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Steel: supply and sub grades to EC3

Friday, 06 May 2011


Steel: supply and sub-grades to EC3
Walter Swann BEng, CEng MIStructE
Regional Technical Manager
Structural Advisory Service
British Constructional Steelwork Association
Steel: supply & sub-grades to EC3
Steel design
S355 or S275? S355 or S275?
Hot finished or cold formed hollow SHS?
Steel sub-grades to EC3
Why bother? Why bother?
The 5950 approach
The EC3 approach The EC3 approach
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S355 or S275?
A d i d i i d i b th l h i ? A design decision or driven by the supply chain?
Past custom and practice
Open section
Design in S275 JR Driven by availability Straight from stock Design in S275 JR. Driven by availability. Straight from stock.
S355 JR. From the mill. Depth constraints. Larger sections = Cost saving. Lead in.
Hollow section
S355 J2H in hot and cold now well established
Recent changes in supply
Tata Teesside Beam Mill (TBM) switched to S355 JR feedstock
BCSA All Members Memorandum (AMM) 202-10 BCSA All Members Memorandum (AMM) 202 10
203 x 203 UKC and above S355 JR
356 x 127 UKB and above S355 JR
Likely to be min quantity, cost and program penalties for S275 JR y q y p g p
Beware sub-grade issues
Sub-grades
JR freely available from stock and the mills JR freely available from stock and the mills
J0 and J2 mill order
3
Hot or Cold
Th f t i d The manufacturing processes compared
4
Hot or Cold
Th d t d
Hot finished
The products compared
Hot finished
Formed at normalising temperature.
Facilitates tight corner profile (2T max) g p ( )
Uniform grain structure and hardness.
Mechanical properties stable and uniform
Hot finished to EN 10210. Normalising temp
Cold formed
Formed at ambient temperature
Varying grain structure and hardness Varying grain structure and hardness
Mechanical properties vary around section.
Cold working, corner cracking, slack corners
Cold formed to EN 10219. Ambient temp
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Hot or Cold
S ti ti d Section properties compared
Area (A)
Moment of
Inertia (I)
Elastic
d l (Z)
( )
cm
2
Inertia (I)
cm
4
modulus (Z)
cm
3
120 x 120 x 8
RHS Hot Finished
35.2 726 121
RHS Hot Finished
120 x 120 x 8
RHS Cold Formed
33.6 677 113
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Hot or Cold
BS 5950 t t it BS 5950 strut capacity
Hot finished
Negligible residual stresses.
Design strength from a curve.
Cold Formed
Varying residual stresses extremely high in
corners.
Design strength from c curve.
At = 40 & 140: a curve values 15%
higher than ccurve
At 80 l 26% hi h th At = 80: a curve values 26% higher than
c curve
Compression capacity up to 34% higher
than same si e cold formed section than same size cold formed section.
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Hot or Cold
BS 5950 t t it BS 5950 strut capacity

