l{ cm ng in t, c tc ca rotor n khc vi tc
t trng quay trong my n
1
.
My in khng ng b c th lm vic hai ch : ng c
v my pht.

46


My pht in khng ng b t dng v c c tnh lm vic
khng tt, nn trong chng ny ch yu l xt ng c khng
ng b. ng c khng ng b c s dng nhiu trong sn
xut v trong sinh hot v ch to n gin, gi thnh r, tin
cy cao, vn hnh n gin, hiu sut cao v gn nh khng
bo tr. Gn y do k thut in t pht trin, nn ng c
khng ng b p ng c yu cu iu chnh tc v
vy ng c cng s dng rng ri hn. Dy cng sut ca n
rt rng t vi watt n hng ngn kilowatt. Hu ht l ng c
ba pha, c mt s ng c cng sut nh l mt pha.
3.1.2 Phn loi
- Phn theo kt cu v my: Kiu kn; Kiu h.
- Phn theo s pha: C my in khng ng b mt pha; Hai
pha; Ba pha.
- Phn theo kiu dy qun rotor: My in khng ng b rotor
lng sc; My in khng ng b rotor dy qun.
3.1.3 Cc thng s nh mc my in khng ng b
Cng nh tt c cc loi my in khc, my in khng ng
b c cc tr s nh mc c trng cho iu kin k thut ca
my. Cc tr s ny do nh my thit k, ch to qui nh v

47

c ghi trn nhn my. V my in khng ng b ch yu
dng lm ng c in nn trn nhn my ghi cc tr s nh
mc ca ng c nh sau:
Cng sut nh mc : P
m
(KW, W) hoc (HP)
in p dy nh mc : U
m
(V)
Dng in dy nh mc : I
m
(A)
Tc quay rotor : n
m
(vng/pht) hoc (rpm)
H s cng sut nh mc: cos
m
Hiu sut nh mc :
m
i vi ng c in khng ng b, cng sut nh mc l cng
sut trn u trc ng c. Cn in p v dng in ghi trn
nhn my l in p v dng in dy tng ng vi cch u
hnh sao (Y) hay u hnh tam gic ().
T cc tr s nh mc ghi trn nhn, c th tnh c:
Cng sut nh mc m ng c tiu th t li in :
P
1m
= P
m
/
m
= .U
m
I
m
U
m
cos
m
;
P
m
= .U
m
I
m
U
m
cos
m
.
m
;
Moment quay nh mc u trc :

48


M
m
= P
m
(W)/
m
= 9550 P
m
(kW)/n
m
(N.m)
vi
m
= 2n
m
/60 (rad/s) l tc gc ca rotor.
Ngoi cc thng s nh mc trn, cn c cc thng s ph
nh: m s vng bi; cp cch in; trng lng ng c
Sau y l mt nhn my v d v cc thng s ca mt ng c
in 3 pha.

1. Kiu: 3K12Sa4
- K{ t 3K, hoc 4K : ng c
khng ng b 3 pha lng sc.
- S 112: Ch chiu cao t chn
ng c n tm trc quay
(mm)
- K{ hiu bng ch S; M, L ch
5. IP : Cp bo v ng c
vi bn ngoi:
- IP23 ng c kiu h
(nc v bi vo c bn
trong cun dy)
- IP44 ng c kiu kn (Bo
v c git nc ri vo

49

kch thc lp t theo chiu
di thn
- S: Chiu di thn, kch thc
lp t thn ngn.
- M: Chiu di thn, kch thc
lp t thn trung bnh.
- L: Chiu di thn, kch thc
lp t thn di.
- i vi ng c c chiu cao
tm trc quay di 90mm. K{
hiu bng cc ch ci A,B,C (V
d 80A;80B). Kch thc lp
t ng c ging nhau.
- S cui cng ch s i cc
ng c:
S 2: ng c c s i cc
2p=2 tng ng vi tc
3000vg/ph.
S 4: ng c c s i cc
bt kz hng no, bo v
khng thm nhp vo ng
c).
6. Cng sut trn trc ng
c kW hay m lc HP.
7. % : Hiu sut ca ng
c tnh theo phn trm cng
sut u vo.
8. Cos : H s cng sut ca
ng c in.
9. /Y: 220/380 in p cp
cho ng c.
- Li in 3 pha in p
220V ni tam gic.
- Li in 3 pha in p
380V ni sao.
Hoc /Y: 380/660V
- Li in 3 pha in p

50


2p=4 tng ng vi tc
1500vg/ph.
S 6: ng c c s i cc
2p=6 tng ng vi tc
1000vg/ph.
S 8: ng c c s i cc
2p=8 tng ng vi tc
750vg/ph.
2. 3 pha: ng c s dng li
in xoay chiu 3 pha
3. 50Hz : Tn s li in xoay
chiu 50Hz.
4. Cp F: Cp chu nhit ca vt
liu cch in v cun dy ln
nht l 155
0
C
380V ni tam gic.
- Li in 3 pha in p
660V ni sao.
10. /Y: 19,8/11,4(A) Dng
in dy nh mc ca ng
c. Khi ni tam gic ( ) dng
in 19,8A, ni sao (Y) dng
in 11,4A.
11. Tc quay trn trc
ng c vng/pht
(1435vg/ph) (R.P.M)
12. Khi lng ng c (kg).
13 - NO S xut xng, nm
sn xut.
3.2 CU TO MY IN KHNG NG B
Cu to ca my in khng ng b c trnh by trn hnh
3.1, gm hai b phn ch yu l stator v rotor, ngoi ra cn c
v my, np my v trc my. Trc lm bng thp, trn gn

51

rotor, bi v pha cui trc c gn mt qut gi lm mt
my dc trc.

3.2.1 Stator (phn tnh)
Stator hay cn gi l phn tnh, gm hai b phn chnh l li
thp v dy qun, ngoi ra cn c v my v np my.
3.2.1.1 Li thp
L b phn dn t ca my c dng hnh tr rng, li thp c
lm bng cc l thp k thut in dy 0,35 n 0,5 mm, c
dp theo hnh vnh khn, pha trong c x rnh t dy qun
v c sn ph trc khi ghp li.
3.2.1.2 Dy qun
Dy qun stator lm bng dy ng hoc dy nhm (loi dy
Hnh 3.1 Cu to ca ng c khng ng b rotor lng sc

52


email) t trong cc rnh ca li thp.
Ngoi hai b phn chnh trn,
cn c cc b phn ph bao
bc li thp l v my. V my
c lm bng nhm hoc
gang, dng gi cht li thp.
Pha di l chn bt
cht vo b my, hai u c hai
np lm bng vt liu cng loi
vi v my, trong np c
vng bi (hay cn gi l bc n) dng trc quay ca rotor.
3.2.2 Rotor (phn quay)
3.2.2.1 Li thp
C dng hnh tr c lm bng cc l thp k thut in, dp
thnh hnh da v p cht li, trn mt c cc ng rnh
t cc thanh dn hoc dy qun. Li thp c ghp cht vi
trc quay v t trn hai ca stator.
3.2.2.2 Dy qun
- Loi rotor lng sc (hnh 3.3). c ch to bng cch c
nhm vo cc rnh ca rotor, to thnh cc thanh nhm v c
b
a
Hnh 3.2 Stator ng c kb 3 pha.
a) Li thp; b) Dy qun

53

ni ngn mch hai u, c c thm cc cnh qut lm mt
bn trong khi rotor quay.

Phn dy qun c to t cc thanh nhm v hai vng ngn
mch c hnh dng nh mt ci lng nn gi l rotor lng
sc. Cc ng rnh trn rotor thng c dp xin vi
trc, nhm ci thin c tnh m my v gim bt hin tng
rung chuyn do lc in t tc dng ln rotor khng lin tc.

Hnh 3.4 Rotor dy qun
Hnh 3.3 Rotor lng sc
Hnh 3.5 Cu to my in khng ng b rotor dy
qun

54


- Loi rotor dy qun (hnh 3.4), c dy qun ging nh stator,
loi ny c u im l moment quay ln nhng kt cu phc tp,
gi thnh tng i cao.
3.3 NGUYN L HOT NG MY IN KHNG NG B
3.3.1 S hnh thnh t trng quay 3 pha
- iu kin:
+ 3 cun dy AX BY CZ t lch nhau 120
0
hoc 240
0
trong
khng gian.
+ 3 dng in xoay chiu cng pha lch nhau 1/3 chu kz (120
0

v thi gian) i vo 3 cun dy.











t
1
t
2
t
3
A
X
B
Y
C
Z
Y
S N
A
X
B C
Z
S
N
A
X
B
Y
C
Z
S
N
Hnh 3.6 S hnh thnh t trng quay 3 pha

55

- S hnh thnh t trng quay:
dng, xt trng hp n gin: Stator gm 6 rnh (hnh
3.6), trong t 3 cun dy lch nhau 120 trong khng gian.
Mt cun dy ch gm 1 u u v 1 u cui l AX, BY v CZ.
Quy c: Dng in dng, i vo u u (du +), i ra u
cui (du chm).
Dng in m, i vo u cui (du +), i ra u u
(du chm).
Xt ti 3 thi im:
+ Ti t
1
: i
A
dng, dng in i vo u A, i ra cui X.
i
B
m, dng in i vo u Y, i ra cui B.
i
C
m, dng in i vo u Z, i ra cui C.
Hnh thnh nn cc t Nam (S), bc (N)
+ Ti t
2
: i
A
m, dng in i vo u X, i ra cui A.
i
B
dng, dng in i vo u B, i ra cui Y.
i
C
m, dng in i vo u Z, i ra cui C.
Hnh thnh nn cc t Nam (S), bc (N) v quay 1 gc.
+ Ti t
3
: i
A
m, dng in i vo u X, i ra cui A.
i
B
m, dng in i vo u Y, i ra cui B.

56


i
C
dng, dng in i vo u C, i ra cui Z.
Hnh thnh nn cc t Nam (S), bc (N) v quay thm 1 gc.
T trn, thy rng khi t c cc iu kin trn th s hnh
thnh t trng quay 3 pha.
3.3.2 Nguyn l hot ng ca ng c khng ng b 3 pha
ch ng c in, 3 cun dy stator c ni ti li
in 3 pha, trc ng c c ni ti my cng tc. Mun cho
ng c lm vic, stator ca ng c cn c cp dng in
xoay chiu. Dng in qua dy qun stator s to ra t trng
quay vi tc : n
1
= 60.f/p (vng/pht), f : tn s ca ngun
in; p : s i cc ca dy qun stator
Trong qu trnh quay, t trng ny s qut qua cc thanh dn
ca rotor, lm xut hin sc in ng cm ng. V dy qun
rotor l kn mch nn sc in ng ny to ra dng in trong
cc thanh dn ca rotor. Cc thanh dn c dng in t trong
t trng, nn s tng tc vi nhau, to ra lc in t t vo
cc thanh dn.
Tng hp cc lc ny s to ra moment quay i vi trc rotor,
lm cho rotor quay theo chiu ca t trng.
Khi ng c lm vic, tc ca rotor (n) lun nh hn tc

57

ca t trng (n
1
) (tc n< n
1
). Thc vy, nu n
1
= n th rotor s
quay ng b vi t trng, gia t trng v thanh dn rotor
khng cn chuyn ng tng i. Lc sc in ng cm
ng khng hnh thnh, khng c dng in trong cc thanh dn
nn lc in t cng nh moment quay u b trit tiu. Kt qu
l rotor quay chm li nn lun nh hn n
1
, v th ng c c
gi l ng c khng ng b.
sai lch gia tc rotor v tc t trng c gi l h
s trt, k{ hiu l s v c tnh bng:

Thng thng h s trt vo khong 2% n 10%.
3.4 DY QUN MY IN BA PHA MT LP
3.4.1 Tng quan
Dy qun my in xoay chiu 3 pha bao gm cc dng dy
qun trn stator hay trn rotor my pht in ng c khng
ng b (KB) 3 pha. Dy qun my in xoay chiu 3 pha c
nhim v cm ng c sc in ng (s..) nht nh, ng
thi cng tham gia vo vic to nn t trng cn thit cho s
bin i nng lng in t trong my.

58


3.4.2 Phn loi
- Cn c theo cnh tc dng b tr trong rnh, c dy qun 1
lp, 2 lp.
- Theo hnh dng ca mt nhm bi dy, c kiu ng khun,
kiu ng tm.
- Cn c theo cch lin kt u ni ca nhm bi dy, c dy
qun tp trung, phn tn.
- Cn c theo s rnh phn b cho mt pha trn mi khong
bc cc c dng dy qun: q nguyn, q phn s.
CC THUT NG
- f : tn s li in hay ca my pht (Hz)
- 2p : s cc t (p : s i cc t)
- n
b
: tc ng b ca t trng quay (vng/pht)
- : bc cc t, khong khng gian gia 2 cc t k cn
nhau.(rnh)
- Z : tng s rnh ca stator (rnh)
- q : s rnh cho mi pha trn mi khong bc cc (rnh)
-

: gc lch gia 2 rnh lin tip ()

59

Bi dy (phn t) : l mt cun dy qun c to nn do
nhiu vng dy ni tip nhau, qun theo mt hnh dng nh
trc.

Cnh tc dng (hnh 3.8): l phn ca bi dy c lng vo
rnh. Mi bi dy c 2 cnh tc dng.

Bc bi dy (bc dy qun hnh 3.8): K{ hiu y, l
khong cch gia 2 cnh tc dng ca cng 1 bi dy.
y = STT cnh 2 - STT cnh 1
C



C C

Hnh 3.8 Cnh tc ca phn t (bi dy)
C


Cnh tc
dng 2





Cnh tc
dng 2
y

60


u ni bi dy (hnh 3.9): l phn lin kt 2 cnh tc dng
ca mt bi dy.

Nhm bi dy : gm nhiu bi dy cng pha u ni tip
nhau. Mt nhm c th xp lin tip, hay cch nhau 1 rnh.










Hnh 3.9 u ni bi dy












Hnh 3.10 a) bi dy cng pha u ni tip xp lin tip; b) cch nhau 1 rnh

61

3.5 TRNH T XY DNG S DY QUN 1 LP q NGUYN
Dy qun mt lp: trong mi rnh ch t mt cnh tc dng
ca mt phn t.
ng dng: thng dng trong cc ng c in c cng sut
di 7 kW, trong cc my pht tuabin nc.
Bc 1: Xc nh cc tham s Z, 2p tnh ton cc gi tr , q,
.

Bc 2: nh STT rnh t 1 n Z, phn b rnh cho tng pha
theo v q bng cc on thng song song, cch u nhau.

Bc 3: Xy dng s khai trin cho mi pha dy qun:
- V v xy dng tng nhm bi dy cho pha tiu biu.
- u ni tip cc nhm bi dy ca pha dy qun.
Hnh 3.11 Phn b rnh cho tng pha dy qun

62


Khi u ni tip cc nhm bi dy ca pha dy qun, nu
tng s nhm bi dy mt pha bng p, dng php u cc
GI (u bi dy ny ni cui bi dy kia Hnh 3.12).

Khi u ni tip cc nhm bi dy ca pha dy qun, nu
tng s nhm bi dy mt pha bng 2p, dng php u cc
THT (u bi dy ny ni u bi dy kia, cui bi ny ni
vi cui bi kia Hnh 3.13).

-

-

Hnh 3.12 u dy cc GI
Hnh 3.13 u dy cc THT

63


-

V D 1: Cho ng c c Z = 24 rnh, 2p = 4. Tnh ton v s
dy qun cho ng c.
GII
Bc 1: Xc nh cc tham s Z, 2p tnh ton cc gi tr , q,

= Z/2p = 24/4 = 6 (rnh/bc cc)

q = /3 = 6/3 = 2 (rnh/bc cc/ pha)

= 180/ = 180/6 = 30
0
(in).
Bc 2: nh STT rnh t 1 n 24, phn b rnh cho tng pha
theo = 6 v q = 2 bng cc on thng song song, u nhau.

Bc 3: Xy dng s khai trin cho mt pha dy qun: Ty
theo dng dy qun m xy dng tng nhm bi dy:
DNG NG KHUN TP TRUNG
Mun xy dng dng NG KHUN TP TRUNG, mang ton b
cc rnh phn b cho pha A ti bc cc t th 1 lin kt ton

64


b pha A bc cc t th 2 hnh thnh ln nhm bi dy.
Tng t cho cc nhm cn li. Tng nhm bi dy = p nn
u cc gi:

Cn c vo khong cch 2 u vo lch 120
0
hay 240
0
m xc
nh u cho pha B v C.
Bi ny chn 2 pha lch 120
0
: Z
f-f
= 2. /3 = 2.6/3 = 4 (rnh).

Hnh 3.14 S dy qun dng ng khun tp trung

65

DNG NG KHUN PHN TN N GIN
Khi xy dng dng NG KHUN PHN TN N GIN, chia
mi nhm cnh tc dng phn b cho mi pha trn mi khong
bc cc thnh 2 nhm nh, sau mang mi nhm nh ca
mi pha trn 2 bc cc ln cn to thnh mt nhm bi dy.
Tng nhm bi dy = 2p nn u cc tht:
Khi q l, mt nhm nh:
n
1
= (q+1)/2 cnh tc dng
n
2
= (q - 1)/2 cnh tc dng
Khi q chn: n
1
= n
2
= q/2 cnh tc dng
Vi Z = 24, 2p = 4, = 6, q = 2 chn nn : n
1
= n
2
= 2/2 = 1 cnh
tc dng.

Hnh 3.15 S dy qun pha A dng ng khun phn tn n gin

66


DNG NG KHUN PHN TN MC XCH
Khi xy dng dng NG KHUN PHN TN MC XCH, bc 2
khi phn b rnh, v mt nt di k tip mt nt ngn v tip
tc cho n ht. Tng nhm bi dy = 2p nn u cc tht.

DNG NG TM TP TRUNG (2 mt phng)
Khi xy dng dng TTT, ly ton b s rnh pha A ti bc cc
1 lin kt s rnh ca pha A bc cc 2. Tng t cho cc
bc cc tip theo. Tng nhm bi dy = p nn u cc gi.
Vi bi: Z = 24, 2p = 4, = 6, q = 2; lch 240
0
.
Z
f-f
= 4. /3 = 4.6/3 = 8 (rnh). S c v nh hnh 3.17.

Hnh 3.16 S dy qun pha A dng ng khun phn tn mc xch

67




Hnh 3.17 S dy qun dng ng tm tp trung
Hnh 3.18 S dy qun dng ng tm phn tn

68


DNG NG TM PHN TN (3 mt phng)
Tng t nh KPT, chia thnh 2 nhm nh ty theo q chn
hay l. Tng nhm bi dy = 2p nn u cc tht.
Vi: Z = 24, 2p = 4, q = 2 chn nn n
1
= n
2
= 2/2 = 1; lch 240
0
:
Z
f-f
= 4. /3 = 4.6/3 = 8 (rnh). S c v nh hnh 3.18.
3.6 TRNH T XY DNG S DY QUN 2 LP q NGUYN
Dy qun hai lp l loi dy qun m trong mi rnh c t hai
cnh tc dng ca bi dy. Khi qun dy, cnh th nht ca mi
phn t t lp trn ca rnh ny, cnh th hai t lp
di ca rnh khc.
u im ca dy qun hai lp so vi dy qun mt lp l: thc
hin c bc ngn, lm yu c s... bc cao, ci thin
c dng sng s...
Nhc im: vic lng dy qun vo rnh cng nh vic sa
cha kh khn hn.
Bc 1: Xc nh cc tham s: Z, 2p sau tnh , q,

(Ging
nh dy qun 1 lp). Tnh bc bi dy: 2. /3 y ( - 1).
Bc 2: Phn b rnh cho 3 pha ging nh dy qun 1 lp.

69

CH : Phn b rnh cho cc pha
l phn b cho cnh tc dng trn
ca bi dy, mun xc nh cnh
tc dng di cn c vo bc
bi dy y.
Bc 3: V ln lt s dy
qun cho tng pha, sau suy ra 3 pha. Thc hin nh dy
qun 1 lp.
Quy c: + Cnh tc dng trn v bng nt lin.
+ Cnh tc dng di v bng nt t
V d : V s dy qun dng 2 lp /c 3 pha c:
Z = 24, 2p = 4 >> = 6 (rnh/pha/bc), q = 2(rnh), 4 y 5 chn
y = 4 (rnh).

Hnh 3.19 S dy qun pha dng 2 lp
Cnh tc
dng trn
Cnh tc
dng di
Y

70


3.7 PHNG PHP U MCH NHNH SONG SONG
3.7.1 Khi qut
Trong ng c c cp trung bnh hay ln, mun c c tit
din dy qun tng ng dng in nh mc qua mi pha,
thng thc hin mt trong hai bin php sau:
1. Chp nhiu dy dn c ng knh b thay th cho mt dy
dn c ng knh ln hn d thi cng qun dy.
2. B tr mt pha thnh nhiu mch nhnh song song chia
dng in nh mc qua mi nhnh nh i, thch ng vi
ng knh dng cho mi nhnh.
Nu ng c c cng sut qu ln, phi kt hp cng lc hai
phng php trn.
Trong s dy qun 2 lp, mun xc nh s lng s mch
nhnh song song c th cho mi pha, cn ch { tnh cht sau:
Vi dy qun 2 lp, q nguyn, mt pha lun c 2p nhm bi
dy.
Tng s nhm bi dy trong mi pha phi lun lun l bi s
ca s nhnh song song.
Nh vy, mun xc nh cc kh nng du mch nhnh song
song c th p dng quy tc sau: Cn c theo tr s 2p, mi gi

71

tr c s nh c l mt kh nng u mch nhnh song
song cho ng c.
V d: Vi ng c 3 pha, dy qun 2 lp c 2p = 6. Xc nh
kh nng u mch nhnh song song cho mi pha.
GII
Vi 2p = 6, c s cho 2p l: 1; 2; 3; 6. Nh vy, mi pha c th
b tr theo mt trong cc kh nng sau:
+ 1 mch nhnh
+ 2 mch nhnh song song
+ 3 mch nhnh song song
+ 6 mch nhnh song song
Khi xc nh c cc kh nng u mch nhnh song song,
chn mt trong hai dng b tr:
+ u song song nhiu nhnh dng tp trung: Nhng nhm bi
dy thuc v mt nhnh song song xp ln cn nhau.
+ u song song nhiu nhnh dng phn tn: Nhng nhm bi
dy thuc v mt nhnh song song xp cch l{, khng ln cn
nhau.

