(Autonomous) Perundurai, Erode - 638 052: Kongu Engineering College

KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
SCHOOL OF BUILDING AND MECHANICAL SCIENCES

LABORATORY MANUAL

COMPUTER AIDED SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS LAB

Prepared by

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052
hod_mech@kongu.ac.in
2013

COMPUTER AIDED SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS LAB 2

CONTENTS
S.NO DATE

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENTS

PAGE
NO
MARKS SIGN
1.
STUDY OF ANSYS

1

2.

1.STRESS ANALYSIS OF BEAM -
CANTILEVER BEAM WITH POINT LOAD
19

2.STRESS ANALYSIS OF BEAM-SIMPLY
SUPPORT BEAM WITH DISTRIBUTED
LOADS
21

3.STRESS ANALYSIS OF BEAM-FIXED
BEAM WITH VARYING LOAD
23

3.
STRESS ANALYSIS OF A PLATE WITH
CIRCULAR HOLE
25

4.
STRESS ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR L
PLATE
28

5.
STRESS ANALYSIS OF AN
AXIS -SYMMETRIC COMPONENT
31

6

1.MODAL ANALYSIS OF A CANTILEVER
BEAM
34

2.MODAL ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLY
SUPPORTED BEAM
36

7.
HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF A 2D
COMPONENT
38

8. SIMPLE CONDUCTION EXAMPLE 40

9.
THERMAL - MIXED BOUNDARY EXAMPLE
(CONDUCTION/CONVECTION/INSULATED)
42

10.
THERMAL STRESS ANALYSIS OF A 2D
COMPONENT
44

11.
HARMONIC RESPONSE ANALYSIS IN
MEMS


12. DESIGN OPTIMIZATION USING ANSYS 61

13
C Bracket Modeling Tutorial using ANSYS
WORKBENCH

66

14
GEOMETRIC NONLINEAR PROBLEM IN
ABAQUS
77

15
MATERIAL NON LINEAR PROBLEM IN
ABAQUS


Ex.No.1
Date:
1. STUDY OF ANSYS

Aim: To study the ANSYS package.

1.0. Introduction
The ANSYS program has many finite element analysis capabilities, ranging from a simple, linear,
static analysis to a complex, non linear, transient dynamic analysis. The analysis guide manuals in the
ANSYS documentation set describe specific procedures for performing analyses for different engineering
disciplines.
ANSYS is a good pre-processing, solution and post-processing tool for finite element modeling.
The ANSYS program is organized into two levels. The initial entry level is the BEGIN level. From this
level we can access the desired processors as shown
below. The ANSYS graphical user interface (GUI) is split into four main areas. The graphics area, the
utility menu, the main menu and the ANSYS toolbar. Highlighted in the figure below is the standard
layout of the GUI. The different windows that make-up the GUI can be moved around the screen at the
users discretion.

2.0. The Graphics Area
The Graphics area is the window in which the entities are displayed. The window can be split into
smaller windows. Within these windows entities can be animated, rotated, selected, deleted and so on.

3.0. The Utility Menu

This menu contains controls for opening and saving files, selecting entities, producing plots etc.
By clicking on any of the 10 options pop-up menus under each option appear.
The ten options are:
File: File opening, clearing a database, saving, importing and exporting files
Select: Selecting entities and components
List: Lists entities and components
Plot: Plots entities and components, multiple plots, array parameters and material data
PlotControls: Hardcopy, component numbering, annotation, animation and plot style
WorkPlane: Working plane creation and manipulation, coordinate system creation and manipulation
Parameters: Array parameters, scalar parameters and parameter edit
Macros: Macro creation for data manipulation
MenuCtrls: Controls the format of the GUI
Help: Online help and documentation
4.0. The ANSYS Input
This window shows program prompt messages and allows you to type in commands. All
previously typed commands also appear in this window.

5.0. The ANSYS Toolbar
The ANSYS toolbar menu has options for saving and resuming models, power graphics and web-
interfacing.

6.0. The Main Menu
The main menu consists of nine options. Each menu topic brings up a submenu

(Indicated by a > after the topic) or performs an action. The symbol on the right-hand
of the topic indicates the action.

These are.
Preferences: This sets model preferences, such as thermal, structural or modal analysis
Preprocessor: Enters the preprocessing sub-menu
Solution: Enters the solution sub-menu
General Postproc: Enters the general postprocessor
TimeHist Postproc: Enters the time history postprocessor
Design Opt: Enters the Design Optimization routines
Radiation Matrix: Sets options for radiation thermal analysis
Run-Time Stats: Gives run-time statistics

7.0. ANSYS Menu Structure
From each of the menu bars, further menus appear. These menus can lead to further pop-up
menus, sub-menus, data entry fields and toggles.
All menus are similar to the main menu in colour and in operation. Each menu acts like a tree to
further menus all of which stay displayed until unselected.

7.1. Sub-menus
From the main menu a sub-menu will look like the one shown below.

The preprocessor menu is extremely important. Most of the work in creating a
model is done from this menu.

From the utility menu a sub-menu will look like the one shown below.

7.2. Pop-up Menu
A pop-up menu will typically look like the one shown below. Note that the menu is split into
several areas.

At the top of the menu is the pick or un-pick option. With this we can either select or un-select
entities using the mouse buttons. The next field tells us the location of the item and number of items we
are picking. Below this area is the data entry area. At
the bottom of the pop-up menu is a set of buttons for applying the required command.

These buttons are common to Ansys pop-up windows and function as follows:


OK This applies the command and closes the window
Apply This applies the command and leaves the window open
Reset Resets the picked or un-picked options
Cancel Cancels the command and closes the window
Help Produces online help

7.2. Data Entry Field
A data entry field will typically look like the one shown below.

Data such as Youngs Modulus and Poissons ratio can be entered using the keyboard in the
required field.

7.3. Toggle
Toggle boxes allow certain options to be set without actually typing anything. They are typically
used when ANSYS want the user to choose between one option and
another. In the toggle box shown above we are choosing to import a CAD file using the default option
and also choosing to combine (merge) coincident key points thus enabling us to create a areas and
volumes.


7.4. Exiting Ansys
We can leave Ansys by clicking on file from the utility menu and then exit at the
bottom of the following menu.

This action brings up the following toggle menu.

This menu gives the user four options for saving and exiting the model.

8.0. Ansys File Types
As can be expected with a powerful Finite Element tool such as Ansys various
different files are created during the different phases of model creation.
Most files can be created from the file sub-menu from under the utility menu.
Importing Files
Files can be imported from different CAD programs. Using the File option from the
utility menu.

Brings up the sub-menu.

By clicking on Import a further sub-menu gives us our file options. Typically this

might be an IGES file. Finally a toggle-box will appear offering several options.

9.0. Saving Files
We can save files in Ansys using the File sub-menu as described earlier. The file will
automatically save as file.db (the default jobname). This is known as the database. A back-up of your
database has the file extension dbb. The original database is always copied to a dbb file when a save
command is executed.

To read a database into Ansys use the resume command from File sub-menu.
Exporting Files
IGES files can be exported from the File sub-menu using the export option.
Solution Files
During an analysis Ansys creates various files for storing data. These are.
File.emat element matrix files on previous iteration
File.esav element matrix files on most recent iteration
File.tri triangularised matrix files
File.err file listing all error messages generated during modelling
File.log log file of all commands issued
File.page scratch files for virtual space

The esav, emat and tri files are automatically deleted after leaving Ansys once a job has
been solved. This feature is unique to Sheffield University. There are several other files
created for different applications, which will not be dealt with in these notes.


Results Files
For a standard structural analysis the results file has the extension .rst. Hence a
default result file is file.rst
All Ansys files can be copied renamed and saved in the appropriate operating system.

10.0. Entity Selection Methods
Ansys has an extremely powerful select logic. This select logic is available from the File utility
menu under select. It is tremendously useful to understand how this works.
The select sub-menu is shown below.

