Ajss Psychology Rev - Answer Sheet

Practice Mid-Term
Please answer all questions

1
Social psychology is
A)
the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.
B)
the scientific study of how people act.
C)
the scientific study of how people love and hate.
D)
the scientific study of how people understand and conflict with one another.
2
The text states that values
A)
enter the picture with our choice of research topics.
B)
are unimportant in the study of social psychology.
C)
do not influence the type of people attracted to various academic disciplines.
D)
tell us which ones are right.
3
Hindsight bias
A)
is conducive to an underestimation of our own intellectual powers.
B)
shows that common sense is nearly always scientifically wrong.
C)
is the tendency to exaggerate after learning an outcome.
D)
is the tendency to see the obective situation incorrectly.
4
The procedure in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion is
A)
survey research.
B)
equal sample.
C)
controlled sample.
D)
random sample.
5
!hich is false according to the text. The "merican and #ritish Psychological "ssociations
A)
protect people from harm and significant discomfort.
B)
tell potential participants enough about the experiment to enable their informed consent.
C)
fully explain the experiment before preceding.
D)
treat information about the individual participants confidentially.
6
#eliefs about self that organi$e and guide the processing of self%relevant information is
A)
self%esteem
B)
self%reference effect.
C)
self%schema.
D)
self%concept.
7
Self%esteem is
A)
the total of our possible selves.
B)
the sum of all our self%schemas.
C)
the total sum of our thoughts about ourselves.
1
D)
a person&s overall evaluation of oneself.
8
'oewenstein and Schkade&s research on determining how we will feel shows the following is true.
A)
People underestimate how much their well%being would be effected by winning the state
lottery.
B)
People overestimate how much their well%being would be affected by losing weight.
C)
(iven devastating news, people do not cope well.
D)
"fter adapting to good news, people feel as elated as they anticipated.
9
!hich of the following is not true for people who have a sense of efficacy and feelings of control)
A)
more alert
B)
less activity
C)
achieve more
D)
cope better
10
The act of expressing oneself in ways designed to create a favorable impression is
A)
self%presentation.
B)
self%monitoring.
C)
self%handicapping.
D)
egocentric role%playing.
11
The theory of correspondent inferences states
A)
people infer that other people&s intentions and dispositions correspond to our intentions
and dispositions.
B)
people infer that other people&s intentions and dispositions correspond to the group&s
intentions and dispositions.
C)
people infer that other people have similar values.
D)
people infer that other people&s intentions and dispositions correspond to their actions.
12
*orrespondence bias is
A)
an illusory correlation.
B)
counterfactual thinking.
C)
fundamental attribution error.
D)
hindsight error.
13
+emory construction allows us to
A)
revise our own histories.
B)
think automatically.
C)
replicate reality.
D)
see the truth of the situation.
14
,magining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn&t is
A)
hindsight bias.
B)
C)
denial paradox.
D)
inferential analysis.
15
The perception of a relationship where none exists is
2
A)
belief assimilation phenomenon.
B)
illusory correlation.
C)
the -ulechov effect.
D)
distinctiveness fallacy.
16
,n response to external circumstances ................... people adust their behavior.
A)
intelligent
B)
depressed
C)
self%conscious
D)
unintelligent
17
" variation of the foot%in%the%door phenomenon is the
A)
bogus technique.
B)
low%ball technique.
C)
self%monitoring technique.
D)
ustification technique.
18
The term brainwashing describes what happened to "merican P/!s during which war)
A)
!orld !ar ,
B)
!orld !ar ,,
C)
-orean !ar
D)
0ietnam !ar
19
"ccording to self%perception theory, behavior shapes attitudes
A)
when attitudes are strong and consistent.
B)
only in the area of legislation.
C)
in self%monitoring people.
D)
when attitudes are weak and ambiguous.
20
"ccording to the text, which of the following are true of self%perception and cognitive dissonance theories)
A)
Self%perception theory has more support and evidence.
B)
1vidence exists to support both theories.
C)
*ognitive dissonance theory has more support and evidence.
D)
They are mutually exclusive2 therefore one has to be correct.
21
"ccording to the text, norms are
A)
a set of roles.
B)
models of social behavior.
C)
prescriptions for proper behavior.
D)
laws governing social behavior.
22
The characteristics, whether biologically or socially influenced, by which people define male and female is
A)
gender norm.
B)
gender role.
C)
gender assignment.
3
D)
gender.
23
"cross the globe, men are how many times more likely to murder men than women murder women)
A)
3
B)
45
C)
65
D)
43
24
"ccording to the text, gender difference does not exist in
A)
vocabulary.
B)
sexual initiative.
C)
murder rate.
D)
conversation style.
25
"ccording to the text, you are more likely to smoke if
A)
your parents smoke.
B)
your brother smokes.
C)
your sister smokes.
D)
your friends smoke.
26
*onformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure is
A)
compliance.
B)
cohesiveness.
C)
obedience.
D)
acceptance.
27
Sherif&s study using autokinetic phenomenon suggest
A)
compliance.
B)
acceptance.
C)
obedience.
D)
reactance.
28
!hen +ilgram moved his experiment from 7ale to #ridgeport, the number of people who complied
A)
decreased from 89 percent to 43 percent.
B)
C)
decreased from 89 percent to :; percent.
D)
remained about the same.
29
*onformity based on a person&s desire to fulfill others& expectations is
A)
nominal influence.
B)
informational influence.
C)
normative influence.
D)
indirect influence.
30
,ncreasing the si$e of a group from 4 to .....is likely to produce the greatest increase in conformity.
4
A)
3
B)
65
C)
43
D)
655
31
"ccording to the text, from 6<=;%6<<6 support for the mariuana&s legali$ation among new collegians
dropped from
A)
35 to 46 percent.
B)
83 to 9< percent.
C)
;6 to 38 percent.
D)
:6 to 66 percent.
32
*ommunicators who talk fast and are straightforward are likely to be perceived as
A)
manipulative.
B)
credible.
C)
untrustworthy.
D)
attractive.
33
The effect of fear%arousing communication is
A)
fear renders the communication ineffective.
B)
a low level of fear is effective, but a high level is counter productive.
C)
generally the more fear people feel, the more effective the communication.
D)
effective only with women.
34
The process by which media influence occurs through opinion leaders, who in turn influence others, is called
A)
channels of communication.
B)
the media effect.
C)
the opinion leaders phenomenon.
D)
the two%step flow of communication.
35
!hich age group is most open to a cult&s message)
A)
under 43
B)
between 46 and 43
C)
between 43 and 93
D)
over 93
36
People working simultaneously and individually on a noncompetitive task are called
A)
social facilitators.
B)
coactors.
C)
group.
D)
collective.
37
"ccording to the text, the presence of others improved people&s efficiency at
A)
doing complex multiplication problems.
B)
learning a foreign language.
5
C)
learning nonsense words.
D)
crossing out designated letters.
38
The loss of self%awareness and evaluation apprehension is called
A)
the singleton effect.
B)
the group awareness effect.
C)
deindividuation.
D)
group polari$ation.
39
"ccording to the text, if a minority udges blue slides to be green
A)
it has no effect on the udgments of the maority.
B)
females but not males of the maority will occasionally agree.
C)
members of the maority will occasionally agree.
D)
males but not females of the maority will occasionally agree.
40
(roupthink is happening when members desire
A)
control.
B)
freedom.
C)
harmony.
D)
power.
Your Results:
The correct answer for each question is indicated by a .
1
CORRECT
A)the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.
B)the scientific study of how people act.
C)the scientific study of how people love and hate.
D)the scientific study of how people understand and conflict with one another.
2
CORRECT
A)enter the picture with our choice of research topics.
B)are unimportant in the study of social psychology.
C)do not influence the type of people attracted to various academic disciplines.
D)tell us which ones are right.
3
!CORRECT
Hindsight bias
A)is conducive to an underestimation of our own intellectual powers.
B)shows that common sense is nearly always scientifically wrong.
C)is the tendency to exaggerate after learning an outcome.
D)is the tendency to see the obective situation incorrectly.
6
4
!CORRECT
The procedure in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance
of inclusion is
A)survey research.
B)equal sample.
C)controlled sample.
D)random sample.
5
!CORRECT
A)protect people from harm and significant discomfort.
B)tell potential participants enough about the experiment to enable their informed
consent.
C)fully explain the experiment before preceding.
D)treat information about the individual participants confidentially.
6
!CORRECT
#eliefs about self that organi$e and guide the processing of self%relevant information is
A)self%esteem
B)self%reference effect.
C)self%schema.
D)self%concept.
7
!CORRECT
Self%esteem is
A)the total of our possible selves.
B)the sum of all our self%schemas.
C)the total sum of our thoughts about ourselves.
D)a person&s overall evaluation of oneself.
8
!CORRECT
'oewenstein and Schkade&s research on determining how we will feel shows the following is
true.
A)People underestimate how much their well%being would be effected by winning the
state lottery.
B)People overestimate how much their well%being would be affected by losing weight.
C)(iven devastating news, people do not cope well.
D)"fter adapting to good news, people feel as elated as they anticipated.
9
!CORRECT
!hich of the following is not true for people who have a sense of efficacy and feelings of
control)
A)more alert
B)less activity
C)achieve more
D)cope better
7
10
CORRECT
The act of expressing oneself in ways designed to create a favorable impression is
A)self%presentation.
B)self%monitoring.
C)self%handicapping.
D)egocentric role%playing.
11
!CORRECT
The theory of correspondent inferences states
A)people infer that other people&s intentions and dispositions correspond to our
intentions and dispositions.
B)people infer that other people&s intentions and dispositions correspond to the
group&s intentions and dispositions.
