Table of Content

Title Pages
Table of content 2
Abstract 3
Objective 3
Theory 4
Equipment and Formula 5 - 7
Procedure 8
Data, Observations and Results
Tables
Sample Calculations
Graphs


9 - 12
Analysis and Discussion 13 17
Conclusion 18

Page 2


References 18



Page 3


ABSTRACT
The experiment conducted is known as the tensile test (Universal Tester) which is to
determine the relationship between the stress-strain and the materials involves: brass,
aluminum. This enables the mechanical properties to be determined.
The device used is the WP 300 which is designed specifically for this experiment. Initially,
the properties and characteristics of the materials are recorded. By using the device, readings
for the elongation and the corresponding strength are then collected and tabulated. The stress
strains are calculated by using the formulas given in the lab manual. The elongation and the
stress-strain graphs for all the materials are drawn thus enabling to obtain the strength,
elongation at fracture, and tensile modulus of elasticity limit.

OBJECTIVES
The main purpose of this experiment is conducted is to understand the principles of tensile
testing. Furthermore, the stress-strain relationship for the two types of materials (brass and
aluminum) needs to be determined. Not only that, the values of:
1. elongation of fracture
2. tensile strength (UTS)
3. yield strength
4. Modulus of Elasticity
also needs to be determine and calculated.



Page 4


THEORY
One of the most important mechanical property evaluation test is tensile test. If a load is
static or changed relatively slowly with time and is applied uniformly over a cross section
/surface of a member, the mechanical behaviour may be ascertained by a simple stress-strain
test. These tests are most commonly conducted for metals at room temperature. There are
three principal ways in which the load may be applied: tension, compression and shear.
Tension is one of the most common mechanical stress-strain tests. The stress-strain diagram
shows the different behaviour of the individual materials particularly clearly. Each material
has a characteristic pattern of stress and strain. A standard specimen is deformed, usually to
fracture with a gradually increasing tensile load that is applied uniaxially along the long axis
of a specimen. Fix one end of the material to the gripping head and apply force on the other
end of the material. Most of the tension tests for metals are conducted according to the
ASTM Standard E 8 and E 8M, Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic
Materials.


Page 5


EQUIPMENT / DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS

Basic


The basic unit is essentially consists of the
following elements:
- Machine base (1) with handgrip (2)
- Support with cross-head (2)
- Load frame with upper (3) and lower cross-member (4)
- Hydraulic system consisting of a main cylinder (5) and
a master cylinder with hand wheel (6)
- Force display (7)
- Elongation display via a dial gauge (8)
- Gripping heads (9) with sample (10)


Machine Base


The rigid machine base made of cast iron forms the
foundation and ensures stability of the test unit in
connection with 4 rubber feet. The machine base
supports the hydraulics and the frame. (Figure 7)





Page 6


Support
The posts (1) and cross-head (2) form fixed support of
the test unit. The various fixed sample receptacles are
fastened to the cross-head. The mobile load frame is
also mounted on its low-friction linear ball bearings.
(Figure 8)



Load Frame
The load frame consists of the upper (1) and lower
cross-member (2) and the guide rod (3). The load frame
transmits the test force from the hydraulic main cylinder
to the relevant sample. The load frame is slide-mounted
in the cross-head of the support. Tensile samples are
clamped between the upper cross-member and the
cross-head, whilst compressive samples are clamped
between the lower cross-member and the cross-head.
(Figure 9)
Hydraulic System
The test force is generated by hydraulic means. A piston
in the master cylinder (2) actuated via the hand wheel
(1) and the threaded spindle creates a hydrostatic
pressure which induces the test force in the main
cylinder (3). The hydraulic transmission ratio is 2.77:1,
whilst the mechanical transmission ratio hand
wheel/spindle is 503:1. Excluding friction losses, this
would correspond to a manual force of 1 N per 1.3 kN
test force. The full stroke of the main cylinder of 45 mm
requires 83 revolutions of the hand wheel. (Figure 10)

