Dr. Ir. Harinaldi, M.

Eng
Mechanical Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering University of Indonesia
Cen t r i f u ga l Pu MP
Pumpi ng Syst em i n an I ndust r y
Pumpi ng Syst em i n an I ndust r y
Cent r i f ugal Pump
Const r uc t i on and Component
Const r uc t i on and Component
Casi ng
Casi ng
Vol ut e
- area enlarge along flow direction
- create uniform velocity distribution
Di f f user
- large size centrifugal pump
- guide vanes surround the impeller
- fluid flow decelerated while
directed to enter the volute
Wor k i ng Pr i nc i pl es
Wor k i ng Pr i nc i pl es
Fluid
K
i
n
e
t
i
c

e
n
e
r
g
y
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
I nst al l at i on
I nst al l at i on
i
i i
Z
g
V
g
p
+ +
2
2

Inlet head :
o
o o
Z
g
V
g
p
+ +
2
2

Outlet head :
Total head developed by the pump:
( )
i o
i o i o
Z Z
g
V V
g
p p
H +

=
2
2 2

out in fo fi s
s
h h h h H
losses H H
+ + + + =
+ =


H =manometric head
h
fi
= friction loss at inlet
h
fi
=friction loss at outlet
h
in
=inlet loss
h
out
= outlet loss
I mpel l er
I mpel l er
Theoretical Assumptions:
No tangential flow in
the blade passage
Impeller blades are
infinitel y thin
No Velocity variation
across impeller width
Anal ysis onl y at inlet
and outlet
Radial inlet flow
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
1 1 2 2
2
1
W W U U C C
g
g
C U C U
E h
x x
+ =

= = A
Flow Capacity/Flow Rate
Head and Fl ow Capac i t y H
Head and Fl ow Capac i t y H
-
-
Q
Q
Theoretical Head Rise / Euler Head
2 2 2 1 1 1
2 2 b C r b C r Q
r r
t t = =
slip
2
'
2
:
x
x
s
C
C
factor slip
= o
STODOLA PROPOSAL
e C
x
e = A
STODOLA PROPOSAL
If the number of blades is Z, and impeller circumference is
2r
2
then the distance between blades is 2r
2
/Z = 2e/sin

Then :
Other Slip Factor
Stodola 20
o
<

< 30
o
( )
( ) | | { }
2 2 2
2
cot 1
sin
1
|
| t
o
U C Z
r
s

=
Buseman 30
o
<

< 80
o
( ) | |
( ) | |
1 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
and , of function are and
cot 1
cot
r r Z B A
U C
U C B A
r
r
s
|
|
|
o

=
Stanitz80
o
<

< 90
o
( ) | | { }
2 2 2
cot 1
63 . 0
1
|
t
o
U C Z
r
s

=
Ex ampl e
Ex ampl e
The impeller of a centrifugal pump has backward-facing blades inclined at
30
o
to the tangent at impeller outlet. The blades are 20 mm in depth at the
outlet, the impeller is 250 mm in diameter and it rotates at 1450 rpm. The flow
rate through the pump is 0.028 m3/s and a slip factor of 0.77 may be
assumed. Assume also the blades of infinitesimal thickness. Determine the
theoretical and actual head developed by the impeller, and the number of
impeller blades
Solution:
Flow Capacity/Flow Rate
( )( )
m/s 78 . 1
02 . 0 25 . 0 028 . 0
2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
=
=
=
=
r
r
r
r
C
C
b D Q C
b C D Q
t
t
t
For ideal outlet velocity triangle

= 30
o
( ) m/s 08 . 3 30 tan / 78 . 1 30 tan
2 2
= = =
o o
r x
C W
( )( )
m/s 92 . 15 08 . 3 19
m/s 19 60 / 1450 25 . 0 60
2 2 2
2 2
= = =
= = =
x x
W U C
N D U t t
Theoretical (Euler) head
( )( )
(ans.) m 83 . 30
81 . 9
92 . 15 19
) ( 0
1
1 1 2 2
= =
=