72


3.7.2 Trnh t xc nh s u mch nhnh song song
Bc 1:
V lin kt nhm cho mi pha dy qun ni tip 1 nhnh.
Cho dng in qua mi pha, hon tt s lin kt cc nhm
dng ni tip.
Xoa b cc ng lin kt cc nhm nhng vn gi hng
dng in dch chuyn qua cc nhm.
Bc 2:
Xc nh s mch nhnh song song c th xy dng cho mi
pha.
Chn dng u mch nhnh song song dng tp trung hay
phn tn, nh cc nhm cho mi pha.
Cn c theo chiu dng in qua cc nhm, lin kt cc
nhnh song song.
Hon chnh s u dy cho tng pha.
V d: ng c KB 3 pha c 2p = 6. V s cc mch nhnh
cho b dy qun 2 lp vi lch u vo 2 pha lin tip 120
0
.
GII
Bc 1: V lin kt nhm cho mi pha dy qun ni tip 1
nhnh.

73

Vi mt pha c 6 nhm bi dy v u vo 2 pha lin tip lch
nhau 120
0
in, s u ni tip pha A nh sau, sau cho
dng in qua mi pha.

Xa b cc ng lin kt cc nhm nhng vn gi nguyn
chiu dng in.

Bc 2: Xc nh s mch nhnh c th xy dng cho mi pha.
V 2p = 6; do c th thc hin cc trng hp u mch
nhnh song song: Mt pha c 2 mch nhnh; Mt pha c 3
mch nhnh; Mt pha c 6 mch nhnh
Chn dng u mch nhnh song song dng tp trung hay
phn tn, nh cc nhm cho mi pha.
Kho st trng hp 1 pha c 2 mch nhnh song song: Xc
nh tng s nhm c trong mt nhnh song song.
1 4 7 10 13 16
i
Hnh 3.20 S u ni tip pha A
1 4 7 10 13 16
i

74



Vi 2p = 6; tng s nhm/pha = 6 nhm, 2 mch nhnh song
song. Vy:

Nu chn dng mch nhnh tp trung, pha A chn nhm 1; 4; 7
thuc 1 nhnh, nhm 10; 13; 16 thuc nhnh cn li (h.3.21a).

Nu chn dng mch nhnh phn tn, pha A gm nhm 1; 7; 13
thuc 1 nhnh, nhm 4; 10; 16 thuc nhnh cn li (h.3.21b).

1 4 7 10 13 16
i
Hnh 3.21a S u song song tp trung
1 4 7 10 13 16
i
Hnh 3.21b S u song song phn tn

75

Kho st tng t cho cc trng hp u mch nhnh cn li.
3.8 NG C 3 PHA 2 CP TC
Cc loi ng c KB 3 pha, thay i tc ng c c th
s dng phng php u i cc dy qun stator.
T l bin tc c th l 2/1 - tc tc chm bng na gi tr
tc nhanh - ng c dng ny ch vn hnh c 1 cp in
p v ra 6 u dy, thng c chia ra lm 3 loi sau:
Tc thay i, moment khng i, s biu din nh
sau:





Tc S
Lin kt
Nhanh
Y//Y
Ngun vo T
4
; T
5
; T
6
Ni tt T
1
-T
2
-T
3

Chm

Ngun vo T
1
; T
2
; T
3
Hnh 3.22 S tc thay i, moment khng i
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
T
5
T
6

76


Tc thay i, cng sut khng i:




Tc thay i, cng sut v moment thay i:
Tc S
Lin kt
Nhanh
Y//Y
Ngun vo T
4
; T
5
; T
6
Ni tt T
1
-T
2
-T
3

Chm
Y
Ngun vo T
1
; T
2
; T
3

Tc S Lin kt
Nhanh

Ngun vo T
4
; T
5
; T
6
Chm
Y//Y
Ngun vo T
1
; T
2
; T
3

Ni tt T
4
-T
5
-T
6

T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
T
5
T
6
Hnh 3.23 S tc thay i, cng sut khng i

77


Ngoi ra, trong mt vi trng hp c dng, t l bin tc c
th khc vi t l 2/1, lc s lng u dy ra ln n 12, 15
u dy v s u dy vn hnh kh phc tp.
Trong trng hp ng c c 2 cp tc vi t s bin tc ln
hn 2, trn stator b tr 2 b dy qun c lp tng ng vi 2
gi tr khc nhau ca s cc 2p, c c 2 tc mong
mun. Nh vy mi d ra dy v vn hnh, cc b dy u Y v
s dng ng c vi mt cp in p duy nht.
Mun vn hnh ng c c vi 2 cch u dy /Y, ng vi
2 cp in p, ng c phi ra 12 u dy, mi b c 6 u dy.
Khi vn hnh 1 b, b cn li phi trng thi h v ngc li.
Hnh 3.24 S tc thay i, cng sut v moment thay i

78


Trng hp ng c cn 3 cp tc , trong c 2 cp tc
t l 2/1, c th b tr trn cng mt stator hai b dy c lp.
Mt b thuc dng 2 cp tc , b cn li c tc th 3.
3.9 M MY V IU CHNH TC NG C KB
m my c, moment m my cu ng c phi ln hn
moment cn ca ti lc m my, ng thi, moment ng c
phi ln c thi gian m my trong phm vi cho php.
Dng in m my:

Vi: U
1pham
: in p pha nh mc t vo dy qun stator.
R
1
: in tr mch stator
R
2
: in tr mch rotor
X
n
: Tr khng mch t
Trn thc t, mch t tn ca my bo ho nhanh X gim I
mm

cn ln hn nhiu so vi tr s tnh theo cng thc trn. Vi
dng in m my ny, cn phi c bin php gim dng in
m my v khi dng in ln s lm bn thn ng c b nng.

79

i vi li in cng sut nh s lm cho in p mng in
tt xung, nh hng n s lm vic ca cc thit b khc. V
th, cn c bin php gim dng in m my.
Khi m my cn xt n nhng yu cu sau:
- C moment ngn mch ln;
- Dng in m my cng nh cng tt;
- Thit b m my n gin, r tin, chc chn;
- Tn hao cng sut khi m my t.
Nhng yu cu trn l tri ngc nhau, v th ty theo yu cu
s dng v cng sut ca li in m chn phng php khi
ng thch hp.
3.9.1 Cc phng php m my
3.9.1.1 M my trc tip
Phng php ny rt n gin, ch
vic ng trc tip ng c vo
li in.
- u im: M my n gin do
khng tn thit b.
Hnh 3.25 M my trc tip ng
c in KB 3 pha rotor lng sc.

80


- Nhc im: Dng in m my ln. Nu qun tnh ti ln,
thi gian m my lu, my nng v nh hng n in p li
(in p gim).
-ng dng: Dng khi ngun in c cng sut ln v ng c
cng sut nh (v ng c cng sut nh c tng tr ln nn
dng in m my nh, thng I
mm
=(2 3)I
m
.
3.9.1.2 H in p m my ng c rotor lng sc
Cc phng php sau y nhm mc ch gim dng in m
my. Nhng khi gim in p m my, mmen m my cng
gim theo.
- Dng cun khng: Khi m my
m cu dao D
2
, ng cu dao
D
1
, ni in khng vo mch
stator (cun khng thng l li
st, vi ng c cng sut ln
hay lm vic tn s cao, cun
khng c li khng kh).
Khi n = 75%n
m
, kt thc m
my, ct in khng ra khi
mch bng cnh ng cu dao
Hnh 3.26 M my dng cun khng

81

D
2
, lc ny in p t vo ng c bng in p li in.
Lc m my trc tip:


Lc m my c cun khng (in khng X
k
):


Vy:


vi k l h s gim p, k < 1.
Do : I
mmk
= kI
mm
; M
mmk
= k
2
.M
mm

V d:
ng vi K=0,6 th I
mmk
= 0,6.I
mm
; M
mmk
= 0.36.M
mm


82


Nh vy, theo phng php ny I
mm
gim k ln, M
mm
gim k
2
ln. Phng php ch c dng trong cc trng hp m vn
tr s M
mm
khng c { ngha quan trng.
u im: Thit b n gin.
Nhc im: Lm gim moment m my.
- Dng bin p t ngu: Khi m my h in p t vo ng
c, bng cch ng cu dao D
1
v cu dao D
3
, m cu dao D
2

ni ng c thng qua my bin p t ngu. iu chnh in p
tng dn t 0 n nh mc.
Khi tc n nh, ngt cu
dao D
3
, ng cu dao D
2
, loi
tr bin p t ngu ra khi
ng c.
Gi: U
1
, I
1
: l in p v dng
in khi khi ng trc tip,
U
mm
, I
mm
: in p trn cc
ng c v dng in stator
ca ng c khi m my qua
bin p t ngu, k
T
: l t s bin
p (k
T
< 1), Z
n
: tng tr ca
Hnh 3.27 M my dng MBA t ngu


83

ng c lc m my.




Nh vy, khi m my bng bin p t ngu, dng in t li
vo s cp my bin p gim i k
2
so vi I
mm
khi ni trc tip,
moment m my gim k
2
ln so vi M
mm
trc tip.
u im: Dng in m my nh hn so vi phng php
dng in khng.
Nhc im: thit b t tin.
- Phng php i ni Y - : Phng php ny ch s dng vi
ng c khi lm vic bnh thng bnh thng ch u .
Khi khi ng ni Y, sau khi tc quay gn n nh chuyn v
ni lm vic.

84


Cch m my: ng cu
dao i ni D
2
v v tr m
my (Y), khi n n
m
ng
D
2
sang v tr lm vic.
Gi: - UL: l in p dy
ca li.
- U
fY
, U
f
: in p pha
khi dy qun ni Y, .
- I
mmLY
, I
mmL
: dng
in dy m my trong
li khi u Y,
- I
mmfY
, I
mmf
: dng
in pha m my trong dy
qun stator khi ni Y, .
- Z
n
: tng tr ngn mch mt pha.
Nu ng ng c in vo li khi u Y.

Nu ng ng c in vo li khi u .
Hnh 3.28 M my dng i ni Y -

85




Nh vy: Dng in m my trong li khi ni Y nh hn khi
ni 3 ln. M
mm
cng gim i 3 ln:

Trong khi:

u im: Dng in gim 1/3 ln.
Hn ch: Ch s dng i vi ng c khi lm vic u tam gic.
3.9.1.3 Phng php m my ng c rotor dy qun
Cc phng php m my ca ng c rotor lng sc c th p
dng cho ng c rotor dy qun. Nhng cc phng php h
in p u lm cho moment m my gim. c moment m
my ln, ngi ta thm in tr vo mch rotor, khi
moment cc i khng i nhng h s trt ng vi moment
cc i. ng thi khi thm in tr vo mch rotor s lm cho

86


dng in m my gim. Khi ng c quay phi ct dn in
tr v kt thc qu trnh khi ng, ton b in tr ph c
ct ra khi mch rotor.
u im: Gim dng in m my, moment m my ln.
Hn ch: Ch dng i vi ng c rotor dy qun, ng c c
cu to phc tp nn gi thnh cao, bo qun kh khn. Mt
khc, khi khi ng c thm in tr ph nn tn hao nng
lng ln.


Hnh 3.29 M my ng c rotor dy qun
a. S ni dy; b. c tnh khi m my

87

3.9.2 iu chnh tc ng c
Mc d, vic iu chnh tc ng c khng ng b c
nhng kh khn v phc tp, nhng trong nhng trng hp
no , nu dng phng php iu chnh tc thch hp,
cng c th tha mn c yu cu t ra. Cc phng php
iu chnh ch yu c th thc hin :
Vi stator: Thay i in p U
1
, tn s f, s i cc p.
Vi rotor: Thay i in tr trong mch rotor, a vo mch
rotor mt s.. ph c cng tn s vi s.. chnh ca rotor.
Tc ca ng c khng ng b:
n = n
1.
(1 s) = 60.f/p (1 s)
Trong : n
1
= 60.f/p tc t trng stator
T phng trnh trn, vi ng c khng ng b, c th iu
chnh tc bng cch thay i tn s dng in stator, thay
i cch ni dy stator thay i s i cc t p, hoc thay
i in p t vo stator thay i h s trt s. Vi ng
c rotor dy qun, thng iu chnh tc bng cch thay i
in tr rotor thay i h s trt s, vic iu chnh c
thc hin pha rotor.


88


3.9.2.1 iu chnh tc bng cch thay i s i cc p
Tc quay ng b: n
1
= 60f
1
/p nu f
1
cho th khi p thay
i n
1
thay i n thay i. n = n1(1-s)
Dy qun stator c th ni thnh bao nhiu s i cc khc
nhau th tc c by nhiu cp.
V vy, tc ch c th thay i tng cp mt, khng bng
phng. C nhiu cch thay i s i cc ca dy qun stator,
sau y l nhng cc cch thay i s i cc:
t vo stator mt dy qun v thay i s cc bng cch
i ni tng ngcc phn ca n, ch dng vi ng c
c 2 cp tc c t s bin tc 2 : 1.
Ch to 2 dy qun c lp c s i cc khc nhau, ch
dng vi ng c c t s bin tc 4/3 hoc 6/5.
Ch to 2 dy qun c lp trn stator, mi b dy li c
i ni cc cc.
V d: Mun cho ng c c 4 cp tc quay ng b 1500,
1000, 750, 500 vng/pht, trn stator c th t 2 b dy qun:
mt dy qun c s cc l 2p = 4 v 2p = 8, cn mt dy qun
c s cc l 2p = 6 v 2p = 12.

89

Trong ng c rotor dy qun,
s i cc ca dy qun rotor
bng s i cc ca dy qun
stator. Do , khi u li dy
qun stator c s i cc
khc nhau, dy qun rotor
cng phi u li, y l mt
trong nhng nhc im ca
loi ng c ny, t loi
ng c ny khng p dng
loi phng php iu chnh
ny.
Ngc li, rotor lng sc c
th thch ng vi bt c s i
cc no ca dy qun stator,
nn phng php ny ch p
dng cho loi ng c ny.
S thay i s i cc nh
hnh 3.30. Khi thay i s i
c t ni cc gi (hnh 3.30a)
Hnh 3.30 S thay i s i cc
a. S ni dy cc gi;
b. S ni dy cc tht;
c. S ni dy song song;
a)
b)
c)

90


thnh cc tht (hnh 3.30b) s c bc cc khc nhau, ngha
l s i cc khc nhau theo t l 2:1.
Hai cun dy cng c th u ni tip (hnh 3.30a,b) hay
song song (hnh 3.30 c) theo yu cu ca in p v dng in
thay i s i cc.
i vi ng c in ba pha, ty theo cch u sao hay tam
gic v cch u dy qun pha song song hay ni tip m ch
to ng c in hai tc thnh loi moment khng i v
loi cng sut khng i.
Xt tng trng hp c th sau:
- U
d
: in p dy ngun cung cp cho ng c.
- I : Dng in cho php i qua dy dn ca mi pha dy qun
(tng ng vi mt gi tr mt dng in chn cho dy
dn).
-
th
: Hiu sut ng c vn hnh ti tc thp (ng vi 2p
2
).
-
c
: Hiu sut ng c vn hnh ti tc cao (ng vi 2p
1
).
- cos
th
: H s cng sut ng c ti tc thp.
- cos
c
: H s cng sut ng c ti tc cao.
Trng hp thay i tc (M = const)
Khi vn hnh tc cao, mch in u Y//Y (hnh 3.31).

91

- in p mi pha dy
qun:

- Dng in mi pha (mt
pha c hai nhnh) l 2I.
- Cng sut c trn trc
ng c khi vn hnh ti
tc cao l P
c
:

Khi vn hnh tc thp, mch in u (hnh 3.32).

Hnh 3.32 S thay i tc , moment khng i, tc thp
I

2I

I

Hnh 3.31 S thay i tc , moment
khng i, tc cao
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
T
5
T
6
U
d
U
pha

92


- in p mi pha dy qun l: U
pha
= U
d

- Dng in qua mi pha l I.
- Cng sut c trn trc ng c khi vn hnh ti tc thp l
P
th
, c: P
th
= 3(U
d
)I.
th
.cos
th
(3.2)
Lp t s gia (3-2) v (3-1) c:

Gi M
c
l moment ng c tc cao, M
th
l moment ng
c tc thp. Suy ra:


Trong n
c
= 2n
th

Vy :

Hay:


93

Theo ti liu thit k my in cho ng c 2 cp tc t s
bin tc 2/1 c:

Thay (3.8) vo (3.3) v (3.7) suy ra:

TM LI: Vi s u i tc , dng Y//Y (tc nhanh) v
(tc chm) khi thay i tc :
Ti tc thp cng sut t khong 0,6 ln cng sut khi
vn hnh ti tc cao.
Ti tc thp moment t khong 1,2 ln moment khi
vn hnh ti tc cao (trong k thut c th xem nh
moment khng i).
Trng hp thay i tc (P = const)
Khi vn hnh tc cao, mch in u (hnh 3.33a).
+ in p mi pha dy qun: U
d
= U
pha
.
+ Dng in mi pha: I.
+ Cng sut c trn trc khi vn hnh ti tc cao l P
c
:
P
c
= 3U
d
.I.
c
.cos
c
(3.9)

94


Khi vn hnh tc thp, mch in u Y//Y (hnh 3.33b).
in p mi pha dy qun:

Dng in qua mi pha: 2I (mi pha c 2 nhnh song song).

Cng sut c trn trc ng c khi vn hnh ti tc thp P
th


Lp t s gia (3.10) v (3.9), suy ra:

a) b)
Hnh 3.33 S tc thay i, cng sut khng i
a) Tc cao; b) Tc thp

95

Nn:

Theo (3.6) v (3.12) c:

Thay (3.8) vo (3.12)v (3.13), suy ra:

TM LI: Vi s u i tc dng (tc nhanh), Y//Y
(tc chm) khi thay i tc :
Ti tc thp cng sut bng 0,8 ln cng sut khi vn hnh
ti tc cao (trng hp ny, trong k thut xem nh cng
sut khng i).
Ti tc thp moment gp 1,6 ln moment khi vn hnh ti
tc cao.
Trng hp thay i tc , moment v cng sut thay
i (M, P = var).
Khi vn hnh tc cao, mch in u Y//Y(hnh 3.34a).

96



+ in p mi pha dy qun:

+ Dng in mi pha 2I (mt pha c hai nhnh song song).
+ Cng sut c trn trc khi vn hnh ti tc cao l P
c
:

Khi vn hnh tc thp, u Y ni tip (hnh 3.34b).
- in p mi pha dy qun:

- Dng in qua mi pha I.
a) b)
Hnh 3.34 S tc thay i, moment v cng sut thay i
a) Tc cao; b) Tc thp

97

- Cng sut c trn trc khi vn hnh ti tc thp P
th
:

Lp t s gia (3.14) v (3.15):


Thay (3.8) vo (3.16)v (3.17) c:

TM LI: Vi s u i tc ,dng Y//Y (tc nhanh) v
Y (tc chm) khi thay i tc :
Ti tc thp, cng sut t khong 0,35 ln cng sut
khi vn hnh ti tc cao.
Ti tc thp moment t khong 0,7 ln moment khi
vn hnh ti tc cao.
u im ca phng php thay i cc:
- D dng thay i tc v ch cn thay i cch u ca b
dy qun stator.

98


- Hiu qu kinh t cao v khng cn lp thm thit b.
Nhc im:
- Tc thay i theo dng nc, khng bng phng nn ng
c ch s dng c cho trng hp chuyn dng no .
- Ch nn p dng cho ng c rotor lng sc.
3.9.2.2 Thay i tn s
Tc ca ng c khng ng b:
n = n
1
(1 s) = 60.f
1
/p (1 s)
Do vy, khi thay i tn s ca li in cung cp cho ng c,
tc ca ng c thay i t l thun theo.
Cc nh khoa hc nghin cu v chng minh rng: Nu
mun cho ng c lm vic nhng tn s khc nhau vi cc
tr s hiu sut, h s cng sut, k
M
khng i, th khi mch t
khng bo ho, ng thi vi vic bin thin tn s phi iu
chnh U
1
theo f v M theo qui lut sau:

Vi: U
1
, M l in p v moment ng vi f
1
. U
1
, M l in p
v moment ng vi f
1
.

99

Khi M = const:

Tc in p t vo ng c phi t l thun vi f
Khi P = const: Moment ca ng c bin thin t l nghch vi
tc n:


Th (3.19) vo (3.18):


Khi M n
2
(M f
2
) :

in p t vo ng c phi t l thun vi bnh phng f.
u im: D dng thay i c tc trong phm vi rng,
bng phng.

100


Nhc im: Cn phi s dng ngun in c bit c tn s
thay i c khng nh n cc thit b khc, thit b dng
bin i tn s c gi l b bin tn, gi thnh cao. Do
, ch khi no trong h thng c nhiu ng c in cng thay
i tc theo mt quy lut chung, cch iu chnh ny mi c
{ ngha thc t.
3.9.2.3 Thay i in p t vo dy qun stator U
1
Nu U
1
gim x ln: U
1
= x.U
m
(x < 1) th M gim x
2
ln: M =
x
2
.M
m
v M
c
= const n gim s
a
s
b
s
b
.
Nu b qua in p ri trn dy qun stator: U
1
F
1
nn U
1

gim x ln E
1
, gim x ln ( = x.
m
) m M
c
= c
M
I'
2
. .cos
2

= const th I'
2
tng 1/x ln.
M = const. Nhng:

(v M = const,
1
= const).


