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0 mm
Width = 4650.0 mm
Height = 4825.0 mm
350.0 mm
Effective length (b) = 9.65 + 0.35 = 10.00
Effective width (c) = 4.65 + 0.35 = 5.00
Effective height (a) = 4.83 + 0.175 = 5.00
b/a = 2.0
c/a = 1.0
Reference Calculations
700 700 7000
Reference Calculations
Reference Calculations
Horizontal Moment Coefficients (y)
L
Y2
= 54
L
Y1
= -58
S
Y2
= -23
L
Y4
= 42
L
Y3
= -64
S
Y4
= 0
Vertical Moments (x) and Shear Coefficients (z)
L
x2
= 37
S
x2
= 10
L
v2
= 10
S
v2
= 2
L
v3
= 38
S
v3
= 26
L
v1
= 38
S
v1
= 24
Bending Moments :-- COEF
M
1
(y) 54 = 66
M
2
,M
3
(y) -58 = -71
M
4
(y) -23 = -28
M
5
(y) 42 = 52
M
6
,M
7
(y) -64 = -78
M
8
(y) 0 = 0
M
5
(x) 37 = 45
M
8
(x) 10 = 12
Shears (kN)
V
2
(z) 10 = 25
V
3
(z) 2 = 5
V
6
(z) 38 = 93
V
7
(z) 26 = 64
V
9
(z) 38 = 93
V
10
(z) 24 = 59
Force Diagrams Notation :- (Shear - (Value), Moment - (Value),
Direct Tension - (Value)
(All in kN.m
3)
3
1000
2
100
Reference Calculations
25 25
25 25
5
5
5
5
(25)
(5)
(5)
(25)
-71
-28
-71
+66
+66
-71
-28
-71
Horizontal Forces Top of Tank
25 25
25 25
5
5
5
5
(25)
(5)
(5)
(25)
-71
0
-71
+66
+66
-71
-28
-71
Horizontal Forces Midheight of Tank
Reference Calculations
Note!-
At Junctions:
i) Shear in long wall = direct tension in shortwall
iI) Shear in short wall = direct tension in longwall
Vertical Forces,
Midspan
Vertical Forces,
Midspan
Reference Calculations
Design for combined bending and direct tension
i) Servicibility limit state
Design Section for:
M 1.4 x 78 kN.m = 109.9 kN.m
F
t
1.4 x 93 kN = 130 kN
V 1.4 x 64 kN = 89 kN
For design purposes
h = 350.0 mm
cover = 45.0 mm
Reinforcement size, fbar = T20
Effective depth, d = 295.0 mm
b = 1000.0 mm
Material Properties
f
cu
= 35 N/mm
f
y
= 460 N/mm
w = 9.2 mm
F
t
= 93
F
t
= 64
M = 78
=
1
+
2
)
Reference Calculations
M
1
= 67 kN.m
Ft = 93 kN
Stress, f
s
= 200 N/mm
Lever arm, z =0.9d = 265.5 mm
A
s
required =
A
s
for M
1
= 1267 mm/m
A
s
for F
t
= 466 mm/m
Total As = 1733 mm/m
Try T 20 / 175 c/c
Actual As reisting M = 1312 mm
Actual As reisting F
t
= 483 mm
Percentage of As resisting M =100As/bd = 0.44%
= 0.303
Working Stress x/d =
Dia. Or Therefore x 89 mm
Table 9.10 for As Lever arm z = d-x/3 = 265 mm
Calculation of crack width
b
t
= 1000 mm
Provided A
s
= 1795 mm
a' = 350 mm
Minimum cover to the tension steel, c
min
= 45 mm
Actual A
s
= 1312 mm
Steel stress in reinforcement, f
s
=M
1
/A
s
.z = 193 N/mm
BS 8110-1997 pg 12 Modulus of elasticity for steel, E
s
= 200 kN/mm
R. D Anchor pg 36Static modulus of elasticity at 28 days, E
c,28
= 27 kN/mm
Table 3.4 Modular ratio, a
e
= E
s
/E
c
= 15
Therefore,e
s
= 0.00097
Strain at level considered, e
1
1795 mm/m
.