C)people infer that other people have similar values.
D)people infer that other people&s intentions and dispositions correspond to their
actions.
12
!CORRECT
*orrespondence bias is
A)an illusory correlation.
B)counterfactual thinking.
C)fundamental attribution error.
D)hindsight error.
13
CORRECT
+emory construction allows us to
A)revise our own histories.
B)think automatically.
C)replicate reality.
D)see the truth of the situation.
14
!CORRECT
,magining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn&t is
A)hindsight bias.
B)counterfactual thinking.
C)denial paradox.
D)inferential analysis.
15
!CORRECT
The perception of a relationship where none exists is
A)belief assimilation phenomenon.
B)illusory correlation.
C)the -ulechov effect.
8
D)distinctiveness fallacy.
16
!CORRECT
,n response to external circumstances ................... people adust their behavior.
A)intelligent
B)depressed
C)self%conscious
D)unintelligent
17
!CORRECT
" variation of the foot%in%the%door phenomenon is the
A)bogus technique.
B)low%ball technique.
C)self%monitoring technique.
D)ustification technique.
18
!CORRECT
The term brainwashing describes what happened to "merican P/!s during which war)
A)!orld !ar ,
B)!orld !ar ,,
C)-orean !ar
D)0ietnam !ar
19
!CORRECT
"ccording to self%perception theory, behavior shapes attitudes
A)when attitudes are strong and consistent.
B)only in the area of legislation.
C)in self%monitoring people.
D)when attitudes are weak and ambiguous.
20
!CORRECT
"ccording to the text, which of the following are true of self%perception and cognitive
dissonance theories)
A)Self%perception theory has more support and evidence.
B)1vidence exists to support both theories.
C)*ognitive dissonance theory has more support and evidence.
D)They are mutually exclusive2 therefore one has to be correct.
21
!CORRECT
"ccording to the text, norms are
A)a set of roles.
B)models of social behavior.
C)prescriptions for proper behavior.
9
D)laws governing social behavior.
22
!CORRECT
The characteristics, whether biologically or socially influenced, by which people define male
and female is
A)gender norm.
B)gender role.
C)gender assignment.
D)gender.
23
!CORRECT
"cross the globe, men are how many times more likely to murder men than women murder
women)
A)3
B)45
C)65
D)43
24
CORRECT
"ccording to the text, gender difference does not exist in
A)vocabulary.
B)sexual initiative.
C)murder rate.
D)conversation style.
25
!CORRECT
"ccording to the text, you are more likely to smoke if
A)your parents smoke.
B)your brother smokes.
C)your sister smokes.
D)your friends smoke.
26
!CORRECT
A)compliance.
B)cohesiveness.
C)obedience.
D)acceptance.
27
!CORRECT
A)compliance.
B)acceptance.
C)obedience.
10
D)reactance.
28
!CORRECT
!hen +ilgram moved his experiment from 7ale to #ridgeport, the number of people who
complied
A)decreased from 89 percent to 43 percent.
B)decreased from 89 percent to 69 percent.
C)decreased from 89 percent to :; percent.
D)remained about the same.
29
!CORRECT
A)nominal influence.
B)informational influence.
C)normative influence.
D)indirect influence.
30
CORRECT
,ncreasing the si$e of a group from 4 to .....is likely to produce the greatest increase in
conformity.
A)3
B)65
C)43
D)655
31
CORRECT
"ccording to the text, from 6<=;%6<<6 support for the mariuana&s legali$ation among new
collegians dropped from
A)35 to 46 percent.
B)83 to 9< percent.
C);6 to 38 percent.
D):6 to 66 percent.
32
!CORRECT
A)manipulative.
B)credible.
C)untrustworthy.
D)attractive.
33
!CORRECT
A)fear renders the communication ineffective.
B)a low level of fear is effective, but a high level is counter productive.
C)generally the more fear people feel, the more effective the communication.
11
D)effective only with women.
34
!CORRECT
The process by which media influence occurs through opinion leaders, who in turn influence
others, is called
A)channels of communication.
B)the media effect.
C)the opinion leaders phenomenon.
D)the two%step flow of communication.
35
CORRECT
A)under 43
B)between 46 and 43
C)between 43 and 93
D)over 93
36
!CORRECT
A)social facilitators.
B)coactors.
C)group.
D)collective.
37
!CORRECT
A)doing complex multiplication problems.
B)learning a foreign language.
C)learning nonsense words.
D)crossing out designated letters.
38
!CORRECT
A)the singleton effect.
B)the group awareness effect.
C)deindividuation.
D)group polari$ation.
39
!CORRECT
A)it has no effect on the udgments of the maority.
B)females but not males of the maority will occasionally agree.
C)members of the maority will occasionally agree.
12
D)males but not females of the maority will occasionally agree.
40
!CORRECT
A)control.
B)freedom.
C)harmony.
D)power.
C"a#ter 1
$ear%i%& O'(ecti)e*
"fter completing your study of this chapter you should be able to>
1.
?efine social psychology and give examples of the discipline&s central concerns.
2.
,dentify similarities and differences between social psychology and the other disciplines that study human nature.
3.
,ndicate how the personal values of social psychologists penetrate their work.
4.
?iscuss the nature and implications of the @hindsight bias@ for social psychology.
5.
1xplain the general nature and purpose of a theory.
6.
?escribe two maor research methods used in social psychology and state the advantages and disadvantages of
each.
7.
,dentify ethical standards that govern social%psychological research.
M+t,i#,e C"-ice .+i/
1
A)
the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.
B)
the scientific study of how people act.
C)
the scientific study of how people love and hate.
13
D)
the scientific study of how people understand and conflict with one another.
2
Social psychology ....................... than personality psychology.
A)
has more famous theorists
B)
focuses on the differences between individuals more
C)
has a shorter history
D)
focuses on the private internal functioning between individuals more
3
The text states that social psychology
A)
is the most important perspective in viewing and understanding ourselves.
B)
is one important perspective from which we can view and understand ourselves.
C)
is the real explanation that lets us understand and view ourselves.
D)
is an inclusive perspective from which we can view and understand ourselves.
4
A)
enter the picture with our choice of research topics.
B)
are unimportant in the study of social psychology.
C)
do not influence the type of people attracted to various academic disciplines.
D)
tell us which ones are right.
5
Social representations are
A)
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people.
B)
obective situations.
C)
obect representations of real world actions.
D)
our most important and most unexamined convictions.
6
Aaturalist fallacy is
A)
the error of defining what is good in terms of what is observable.
B)
a flawed scientific description.
C)
that all psychology can be defined through nature.
D)
the error of defining what is normal is observable.
7
Hindsight bias
A)
is conducive to an underestimation of our own intellectual powers.
B)
shows that common sense is nearly always scientifically wrong.
C)
is the tendency to exaggerate after learning an outcome.
D)
is the tendency to see the obective situation incorrectly.
8
" testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events is
A)
hypothesis.
B)
theory.
C)
research topic.
D)
direction to research.
9
The study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables is
14
A)
experimental research.
B)
correlational research.
C)
field research.
D)
interpretative research.
10
A)
survey research.
B)
equal sample.
C)
controlled sample.
D)
random sample.
11
The experimental factor that a researcher manipulates is aBnC
A)
dependent variable.
B)
hypothesis.
C)
control.
D)
independent variable.
12
The process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all persons have the same chance of being in
aBnC
A)
ethics of experimentation.
B)
random assignment.
C)
mundane realism.
D)
informed consent.
13
+undane realism is
A)
performing the experiment in the real world.
B)
when the experiment is boring and repetitive.
C)
the degree to which an experiment is similar to everyday conditions.
D)
the experimenter&s biases in the experiment.
14
"n experiment would have experimental realism if it
A)
absorbs and involves its participants.
B)
is carried out in the field.
C)
was similar to everyday situations.
D)
tested an everyday hypothesis.
15
1xperimenters standardi$e their instructions to subects in order to
A)
minimi$e demand characteristics.
B)
insure accuracy in the results.
C)
appear neutral to the group.
D)
compare different groups.
16
A)
protect people from harm and significant discomfort.
B)
tell potential participants enough about the experiment to enable their informed consent.
15
C)
fully explain the experiment before preceding.
D)
treat information about the individual participants confidentially.
17
,nformed consent is
A)
"merican Psychological "ssociation guideline.
B)
an ethical principle.
C)
law in the Dnited States and #ritain.
D)
a legal term used in experimental research.
18
"n experimenter manipulates what variable)
A)
control
B)
independent
C)
dependent
D)
experimental
Your Results:
1
CORRECT
A)the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.
B)the scientific study of how people act.
C)the scientific study of how people love and hate.
D)the scientific study of how people understand and conflict with one another.
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
2
!CORRECT
Social psychology ....................... than personality psychology.
A)has more famous theorists
B)focuses on the differences between individuals more
C)has a shorter history
D)focuses on the private internal functioning between individuals more
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* *-cia, #*5c"-,-&5 "a* a *"-rter "i*t-r5 t"a%
#er*-%a,it5#*5c"-,-&53
3
!CORRECT
The text states that social psychology
A)is the most important perspective in viewing and understanding ourselves.
B)is one important perspective from which we can view and understand ourselves.
C)is the real explanation that lets us understand and view ourselves.
D)is an inclusive perspective from which we can view and understand ourselves.
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* -%e im#-rta%t #er*#ecti)e 6r-m 4"ic" 4e ca% )ie4 a%d
+%der*ta%d -+r*e,)e*3
4
CORRECT
A)enter the picture with our choice of research topics.
B)are unimportant in the study of social psychology.
16
C)do not influence the type of people attracted to various academic disciplines.