Entities that you can select are nodes, elements, keypoints lines, areas and volumes.
The default option is nodes.


The sub-menu is divided into three areas. The top portion allows us to toggle onto which entities
that we wish to select. The second toggle box in this portion allows us
to choose how we would like to select the entities. There are many different ways in which we can do
this. Several examples are shown in the following sub-menus.

Using this sub-menu we can select lines by their global position in the current coordinate system.
A very useful technique is to be able to select things attached to entities we have already selected. So for
instance we can select lines attached to areas, keypoints attached lines and so on. In the sub-menu shown
we are selecting areas attached to the lines that we have already selected.

The second portion of the sub-menu offers four options on what we select our entities from. These
four are.

From Full selects entities from all entities that exist
Reselect select entities from those already selected
Also Sele add to the entities already selected
Unselect unselect entities already selected

Also in this portion of the sub-menu are buttons so that we can select everything,
invert our current selection and select none of the entities chosen. The bottom portion of the panel is our
standard Ansys area for executing our desired commands.

11.0. Ansys Model Viewing and Hardcopy
The ANSYS program allows you to pan, zoom and rotate your model. There is a
special sub-menu from the utility menu for doing this under Plot Controls.

Note that this sub-menu has options for various graphics options. Through this menu we can
change the style of our graphics plot, the colours used, the number of windows and so on. From this
window we are also able to produce hardcopy. Clicking on hardcopy will bring up the following sub-
menu. By choosing graphics window only,
color and print file, the graphics window output will be printed on a colour print.

After clicking on pan, zoom rotate the following sub-menu appears.


This menu is extremely useful for manipulating the model within the graphics window. The top
portion of the menu contains button for selecting standard user views such as isometric or oblique.
Below these standard view are options for zooming in or out of portions of the model. The next portion of
the menu translates or rotates the model. The bottom portion of the menu allows dynamic manipulation
of the model.

12.0. Modeling in Ansys
There are five main phases of the Ansys modelling process.
Geometry creation and editing
Element creation and editing
Load and boundary condition application
Solving of analysis
Results scrutiny and post-processing.
The main menu bar allows access to the functionality needed for these tasks.

13.0. Introduction to some sub-menus
The pre-processor sub-menu is shown below. From only a small number of submenus below this,
a model can be created, meshed and loaded.


Real Constant real constants are element dependant properties.
Material Properties this sets the material properties such as Youngs
Modulus and Poissons ratio

Using the create sub-menu we can produced our geometry from pre-defined shapes called
primitives. These shapes can be circles, rectangles, blocks and several other shapes outlined in the menu.


The create rectangle sub-menu offers several options for producing a rectangle and is shown
below.

If we use the by-dimensions option then the following data entry box appears.

14.0. Meshing
The second phase of our modelling process is the element creation. From the preprocessor menu
we can see that one of the sub-sections is labelled Meshing. By clicking on mesh, the following sub-
menu appears.

This menu allows us to free or map mesh areas or volumes. Free meshing means the surface will
be meshed with quadrilateral and triangular elements. Mapped meshing means the surface will be only
meshed with quadrilateral elements. Only certain geometrys can be map meshed.


Within the Meshing area of the pre-processor menu are options for element size
control and other meshing functions. In Ansys all these option are combined in a submenu called the
Mesh tool. This menu is shown below.

From this menu element size can be set, the mesh can be refined and so on. Loading and
boundary conditions We can apply loads and constraints (and delete them) either from the preprocessor
or the solution processor sub-menus.


If we click on apply the following sub-menu appears.

If we choose Force/moment the following sub-menu appears.

We can apply forces on nodes or keypoints. Choosing nodes our standard pop-up

menu appears. After picking the nodes on which we want to apply the force, the following data entry box
appears.

By toggling on the Direction of force/mom button we can choose the loading direction of the
force.
We will then be prompted with our standard pop-up menu. The force will be represented as a red
arrow.
Similarly by clicking on apply then Displacement from the solution processor window then
following sub-menu appears.

By clicking on nodes our standard pop-menu will appear


After picking the nodes we wish to constrain the following data entry box appears.

Highlighting ALL DOF and making the value of the displacement zero fully constrains the
selected nodes.

15.0. Solving of analysis
We enter the solution processor from the main menu as shown below.


We can also apply loads and constraints from the solution processor. To solve an
analyses we click on solve current ls.

16.0. Results scrutiny and post processing
After clicking on the main menu General Postprocessor the following sub-menu
appears.

If we then click on Nodal solution the following sub-menu appears. Note that we are able to
select our desired output firstly by highlighting the item (stress, strain etc) and
then the component (Sx, Sy etc).


Once we have decided on our output by clicking OK (or apply depending on
preference) we should get output as shown below.
Result:
Thus the various commands and basic concepts of a ANSYS was studied.


Ex.No.2
Date:

2.1 STRESS ANALYSIS OF BEAM -CANTILEVER BEAM WITH POINT LOAD

AIM:

To analysis the deflection and stresses at each nodal points of a cantilever beam with point load at
free end using ANSYS software.

Preprocessing: Defining the
Problem
1. Change jobname:
File -> Change Jobname

Enter beam, and click on OK.

2. Define element types:

Preprocessor -> Element Type -> Add/Edit/Delete [Apply the BEAM3]

3. Define the real constants for the BEAM3 elements:

Preprocessor > Real Constants > Add
[Calculate and Apply suitable value in Area, I
zz
and Height]

4. Define Material Properties:

P=4000N
L=100mm
D=10mm

Preprocessor -> Material Properties -> -Constant- Isotropic
[Apply suitable value in youngs modulus=2E06N/sq.m and passion ratio=.27]

5. Create nodes:

Preprocessor -> -Modeling- Create -> Nodes -> In Active CS
Preprocessor -> -Modeling- Create -> Nodes -> Fill between Nds.
Utility Menu -> PlotCtrls -> Numbering. [Minimum 10 nodes]

Preprocessor -> Create -> Elements ->-Auto Numbered-Thru Nodes

Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving
1. Apply constraints and forces on the model:

To apply constraints:

Solution -> -Loads- Apply -> -Structural- Displacement -> On Nodes
[We will see the diagram and then apply suitable nodes]

Solution -> -Loads- Apply -> -Structural- Force/Moment -> On Nodes

8. Solve the problem:

Solution -> -Solve- Current LS
Post processing: Viewing the Results
9. Plot the deformed shape:

General Postproc -> Plot Results -> Deformed Shape

10. List reaction forces:

General Postproc -> List Results -> Reaction Solution


11. List nodal displacements:
(a) General Postproc -> List Results -> Nodal Solution -> DOF Solution -> ALL DOFs

12. Define element table items for subsequent plotting and listing of various stress results.

13. List element table results. :
(b) General Postproc -> List Results -> Elem Table Data

1) General Postproc -> Plot Results -> Line Elem Res

2) General Postproc -> Plot Results -> Elem Table

15. Exit ANSYS. Toolbar: Quit ->Save Everything -> OK
RESULT


Ex.No.2
Date:
2.2 STRESS ANALYSIS OF BEAM-SIMPLY SUPPORT BEAM WITH DISTRIBUTED LOADS
AIM:
To analysis the stress and deflection in a Distributed load of 1000 N/m (1 N/mm) will be applied
to a solid steel beam with a rectangular cross section as shown in the figure below. The cross-section of
the beam is 10mm x 10mm while the modulus of elasticity of the steel is 200GPa.

