VLCL

VT LIU CHU LA
Cc vn chnh:
Thnh phn no l nhiu nht trong sn phm
Tm hiu v thnh phn
Nguyn liu sn xut
K thut sn xut
Tnh cht v ng dng, phm vi ng dng
Phng php nh gi
CHNG 1: VT LIU CHU LA DINAT
Di nat l loi VLCL c 93%SiO2, sn xut t qung ca quc v cht lin
kt l vi hoc cht khc, nung nhit m bo quc bin i thnh
tridimit v cristobite
1. SiO2
1.1. S bin i th hnh ca SiO2 v tnh cht ca chng


a. Quartz
C hai dng th hnh : quartz v quartz
VLCL

quartz : y l dng th hnh bn vng nhi thng, ph bin trong
thin nhin. Khi nung n 573 n chuyn thnh quartz v km theo gin n.
quartz : tn ti trong phm vi 573-870. 870, ht quartz c kch thc
no v phi c mt cht khong ha mnh th n chuyn chm dn thnh
tridimite. Trong thc t sn xut gch dinat u dng cht khong ha v quartz
iu kin nghin mn n chuyn thnh tridimite qua pha trung gian
metacristobalite 1200-1470, nhng mnh nhit trn 1300. Dng tridimite l
dng n nh nht m ta mun c trong gch dinat. Nu khng c ph gia nng
chy vi vai tr cht khong ha th metacristobalite s chuyn ha thnh
cristobalite.
b. Tridimite
C 3 dng th hnh tn ti t nhit thp n nhit cao l , , .

Khi nng nhit ln qu 1470 th tridimite chuyn chm sang
cristobalite. Nu nung nhanh n nhit trn 167010 th tridimite chuyn
thnh thy tinh nng chy

Qua hnh v ta thy rng tridimite l tinh th bn vng v n nh nht.
Vvy sn xut sn phm dnat phi lm sao to c nhiu tridimite nht.
c. Cristobalite.
VLCL

C hai dng th hnh l Cristobalite (tn ti nhit cao),
Cristobalite ( tn ti nhit thp). Hai dng th hnh nay c mt khc nhau
rt ln vi Cristobalite (2.22g/cm
3
) v Cristobalite (2.34g/cm
3
), nn dn ti
bin i th tch ca chng rt ln. y l l do v sao ngi ta khng mun c
nhiu Cristobalite trong dinat v chng d gy nn v, nt sn phm khi lm ngui
hay nng nhit .
d. Thy tinh quartz
Thy tinh quartz c hnh thnh bng cch nng chy nhanh ca quartz
1600 , ca tridimite 167010 v ca Cristobalite 1723.
Khi lm ngui nhanh cht nng chy ny thu c thy tinh quartz, thy
tinh ny c rt nhiu c tnh qu nh bn sc nhit , chu la, bn ha,
tnh cht quang hc. c bit l c h s gin n nhit rt thp, nh hn 20 ln so
vi thy tinh xy dng v 6 ln so vi thy tinh pyrex.
Do ta c nhn xt sau
S bin i th hnh lun km theo s bin i trng lng ring dn n
bin i th tch. S thay i th tch ny quyt nh ton b qu trihf nung v s
dng dinat. V th tch khn n nh l nguyn nhn lamf sn phm c bn nhit
thp. bn nhit cng thp khi s bin th hnh cng nhanh, th tch thay i
cng nhiu.
2. Nguyn liu sn xut VLCl dinat
2.1. Cht khong ha
Nh ni trn th nh s c mt ca cht khong ha m qu trnh
chuyn ha t quartz sang tridimite c thc y
Cht khong ha ch yu to cht nng chy nhit thp. Cht nng
chy ny c nht nh, thm t tt nht l phi tan c Cristobalite tao
c tinh th tridimite bn vng trong sn phm dinat, xen k gia cc tinh th y
l pha thy tinh v mt s pha tinh th khc.
Cht khong ha mnh nht l Na2CO3 v K2CO3, tuy nhin ngi ta khn
dng v n h thp nhiu tnh cht sn phm nhit cao.
Ph bin ngi ta hay dng l Cao, FeO, di khi MnO. Trong thc t sn
xut ngi ta dng ng thi CaO v FeO lm cht khong ha, th khi cu t
chnh l FeO, cn vi ch l cht h tr, t l tt nht gia CaO v FeO l n .
Vi dinat dng xy l cc ha khng dng FeO m dng MnO v FeO trong mi
VLCL

trng kh s li xc tc cho hin tng tm than (2CO CO2+C), i vi
trng hp ny tt nht dng 2-3% CaO hoc 2% hn hp CaO v MgO vi t l
1:1 n 1:2.
Dng CaO lm cht khong ha di dng vi sa tng tnh ng khung
ca phi liu, phn phi u ph gia lin kt cc ht quatzit nghin kh, lm cho
cc vin thnh phm t c cng trc sau khi sy, xc tin qu trnh
tridimit ha. Cao d iu ch, ly t voi nung bnh thng.
Cht khong ha l oxit st thng cho vo phi liu di dng vy st, x
nu qung v cha nhiu FeO, Fe2O3 khng dng do to im tecti cao hn nhiu
v tc dng khong ha km hn nhiu.
2.2. Nguyn liu sn xut dinat
Trong sn xut dinat ngi ta thng dng cc nguyn liu cha SiO2 nh
ct quc, sa thch, quactzit sn xut.
Ct qut l sn phm phn hy ca qung ni cha qut nh
hoa cng do tc dng ca kh quyn, gi, s thay i nhit
Cc ht ct quc tch t qua nhiu th k c thm t bng
nc c cha cc tp cht mn nh t st, vi, thch cao. Cc tp cht ny phn
phi u gia cc ht cc, lin kt cc ht li thnh qung rn hn, bn hn gi l
sa thch hay cc kt.
Khi ch p sut ln, cc kt bin thnh mt loi bin cht
l quaczit.
Qutzit c hai loi: quaczit xi mng ( nu lng cht lin kt trong quczit
nhiu 30-75% ), qutzit tinh th (cc ht quc tip xc vi nhau chc ch hn v
lin kt vi nhau bng cc rng ca ht v c tr lng nhiu hn qutzit xi mng)
2.2.1. Tnh cht k thut ca qutzit
a. Tc chuyn ha khi nung
Qutzit tinh th c tc chuyn ha chm, cn qutzit xi mng ty thuc
vo lng xi mng v thnh phn ca n c th chuyn ha chm, trung bnh v
nhanh. trnh t do chuyn ha nhanh , ta kt hp 2 loi qutzit vi nhau.
b. xp
Theo xp c 4 loi sau