101

u im ca phng php: Phm vi iu chnh rng, tc
iu chnh bng phng. C th s dng i ni Y- hoc in
tr, in khng ni tip vi dy qun stator gim p.
Nhc im: Vn hnh
v sa cha phc tp,
phi thm thit b nn
gi thnh cao. Ngoi ra,
khi s dng cc loi
thit b gim p c
th lm tn hao in
nng.
3.9.2.4 Thm in tr ph R
f
vo mch ca rotor
Phng php ny ch p dng cho ng c rotor dy qun, thay
i in tr dy qun, bng cch ni bin tr 3 pha vo mch
Hnh 3.36 Thay i tc cho ng c rotor dy qun
Hnh 3.35 iu chnh tc bng cch
thay i in p

102


rotor (hnh 3.36). Bin tr iu chnh tc phi lm vic lu
di nn c kch thc ln hn so vi bin tr m my, khi tng
in tr tc ng c gim. Nu moment khng i, khi tng
in tr gim tc s tn hao cng sut trn bin tr.
Xem cc ng cong M = f(s) trn hnh: Nu M = const th ng
c lm vic n nh tng ng vi cc im a, b, c, d. Thy rng
khi a R
f
vo rotor c th iu chnh c n < n
m
trong mt
gii hn rng. Vi mt moment ti nht nh, in tr ph
cng ln th h s trt im lm vic cng ln (ng vi cc
im a, b, c, d), ngha l tc gim xung.
V moment t l vi cng sut in t nn:

Vi r
f
l in tr ph.
Do P
t
khng i, I
2
cng khng i nn mt b phn cng sut
c trc kia bin thnh tn hao ng m
2
I
2
2
f
f
. V lc cng
sut a vo khng i nn hiu sut gim, l nhc
im ca phng php ny. Mt khc, phm vi iu chnh tc
c nhiu hay t ph thuc vo ti ln hay nh, ti cng
nh phm vi iu chnh cng t, khi khng ti khng th dng
phng php ny.

103

3.10 MY IN KB 1 PHA
3.10.1 Cu to
Cu to ca my in khng ng b 1 pha gm hai phn chnh
l: Phn tnh (Stator) v phn quay (Rotor).
3.10.1.1 Stator
Stator ca my in 1 pha c cu to ging nh my in
khng ng b 3 pha. Ngha l cng c li st (mch t), dy
qun v v my. Tuy nhin, vi ng c 1 pha th trn Stator ch
c 1 b dy qun, gi l dy qun chnh hay dy lm vic. Do
, ng c mt pha s khng t m my c. m my
c, ng c 1 pha phi t thm 1 b dy qun gi l dy
qun ph hay dy , dy qun m my. B dy qun ny t
lch so vi dy qun chnh 90
0
trong khng gian.


Hnh 3.37 Stator ca my in kb 1 pha

104


3.10.1.2 Rotor
Cu to ca rotor ng c 1 pha ging nh cu to ca rotor
ng c khng ng b 3 pha. Tuy nhin, i vi ng c 1 pha
thng c cng sut nh, c tnh m my khng ln, ch yu
l rotor lng sc khng c rotor dy qun.

3.10.2 Nguyn l hot ng
Khi ni dy qun mt pha ca stator vo li in c in p
u
1
, trong dy qun c dng in xoay chiu hnh sin chy qua:
. Dng in ny sinh ra t trng stator c phng
khng i nhng c ln thay i hnh sin theo thi gian, gi
l t trng p mch. T trng ny bao gm 2 t trng
quay, c tc v ln bng nhau nhng ngc chiu nhau.
Hai t trng ny s to ra 2 moment ngc chiu nhau, do
moment tng bng khng, kt qu l ng c khng t m my
Hnh 3.38 Rotor my in kb mt pha

105

c. Khi tc ng cho ng c quay theo mt chiu no ,
ng c s t qua theo chiu .
c th, xt ng c KB 1 pha ch c 1 b dy qun A-X. Khi
dng in chy trong b dy qun s sinh ra t trng xoay
chiu, ng sc t c xc nh theo quy tc vn nt chai.

Xt ti cc thi im, t trng tng:
Ti t
1
, dng in cc i dng i = I
max
, cm ng t B t cc
i, gi s ng sc t c chiu t trn xung (hnh 3.39a).
cng phng, cng chiu v cng ln.
N
S N
S






t
1
t
2 t
3
t
4
a) b) c) d)

Hnh 3.39 T trng my in mt pha

106



Ti t
1
< t < t
2
, dng in vn dng, cm ng t vn c
chiu nh c nhng ln b hn.
Ti t
2
, i = 0 nn B = 0, ngc chiu, cng phng,
cng ln (hnh 3.39b).
Ti t
2
< t < t
3
, cm ng t B i chiu hng t di ln.
Ti t
3
, dng in cc i m i = - I
max
, cm ng t B cc i,
chiu t di ln (hnh 3.39c).
Ti t
4
, i = 0, B = 0 (hnh 3.39d).
Nh vy, t trng do dng in chy trong dy qun sinh ra l
t trng p mnh, c th phn tch thnh 2 t trng quay
c bin bng na bin cc i v quay ngc chiu nhau
vi cng mt vn tc gc. Hai t trng quay ngc chiu ny
to ra hai moment in t M
T
, M
N
ngc chiu nhau, tc dng
ln trc rotor ca ng c. Ti im tc bng 0, moment
tng cng bng 0 nn ng c khng th t quay c. Nu
quay rotor theo chiu no th s xut hin moment quay theo
chiu , tc ng lm rotor tip tc quay.

107

3.11 PHNG PHP M MY NG C IN MT PHA
3.11.1 Cc phng php m my
Dng dy qun ph: Nh bit, nu ch dy qun chnh ni
vo li in, t trng trong dy qun mt pha l t trng
p mch, nn ng c in khng ng b mt pha khng th
t m my c v khi s = 1 th M = 0. Mun ng c t m
my (khi ng), t trng trong my phi l t trng quay
hoc t nht t trng quay ngc B
N
phi yu hn so vi t
trng quay thun B
T
, to ra t trng quay c th dng
vng ngn mch hoc dy qun ph v phn t m my.
Dy qun ph t lch pha vi dy qun chnh mt gc 90
0
in
trong khng gian trn mch t stator, phn t m my dng
to s lch pha v thi gian gia dng in trong dy qun
chnh v dy qun ph, c th l in tr, cun dy hoc t
in. T in c dng ph bin v khi dng t khi ng,
ng c c moment m my ln, h s cng sut cos cao,
dng in m my tng i nh.
Dng in tr m my: lm cho I
mm
lch pha so vi I
lv
,
ni thm mt in tr hay in cm vo cun dy m my.
M
mm
ca loi ng c ny tng i nh.

108


Trong thc t ch cn tnh ton sao cho bn thn dy qun ph
c in tr tng i ln l c (dng bi dy qun ngc)
khng cn ni thm in tr ngoi.

Dng t in m my: Ni t in vo dy qun m my
c kt qu tt hn.
C th chn tr s t in
sao cho khi s = 1 th I
mm
lch
pha so vi I
lv
mt gc 90
0
v
dng in ca cc dy qun
c tr s sao cho t
trng do chng sinh ra
bng nhau. Nh vy khi khi
ng ng c s cho mt t trng quay trn.
Hnh 3.40 M my bng in tr
Hnh 3.41 M my bng t in

109


Dng vng ngn mch: Vng ngn mch F ng vai tr cun
dy ph. Khi t mt in p vo cun dy chnh m my,
dy qun s sinh ra mt t trng p mch
c
.
Mt phn ca
c
l '
c
s i
qua F v sinh ra I
n
trong F (I
n

n
), nu b qua tn hao trong
vng ngn mch th
n
s trng
pha vi I
n
.
n
s tc dng vi
'
c
sinh ra
f
=
n
+ '
c
lch
pha so vi t thng cn li
c
-
'
c
. Do s sinh ra mt t
trng gn ging t trng
quay v cho mt moment m my.
3.11.2 Phm vi ng dng
ng c in khng ng b mt pha c s dng rt rng
ri trong dn dng v cng nghip nh my git, t lnh, my
lau nh, my bm nc, qut, cc dng c cm tay... Ni chung
l cc ng c cng sut nh. Cm t ng c cng sut nh
ch cc ng c c cng sut nh hn 750W. Phn ln ng c
Hnh 3.42 ng c in 1 pha c
vng ngn mch

110


mt pha thuc loi ny, mt d chng cn c ch to vi
cng sut n 7,5kW v hai cp in p 110V v 220V.
3.12 DY QUN MY IN KHNG NG B MT PHA
3.12.1 Tng quan
Dy qun my in xoay chiu 1 hay 2 pha bao gm 2 b dy
qun lch pha khng gian 90
0
, to dng in qua 2 b dy qun
ny lch pha thi gian 90
0
to t trng quay trn. Phn loi
dy qun my in 1 pha cng ging nh dy qun 3 pha.
- Dy qun 1 lp ng khun hay ng tm.
- Dy qun 2 lp.
- c bit trong dy qun my in 1 pha cn c dy qun SIN:
hnh dng ging dy qun ng tm, nhng s vng dy ca
mi bi khng bng nhau, m phn chia theo t l nh trc.
CC THUT NG:
Nh dy qun 3 pha, cc thut ng ca dy qun 1 pha gm:
Q
A
: Tng s rnh phn b cho pha A (rnh).
Q
B
: Tng s rnh phn b cho pha B (rnh).
Trong dy qun my in 1 pha c cc t l phn b dy qun
nh sau: Q
A
= Q
B
, Q
A
= 2Q
B
v Q
A
= 3Q
B


111

Phn b t l ny ch p dng cho dy qun 1 hay 2 lp. Ty
theo loi ng c 1 hay 2 pha, c th chn phn b:
Q
A
= 2Q
B
hay Q
A
= Q
B
khi ng c dng 2 pha dng t
thng trc.
Q
A
= 2Q
B,
Q
A
= 3Q
B
ng c dng 1 pha dng t khi ng.
- Z : tng s rnh ca stator (rnh)
- q
A
: s rnh phn b cho pha chnh trn mt bc cc t
(rnh/bc cc)
- q
B
: s rnh phn b cho pha ph trn mt bc cc t
(rnh/bc cc)
CC CNG THC: Q
A
+ Q
B
= Z (1.1); q
A
+ q
B
= (1.4)
vi = Z/2p; Z
f-f
= 90
0
/

IU KIN S DNG PHN B Q
A
= Q
B

Mun dng phn b Q
A
= Q
B
= Z/2 cn c q
A
v q
B
l cc s
nguyn khi : q
A
= q
B
= /2 khi v ch khi l bi s ca 2.
IU KIN S DNG PHN B Q
A
= 2Q
B

Mun dng phn b Q
A
= 2Q
B
, th Q
A
= 2Z/3; Q
B
= Z/3, q
A
v
q
B
l cc s nguyn khi : q
A
= 2 /3 ; q
B
= /3 khi v ch khi l
bi s ca 3.

112


IU KIN S DNG PHN B Q
A
= 3Q
B

Vi dng phn b Q
A
= 3Q
B
, th Q
A
= 3Z/4; Q
B
= Z/4, q
A
v q
B

l cc s nguyn khi : q
A
= 3 /4 ; q
B
= /4 khi v ch khi l bi
s ca 4.
V d:
/c c Z = 36, 2p = 4, = Z/2p = 36/4 = 9 rnh/bc cc, l bi
s ca 3 nn ch p dng c phn b Q
A
= 2Q
B
.
/c c Z = 24, 2p = 4, = 6 rnh/bc cc, va l bi s ca 2
va l bi s ca 3 nn c th chn Q
A
= Q
B
hoc Q
A
= 2Q
B
.
3.11.2 Trnh t xy dng s dy qun.
Bc 1: Xc nh cc tham s Z, 2p tnh ton cc gi tr , q,
.
Ty theo m chn phn b cho pha chnh, pha ph
Bc 2: nh STT rnh t 1 n Z, phn b rnh cho tng pha
theo v q
A
, q
B
(ging dy qun 3 pha)
Bc 3: Ty dng dy qun cn v, to u ni cho cc nhm
bi dy, v cho pha chnh ri pha ph.
Lu {: i vi ng c in 1 v 2 pha, lch gia 2 pha dy
qun l lch gia 2 trc i xng ca 2 bi dy 2 pha k cn
nhau.

113

V D 1: Cho ng c c Z = 24 rnh, 2p = 4. Tnh ton v s
dy qun cho ng c.
GII
Bc 1: = Z /2p = 24/4 = 6 (rnh/bc cc), va l bi s
ca 2 va l bi s ca 3 do c th chn phn b Q
A
= Q
B

hoc Q
A
= 2Q
B
.
Gi s chn: Q
A
= Q
B
nn q
A
= q
B
= /2 = 3 rnh/pha/bc.

= 180/ = 180/6 = 30
0
(in).
Bc 2: nh STT rnh t 1 n 24, phn b rnh cho tng pha
theo = 6 v q
A
= q
B
= /2 = 3 rnh/pha/bc bng cc on thng
song song, cch u nhau.
Bc 3: Xy dng s khai trin cho mt pha dy qun:
Ty theo dng dy qun m xy dng tng nhm bi dy
(Ging dy qun 3 pha).
i vi ng c in 1 v 2 pha, lch gia 2 pha dy qun l
lch gia 2 trc i xng ca 2 bi dy 2 pha k cn nhau.
u vo 2 trc i xng l Z
f-f
= 90
0
/

= 3 rnh.

114





Hnh 3.43 Dy qun ng c mt pha dng ng khun tp trung
Hnh 3.44 Dy qun ng c mt pha dng ng khun phn tn n gin

115




Hnh 3.45 Dy qun ng c mt pha dng ng khun phn tn mc xch
Hnh 3.46 Dy qun ng c mt pha dng ng tm phn tn

116



3.12.3 Dy qun SIN
Dy qun SIN c hnh dng nhm bi dy ging vi dy qun
ng tm 1 lp thng thng. Tuy nhin, v cu trc dy qun
ng tm khc vi dy qun SIN nh sau:
Khng c gii hn s bi trong 1 nhm cho dy qun SIN,
trong khi , s bi dy trong 1 nhm dy qun ng tm c
gii hn, ty theo s rnh phn b cho mi pha trn mi
khong bc cc.
S vng ca mi bi dy trong 1 nhm dy qun SIN khng
bng nhau, m phn b theo mt t l nh trc. S vng
dy mi bi trong 1 nhm bi dy ng tm bng nhau.
Hnh 3.47 Dy qun ng c mt pha dng 2 lp

117

QUY TC XC NH TNG S BI DY CHA TRONG MT
NHM BI DY
Trc khi xc nh dq SIN, cn v c dng nhm bi dy.
Mun v c nhm bi dy, cn xc nh s bi ti a cho
php cha trong mi nhm.
S bi ti a cha trong nhm, ph thuc vo gi tr ca bc
cc t l chn hay l v ph thuc vo kiu hnh nhm bi
dy l loi c mn rnh hay khng c mn rnh:
a) Khi c gi tr chn:
Nu dy qun khng mn rnh, tng s bi dy ti a trong
1 nhm l /2 bi.
Nu dy qun c mn rnh, tng s bi dy ti a trong 1
nhm l /2 bi v gia nhm bi dy c b trng 1 rnh.
b) Khi c gi tr l:
Nu dy qun khng mn rnh, tng s bi dy ti a trong
1 nhm l ( - 1)/2 bi, v gia nhm bi dy c b 1 rnh
b trng.
Nu dy qun c mn rnh, tng s bi dy ti a trong 1
nhm l ( + 1)/2 bi.

118


V d 1: ng c c Z = 36, 2p = 4 nn = 9 rnh/bc cc, c
gi tr l:
Khi nhm bi dy khng mn rnh:
(s bi ti a/1 nhm) = ( - 1)/2 = 4 bi/nhm v gia
c b trng 1 rnh.

Khi nhm bi dy c mn rnh:
(s bi ti a/1 nhm) = ( + 1)/2 = 5 bi/nhm.

Hnh 3.48 Dy qun SIN c gi tr l nhm bi dy khng mn rnh
Hnh 3.49 Dy qun SIN, c gi tr l nhm bi dy mn rnh

119

V d 2: ng c c Z = 24, 2p = 4 nn = 6 rnh/bc cc, c
gi tr chn:
Khi nhm bi dy khng mn rnh:
(s bi ti a/ 1 nhm) = /2 = 3 bi/nhm (hnh 3.50).

Khi nhm bi dy c mn rnh:
(s bi ti a/ 1 nhm) = /2 = 3 bi/nhm v gia c b
trng 1 rnh (hnh 3.51).

Hnh 3.50 Dy qun SIN, c gi tr chn nhm bi dy khng mn rnh
Hnh 3.51 Dy qun SIN, c gi tr chn nhm bi dy mn rnh

120


Quan h gia pha chnh v pha ph khi xy dng s dy
qun sin theo quy tc sau:
a) Khi c gi tr chn:
Nu dy qun pha chnh khng mn rnh, th dy qun
pha ph cng khng mn rnh.
Nu dy qun pha chnh c mn rnh, th dy qun pha
ph cng mn rnh.
b) Khi c gi tr l:
Nu dy qun pha chnh khng mn rnh, th dy qun
pha ph mn rnh.
Nu dy qun pha chnh c mn rnh, th dy qun pha
ph khng mn rnh.
V d: Cho ng c KB 1 pha c Z = 36 (rnh), 2p = 4. Tnh
ton cc thng s qun dy theo dng hnh SIN, vi dy
qun pha chnh khng mn rnh.
GII
Vi Z = 36, 2p = 4, c = Z/2p = 36/4 = 9 (rnh/pha/bc cc).
= 9 l, dy qun pha chnh khng mn rnh, dy qun pha ph
mn rnh.

121

S bi ti a dy qun pha chnh:
(s bi ti a/1 nhm) = ( - 1)/2 = 4 bi/nhm, gia c
b trng 1 rnh.
S bi ti a dy qun pha ph:
(s bi ti a/1 nhm) = ( + 1)/2 = 5 bi/nhm.
lch u vo gia 2 trc pha dy qun:

= 180
0
/ = 180
0
/9 = 20
0
in, Z
f-f
= 90
0
/

= 4,5 rnh.


A

B

X

Y

4
Trc
x B

3
Trc
x A
1
2
1 4 3 2 5 6 9 8 7 0 1 4 3 2 5 6 9 8 7 0 1 4 3 2 5 6 9 8 7 0 1 4 3 2 5 6






Hnh 3.52 Dy qun SIN, c gi tr chn, dy qun pha chnh khng mn rnh

122


Cu hi v bi tp cui chng
1. Cng thc tnh tc ng b?
2. Cc cch phn loi my in khng ng b 3 pha? c im
ca tng loi?
3. Ti sao my in khng ng b c dng ph bin nht?
4. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l{ lm vic ca ng c khng
ng b 3 pha.
5. ngha ca cng sut ghi trn nhn ng c?
6. Nhn ng c ghi 380 V/ 220 V - Y / . Nu in p dy ca
li l 220 V, phi u ng c theo kiu no?
7. Trnh by cc phng ph m my v iu chnh ng c
kb 3 pha, nu u nhc im ca tng phng php.
8. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l{ hot ng ca ng c khng
ng b 1 pha.
BI TP 1:
Mt ng c in kb 3 pha rotor lng sc c P
m
= 10 kW, U
m

= 220/380 V, dy qun u /Y, tc quay n
m
= 960 vg/ph,
s cc 2p = 6, tn s f = 50 Hz, h s cng sut cos = 0,8; hiu
sut = 0,85.

123

1. Tnh dng in nh mc ca ng c.
2. Tnh tng tn hao cng sut trong ng c.
BI GII
1/ Dng in nh mc thay i theo in p lm vic:
Vi U
m
= 220 V.

Vi U
m
= 380 V.

2/ Tng tn hao cng sut trong ng c:

BI TP 2
Mt ng c in kb 3 pha dy qun stator ni hnh tam gic,
in p li 220 V, f = 50 Hz. S liu ng c: p = 2 i cc, I
1
=
21 A, cos
m
= 0,82;
m
= 0,837; h s trc s = 0,053. Tnh tc
ng c, cng sut in ng c tiu th P
1
, tng cc tn
hao, cng sut in hu ch P
2
.

124


BI GII
Tc gc ca ng c

Tc quay ca ng c:

Cng sut in ng c tiu th:

Cng sut in hu ch:

Tng cc tn hao cng sut:
P = P
1
P
2
= 6561 5491 = 1070 (W)
BI TP 3
Mt ng c in kb ba pha rotor dy qun c cc thng s
sau: R
1
= 0,46 , X
1
= 2,24, R
2
= 0,02, X
2
= 0,08, k
dq1
= 0,932,
k
dq2
= 0,955, w
1
= 192 vng, w
2
= 36 vng. Dy qun stator u
tam gic, mng in U = 220V, f = 50 Hz, s pha m
1
= m
2
= 3.