=
E
inlet at radially enters flow C
g
C U C U
E
x
x x
Actual head with slip
( )( ) (ans.) m 74 . 23 83 . 30 77 . 0 .
.
2
'
2
= = =
=
E E
C C
s N
x s x
o
o
Number of blade
( ) ( ) | | { }
( ) ( ) | | { }
(ans.) 8 15 . 8
30 cot 19 78 . 1 1 30 sin 1 77 . 0
cot 1 sin 1
2 2 2 2
~ =
=
=
Z
Z
U C Z
o o
r s
t
| | t o
Pump Losses
Pump Losses
1. Mechanical friction power
loss, P
m
2. Impeller (Disc) friction
power loss, P
i
3. Leakage and recirculation
power loss, P
l
4. Casing power loss, P
c
Pump Losses
Pump Losses
1. Mechanical friction power loss, P
m
Pump Losses
Pump Losses
2. Impeller (Disc) friction power loss, P
i
Head loss : h
i
Flow rate : Q
i
P
i
= g Q
i
h
i
Pump Losses
Pump Losses
3. Leakage and recirculation power loss, P
l
Head across impeller : H
i
Leakage flow rate : q = Q
i
- Q
P
l
= g q
i
H
i
Pump Losses
Pump Losses
4. Casing power loss, P
c
Head loss : h
c
Flow rate : Q
P
c
= g Qh
c
Pump Losses Pump Losses
H H- -Q Di agr am Q Di agr am
Ef f i c i enc y Ef f i c i enc y
s
o
P
gQH
q = = =
input power shaft
pump by developed power Fluid
Efficiency Overall
i i
c
H
H
gQH
gQH
= = =
=
=

q
loss Leakage - impeller by developed power Fluid
outlet casing at power Fluid

inlet casing at power Fluid
outlet casing at power Fluid
Efficiency Casing
i
v
Q
Q
q Q
Q
=
+
= = = q
impeller through rate Flow
pump through rate Flow
Efficiency Volumetric
Ef f i c i enc y Ef f i c i enc y
( ) ( )
i i
i
i i i
i i
i
h H
H
h H gQ
H gQ
+
=
+
= =
+
=
=

q
loss impeller impeller by developed power Fluid
exit impeller at power Fluid

impeller to supplied power Fluid
exit impeller at power Fluid
Efficiency Impeller
( )
s
i i i
m
P
H h gQ +
= =
=

q
shaft the input to Power
impeller to supplied power Fluid
Efficiency Mechanical
( ) E
H
h H
H
i i
H
=
+
= =
=
q
impeller by developed head l Theoretica
pump by developed head Actual
Efficiency Hydraulic
Ef f i c i enc y Rel at i on Ef f i c i enc y Rel at i on
i c H
q q q =
m v H m v i c o
q q q q q q q q = =
Pump Shaf t Pow er , Pump Shaf t Pow er , P P
s s
( ) QH q H Q h Q h g P P
i c i i m s
+ + + + =
Dr i ven Mot or Shaf t Pow er , Dr i ven Mot or Shaf t Pow er , P P
M M
Tr ansmi ssi on Ef f i c i enc y, Tr ansmi ssi on Ef f i c i enc y,
T T
M T s
P P q =
T
S
M
P
P
q
=
Pump
Pump

s Char ac t er i st i c Cur ve
s Char ac t er i st i c Cur ve
( ) | |
Q K K E
g A Q U U E
2 1
2 2 2

cot
=
= |
( )
s N
Q K K E o
2 1
=
( )
flowrate design is Q
where
Q Q K h
D
D shock

:
2
3
=
2
4
Q K h
f
=
Ef f ec t of Fl ow Rat e Var i at i on
Ef f ec t of Fl ow Rat e Var i at i on
Inlet velocity
Outlet velocity
Q ; H Q ; H
Ef f ec t of Bl ade Out l et Angl e
Ef f ec t of Bl ade Out l et Angl e
2 2 2 2
cot|
r x
C U C =
( )
( ) ( ) bQ a H gA QU g U E
g C U U E
r
= =
=
2 2
2
2
2 2 2 2
cot
cot
|
|
o
for 90
2
< |
o
for 90
2
= |
a H =
o
for 90
2
> |
bQ a H + =
Ef f ec t of Bl ade Out l et Angl e
Ef f ec t of Bl ade Out l et Angl e
Theoretical
characteristic curves
Actual
characteristic curves
Fl ow i n t he Di sc har ge Casi ng
Fl ow i n t he Di sc har ge Casi ng
Vol ut e Casi ng
Function:
1. Collector
2. Diffuser
Deviation in capacity from
the design condition will
result in a radial thrust (P):
( ) | |
2
2 2
1 36 . 0 :
495
D
Q Q K where
B KHD P
=
=
Function:
P = radial force (N)
H = Head (m)
D
2
= peripheral diameter (m)
B
2
= impeller width (m)
Circular section to
reduce losses due to
friction and impact
Fl ow i n t he Di sc har ge Casi ng
Fl ow i n t he Di sc har ge Casi ng
Vanel ess Di f f user
Fl ow i n t he Di sc har ge Casi ng
Fl ow i n t he Di sc har ge Casi ng
Vaneless Diffuser Continuity:
2 2 2 2
2 2
r r r
C b r C rb AC m t t = = =
rb C b r C
r r 2 2 2 2
=
Conservation of angular momentum:
r x x x
C C usually r r C C >> =
2 2
Then:
x
C C ~
r r C C
x 2 2
=
Radius, r
Outlet ki neti c energi
' tan ' tan
2 2 2
o o = = = cons C C
r x
dr
rdu
o = ' tan
( )
2 2
ln ' tan r r o u u =
Then:
diffuser of angle = u
Fl ow i n t he Di sc har ge Casi ng
Fl ow i n t he Di sc har ge Casi ng
Vaned Di f f user
Number of vanes on the
diffuser ring:
Greater number better
diffusion but more friction
loss
Square cross section of
diffuser channel max r
h
Number of diffuser vanes
have no common factor
with the number of
impeller
Higher rate
Shorter length
Higher efficiency
Able to diffuse the outlet
kinetic energy at:
Fl ow i n t he Di sc har ge Casi ng
Fl ow i n t he Di sc har ge Casi ng
Contribution of each section of the pump to total head
Cavi t at i on i n Pumps
Cavi t at i on i n Pumps
Vapour bubbles formation of the liquid as the local
absolute static pressure of a liquid falls below the vapour
pressure
occurs mainl y at the suction side (at the eye of impeller as the
velocity increases and pressure decreases)
Local pitting of impeller cavitation erosion
Noise
Decrease pump efficiency
Net Posi t i ve Suc t i on Head (NPSH)
Net Posi t i ve Suc t i on Head (NPSH)
The difference of total suction head in the impeller inlet
side (impeller eye) above the vapour pressure
( ) absolute are pressures all
g
p
g
V
g
p
NPSH
vap
i i

