SOCIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY

GROUP 3
PENILLA, Christian (Leader)
MEMBERS:
MADARANG, Caesar
MANALANG, Mario
MANGAPURO, Angelo
MANUEL, Arienne
MARIANO, Seorgino
MONTA, Mariza
NAVARRO, Klarissa
PALOMIGUE, Irish
PANGILINAN, Shem
RAMOS, Carl

Social groups and Organizations
Social groups, collections of people who share a sense of common identity and regularly interact with one
another on the basis of shared expectations, shape nearly every experience in our lives. Among the types of
social groups are in-groups and out-groups, primary groups and secondary groups.
Reference groups provide standards by which we judge ourselves in terms of how we think we appear to
others, what sociologist Charles Horton Cooley termed the looking-glass self.
Group size is an important factor in group dynamics. Although their intensity may diminish, larger groups tend
to be more stable than smaller groups of two (dyads) or three (triads). Groups of more than a dozen or so
people usually develop a formal structure.
Leaders are able to influence the behavior of the other members of a group. The most common form of
leadership is transactional, that is, routine leadership concerned with getting the job done. Less common is
transformational leadership, which is concerned with changing the very nature of the group.
Research indicates that people are highly likely to conform when faced to group pressure. Many people will do
what others tell them to do, even when the consequences could involve injury to others, as demonstrated by
Stanley Milgram
All modern organizations are in some degree bureaucratic in nature. Bureaucracy is characterized by a clearly
defined hierarchy of authority; written rules governing the conduct of officials (who work full time for a
salary); and a separation between the tasks of the official within the organization and life outside it. Members
of the organization do not own the material resources with which they operate.

Primary and Secondary groups (Charles Horton Cooley)
Sociologist Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929) suggested that groups can broadly be divided into two categories:
primary groups and secondary groups (Cooley 1909). According to Cooley, primary groups play the most critical
role in our lives. The primary group is usually fairly small and is made up of individual who generally engage face-
to-face in the-term emotional ways. This group serves emotional needs: expressive functions rather than
pragmatics ones. The primary group is usually made up of significant others, those individuals who have the most
impact on our socialization. The best example of a primary group is the family.
Secondary groups are often larger and impersonal. They may also be task-focused and time-limited. These groups
serve an instrumental function rather than an expressive one, meaning that their role is more goal-or task-
oriented than emotional. A classroom or office can be an example of secondary group. Neither primary nor
secondary groups are bound by strict definitions or set limits. In fact, people can move from one group to
another. A graduate seminar, for example, can start as a secondary group focused on the class at hand, but as
the students work together throughout their program, they may find common interests and strong ties that
transform them into a primary group.
Formal and Informal Groups (William Graham Sumner)
This classification is based on the form of organization of the group. An informal group arises spontaneously out
of the interactions of two or more persons. These are unplanned, have no explicit rules for members and
recruitment, and do not have specific objectives to be attained. They possess the characteristics of a primary
group, and the members are bound by emotions and sentiments, rather than by formal ties. The members
exchange confidence and trust, share a feeling of intimacy, and acquire the sense of belonging. Social ties
develop around individuals, not necessarily around positions.
On the other hand, formal groups are groups where the purpose and objectives are explicitly labeled. Roles and
statuses of individuals in the group are specifically defined. Norms of behavior are formalized in the form of
policies and regulations. These groups have names and are often governed by constitutions and by-laws.
It is possible that within the formal structure, informal groups may exist and operate. These informal groups may
introduce a new, unofficial goal..
Reference Groups
Both primary groups and in-groups can dramatically influence the way an individual thinks and behaves.
Sociologists call any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their behavior a
reference group. For example, a high school student who aspires to join a social circle of hip-hop music devotees
will pattern his or her behavior after that of the group. The student will begin dressing like these peers, listening
to the same downloads and DVDs, and hanging out at the same stores and clubs.
Reference groups have two basic purposes. They serve a normative function by setting and enforcing standards
of conduct and belief. The high school student who wants the approval of the hip-hop crowd will have to follow
the groups dictates, at least to some extent. Reference groups also perform a comparison function by serving as
a standard against which people can measure themselves and others. An actor will evaluate himself or herself
against a reference group composed of others in the acting profession (Merton and Kitt 1950).
Reference groups may help the process of anticipatory socialization. For example, a college student majoring in
finance may read the Wall Street Journal, study the annual reports of corporations, and listen to midday stock
market news on the radio. Such a student is using financial experts as a reference group to which he or she
aspires.