VLCL

Stt Tn nhm ht nc xp biy kin
1 Rt c 0.5 1.2
2 c 0.5-4 1.2- 4
3 Xp 1.5-4 4.3-10
4 Rt xp 4 10
c. Thnh phn ha hc
Thng thng dng loi c SiO2 95%, ngoi ra cn c CaO, MgO, Na2O,
K2O, Al2O3, c bit c hi nht l Al2O3 v kim v n h thp chu la ca
qutzit
d. chu la
sn xut dinat yu cu qutzit c chu la 1750. Loi <1730 dng
lm ph gia
3. K thut sn xut dinat
Chun b qutzit
Gia cng ph gia khong ha
Chun b phi liu
To hnh sn phm
Sy sn phm
Nung
3.1. Chun b quzit
sn phm ng nht cn phi bin chng thnh bt mn bng cch p v
nghin mn .
Thnh phn ht quyt nh qu trnh chuyn ha qutzit, n mt sn
phm, t ca chng khi nung v s dng. Khng phi tt c cc ht qutzit trong
thi gian nung gn 1450 u chuyn ha thnh tridiite v cristobalite. Phn cha
chuyn ha, trong qu trnh s dng tip tc chuyn ha dn n thay i mt ,
thay i th tch v cui cng l t sn phm.
Nu thnh phn ht ln nhiu, khi nung ht ln n ra, to cc k nt rn, t
nhiu.Nu sn phm c nhiu ht nh < 0.088mm gy nn phn lp vin mc, nt
sn phm khi nung.
3.2. Gia cng ph gia khong ha
VLCL

Vi: tt nht nn sn xut vi ngay ti nh my thun tin
cho vic vn chuyn, bo qun vi sng
St; ph gia st cho vo phi liu cn c nghin mn qua
sang 900 l/ cm
2
. tng hieus sut nghin ngi ta khng dng ncd m dng
ngay sa vi cho vo my nghin ph gia st.
3.3. Chun b phi liu
Phi liu ngoi qutzit, ph gia khong ha cn s dng mt lng dinat
ph phm
Mnh dinat c tc dng h thp trng lng ring, gim n ca chng khi
nung, dn n h thp c ng sut xut hin trong sn phm, lm gim ph
phm.
Nhng mnh dinat li lm tng xp, dng nhiu s lm gim chu la,
sn phm phc tp c th dng mnh n 20-30%. i vi sn phm dinat c bit
nh sn phm dng xy vm l, l in nu thp c sn xut t qutzit c cha
nhiu SiO2 v khng c mnh dinat.
Phi liu phi c m nht nh ng khung cng nh trn tht u.
C th dng my trn bnh xe v my trn hai trc, my trn bnh xe m bo cc
tc dng trn nhng nhc im c qu trnh nghin ph lm thay i thnh phn
ht ca phi liu, do thng dng my trn hai trc c nng sut ln v m
bo cc yu cu cho k thut phi liu
3.4. To hnh
C th to hnh bng phng php p bn kh dng my nn c kh hay my
nn thy lc.
Phi liu ho vo khun khi nn phi va phi: nu qu y sinh ra hin
tng qu nn to vt nt, nu vi th gc cnh vin mc km bn, d v.
Phi liu sau khi to hnh xong phi nn ngay v s lm gim tnh cht nn
ca chng do phn ng cacbonat ha lm mt tnh do.
Kch thc khung phi nh hn kch thc sn phm 2-3.5% v dinat sau
khi nung s n ra.
3.5. Sy
Mc ch: loi tr nc l hc, tg cng c hc ca sn phm.
VLCL

ng lc sy: tt nht l khi l v khng kh.
L sy: tuynen, sy phng.
3.6. Nung
Cc qu trnh xy ra khi nung nh sau
Tc dng gia CaO v SiO2 to thnh silicate canxi s tc dng
vi silicate st to thnh dung dc rn. Khi t n nhit cao s to thnh cht
lng nng chy giu SiO2. Tridimite s kt inh t cht long nng chy ny
Qu trnh bin i qutzit thnh tridimite v cristobalite
Dn n gch dinate do bin i a hnh ca qutzit
Cn phi duy tr mi trng kh yu trong thi gian nng nhit v lu

















VLCL

CHNG 2
VT LIU CHU LA SAMT
VLCL Samot l loi VLCL cha Al2O3 30-40%, sn xut t t st v cao
lanh chu la cng vi ph gia gy samot (t st nung n kt khi). Samot l sn
phm nm trong h alumosilicate.
1. Gin pha ca h Al2O3 v SiO2

Note: chng ta xt theo ng lin
Trong k thut sn xut sn phm alumosilicate ni chung v sn phm
VLCL Samot ni ring th, quan trng nht l gin h hai cu t Al2O3-SiO2.
VLCL