2
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

A measure of the energy available on the suction side of the
pump
A measure to indicate the occurrence of cavitation
Cavi t at i on Par amet er (Toma Cavi t at i on Number )
H
g
p
g
V
g
p
pump by Developed Head
NPSH
vap
i i
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= =

o
2

2
NPSH Requi r ed (NPSH
R
)
Net Suction Head as required by the pump
in order to prevent cavitation for safe and
reliable operation of the pump.
The required NPSH
R
for a particular pump
is in general determined experimentally by
the pump manufacturer (will vary
depending on the size and speed of the
pump) and a part of the documentation of
the pump.
Net Posi t i ve Suc t i on Head (NPSH)
Net Posi t i ve Suc t i on Head (NPSH)
Measurement of NPSH
R
by 3%
head reduction
Example of pump documentation
NPSH Avai l abl e (NPSH
A
)
The Net Positive Suction Head
made available the suction
system for the pump.
The NPSH
A
can be determined
during design and construction,
or determined experimentally
from the actual physical system
and calculated with the Energy
Equation
Net Posi t i ve Suc t i on Head (NPSH)
Net Posi t i ve Suc t i on Head (NPSH)
Energy at 1 = Energy at 2 + Energy lost between 1 and 2

= + + + =
inlet inlet
losses z
g
p
g
V
g
p
losess
g
V
g
p
z
g
p
1
1
2
2 2
2
2 2
1
1
2 2
At inlet p
2
= p
i
; V
2
= V
i
and losses
inlet
= h
in
+ h
fi
, then:
NPSH available at impeller inlet :
fi i
vap
A
h h z
g
p
g
p
NPSH =
1
1

To avoid cavitation in a pump operation
Cavi t at i on ~ NPSH
Cavi t at i on ~ NPSH
R A
NPSH NPSH >
R A
o o > or
Suc t i on Spec i f i c Speed
Suc t i on Spec i f i c Speed
A function due to cavitation that influences the efficiency
( ) | |
4 / 3
2 / 1
NPSH g
NQ
N
suc
=
Dimensionless suction specific speed
( )
suc
N f , | q =
( )
4 / 3
4 / 3
4 / 3
o = =
H
NPSH
N
N
suc
s
Cavitation parameter
( ) ( )
2 1
2
2 1
2
2 1
2
1
o o = = D D N N
NPSH
NPSH
Similarity Laws
Ex ampl e
Ex ampl e
When a laboratory test was carried out on a pump, it was found that, for a
pump total head of 36 m at discharde of 0.05 m
3
/s, cavitation began when the
sum of the static pressure plus the velocity head at inlet was reduced to 3.5
m. The atmospheric pressure was 750 mmHg and the vapour pressure of
water 1.8 kPa. If the pump is to operate at a location where atmospheric
pressure is reduced to 620 mmHg and the vapour pressure of water is 830
Pa, what is the value of the cavitation parameter when the pump develops the
same total head and discharge? Is it necessary to reduce the hei ght of the
pump above the suppl y, and if so by how much?