D)tell us which ones are right.
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
5
!CORRECT
Social representations are
A)the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people.
B)obective situations.
C)obect representations of real world actions.
D)our most important and most unexamined convictions.
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* -+r m-*t im#-rta%t a%d m-*t +%e7ami%ed c-%)icti-%*3
6
CORRECT
Aaturalist fallacy is
A)the error of defining what is good in terms of what is observable.
B)a flawed scientific description.
C)that all psychology can be defined through nature.
D)the error of defining what is normal is observable.
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
7
!CORRECT
Hindsight bias
A)is conducive to an underestimation of our own intellectual powers.
B)shows that common sense is nearly always scientifically wrong.
C)is the tendency to exaggerate after learning an outcome.
D)is the tendency to see the obective situation incorrectly.
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* t"e te%de%c5 t- e7a&&erate a6ter ,ear%i%& a% -+tc-me3
8
CORRECT
" testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events is
A)hypothesis.
B)theory.
C)research topic.
D)direction to research.
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
9
!CORRECT
The study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables is
A)experimental research.
B)correlational research.
C)field research.
D)interpretative research.
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* c-rre,ati-%a, re*earc"3
10
!CORRECT
A)survey research.
B)equal sample.
C)controlled sample.
17
D)random sample.
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* ra%d-m *am#,e3
11
!CORRECT
The experimental factor that a researcher manipulates is aBnC
A)dependent variable.
B)hypothesis.
C)control.
D)independent variable.
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* i%de#e%de%t )aria',e3
12
!CORRECT
The process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all persons have the same
chance of being in aBnC
A)ethics of experimentation.
B)random assignment.
C)mundane realism.
D)informed consent.
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* ra%d-m a**i&%me%t3
13
!CORRECT
+undane realism is
A)performing the experiment in the real world.
B)when the experiment is boring and repetitive.
C)the degree to which an experiment is similar to everyday conditions.
D)the experimenter&s biases in the experiment.
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* t"e de&ree t- 4"ic" a% e7#erime%t i* *imi,ar t- e)er5da5
c-%diti-%*3
14
CORRECT
"n experiment would have experimental realism if it
A)absorbs and involves its participants.
B)is carried out in the field.
C)was similar to everyday situations.
D)tested an everyday hypothesis.
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
15
CORRECT
1xperimenters standardi$e their instructions to subects in order to
A)minimi$e demand characteristics.
B)insure accuracy in the results.
C)appear neutral to the group.
D)compare different groups.
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
16
!CORRECT
A)protect people from harm and significant discomfort.
B)tell potential participants enough about the experiment to enable their informed consent.
18
C)fully explain the experiment before preceding.
D)treat information about the individual participants confidentially.
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* 6+,,5 e7#,ai% t"e e7#erime%t 'e6-re #recedi%&3
17
!CORRECT
,nformed consent is
A)"merican Psychological "ssociation guideline.
B)an ethical principle.
C)law in the Dnited States and #ritain.
D)a legal term used in experimental research.
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* a% et"ica, #ri%ci#,e3
18
!CORRECT
"n experimenter manipulates what variable)
A)control
B)independent
C)dependent
D)experimental
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* i%de#e%de%t )aria',e3
Across
1) an integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events
19
3) the experimental factor that a researcher maniplates
9) the endring behaviors! ideas! attitdes! and traditions shared b" a large grop of people and
transmitted from one generation to the next#
12) the error of defining $hat is good in terms of $hat is observable# %or example& 'hat(s t"pical is
normal) $hat(s normal is good#
Down
2) degree to $hich an experiment absorbs and involves its participants#
3) an ethical principle re*iring that research participants be told enogh to enable them to
choose $hether the" $ish to participate#
4) the variable being measred! so+called becase it ma" depend on maniplations of the independent
variable#
5) research done in natral! real+life settings otside the laborator"#
6) the scientific std" of ho$ people thin, abot! inflence! and relate to one another#
7) the tendenc" to exaggerate! after learning an otcome! one(s abilit" to have foreseen ho$
something trned ot# -lso ,no$n as the .+,ne$+it+all+along phenomenon#
8) degree to $hich an experiment is sperficiall" similar to ever"da" sitations#
10) srve" procedre in $hich ever" person in the poplation being stdied has an e*al chance of
inclsion#
11) a testable proposition that describes a relationship that ma" exist bet$een events#
/hapter 6
$ear%i%& O'(ecti)e*
1.
?efine conformity and explain the difference between @compliance@ and @acceptance.@
2.
?escribe the findings of three classic studies on conformity.
3.
,dentify circumstances that are conducive to conformity.
20
4.
1xplain why people conform.
5.
,ndicate how personality and cultural background are related to conformity.
6.
1xplain why people sometimes resist social pressure.
1
" change in behavior or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure is
A)
compliance.
B)
conformity.
C)
acceptance.
D)
reactance.
2
*onformity that involves publicly acting in accord with social pressure while privately disagreeing is
A)
compliance.
B)
acceptance.
C)
obedience.
D)
reactance.
3
A)
compliance.
B)
cohesiveness.
C)
obedience.
D)
acceptance.
4
A)
compliance.
B)
acceptance.
C)
obedience.
D)
reactance.
5
"n accomplice of the experimenter is
A)
confederate.
B)
partner.
C)
colleague.
D)
associate.
21
6
,n "sch&s study of conformity involving the length of lines, naEve participants conformed ... of the time
A)
45 percent
B)
:= percent
C)
9= percent
D)
86 percent
7
"ccording to the text, the most famous and controversial experiments of social psychology are
A)
"sch&s conformity experiments.
B)
+ilgram&s obedience experiments.
C)
Smith and ?unn&s reactance experiments.
D)
#erg&s compliance experiments.
8
!hen +ilgram moved his experiment from 7ale to #ridgeport, the number of people who complied
A)
B)
C)
decreased from 89 percent to :; percent.
D)
remained about the same.
9
The training of tortures by the military unta in (reece illustrates
A)
the compliance effect.
B)
cohesiveness effect.
C)
the foot%in%the%door phenomenon.
D)
reactance phenomenon.
10
,n a study at Penn State, what percentage of students said they would ignore sexist statements)
A)
3 percent
B)
64 percent
C)
94 percent
D)
36 percent
11
"ccording to the text, people will nearly always voice their convictions if
A)
if two other people have done so.
B)
if one other person has done so.
C)
if more than two people have done so.
D)
none of the above.
12
The extent to which members of a group are bound together is
A)
unity.
B)
harmony.
C)
cohesiveness.
D)
agreement.
13
A)
nominal influence.
B)
22
C)
D)
indirect influence.
14
*onformity that results from accepting evidence about reality provided by others is
A)
B)
nominal influence.
C)
direct influence.
D)
15
" motive to protect or restore one&s sense of freedom is
A)
dissonance.
B)
pride.
C)
self%worth.
D)
reactance.
16
+illy comes from a #lack family, has two brothers, and was born in Aew 7ork. /ne parent is a teacher and
the other is a postman. ,f you asked +illy to tell us about herself, she would most likely say she
A)
has two brothers.
B)
comes from a #lack family.
C)
born in Aew 7ork.
D)
one parent is a teacher.
17
!hich country had the highest conformity percentage when "sch&s conformity experiment was conducted
overseas)
A)
'ebanon
B)
Hong -ong
C)
the #antu of Fimbabwe
D)
#ra$il
18
,ncreasing the si$e of a group from 4 to .....is likely to produce the greatest increase in conformity.
A)
3
B)
65
C)
43
D)
655
Your Results:
1
!CORRECT
" change in behavior or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure is
A)compliance.
B)conformity.
C)acceptance.
D)reactance.
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* c-%6-rmit53
23
2
CORRECT
*onformity that involves publicly acting in accord with social pressure while privately
disagreeing is
A)compliance.
B)acceptance.
C)obedience.
D)reactance.
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
3
!CORRECT
A)compliance.
B)cohesiveness.
C)obedience.
D)acceptance.
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* acce#ta%ce3
4
!CORRECT
A)compliance.
B)acceptance.
C)obedience.
D)reactance.
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* acce#ta%ce3
5
CORRECT
"n accomplice of the experimenter is
A)confederate.
B)partner.
C)colleague.
D)associate.
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
6
!CORRECT
,n "sch&s study of conformity involving the length of lines, naEve participants conformed
... of the time
A)45 percent
B):= percent
C)9= percent
D)86 percent
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* 37 #erce%t3
7
!CORRECT
"ccording to the text, the most famous and controversial experiments of social psychology
are
A)"sch&s conformity experiments.
B)+ilgram&s obedience experiments.
C)Smith and ?unn&s reactance experiments.
D)#erg&s compliance experiments.
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* Mi,&ram8* -'edie%ce3
24
8
!CORRECT
!hen +ilgram moved his experiment from 7ale to #ridgeport, the number of people who
complied
A)decreased from 89 percent to 43 percent.
B)decreased from 89 percent to 69 percent.
C)decreased from 89 percent to :; percent.
D)remained about the same.
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* decrea*ed 6r-m 63 #erce%t t- 48
#erce%t3
9
!CORRECT
The training of tortures by the military unta in (reece illustrates
A)the compliance effect.
B)cohesiveness effect.
C)the foot%in%the%door phenomenon.
D)reactance phenomenon.
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* t"e 6--t-i%-t"e-d--r #"e%-me%-%3
10
CORRECT
,n a study at Penn State, what percentage of students said they would ignore sexist
statements)
A)3 percent
B)64 percent
C)94 percent
D)36 percent
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
11
!CORRECT
"ccording to the text, people will nearly always voice their convictions if
A)if two other people have done so.
