European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.

org
ISSN 2222-1905 !aper" ISSN 2222-2#$9 %nline"
&ol.5' No.19' 201$

1(
Literature Review Report on-Work-Life Balance of Loco-Pilots
(Railway Drivers) in India

)a*es+ )an*an
,
-r. .. !rasad
National Institute of Industrial Engineering NI.IE"' &i+ar /a0e' Mum1ai-2000#( India".
,E-mail of t+e 3orresponding aut+or4 ra*es+ran*annitie5gmail.3om

!stract
.+e railwa6 dri7er is e8posed to a demanding ps63+oso3ial wor0 en7ironment' w+i3+ in3ludes solitar6 wor0'
limited opportunities for so3ial 3onta3t and a +ea76 responsi1ilit6 for operating t+e train in terms of 1ot+ safet6
and ad+ering to t+e timeta1le". .+e railwa6 dri7er9s *o1' i.e. to operate t+e train' is largel6 go7erned 16
timeta1les and te3+ni3al 3onditions e.g. t6pe of train' tra30 area"' w+i3+ restri3ts t+e dri7er9s a1ilit6 to de3ide for
+imself +ow t+e *o1 is to 1e done. )ailwa6 dri7ers struggle to fulfill wor0 and famil6 responsi1ilities. .+is
struggle is due to long +ours' irregular and infle8i1le wor0 s3+edules' and +ea76 wor0loads. .+us' wor0:famil6
3onfli3t 3an 1e a 3ommon wor0 stressor for railwa6 dri7ers. .+is paper deals wit+ t+e ;ualit6 of wor0 life of
Indian railwa6s9 dri7ers and t+e fa3tors t+at lead to an im1alan3e' 3ausing +ig+ pro1a1ilit6 of a33ident. .+is
paper dis3usses t+e wor0ing 3onditions and ;ualit6 of life to t+e Indian railwa6 dri7ers. .+is paper also 1riefl6
re7iews 3on3epts rele7ant to defining wor0-life 1alan3e. .+is re7iew of literature deals wit+ t+e <or0-/ife
1alan3e of an Indian railwa6s9 dri7ers to determine t+e wor0ing 3onditions and le7el of t+eir wor0 life 1alan3e
w+i3+ is +a7ing 7er6 +ig+ importan3e on t+eir total well1eing and +en3e t+eir produ3ti7it6 and entire growt+ of
an Indian railwa6.
"eywords# )ailwa6 dri7er' <or0ing 3onditions' Stress and <or0-life 1alan3e

$%Introduction of Loco-Pilots
1.1 Indian railwa6s9 dri7er
.+e *o1 of a )ailwa6 -ri7er demands +ard wor0 and great presen3e of mind along wit+ 3ourage to +andle
di7erse 3onditions. =or t+is one s+ould +a7e dis3ipline' patien3e' responsi1ilit6' pun3tualit6' 3ommitment'
3ourage and a1o7e all self-3onfiden3e. .+e *o1 re;uires lots of +ard wor0' stamina' alertness of mind'
adapta1ilit6 to follow diffi3ult time s3+edules too. But t+e main and remar0a1le' +ig+l6 appre3ia1le role of
railwa6 dri7ers is t+e onl6 w+o wor0s wit+ full +onest6' in da6 > nig+t' in +ea76 3old' +ot > rain6 weat+er.
)ailwa6s9 -ri7ers ? /o3o-!ilots are t+e most important person in e8e3uting t+e +uge tas0 of transporting nearl6
25 Million passengers and more t+an 2.# Million .ons of freig+t dail6 wit+ t+e +elp of 2'29'$#1 wagons' 59'(1$
3oa3+es and more t+an 9'21$ lo3omoti7e engines of 7arious 0indswww.Indian railwa6s' <i0ipedia"..o
transport 25 million passengers and millions of tons of freig+t and t+at too wit+ ta0ing 3are of 1ot+ t+e tra7eler9s
3on7enien3e and safet6 is not a mean tas0' t+e dri7er on w+ose sin3erit6 t+e *ourne6 of a train depends. If +e is
not 3apa1le of 3arr6ing +is responsi1ilities t+en t+e efforts of t+e ot+er emplo6ees go waste' in t+is sense we 3an
sa6 t+at +e is t+e most important person of t+e railwa6s. .+us )ailwa6 -ri7er is one of t+e most important posts
in t+e railwa6 staff. -ri7er is also responsi1le to 3arr6 t+e train safel6 to its destination. In t+at sense +e is one of
t+e most important emplo6ees in t+e )ailwa6. %ne +as to 1e reall6 dedi3ated and +ardwor0ing to +andle t+is
wor0. )ailwa6 dri7ers pla6ing a 0e6 role in Indian )ailwa6@s safe > pun3tual running of trains wit+ se3urit6 and
produ3ti7it6 &ource4 )ailwa6 -ri7er' Aow to 1e3ome a )ailwa6 -ri7er ... - Edu3ation India".
.+e wor0 of t+e railwa6 dri7er is demanding and full of responsi1ilit6. .+e railwa6 dri7er is in- 3+arge of 1ot+
safet6 and pun3tualit6' a *o1 w+i3+ re;uires a +ig+ le7el of 3on3entration and alertness. .+e e8tremel6 irregular
wor0ing +ours 3onstitute an added wor0load for t+e railwa6 dri7er. .+e p+6si3al wor0 en7ironment 3an also gi7e
rise to wor0loadB t+is in3ludes' for egB noise or distressful noise le7els"' 7i1rations or an un3omforta1le 3a1
3onditions too +ot' too 3old' draug+t6". .+e railwa6 dri7er is also e8posed to a demanding ps63+oso3ial wor0
en7ironment' w+i3+ in3ludes solitar6 wor0' limited opportunities for so3ial 3onta3t and a +ea76 responsi1ilit6 for
operating t+e train in terms of 1ot+ safet6 and ad+ering to t+e timeta1le". .+e railwa6 dri7er9s *o1' i.e. to operate
t+e train' is largel6 go7erned 16 timeta1les and te3+ni3al 3onditions e.g. t6pe of train' tra30 area"' w+i3+ restri3ts
t+e dri7er9s a1ilit6 to de3ide for +imself +ow t+e *o1 is to 1e done. )ailwa6 dri7ers struggle to fulfill wor0 and
famil6 responsi1ilities. .+is struggle is due to long +ours' irregular and infle8i1le wor0 s3+edules' and +ea76
wor0loads. .+us' wor0:famil6 3onfli3t 3an 1e a 3ommon wor0 stressor for railwa6 dri7ers CDran Ee30lund et
alB 1999".
1.2 <or0ing 3onditions
Ft present /o3o !ilots are 3lassified under @3ontinuous@ roaster. Not an6 3alendar da6 rest pro7ision. Normall6
t+e /o3o !ilot +as to wor0 for 10 +ours dut6 at a stret3+ and 3an demand relief after 12 +ours wit+ 2 +ours prior
European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 !aper" ISSN 2222-2#$9 %nline"
&ol.5' No.19' 201$

1#
noti3e to 3ontroller Sing+ )a7i Eant' 200#". I/% regulation onl6 9 +rs upper limit G1 +rs e8tra in 3ase of
emergen36 dut6" =I)E Huartl6 MagaIine' Fug.2012".
.+ere are no fi8 s3+edules during operating Coods train. It ta0es normall6 long dut6 +ours sometimes 3ontinues
10 +ours or more".<+ile operating Coods train' 7er6 long waiting time for returning +is own A.H.?Aome Station
It is sometimes $0 +ours or more". /o3o-!ilot must 1e waited for t+e train at t+e time of returning to +is
A.H.?Aome Station. Ffter 9J +ours of Sign-%ff /o3o-!ilot demand t+e 3ompulsor6 returning for +is A.H. wit+
dri7ing train or wit+out dri7ing train. .+ere are no immediate returning s3+edules of lo3o-pilot. In an6 personal
or famil6 emergen36 lo3o-pilot 3an9t lea7e t+e 3a1 wit+out Sign-%ff. In an6 emergen36 lo3o-pilot 3alled for dut6
at an6 time w+ile +e is in rest periods.
1.$ Ka1 3onditions
.+e +ea76 noise' dust pollution' e83ess +eat' +ig+ 7oltage ele3tri3it6 in t+e ele3tri3 lo3omoti7e and diesel smell
in t+e diesel lo3omoti7e are 3ontri1uting to earl6 fatigue to t+e 3rew. .+e noise le7el in a diesel lo3omoti7e is
a1out more t+an 100 de3i1els w+i3+ is 25 de3i1els more t+an 'a(i'u' allowed li'it of )* deci!els !y t+e
Industrial Pollution ,ontrol Board% .+e +eat' diesel smell' noise from t+e engine room 3omes to t+e dri7ing
3a1 as t+e doors in t+e dri7ing 3a1 are not designed sound proof. .o o7er3ome t+is pro1lem t+e lo3omoti7e 3a1
+as to 1e air-3onditioned so t+at fatigue will no atta30 t+e dri7ers and t+e6 3an 3on3entrate on t+eir duties
properl6 and ensure safet6 of trains. =I)E Huartl6 MagaIine' Fug.2012".
-o natural calls facilities (no toilets availa!le)%
1.2 !ersonal?famil6 related pro1lems
/o3o-!ilots are not gi7ing spending" more suffi3ient" time wit+ +is famil6 and so3ietal a3ti7ities.
100L +ousing s+ould not 1e pro7ided to dri7ers as t+e6 are residing up to 5-J 0ms. awa6 from t+eir
station of posting and are ta0ing a lot of time in 3ommuting. .+e6 are una1le to get more t+an 10-12
+ours of rest e7en at +ome station w+en t+e6 are pro7ided 1J +rs. rest.
Fll ot+er railwa6 emplo6ees get 12 National Aol6da6s and 52 Sunda6s' guaranteed wee0l6 rest 1ut
/o3o-!ilot does not get an6 National Aol6da6. So' all t+e personal wor0 +as to 1e done 16 a7ailing
lea7e' or 1etween s+ort spells in 1etween duties' w+i3+ 3reates mental agon6' losing 3on3entration in
running duties.
No an6 3alendar da6 rest pro7ision' so t+at t+e6 ma6 fulfill t+eir famil6 and so3ial o1ligations.
=I)E Huartl6 MagaIine' Fug.2012".