Often, two or more reference groups influence us at the same time. Our family members, neighbors, and co-
workers all shape different aspects of our self-evaluation. In addition, reference group attachments change
during the life cycle. A corporate executive who quits the rat race at age 45 to become a social worker will find
new reference groups to use as standards for evaluation. We shift reference groups as we take on different
statuses during our lives.
Bureaucracy (Max Weber)
According to German philosopher Max Weber, bureaucracy is a particular type of administrative structure developed
through rational-legal authority. His view of bureaucracy was a system of power where leaders exercise control over others
a system based on discipline. In addition, he states that bureaucratic administration means fundamentally domination
through knowledge.

The Peter Principle is the principle that "in a hierarchy every employee tends to rise to their level of incompetence" which
was formulated by Dr. Laurence J. Peter and Raymond Hull in their 1969 book The Peter Principle.
The term Iron Law refers to a law or controlling principle that is incontrovertible and inexorable.
The Iron Law of Oligarchy is a political theory that claims that rule by an elite, or oligarchy, is inevitable as an iron law
within any democratic organization as part of the tactical and technical necessities of organization which was first
developed by the German sociologist Robert Michels in his 1911 book, Political Parties.
Meritocracy refers to a social system in which individuals advance and earn rewards in direct proportion to their
individual abilities and efforts which was coined by British sociologist Michael Young in his 1958 satirical book The Rise of
the Meritocracy, 1820-2033: An Essay on Education and Equality.
The Parkinson's Law is the adage that "work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion" which was
articulated by British Naval historian Cyril Northcote Parkinson as part of his first sentence of a 1955 humorous essay
published in The Economist.
Weber noted six major principles.
1. A formal hierarchical structure
Each level controls the level below and is controlled by the level above. A formal hierarchy is the basis of central planning
and centralized decision making.
2. Management by rules
Controlling by rules allows decisions made at high levels to be executed consistently by all lower levels.
3. Organization by functional specialty
Work is to be done by specialists, and people are organized into units based on the type of work they do or skills they have.
4. An "up-focused" or "in-focused" mission
If the mission is described as "up-focused," then the organization's purpose is to serve the stockholders, the board, or
whatever agency empowered it. If the mission is to serve the organization itself, and those within it, e.g., to produce high
profits, to gain market share, or to produce a cash stream, then the mission is described as "in-focused."
5. Purposely impersonal
The idea is to treat all employees equally and customers equally, and not be influenced by individual differences.
6. Employment based on technical qualifications
The bureaucratic form, according to Parkinson, has another attribute.
7. Predisposition to grow in staff "above the line."
Weber failed to notice this, but C. Northcote Parkinson found it so common that he made it the basis of his humorous
"Parkinson's law." Parkinson demonstrated that the management and professional staff tends to grow at predictable rates,
almost without regard to what the line organization is doing.
Marriage Socially sanctioned union that reproduces the family.
Sociological definition of Marriage Marriage is a socially supported union involving two or more individuals in what is
regarded as a stable, enduring arrangement based at least in part on a sexual bond of some kind. Depending on the
society, marriage may require religious and/or civil sanction, although some couples may come to be considered married
simply by living together for a period of time (common law marriage). It also serves to regulate sexual behavior, to transfer,
preserve, or consolidate property, prestige, and power, and most importantly, it is the basis for the institution of family.
Family The basic unit of human organization. If defined functionally, The Family is essentially universal. Its structural form
and strength, however, vary greatly across cultures and time.
Family Functions The Family serves both the society and the individual. Social and individual needs come to conflict. Laws
mandating one child per family in urban china are an example. Although having more children may benefit a particular
family, the Chinese government believes that too many children will harm the society. For the family to remain a viable
social institution, it must meet the need of society as well as individual family members, thus, the family must keep conflict
between the individual and the society to a minimum. The family has handed a broad range of functions in different
historical periods & societies. The following functions are necessary for the maintenance of society
TYPES AND CLASIFICATION OF THE FAMILY
NUCLEAR FAMILY - A family consisting of a married man & woman and their biological children.
This family form is the one most reinforced in the dominant society. The main issue for children is to help them
understand that their two-parent, heterosexual family is a fine family, and is one kind among many other kinds of families.
It is essential that early childhood teachers do not assume that just because a family has a nuclear structure, they do not
need support and connection.
EXTENDED FAMILY - A family where Grandparents or Aunts and Uncles play major roles in the childrens upbringing. This
may or may not include those relatives living with the children. These family members may be in addition to the childs
parents or instead of the childs parents.