T gin ny ta xc dnh c s bin i thnh phn pha v tnh cht ca
chng.
Qua biu ta c nhn xt:
Trong gin Al2O3-SiO2 chia lm hai khu vc, khu vc Al2O3 t 15-
45% (ng vi VLCL bn axit v Samot), t 45%-100% ng vi VLCL cao alumin
i vi thnh phn cha Al2O3 t 5.5-71.8% c 1 pha bn vng n 1850
l mulite A3S2 (71.8%Al2O3 + 28.2%SiO2)
Vi Al2O3 >72% c 2 pha bn vng hn c l mulit v corun
Trong phm vi thnh phn c Al2O3 t 72-78%, mulit to thnh dung dch
rn vi Corun, pha lng ch xut hin 1850 v thnh phn ng vi im nng
chy l 79%Al2O3 + 21% SiO2
Kt lun:
Nu tng hm lng Al2O3 ( bt u t VLCL bn axit) s tng nhi
chu la v nhit mm ca cc vt liu chu la alumosilicat. Tuy nhin tnh
cht ca VLCL khng ch ph thuc vo hm lng Al2O3 m cn nhiu nhn t
khc na.
Nhn chung lng cht lng ca VLCL bn axit tng ln chm hn so vi
samot, nn ng lng tng i dc hn. Trong thc t sn xut ngoi hai cu t
ch yu l Al2O3 v SiO2 cn c cc tp cht, chnh cc tp cht ny vi hm
lng 2-5% cc oxt nh : Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, Na2O, K2O lm tng lng
pha lng to thnh v gim cc ch tiu k thut ca VLCL.
2. Nguyn liu sn xut VLCL samot
L t st v cao lanh chu la
2.1. Ngun gc
2.2. Thnh phn ha v thnh phn khong
Trong thin nhin khng khi no gp cao lanh hay t st c thnh phn ng
dng AS
2
H
2
( 39,5% Al
2
O
3
, 46,6% SiO
2
, 13,9% H
2
0) m thng ln cc tp cht khc.
Thng thng : SiO
2
chim n 70% hoc hn, dng quartz, chng s lm gim
do v chu la, tng kt khi, mt vi trng hp lm t t st khi nung nhit
cao.
Al2O3 tong t st ( khi nung ) loi tt cao hn 40% ( loai t st cao bazo);
loi bazo c 30-40%, loi bn axit 15-30%, lo axit <15%. Nu tng hm lng Al2O3
thf chu la ca chng tng ln. Oxit nhm trong t st nm dng caolinite,
hidroaluminosilicate, i khi dng hidrat nhm Al2O3.H2O.
VLCL

Cc tp cht v c lm h thp chu la trong t st v kaolin chu la khng
qu 6-7%, l nhng tp cht Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, Na2O, K2O Ngoi ra cn c cc
tp cht ha c khc nh: than , than bn, cy ci mc nt 10-15%
2.3. phn tn ca t st
c c trng bng kch thc ht ca chng, phn tn c 1 gi tr ln
nh gi do, lin kt, kt khi v bn ca t st,
t st v cao lanh l nhng vt liu phn tn rt mn, trong thnh phn ht ca
t st c nhiu ht nh hn so vi cao lanh (<0,001mm) . iu gii thch v sao t
st do hn cao lanh.
2.4. do v kh nng lin kt ca cc t st
do l tnh cht quan trng ca t st. Nh do m t st duy tr c hnh
dng ca n, khng c k nt khi ta tc dng mt lc khng ln lm, duy tr c hnh
dng ca n khi khng cn lc tc dng na. Khi cho nc vo t st, u tin do
tng ln n gi tr max, sau h xung do qu nhiu nc v chuyn sang dng huyn
ph.
xc nh do ca t st 1 cch c th ta dng khi nim"hn do", l
hiu s gia m ca t st gii hn di ca lu ng v m ca gii hn ln
v.
2.5. S bin i ca t st khi cho nc vo
Khi cho nc v t st kh tuyt i, c cc hin tng ha l phc tp xy ra:
Ta nhit
Phng t st
2.6. kt khi ca t st
c c trng bng cc ch tiu sau
Mc c ca sn phm: t st sau khi nung s st c li. Khi
nung qu t st s phng ln trng lng th tch gim, ht nc c th khng tng v
khi nung qu la s to pha thy tinh, to thnh cc l kn khng cho nc thm qua
Nhit kt khi: L nhit nung m sn phm t st c
cao nht
Khong nhit kt khi: L khong nhit sn phm tin hnh st
c nhanh, l khong cch gia nhit kt khi v nhit bin dng (phng
mm..).Nhit v khong kt khi ca t st biu th bng co khi nung.
VLCL

kt khi ca t st ph thuc vo lng cht nng chy v phn tn ca
cht nng chy trong t st
2.7. Lm giu t st v cao lanh
Mc ch : Loi tr cc tp cht nh st, ct, si , trng thch, mica
Phng php : t, kh, in t hn hp
3. Qu trnh sn xut VLCL samot
Gm 5 giai on:
Chun b nguyn liu: gm 2 phn, chun b t st kt dnh v chun b
ph gia gy Smt
Phi liu
To hnh
Sy
Nung
3.1. Giai on chun b nguyn liu
a. Chun b t st lm cht kt dnh
t st trong kho nh my thng c m W=15-25% v kch thc ln. Thng
dng my sy thng quay cng chiu t W=7-8%. Nhit khi vo sy 600-800
0
C,
nhit khi ra 110-120
0
C. t st trc khi vo bun ke d tr phi lm ngui trnh
hin tng ngng t hi nc trong lng bun ke.
Yu cu t st lm cht kt dnh phi phn phi u gia cc ht Smt, nn sau
khi lm ngui t st phi c nghin mn
b. Chun b ph gia gy samot
Ph gia gy Smt c sn xut bng cch nung t st v cao lanh n nhit
kt khi (1200-1250
0
C). Tiu chun nh gi cht lng Smt l ht nc.
ht nc 5% cho Smt thng v < 2% cho loi c bit.