Page 7


Force Display & Elongation Measurement
The force measuring device operates according to the
manometer principle. It measures the hydrostatic
pressure in the hydraulic system. The large display with
a diameter of 160 mm facilitates precise reading. A
maximum pointer stores the maximum force. The
elongation is measured via an adjustable mounted dial
gauge. The dial gauge indicates the relative
displacement between the upper cross-member and the
cross-head.
(Figure 11)
Gripping Heads

The gripping heads are designed for tensile samples
with an M10 threaded head. In addition, flat
compression pads can easily be inserted in the cross-
head and cross-member and are held by nut. (Figure 12)



Tensile Sample

Round samples with an M10 threaded head in
accordance with DIN 50125 made of aluminium,
copper, brass and steel are supplied with the machine.
Tensile sample B6 x 30 DIN 50125. This is a short
proportional test bar with a measuring length of 30 mm
and a diameter of 6 mm. Specimens used are Copper and
brass.

Page 8


PROCEDURE
1. Device were set up as same as the figure shown.
- The hand wheel on the master cylinder was fully untwisted.
- Gripping head were screwed down at the bottom with short bolt and with pressure
pad.
2. Required tensile sample were inserted.
- Test length of the sample was measured and noted down.
- The sample then screwed down at the lower gripping head. Then the sample is
screwed into the upper gripping head by rotating the gripping head.
3. Dial gauge was adjusted.
- On the support bar, dial gauge were pushed upwards until the tracer pin touched
the drive.
- The force display was set to zero by rotating scale on the dial gauge and
maximum pointer.
4. By rotating the hand wheel, force was applied slowly and constantly over a time
interval of 5-10 minutes.
5. The force value for every 0.1mm extension for the first 1mm extension were
recorded.
6. The force value for every 0.2mm extension after the first 1mm extension were
recorded.
7. The sample was monitored and noted when constriction starts. The force tend to
decrease when constriction begins.
8. The sample was fracture with load bang.
9. The sample removed from the gripping heads.
10. The hand wheel on the master cylinder was untwisted fully.
11. The experiment then repeated with another sample.


Page 9


DATA & OBSERVATIONS

Brass
Diameter : 6.0 mm
L
o
: 40.0 mm
L
U :
46.0mm
Elongation, L=L
U
-L
O
(mm) Force (kN)
0.1 1.00
0.2 3.25
0.3 5.50
0.4 8.00
0.5 10.00
0.6 11.50
0.7 12.50
0.8 13.00
0.9 13.25
1.0 13.50
1.2 13.50
1.4 13.50
1.6 13.50
1.8 14.00
2.0 14.20
2.2 14.25
2.4 14.25
2.6 14.50
2.8 14.50
3.0 14.50
3.2 14.50
3.4 14.50
3.6 14.50
3.8 14.75
Page
10


4.0 14.75
4.2 14.75
4.4 14.75
4.6 14.75
4.8 14.75
5.0 14.75
5.2 14.75
5.4 14.75
5.6 14.50
5.8 14.50
6.0 14.00
6.2 Fractured
Table 1 : Elongations and corresponding forces for Brass



Page
11



Copper
Diameter : 6.00 mm
L
o
: 40.0 mm
L
U :
46.0 mm
Elongation, L=L
U
-L
O
(mm) Force (kN)
0.1 2.50
0.2 4.00
0.3 6.50
0.4 8.50
0.5 9.00
0.6 9.00
0.7 9.00
0.8 9.00
0.9 9.00
1.0 9.00
1.2 9.00
1.4 9.00
1.6 9.00
1.8 9.00
2.0 9.00
2.2 9.00
2.4 9.00
2.6 9.00
2.8 9.00

Page
12


3.0 9.00
3.2 9.00
3.4 9.00
3.6 8.75
3.8 8.75
4.0 8.50
4.2 8.45
4.4 8.20
4.6 8.00
4.8 7.75
5.0 7.50
5.2 7.25
5.4 6.90
5.6 6.50
5.8 6.00
6.0 5.50
6.2 Fractured
Table 2 : Elongations and corresponding forces for Copper