Preprocessing: Defining the Problem
1. Open preprocessor menu
2. Give example a Title
Utility Menu > File > Change Title .../title, Distributed Loading
3. Create Keypoints
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS
4. Define Lines
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > Straight Line
5. Define Element Types
Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... [Apply the BEAM3]
6. Define Real Constants
Preprocessor > Real Constants... > Add..
zz
and Height.
7. Define Element Material Properties
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic >
Isotropic
8. Define Mesh Size
Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines...
9. Mesh the frame
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Lines > click 'Pick All'
10. Plot Elements
Utility Menu > Plot > Elements

1. Define Analysis Type
Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Static
2. Apply Constraints
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints
Apply Loads
Select Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Pressure > On Beams
3. Solve the System
Solution > Solve > Current LS

1. Plot Deformed Shape
General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed Shape
2. Plot Principle stress distribution
As shown previously, we need to use element tables to obtain principle stresses for line elements.
1. Select General Postproc > Element Table > Define Table
RESULTS


Ex.No.2
Date:
2.3 STRESS ANALYSIS OF BEAM-FIXED BEAM WITH VARING LOAD
AIM:
To analysis the stress and deflection in a varying load will be applied to a solid steel beam with a
rectangular cross section as shown in the figure below. The cross-section of the beam is 10mm x 10mm
while the modulus of elasticity of the steel is 200GPa.

s


1. Change jobname:

File -> Change Jobname

Enter beam, and click on OK.

2. Define element types:

Preprocessor -> Element Type -> Add/Edit/Delete [Apply the BEAM3]

3. Define the real constants for the BEAM3 elements:

Preprocessor > Real Constants > Add
zz
and Height]

4. Define Material Properties:

Preprocessor -> Material Properties -> -Constant- Isotropic
[Apply suitable value in youngs modulus and passion ratio]
L=100mm

10KN

5. Create nodes:

Preprocessor -> -Modeling- Create -> Nodes -> In Active CS

Preprocessor -> -Modeling- Create -> Nodes -> Fill between Nds.
Utility Menu -> PlotCtrls -> Numbering.

Preprocessor -> Create -> Elements ->-Auto Numbered-Thru Nodes

2. Apply constraints and forces on the model:

To apply constraints:

Solution -> -Loads- Apply -> -Structural- Displacement -> On Nodes

Solution -> -Loads- Apply -> -Structural- Force/Moment -> On Nodes

8. Solve the problem:

Solution -> -Solve- Current LS
9. Plot the deformed shape:
General Postproc -> Plot Results -> Deformed Shape

10. List reaction forces:
General Postproc -> List Results -> Reaction Solution

11. List nodal displacements:
General Postproc -> List Results -> Nodal Solution -> DOF Solution -> ALL DOFs

12. Define element table items for subsequent plotting and listing of various stress results.

13. List element table results. :
(c) General Postproc -> List Results -> Elem Table Data
1) General Postproc -> Plot Results -> Line Elem Res
2) General Postproc -> Plot Results -> Elem Table

15. Exit ANSYS. Toolbar: Quit ->Save Everything -> OK
RESULT


Ex.No.3
Date:
3. STRESS ANALYSIS OF A PLATE WITH CIRCULAR HOLE
AIM
To analysis the given problem to be modeled in this example is a simple bracket shown in the
following fig. This bracket is to be built from a 20mm thick steel plate is shown below this plate will
be fixed at the two small holes on the left and have a load applied to the larger hole on the right

1. Give the Simplified Version a Title
Utility Menu > File > Change Title
2. Create the main rectangular shape
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Rectangle > By 2 Corners
This will create a rectangle where the bottom left corner has the coordinates 0, 0, 0 and the top
right corner has the coordinates 200, 100, 0.
3. Create the circle
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Circle > Solid Circle
This will create a circle where the center has the coordinates 100,50,0 (the center
of the rectangle) and the radius of the circle is 20 mm.
4. Subtraction
Modeling > Operate > Booleans > Subtract > Areas.
5. Define the Type of Element
Preprocessor Menu > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete
[Add the element: PLANE82]
6. Define Geometric Properties
Preprocessor menu > Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete [Enter a thickness of 20mm]
7. Element Material Properties
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material models > Structural > Linear > Elastic >
Isotropic
We are going to give the properties of Steel. Enter the following when prompted:

EX 200000
PRXY 0.3
8. Mesh Size
Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > Manual Size > Areas > All Areas [Element
minimum edge length of 20]
9. Mesh
Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free
10. Saving Your Job
Utility Menu > File > Save as...
Define Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving
Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Lines
[This location is fixed which means that all DOF's are constrained]
3. Apply Loads
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Pressure > On Lines
[There is a load of 20N/mm distributed]
4. Solving the System

1. Deflection
General Postproc > Plot Results > Nodal Solution... Then select DOF solution, USUM in
the window
2. Stresses
General Postproc > Plot Results > Nodal Solution... Then select Stress, von Mises in the
window.
You can list the von Mises stresses to verify the results at certain nodes
General Postproc > List Results. Select Stress, Principals SPRIN
General Postproc > List Results. Select Stress, Principals SPRIN
RESULT


Ex.No.4
Date:
4. STATIC ANALYSIS OF A CORNER BRACKET

AIM:
To determine the deformed shape and Stress distribution for a Corner Bracket using ANSYS
software.
400
600
200
200
R5
fixed pin
dia 100 hole
Tappered pressure
load from 500 N/sq.mm
to 5000 N/sq.mm.
Thickness=1mm

Material properties: A36 Steel, Youngs modulus: 2E06 N/sq.m., Poissons ratio: 0.27
1. Give the Simplified Version a Title
Utility Menu > File > Change Title
Step 1: Define rectangles.
Main Menu>Preprocessor>Modeling> Create>Areas> Rectangle>By Dimensions
Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Display WorkingPlane
Utility Menu> WorkPlane> WP Settings
Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Offset WP to> Keypoints

Step 2: Define circle.
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Areas> Circle> Solid Circle
Step 5: Add areas.
Main Menu> Preprocessor>Modeling> Operate> Booleans>Add> Areas


Step 6: Create line fillet.
Utility Menu> PlotCtrls>NumberingMain Menu>
Preprocessor> Modeling>Create> Lines> Line FilletUtility Menu> Plot> Lines

Step 7: Create fillet area.
Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Pan, Zoom, Rotate
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling>Create> Areas> Arbitrary> By Lines

Step 8: Add areas together.
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling>Operate> Booleans> Add> Areas

Step 9: Create first pin hole.
Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Display Working Plane

Step 10: Move working plane and create second pin hole.
Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Offset WP to> Global Origin
Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Display Working Plane
Utility Menu> Plot> Replot
Utility Menu> Plot> Lines

Step 11: Subtract pin holes from bracket.
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Booleans> Subtract> Areas

Step 12.Define Materials
Main Menu>PreferencesDefine material properties.Main Menu>Preprocessor>Material
Props>Material Models
Step 13.Define element types and options.
Main Menu> Preprocessor>Element Type>Add/Edit/Delete[Add the element: PLANE82]
Step 14. Define real constants.
Main Menu>Preprocessor> RealConstants>Add/Edit/Delete

Step 15.Generate Mesh
Main Menu>Preprocessor> Meshing>Mesh Tool

Define Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving

Step 1: Apply displacement constraints.
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural>Displacement> On Lines

Step 2: Apply displacement constraints.
Main Menu> Solution> DefineLoads> Apply> Structural>Displacement> On Lines
Utility Menu> Plot Lines

Step 3: Apply pressure load.
Main Menu> Solution> DefineLoads> Apply> Structural>Pressure> On Lines

Step 4: Solve.
Toolbar: SAVE_DB.
Main Menu> Solution>Solve> Current LS

Step 5: Enter the general postprocessor and read in the results.
Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> First Set

Step 6: Plot the deformed shape.
Main Menu> GeneralPostproc> Plot Results>Deformed Shape
Utility Menu> Plot Ctrls>Animate> Deformed Shape

Step 7: Plot the von Mises equivalent stres
Utility Menu> Plot Ctrls>Animate> Deformed

Step 8: List reaction solution.
Main Menu> General Postproc>List Results> Reaction Solu
RESULT


Ex.No.5
Date:
5. STRESS ANALYSIS OF AN AXIS -SYMMETRIC COMPONENT
AIM:

To analysis axis symmetry in the model will be that of a closed tube made from steel. Point loads
will be applied at the center of the top and bottom plate to make an analytical verification simple to
calculate. A 3/4 cross section view of the tube is shown below. As a warning, point loads will create
discontinuities in the model near the point of application. If you chose to use these types of loads in your
own modeling, be very careful and be sure to understand the theory of how the FEA package is applying
the load and the assumption it is making. In this case, we will only be concerned about the stress
distribution far from the point of application, so the discontinuities will have a negligible effect.