3.2. Giai on phi liu
T l : ph gia gy samot 50-80%, t st lm cht kt dnh (50-20%)
m phi liu: ph thuc vo phng php to hnh
Phng php bn kh: W = 8-9%
Phng php do : W=16-20%
Phng php c rt: W=35-45%
VLCL

Trn phi liu phng php bn kh: Dng my trn bnh xe. u tin thm t
ht Smt bng bn t st kt dnh to nn b mt cc ht Smt mt mng mng t
st, sau cho t st dng bt mn vo

3.3. To hnh sn phm
C 3 phng php to hnh
Phng php bn kh thng thng vi sn phm thng, phc tp,
khi ln
Phng php do to hnh bng tay i vi cc sn phm phc tp
Phng php c rt : t dng
3.4. Sy sn phm
m ca vin mc sau khi to hnh ty phng php sn xut dao ng khong
5-20% v vy cn phi sy cn li 1-3% trc khi vo l nung
Smt c xp v sau cc vt nt gia cc ht Smt v cht kt dnh nn
xc tin qu trnh sy nhanh, xc tin vic bc hi m t trong sn phm, chuyn hi m
ra ngoi lm nguy him v chnh lch m gim i
3.5. Nung sn phm
Nung sn phm Smt nhm lm kt khi, lm st c sn phm n mc cn
thit m bo n nh th tch khi s dng. Giai on nung l giai on quyt inh
cht lng sn phm nht
Qu trnh ha l xy ra c bn khi nung samot
n nhit 150-200
0
C: Mt nc l hc.
nhit 100-200
0
C c hiu ng thu nhit nhung khng bin i th
tch, khng nh hng n vic la chn ch nung.
200-400
0
C: t chy cc hp cht hu c
400-550
0
C: Tch nc lin kt ha hc, co ngt nh (0,5-1%) khng
gy ng sut ln lm trong sn phm.
550-900
0
C: Xy ra bin i ng u v th tch nhng khng ln
lm.
920-940
0
C : C hiu ng ta nhit. C s chuyn t nhm v nh
hnh sang g -Al
2
O
3
.
1000-1100
0
C: bt u qu trnh kt tinh mullit v kt thc 1200-
1250
0
C.
VLCL

Nhit nu ng cui cng 1350-1380
0
C: hon thnh kt tinh mullit v
lin kt chng bng thy tinh v nh hnh. Cht thy tinh kh nng chy chim gn 50%
trng lng
Qu trnh lm ngui ch km theo co nhit
4. Tnh cht v ng dng
4.1. Tnh cht
VLCL Smt l gch chu la trung tnh v kim yu. nhit chu la
1610-1770
0
C
Da vo chu la chia lm 4 loi
Loi O : nhit chu la 1750
0
C
Loi A : nhit chu la 1730
0
C
Loi B : nhit chu la 1670
0
C
Loi C : nhit chu la 1610
0
C
bn nhit: Cao, dao ng trong 1 khong ln, ph thuc vo
thnh phn ca phi liu, phng php nn, cu trc sn phm
n nh th tch: C co ph khi nung nhit cao. Nu
nhit nung qu cao, tng gch Smt b bin dng
bn x: cao. Mc ph thuc vo cu trc ht v sit c ca
sn phm
4.2. ng dng
Rt rng ri. Trong cng nghip silicat: xy l gm s, l nu thy tinh, l nung
xi mng, l kh ha, cc ghi t nhin liu.
5. Cc lai sn phm samot khc
Sn phm samot caolanh
Sn phm samot khng nung
Sn phm t samot nung thp


\





VLCL

CHNG 4
VLVL CAOALUMIN
L loi VLCL cha hn 45% Al
2
O
3
, ngha l ln hn lng Al
2
O
3
c trong caolint
nguyn cht
Ty hm lng Al
2
O
3
c trong sn phm chia 3 loi
Loi A: cha t 45-60% Al
2
O
3

Loi B ------ 60-75% Al
2
O
3

Loi C: ---- > 75%
Ty theo thnh phn khong chia sn phm ra lm 4 loi
- Loi silimanit: 45-70% Al
2
O
3

- Loi mullit: 70-78% Al
2
O
3

- Loi mullit corun 78-95% Al
2
O
3

- Loi corun: > 95% Al
2
O
3

1. Nguyn liu
Nguyn liu sn xut VLCL cao alumin thng dng cc qung thin nhin hay
nguyn liu nhn to.
Cc nguyn liu ch yu l qung thuc nhm silimanit, hydrat nhm v nhm k
thut.
Vic la chn nguyn liu ph thuc vo tnh cht v k thut ca sn phm
1.1. Khong thuc nhm silimanit
Rt ph bin trong thin nhin v c gi tr trong cng nghip
Gm: silimanit, andaluzit, disten (kianit) v diumterit
Ba khong u u c cng thc chung l Al
2
O
3
.SiO
2
1.2. Hy drat nhm
Cng thc chung: Al
2
O
3
.n H
2
0
Gm 3 loi phn bit nhau bi cu trc v hm lng nc lin kt ha hc
- Hydracgilit: Al
2
O
3
.3 H
2
0
- Bomit: Al
2
O
3
. H
2
0
- Diaspo: Al
2
O
3
.H
2
0
Khi t nng s xy ra s bin i khng thun nghch t dng ny sang
dng khc theo s
VLCL

250-340
0
C 450-550
0
C 950-1200
0
C
- Al
2
O
3
.3 H
2
0 Al
2
O
3
.H
2
0 Al
2
O
3
Al
2
O
3