.%Introduction and Definitions of Work-Life Balance
2.1 <or0-life 1alan3e
In 7er6 past 6ears' organiIations loo0ed at Mwor0N and MlifeN is independent domains. Emplo6ees were e8pe3ted
to pla3e t+e organiIations9 interests a+ead of t+eir own. In t+e past' organiIations rea3t su3+ as' Mw+at +appens to
6ou outside t+e offi3e is 6our own 1usinessB w+at 6ou do in t+e offi3e is our 1usiness.N <it+ 3+anging time'
attitudes +a7e 3+anged. %rganiIations and managers toda6 +a7e 3ome to a33ept t+e impa3t t+at wor0-life +as on
personal life and 7i3e-7ersa. )e3ent 6ears +a7e seen a growing num1er of organiIations operate under t+e
assumption t+at personal life and wor0 life are 3omplementar6 to ea3+ ot+er and not 3ompeting priorities. It
+elps emplo6ees 1alan3e t+eir wor0 li7es wit+ t+eir personal life and leads to positi7e out3omes for t+e emplo6ee
and t+e organiIation. .+erefore' a growing num1er of organiIations +a7e 1egun to adopt Mwor0-life famil6"
programsN or Mfamil6-friendl6 pra3ti3esN. <or0-life 1alan3e is t+e term used to des3ri1e t+ose pra3ti3es at wor0
pla3e t+at a30nowledge and aim to support t+e needs of emplo6ees in a3+ie7ing a 1alan3e 1etween t+e demands
of t+eir famil6 life and wor0 li7es.
<or0-life 1alan3e is a1out ad*usting wor0 patterns to a3+ie7e o7erall fulfillment. F good wor0-life 1alan3e
ena1les t+e organiIations to t+ri7e and at t+e same time ena1les t+e emplo6ees to easil6 3om1ine wor0 wit+
ot+er aspirations and responsi1ilities. <or0-life 1alan3e s+ould not 1e understand as suggesting an e;ual 1alan3e
or s3+eduling e;ual num1er of +ours for ea3+ of one9s wor0 and personal a3ti7ities. F positi7e wor0-life 1alan3e
in7ol7es a3+ie7ement and en*o6ment. F good wor0ing definition of wor0-life 1alan3e ma6 1e meaningful dail6
a3+ie7ement and en*o6ment in ea3+ of t+e four ;uadrants of life - wor0' famil6' so3iet6 and self. .+e 1est wor0-
life 1alan3e 7aries for an indi7idual o7er time. Ft different stages of 3areer and age' different fa3tors 1e3ome
important for an indi7idual. .+e rig+t 1alan3e for an indi7idual toda6 will pro1a1l6 1e different tomorrow. =or
instan3e' t+e rig+t 1alan3e for an indi7idual w+en +e?s+e is single will 1e different from w+en +e?s+e gets
married or w+en +e?s+e is nearing retirement Fgarwala .anu*a' 200(".
M<or0N is an instrumental element > is a means to support a wa6 of life and to 3reate optimal 3onditions for
one9s famil6 and?or one self. M<or0N' +owe7er' also 3onstitutes a so3io-ps63+ologi3al element t+at 3reates
respe3t and personal 3+allenges. .+us' t+e wor0-life 1alan3e is also a1out managing internal pressure from one9s
own e8pe3tations and setting realisti3 goals w+i3+ do not infli3t on famil6 responsi1ilities. %riginall6' wor0 was
European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 !aper" ISSN 2222-2#$9 %nline"
&ol.5' No.19' 201$

19
a matter of ne3essit6 > sur7i7al. .oda6' wor0 still is a ne3essit6 1ut it s+ould 1e sour3e of personal satisfa3tion
as well !arsons -' 2002".
.+e e8pression Owor0-life 1alan3eO was first used in t+e late 19(0s to des3ri1e t+e 1alan3e 1etween an
indi7idual@s wor0 and personal life in P.E. In t+e Pnited States' t+is p+rase was first used in 19#J. Fs t+e
separation 1etween wor0 and +ome life +as diminis+ed' t+is 3on3ept +as 1e3ome more rele7ant t+an e7er 1efore.
<or0-life 1alan3e is a1out people +a7ing a measure of 3ontrol o7er w+en' w+ere and +ow t+e6 wor0. It is
a3+ie7ed w+en an indi7idual@s rig+t to a fulfilled life inside and outside paid wor0 is a33epted and respe3ted as
t+e norm' to t+e mutual 1enefit of t+e indi7idual' organiIation and so3iet6 .+e wor0 foundation". <or0-life
1alan3e </B" is an important area of +uman resour3e management w+i3+ is re3ei7ing in3reasing attention from
poli36 ma0ers' organiIations' management' emplo6ees > t+eir representati7es glo1all6 Flma M3Kart+6 et alB
2010".
.+e 3on3ept of wor0-life 1alan3e is 1ased on t+e notion t+at paid wor0 > personal life s+ould 1e seen less as
3ompeting priorities t+an as 3omplementar6 elements of full life. <or0-life 1alan3e is a1out impro7ing people9s
;ualit6 of life > widening a33ess to paid emplo6ment > 3areer opportunities.
F wor0-life 1alan3e supports staffs w+o wis+ to +a7e a greater in7ol7ement in pu1li3 life > in t+e 3ommunit6
Simonetta Manfredi > Mi3+elle Aollida6' 2002".
<or0-life 1alan3e is 1ased on t+e assumption of t+e separation of wor0 > pri7ate life' > t+at M1alan3eN is
a3+ie7ed w+en t+ere is e;ual di7ision 1etween t+e two Sall6 E+allas+ > Martin Eruse ' 2012". .o 1e 1alan3ed
is to approa3+ ea3+ role' wor0 > famil6-wit+ an appro8imatel6 e;ual le7el of attention' time' in7ol7ement' or
3ommitment.
Creen+aus' offer t+e following definition of wor0-famil6 1alan3e4 t+e e8tent to w+i3+ an indi7idual is e;uall6
engaged in- and e;uall6 satisfied wit+- +is or +er wor0 role > famil6 roles Jeffre6 A. Creen+aus et alB 200$".
<or0-famil6 1alan3e as Msatisfa3tion > good fun3tioning at wor0 > at +ome wit+ a minimum of role 3onfli3tN
Klar0' 2000".
F33ording to Eofodimos' 1alan3e refers to Ma satisf6ing' +ealt+6' > produ3ti7e life t+at in3ludes wor0' pla6' >
lo7eQQ Eofodimos' 199$".
<or0-life 1alan3e is an integral > important part of Korporate So3ial )esponsi1ilit6. Cood organiIations need to
re3ogniIe t+at part of t+eir o1ligation to t+eir emplo6ees are to ensure t+at t+e6 are not wor0ing so +ard so as to
damage t+eir li7es outside of wor0 or lead to +ealt+ pro1lems. Kompanies need to understand t+at long +ours
ma6 lead to lower moti7ation' moral' turno7er > produ3ti7it6 of emplo6ees and reputation in t+e mar0et. .+ere
+as 1een re3ognition t+at +app6 emplo6ees are more produ3ti7e and less li0el6 to lea7e S+alini Ma+tani >
)i3+ard <elford' 2002".
It is widel6 re3ogniIed t+at emplo6ees w+o a3+ie7e a wor0 life 1alan3e t+at suits t+em wor0 more effi3ientl6' are
more 3ommitted to t+eir organiIation > are less li0el6 to 1e3ome ill as a result of stress
www.at+enaswan.org.u0".
F33ording to Jim 1ird KE% %f Mwor0 life 1alan3e.3omN' wor0-life 1alan3e is meaningful a3+ie7ement >
en*o6ment in e7er6da6 life.N
<or0-life 1alan3e is now a +ea7il6 resear3+ed area of interest. <or0-life 1alan3e +as alwa6s 1een a 3on3ern of
t+ose interested in t+e ;ualit6 of wor0ing life and its relation to 1roader ;ualit6 of life Cuest' 2002".
It is 1elie7ed t+at 1alan3ing a su33essful 3areer wit+ a personal or famil6 life 3an 1e 3+allenging and impa3t on a
person9s satisfa3tion in t+eir wor0 and personal life9s roles Boers' 2005".
-undas 200#" argues t+at wor0-life 1alan3e is a1out effe3ti7el6 managing t+e *uggling a3t 1etween paid wor0
and all ot+er a3ti7ities t+at are important to people su3+ as famil6' 3ommunit6 a3ti7ities' 7oluntar6 wor0'
personal de7elopment and leisure and re3reation.
Creen+aus et alB 200$" define wor0-life 1alan3e as t+e e8tent to w+i3+ an indi7idual is e;uall6 engaged in : and
e;uall6 satisfied wit+ : +is or +er wor0 role and famil6 role. .+us' emplo6ees w+o e8perien3e +ig+ wor0-life
1alan3e are t+ose w+o e8+i1it similar in7estment of time and 3ommitment' to wor0 and non-wor0 domains.
2.2 <or0-life im1alan3e
Eofodimos 199$" suggests t+at im1alan3e-in parti3ular wor0 im1alan3e-arouses +ig+ le7els of stress' detra3ts
from ;ualit6 of life' and ultimatel6 redu3es indi7idual9s effe3ti7eness at wor0. Ae e8pe3t t+at an im1alan3ed
satisfa3tion 1etween wor0 and famil6 roles 3an produ3e e8tensi7e stress 1e3ause t+e im1alan3e is a 3onstant
reminder t+at one is not meeting +is or +er needs or 7alues as e8tensi7el6 in one role as t+e ot+er. .+erefore'
im1alan3e 3an produ3e siIa1le differen3es 1etween wor0 satisfa3tion and famil6 satisfa3tion' a +ig+ le7el of
stress' and t+erefore a low ;ualit6 of life.
2.$ /ife and *o1 satisfa3tion
/ife and *o1 satisfa3tion are 0e6 3onstru3ts for t+is resear3+. /ife satisfa3tion generall6 refers to an indi7iduals@
o7erall well-1eing Earatepe et alB 200#"' and spe3ifi3all6 refle3ts an indi7idual@s ;ualit6 of life in3luding
p+6si3al and mental well-1eing' interpersonal relations' so3ial a3ti7ities' personal de7elopment' and fulfillment
European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 !aper" ISSN 2222-2#$9 %nline"
&ol.5' No.19' 201$