Page
13


ANALYSIS & RESULTS
Brass

Graph 1: Force vs Elongation of Brass

Stress, (kPa) Strain, (m/m)
35367.77 0.0025
114945.24 0.005
194522.71 0.0075
282942.12 0.0100
353677.65 0.0125
406729.30 0.015
442097.06 0.0175
459780.95 0.02
468622.89 0.0225
477464.83 0.025
477464.83 0.03
477464.83 0.035
477464.83 0.040
495148.71 0.045
502222.26 0.050
503832.59 0.055
503990.65 0.060
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
F
O
R
C
E
(
k
N
)

ELONGATION(mm)
Force vs Elongation of Brass
Page
14


512832.59 0.065
512832.59 0.070
512832.59 0.075
512832.59 0.080
512832.59 0.085
512832.59 0.090
521674.54 0.095
521674.54 0.100
521674.54 0.105
521674.54 0.110
521674.54 0.115
521674.54 0.120
521674.54 0.125
521674.54 0.130
521674.54 0.135
512832.59 0.140
512832.59 0.145
495148.71 0.150
Table 3: Table of stress and strain for Brass


Graph 2: Stress vs Strain of Brass
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
S
t
r
e
s
s

Strain
Stress vs Strain
Page
15



Copper

Graph 3 : Force vs Elongation of Copper




Stress, (kPa) Strain, (m/m)
88419.41 0.0025
141471.06 0.005
229890.47 0.0075
300626.00 0.01
318309.89 0.0125
318309.89 0.015
318309.89 0.0175
318309.89 0.020
318309.89 0.022
318309.89 0.025
318309.89 0.030
318309.89 0.035
318309.89 0.040
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
F
o
r
c
e

Elongation
Force vs Elongation
Page
16


318309.89 0.045
318309.89 0.050
318309.89 0.055
318309.89 0.060
318309.89 0.065
318309.89 0.070
318309.89 0.075
318309.89 0.080
318309.89 0.085
309467.94 0.090
309467.94 0.095
300626.00 0.100
298857.62 0.105
290015.67 0.110
282942.12 0.115
274100.18 0.120
265258.24 0.125
256416.30 0.130
244037.58 0.135
229890.47 0.140
212206.59 0.145
194522.71 0.150
Table 4: Table of stress and strain for Copper

Page
17



Graph 4 : Stress vs Strain of Copper











Sample calculation for Copper and Brass :

[Taken from first reading for Brass (Table 3)]
To calculate the engineering stress, :-
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
S
t
r
e
s
s

Strain
Stress vs Strain
Page
18


0
A
F
, where
4
2
0
d
A


Therefore,
2
4
d
F

At L= 0.1 mm, F=1.00 kN
kPa
d
F
77 . 35367
0065 . 0
1 4 4
2 2

To calculate the engineering strain, :-
0025 . 0
40
1 . 0

mm
mm
L
L
L
L L
O O
O U

To calculate Modulus of Elastisity, E :-

= 14147.11MPa










DISCUSSION
There are many ways to improve mechanical properties for concrete to transmit better tensile
force such as adding metal reinforcing bars. This makes the concrete stronger so the structure
doesnt fall. Polypropylene fiber also can improve durability and cracking level of concreate.
Page
19


Glass fiber also helps transmit better tensile force. Another example is adding plastic fiber it
is cheaper alternative to transmit tensile force.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the concept of tensile test is now very understood after the experiment was
conducted.
The stress strain relationship of the two materials was interesting as shown in the graph, and
from the data that we collected from the experiment we were able to determine the value of
the elongation of fracture, the tensile strength, yield strength and modulus of elasticity for
both materials and according to the results, Copper seems to be more ductile than brass.
I think tensile test is a very important test in manufacturing process, because it helps the
manufacturer to choose the suitable material for a specific design, and this lap helped us to
have a clear understanding of strain-stress and ductile concepts.

REFERENCES
1. Laboratory Manual Mechanics of Materials Lab 2012.
2. Mechanics of Materials Global Edition.2012.6
th
edition.Singapore.McGraw-Hill
3. Tension of a concrete
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_is_concrete_weak_in_tension#slide=5