B)if one other person has done so.
C)if more than two people have done so.
D)none of the above.
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* i6 -%e -t"er #er*-% "a* d-%e *-3
12
!CORRECT
The extent to which members of a group are bound together is
A)unity.
B)harmony.
C)cohesiveness.
D)agreement.
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* c-"e*i)e%e**3
13
!CORRECT
A)nominal influence.
B)informational influence.
C)normative influence.
D)indirect influence.
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* %-rmati)e i%6,+e%ce3
25
14
CORRECT
*onformity that results from accepting evidence about reality provided by others is
A)informational influence.
B)nominal influence.
C)direct influence.
D)normative influence.
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
15
!CORRECT
" motive to protect or restore one&s sense of freedom is
A)dissonance.
B)pride.
C)self%worth.
D)reactance.
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* reacta%ce3
16
!CORRECT
+illy comes from a #lack family, has two brothers, and was born in Aew 7ork. /ne parent is
a teacher and the other is a postman. ,f you asked +illy to tell us about herself, she would
most likely say she
A)has two brothers.
B)comes from a #lack family.
C)born in Aew 7ork.
D)one parent is a teacher.
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* c-me* 6r-m a B,ac1 6ami,53
17
!CORRECT
!hich country had the highest conformity percentage when "sch&s conformity experiment
was conducted overseas)
A)'ebanon
B)Hong -ong
C)the #antu of Fimbabwe
D)#ra$il
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* t"e Ba%t+ -6 9im'a'4e3
18
CORRECT
,ncreasing the si$e of a group from 4 to .....is likely to produce the greatest increase in
conformity.
A)3
B)65
C)43
D)655
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
26
Across
5 an accomplice of the experimenter#
6 conformit" that involves pblicl" acting in accord $ith social pressre $hile privatel"
disagreeing# 0bedience is acting in accord $ith a direct order#
Down
1 conformit" based on a person(s desire to flfill others( expectations! often to gain
acceptance#
2 conformit" that involves both acting and believing in accord $ith social pressre#
3 11) a motive to protect or restore one(s sense of freedom# 2eactance arises $hen
someone threatens or freedom of action# 12) 3he desire to assert one(s sense of freedom#
4 a change in behavior or belief as a reslt of real or imagined grop pressre#
27
/hapter 7
$ear%i%& O'(ecti)e*
1.
,dentify the two paths to persuasion.
2.
?escribe communicator characteristics that contribute to effective communication.
3.
1xplain how the content of the message influences its effectiveness.
4.
?escribe the effects of different channels of communication.
5.
,dentify characteristics of the audience that influence susceptibility to persuasion.
6.
?iscuss the persuasion principles utili$ed in cult indoctrination.
7.
1xplain how people may resist persuasion.
28
1
"ccording to the text, from 6<=;%6<<6 support for the mariuana&s legali$ation among new collegians
dropped from
A)
35 to 46 percent.
B)
83 to 9< percent.
C)
;6 to 38 percent.
D)
:6 to 66 percent.
2
Persuasion that occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
is
A)
channel route persuasion.
B)
peripheral route persuasion.
C)
rational route persuasion.
D)
central route persuasion.
3
Persuasion that occurs when people are influenced by incidental clues is
A)
indirect route persuasion.
B)
channel route persuasion.
C)
peripheral persuasion.
D)
incidental route persuasion.
4
" delayed impact of a message that occurs when we remember the message but forget a reason for
discounting it is
A)
discounting effect.
B)
forgetting effect.
C)
channel effect.
D)
sleeper effect.
5
A)
manipulative.
B)
credible.
C)
untrustworthy.
D)
attractive.
6
Having qualities that appeal to an audience is
A)
credibleness.
B)
attractiveness.
C)
the primary effect.
D)
the central effect.
7
People who argue against their own self%interest
A)
are viewed as distorting the truth.
B)
are effective with an unintelligent audience but not an intelligent one.
29
C)
are viewed as inconsistent and thus lose their influence.
D)
are viewed as more credible.
8
A)
fear renders the communication ineffective.
B)
a low level of fear is effective, but a high level is counter productive.
C)
generally the more fear people feel, the more effective the communication.
D)
effective only with women.
9
/f the following, which has been shown to influence the impact a discrepant message has on an audience)
A)
communicator attractiveness
B)
communication channel
C)
communicator credibility
D)
the gender of the audience
10
/ther things being equal, information presented first that usually has the most influence is called
A)
first channel effect.
B)
primacy effect.
C)
first time effect.
D)
courtroom effect.
11
,nformation presented last that sometimes has the most influence is called
A)
delayed first%time effect.
B)
reverse effect.
C)
recency effect.
D)
second message effect.
12
The way a message is delivered is called
A)
effectiveness phenomenon.
B)
channel of communication.
C)
advertising phenomenon.
D)
the style effect.
13
The process by which media influence occurs through opinion leaders, who in turn influence others, is called
A)
channels of communication.
B)
the media effect.
C)
the opinion leaders phenomenon.
D)
the two%step flow of communication.
14
The mass media&s influence is most effective on
A)
deeply held beliefs.
B)
political values.
C)
matters of obective fact.
30
D)
minor issues.
15
"ccording to the text, which group is more trusting in relation to cults)
A)
lower%class *aucasian youths
B)
upper%class youths
C)
lower%class #lack youths
D)
middle%class *aucasian youths
16
1xposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come, they will have
refutations available is called
A)
the weak attack phenomenon.
B)
the strong attack phenomenon.
C)
attitude inoculation.
D)
attitude protection.
17
A)
under 43
B)
between 46 and 43
C)
between 43 and 93
D)
over 93
:-+r Re*+,t*2
1
!CORRECT
"ccording to the text, from 6<=;%6<<6 support for the mariuana&s legali$ation among new
collegians dropped from
A)35 to 46 percent.
B)83 to 9< percent.
C);6 to 38 percent.
D):6 to 66 percent.
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* 50 t- 21 #erce%t3
2
CORRECT
Persuasion that occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with
favorable thoughts is
A)channel route persuasion.
B)peripheral route persuasion.
C)rational route persuasion.
D)central route persuasion.
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
3
CORRECT
Persuasion that occurs when people are influenced by incidental clues is
A)indirect route persuasion.
B)channel route persuasion.
C)peripheral persuasion.
D)incidental route persuasion.
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
31
4
CORRECT
" delayed impact of a message that occurs when we remember the message but forget a
reason for discounting it is
A)discounting effect.
B)forgetting effect.
C)channel effect.
D)sleeper effect.
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
5
CORRECT
A)manipulative.
B)credible.
C)untrustworthy.
D)attractive.
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
6
CORRECT
Having qualities that appeal to an audience is
A)credibleness.
B)attractiveness.
C)the primary effect.
D)the central effect.
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
7
CORRECT
People who argue against their own self%interest
A)are viewed as distorting the truth.
B)are effective with an unintelligent audience but not an intelligent one.
C)are viewed as inconsistent and thus lose their influence.
D)are viewed as more credible.
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
8
CORRECT
A)fear renders the communication ineffective.
B)a low level of fear is effective, but a high level is counter productive.
C)generally the more fear people feel, the more effective the communication.
D)effective only with women.
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
9
CORRECT
/f the following, which has been shown to influence the impact a discrepant message has
on an audience)
A)communicator attractiveness
B)communication channel
C)communicator credibility
D)the gender of the audience
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
32
10
CORRECT
/ther things being equal, information presented first that usually has the most influence is
called
A)first channel effect.
B)primacy effect.
C)first time effect.
D)courtroom effect.
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
11
CORRECT
,nformation presented last that sometimes has the most influence is called
A)delayed first%time effect.
B)reverse effect.
C)recency effect.
D)second message effect.
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
12
CORRECT
The way a message is delivered is called
A)effectiveness phenomenon.
B)channel of communication.
C)advertising phenomenon.
D)the style effect.
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
13
!CORRECT
The process by which media influence occurs through opinion leaders, who in turn
influence others, is called
A)channels of communication.
B)the media effect.
C)the opinion leaders phenomenon.
D)the two%step flow of communication.
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* t"e t4--*te# 6,-4 -6 c-mm+%icati-%3
14
!CORRECT
The mass media&s influence is most effective on
A)deeply held beliefs.
B)political values.
C)matters of obective fact.
D)minor issues.
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* mi%-r i**+e*3
15
!CORRECT
"ccording to the text, which group is more trusting in relation to cults)
A)lower%class *aucasian youths
B)upper%class youths
C)lower%class #lack youths
D)middle%class *aucasian youths
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* midd,e-c,a** Ca+ca*ia% 5-+t"*3
33
16
CORRECT
1xposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come,
they will have refutations available is called
A)the weak attack phenomenon.
B)the strong attack
phenomenon.
C)attitude inoculation.
D)attitude protection.
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
17
!CORRECT
A)under 43
B)between 46 and 43
C)between 43 and 93
D)over 93
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* +%der a&e 253
-cross
5 the process b" $hich a message indces change in beliefs! attitdes! or behaviors#
6 believabilit"# - credible commnicator is perceived as both expert and trst$orth"#
7 information presented last sometimes has the most inflence# 2ecenc" effects are less
common than primac" effects#
34
4o$n
1 exposing people to $ea, attac,s pon their attitdes so that $hen stronger attac,s
come1 the" $ill have reftations available#
2 other things being e*al! information presented first sall" has the most inflence#
3 having *alities that appeal to an adience# -n appealing commnicator 1often
someone similar to the adience) is most persasive on matters of sb5ective preference#
4 a dela"ed impact of a message# 0ccrs $hen an initiall" disconted message becomes
effective! as $e remember the message bt forget the reason for disconting it#
6 a grop t"picall" characteri6ed b" 11) distinctive rital and beliefs related to its
devotion to a god or a person1 12) isolation from the srronding 7evil8 cltre! and 13) a
charismatic leader# 1- sect! b" contrast! is a spin off from a ma5or religion#)
/hapter 8
$ear%i%& O'(ecti)e*
1.