20
and re3reation Jo+ansson > Bernspang' 200$". %n t+e ot+er +and' *o1 satisfa3tion is an emplo6ee@s internal state
of some degree of fa7ora1le or unfa7ora1le feelings from affe3ti7el6 and?or 3ogniti7el6 e7aluating +is or +er *o1
e8perien3e Brief' 199#".
2.2 Aappiness
.+e 3on3eptualiIation of +appiness is a diffi3ult endea7or. .+e ;uestion of t+e determinants of +appiness is
pro1a1l6 one of t+e oldest 3onfronting man0ind' as 3an 1e seen from t+e de1ates and proposals sin3e anti;uit6'
16' religion and p+ilosop+6. Nowada6s' t+ere are also answers from ps63+olog6' espe3iall6 positi7e ps63+olog6.
.+e first route to +appiness is a pleasant life' RRt+at su33essfull6 pursues t+e positi7e emotions a1out t+e present'
past and future99 Seligman' 2002 > Seligman' 200$". .+e se3ond route to +appiness is an engaged life
Seligman et al.' 200J". Fn engaged life 3onsists of RRusing 6our strengt+s and 7irtues to o1tain a1undant
gratifi3ation in t+e main realms of life99 Seligman' 200$". Fn indi7idual 3an a3+ie7e t+is 16 de7eloping +er
7arious strengt+s and 7irtues. F meaningful life is t+e t+ird route to +appiness !eterson et alB 2005B > Seligman
et alB 2002". F life is 3onsidered meaningful if it is 1ased on a +ig+er purpose t+an t+e person itself. Su3+ ends
3onsist of a 7ariet6 of RRpositi7e institutions99 Seligman et al.' 200J" as' for instan3e' religion' politi3s' famil6'
3ommunit6 or nation Seligman et al.' 200J". Seligman 2002" states t+at to pursue all t+ree routes to +appiness
simultaneousl6 is t+e wa6 to a3+ie7e t+e ultimate goal of RRaut+enti3 +appiness99' a full life. F33ording to
Seligman' t+is full life RR3onsists in e8perien3ing positi7e emotions a1out t+e past and future' sa7oring positi7e
feelings from t+e pleasures' deri7ing a1undant gratifi3ations from 6our signature strengt+s' and using t+ese
strengt+s in t+e ser7i3e of somet+ing larger to o1tain meaning99 Seligman' 2002".
2.5 Hualit6 of wor0-life
Hualit6 of wor0 life is a person9s feelings a1out e7er6 dimension of wor0 in3luding' e3onomi3 rewards >
1enefits' se3urit6' wor0ing 3onditions' organiIational > interpersonal relations+ips and its intrinsi3 meaning in a
person9s life.
.+e Fmeri3an So3iet6 of .raining > -e7elopment defined t+e 3on3ept of Hualit6 of <or0ing /ife H</" is t+e
degree to w+i3+ mem1ers of a wor0 organiIation are a1le to satisf6 t+eir personal needs t+roug+ t+eir e8perien3e
in t+e organiIations. Its fo3us of 3reating a +uman wor0 en7ironment w+ere emplo6ees wor0 3ooperati7el6 >
3ontri1ute to organiIational o1*e3ti7es K++a1ra ..NB 2010".
2.J <or0-life 3onfli3t
<or0-/ife Konfli3t is defined as Ma form of interrole 3onfli3t in w+i3+ t+e role pressures from wor0 > personal
life domains are mutuall6 in3ompati1le in some respe3tN K++a1ra ..NB 2010".

/%Review of t+e Literature on Work-Life !alance
Fs t+ere are relati7el6 few pu1lis+ed literature studies" a7aila1le on Indian railwa6s@ dri7ers wor0 life 1alan3e.
So' resear3+er +as in3luded studies of ot+er nations and ot+er o33upations t+at are rele7ant to t+eir resear3+.
$.1 !re7ious studies on wor0-life 1alan3e
-rawing on t+e large amount of literature and resear3+ t+is 3+apter e8amines t+e 3on3ept of wor0-life 1alan3e.
=atigue and tiredness are essentiall6 3umulati7e Ailde1randt et al.' 19(2B )osa' 1991". .+e6 are generated 16
e83essi7e +ours wor0ed per da6' too little time off 1etween wor0 s+ifts' and too man6 3onse3uti7e da6s wor0ed
wit+out rest da6s !ale6 and .epas' 1992B Smit+' 19(9". Inade;uate roster design and e83essi7e o7ertime wor0
+ours are t+erefore parti3ularl6 asso3iated wit+ fatigue. .+e6 are parti3ularl6 asso3iated wit+ tas0s re;uiring
3ontinuous monitoring e.g. railwa6 engine dri7ing' motor 7e+i3le dri7ing > super7ising 3+emi3al plants et3."'
repetiti7e s+ort-363le tas0s' tas0s re;uiring fine motor s0ills' tas0s re;uiring +ig+ le7els of p+6si3al effort' and
tas0s underta0en in +ot and +umid en7ironments )osa and Bonnet' 199$". S+ift wor0 is primaril6 asso3iated
wit+ two o33upational stressors4 wor0ing unso3ial +oursB and fatigue. .+ese stressors ma6 result in performan3e
errors w+i3+ are t6pi3all6 manifested in in3reased produ3t re*e3ts' redu3ed produ3t ;ualit6 and in3reased
wor0pla3e a33idents and in*uries. E83essi7e fatigue and famil6 and so3ial life disruption ma6 also result in
in3reased si30ness a1sen3e' and lower *o1 satisfa3tion and emplo6ee well-1eing.
E83essi7e fatigue and famil6 and so3ial life disruption ma6 also result in in3reased si30ness a1sen3e' and lower
*o1 satisfa3tion and emplo6ee well-1eing. Pnso3ial +ours are generall6 lin0ed to wee0end wor0' e7ening > nig+t
wor0' and morning s+ifts t+at start 7er6 earl6 Kolligan and )osa' 1990B Smit+' 199$B <edder1urn' 19J(". .+e6
ma6 disrupt normal famil6 life Barling' 1990" and also ma6 impa3t on parental and partner roles Barton et al.'
199#B Bunnage' 19#2B )epetti' 19#9". .+e6 also disrupt so3ial life and 3ommunit6 in7ol7ement Kolligan and
)osa' 1990". Pnso3ial +ours ma6 also disrupt normal patterns of sleep' and t+ere16 3ontri1ute to fatigue
-u3+on et al.' 199(B .epas et al.' 199(".
F33ording to Elisa J. Crant-&allonea > Ellen F. Ens+er1' 2001"' emplo6ees reported +ig+er le7els of wor0
interfering wit+ t+eir personal life' t+an personal life interfering wit+ t+eir wor0. )esults demonstrated t+at wor0-
personal life 3onfli3t was related to emplo6ees9 depression > an8iet6 and personal-wor0 life 3onfli3t was related
to emplo6ees9 3on3ern for t+eir +ealt+.
European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 !aper" ISSN 2222-2#$9 %nline"
&ol.5' No.19' 201$