125

Tnh h s qui i s.. k
E
, h s qui i dng in k
I
, in tr
m my ni vo mch m my moment m my cc i.
Tnh dng in trong dy qun stator v rotor khi c bin tr
m my v khi m my trc tip.
BI GII
H s s.. k
E
:

H s qui i dng in k
I
:

H s qui i ca ton mch:
k = k
E
.k
I
= 5,2. 5,2 = 27,04
in tr rotor qui i v stator:
R
2
= k.R
2
= 27,04.0,02 = 0,54 ().
in khng rotor qui i v stator:
X
2
= k.X
2
= 27,04.0,08 = 2,163 ().
moment m my t cc i, h s trt:

126



Suy ra gi tr in tr mc vo mch rotor:
R
f
= (X
2
+ X
1
) - R
2
= (2,163 + 2,24) - 0,54 = 3,86 ().
Dng in pha stator khi m my bng in tr ph mch
rotor:


Dng in dy lc m my (do stator u tam gic):
I
mm
= 3.I
mmp
= 3.33,54 = 58 (A)
Dng in rotor khi m my (do rotor u sao):
I
2
= k
I
.I
mmp
= 5,2.33,54 = 174 (A)
Dng in m my trc tip l:


127


T s dng in hai phng php m my:

Nhn xt: Khi dng in tr m my th dng in m my
gim 1,46 ln so vi m my trc tip.
BI TP T GII
Bi 1: Mt ng c in khng ng b 3 pha rotor lng sc c
cc thng s ghi trn nhn my: cng sut nh mc P
m
= 75
kW, tc nh mc n
m
= 2930 vg/ph, h s cng sut nh
mc cos
m
= 0,91; hiu sut nh mc
m
= 91 %, ng c
u Y/ _380 V/220 V; in p li U
d
= 380 V.
1. Tnh cng sut tc dng v phn khng ng c tiu th.
2. Tnh dng in, h s trt, cho p = 1.
S: 1/ P
1
= 82,42 kW; Q
1
= 37,56 kVAr.
2/ I
m
= 138 A; s
m
= 0,023.


128


Bi 2: V s dy qun cho ng c 3 pha tng ng nh
sau:
2.1 Dy qun 3 pha ca my in xoay chiu c cc s liu sau:
Z = 24, 2p = 2. V s khai trin dy qun ng khun phn
tn n gin, ng khun phn tn mc xch, ng tm tp
trung, ng tm phn tn.
2.2.V s khai trin dy qun xp 3 pha 2 lp vi cc s liu
sau: Z = 36, 2p = 4.
Bi 3: V s khai trin dy qun cho ng c mt pha
tng ng sau:
3.1 ng c in xoay chiu c cc s liu sau: Z = 24, 2p = 2.
V s khai trin dy qun ng khun phn tn n gin,
ng khun phn tn mc xch, ng tm tp trung, ng tm
phn tn.
3.2. V s khai trin dy qun xp 1 pha 2 lp vi cc s liu
sau: Z = 36, 2p = 4.
3.3 V s khai trin dy qun xp 1 pha day qun SIN vi cc
s liu sau: Z = 36, 2p = 4.


129

Chng 4
MY IN NG B

Mc tiu: Sau khi hc xong chng 4, sinh vin c kh nng
- M t c cu to ca my in ng b.
- Phn tch c nguyn l{ lm vic ca my in ng b.
- So snh c u nhc im ca my in ng b v
khng ng b


4.1 I CNG V MY IN KHNG NG B
4.1.1 Khi nim
My in ng b (MB) c s dng rng ri trong cng
nghip, ch yu c dng lm my pht in. Ngoi ra, my
in ng b cn c dng lm ng c, nht l trong cc
thit b ln, v chng c kh nng pht ra cng sut phn khng.
Thng thng, cc my ng b c tnh ton sao cho chng
c th pht ra cng sut phn khng gn bng cng sut tc
dng. i khi, vic t my ng b gn cc trung tm cng

130


nghip, pht ra cng sut phn khng b h s cng sut
cos cho li in, khi my ng b c gi l my b
ng b.
Cc ng c ng b cng sut nh (c bit l cc ng c
kch t bng nam chm vnh cu), cng c dng rt rng ri
trong trang b t ng v iu khin.
4.1.2 Phn loi
Theo chc nng, c th chia MB thnh ba loi ch yu sau:
My pht in ng b: My pht in ng b thng c
ko bi tuabin hi hoc tuabin nc. My pht tuabin hi c
tc quay cao, do c ch to theo kiu cc n v c
trc my t nm ngang. My pht in tuabin nc thng c
tc quay thp, c kt cu theo kiu cc li v trc my c
t thng ng.
Trong trng hp my pht in c cng sut nh, cn di ng
th thng dng diezen. My pht in diezen thng c cu
to cc li.
ng c in ng b: ng c in ng b thng c
ch to theo kiu cc li, c s dng ko cc ti khng

131

i hi phi thay i tc , vi cng sut ch yu t 200 kW
tr ln.
My b ng b: My b ng b ch yu dng ci thin h
s cng sut cos ca li in.
Ngoi cc loi trn, cn c cc my in ng b c bit nh:
my bin i mt phn ng, my ng b tn s cao, v cc
my ng b cng sut nh dng trong t ng, nh ng c
ng b nam chm vnh cu, ng c ng b phn khng,
ng c ng b t tr, ng c bc
Theo kt cu,c th chia my in ng b thnh hai loi:
My ng b cc n (my c rotor kt cu kiu cc n) thch
hp vi tc quay cao, (thng s cc 2p = 2)
My ng b cc li (my c rotor kt cu kiu cc li) thch
hp khi tc quay thp, (2p = 4).
4.2 CU TO MY IN NG B
Kt cu chung ca my in ng b bao gm nhng phn chi
tit nh sau:

132



4.2.1 Stator (phn ng)
Stator ca my in ng b bao gm li thp (thp k thut
in tng t nh trong my in khng ng b), trong c
t dy qun ba pha v thn my, np my.
Li thp stator c p bng cc
l tn silic dy 0,5 mm, hai mt c
ph sn cch in. Dc chiu di
li thp stator, c cch khong 3
6 cm c mt rnh thng gi ngang
trc, rng 10 mm, c t c
nh trong thn my.
B kch t
Hp ni dy
Rotor
Stator
a khp ni
Qut lm mt
B iu chnh
t ng
Hnh 4.1 Cu to my in ng b
Hnh 4.2 Stator my in ng b

133

Trong cc my ng b cng sut trung bnh v ln, thn my
c ch to theo kt cu khung thp, mt ngoi bc bng cc
tm thp dt dy. Thn my phi thit k v ch to hnh
thnh h thng ng thng gi, lm mt my in, np my
cng c ch to t thp tm hoc t gang c. Cc my
ng b cng sut trung bnh v ln, trc khng t np
my m gi trc t c nh trn b my.
4.2.2 Rotor (phn cm)
MB c hai loi rotor: rotor kiu cc n v rotor kiu cc li.
Rotor kiu cc n. Rotor kiu cc n lm bng thp hp kim
cht lng cao, c rn thnh khi hnh tr, sau gia cng
v phay rnh t dy qun kch t.
Phn khng phay rnh ca rotor hnh thnh mt cc t. Mt
ct ngang trc li thp rotor
nh hnh 4.3.
Cc my in ng b hin
i, cc n thng c
ch to vi s cc 2p = 2,
tc quay ca rotor l
3000 vng/pht. hn ch
Hnh 4.3. Mt ct ngang trc li thp rotor

134


lc ly tm, ng knh D ca rotor khng vt qu 1,1 1,15
m.
tng cng sut my, ch c th tng chiu di l ca rotor.
Chiu di ti a ca rotor vo khong 6,5 m.
Dy qun kch t t trong rnh rotor, c ch to t dy
ng tit din ch nht, qun theo chiu mng thnh cc bi
dy ng tm. Cc vng dy ca bi dy ny c cch in vi
nhau bng mt lp mica mng. c nh v p cht dy qun
kch t trong rnh, ming rnh c nm kn bi cc thanh
nm bng thp khng t tnh. Phn u ni (nm ngoi rnh)
ca dy qun kch t c ai cht bng cc ng tr thp
khng t tnh.
Hai u ca dy qun kch t lun trong trc, ni vi hai vnh
trt u trc thng qua hai chi in ni vi dng kch
t mt chiu bn ngoi rotor. My kch t ny thng c ni
ng trc vi trc my ng b hoc c trc chung vi my
ng b.
Rotor kiu cc li. My c hnh dng cc t li nh hnh 4.4.
My ng b cc li thng c tc quay thp, v vy, khc

135

vi my ng b cc n, ng knh rotor c th ln ti 1,5m
trong khi chiu di l li nh vi t l l/D = 0,15 0,2.
Rotor ca my in ng b cc li cng sut nh v trung
bnh, li thp c ch to bng thp c v gia cng thnh
khi lng tr hoc khi hnh tr (kiu bnh xe), trn mt c t
cc cc t. cc my ln, li thp c hnh thnh bi cc tm
thp dy 1 6 mm, c dp hoc c nh hnh sn ghp
thnh cc khi lng tr.
Li thp ny thng khng trc tip lng vo trc my m
c t trn gi ca rotor, gi ny lng vo trc my. Cc
t t trn li thp rotor c ghp bng nhng l thp dy 1
1,5mm.
Vic c nh cc t trn li thp c thc hin nh ui hnh
T (mt kiu chi tit ghp ni c kh) hoc bng cc bulong
xuyn qua mt cc v ghp cht vo li thp rotor.

1
2
Hnh 4.4 Cc t ca my ng b cc li
1. L thp cc t; 2.Dy qun kch thch; 3. ui hnh T; 4. Nm; 5. Li thp rotor

136


Dy qun kch t c ch to t dy ng trn tit din ch
nht, qun un theo chiu mng thnh tng cun dy. Cch
in gia cc vng dy l cc lp mica hoc amiang. Cc cun
dy sau khi gia cng c lng vo cc thn cc.
Dy qun cn (trng hp my pht ng b ) hoc dy qun
m my (trng hp ng c ng b) c t trn cc u
cc. Cc dy qun ny ging nh dy qun kiu lng sc ca
my in khng ng b, ngha l lm bng cc thanh ng t
vo rnh, cc u cc c ni hai u bi hai vng ngn
mch. Dy qun m my ch khc dy qun cn ch in tr
cc thanh dn ca n ln hn.
4.2.3 Phn c v cc chi tit khc
Trc ca my ng b c rotor cc li c th t nm ngang
nh cc ng c ng b, my b ng b, my pht in
diezen hoc my pht tuabin nc cng sut nh v tc
quay tng i ln (khong trn 200 vg/ph). Trng hp my
pht tuabin nc, tuabin nc cng sut ln, tc chm, trc
ca my c t thng ng. Khi trc my t thng ng,
trc rt quan trng. Nu trc t u trn ca trc
th gi l my ng b kt cu kiu treo, cn nu t u
di ca trc th my thuc kiu d.

137

my pht tuabin nc kiu treo, x trn ta vo thn
my, do my pht ny tng i di v phi chc v chu
ton b trng lng ca rotor my pht, rotor tuabin nc v
xung lc ca nc i vo tuabin. Nh vy, kch thc x
trn rt ln, tn nhiu st, thp nn tng chi ph xy dng
bung t my. my pht tuabin nc kiu d, trc ta
trn x di. X di c c nh trn nn ca gian my,
do ngn hn v mt s my, trc c t ngay trn
np ca tuabin nc.
Trn cng trc vi my pht, thng c t thm cc my ph
chnh l my kch thch (my pht in mt chiu), dng
cung cp dng in mt chiu cho cc t ca my pht ng
b v my pht iu chnh lm ngun cung cp in cho b
iu chnh t ng ca tuabin.
4.3 NGUYN L LM VIC C BN
4.3.1 My pht in ng b (mpb)
Stator ca my in ng b c cu to ging nh stator ca
my in khng ng b, dy qun ca stator cng c s i
cc nh rotor. Stator c dy qun gi l phn ng, rotor ca
my in ng b c cun dy kch t, c cung cp dng

138


in mt chiu t ngun qua 2 vnh trt v chi than. Cng
dng ca cun kch t l to ra trong my mt t trng. Rotor
cng cun kch t gi l phn cm.
Nguyn l lm vic nh sau:
Khi cho rotor quay bng ng c s cp v cho dng in kch
t (mt chiu) vo dy qun kch t s to nn t trng rotor.
T trng ny ct qua dy qun phn ng (stator) v cm ng
trong sc in ng (s..) xoay chiu hnh sin, c tr s hiu
dng: E
0
= 4,44.f.w
1
.k
dq
.
0
Trong : E
0
, w
1
, k
dq
,
0
ln lt l: s.. pha, s vng dy
qun, h s dy qun, t thng kch t rotor.
Nu rotor c p i cc, khi rotor quay 1 vng th s.. phn ng
s bin thin p chu kz. Do , tn s f ca s.. stator s l :
f = p.n (vg/s - Hz) hay f = p.n/60 (vg/ph - Hz)
My pht in xoay chiu ba pha, dy qun phn ng l dy
qun 3 pha i xng, nn s.. trong dy qun phn ng stator
cng l s.. 3 pha i xng (tr s bng nhau, lch pha nhau
120
0
).
Khi c ti, dng in trong dy qun stator s to nn t
trng quay nh trong my in khng ng b, vi tc t

139

trng xc nh n
1
= 60f/p, thay gi tr f = p.n/60 s c tc
t trng n
1
= n (tc rotor). Do , loi my ny gi l
my in ng b (MB).
4.3.2 ng c in ng b (cb)
My in ng b c th lm vic nh mt ng c, nu t
vo cun dy stator ca n mt dng in 3 pha t li v t
ngun in mt chiu vo cun dy kch t rotor. Khi lm vic
bnh thng rotor quay theo chiu t trng quay v bng vi
tc ca trng quay stator.
Lu { rng ng c ng b khng t m my c. Mun m
my ng c ng b phi dng ng c ph tr hoc m my
theo phng php khng ng b.
4.3.3 My b ng b(MBB)
MBB c xem nh CB hot ng ch khng ti. Khi
iu chnh dng kch t I
t
, MBB hot ng nh mt ti (in
cm L hoc in dung C tuz theo tr s iu chnh ca dng kch
t) ca li in, s lm tnh cht ti thay i ko theo in p,
gc lch pha, cos ca h thng (li in) thay i. C ngha
l MBB c th tham gia vo vic ci thin vic b in p v
cos ca li in.

140


4.3.4 Cc tr s nh mc ca my in ng b
Cc tr s nh mc ca my in ng b bao gm:
Cng sut c ch: ngha l cng sut u ra ca my, tnh ton
theo cc iu kin pht nng v lm vic lu di m khng b h
hng, c gi l cng sut nh mc ca my.
i vi MPB, cng sut xc nh nh sau:
Cng sut biu kin (thng ghi trn nhn my):
S
m
= 3U
m
I
m
(VA, KVA).
Cng sut tc dng: P
m
= 3U
m
I
m
cos
m
(W, KW).
Cng sut phn khng: Q
m
= 3U
m
I
m
sin
m
(Var, Kvar).
Hiu sut nh mc:
m

i vi CB: Cng sut l cng sut c trn trc ng c hay
cng sut tc dng ca ng c in ng b (thng ghi trn
nhn my): P
m
= 3U
m
I
m
cos
m
.
m
(W, KW).
Vi U
m
, I
m
, cos
m
,
m
: in p dy, dng in dy nh mc,
h s cng sut, hiu sut nh mc ca my in ng b.
i vi my b ng b (MBB), cng sut v cc i lng
nh mc khc thng ghi nh trong MPB.

141

Cc i lng c lin quan vi nhau v biu th cho ch
lm vic n nh, lu di vi cng sut ln nht cho php c
gi l cc i lng nh mc v u ghi trn nhn my.
Thng thng, trn nhn ca my in ng b thng ghi cc
s liu sau y: Kiu my (treo, d); S pha (1 pha, 3 pha); Tn
s (Hz); Cng sut nh mc (kW hay kVA); in p dy (V); S
ni cc pha ca phn tnh (tam gic, sao); Cc dng in dy
stator v dng mt chiu rotor (A); H s cng sut; Hiu sut;
Tc quay (vg/ph); Cp cch in ca dy qun stator v
rotor. Ngoi ra trn nhn my cn ghi tn nh my ch to,
nm ch to, trng lng my
4.4 Ghp my pht in ng b lm vic song song
4.4.1 Khi nim chung
Hin nay, cc trm pht in thng c mt hoc nhiu my
pht in lm vic song song. iu c gii thch nh sau:
Mt mt, do th ph ti dao ng nhiu trong thi gian mt
ngy m cng nh trong cc thi gian khc nhau ca nm, do
nu ch dng mt my pht in vi cng sut t ln nht,
khi lm vic vi ph ti nh, hiu sut ca n cng nh ca
ng c s cp s gim thp. Mc khc, nhng trm pht in

142


hin nay thng c mt cng sut ln, tuy nhin, khng th
ch to c nhng my pht c cng sut ln nh vy.
Ngoi ra, nng cao tnh bo m an ton, lin tc cung cp
in cho nhng trung tm cng nghip ln, cn phi s dng
mt vi trm pht in cng ni vi mt li in chung. iu
c rt nhiu u im:
- Cc trm pht in gim c cc thit b d tr phng khi
h hng v sa cha.
- C th phn phi hp l{ gia cc ph ti. Trm pht in
nhm mc ch nng cao ch tiu kinh t.
4.4.2 Ghp song song cc my pht in ng b
Trong mi nh my in, thng c t nhiu t my pht in
ng b v ni chung cc nh my in u lm vic trong mt
h thng in lc. Nh vy, trong mt h thng in lc c rt
nhiu my pht in ng b lm vic song song. Vic cho cc
my pht in lm vic chung trong h thng in lc nhm
bo m cng sut ton h thng v vic iu chnh cng sut
(tc dng v phn khng) gia chng.



143

4.4.2.1 iu kin lm vic song song
Khi ghp mt my pht in ng b lm vic song song trong
h thng in lc, hoc vi mt my pht in ng b khc,
trnh dng in xung v cc M
t
c tr s rt ln, c th gy
ra s c hng my v cc thit b khc trong h thng, cn phi
m bo cc iu kin sau:
in p ca my pht phi bng vi in p ca li U
F
= U
L
.
Tn s ca my pht phi bng tn s ca li: f
F
= f
L
.
i vi my pht in ba pha cn phi cng th t pha.
in p pha ca my pht v ca li phi trng pha.
Nu khng m bo cc iu kin ni trn, khi ghp song song
my pht in c th xy ra cc s c nghim trng, v d nh
khi ng cu dao m in p ca my pht, ca li lch pha
nhau 180
0
, tng ng vi ni ngn mch my pht in vi
in p li; dng in xung khi ng cu dao c th ln gp
hai ln dng in ngn mch thng thng; lc v mmen in
t s ln gp bn ln, ph hng dy qun, kt cu thp, li
thp, trc ca my pht in.
Khi ghp song song, vic iu chnh in p U
F
ca my pht
in c thc hin bng cch thay i dng in kch thch

144


ca my. Tn s f
F
ca my c iu chnh bng cch thay i
moment hoc tc quay ca ng c s cp ko my pht.
S trng pha gia in p ca my pht in v ca li in
c kim tra bng n, volmet ch khng hoc dng c o
ng b. Th t pha ca my pht in ng b thng ch
c kim tra mt ln sau khi lp rp my v ho ng b vi
li in ln u.
Nh vy, vic ghp song song cc my pht vo h thng in
theo cc iu kin trn, gi l ho ng b chnh xc my pht
in. Trong mt s trng hp c th dng phng php ho
ng b khng chnh xc, ngha l khng phi so snh tn s, tr
s gc pha v cc in p ca my pht in cn c ghp
song song v ca li in, y l phng php t ng b.
4.4.2.2 Cc phng php ho ng b chnh xc:
C th dng b ha ng b kiu nh sng n hoc b ha
ng b kiu in t (ct ng b). ghp my pht in lm
vic song song vi li in bng phng php ha ng b
chnh xc, c th dng b ha ng b kiu nh sng (dng tn
hiu nh sng n kim tra iu kin ng b). Ho ng b
kiu nh sng bng hai phng php: phng php ni ti hay
n ti v phng php nh sng quay.

145

Phng php n ti: S
ha ng b bng phng
php n ti c th hin
trn hnh 4.5 v hnh 4.6a.
Quay my pht 2 n n = n
1
.
iu chnh cho U
FII
= U
L
, khi U
FII

trng pha v cng th t pha
vi U
L
th khng c in p t
trn cc n nn cc n s
ti. Nu tn s my pht v li khng bng nhau th cc vector
in p li v my pht s quay vi cc tc gc khc nhau.

Hnh 4.6 Phng php ha ng b chnh xc kiu nh sng
a)

b)

A

B

C

MF
1
MF
2
V
0
MF
3
V
0
A1

B1

C1

A2

B2

C2

1

2

3

1

2

3

Hnh 4.5 th vector in p pha
ca li v my pht ni theo
phng php n ti.

146


Gc lch pha gia chng s thay i t 0 n 180
0
, in p
t ln cc n s thay i t 0 n hai ln in p pha v n
s ln lt sng ti. S sai khc v in p gia my pht v
li cng ln th cc n sng ti cng nhanh: khi f
L
f
FII
nhiu
th n nhp nhy rt nhanh, khi f
L
f
FII
th n sng ti rt
chm. Khi n ti tng i lu (khong 3 n 5 giy) th ng
my pht in vo li. ng my chnh xc hn, mc thm
1 volt mt ch khng (c im khng gia thang o).
Phng php nh sng n quay: Ni 3 n 3 v tr: (A A2),
(B C2), (C B2) hnh 4.6b, th vector in p nh hnh 4.7.
Nu v tr nh 4.7, n 1
ti m, n 2 sng nhiu,
n 3 sng va. v tr A =
A
2
, n 1 tt, n 2 v 3
sng bng nhau kt hp vi
volt mt ch khng c th
ng my ho ng b. Nu
n > n th n 1 sng dn
ln, n 2 sng nhiu ln v
n 3 sng yu i.
Hnh 4.7 th vector in p pha ca
li v my pht ni theo phng php
nh sng n quay.
3

147

Vy nu:
- n > n nh snh quay t 1-2-3
- n < n nh sng quay t 1-3-2
- n = n n 1 tt.
Do nhn chiu quay ca n c th bit c cn phi tng
hay gim tc ca my pht sp ghp vi li n gn vn
tc ng b.
Ch {: Nu ni dy theo s n ti m kt qu n quay hay
ngc li khi ni theo n quay m n cng sng, cng ti th
chng t th t pha ni sai. Lc ny cn i th t ni hai
trong ba pha ca my pht vi li in.
Ho ng b kiu in t (dng ct ng b)
Ct ng b dng 3 ng h kim tra iu kin ha:
- Hai volt mt kim tra in p U
L
v U
F
.
- Hai tn s k kim tra tn s f
L
v f
F
hoc mt tn s k kp
c hai dy phin rung ch ng thi tn s f
L
v f
F
.
- Mt ng b k tc ng theo s khc nhau gia f
L
v f
F
nh
ha ng b.