Utility Menu > File > Change Title...
ANSYS Main Menu > Preprocessor
3. Create Areas
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Rectangle > By Dimensions
Following table:
Rectangle X1 X2 Y1 Y2
1 0 20 0 5
2 15 20 0 100
3 0 20 95 100

4. Add Areas Together
Preprocessor > Modeling > Operate > Booleans > Add > Areas
Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete...
For this problem we will use the PLANE2 [Axisymmetric]

Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear >
Elastic > Isotropic
We are going to give the properties of Steel. Enter the following when prompted:
EX 200000
PRXY 0.3
7. Define Mesh Size
Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Areas > All Areas
[An element edge length of 2mm]
8. Mesh the frame
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free > click 'Pick All'
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > Symmetry B.C. > On Lines
Pick the two edges on the left, at x=0.
Utility Menu > Select > Entities
[Select Nodes and By Location from the scroll down menus. Click Y coordinates and type in
50]
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Nodes > Pick All
Constrain the nodes in the y-direction (UY).
3. Utility Menu > Select > Entities
[In the select entities window, click Select All to reselect all nodes.]
4. Apply Loads
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Key points
[Pick the top left corner of the area and click OK. Apply a load of 100 in the FY direction.
Pick the bottom left corner of the area and click OK. Apply a load of -100 in the FY direction.
]

5. Solve the System
1. Determine the Stress Through the Thickness of the Tube
o Utility Menu > Select > Entities...
Select Nodes > By Location > Y coordinates and type 45, 55 in the Min, Max box.
o General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution > Stress > Components SCOMP
2. Plotting the Elements as Axisymmetric
Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Symmetry Expansion > 2-D Axi-symmetric...
RESULT


Ex.No.6
Date:
6.1 Modal Analysis of a Cantilever Beam

AIM
To perform the modal analysis of a given cantilever beam using subspace method using ANSYS
software

Create elemental model of a simple cantilever beam with the given material properties
Solution: Assigning Loads and Solving
1. Define Analysis
Type Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Modal>
1. Set options for analysis type:
o Select: Solution > Analysis Type > Analysis Options...
o As shown, select the Subspace method and enter 5 in the 'No. of modes to extract'
o Check the box beside 'Expand mode shapes' and enter 5 in the 'No. of modes to expand'
o Click 'OK'
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Key pointsFix Key
point 1 (ie all DOFs constrained).
3. Solve the System
1. Verify extracted modes against theoretical predictions
o Select: General Postproc > Results Summary...
The following window will appear

2. View Mode Shapes
o Select: General Postproc > Read Results > First Set
This selects the results for the first mode shape
o Select General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed shape . Select 'Def + undef edge'
The first mode shape will now appear in the graphics window.
o To view the next mode shape, select General Postproc > Read Results > Next Set. As above
choose General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed shape . Select 'Def + undef edge'.
o The first four mode shapes should look the window
2. Animate Mode Shapes
o Select Utility Menu (Menu at the top) > Plot Ctrls > Animate > Mode Shape
o Keep the default setting and click 'OK'
RESULT


Ex.No.6
Date:
6.2 Modal Analysis of a Cantilever Beam

AIM
software

1. Define Analysis
Type Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Modal>
o As shown, select the Subspace method and enter 5 in the 'No. of modes to extract'
o Check the box beside 'Expand mode shapes' and enter 5 in the 'No. of modes to expand'
o Click 'OK'
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Key
(ie all DOFs constrained).
6. Solve the System
3. Verify extracted modes against theoretical predictions
o Select: General Postproc > Results Summary...
The following window will appear

2. View Mode Shapes
o Select: General Postproc > Read Results > First Set
This selects the results for the first mode shape
o Select General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed shape . Select 'Def + undef edge'
The first mode shape will now appear in the graphics window.
o To view the next mode shape, select General Postproc > Read Results > Next Set. As above
choose General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed shape . Select 'Def + undef edge'.
o The first four mode shapes should look the window
4. Animate Mode Shapes
o Select Utility Menu (Menu at the top) > Plot Ctrls > Animate > Mode Shape
o Keep the default setting and click 'OK'
RESULT


Ex.No.7
Date:
7. Harmonic Analysis of a Cantilever Beam
AIM:
software

1. Define Analysis
Type Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Harmonic
o Select the full solution method the real +imaginary DOF printout format and do not use
lumped mass approx.
o Click 'OK'
o Use the default setting click OK
o
o Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On nodes
(Constrined all DOFs constrained)

4. Apply Loads
o Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment> On nodes
o Select the node at X=1(far right)
5. Set the frequency range
o Select Solution>load step Opts>Time/Frequency >Freq and substps
o Specific frequency range of 0-100 Hz, substeps and stepped b.c

6. Solve the System
o Solution > Solve > Current LS

1. Open the Time History Processing Menu
2. Define Variables
o Select TimeHist Postpro >Variable Viewer
o Select add
o We are interested in the nodal solution>DOF solution >Y-component of displacement.
Click OK
3. List stored variables
4. Plot UY vs. Frequency
RESULT


Ex.No.8
Date:
8. SIMPLE CONDUCTION EXAMPLE
AIM:
To analysis in the Simple Conduction Example is constrained as shown in the following figure.
Thermal conductivity (k) of the material is 10 W/m*C and the block is assumed to be infinitely long.

3. Create geometry
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Rectangle > By 2 Corners > X=0, Y=0,
Width=1, Height=1
Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... > click 'Add' > Select Thermal Mass
Solid, Quad 4Node 55
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Thermal > Conductivity > Isotropic >
KXX = 10 (Thermal conductivity)
6. Mesh Size
Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Areas > All Areas > 0.05
7. Mesh
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free > Pick All

Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Steady-State

o Solution > Define Loads > Apply
Thermal > Temperature > On Nodes
o Click the Box option (shown below) and draw a box around the nodes on the top line.
o Fill the window in as shown to constrain the side to a constant temperature of 500
o Using the same method, constrain the remaining 3 sides to a constant value of 100
3. Solve the System

1. Results Using ANSYS
Plot Temperature
General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu ... > DOF solution,
Temperature

RESULT


Ex.No.9
Date:
9. THERMAL - MIXED BOUNDARY EXAMPLE
(CONDUCTION/CONVECTION/INSULATED)
AIM:
To analysis in this tutorial was a simple thermal example. Analysis of a simple conduction as well
a mixed conduction/convection/insulation problem will be demonstrated.
The Mixed Convection/Conduction/Insulated Boundary Conditions Example is constrained as shown in
the following figure (Note that the section is assumed to be infinitely long):

3. Create geometry
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Rectangle > By 2 Corners > X=0, Y=0,
Width=1, Height=1
Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... > click 'Add' > Select Thermal Mass
Solid, Quad 4Node 55
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Thermal > Conductivity > Isotropic >
KXX = 10
6. Mesh Size
Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Areas > All Areas > 0.05


7. Mesh
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free > Pick All

Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Steady-State

2. Apply Conduction Constraints
o Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Thermal > Temperature > On Lines
3. Apply Convection Boundary Conditions
o Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Thermal > Convection > On Lines
4. Apply Insulated Boundary Conditions
o Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Thermal > Convection > On Lines
5. Solve the System
1. Results Using ANSYS
Plot Temperature
General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu ... > DOF solution,
Temperature
RESULT


Ex.No.10
Date:
10. COUPLED STRUCTURAL/THERMAL ANALYSIS
AIM:
To perform the coupled thermal/structural analysis of a given link using ANASYS software

PROBLEM DISCRETION
This tutorial was completed using ANSYS 9.0 The purpose of this tutorial is to outline a simple
coupled thermal/structural analysis. A steel link, with no internal stresses, is pinned between two solid
structures at a reference temperature of 0 C (273 K). One of the solid structures is heated to a temperature
of 75 C (348 K). As heat is transferred from the solid structure into the link, the link will attemp to
expand. However, since it is pinned this cannot occur and as such, stress is created in the link. A steady-
state solution of the resulting stress will be found to simplify the analysis.
Loads will not be applied to the link, only a temperature change of 75 degrees Celsius. The link is
steel with a modulus of elasticity of 200 GPa, a thermal conductivity of 60.5 W/m*K and a thermal
expansion coefficient of 12e-6 /K.
Utility Menu > File > Change Title ...
/title, Thermal Stress Example
3. Define Keypoints
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS...