+
1 +
2
1=
Reference Calculations
\ e
1 = 0.00123
Appendix B.4, Eq 2 For a limiting design surface crack width of 0.2 mm:
BS 8007
Therefore,e
2
= 0.00030669
Appendix B.3 Average strain at the level where cracking is being considered, e
m
=e
1
e
2
BS 8007 e
m
= 0.00091870
Where,
s = bar spacing = 175 mm
c = Minimum cover to tension steel = 45 mm
f = reinforcement diamter = 20 mm
a
cr
= 93.4 mm
Appendix B.2 Assessment of crack wdith in flexure
BS 8007 Limiting Strain in tension reinforcement =0.8f
y
/E
s
= 0.00184
= OK
Therefore, design surface crack width = 0.188 mm
< 0.20 mm ---> OK
Assessment of crack widths in direct tension
Appendix B.6 Apparent strain,e
1
= 0.00123
BS 8007
Appendix B.7 Calculating the stiffening effect of concrete
BS 8007 For a limiting design surface crack width of 0.2 mm:
Equation 5
e
2
= 0.00065
w = 0.188 mm
Distance between point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar, a
cr
2
=
( )(
)
3
( )
=
2
2
+ +
f
2
2
f
2
=
3
1 +2
2
=
2
Reference Calculations
Appendix B.5 Therefore Average Strain, e
m
= 0.00058
BS 8007
Equation 4
w = 0.161 mm
w = 0.161 mm < 0.20 mm ---> OK
Design for Ultimate Moment
Recall M
1
= 1.4 M
s
= 94 kN.m
F
t,u
= 1.4 Ft = 130 kN
BS 8110
Cl. 3.4.4 K -----> = 0.031
Ultimate Lever arm, z
u
= 0.96 d
Limit of z
u
= 0.95 d
Use 0.95 d
Area of steel required for M
1
, A
s
:
= 840 mm/m
Area of steel required for F
t
, A
s
:
= 326 mm/m
Total Area of steel = 1166 mm/m
< OK
Design for Ultimate Shear
The design shear strees, v at any cross-section should be calcuated from:
Where,
V = design shear force due to ultimate loads
b
v
= breadth of section
d = effectvie depth
Total 1166 mm 1795 mm/m
= 3
= 0.5 + 0.25
0.9
= /0.87
/0.87
Reference Calculations
Recall V
u
= 89 kN
Therefore v = 0.30
Note: Limiting values v = 0.8 f
cu
= 4.7 N/mm
BS 8110 OR
Cl. 3.4.5.2 v = 5.0 N/mm
Percentage Area of steel provided, A
s
:
= 0.61
BS 8110 Calculating design shear stress, vc :
Table 3.8
Where,
g
m
= 1.25
Therefore v
c
= 0.65
If vc > v no shear steel is necessary = OK
Deflection
Span = 5000 mm
Effective depth = 295 mm
Ratio of span/effective depth = 16.9
Permitted span/effective depth:
For a cantilever, span/d = 7
Ms = 66.22 kN.m
Ft = 5 kN
M
1
= 65.63 kN.m
Try T 16 / 175 c/c
f
s
= 220 N/mm
Distance between point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar, a
cr
1148 mm/m
100
= 0.79 100
/(
)
1
3
400
1
4
25
1/2
/
=
1
.
+
1
=
2
)
=
2
2
+ +
f
2
2
f
2
Reference Calculations
Where,
s = bar spacing = 175 mm
c = Minimum cover to tension steel = 45 mm
f = reinforcement diamter = 16 mm
a
cr
= 94.3 mm
(Note ! Crack width, w =
Perecentage As resiting M = 0.39%
Modification factor = #REF!
= 0.55 +
477
120
2
2.0
Reference Calculations
DMA
<100 mm 100 mm 150 mm 200 mm 300 mm TOTAL
Caparo Omeara 25.5 3 0.12 28.62
CoalMine Booster 13.4 9.2 2.5 0.76 25.86
Golden Grove 1.45 10.9 3.1 7.04 22.49
Guaico Booster 13.06 17.99 7.85 38.9
No. of Pipes km