148


Khi f
L
- f
F
v kim quay chm (f
L
f
F
) th thi im ng cu dao
l lc kim trng vi ng thng ng v hng ln trn.
Vic ha ng b chnh xc my pht in, i hi nhn vin
thao tc phi tht thnh tho v tp trung ch { cao
trnh nhm ln, nht l khi trong h thng in lc ang c s
c. gim nh cng vic ca nhn vin thao tc v trnh
nhng nhm ln c th xy ra s c, c th dng b ha ng
b t ng, gip iu chnh t ng U
F
v f
F
ca my pht v t
ng ng cu dao khi cc iu kin ghp song song c
m bo. Tuy nhin, v khi li in c s c, in p v tn s
ca li lun thay i, nn qu trnh ha ng b t ng
thng ko di t nm n mi pht hoc lu hn na. V
th, gn y trong mt s trng hp ngi ta thng dng
phng php t ng b.
Phng php t ng b (hnh 4.8)
Thng ch s dng vi cc my pht in cng sut nh, c
th ng vo li theo phng php t ng b sau: Ni mch
kch t qua mt in tr trit t trnh dng in cm ng
dy qun rotor ln, cu dao D
2
ng v pha in tr.

149

Dng ng c s cp quay rotor n gn tc ng b, ng
D
1
ni my pht vo li in khi cha c kch t, cui cng
ng dy qun kch t
vo ngun kch t, my
s lm vic ng b.
Tuyt i khng c
ng stator ca my pht
in vo li theo
phng php t ng b
khi mch kch t h mch
v lc y trong cun dy
kch t s cm ng ra
mt s.. ln hn c th
lm hng cch in.
Phng php t ng b cho php ha ng b nhanh chng
khi cn x l{ khn cp. Tuy nhin c khuyt im l dng in
ng cu dao kh ln.



Hnh 4.8 Phng php t ng b

150


Cu hi v bi tp cui chng:
1. My in B phn theo kt cu v chc nng c my loi?
2. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l{ lm vic ca my in B?
3. Cc tr s nh mc ca my in B l g, { ngha ca chng?
4. C my phng php ha my pht ng b vo li in?
Trnh by cc phng php .
BI TP 1
My pht in ng b ba pha cc n c P
m
= 30 MW, U
m
=
10,5 kV, cos
m
= 0,8; s i cc p = 1. Hiu sut nh mc
m

= 98,32%; ; tn s ngun pht f = 50 Hz.
1. Tnh tc quay rotor v dng in nh mc.
2. Tnh cng sut biu kin S
m
, cng sut phn khng Q
m
ca
my.
3. Tnh cng sut m ng c s cp cung cp cho my pht v
tng cc tn hao?.
BI GII
1/ Tc quay ca rotor my pht:
n = n1= 60.f/p = 3000 (vg/ph).
Dng in nh mc ca my pht:

151


2/ Cng sut biu kin ca my pht:

Cng sut phn khng ca my pht:
cos
m
= 0,8 nn sin
m
= 0,6
Q
m
= S
m
.sin
m
= 37,5.0,6 = 22,5 (MVar)
3/ Cng sut cung cp cho trc my pht bi ng c s cp l:

4/tng tn hao:
P = P
1
P
m
= 30,51 30 = 0,51 (MW)
Bi tp 2: Cho my pht in ng b ba pha c 2p = 4, cng
sut biu kin:
S
m
= 50 kVA, 220/380 V_ /Y,
m
= 0,85, cos
m
= 0,8, f = 50
Hz. Tnh:
1. Tnh dng in nh mc, cng sut c, moment c ng c
s cp.

152


2. Tnh cng sut phn khng my pht khi cos = 0,8 (tr pha
khi ti c tnh in cm, sm pha khi ti c tnh dung).
Bi tp 3: Mt my pht in ng b ba pha cc n u sao,
S
m
= 10000 kVA; U
m
= 6,3kV; f = 50 Hz; cos
m
= 0,8; s i
cc p = 2; in tr dy qun stator R = 0,04; in khng ng
b xem nh khng ng k; tn hao kch t P
KT
=2%P
m
, tng
tn hao c, st t v tn hao ph l 2,4%P
m
.
1. Tnh tc quay rotor, dng in nh mc.
2. Tnh cng sut tc dng v phn khng my pht ra. Cng
sut ng c s cp ko my pht v hiu sut my pht.
S: 1/ n = 1500 vg/ph; I
m
= 916,5 A.
2/ P = 8000 kW; Q = 6000 kVAr; Pc = 8452,8 kW; = 0,946.


153

Chng 5
MY IN MT CHIU

Mc tiu: Sau khi kt thc chng 5, sinh vin c kh nng
- M t c cu to ca my in 1 chiu.
- Phn tch c nguyn l{ lm vic ca my in 1 chiu.
- V c s tri dy qun my in 1 chiu


5.1 I CNG V MY IN MT CHIU
5.1.1 i cng
Mc d, cu to v vn hnh ca my in mt chiu (MDC)
kh phc tp so vi cc loi my in khc. Tuy nhin, trong
nn sn xut hin i, my in mt chiu (MDC) vn lun
lun chim mt v tr quan trng, bi cc u im sau:
i vi ng c in mt chiu: Phm vi iu chnh tc rng
v bng phng, cho nn, ng c in mt chiu c dng
nhiu trong lnh vc in t, cng nghip dt, giy, cn thp,...

154


My pht in mt chiu: c dng lm ngun in mt
chiu cho ng c in mt chiu, lm ngun kch t cho my
pht in ng b, dng trong cng nghip m in...
Nhc im: Gi thnh t do s dng nhiu kim loi mu, ch
to v bo qun c gp phc tp.
Cng sut ln nht ca my in mt chiu hin nay vo
khong 1000kW, in p vo khong vi trm cho n 1000V.
Hng pht trin hin nay l ci tin tnh nng ca vt liu,
nng cao ch tiu kinh t ca my, ch to nhng my cng sut
ln hn, s dng li in 1 chiu truyn ti in p cao.
5.1.2 Phn loi
Ty vo cch u dy qun kch t v dy qun phn ng, my
in mt chiu c phn chia thnh cc loi sau:
- My in mt chiu kch t c lp: Cun dy kch t ni vi
ngun mt chiu ring bit, khng lin quan n dy qun
phn ng.
- My in mt chiu kch t ni tip: Cun dy kch t c
u ni tip vi dy qun phn ng.
- My in mt chiu kch t song song: Cun dy kch c
c ni song song vi dy qun phn ng.

155

- My in mt chiu kch t hn hp: Trn cc t chnh c 2
cun dy kch t. Mt cun c ni ni tip v mt cun
c ni song song vi dy qun phn ng.
5.1.3 Cc tr s nh mc
Ch lm vic nh mc ca cc my in, l ch lm vic
trong nhng iu kin m nh ch to qui nh. Ch
c c trng bi nhng i lng ghi trn nhn my gi l
cc i lng nh mc. Trn nhn my thng ghi nhng i
lng sau:
- Cng sut nh mc: P
m
(W hay kW)
Vi my pht in: P
m
= U
m
I
m
. Cng sut in u ra
my pht in.
Vi ng c in: P
m
= U
m
I
m m
= M
c m
(cng sut c
trn trc ng c) vi: M
c
- moment c trn trc ng c khi
ti nh mc.
m
= 2 .n
m
/60 (rad/s) - tc gc tng ng ca
ng c in
- in p nh mc: U
m
(V hay kV): L in p trn hai u ti
ch nh mc (my pht), in p t vo ng c ch
nh mc (ng c).

156


- Dng in nh mc I
m
(A): L dng in cung cp cho ti
ch nh mc (my pht), dng in cung cp cho ng c
ch nh mc (ng c).
- Tc nh mc: n
m
(vng/pht): L tc quay ca rotor
my in DC.
- Hiu sut nh mc:
m

Ngoi ra cn ghi kiu my, cp cch in, phng php kch t,
dng in kch t, ch lm vic...
5.2 CU TO CA MY IN MT CHIU
Kt cu ca my in mt chiu c th phn ra lm hai thnh
phn chnh: phn tnh (Stator) v phn quay (Rotor) (hnh 5.1).


Dy qun stator
Trc rotor
Rotor

Phin ng
c gp
Chi than
Than
Hnh 5.1 Cc thnh phn ca my in mt chiu

157

5.2.1 Phn tnh hay stator
y l phn ng yn ca
my, gm cc b phn chnh
sau (hnh 5.2):
1. Li thp cc t chnh; 2.
Dy qun cc t chnh; 3. Li
thp cc t ph; 4. Dy qun
cc t ph; 5. V my
Cc t chnh
L b phn sinh ra t trng, gm c li st cc t v dy qun
kch t lng ngoi li st cc t.
Li st cc t 1: Lm bng thp
l k thut in hay thp
cacbon dy 0,5 n 1mm, ghp
li bng inh tn. Li mt cc t
2 c ko di ra (lm vo)
tng thm ng i ca t
trng. Vnh cung ca cc t
thng bng 2/3 ( : Bc cc,
Hnh 5.3 Cc t chnh
1) Li cc; 2) Mt cc; 3) Dy qun
kch t; 4) Khung dy; 5) V my;
6) Bu lng bt cc t vo v my
Hnh 5.2 Stator my in DC

158


l khong cch gia hai cc t lin tip nhau).
Trn li cc c cun dy kch t 3, trong c dng mt chiu
chy qua. Cc dy qun kch t c qun bng dy ng, mi
cun u c qun cch in thnh mt khi, t trn cc
cc t v ni ni tip vi nhau. Cun dy c qun vo khung
dy 4, thng lm bng nha ho hc hay giy baklit cch
in. Cc cc t c gn cht vo thn my 5 nh nhng bu
lng 6.
Cc t ph
c t gia cc t chnh, dng ci thin i chiu, trit
tia la trn chi than.
Li thp ca cc t ph cng c
th lm bng thp khi, trn
thn cc t ph c t dy
qun, c cu to ging nh dy
qun ca cc t chnh. mch
t ca cc t ph khng b bo
ha, khe h ca n vi rotor ln
hn khe h ca cc t chnh vi
rotor.
Hnh 5.4 Cc t ph
1) Li; 2) Cun dy

159

V my (Gng t)
Lm nhim v kt cu, ng thi dng lm mch t ni lin cc
cc t. Trong my in nh v va thng dng thp tm
un v hn li. My c cng sut ln dng thp c c t (0,2 -
2)% cht than.
Cc b phn khc
- Np my: bo v my khi b nhng vt ngoi ri vo lm
h hng dy qun, an ton cho ngi khi chm phi in.
Trong my in nh v va, np my cn c tc dng lm gi
bi, trng hp ny np my thng lm bng gang.
- C cu chi than: a in t phn quay ra ngoi hoc
ngc li. C cu chi than gm c chi than t trong hp
chi than v nh mt l xo t cht ln c gp.
Hp chi than c c nh
trn gi chi than v cch
in vi gi. Gi chi than c
th quay c iu chnh
v tr chi than cho ng ch,
sau khi iu chnh xong, dng
vt c nh cht li. My c
Hnh 5.5 C cu chi than
1) Hp chi than; 2) Chi than;
3) L so p; 4) Dy cp dn in

160


bao nhiu cc c by nhiu chi than. Cc chi than dng
c ni chung vi nhau c mt cc dng duy nht, tng
t i vi cc chi than m.
5.2.2 Phn quay hay rotor
Li st phn ng:
Li st phn ng dng dn t, thng dng thp l k thut
in dy 0,5 mm, sn cch in cch in hai mt ri p cht
li gim tn hao do dng in xoy gy nn.

Trn cc l thp c dp cc rnh t dy qun. Rnh c th
hnh thang, hnh qu l hoc hnh ch nht... Trong cc my ln
li thp thng chia thnh tng thp v cch nhau mt khong
h lm ngui my, cc khe h gi l rnh thng gi ngang
trc. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn dp cc rnh thng gi dc trc.
Hnh 5.7. L thp phn ng
1) Trc my; 2) L thng gi dc
trc; 3) Rnh; 4) Rng
Hnh 5.6 Rotor my in mt DC
1. Li thp p. ng; 2. Dy qun p. ng;
3. Trc quay; 4. Qut; 5. C gp

161

Dy qun phn ng
L phn sinh ra sc in ng v c dng in chy qua, dy
qun phn ng thng lm bng dy ng c bc cch in.
Trong my in nh thng dng dy c tit din trn, trong
my in va v ln c th dng dy tit din hnh ch nht.
Dy qun c cch in cn
thn vi rnh v li thp.
trnh cho khi quay b vng ra
ngoi do sc ly tm, ming
rnh c dng nm cht v
phi ai cht cc phn u ni
dy qun, nm c th dng tre,
g hoc bakelit.
C gp
C gp (cn gi l vnh gp hay vnh i chiu), dng i
chiu dng in xoay chiu thnh mt chiu, dy qun phn
ng c ni ra c gp.
C gp thng c lm bi nhiu phin ng mng, c
cch in vi nhau bng nhng tm mi ca dy 0,4 n 1,2 mm
v hp thnh mt hnh tr trn.
Hnh 5.8 Mt ct rnh phn ng

162



Hai u tr trn dng hai
vnh p hnh ch V p cht
li, gia vnh p v c gp c
cch in bng mi ca hnh V.
ui c gp cao hn mt t
hn cc u dy ca cc
phn t dy qun vo cc
phin gp c d dng.
Cc b phn khc
- Cnh qut: Lp trn trc my, dng qut gi lm ngui
my. hai u np my c l thng gi, khi my quay, cnh
qut ht gi t ngoi vo my. Gi i qua vnh gp, cc t, li
st v dy qun ri qua qut gi ra ngoi lm ngui my.
- Trc my: Trn c t li st phn ng, c gp, cnh qut v
bi. Trc my thng lm bng thp cacbon tt.
5.3 NGUYN L LM VIC C BN CA MY IN MT CHIU
5.3.1 My pht in mt chiu
Xt mt my in DC gm mt khung dy abcd (hnh 5.10), t
trong t trng ca hai cc nam chm, hai u ni vi hai
Hnh 5.9 Hnh ct dc c gp kiu tr
1) Phin gp; 2) Vnh p hnh V;
3) Mi ca cch in hnh V; 4) ng
cch in; 5) u hn dy

163

phin gp. Khung dy v phin gp quay quanh trc ca n vi
mt vn tc khng i.

Cc chi than A v B t c nh v lun lun t st vo phin
gp. Khi cho khung quay, theo nh lut cm ng in t, trong
thanh dn s cm ng nn sc in ng. Theo nh lut
Faraday c: e = B.l.v (V)
B: T cm ni thanh dn qut qua. (T)
l: Chiu di ca thanh dn nm trong t trng. (m)
v: Tc di ca thanh dn (m/s).
Chiu ca s.. c xc nh theo qui tc bn tay phi.
Nh vy, theo hnh 5.10, sc in ng ca thanh dn cd nm
di cc S c chiu i t d n c, thanh dn ab nm di cc N
c chiu i t b n a. Nu mch ngoi khp kn qua ti, sc
Hnh 5.10 Nguyn l my in mt chiu

164


in ng trong khung dy s sinh ra mch ngoi mt dng
in chy t A n B.
Nu t cm B phn b hnh sin th sc in ng e bin i
hnh sin, dng sng sc in ng cm ng trong khung dy
nh hnh 5.11a.
Nhng do chi than A lun tip xc vi thanh dn nm di
cc N, chi than B lun tip xc vi thanh dn nm di cc S
nn dng in mch ngoi ch chy theo chiu t A n B.

Ni cch khc, sc in ng xoay chiu cm ng trong thanh
dn v dng in tng ng, c chnh lu thnh sc in
ng v dng in mt chiu nh h thng vnh gp v chi
than, dng sng sc in ng mt chiu hai chi than nh
hnh 5.11b.
a) b)
Hnh 5.11 T cm hay s.. hnh sin trong khung dy trc (a) v sau
khi chnh lu (b)

165

5.3.2 ng c in mt chiu
Cho dng in mt chiu i vo chi than A v ra B, do dng
in ch i vo thanh dn di cc N v i ra cc thanh dn
nm di cc S, nn di tc dng ca t trng s sinh ra
mt moment c chiu khng i lm cho quay my. Chiu ca
lc in t c xc nh theo qui tc bn tay tri.

5.4 DY QUN MY IN MT CHIU
5.4.1 Tng quan
Dy qun my in mt chiu l dy qun t trn rotor ca
my pht hay ng c in. Khi hot ng, dy qun ny quay
theo rotor, v to nn trong n s, in p ra u cc (my
pht in 1 chiu) hay lc v mment in t lm quay rotor
(ng c in mt chiu).

Hnh 5.11 Qui tc bn tay phi v qui tc bn tay tri
B: T cm; E: Sc in ng cm ng; I: Dng in; F: Lc in t

166


5.4.1.1 Phn t dy qun
Phn t dy qun (k{ hiu S) l cc bi dy (gm mt hoc
nhiu vng dy qun vi nhau, mi bi dy c hai u dy), cc
phn t dy qun trong M1C c ni tip vi nhau v cc
u dy c ni ra phin gp (hnh v )
5.4.1.2 Rnh thc Z, rnh nguyn t Z
nt
:
Rnh thc: L rnh nm gia 2 rng k nhau, tng s rnh
ca rotor.
Rnh nguyn t: L rnh tng tng, dng phn b
dy qun, khng nhn thy c trong thc t. C 2 cnh
tc dng hnh thnh nn mt rnh nguyn t.

Rnh t dy qun gi l rnh thc Z, trong mi rnh thc c t
nht 2 cnh tc dng ca hai bi dy khc nhau t vo, gi
rnh thc bng 1 rnh nguyn t u. Khi s cnh tc dng


b) c) a)
Hnh 5.12 Rnh thc v rnh nguyn t.
a) Rnh thc cha 1 rnh nguyn t.
b) Rnh thc cha 2 rnh nguyn t.
c) Rnh thc cha 3 rnh nguyn t.

167

trong rnh thc nhiu hn 2 (l 4, 6, 8,..) rnh, coi trong rnh
thc gm nhiu rnh nguyn t tp trung li. Nh vy, tng s
rnh nguyn t Znt t dy qun phn ng s l: Z
nt
= u.Z.
5.4.1.3 Quan h gia s phin gp G, s phn t S, s rnh
nguyn t Z
nt

Mi phn t dy qun c hai cnh tc dng ni vo hai phin
gp. Mi phin gp li c hai u dy ca hai phn t ni tip
vi nhau ni vo. Mi rnh nguyn t theo khi nim trn cng
c hai cnh tc dng ca hai phn t khc nhau t vo. Nh
vy, chng c quan h : S = G = Z
nt
.
5.4.1.4 Cc bc dy qun
V tr cc phn t dy qun c xc nh da vo khong cch
gia cc cnh tc dng ca tng phn t v cc phn t lin
quan (cc bc dy qun) c minh ha theo hnh v 2.1.
Bc dy qun th 1: K{ hiu y
1
.
Tnh t cnh tc dng th 1 n
cnh tc dng th 2 ca 1 bi dy.
Bc dy qun th 2: K{ hiu y
2
.
Tnh t cnh tc dng th 2 ca
bi dy th 1 n cnh tc dng

y
1
y

y
2
y
c
Hnh 5.13 Cc bc dy qun

168


th 1 ca bi dy th 2, tnh bng s rnh.
Bc tng hp: K{ hiu y. Tnh bng s rnh, 2 cnh u vo
hoc 2 cnh u ra ca 2 bi dy k tip nhau.
Bc phin gp: K{ hiu y
c
. Tnh bng s phin gp. T
phin gp ni vi u vo n phin gp ni vi u ra ca 1
bi dy. Nu u ra ca bi dy trc u vo lc y
c

mang gi tr dng (+). Ngc li, nu u ra ca bi dy
sau u vo lc y
c
mang gi tr m (-)
5.4.1.5 Rotor v c gp in
C 2 trng hp:
ng ko di rnh ca rotor trng vi mt ca phin gp.
(Hnh 5.14a).

a) b)
Rnh
Phin gp
ng ko di rnh
Hnh 5.14 V tr tng i gia rnh v phin gp
a) ng ko di rnh trng mt phin gp
b) ng ko di rnh trng lp mika cch in

169

ng ko di rnh trng ngay lp phn cch mika gia 2
phin gp. (Hnh 5.14b).
Phin gp c 2 loi: Phin gp c ui x rnh hoc phin gp
ui mc.
5.4.1.6 Cc ng thng c bit
c dng trong vic xy dng s khai trin dy qun phn
ng ca my in DC. Xt mt my in DC c 2p = 2, stato cc
t li c 2 cc t, c cc ng sau y:
Trc cc t: ng i qua
gia 2 mt cc t ca stator.
ng trung tnh hnh hc
(TTHH): ng thng vung
gc vi trc cc t v nm
gia 2 cc t.
Trc tri than: ng thng
i qua 2 chi than.
5.4.1.7 Phng php u cc u dy ln phin gp.
C 3 dng u dy:
u dy ra thng (hnh 5.16a)
Hnh 5.15 Cc ng thng c bit
Trc chi
than

170


u dy lch tri (hnh 5.16b)
u dy lch phi(hnh 5.16c)

Cng dng ca vic u ng dy ln phin gp l thc hin
vic dch chuyn trc phn dng trong rotor v trng vi ng
TTHH, ph thuc vo v tr chi than so vi trc cc t.
5.4.2 Trnh t xy dng s dy qun xp n my in
mt chiu.
Bc 1: Xc nh cc tham s:
Z : Tng s rnh thc ca roto
K : Tng s phin gp.
Lp t s m = K/Z vi m l s nguyn.
V tr chi than so vi trc cc t hay ng TTHH
Bc 2: Xc nh cc bc dy qun


a) b) c)
Hnh 5.16 u dy ln phin gp


171

Trong dy qun xp n, s phin gp lun bng s rnh thc,
ngha l trong mt rnh thc s cha 2 cnh tc dng, lc ny 1
rnh thc l 1 rnh nguyn t Z = K = Z
nt
.
Bc th nht :

Trong : : h s lm trn bc dy qun
- : dy qun bc ngn
+ : dy qun bc di
= 0 : dy qun bc
Thng chn l bc ngn, ngn hn bc cc t 1 rnh. Nu
bc cc khng nguyn th chn gi tr nguyn gn nht.
Bc tng hp : y = y
c
= 1, 2 m
Nu y = y
c
= +1,+2, +m dy qun xp tin
Nu y = y
c
= -1,-2, -m dy qun xp li
Ch : Khi c m = K/Z, gi tr y = y
c
c chn ln lt l y = y
c

= 1, 2 hay m. Trong m l gi tr ti a cho php chn y
hay y
c
.
V d: m = K/Z = 2, c th chn y = y
c
= 1 hay y = y
c
= 2 l ti a.