We are going to define 2 key points for this link as given in the following table:

Keypoint Coordinates (x,y,z)
1 (0,0)
2 (1,0)
4. Create Lines
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > In Active Co-ord
Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete...
For this problem we will use the LINK33 element
6. Define Real Constants
Preprocessor > Real Constants... > Add... AREA: 4e-4
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Thermal > Conductivity > Isotropic
KXX:
8. Define Mesh Size
Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines...
(Mesh size .1 meter)
9. Mesh the frame
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Lines > click 'Pick All'
10. Write Environment
Preprocessor > Physics > Environment > Write
In the window that appears, enter the TITLE Thermal and click OK.
11. Clear Environment
Preprocessor > Physics > Environment > Clear > OK
Structural Environment - Define Physical Properties
Since the geometry of the problem has already been defined in the previous steps, all that is required is to
detail the structural variables.

1. Switch Element Type
Preprocessor > Element Type > Switch Elem Type
Choose Thermal to Struc from the scoll down list.
This will switch to the complimentary structural element automatically. In this case it is
LINK 8.

Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic >
Isotropic
In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel:
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Thermal Expansion Coef
> Isotropic
3. Write Environment
Preprocessor > Physics > Environment > Write
In the window that appears, enter the TITLE Struct
2. Read in the Thermal Environment
Solution > Physics > Environment > Read
Choose thermal and click OK.
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Thermal > Temperature > On Keypoints
Set the temperature of Keypoint 1, the left-most point, to 348 Kelvin.
4. Solve the System
5. Close the Solution Menu
Main Menu > Finish
It is very important to click Finish as it closes that environment and allows a new one to be
opened without contamination. If this is not done, you will get error messages.The thermal
solution has now been obtained. If you plot the steady-state temperature on the link, you will see
it is a uniform 348 K, as expected. This information is saved in a file labelled Jobname.rth, were
.rth is the thermal results file. Since the jobname wasn't changed at the beginning of the analysis,
this data can be found as file.rth. We will use these results in determing the structural effects.
6. Read in the Structural Environment
Solution > Physics > Environment > Read
Choose struct and click OK.
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints
Fix Keypoint 1 for all DOF's and Keypoint 2 in the UX direction.
8. Include Thermal Effects

Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Temperature > From Therm Analy
9. Define Reference Temperature
Preprocessor > Loads > Define Loads > Settings > Reference Temp
For this example set the reference temperature to 273 degrees Kelvin.
10. Solve the System
1. Get Stress Data
Since the element is only a line, the stress can't be listed in the normal way. Instead, an
element table must be created first.
General Postproc > Element Table > Define Table > Add
Fill in the window as shown below. [CompStr > By Sequence Num > LS > LS,1
2. List the Stress Data
General Postproc > Element Table > List Elem Table > COMPSTR > OK

RESULT


Ex.No.11
Date:
11. Performing a Harmonic Response Analysis in MEMS
AIM:
Problem :

A Micro Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) resonant micro fan is used for fluidic transport. The fan
consists of a thin plate of polysilicon supported by two torsional support arms and suspended over a
ground plate. The fan oscillates when the electric field created by an AC voltage source forces the fan
toward and away from the ground plate at the natural frequency of its first mode shape. A mechanical
load (4.92e-5 MPa), which is of equivalent magnitude to the electrostatic loading, will be applied to the
model to represent the electrostatic loading.

The dimensions and material properties for the fan are
shown below.
Table 1: Material Properties for polysilicon.
Polysilicon
Youngs Modulus 169 GPa
Poissons Ratio 0.22
Density 2320 kg/m3


GUI STEPS
(GoTo Utility Menu)
PlotCtrls
Numbering
(Go to Lines and click) OFF (then OFF will be toggled to ON)
(Go to Areas and click) OFF (then OFF will be toggled to ON)
OK
(Go to Main Menu)
Preprocessor - >Element Type - > Add/Edit/Delete - >Add

Coupled-Field & Scalar Brick 5 & OK

Material Props- > Material Models - > Structural - >Linear - >Elastic - >
Isotropic

EX = 169e3
PRXY = 0.22

Density
Density = 2320e-18 & OK
Modeling - > Create - > Volumes - >Block - >By Dimensions
(Click X1 box) -300 (Click X2 box) 300
(Click Y1box) 0 (Click Y2 box) 25
(Click Z1box) 0 (Click Z2 box) 1.5 & Apply
(Click X1 box) -300 (Click X2 box) 300
(Click X1 box) -300 (Click X2 box) -350
(Click X1 box) 300 (Click X2 box) 350
(Click X1 box) -350 (Click X2 box) -400
(Click X1 box) 350 (Click X2 box) 400
(Click Z1box) 0 (Click Z2 box) 1.5 & OK

Operate - > Booleans- >Glue- >Volumes- >Pick All & OK
Meshing- >Mesh Tool
Click on the Lines Set button
Pick All
SIZE = 25 & OK
Shape: Select the Hex and Mapped options
Click the Mesh Button
Pick All & OK
Solution- >Analysis Type- >New Analysis- >Static & OK
Analysis Options- >Stress stiffness or prestress: Select Prestress ON
OK

(Go to Utility Menu)
Select- >Entities- >Select Areas- >Select By Location- >Select Z coordinates
Min, Max: 0
OK

Plot- >Areas-
(Go to Main Menu)
Solution- >Define Loads- >Apply- >Structural- >Displacement- >On Areas
Pick areas 49 & 53 & OK
Select All DOFs
Value = 0 & OK
Select- >Entities- >Select Areas- >Select By Location- >Select Z coordinates
Min, Max: 1.5
OK

Plot
Areas
(Go to Main Menu)
Solution
Define Loads- >Apply- >Structural- >Pressure- >On Areas- >Pick areas 2 & 38 & OK
Value: 4.92e-5 & OK
Select
Everything
(Go to Main Menu)
Solution- >Solve- >Current LS
Ignore the 3 warnings & Yes
Close the /Status Command window & Solution Done window
Analysis Type- >New Analysis- >Modal & OK- >Analysis Options- >Select Block Lanczos
No. of modes to extract: 3
Expand mode shapes: click to check Yes
No. of modes to expand: 3
Incl prestress effects?: click to check Yes
OK

FREQB Start Frequency: 0
FREQE End Frequency: 100000
OK

Solve
Current LS
Ignore 3 warnings & Yes
General PostProc
Results Summary

These are the frequencies for the first 3 mode shapes of the fan (the actual values may differ slightly).
Read Results
By Pick
Select Set 1 & Read & Close

PlotCtrls
Animate
Mode Shape
DOF Solution & Deformed Shape & OK

(Go to Main Menu)
Solution- >Analysis Type- >New Analysis- >Harmonic & OK- >Analysis Options
OK

Incl prestress effects?: click to check Yes
OK

Load Step Opts- >Time/Frequency- >Freq and Substeps- >Harmonic freq range: 0 and 26000

Number of substeps: 26
Stepped or ramped b.c.: select Stepped
OK

Solve
Current LS
Ignore the 3 warnings & Yes
Close the /Status Command window & Solution Done window
(Go to Main Menu)
General Postproc
Results Summary
(Go to Main Menu)
TimeHist Postpro
Time History Variables Window appears:
Click Add Data button
Add Time-History Variable Window Appears
Choose Nodal Solution
DOF
Z-component of displacement & OK
Input node 243 & Enter & OK
Click Graph Data button
The resulting plot shows the displacement in the z-direction for node 243 (the node corresponding to
x=0, y=145, z=1.5) as a function of the frequency. The natural frequency at the fans first mode shape
is
17604 Hz.
RESULT:


Ex.No.12
Date:
12. Design optimization
AIM:
To optimize the given problem
Problem

Find the minimum-weight (i.e., minimum volume) design of the truss structure shown in figure.
Treat the cross-sectional area as the design variable and subject the model to the following
constraints:
Stress s in any member should in be the range -20000 < s < 10000
Vertical deflection should not exceed 0.05
Cross sectional area should be in the range 0.25 < A < 2.5.