?efine a group.
2.
?iscuss how we are affected by the presence of others.
3.
,dentify the conditions under which social loafing is likely to occur.
4.
?escribe the psychological state of @deindividuation.@
5.
?efine and explain group polari$ation.
35
6.
?iscuss the causes, symptoms, and prevention of @groupthink.@
7.
,dentify the factors that strengthen minority influence and describe effective leadership.
1
Two or more people who interact with and influence one another are called
A)
coactors.
B)
a group.
C)
D)
groupthink.
2
A)
B)
coactors.
C)
group.
D)
collective.
3
A)
doing complex multiplication problems.
B)
learning a foreign language.
C)
learning nonsense words.
D)
crossing out designated letters.
4
!hen people are present, we tend to
A)
perspire less.
B)
have a higher heart beat.
C)
breathe slower.
D)
have lower blood pressure.
5
The concern for how others are evaluating us is
A)
self%protection evaluation.
B)
ego evaluation.
C)
evaluation apprehension.
D)
social evaluation.
6
!hich of the following is not true for groups)
36
A)
(roup members work less hard on additive tasks.
B)
(roup members perceive themselves as working ust as hard in the group or individually.
C)
" group situation decreases evaluation concerns.
D)
,ndividual effort increases as the si$e of the group increases.
7
"ccording to the text, in the Soviet Dnion, peasants& private plots accounted for .... percent of the land
and ..... percent of the food output.
A)
65, 44
B)
6, 4=
C)
4, 6;
D)
69, 44
8
A)
the singleton effect.
B)
the group awareness effect.
C)
deindividuation.
D)
group polari$ation.
9
People in groups loaf less when
A)
the task is routine.
B)
they are with strangers.
C)
the task is challenging.
D)
they are in an unfamiliar setting.
10
?eindividuation shows that a group experience that diminishes self%consciousness also tends to
A)
disconnect their behavior from their attitudes.
B)
decrease their emotional arousal.
C)
increase their feelings of self%esteem.
D)
increase their sensitivity to social expectations.
11
Studies of risky shift eventually led to the formulation of
A)
social facilitation theory.
B)
group polari$ation hypothesis.
C)
the reactance effect.
D)
the diffusion of responsibility effect.
12
" false impression of how other people are feeling is a
A)
pluralistic ignorance.
B)
invalid social comparison.
C)
cognitive dissonance.
D)
social influence.
13
(roup discussion
A)
weakens the initial dominant point of view.
B)
enhances pluralistic ignorance.
37
C)
weakens informational influence.
D)
enhances risk taking.
14
!hich of the following is not a symptom of groupthink)
A)
an illusion of invulnerability
B)
free riders
C)
self%censorship
D)
rationali$ation
15
!ho would be considered coactors)
A)
two people playing tennis
B)
four women in a reading circle
C)
45 people in a 65- race
D)
two children playing checkers
16
A)
it has no effect on the udgments of the maority.
B)
females but not males of the maority will occasionally agree.
C)
members of the maority will occasionally agree.
D)
males but not females of the maority will occasionally agree.
17
"ccording to the text, a minority member who ........... is persuasive.
A)
argues realistically
B)
has defected from the maority
C)
wavers
D)
appears impatient
18
The process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group is called
A)
leadership.
B)
group dynamics.
C)
social control.
D)
social facilitation.
19
A)
control.
B)
freedom.
C)
harmony.
D)
power.
20
!hich of the following would be considered a group as defined by the text)
A)
655 people waiting for an airplane to land
B)
six people at a taxi stand
C)
95 people watching a movie
D)
two people taking water samples
:-+r Re*+,t*2
38
1
CORRECT
Two or more people who interact with and influence one another are called
A)coactors.
B)a group.
C)social facilitators.
D)groupthink.
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
2
CORRECT
A)social facilitators.
B)coactors.
C)group.
D)collective.
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
3
CORRECT
A)doing complex multiplication problems.
B)learning a foreign language.
C)learning nonsense words.
D)crossing out designated letters.
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
4
CORRECT
!hen people are present, we tend to
A)perspire less.
B)have a higher heart beat.
C)breathe slower.
D)have lower blood pressure.
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
5
CORRECT
The concern for how others are evaluating us is
A)self%protection evaluation.
B)ego evaluation.
C)evaluation apprehension.
D)social evaluation.
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
6
CORRECT
!hich of the following is not true for groups)
A)(roup members work less hard on additive tasks.
B)(roup members perceive themselves as working ust as hard in the group or
individually.
C)" group situation decreases evaluation concerns.
D),ndividual effort increases as the si$e of the group increases.
39
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
7
!CORRECT
"ccording to the text, in the Soviet Dnion, peasants& private plots accounted for ....
percent of the land and ..... percent of the food output.
A)65, 44
B)6, 4=
C)4, 6;
D)69, 44
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* 1; 273
8
CORRECT
A)the singleton effect.
B)the group awareness effect.
C)deindividuation.
D)group polari$ation.
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
9
!CORRECT
People in groups loaf less when
A)the task is routine.
B)they are with strangers.
C)the task is challenging.
D)they are in an unfamiliar setting.
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* t"e ta*1 i* c"a,,e%&i%&3
10
CORRECT
?eindividuation shows that a group experience that diminishes self%consciousness also
tends to
A)disconnect their behavior from their attitudes.
B)decrease their emotional arousal.
C)increase their feelings of self%esteem.
D)increase their sensitivity to social expectations.
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
11
!CORRECT
Studies of risky shift eventually led to the formulation of
A)social facilitation theory.
B)group polari$ation hypothesis.
C)the reactance effect.
D)the diffusion of responsibility effect.
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* &r-+# #-,ari/ati-% "5#-t"e*i*3
12
CORRECT
" false impression of how other people are feeling is a
A)pluralistic ignorance.
B)invalid social comparison.
C)cognitive dissonance.
D)social influence.
40
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
13
!CORRECT
(roup discussion
A)weakens the initial dominant point of view.
B)enhances pluralistic ignorance.
C)weakens informational influence.
D)enhances risk taking.
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* e%"a%ce* ri*1 ta1i%&3
14
CORRECT
!hich of the following is not a symptom of groupthink)
A)an illusion of invulnerability
B)free riders
C)self%censorship
D)rationali$ation
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
15
CORRECT
!ho would be considered coactors)
A)two people playing tennis
B)four women in a reading circle
C)45 people in a 65- race
D)two children playing checkers
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
16
CORRECT
A)it has no effect on the udgments of the maority.
B)females but not males of the maority will occasionally agree.
C)members of the maority will occasionally agree.
D)males but not females of the maority will occasionally agree.
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
17
CORRECT
"ccording to the text, a minority member who ........... is persuasive.
A)argues realistically
B)has defected from the maority
C)wavers
D)appears impatient
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
18
CORRECT
The process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group is called
A)leadership.
B)group dynamics.
C)social control.
D)social facilitation.
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
41
19
CORRECT
A)control.
B)freedom.
C)harmony.
D)power.
0eed'ac12 C-rrect3
20
!CORRECT
!hich of the following would be considered a group as defined by the text)
A)655 people waiting for an airplane to land
B)six people at a taxi stand
C)95 people watching a movie
D)two people taking water samples
0eed'ac12 %c-rrect3 T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* t4- #e-#,e ta1i%& 4ater *am#,e*3
ACROSS
1 The mode of thinking that persons engage in when concurrence-seeking
becomes so dominant in a cohesive in-group that it tends to override
realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action -lrving!anis "1#$1%
& two or more people who' for longer than a few moments' interact with and
influence one another and perceive one another as us
( "1% original meaning-the tendenc) of people to perform simple or well-learned
tasks better when others are present "*% current meaning-strengthening of
dominant "prevalent' likel)% responses owing to the presence of others
1+ the process b) which certain group members motivate and guide the group
,O-.
* a false impression of how other people are thinking' feeling' or responding
/ the tendenc) for people to e0ert less effort when the) pool their efforts toward a
common goal than when the) are individuall) accountable
1 co-participants working individuall) on a noncompetitive activit)
& group-produced enhancement of members2 pree0isting tendencies3 a
strengthening of the members2 average tendenc)' not a split within the group
42
4 loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension' occurs in group situations
that foster responsiveness to group norms' good or bad
$ evaluating one2s abilities and opinions b) comparing oneself to others
# people who benefit from the group but give little in return
Practice MidTerm Exam
BSee related pagesC
1
!hile sociology studies .........., social psychology focuses on ...........
A)
people in groups2 individuals
B)
societies2 groups
C)
how individuals affect each other2 differences among individuals
D)
society2 behavior
2
!hen Gill attended a convention recently, she behaved in a manner that seemed totally out of
character for her. Social psychologists would likely attribute her inconsistent behavior to
A)
previously inhibited personal attitudes.
B)
her repressed personality.
C)
deeply rooted biological factors.
D)
social influences.
3
"s a social psychologist, Gack will most likely be aware that
A)
social psychology is a collection of findings about social behavior.
B)
social psychologists are highly obective.
C)
social psychologists are influenced by their values.
D)
values are more likely to differ across cultures than over time.
4
@"haH@ declared Iobert. @, knew all along that better educated soldiers suffer fewer adustment
problems than less educated soldiers.@ Iobert is exhibiting the
A)
foresight bias.
43
B)
hindsight bias.