Hydracgilit Bomit
450-500
0
C
- Al
2
O
3
.H
2
0 Al
2
O
3
Trong thin nhin, thng gp qung boxit, l khong tng hp tt c cc hydrat
nhm, ch yu l hydracgilit v bomit. Ngoi ra boxit cn c cc to cht: oxyt v
hydroxyt st, quarzt, quarzit, caolinit. Hm lng Fe
2
O
3
trong boxit t khi < 2-3% thng
>5%. iu y lm hn ch dng boxit trong cng nghip sn xut VLCL cao alumin.
1.3. Nhm k thut
Nhm k thut c sn xut bng gia cng ha hc qung boxit nn c tinh
khit cao
C 3 dng th hnh: Al
2
O
3
. v l dng tinh khit. Dng ch to ra do c
mt ca tp cht.
Trong nhm k thut khong ch yu l Al
2
O
3
nm trong giai on chuyn tip
thnh Al
2
O
3
v cn li mt t hydrat nhm (hydracgilit v bomit). Khi t nng n
1200
0
C th Al
2
O
3
Al
2
O
3
.
1.4. Corun in nng chy
L nguyn liu lm vt liu mi, gm 2 loi
Loi trng: Al
2
O
3
98%, sn xut bng cch nu chy nhm k thut trong
l in
Loi thng: sn xut bng cch nu chy boxit, Al
2
O
3
= 91-97% ty theo
lng hp cht trong boxit, c bit l Fe
2
O
3
v SiO
2

Thnh phn khong ch yu l a Al
2
O
3
v mt t b Al
2
O
3
do boxit c nhiu tp
cht. Lng tp cht cng nhiu lng b Al
2
O
3
cng nhiu.

2. K thut sn xut
2.1. Sn phm sn xut t nhm silimanit
u im ca khong ny: khi t n nhit mullit ha th qu trnh to mullit
tin hnh hon ton, khng ph thuc cc iu kin gia cng nh nghin trn.. D thnh
lp qui trnh sn xut hn.
VLCL

V vy sn xut sn phm cao alumin t disten phi tin hnh nung s b chng
thnh Smt ti kt tinh.
Sn xut sn phm cao Alumin t nhm silimanit dng cht kt dnh ch yu l t
st nghin mn lm giu. Tuy nhin ch dng mt lng nh m thi (10-15%) v t
st lm gim Al
2
O
3
v tng tp cht d chy trong sn phm . Tt nht l dng t st
nhiu nhm v tinh khit.
Qui trnh sn xut tng t sn xut sn phm nhiu samot:Cht lm gy l
silimanit ,andaluzit hoc dten nung s b nghin mn .Cht kt dnh (10-15%) dng
t st chu la caoAl
2
O
3
(40%). Thnh phn ht phi bo m sn phm c mt cao
nht , c ht ln nht 1-2mm. p lc nn 1000kG/cm
2
, nhit nung 1500-1550
0
C.
S dng : lm thng thp v nu thy tinh
2.2. Sn phm t hidrat nhm
Nu dng qung boxit phi nung s b kh nc lin kt ho hc cng nh
kt khi s b sn phm , sau em nghin mn . Nu dng Diaspo th khng cn nung
s b
Cht lin kt cng dng cht kt dnh 10-15% , nhit nung 1500
0
C
Tnh cht sn phm
Al
2
O
3
60-65% (ln hn sn phm t silimanit)
Tp cht nng chy : 3,5-4%
Nhit chu la 1800-1850
0
C. Nhit kt thc bin dng 1650-1700
0
C
Sn phm t boxit v diaspo cha Al2O3 nhiu hn so vi sn phm t
nhm silimanit . Tng s tp cht nng chy v xp cao hn 1 t . V th tng hm
lngAl
2
O
3
ln 10% cng nh km theo tng nhit bt u bin dng ln 1 t.
2.3. Sn phm t nhm k thut
T nhm k thut c th sn xut ra sn phm mullit(70-75%Al
2
O
3
) , mullit corun
(78-95%Al
2
O
3
) v corun(>95%Al
2
O
3
)
a. Sn phm mullit v mullit corun
K thut sn xut mullit v mullit corun tng t nh k thut sn xut sn phm
nhiu samot : Dng samot mullit corun kt khi rt c vi 15-20% t st do kt dnh.
sn xut mulit corun ta tin hnh nh sau : Nghin nhm k thut mn cng
vi 15-20%t st do , ng vin , nung . t st chu la y l 1 cu t tng hp
mullit trong sn phm , ng thi ng vai tr cht lin kt nhm k thut trong cc vin
th .
VLCL

Nhit nung cc vin th thnh samot mullit corun khong 1400-1500
0
C (
qa trnh mullit ho hon ton ), cn n kt khi th phi n nhit 1500-1650
0
C
Samot mullit corun kt khi phi c ht nc 3%. Nghin mn t c ht :
Ht ln nht 2-5mm ; ht trung bnh 0,5-0,088mm; ht nh <0,088mm.
Tnh cht ca sn phm mullit v mullit corun sau khi nung t:
Al
2
O
3
70-95%
Tp cht nng chy 3%
Nhit bt u bin dng di ti trng 1600
0
C . Nhit ph hu 1800
0
C
Cng nn 1500-2000kG/cm
2

b. Sn phm corun ( l sn phm c chu la cao nht trong dng sn phm
caoalumin)
VLCL mullit cha mt lng pha thu tinh nht nh nn khi chu tc dng ca thu
tinh nng chy bn ngot d b ho tan gim bn . Ngi ta c gng tm cch hn ch
pha thu tinhbng cch tng