Hot
(S355 J2H)
Cold
(S355 J2H)
Cold : Hot
(S355 J2H) (S355 J2H)
120 x 120 x 5 80 533 421 0.79
120 x 120 x 10 80 1008 763 0.76
300 x 300 x 12.5 80 3337 2576 0.77
406.4 x 8 80 4606 3684 0.80 406.4 x 8 80 4606 3684 0.80
Capacities in kN
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Structural cold or commodity cold
S t th diff Spot the difference
Cold formed
BS EN 10219
2 2 Test report 2.2 Test report
Not manufactured for the structural market
A non-structural commodity product y p
Its impossible to tell them apart without the paperwork!
Cold formed
BS EN 10219
3 1 I ti tifi t 3.1 Inspection certificate
A structural product
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Steel sub grade selection
Friday, 06 May 2011
Steel sub-grade selection
Walter Swann BEng, CEng MIStructE
Regional Technical Manager
Structural Advisory Service
British Constructional Steelwork Association
Steel sub-grade selection
Wh b th ? Why bother?
11
BS 5950
Cl 2 4 4 B ittl F t Clause 2.4.4 Brittle Fracture
B ittl f t h ld b id d b i t l lit Brittle fracture should be avoided by using a steel quality
with adequate notch toughness, taking account of:
- the minimum service temperature; the minimum service temperature;
- the thickness;
- the steel grade;
- the type of detail;
- the stress level;
- the strain level or strain rate. the strain level or strain rate.
The steel quality selected for each component should be
such that the thickness t of each element satisfies:
where
K is a factor that depends on the type of detail, the general stress level, the stress concentration effects and the
strain conditions see table 3;
1
Kt t
strain conditions, see table 3;
t
1
is the limiting thickness at the appropriate minimum service temperature T
min
for a given steel grade and
quality, when the factor K=1, from table 4 or Table 5
12
BS 5950-1:2000
T bl 4 t t Table 4 extract
Table 4 Thickness t
1
for plates, flats and rolled sections
Maximum thickness t
1
(mm) when K=1 according to
Product standard, steel
I t l E t l
minimum service temperature
grade and quality
Normal Temperatures Lower Temperatures
Internal External
- 5
0
C - 15
0
C - 25
0
C - 35
0
C - 45
0
C
BS EN 10025-2: BS EN 10025 2:
S 275 JR 36 20 0 0 0
S 275 J0 65 54 36 20 0
S 275 J2 94 78 65 54 36 S 275 J2 94 78 65 54 36
S 355 JR 25 14 0 0 0
S 355 J0 46 38 25 14 0
S 355 J2 66 55 46 38 25 S 355 J2 66 55 46 38 25
S 355 K2 79 66 55 46 38
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BS 5950-1:2000
T bl 3 Table 3
Table 3 Factor K for type of detail, stress level and strain conditions
Type of detail or location Detail in tension due to
factored loads
Components not
subject to applied
tension tension
Stress 0.3Y
nom
Stress < 0.3Y
nom
Plain steel 2 3 4
Drilled holes or reamed holes 1.5 2 3
Flame cut edges 1 1.5 2
Punched holes (un-reamed) 1 1.5 2
Welded, generally 1 1.5 2 , g y
Welded across ends of cover plates 0.5 0.75 1
Welded connections to unstiffened flanges,
see 6.7.5, and tubular nodal joints
0.5 0.75 1
NOTE 1 Where parts are required to withstand significant plastic deformation at the minimum service temperature (such as crash barriers or crane
stops) K should be halved.
NOTE 2 Baseplates attached to columns by nominal welds only, for the purpose of location in use and security in transit, should be classified as
plain steel.
NOTE 3 Welded attachments not exceeding 150mm in length should not be classified as cover plates.
NOTE 4 Where abrupt changes in cross section coincide with the detail (other than those covered in the descriptions above) eg service
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NOTE 4 Where abrupt changes in cross-section coincide with the detail, (other than those covered in the descriptions above), eg service
openings, notched cut outs etc, the general stress level shall take into account the additional stress concentration effect
NOTE 5 The stress considered is the stress excluding residual stresses and stresses from structural integrity checks to 2.4.5.
BS EN 1993-1-10 & National Annexe
11 page document
NA 4 NA 4 pages
More complex approach
T t l d Temperature lowered
for stress level
degree of fabrication degree of fabrication
steel grade
T T T T T T T
cf
T T T T T T T
R r md Ed