C)
self%serving bias.
D)
confirmation bias.
5
Iesearchers hypothesi$e that people who drive SD0s are bullies. Iesearchers set up a hidden camera
by a four%point stop sign and observe what kind of carJdriver is more likely to stop fully andJor not
yield to the other driver&s right%of%way. !hat kind of study is this)
A)
a laboratory experiment
B)
field research
C)
a case study
D)
a correlational study
6
Iesearchers examined the effects of the number of bystanders on people&s likelihood of helping a
stranger in distress. 1ither alone or in the company of others, a subect witnessed an individual in
need of help. Iesearchers then measured how likely the subect was to help the distressed individual.
,n this example, the number of bystanders would be the
A)
B)
dependent variable.
C)
random variable.
D)
confounding variable.
7
Iesearchers were interested in the relationship between the amount of aggressive media watched and
observable acts of aggressive behavior by children towards others. They separated subects into three
groups> group one watched 3 hours a week of aggressive media2 group two watched 65 hours a week
of aggressive media2 and group three watched 63 hours of aggressive media. Iesearchers then polled
the parents or teachers on the child&s observable aggressive behavior. ,n this example, aggressive
behavior would be the
A)
B)
dependent variable.
C)
random variable.
D)
8
+ary and Steve were getting divorced. The fact that each attributed most of their marital problems to
the other demonstrates how
A)
self concerns motivate social behavior.
B)
social relationships help define who we are.
C)
self%interest colors our social udgment.
D)
we tend to believe that our emotions can be easily read by others.
9
+inority groups often define themselves by attending to
A)
similarities between themselves and the maority group.
B)
the way they are presented in the media as the primary guide to their identity.
C)
differences between themselves and the maority group.
D)
the similarities they have with other minority groups.
10
Fachary has nightmares about being homeless when he grows up2 Kenia dreams of becoming a
famous ballerina. These images represent Fachary and Kenia&s
A)
possible selves.
B)
self%concepts.
C)
self%schemas.
44
D)
social identities.
11
7ou left high school with a 9.; (P" and have always believed you were @much smarter than the
average bear.@ Aow you are in a college where everyone had a 9.; (P" in high school and great S"T
scores. Suddenly you are struggling to keep up with the pack and feel less and less intelligent as the
semesters go by. This is due to
A)
social identity.
B)
the social comparison effect.
C)
self%reference effects.
D)
the looking%glass self phenomenon.
12
(eorge Herbert +ead believed that our self%concept is based on
A)
how others see us.
B)
our sense of accomplishment.
C)
how we imagine others see us.
D)
the praise we receive from others.
13
People in Llorida know that hurricanes happen often during the hurricane season. Lor this reason, at
the beginning of the hurricane season they buy supplies to make sure they can protect their property
and families. This planning and preparedness illustrates
A)
an external locus of control.
B)
high self%monitoring.
C)
high self%efficacy.
D)
an internal locus of control.
14
"fter a test in which you get an ", you explain that you studied hard and deserved it. 7et after you fail
the next test, you explain that you failed because you were out partying the night before, your
roommate woke you up early, you felt sick, etc. This is an example of
A)
B)
the actorJobserver effect.
C)
the fundamental attribution error.
D)
the self%serving bias.
15
" student is told to give a speech in favor of the death penalty. "fter the speech, the class is informed
that the speaker was told to present only that side Bin favorC of the issue. 1ven so, students
overwhelmingly believe that the speaker believes in the death penalty. This illustrates
A)
B)
C)
D)
correspondence.
16
,f, as a uror, you watch a videotaped confession where the camera is focused on the detective, you
are more likely to perceive the confession as coerced. This is due to the
A)
B)
camera perspective bias.
C)
self%serving bias.
D)
suspicious schema.
45
17
,f , told you that you were going to meet someone @warm,@ the odds are you would enoy your
contact with that person. *onversely, if , introduced you to someone , described as @cold,@ you&d most
likely not want to talk to the person. This illustrates
A)
the suspicious schema.
B)
anchoring.
C)
priming.
D)
the foot%in%the%door technique.
18
,f, on day one, you had written down the grade you expected to receive on your first exam in this
class, you, and most of your classmates, would most likely write down an ". However, you wind up
getting a * on the first test. This is due to
A)
overconfidence.
B)
bad grading.
C)
D)
the self%fulfilling prophecy
19
"nil looked over the syllabus for his social psychology class and determined that he would have lots of
time to write his research paper if he began it after the first midterm. "s the final week of class was
approaching, he saw that he had been wrong and his paper was nowhere near finished. "nil suffered
from
A)
B)
the planning fallacy.
C)
rosy retrospection.
D)
blind sight.
20
Hiro is annoyed every time someone asks him for help with statistics. "lthough he never did very well
in math, his classmates assume he is highly gifted because he is Gapanese%"merican. This tendency to
assume Hiro is good at math because he is "sian%"merican illustrates
A)
the availability heuristic.
B)
C)
the representativeness heuristic.
D)
21
,f someone cuts you off in traffic according to attribution theory, you are most likely to attribute that
person&s behavior to ..........2 if you cut someone else off, you are most likely to attribute your
behavior to...........
A)
dispositional factors2 dispositional factors
B)
dispositional factors2 situational factors
C)
situational factors2 dispositional factors
D)
situational factors2 situational factors
22
The best way to determine if someone really cares about the environment would be to
A)
ask how they voted.
B)
ask them about their attitude.
C)
see what political party they belong to.
D)
look at what kind of car they chose to purchase.
23
,f you are paid M45 to lie to someone versus M6 to tell the same lie to someone, you are '1SS likely to
experience dissonance. !hy)
A)
the overustification effect.
46
B)
insufficient ustification effect.
C)
the insufficient funds effect.
D)
the underustification effect.
24
Social psychologist "llan !icker B6<=6C stated, @,t may be desirable to abandon the attitude concept@
because
A)
it is too difficult to understand people&s attitudes.
B)
the attitude research is highly biased.
C)
the concept of @attitudes@ is too broad to be meaningful.
D)
attitudes determine virtually nothing.
25
7our girlfriend asks you if you&d be willing to run really quickly into the grocery store with her. 7ou
agree. However, once in the car, she asks if you&d mind running three other errands with her.
#egrudgingly you say yes. She has used which of the following techniques)
A)
slave labor.
B)
the door%in%the%face technique.
C)
D)
the low%ball technique.
26
Six%year%old Talal enoys drawing with colored pencils. /ne day his teacher says she is going to reward
him for using the pencils, and she does. !hat would explain why Talal no longer seems to enoy using
colored pencils)
A)
the insufficient ustification effect
B)
the overustification effect
C)
self%affirmation theory
D)
cognitive dissonance theory
27
"ccording to Shipman B4559C, if we traced our roots back far enough Bi.e., approximately 655,555
yearsC, our ancestors would all be
A)
"frican.
B)
"sian.
C)
1uropean.
D)
Semitic.
28
"s +ireille grows up, she learns the proper way to address different people, depending on their age,
their relation to her, and their social status. These accepted and expected behaviors are
A)
attitudes.
B)
universal friendly norms.
C)
perspectives.
D)
universal status norms.
29
,f outgoing and friendly people reproduce more than socially withdrawn and unfriendly people, we
should see more outgoing and friendly people in the next generation. This illustrates
A)
variation.
B)
natural selection.
C)
heredity of the species.
D)
ontogeny.
47
30
"n interaction is said to occur when
A)
two streets meet.
B)
the effect of one factor causes another.
C)
two attitudes meet.
D)
the effect of one factor depends upon another.
31
!hich of the following is A/T characteristic of males)
A)
They are more likely to have "?H?.
B)
They are more likely to be depressed.
C)
They are more likely to be able to wiggle their ears.
D)
They are more likely to commit suicide.
32
1volutionary psychology predicts sex differences with regard to
A)
selecting mates.
B)
taste preferences for nourishing our bodies.
C)
developing calluses where skin meets friction.
D)
regulating heat by sweating.
33
"ggression is influenced by
A)
estrogen.
B)
progesterone.
C)
testosterone.
D)
dopamine.
34
7oung immigrant children often prefer the language and norms of their new peer culture. This is
because
A)
the parents make them speak the language.
B)
they want to pretend they&re not immigrants.
C)
peer groups have more influence in transmitting culture.
D)
the norm demands it.
35
7ou go out to dinner with three of your good friends. Lriends 6 and 4 order dessert. Aext, Lriend 9
orders dessert. !hen the waiter gets to you, even though you are dieting, you order dessert. !hy)
A)
conformity
B)
compliance
C)
obedience
D)
persuasion
36
The @teacherJlearner@ paradigm, which has been extensively used by researchers to investigate a
variety of phenomena, was used by
A)
"sch to investigate conformity.
B)
+ilgram to investigate obedience.
C)
#andura to investigate social learning theory.
D)
Fimbardo to investigate the power of the situation.
48
37
+ilgram&s study was critici$ed for
A)
being unscientific.
B)
not producing any useable data.
C)
being unethical.
D)
not furthering the understanding of human behavior.
38
(roups often reect people who consistently deviate from social roles. These people appear to be
unaffected by
A)
proximal influence.
B)
C)
D)
qualitative influence.
39
,f your parents tell you that you can&t drink until you are 46, you may well go out drinking before
then. Psychologists refer to this as
A)
repression.
B)
catharsis.
C)
reactance.
D)
reaction formation.
40
Humans not only want to be different from @average%others@ but, more importantly, they wish to be
#1TT1I than @average%others.@ This is due to
A)
B)
C)
D)
self%presentation.
41
Social psychologists are most likely to study persuasion using
A)
field studies.