21
.+e impa3t of long +ours and t+e per3eption t+at wor0 is in3reasingl6 intense +as a negati7e o7erall affe3t on
indi7iduals in terms of t+eir p+6si3al and mental well 1eing. -awson et alB 2001" +a7e pu1lis+ed an e8tensi7e
re7iew of t+e large 1od6 of well supported ;uantitati7e literature e8amining t+e 3onse;uen3es of long wor0
+ours on +ealt+ and mental fun3tioning. .+e6 suggest t+at t+e most prominent issue relates to fatigue and
e8+austion 1e3ause of insuffi3ient re3uperati7e sleep. .+is affe3ts mental fun3tioning as people ma6 e8perien3e
lapses in 3on3entration' t+e ina1ilit6 to 3ompre+end 3omple8 situations' and in3reases t+e li0eli+ood of people
engaging in ris0-ta0ing 1e+a7iours -awson et alB 2001". In addition' long wor0ing +ours are also indire3tl6
asso3iated wit+ negati7e +ealt+ out3omes' in3luding4 +ig+ 1lood pressure and +eart pro1lemsB e83essi7e food and
al3o+ol 3onsumptionB smo0ingB weig+t loss or gain asso3iated wit+ poor p+6si3al e8er3ise' un1alan3ed nutrition
and irregular mealsB and illnesses indu3ed 16 +ig+ le7els of stress -awson et alB 200JB Jones et alB 200JB
NSK.P' 2002B !o3o30 et al.' 2001". .+is ine7ita1l6 impa3ts on people9s per3eption of t+eir ;ualit6 of life and
general life satisfa3tion. )esear3+ findings' largel6 1ased on ;ualitati7e inter7iews' +ig+lig+t t+at t+e pressures of
wor0 redu3e opportunities for people to spend time wit+ famil6' friends' or to peruse t+eir own interests' w+i3+
ine7ita1l6 leads to t+e erosion of support networ0s and 3an lead to moodiness' loneliness and depression
Cam1les et alB 200JB NSK.P' 2002' !o3o30 et al.' 2001".
Jeffre6 A. Creen+aus et alB 200$" find out for indi7iduals w+o in7ested su1stantial time in t+eir 3om1ined wor0
and famil6 roles' t+ose w+o spent more time on famil6 t+an wor0 e8perien3ed a +ig+er ;ualit6 of life t+an
1alan3ed indi7iduals w+o' in turn' e8perien3ed a +ig+er ;ualit6 of life t+an t+ose w+o spent more time on wor0
t+an famil6. Ae o1ser7ed similar findings for in7ol7ement and satisfa3tion. !ositi7e 1alan3e suggests an e;uall6
+ig+ le7el of attention' time in7ol7ement' or 3ommitment' w+ereas' negati7e 1alan3e refers to an e;uall6 low
le7el of attention' time' in7ol7ement' or 3ommitment. !ositi7e 1alan3e implies an e;uall6 +ig+ le7el of
satisfa3tion wit+ wor0 > famil6 roles' > negati7e 1alan3e suggests an e;uall6 low le7el of satisfa3tion wit+ ea3+
role Klar0' 2000B Eir3+me6er' 2000' Eofodimos' 199$". .+eir stud6 3onfirmed t+e negati7e effe3t of wor0
im1alan3e on ;ualit6 of life and demonstrated t+at t+e deleterious effe3t is due to +eig+tened le7els of wor0-to-
famil6 3onfli3t > stress. F 1alan3e engagement in wor0 > famil6 roles is e8pe3ted to 1e asso3iated wit+
indi7idual well-1eing 1e3ause su3+ 1alan3e redu3es wor0-famil6 3onfli3t > stress' 1ot+ of w+i3+ detra3t from
well-1eing =rome et alB 1992". Ae suggested t+at an e;uall6 +ig+ in7estment of time > in7ol7ement in wor0 >
famil6 would redu3e wor0-famil6 3onfli3t > stress t+ere16 en+an3ing an indi7idual9s ;ualit6 of life.
Nan36 ). /o30wood' 200$" find out in3reasing le7els of stress 3an rapidl6 lead to low emplo6ee morale' poor
produ3ti7it6' > de3reasing *o1 satisfa3tion. %t+er serious reper3ussions are depression' al3o+ols > drug a1use'
marital > finan3ial pro1lems' 3ompulsi7e eating disorders' > emplo6ee 1urnout.
(A6mant et alB 200$" indi3ated t+at intrusion of wor0 demands into personal life eg.wor0ing during t+e wee0-
end" was related wit+ reports of +ig+tend stress > emotional e8+austion for emplo6ees. =urt+ermore' emplo6ees
per3ei7ed t+at intrusion of wor0 o1ligations into t+eir personal li7es negati7el6 affe3ted t+eir +ealt+.
<or0-life 3onfli3t arises from t+e in3ompati1le emotional and 1e+a7ioral demands of wor0 and non-wor0 roles'
su3+ t+at parti3ipation in one role is made more diffi3ult 16 parti3ipation in t+e ot+er Creen+aus > Beutell'
19#5". .+is 3onfli3t 3an result in greater stress at +ome or at wor0' poorer +ealt+' +ig+er turno7er and
a1senteeism' redu3ed *o1 satisfa3tion' and less organiIational 3ommitment. .+e negati7e +ealt+ effe3ts of wor0
life 3onfli3t in3lude an8iet6' depression' 1urnout' somati3 3omplaints' raised 3+olesterol le7els' and su1stan3e
a1use =rone' 200$".
/aurent M. /apierre' 200#" find out a 3asual pro3ess w+ere16 emplo6ees wor0ing in an en7ironment 7iewed as
more famil6-supporti7e e8perien3e lower le7els of <=K. )edu3ed <=K t+en translates into greater *o1 and
famil6 satisfa3tion' followed 16 greater o7erall life satisfa3tion. .+e6 +a7e reason to 1elie7e t+at a famil6-
supporti7e wor0 en7ironment 3an potentiall6 strengt+en life satisfa3tion 16 redu3ing wor0-famil6
in3ompati1ilities t+at lessen t+eir satisfa3tion at wor0 and at +ome. .+is implies t+at emplo6ees9 per3eptions of
t+eir wor0 en7ironments9 famil6-supporti7eness ma6 pla6 a signifi3ant role in t+eir o7erall le7el of en*o6ment in
life.
F33ording to .. Fle8andra Beauregard > /esle6 K. Aenr6' 2009"' in terms of *o1 attitudes' emplo6ees reporting
+ig+ le7els of 1ot+ wor0-to-life > life-to-wor0 3onfli3t tend to e8+i1it lower le7els of *o1 satisfa3tion and
organiIational 3ommitment.
Aaddon > Aede' 2009" find out t+at wor0 interferes wit+ +ome life more t+an +ome life interferes wit+ wor0
life' w+en it 3omes to time > energ6. %n t+e ot+er +and' +ome life ena1les parti3ipants to regain energ6 lost
from wor0ing.
In3reasing wor0loads +a7e pressuriIed emplo6ees to demonstrate t+eir 3ommitment to wor0 in more o17ious
wa6s Is+a6a > F6man' 200#". Konse;uentl6' a larger part of t+em +a7e tented to 1e present at t+eir wor0 pla3e
for longer periods of time' t+ere16 redu3ing t+e time for w+i3+ t+e6 are a7aila1le at +ome.
)eimara &al0 > &asant+i Srini7asan ' 2011" indi3ated t+at t+e multiple roles of women software professionals
in India' t+e nature of t+e I. industr6' and t+e so3io e3onomi3 3onte8t of India pose uni;ue 3+allenges for
European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 !aper" ISSN 2222-2#$9 %nline"
&ol.5' No.19' 201$

22
a3+ie7ing t+e wor0-famil6 1alan3e. Ne7ert+eless' t+e ma*orit6 of women in t+eir stud6 were a1le to M+a7e it all9
1e3ause of famil6 support.
F33ording to Tin6uan )o6" S+aoa' 2011"' <+en +otels wit+ famil6 friendl6 wor0 en7ironments pro7ide
suffi3ient support for wor0 and famil6 needs' emplo6ees are more li0el6 to +a7e +ig+ *o1 satisfa3tion. <+en
wor0 and famil6 mutuall6 reinfor3e ea3+ ot+er i.eB famil6 e8perien3es enri3+ t+e 3ontri1utions to wor0' and 7i3e
7ersa"' emplo6ees +a7e a more 1alan3ed life Fr6ee et alB 2005".
Meridet+ =erguson et alB 2012" find out t+at wor0-famil6 1alan3e pla6s a mediating role in assisting so3ial
support9s 3ontri1ution to 1ot+ *o1 > famil6 satisfa3tion. Aua Jiang' 2012" indi3ated t+at' w+en emplo6ees9
immediate super7isors respe3t t+eir su1ordinates as indi7iduals wit+ uni;ue 3+ara3ters and needs and treat t+e
differentl6 1ut fairl6' emplo6ees per3ei7e +ig+ le7els of trust' 3ommitment' satisfa3tion and 3ontrol mutualit6'
moreo7er' emplo6ees w+en per3ei7ing t+at t+e6 are treated fairl6 16 t+eir organiIations de7elop ;ualit6
relations+ips wit+ t+eirorganiIation. .+is stud6 also identifies fair formal pro3edures > poli3ies used to ma0e
wor0-life de3isions as a signifi3ant ante3edent leading to +ig+ trust' 3ommitment' satisfa3tion' > 3ontrol
mutualit6 t+at emplo6ees per3ei7e.
$.2 Summar6
=urt+ermore' after re7iewing e8isting literature on wor0- life 1alan3e proposes a la30 of 1alan3e 3an lead to
man6 negati7e out3omes for instan3e stress' 1urnout' depression' and lower wor0 3ontri1utions. .+e 3om1ination
of wor0 and famil6 demands often leads to time pressure' stress and 3onfli3t. It is generall6 assumed t+at 1urnout
is 3aused 16 a +ea76 wor0load' t+e in3reased mental demands of toda69s9 *o1s' and ot+er wor0-related
3+ara3teristi3s su3+ as low le7els of *o1 autonom6 and organiIational support.
<or0 and famil6 are t+e two most important domains in a person9s life and t+eir interfa3e +as 1een t+e o1*e3t of
stud6 for resear3+ers world-wide. .+ere is a felt need to 1alan3e and integrate famil6 needs and 3areer
re;uirements. .+e a1ilit6 to 1alan3e 1etween wor0pla3e9s needs and personal life9s needs is per3ei7ed as an
important issue among emplo6ees glo1all6.
In summar6' after re7iewing of literature identified t+at Indian railwa6 dri7ers +ad diffi3ulties in 1alan3ing wor0'
life' and so3ial a3ti7ities. .+e findings from t+is stud6 suggest t+at 3ontending wit+ stressful situations in t+e
wor0pla3e is a 3ommon o33urren3e for t+e railwa6 dri7ers leading to deterioration in t+eir ;ualit6 of wor0 and
life. E7ans et alB 1999".