In this problem, the design variable is the cross sectional area, the state variables are the
maximum displacements (d) and the axial stresses (s) in the truss system. The total volume of all
elements is the objective function to be minimized.

GUI STEPS

1. Build the model parametrically and initialize design variables
The quantities used for DVs and SVs must be assigned an alphanumeric label and their values
initialized using the Parameters menu. The parameters for design variables are defined at the beginning of
the model creation. The design variables must be initialized, the initial values can be specified arbitrarily,
as far as they are within the acceptable range. The parameters for SVs will be created in the postprocessor
after solving the model.

In this example, area of cross-section is the only design variable. Thus only one parameter called AREA
is defined here. Later in the input all reference to parameter should be through its name.

ANSYS Utility Menu > Parameters > Scalar Parameters > Selection [ AREA=0.6 ]
Parameters > Save Parameters > OK
ANSYS Toolbar > SAVE_DB

If we wanted to use different sections for different members in the truss, we could use several
parameters, say AREA1, AREA2, etc. While defining real constants, then we would refer to the
appropriate parameters.
2. Define the element type (LINK1) and material properties.
Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete > Add > Structure Link > [ 2D spar 1]
Preprocessor > Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete > Add > Real Constant Set No.[1] >
Cross Sec Area [ AREA ]
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear
Elastic > Isotropic > > EX [ 30E6 ] > PRXY [0.3]
3. Begin the model creation.
Preprocessor > -Modeling- Create
Nodes > In Active CS
NODE [ 1 ] X,Y,Z [ 6 ] [ 0 ] [ 0 ] > Apply
NODE [ 2 ] X,Y,Z [ 18 ] [ 0 ] [ 0 ] > Apply
NODE [ 3 ] X,Y,Z [ 0 ] [ 8 ] [ 0 ] >Apply
NODE [ 4 ] X,Y,Z [ 12 ] [ 8 ] [ 0 ] >Apply
NODE [ 5 ] X,Y,Z [ 24 ] [ 8 ] [ 0 ] >OK
Preprocessor > -Modeling- Create
Elements > -Auto Numbered- Thru Nodes +
[ Node 1 and 2] > Apply
[ Node 4 and 5] > OK
4. Apply boundary conditions and loading.

Solution > -Define Loads- Apply > -Structural- Displacements > On nodes
[ Node 5]: All dof
[ Node 2]: UY
Solution > -Define Loads- Apply > -Structural- Force/Moments > On nodes
Apply loads
[ Node 4]: [ FY ] > VALUE [ -1000 ]
[ Node 3]: [ FY ] > VALUE [ -2000 ]
5. Initiate the solution
Solution > -Solve- Current LS

6. Retrieve results parametrically in the postprocessor.

This is where you retrieve results data and assign them to parameters. ANSYS provides a number of
commands that allows us to retrieve the value of selected variables, to pick out the maximum/minimum
value from a pre-selected result array, and so on. At the end of an optimization loops, the state variables
are evaluated, and the design variable are reset to continue the analysis.

Important Note: Follow the steps below very carefully. Make sure to click on options in the dialog boxes
even if they appear already selected. If you don't do this Ansys sometimes does not create a proper LGW
file needed for optimization.

General Postproc > Read Result > Last Set
We sort nodes based on absolute value of UY deflection.
General Postproc > List Results > -Sorted Listing- Sort Nodes... > KABS [ Yes ]
Item, Comp [ DOF solution ] [ Translation UY ] > OK
We now define a parameter DMAX = maximum absolute UY deflection
ANSYS Utility Menu > Parameters >
Get Scalar Data > [ Result data ] [ Other operations ] > OK
Name of parameter to be defined [ DMAX ]
Data to be retrieved [ From sort oper'n ] [ Maximum value ] > OK
Next we set-up element table to extract volume and axial stress for each element. The command VOLU is
needed to get the element volume and LS, 1 is needed to get element stress. The labels AXIAL and VOL
are user-specified names for the element volume and axial stress.
General Postproc > Element Table > Define Table > Add... > Lab [ VOL]
[ Geometry ] [ Elem volume VOLU ] > OK > Close

General Postproc > Element Table > Sum of Each Item > OK
General Postproc > Element Table > Define Table > Add... >
Lab [AXIAL] [By sequence num] [ LS ]> Selection [LS, 1] > OK > Close
Now we can use the element table data to create three remaining SVs, VOLUME = total volume of
elements, SMAX = maximum axial stress and SMIN= minimum axial stress. For volume we need to
choose element table sums so that we can get total volume of the truss and use it in defining the objective
function.
Parameters > Get Scalar Data > [ Result data ] [ Elem table sums ] > OK >Name of parameter to be
defined [ VOLUME ] Element table item [ VOL ] > OK
General Postproc > List Results > -Sorted Listing- Sort Elems... > KABS [ no ]
Item, Comp [ AXIAL ] > OK
Parameters > Get Scalar Data > [ Result data ] [ Other operations ] > OK >Name of parameter to be
defined [ SMAX ] Data to be retrieved [ From sort oper'n ] [ Maximum value ] > Apply
[ Result data ] [ Other operations ] > OK >Name of parameter to be
defined [ SMIN ] Data to be retrieved [ From sort oper'n ] [ Minimum value ] > OK

7. Create the analysis file -- Important Step!
The following command creates a file (jobname.lgw) that represents the model database. This file
contains all commands that were used to create the current database. Ansys will use this file repeatedly
during optimization iterations. Therefore it is important to make sure that this file is free of any errors.
ANSYS Utility Menu > File > write DB Log File > OK

8. Initiate optimization analysis

Assign the jobname.LGW as the optimization analysis file.
Design Opt > -Analysis File- Assign..> jobname.lgw > OK
Choose design and state variables from the list of parameters created earlier and define
appropriate ranges.
Design Opt > Design Variables... > Add...
> AREA MIN [ 0.25 ] MAX [ 2.5 ] > OK > Close
Design Opt > State Variables... > Add...
> DMAX MIN [ 0 ] MAX [ 0.05 ] > Apply
> SMAX MIN [ -20000 ] MAX [ 10000 ] > Apply
> SMIN MIN [ -20000 ] MAX [ 10000 ] > OK > Close
Choose objective function from the list of parameters created earlier.