B)
brief, controlled experiments.
C)
correlational studies.
D)
long, controlled experiments.
42
!hen people are presented with information, and they are naturally analytical or the information is
highly involving, they are likely to be persuaded via the .......... route to persuasion. !hen
people are not engaged with the information, or they tend to make snap udgments, they are more
likely persuaded via the .......... route.
A)
peripheral2 central
B)
elaborative2 peripheral
C)
central2 peripheral
D)
central2 elaborative
43
" small town used a variety of strategies over a six%month period to persuade the residents to stop
smoking. "t the end of six months, there appeared to be no reduction in cigarette sales. However, a
survey one year later showed a significant reduction in cigarette sales which demonstrates
A)
the sleeper effect.
49
B)
the power of using a peripheral route to persuasion.
C)
the power of using a central route to persuasion.
D)
use of social persuasion.
44
Iesearch on persuasion suggests that
A)
people are not generally influenced by attractiveness.
B)
people are not generally influenced by speaker credibility.
C)
people tend to be influenced by speaker likeability.
D)
people are not generally influenced by attractiveness when arguments are emotional.
45
!hich of the following messages is A/T likely to be as persuasive as the others)
A)
+essages conveyed by popular and attractive communicators.
B)
+essages that appear to be designed to change our attitudes.
C)
+essages that arouse strong emotions.
D)
+essages presented by communicators who appear to be credible experts.
46
0irginia Iichards is running for public office. !hich strategy is most likely to help her win the election)
A)
repeated media exposure
B)
passive appeals
C)
exploiting the recency effect
D)
massive mailings to registered voters
47
Historically, social facilitation referred
A)
to both improvements and detriments to performance.
B)
only to detriments in performance.
C)
only to improved performance.
D)
to an effect seen only when more than 65 people were present.
48
Faonc argues that social facilitation leads to arousal which enhances
A)
performance.
B)
the dominant response.
C)
the submissive response.
D)
the self%presentation response.
49
!hen ,ngham B6<=:C told students they were pulling on a rope alone, or that two to five people
behind them were pulling as well, he found that they pulled hardest when
A)
they believed they were pulling with two people.
B)
they believed they were pulling with three people.
C)
they believed they were pulling with four or five people.
D)
they believed they were pulling alone.
50
+arcos will be meeting with a group of his employees to design a sensitive strategy for working with
highly confidential information. To avoid problems with groupthink, he should
50
A)
encourage critical evaluation.
B)
immediately present his position.
C)
keep the group working together throughout the whole designing process.
D)
discourage input from people outside the group.
Your Results:
1 CORRECT
!hile sociology studies .........., social psychology focuses on ...........
A)
people in groups2 individuals
B)
societies2 groups
C)
how individuals affect each other2 differences among individuals
D)
society2 behavior
0eed'ac12
C-rrect
2 !CORRECT
!hen Gill attended a convention recently, she behaved in a manner that seemed
totally out of character for her. Social psychologists would likely attribute her
inconsistent behavior to
A)
previously inhibited personal attitudes.
B)
her repressed personality.
C)
deeply rooted biological factors.
D)
social influences.
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* *-cia, i%6,+e%ce*3
3 !CORRECT
"s a social psychologist, Gack will most likely be aware that
A)
social psychology is a collection of findings about social behavior.
B)
social psychologists are highly obective.
C)
social psychologists are influenced by their values.
D)
values are more likely to differ across cultures than over time.
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* *-cia, #*5c"-,-&i*t* are i%6,+e%ced '5 t"eir )a,+e*3
4 !CORRECT
@"haH@ declared Iobert. @, knew all along that better educated soldiers suffer fewer
adustment problems than less educated soldiers.@ Iobert is exhibiting the
A)
foresight bias.
B)
hindsight bias.
C)
self%serving bias.
D)
confirmation bias.
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* "i%d*i&"t 'ia*3
5 !CORRECT
Iesearchers hypothesi$e that people who drive SD0s are bullies. Iesearchers set up a
hidden camera by a four%point stop sign and observe what kind of carJdriver is more
likely to stop fully andJor not yield to the other driver&s right%of%way. !hat kind of
study is this)
A)
a laboratory experiment
B)
field research
C)
a case study
D)
a correlational study
51
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* 6ie,d re*earc"3
6 CORRECT
Iesearchers examined the effects of the number of bystanders on people&s likelihood
of helping a stranger in distress. 1ither alone or in the company of others, a subect
witnessed an individual in need of help. Iesearchers then measured how likely the
subect was to help the distressed individual. ,n this example, the number of
bystanders would be the
A)
B)
dependent variable.
C)
random variable.
D)
0eed'ac12
C-rrect3
7 !CORRECT
Iesearchers were interested in the relationship between the amount of aggressive
media watched and observable acts of aggressive behavior by children towards others.
They separated subects into three groups> group one watched 3 hours a week of
aggressive media2 group two watched 65 hours a week of aggressive media2 and
group three watched 63 hours of aggressive media. Iesearchers then polled the
parents or teachers on the child&s observable aggressive behavior. ,n this example,
aggressive behavior would be the
A)
B)
dependent variable.
C)
random variable.
D)
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* de#e%de%t )aria',e3
8 !CORRECT
+ary and Steve were getting divorced. The fact that each attributed most of their
marital problems to the other demonstrates how
A)
self concerns motivate social behavior.
B)
social relationships help define who we are.
C)
self%interest colors our social udgment.
D)
we tend to believe that our emotions can be easily read by others.
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* *e,6-i%tere*t c-,-r* -+r *-cia, (+d&me%t3
9 !CORRECT
+inority groups often define themselves by attending to
A)
similarities between themselves and the maority group.
B)
the way they are presented in the media as the primary guide to their
identity.
C)
differences between themselves and the maority group.
D)
the similarities they have with other minority groups.
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* di66ere%ce* 'et4ee% t"em*e,)e* a%d t"e ma(-rit5 &r-+#3
10 CORRECT
Fachary has nightmares about being homeless when he grows up2 Kenia dreams of
becoming a famous ballerina. These images represent Fachary and Kenia&s
A)
possible selves.
B)
self%concepts.
C)
self%schemas.
D)
social identities.
0eed'ac12
C-rrect3
11
!CORRECT
7ou left high school with a 9.; (P" and have always believed you were @much smarter
than the average bear.@ Aow you are in a college where everyone had a 9.; (P" in
52
high school and great S"T scores. Suddenly you are struggling to keep up with the
pack and feel less and less intelligent as the semesters go by. This is due to
A)
social identity.
B)
the social comparison effect.
C)
self%reference effects.
D)
the looking%glass self phenomenon.
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* t"e *-cia, c-m#ari*-% e66ect3
12
!CORRECT
(eorge Herbert +ead believed that our self%concept is based on
A)
how others see us.
B)
our sense of accomplishment.
C)
how we imagine others see us.
D)
the praise we receive from others.
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* "-4 4e ima&i%e -t"er* *ee +*3
13
!CORRECT
People in Llorida know that hurricanes happen often during the hurricane season. Lor
this reason, at the beginning of the hurricane season they buy supplies to make sure
they can protect their property and families. This planning and preparedness
illustrates
A)
an external locus of control.
B)
C)
high self%efficacy.
D)
an internal locus of control.
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* a% i%ter%a, ,-c+* -6 c-%tr-,3
14
!CORRECT
"fter a test in which you get an ", you explain that you studied hard and deserved it.
7et after you fail the next test, you explain that you failed because you were out
partying the night before, your roommate woke you up early, you felt sick, etc. This is
an example of
A)
B)
C)
D)
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* t"e *e,6-*er)i%& 'ia*3
15
!CORRECT
" student is told to give a speech in favor of the death penalty. "fter the speech, the
class is informed that the speaker was told to present only that side Bin favorC of the
issue. 1ven so, students overwhelmingly believe that the speaker believes in the death
penalty. This illustrates
A)
B)
C)
D)
correspondence.
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* t"e 6+%dame%ta, attri'+ti-% err-r3
16
!CORRECT
,f, as a uror, you watch a videotaped confession where the camera is focused on the
detective, you are more likely to perceive the confession as coerced. This is due to the
A)
B)
camera perspective bias.
C)
self%serving bias.
53
D)
suspicious schema.
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* camera #er*#ecti)e 'ia*3
17
!CORRECT
,f , told you that you were going to meet someone @warm,@ the odds are you would
enoy your contact with that person. *onversely, if , introduced you to someone ,
described as @cold,@ you&d most likely not want to talk to the person. This illustrates
A)
the suspicious schema.
B)
anchoring.
C)
priming.
D)
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* #rimi%&3
18 CORRECT
,f, on day one, you had written down the grade you expected to receive on your first
exam in this class, you, and most of your classmates, would most likely write down an
". However, you wind up getting a * on the first test. This is due to
A)
overconfidence.
B)
bad grading.
C)
D)
the self%fulfilling prophecy
0eed'ac12
C-rrect3
19
!CORRECT
"nil looked over the syllabus for his social psychology class and determined that he
would have lots of time to write his research paper if he began it after the first
midterm. "s the final week of class was approaching, he saw that he had been wrong
and his paper was nowhere near finished. "nil suffered from
A)
B)
the planning fallacy.
C)
rosy retrospection.
D)
blind sight.
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* t"e #,a%%i%& 6a,,ac53
20
!CORRECT
Hiro is annoyed every time someone asks him for help with statistics. "lthough he
never did very well in math, his classmates assume he is highly gifted because he is
Gapanese%"merican. This tendency to assume Hiro is good at math because he is
"sian%"merican illustrates
A)
the availability heuristic.
B)
C)
the representativeness heuristic.