172



Bc th 2 : y
2
= y - y
1

y
2
l gi tr h s c th dng hoc m. Nu l dy qun xp
th y
2
< 0, n v tnh theo s rnh nguyn t.
B rng chi than : Trong dy qun xp n, b rng chi
than lun bng b rng ca phin gp.
S mch nhnh song song : 2a = 2p . y
c

Bc 3: Lp bng b tr cc bi dy
Quy c : S th t cnh trn vit bnh thng, s th t cnh
di vit thm du phy.
Cch lp bng
nh s th t cho cc rnh nguyn t
Cn c theo gi tr y
1
v y
2
lp bng nh sau:
- S th t cnh tc dng trn cng vi y
1

- S th t cnh tc dng di cng vi y
2

Cnh tc dng trn: 1 (1 + y
1
+ y
2
)
+y
1
+y
2

Cnh tc dng di : (1 + y
1
)

173

Ch : Trong qu trnh lp bng, nu s th t rnh l s 0,
s m hoc s dng c gi tr tuyt i ln hn Z
nt
th quy
i gi tr rnh thc nh sau:
S th t l s 0 hay m: S th t rnh thc = S th t
hin c +Z
nt

S th t l s dng ln hn Z
nt
: S th t rnh thc = S
th t hin c -Z
nt

Bc 4: Cn c theo bng b tr dy, v cc bi dy trn s
khai trin.
Ty theo v tr chi than so vi TTHH v v tr tng i gia
rnh v phin gp, v s vi cch u thng ln phin gp.
Cho dng in vo 1 u chi than v ra chi than cn li,
kim tra s mch nhnh song song v cc t to trn dy qun
rotor. Xc nh trc phn chia dng in rotor c trng vi
TTHH hay khng ( xc nh moment quay cc i). Nu cha
trng phi thay i cch u dy ln phin gp.
V d 1: V s khai cho rotor my in DC c Z = 12 rnh, K =
12 phin, 2p = 2, u dy ra thng phin gp.
Gii
Bc 1: Xc nh cc tham s:

174


Z = 12 rnh; K = 12 phin; Dy qun xp n nn Z = K = Z
nt
= 12
Lp t s: m = K/Z = 1
Bc 2: Xc nh cc bc dy qun
Bc th nht:

Chn dy qun bc ngn, ngn hn bc cc 1 rnh thc nn
chn y
1
= 5 rnh lc = 1.
Bc tng hp : y = y
c
= +1 dy qun xp tin.
Bc th 2 : y
2
= y - y
1
= 1 5 = -4 rnh
B rng chi than : Trong dy qun xp n, b rng chi than
lun bng b rng ca phin gp.
S mch nhnh song song : 2a = 2p . y
c
= 2.1 = 2 nhnh
Bc 3: Lp bng b tr cc bi dy
Cnh td trn: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1
+5 -4
Cnh td di: 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5
Qua bng b tr, rt ra nhn xt sau:

175

Vic thnh lp bng b tr s chm dt khi s th t rnh
quay v ng v tr rnh m u, rnh m u thng chn
l 1.
Cc gi tr ca s th t rnh, cha cnh tc dng di ca
bi dy, dng thm du phy pha trn cc s th t.
Cc s th t rnh ln hn gi tr Z
nt
= K = Z c quy v cc
rnh thc trn rotor.
Bc 4: V s khai trin.
Dy qun xp tin, u dy ra thng ln phin gp (hnh 5.17).

Hnh 5.17 S khai trin dy qun xp tin

176


i vi dy qun xp li:
Bc tng hp : y = y
c
= -1 dy qun xp li.
Bc th 2 : y
2
= y - y
1
= -1 5 = -6 rnh
S mch nhnh song song : 2a = 2p . y
c
= 2.1 = 2 nhnh
Bc 3: Lp bng b tr cc bi dy
Cnh td trn: 1 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
+5 -6
Cnh td di: 6 5 4 3 2 1 12 11 10 9 8 7

Hnh 5.18 S khai trin dy qun xp li

177

Bc 4: V s khai trin.
Dy qun xp li, u dy ra thng ln phin gp (hnh 5.18).


Cu hi v bi tp cui chng
1. Trnh by nguyn l{ lm vic ca my pht in v ng c
in mt chiu?
2. Nu cu to ca my in mt chiu?
3. Nu cc i lng nh mc ca my in mt chiu v {
ngha ca chng?
BI TP:
Bi tp 1: My pht in DC c P
m
= 85 kW; U
m
= 230 V; tc
n
m
= 1470 vg/ph; hiu sut
m
= 0,895. Tnh dng in,
tng tn hao cng sut ca ng c s cp ch nh mc.
GII
Dng in nh mc ca my pht:
T cng thc : P
m
= U
m
. I
m
suy ra:


178


Cng sut c ca ng c s cp l:

Tng tn hao cng sut ng c s cp: P = P
c
- P
m
= 95 85
= 10 (kW).
Bi tp 2: My pht in mt chiu c P
m
= 95 kW, U
m
= 115
V, tc n
m
= 2820 vg/ph,
m
= 0,792. ch nh mc,
hy tnh:
1. Cng sut c ca ng c s cp ko my pht.
2. Dng in cung cp cho ti.
3. Mmen c ca ng c s cp ko my pht.
S: a/ 120 kW. b/ I = 826 A. c/ 406 Nm.
Bi tp 3: V s khai trin dy qun rotor ng c DC c:
a. Z = 11; K = 11; 2p = 2
b. Z = 24; K = 24; 2p = 2
c. Z = 12; K = 24; 2p = 2

179

Chng 6
CC LOI KH C IN THNG DNG

Mc tiu: Sau khi kt thc chng 6, sinh vin c kh nng
- Trnh by c khi qut, ng dng ca Aptomat, Contactor.
- Nu c cc yu cu c bn khi s dng i vi kh c in.
- Phn bit c cc loi relay.
- Trnh by c khi qut, ng dng ca kh c in trong
cng nghip v sinh hot.
- Nu c cc yu cu c bn khi s dng i vi kh c in.
- Phn bit c kh c in theo ng chc nng nh: cng
dng, in p, dng in.


6.1 KHI NIM V CC YU CU C BN KH C IN
6.1.1 Khi nim
Kh c in l thit b dng ng, ct, bo v, iu khin v
iu chnh cc li in, mch in, cc loi my in v cc
my trong qu trnh sn xut.

180


Kh c in lm vic lu di trong cc mch dn in, nhit
ca kh c in tng ln, gy tn tht in nng di dng nhit
nng v t nng cc b phn dn in, cch in ca kh c. V
vy, kh c in lm vic c trong mi ch , nhit
ca cc b phn phi khng qu nhng gi tr cho phpm vic
an ton, lu di.
6.1.2 Phn loi, cc yu cu c bn ca kh c in
6.1.2.1 Phn loi
Kh c in c phn ra cc loi sau:
- Kh c in dng ng ct cc mch in: Cu dao, My
ct, Aptmat
- Kh c in dng m my: Cng tc t, Khi ng t, B
khng ch ch huy
- Dng bo v ngn mch ca li in: Cu ch, Aptmat,
Cc loi my ct, Relay nhit
6.1.2.2 Cc yu cu c bn ca kh c in
m bo an ton cho cc thit b in, tin cy ca kh c
in, cn m bo mt s yu cu:

181

- Kh c in m bo lm vic lu di vi cc thng s k thut
trng thi lm vic nh mc: U
m
, I
m
.
- n nh nhit, in ng, c cng c kh cao khi qu ti,
khi ngn mch. Vt liu cch in tt, khng b chc thng khi
qu dng.
- Kh c in lm vic chc chn, an ton khi lm vic.
6.2 NT NHN
6.2.1 Khi qut v cng dng
Nt nhn cn gi l nt iu khin, l mt loi kh c in dng
ng ngt t xa cc thit b in t khc nhau: cc dng c
bo hiu v cng chuyn i mch in iu khin, tn hiu
lin ng bo v mch in mt chiu in p n 440V v
mch in xoay chiu in p 500V, tn s 50Hz, 60Hz, nt
nhn thng dng khi ng, o chiu quay ng c in
bng cch ng v ngt cc cun dy ca Contactor ni cho
ng c.
Nt nhn thng c t trn bng iu khin, t in,
trn hp nt nhn. Nt nhn thng c nghin cu, ch to
lm vic trong mi trng khng m t, khng c hi ho
cht v bi bn.

182



Nt nhn c th bn ti 1.000.000 ln ng khng ti v
200.000 ln ng ngt c ti. Khi thao tc nhn nt cn phi
dt khot m hoc ng mch in.
6.2.2 Phn loi v cu to
6.2.2.1 Cu to:
Nt nhn gm h thng l xo, h thng cc tip im thng
h- thng ng v v bo v. Khi tc ng vo nt nhn, cc
tip im chuyn trng thi: khi khng cn tc ng, cc tip
im tr v trng thi ban u.
K{ hiu:

6.2.2.2 Phn loi: Nt nhn c phn loi theo cc yu t sau.
- Phn loi theo chc nng trng thi hot ng ca nt nhn:
Hnh 6.1 Hnh dng mt s nt nhn
Hnh 6.2 a. K hiu nt nhn n b. Nt nhn kp

183

+ Nt nhn n: Nt nhn ch c mt trng thi (ON hoc OFF).
+ Nt nhn kp: Nt nhn c hai trng thi (ON v OFF)
- Phn loi theo hnh dng bn ngoi, chia nt nhn ra 4 loi:
Loi h; Loi bo v; Loi bo v chng nc v chng bi; Loi
bo v khi n.
Nt nhn kiu bo v chng nc, c t trong mt hp kn
trnh nc lt vo. Nt nhn kiu chng n, dng trong cc
hm l, m than hoc ni c cc kh n ln trong khng kh.
Cu to ca n c bit kn, khng lt c tia la ra ngoi v
c bit vng chc khng b ph v khi n.
- Theo yu cu iu khin, chia nt nhn ra 3 loi: mt nt, hai
nt, ba nt.
- Theo kt cu bn trong: Nt nhn loi c n bo. Nt nhn
loi khng c n bo.
6.2.3 Cc thng s k thut ca nt nhn
U
m
: in p nh mc ca nt nhn.
I
m
: dng in nh mc ca nt nhn.

Tr s in p nh mc ca nt nhn thng c gi tr 500V.
Tr s dng in nh mc ca nt nhn thng c gi tr 5A.

184


6.3 CU CH BO V
6.3.1 Chc nng
Cu ch l loi kh c dng bo v ngn mch cho thit b
in, trnh li in khi dng ngn mch (hay cn gi l on
mch, chp mch). Trong , vic chy ca mt hay nhiu dy
chy lm h mch v ngt dng in nu dng in vt qu
gi tr t trong khong thi gian cho.
6.3.2 Phn loi cu ch
Cc cu ch c phn lai theo hnh thc s dng v cu to.
Phn loi theo hnh thc s dng:
- Cu ch bo v qu ti (theo tiu chun IEC, c k hiu bng
ch g u): cu ch thng dng c th dn dng in t ti
thiu n gi tr nh mc, c th ct dng in t gi tr ct ti
thiu v ti kh nng ct nh mc ca chng.
- Cu ch d phng (theo tiu chun IEC, c k{ hiu bng ch
a u): c th dn dng ti dng in nh mc v ch c th
ct khi dng in qu ti nng n hoc ngn mch.
- Ngoi ra, cc cu ch cn c phn loi theo thit b c n
bo v:

185

+ bo v cho cp v ng dy - L
+ bo v ng c, my ct - M
+ bo v linh kin bn dn - R
+ bo v my bin p - Tr
V d:
- Cu ch gL l cu ch bo v qu ti cho ng dy
- Cu ch aM l cu ch d phng bo v ngn mch cho ng
c hoc my bin p.
Phn loi theo cu to: Theo cu to ca cu ch c th chia
thnh cc dng nh:
- Cu ch loi h.
- Cu ch loi vn.
- Loi hp.
- Loi kn trong ng.
6.3.3 Kt cu ca cu ch
Cu ch thng c cu to bi hai phn c bn: hp hay
cu ch v ng dy chy. Hnh 6.3 m t mt s dng kt cu
ca cu ch h p v cao p. Hnh (a), (b) l kt cu ca cu ch
dng bo v thit b in lp t trong cc t iu khin; (c),(d)

186


dng cu ch trung p c lp kt hp vi dao cch ly; (e), (f)
cu to bn trong ca ng ch v chi tit g lp cu ch ln .
ng dy chy thng c cu to v ngoi lm bng nha
bakelik hoc s cch in. Trong v l dy chy l thnh phn
chnh ca cu ch. Dy chy thng c lm bng cc kim loi
c nhit nng chy thp nhng c nhit ha hi tng
i cao. Trn dy chy c dp l hoc rnh to tit din
khng ng nht.
Vi nhng dy chy trong mch c dng in lm vic ln, c
th lm bng cc cht c nhit nng chy cao nhng tit
din nh thch hp.

Hnh 6.3 Hnh dng, kt cu mt s loi cu ch

187

Dy chy thng l dy ch tit din trn hoc bng cc l ch,
km, hp kim ch thic, nhm hay ng c dp, ct theo cc
hnh dng nh hnh 6.4. Dy chy c kp cht bng vt vo
cu ch, c np cch in trnh h quang pht ra xung
quanh khi t dy chy.
6.3.4 La chn cu ch
c tnh c bn ca dy chy l c tnh thi gian - dng in
(A-s) nh ng 1 hnh 6.4. Dng in qua dy chy cng ln,
thi gian chy t cng nh. bo v c i tng cn
bo v vi mt dng in no trong mch, dy chy phi
t trc khi i tng b ph hy. Do , ng c tnh A - s
ca dy chy l ng 1 phi nm di c tnh ca i tng
cn bo v (ng 2).
Thc t, dy chy
thng c c tnh nh
ng 3. Nh vy,
trong min qu ti ln,
ng 3 thp hn
ng 2, cu ch bo
v c i tng.
Hnh 6.4 Mt s hnh dng dy chy l, v
c tnh A-s ca dy chy

188


Ngc li, trong min qu ti nh (1,52)I
m
, cu ch khng bo
v c i tng, trng hp ny dng qu ti nh, s pht
nng ca dy chy ta ra mi trng l ch yu nn khng
lm chy dy.
Tr s dng in m dy chy t, c gi l dng in gii
hn. Nh vy, cn c dng in gii hn ln hn dng in
nh mc (I
gh
> I
m
),

dy chy khng b t khi lm vic vi
dng in nh mc.
- i vi dy chy ch: I
gh
/I
m
= (1,25 1,45)
- Dy chy hp kim ch thic: I
gh
/I
m
= 1,15
- Dy chy ng: I
gh
/I
m
= (1,6 2)
Khi la chn cu ch, cn ch { n cc thng s nh mc sau:
in p nh mc U
mcc
U
mli
.
Dng in nh mc I
m
I
lvmax
.
Kh nng ct (dng ngn mch) nh mc.
c tnh ampe - giy v kh nng hn ch dng in ca
cu ch (theo hnh 6.4).
Ngoi ra khi la chn cu ch phi xt n cc kh nng sau:
Khi la chn cu ch bo v t in v my bin p, cn tnh
n dng in qu . Trong thit b t in, dng nh mc ti

189

thiu ca dy chy bng 1,6 ln dng nh mc ca t, tnh
n s iu ha li in v s tng in p.
Khi chn cu ch bo v ng c, cn ch { n dng khi ng
ca ng c v thi gian khi ng. Ngoi ra, cng cn ch {
n tn s khi ng, nu tn s qu cao cc cu ch khng th
ngui gia cc ln ng ct.
Khi la chn cu ch, chng c in p nh mc v tr s dng
in khc nhau, khi kch thc cu cng ch khc nhau.
6.4 CU DAO
6.4.1 Khi qut v cng dng
Cu dao l mt kh c in dng ng ct mch in bng
tay, c s dng trong cc mch in c ngun di 500V,
dng in nh mc c th ln ti vi KA.
Khi thao tc ng ngt mch in, cn m bo an ton cho
thit b in. Bn cnh , cn c bin php dp tt h quang,
tc di chuyn li dao cng nhanh, h quang ko di nhanh,
thi gian dp tt h quang cng ngn. V vy, khi ng ngt
mch in, cu dao cn phi thc hin mt cch dt khot.
Thng thng, cu dao c b tr i cng vi cu ch bo
v ngn mch cho mch in.

190



6.4.2 Cu to, nguyn l hot ng v phn loi
6.4.2.1 Cu to
Phn chnh ca cu dao l li dao 1 v h thng kp li 2,
c lm bng hp kim ca ng, ngoi ra b phn ni dy
cng lm bng hp kim ng.
6.4.2.2 Nguyn l hot ng ca cu dao
Khi thao tc trn cu dao, nh vo li dao 1 v h thng kp
li 2, mch in c ng ngt (hnh 6.6).
Trong qu trnh ngt mch, cu
dao thng xy ra h quang ti
u li dao v im tip xc trn
h thng li kp. Ngi s dng
cn phi ko li dao ra khi kp
nhanh dp tt h quang.
Hnh 6.5 Mt s loi cu dao 1 pha, 3 pha
Hnh 6.6 Cu to ca cu dao
1. Li dao; 2. Ngm (kp)

191

Do tc ko bng tay khng th nhanh c nn ngi ta
lm thm li dao ph 3. Lc dn in th li dao ph 3 cng
li dao chnh 1 c kp trong ngm 2 (hnh 6.7).
Khi ngt in, tay ko li
dao chnh 1 trc cn li
dao ph 3 c ko cng ra
v ti mt mc no s
bt nhanh ko li dao ph
3 ra khi ngm 2 mt cch
nhanh chng. Do , h
quang c ko di nhanh
v h quang b dp tt trong
thi gian ngn.
6.4.2.3 Phn loi
Phn loi cu dao da vo cc yu t sau:
- Theo kt cu: cu dao c chia lm loi mt cc, hai cc, ba
cc hoc bn cc.
- Cu dao c tay nm gia hoc tay bn. Ngoi ra cn c
cu dao mt ng, hai ng c dng o ngun cung cp
cho mch v o chiu quay ng c.
Hnh 6.7 Cu dao c li dao ph
1. Li chnh; 2. Ngm (kp);
3. Li ph;

192


- Theo in p nh mc: 250V, 500V.
- Theo dng in nh mc: dng in nh mc ca cu dao
c cho trc bi nh sn xut (thng l cc loi 10A, 15A,
20A, 25A, 30A, 60A, 75A, 100A, 150A, 200A, 600A, 1000A...).
- Theo vt liu cch in: c loi s, nha, .
- Theo iu kin bo v: loi c np v khng c np (loi khng
c np c t trong hp hay t iu khin).
- Theo yu cu s dng: loi cu dao c cu ch bo v ngn
mch hoc khng c cu ch bo v.
K{ hiu cu dao khng c cu ch bo v:

K{ hiu cu dao c cu ch bo v:

6.4.2.4 Cc thng s nh mc ca cu dao
Chn cu dao theo dng in nh mc v in p nh mc:

193

Gi I
tt
l dng in tnh ton ca mch in.
U
ngun
l in p ngun ca li in s dng.
I
mcu dao
= I
tt

U
mcu dao
= U
ngun
6.5 CU DAO NGT T NG (CB -CIRCUIT BREAKER)
6.5.1 Khi nim v yu cu
CB (c vit tt t danh t Circuit Breaker), l kh c in
dng ng, ngt mch in (mt pha, ba pha); c cng dng
bo v qu ti, ngn mch, st p... mch in.