Al
2
O
3
ln ccorun
C s k thut
Sn phm corun yu cu tinh khit cao , do qu trnh gia cng phc tp , cn
thn , phi dung nhng thit b t bit , mt phn cng do bn cht ca corun na
Kh khn nht l kh nng kt khi ca corun rt km mt d trn ln vi t
st. Nguyn nhn ch yu l do cu trc ca nhm k thut (Al
2
O
3
). Nhm k thut ny
thu c khi nung hydrat nhm nhn to (Al
2
O
3
. H
2
O) 1000-1200
0
C. Nhm k thut
ny c xp ln nn qu trnh kt khi ca sn phm caoalumin khng c nh mong
mun. Hn na trong qu trnh nung s b nhm k thut 1300-1450
0
C : Al
2
O
3

Al
2
O
3
. Al
2
O
3
rt tr, kh nng phn ng km.
tng mc kt khi ca sn phm, c cc cch sau :
Ph v cu trc ca nhm k thut v tng b mt tip xc
gia cc ht vi nhau bng cch nghin mn
Dng ph gia : c bit thng dng TiO
2
. Tc dng ca
TiO
2
l Lm tng ln ca tinh th corun dn n tng bn nhit ca sn phm, lm
ngn khong kt khi li
K thut sn xut
Gm cc bc :
Chun b phi liu : sn xut samotcorun, sn xut lin kt
corun
Sn xut samot corun : Nung s b nhm k thut 1450
0
C nghin mn bng
phng php t n c ht 1m ra st bng dung dch HCl 1-2% p lc ct
VLCL

thnh vin vin th sy nung 1700
0
C trong 2h kt khi corun hon ton , m
bo mt 3,75-3.8g/cm
3
.
Nu dng 1-2% TiO
2
nghin kh hn hp trong my nghin bi thp n kch
thc 4-5m , lm m vi keo SSB 1-1.5% trong my trn n m 11-13% nn
thnh vin mc nung nhit 1500
0
C , t mt 3,648g/cm
3

Samot corun p nghin nh : Ht 0,2mm chim 50%, ht ln nht 2-
3mm, ht b nht 0,088mm.
Cht kt dnh : C th dng ngay hn hp dng huyn ph trn hoc dng
bt th c ph gia TiO
2

T l samot corun v cht lin kt corun : 55/45
To hnh : Hoc nn bn kh vi m 7-8% thm keo
SSB1-1,5%
Sy, nung: Nung 1700-1750
0
C khi khng c ph gia v
1550
0
C nu c ph gia TiO
2
, co tng qut : 9-10%

Tnh cht ca sn phm:
Nhit chu la ln hn 2000
0
C
cng theo thang Moh l 9
Tnh tr, phn ng ha hc km
Cng c hc cao
C tnh cht in mi tt
ng dng sn phm
C cng ln nn lm vt liu mi tt
Lm chn nung, chn nu thy tinh
Lm dao tin
C tnh in mi tt nn c dng rng ri trong cng
nghip in v v tuyn in.
Mt s sn phm corun thng mi: monofrax ( M), Corvisit (Hungary)





VLCL

CHNG 5
VT LIU CHU LA MANHEDI
VLCL manhdi l loi VLCL kim tnh in hnh, cha 80-85% periclaz ( MgO )
i khi nhiu hn , nhit chu la >2000
0
C ( nhit nng chy ca MgO nguyn cht
2800
0
C )
C hai loi VLCL manhdi : Loi vin v loi bt. Loi vin xy tng l , loi
bt dng m l.
1. Nguyn liu
Nguyn liu thng dng l Manhdit MgCO
3
, mt s ni khng c manhdi th
dng MgO ly t nc bin.

1.1. Manhdit
L khong cha 47,62%MgO v 52,98%CO
2
Gm 2 loi : Manhdit tinh th v Manhdit v nh hnh
Manhdit tinh th c to ra do tc ng ca vi hoc lmit vi
dung dch cacbonat axit manhdi theo phn ng :
CaCO
3
+ Mg(HCO
3
)
2
MgCO
3
+ Ca(HCO
3
)
2
(dd)
CaMg(HCO
3
)
2
+ Mg(HCO
3
)
2
2MgCO
3
+ Ca(HCO
3
)
2
(dd)
Manhdit v nh hnh l sn phm phn hu cc khong silicat manhdit
nh : Serpentin , livin theo phn ng :
3MgO. 2SiO
2
. 2H
2
O + 3CO
2
3MgCO
3
+ 2SiO
2
+ 2H
2
O
2MgO. SiO
2
+ 2CO
2


3MgCO
3
+ 2SiO
2

Tp cht ch yu trong manhdit l Fe
2
O
3
,SiO
2
, CaO, Al
2
O
3
. Trong CaO l tp
cht c hi nht.
Yu cu : Manhdit sau khi nung phi c MgO 85% i vi bt luyn kim v
91% i vi gch , CaO 2-3% , SiO
2
+ Fe
2
O
3
5%
1.2. MgO ly t nc bin
Trong nc bin cha 0,2% MgO nhng ngun nc bin v tn
MgCl
2
+ MgCa(OH)
4
2Mg(OH)
2
+ CaCl
Sn xut bng phng php ny c nhng kh khn sau:
Lng nc bin cn dng ln
VLCL