0%1aps nalysis2 Raised Researc+ Issues and ,onclusions
2.1 Caps anal6sis
Ffter re7iewing t+e literature' t+ere appears to 1e a limited amount of resear3+ studies a7aila1le in regards to
+ow Indian railwa6 dri7ers manage wor0 and personal life to a3+ie7e a 1alan3ed life. Internationall6' wor0-life
1alan3e and t+e fa3tors affe3ting ;ualit6 of wor0-life for railwa6 dri7ers +a7e re3ei7ed 3onsidera1le attention.
Aowe7er' w+en 3oming to India' t+ere +a7e 1een +ardl6 an6 studies done to refle3t t+e wor0-life of t+e Indian
railwa6 dri7ers. &er6 few studies +a7e loo0ed into wor0-life 1alan3e in 3onne3tion wit+ Indian railwa6s9 dri7ers.
)esear3+es on wor0-famil6 1alan3e +as 1een a1out 25 6ears' and a3+ie7ed fruitful results in western 3ountries.
Aowe7er' t+ere are lot of 3ultural differen3es 1etween India > western 3ountries. <or0 and life issues are related
to t+e 3onte8t of li7ing. So t+e stud6 on wor0 > life in Indian 3onte8t is ne3essar6. =urt+ermore' t+e pre7ious
resear3+es fo3us on t+e wor0 and famil6 domain' +owe7er' life are not *ust wor0 and famil6 domain' 1ut also
ot+er parts' su3+ as friends' +o11ies' 3ommunit6 ser7i3e > leisure.
Aowe7er' t+roug+ t+is stud6' resear3+er +as tried to +ig+lig+t t+e 3onditions of t+e Indian railwa6 dri7ers' under
w+i3+ t+e6 +a7e 1een 3onsistentl6 performing t+eir duties. Aen3e' t+e present stud6 tries to find' t+e ;ualit6 of
wor0 life of t+e Indian railwa6 dri7ers and t+eir per3eption a1out t+e initiati7es ta0en 16 t+e Indian railwa6s9 to
impro7e t+eir life at wor0.
2.2 )aised resear3+ issues
Ffter re7iewing t+e literature' t+ese are t+e main resear3+ ;uestions raised4
$% Aow do Indian railwa6 dri7ers e8perien3e t+eir wor0 en7ironment in terms of
<or0-life 1alan3eU
.% Aow do wor0 and famil6 related fa3tors influen3e t+e wor0-life 1alan3e of Indian railwa6 dri7ersU
/% Aow Indian railwa6 dri7ers manage t+eir wor0' to a3+ie7e a 1alan3ed lifeU
-rawing upon t+e large amount of wor0-life 1alan3e literature' t+e present stud6 aims to stud6 +ow Indian
railwa6 dri7ers manage t+e 3ompeting demands of wor0 > life.
.+ere is a need for greater resear3+ in t+is area.
2.$ Kon3lusions
Sin3e most of t+e pre7ious literature on wor0-life 1alan3e pertained to t+e emplo6ees in t+e 3orporate se3tor' t+e
present stud6 aimed to s+ift e8isting literature of wor0-life 1alan3e into t+e emerging p+enomenon of Indian
European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 !aper" ISSN 2222-2#$9 %nline"
&ol.5' No.19' 201$

2$
railwa6 dri7ers. Ffter literature re7iew found t+at wor0-life 1alan3e is 1e3oming in3reasingl6 important due to
t+e en+an3ed demands of a 22 +our' ( da6 wor0 3ulture and longer wor0ing +ours.
.+is stud6 pro7ided an in-dept+ loo0 into t+e wor0-life of railwa6 dri7ers. Indian railwa6 need to wor0 wit+
resear3+ers' trade unions' poli36 ma0ers and railwa6 dri7ers t+emsel7es' to formulate initiati7es t+at safeguard
railwa6 dri7ers against wor0 stress' so t+at t+e ;ualit6 of t+eir wor0- life 3ould 1e impro7ed. E7en so' it is +oped
t+at our stud6 3onstitute not onl6 7alua1le insig+ts and attra3t t+e attention of t+e management Indian )ailwa6"
towards t+e deteriorating 3ondition of t+e railwa6 dri7ers and +ig+lig+t t+eir wor0-life' 1ut also pro7ide a
tentati7e starting point towards t+e greater understanding of 3urrent s3enario under w+i3+ t+e Indian railwa6
dri7ers are performing t+eir dut6' so as to 1ring an impro7ement for t+e same.

References
Flma M3Kart+6' Kolette -ar36 and Ceraldine Crad6' 2010"' M<or0-/ife Balan3e !oli36 > !ra3ti3e4
Pnderstanding /ine Manager Fttitudes > Be+a7iorsN' Auman )esour3e Management )e7iew' &ol. 20' pp. 15#-
1J(.
Flo6s !rinI and B*orn Bunger 2012"' MBalan3ing Rfull life94 Fn E3onomi3 Fpproa3+ to t+e )oute to AappinessN'
Journal of E3onomi3 !s63+olog6' &ol. $$' pp. 5#:(0.
Fnne !isars0i' Sandra F. /awren3e' !+ilip Bo+le and K+ristine Broo0 200#"' M%rganiIational Influen3es on t+e
<or0 /ife Konfli3t and Aealt+ of S+ift <or0ersN' Fpplied Ergonomi3s' &ol. $9' pp. 5#0:5##'
Fgarwala .anu*a 200("' MStrategi3 Auman )esour3e Management2 -el+i' %8ford Pni7ersit6 !ress' pp. (0#-
(J0.
Fr6ee' S.' Srini7as' E.S.' and .an' A.A. 2005"' M)+6t+ms of life4 Fnte3edents and %ut3omes of <or0:=amil6
Balan3e in Emplo6ed !arentsN' Journal of Fpplied !s63+olog6' &ol. 90' pp. 1$2:12J.
Fnderson' S. E.' Koffe6' B. S.' and B6erl6' ). .. 2002"' M=ormal %rganiIational Initiati7es and Informal
<or0pla3e !ra3ti3es4 /in0s to <or0-/ife Konfli3t and Jo1-)elated %ut3omesN' Journal of Management' &ol.
2#J"' pp.(#(V#10.
W0erstedt' ..' =rD1erg' J. E.' =ri1erg' X. and <etter1erg' /. 19(9"' MMelatonin E83retion' Bod6 .emperature
and Su1*e3ti7e Frousal during J2 Aours of Sleep -epri7ationN' !s63+oneuro Endo3rinolog6' &ol. 2' pp. 219-225.
Fmita1+ 200J"' M)ail F33idents due to Auman Errors-Indian )ailwa6s E8perien3eN' Ministr6 of )ailwa6s' o7t.
of India.
MFllotment of )ailwa6 Huarters and )etention t+ereofN' )ailwa6 Board /etter No4 E YCZ 200J?H)1-J' dated4
20?02?200(' )BE No4 $5?200.
Barling' J. 1990"' MEmplo6ment' Stress and =amil6 =un3tioningN' Jo+n <ile6 and Sons' K+i3+ester.
Barton J.' Fldridge' J.M. and Smit+ !.F. 199#"' M.+e Emotional Impa3t of S+ift <or0 on t+e K+ildren of S+ift
<or0ersN' S3andina7ian Journal of <or0' En7ironment and Aealt+.
Bunnage' -. 19#2"' M.+e Konse;uen3es of S+ift <or0 on =amil6 and So3ial /ife. In <edder1urnN' F.F.I. and
Smit+' !.F. Eds"' !s63+ologi3al Fpproa3+es to Nig+t-and S+ift wor0' Aeriot-<att Pni7ersit6' Edin1urg+.
Bar1ara Aaddon > Fndrew Aede 2009"' M<or0-/ife Balan3e4 )esults of H/S Sur7e6N' )eport to Hueensland
/aw So3iet6' Pni7ersit6 of t+e Suns+ine Koast' Hueensland' Fustralia
Broers' KM 2005"' MKareer and =amil64 .+e )ole of So3ial SupportN' Criffit+ Pni7ersit6' !+- .+esis.
Bur0e' ). J.' and Creenglass' E. ). 1999"' M<or0-life Kongruen3e and <or0-life Kon3erns among Nursing
StaffN' Kanadian Journal of Nursing /eaders+ip' &ol. 122"' pp. 21V29.
Brief F! 199#"' MFttitudes in and around %rganiIationsN' .+ousand %a0s' KF4 Sage.
Kolligan' M.J. and )osa' ).). 1990"' MS+ift <or0 Effe3ts on So3ial and =amil6 lifeN' %33upational Medi3ine4
State of t+e Frt )e7iews' &ol. 5' No. 2' pp. $15-22.
Klar0' S. K. 2000"' M<or0?=amil6 Border .+eor64 F New .+eor6 of <or0?=amil6 Balan3eN' Auman )elations'
&ol. 5$' pp. (2(:((0.
K++a1ra ..N. 2010"' MAuman )esour3e ManagementN' -el+i' -+anpat )ai > Ko. !" /td.pp.55$-5J1.
-undas' E 200#"' M<or0-/ife Balan3e4 .+ere is no Rone-siIe-fits-all9 solution' in E %@)our0e ed."N' Managing
Matters. Craduate Kollege of Management' Sout+ern Kross Pni7ersit6' New Sout+ <ales' &ol. $' Summer"' pp.
(-#.
-eer6' M 200#"' M.alent Management' <or0-/ife Balan3e and )etention StrategiesN' International Journal of
Kontemporar6 Aospitalit6 Management' &ol. 20' no. (' pp. (92-#0J.
-emerouti' E.' Ba00er' F. B.' Na3+reiner' =.' and S3+aufeli' <. B. 2001"' M.+e Jo1 -emands )esour3es Model
of BurnoutN' Journal of Fpplied !s63+olog6' &ol. #J' pp. 299:512.
-awson' -.' )oa3+' C.' )eid' E.' and Ba0er' F. 199#"' MFustralian )ailroads S+ift <or0 > <or0load Stud6N'
=inal )eport4 .+e Kentre for Sleep )esear3+' Fustralia.
-awson' -.' M3Kullo3+' E.' and Ba0er' F. 200J"' ME8tended <or0ing Aours in Fustralia4 Kounting t+e KostsN'
)etrie7ed 5 -e3em1er' 200J from t+e <orld <ide <e14
European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 !aper" ISSN 2222-2#$9 %nline"
&ol.5' No.19' 201$