Chn CB phi tho mn ba yu cu sau:
- Ch lm vic nh mc ca CB phi l ch lm vic di
hn, ngha l tr s dng in nh mc chy qua CB lu tuz {.
Mt khc, mch dng in ca CB phi chu c dng in ln
(khi c ngn mch), lc cc tip im ca n hay ang ng.
Hnh 6.8 Mt s loi CB trong thc t

194


- CB phi ngt c tr s dng in ngn mch ln, c th vi
chc KA. Sau khi ngt dng in ngn mch, CB m bo vn
lm vic tt tr s dng in nh mc.
- nng cao tnh n nh nhit v in ng ca cc thit b
in, hn ch s ph hoi do dng in ngn mch gy ra, CB
phi c thi gian ct b. Mun vy thng phi kt hp lc
thao tc c hc vi thit b dp h quang bn trong CB.
6.5.2 Cu to v nguyn l hot ng
6.5.2.1 Cu to
Tip im
CB thng c ch to c hai cp tip im (tip im chnh
v h quang), hoc ba cp tip im (chnh, ph, h quang).

Hnh 6.9 Cu to bn trong ca mt CB thng dng
1. V hp; 2. Tip im; 3. Bung dp h quang;
4. C cu tc ng c kh; 5. Mc bo v

195

Khi ng mch, tip im h quang ng trc, tip theo l
tip im ph, sau cng l tip im chnh. Khi ct mch th
ngc li, tip im chnh m trc, sau n tip im ph,
cui cng l tip im h quang. Nh vy, h quang ch chy
trn tip im h quang, do , bo v c tip im chnh
dn in. Dng thm tip im ph trnh h quang chy
lan vo lm h hi tip im chnh.
Hp dp h quang
CB dp c h quang trong tt c cc ch lm vic ca
li in, thng dng hai kiu thit b dp h quang l: Kiu
na kn v kiu h.
Kiu na kn c t
trong v kn ca CB v c
l thot kh, loi ny c
dng in gii hn ct
khng qu 50KA. Kiu h
c dng khi gii hn
dng in ct ln hn 50KA hoc in p ln 1000V (cao p).
Trong bung dp h quang thng dng, dng nhng tm thp
xp thnh li ngn, phn chia h quang thnh nhiu on
ngn thun li cho vic dp tt h quang.
Hnh 6.10 Cu trc ca bung dp h quang

196


C cu truyn ng ct CB
Truyn ng ct thng c hai cch: Bng tay v bng in t.
iu khin bng tay, c thc hin vi cc CB c dng in
nh mc khng ln hn 600A. iu khin bng in t (nam
chm in), c dng cc CB c dng in ln (n 1000A).
tng lc iu khin bng tay, dng mt tay di ph theo
nguyn l{ n by. Ngoi ra, cn c cch iu khin bng ng
c in hoc bng kh nn.
Mc bo v
CB t ng ct nh cc phn t bo v, gi l mc bo v, s
tc ng khi mch in c s c qu dng in (qu ti hay
ngn mch) v st p.
Mc bo v qu dng in (cn gi l bo v dng in cc
i), bo v thit b in khng b qu ti v ngn mch,
ng thi gian dng in (c tnh A-s) ca mc bo v phi
nm di ng c tnh ca i tng cn bo v. Thng
dng h thng in t v relay nhit lm mc bo v, t bn
trong CB.
Mc kiu in t c cun dy mc ni tip vi mch chnh,
cun dy ny c qun tit din ln chu dng ti v t vng.

197

Khi dng in vt qu tr s cho php, phn ng b ht v mc
s dp vo khp ri t do, lm tip im ca CB m ra.
iu chnh vt thay i
lc khng l xo, c th iu
chnh c tr s dng in
t ng. gi thi gian
trong bo v qu ti kiu
in t, thm mt c cu
gi thi gian.
Mc kiu relay nhit n gin hn c (hnh 6.11), c kt cu
tng t nh mt relay nhit c phn t pht nng u ni
tip vi mch in chnh, tm kim loi kp dn n lm nh
khp ri t do m tip im ca CB khi c qu ti. Kiu ny
c nhc im l qun tnh nhit ln nn khng ngt nhanh
c dng in tng vt khi c ngn mch, do , ch bo v
c dng in qu ti. V vy, thng s dng tng hp c
mc kiu in t v mc kiu relay nhit trong mt CB. Loi ny
c dng CB c dng in nh mc n 600A.
Mc bo v st p (cn gi l bo v in p thp) cng thng
dng kiu in t. Cun dy mc song song vi mch in
Hnh 6.11 C cu mc bo v trong CB

198


chnh, cun dy ny c qun t vng vi dy tit din nh
chu in p ngun.
6.5.2.2 Nguyn l hot ng
S nguyn l ca CB dng in cc i (hnh 6.12)
trng thi bnh
thng sau khi ng
in, CB c gi
trng thi ng tip
im nh mc 2 khp
vi mc 3 cng mt
cm vi tip im ng.
Bt CB trng thi ON, vi dng in nh mc, nam chm
in 5 v phn ng 4 khng ht.
Khi mch in qu ti hay ngn mch, lc ht in t nam
chm in 5 ln hn lc l xo 6 lm cho nam chm in 5 s
ht phn ng 4 xung lm bt nh mc 3, mc 2 c th t
do, l xo 1 c th lng, kt qu cc tip im ca CB c
m ra, mch in b ngt.


Hnh 6.12 S CB dng in cc i

199

S nguyn l CB in p thp (hnh 6.13)
Bt CB trng thi ON, vi in p nh mc, nam chm in
11 v phn ng 10 ht li vi nhau.
Khi st p qu mc,
nam chm in 11
s nh phn ng
10, l xo 9 ko mc
8 bt ln, mc 7 th
t do, l xo 1 c
th lng, kt qu
cc tip im ca
CB c m ra, mch in b ngt.
6.5.3 Phn loi v cch la chn CB
Theo kt cu, chia CB ra lm ba loi: mt cc, hai cc v ba cc.
Theo thi gian thao tc, chia CB ra hai loi: tc ng khng tc
thi v loi tc ng tc thi (nhanh).
Tuz theo cng dng bo v, chia CB ra cc loi: CB cc i theo
dng in, CB cc tiu theo in p, CB dng in ngc...
Vic la chn CB ch yu da vo:
- Dng in tnh ton i trong mch.
Hnh 6.13 S CB in p thp

200


- Dng in qu ti.
- CB thao tc phi c tnh chn lc.
Ngoi ra, khi la chn CB cn phi cn c vo c tnh lm vic
ca ph ti, tc l CB khng c php ct khi c qu ti ngn
hn thng xy ra trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng nh:
dng in khi ng, dng in nh trong ph ti cng ngh.
Yu cu chung l dng in nh mc ca mc bo v I
CB
khng
c b hn dng in tnh ton I
tt
ca mch.
Tuz theo c tnh v iu kin lm vic c th ca ph ti,
hng dn la chn dng in nh mc ca mc bo v bng
125%, 150% hay ln hn na so vi dng in tnh ton.
6.6 THIT B CHNG DNG IN R
6.6.1 Khi nim
C th ngi rt nhy cm vi dng in, v d: dng in nh
hn 10mA, ngi c cm gic kim chm; ln hn 10mA th cc
c bp co qup; dng in n 30mA a n tnh trng co
tht, ngt th v t vong.
Khi thit b in b h hng, r in, chm mt, ngi s dng
tip xc vo s nhn dng in i qua ngi xung t in

201

p ngun. Trong trng hp ny, CB v cu ch khng th tc
ng ngt ngun in, gy nguy him cho ngi s dng.
Nu trong mch in c s dng thit b chng dng in r,
ngi s dng s trnh c tai nn do thit b ny ngt ngun
in ngay khi dng in r xut hin.
6.6.2 Cu to v nguyn l hot ng
6.6.2.1 Cu to
Thit b chng dng in r hot ng trn nguyn l{ bo v so
lch, c thc hin trn c s cn bng gia tng dng in
vo v tng dng in i ra thit b tiu th in. Khi thit b
tiu th in b r in, mt phn ca dng in c r nhnh
xung t, l dng in r.
Khi c dng in v theo ng dy trung tnh rt nh, relay so
lch s d tm s mt cn bng ny, iu khin ct mch in
nh thit b bo v so lch.
Thit b bo v so lch gm hai phn t chnh:
- Mch in t dng hnh xuyn, trn c qun cc cun
dy ca phn cng sut (dy c tit din ln), chu dng cung
cp cho thit b tiu th in.

202


- Relay m mch cung cp, c iu khin bi cun dy o
lng (dy c tit din b), cng c t trn hnh xuyn ny,
n tc ng ngt cc cc.
6.6.2.2 Nguyn l hot ng
i vi h thng in mt pha (hnh 6.14)
Ch thch:
- I
1
: Dng in i vo thit b
tiu th in.
- I
2
: Dng in i t thit b
tiu th in ra.
- I
sc
: Dng in s c.
- I
n
: Dng in i qua c th
ngi.
- 1: Thit b o lng s cn
bng.
- 2: C cu nh.
- 3: Li t hnh vnh xuyn.
Trng hp thit b in khng c s c: I
1
= I
2

Trng hp s c: I
sc
= I
1
- I
2

Hnh 6.14 Bo v dng in r
trong h thng in mt pha

203

I
1
- I
2
do xut hin mt s cn bng trong hnh xuyn t, dn
n cm ng mt dng in trong cun dy d tm, a n
tc ng relay v kt qu lm m mch in.
i vi h thng in ba pha (hnh 6.15)
Ch thch:
- I
1
: Dng in i qua pha 1.
- I
2
: Dng in i qua pha 2.
- I
3
: Dng in i qua pha 3.
- I
0
: Dng in i qua dy trung
tnh.
- 1: C cu nh.
- 2: Li t hnh vnh xuyn.
Trng hp thit b in khng c s c: I
1
= I
2
= I
3
= I
0
= 0, t
thng tng trong mch t hnh xuyn bng 0. Do s khng
c dng in cm ng trong cun dy d tm.
Trng hp thit b c s c: I
1
- I
2
- I
3
- I
0
= 0, t thng tng
trong mch t hnh xuyn khng bng 0, do s c dng in
cm ng trong cun dy d tm. Vy cun dy d tm s tc
ng m cc cc in.
Hnh 6.15 Bo v dng in
r h thng in ba pha

204


6.6.3 S tc ng ca thit b chng dng in r (RCD)
S tc ng tin cy ca RCD
- RCD tc ng nhy v tin cy.
- Dng in tc ng r thc t, lun thp hn dng tc ng
r danh nh (ghi trn nhn hiu ca RCD), khong 20 40% khi
dng in r xut hin tng dn hay t ngt.
- Thi gian tc ng thc t, u nh hn thi gian tc ng
c nh sn xut quy nh, (ghi trn nhn hiu) khong 20
80%. Thng thng, thi gian tc ng ct mch c ghi
trn nhn hiu ca RCD l 0,1s v thi gian tc ng ct mch
thc t nm trong khong 0,02 0,08s.
S tc ng c tnh chn lc ca RCD bo v h thng
in s in
- Khi xut hin dng in r ln on ng dy in
hoc ph ti, RCD c lp t gn nht s tc ng ct mch,
tch on dy hoc ph ti b r in ra khi h thng cung cp
in. Nh vy, m bo tnh chn lc, vic cung cp in khng
nh hng n phn cn li.
- Nu RCD lp t khng ng yu cu k thut, RCD s
khng tc ng ct mch khi xut hin dng in r phn

205

ng dy hay ph ti tng ng vi chng, hoc tc ng
khng ng yu cu ra.
Kh nng chn lc tng hp
Kh nng chn lc tng hp l nhm loi tr duy nht thit b
c s c. t c kh nng ny, tho mn hai iu kin:
- Dng in so lch d nh mc ca RCD pha trn, phi c gi
tr ln hn dng in so lch d nh mc ca RCD pha di.
- Thi gian ti thiu khng lm vic ca RCD pha trn, phi c
gi tr ln hn ca RCD pha di.
Kh nng chn lc tng phn
Tnh chn lc c gi l tng phn v n khng tip nhn i
vi mt s gi tr dng in s c. Tnh chn lc c tho mn
khi cc h qu ca mt s s c c th ko theo ngt in tng
phn hay ngt in ton b h thng cung cp in.
6.7 CONTACTOR
6.7.1 Khi nim v cng dng
Contactor l kh c in, ng ct nh lc ht ca cun dy.
Contactor c th ng c dng in khng ti, dng nh
mc hay dng khi ng ca ng c.

206



6.7.2 Cu to v nguyn l lm vic
Contactor c hnh dng bn ngoi nh hnh 6.16.
6.7.2.1 Cun dy v mch t: V nguyn l{, contactor c cu
to c bn (hnh 6.17) gm: cun dy v mch t, h thng tip
im chnh v bung dp h quang, h thng tip im ph.

Hnh 6.16 Mt s contactor ng dng trong cng nghip
Hnh 6.17 Nguyn l cu to ca cotactor

207

Cun dy v mch t c th s dng in p mt chiu hoc
xoay chiu, c kt cu tng i ging nhau. Nhng cc mch
t xoay chiu, trn cc mt cc t c thm vng ngn mch c
tc dng chng rung.
Mch t ca cotactor gm hai phn: phn tnh c gn c
nh ln , phn ng c mang h thng tip im ng, nh
l xo phn hi y ln, nn v tr ban u ng vi mch t h v
cc tip im chnh v tr thng h (NO). Khi c dng in
chy vo cun dy contactor, do lc ht in t nn mch t
tnh b ht v lm cho mch t khp kn v mang theo h thng
cc tip im ng lm cc tip im chnh ng li.
6.7.2.2 Cc tip im chnh v bung dp h quang
Tip im chnh ca contactor khi lm vic, phi chu c
dng in nh mc, dng in qu ti, ngn mch trong thi
gian ngn. Ngoi ra, cng phi ct c dng in c ti, qu
ti nn thng c trang b bung dp h quang. Dng in
nh mc ca contactor c th ln n vi nghn A.
Bung dp h quang cc contactor h p, thng dng phng
php chia ct h quang, c th kt hp vi vic thi h quang
bng t trng, do kt cu ca cc vch ngn bng vt liu st

208


t. in p cao, bung dp h quang c th s dng phng
php dp h quang trong chn khng, trong du, kh p sut
cao,
6.7.2.3 H thng tip im ph
thun tin cho vic phi hp iu khin, cc contactor cn
c trang b cc tip im ph, cc tip im ny ch c th
ng ct mch iu khin, lm tn hiu cho cc thit b iu
khin t ng, cnh bo, c hai loi tip im ph: tip im
thng ng (NC) v tip im thng h (NO).
6.7.3 La chn contactor
La chn contactor cn ch { n cc tham s sau:
in p nh mc: U
mCTT
: l in p ca mch in tng
ng m tip im chnh phi ng ngt, chnh l in p t
vo hai u cun dy ca nam chm in sao cho mch t
ht li. Cun dy ht c th lm vic bnh thng in p
trong gii hn (85 105)% in p nh mc ca cun dy,
thng s ny c ghi trn nhn t hai u cun dy
Contactor, c cc cp in p nh mc: 110V, 220V, 440V
mt chiu v 127V, 220V, 380V, 500V xoay chiu.
U
mCTT
U
L
(U
L
l in p li in s dng).

209

Dng nh mc: I
mCTT
: l dng in nh mc i qua tip
im chnh trong ch lm vic lu di. Dng in nh
mc ca Contactor h p thng dng c cc cp l: 10A, 20A,
25A, 40A, 60A, 75A, 100A, 150A, 250A, 300A, 600A. Nu t
trong t in th dng in nh mc phi ly thp hn 10%
v lm km mt, dng in cho php qua Contactor cn phi
ly thp hn na trong ch lm vic di hn. I
mCTT
I
t
(I
t
:
dng in ti).
Kh nng ct v kh nng ng:
Kh nng ct: t bi s n 10 ln dng in nh mc
vi ph ti in cm.
Kh nng ng: dng khi ng ng c in cn phi
c kh nng ng t 4 n 7 ln I
m
.
Tn s thao tc: L s ln ng ct Contactor trong mt gi:
C cc cp: 30, 100, 120, 150, 300, 600, 1200, 1500 ln/gi.
Tnh n nh lc in ng: Tip im chnh ca Contactor
cho php mt dng in ln i qua (khong 10 ln dng
in nh mc) m lc in ng khng lm tch ri tip
im th Contactor c tnh n nh lc in ng.

210


Tnh n nh nhit: Contactor c tnh n nh nhit ngha l
khi c dng in ngn mch chy qua trong mt khong thi
gian cho php, tip im khng b nng chy v hn dnh li.
Cc thng s trn u ghi trn nhn hoc trong cataloge ca
nh sn sut Contactor. Thng cc contactor c sn xut
theo tiu chun IEC 947-4-1. V vy, khi chn la cotactor, cn
ch { chn theo iu kin vn hnh.
Tiu chun IEC 947-4-1 qui nh hnh thc s dng contactor
mt chiu v xoay chiu theo iu kin vn hnh nh sau:
Loi s dng dng in xoay chiu.
- Loi AC1: c dng cho nhng thit b v kh c in, cc h
tiu th s dng dng in xoay chiu, m h s cng sut t
nht phi bng 0,95 (cos 0,95). V d, dng cho nhng in
tr dng si m hay li phn phi c h s cng sut ln
hn 0,95.
- Loi AC3: c dng cho nhng ng c lng sc. Khi ng,
contactor thit lp dng in khi ng c tr s t 5 n 7 ln
dng in nh mc ca ng c. Khi m, contactor s ct dng
in nh mc cung cp cho ng c. thi im , in p

211

nhng cc ca contactor bin ng cn khong 20% in p
ca li in, vic ct c tin hnh d dng.
V d s dng: tt c nhng ng c lng sc thng dng trong
cu trc, thang my, bng chuyn, cn cu, my nn,
bm v my iu ha nhit vv...
- Loi AC4 v AC2: c dng cho nhng h tiu th m ng
c dng dng ngc hm c ph ti lm vic gin on, s
dng ng c lng sc hay qun dy. Contactor ny c ng
li thi im m cng c th t t 5-7 ln dng in
nh mc ca ng c. Khi ct, c th ct dng in nh mc
vi in p bng in p li in, vic ct tng i kh khn.
V d s dng: ng c my in, my nng hng, trong cng
nghip luyn kim.
Loi s dng i vi dng in mt chiu.
- Loi DC1: c dng cho tt c thit b v kh c in, hoc
cc h tiu th s dng dng in mt chiu m hng s thi
gian (L/R) b hn hay bng 1ms (hay ni cch khc, nhng h
tiu th, ph ti khng c tnh cm ng hay cm ng b, v d
cc l in tr).

212


- Loi DC2: c s dng i vi ng c mt chiu kch thch
song song. Hng s thi gian l khong 7,5ms. Khi ng,
contactor ny thit lp dng in khi ng trong khong 2,5
ln dng in nh mc. Khi m, contactor s ct dng in
nh mc ca ng c. Vic ct tng i d dng hn.
- Loi DC3: Loi ny chi phi s khi ng, phanh dng in
ngc hay c ph ti lm vic gin on, hng s thi gian
2ms. Khi ng, contactor thit lp dng in khi ng gn
bng 2,5 ln dng in nh mc ca ng c. Khi m, phi ct
dng in gp 2,5 ln dng in khi ng mt in p ti a
bng in p ca li in. Loi ny dng cho khi ng ng
c kch t song song vi ph ti lm vic gin on v dng cho
vic i chiu quay ca ng c.
- Loi DC4: Dng khi khi ng ng ng c kch t ni tip,
hng s thi gian 10ms. Khi ng, contactor thit lp dng in
khi ng gp 2,5 ln dng in nh mc ca ng c. Khi m,
n ct mt phn ba (1/3) dng nh mc c tiu th bi
ng c thi im ny. in p nhng cc ca chng l
khong 20% in p ca li in. loi DC4 s ln thao tc
trong mt gi c th cao hn. Vic ct tng i d dng hn.

213

- Loi DC5: Dng khi ng ng c kch t ni tip, ph ti lm
vic gin on hoc phanh dng in ngc. Hng s thi gian
7,5ms. Contactor ng thi im m cng dng in
c th t n 2,5 ln dng in nh mc ca ng c. Khi ct,
contactor s ct dng in c cng cng v in p c
th bng in p ca li in. Vic ct tng i kh khn
hn. C th dng trong trng hp cn o chiu quay ca
ng c.
6.8 RELAY IU KHIN V BO V
6.8.1 Khi qut v phn loi
Relay v kh c in dng t ng ng, ct mch iu
khin, bo v v iu khin s lm vic ca mch in.
C nhiu cch phn loi relay:
Phn loi theo nguyn l{ lm vic c: Relay in t; Relay
in ng; Relay t in; Relay cm ng; Relay nhit;
Relay bn dn v vi mch.

Hnh 6.18 Mt s loi Relay trong cng nghip v dn dng

214


Phn loi theo vai tr v i lng tc ng ca relay c:
Relay trung gian; Relay thi gian; Relay nhit; Relay tc ;
Relay dng in; Relay in p; Relay cng sut; Relay
tng tr; Relay tn s...
Phn loi theo dng in c: Relay dng in mt chiu;
Relay dng in xoay chiu.
Phn loi theo gi tr v chiu ca i lng i vo Relay:
Relay cc i; Relay cc tiu; Relay sai lch; Relay hng...
6.8.2 Relay trung gian
6.8.2.1 Khi nim v cu to
Relay trung gian l mt kh c in, dng trong lnh vc iu
khin t ng. Relay trung gian ng vai tr iu khin trung
gian gi cc thit b iu khin (Contactor, Relay thi gian...).
Relay trung gian gm: Mch t ca nam chm in, h thng
tip im chu dng in nh (5A), v bo v v cc chn ra
tip im.