D)
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* t"e re#re*e%tati)e%e** "e+ri*tic3
21
!CORRECT
,f someone cuts you off in traffic according to attribution theory, you are most likely to
attribute that person&s behavior to ..........2 if you cut someone else off, you are
most likely to attribute your behavior to...........
A)
dispositional factors2 dispositional factors
B)
dispositional factors2 situational factors
C)
situational factors2 dispositional factors
D)
situational factors2 situational factors
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* di*#-*iti-%a, 6act-r*< *it+ati-%a, 6act-r*3
54
22
!CORRECT
The best way to determine if someone really cares about the environment would be to
A)
ask how they voted.
B)
ask them about their attitude.
C)
see what political party they belong to.
D)
look at what kind of car they chose to purchase.
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* ,--1 at 4"at 1i%d -6 car t"e5 c"-*e t- #+rc"a*e3
23
!CORRECT
,f you are paid M45 to lie to someone versus M6 to tell the same lie to someone, you
are '1SS likely to experience dissonance. !hy)
A)
the overustification effect.
B)
insufficient ustification effect.
C)
the insufficient funds effect.
D)
the underustification effect.
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* i%*+66icie%t (+*ti6icati-% e66ect3
24
!CORRECT
Social psychologist "llan !icker B6<=6C stated, @,t may be desirable to abandon the
attitude concept@ because
A)
it is too difficult to understand people&s attitudes.
B)
the attitude research is highly biased.
C)
the concept of @attitudes@ is too broad to be meaningful.
D)
attitudes determine virtually nothing.
0eed'ac12
C-rrect3
25
!CORRECT
7our girlfriend asks you if you&d be willing to run really quickly into the grocery store
with her. 7ou agree. However, once in the car, she asks if you&d mind running three
other errands with her. #egrudgingly you say yes. She has used which of the following
techniques)
A)
slave labor.
B)
the door%in%the%face technique.
C)
D)
the low%ball technique.
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* t"e 6--t-i%-t"e-d--r tec"%i=+e3
26
!CORRECT
Six%year%old Talal enoys drawing with colored pencils. /ne day his teacher says she is
going to reward him for using the pencils, and she does. !hat would explain why Talal
no longer seems to enoy using colored pencils)
A)
the insufficient ustification effect
B)
the overustification effect
C)
self%affirmation theory
D)
cognitive dissonance theory
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* t"e -)er(+*ti6icati-% e66ect3
27 CORRECT
"ccording to Shipman B4559C, if we traced our roots back far enough Bi.e.,
approximately 655,555 yearsC, our ancestors would all be
A)
"frican.
B)
"sian.
C)
1uropean.
D)
Semitic.
55
0eed'ac12
C-rrect3
28
!CORRECT
"s +ireille grows up, she learns the proper way to address different people, depending
on their age, their relation to her, and their social status. These accepted and
expected behaviors are
A)
attitudes.
B)
universal friendly norms.
C)
perspectives.
D)
universal status norms.
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* +%i)er*a, *tat+* %-rm*3
29
!CORRECT
,f outgoing and friendly people reproduce more than socially withdrawn and unfriendly
people, we should see more outgoing and friendly people in the next generation. This
illustrates
A)
variation.
B)
natural selection.
C)
heredity of the species.
D)
ontogeny.
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* %at+ra, *e,ecti-%3
30
!CORRECT
"n interaction is said to occur when
A)
two streets meet.
B)
the effect of one factor causes another.
C)
two attitudes meet.
D)
the effect of one factor depends upon another.
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* t"e e66ect -6 -%e 6act-r de#e%d* +#-% a%-t"er3
31
>!A!?@ERED
!hich of the following is A/T characteristic of males)
A)
They are more likely to have "?H?.
B)
They are more likely to be depressed.
C)
They are more likely to be able to wiggle their ears.
D)
They are more likely to commit suicide.
32 CORRECT
1volutionary psychology predicts sex differences with regard to
A)
selecting mates.
B)
taste preferences for nourishing our bodies.
C)
developing calluses where skin meets friction.
D)
regulating heat by sweating.
0eed'ac12
C-rrect3
33
!CORRECT
"ggression is influenced by
A)
estrogen.
B)
progesterone.
C)
testosterone.
D)
dopamine.
56
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* te*t-*ter-%e3
34
!CORRECT
7oung immigrant children often prefer the language and norms of their new peer
culture. This is because
A)
the parents make them speak the language.
B)
they want to pretend they&re not immigrants.
C)
peer groups have more influence in transmitting culture.
D)
the norm demands it.
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* #eer &r-+#* "a)e m-re i%6,+e%ce i% tra%*mitti%& c+,t+re3
35 CORRECT
7ou go out to dinner with three of your good friends. Lriends 6 and 4 order dessert.
Aext, Lriend 9 orders dessert. !hen the waiter gets to you, even though you are
dieting, you order dessert. !hy)
A)
conformity
B)
compliance
C)
obedience
D)
persuasion
0eed'ac12
C-rrect3
36
!CORRECT
The @teacherJlearner@ paradigm, which has been extensively used by researchers to
investigate a variety of phenomena, was used by
A)
"sch to investigate conformity.
B)
+ilgram to investigate obedience.
C)
#andura to investigate social learning theory.
D)
Fimbardo to investigate the power of the situation.
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* Mi,&ram t- i%)e*ti&ate -'edie%ce3
37
!CORRECT
+ilgram&s study was critici$ed for
A)
being unscientific.
B)
not producing any useable data.
C)
being unethical.
D)
not furthering the understanding of human behavior.
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* 'ei%& +%et"ica,3
38
!CORRECT
(roups often reect people who consistently deviate from social roles. These people
appear to be unaffected by
A)
proximal influence.
B)
C)
D)
qualitative influence.
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* %-rmati)e i%6,+e%ce3
39
!CORRECT
,f your parents tell you that you can&t drink until you are 46, you may well go out
drinking before then. Psychologists refer to this as
A)
repression.
B)
catharsis.
C)
reactance.
57
D)
reaction formation.
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* reacta%ce3
40 CORRECT
Humans not only want to be different from @average%others@ but, more importantly,
they wish to be #1TT1I than @average%others.@ This is due to
A)
B)
C)
D)
self%presentation.
0eed'ac12
C-rrect3
41
!CORRECT
Social psychologists are most likely to study persuasion using
A)
field studies.
B)
brief, controlled experiments.
C)
correlational studies.
D)
long, controlled experiments.
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* 'rie6; c-%tr-,,ed e7#erime%t*3
42
!CORRECT
!hen people are presented with information, and they are naturally analytical or the
information is highly involving, they are likely to be persuaded via the ..........
route to persuasion. !hen people are not engaged with the information, or they tend
to make snap udgments, they are more likely persuaded via the .......... route.
A)
peripheral2 central
B)
elaborative2 peripheral
C)
central2 peripheral
D)
central2 elaborative
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* ce%tra,< #eri#"era,3
43 CORRECT
" small town used a variety of strategies over a six%month period to persuade the
residents to stop smoking. "t the end of six months, there appeared to be no
reduction in cigarette sales. However, a survey one year later showed a significant
reduction in cigarette sales which demonstrates
A)
the sleeper effect.
B)
the power of using a peripheral route to persuasion.
C)
the power of using a central route to persuasion.
D)
use of social persuasion.
0eed'ac12
C-rrect3
44
!CORRECT
Iesearch on persuasion suggests that
A)
people are not generally influenced by attractiveness.
B)
people are not generally influenced by speaker credibility.
C)
people tend to be influenced by speaker likeability.
D)
people are not generally influenced by attractiveness when arguments are
emotional.
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* #e-#,e te%d t- 'e i%6,+e%ced '5 *#ea1er ,i1ea'i,it53
45
!CORRECT
!hich of the following messages is A/T likely to be as persuasive as the others)
A)
+essages conveyed by popular and attractive communicators.
58
B)
+essages that appear to be designed to change our attitudes.
C)
+essages that arouse strong emotions.
D)
+essages presented by communicators who appear to be credible experts.
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* me**a&e* t"at a##ear t- 'e de*i&%ed t- c"a%&e -+r attit+de*3
46 CORRECT
0irginia Iichards is running for public office. !hich strategy is most likely to help her
win the election)
A)
repeated media exposure
B)
passive appeals
C)
exploiting the recency effect
D)
massive mailings to registered voters
0eed'ac12
C-rrect3
47
!CORRECT
Historically, social facilitation referred
A)
to both improvements and detriments to performance.
B)
only to detriments in performance.
C)
only to improved performance.
D)
to an effect seen only when more than 65 people were present.
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* -%,5 t- im#r-)ed #er6-rma%ce3
48
!CORRECT
Faonc argues that social facilitation leads to arousal which enhances
A)
performance.
B)
the dominant response.
C)
the submissive response.
D)
the self%presentation response.
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* t"e d-mi%a%t re*#-%*e3
49
!CORRECT
!hen ,ngham B6<=:C told students they were pulling on a rope alone, or that two to
five people behind them were pulling as well, he found that they pulled hardest when
A)
they believed they were pulling with two people.
B)
they believed they were pulling with three people.
C)
they believed they were pulling with four or five people.
D)
they believed they were pulling alone.
0eed'ac12
T"e c-rrect a%*4er i* t"e5 'e,ie)ed t"e5 4ere #+,,i%& a,-%e3
50 CORRECT
+arcos will be meeting with a group of his employees to design a sensitive strategy
for working with highly confidential information. To avoid problems with groupthink, he
should
A)
encourage critical evaluation.
B)
immediately present his position.
C)
keep the group working together throughout the whole designing process.
D)
discourage input from people outside the group.
0eed'ac12
C-rrect3
59

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