22
+ttp4??www.dir.;ld.go7.au?pdf?ir?e8tended+ours.pdf.
-u3+on' J.K.' Smit+' ..J.' Eeran' K.M. and Eee+ler' E. 199("' M!s63+op+6siologi3al manifestations of
performan3e during wor0 on e8tended s+iftsN' International Journal of Industrial Ergonomi3s' &ol. 20' pp. $9-29.
-i*0' -.J.and KIeisler' K. F. 1995"' MKontri1ution of t+e Kir3adian !a3ema0er and t+e Sleep Aomeostat to
Sleep!propensit6' Sleep Stru3ture' Ele3troen3ep+alograp+i3 Slow <a7es and Sleep Spindle F3ti7it6 in
AumansN' Journal of Neuro s3ien3e' &ol. 155"' pp. $52J-$5$#.
-inges' -.and Eri11s' N. 1991"' M!erforming <+ile Sleep64 Effe3ts of E8perimentall6
Indu3ed SleepinessN' In .. Mon0 Ed."' Sleep' Sleepiness and !erforman3e' pp. 9(-12#".
K+i3+ester4 Jo+n <ile6 > Sons /td.
Elisa J. Crant-&allone and Ellen F. Ens+er 2011"' MFn E8amination of <or0 and !ersonal /ife Konfli3t'
%rganiIational Support' and Emplo6ee Aealt+ among International E8patriatesN' International /a1our %ffi3e'
Co7erning Bod6' $12t+ Session' Cene7a' No7em1er"' CB.$12?!%/?2.
E7ans' C. <.' Jo+ansson' C. and )6dstedt' /. 1999"' MAassels on t+e Jo14 F Stud6 of a Jo1 Inter7ention wit+
Pr1an Bus -ri7ersN' Journal of %rganiIational Be+a7ior' &ol. 20' pp. 199-20#.
Elisa J. Crant-&allonea and Ellen F 2001"' MFn E8amination of <or0 and !ersonal /ife
Konfli3t'%rganiIational Support' and Emplo6ee Aealt+ among International E8patriatesN' International Journal
of Inter3ultural )elations' &ol. 25' pp. 2J1:2(#.
Ed0ins' C. -. and !ollo30' K. M. 199("' M.+e Influen3e of Sustained Fttention on )ailwa6
F33identsN' F33ident Fnal6sis > !re7ention' &ol. 29' pp. 5$$-5$9.
=rone' M.). 200$"' M<or0-famil6 1alan3eN' In4 Hui30' J.K.' .etri30' and /.E. Eds."' Aand1oo0 of
%33upational Aealt+ !s63+olog6. F!F' <as+ington' -K' pp. 12$:1J2.
=rone' M. ).' Xardle6' J. E.' and Mar0el' E. S. 199("' M-e7eloping and .esting an Integrati7e Model of t+e
<or0-=amil6 Interfa3e.N' Journal of &o3ational Be+a7iour' &ol. 50' pp. 125-1J(.
=rone' M. ).' )ussell' M. and Kooper' M. /. 1992"' MFnte3edents and %ut3omes of <or0 =amil6 Konfli3t4
.esting a Model of t+e <or0:=amil6 Interfa3eN' Journal of Fpplied !s63+olog6' &ol.((' pp. J5-(#.
=rone' M. ).' )ussell' M.' and Barnes' C. M. 199J"' M<or0-life Konfli3t' Cender' and Aealt+-)elated
%ut3omes4 F Stud6 of Emplo6ed !arents in .wo Kommunit6 SamplesN' Journal of %33upational Aealt+
!s63+olog6' &ol. 11"' pp. 5(VJ9.
=I)E Huartl6 MagaIine Fug.2012"' Fll India /o3o )unning Staff Fsso3iation.
Creen+aus' J.A.' Beutell' N.J.' 19#5"' MSour3es of Konfli3t 1etween <or0 and =amil6 )olesN' F3ad. Manage.
)e7. &ol. 10' pp. (J:##.
Creen+aus' J. A. and Beutell' N.J. 19#5"' M.+e Impa3t of Auman )esour3e Management !ra3ti3es on .urno7er'
!rodu3ti7it6' and Korporate =inan3ial !erforman3eN'
F3adem6 of Management Journal' &ol. $# $"' pp. J$5-J(2.
Creen+aus' JA' Kollins' EM and S+aw' J- 200$"' M.+e )elation 1etween <or0-=amil6 Balan3e and Hualit6 of
/ifeN' Journal of &o3ational Be+a7ior' &ol. J$' pp. 510-$1.
Cam1les' ).' /ewis' S.' and )apoport' ). 200J"' M.+e M6t+ of <or0-life Balan3e4 .+e K+allenge of %ur .ime
for Men' <omen and So3ietiesN' <est Susse8' England4 Jo+n <ile6 > Sons.
Cuest' -E 2002"' M!erspe3ti7es on t+e Stud6 of <or0-life Balan3eN' So3ial S3ien3e Information' &ol.21' No.
255' pp.255-(9.
Coran Ee30lund' .or1*orn F0erstedt' Mi3+ael Ingre and Marie Soderstrom 1999"' M.rain -ri7ers9 <or0ing
Konditions and .+eir Impa3t on Safet6' Stress and Sleepiness4 F /iterature )e7iew' Fnal6ses of F33idents and
S3+edulesN' National Institute for !s63+oso3ial =a3tors and Aealt+ ' -epartment of !u1li3 Aealt+ S3ien3es'
-i7ision for !s63+oso3ial =a3tors and Aealt+' Earolins0a Institutet' Sto30+olm' Sweden.
Co7t. of India' Ministr6 of )ailwa6s' Indian )ailwa6s Korporate Safet6 !lan 200$-1$"' Fugust 200$' A%E)
Aours of Emplo6ment and !eriod of )est rules 2005".
A6man' J.' Baldr6' K.' S3+olarios' -. and BunIel' -. 200$"' M<or0-life Im1alan3e in t+e New
Ser7i3e Se3tor E3onom6N' Britis+ Journal of Industrial )elations' &ol. 21' pp. 215-$9.
Ailde1randt' C.' )o+mert' <. and )utenfranI' J. 19(2"' M12 and 22 Aour )+6t+ms in Error
=re;uen36 of /o3omoti7e -ri7ers and t+e Influen3e of .irednessN' International Journal of K+rono1iolog6' &ol.
2' pp. 1(5-#0.
Aelen -e Kieri' Bar1ara Aolmes' Ja3;ui F11ott and .ris+a !ettit 2002"' M<or0?/ife Balan3e Strategies4
!rogress and !ro1lems in Fustralian %rganiIationsN' <or0ing !aper 5#?02' No7em1er".
Aeitmann' F.' Fguirre' F.' .ruts3+el' P.' Imrie' F. and Moore-Ede' M. 199("' MKan =reig+t .rain -ri7ers
Fdapt .+eir Sleep !attern to F 22-Aour %perationUN S+ift wor0 International Newsletter' 12' #0.
Aailin Hu and Tin6uan )o6" S+ao 2012"' MEmplo6ees@ <or0:=amil6 Konfli3t Moderating /ife and Jo1
Satisfa3tionN' Journal of Business )esear3+' &ol. J5' pp. 22:2#.
European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 !aper" ISSN 2222-2#$9 %nline"
&ol.5' No.19' 201$

