CHEMICAL BONDING

BOND: a force that acts b/w 2 or more atoms to hold them together as a molecule.
Reasons
1. Lowerisation of energy: Bonded state is more stable coz has lower potential energy than
unbonded state.
2. Octet: old rule, disregarded now. Actually complete octet was assumed to be most stable.
TYPES OF BONDS
1. Chemical bond 2. Force of Attraction 3. Typical bonds

.
1. Ionic Bond or electrovalent bond
 forms when ease of formation of ions, high lattice energy
 complete transfer of e
 one ion good donor(low IE), other good acceptor(high EA)
 ΔEN increases, tendency to form I.B. increases.
 Non directional
Electrovalence: no. of e gained/ lost by any atom during bond formation (no sign)
Ionic solids are
 High melting & boiling
 Bad conductor in solid state
 Soluble in polar solvents
 Good conductor in liquid and molten state
 Isomorphous
 Crystalline
Some facts regarding ionic solids:
1. Hydration of ionic solid involves evolution of heat, weakening of attractive force, dissociation
into ions.
2. Most of them: have 3-D network structure, do not exhibit space isomerism (non-directional
bonds), and ionization is always endothermic.

2. Covalent Bonds
 Force of attraction b/w nucleus of 1 atom and e cloud of another atom
 Sharing of e
 Types: single, double, triple
: polar, nonpolar
 directional
 low melting, boiling point
 Less conducting. conduction is due to auto-protolysis / self-ionization
Covalence: no. of e involved in sharing (of any one atom)

3. Coordinate bond
 Bond b/w Lewis acid and Lewis base.
 L.B. l.p. on central atom available for donation
 L.A. e deficient due to Incomplete octet/ vacant p/d orbital/ high +ve charge/size ratio

THEORIES OF BOND FORMATION

 • Kossel, Lewis approach(electronic theory of covalence)
• VSEPR
• VBT
• MOT
• Crystal field theory

Lewis dot structures

 Central atom: connected to max. atoms, least electronegative, covalence>1, less in
number, can’t be H or F
 e.g. Cl2O: O, ClO2: Cl, NOCl: N, N2O: N
 Exceptions of basicity: H3PO4:1; H4P2O5:2.
NAMING OF ACIDS
Parent acid : 2 types, ous (lower O.S.), ic(higher O.S.)
Meta prefix: elimination of 1 water molecule from 1 molecule of P.A.
e.g. HPO3 is metaphosphoric acid
SO3 is not metasulphurus acid actually at least one H is compulsory in acids. It’s an acid anhydride.
Ortho prefix: used for P.A.when its meta form is possible. e.g. H3BO3 is orthoboric acid.
Orthophosphorous acid is an exception.(H3PO3)
Pyro prefix: 2 P.A.- (H2O). e.g. H4P2O7 is pyrophosphoric acid.
Hypo prefix: P.A.(ous )- O .e.g. H3PO2 is hypophosphorous acid.
Per prefix: P.A.(ic) +O.e.g. HNO4 is pernitric acid or peroxynitric acid(-O-O- linkage is present)

Sub: oxides for which no. of O atoms is less than no. of central atoms. E.g. C3O2
Salts of ic:ate, Salts of ous:ite. Replaceble H are involved in naming.
e.g. NaH2PO4 is sodium dihydrogen phosphate but NaHPO3 is sodium phosphate.