Thc hin qu trnh hyrat ho hon ton lmit rt kh
Phi dng lng CaCl
2
ln
Kh lc c MgO
u im:
Tn dng c lmi v ngun nc bin
C th iu chnh hm lng MgO trong sn phm ph hp vi yu cu k
thut
Hm lng MgO tng i cao >90-95%
Nu dng phng php trn tch MgO t nc t l nc d sau khi kt
tinh mui n rt kinh t.
2. Qa trnh ha l khi nung
2.1. Qu trnh ha l v thnh phn khong
Nu sn xut t manhzit , khi nung s tin hnh phn hu :
MgCO
3
MgO + CO
2
- Q
Phn ng bt u 400
0
C , nhanh 640
0
C . Tc phn hu manhzit ph thuc
vo lng tp cht , cu trc v mt manhzit .
Nu nguyn liu ban u sn xut t nc bin th phn ng u tin khi nung l :
Mg(OH)
2
MgO + H
2
O - Q
Phn ng ny tin hnh mnh 430
0
C
2.2. nh hng ca thnh phn khong
Thnh phn khong chnh l Periclaz MgO, c chu la rt cao ( 2800
0
C ).
C th b hydrat ho theo phn ng : MgO + H
2
O Mg(OH)
2
. Phn ng ny xy
ra khi , sy hoc trn vi nc ng thi lm tng th tch ln hai ln. V vy cn phi
phi liu trnh nt n sn phm sau ny.
Kh nng hydrat ho ca MgO ph thuc nhit nung, mn v nhit hydrat
ho:
Nu nung nhit thp ~1100
0
C, periclaz rt hot ng v sn phm lc
gi l manhdi badic, chng ng rn vi dung dch MgCl2, CaCl2, MgSO4..
nhit thng.
Nu nung nhit cao ~ 1500-1600
0
C periclaz kt tinh tt hn v ta c
manhdi kt khi, cng ng rn vi dung dch trn nhng nht 60
0
C
Ngoi ra cn c cc khong sau
CaO t do : Rt d b hydrat ho to thnh Ca(OH)
2
gy nt n v ph hu
sn phm
VLCL

MF ( manhdi ferit MgO.Fe
2
O
3
v manhdi vustit MgO . FeO ) : s to
thnh dung dch rn vi MgO c tc dng tt cho qu trnh ti kt tinh periclaz lm tng
qu trnh kt khi
C
2
F ( dicanxi ferit ) : C tc dng kt khi tt nht nhng lm gim nhit
bin dng di ti trng v chu l ca vt liu . Cn phi hn ch . C
4
AF tng
t C
2
F
CMS : Lm tng qu trnh kt khi nhng l khong d chy ( Nhit
nng chy 1460
0
C )lm gim nhit bin dng di ti trng v tng co khi nung .
Khong c hi
M
2
S ( forterit ) : lm tng nhit bin dng di ti trng ( do nhit
nng chy cao ) nhng c lin kt forsterit th vt liu phi nung nhit cao >
1600
0
C
C
3
S v C
2
S : u c nh hng khng tt n qu trnh kt khi . C
3
S khi
lm ngui n 1150-1250
0
C s b phn hu C
3
S C
2
S + CaO t do .
CaO t do c nh hng khng tt nh nu trn . Cn C
2
S khng n
nh do khi lm ngui s c s bin i th hnh t C
2
S C
2
S km theo hin tng
tng th tch 10% gy t sn phm.
3. K thut sn xut
3.1. Sn xut sn phm Manhedi
a. Nguyn liu
Dng manhdi kt khi tt : MgO 90-92% ; CaO 2,5 %; SiO
2
4% ; MKN
0,6%.
Mun sn xut sn phm mt cao , cho vo phi liu 1,1 0,3% ph gia TiO
2
S sn xut

VLCL



b. Chun b nguyn liu
Thnh phn ht tt nht:
Ht 2-0,8mm : 45-55%
Ht 0,8-0,088mm: 5-15%
Ht <0,088mm : 30-40%
VLCL

Sau khi tin hnh trn ln 2, cho thm keo SSB tng do cho
phi liu v cng ca vin mc sau ny. m ca phi liu trc khi nn 3-5%.
c. To hnh
Phi liu manhedi thuc loi khng do, phi dng p lc nn
cao>800kG/cm
2

d. Sy sn phm
Sau khi p, vin mc c cng khng cao lm:15-20kG/cm
2
,
chuyn vo l phi cn thn, phi xp nghing v tha tng b mt sy v thng gi
tt
Qu trnh sy kh phc tp do qu trnh hyrat ho MgO vn tip tc
tin hnh
e. Nung sn phm
Sn phm manhdi khi nung hu nh khng c s bin i a hnh
no c nn khng c cc giai on co gin c bit
1100-1200
0
C: Bt u xut hin pha lng ng vi im Otecti ca
MgO, CaO, Al
2
O
3
, SiO
2
(~1157
0
C). Sn phm lc u kt khi do ti kt tinh tp hp cc
khong
1450-1500
0
C: Lng pha lng tng, qu trnh kt khi tng.
nhit max 1500
0
C hoc 1600
0
C, cng vin mc rt thp
Giai on lm ngui, khi trong vt liu cn pha lng c th lm ngui
nhanh nhng khi sn phm trng thi gin phi lm ngui chm
4. Tnh cht v lnh vc ng dng
4.1. Tnh cht
Nhit chu la >2300
0
C
Nhit bin dng di ti trng khng cao lm: 1500-1550
0
C
bn nhit: lm ngui bng khng kh 4-9 ln, lm ngui bng
nc 1-2 ln. Nguyn nhn: do s chnh lch ln gin n nhit gia Periclaz (1,35.10
-
5
) vi cht lin kt Silicat (2-3.10
-5
) v do moun n hi ln.
4.2. Lnh vc s dng
Ch yu dng trong l in, l nu thp, cc l luyn kim mu. Loi
Mannhdi bn nhit dng lt zn nung l quay ximng v vm l mactanh (thay gch
Crm manhdi). Ch : nhit cao gch manhdi khng c t tip xc vi gch
samt c v n s to thnh hp cht cordierit (2MgO2Al
2
O
3
5SiO
2
) d chy
(t
0
nc
=1425
0
C)
3Al2O3.1SiO2 + MgO 2MgO.2Al2O3.5SiO2
Mulit peniclas cordient
VLCL