Be sure to include in school invitations/conferences all the people in an extended family who play major socialization
roles. Intervene if others deny the central role of these relatives, for example if a child says Mama puts you to bed not
your Auntie!

AUTORITY PATTERNS
a. PATRIARCHY OR PATRIACHAL societies vary in the way that power within the family is distributed. Under this kind of
authority pattern, male dominance is the authority pattern, male dominance is the approved norm. The eldest male wields
the greatest power. As leader of the family, he controls economic resources, decision making, and has final say in all
matters related to the family. The female members of the family may not venture to intervene since they hold low status in
such societies.
b. MATRIARCHY OR MATRIARCHAL female dominance is the approved norm. matriarchies may have emerged among
Indian tribal societies and in nation in which men were absent for long periods of time for warfare or food gathering;
c. EQUILITARIAN it is one in which spouses are regarded as equals. this does not mean, however, that each decision is
shared in such families . even in the societies where equality is most highly developed, however, husbands continue to
have more power than wives and are less involved in child rearing
MARITAL RELATIONSHIP
1. Provide emotional satisfaction to adults without compromising the psychological development to each individual;
2. Be supportive of spouses needs, activities, and aspirations,
3. Develop problem solving techniques that allow individual needs to be fulfilled, but also facilitate feelings of closeness,
shared identify, and mutual accommodation ;
4. Foster creativity, learning, personal growth; and
5. Maintain boundaries to separate marital functions, such as sex, from the other subsystems.
PARENTAL RELATIONSHIP
1. Protect and show affection to children;
2. Socialize children through guidance, rules, and appropriate discipline;
3. Adapt flexible parenting styles to the age and specific needs of the individual parents; and
4. Develop communication and effective problems solving techniques that foster developmental growth in children.
DISSOLUTIONOF MARRIAGE
Marriage has a profound meaning for most people. Although some marriage eventually end in annulment or legal
separation, for reasons known only to them, but they believe that their marriage will last till death do they part.
Marriage is formal, legal union in which debts and assets are shared. It is a public declaration of commitment,
companionship, and love. For many people, marriage also carries expectations of being a cure all for their problems.
These families have love, but they idealize what love means. More than ever, Filipinos, especially women, value marriage
as a token for the rest of their lives. Although there are some isolated cases of broken marriage, it does not manifest an era
where a spouse will easily say, let us now separate, I dont love you anymore. There are only times when couple could
not withstand the rigors of adjusting to their new roles as partners, parent, and breadwinners for all the members of the
family. This is especially true to the young couples who are not quite prepared to embark on such life. In the Philippines,
there are ways in our laws wherein marriage could be dissolved for as long as the ground for dissolving the bond is present.
Otherwise, couples are bound to preserve the sanctity of their vows. The family code was adopted August 3, 1988,
provides the following methods in which Filipino couples could dissolve their marriage bond.
LEGAL SEPARATION
a petition for legal separation may be filed on any of the following grounds;
1. Repeated physical violence or grossly abusive conduct directed against the petitioner, a common child, or a child of the
petitioner;
2. Physical violence or moral pressure to compel the petitioner to change religion affiliation;
3. Attempt of respondent to corrupt or induce the petitioner, a common child, or a child of the petitioner to engage in
prostitution, or connivance in such corruption or inducement;
4. Final judgement sentencing the respondent to imprisonment of more than six years, even if pardon.
5. Drug addiction or habitual alcoholism of the respondent;
6. Lesbian or homosexuality of the respondent;
7.contracting by the respondent of a subsequent bigamous marriage, whether in the Philippines or abroad;
8. Sexual infidelity or perversion;
9. Attempt by the respondent against the life of the petitioner; or
10.abandonment of petitioner by respondent without justifiable cause for more than one year.
DIVORCE LEGISLATION
1. That the husband is guilty of concubinage, or the wife is guilty of adultery as defined by the Penal Code;
2. That at the time marriage was solemnized, both parties belonged to a church, sect, or religion that allows divorce, which
fact they shall state in the marriage contract.
Art. 111. Divorce or Legal Separation may be granted as the petitioner may choose:
1. If the marriage was solemnized by any civil authority or by any ship captain, airplane chief or military authority,
mentioned in Arts. 70, 88, 89, provided neither contracting party belonged to any church, religion or sect which prohibits
divorce; or
2. If the marriage was solemnized according to the doctrines and rites of any church, religion or sect, which does not forbid
divorce.
Article 112. Only legal separation may be granted.