Hnh 6.19 Mt s loi Relay trung gian

215

6.8.2.2 Nguyn l hot ng
Nguyn l{ hot ng ca Relay trung gian tng t nh nguyn
l{ hot ng ca Contactor. Khi cp in p bng gi tr in p
nh mc vo hai u cun dy ca Relay trung gian (ghi trn
nhn), lc in t ht mch t kn li, h thng tip im
chuyn i trng thi v duy tr trng thi ny (tip im
thng ng h ra, tip im thng h ng li). Khi ngng
cp ngun, mch t h, h thng tip im tr v trng thi
ban u.
Khc bit gia Contactor v Relay c th tm lc nh sau:
- Trong Relay ch c duy nht mt loi tip im c kh nng ti
dng in nh, s dng cho mch iu khin (tip im ph).
- Trong Relay cng c cc loi tip im thng ng v tip
im thng h, tuy nhin cc tip im khng c bung dp
h quang (khc vi h thng tip im chnh trong Contactor
hay CB).
Cc k{ hiu dng cho Relay trung gian:
Trong qu trnh lp rp cc mch iu khin dng Relay hay
trong mt s mch in t cng nghip, thng gp cc k{ hiu
sau y (hnh 6.20):

216


- K{ hiu SPDT: K{ hiu ny
c vit tt t thut ng
SING POLE DOUBLE THROW.
Relay mang k{ hiu ny c
mt cp tip im, gm tip
im thng ng v
thng h, cp tip im ny c mt u chung.
- K{ hiu SPST: K{ hiu ny c vit tt t thut ng SING
POLE SINGE THROW, Relay mang k{ hiu ny gm c mt tip
im thng h.
- K{ hiu DPST: vit tt t thut ng DOUBLE POLE SINGE
THROW, Relay ny gm c hai tip im thng h.
Ngoi ra, cc Relay khi c lp ghp trong t iu khin
thng c lp trn cc chn ra. Tuz theo s lng chn ra
c cc ku khc nhau: 8 chn, 11 chn, 14 chn...
6.8.3 Relay thi gian
6.8.3.1 Khi nim
Relay thi gian l mt kh c in dng trong lnh vc iu
khin t ng, vi vai tr iu khin trung gian gia cc thit b
iu khin theo thi gian nh trc.
Hnh 6.20 K hiu cc loi Rle

217

Relay thi gian gm: Mch t ca nam chm in, b nh thi
gian lm bng linh kin in t, h thng tip im chu dng
in nh (5A), v bo v cc chn ra tip im.

Ty theo yu cu s dng khi lp rp h thng mch iu khin
truyn ng, c hai loi Relay thi gian: Relay thi gian ON
DELAY, Relay thi gian OFF DELAY.
6.8.3.2 Relay thi gian ON DELAY.
K hiu:
- Cun dy Relay thi gian: hoc
in p t vo hai u cun dy Relay thi gian c ghi trn
nhn, thng thng 110V, 220V...
- Thng ng:
- Thng m:

Hnh 6.21 Cc loi Relay thi gian

218


- H thng tip im:
Tip im tc ng khng tnh thi gian: Tip im ny hot
ng tng t cc tip im ca Relay trung gian.
Tip im tc ng c tnh thi gian, gm c:
- Tip im thng m, ng chm, m nhanh:
- Tip im thng ng, m chm, ng nhanh:

Nguyn l hot ng:
Khi cp ngun vo cun dy ca Relay thi gian ON DELAY, cc
tip im khng tnh thi gian chuyn i trng thi tc thi
(thng ng h ra, thng h ng li).
Cc tip im c tnh
thi gian khng i,
sau khong thi gian
nh trc, cc tip
im c tnh thi gian
s chuyn trng thi
Hnh 6.22 S chn ca Relay thi gian ON
DELAY

219

v duy tr trng thi ny.
Khi ngng cp ngun vo cun dy, tt c cc tip im tc
thi tr v trng thi ban u.
6.8.3.3 Relay thi gian OFF DELAY
K hiu:
- Cun dy Relay thi gian:
in p t vo hai u cun dy Relay thi gian c ghi trn
nhn, thng thng 110V, 220V...
- H thng tip im:
Tip im tc ng khng tnh thi gian: Tip im ny hot
ng tng t cc tip im ca Relay trung gian.
- Thng ng:
- Thng m:
Tip im tc ng c tnh thi gian:

- Tip im thng m, ng chm, m nhanh:

220


- Tip im thng ng, mchm, ng nhanh:
Nguyn l hot ng:
Khi cp ngun cho cun dy ca Relay thi gian OFF DELAY, cc
tip im tc ng tc thi v duy tr trng thi ny. Khi ngng
cp ngun cun dy, cc tip im khng tnh thi gian tr v
trng thi ban u. Cc tip im c tnh thi gian s chuyn v
trng thi ban u sau mt khong thi gian nh trc.
6.8.4 Relay nhit (Over Load OL)
6.8.4.1 Khi nim v cu to:
Relay nhit l mt loi kh c bo v ng c v mch in
khi c s c qu ti. Relay nhit khng tc ng tc thi theo
tr s dng in v n c qun tnh nhit ln, phi c thi gian
pht nng, do , lm vic c thi gian t vi giy n vi pht.

Hnh 6.23 Mt s loi Relay nhit

221

Cu to ca R le nhit bao gm: Phn t pht nng 1 c
u ni tip vi mch ng lc bi vt 2 v m phin lng kim
3. Vt 6 trn gi nha cch in 5 dng iu chnh mc
un cong u t do ca phin 3 (hnh 6.24).
Gi 5 xoay quanh trc 4, tuz theo tr s dng in chy qua
phn t pht nng m phin lng kim cong nhiu hay t, y
vo vt 6 lm xoay gi 5 m ngm n by 9. Nh tc dng
l xo 8, y n by 9 xoay quanh trc 7 ngc chiu kim ng
h lm m tip im ng 11 khi tip im tnh 12. Nt nhn
10 Reset Relay nhit v v tr ban u sau khi phin lng
kim ngui tr v v tr ban u.
6.8.4.2 Nguyn l hot ng
Nguyn l{ chung ca relay nhit l da trn c s tc dng
nhit, lm dn n phin kim loi kp. Phin kim loi kp gm
hai l kim loi c h s
gin n khc nhau (h
s gin n hn km
nhau 20 ln), ghp cht
vi nhau thnh mt
phin bng phng
Hnh 6.24 Cu to Rle nhit

222


php cn nng hoc hn.
Khi dng in qu ti i
qua, phin lng kim c
t nng, un cong v pha
kim loi c h s gin n
b, y cn gt lm l xo co
li v chuyn i h thng
tip im ph.
Relay nhit lm vic tr li, phi i phin kim loi ngui v
ko cn Reset ca relay nhit.
6.8.4.3 Phn loi Relay nhit:
Theo kt cu, Relay nhit chia thnh: Kiu h v kiu kn.
Theo yu cu s dng: Loi mt cc v hai cc.
Theo phng thc t nng:
t nng trc tip: Dng in i qua trc tip tm kim loi
kp, loi ny c cu to n gin, nhng khi thay i dng in
nh mc phi thay i tm kim loi kp, nn khng tin dng.
t nng gin tip: Dng in i qua phn t t nng c lp,
nhit lng ta ra gin tip lm tm kim loi cong ln. Loi ny
c u im l mun thay i dng in nh mc, ch cn thay
Hnh 6.25 K hiu thanh lng kim v h
thng tip im ca Rle nhit

223

i phn t t nng. Nhc im ca loi ny l khi c qu ti
ln, phn t t nng c th t n nhit kh cao, nhng
v khng kh truyn nhit km, nn tm kim loi cha kp tc
c m phn t t nng b chy t.
- t nng hn hp: Loi ny tng i tt v va t trc tip
va t gin tip. N c tnh n nh nhit tng i cao v c
th lm vic bi s qu ti ln.
6.8.4.4 Chn la Relay nhit
c tnh c bn ca Relay nhit: quan h gia dng in ph ti
chy qua v thi gian tc ng ca n (gi l c tnh thi gian
dng in, A - s).
Mt khc, m bo yu cu gi c tui th lu di ca
thit b theo ng s liu k thut cho ca nh sn xut, cc
i tng bo v
cng cn c tnh thi
gian dng in.
La chn ng Relay
l sao cho ng c
tnh A s ca Relay
gn st ng c
Hnh 6.26 c tnh thi gian dng in

224


tnh A s ca i tng cn bo v. Nu chn thp qu s
khng tn dng c cng sut ca ng c in, chn cao qu
s lm gim tui th ca thit b cn bo v.
Trong thc t, cch la chn ph hp l chn dng in nh
mc ca Relay nhit bng dng in nh mc ca ng c
in cn bo v, Relay s tc ng gi tr (1,2 1,3)I
m
. Bn
cnh, ch lm vic ca ph ti v nhit mi trng xung
quanh phi c xem xt.
6.8.5 Relay dng in
Dng bo v qu ti, ngn mch v iu khin s lm vic
ca ng c in.

Hnh 6.27 K hiu R le dng in trn s in

225

Cun dy ht c t vng v qun bng dy ln, mc ni tip vi
mch in cn bo v, thit b thng ng ngt trn mch
iu khin. Khi dng in ng c tng cao n tr s tc ng
ca Relay, lc ht nam chm thng lc cn l xo lm m tip
im ca n, ngt mch in iu khin qua cng tc t K, m
cc tip im tch ng c ra khi li.
6.8.6 Relay in p
Dng bo v cc thit b in khi in p ca Relay tng
hoc h qu mc quy nh. Relay in p c cu to tng t
nh relay dng in, nhng cun dy c s vng nhiu hn v
c mc song song vi mch in ca thit b cn bo v.
Relay in p c cu to tng t nh relay dng in, cun
dy ht qun bng dy nh nhiu vng, mc song song vi
mch in cn bo v. Khi in p bnh thng, Relay tc ng
s lm ng tip im. Khi in p st thp di mc quy nh,
lc l xo thng lc ht ca nam chm v m tip im.
Tuz theo nhim v bo v, relay in p c chia lm hai loi :
Relay in p cc i: phn ng (phn quay) ca loi relay
ny lc in p bnh thng ng yn, khi in p tng

226


qu mc quy nh, lc in t s thng lc cn, relay tc
ng.
Relay in p cc tiu : in p bnh thng, phn ng
relay chu lc in t tc dng, khi in p h xung di
mc quy nh, lc cn thng, phn ng s ng (hoc m)
cc tip im.
in p khi ng ca relay cng c iu chnh bng sc
cng ca l xo iu chnh hoc bng cch thay i s u
cun dy relay hoc bng vt.
6.8.7 Relay tc
Relay tc c dng
lm vic trong cc s
hm, phanh t ng cc
ng c in khng ng
b rotor lng sc, lm vic
li in p 380V. Relay
c th lm vic vi ng c
in c tc quay t
1000 n 3000 vg/ph,
ch lin tc hay ngn
Hnh 6.28 Cu to ca relay kim tra tc


227

hn lp li, c tn s thao tc khng qu 30 ln trong 1 pht.
Cu to ca relay kim tra tc gm mt trc lin h vi trc
ng c (hoc my pht) c gn cn khng ch. Trn trc c
gn nam chm vnh cu 2, bn ngoi nam chm c tr quay t
do 3. Mt trong tr c x rnh v t cc thanh dn 4, cc
thanh ny khp mch vi nhau to thnh lng sc (nh rotor
ng c lng sc). Cn tip im ng 5 gn cht vi tr 3. Khi
tr 1 quay, t trng nam chm ct thanh dn 4, cm ng sc
in ng v sinh ra dng in. Dng in trong cc thanh dn
li tc dng vi t trng to moment lm tr 3 quay. Cn 5
quay theo tr 3 p vo thanh 6 ng v m b tip im 7 v
8. Relay kim tra tc kiu cm ng ca Lin X ch tc ng
(thanh 5 p vo thanh 6 ng hoc m b tip im) khi tc
quay t 500 700 vg/ph. Khi tc quay gim di 500
700 vg/ph th relay khng tc ng.

Cu hi cui chng
1. Nu cng dng ca cu ch?
2. Cho bit cu to ca cu ch gm cc thnh phn no?
3. Cu ch c my loi. Chc nng ca tng loi cu ch?

228


4. Nu cng dng, cch phn loi, k{ hiu, nguyn tc hot
ng, cch la chn cu dao.
5. Cho bit cng dng, cu to, nguyn l{ hot ng ca cc loi
CB?. Cch chn CB?
6. Trnh by nguyn l{ lm vic ca CB dng in cc i v CB
in p thp?
7. Trnh by cu to, nguyn l{ hot ng ca thit b chng r.
8. Trnh by nguyn l{ lm vic ca Contactor?
9. Khi la chn Contactor cn ch { n cc tham s no?
10. Nu nhim v ca relay trung gian?
11. Nu nhim v ca relay thi gian?
12. Trnh by cu to, nguyn l{ hot ng ca cc loi relay
thi gian?
13. Trnh by khi nim, cu to, nguyn l{ hot ng ca Relay
nhit.
14. Trnh by ngun l{ hot ng ca relay dng in v relay
in p?
15. Nu nhim v ca relay tc ?
16. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l{ hot ng ca relay tc ?

229

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. V Gia Hanh Trn Khnh H Phan T Th Nguyn Vn
Su My in 1,2, NXB khoa hc v k thut, nm 1998.
2. Nguyn Trng Thng Ng Quang H, My in I, II, HSPKT
TP.HCM, nm 2005.
3. Nguyn Trng Thng Trn Phi Long, Gio trnh My in-kh
c in, HSPKT TP.HCM, nm 2005.
4. Nguyn Trng Thng Nguyn Th Kit, Cng ngh ch to
v tnh ton sa cha My in, NXB Gio dc, nm 1995.
6. Nguyn Xun Ph, Tnh ton cung cp v la chn thit b
kh c in, NXB Khoa hc k thut, nm 1998.
7. T ng, Nguyn Xun Ph, S dng v sa cha kh c in
h th, NXB Khoa hc k thut, nm 1995.
8. A.E. Fitzerald, Charles kingsley, Electrical Machines, Mc. Graw
- Hill, 1990.
9. Charles L.Hubert, Electric machines, New Jersey Columbus,
Ohio, 2002

230


MC LC

LI NI U ............................................................................... 3
Chng 1: KHI NIM CHUNG V MY IN ............................. 5
1.1 NH NGHA V PHN LOI ................................................. 5
1.1.1 nh ngha ...................................................................... 5
1.1.2 Phn loi my in ......................................................... 6
1.2 CC NH LUT IN T DNG TRONG MY IN ............. 7
1.2.1 nh lut cm ng in t ............................................. 7
1.2.2 nh lut lc in t ...................................................... 9
1.3 CC VT LIU CH TO MY IN ..................................... 10
1.3.1 Vt liu dn in .......................................................... 10
1.3.3 Vt liu cch in ......................................................... 12
1.4 PHT NNG V LM MT MY IN ................................ 14
Chng 2 MY BIN P ........................................................... 17
2.1 KHI NIM CHUNG V MY BIN P ................................. 17
2.1.1 Vai tr v cng dng ..................................................... 17
2.1.2 nh ngha .................................................................... 19

231

2.2 NGUYN L LM VIC CA MY BIN P ........................... 19
2.3 CU TO MY BIN P ....................................................... 22
2.3.1 Li thp MBA ................................................................ 22
2.3.2 Dy qun MBA .............................................................. 23
2.3.3 V MBA ......................................................................... 24
2.4 CC I LNG NH MC CA MBA ............................... 26
2.5 CC LOI MBA C BIT ..................................................... 27
2.5.1 Gii thiu chung ............................................................ 27
2.5.2 My bin p o lng ................................................... 28
2.6 T NI DY MBA ................................................................ 35
2.6.1 Khi nim chung ............................................................ 35
Chng 3: MY IN KHNG NG B .................................. 45
3.1 I CNG V MY IN KHNG NG B..................... 45
3.1.1 nh ngha ..................................................................... 45
3.1.2 Phn loi ....................................................................... 46
3.1.3 Cc thng s nh mc my in khng ng b ......... 46
3.2 CU TO MY IN KHNG NG B .............................. 50
3.2.1 Stator (phn tnh) .......................................................... 51

232


3.2.2 Rotor (phn quay) ........................................................ 52
3.3 NGUYN L HOT NG MY IN KHNG NG B ..... 54
3.3.1 S hnh thnh t trng quay 3 pha ............................ 54
3.3.2 Nguyn l{ hot ng ca ng c 3 pha ...................... 56
3.4 DY QUN MY IN BA PHA MT LP ........................... 57
3.4.1 Tng quan .................................................................... 57
3.4.2 Phn loi ....................................................................... 58
3.5 TRNH T XY DNG S DY QUN 1 LP ................. 61
3.6 TRNH T XY DNG S DY QUN 2 LP ................. 68
3.7 PHNG PHP U MCH NHNH SONG SONG ............. 70
3.7.1 Khi qut ...................................................................... 70
3.7.2 Trnh t xc nh s u mch nhnh song song .... 72
3.8 NG C 3 PHA 2 CP TC ......................................... 75
3.9 M MY V IU CHNH TC NG C KB ............. 78
3.9.1 Cc phng php m my ........................................... 79
3.9.2 iu chnh tc ng c ........................................... 87
3.10 MY IN KB 1 PHA ..................................................... 103
3.10.1 Cu to ..................................................................... 103

233

3.10.2 Nguyn l{ hot ng ................................................. 104
3.11 PHNG PHP M MY NG C IN MT PHA ...... 107
3.11.1 Cc phng php m my ........................................ 107
3.11.2 Phm vi ng dng ..................................................... 109
3.12 DY QUN MY IN KHNG NG B MT PHA ....... 110
3.12.1 Tng quan ................................................................. 110
3.11.2 Trnh t xy dng s dy qun. ........................... 112
3.12.3 Dy qun SIN ............................................................. 116
Chng 4 MY IN NG B .............................................. 129
4.1 I CNG V MY IN KHNG NG B................... 129
4.1.1 Khi nim .................................................................... 129
4.1.2 Phn loi ..................................................................... 130
4.2 CU TO MY IN NG B ......................................... 131
4.2.1 Stator (phn ng) ........................................................ 132
4.2.2 Rotor (phn cm) ........................................................ 133
4.2.3 Phn c v cc chi tit khc ........................................ 136
4.3 NGUYN L LM VIC C BN.......................................... 137
4.3.1 My pht in ng b (mpb) ................................ 137

234


4.3.2 ng c in ng b (cb) .................................. 139
4.3.3 My b ng b(MBB) ............................................. 139
4.3.4 Cc tr s nh mc ca my in ng b ................ 140
4.4 Ghp my pht in ng b lm vic song song ............ 141
4.4.1 Khi nim chung ......................................................... 141
4.4.2 Ghp song song cc my pht in ng b .............. 142
Chng 5 MY IN MT CHIU .......................................... 153
5.1 I CNG V MY IN MT CHIU ............................ 153
5.1.1 i cng ................................................................... 153
5.1.2 Phn loi ..................................................................... 154
5.1.3 Cc tr s nh mc ..................................................... 155
5.2 CU TO CA MY IN MT CHIU .............................. 156
5.2.1 Phn tnh hay stator ................................................... 157
5.2.2 Phn quay hay rotor ................................................... 160
5.3 NGUYN L LM VIC CA MY IN MT CHIU .......... 162
5.3.1 My pht in mt chiu ........................................... 162
5.3.2 ng c in mt chiu ............................................. 165
5.4 DY QUN MY IN MT CHIU ................................... 165

235

5.4.1 Tng quan ................................................................... 165
5.4.2 Trnh t xy dng s d ........................................... 170
Chng 6 CC LOI KH C IN THNG DNG .................... 179
6.1 KHI NIM V CC YU CU C BN KH C IN .......... 179
6.1.1 Khi nim .................................................................... 179
6.1.2 Phn loi, cc yu cu c bn ca kh c in ............ 180
6.2 NT NHN ........................................................................ 181
6.2.1 Khi qut v cng dng ............................................... 181
6.2.2 Phn loi v cu to .................................................... 182
6.2.3 Cc thng s k thut ca nt nhn ............................ 183
6.3 CU CH BO V ................................................................ 184
6.3.1 Chc nng ................................................................... 184
6.3.2 Phn loi cu ch ......................................................... 184
6.3.3 Kt cu ca cu ch ...................................................... 185
6.3.4 La chn cu ch ......................................................... 187
6.4 CU DAO ........................................................................... 189
6.4.1 Khi qut v cng dng ............................................... 189
6.4.2 Cu to, nguyn l{ hot ng v phn loi ................. 190

236


6.5 CU DAO NGT T NG (CB -CIRCUIT BREAKER) ......... 193
6.5.1 Khi nim v yu cu .................................................. 193
6.5.2 Cu to v nguyn l{ hot ng ................................. 194
6.5.3 Phn loi v cch la chn CB .................................... 199
6.6 THIT B CHNG DNG IN R ..................................... 200
6.6.1 Khi nim .................................................................... 200
6.6.2 Cu to v nguyn l{ hot ng ................................. 201
6.6.3 S tc ng ca thit b chng dng in r (RCD) .... 204
6.7 CONTACTOR ..................................................................... 205
6.7.1 Khi nim v cng dng ............................................. 205
6.7.2 Cu to v nguyn l{ lm vic .................................... 206
6.7.3 La chn contactor .................................................... 208
6.8 RELAY IU KHIN V BO V ......................................... 213
6.8.1 Khi qut v phn loi ................................................ 213
6.8.2 Relay trung gian .......................................................... 214
6.8.3 Relay thi gian ............................................................ 216
6.8.4 Relay nhit (Over Load OL) ......................................... 220
6.8.5 Relay dng in .......................................................... 224

237

6.8.6 Relay in p ............................................................... 225
6.8.7 Relay tc ................................................................ 226
TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................. 229
MC LC ................................................................................. 230