CHNG 6
VLCL CRM-MANHDI, CRMIT
VLCL Crm manhdi (Cr-Mg) l sn phm sn xut t 2 nguyn liu crmit v
manhdi kt khi. Khong ch yu trong sn phm ny thuc loi nhm khong Spinen
vi cng thc chung R
2+
O, R
3+
2
O
3
. (R
2+
l Mg
2+
, Fe
2+
; R
3+
l Cr
3+
, Fe
3+
, Al
3+
...)
1. Nguyn liu cromit
Tu theo hm lng Cr
2
O
3
chia qung crmit lm 4 loi
Qung ngho: Cr
2
O
3
<40%
Qung trung bnh ------- 40-45%
Qung giu ------- 45-50%
Qung rt giu ------- >50%
Cromit sn sut vlcl yu cu: Cr
2
O
3
=35-40%,
2. K thut sn xut VLCL cromit
Qung cromit qung dunit qung manhedi basic


p th p th bunke


Nghin mn nung nh lng


Sng bunke

Bunke nghin bi keo SSB


nh lng my khuy

bm
My trn bnh xe

Nn Sy Nung
VLCL


Phi liu gm: qung cromit, ph gia manhedi basic ( 9%), qung unnit
(6%), qung unit l olivine M
2
S
Trong qung crmit c serpentin l khong khng chu la phi cho vo
9% manhdi bazic nung 1000
0
C hp vi serpentin thnh cht lin kt Forsterit
chu la cao, ng thi hp vi Fe
2
O
3
thnh manhdiferit chu la
3MgO2SiO
2
2H
2
O + MgO = 2(2MgOSiO
2
) + 2H
2
O
(Serpetin) (manhdibazic) (forsterit)
MgO + Fe
2
O
3
= MgOFe
2
O
3
Tnh cht: L loi gch trung tnh, n c th tip xc vi gch axit (inat)
v gch baz (manhdi) ngay nhit cao. khong 1700
0
C m khng c tc dng g
ng k
ng dng: Dng xy lp ngn cch gia 2 loi gch baz v axit. V d
gia inat v manhdi. Nhng crmit khng th xy tip xc vi samt v nhit cao
chng tc dng vi nhau to cht c chu la thp
3. Vt liu chiu la crommanhedi
3.1. S cng ngh sn xut
Manhedi kt khi keo kt dnh cromit


Nghin mn ( ht 0.8-1) p nghin

nh lng trn phi liu nh lng

Nn

Sy

Nung
3.2. Phi liu
Qua hnh trn ta thy c 2 loi t l phi liu tt nht
VLCL

Crmit:Manhdi = 30:70. Ta c sn phm bn nhit l gch Cr-Mg.
Gch Cr-Mg bn nhit cn c gi l gch Mg-Cr v lng manhdi kt khi nhiu hn
thng c dng xy vm l Martin, bn hn v t b phng rp hn loi th hai
Crmit:Manhdi = 65:35. Sn phm c nhit bin dng di ti trng
cao
3.3. To hnh v sy
3.4. Nung
3.5. Tnh cht v ng dng
Tnh cht
Cng c hc tng i cao 200-400kG/cm
2
Nhit bin dng di ti trng khng cao lm 1450-1550
0
C
bn ho cao
bn nhit tng i cao
ng dng: c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip luyn kim, xy xy
vm l mactanh, lt l in nu thp, l nu ng, lt zn nung l quay xi mng
Gch Cr-Mg c s dng cng vi gch manhdi xy tng l mactanh ch
khng tip xc vi thp, khng lm bn thp do crm ca gch. xy gch Cr-Mg
thng dng va xy l manhdi kt khi nghin mn. Tt hn c l dng nhng tm thp
mng dy 1,5-2mm xy, khi nung nhit cao, cc tm thp ny s b oxi ho v to
vi MgO ca gch thnh manhdiferit (t
0
nc
= 1750
0
C) hn cc vin gch li vi nhau rt
chc.
















VLCL

CHNG 7
VT LIU CHU LA CCH NHIT
Mc ch ca s dng VLCL cch nhit:
Gim thp mc tiu tn nhin liu
H nhit mi trng, c ct trng bng tnh cch nhit.
VLCL cch nhit tha mn 2 yu cu:
Nhit tch ly nh khi gim trng lng th tch v tng xp
dn nhit gim khi xp tng, kch thc l xp gim
1. Phn loi
Cch nhit ( vt liu nh) hin nay dng rng ri gm 3 loi
Loi cch nhit thp: Nhit lm vic <900
0
C nh iatomit, trpen, aming.
Loi ny gi l gch cch nhit hay VL cch nhit thi v t
o
lv
ca n <900 l nhit nh
hn t
0
chu la

Loi cch nhit trung bnh : Nhit lm vic 900-1200
0
C
Loi cch nhit cao: Nhit lm vic >1200
0
C
2. Yu cu
Y u cu c bn t ra cho k thut sn xut loi vt liu ny l: sn phm c
xp ln, cng c hc m bo v bn nhit
3. Phng php sn xut
Hai phng php ph bin: s dng ph gia nng chy c trong khi nng v
ph gia to bt
S dng ph gia chy:
Phng php ny da trn nguyn tc a vo phi liu cc vt liu chy
nghin mn nh than cc, antraxit, than , mn ca, mn linhin (sn phm thi trong
cng nghip giy), cc cht hu c dng rn t tro...
S dng ph gia to bt: S dng yu t to bt trong huyn ph ca phi liu
chu la v thm vo cht n nh bt gi c cu trc vin mc dng bt xp.
To bt t khng kh: Dng ph gia hot tnh b mt nh x phng clphan, sapnin
(gc x phng) v tin hnh khuy trn to bt trong huyn ph phi liu. Cn cht n
nh bt c th dng keo da tru, ximng alumin...t h bo ho bt, c sn phm
trong khun sau em sy v nung

VLCL