1. If the marriage was solemnized according to the doctrine and rites of any church, religion or sect which prohibits
divorce; or
2. If the marriage was solemnized by any civil authority, or by any ship captain, airplane chief, or military authority, and
also according to the doctrines and rules of any church, religion or sect which forbids divorce.
Civil Code
The proposed amendments, however, were rejected. As finally approved, the Civil Code of the Philippines Re-peals all laws
permitting absolute divorce with the exception of the Moro law, and provides only for legal separation or relative divorce.
Furthermore, the code reaffirms in many of its provisions, the Filipino tradition of family solidarity, further strengthened by
the Catholic faith of the people:
Article 52. Marriage is not a mere contract but an inviolable social institution.
Article 216. The family is a basic social institution which public policy cherishes and protects.
Article 218. . . . No custom, practice or agreement which is destructive of the family shall be recognized or given
any effect.
Article 219. Mutual aid, both moral and material, shall be rendered among members of the same family. Judicial
and administrative officials shall foster this mutual assistance.
Article 220. In case of doubt, all presumptions favor the solidarity of the family. Thus, every intendment of law or
fact leans toward the validity of marriage, the indissolubility of the marriage bonds, the legitimacy of children,
the community of property during marriage, the authority of parents over their children, and the validity of
defense for any member of the family in case of unlawful aggression.
Art. 221. The following shall be void and of no effect:
1. Any contract for personal separation between husband and wife;
2. Every extra-judicial agreement, during marriage, for the dissolution of the conjugal partnership of gains or of the
absolute community of property between husband and wife:
3. Every collusion to obtain a decree of legal separation, or of annulment of marriage;
4. Any simulated alienation of property with intent to deprive the compulsory heirs of their legit time.
Art. 222. No suit shall be filed or maintained between members
of the same family unless it should appear that earnest efforts toward a compromise have been made, but that the same
have failed, subject to the limitations in article 2035.

Filipino Cultural Values
We have various customs, social political and economic that have developed and have become a tradition. Because of
the value or worth we place in them, they often go against the so called intended change that we would like to be
institutionalized in our society. This is not because we do not like to change but because the value attached to customs and
traditions is so enormous and well-entrenched in the value system of the Filipinos.
1. Amor Propio(Self Image) self esteem or self love. Makes the Filipino fear to lose social acceptance..
2. Balat-Kayo Disguise,Hypocrisy. Appearing to be what one is not. This because a filipimo could hardly say no, for to do
so would embarrass his fellowman.
3. Balikatan. - The shouldering of a common burden for a mutual advantage.
4. Bayanihan from the root word bayad which means to pay, when there is not supposed to be any fee.
5. Doble-Kara. - Tagalog term for double faced. Dishonesty.
6. Eh, ano? So what? This expression is often used by easy go lucky persons. Similar to the bahala na psychology. It is also
used as self-defense mechanism for ones personality.
7. Filipino Ill Try to a Filipino this phrase has certain well-defined meaning according to the manner in which it is said.
8. Gaya-gaya - to imitate. Some Filipinos have a tendency to imitate others, especially Westerness, the way they dress,
dance, talk and looks.
9. Inggit(envy) The feeling of envy over the good fortune or success of someone.
10. Kapalaran. Fate. Palad is the tagalog word for palm.
11. Karma this is adapted Indian word which means the law of nature for every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction.
12. Mahilig sa Ayusan. - The Filipino way of fixing matters in an unorthodox and usually illegal way.
13. Oho/Opo. - This replies yes: to a question, attached to a term respect.
14. Pakikisama. - Sama means to go with. Thus, it is uniting ones will with the will of others in a gang or peer group for
the sake of camaraderie.
15. Ramay this is a variation of damay which is a value inherent in the Filipino culture because of its clannishness and
close-knit families,
16. Smooth Interpersonal Relationship (SIR) this is the strong cultural force among Filipinos in their effort to achieve
social acceptance and maintain harmonious relataionships.
References:
Introductory sociology and anthropology a pedagogy by Jessie javier
Introduction to Sociology and Anthropolgy' 2007 Ed
Sociology in Modules by Richard T. Schaefer(1st edition published by McGraw-Hill)
Book: The Many Kinds of Family Structures in Our Communities
Author: Julie Olsen Edwards
Based on the authors work with Louise Derman-Sparks in Anti-bias Education for Children and Ourselves
References: sociology by Martina M. Mendoza and Fe D. Ramos Understanding Filipino Values by Tomas D. Andres