T T T T T T
15
Rs R RT Rg RD R
T T T T T T

PD 6695-1-10: 2009
R li th h d h ! Relieves the headache!
Two values for T
md
5 & 15
o
C -5 & -15
o
C
Two lookup tables
Table 2 for T = -5
o
C Table 2 for T
md
= -5
o
C
Table 3 for T
md
= -15
o
C
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PD 6695-1-10: 2009
T bl 2 T 5
o
C & T bl 3 T 15
o
C Table 2: T
md
= -5
o
C & Table 3: T
md
= -15
o
C
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PD 6695-1-10: 2009
T bl 2 t t Table 2 extract
Table 2 Maximum thicknesses for internal steelwork in buildings for T
md
= -5
o
C
Detail type Tensile stress level,
Ed
/f
y
(t) appropriate to stress level and detail type
D i ti T C b 1 C b 2 C b 3 C b 4 C b 5 C b 6 C b 7 C b 8 C b 9 C b 10 Description T
RD
Comb.1 Comb.2 Comb.3 Comb.4 Comb.5 Comb.6 Comb.7 Comb.8 Comb.9 Comb.10
Plain material +30
o
C 0 0.15 0.3 0.5
Bolted +20
o
C 0 0.15 0.3 0.5
Welded: moderate 0
o
C 0 0.15 0.3 0.5
Welded: severe -20
o
C 0 0.15 0.3 0.5
Welded: v severe -30
o
C 0 0.15 0.3 0.5
Steel grade Sub grade Maximum thickness (mm) according to combination of stress level and detail type
Comb.1 Comb.2 Comb.3 Comb.4 Comb.5 Comb.6 Comb.7 Comb.8 Comb.9 Comb.10
S275 JR 122.5 102.5 85 70 60 50 40 32.5 27.5 22.5
J0 142.5 120 100 82.5 67.5 55 45 37.5 30 22.5
J2 200 200 192 5 172 5 147 5 122 5 102 5 85 70 60 J2 200 200 192.5 172.5 147.5 122.5 102.5 85 70 60
S355 JR 82.5 67.5 55 45 37.5 30 22.5 17.5 15 12.5
J0 142.5 120 100 82.5 67.5 55 45 37.5 30 22.5
J2 190 167.5 142.5 120 100 82.5 67.5 55 45 37.5
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PD 6695-1-10: 2009
E l Example
Stress level:
Simply supported. Suggest that
Ed
/f
y
(t) < 0.15
Detail type:
Fin plate / end plate worst of Bolted or Welded: moderate
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PD 6695-1-10: 2009
T bl 2 t t Table 2 extract
Table 2 Maximum thicknesses for internal steelwork in buildings for T
md
= -5
o
C
Detail type Tensile stress level,
Ed
/f
y
(t) appropriate to stress level and detail type
D i ti T C b 1 C b 2 C b 3 C b 4 C b 5 C b 6 C b 7 C b 8 C b 9 C b 10 Description T
RD
Comb.1 Comb.2 Comb.3 Comb.4 Comb.5 Comb.6 Comb.7 Comb.8 Comb.9 Comb.10
Plain material +30
o
C 0 0.15 0.3 0.5
Bolted +20
o
C 0 0.15 0.3 0.5
Welded: moderate 0
o
C 0 0.15 0.3 0.5
Welded: severe -20
o
C 0 0.15 0.3 0.5
Welded: v severe -30
o
C 0 0.15 0.3 0.5
Steel grade Sub grade Maximum thickness (mm) according to combination of stress level and detail type
Comb.1 Comb.2 Comb.3 Comb.4 Comb.5 Comb.6 Comb.7 Comb.8 Comb.9 Comb.10
S275 JR 122.5 102.5 85 70 60 50 40 32.5 27.5 22.5
J0 142.5 120 100 82.5 67.5 55 45 37.5 30 22.5
J2 200 200 192 5 172 5 147 5 122 5 102 5 85 70 60 J2 200 200 192.5 172.5 147.5 122.5 102.5 85 70 60
S355 JR 82.5 67.5 55 45 37.5 30 22.5 17.5 15 12.5
J0 142.5 120 100 82.5 67.5 55 45 37.5 30 22.5
J2 190 167.5 142.5 120 100 82.5 67.5 55 45 37.5
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To re-cap
Steel supply
S355 JR for open sections S355 JR for open sections
S355 J2H for Hollow section (Hot or Cold)
Substituting cold for hot? - up to 34% reduction in capacity
Cold formed get the right stuff check the certs
For structural steel you need a 3.1 inspection certificate
Sub-grade selection
JR will cover an awful lot, but be aware of:
External steelwork External steelwork
Heavy sections in S355
Weld intensive details
(particularly in areas of high tensile stress:
Ed
/f (t) > 0 5 (particularly in areas of high tensile stress:
Ed
/f
y
(t) > 0.5
Thick flanges/webs/plates
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Questions? Questions?
The End The End

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