25
Aannun0ari' I.' J[r7inen' E.' > !artonen' .. 19(#"' M<or0 Konditions and Aealt+ of /o3omoti7e Engineers.
Huestionnaire Stud6' Mortalit6 and -isa1ilit6N' S3and J <or0 En7iron Aealt+' &ol. 2 suppl. $"' pp. 15-2#.
Aua Jiang' 2012"' MF Model of <or0:life Konfli3t and Hualit6 of Emplo6ee:%rganiIation
)elations+ips E%)s"4 .ransformational /eaders+ip' !ro3edural Justi3e and =amil6-Supporti7e <or0pla3e
Initiati7esN' !u1li3 )elations )e7iew' &ol. $#' pp. 2$1: 225.
Is+a6a' N.' and ). F6man 200#"' M!redi3ting <or0-famil6 Konfli3t 7ia !er3ei7ed
In7ol7ement and %7erloadN' Boston' ma4 Fmeri3an !s63+ologi3al Fsso3iation.
Indian )ailwa6 Esta1lis+ment Manual &ol.-I"' K+apter -I' Se3.-B' Su1.Se3 I' II' >III. )e3ruitment > training of
staffs.
India )ailwa6 Manual of FK .ra3tion &ol-$"' K+. - &I- %peration of /o3omoti7e.
Indian )ailwa6 Esta1lis+ment Manual &ol-1"B K+apter-TIII' )eim1ursement of Medi3al E8penses )ule.
Indian )ailwa6 Esta1lis+ment 3ode &ol-1"' Master 3ir3ular No. 25'
F1sorption of Medi3all6 -e-3ategoriIed Non-gaIetted Staff in Flternati7e Jo1s.
Jones' =.' Einman' C.' and !a6ne' N. 200J"' M<or0 Stress and Aealt+ Be+a7iours4 F wor0-life Balan3e Issue. In
=. Jones' ).J. Bur0e > M. <estman Eds."N' <or0-life Balan3e4 F !s63+ologi3al !erspe3ti7e pp.1#5-215". East
Susse84 !s63+olog6 !ress.
Joanna Aug+es and Ni0os BoIionelos 200("' M<or0-life Balan3e as Sour3e of Jo1 -issatisfa3tion and
<it+drawal Fttitudes4 Fn E8plorator6 Stud6 on t+e &iews of Male <or0ersN'
Emerald Croup !u1lis+ing /imited' &ol. $J' No. 1' pp. 125-152.
Jeffre6 A. Creen+aus' Earen M. Kollins' and Jason -. S+aw 200$"' M.+e )elation Between <or0:famil6
Balan3e and Hualit6 of /ifeN'
Journal of &o3ational Be+a7ior' &ol. J$' pp. 510:5$1.
Jo+ansson P' Bernspang B 200$"' M/ife Satisfa3tion )elated to <or0 )e-entr6 after Brain In*ur64 F
/ongitudinal Stud6N' Brain In*ur6' &ol. 1(' pp. 991:1002.
Eim1erl6 =is+er > )i3+ard /a6te 2002"' MMeasuring <or0-life Balan3e and -egrees of So3ia1ilit64 F =o3us
on t+e &alue of .ime Pse -ata in t+e Fssessment of Hualit6 of /ifeN' E!FC <or0ing !apers No. - $2.
Eofodimos' J. ). 199$"' MBalan3ing F3tN' San =ran3is3o4 Josse6-Bass. <est Susse8' PE4 <ile6.
E+airunneeIam Mo+d Noor 2011"' M<or0-/ife Balan3e and Intention to /ea7e among F3ademi3s in Mala6sian
!u1li3 Aig+er Edu3ation InstitutionsN'
International Journal of Business and So3ial S3ien3e' &ol. 2 No. 11 YSpe3ial Issue - June 2011Z
Earatepe %M' Eili3 A > Isi0sel B 200#"' MFn E8amination of t+e Sele3ted Fnte3edents and %ut3omes of
<or0:=amil6 Konfli3t and =amil6:<or0 Konfli3t in =rontline Ser7i3e Jo1sN' Ser7i3e Mar0eting Huarterl6' &ol.
29' pp. 1:22.
Eolmodin-Aedman' B.' and Swensson' W. 19(5"' M!ro1lems )elated to S+ift <or0. F field Stud6 of Swedis+
)ailroad <or0ers wit+ Irregular <or0 AoursN' S3and J <or0 En7iron Fnd Aealt+' &ol. 1' pp. 252-2J2.
Eogi' E.' and %+ta' .. 19(5"' MIn3iden3e of Near F33idental -rowsing in /o3omoti7e
-ri7ing -uring a !eriod of )otationN' J Aum Ergol' &ol. 2' pp. J5-(J.
Eir3+me6er' K. 2000"' M<or0-life Initiati7es4 Creed or Bene7olen3e )egarding <or0ers .imeN' .rends in
organiIational 1e+a7ior' &ol. (' pp.(9:9$.
Eosse0' E. E.and %Ie0i' K. 199#"' M<or0-famil6 Konfli3t' !oli3ies' and t+e Jo1-life Satisfa3tion )elations+ip4
F )e7iewand -ire3tions for %rganiIational Be+a7ior-Auman
)esour3es )esear3+N' Journal of Fpplied !s63+olog6' &ol. #$2"' pp.1$9V129.
Einnunen' P.' and Mauno' S. 199#"' MFnte3edents and %ut3omes of <or0-life Konfli3t among Emplo6ed
<omen and Men in =inlandN' Auman )elations' &ol. 512"' pp. 15(V1((.
/ie0e /. .en Brummel+uis' .an*a &an -er /ippe' Est+er S. Eluwer' and Aen0 =lap
200#"' M!ositi7e and Negati7e Effe3ts of =amil6 In7ol7ement on <or0-related BurnoutN' Journal of &o3ational
Be+a7ior' &ol. ($' pp. $#(:$9J.
/aurent M. /apierre' !aul E. Spe3tor' .amm6 -. Fllen' Ste7en !oelmans 'Kar6 /. Kooper' Mi3+ael !.
%9-ris3oll' Juan I. San3+eI' !aula Broug+ and /eig+-Fnn Aarris and Barr6 =oster' .+e -ri7ers of <or0-life
Balan3e4 F Kriti3al )e7iew.
F7aila1le at4 www.google s3+olar a33essed 09?12?2012"
/au1er' J. E.and Ea6ten' !. J. 19##"' MSleepiness' Kir3adian -6sr+6t+mia' and =atigue in .ransportation
S6stem F33identsN' Sleep' &ol. 11' pp. 50$-512.
Mo+d Noor' E' Stanton' ! and Xoung' S 2009"' M<or0-life Balan3e and Jo1 Satisfa3tion4 F Stud6 among
F3ademi3s in Mala6sian Aig+er Edu3ation InstitutionsN' !aper presented to .+e 12t+ Fsia !a3ifi3 Management
Konferen3e 2009' Sura1a6a' Indonesia.
Ma3Ewen' E. E. and Barling' J. 1992"' M-ail6 Konse;uen3es of <or0 Interferen3e wit+ =amil6 and =amil6
Interferen3e wit+ <or0N' <or0 and Stress' &ol. #' pp.222V252.
European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 !aper" ISSN 2222-2#$9 %nline"
&ol.5' No.19' 201$