Design Opt > Objective... > VOLUME > OK
Choose an optimization method. Select the maximum number of iterations.
Design Opt > Method/Tool... > MNAME [ Sub-Problem ] > OK
> NITR [ 30 ] NINFS [ 7 ] > OK
Note. ANSYS offers two optimization methods: the sub-problem approximation method and the
first order method. The first method essential sweeps through the values of the design variables in
the ranges and select the optimal design. The second involves more sophisticated mathematical
tool (e.g., sensitivity analysis). In either case, the solution is obtained through a number of
iterations.
Start the optimization iterations
Design Opt > Run... > Begin Execution of Run > OK
Ansys will stop if it finds an optimum or if the number of iterations reaches the specified
maximum. Once the loop terminates, we can then review results and decide whether further
iterations if needed. There are options for plotting history of objective function and other
parameters as function of number of iterations.
Design Opt > -Design Sets- List...> OK
Design Opt > -Design Sets- Graphs/Tables > [XVAROPT ] Set number
NVAR VOLUME > OK


Ex.No.13
Date:
13. C Bracket Modeling Tutorial using ANSYS WORKBENCH
AIM:
To create solid modeling of the c bracket

You can open Ansys from within SolidWorks (via ToolsAdd InsAnsys 11) or directly:
1. StartProgramsAnsysWorkbench (which may take about 10 minutes to open) lets you access
the Workbench Start window

2. Clicking on Geometry will let you begin sketching and modifying the part:


3. The Design Modeler page opens (top region shown) and the user is required to select the desired units.

Sketching
4. On the left of the page select Sketching to open the construction Tree Outline

5. In the Tree Outline select the XYPlane for the initial sketch. It opens as an isometric view. Select the
Look At (or Normal To) icon to get the true shape view

6. On the left of the page the Sketching Toolboxes panel appears with the list of line options

7. From the list pick Line to begin the input of straight lines outlining the bracket shape. Symbols such as
V, and H appear to denote when the line is vertical or horizontal, etc.


8. To require the two end segments to have the same length select ConstraintsEqual Length and click
on the
two end segments.

9. Begin describing the dimensions to be available as parametric design features with
DimensionsGeneral and select the leftmost vertical edge. The parameter V1 appears as a dimension.
The letter means that it is a vertical line. The value of the actual dimension will be assigned shortly. Note
that there are several choices for dimensions in the Dimensions panel.

10. The inclined segment of the bracket does not appear to have parallel sides as desired. To assure that it
does select (on the left of the page) ConstraintsParallel and pick the two lines. Note that the
Constraints panel has several common types available for the user.


11. Continue with the remaining length dimensions via Dimensions Horizontal and select the three
locations.

12. For the final parameter specify the angle of the inclined leg: DimensionsAngle and pick the
inclined line and the bottom line. Sometimes you will want to right click to specify an Alternate Angle
choice.

13. At this point the actual parametric dimensions will be input to replace those in the initial sketch. On
the left of the page the Details View panel contains the Dimensions subpanel with the default
dimension names (V1, L4, etc) and their as sketched initial values. Click on each value to be changed and
type in the desired values. The sketch changes shape to reflect the new dimension values.

Extrusion

14. Having completed the crosssectional sketch you are ready to form a solid with an Extrude operation.
Note that
icon at the top of the page, along with other construction features like Revolve, Sweep, Loft, etc.

15. Change to an Isometric View (by any of various methods) to be able to see the extrusion normal to
the sketch.

16. Pick the Generate icon at the top (this is a frequently used icon) to actually perform the extrusion. A
default extrusion length appears in the isometric view.

17. To specify a desired extrusion length use Details ViewDetails of Extrude 1 and click on Depth
and type in the actual length (here 20 mm).

Features
18. The part is almost complete except for interior fillets and the support bolt hole. To create the bolt hole
it is necessary to select one of the two top planes, insert a circle sketch, and cut out the hole. At the page
top pick the Select Face icon, and click on the lower surface (the top would have actually been easier).

19. In the Tree Outline right click on BodyCreateNew Plane. A default new plane name will appear
in the tree.


20. Use SketchingSketching ToolboxesCircle and place the circle near the center of the surface.

21. Add the new dimensions with DimensionsDiameter, DimensionsVertical,
DimensionsHorizontal, and provide the desired values via Details ViewDimensions for D1, H2, and
V3.

22. To form the cut select the Sketch_name and then Extrude


23. A default extrude length appears. Specify a cut with Details ViewOperation and right click on Add
Material and change it to Cut Material. Use Details ViewExtent TypeThrough AllGenerate.

24. For the fillets, pick the Select Edge filter icon and pick the three interior edges.

25. Form and dimension the fillets CreateFixed Radius Blend followed by Details View Details of
FBlend to set the radius to 3mm and Apply to see the fillets appear and finish the part.


Ex.No.14
Date:
14. GEOMETRIC NON LINEAR PROBLEM IN ABAQUS
Aim:

To solve the given non linear problem in ABAQUS

Problem

A rectangular steel cantilevered beam has a downward load applied to the one end. The load is expected
to produce plastic deformation. An experimentally determined stress strain curve was supplied for the
steel material. We will investigate the magnitude and depth of plastic strain.

Analysis Steps

Begin with the geometry from the shell tutorial

2. Create a set for the uppercenter vertex

a. Expand the Assembly node in the model tree, and then double click on sets
b. Name the set and select geometry for the type
c. Select the vertex at the top of the part and select Done

3. Double click on the Steps node in the model tree
a. Name the step, set the procedure to General, and select Static, General
b. On the Basic tab, give the step a description
c. Include the nonlinear effects of large displacements
i. Nlgeom = On
d. On the Incrementation tab change the initial increment size to 0.1

4. Expand the Field Output Requests node in the model tree, and then double click on FOutput1
(FOutput1
was automatically generated when creating the step)
a. Uncheck the variables Strains and Contact


5. Expand the History Output Requests node in the model tree, and then right click on HOutput1
(HOutput1
was automatically generated when creating the step) and select Delete

6. Double click on the History Output Requests node
a. Name the history and select Continue
b. Set the domain to Sets and select the set created above
c. Leave the frequency set to every increment (n=1)

d. For the output variables select the U2 displacement

7. Because the part is symmetrical and the flat surfaces are fully restrained only a quarter of the arch
needs to
be modeled

8. Because the flat surfaces are assumed to be fully restrained we do not need to include them, and can
instead
fix just the edge
9. Double click on the BCs node in the model tree
a. Name the boundary conditioned Fixed and select Symmetry/Antisymmetry/Encastre for the type

b. Select the edge shown below and click Done

c. Select ENCASTRE for the boundary condition and click OK

a. Name the boundary conditioned Zsymm and select Symmetry/Antisymmetry/Encastre for the
type

b. Select the edge shown below and click Done

c. Select ENCASTRE for the boundary condition

d. Repeat for the other symmetry condition Xsymm

11. Double click on the Loads node in the model tree
a. Name the load Pressure and select Pressure as the type
b. Select the quarter of the arch surface with the boundary conditions applied to it
c. Select the color corresponding to the top surface
d. For the magnitude enter 600

12. In the model tree double click on Mesh for the Arch part, and in the toolbox area click on the
Assign
Element Type icon
a. Select the portion of the geometry associated with the boundary conditions and load
b. Select Standard for element type

c. Select Linear for geometric order
d. Select Shell for family
e. Note that the name of the element (S4R) and its description are given below the element controls
f. Select OK

13. In the toolbox area click on the Assign Mesh Controls icon
b. Change the element shape to Quad

14. In the toolbox area click on the Seed Edge: By Number icon
a. Select the shorter edges of the portion of the geometry associated with the boundary conditions and
load
i. Specify 5 seeds
b. Select the longer curved edges of the portion of the geometry associated with the boundary
conditions and load
i. Specify 10 seeds
c. Select Done

15. In the toolbox area click on the Mesh Region icon
b. Select Done
16. In the model tree double click on the Job node
a. Name the job Arch_geom_nonlinear
b. Give the job a description

17. In the model tree right click on the job just created and select Submit
a. Ignore the message about unmeshed portions of the geometry
b. While Abaqus is solving the problem right click on the job submitted, and select Monitor
c. In the Monitor window check that there are no errors or warnings
i. Abaqus exits with an error
ii. Abaqus is unable to apply the full load
iii. Observing the final time solved, Abaqus only solved for the first 97.5519% of the load
iv. The results for the time steps Abaqus was successfully able to apply can still be viewed

18. In the model tree right click on the submitted job, and select Results

19. In the menu bar click on ViewportViewport Annotations Options
a. Uncheck the Show compass option
b. The locations of viewport items can be specified on the corresponding tab in the Viewport
Annotations Options

20. Display the deformed contour of the (Von) Mises stress overlaid with the undeformed geometry
a. In the toolbox area click on the following icons
i. Plot Contours on Deformed Shape
ii. Allow Multiple Plot States
iii. Plot Undeformed Shape

21. In the toolbox area click on the Common Plot Options icon
a. Note that when including the effects of geometric nonlinearities, the deformation scale factor
defaults to a value of 1
b. Click OK


Ex.No.15
Date:
15. MATERIAL NONLINEARITY PROBLEM IN ABAQUS

Aim:

To analyze the material non linearity problem in ABAQUS

Problem:

A rectangular steel cantilevered beam (100X10) has a downward load applied to the one end. The load is
expected to produce plastic deformation. An experimentally determined stress strain curve was supplied
for the steel material. We will investigate the magnitude and depth of plastic strain.