2J
M6rte0' M.' -euts3+mann-Jani30e' E.' Stro+maier' A.' Simmermann' <.' /awrenI' S.'
Br\gner' C.' and M\ller' <. 1992"' M!+6si3al' Mental' Emotional' and Su1*e3ti7e <or0load
Komponents in .rain -ri7ersN' Ergonomi3s' &ol. $(' pp. 1195-120$.
Meridet+ =erguson' -awn Karlson' SuIanne Si7nus0a and -wa6ne <+itten 2012"' MSupport at <or0 and
Aome4 .+e !at+ to Satisfa3tion t+roug+ Balan3eN' Journal of &o3ational Be+a7ior' &ol. #0' pp. 299:$0(.
Netterstr]m' B.' !aludan' /.' > /aursen' !. 19#1"' M/o0omoti7 !ersonaletsN' Fr1e*dsmil*] 7ed -SB
Fr1e*dsmil*]fondet' -anmar0"4 Institut for So3ial Medi3in' E]1en+a7ns Pni7ersitet.
New Sealand Koun3il of .rade Pnions NSK.P" 2002" .+irt6 families4 Interim report of t+e .+irt6 =amilies'
!ro*e3t4 .+e impa3t of wor0 +ours on New Sealand wor0ers and t+eir families. F7aila1le at4
+ttp4??www.union.org.nI?poli36?102(290J55^21($1.+tml a33essed 10 Fpril' 200J"
Nan36 ). /o30wood 200$"' M<or0?/ife Balan3e4 K+allenges and SolutionsN' SA)M_)esear3+ Huarterl6.
Ni+ari0a -o1le and M.&. Supri6a' 2010"' MCender -ifferen3es in t+e !er3eption of <or0-/ife Balan3eN'
Management' &ol. 5 2"' pp. $$1:$22.
!eter F. Smit+' Fle8ander F.I. <edder1urn' 199#"' M=le8i1ilit6 and /ong S+iftsN' Emplo6ee )elations' &ol. 20
Iss4 5 pp. 2#$ : 2#9.
!ale6' M. and .epas' -.I. 1992"' M=atigue and t+e S+ift <or0er4 =ire =ig+ters <or0ing on a )otating S+ift
S3+eduleN' Auman =a3tors' &ol. $5' pp. 2J9-#2.
!arsons' -. 2002"' M<or0-/ife Balan3eQ F Kase of So3ial )esponsi1ilit6 or Kompetiti7e Fd7antageUN Auman
)esour3es -ept' Ceorgia Institute of .e3+nolog6.
!eterson' K.' !ar0' N.' and Seligman' M. E. !. 20051"' M%rientations to Aappiness and /ife Satisfa3tion4 .+e
=ull /ife 7ersus t+e Empt6 /ifeN' Journal of Aappiness Studies' &ol. J' pp. 25:21.
!o3o30' B.' &an <anroo6' B.' StraIIari' S. and Bridge' E. 2001"' M=ift6 =amilies4 <+at Pnreasona1le Aours
are -oing to Fustralians' .+eir =amilies and t+e KommunitiesN' F )eport Kommissioned 16 t+e Fustralian
Koun3il of .rade Pnions. Fustralian Koun3il of .rade Pnions4 Mel1ourne.
!romotion of non-gaIetted staff in lo3o running 3adre : posts of Coods -ri7er redesignated as /o3o !ilots
YCoodsZ. )BE No4 101?0#' 12?09?200#'"
)epetti' )./. 19#9"' M-ail6 Jo1 Stress and =at+er-K+ild Intera3tionN' !aper !resented at t+e Biennial Meeting of
t+e So3iet6 for )esear3+ in K+ild -e7elopment' Eansas Kit6' M%.
)osa' ).). 1991"' M!erforman3e' Flertness and Sleep after $-5 Xears of 12 + S+ifts4 F =ollow-up Stud6N' <or0
and Stress' &ol. 5 No. 2' pp. 10(-1J.
)osa' ). and Bonnet' M.A. 199$"' M!erforman3e and Flertness on # + and 12 + )otating S+ifts at a Natural Cas
Ptilit6N' Ergonomi3s' &ol.$J No.10' pp. 1'1((-9$.
)a*i1 /o3+an -+ar 200#"' MHualit6 of <or0 /ife4 F Stud6 of Muni3ipal Korporation
Bus -ri7ersN' t+e Journal of International So3ial )esear3+' &olume 1?5' pp. 252.
)umi -asgupta and Fmis+i Frora 2011"' MFnal6sis of <or0 /ife Balan3e4 F Stud6 at t+e .argeted Korporate
Se3tors in and Fround Nagpur wit+ a Small Num1er of SamplesN' IJ)IM' &ol. 1' No. # -e3em1er".
)i3+ard <elford and S+alini Ma+tani 2002"' M<or0-/ife Balan3e in Aong EongN' Sur7e6 )esults' Korporate
En7ironmental Co7ernan3e !rogramme' Pni7ersit6 of Aong Eong.
)eimara &al0 and &asant+i Srini7asan 2011"' M<or0-=amil6 Balan3e of Indian <omen Software !rofessionals4
F Hualitati7e Stud6N' IIMB Management )e7iew' &ol. 2$' pp. $9-50.
)ussell' C. and /. Bowman 2000"' M<or0 and =amil6' Kurrent .+in0ing' )esear3+ and !ra3ti3eN' !repared for
t+e -epartment of =amil6 and Kommunit6 Ser7i3es as a Ba30ground paper for t+e National =amilies Strateg6.
Smit+' !.F. 19(9"' MS+ift wor04 Balan3ing Sleep' =atigue and <a0efulnessN' Fr3+i7es of Industrial A6giene
and .o8i3olog6' &ol. $0' pp. 1'$#5-9$.
Simonetta Manfredi and Mi3+elle Aollida6 2002"' M<or0-/ife Balan3e4 Fn Fudit of Staff E8perien3e at
%8ford Broo0es Pni7ersit6N' .+e Kentre for -i7ersit6 !oli36 )esear3+' %8ford Broo0es Pni7ersit6.
Smit+' !.F. 199$"' MI97e <or0ed S+ifts in t+e Blast =urna3e for 15 Xears : So <+at Kan Xou .ell Me F1out
%ASUN in Huinlan' M.' Ed."' <or0 and Aealt+4 Kriti3al )eadings on t+e %rigins'Management and Negotiation
of %33upational Aealt+' Ma3millan' Mel1ourne.
Sumit !ra0as+' !urus+ottam E+apre' Su1rata E /a+a and Nis+ant Saran' 2012"' MStud6 to Fssess t+e /e7el of
Stress and Identifi3ation of Signifi3ant Stressors among t+e )ailwa6 Engine !ilotsN' -epartment of !s63+iatr6'
Kentral Aospital' Sout+ East Kentral )ailwa6 SEK)"' Bilaspur' K++attisgar+' India' -ate of <e1 !u1li3ation
22-=e1-2012.
Sall6 E+allas+ and Martin Eruse 2012"' M.+e =uture of <or0 and <or0-/ife Balan3e 2025N' =uture' &ol. 22'
pp. J(#-J#J.
Sturges' J. and Cuest' -. 2002"' M<or0ing to /i7e or /i7ing to <or0U <or0?life Balan3e Earl6 in t+e KareerN'
Auman )esour3e Management Journal' &ol. 122"' pp. 5-20.
European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 !aper" ISSN 2222-2#$9 %nline"
&ol.5' No.19' 201$

2(
Seligman' M. E. !. 2002"' MFut+enti3 Aappiness : Psing t+e New !ositi7e !s63+olog6 to )ealiIe Xour
!otential for /asting =ulfillmentN' New Xor04 =ree !ress.
Seligman' M. E. !. 200$"' M!ositi7e !s63+olog64 =undamental FssumptionsN' !s63+ologist' &ol. 1J' pp. 12J:
12(.
Seligman' M. E. !.' !ar0s' F. K.' and Steen' .. 2002"' MF Balan3ed !s63+olog6 and a =ull /ifeN' !+ilosop+i3al
.ransa3tions of t+e )o6al So3iet6 of /ondon B' &ol. $59' pp. 1$(9:1$#1.
Seligman' M. E. !.' )as+id' ..and !ar0s' F. K. 200J"' M!ositi7e ps63+ot+erap6N' Fmeri3an !s63+ologist
No7em1er"' pp. ((2:(##.
S+arma !.K > Fmita1+ 2002"' MSafet6 as Ee6 Business .+eme` -Indian )ailwa6s !erspe3ti7eN' International
)ailwa6 Safet6 Konferen3e' !ert+' Fustralia.
Sing+ )a7i Eant' 200#"' M/ife of an Fssistant /o3o !ilot F/!"?Fssistant -ri7erN' Fll India /o3o )unning
Staff Fsso3iation !osted on <e1".
F7aila1le at4 Coogle a33essed 12?12?2012".
.+eorell' .. 199("' M!s63+oso3ial fa3tors in t+e wor0 en7ironment - an o33upational medi3ine perspe3ti7eN' In
A. F. <aldron > K. Edling Eds."' %33upational Aealt+ !ra3ti3e. %8ford4 Butterwort+ > Aeinemann.
.epas' -.I.' !ale6' M. and !op0in' S. 199("' M<or0 s3+edules and sustained performan3eN' in Sal7end6' C.
Ed."' Aand1oo0 of Auman =a3tors and Ergonomi3s' 2nd ed.' Jo+n <ile6 and Sons' New Xor0' K+i3+ester'
Bris1ane' pp. 1'021-5#.
.. Fle8andra Beauregard and /esle6 K. Aenr6' 2009"' MMa0ing t+e /in0 1etween <or0-life Balan3e !ra3ti3es
and %rganiIational !erforman3eN' Auman )esour3e Management )e7iew' &ol.19' pp. 9:22.
Plla Einnunen 200#"' M=amil6-Supporti7e %rganiIation !er3eptions' Multiple -imensions of <or0:famil6
Konfli3t' and Emplo6ee Satisfa3tion4 F .est of Model F3ross =i7e SamplesN' Journal of &o3ational Be+a7ior'
&ol. ($' pp. 92:10J.
&iri30' M' /il6' J- and Kasper' <J 200("' M-oing More wit+ /ess4 Fn Fnal6sis of <or0 life Balan3e among
/a6off Sur7i7orsN' Kareer -e7elopment International' &ol. 12' No. 5' pp. 2J$-#0.
<edder1urn' F.F.I. 19J("' MSo3ial fa3tors in satisfa3tion wit+ swiftl6 rotating s+iftsN' %33upational
!s63+olog6' &ol. 21' pp. #5-10(.
<+ite !aper- Safet6 on Indian )ailwa6s' Fpril 200$' Co7t. of India' Ministr6 of )ailwa6s.
Tin6uan )o6" S+aoa' Aailin Hu1' > )i3+ard C+iselli 2011"' ME8amining t+e )elations+ip of <or0:famil6
Konfli3t to Jo1 and /ife Satisfa3tion4 F 3ase of Aotel Sales ManagersN' International Journal of Aospitalit6
Management' &ol. $0 ' pp.2J:52.

We!sites
www. wor0life1alan3e.3om' In3.
www.at+enaswan.org.u0.
www.Indian railwa6s' <i0ipedia
www.indian railwa6 dri7er information' 2012' M)ailwa6 -ri7er- Aow to 1e3ome a railwa6 dri7erN.
Indian )ailwa6s %nline %ffi3ial site www.indian railwa6 information.go7.in".
www.indian railwa6.go7.in
/ist of Indian rail in3idents - <i0ipedia' t+e free en363lopedia
This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science,
Technology and Education (IISTE). The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access
Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of the institute is
Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.

More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTEs homepage:
http://www.iiste.org

CALL FOR JOURNAL PAPERS
The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and
collaborating with academic institutions around the world. Theres no deadline for
submission. Prospective authors of IISTE journals can find the submission
instruction on the following page: http://www.iiste.org/journals/ The IISTE
editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified submissions in a
fast manner. All the journals articles are available online to the readers all over the
world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from
gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the journals is also available
upon request of readers and authors.
MORE RESOURCES
Book publication information: http://www.iiste.org/book/
Recent conferences: http://www.iiste.org/conference/
IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial
Library , NewJour, Google Scholar