Analysis Steps
1. Start Abaqus and choose to create a new model database
2. In the model tree double click on the Parts node (or right click on parts and select Create)
3. In the Create Part dialog box (shown above) name the part and
a. Select 2D Planar
b. Select Deformable
c. Select Shell
d. Set approximate size = 200
e. Click Continue
4. Create the geometry shown below (not discussed here)
5. Double click on the Materials node in the model tree
a. Name the new material and give it a description
b. The stress strain data, shown below, was measured for the material used
i. This data is based on the nominal (engineering) stress and strain
Nominal Stress (Pa) Nominal Strain
0.00E+00 0.00E+00
2.00E+08 9.50E-04

2.40E+08 2.50E-02
2.80E+08 5.00E-02
3.40E+08 1.00E-01
3.80E+08 1.50E-01
4.00E+08 2.00E-01
ii. Abaqus expects the stress strain data to be entered as true stress and true plastic strain
1. In addition the modulus of elasticity must correspond to the slope defined by the
first point (the yield point)
iii. convert the nominal stress to true stress
iv. convert the nominal strain to true strain
v. To calculate the modulus of elasticity, divide the first nonzero true stress by the first nonzero
true strain
vi. convert the true strain to true plastic strain
0.00E+00
1.00E+08
2.00E+08
3.00E+08
4.00E+08
-5.00E-16 2.50E-02 5.00E-02 7.50E-02 1.00E-01 1.25E-01 1.50E-01 1.75E-01 2.00E-01
Nominal Stress (Pa)
Nominal Strain
vii. The results should be
True Stress (Pa) Plastic Strain Elastic Modulus (Pa)
2.002E+08 0.000E+00 2.1083E+11
2.460E+08 2.374E-02
2.940E+08 4.784E-02
3.740E+08 9.436E-02
4.370E+08 1.388E-01
4.800E+08 1.814E-01
c. Click on the Mechanical tabElasticityElastic
i. Enter the calculated modulus of elasticity, and Poisons ratio of 0.3
d. Click on the Mechanical tabPlasticityPlastic
i. Enter the calculated true stress and plastic strain
1. Note that you can simply copy your calculated values from Excel (or similar) and
paste them into Abaqus

e. Click OK
6. Double click on the Sections node in the model tree
a. Name the section PlaneStressProperties and select Solid for the category and Homogeneous
for the type
b. Click Continue
c. Select the material created above (Steel) and set the thickness to 5.
d. Click OK
7. Expand the Parts node in the model tree, expand the node of the part just created, and double click
on
Section Assignments
a. Select the entire geometry in the viewport and press Done in the prompt area
b. Select the section created above (PlaneStressProperties)
c. Verify From section is selected under Thickness
d. Click OK
8. Expand the Assembly node in the model tree and then double click on Instances
a. Select Dependent for the instance type
b. Click OK
9. Double click on the Steps node in the model tree
a. Name the step, set the procedure to General, and select Static, General
b. On the Basic tab, give the step a description and change the time period to 2
i. For this analysis neglect the effects of geometric nonlinearities (Nlgeom = Off)
c. On the Incrementation tab,
i. Set the initial increment size to 0.05
ii. Set the maximum increment size to 0.2
d. Click OK
a. Name the boundary conditioned Fixed and select Symmetry/Antisymmetry/Encastre for the type
b. Select the left edge and click Done
c. Select ENCASTRE for the boundary condition and click OK
11. Double click on the Amplitudes node in the model tree
a. Name the amplitude Triangular Loading and select Tabular
b. Enter the data points shown below
i. Abaqus multiplies the load by the amplitude definition, therefore 0 is no load and 1 is the full
load
12. Double click on the Loads node in the model tree

a. Name the load and select Surface traction as the type
b. Select the right edge
c. Under Direction, click edit and select the upper-right corner as the first point, and the lower-right
corner as the second point
d. For the magnitude, enter 5e6
e. For the amplitude, select the amplitude created above (Triangular loading)
13. In the model tree double click on Mesh for the beam part, and in the toolbox area click on the
Assign
Element Type icon
a. Select the entire geometry
b. Select Standard for element type
c. Select Quadratic for geometric order
d. Select Plane stress for family
e. Note that the name of the element (S4R) and its description are given below the element controls
f. Select OK
14. In the toolbox area click on the Assign Mesh Controls icon
b. Change the element shape to Quad
c. Set the technique to Structured
15. In the toolbox area click on the Seed Edges icon
a. Select the left and right edges, click Done
b. Select By number
c. Set Bias to None
d. Under Sizing Controls enter 8 elements, Click OK
16. In the toolbox area ensure the Seed Edges icon is still selected
a. Select the top and bottom edges
b. Set Method to By number and Bias to Single
c. Set the number of elements to 50
d. Set the bias ratio to 2
e. The bias arrows point towards the direction of the smaller elements, so in this case they should point
to the left. If they dont, click the Select button located to the right of Flip Bias
f. Select the top and bottom edges and select Done
g. The arrows should now point to the left
h. Click the OK button
17. In the toolbox area click on the Mesh Part icon

18. In the model tree double click on the Job node
a. Name the job plastic_beam
b. Give the job a description
19. In the model tree right click on the job just created and select Submit
a. Ignore the message about unmeshed portions of the geometry
b. While Abaqus is solving the problem right click on the job submitted, and select Monitor
c.
d. In the Monitor window check that there are no errors or warnings
i. If there are errors, investigate the cause(s) before resolving
ii. If there are warnings, determine if the warnings are relevant, some warnings can be safely
ignored
iii. In the far right column, note how Abaqus adjusted the increment
20. In the model tree right click on the submitted and successfully completed job, and select Results
21. In the menu bar click on ViewportViewport Annotations Options
a. Uncheck the Show compass option
b. The locations of viewport items can be specified on the corresponding tab in the Viewport
Annotations Options
22. Display the deformed contour of the (Von) Mises stress
a. In the toolbox area click on the following icons
i. Plot Contours on Deformed Shape
23. In the toolbox area click on the Common Plot Options icon
a. Set the Deformation Scale Factor to 1
b. Click OK
24. Click on the arrows on the context bar to change the time step being displayed
a. Click on the three squares to bring up the frame selector slider bar
25. To change the output being displayed, in the menu bar click on ResultsField Output
a. Select one of the plastic strain related outputs (PE or PEEQ)
b. Click OK
Alternatively, you can select the output variable from the corresponding toolbar (shown below).
Hint: If you dont see the toolbar, go to view Toolbars and activate the Field output to display the
toolbar (a checkmark will appear next to it).
Note that PE displays individual plastic strain (similar to principal strain) components, while PEEQ
variable
provides the equivalent plastic strain value (similar to vonMises equivalent stress).


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